eh oh gb ated oD ay 4 Dap Ae yt Career Note ae teas arth cade nbs sora Mose trea te “De theeh HO te ov + into, 4 Oh De te Wola. te oh oR sth Soe Sin Shee ar SO oma ass eee ee ae =e athasta LR Bo aT RST tne Facey le arte Were PMMA Ra hes rattan Titan ipa cay « | “@ eo 7 oe a ee ere —— : j 1 } : ie ii we oN ae a> % tt oa dhe sl ¥ y v * ON Oe AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY \ s OF Mini IN E> @ TAS Aerrick rae, ‘THE TWELFTH ANNUAIAREPORT, FOR THE YEAR 1883. b N. iH. WINCHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST, es ot ee . MINNEAPOLIS : PN Ta UN,4 j Bs, JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON, ae STATE PRINTERS. ‘We 1884. Basie Vi IAD : Je DIONE a SS THe UNIVERSITY oF MINNESOTA, Mrinneapouis, Minn., Decemper 1, 1883. To the President of the University : _ Dear Srr:—I herewith tender the twelfth annual report on the progress of the gevlogical and natural history survey of the state. I include herewith a copy of the first annual report for reprint, that report being in constant demand, and out of print now for several years. Very respectfully, your obedient servant. N. H. WINCHELL, State geologist and curator of the general museum. THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, HENRY H. SIBLEY, President, - - - St. Paul. THOMAS 8S. BUCKHAM, - - - - Faribault. GREENLEAF CLARK, - - - - St. Paul. JOHN S. PILLSBURY, - - - - Minneapolis. KNUTE NELSON, - - - - - Alexandria. CUSHMAN K. DAVIS, - - - - St. Paul. JOHN B. GILFILLAN, Secretary, - - Minneapolis. EX-OFFIGIO. LUCIUS F. HUBBARD, Governor, - - . - Red Wing. D. L. KIEHLE, Superintendent of public instruction, - Minneapolis. WM. W. FOLWELL, President of the University, Corresponding Secretary, - - - - - Minneapolis. REPORT. i SUMMARY STATEMENT. The greater portion of the time during the year has been given both by Mr. Upham and myself to the final revision of manuscript for the printers, and the reading of proofs, the preparation of maps, plates and other illustrations, and the proofs of the same, intended for the final report. At the present time the following county maps have been drawn, lithographed and printed, showing the geology and surface features, and the lines of equal elevation above the sea, viz: Houston, Winona, Fillmore, Olmsted, Mower, Dodge, Freeborn, Waseca, Steele, Blue Harth, Faribault, Waton- wan, Martin, Cottonwood, Jackson, Murray, Nobles, Pipestone, Rock, Lincoln, Lyon, Yellow Medicine, Redwood. Brown, Nicollet, Le Sueur, Wabasha, Scott, Carver, Wright, Lac qui Parle and _ Big Stone. The counties of Goodhue, Rice and Dakota, and several others, are in course of preparation, and sufficient examination has been made in nearly all the state as far north as. Brainerd, for mapping and reporting in the same manner. In the northern half of the state, -also, much information has been obtained. Considera- ble more work, however, must be done in that. portion north of the parallel uf Brainerd. where the difficulties of travel increase, and at the same time the geology becomes more difficult and more interest- ing. Should the survey continue according to the present design, 6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. the system of mapping, and of description now being carried on, could be extended over the rest of the state with the present force in about two years. But as the printing of work already prepared, and the preparation of maps and manuscript for future publication, require much time, the completion of the survey cannot be looked for before the close of the fourth year from this date. In addition to this, other matters demanded by the law of the survey are very important, but have been kept in abeyance pending the completion of the strictly geological portion. This will require further time and other workmen. It is to be hoped that the regents will always be able to make an annual increment to the scientific knowledge of the state, in some of the departments of investigation covered by the law of the survey, and that the annual reports will successively become more and more valuable as they become more numerous. Dr. P. L. Hatch, who has charge of the investigations in the ornithology of the state, has signified his intention to render his final report on the same by or before the spring of 1885. Mr. C. L. Herrick has been given the mammalogy of the state, with a view to the collection of skins and skeletons for the museum, and the preparation ofa final report on the same for pub- lication in about two years. The only field-work done in 1883,. was that performed by myself in Dakota and Rice counties, including, however, further sup- plementary observations in Mower and Olmsted counties, and a visit to some of the localities of red quartzyte in the southwestern part of the state. Additional cases will soon be placed in the south room of the museum, intended for the reception of the collections of Dr. H. C, Hovey, representing the stalactitic deposits of caves. This valua- ble collection has kindly been loaned to the University, on deposit, with the only condition that it shall be well kept. Further additions have been made to the specimens belonging to the general museum, through the agency of the survey, and by donation by the following individuals: W. H. Scofield, of Cannon Falls, and James B. Alexander, of Minneapolis, and by several others, These are all enumerated in the accompanying list of accessions. Exchanges have been made with A. 8. Tiffany, of Davenport, Lowa, and John Eyerman, of Carbondale, Pennsylvania. The final paper of Mr. Herrick on a portion of the Crustacea of Minnesota is presented in this report, illustrated by a number of octavo plates. STATE GEOLOGIST. 1 The intent of the circular issued in 1876* respecting the botany of the state has been kept in mind. Several correspondents have contributed both information for a catalogue of the species of the state, and specimens for the University herbarium. During the past two years Mr. Upham has been engaged, casually, in the preparation of such a catalogue. There has been considerable request for a more complete listing, and a more full account of the distribution of the plants of the state, than that of Dr. I. A. Lap- ham, published by the Minnesota Horticultural Society in 1875. The very complete catalogue, prepared by Mr. Upham, is herewith transmitted as a part of this report. It includes and classifies all reliable information on the botany of the state that is now in the possession of the survey, and will serve as a more useful euide to students and others in the future study of species and their distri- bution in Minnesota, than anything hitherto published. *See the fifth annual report, p. 64. 1: PALASONTOLOGY. (a) A NEW TRILOBITE. In the registration of specimens lying in the university building in 1873, a lot of miscellaneous rocks, minerals and fossils was found that had been presented by the late Dr. Stoneman, of Minneapolis. The fossils and rocks were evidently from the Trenton at Minneapolis; but as there were no certain records respect- ing them, they were all entered in the register, and finally published, with the note “records doubtful.’ (Fifth annual report, p. 207.) A slab of fossiliferous limestone (Mus. reg. number 90) was thus referred to the Trenton. In the sixth annual report a fossil trilobite, contained on this limestone, was reported after a casual examination as Asaphus extans, of Hall (Joc. cit. p. 161), with the remark that it ‘‘ has a tuberculated surface instead of lamellose.’’ In March, 1879, at the request of Lieut. A. W. Vogdes this specimen was sent to him, and he kindly returned the specimen with the following description, as a new species, naming it in honor of Dr. Stoneman. Bathyurus Stonemanii, Vogdes. Description —The pygidium is semi-elliptical, strongly convex, and the width a little greater than the length. The anterior mar- gins are rounded, and the outer margins bordered by a well-defined convex limb. The axis is greatly elevated above the sides, and tapers toward the posterior margin, terminating on the limb. The axis is marked with six rings, the first three being well-defined, and the others not so prominently marked. The dorsal furrows are deep and well-defined. The lateral lobes are convex and have five pl@urw, each being separated by deep furrows. The pleure are bent downward and backward, and arise from the second, third, STATE GEOLOGIST. 9 fourth and fifth axial rings. They all terminate upon the inside _ furrow which outlines the limb. The points of termination of the anterior pleurz are on a line with the fifth axial rmg. The entire pygidium is bordered by a convex limb which runs from the fulcral ‘points around it. This limb has an inside furrow which runs be- tween the termination of the axis and the limb, and also an exte- rior furrow. The surface of the upper dorsal shell is tuberculated. Locality and geological position. The Trenton group, probably at Minneapolis, Minn. Presented to the general museum by Dr. Stoneman. This species approaches B. senectus, Billings, which has six axial rings and four pleuree. Our species is, however, much larger, and has a greater member of pleure. The inside marginal furrow in the former species does not extend all around the pygidium, but ends abruptly at the end of the axis. Bullings’ species comes from the Potsdam group, and ours from a different geological position. Our species has certain affinities with B. extans, Hall. The most prominent points of difference between the former and that described by Prof. Hall is that the axis is more elevated, and does not term- inate so abruptly behind in B. Stonemanii. The second dorsal surface of B. extans is marked with fine imbricating lamellose striz, whereas our species is tuberculated. There are three species of this genus described, which appear in the Trenton group; viz. B. extans, H.; B. longispinus, Walcott; and B. spiniger, H. Of all the species, with the exception of the last named, the pygidium is known, and differs from our species. The only part of B. spiniger, H. known to us is the glabella, which is tuberculated; and there is. reason to suppose that our species may be the missing part of B. spiniger; but it is doubtful. The geological range of the genus is from the Potsdam to the Brenton group. (b) THE AGE OF THE SANDROCK AT AUSTIN, MOWER COUNTY. On page 360, of the first volume of the final report of the survey, the age of _ the sandrock at Austin is considered, and Prof. H. S. Williams is referred to as authority for identification of some fossils from that rock. In justice to Prof. _ Williams the full text of his communication. relating to these fragmentary fossils is herewith given. If the horizon of the Austin rock be in the Marcellus, shale, the overlying limestones appearing in the Cedar valley near the state boundary, and further south, probably all fall into the Hamilton epoch. 10 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. Letter of professor H. S. Williams. Irwaca, N. Y. Sept. 14, 1888. My dear professor: I have examined the fossils which you sent me and enquire par- ticularly about in your letter received a few days ago. The fossils are in very imperfect condition; and the identification cannot be regarded as anything more than strongly probable. I find in the lot, No. 2699, from Gregson’s mill, these species. J. Productella truncata, Hall. 2. A minute lamellibranch, like a small Aviculopecten. 3. A minute brachiopod; oval, the smooth surface resembling a dorsal valve of Amboceelia, or (?) a Nucleospira. The second lot, No. 2698, Cedar valley, Mower county, resembles lithologically the first, but the fossils are distinct. They are: 1. Numerous cavities of Aulopora, or some allied form. 2. A small shell like Atrypa reticularis. 3. A small shell like Atrypa aspera. 4, Cyrtina, like C. Dalmani, but may be C, Hamiltonensis. 5. Several lenticular-shaped shells which are probably Nucleo- spira. 6. A minute terebratuloid shell of Rensselzria type. 7. Trace of a crinoid stem. 8. Trace of a minute Orthoceras, or (?) Coleolus. You ask my opinion of the horizon. The material is very unsatis- factory for basing a judgment on; but if the two lots are from the same horizon, it is safe to say that it is lower Devonian. Taking the fauna of No. 2698 alone, I see nothing to prevent its being Upper Silurian. If the two lots are from the same rock, I should think from study of the fossils that the horizon is not higher than the base of the Hamilton period, nor lower than the Lower Helderberg; and my opinion is that the fauna belongs to an horizon near the base of the Hamilton, either below it or in an equivalent position to the New York Marcellus. The only really satisfactory fossil is the Productella truncata; and if the brachiopods of No. 2698 came from a stratum under that containing No. 2699, the No. 2698 lot. might occur anywhere from the Hamilton down to the Lower Hel- derberg. Nucleospira, Rensseleria type of terebratuloids, Cyrtinas and Atrypas are genera passing from Upper Silurian throvgh lower ry STATE GEOLOGIST. it and middle Devonian, and generally do not mark any narrow geol- ogical horizon. From their association, and the fact that they are all minute specimens, I should conclude that it was a sparse fauna in unfavor- able conditions of life, which might have lived anywhere along the Upper Silurian or lower Devonian. But the Productellas are peculiar to Devonian and above. Have you not found any more fossils? I should think a careful search might bring out specimens that could be determined accur- ately; and it would be interesting to have the means of determining the species. I wish [ could speak more definitely; but this is the best I can do with the specimens. Possibly this with the stratigraphical study may enable you to fix the horizon. With sincere regard, . Henry S. WILtiams. (c) CRETACEOUS LEAVES. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF DR. LEO LESQUEREUX. The Cretaceous leaves that have been obtained in the state from the Creta- ceous strata at various times and places, have been submitted to Mr. Lesque- reux for determination and description. His final report will appear sub- sequently, but the following is the result of a preliminary examination of a lot of specimens sent. Dr. Lesquereux’ preliminary report. The content of the lot, received Jan. 14th, 1884, is as follows: No. 2143. From the north side of the Minnesota river, eight miles below New Ulm, represents 4 smal} undeterminable fragments of leaves, without trace of nervation. No. 2148 (A) is apparently a Proteoides. No. 3808 and 5163. Ficus, sp. nov. No. 5163 is not marked in | the list; it is labelled Austin. Mo. 3911... Laurus Nebrascensis, Lesq., 1 leaf on three pieces. No. 3912. No. 5155 (A). TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. Salix protecfolia, Lesq. The above three Nos. are from the north side of the Cottonwood river in Brown county. Populus litigiosa, Heer, and Cinnamomum Scheuchzeri, Heer, on the reverse. No. 5155 (B), 5155 (H), 5157 (B). Magnolia alternans, Heer, No. 5155 (C). No. 5155 (D). No. 5155 (F). No. 5155 (G, K). No. 5155 (1). No. 5155 (L, M, 0). No. 5155 (P). No. 5155 (Q & S). No. 5155 (E, N, R). No. 5156. No. 5157 (C). No. 5157 (A). No. 5158. No. 5159. No. 5160. No. 5161. No. 115. Populus elegans, Lesq. “ Lancastriensis, Lesq., (probably equi- valent to P. cordifolia, Newby). Protophyllum crednerioides, Lesq.?, a fragment; base of leaf destroyed. Populites cyclophyllus, Lesq. 2 fragments of superposed leaves, the lower only distinet, Cinnamomum Scheuchzeri, Heer. Populus litigiosa, Heer, 3 specimens. Populus cyclophylla, Lesq, a deformed plicate leaf. 2 fragments of the same leaf, Platanus prime- va, Lesq., with a leaf of Persea?, not yet satis- factorily determined, upon 5155 (S). 3 undeterminable fragments. Cissus, sp. nova; name not yet fixed. Salix protecefolia, Lesq., with a branch of Pla- tanus on the reverse. Andromeda Parlatorii, Heer. Laurus, sp. nov., not yet named. Fragment of undeterminable leaf, areolated by maceration, Ficus? ?. Leaf of Pinus, sp. nov., not yet named. No vegetable remains, but shell or some animal organism. The osseous plate marked by stricz is 2 mm. thick. I have seen along the banks of the Cottonwood river, above the Cretaceous sandstone bearing leaves, large fragments of shells as thick as the plate upon 5161. Sequoia, sp. nov., a specimen which I have al- ready seen here. It bears the label Austin, Minn. As far as I can see now, the specimens remarked above, 36 in number, represent 16 species, of which 4arenew ones. Of the spe- cies, 10 have been recognized in the Dakota group of Kansas and Nebraska, and two in the same Cretaceous formation of Colorado. STATE GEOLOGIST. 13 The specimens No. 5155 A, down to the end -of the list except No. 115, are all from the Cottonwood river, about 3 miles south of New Ulm. They have one species in common with those of the north side of the same river in Brown county, where-from 3 speci- mens only are sent. The whole lot is valuable and interesting. One quarto plate would suffice for the figures of the more interesting species and best spe- cimens. L. LesQquEREvUX. Columbus, O., Jan. 17th, 1884. III. THE COMPARATIVE STRENGTH OF MINNESOTA AND NEW ENGLAND GRANITES.! By N. H. WINCHELL. Having had occasion recently to investigate the qualities of some of the building-stones of the state of Minnesota, I found it neees- sary to subject them to the usual test of crushing, in the form of two-inch cubes, to learn their strength under pressure. Samples were obtained and dressed to the required size by Mr. William Keating, at the marble shops of Messrs. Sullivan and Farnham, in this city. About one hundred of such cubes were formed, embracing sandstones, limestones, granites and trap rocks. It is intended in this paper to show the remarkable, and unexpected strength exhibited by the crystalline rocks of the state, and espe- cially their superiority in that respect over the granites of New England. The samples as prepared were carefully chosen to avoid flaws and imperfections due to weathering. They were dressed by hand with hammer and chisel on all six sides, so as to measure two inches on all their edges, the sides all being exact squares. They were sent to Gen. Gillmore, at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where they were subjected tothe test for crushing-strength in the same manner as many other granites that have been tested and reported by him in his reports to the chief of engineers, from other portions of the United States and particularly from New England. The tests were applied by Mr. James Cocroft, under the direction of Gen. Q. A. 1 Read at the Minneapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. August, 1885. STATE GEOLOGIST. 15 Gillmore. The samples were crushed between steel plates, one of each stone in the direction of the schistose structure, and another in the direction across it, the former being designated as on edge and the latter as on bed, with the following results:— Strength in pounds Kind of stone. Location of quarry. Position. ——_—_ ‘ per square of sample. ineh: Dark trap rock, Taylor’s Falls. On bed 105,000 26,250 massive melaphyr. Chisago Co. On edge 105,000 26,250 Dark trap rock, Tischer’s creek. On bed 105,000 26,250 from a dyke. Near Duluth, St. Louis Co, On edge 105,000 26,250 Gray gabbro, Rice’s Point. On bed 109,000 27,250 massive, fine. Duluth, St. Louis Co. On edge 105,000 26,250 Red, fine syenite. Beaver Bay. On bed 106,000 26,500 Lake Co. On edge 103,000 25,750 Red, quartzose Watab. On bed see pales 0 Ee See Oma sti | sey 103,c00 | 25,750 Red, quartzose ~ East St. Cloud. On bed |: 112,000 28,000 syenite. ~ Sherburne Co, On edge 105,000 26,250 : Pipestone City. On bed 111,000 27,750 Red quartzyte. Pipestone Co. On edge | 108,000 27,000 Massive, gray East St. Cloud. On bed 105,000 26,250 syenite, quartzose, Sherburne Co. On edge 103,000 25,750 Fine-grained East St. Cloud, On bed 112,000 28,000 gray syenite. Sherburne Co. On edge 105,000 26,250 Fine-grained Crebap ly imperfect sample). On bed 86,000 21,500 gray syenite. auk Rapids. On edge 100,000 25,200 Average Of 20 Samples..........00--secceeceos 104,800 26,200 In order to make a fair comparison, the resultant average strength of the Minnesota samples, crushed between steel plates, should be referred to wooden cushions. Gen. Gillmore’s experiments indicate that granite has a greater crushing strength between steel plates than between cushions of wood, amounting to eleven per cent. of its strength between steel. Making such allowance, the average of the Minnesota granites becomes:— | Average strength of 20 samples of Minnesota granites, unpolished, crushed between wooden cushions. 2-inch cubes. Pounds, per 2- inch cube, 93,272; per square inch, 23,318. This result is obtained by including the strength of the samples both on edge and on bed, in one calculation. The following table shows the same data for 20 New England granites, reported by Gen. Gillmore, the most of them being on bed, or undesignated as to whether on bed or on edge. In selecting these, I have chosen the stronger of the New England granites from general Gillmore’s table, and in all cases except one (in which 16 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. the strength on edge is reported greater than on bed) I have chosen the strength on bed, when known. I have avoided every possible error that might be made in favor of the Minnesota granites, and allowed several points that count in favor of the New England granites. TABLE showing the compressive strength of New England granites in 2-inch cubes, as reported by Gen. Gillmore (Report of the Chief of En- gineers, 1875, Part II). In unpolished cubes, on wooden cushion- blocks. SS — ee a a Strength in pounds Position. |-—-——_-—— — per square: of sample. inch. Blue. Staten I., New York. On bed 89,250 22,315 ana eaten Bienes POX TSlAMG MG) — 000 Ri Megesedibis ee) 59,500 14,875 OPE 82555. Sek Dix Island, Me. shiek clase wea 60,000 15,000 Dark. QUINCY MASSE) pair) Al lea omtsien, ate 71,000 17,750 Light. CONT CNS IMTS 5: 2) Se pie aalisesee eters share 59,000 14,750 Flagging. NWOrbnVIVeruN Y. 7°" * SENEPR ee 53,700 13,425 aie shieas Aeatee ee Cape Ann, Mass. On bed 59,750 14,937 Porter’s rock. Mystic river, Conn. On bed 72,500 18,125 Gray. Stony creek, Conn. On bed 60,000 15,000 Gray. Fall River, Mass. On bed 63,750 15,937 Bluish gray. Keene, N. H. On bed 41,000 10,250 Bluish gray. _Keene, N. H. On bed 51,500 12,875 Bho ter es One Millstone Pt., Conn. sfawie «jets yetsdnt 64,750 16,187 We sla’sae ae Greenwich, Conn. labribsebs don 45,200 11,300 Nianticriver.. New London, Conn. "© |) 2k sdeausee 50,000 12,500 Niantic river.. New London, Conn. On edge 56,700 14,175 sae’ FORO UE Re Saiela Vinal Haven, Me. Vase kcwnee 52,600 13,150 Spo FTIR eh Vinal Haven, Me. pe he eee Gy, 16,750 BS TO GS Fhe Westerly, R. I. On bed 58,750 14,687 CO RR et Westerly, 8.1. On edge 59,750 14,937 Averare Of 20'PTANITES, 26.0 cc cew votvens wietesrien 59,785 14,946 We find here that the Average strength of 20 New England granites, unpolished, crushed between wooden cushions in 2-inch cubes, is, in pounds, per 2-inch cube, 59,785; per square inch, 14,946. This shows that the average strength of the Minnesota granites is fifty-six per cent of the strength of the New England granites greater than that of the New England granites. This anomalous result was so striking that I called general Gill- more’s attention to it. The strength of the Minnesota 2-inch cubes was so great that it exceeded the highest registration of the gauge in use, and the samples were not reported aé first, but were retained for crushing on a more powerful machine at Boston. It occurred to me that possibly there had been a gradual deterioration in the machine, or in the gauge, so that the registration was uni- STATE GEOLOGIST. 17 formly too high, and this impression was strengthened by compar- ing the results with the results reported in 1875, for some other stones. One of the limestones reported in 1875 was from the same place (Lemont, Ill.) as one of those I had included in my series, the same being used largely in this city. While at that time the strength of this stone did not reach beyond 14.000 pounds per square inch, the samples I had sent was not crushed because it ex- ceeded 100,000 pounds, the limit of the gauge. Again, one of the granites sent in my series, had been reported in 1875. I refer to that from St. Cloud. The gabbro from Duluth had also been re- ported. Neither of these then reached beyond 19.000 pounds per square inch, but now one is reported at about 26.000 pounds, and the other about 27.000. I called Gen. Gillmore’s attention to these discrepances in order that if any error had been committed it might be detected by a re- testing of his gauge, and the proper correction applied before the results were published. Subsequently Mr. Cocroft wrote me that he had the hydrostatic press taken apart and refitted, and the old gauge tested by its maker, who formed a variation of only 200 pounds in 100,000 pounds. On reporting this to general Gillmore, Mr. Cocroft was authorized to have a new gauge made, which should register 175.000 pounds. This new register was used in testing the refractory 2-inch cubes from Minnesota; hence their actual strength is as certainly ascertained as is possible with the apparatus employed. Now, in discussing this curious anomaly, in order to reach an explanation of it, we are driven to one of three conclusions. 1. Hither the cubes used were too large, or, 2. The methods are defective, or, 3. Minnesota granites are actually stronger than those of New England. (1) Were the cubes too large? I show here several surplus cubes of the same size and style, made at the same time and by the same man, with the same instruments. These are exactly two inches on aside, measured with any ordinary standard. It is evident the great excess of strength shown by the Minnesota cubes cannot be due to their greater size, since the cubes would require to have been very noticeably and remarkable greater than two inches, and they would have been condemned. (2). Are the methods defective? It would be sufficient, perhaps, to answer that the tests were made with the exactness and well- known integrity of the United States Engineers, under the direc- 2 i8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. tion of general Q. A. Gillmore whose previous experiments and publications have made him one of the best authorities in the United States, if not in the world; and that in consequence of this phen- omenon he had special trials made, and new instruments prepared, yet with the final results stated above. It must be admitted that previous tests, made at the same place (Fort Wadsworth, Staten I.), on the stones at Duluth, Saint Cloud and Lemont, giving less com- pressive strength to those stones than now reported, throws a shadow of doubt on the correctness of the methods employed. . It may be possible to explain those three cases in some way satisfac- torily, by referring them to imperfections in the cubes. It is cer- tainly not possible to allow them to establish a rule, in the face of twenty other samples which contradict them. (3). Are the granites of Minnesota stronger than those of New England? We must either allow this, or, on account of the care- fulness of the late tests of Minnesota granites, we must impugn all the results and reasoning published heretofore by general Gillmore on the granites of New England. Allowing this, we may speculate as to its possible cause. it It had occurred to me prior to this investigation, from other con- siderations, that perhaps the last glacial movements in Minnesota were of a later date than those described in New England. The evident freshness of the drift in Minnesota, in its pose, and espe- cially of the till, compared with that of southern New England, and southeastern New York, seems to indicate the same differences as to time, of deposit. as can be inferred between the northern and the southern portions of the state of Ohio!, or the same portions of the state of Minnesota. Of course, the continuous tracing of the same lines of morainic accumulations from east to west will finally determine the eastern analogues of our Leaf Hills and Kettle mor- aines, and will give a definitive answer to this hypothesis. In the mean time, and before that is accomplished, we may perhaps account for the greater strength of Minnesota crystalline rocks by suppos- ing them less changed superficially by the process of decay, the lateness of the glaciation to which they have been subjected having left them comparatively fresh through the recent removal of a con- siderable thickness. 1 Geological survey of Ohio. Report on Delaware county. ea } Bk a eae Se end Te THE MUSEUM FOR 1883. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 20 ‘EMO ‘410d -ueAeq ‘AURYIL'S “V wWolg } “OTM -wolg soy1eyo Aq poyisoded Cauojspues Aqsna 4jos BUI punod) “[9{OUIM “H ‘'N ‘(QORTANS OY WIOIJ J99J OFZ ‘[BA9T TOMO) “AOVAIVAT “YA Aq pojuesorg “UOdT O1N9U -SBUL OY} PUB [[VM SUlsUey OIVIZZIV NH 9yI UoeMyOq SISITOS O1YOIOTYD ay} WoT) Less Benn teseees MOT ‘OITBIO OT if a cedar Memghistae a re seeeee » ” ” sewn seeeene ” ” ” stews ee nae ” ” ” sews eerene ” ” ” wee see eee ” ” 99 ” ” ” t se nios's "eq § AOI GESOT i ig) MON ( G ‘IOALT POOMU0}JOOD SOROS
“lake of the Woods, Dawson. Frequent. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting southeastward. Grand Por- tage, lake Superior, also at New Ulm (common), Juni; Little Rock, upper Minnesota river, Parry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Stearns county, and the Red river valley (com- mon), Upham; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Worthingtoa (common), Foote. STATE GEOLOGIST. 19 Ri. affinis, R. Br.* Rough-fruited Crowfoot. Lake of the Woods, Dawson. Northwest. R. affinis, R. Br., var. cardiophyllus, Gray. In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West. KR. rhomboideus, Goldie. Rhomboid-leaved Crowfoot. Dwarf But- tercup. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. KR. abortivus, L., var. micranthus, Gray. Minneapolis, Winchell; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent. R. sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Frequent throughout the state ; reaching its northwestern limit at the lake of the Woods, Macoun. RR. Pennsylvanicus, L. Bristly Crowfoot. Common throughout the state. RK. fascicularis, Muhl. Early Crowfoot. Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; infrequent north- ward, R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. Abundant throughout the state. R. repens, L., var. hispidus, Torr. & Gray.t (R. hispidus, Michx.) Red river valley near Saint Vincent (in aswamp), Dawson; common trom Manitoba westward, Macoun. R, bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercups. Northfield, Chaney; Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry. Rare. R. acris, L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercups. Infrequent, but noted at many places, as Lake City, Faribault, Northfield, Minne- apolis, Northern Pacific Junction, Carlton county, and on the upper Mississippi river. “Becoming common ‘inthe eastern part of Manitoba,” Zacoun. *RANUNCULUS AFFINIS, R. Br, Radical leaves petioled, usually pedately multifid ; cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes ; stem erect, few-flowered ; earpels with recurved beaks, in oblong cylindrical heads; more or less pubescent throughout. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, +R. AFFINIS, R. Br., var. CARDIOPHYLLUS, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent, radical leaves round-cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; flower 1inchin diameter. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. {RANUNCULUS REPENS, L., var. HISPIDUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, 1% to 2 feet high, branching and, with the petioles, very pilose with spreading hairs; leaves trifol- iate ; leaflets distinctly petiolulate, oval, acute, laciniate ; pedicels with the pubescence appressed ; flowers aslarge as in R. acris; calyx appressed ; carpels smooth, pointed with a-very short style. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A., vol. i, pp. 22 and 658, 20 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ISOPYRUM, L. IsOPYRUM. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. False Rue-Anemone. Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; extending north at least to Fergus Falls, Leonard CALTHA, L. MarsH MARIGOLD. ©. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. ‘‘Cowslip.”’ Abundant, or common, throughout most of the state ; less frequent westward. COPTIS, Salish, GOLDTHREAD. C. trifolia,Salisb. | Three-leaved Goldthread. Common northward; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, and Lake City (rare), Miss Manning. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. CoLUMBINE, A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. ‘‘ Honeysuckle.’’ Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Found, according to Miss Babbitt, with white flowers during several years in the south edge of the village of Little Falls, Morrison county, not associated at that local- ity with the usual type ; also some with flowers clear white, others cream-colored, and yet others of the ordinary kind, all growing together west of the Mississippi river, op- posite to Little Falls, and likewise near Fort Ripley, in the same county. A. brevistyla, Hook.* Short-styled Columbine. In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LaiRKSPuR. D, exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur. Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. D. tricorne, Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. St. Paul, Miss Cathcart; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Tnfrequent. South. D. azureum, Michx. Azure Larkspur. Common southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippiriver, Garrison, and Manitoba, Macoun. ° D. Consolida, L. Field Larkspur. Rarely adventive. Minneapolis, A. W. Jones. HYDRASTIS, L. Oraneer-noor. H. Canadensis, L. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon. Stearns county, Garrison, Rare. Southeast. ‘ *AQUILEGIA BREVISTYLA, Hook. Stems low, 6 to 8 inches high, spreading ; leaves bi-teruate; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate, 6 to 9 lines [twelfths of an inch] long, crenatures ovate, rotund ; flowerssmall, blue, about 6 lines long, including the spur ; sepals oblong. ovate; petals a little exceeding the stamens ; spurs hooked at the tip; styles shorter, included. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. STATE GEOLOGIST. 21 ACTAKA, L. BANEBERRY. A, spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Red Baneberry. Common through the wooded portions of the state. AY alba, Bigelow. White Baneberry. Common, with same extent as the last. Berries frequently borne on slender, green pedicels. NIGELLA, L. FENNEL-FLOWER. N. Damascena, .* Fennel-flower. Escaped from cultivation, Mankato, Leiberg. MENISPERMACE. MoonsrEep FAmItny. MENISPERMUM,L. MoonsEep. M. Canadense, L. Canadian Moonseed. Frequent, often common, southward; extending north to Todd county and the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; also in the Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Havard. (Its long, slender, bitter, yellow root is used by the Sioux as a medi- eine, being called Pejuta zizi; and from this came the name Pejuta zizi, or Yellow Medicine river. T.M. Young.) BERBERIDACEA. BARBERRY FAMILY. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry. Spontaneous in old fields, Mankato, Leiberg. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BiuE CoHosH. C. thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root. Common, or frequent, excepting northeastward. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-ApeLE. MaNnDRAKE. P. peltatum, L. May-Apple, Mandrake. Common southeastward, extending north to Goodhue and Rice counties. NYMPH AACE. Warer-Lity Faminy. BRASENTIA, Schreber. W ATER-SHIELD. B. peltata, Pursh. | Water-Shield. Rainy lake and lake of the Woods, Macoun; Pleasant lake, near Saint Cloud, *Nigella Damascena, L. Flowers bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by a finely divided leafy involucre, like the other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining of the cells separates from the outer part. Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany? 29 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ~ Campbell; Benton county, Upham; shallow lakes near St. Croix river, Parry; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Minneapolis, Herrick; Excelsior, Mrs. Terry; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. NELUMBIUM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. N. luteum, Willd. Yellow Nelumbo. Water Chinquapin. ‘‘ Rattle-box.” Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; lake Minnetonka (north end of Halsted’s bay), Roberts; Mendota, Mrs. Terry; Mississippi river at Red Wing. Sandberg, near Dres- bach, Winona county, Winchell, and at La Crosse, Swezey. Rare. NYMPHAEA, Tourn. Water-Nympo. Warter-Liny. N. odorata, Ait. Sweet-scented Water-Lily. Plentifulin lakes along the international boundary northwest of lake Superior, Winchell, Abundant throughout Quebec and Ontario and extending westward to the lake of the Woods, Macoun. This species probably occurs also in central and southern Minnesota, in company withthe following. Mr. Leiberg reports the examination of a great number of Nymphea rootstalks, none of them bearing tubers, at Lake Crystal, Blue Earth county. N. odorata, Ait., var. minor, Sims. Smaller Sweet-scented Water- Lily. Turtle lake, Otter Tail county (flowers only one and a half inches broad), H. B. Ayres. Rare. N. tuberosa, Paine. Tuber-bearing White Water-Lily. The white lilies common or frequent in ponds or lakes throughout the state, except- ing near its west side, which have been called Nymphza odorata, are believed to be- long instead, for the most part, to this species. ‘‘Flowers large and delicately beauti- ful, fragrant.” (Wheeler and Smith.) ‘* This isreally the water-lily of the Great lakes, as the true N. odorata seems to be confined to the northern waters, both lakes and rivers.’’ (Macoun.) NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW Ponp-Lity. Sparrer-Dock. N. advena, Ait. Common Yellow Pond-Lily. Common throughout the state. N. luteum, Smith. Smaller Yellow Pond-Lily. In small lakes east of§the lake of the Woods, Macoun. N. pumilum, Smith. (N. luteum, Smith, var. pumilum, Gray.) Small Yellow Pond-Lily. Plentiful in Duluth harbor, Roberts; north shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; east shore of Rainy lake (rather rare), Macoun; Morrison county. Miss Babbitt. SARRACENIACEA. PrtcHER-PLAntT FAMILY. SARRACENTA, Tourn. SIDE-3ADDLE FLOWER. S. purpurea, L. Pitcher-Plant. Huntsman’s Cup. Common northward, extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, Winchell; rare farther southeast. ° STATE GEOLOGIST. 93 PAPAVERACEA. Poppy FAmILy. PAPAVER, L. Poppy. P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. Opium Poppy. Adventive in old gardens, Mankato, Leiberg. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Common, or abundant, throughout most of the state; less frequent westward, as at Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Pembina, Havard; rare north of lake Superior, Clark. FUMARIACE. Fumitory FAMIty. DICENTRA, Bork. DICENTRA. D. Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches. Common southward ; extending north at least to Stillwater, Anoka and Stearns counties, and Fergus Falls. D. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Twining; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. CORYDALIS, Vent. CoRYDALIS. C. glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to Stearns and Benton counties, Upham, and to the falls of the St. Croix river, Parry, Miss Field. €. flavula, DC. Yellow Corydalis. Thomson, Duluth and Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; upper Mississippi river, Gar- rison; Red river valley, Gedge; Blue Earth county, Upham. C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; lessfrequent southward, €. aurea, Willd., var. micrantha, Engelm. Martin county, Minnesota, and Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY. £, officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. Adventive, Winona, Holzinger. CRUCIFERA. Mustrarp F amity. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. W ATER-CREss. N. officinale, R. Br. True Water-Cress. Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; New Ulm, Juni; cold springs, Kasota, Leiberg; Tuttle’s creek, Minneapolis, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. infrequent. 24 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Water-Cress. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; New Ulm, Juni; Pipestone county, Leiberg; lower Minnesota river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Water-Cress. Lapham. Winona county, Holzinger. South. N. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. N. palustre, DC., var. hispidum, Fisch. & Mey. Redwood Falls, Pemberton. Perhaps the prevailing form of the speciesin this state. N. lacustre, Gray. _ Lake Cress. Lapham. Southeast. N. Armoracia, Fries. Horse-radish. Adventive, Mankato, Leiberg; Northfield, Chaney. DENTARIA, L. TooTHwort. PEPPER-ROOT. D. diphylla, Michx, Two-leaved Pepper-roat. Freeborn and Blue Earth counties, Upham; lake Superior, Whitney. East. D. laciniata, Muh). Toothwort. Frequent southeastward ; extending northwest to Saint Paul, Miss Catheart, Mar- tin county, Cratty, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CREss. C, rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. C. pratensis, L. Cuckoo Flower. Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton. North. C. hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Oress. Common through the north half of the state ; less frequent or rare southward. Glabrous specimens are sent by Mr. Cratty from Emmet county, lowa. ‘A peculiar form grows on the height of land west of lake Superior, which seems to connect the species with the following variety,” Macoun. C. hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica, Gray. Lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick; Martin county (in woods), Cratty, determin- ed by Watson. . ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. A. lyrata, L. Rock Cress. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending thus south to Red Wing (common), Sandberg, and Winona, Holzinger; wanting southwestward. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Rock Cress. Woods, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (plentiful), Cratty. South. A. hirsuta, Scop. Haury Rock Cress. Frequent throughout the state. STATE GEOLOGIST. 25 A. levigata, Poir. Smooth Rock Cress. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts; Isanti and Sherburne counties, Upham; Stearns county, Garrison, lake Su- perior, Whitney. A. Canadensis, L. Sickle-pod. Frequent through the south half of the state; extending north to the upper Mis- sissippi river, Garrison. A. perfoliata, Lam. Tower Mustard. Poplar river, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Stearns county, Campbell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. A. Drummondii, Gray. Drumniond’s Tower Mustard. Frequent, often common, throughout the state. THELYPOD:iUM, Endl. Rock Cress. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. (Arabis hesperidoides, Gray). Rock Cress. Northfield, Chaney. South. BARBAREA, R. Br. WINTER CREss. B. vulgaris, R. Br., var. stricta, Regel. Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket. Put in bay, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Roberts. ERYSIMUM, L. TrEACLE Mustarp. EK. cheiranthoides, L. Worm-seed Mustard. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. E. asperum, DC.* Prairie Rocket, Western Wall-flower. Abundant at Walhalla, Dakota, thirty miles west of the Red river, Scott; ‘a very prominent object on dry, gravelly soil throughout the prairie region” of Manitoba, Macoun, and ranging thence south to Mexico; doubtless extending sparingly into the west edge of Minnesota; also found by Rev. J. Pemberton at Redwood Falls, and by Dr. Sandberg on the limestone bluff of Belle creek opposite to the mill in Vasa, Good- hue county, occurring (like Vesicaria Ludoviciana in the same county) far east from its general limit. E. parviflorum, Nutt.+ Small-flowered Prairie Rocket. Red river valley, Dawson, Scott; Minneapolis (beside railroad a mile southeast from the university : determined by Mr. Watson as this species ; having light yellow “petals but half longer than the (8 to 4 lines long) sepals”’ ; yet much branched near the base, numerous stems of nearly equal hight (1 to 1% feet) being thus sent up from a single root ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly entire; pods about 1% inches long, beaked with a stout style, erect on short pedicels), Upham. West. *ERYSIMUM ASPERUM, DC. Biennial, canescent with short appressed hairs : stems solitary and simple, rarely branched above, 1 to 3feet high, or less ; leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long: sepals narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or purple: pods 1 fo 4inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending on stout spreading pedicels 3 lines long. Brewer and Watson’s Botany of California. {See description of ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt., on next page. 26 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hepce Mustarp. S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard. A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state. S. Thaliana, Gay. Mouse-ear Cress. Minneapolis, Winchell, Miss Butler. Rare. S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mustard. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. S. canescens, Nutt., var. brachyecarpum, Torr. & Gray.* Red river yalley, Dawson. North. BRASSICA, Tourn. MustTarpD. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. Field Mustard, A common or frequent weed in grain-fields throughout the state ; so troublesome in the Red river valley and southwestward that farmers allowing it to go to seed are subjected to a penalty by law. B. alba, Gray. White Mustard. Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Stearns county, Garrison. Rare. B. nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state. B. campestris, L.t Kale. Common in fields in Manitobaand around Winnipeg, Macouwn; doubtless also in the Red river valley in this state. DRABA, L. WHITLOW-GRaASS. D, arabisans, Michx. Whitlow-Grass. North shore of lake Superior, Juni, Infrequent. North. D. nemorosa, L., var. hebecarpa, Lindb. (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.) About Rainy lake, Drummond (Macoun). North. ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt. (E. lanceolatum, Hook.) Canescently scabrous with an appressed 2-parted pubescence; stem low (about a foot high) and nearly simple; leaves remarkably narrow, all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire, densely clustered at the base of the stem; siliques long, erect ; stigma emargin-— ate ; flowers small, sulphur yellow; claws of the petals longer than the calyx. Distin- guished from E. cheiranthoides by its more pubescent leaves, [longer] siliques and larger flowers. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A. *SISYMBRIUM CANESCENS, Nutt., var. BRACHYCARPUM, Torr. & Gray. Lobes of the leaves somewhat acute, and, with the stem, furnished with minute stipitate glands ; petals rather longer than the calyx ; siliques scarcely attenuate at the base, somewhat longer than the pedicels. Torrey and Gray’: Flora of N. A. +Brassica campestris, L. Annual weed in cultivated fields and waste places; stem 1% to 3 feet high, with a few scattered, reversed hairs below; leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucous, lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, 3to7 inches long, one-third as wide, the upper ones smaller, entire with rounded clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point ; raceme 1 to 2 feet long ; sepals erect, spreading ; corolla yellow, 4 to5 lines in diameter ; siliques 1% inches long, with the style 4% inch; seeds small, dark brown, Wood’s Class- Book. ‘ STATE GEOLOGIST. 27 ® ‘ D. nemorosa, L., var. leiocarpa, Lindb,* (D. lutea, Gilib. [DC.]) Stearns county, Campbell; near Glyndon, Gedge; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. North and west. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Whitlow-Grass. Frequent southward, extending north to Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, and west to Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. D. Caroliniana, Walt., var. micrantha, Gray. Common in Lowa, Arthur ; doubtless occurring also in Minnesota. D. verna, L. Whitlow-Grass. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. Rare. south. ALYSSUM, Tourn. ALYSSUM. _A, calycinum, L. Alyssum. Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts; Lake City, Miss Manning; Nicollet county, Aiton. Infrequent. VESICARIA, Tourn. BLADDER-POD. V. Ludoviciana, DC.t Bladder-pod. Red river valley, Scott, determined by Watson ; also, Mississippi river bluffs, Red Wing, Sandberg. West. CAMELINA, Crantz. FansE Fruax. C, sativa, Crantz.. False Flax. Minneapolis, Juni; along railways, Blue Earth county (introduced in flax-seed), Lei- berg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; Red river valley, Dawson. Infrequent. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. S. aquatica, L. Awlwort. Found in about three feet of water, on sandy bottom in Vermilion bay, on Eagle lake, Canadian Pacific railway, Manitoba, near Rainylake ; abundant both in flower and fruit, Sept 13, 1882, Fletcher, Macoun. This rare species probably also occurs, and should be looked for, in northern Minnesota. CAPSELLA, Vent SHEPHERD’s PuRsE. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. Shepherd’s Purse. A very abundant weed throughout the state. *DRABA NEMOROSA, L., var. LEIOCARPA, Lindb. Pubescent; stem branching, leafy, 6 to 15 inches high, very slender, sometimes branching fromthe base ; pubescence simple or forked; leaves oval, cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; flowers very small, yellow ; petals about twice as long as the calyx ; style none; silicles oblong-elliptical, rather obtuse, glabrous, about 4 lines long, one-third to one-half the length of the slender spreading pediceis. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. +VESICARIA LUDOVICIANA, DC. Canescent with a stellate pubescence ; stem6 to 8 inches high, simple, or somewhat branehed above; radical leaves spatulate, entire, obtuse, cauline linear: flowers golden yellow; petalsobovate; style slender, longer than the ovary and nearly as long as the obovate, globose, hairysilicle. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. 98 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. . j ° THLASPYI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS. T, arvense, L. Field Pennycress. Mithridate Mustard. Lapham. Pembina, Havard. “Abundant on the Red river near the older set- tlements” [in Manitoba]; ‘not yet common as far south as the forty-ninth parallel, but rapidly spreading. A most noxious weed.’’ Dawson. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT, PEPPERGRASS. L. Virginicum, L. Wild Peppergrass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northward. L. intermedium, Gray. Wild Peppergrass. Abundant (petals usually wanting) throughout the state. Both species are native weeds. CAKILE, Tourn. Sra-Rocker. C. Americana, Nutt. American Sea-Rocket. “Abundant onthe sandy south shore” of lake Superior, Whitney; at Thunder bay, Macoun; doubtless aiso on the shore of lake Superior in Minnesota. CAPPARIDACEA. CAPER FAMILY. POLANISIA, Raf. PoLANISIA. P. graveolens, Raf. Heavy-scented Polanisia. Common through the south half of the state, extending north atleast to Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; probably also in the Red river valley, (Two varieties are com- mon at Minneapolis, one bearing yellowish, and the other pinkish flowers. Herrick.) CLEOME, L. CLEOME. SPIDER FLOWER. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.* Cleome. Spider Flower. Mankato, Upham, Leiberg. An immigrant from the plains west of Minnesota. Southwest. VIOLACEAI. VioteT FaAmity. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; extending south to Minneapolis, Griswold, and Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. *CLEOME, L. Sepals distinct or somewhat united. Stamens 6 or rarely 4. Torus minute. Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or stipitate. Annual herbs, or shrubs, with digitate or simple leaves and racemed or solitary flowers. Benth. & Hook. CLEOME INTEGRIFOLTIA, Torr. & Gray. Annual, somewhat glaucous, 2to3 feet high, widely branching ; leaves3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate (the lowermost oblong), entire, submucronate ; racemes sometimes nearly 1 foot long; flowers large, showy, reddish purple, rarely white ; sepals united to the middle, persistent ; segments triangular- acuminate ; petals with very short claws; stamens equal; pods oblong-linear, com- pressed, much longer than the stipe, Porter and Coulter's Flora of Colorado. , STATE GEOLOGIST. 99 V. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. South. V. primulzefolia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet. Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. South. V. blanda, Willd. Sweet White Violet. Frequent throughout the state. V. renifolia, Gray.* Kidney-leaved Violet. Abundant in cedar swamps and mossy woods from northern New England through Canada and Manitoba to British Columbia, Macoun; doubtlessin northern Minnesota. WV. Selkirkii, Pursh. Selkirk’s Violet. Great-spurred Violet. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare... North. V. cucullata, Ait. Common Blue Violet. Common, often abundant, throughout the state. V. cucullata, Ait., var. palmata, Gray. Hand-leaf Violet. Lake Pepin, Mise Manning ; Minneapolis, Herrick, Griswold; Worthington (com- mon), Foote. V. cucullata, Ait., var, cordata, Gray. Near Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton. V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Frequent southeastward ; extending north to Minneapolis, Roberts, Marine Mills, Washington county, Mise Field, and Anoka county, Juni; and northwest to Fergus Falls, Leonard. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Larkspur Violet. Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state ; extending north to Morrison county, Upham, and along the Red river valley. V. pedata, L. Bird-foot Violet. Abundant, er common, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. V. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Dog Violet. Frequent, but not common, throughout most of the state; rare southward. YV. striata, Ait. Pale Violet. Hennepin county, Herrick; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent. -V. Canadensis, L. Canada Violet. Frequent northward, and found more rarely throughout the south half of the state; extending southwestto Martin county (very scarce), Cratty, and Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Flowers light pink. V. pubeseens, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. V. pubescens, Ait., var. eriocarpa, Nutt. Frequent in the vicinity of Hesper, lowa, at the southern boundary of Minnesota, adjacent to Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. _V. tricolor, L. Pansy. Heart's Ease. Rarely adventive, Stearns county, Garrison. *VIOLA RENIFOLIA, Gray. Rootstock and flowers as in V. blanda, or somewhat larger ; leaves reniform (when fully grown usually two inches wide), on both sides, as also the petiole, villous-pubescent ; scape pubescent. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, 1870. 30 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CISTACEA. Rock-rRosE FAMILY. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROcK-ROSE. H. Canadense, Michx. Frost—weed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting near its west side and far northward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fort Fran- cis, Rainy river, Macoun. HUDSONTIA, L. Hupsontia. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. Fifteen-mile point, Rainy lake, and Hungry Hall, entrance to the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Minnesota point, near Duluth, and on sand dunes in Anoka county, Roberts; on sand hills in section 21, Orrock, Sherburne county (plentiful, with short- peduncled flowers and narrow leaves), Upham; near Rockford, Wright county, Hatch; barren ridges of the St. Croix, Parry; Castle Rock, Dakota county, Geyer; White Rock, Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Local. LECHEA, L. PINWEED. L. minor, Walt. Small Pinweed. Sturgeon lake (near the international boundary east of Rainy lake), Macoun; up- per Mississippi, Houghton; St. Croix river, Parry; Steele county, Upham. DROSERACE. SUNDEW FAMILY. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew. Common, or frequent, northward ; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts. D. intermedia, Dreyv. and Hayne, var. Americana, DC. ( D. longifolia, in Manual.) Long-leaved Sundew. Similar in range with the last, but less frequent. North shore of Jake Superior at Little Marais, Juni; between the lake of the Woods and Red river (common), Dawson; extending south to sections 17 and 19, Ham Lake, Anoka county (with the leaves scat- tered along the stem or caudex), Roberts. D. linearis, Goldie. Slender Sundew. Lake Superior to Roseauriver, Burgess, Macoun; extending south to Hennepin county (frequent), Roberts. HYPERICACEA. St. JoHn’s-wort FAmiILy. HYPERICUM, L. St. JoHN’S-WORT. H. pyramidatum, Ait. Great St. John’s: wort. Rare or local northward, but frequent southward ; extending north to Todd county, Upham, the upper Mississippiand Minnesota rivers, Parry, and northwest to the plains of the Saskatchewan, Bourgeau, Macoun. [H. Kalmianum, L., probably occurs on the north shore of lake Superior in this state.] STATE GEOLOGIST. al H, prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John’s-wort. Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Southeast. H. ellipticum, Hook. St. John’s-wort. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. {Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.} Infrequent, North. |H. perforatum, I., may be expecteau as a weed southeastward.] H. corymbosum, Muhl. St. John’s-wort. Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hesper, lowa, adjacent to the south line of Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. Rare. H. mutilum, L. Slender St. John’s-wort, Throughout the state ;: common northward, less frequent southward. H. mutilum, L.. var. gymnanthum, Gray. Minneapolis, Roberts. H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John’s-wort. St. Croix river, Parry; Stearns county, Campbell; Sibley county, Leonard; Martin county (rare), Cratty. H. Canadense, L., var. major, Gray. Lake Superior, Robbins, and in Iowa, Arthur; doubtless also in Minnesota. ELODES, Adans. Mars Sr. JoHNn’s- WORT. E. Virginica, Nutt. Marsh St. John’s-wort. Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southwara. CARYOPHYLLACEA. Pink Fatty. SAPONARIA, L. SoAPWORT. S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Miss Manning; Wabasha, Gibson. S. Vaccaria, Li. (Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.) Cow- Herb. Seldom plentiful, but reported at many places throughout the state. Mr. Leiberg writes: ‘This is becoming a common weed in the grain-fields of Blue Earth county, where the farmers call it ‘cockle’, and complain very much of it. It will doubtless be- come as plentiful as the true cockle (Lychnis Githago). Most of the seeds are just small enough to pass through a wheat-screen, and they can thus be separated ; but, as the largest seeds will be left in whenever the grain is cieaned, the result will be that in time, through this process of selection, the seeds can no more be cleaned out of the wheat than true cockle.” SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. S. stellata, Ait. Starry Campion. Common through the south part of the state ; extending north at least to Minne- apolis, Herrick, and Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. S. nivea, DC. Campion. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa, ad- joining Houston county, Mrs. Carter. Rare. Southeast. S. Virginica, L. Fire Pink. Catchfly. Nicollet county, Leiberg. Rare. Southeast. 32 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. antirrhina, L. Sleepy Catchfly. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Frequent throughout the state. LYCHNIS, Tourn. LycHunis. COcKLE, L. vespertina, Sibth. Evening Lychnis. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Moulton. Rare. L. Githago, Tam. Corn Cockle. A common weed in wheat-fields throughout the state. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort, Northfield, Chaney. Rare. A. Michauxii, Hook. (A. stricta, Michx.) Strict Sandwort. Rooting on detached rocks, head of lake St. Croix, Parry; lake of the Woods, Macoun. Rare. A. lateriflora, L. Showy Sandwort. Frequent throughout the state. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. S. media, Smith. Common Chickweed. Frequent throughout the state. S. longifolia, Mubl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Common throughout the state. S. longipes, Goldie. Long-stalked Stitchwort. Minneapolis, Griswold, Kasswbe; Anoka county and Duluth, Juni. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] North. S. crassifolia, Ebrh. Starwort. Cannon Falls, Goodhue county, Blake, Sandberg; Minneapolis (plentiful in ditches in swamps), Roberts, Upham; and northward. S. borealis, Bigelow. Northern Stitchwort. Starwort. Common, or frequent, in the north half of the state. [The var. alpestris, Gray, has been found on the north side of lake Superior, at Pie island, by Macoun.] CERASTIUM, L. Movusk-EAR CHICKWEED. C. viscosum, L. (C. vulgatum, L., in Manual.) Mouse-ear Chickweed, Winona county, Holzinger ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Lake Superior, Whitney.) Infrequent. : C. vulgatum, L. (C. viscosum, L., in Manual.) Large Mouse-ear Chickweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps westward. C. nutans, Raf. . Nodding Mouse-ear Chickweed. Frequent, or common, throughout the state, excepting southwestward. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Winona county, Holzinger; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rare. Southeast. STATE GEOLOGIST. 30 C. arvense, I. Field Chickweed. Frequent, or common, through the north half of the state and southwestward ; rare southeastward. SAGINA, L. PeaRLWORT. S. nodosa, E. Meyer. Pearlwort. North shore of lake Superior, doubtless in Minnesota ; Isle Royale, Whitney; island of St. Ignace. Macoun. } PARON YCHIE AL. WaitItLow-wort F Amity. ANYCHIA, Michx, WHITLOW-wort. NatLworr. A. dichotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. Whitlow-wort. Lapham. Infrequent. FICOIDE A. Ick Prant Famizy. MOLLUGO, L. InpDIAN-CHICKWEED. M. verticillata, L. Carpet-weed. Common, or frequent, southward. Exposed rocks and sandy fields, St. Croix river, Parry; abundant in Hennepin county on sandy river-banks, appearing indigenous, Roherts. PORTULACACEA. PuRSLANE FAmMItLy. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE. P. oleracea. L. Common Purslane. ‘‘Pusley.” A very common garden weed. P, retusa, Engelm.* Western Purslane. Upper Minnesota river, Parry; Yellow Medicine county, Upham; upper Missis- sippi river, Garrison. (Surely indigenous ; yet possibly to be referred to the foregoing species.) West. TALINUM, Adans. TALINUM. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Talinum. Rare, occurring only on ledges of rock (trap, syenite, granite and quartzite): absent far northward. Taylor’s Falls(of St. Croix river), Houghton, Miss Field; Duluth, iss Catheart; Watab, Benton county, and at numerous places in Stearns and Morrison counties, Upham; upper Minnesota river, Parry; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler; ‘‘ plen- tiful on most of the ledges in Rock and Pipestone counties (a handsome little plant, extremely easy of cultivation), Leiberg. *PORTULACA RETUSA, Engelm. Like P. oleracea, L., but greener, and the stenr more ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter; leaves usually smaller than the common species; sepals obtuse, broadly carinate-winged; petals yellow ; stigmas 3 or 4; capsule 2% to 3 lines long, broader in proportion ; seeds more strongly tuberculate than in P. oleracea. Brewer and Watson's Botany of California: 3F 34 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CLAYTONIA, L. Sprine-Bravry. C. Virginica, L. Narrow-leaved Spring-Beauty. Throughout the state, but rare in most portions ; frequent, or common, southeast- ward. c. Caroliniana, Michx. Wide-leaved Spring-Beauty. Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Southeast. MALVACEA. Matitow FamiIty. MALVA, L. Matiow. DM. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Common southward, and as far north as Morrison and Todd counties, Upham; but not yet common westward. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macoun; Minneapolis, Herrick; Goodhue county, Sand- ’ berg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.. M.crispa, lL. © Curled Mallow. Adventive, Lake City, Miss Manning. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. C, triangulata, Gray, Callirrhoe. Lapham. South. NAP ABA, Clayt. GiLADE MaLiow. N. dioica, L. Glade Mallow. Lapham. Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. Southeast, MALVASTRUM, Gray. FatsE Matnow. M. coccineum, Gray. Prairie Mallow. Minnesota, Gray’s Manual. West. Its eastern limit scarcely reaches into this state, ABUTILON, Tourn. Inpran Ma.iow. A. Avicenne, Gertn, Velvet-Leaf. . Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, Wabasha and Blue Earth counties. Infrequent. HIBISCUS, L. RosE-MaLtow. H. militaris, Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose- Mallow. Banks of the Mississippi river between Saint Paul and Mendota (abundant), Mrs. Terry. South, H. Trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower of an Hour. Adventive, Minneapolis, Kassube, Upham; Goodhue county, Sandberg ; Martin county, Gedye. [This ‘ has become abundant in many parts” of Nebraska, Aughey.] STATE GEOLOGIST. oD TILIACH A. Linpen F amity. TILIA, L. LINDEN. Basswoop. T. Americana, L. Basswood. Bass. Linden. Lime Tree. Whitewood. Very abundant in the Big Woods, and generally common throughout the state ; not found near the Minnesota shore of lake Superior, but frequent north of this lake, on maple ridges 400 feet and more aboveit, attaining a hight of 70 feet and diameter of 20 inches, Clark; also, not found in Rock county, but very plentiful at Bear lakes in Mur- ray county, Upham; extending north to Basswood lake on the international boundary, Winchell. | The northern limit of this species is found just south of Thunder bay, from which it nearly follows the international boundaryto the lake of the Woods. It extends farther north in Manitoba, nearly tolake Winnipeg, and northwest to Fort Ellice. Dr. Rohert Bell.) (The leaves of this and many other species of trees, in their first few years of growth from the seed, are often remarkably large. The following measurements were made in Todd county, September i6th : leaf of basswood, blade, 14% inches long and 12 inches wide, borne ona petiole 3 inches long ; of large-toothed aspen, blade, 10 by 7%, and peti- ole, 4inches ; of balsam poplar, blade, 11 by 7, and petiole, 2inches ; and of elm, blade, 9 by 6 inches, with petiole only a half inch long.) * Basswood lumber is much used in cabinet work for boxes, shelves, etc., whenever a wood is desired which is soft and easily worked, and, at the same time, tough and not liable to split.” It decays more quickly than most kinds of lumber, when exposed to the weather, unless it is thoroughly painted ; but issufficiently durable, if kept dry. HEN MOUS ike Panay LINUM, L. Fuax. L. perenne, L.* Wild Flax, Prairie Flax. At Pembina, and thence westward, Chickering; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. West. L suleatum, Riddell. Wild Flax, Common from Minneapolis, Roberts, southward, and westward to the Red river valley, Upham; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett. L. rigidum, Pursh.+ Wild Flax. From Winona county, Winchell, Minneapolis, Twining, and Anoka county, Juni, westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg, and the Red river valley (common in Clay county), Upham. South and west. * LINUM PERENNE,L,. Perennial, glabrous; leaves scattered, linear, acute; flowers nearly opposite the leaves and terminal ; peduncles becoming elongated and nodding in fruit ; sepals ovai with membranous margins, shorter than the globose capsule; petals free, blue, retuse, 3 to 4 times exceeding the calyx; styles 5; capsule 5-celled, with bearded dissepiments. Stems % to3 feet high ; flowers large. May to September. Watson's Rep. in King’s Hxpl. of the Fortieth Parallel. +LINUM RIGIDUM, Pursh. Dwarf; glaucous; styles united almost to the top. Gray's Manual.—Stems 5 to 15 inches high, angled, much branched ; branches strict, ascending ; leaves alternate, linear, pungently acute, rigid, with scabrous margins; flowers panicled or corymbose ; pedicels thickened at the end, and forming an exterior cup-shaped calyculus ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, strongly 3-nerved, glandular Spinulose-scabrous on the margins, longer than the globose capsule ; petals sulphur- yellow. Porter and Coulier’s Flora of Colorado. 36 TWE! FTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. Sometimes adventive in fields : Minneapolis ; Blue Earth county ; Redwood Falls ; Luverne. GERANIACEA. ({JERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. G. maculatum, L. Wild Cranesbill. Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northwest to Clay county, Gedge, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and the mouth of Rainy river, Macoun. G. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Cranesbill. Common, or frequent, throughout the state; most plentiful northward, G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Fergus Falls, Leonard; extending west to the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North. ERODIUM, L’Her, STORKSBILL. HERON’S-BILL. E cicutarium, L*Her. Storksbill. Heron’ s-bill. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Roberts. Rare. An abundant weed in the Pacifie states and in some districts eastward. IMPATIENS, L. BaLsAM. JEWEL-WEED. TOUCH-ME-NOT, I. pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Throughout the state ; in many portions infrequent or rare ; common at New Ulm, Juni, and in Blue Earth county, Leiberg; abundant in Martin county, Cratty, and on the south shore of Red iake, Miss Babbitt. I. fulva, Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Common throughout the state. (“At Beaver Bay a spotless variety, with less re- flected spur, was common and grew intermingled with the ordinary form, without show-_ ing any signs of intergradation.” Roberts.) OXALIS, L. Woon-SorREL, OXALIS O. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-Sorre}. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Macoun; extending northwest to the Saskatchewan, Richardson. North. O. violacea, L. Violet Wood-Sorrel. Common through the south half of the state to Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; extending north to the upper Missisippi river, Garrison, and in the Red river valley at least to Clay county, Gedge. (Herrick reports, besides the type, a variety that bears white flowers, occurring quite frequently in the vicinity of Castle Rock, Dakota county ; and Miss Babbitt finds the same at Little Falls. Succulent flower-bearing scapes, not accompanied by leaves, are occasionally seen in September [Upham]. “The usual occurrence of awhite, carrot-shaped root beneath the ordinary scaly bulb” of [this species is noticed by Roberts, in the American Naturalist for August, 1879. See also Am. Nat., vol. xvi, pp. 13-19.) O. corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav. (O. stricta, L.) Yellow Wood-Sor- rel. Ladies’ Sorrel. Common throughout the state. (de) —] ‘ STATE GEOLOGIST. RUTACEA Rue Famity. XANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickiy As#. X. Americanum, Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. Very abundant southward; extending north to Pine,Aitkin, Cass and Polk counties. PTELEA, L. SHrupsy TrRerorn. Hopr-TREE. P. trifoliata, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash. aepham. Southeast. ANACARDIACE 4. CasHEW FAMILY. RHUS, L. SUMACH. RR. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach. Limited to the east side of the state and the region from the upper Mississippi river northeastward, as follows: in Houston and Fillmore counties, rare ; in Winona county the most frequent species on the bluffs of the Mississippi (‘at Winona samples were seen eight inches in diameter’, Winchell), but rare farther west ; common in Ramgey and Hennepin counties, extending west into the Big Woods, and to Martin county, Oratty; rare in Benton county ; common in Pine county and westward to Mille Lacs, Little Falls and lake Alexander, Morrison county ; at Fish-hook lake in southwestern Cass county, Garrison; and occasional northeastward, being reported by Clark at Sandy lake, Fonddu Lac, Grand Portage and Pigeon river. R. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the state, excepting north of lake Superior, where it is rare. RR, copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach. Houston countv, near La Crescent, also in Winona county, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Saint Paul, Miss Catheart; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Worthington, foote; Pipestone county, Mrs, Bennett. Rare. South. R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. Observed, like the preceding, in Houston county, near I.a Crescent, and in Winona county, by Prof. Winchell; Hennepin county, Simmons; Anoka county, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak, Common, often abundant, throughout the state. (Erect or decumbent, 1 to3 feet high ; not elimbing,] RR. Toxicodendron, L., var. radicans, Torr.* Climbing Poison Ivy. This variety (or species) occurs sparingly in the southeast part of the state. Mrs, Carter, Miss Manning. R, aromatica, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. Maligne river (near the international boundary east of Rainy lake), Macowv. Rare. *RHUS TOXICODENDRON, L., val. RADICANS, Torr. (R.radicans, L.) Stems climb- ing by means of innumerable radicating tendrils; leaflets 3, ovate, dark green, smooth and shining, entire, the lowest rarely angular; flowers greenish, racemed in axillary panicies ; berries dull white. A vigorous woody elimber, ascending trees and other objects 10 to 40 or 50 feet. The stem becomes 1 to 2 inches [or more] in thickness, covered with a greenish, scaly bark, and throws out all along its length myriads of fnread-like rootlets, which bind it firmly to its support. JWood’s Class-Book. 38 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. VITACE A. VinE Famy. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. V. Labrusea, L, Northern Fox-Grape. Occurs frequently, according to Clark, in the east part of the state, as far north- ward as southern Pine county, and rarely on the St. Louisriver; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. V. wstivalis, Michx. Summer Grape. Lapham. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Anoka county, Juni; BigStonelake, Winchell; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. South, V. cordifolia, Michx.* Winter or Frost Grape. Frequent in the south half of the state ; also in the Red river valley, near Emerson, Manitoba, Dawson. V. riparia, Michx.f (V. cordifolia, Michx., var. riparia, Gray.) W imier or Frost Grape. Common throughout the state, excepting north of lake Superior. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. A. quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Five-leaf Ivy. American Ivy. ‘*‘Woodbine.’ Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; probably less frequent northeastward. ‘A very desirable climber, often cultivated *’ RHAMNACEA. BucktrHorn F'Aaminy. RHAMNUsS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. R. alnifolia, L’Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Winchell, Kassube; beach of lake Superior, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare southward ; common far northward. *VITIS CORDIFOLIA. Michx. Tall (or more rarely low), climbing high, trunks not rarely 6 to 9 inches in diameter ; leaves middle-sized or small (2'4 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter), heart-shaped, mostly entire or very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad, shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower side, the young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old ones, with short hair on the ribs below; berries small, in large, mostly loose bunches, black, without a bloom, maturing late in the fall, usually only with a single short and thick seed, marked by a prominent raphe.—— This grows more especially in fertile soil, and is common in river and creek bottoms. Engelmann, in Sivth An. Rep., Insects of Missouri; also in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. +VITIS RIPARIA, Michx. Mostly a smaller plant than the last, but with larger (3 to 5 inches in diameter) and more or less incisely 3-lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely when young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed, the teeth also more pointed than in V. cordifolia; berries usually larger than in the last, mostly with a bloom, in smaller and often more compact bunches, commonly 1-to 2-seeded ; seeds with a less prominent raphe.—— This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river- banks ; the northern form has fewer and laryer berries in a bunch, and is easily distin- guished from V. cordifolia. The fruit ripens earlier than the former and is pleasanter. Engelmann, in Insects of Mo., and in Bull. Torr. Cl. STATE GEOLOGIST. en <=) CEANOTHUS, ibs New Jersrty TEs. RED-ROGT. C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root, Common throughout the state, excepting far northward ; especially abundant on sandy tracts in the region of the upper Mississippi river. Yhough only a small shrub, ' one to three feet high, its root is a mass of gnarled wood, sometimes six or eight inches in diameter, ‘‘a troublesome obstacle in first breaking the soil.”’ C. ovatus, Desf. (C. ovalis, Bigelow.) Red-root. Sandy ridges of the St. Croix, “seeming to take the place of the preceding species and an indication of a more barren soil,” Parry; New Ulm,Juni. |Kaministiquia river (very abundant), Macoun. | Local. CELASTRACEA. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. C. scandens, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work. Common through the south half of the state, extending north to the sources of the Mississippi, and to Polk county ; less frequent north to Emerson, Manitoba, Scott. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. K. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Frequent southward; extending north to Anoka county, Juni, Lake Elizabeth, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry, and Clay county in the Red river valley, Gedge. E. Americanus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing §traw- berry Bush. Minneapolis, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. SAPINDACEA. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. STAPHYLEA, L. BuabpER-Nvr. S. trifolia, L. American Bladder-Nut. Frequent southward ; extending north to Minnehaha falls, Roberts, and New Ulm, Juni. ACER, Tourn. MaPLe. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Mo dse-wood, Common northeastward, extending south to the upper Mississippi river and to southeastern Pine county ; rare and local farther south to lake Pepin, Miss Manniwg. A. spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Abundant north of lake Superior and along the international boundary; extending south to Mille Lacs, Upham; rare and local farther southward on the Mississippi blufis at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and in section 22, Richmond, Winona county, Winchell. A. saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Hard Maple. Common, often abundant, throughout the state, excepting near its west side. Not fouud close to the shore of lake Superior, but common two or three miles from it, 400 feet or more above the lake, attaining a hight of 75 feet, Clark. The northern limit of this tree, accerding to Bell, extends from the lower part of the valley of the Kaminis- tiquia river westward, a little to the north of the boundary line, to the lake of the Woods, where it turns south. The Chippewa Indians, who are yet the principal inhab- 40 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. itants of the wooded region north of the Northern Pacific railroad, make considerable’ maple sugar, their ordinary product in the region of lake Superior, according to Clark, being from 100 to 500 pounds for each lodge. A, saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar Maple. Houston county, Winchell; upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Mr. J.C. Arthur reports this variety common at Waterville, Le Sueur county, and believes it to be the prevailing form of the species at least through the south part of the state. A. dasyecarpum, Ehrh. White orSilver Maple. River Maple. Soft Maple. Common southward, extending north to the upper Mississippi and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. More frequently cultivated for shade than the next, each of these species being often called soft maple. A. rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Common through the east part of the state ; extending west to Mud Portage on the Dawson route (north of lake Superior), Macoun, the White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton; abundant in Winona county, Winchell. This and the two preceding species, especially the sugar maple, are valuable for furniture and eabi- net work, and are fine shade and ornamental trees, for which purpose they are exten- sively raised from the seed or transplanted from the woods. NEGUNDO, Mench. AsnH-teAvVED Maris. Box-Enpen. N. aceroides, Meench. Box-Elder. Common through the south half of the state, extending thus north to Kahiben: Mille Lacs and Wadena counties ; less frequent farther north to the St. Louis river near Fond du Lac, Winchell, Kaministiquia river, Macoun, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; also abundant throughout the Red river vailey and northwestward, reaching east to the lake of the Woods, Dawson. ‘Destined to be the shade tree of all the prairie cities” of Manitoba (Macoun), Along the Minnesota river, it sometimes exceeds three feetin diameter (Winchell). Sugar and syrup are made from it at Big Stone lake. POLYGALACEA. Mitkwort Famity. POLYGALA, Tourn. Mitkwort. PoLyGALa. P. sanguinea, L. Purple Milkwort. Frequent, or common, southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Gorrison, and Polk county, Upham. P. cruciata; L. Milkwort. Margins of swampy lakes, St. Croix river, Parry ; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts ; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. P. verticillata, L. Milk wort. Frequent, or common, in the south and west portions of the state ; extending north to Minneapolis, Simmons, New Ulm, Juni, and the Red river valley, Upham. P. Senega, L. Seneca Snakeroot. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Several tons of this medicinal root are dug and sold yearly by the Chippewa Indians in the region of Mille Lacs, the Crow Wing river and the White Earth reservation, the price which they receive for it, when dried, being from 35 to 50 cents per pound. P. polygama, Walt. Pink Polygala. sandy soil, St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Monning ; Saint Cloud, Garrison ; Anoka county and Brainerd, Upham; lake of the Woods, Dawson, ee a Ne STATE GEOLOGIST. 4] P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala. Faribault, Rice county, Miss Beane. [Kaministiquia river. north of lake Superior, Macoun.| Rare. LEGUMINOSA. Putse Faminy. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE. L. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. Perenniai Lupine. Common on light, sandy land from lake Pepin to the sources of the Mississippi riyv- er; also, Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rarely found with white flowers. TRIFOLIUM,L. Crover. T. arvense, L. Rabbit-fovt or Stone Clover. Saint Cloud, Stearns county, Campbell. tare, T. pratense, L. Red Clover. Frequently adventive throughout the state. T. repens, L. White Clover. Shamrock. Oecurring like the last, already very abundant in many districts; also quite cer- tainly indigenous through the north half of the state, Clark, Upham. T. hybridum, L.* Alsike Clover. Adventive, but scarcely established, Saint Cloud (sandy soil, on the grounds of the Norma) School), Campbell. Rare. T. procumbens, li. Yellow Clover. Low Hop-Clover. Stearns county (both the type and the var. minus, Koch), Campbell; Saint Paul, Minneapolis and lake Minnetonka (sparingly adventive), Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Meuinot. Sweet Cirover. Hart's CLOVER. M. officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Stearns county, Gar- vison; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. M. alba, Lam. White Melilot. Throughout the south half of the state, More frequent than the preceding. MEDICAGO, L. MeEpick. M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa. Escaped from cultivation, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Winchell. * Trifolium hybridum, L. Almost glabrous; leaflets obovate or oblong; stipules oblong, tips triangular; heads axillary, peduncled, globose; pedicels elongate, at length reflexed ; flowers {whitish, rose-tinted] drooping; calyx-tube campanulate, gibbous ; teeth subulate, nearly equal, unaltered in fruit. Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands. (See Botanical Gazette, vol. vii, pp. 121 and 135.) 42 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. HOSACKIA, Dougl. HOSACKEIA. H. Purshiana, Benth.* Hosackia. Gravelly shore of Swan lake, section 7, Underwood, Redwood county (leaves about % inch long, very short-petioled, of three oblong acute leaflets, the lateral ones oblique in their lower half), Upham. Southwest. PSORALEA, L. PSORALEA. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. (P. floribunda, Nutt.) Psoralea. Cottonwood county, Holzinger, Southwest P. argophylla, Puarsh. Silvery-leaved Psoralea. Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, (See note in American Naturalist, vol. xvii, p. 414.) P. esculenta, Puysh. Dakota Turnip. Pomme blanche. Pomme de Prairie. Pomme de Terre. Common southwestward ; extending east to the rising ground east of Red river prairie, Dawson, the Roseau river, Scott, Morrison county, Upham, Minneapolis (rare, found close east of lake Calhoun), Griswold, Roberts, and Blue Earth county, Leiberg. “Pomme de Prairie of the French voyageurs; Tipsinah of the Sioux Indians. It oc- curs over a wide range of country between the Mississippi aud the Rocky Mountains, and is a characteristic plant of the Coteau des Prairies. The root, frequently attaining the size of a hen’s egg, is of a regular, cylindric, ovoid shape, consisting of a thick, leathery envelope, easily separating when fresh from its smooth internal part. The latter is of a friable texture, except towards the axis, where some ligneous fibres are in- termixed. When dry, it acquires a sweetish taste, and is easily pulverized, affording a light, starehy flour, suitable for all the uses of the ordinary article. When growing its aspect is that of a Lupine. It selectsa dry, gravelly, but not barren soil.” Parry. } The Dakota (Sioux) name of the river in western Minnesota, well known as the Pomme de Terre, refers to this plant. Riggs’ Dakota Dictionary, p. 171. DALEA, L. DALEA. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Dalea. Spirit lake, Iowa, Geyer; and doubtless in the adjoining portions of Minnesota. Southwest. j PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. P. violaceus, Michx. Purple Prairie Clover. Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton. * HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal; standard often remote from the rest, ovate or roundish; keel curved, obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, sessile, several-seeded, with partitions be- tween theseeds. Herbaceous orrarely woody, with pinnate 2- to many-foliolate leaves; stipules mostly minute and gland-like; flowers in axillary sessile or pedunculate um- bels, yellow, often becoming brownish. HO@SACKIA PURSHIANA, Benth. Annual, usually a foot high or more, and more or less silky-villous : leaflets 1 to 5, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long ; stipules gland-like ; flowers small, yellow, on peduncles exceeding the leaves, bracteate with a single leaflet; calyx-teeth linear, much exceeding the tube, about equalling the corol- la; pod linear, straight, smooth, an Inch long, 5- to 7-seeded. Watson in Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian. Nae ee ee —— ae Tee ee STATE GEOLOGIST. 43 P. candidus, Michx. White Prairie Clover. Abundant, with same range as the last ; excepting that it is less common in the north part of the Red river valley, Upham. P. villosus, Nutt. Silky Prairie Clover. Common on sandy land, from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Goodhue county, Sandhery, and the barrens of the St. Croix river, Parry, to Minneapolis, Lac qui Parle, and Polk county, Upham. ‘ AMORPHA, L. FatsE INDIGO. A. fruticosa, L. False Indigo. ‘‘ River Locust.” Common through the south half of the state, in the Red river valley, Upham, and to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. A. canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant. ‘‘ Shoe-strings.”’ Abundant, with the same range as the last. The common name alludes to its long tough roots, which are troublesome in plowing. A. microphylla, Pursh.* (A. nana, Nutt.) Dwarf False Indigo. Common from the Blue Earth river, Parry, and Chippewa. Swift and Grant counties, Roberts, southwestward ; also common, or frequent, throughout the Red river yalley, Upham. ROBINIA, L. Locust-TREE. R. Pseudacacia, L. © Common Locust-tree. False Acacia. Adventive, Minneapolis, Winchell. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pa. T. Virginiana, Pers. Goat’s Rue. Catgut. Lapham. Hart, Winona county, Winchell; at head of lake Pepin, Sandherg, Washington county, Juni. South. ASTRAGALUS, L. MiuKk-VETcH. A. caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Plum. Common, often abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending north- east to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. ‘‘ When the pods, which are nearly solid, have reached the size of hazel-nuts, they prove a valuable addition to the list of early vegetables. Cooked like green peas, they make a pleasing dish, intermediate in taste and flavor between early peas and asparagus.”THY MELEACE AL. Mezereum Faminy. DIRCA, L. Learnerwoop. Moosz-woop. D, palustris, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. Common northeastward, extending thus west to the lake of the Woods, Richardson, White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Detroit, H. B. Ayres, and south to the Kettle river, Shumard, southeastern Pine county, Upham, and St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; frequent, but local, farther south, as near Minneapolis, Simmons, Saint Paul, Miss Catheart, Hastings, Mrs. Ray, Faribault, Miss Beane, Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg, New Ulm, Juni, and near the Great spring, Beaver creek, Caledonia, Houston eounty, Winchell. ELA AGNACEA. OLEASTER FAMILY. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHERDIA. 8. Canadensis, Nutt. Canadian Shepherdia. From lake Winnipeg to lake Superior, Say, Schweinitz; north shore of lake Super- ior, Juni; Minneapolis (rare), Miss Butler. North. S. argentea, Nutt. Buffalo-Berry. Rainy lake, Say, Schweinitz; upper Minnesota river, Geyer; near Walhalla, in northeastern Dakota, Scott. Northwest. ; ELH AGNUS, L. OLEASTER. E. argentea, Pursh.* Silver-Berry. Common from Ada northward in the Red river valley (forming patches ten to twenty rods long on the prairie, growing only about two feet high, fruiting plentifully ; but in thickets becoming five to eight feet high), and local in section 5, Eldorado Stevens county, Upham, Northwest. *KHLASAGNUS, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube including the free ovary, the limb eylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into 4 valvate deciduous lobes, colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens 4, adnate to the calyx and alternate with its lobes, the free portion of the filaments very short; anthers oblong. Style simple, straight ; stigma 1-sided. Fruit drupe-like, covered with the thickened dry or fleshy closed calyx-tube ; the stone oblong, 8-striate.—Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire _ petioled leaves and axillary pedicelled flowers. E, ARGENTEA, Pursh. A stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12feet high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales: leaves 114 to 4 inches long and % to 2% inches 122 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. SANTALACEA. SANDALWOOD FAMILY. COMANDRA, Nutt. BasTARD TOAD-FLAX. C. pallida, A. DC.* Bastard Toad-flax. Red river valley, Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West. C. umbellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. Common throughout the state. C. livida, Richardson. Bastard Toad-flax. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. [Isle Royale (common), Whitney.] North. SAURURACEA. | LizaARD’s-TAIL FAMILY. SAURURUS, L. LIzAkD’S-TAIL. S. cernuus, L. Lizard’s-tail. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent, CERATOPHYLLACEA. Hornwort FAamIty. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. HorRNWORT. C. demersum, L. Hornwort. White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Upham; small lakes at the Pipestone quarry (var. commune, Gray, with fruit about 3 lines long, tipped with the stout straight style also about 3 lines long, and with a similar short spine, 2 lines long, at the base on each side), Mrs Bennett. Probably common throughout the state. CALLITRICHACEA. WATER-STARWORT FAMILY. CALLITRICHE, L. WaATER-STARWORT. C. verna, L. Water-Starwort. Throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; Pembina, Hav- ard; Cottonwood county, Upham. {C. autumnalis, L., probably occurs also in northern Minnesota.] wide, broadly ornarrowly elliptic, rather acute at each end, or lanceolate and undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous; flowers numerous, defiexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant, 3 to 5 lines long, the tube broadly oval, the limb funnel- form ; fruit [silvery in color, like the foliage] globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4 or 5linesinlength. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. *COMANDRA PALLIDA, A. DC. Stems several from a branched woody caudex, herbaceous, striate, erect, 6 to 10 inches high, branching above; leaves alternate, bluish, somewhat punctate on the margins, the lower elliptic oblong, mucronate-acute, 8 to 12 lines long and 2 to 8 lines wide, the uppermost usually linear-lanceolate, 5 to 10 lines Jong and about 1 line wide, sometimes so continued dowa the stem (forming var, angustifolia); cymes terminal, few-flowered ; bracts linear-lancevlate, 2 lines long; floweis perfect ; calyx-lobes erect-spreading ; fruit 3 lines in diameter, with subfleshy epicarp.—Flowers precisely as in C. umbellata ; distinguished especially by its narrowed upper leaves and much larger fruit, Watson’s Rep.in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 123 PODOSTEMACEA. RIVER-WEED FAMILY. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED. P. ceratophyllus, Michx. River-weed. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. . EUPHORBIACEA. SPuRGE FamIty. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE. E. polygonifolia, L. Shore Spurge. Lapham. Shore of lake Superior ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Geyer’s Spurge. Lapham, T. J. Hale. Common at Minneapolis, Upham, Simmons. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge, Minneapolis, Herrick; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Gedge; New Ulm, Juni; Murray county, Upham; Stearns county, Mrs, Blaisdell; Pembina, Havard. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Spurge. Minneapoiis, Herrick; Saint Cloud, Campbell; Red river valley, Scott. E. maculata, L. Spotted Spurge. Common through the south half of the state and perhaps northward. _E. humistrata, Eogelm. Spurge. Minneapolis, Roberts; Winona county, Holzinger; Martin county, Gedge. South. E. hypericifolia, L Spurge. Waste, dry places. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South, E. marginata, Pursh. White-margined Spurge. ‘“ Mountain Snow.” Frequent, often common, southwestward ; extending northeast to Redwood Falls (found to be poisonous to the touch, even in mounting dried specimens), Miss Butler; in Lyon county becoming a common weed in cultivated fields, Upham. EK. corollata, L. Flowering Spurge. Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state. E. heterophylla, L. Spurge. Spirit lake, Minnesota river, etc., Geyer; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Gedge; Min- neapodlis, Twining, A. W. Jones; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Man- ning. South. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Spurge. Rock county, Leiberg. Southwest. E. Cyparissias,L. Garden Spurge. Adventive: Mankato, Leiberg; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [E. commutata, Engelm., should be looked for in this state.] ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. A. Virginica, L. Three-seeded Mercury. Minneapolis. Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. 124 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. EMPETRACEA. CROWBERRY FAMILY. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. E. nigrum, L. Black Crowberry. North shore of lake Superior, Macoun ; doubtless in northern Minnesota. URTICACEA. Nettie Famity. ULMUS,L. Ex. U. fulva, Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. Frequent, often common, throughout the state, excepting far northward. Well known for its mucilaginous, medicinal inner bark; the reddish wood, used for ox-yokes, posts, etc., is strong, light and durable. 7 U. Americana, L. White Elm. Amercian Elm. Water Elm. Common throughout the state; but not found close to the shore of lake Superior. Wood tough, often used for axe-helves, whip-stocks, ete.; our most desirable tree for transplanting for ornament and shade. This and basswood are the most abundant trees in the Big Woods. ¥ U. racemosa, Thomas. Corky White Elm. Rock Elm. Frequent, often common, eastward ; extending west to Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Nicollet county, Aiton, New Ulm (common), Juni, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Wood drier than the last and more valuable ; much used by wheelwrights. CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY. ©, occidentalis, L. Sugarberry. Hackberry. Frequent through the south half of the state ; rare and local northward, as at the east side of Mille Lacs and at lake Alexander, Upham; near lake Lida, Otter Tail county, Frazee; on the Red river in Clay county ; at Red Lake Falls; on the upper Mississippi ; and on the Big Fork of Rainy Lake river, in T. 149, R. 26, , Hinchellwood. {Also at Eagle lake, north of Rainy lake, Bell, Macoun; and in northeastern Dakota, Scott.] : MORUS, Tourn. Mouiperry. ~ : : M. rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Big Woods, Winchell; Houston county, J. S. Harris. [West to Dakota, Sargent, and eastern Nebraska, Aughey.] Infrequent. South, URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE. U. gracilis, Ait. Tall Wild Nettle. Common throughout the state. U. dioica, L. Great Stinging Nettle. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. LAPORTEA, Gaud. Woop-NETTLE. L. Canadensis, Gaud. Wood-Nettle. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river and Roseau river. “It is of this plant the Indians usually make their fishing lines, the rotted remains of the previous year’s growth furnishing an abundant supply.” Parry. STATE GEOLOGIST. 125 PILEA, Lindl. RIcHWEED. CLEARWEED. P. pumila, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed. St. Croixriver, Parry; Minneapolis, Simmons; lake Minnetonka(common), Roberts; Blue Earth county, Letberg; Fergus Falls, Leonard. South. BQHMERIA, Jacq. Fause Nettie. B. cylindrica, Willd. False Nettle. Lapham. Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Petiitory. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pellitory. Minneapolis (presenting, besides the type, a larger and much branched form), Her- rick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; and northwest to the upp2r Missouri and Saskatchewan rivers. Infrequent. South and west. CANNABIS, Tourn, Hemp. C. sativa, L. Hemp. A common or frequent weed. HUMULUS, L. . Hor. H. Lupulus, L. Common Hop. Common, especially northward; ‘‘native on all the tributaries of the upper Missis— ippi,” Parry. PLATANACEA. Prann-tRee Famtty. PLATANUS, Tourn. PLANE-TREE. BUTTONWOOD. P. occidentalis, L. American Plane-tree. Buttonwood. Sycamore. Lapham. Southeast, rare. The northwest limit of this species scarcely enters Minnesota. JUGLANDACEA. Watnout Famity. JUGLANS, L. Watnvt. J. cinerea, L. Butternut, Oil-nut. White Walnut. Common southward, but absent far southwest ; extending north to the Snake river jn Pine and Kanabec counties, Norwood, Upham, and on the Mississippi river to the north line of Aitkin county, Garrison. Wood valuable for cabinet work and in house- building for inside finishing J. nigra, L. Black Walnut. Frequent in the south part of the state; extending north to Nininger, Dakota county, southern Scott and Carver counties, and to Walnut Grove in the south edge of Redwood county. Because of the great value of its lumber, nearly all the black wal- nut of large size in this state has been cut ; but much of young growth remains. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory. C. alba, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. ‘‘ Walnut,’’ Common, or frequent, in Houston county; extending north into Winona county at 126 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. least to Winona and Stockton, and west(rare) into Fillmore, Mower and Freeborn. counties, to Moscow, Winchell; near Weaver and Kellogg, Wabasha county, and near Chatfield, on the south line of Olmsted county, W. D. Hurlbut. Southeast. ‘Timber very valuable, used wherever great durability, strength and elasticity are required.” Cc. poreina, Nutt. —‘ Pig-nut or Broom Hickory. Lapham. Southeastward, extending north to Snake river, Clark; near lake Pepin on the Wisconsin side, Mrs. Ray. be C. amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory. Common, or frequent, southward ; extending througa the Big Woods, and north to Mille Lacs, and sparingly to the upper Mississippi river,and to Whiteface river, tributary to the St. Louis river. This species furnishes nearly all the hoop-poles for flour-barrels cut in the southern and central portions of the state. CUPULIFER. Oak Famity. QUERCUS, L. Oak. Q. alba, L White-Oak. Frequent, or common, in the southeast and central parts of the state; extending north to Fond du Lac, Clark, Savannah river, and Squagemaw lake, Winchell, and to Pokegema falls, Pemidji lake (plentiful in many places on the upper Mississippi river), and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. ‘‘Strong, durable, and beautiful timber.” Q. stellata, Wang. (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.) Post-Oak.. Rough or Box White-Oak. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur-Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup White-Oak. Common, or abundant, throughout the state, excepting far northeastward. Its northeastern limit north of lake Superior, according to Bell,is near the international boundary; but he states that it attains a good size onthe Rainy river and thence westward. (‘In going west, this species is first met with at the east end of Eagle lake” [north of Rainy lake], Macoun.) Timber valuable, similar to that of white oak. Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp White-Oak. Frequent in Benton, Mille Lacs and Morrison counties, and thence north to lake Winnibigoshish and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Q. Prinus, L., var. acuminata, Michx.) _—‘Yel- low Chestnut-Oak. Lapham. Southeast. i Q. tinctoria, Bartram. (Q. coccinea, Wang., var. tinctoria, Gray.) Black Oak. Quercitron or Yellow-bariked Oak. Common, or abundant, southward; extending north to Pine county, Upham, and to Pokegama falls and the White Earth reservation, Garrison; the most abundant spe- cies of oak in the southeast part of the state. This species and the bur oak vary from 20 to 50 or 60 feet in hight, according to their situation and soil; besides which, each occurs frequently dwarfed, growing as scrubby brush from 3 to 10 feet high. Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; ‘tin Minnesota (Engelmann),” Sargent. Q. coccinea, Wang., var. ambigua, Gray. Gray Oak. Prairie river, attaining a hight of 50 feet and diameter of 10 inches, Clark; White Earth reservation, Garrison. North. - , STATE GEOLOGIST. 127 Q. rubra, L. Red Oak, Occasional southward, and north to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Garrison; continuing on the north side of }ake Superior to the Kaministiquia river, Bell, Macoun. In autumn the leaves of the black and red oaks change to red and crimson colors ; while the foliage of the white and bur oaks changes only to dull green, gray aud brown. At the same time the leaves of the sumachs and red maple become reo or séarlet ; of the sugar maple, yellow; and of bass, box-elder, ash trees, elms, poplars, and cotton- wood, various shades of brown and yellow. Q. palustris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish Oak. Pin Oak. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. [Sargent and Bell have mentioned Minnesota as a western limit of the American beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.), but it probably does not extend into this state. | CORYLUS, Tourn. HazeEL-NutT. FILBert. ©. Americana, Walt. Common Wild Hazel-nut. - Common, in many districts abundant, throughout the state. C. rostrata, Ait. | Beaked Hazel-nut. Common northward ; extending south to Benton county and Spruce Hill, Douglas county, Upham; rare and local farther south, as on rocky bluffs in southeastern Winona county, Winchell. Juni says of this species north of Jake Superior: ‘‘In some places the bushes reach a hight of fifteen feet, with stems from one to one and a half inches in diameter. The tops bend over from the weight of the fruit.” OSTRYA, Micheli. Hopr-HornBEAM. IRON-WoOD. O. Virginica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Common, often abundant, throughout the state; but not close to the shore of lake Superior. CARPINUS, L. HornBEAM. IRONWOOD. C, Caroliniana, Walt. (C. Americana, Michx.) American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech. Common through the south half of the state; extending north to Pine county and Sandy lake, Clark, the Savannah portage, Winchell, and White Earth reservation, Garrison. “Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable ; used for wedges, levers, &c.”’ MYRICACE AL. Sweet-GaLe Famiy. MYRICA, L. BaYBERRY. Wax-MyrtTLe. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Common on lake-shores, along the international boundary, between lake Superior and Rainy lake, Winchell. North. COMPTONIA, Solander. Swenrt-Fnrn. C.asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet-Fern. Frequent northeastward; extending south to Snake river in southeastern Pine county, Upham, and southwest to Cass lake, Schoolcraft; italso occurs at Jacob Streitz’s quarry in section 28, Saint Cloud, Upham, and near Excelsior, Hennepin county, Mrs. Terry. 128 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. BETULACEA. Birca Famtty. BETULA, Tourn. — Biron. [B. lenta, L. (cherry birch, sweet or black birch) possibly extends west to northern Mipvnesota. Dr. Bell mentions this state as its northwestern limit. Some of the more northern references under B. nigra may belong instead to this species. ] B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. Common through the north half of the state and south to Sherburne county, reach- ing a hight of 75 feet and diameter of 3 or 4 feet; rare in the Big Woods, and south- east to Houston county, Winchell. ‘The 49th parallel forms the average northern limit of this species from Newfoundland tothe Red river valley, in which it curves round and runs southward.”’ Bell. B. papyracea, Ait. Paper or Canoe Birch. Silver Birch. Common, often abundant, through the north half of the state, attaining an equal size with the preceding ; also common, but much smaller, southeastward near the Mis- sissippi river ; thence extending west, less frequent, to the Big Woods, and to Birch Cooley (plentiful), Renville county ; absent southwestward ; “found along the Assini- boine valley as far west as the Qu’Appelle lakes,” Bell. ‘The bark of this tree, to- gether with that of the Arbor-vitz, is made use of in innumerable ways by the Indians.” Roberts. B. nigra, L. River or Red Birch. Savannah portage, Douglass; White Earth reservation, Garrison; Kettle river, Shumard; Blue Earth county, Nicollet; Winona county, Holzinger; abundant along the Mississippi bottoms at least as far north as Minneiska, Wabasha county, Winchell. Southeast. B. pumila, L. Low Birch. “ Tag Alder.”’ Common through the north half of the state, and south to Mingiepeaia and Saint Paul; less frequent or rare farther south, to lake Pepin, Miss M Cm and Olmsted county, Harrington. B. glandulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch. Savannah river, Houghton; north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Winchell; ridge east of the Red river, Scott. North. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER, A. viridis, DC. Green or Mountain Alder. North of lake Superior (common), Juni, Roberts. North. A. incana, Willd., var. glauca, Regel. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Black Alder. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state, and southeastward to Minneapolis; less frequent thence southeast ; rare southwestward. A. serrulata, Ait. Smooth Alder. Lapham, Winchell. Rare. Southeast. SALICACE AL. Wittow Famity. SALIX, Tourn. WILLow. OSIER. S. candida, Willd. | Hoary Willow. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Bogs, St. Croix river, Parry; Min- STATE GEOLOGIST. 129 neapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Red river valley, Macoun. S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Lapham. Minneapolis, Winchell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. S. humilis, Marshall. Prairie Willow. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Upham; frequent in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; abundant nearthe Mississippi river, on dry, sandy land, especially in openings of woods, from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Mrs. Ray,and Ramsey county, north at least to Brainerd (usually only about one foot high, agreeing best, excepting in habitat, with Gray’s description of S. tristis), Upham; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Proba- bly throughout the state. S. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [S. sericea, Marshall, probably occurs, but infrequently, in Minnesota.] S. petiolaris, Smith.* Petioled Willow. Freeborn county (frequent), Upham. Probably our prevailing form of this species is var. GRACILIS, Anders. (M.S. Bebb.) S. purpurea, L. Purple Willow. Minneapolis, Simmons. Infrequent. S. cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. cordata, Mubhl., var. angustata, Gray. Stearns county, Garrison. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Nebraska (common), Aughey.] S. balsamifera, Barratt.+ (S. pyrifolia, Anders.; see notes by U.S. Bebb in Botanical Gazette, vol. iv, p. 190.) Balsam-bearing Willow. Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Burgess, Macoun. North. * SALIX PETIOLARIS, Smith, var. GRACILIS, Anders. Female aments gracefully subpendulous, at length somewhat leafy-peduncled, very loosely flowered ; scales lin- gulate, apex brownish ; capsules long acute-rostrate from an ovate base, thinly silky, or somewhat glabrous, very long-pediceled ; pedicel nearly eight times the length of the nectary; style very short; stigmas 2-parted, fuscous, spreading ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, serrulate, about 2 inches long and 2 to 4 lines wide, pale and subglau- cous beneath, both sides at length glabrous. Varies: 1st, sericocarpa; capsules nar- rowly conical, 2% lines long, thinly silky. 2d, leiocarpa ; capsules thick at base, green- ish red. Andersson in DC. Prod., 16,2, 235; translated by M. S. Bebb. +SALIX BALSAMIVERA, Barratt. A glabrous, much branched shrub, 4 to 8 feet high ; twigs crimson where exposed to the sun; leaves ovate, abruptly pointed, 1 inch _ wide by 1% inches long, on sterile shoots oblong-lanceolate, 1144 inches wide by 3 to 4 inches long, all rounded or subeordate at base, very thin and slightly hairy beneath when young, rigid, glabrous, and prominently reticulate-veined when mature, bright green above, paler or glaucous beneath, margin finely glandular-serrate; petioles slender, 4% inchlong ; stipules minute, caducous: aments with a few leaf-like bracts at base, the male densely flowered, very silky, female less so and becoming very lax in fruit, bracts often more leafy ; scales pale or rosy ; capsules elongate-conical or rostrate from a thick base, 2 or 3 lineslong, glabrous, the long pedicels six to eight times the length of the nectary ; style rather short, bifid; lobes of the stigma thick, spreading, emarginate. ‘‘No.53, Herb. H.,B. and T.” (v.s.inh. Torr.) S. cordata, Muhl., var. balsamifera, Hook., Fl. Bor.-Am., 2,149. S. pyrifolia, Anders., DC. Prod., 16, 2, 264.— White mountains of N. H., Pringle; New Brunswick, Fowler; and Labrador, Allen; westward to the Saskatchewan. Readily distinguished from S. cordata by the very loosely flowered fertile aments, often two inches or more long in fruit, thicker and more yellowish staminate aments, and the proportionately broader and shorter Amelanchier- like leaves. M.S. Bebb, MSS. OF 130 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. rostrata, Richardson. (8. livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis, Gray.) Beaked Willow. Livid Willow. Common throughout the state, S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. Throughout the state; frequent northward, common southward. This and the next are our only native species of willow that become trees, the others being shrubs. S. amygdaloides, Anders.* Almond-leaved Willow. Red river and eastward, Bebb; probably frequent throughout the state. S. fragilis, L. Xalba, L. White Willow. Occasionally spontaneous ; much cultivated, especially on the prairies, for shade and protection from the wind. Timber culture, of this tree, red and sugar maple, box- elder, cottonwood, Lombardy poplar, and other species, is being begun extensively in the prairie region, chiefly for the rewards provided by laws of the state and United States governments. The white willow is well adapted to yield fuel, as it grows rap- idly, and, when cut down, shoots up vigorously anew from the stump. In good soil, with good care, probably ten acres of this willow would supply an average household with fire-wood continually. , M.S. Bebb regards this “white willow,” commonly planted (by cuttings) for screens, as a hybrid of S. fragilis and S. alba, being apparently the form named S. fragilis, L., var. Russelliana, Carey, in Gray’s Manual. Mr. Bebb writes: “Among the varieties cultivated throughout the Northwest, I have seen no genuine S. alba. In one form, S. fragilis X alba, var. (c.) vestita, Wimmer (S. palustris, Host.), the leaves approach very near to S, alba, var. ccerulea, but the flowers are different. Much the more com- monly planted form is S. fragilis X alba, var. (b.) glabra, Wimmer (exactly S. excelsior, Host.; S. viridis, Fries, when the under surface of the leaf is pale green).”’ S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Sand-bar Willow. Common throughout the state. S. myrtilloides, L. Myrtle Willow. Frequent northward, rare southward. Swamps, St. Croix river, Parry; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; Kanabec and Benton counties, Upham; Dellwood, White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; Minneapolis, Kassube; near Eagle lake, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. POPULUS, Tourn. PorpLaR. ASPEN. P, tremuloides, Michx. American Poplar or Aspen. Common, or abundant, throughout the state, especially northward. Wood of this and the next is valuable for paper-making. P. grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Poplar or Aspen. Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state ; excepting the southeastern *SALIX AMYGDALOIDES, Anders. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long, % to 1% inches wide, with a long tapering point, glaucous beneath, closely serrate, petioles long and slender, stipules minute and very early deciduous : aments leafy-peduncled, elongated-cylindrical, pendulous ; the fertile when in fruit lax, 3 to 4 inches long, % inch thick ; scales in the male ament ovate, villous with crisp hairs, in the female narrower, somewhat smooth, fugacious : capsules globose-conical, glabrous, long-pedicelled ; style very short or obsolete, stigmas notched. . . . In aspect very unlike S. nigra [like which, this species attains a tree-like size], and in fact more frequently mistaken for S. lucida. The broad leaves, being supported by long and slender petioles, are moved by the slightest breeze, displaying in rapid, fluttering succession their conspicuous white under surfaces, thus producing an effect in striking contrast with the changeless, soft light reflected from masses of the foliage of 8S. nigra when swayed gently by the wind. Bebb in Wheeler’s Report of Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian. STATE GEOLOGIST. 131 counties and far northward, where it occurs sparingly, and southwestward, where it is absent. P. monilifera, Ait. (Including P. angulata, Ait.) Cottonwood. Neck- lace Poplar. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; rare farther north; reaching its northern limit in southeastern Pine county, the region of the upper Missis- sippi, Houghton, White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Red Lake Falls and the Red river valley, Upham. ‘Large trees occur along the Assiniboine river,” Bell. ‘‘ Exten- sively planted for shelter andfuel. The cotton from the seeds proves a source of much annoyance to the tidy housewife. If only male trees, those with reddish tassels, were planted, no cotton would be produced. Both kinds of tassels, the green and the red, appear in spring before the leaves come out.” Arthur. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending southwest to Cannon river (rare), Sandberg, Osakis lake, Upham, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. P. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead. Frequent northeastward ; extending southwest to southeastern Pine county, Little Falls, and White Earth reservation. P. dilatata, Ait. Lombardy Poplar. Spontaneous, Mankato, Leiberg. [Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches. and small broadly triangular pointed leaves ; formerly much planted. Gray’s Field, Forest, and Garden Botany.]| P. alba, L. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar. Abele. Abel-tree. Cultivated, and thence sometimes spreading spontaneously, in Martin county, Cratty. [Tree planted from Europe, with spreading branches, roundish, slightly heart- shaped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon green above, very white cottony beneath ; buds not glutinous: spreads inveterately bythe root. Gray’s Field, Forest, and Gar- den Botany. | CONIFERA. Pint FamiIty. PINUS, Tourn., Link. Ping. P. Banksiana, Lambert. “Jack Pine.” Gray or Northern Scrub Pine. Banks’ or Banksian Pine. Black Pine. Common northeastward ; abundant on sandy land in the region of the upper Missis- sippi and Crow Wing rivers, from Brainerd and Wadena northward ; having its south- west limit at the St. Croix and Snake rivers, Princeton, Brockway (Stearns county), Stowe and Oak Valley (ten miles south of Wadena), in the White Earth reservation, and at the lake of the Woods and on Roseauriver. This species, almost alone, but with red pines here and there sparingly intermixed, forms thick woods at many places in Cass, Wadena and Crow Wing counties, as, for example, at Brainerd, growing very stiaight and slender, 40 to 60 feet in hight, but seldom exceeding a foot in diameter. Its coarse, resinous wood is excellent fuel, but it is not adapted to building purposes. Many rail- _ road ties are made from this and the next species of pine, but are inferior in value and durability to those of bur oak, which are more used in this way. Often five ties, each eight feet long, are obtained from a single Jack pine. Rarely this tree attains a hight of eighty feet, one of this size being found by Professor Winchell on Brule mountain» north of lake Superior. [This tree grows sixty to seventy feet high in northern Michi- gan (Wheeler and Smith’s Catalogue, and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, x, 82) ; and Dr. Bell records it as about seventy feet in hight and two feet in diameter, in large groves, on the southern branches of the Albany river. | _P. resinosa, Ait. ‘“* Norway Pine.’’ Red Pine. Common or frequent northward, growing in groves, or scattered, on somewhat sandy land ; not extending, in general, quite so far southwest as the preceding. Usually 132 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. called ‘‘ Norway pine’; but wrongly, for this species is not found in Norway, nor in Europe. It is mostly from 50 to 75 feet high, but seldom more than about a foot in dia- meter. Clark reports that it attains a hight of 90 feet and diameter of 20 inches, north of lake Superior. It is considerably sawn for lumber, and is also much used fer piles, as for wharves and foundations of bridge piers. In the region of the upper Mississippi this species is reported by Garrison as occurring in two varieties, which are distin- guished by lumbermen under the names Hard Norway pine and Red-barked Norway pine. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Common through the north half of the state, excepting west of Red lake and the lake of the Woods ; preferring somewhat clayey land, occasionally making a majestic forest without intermixture of other large trees, but oftener associated with maple, elm, bass, oak, ash, and other deciduous species ; frequent along the north side of lake Superior, but forming no extensive pine forest on the immediate shore. This is the largest, as well as the most useful, of our trees, growing from 80 to 125, rarely 150, feet in hight, and from three to six feet in diameter. The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of Chisago county westerly through Kanabec and Mille Lacs counties, the northeast corner of Benton county, Morrison county, and northeastern Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee City, and the White Earth reservation ; but only a comparatively small part of the region northeast of this line is covered with pine woods. Southeastward, beyond this limit, white pine occurs rarely and locally in the vicinity of the Mississippi, St. Croix, Cannon, Zumbro and Root rivers, in most instances on bluffs of these or their tributary streams ; as at Saint Cloud, Dayton, Minnehaha falls, Pine Bend, Taylor’s Falls, Fran- conia (where it was first cut in Minnesota, to any considerable extent, for lumber), near Cannon River Falls, near Mantorville, near Rochester, in section 29, Saint Charles, Winona county, and at various points in Fillmore and Houston counties. Mr. Platt B. Walker, of Minneapolis, editor of the Lumberman and Manufacturer, states that approximately 400,000,000 feet (board-measure) of pine are annually cut in the north central part of this state, on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, about three-quarters of which are sawed at Minneapolis; and that some 200,000,000 feet are annually cut on the St. Croix river and its branches, about half of which is cut in Min- nesota, chiefly on the Snake river, the ainount sawed at Stillwater being some 100,000,000 feet yearly. Throughout these districts about three-quarters of the timber cut are white pine, and the remainder red or Norway pine. Much white pine is also cut on the St. Louis river, the Otter Tail river, Clearwater river (a tributary of Red Lake river), and recently on the Rainy Lake river; and red pine is cut on Pine creek, tributary to Roseau lake and river, west of the lake of the Woods. The amount of merchantable pine standing in Minnesota in 1880 was estimated by O. S. Sargent, special agent of the United States census, at 6,100,000,000 feet; and the amount cut in the state during the preceding year is reported to be 540,997,000 feet. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE. P. nigra, Link. (Abies nigra, Poir.) | Black Spruce. Double Spruce. Common northeastward ; extending south to Chisago and Isanti counties, and west to Spruce Hill, Douglas county, the White Earth reservation, Red lake, and the lake of the Woods and Roseau river. It attains, in favorable situations, a hight of 70 feet and diameter of 18 inches, Clark; but usually it is small, and none of it is cut for lumber in this state. P. alba, Link. (A. alba, Michx.) White Spruce. Single Spruce. Common far northward ; extending south to Moose Lake, Carlton county, Upham, and to the upper Mississippi river and White Earth reservation, Garrison, and west to the lake of the Woods and Roseau river ; 20 feet high, 8 inches in diameter, Clark. TSUGA, Carnitre. HEMLOcK-SPRUCE. T. Canadensis, Carriére. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) Hemlock-Spruce. — Hemlock. Mentioned by Nicollet as observed in the region of the upper Mississippi, and by STATE GEOLOGIST. 133 Worwood in the valley of the St. Louis river ; included in Dr. Lapham’s catalogue ; also reported as occurring, locally, near Pokegama lake, Cass county, and at the north side of Sand lake, in the southwest part of T. 46, R. 19, Carlton county, and in other parts of this county, as on Black Hoof creek ; all of which need verification. Though plentiful not far eastward in Wisconsin, it extends very scantily, if at all,into Minnesota. ([‘‘On the south shore of lake Superior it does not reach the western extremity, turning south- ward in the neighborhood of Ashland. I am informed, however, that there is an out- lying grove of hemlock at Thomson, about twenty-five miles west of Duluth. ‘This tree maintains a good size to the verge of its range, and always appears to terminate abruptly.’ Bell.] a ABIES, Link. = Fir. A. balsamea, Marshall. Balsam Fir, Common northeastward, attaining a hight of 50 feet, Clark; extending south and west to nearly the same limits as the black spruce ; also farther south, rare and local, as near Mantorville, Dodge county, Harrington, and in the heavy timber in the northeast part of Spring Valley, Fillmore county, Winchell. LARIX, Tourn. LaRcH. L. Americana, Michx. American or Black Larch: Tamarack. Hack- matack. Abundant through the north half of the state, and common southeast to Wright, Hennepin and Ramsey counties ; rare farther southeast, as on Pine creek in Houston county, Winchell; absent southwestward. This tree occurs in swamps, which are generally frequent, varying in extent from afew rods to several miles. Mr. Nathan Butler states that such swamps, bearing tamarack but scarcely any other trees, occupy nearly the entire country between Red lake and the lake of the Woods; and Mr. G. M. Dawson and others give a similar description of the area crossed by the international boundary between the lake of the Woods and the Redriver valley. Tamarack also offen grows on drier, hard ground; sometimes, north of lake Superior, attaining a hight of 90 or 100 feet (but very slender, having a diameter of only about one foot ; valu- able for railroad ties), Clark. Its usual hight is from 20 to 40 feet. Watab river and township bear the name which the Chippewas give to the long threads obtained by splitting tamarack roots, used by themin sowing their birch canoes. Keating’s Narrative of Long’s Expedition, vol. ii, p. 73. THUYA (Thuja), Tourn. Argor VIT&é. T. occidentalis, L. American Arbor Vite. ‘White Cedar.’’ Common northeastward, forming almost impenetrable ‘“‘cedar swamps,” often attain- ing a large size, from 40 to 70 feet in hight, and from one to two or even three feet in diameter, Clark, Roberts; extending west to the south end of lake Winnipeg, Bell, the lake of the Woods and Roseau river, Red and Pemidjilakes, and tothe head of Straight river in northeastern Becker county, and south to the south shore of Mille Lacs and the mouth of Snake river. It also occurs very rarely farther southeast, as on Gwinn’s bluff in southeastern Winona county, Winchell. On the north shore of lake Superior, ‘‘not so common as inland, but maintains its hold upon life in the most unfavorable positions. Often the only representative of the vegetable kingdom on a bare rock in the lake, where its stem and branches plainly indieate the direction of the prevailing winds and waves.” Juni. This tree is the principal species upon a large area adjoining the Missis- sippi river in northern Aitkin county. Its wood is light and very durable, being espe- cially sought for fence and telegraph posts. It is often spiral-grained. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER. - communis, L. Common Juniper. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Minnesota Point, near Duluth (plentiful), also near Minneapolis, Roberts; Wadena and Benton counties (rare), Upham; Sherburne 134 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. and Ramsey counties, Kelley; Hennepin county, Simmons; Goodhue county, Sandberg; southeastern Winona county, Winchell; Dodge county, Harrington; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; bluffs of the Cottonwood river, Juni. : J. communis, L., var. alpina, Gaud. Juniper. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart. North. J. Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Red Savin. Rainy Lake river, Dawson; upper Mississippi (rare), Nicotlep, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; bluffs of the Cottonwood river, Juni; at Redwood Falls. perhaps fur- nishing the name of the Redwood river. ‘Also see Cornus stolonifera.) Found scantily in exposed situations, as on the bluffs or shores of rivers and lakes, growing to be 10 to 25 feet high, in the greater part of the state ; most frequent in its southeast quarter ; absent, or rare, near its west side and north of lake Superior. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Savin. Juniper. * Lake of the Woods, Dawson; plentiful on dunes at Sand Hillriver, Gartield, Polk county, Upham; near Itasca lake, Garrison; Rice county, Sperry; bluffs of Le Sueur river, Leiberg; Olmsted county (rare), Harrington; the Big Woods, and Fillmore, Winona and Houston counties (rare), Winchell. North. TAXACE. Yew Faminy. TAXUS, Tourn. YEw. T, Canadensis, Willd. (T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray.) American Yew. Ground Hemlock. Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; common, or frequent, thence west and south to nearly the same limits as the pines, black spruce and balsam fir; near Lake City, Mrs. Ray. ARACEA. Arum Faminy. ARIS EMA, Martius. InpIAn Turnip. Dracon-Arum. A. triphyllum, Torr. (A. atrorubens, Blume. Bot. Gazette, ix, 114.) Indian Turnip. Jack-in-the-Pualpit. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. A. Dracontium, Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast. CALLA, L. Water AruM. CALLA. C, palustris, L. Water Arum. Wild Calla. Common in the north half of the state, and southeast to Minneapolis and Saint Paul; rare farther southeast, as near lake Pepiz, Miss Manning; absent southwest- ward. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salish. Skunk CABBAGE, S. foetidus, Salish. Skunk Cabbage. Chisago county, ete. (common), Upham; Stillwater, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Kelley; near Minnehaha falls, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; New Ulm, Juni. [Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; lake Superior, Whitney.] STATE GEOLOGIST. 135 ACORUS, L. SWEET Fuac. CALAMUS. A. Calamus, L. Sweet-Flag. Calamus. Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; excepting perhaps southwestward, in which direction it extends at least to Redwood Falls, Miss Butler, and Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. LEMNACE. DucKkWEED FAMILY. LEMNA, L. Duckweep. Dvuck’s-MEaAT. L. trisulea, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county (flowering plen- tifully in 1882), Letberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Lowa, Cratty; Minneapolis, Arthur, Roberts; Taylor’s Falls, Mrs. Ray; Pembina, Chickering; Red river prairie and lake of the Woods, Dawson. L. minor, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Arthur, Sim- mons; Duluth harbor (plentiful), Roberts; also, Red river prairie and lake of the Woods (common), Dawson. SPEIRODELA, Schleid. DuckwEED. DvucK’s-MEAT. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. (Lemna polyrrhiza, L,) Duckweed. Duck’s-meat. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis(abundant), Arthur, Upham; Saint Paul, Kelley; and northwest to the Saskatchewan river. WOLFETIA, Horkel, Schleid. WOLFFIA. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Wolffia. Found by Mr. Leiberg in a pond at the southwest edge of the village of South Bend, Blue Earth county ; plentiful, covering the surface to a depth of one or two inches in the summer ; often blown upon the shore in small ridges by storms ; slightly spreading to adjacent ponds; determined by Dr. Engelmann, who thinks that it is not a native of these northern latitudes, but has been probably brought by water-fowls. It appears to have become thoroughly acclimated in this locality. TYPHACEA. CatT-TAIL FAMILY. TY PHA, Tourn. Cat-TAIL FLaG. T. latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Common throughout the state. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Bur-reed. Taroughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; Wabasha, Gibson; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. S. simplex, Hudson. Bur-reed. Red river valley, at Pembina, Chickering; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. 136 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. simplex, Hudson, var. Nuttallii, Gray. Bur-reed. St. Croix river, Parry. S. simplex, Hudson, var. androcladum, Gray. Bur-reed. Freeborn county, Upham. S. simplex, Hudson, var. angustifolium, Gray. Bur-reed. Lapham. North. [Isle Royale, Whitney. | S. minimum, Bauhin. Bur-reed. Brooks, St. Croix river, Parry; lake of the Woods, Dawson. [North of lake Super- ior, Agassiz; Isle Royale, Whitney. | North. NAIADACEA. PonvDWEED F'AMILy. NAIAS,L. Narap. N. flexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt. Naiad. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Martin county and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis (abundant), Miss Butler. [Manitoba, Macoun.) ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HorNED PoNDWEED. Z. palustris, L. Horned Pondweed. Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato, Leiberg. Rare. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. POTAMOGETON. P. natans, L. Pondweed. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Pondweed. Plentiful near Stewart river, north of lake Superior, Roberts. {P. rufescens, Schrader, will probably be found in northeastern Minnesota. | P. onchites, Tuckerm. Pondweed. Le Sueur river, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. South. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Pondweed. Plentiful in Devil’s Track lake, north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. P. gramineus, L., var. heterophyllus, Fries. Pondweed, Throughout the state. Abundantin Devil’s Track lake, Roberts; frequent in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. P. lucens, L. Pondweed. Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Lake Minnetonka, Roberts; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Stearns county, Campbell. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, M acoun.] P. lucens, L., var. minor, Nolte. Pondweed. Lake Minnetonka, Herrick, Roberts. [P. prelongus, Wulfen., will doubtless be found in Minnesota. ] STATE GEOLOGIST. 137 P. Dllinoensis, Morong.* Pondweed. Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also to be found in southern Min- nesota. P. perfoliatus, L. Pond weed. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; lake of the Woods, Dawson. P. perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Pondweed. Also throughout the state. Lake Minnetonka, Arthur; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Crotty. P. zosterzefolius, Schum. (P. compressus, Fries, not L.) Pondweed. Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Martin county (frequent), Cratty, both determined by Rev. T. Morong. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Pondweed. Minneapolis (common), Wiss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Rev. IT. Morong; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. [North of lake Superior, A gassiz.] P. pusillus, L. Pondweed. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong. P. pusillus, L., var. major, Fries. Pondweed. Martin county (frequent), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong. P, pusillus, L., var. vulgaris, Fries. Pondweed. Lake Minnetonka (plentiful), Herrick, Roberts; Winona lake, Holzinger. P, pectinatus, L. Pondweed. Throughout the state. Mississippiriver near Saint Cloud, Campbell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (abundant), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; James river, Dakota, Geyer. | ALISMACEA. WaverR-PLANTAIN FAMILY. TRIGLOCHIN, iL. Arrow-erass. (This genus and ScHEUCH- ZBRIA are included in the preceding order, NAIADACE&, by Watson in the Botany of California.) 5 *POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS, Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the sum- mit; floating leaves opposite, thick, coriaceous, oval or ovate, 2 to 3 inches long by 14% broad, 19- to 23-nerved, rounded or sub-cordate at base, and with a short blunt point at the apex, on short petioles; submersed leaves comparatively few, dark green, oblong- elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (the largest nearly 8 inches long and 1% wide), entire, rarely mucronate, nearly or quite sessile, the uppermost opposite; stipules coarse, free, obtuse, strongly bicarinate, about 2 inches in length; peduncles often clustered at the summit of the stem, 2 to 4inches long, usually somewhat thickening upwards ; spikes about 2 inches long, densely flowered ; fruit roundish obovate, 1% to 2 lines long and 1 to 1% lines wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel prominent and sometimes shouldered at the top, flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or occasionally pointed at the base, the style short and nearly facial, the apex of the embryo pointing transversely inwards. Allied to P.lucens, L., in habit, but with larger fruit, and in foliage quite distinct. Merong in Botanical Gazette, vol. v, p. 50 (May, 1880). 138 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. T. palustre, L. Arrow-grass. Throughout the state. Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful), Lei- berg; Red river valley, Scott. T. maritimum, L. Arrow-grass. Lapham. Stearns county, Campbell. [Sheyenne river and Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer. | North. T. maritimum, L., var. elatum, Gray. Arrow-grass. Duluth (common), and Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Chisago county, Upham; upper Minnesota river, Parry; also, peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful), Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. SCHEUCHZERIA. S. palustris, L. Scheuchzeria. St. Croix river, Parry; near Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, Kassube, (lake Calhoun) Miss Butler; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. ALISMA, L . WarTer-PLANTAIN. A. Plantago, L. Water- Plantain. Common throughout the state. “Very variable as respects foliage, the forms being determined chiefly by the place of growth and not deserving to rank as varieties.”’ Wat- son, Botany of California. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann. «© EcHrnoporus. E. parvulus, Engelm. Echinodorus. Muddy marygins of ponds, St. Croix, Parry. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. S. variabilis, Engelm. Common Arrow-head. Common (especially the var. hastata, Gray) throughout the state ; var. angustifolia, Gray, Minneapolis, Miss Butler. ‘‘This plant, so variable in foliage, and so abundant in distribution, furnishes an important article of native food in the tubers which beset its fibrous roots. These tubers (from the fact of their affording nourishment to the larger aquatic fowls which congregate in such abundance about the northwestern lakes) are called by the Chippewas, Wab-es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, a name which has been naturally appropriated to several streams of this region, Wabesipinicon ; meaning, the abode of the swan potato. These tubers frequently attain the size of a small hen’s-egg, and are then eaten by the Indians, with whom they are a great favorite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but in boiling become sweet and palatable.” Parry. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Arrow-head. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Hennepin county, Roberts, Griswold; probably extending through the south half of the state. S. graminea, Michx. Arrow-head, Minneapolis, Kassube. South. S. cristata, Engelm.* Arrow-head. Emmet county, lowa, on the south boundary of Minnesota, Cratty; doubtless also in this state. * SAGITTARIA CRISTATA, Engelm. Flowers only of the lowest whorl fertile ; fruit- heads much larger thanin S. graminea ; achenia broad, with a conspicuous horizontal STATE GEOLOGIST. 139 HY DROCHARIDACEA. Frog’s-B1t FAmIzy. ANACHARIS, Richard. WaATER-WEED. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Water-weed. Common throughout the state. Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Rob- erts; lake Minnetonka, Miss Butler; Winona lake, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; plentifulin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. This aquatic plant, common, but nowhere troublesome, in this its native country, having become naturalized in Europe, grows there more rankly, so as to become in many places a serious obstruction to river-navigation. Since 1836, when it first appeared in England and Ireiand, it has spread eastward upon the continent along the rivers of Belgium, Holland and Germany, and is now complained of at Riga in western Russia. Popwlar Science Monthly, vol. xix, p. 480 (July, 1881). VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. HEL-GRASS. V. spiralis, L. Tape-grass: Hel-grass. With the preceding, in Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Roberts, lake Calhoun) Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Gedge, (Eagle lake) Leiberg; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. ORCHIDACE. Orouis FAMILY. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS. O. spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis. Duluth (frequent), and Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Northfield, Chaney; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent at Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter. O. rotundifolia, Pursh. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richardson.) Orchis. Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North. HABENARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIs. H. tridentata, Hook. Rein-Orchis. Lapham. Goodhue county, Sandberg. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz. | In- frequent. H. virescens, Spreng. Greenish Orchis. Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Infrequent. Hi. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reich. — Bracted Green Orchis. Throughout the state. Carlton’s Peak, north of lake Superior, and also near Min- neapolis, Roberts; eastern border of Red river prairie, Dawson; Stearns county, Camp- bell; Jake Elmo, Washington county, Leonard; Blue Earth county, Letberg; Faribault, Miss Beane; Winona county, Holzinger. [Hesper, Mrs. Carter, and south to Council Bluffs, lowa, Geyer. | style, and crested back and sides. . . . NearS.graminea, Michx., and perhaps only a variety of it, although the only other Sagittaria with such crests to the acheniais S. natans, Michx. Further observations are needed to eventually place it correctly. Letter of Dr. Engelmann, dated March 15th, 1882, in Arthur’s Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V. iw a= 140 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. il H. hyperborea, R. Br. Northern Green Orchis. Throughout the state. Lake Superior, Whitney; lake of the Woods, Dawson; De- troit, Becker county, Gedge; Stearns county, Camphell; Minneapolis (common), Rob- erts; Hesper, Iowa (rare), Mrs. Carter. H. dilatata, Gray. Rein-Orchis. Northern White Orchis. Lake Superior, Whitney; Detroit, Gedge; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; St, Croix, river, Parry. North. (H. rotundifolia, Richardson, is found to belong to the preceding genus, Orehis. | H. obtusata, Richardson. Rein-Orchis. Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North. H. Hookeri, Torr. Small Two-leaved Orchis. Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Parry; Elk River, Sherburne county, Camp- bell; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter. {Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, Macoun.] H. orbiculata, Torr. Large Round-leaved Orchis. North of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. Northeast. H. blephariglottis, Hook., var. holopetala, Gray. White Fringed- Orchis. Minnesota Point, near Duluth, Miss Catheart. Rare. H. leucophzea, Gray. Western Greenish Fringed-Orchis. Frequent in the south half of the state, extending north at least to Alexandria, rs. Terry, and Clay county, in the Red river valley, Upham. Sometimes almost pure white. It has spread widely in Martin county during the past six or seven years, being now very common in some parts of the county, Gedge. H. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis. Minneapolis, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg. South. H. psycodes, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis. Frequent throughout the state. GOODYERA, R. Br. RaTTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. G. repens, R. Br. Rattlesnake- Plantain. North of lake Superior (common), also at Minneapolis, Roberts; St Croix Falls, Miss Field. North. G. pubescens, R. Br. ~ Rattlesnake-Plantain. North of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, Roberts; Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Rattlesnake- Plantain. Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons; doubtless also in Minnesota north of lake Superior. ‘ SPIRANTHES, Richard. LapDIEs’ TRESSES. S. latifolia, Torr. Ladies’ Tresses. Lapham, Hills of Zumbro river, Geyer. Rare. Southeast. S. Romanzoffiana, Chamisso. Ladies’ Tresses. North shore of lake Superior. Juni; Polk county, Upham; Clay county, Gedge; Stearns county, Campbell; Minneapolis, Roberts; Cottonwood county, Holzinger; peat- bog between Kasota and Mankato (very searce), Leiberg. North. S. cernua, Richard. Ladies’ Tresses. . Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and perhaps northward ; STATE GEOLOGIST. 141 lake Superior, Whitney, and lake of the Woods, Dawson; var. latifolia, Torr., hills of Zumbro river, Geyer. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Ladiés’ Tresses. Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Pine barrens, St. Croixriver, Parry; Stearns county, Campbell; Minneapolis, R. S. Williams, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Decorah, Lowa, Arthur; Nebraska, Aughey; Manitoba, Macoun.] LISTERA, R.Br. Twayeiape. L. cordata, R. Br. Twayblade. . Between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons. North? L, convallarioides, Nutt. Twayblade. Also, between lake Superiorand the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A. B, Lyons. North. ARETHUSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA. A. bulbosa, L. Ar thusa. Chisago county, Upham; Ramsey county (near lake Johanna), Roberts; Red Wing, Sandberg. Rare. North. POGONIA, Juss. PoGonra. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Pogonia. St. Croix river, Parry; Isanti county, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry, Kelley; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts, Miss Butler. [P. pendula, Lindl., and P. verticillata, Nutt., should be looked for in this state. | CALOPOGON, BR. Br. CaLopocon. Grass PINK. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Calopogon. Grass Pink. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO. C. borealis, Salish. Calypso. Black Point, north shore of lake Superior, Roberts; Duluth, Miss Cathcart. Rare. North. oe MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER’s-MoutH. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Adder’s- Mouth. . Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts. Rare. North. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder’s- Mouth. Itasca lake, Houghton; Mille Lacs, Campbell; St. Croix river, Parry; at bead of lake Pepin, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa-(rare), Mrs. Carter. (Manitoba, Macoun. | LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE. L. liliifolia, Richard. Twayblade. Minneapolis (one mile west of city), Roberts; near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry ; Good- hue county, Sandberg; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter. Rare. L. Leeselii, Richard. Twayblade. In tamarack swamps near Minneapolis, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Rare. 142 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CORALLORHIZA, Hailer. CoRAL-ROOT. C. innata, R. Br. Coral-root. : Stearns county, Campnell; along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun. Throughout the state: rare southward, frequent northward. C. multiflora, Nutt. Coral-root. Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell; Pembina, Havard; lake Superior, Whitney. Throughout the state, but infrequent. C. Macreei, Gray. Coral-root. Lapham, {Mackinaw (abundant), Whitney.] Rare in Minnesota. e APLECTRUM, Torrey. Purty-rooT. ADAM-AND-EVE. A. hiemale, Torr. Putty-root. Adam and Eve. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Hastings, Mrs. Ray; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; in woods at the head of Van Brunt slough, Mankato, Leiberg. {Man- itoba, Macoun.] Rare. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lapy's-SLIPPER. MoccasIN-FLOWER. C, arietinum, R. Br. Ram’s-head Lady’s-Slipper. Clearwater lake, in the northwest part of Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Stearns county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North. C. candidum, Muhl. Small White Lady’s-Slipper. Through the south half of the state, mostly infrequent and local. Winona county, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Minne- apolis, Roberts, (lake Harriet) Mrs. Terry; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; Nicollet county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (plentiful), Cratty; extending north at least to Morrison county, Miss Babbitt, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s-Slipper. Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. ©. pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow Lady‘s-Slipper. Common, or frequent, threughout the state. C. spectabile, Swartz. Showy Lady’s-Slipper. Common, or frequent, often growing on dryish hard land, throughout the state; ex- cepting perhaps far northeastward, in which direction it extepds at least to the St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Detroit, Becker county (abundant), Gedge, and Pembina, Havard. Cc. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady’s-Slipper. Frequent through the north half of the state ; extending south to Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, Minneapolis (in tamarack swamps) Roberts, and Martin county, Gedge. AMARYLLIDACEA. AMARYLLIS F'AMILY. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS. H. erecta, L. Star-grass, Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend- ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river. \ STATE GEOLOGIST. 1438 HAMODORACE A. Bioopwort F amity. ALETRIS, L. Conic-RooT. STAR-GRASS. A. farinosa, L. Colic-root. Star-grass. Lapham. Rare. Southeast. IRIDACEA. Iris FAMIty. IRIS, Tourn. FLoWeR-DE-Lucsk. IRIs. I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Brus-ryep Grass. S. angustifolium, Miller. (S. Bermudiana, J.., in part; see American Nat- uralist, vol. xviii, pp. 623-5; June, 1884.) Blue-eyed Grass. This variable species (in the varieties anceps and mucronatum, with intermediate forms) is found throughout the state, being usually abundant in all the prairie region. The var. albidum occurs infrequently at Marine, Washington county, Miss Field, Min- neapolis, Roberts, Kassube, and southwestward. DIOSCOREACE At. Yam Famity. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yam. D. villosa, L. Wild Yam-root. Common, or frequent, through the south part of thestate ; extending north to Saint Paul, Roberts, Minneapolis, Kassube, (lake Calhoun) W.H. Hatch, Anoka county, Juni, and the north side of Snake river east of Chengwatana, Pine county, Upham. SMILACE A. SMILAX FAMILY. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CATBRIER. S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier. Lake Superior to the Mississippi, Houghton; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Anoka county, Juni; Minneapolis (common), Roberts, Upham; Minnesota river, Parry; Fari- bault, Miss Beane; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Houston eounty, Winchell. S. hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier. Catbrier. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, BG in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Kanabec county, Upham. S. herbacea, L. Carrion-F lower. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. herbacea, L., var. pulverulenta, Gray. Carrion-F lower. Vicinity of Hesper, lowa, on the southern border of Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Faribault, Miss Beane. 144 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. LILIACEA. Linty Famity. TRILLIUM,L. Tritium. Tares-LeEavep NigHTsHADE. WaAKE- Rosin. T. sessile, L. Trillium. Three-leaved Nightshade. Wake-Robin. Saint Paul, Miss Catheart. Southeast. T. recurvatum, Beck. Trillium. Thre-leaved Nightshade. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast, T. grandiflorum, Salisb, Large White Trillium or Wake-Robin. Frequent northward ; extending southeast to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, North- field, Rice county, Chaney, and Blue Earth county, Gedge. T. erectum,L. — Purple Trillium or Birthroot. Bath Flower. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Simmons. Rare. (Watson’s Revision of the North American Liliacew makes this name include also the two following, which, however, are retained here asin Gray’s Manual.) ‘ T. erectum, L., var, album, Pursh. © Trillium. Birthroot. Winona, Holzinger; Marine, Washington county, Miss Field; Stearns county, Gar- rison, Rare. T. erectum, L., var. declinatum, Gray. Trillium. Birthroot. Frequent, in some localities plentiful, throughout the state. T. cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium or Wake-Robin, Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state; extending north at least to Grand Marais, Roberts, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; and west to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton. T. nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trilium. Snowy Trillium. Winona, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; near South Beud, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. Rare. South. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. M. Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber-root. Lapham.: Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent. Southeast. MELANTHIUM, L. MELANTHIUM. M. Virginicum, L. Bunch-flower. Minneapolis (near lake Calhoun), Mrs. Terry. Rare, Southeast. ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE. Z. elegans, Pursh. (Z. glaucus, Nutt.) | Zygadene. ‘‘Alkali-Grass.”’ Common, often abundant, throughout the west part of the state ; frequent eastward to the upper Mississippi river, Sauk Center, and Nicollet and Steele counties; rare farther east in Benton county, at Minneapolis, Castle Rock, Dakota county, Cannon River Falls, Goodhue county, and lake Pepin. VERATRUM, Tourn. FauLszE HELLEBORE. V. viride, Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Stearns county, Garrison. Infrequent. North. : : : | : : net a STATE GEOLOGIST. 145 TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FatsE ASPHODEL. T. palustris, Hudson. False Asphodel. Isle Royale and Thunder bay ; doubtless also on the north shore of lake Superior in Minnesota. T. glutinosa, Willd. False Asphodel. Stillwater, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts, Miss Butler; Fergus Falls, Leonard; com- mon in the Red river valley, Upham. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT, U.grandiflora, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, U. perfoliata, L. Mealy Bellwort. Frequent in the south half of the state ; extending north at least to St. Croix Falls, Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, and the Sisseton Agency, Dakota, Upham. OAKESIA, Watson. BrEtuwort. Oaxasta. O. sessilifolia, Watson. (Uvularia sessilifolia, L.) Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Throughout the state. Morrison county, Miss Babbitt; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Anoka county, etc., Upham; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Northfield, Rice county, Chaney. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] STREPTOPUS » Michx. TWISTED-STALK. S. amplexifolius, DC. Twisted-Stalk. North of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; bluffs near (south of) Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. North. S. roseus, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; Benton county, Upham; blufis south of Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. North. CLINTONIA, Raf. CLINTONIA. C. borealis, Raf. Northern Clintonia. Abundant northeastward; extending west to the Winnipeg valley, Watson, the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, and Wadena county. Upham; and south to Kan- abee eounty (com mon), Stearns county, Campbell, Minneapolis (1are), Roberts, Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart, and the Wisconsin side of lake Pepin, Mrs. Ray. SMILACINA, Desf. Fase SoLomon’s SEAL. S. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. False Solomon’s Seal. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. stellata, Desf. False Solomon’s Seal. Also common, or frequent, throughout the state. S. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved False Sclomon’s Seal. Frequent through the north half of the state; extending south atleast to Minne- apolis, Roberts, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. MATANTHEMUM, Weber. FausE SOLOMON’s SEal. M. Canadense, Desf. (Smilacina bifolia, Ker., var. Canadensis, (tray.) Two- leaved False Solomon’s Seal. Common throughout the state. 10F 146 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. Sotomon’s SEAL. P. biflorum, Ell, Smaller Solomon’s Seal. Frequent, occasionally common, throughout most of the state ; extending north to lake Superior, Whitney, and Pembina, Havard. P. giganteum, Dietrich. Great Solomon’s Seal. Frequent, or common, throughout the state. (Mr. Lewis Foote remarks that these species are not separable in their varying forms, but seem to constitute a single poly- morphous species.) ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS. A. officinalis, L. Garden Asparagus. Adventive : Minneapolis; Cannon River Falls; lake Pepin; Blue Earth county; New Ulm. LILIUM, L. Liny. L. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Orange-red Lily. Generally common, or frequent, throughout the state ; especially in Sherburne and Todd counties, in the Red river valley, and thence south to Iowa. L. Canadense, L. Nodding Wild Yellow Lily. Common throughout the east half of the state ; less frequent in the Red river valley ; rare southwestward. L, superbum, L. Turk’s-cap Lily. ‘* Wild Tiger-Lily.”’ Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Twining, Simmons; Excelsior, Hen- nepin county, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Martin county, Gedge; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. Infrequent. South. ERYTHRONIUM, L. ADDER’s-TonauE. Do«’s-TrooTH VIOLET. E. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet. Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Winona, Holzinger; plentiful lo- cally near Hesper,lowa, Mrs. Carter; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Lake Superior, Whitney; Nebraska, Aughey. | Infrequent. East and south. E. albidum, Nutt. White Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet. Common, often abundant, southeastward ; Jess frequent, or rare, southwestward; extending north to St. Croix Falls, Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, aud Brown county, Juni. E. propullans, Gray.* Adder’s-tongue. Dog’s- tooth Violet. Faribault (abundant), Miss Beane ; described and figured by Professor Gray in the American Naturalist, vol. v, pp. 298-300, July, 1871, from specimens ‘‘collected at Fari- bault, Minnesota, by Mrs. Mary B. Hedges, the teacher ot botany in St. Mary’s Hall.’’ *ERYTHRONIUM PROPULLANS, Gray. The flower is muchsmaller than that of any other known species, being barely half an inch long; and its color,a bright pink or rose, like that of the European E. Dens-Canis, reflects the meaning of the generic name (viz., red), which is lost to us in our two familiar Adder-tongues, one with yel- low, the other with white, blossoms. The most singular peculiarity of the new species is found in the way in which the bulb propagates. In E. Dens-Canis new bulbs are produced directly from the side of the old one, on which they are sessile, so that the plant as it multiplies forms closeclumps. In our E. Americanum long and slender off- shoots, or subterranean runners, proceed from the base of the parent bulb and develop the new bulb at their distant apex. Our western E, albidum does not differ in this re- spect. In the new species an offshoot springs from the ascending slender stem, or sub- * STATE GEOLOGIST. 147 CAMASSTA, Hindl. QuamasuH. C. Fraseri, Torr. (Scilla Fraseri, Gray.) Eastern Quamash. Wald Hya- cinth. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. South. ALLIUM, L. Onron. GARLIC, A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward; but mostly infrequent or rare. Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, Parry; upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Fer- gus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin and Nobles counties, Gedge. {Em- met county, lowa (very rare), Cratty ; lake Superior, Whitney. | A. cernuum, Roth. Wild Onion. Common throughout the prairie portion of the state ; also found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson. (The umbel is reflexed until flowering, but then usually becomes erect.) A, stellatum, Fras. Wild Onion. Upper Minnesota river, Geyer; Tracy, Lyon ceunty, Gedge; Minneapolis, Griswold; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Stearns county, Garrison; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Rare. A. reticulatum, Fras.* = Wild Onion. Red river valley,Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West. A.Schoenoprasum,L. Chives. Northeastward, Clark; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Mississippi river, Gar- rison. ‘Manitoba, Macoun.] North. A. Canadense, Kalm. Wild Garlic. Common or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending west to Wor- thington, Foote, and Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett, and north to Minneapolis and Big Stone lake, Upham. JUNCACEA. RusH Famity. LUZULA, DC. Woop-RusuH. L. pilosa, Willd. Wood-Rush. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. |Manitoba, Macoun.] Probably common northward. terranean sheathed portion of the scape (which is commonly five or six inches long), remote from the parent bulb, usually about mid-way between it and the bases or ap- parent insertion of the pair of leaves: this lateral offshoot grows downward, some- times lengthening as in the foregoing species, sometimes remaining short, and its apex dilates into the new bulb. .. . Scape bulbiferous from its sheathed portion below the developed leaves ; these oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mottled ; perianth rose-purpleor pink (half an inch long); the segments acute, all with a yellow spot but plane at the base, the inner like the outer destitute of either groove or tootk-like appen- dages, but a little more narrowed at base; anthers merely oblong; style hardly at all narrowed downward, entire, the small stigma even barely three-lobed; ovules few (4to6)in each cell. Grayin American Naturalist, vol. v. *ALLIUM RETICULATUM, Fras. Coats densely fibrous ; scape 3 to 8 inches high, sub- terete ; leaves very narrowly linear, elongated ; spathe usually 2-valved ; umbel many- flowered, spreading : pedicels usually short (2 to 6 lines long) ; stamens and style shorter than the usually acute (3 to 4 lines long) white or slightly pinkish sepals; crest mostly short. Watson’s Revision of Allium in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, and his Revision of the North American Liliacew, Proc. Amer, Acad., xiv. 148 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. (L. parviflora, Desv., var. melanocarpa, Gray.) Wood-Rush. Frequent along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macown. L. campestris, DC. Wood-Rush. Throughout the state. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Anoka county, ete. Upham; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Emmet county, lowa (very rare), Cratty, JUNCUS, L. RusH. Boe-Rusu. J. effusus, L. Common or Soft Rush. Throughout the state, Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun.]| J. filiformis, L. Bog- Rush. Lapnam. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.] Throughout the state, chiefly northward. J. Balticus, Dethard. Bog Rush. Lapham. Pembina, Chickering ; Red river country generally, Dawson. (North of lake Superior, Agassiz ; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty.] Throughout the state, chiefly northward. J. Balticus, Dethard, var. montanus, Engelm.* Bog-Rush. Lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. West. J. bufonius, L. Bog-Rush. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; lake of the Woods, Macouwn. [James river, Dakota, Geyer. | Infrequent. [J. stygius, L., and J. Gerardi, Loisel, should be looked for in Minnesota north of lake Superior.] J.tenuis, Willd. Bog-Rush. Common, or abundant, throughout the state. J. tenuis, Willd., var congestus, Engelm. Bog- Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Watson. Southwest. {Branches contracted into a head, and flowers darker-colored. Engelmann, Trans. Acai. Sci, Saint Louis, vol. ii.] J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Vasey’s Bog-Rush. Steele county, Upham; lake Superior and Manitoba, Macoun; probably occurring throughout Minnesota. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer: Bog-Rush. Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. J, alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Bog-Rush. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. North. J. acuminatus, Michx., var. legitimus, Engelm. Bog- Rush, Lapham, [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] Throughout the state. * JUNCUS BALTICUS, Dethard, var. MONTANUS, Engelmann. Sepals nearly of the same length, the minor ones sometimes more obtuse; anthers four times longer than the filament ; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked ; seeds smaller, narrower and longer pointed than in the easternform. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, : STATE GEOLOGIST. 149 J.nodosus, L. Bog-Rush. Common throughout the state. J. nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr. Bog-Rush. Common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty; Manitoba, Macown; probably throughout the state. . J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush. Minneapolis. Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Through the south part of the state. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarctatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush. North of lake Superior, Juni. [Manitoba, Macoun.] North. PONTEDERIACEA. PICKEREL-WEED FAmILy. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL- WEED. P. cordata, L. Pickerel- Weed. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons, Kelley; lake Minnetonka, aisoin Douglas county, Mrs, Terry; pond in section 23, Burns, Anoka county, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Infrequent. SCHOLLERA, Scbreber. WATER STAR-GRASS. S. graminifolia, Willd. Water Star-grass. White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South. COMMELYNACEA. .SPIDERWORT em TRADESCANTIA, L. Sprperwort. TT, Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort. Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, and north tolake Winnipeg, Watson. Southwestward the flowers are often seen varying from the ordinary blue to purple and pink. XYRIDACEA. YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS- X. flexuosa, Muhl. Yellow-eyed Grass. Sandy lake, about three miles north of East Minneapolis, Roberts; also collected near Minneapolis by Mr. Kassube; White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field. Rare. ERIOCAULONACEA. Prezewort FAmity. ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT. EK. septangulare, With. Pipewort. Lake Agnes, Alexandria, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. 150 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. CYPERACEA). SEDGE FAmILy. CYPERUS, L. GALINGALE. C. diandrus, Torr., var. castaneus, Torr. (C. rivularis, Kunth.) Galin- gale. ' Common through the south half of the state ; extending north at teast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. C. erythrorrhizos, Muhl. Galingale. Lapham. [In Michigan, Wisconsin and Nebraska. ] Infrequent. South, C. aristatus, Rottb. (C. inflexus, Muhl.) Galingale. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun, (lake Winnipeg) Watson; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.] Throughout the state. C. esculentus, L. (C. phymatodes, Muhl.) Galingale. Nut-Grass. Lapham, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Cannon River Falls. Blake, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. South. C. strigosus, L. Galingale. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. (Specimens apparently referable to this species, collected by Mr. Simmons near lake Calhoun, in Minneapolis, have only 8- to 12-flowered spikes, scarcely a half inch long, arranged in densely crowded spicate clusters, the lower portions of which are sometimes compound.) ©. Michauxianus, Schultes. Galignale. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably frequent, or common, through the south part of the state. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Galingale. Yhroughouf the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. Sandy ridges, St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis (common), Kassube, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Emmet county, Lowa (very rare) Cratty; Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] C. filiculmis, Vahl. Galingale. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Minnesota river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube, Simmons, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun.] DULICHIUM, Richard. DULICHIUM. D. spathaceum, Pers. Dulichium. Common, or frequent, throughout the state, HEMICARPHA, Nees. HEMICARPHA. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Hemicarpha. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, plentiful beside railroad near the University, Arthur, and near lake Calhoun, Simmons; probably frequent through the south half of the state. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SrrkE-Rusu. E. obtusa, Schultes. Spike-Rush. Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. E. palustris, R, Br. Spike-Rush. Common throughout the state. STATE GEOLOGIST. 151 E. palustris, R. Br., var. glaucescens, Gray. Spike- Rush. Minneapolis, Kassube. E. compressa, Sullivant. Spike-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.] South. E. intermedia, Schultes. Spike-Rush. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably throughout the state. KE. tenuis, Schultes. | Spike-rush. Lapham. Blue Earth county (frequent in peat-bogs), Leiberg. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] E. acicularis, R. Br. Spike-Rush. Common throughout the state. ‘ E. Wolfii,* Gray. | Wolf’s Spike-Rush, Collected by Mr. R.TI. Cratty on wet prairies in Emmet county, Iowa, adjoining the south line of Martin and Jackson counties in Minnesota, where it may also be confi- dently looked for ; determined by Mr. William Boots. E. pauciflora, Watson. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightfoot.) Spike-Rush. Lake Superior and lake of,the Woods, Macoun. North. SCIRPUS, L. Butrusg or Cius-Rusx. S. czespitosus, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush. North and northwest of lake Superior, Macown; doubtless in northern Minnesota. S. pungens, Vahl. Bulrush. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. S. Torreyi, Olney. Torrey’s Bulrush. Lapham. Infrequent. S. lacustris, L. (8S. validus, Vahl.) Great Bulrush. ‘* Black Rush.”’ [‘‘Tule’’ in California (S. lacustris, L., var. occidentalis, Watson). | Abundant throughout the state. ‘“‘In common use among the Indians for making mats.” Parry. S. debilis, Pursh. —_ Bulrush. Lapham. [Also in the Wisconsin catalogue, probably on Dr. Lapham’s authority ; and in Nebraska, Aughey.] [S. maritimus, L., was collected by Geyer at Devil’s lake and on the Sheyenne and James rivers, in Dakota. It will probably be found in the Red river valley in Minnesota. ] S. fluviatilis, Gray. River Club-Rush. Through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley. Minneapolis, Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty; Pembina, Chickering, *ELEOCHARIS WOLFII, Gray. Rhizomes very small, creeping, perennial, forming small seattered tufts; culm a foot high, slender, pale-glaucescent, striate, two-edged, one side flat, the other convex ; sheath obliquely truncate, hyaline above : spike ovate - oblong, acute; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, scarious, pale purple; style 3-parted ; achenium pyriform, shining, having about 9 nearly equidistant obtuse ribs, with trans- verse wrinkles between; tubercle small, depressed, truneate, more or less apiculate ; bristles of the perigynium [always?] none.—[First known from Illinois.] The spike, as to form and imbrication of the scales, is much as in E. tenuis and EF. aeicularis, etc. ; but the achenium, with its several longitudinal ribs and delicate transverse lineation, is upon the plan of E. acicularis. This renders the species a very peculiar and distinct one. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. x, p.77, as translated by Arthur, Contributions to the Flora of fowa, No. VI. 152 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. S. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Boeck, (S. microcarpus, Presl.) Bulrush. Lapham. Pine county, ete., Upham. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Bulrush. Common throughout the state. (Mr. Leiberg reports in Blue Earth county, besides the type, a variety with the heads less densely clustered than usual, forming a compound panicle.) S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Bulrush. Isanti county, Upham. South. S. lineatus, Michx. Bulrush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. South. S. Eriophorum, Michx,. Wool-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube; Todd county, etc., Upham; lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] Z ERIOPHORUM, L. Corron-GRass. E. alpinum, L. Alpine Cotton-Grass, North of lake Superior, Juni. E. vaginatum, L. Sheathed Cotton-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Blue Earth eounty, Leiberg; Min- neapolis, Kassube; Anoka county, Juni; Chisago county (frequent), Upham: [Manitoba, Macoun. | (E. Virginicum, L., doubtless will be found in this state, but has not yet been re- ported. It occurs in Wisconsin, Nebraska and Manitoba. ] E. polystachyum, L. Many-stemmed Cotton-Grass. Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and perhaps farther north. Anoka county, Juni; Minneapolis, Herrick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. It has been noted in its var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray, at Minneapolis, Kassube, and in Steele county, Upham. E. polystachyum, L., var. latifolium, Gray. Cotton-Grass. Minneapolis, Upham; and probably extending, with the var. angustifolium, through the south half of the state. E. gracile, Koch, var. paucinervium, Engelm. Graceful Cotton-Grass. Throughout the state. Chisago county (frequent), and Sherburne county, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.| FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. FIMBRISTYLIS. F, capillaris, Gray. Fimbristylis. Lapham. Infrequent. South. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RusH. R. alba, Vahl. Beak-Rush. Lapham. Infrequent. South. R. capillacea, Torr. Beak-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South. (Cladium mariscoides, Torr., should be looked for in southern Minnesota. | STATE GEOLOGIST. 158 SCLERIA, L. Nut-RusnH. S. triglomerata, Michx. Nut-Rush. Lapham. Infrequent. South. S. verticillata, Muhl. Nut-Rush. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South. CAREX, L. SEDGE. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Sedge. Port Arthur, and “northwest angle” of the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Sedge. Little Marais, lake Superior, Juni. Probably common throughout the state . C. Backii, Boott. Back’s Sedze. Minneapolis, Juni. North. ©. siccata, Dew. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Kassube; Emmet county, Lowa (very rare), Cratty. C. disticha, Huds. Sedge. Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa(common) Cratty. ©. teretiuscula, Good. Sedge, Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg . C. teretiuscula, Good., var. ramosa, Boott.* Sedge. Emmet county, Lowa (frequent), Cratty; doubtless also in Minnesota. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Sedge. _ Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth eounty, Leiberg- common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. C. crus-corvi, Shuttleworth. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Letberg. South. C. stipata, Muhl. Sedge, Common throughout the state. Moose Lake, Carlton county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. conjuncta, Boott. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. Southeast. C. Douglasii, Boott.+ Douglas’s Sedge. Red river (open prairie); “this is the first Carex to appear in flower, and occurs very abundantly all over the prairie of the Red river,’’ Dawson, Macoun, West. *CAREX TERETIUSCULA, Good., var. RAMOSA, Boott. (C. prairiea, Dew.) Spike below branched ; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5to 7 on a branch ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, smaller than the ovate-lance- Olate glume ; stem 2 to 3 feet high, leafy towards the base. Wood’s Class-Book. +CAREX DOUGLASII, Boott. Spike dicecious, with about twelve, sometimes more, ovate spikelets, the upper closely aggregated, the lower occasionally remote and com- pound ; bracts sometimes setaceous, broad at base, sometimes scale-like and mucro- nate ; style exserted ; stigmas 2, very long; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, tapering to a long serrated bifid beak, shorter than the lanceolate acute scale ; ache- nium orbicular. Root creeping ; culm 6 to 12inches high. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. 154 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ©. marcida, Boott.* Sedge. Red river (open prairie swamp), Dawson, Macoun. West. C. cephaloidea, Boott.. Sedge. . Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; swamps, ‘northwest angle” of lake of the Woods, Macoun. C. cephalophora, Mubhl. Sedge. Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Cc. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Sedge. Lapham. Chaska, Carver county, Juni. Rare. South. C. rosea, Schk. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Redriver (swamp), Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Hesper, Iowa (frequent), Mrs. Carter; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty. C. chordorhiza, Ehbrh. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William), Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa, Arthur.] ©. tenella, Schk. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. C. trisperma, Dew. Sedge. Range like the last. Put in bay, lake Superior, Juni. Cc. tenuiflora, Wahl. Sedge, Range like the two preceding. Minneapolis, Juni, Herrick. C. canescens, L. Sedge. Throughout the state : common northward, Jess frequent southward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. canescens, L., var. alpicola, Wahl, (var. vitilis, Carey.) Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North. C. arcta, Boott.t Sedge. Lake Superior, Rainy lake, and lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott. North. *CAREX MARCIDA, Boott. Spike oblong, pale, composed of numerous small ovate aggregated androgynous spikelets, staminate at top, the lower spikelets compound ; stigmas 2; perigynium tawny, suborbicular, or ovate tapering to a bifid beak, plane- convex, ner ved, winged, the upper margins serrated, short-stipitate, nearly equal to the acute ovate scale, which is of a pale straw-color, with a white membranous margin; achenium tawny, lenticular, contracted at base. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid; leaves broad, linear, erect. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl, of the Fortieth Parallel. +CAREX ARCTA, Boott. Spike oblong, capitate, pale, of 8 to 14 spikelets, which are oblong and obtuse, androgynous, at the base sparingly staminate, many-flowered, closely crowded, the lower bracteate ; bracts bristle-shaped, dilated at the base, longer than the spikelets ; stigmas 2; perigynia ovate, acuminate-beaked, with the minute orifice emarginate and deeply cleft on the outer side, serrate above on the sharp mar- gins, on the outer side slightly nerved, on the inner more sparingly or obsoletely nerved, spreading, pale-green, at length becoming rusty above, membranaceous, at the base thickly spongy ; longer than (and as broad as) the scale, which is ovate, acute and mucronulate, whitish or rusty-colored, with a greenish margin and a green mid-nerve. Culm somewhat less than a foot high, sharply triangular, rather stout, upwardly roughish, leaved at the base. Leaves 1 to 1% lines wide, flat, with a prolonged-tapering tip, longer (often much) than the culm. Bracts at their base broadly dilated, bristle- STATE GEOLOGIST. 155 C. Deweyana, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Spirit Lake, lowa, Arthur. Cc. echinata, Murr. (C. stellulata, Good.) Sedge. Throughout the state. Northoflake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur. C. echinata, Murr., var. microcarpa, Boeck. (C: stellulata, Good., var. scirpoides, Carey.) Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa (frequent), Cratty. C. arida, Schw, & Torr. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [Near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Macoun; upper Missouri river, Geyer.] C. scoparia, Schk. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Lapham. Savannah river, Hough- ton; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. ©, cristata, Schw. Sedge, Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. C. adusta, Boott. Sedge. Throughout the state, butrare. Redriver valley, at Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis, Kassube. C. straminea, Schk. (Including vars. typica, tenera, aperta and festucacea, Boott.) Sedge. Throughout the state. St. Louis river, Houghton; Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth County, Leiberg. C. straminea, Schk,, var. Crawei, Boott. (vars. hyalinaand Meadii, Boott.) Sedge. Common in Emmet county, Iowa (on the southern boundary of Minnesota), Cratty. ©. vulgaris, Fries. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sedge. Range like the last. Lapham. Minneapolis, also New Ulm, Juni. C. stricta, Lam. (Se Botanical Gazette for Sept., 1884.) Sedge. Common throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Red river, Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Emmet county, Llowa,, Cratty. C. lenticularis, Michx. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North. shaped, the lower 5 or 6 elongated, the lowest hardly equaling the spike. Spike 10 to 16 lines long, 3 to 6 lines broad. Spikelets 5 lines long, 2 to 2% lines broad, dense _ flowered, at the base sparingly staminate but never narrowed below, all crowded. Seales similar. Perigynium 1.3 to 1.4 lines long, 0.6 line broad. Achenium 0.7 line long, 0.5 line broad, suborbicular, prolonged at the base, plano-convex, pale ; the base of the style enlarged.—It differs from C. canescens and C. vitilis in its more numerous spikelets, in their being capitate and the lower ones bracted, and in its longer leaves, In general appearance it more nearly resembles C. elongata, yet in the form and nervation of the perigynium it is far different. Boott’s lllustrations of Carex. 156 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. C. ecrinita, Lam. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. North of lake Superior, Juni. C. crinita, Lam., var. gynandra, Schw. & Torr. (C. gynandra, Schw.) Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Rare. C. limosa, L. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William), Macoun; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty, Arthur.] C. Magellanica, Lam. (C. irrigua, Smith.) Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting far southward, butrare. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. — Sedge. Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Lowa (frequent), Cratty. C. atrata, L. Sedge. Kakabeka falls, north of lake Superior, Macoun; probably also in northern Minne- sota. C. alpina, Swartz. Sedge. Temperance river, lake Superior, Juni. North. C. aurea, Nutt. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lake of the Woods (thicket), Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. (C. aurea, Nutt., var. androgyna, Olney,* collected by Macoun at Thunder bay, lake Superior, should be looked for in northern Minnesota.] C. livida, Willd. Sedge. Greenwood river, lake Superior, Juni. Rare. North. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sedge. Certainly in swamps in northern Minnesota, Macoun. North. C. Meadii, Dew. Mead’s Sedge. Minneapolis, Kassube. [Manitoba, Macoun; Iowa, Arthur.] C. Meadii, Dew., var. Bebbii, Arthur. + Sedge. Emmet county, Lowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also in Epo *CAREX AUREA, Nutt., var. ANDROGYNA, Olney. Culms short, more rigid ; leaves erect, broader ; upper spikes more closely aggregated and denser flowered, the upper spike generally androgynous, having more or less fertile flowers at the top. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Paratlel. +CAREX MEADII, Dew., var. BEBBII (Olney). This was published in Olney’s Carices Bor.-Amer., Fasc. 1, No. 22, without comments, as a variety of C. panicea, L., and has never, I believe, been described. The following description will enable collectors to identify the plant :—Sterile spike with stalk two to four times its length ; fertile spikes usually 2, erect, remote, slender-peduneled, rather loosely flowered ; sheaths of the foliaceous bracts long and slightly inflated; perigynia and scales as in C. Meadii, except paler, and the former less distinctly nerved ; culms slender, somewhat roughish .—- Resembles C. tetanica, for which it is sometimes mistaken, in habit and in the loosely flowered fertile spikes, only with longer peduncles, but C. Meadii in the perigynia and seales ; it may be mereiy an attenuated form of the latter. Moist prairies, Illinois, Wisconsin, and northwestwardly. Arthur in Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI. STATE GEOLOGIST. 157 C. Crawei, Dew. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty, determined by Mr. William Boott. (Manitoba, Macoun.! Rare. C. granularis, Muhl. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, - Leihberg. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Red river valley, Macoun. North. C. grisea, Wahl. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Sedge. Through the south part of the state. Minneapolis, Simmons. C. gracillima, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far ate ta Minneapolis, Juni, Kas- sube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. digitalis, Willd. Sedge. Minneapolis, Juni; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Infrequent. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. laxiflora, Lam., var. blanda, Boott. Sedge. Jordan, Scott county, Juni; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty. Doubtless other vari- eties of this species also occur here. C. eburnea, Boott. Sedge. » Throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Ilowa(rare), Cratty. C. pedunculata, Muhl. Sedge. Throughout the state. Rainy lake, Richardson, Boott; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. Emmonsii, Dew. Emmons’ Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macouwn.] C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sedge. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Oratty. C. varia, Muhl. Sedge. Lapham. Infrequent. C. Richardsonii, R. Br. Richardson’s Sedge. Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni. (frequent) Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. pubescens, Muhl. Sedge. Through the south part of the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Letberg. C. miliacea, Muhl. Sedge. Range like the last. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. C. arctata, Boott. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Infrequent. ©. capillaris, L. Sedge. Port Arthur, lake Superior, Macoun; Saskatchewan river, Bourgeau; probably also in northern Minnesota. r 158 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sedge. Knife river, lake Superior, Juni, Rare. North. C, Qderi, Ehrh. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Leech lake, Houghton; Rainy river and lake, Richardson, Boott. C. filiformis, L. Sedge. Throughout the state. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Lowa (fre- quent), Cratty. C., filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Boeck. (C.lanuginosa, Michx.) Sedge. Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior (frequent), and Minneapolis, Juni; Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Macoun; Emmet county, lowa (plentiful), Cratty. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Houghton’s Sedge. Itasca lake (Lac la Biche), Houghton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun; Council Blufis, Iowa, Geyer.] ©. riparia, Curtis. Sedge. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common), Juni; lake of the Woods (sandy swamp), Dawson, Macoun; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. C. aristata, R. Br. Sedge. Throughout the state, but infrequent. Pembina, Chickering; New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. : (). Pseudo-Cyperus, L., var. comosa, W. Boott. (C- comosa, Boott.) Sedge. Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Emmet and Dickinson counties, Iowa (frequent), Cratty, Arthur. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Sedge. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (marsh), Dawson, Macoun; Chaska, Carver county, Juni; Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur. C. hystricina, Willd. Sedge. Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northwestward. Lapham. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sedge. Range like the last, but less frequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. C. intumescens, Rudge. Sedge. Common throughout the state. Lake of the Woods and Rainy lake, Richardson, Boott; north of lake Superior (common), also New Ulm, Juni. C. lupulina, Mubl. Sedge. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. [Manitoba, Macoun.] C. squarrosa,L. Sedge. Wabasha, Gibson, determined by Arthur. South. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sedge. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott; Moose Lake, Carl-_ ton county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. C. utriculata, Boott. Sedge. Throughout the state, excepting farsouthward. Redriver prairie, Dawson, Macoun. C. monile, Tucki rman. Sedge. North of lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty, STATE GEOLOGIST. 159 C. oligosperma, Michx. Sedge. Agate bay, lake Superior Juni. Infrequent. North. C. saxatilis, L.. var. miliaris, Bailey. (C. miliaris, Michx. C. rotundata, Wahl. ?, in Manual.) Sedge. Collected in Minnesota by Dr. J. Leidy; determined by S. T. Olney. Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallet. C. longirostris, Torr. Sedge. Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Mankato (common), Leiberg; also common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty. [A considerable number of species of Carex not here recorded will doubtless be added by future observers in this state, who should look for all such as approach, or are especially northern, in their geographic range, given in Gray’s Manual.] GRAMINE A. Grass FAmIty. LEERSIA, Swartz. §Waurrr Grass. Fatse Rice. L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass. Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty. South. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Rice Cut-grass. Common in sloughs through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, Juni, Upham; Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Blue Earth county. Leiberg. L. lenticularis, Michx. Fly-catch Grass. Lapham. South. ZIZANYTA,L. Warer or Inpran Rice. Z. aquatica, L. Wild Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Folie Avoine (of the French voyageurs). Common, or frequent, in favorable situations, throughout the state ; sometimes attaining, in Brown county, a hight of 13 feet, with leaves 4 feet long, Juni. “Wild rice; Pshu of the Sioux ; Manomin of the Chippewas. This aquatic grass, not uncommon in the Northern United States, acquires in the Northwest an economi- eal importance second to no other spontaneous production. It is the only instance in this region of a native grain, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply, the wants of ordinary consumption. It is particularly abundant on the lake-like expansions of rivers, towards their sources, which give such a marked feature to the distribution of these northern streams, and is so grandly illustrated in their main type, the Missis- sippi. It seems to select, by preference, the lower terminations of these expansions, which generally debouch by a narrowed outlet and considerable fall, constituting rap- ids. It is in these situations best exposed to the proper degree of inundation, and finds a Suitable bed of the slimy sand, in which it grows most readily. Itis rarely met with on inland lakes which have no outlet. As an article of food itis highly palatable and nutritious, being generally preferred to the commercial rice. The grain is long, slender, of a brown color. In boiling, it puffs out to a pultaceous mass, and increases its bulk several times. It flowers in August, and is ready for gathering in September, which is conveniently done in canoes, the standing stalks being bent over the sides, and the grain beaten in. Its productive fields, at this season, harbour a great number of wild fowls, which obliges those who wish to secure a full crop, to anticipate the gathering season, by tying up the standing grain into bundles, which gives at the same time a claim to the crop. When gathered it is subjected to a process of parching and thrash- ing, which. with the imperfect means at the command of the Indians, is the most tedi- ous part of the business.” Parry. 160 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. ALOPECURUS, L. FoxtTsIL Grass. A. geniculatus, L., var. aristulatus, Munro. (A. aristulatus, Michx.) Wild Foxtail. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. PHLEUM, L. Cat’s-TAIL GRASS. P. pratense, L. Timothy. Herd’s-Grass (of New England). Commonly cultivated, often spontaneous, throughout the state. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. (Including Vitra, Beauy.) DRopP-SEED Grass. Rusa-GRrass. S. asper, Kunth. (Vilfa aspera, Beauv.) Rush-Grass. Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. South. S. vaginzeflorus, Torr. (V. vagineflora, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Lapham. Minneapolis (sandy bottomland of the Mississippi river), Oestlund; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. South. S. cuspidatus, Torr. (V. cuspidata, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Lapham, Hennepin and Goodhue counties, Vestlund; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. [Devil’s lake, and southern Dakota, Geyer; Manitoba, Macoun.} S. depauperatus, Torr.* (V. depauperata, Torr.) Rush-Grass. Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. West. S. Junceus, Kunth. Drop-seed Grass. Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. Rare. South. S. heterolepis, Gray, Drop-seed Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; common in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. [Eastern Ne- braska (abundant), Aughey; Manitoba, Macoun.] S. cryptandrus, Gray. Drop-seed Grass. Through the south part of the state. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Sim- mons, Upham, Dr. Vasey; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Spirit lake and Little Sioux river, Geyer. AGROSTIS, L. Brent-GRass. A. perennans, Tuckerman. Thin-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Lapham. Minne- apolis, Upham; Pembina, Havard. A. seabra, Willd. Hair-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. *SPOROBOLUS DEPAUPERATUS, Torr. Root perennial, creeping ; culms ascending, appressed-branched, slender, often geniculate, glabrous, striate, rather rigid, % to 2 feet long ; leaves 1 to 3 inches long, narrow and usually convolute, spreading or recurved ; panicle very slender and contracted, 1to 3inches long; compound or often nearly simple ; spikelets small; glumes unequal, ovate, obtuse or acutish, membranous, two- thirds the length of the acute lower palet, which is more less obscurely 3-nerved.— Resembling V. cuspidata, and scarcely differing except in the shorter obtuse glumes of the rather smaller flowers. Lower palet a little more than 1 line long, glabrous or slightly scabrous on the midnerve, the upper one obtuse or erose at the summit. Waf- son’s Rep, in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 161 A. canina, L. Brown Bent-Grass. Pipestone county, Letberg. Rare. A. vulgaris, With. Red-top. Herd’s-Grass (sf Pennsylvania, &c.) _ Probably native northward ; also much cultivated, and thence often spontaneous, throughout the state. (According to Dr. George Thurber, in the Botany of California, this should be called a variety of A. alba, L.) A. vulgaris, With., var. alba, Vasey. (A. alba, L.) Fiorin. White Bent-Grass. Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Red Wing, Sandberg ; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; New Ulm, Juni. [Lake Superior, Whitney.] CINNA, L. Woop REED-GRaAss. C. arundinacea, L. Wood Reed-Grass. Throughout the state. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Blue. Earth county, Leiberg. C. pendula, Trin. (C. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray.) Wood Reed- Grass. s Lake Superior and northward, Gray’s Manual; doubtless in northern Minnesota. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS. M. sobolifera, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Lapham. South. M.glomerata, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; not confined to wet places, but often growing on dry and even sandy ground ; abundant southwestward, frequently persisting as a plentiful weed in wheat-fields and other cultivated land, Upham. M. glomerata, Trin., var. ramosa, Vasey, ined. Drop-seed Grass. Minneapolis (bluff of Mississippi river near the University), Upham; probably the prevailing form of the species in this state. [Much brancked from the base upward, the lateral branches slender, naked above, very leafy; outer glumes only slightly longer to one-third longer than the flower ; flowering glume sparingly villous. Minne- sota, Dakota and Utah. JLetter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884. ] M. Mexicana, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Blue Earth county, and southwestward (common), Lei- berg ; Pembina, Havard. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. Drop-seed Grass. Lapham. North of lake Superior, Agassiz. Probably throughout the state. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Drop-seed Grass. Through the south part of the state. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg- M. ambigua, Torr.* Drop-seed Grass. Stony banks of Okaman lake (lake Elysian), Waseca county, Geyer. *MUHLENBERGIA AMBIGUA, Torr. Panicle dense, opiciform; glumes rather unequal (the inferior one shorter), linear-lanceolate, very acute, 1- or 2-flowered, very hairy at the base ; superior valve [palet] with a bristle at the tip equalling it inlength, a little shorter than the ylumes (exclusive of the awns); superior floret either perfect, and then resembling the inferior, or rudimentary and aristiform. . . . Culms cxspi- tose, about 1% feet high, glabrous ; leaves broadly linear ; stipules very short, truncate 11F 162 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM. B. aristatum, Beauv. Brachyelytrum. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. DEYEUXIA, Clarioa. (Included in Catamagrostis, Gray’s Manual.) | Rrep BEnNT-GRASS. D. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-Joint. Common throughout thescate. The principal grass of the natural meadows bor- dering streams in the wooded region northward, supplying an abundance of excellent hay for the logging teams of the pineries. D. stricta, Trin. Reed Bent-Grass. Throughout the state, Collected in Minnesota by Nicollet (Watson); Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth County, Leiberg ; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty ; Pembina, Havard. D. Lapponica, Kunth. (Calamagrostis Lapponica, Trin., in Addenda of Gray's Manual.) Reed Bent-Grass. Isle Royale, lake Superior, Prof. I. C. Porter; doubtless also in northern Minnesota, D. confinis, Nutt. Reed Bent-Grass. Lapham. Common in Grant county and the Red River valley, Upham. D. Nuttalliana, Steud. Reed Bent-Grass. Lapham. Lake Winnibigoshish, Houghton; Minneapolis, Kassube. AMMOPHILA, Host. (§§ 2 and 3, CaLamaerostis, Gray’s Manual.) ReeEeD Brnt-GRaAss. A. longifolia, Benth. (C. longifolia, Hook.) Reed Bent-Grass. Throughout the state. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapolis, also northwestward ‘common on the beaches of lake Agassiz), Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. A. arundinacea, Host. (C. arenaria, Roth.) Sea Sand-Reed. Common on southern beaches of lake Superior, Whitney; doubtless also on the shore of this lake in Minnesota. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MowuNTAIN RICE. O. melanocarpa, Mubhl. Mountain Rice. Lapham. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. O. asperifolia, Michx. Mountain Rice. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Stearns county, Garrison; Minneapotis, Simmons. O. Canadensis, Torr. Mountain Rice. : Lapham. Infrequent. Range like the last. and lacerate ; panicle 4 to 6 inches long, purplish; glumes tapering to a very acute cuspidate point, with a strong green midrib ; perianth clothed at the base with whitish hairs, which are nearly half as long as the valves; valves nearly equal; awn a little tortuous, sometimes longer than the valve ; superior floret often perfect, and maturing its fruit ; when rudimentary, consisting of a mere awn, without any valve. A remark- able species, with the habit of M. glomerata and M. Mexicana. Torrey in Nicollet’s Report. STATE GEOLOGIST. 163 STIPA, L. FratHEeR-GRAss. WEATHER-GRASS. S. Richardsonii, Link. Richardson’s Feather-Grass. North shore of lake Superior, andin Manitoba, Macoun; doubtless reaching into Minnesota. North. S. spartea, Trin. —_ Porcupine Grass. Abundant southwestward, being the principal grass of the prairie in some districts, and extending undiminished into Dakota ; common north to Clay county and east to New Ulm; frequent northeast to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, and to Sherburne and Anoka counties, and in the southeast part of the state, Upham. (See American Naturalist, vol. xvili, pp. 929-931.) The grainis prolonged below in a stout callus or base, needle-like in sharpness, and above in a long twisted awn; both of ' which are minutely barbed, so that, when inserted in the wool of sheep or in men’s clothing, the seed works forward readily but not backward. Thus this very appropri- ately named grassis a Serious annoyance at the time of maturity and falling of the seed, which isin July. Within a few weeks later, these seeds are found to have bored into the hard, dry, clayey soil of the prairie to a depth of two or three inches, having been pushed or impelled in some way by means of the awn. Perhaps this is effected by its lengthening, while braced against the herbage above, after it had been con- tracted by partially coiling up, these changes being produced by alternations of dry- ness and moisture, as in days of sunshine and dewy nights ; or, as seems more proba- ble, it may be that the wind, blowing upon the awn, first fastens the sharp-pointed grain in the ground, and afterward slowly drills it downward. This was first brought to the notice of the writer by Mr. T. M. Young, at the Sisseton Agency, in Dakota, where, late in August, scarcely any seeds of this grass remained on the surface; but they were found very plentifully thus buried in the ground, often only from a half inch to one ineh apart. All had penetrated to nearly the same depth, which was about two and a half inches from the surface to the point of the seed, two thirds of this depth being occupied by the lower part of the awn. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. A, basiramea, Engelmann * Triple-awned Grass. Minneapolis (plentiful in the vicinity of the University, in the sward on dry sandy land with species of Bouteloua, Poa and Andropogon, from which it is noticeably dis- tinguished by its darker purplish color), Upham; Saint Cloud (plentiful), Campbell; Pipestone City and Luverne, in southwestern Minnesota, and near Rock Rapids, Lyon county, in the northwest corner of Iowa, Leiberg. It has also been collected in Nebraska by Rev. J. H. Wibbe, and in Kansas by Mr. H. Hall; and Mr. F. L. Scribner and Prof. J. M. Coulter report it from Iowa and Tlli- nois. Rev. J. Scott writes that it occurs at Brandon, Manitoba. [Nebraska specimens show a much greater size (20 inches high) and a more branching habit, the culms becom- ing geniculate. Vasey.] *ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA, Engelmann in a letterto W. Upham.—Annual: culms erect, 6 to 15 inches high, slender, much branched at the base (Some of the branches ‘very short but floriferous), and with short floriferous branches enclosed in the upper leaf-sheaths : leaves comparatively long (3 to 6 inches), narrowly linear, flat, becoming involute toward the apex, sparsely hairy on the margins below, the upper ones nearly equaling the panicle ; sheaths striate, loose; ligule very short, truncate: panicle 1% to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its base sheathed by the upper leaf; branches of the panicle short, mostly single, the lower in twos or threes; glumes linear, unequal, 1- nerved, lower one 4 lines, upper one 6 lines long including the short bristle-like point : flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black, about 5 lines long including the short, acute and hairy callus; middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral ones about 4 lines long, spirally twisted below(when mature). The sheathed flowers are somewhat smaller. This species was discovered last season by Mr. Warren Upham, at Minneapolis, Miun. The late Dr. Engelmann suggested the name, in a letter, as indicative of its habit, and would have published it if he had lived. Itis closely related to A. DICHO- 164 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. A. purpurea, Nutt.* —_‘Triple-awned Grass. Blue Earth county, and common westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg. South- west. A. purpurascens, Poir. —_‘Triple-awned Grass. Lapham. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, Swezey. Infrequent. South. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Triple-awned Grass. Lapham. Pine barrens, St. Croix river, Parry. South. SPARTINA, Schreber. Corp or Mars GRASS. S. cynosuroides, Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass. Abundant through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; north of lake Superior, Agassiz; making up the greater part of the hay cut in sloughs, worth for fodder fully half as much.as the hay of the uplands. Its hight is usually from two to four feet, but occasionally it is eight or nine feet. In the five or six counties next to the southwest corner of the state, because of the scarcity of wood and the high cost of that or coal for fuel, a large proportion of the people burn only hay during the whole year. For this purpose the coarse hay of this species is the only kind used. Itis mostly burned in ordinary stoves, having been twisted, then doubled and again twisted, forming wisps about one andahalffeetlong. The quantity of this fuel required for a year’s supply in an ordinary farm-house is from eight to twelve tons. BOUTELOUDA, Lagasca. MousxiT-Grass. GRaMA-GRASS. B, oligostachya, Torr. Muskit-Grass. Grama. Common, or frequent, southwestward and in the Red river valley; less frequent east to Stillwater and the edge of Wisconsin. B. hirsuta, Lagasca. Muskit-Grass. Grama. Common through the south part of the state, extending north to Minneapolis and the St. Croix river, Parry; abundant at New Ulm and in Rock and Pipestone counties. ,, This and the preceding are sometimes called Buffalo Grass in this state, a name ; which more properly belongs to Buchioe. See pages 14 and 32 of Rothrock’s Report ; on the Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian for chemical analyses of Festuca ovina and the two foregoing species of Bouteloua, which with others of this genus are commonly called Grama in the southwestern United States. B. racemosa, Lagasca. (B. curtipendula, Gray.) Muskit Grass. Grama. Common through the south part of the state, especially southwestward ; likewise in the Red river valley. : TOMA, from which it differs in its shorter, erect (not dichotomous) culms, and in its | much larger flowers, and especially in the much longer, spreading, lateral awns. From A. GRACILIs it differs in the shorter panicle, the longer upper leaves with sheathed flowers, and in the flowers being twice as large. From A. RAMOSISSIMA it differs in wanting the larger size, the diffusely branched habit, the much larger flowers with 3- . 10 5-nerved glumes, and the strong recurved middle awn of that species. Dr. George Vasey in the Botanical Gazette, vol, ix, p. 76 (May, 1884). *ARISTIDA PURPUREA, Nutt. Perennial; culms 6 to 15 inches high, simple, erect, slender, mostly glabrous ; sheaths narrow, scabrous, exceeding the internodes, pilose at the throat; leaves very narrow, convolute, % to 10 inches long; panicle slender, erect or flaccid, 3 to 6 inches long, loosely few-flowered ; glumes purplish, the upper 6 to 9 lines long, about twice exceeding the lower, and longer than the flower, bifid and shortly awned; flower densely short-pilose at the pointed base, scabrous above, 6 lines long, the awns equal or nearly so, separate to the base, not jointed, 1 to 2 inches long, scabrous. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. STATE GEOLOGIST. 165 BUCHLOE, Engelm. BuFFALO GRASS. B. dactyloides, Engelm.* Buffalo Grass. Abundant in the vicinity of the pipestone quarry, at Pipestone City, commencing a few rods north of the railroad depot, and extending the whole length of the outcrop- ping ledge of rock northward, in company with a dense growth of prickly pear (Upuntia Missouriensis and O, fragilis); also occurring, at rare intervals, on stony and gravelly soil, in Rock county, and in Lyon county, Iowa; (not found farther east ; perhaps in all these places introduced by the Indians in their journeys from the western plains to the pipestone quarry ;) Leiberg. [Formerly the most abundant species of grass through- out Nebraska, lately disappearing, according to Aughey, who attributes its dying out to increased rain-fall.] GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. GRAPHEPHORUM. G festucaceum, Gray. | Graphephorum. In Emmet county, Iowa, six miles south of the state line (plentiful upon space of five or six square rods, in edge of lake), Craity; determined by Prof. Asa Gray; the first observation of this species in the United States, though it abounds in the Saskatchewan region and extends thence northward, and also isfound in northern Europe. Doubtless it occurs in western and northern Minnesota. (Botanical Gazette, vol. ix, p.27; Feb., 1884.) *BUCHLOE, Engelmann. Flowers dicecious, heteromorphous.— Male plant. Spikes 1-sided, 2-ranked ; spikelets 2- or 3 flowered. Glumes 2, 1-nerved, lower much smaller. Palets 2, of equal length, longer than the glumes; lower one 3-nerved, mucronate ; upper one 2-nerved. Squamule in pairs, truncate, emarginate. Stamens 3; anthers linear. Rudiment of an ovary none.—Female plant. Spikes 1 to 3, short, capitate, oblique in the involucrate sheaths of the upper leaves ; spikelets 1-flowered, crowded, upper floret abortive, withering. Glumes 2; lower glume of the lowest spikelets 1- to 3- nerved, lanceolate-subulate, with an herbaceous tip, or 2- or 3-cleft, lower side adnate to the back of the upper glume; lower glumes of the other spikelets (internal as to the head) free, much smaller, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; upper glumes (external) connate at the base with the thickened rachis, at length like a hard, woody involucre, ovate, nerveless, pale, trifid at the herbaceous, nerved tip. Lower palet (in- ternal as tv the head) shorter, 3-nerved, herbaceous, tricuspidate ; upper palet shorter, 2-nerved. Squamulz as inthe male flowers. Rudiments of the stamens 3,:minute. Ovary lenticular, glabrous, very short-stipitate ; stigmas much longer than the 2 erect terminal styles, plumose with simple hairs, exsert from the apex of the flower. Cary- opsis free, included in a horny, at length deciduous head, sublenticular, flat on the out- Side (toward the lower palet), convex on the inner side. B. DACTYLOIDES, Engelmann. Trans. Saint Louis Acad., vol, i, p. 432, pl. 12 and 14. Densely tuited, spreading by stolons, forming broad mats; culms 3 to 6inches long ; flowering stems of the male plant 4 to 6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy ; leaves 2 to + inches long, 4% to 1% lines wide, nearly smooth ; sheaths striate, glabrous, strongly bearded at the throat; spikes 3 to 6 lines long; spikelets alternate in2 rows, upper- most abortive, bristle-form, 2 to 3 lines long; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, with a Scarious Margin ; ‘upper glume twice longer, ovate; lower palet convex, 3-nerved, upper one 2-nerved, two minute scales at the margin and inside of the lower palet ; stamens 3. Stems of the female plant much shorter than the leaves, 114 to 2 inches high ; heads 3 to 3% lines long ; glumes becoming ligneous ; spikes or heads usually 2; at maturity becoming thick, extremely hard, including the loose grain.—The cele- brated “buffalo grass,’’ known to hunters and trappers as one of the most nutritious grasses, on which for a part of the year subsist and fatten the immense herds of buffalo and the cattle of the hunter and emigrant. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado. +GRAPHEPHORUM FESTUCACEUM, Gray. (Festuca borealis, Mert. & Koch. Arundo festucacea, Willd.) Culm as thick as a swan’s quill, 3 to 4 or more feet high; leaves 8 to 10 inches long, broadly linear-acuminate, rough to the touch. Panicle a foot and more long, almost quite erect, as well as the subverticillate slender branches. 166 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. DIARRHENA, Raf. DIARRHENA. D. Americana, Beauv. Diarrhena. Sherburne county, Upham. Rave. South. DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRAss. D. glomerata, L. Orchard Grass. Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Mankato, Leiberg. KQ@@LERIA, Pers. K@.LeERIA. K. eristata, Pers. Keeleria. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [The most plentiful species of grass on the line of the Northern Pacific railroad in western Dakota, Leiberg.] EATONIA, Raf. EaTontia. E. obtusata, Gray. Eatonia. . Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun.] South and west. E. Pennsylvanieca, Gray. Eatonia. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northwestward. Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. (North of lake Superior, Agassiz. ] GLYCERIA, R. Br. Manna-GRass. G. Canadensis, Trin. Rattlesnake-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. St. Croix river, Parry; Ramsey connty, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube. G. elongata, Trin. Manna-Grass. Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent, G. nervata, Trin. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. {G. pallida, Trin., doubtless occurs in this state, but has been overlooked.| G. aquatica, Smith, var. Americana, Vasey. Reed Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. Spikelets erect, 4% to % of an inch long, scattered or subfascicled, sessile or pedicellate, generally 4-flowered. Glumes unequal, convex, rounded at the back, not keeled, the outer one shorter than the florets, acute, entire at the point, the middle nerve reaching beyond the point, so as to form ashort arista ; there are besides, on each side, two short lateral nerves ; the inner glume as long as the whole spikelet of florets, torn at the point, aristate, the middle nerve reaching beyond the point; there are besides 2 lateral nerves reaching to the apex, and 2 intermediate shorter ones. Florets eylin- drical, closely placed, with a tuft of white hairs at the base of each ; outer valve [palet] of the perianth jagged at the point, shortly aristate, with 7 nerves reaching to the sum- mit; the inner lanceolate, the margin inflected, with 2strong, green, ciliated nerves at the flexures, running out so as to form a bifid apex; upper floret smaller than the rest. Hooker’s Flora Borealis Am., II, 251.——The Iowa specimens, communicated by Mr. R- I. Cratty, agree fully with this description, except that the spikelets are not so large, scarcely exceeding % ofaninchin length. Pedicels of the spikelets rough; awns formed by the nerves, especially of the glumes, inconspicuous, and sometimes barely obsery- able. It grows 3 to 5 feet high in water, at the margin of lakes. Arthur in Contribu- tions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI. STATE GEOLOGIST. 167 G. fluitans, R. Br. Manna-Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. POA, L. Mrapow-Grass. SpraRr-GRASS. P. annua, L. Low Spear-Grass. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, but infrequent. Minne- apolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. P. compressa, L. Wire-Grass. © Throughout the state, but infrequent. Parry, Lapham. Ramsey county, Oest- lund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Pembina, Chickering, Havard. P. alpina, L. Spear-Grass. Isle Royale, and north shore of lake Superior, Loring, Porter, Macoun; doubtiess also in Minnesota. North. P. cezesia, Smith. Spear-Grass. Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Blue Earth county, Lei- berg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. P.. ceesia, Smith, var. strictior, Gray. Spear-Grass. Isle Royale, Whitney; Red river, Dawson, M acoun. North. P. serotina, Ehrh. False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass. Common throughout the state. P. pratensis, L. Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentucky Blue- Grass. - June Grass. Common throughout the state; taking the place of the original prairie grasses in southwestern Minnesota, Juni. [In Nebraska not native, but spreading westward, Aughey.] P. sylvestris, Gray. Spear-Grass. Lapham. Pembina, Havard. Rare. South and west. [P. debilis, Torr., probably occurs in this state.] P. alsodes, Gray. Spear-Grass. Saint Paul, Kelley; Red river valley, at Pembina, Chickering. Infrequent. South and west. ‘ ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS. E. reptans, Nees. Eragrostis. Through the south part of the state. Lapham. Goodhue county, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Letberg. E. pozeoides, Beauv., var. megastachya, Gray. Eragrostis. Abundant, in door-yards and by road-sides, through the south half of the state ; common north atleast to Crow Wing, Todd and Grant counties, and in the Red river valley, Upham. It was found by Geyer in 1839 on sandy plains in the valley of the Sheyenne river, Dakota, and is quite probably indigenous in this region. ; E. pilosa, Beauv. Eragrostis. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis (distinct from E. Purshii), Upham. In- frequent. South. E. Frankii, Meyer. =‘ Frank’s Eragrostis. _ Hastings, Dakota county, Oestlund. Southeast E. Purshii, Schrader. Pursh’s Eragrostis. Becoming abundant by road-sides and in waste places, Ramsey county, Minneapolis, 168 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. and Steele county, Oestlund, Simmons, Upham; determined by Scribner, Vasey and Watson. South. E. capillaris, Nees. Eragrostis. Lapham Minneapolis, Kasswbe. Infrequent. South. K. pectinacea, Gray. Eragrostis. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons, South. E. pectinacea, Gray, var. spectabilis, Gray. Eragrostis. Minneapolis (river bluff near the University), Oestlund, Upham. South. FESTUCA, L. FEscur-GRAss. F. tenella, Willd. Slender Fescue-Grass. Through the south half of the state. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons, (abun- dant on sandy land east of the University) Upham. F. ovina, L. Sheep’s Fescue. Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. F. rubra, L. (F. ovina, L., var. rubra, Gray.) Red Fescue. Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and northward, Gray’s Manual; probably in northern Minnesota. ; [F. duriuscula, L. (F. ovina, L., var. duriuscula, Gray), should also be looked for northward. ] F. elatior, L. (Including F’. pratensis, Hudson.) Taller or Meadow Fescue. Minneapolis, old state farm Close southeast from University, Oestlund. Infre- quent. F. nutans, Willd. Nodding Fescue. Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward, but infrequent. Lake Win- nibigoshish, Houghton; lake. Minnetonka, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty. BROMUS, L. BRoME-GRASS. B. secalinus, L. Cheat or Chess. Occasional in wheat*fields, mostly southeastward. A very unwelcome immigrant. Plentifnl in Houston county, especially in fields of winter wheat, also frequent in mow- ing land, J. S. Harris; frequent, but not so plentiful as to be troublesome, in Steele county and at Minneapolis, Upham. B. racemosus, L. Upright Chess. Minneapolis, Kassube. Infrequent. B. Kalmii, Gray. Wild Chess, Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. B. ciliatus, L. Wild Chess. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. B. ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Wild Chess. Minneapolis, Upham. Probably common, PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. P. communis, Trin, Reed. Common, or frequent, in the edges of ponds and lakes, throughout the prairie portion of the state; also at Roseau lake and the lake of the Woods, Dawson. 4 | : STATE GEOLOGIST. 169 SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel.* SCHEDONNARDUS. S. Texanus, Steud. (Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt.) Schedonnardus. Rocky hills, Mound township, Rock county, Leiberg. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.] Rare. Southwest. LOLIUM, L. DaRNEL. Ray-Grass. L. temulentum, L. Bearded Darnel. Mankato (plentiful about the elevator ofthe St. Paul & Sioux City railroad), Letberg. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. (Trrticum, L., in part.) WHEAT-GRASS. A. repens, Beauv. (T. repens, L.) Couch-, Quitch-, Quick-, or Witch- Grass. Frequent, or common, throughout the state, but rarely so plentiful as to be trouble- some. (Specimens which must be referred to this species, as decided by Mr. Sereno W atson, were found at Minneapolis on the embankment of the railroad about an eighth of a mile northwest from the University and close west of Tuttle’s brook, having a very Narrow and long spike of many spikelets, awnless, as long or half as long as the joints of the rhachis, 3-flowered, with arudiment of a fourth flower, often the lowest or the middle flower not ripening its grain, and having in some instances no running root- stocks. The typical T. repens occurs near by, and also forms which seem to be inter- mediate in respect to both the character of the spikes and the presence of rootstocks. Upham.) A. dasystachyum, Vasey. (T. dasystachyum, Gray.) Wheat-Grass. North shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; doubtiess also in northern Minnesota. A. violaceum, Vasey. (T. violaceum, Hornemann.) Wheat-Grass. Throughout the state, but rarer than the next. Pembina, Havard; in openings of woods, on sandy modified drift, at the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. A. caninum, Ren. & Schultes. (T. caninum, L.) Wheat-Grass. Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Pembina, Hav- ard; Minneapolis, Twining, Upham; Blue Earth county, Letberg; New Ulm, Juni. [Be- tween the James and Red rivers, Dakota, Geyer.] HORDEUM, L. BaRLEY. H. jubatum, L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. H. pusillum, Nutt. (H. pratense, Gray’s Manual.) Barley-Grass. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South. ELYMUS, L. LymMe-Grass. Wirp Ry#. K. Virginicus, L. Wild Rye. Frequent throughout the state ; less common than the next. E. Canadensis, L. Nodding Wild Rye. Common throughout the state. *SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel. Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the slender triangular rhachis of the paniculate spikes, and partly immersed in an excava- tion ; the spikes alternate and distant ; outer glumes acuminate, unequal, the longer equaling the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate, and thickish at the keel ; palet shorter and thinner. Vasey’s Grasses of U.S. 170 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. E. Canadensis, L., var. glaucifolius, Gray. Nodding Wild Rye. Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (sandy shore), Dawson; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. E. Sibiricus,L. Wild Rye. Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. North. E. striatus, Willd. Wild Rye. Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Houghton; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minne- apolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin county (plentiful), Cratty. {Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, M acoun.] E. striatus, Willd., var. villosus, Gray. Wild Rye. Also throughout the state. Pembina, Havord; lake Minnetonka, Roberts; Blue Earth county (frequent), Leiberg. E. mollis, Trin. Wild Rye. P Lake shores [probably lake Superior], Minnesota, Wood’s Class-Book. (North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] E. Sitanion, Schultes.* Wild Rye. From northern Minnesota to Texas and west to California, Watson; Blue Earth county and westward, Leiberg. West. ASPRELLA, Willd. (GymMnosticuum, Schreb.) BoTtTLE-BRUSH GRASS. ‘ A. Hystrix, Willd. (G. Hystrix, Schreb.) Bottle-brush Grass. Common, or frequent, throughout the state. DANTHONIA, DC. Witp Oat-GRass. D. spicata, Beauv. Wild Oat-Grass. Throughout the state, but mostly infrequent. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Stearns county, etc., Upham; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. AVENA, L. Oat. A. fatua, L.F Wild Oats. Ramsey county (new state farm and adjoining land, growing in grain-fields and on waste ground, apparently naturalized and spreading), Oestlund. Extensively natural- ized in California; also found in Texas and Wisconsin, in the latter state becoming very troublesome in oat-fields, Vasey; but not yet reported (so far as known to the writer) in other portions of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. Its seeds ripev early and mostly fall before harvest, rendering its extermination more difficult. It is supposed to be the original of the cultivated oat (A. sativa, L.). *ELYMUS SITANION, Schultes. Culms 4inches to 2 feet high, tufted, and with the leaves and sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent or scabrous; spike erect, 1 to 3 inches long, squarrose with its long recurved awns, jointed and fragile at maturity; spikelets in pairs, 2- to 5-flowered, smooth or puberulent; glumes entire or usually parted to the base and the segments unequally 2-cleft, the divisions long-awned (1 to 3 inches); flowers 3 lines long, the awn of the lower palet equaling that of the glumes, with often a subsidiary awn or tooth on each side at the apex of the palet. A very variable grass. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. + Avena fatua, L. |sa> = MR Hn 11 49 45 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 8 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 g 6 13 51 39 2 2 D, 1 18 17 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 10 9 5 24 15 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 4 9 1 1 1 4 3 9 2 2 1 , 2 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 8 8 if 6 6 24 vel 62 13 62 62 8 23 22 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 18 18 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 17 32 27 i 5 5 1 8 8 8 23 23 4 14 14 2 3 3 aiatatasme GN ares eto 48 222 204 ul 6 6 2 4 4 16 34 34 2 2 2 1 4 4 8 14 13 eae 5 5 1 3 3 17 41 37 1 1 1 3 8 us 15 37 29 6 20 15 3 5 5 3 6 6 2 8 8 2 “14 & 4 13 13 1 2 2 ndigenous species and varieties in the flora of Minnesota, also indigenous in saneee peewee se eeee se ceee ee eee et es ee anes = BROnDw THOR wo: sewers e bw Re BOW Ree EOD _ = ONNRD RRR to b> Cone cos] oo 09 bean RRND OL > _ _ NWOGN WROIND® NHNRPNWH RRA bo tb _ Www CON Nww CIRO © be BPR & to Swe WONWWANW HNKUND RRO RRH ROA Ce _ to Oo ee CO scene -_ DOTUAR OWSIH Pwd HOw Ve is ‘ on | oe 6 | 88 ae 53 35 3. 1 -* Dl eset 4 1"). ose 1 einai 4 onm 27 pb! 2 Apri 8 2 2 Bo 1 iff 6]. oan 10 5 eviews 1 4 1a By Ss ~ ow 1 cle 3 1 7 2) 2 ssc 5 A 3 Si 3 3 | scale 5 ae 6). ciamcmet 52 6 42 12/4 17 4 1 oon haere Abe 16 a 2 1 S [onsen Qi csnetg 22 4 4.) .. accel if 1 q 12 47 11 Bs 3. | va besa 154 32 ; 5 jis sca 4 2.9 10 9 2 1 10 3 4 3 3 3 25 i § jbl A a 7 2 26 om 13 2 5 1 6 u 6.4. came 5 2 11 2 2 2 STATE GEOLOGIST. 185 ORDERS. Gen. | I.g. | Sp. |I.sp.|| Eu, |N. E. |Mich. | Wis. |Iowa. | Neb. | Cal. Asclepiadacez.... 2 2 17 Ter oe et 11 8 13 14. 12 1 Oleacez........... 1 1 5 Bill reieieiote 4 5 5 4 Bileeawen Aristolochiacee .. 2 2 2 DH ames 1 1 1 WiGoddosyeocope Nyctaginacee..... 1 1 3 B | |osccee [ocwncs Jewece 3 3 Dil ciefelsjers Phytolaccaceez.... J 1 1 1 waters 1 1 1 1 WAS eyes Chenopodiacez... 5 5 13 7 3 1 2 2 1 5 4 Amarantacez..... 3 3 5 3] |.----- 1 1 2 3 2 1 Polygonacee...... 3 2 33 26 5 21 24. 22 19 19 9 Thymeleaceze Beast 1 1 1 MGWileteteterere 1 1 1 A Seaaaaiterrcacic Eleagnacee....... 2 2 3 Si ]oqocue 1 1 UN Wago.ono 2 1 Santalacee.... 1 1 3 Bililen code 1 2 1 1 1 2 Saururacez. 1 1 1 1 5 6c 1 1 UW Jlowseed PPO AC ERS Ceratophyllacee.. i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Callitrichacee..... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Podostemacez.... 1 1 1 DL [iffsseere are 1 Wiotbeno ulin Sony Ajsesadatloac bos Euphorbiacee..... 2 CM aa siting 3 ea Ab 9} 10 9 2 Empetracee....... 1 1 i ANB be 1 1 Sa poe ye ccteteccathersnetsiae Urticaces......... 10 9 13 1 1 11 11 11 10 ibe Sends Platanacee........ 1 1 1 WW ieasaod 1 1 1 1 Wilodoaeé Juglandacee..... 2 2 5 BiH elstateicls 5 5 5 4 Qi iieetesis Cupuliferz ........ 4 4 15 ABS ees 14 12 14 13 13 1 Myricacee... . 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Dea ahs P| aaa Betulacez. 2 2 8 8 2 8 7 6 3 5 2 Salicacee.. 2 2 23 19}, 1 18 17 17 14 13 4 Conifere... : a 7 13 13 || 3 13 12 12 4 3 1 MaKaACCwes reese oe 1 il 1 1 shonoe 1 1 1 cl eaisceseu bngonse AvacCeree si... <..: 4 4 5 5| 2 5 5 5 AN Vana tctatare/als Lemnacee......... 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 8 3 3 Typhacee.... ..... 2 2, q rae 4 7 6 5 4 4 3 Naidacee..... .... 3 3 18 18 10 16 16 12 13 v 12 Alismacee ........ 5 5 10 10 4. 8 9 6 7 7 4 Hydrocharidacez. 2 2 2 2) 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 Orchidaceze ovo NOe 14 14 41 41} 10 36 40 34 14 26 9 Amaryllidacez.... 1 1 1 I Hobeone 1 1 1 1 Toosone Hemudoracez... 1 1 1 IN ilgee 1 1 ANN] Spx arstel:|levatererorel tna Tridacee..........., 2 2 2 Diets etetele 2 2 2 2 2 Dioscoreacee ..... 1 1 1 Nt Soppe 1 1 1 1 1 Smilacee.......... 1 1 4 4)|.....- 3 4 4 212 Miltacee ise. ssc. 18 17 40 39 4 25 34 31 25 32 Juncacee........... 2 2 18 18 9 12 16 12 9 10 Pontederiacez.... 2 2 2 il Peraciate 2 2 2 2 2 Commelynacez... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Xyridacex......... 1 1 1 1 Wlansede'|loos don Eriocaulonacez... 1 1 i 1 Ue Bea dlliacreroig 1 Cyperaces......... 10 10 129 129 113 95 69 92 Graminee......... 47 42 79 89 Equisetacez....... 1 1 4 8 HUeestee yen © 15 15 22 29 Ophioglossaceze... 2 2 2 2 Lycopodiacve,... 1 1 1 2 Selaginellez....... 1 1 1 1 Marsiliacez .. 1 1 1 1 Salviniacez . 1 1 onadias 1 118 Orders..... 557 502 | 16501) 1512 290} 10481 1210! 1176 949 | 1091 G. D. Swezey’s Catalogue of the Phenogamous and Vascular Cryp- togamous Plants of Wisconsin, forming chapter V in Geology of Wisconsin, vol. I: 1883 (containing 1473 species and varieties, of which 1337 are indigenous); J.C. Arthur’s Contributions tothe Flora of Iowa, numbers I to VI: 1876 to 1884 (containing 1210 species and varieties, of which 1097 are indigenous); and Prof. Samuel Aughey’s Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska: 1875 (containing 1718 species and varieties of phenogams and vascular cryptogams, of which 186 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. 1648 are indigenous). Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Arthur for valuable information and suggestions during this work. The preceding table presents comparisons with the four state- catalogues mentioned; and also with the Botany of California (1876. and 1880; by Brewer, Gray, and Watson; 2894 species and 339: varieties, including introduced plants); with the flora of New Eng- land, as indicated by Gray’s Manual (approximately 1364 species. and varieties of native phenogams, 243 introduced phzenogams, and 74 vascular cryptogams); and with the flora of Europe, so far- as it is represented in that of the northern United States, also- shown by Gray’s Manual. From this table it appears that 290 spe- cies and varieties of the indigenous flora of Minnesota are also found: native in Kurope; 1048 in New England; 1210 in Michigan; 1176 in Wisconsin; 949 in Iowa; 1091 in Nebraska; and 335 in California. In submitting this catalogue to readers, students and botanists, it seems desirable to repeat that it claims to be merely a report of progress in an unfinished work. It is hoped that its publication. will incite all the workers in this field to increased efforts, so that the final report of this part of the state survey shall be made as. complete and accurate as possible. The cryptogamic vegetation, as mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and alge, will there be cata— logued; and within the province of the present work, there will be incorporated additions and corrections, as well as extension or more: exact limitation in statements of the range of species, so far as: known. For this purpose, botanists are requested to keep full notes of all observations that supplement or amend this catalogue, and to send them, together with specimens of plants found in Min- nesota but not herein recorded, to Prof. N. H. Winchell, curator of the state university museum, Minneapolis. Probably about a tenth part of the total phenogamous flora of the state remains yet to be noted in neglected nooks, in marsh, dense woods, cool ravines, on cliffs and hills, in streams and lakes. Numerous species and varieties new to science quite certainly await. discovery; and it will be interesting in many cases to compare our common and well known plants with specimens of the same gath- ered in distant portions of the country, or even in this region under differing conditions of soil, moisture, or shade. The greater part of the accessions must be expected, of course, near the borders of the state, being often species that are common or frequent beyond our limits but extend only scantily into Minnesota. . INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Names of orders or families are in SMALL CAPITALS; [Synonyms are enclosed ir brackets ;] introduced species, and genera represented only by introduced species, are. in Italic type. Abele, 131. Abies. 132, 133, Abutiton, 34. Acalypha, 128. ACANTHACER, 102. ACANTHUS FAMILY, 102. Acer, 39. Acerates, 115. Achillea, 84. Acnida, 118, Aeorus, 135. Actzea, 21. oars, Addier’s- Mouth, aden 'S- Tongue, 146, 179. ADDER’S- TONGUE FAMI- | LY, 179. Adenocaulon, Adiantum, 174, Adoxa, 66. Athusa, 61. Agrimonia, 49. Agrimony, 49. Agropyrum, 169. Agrostis, 160. [Aira, 171.] Stes 20, 36, Nider. 128. Aletris, 143. Alexanders, 62. Alfalfa, 41. ALG, 11, 186. ‘ALISMACEZ, 137. Alisma, 138. *Alkali-Grass,”’ 144, Alkanet, 107. Allium, 14, 147. [Allosorus, 175. Alnus, 128, 182. Alopecurus, 160. Alsike Clover, 41, 182. Alum-root, 55, Alyssum, 27. AMARANTA- CE, 118. AMARANTH FAMILY, 118. Amaranth, 118. Amarantus, 118. AMARYLLIDA- CE, 142. AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 142. Ambrosia, 15, 79, 182. Amelanchier, 53. emanates Ammophila, 162. Amorpha, 14, 43. Ampelopsis, 38. pent aeaeers pea, Ree ACEZ, 37. Anacharis, 139. Anagallis, 97. Anaphaiis, 86. Andromeda, 94. Andropogon, 14, 173. Androsace, 96. Anemone, 17. Angelica, 5, 61. Anise Hyssop, 105. } Antennaria, 86. Anthemis, 84. Anychia, 33. Aphyllon, 98. Apios, 47. Aplectrum, 142. se epapDus, 14, APOCYNACER, 11 Apocynum. 113. Apple, 5, 53. Aonte- of-Peru, 1l [AQUIFOLI- ACEZ, 95.] Aquilegia, 14, Arabis, 24, [25,] 181. , ARACEA, 134. ARALIACEA, 63. Aralia, 63. ae bop ‘Vitze, 15, fetta Trail- ing, 93. Archangelica, 61. Archemora, 61. Arctic Rasp- berry, 51. Arctium, 88. Arctostaphylos, 93 Arenaria, 32. Arethusa, 141. Arisema, 134. Aristida, 14, 163. ARISTOLOCHI- ACE, 116. Aristolochia, 116. Arnica, 87. Aromatie Win- tergreen, 15, 93. Arrhenathe- rum, 171. Arrow-grass, 137. Arrow-head, 138. Arrow-wood, 66. Artemisia, 84. Artichoke, 82. ARUM FAM- 1LY, 134. Asarabacea, 116. Asarum, 116. ASCLEPIADA- CE, 114. Asclepias, 14, 114, 182. Ash, (87, 53,) 115. Ash-leaved Ma- ple, 40. Asparagus, 146. Aspen, 130. Asperugo, 108. Asphodel, False, 145. Aspidium, 176. Asplenium, 175. Asprella, 170. Aster, 70, [74,] 183. Astragalus, 14, 43, Atriplex, 117. Avena, 170. Avens, 49. Awlwott, 27. Azolla, 180. Bachelor’s Button, 87. Balm of Gile- ad, 131, 182. Balmony, 99. Balsam, 36. Balsam-apple, 59. Balsam Fir, 15, 133. Balsam Poplar, 130. Baneberry, 21. Baptisia, 47. Barbarea, 25. BARBERRY FAMILY, 21. Barberry, 21, Barley-Grass, 169. Barnyard- Grass, 173. Barren Straw- berry, 49. Basil, 104. Basswood, 35. Bastard Toad- flax, 122. Bath Flower, 144, Bayberry, 127. Beach Pea, 46. Beak-Rush, 152. Bean, 47. Bearberry, 93. Beard-Grass, 14, 173. Beard-tongue, 99 Beaver-Poison, 62. Beckmannia, 14,171. Beckmann’s Grass, 171. Bedstraw, 67. Beech, 127. Beech-Fern,175. Beggav’s Lice, 108. Beggar-ticks, 83. Bellflower, 92. Bellwort. 145. Bengal-Grass, 173. Bent-Grass, 160, 162. BERBERIDA- CE, 21. Berberis, 21. Bergamot, Wild, 104. Berula, 63, 182. Betony, Wood, 102. BETULACE, 128. Betula, 128, 182. Bidens, 83. Big Woods, 13. Bilberry, 92, 93. Bindweed, 110, 120. BIRCH FAMILY, 128. Birch, 128. Birthroot, 144. BIRTHWORT FAMILY, 116. Birthwort, 116. BLED s-Cap, Bistort, Alpine, 118. Bitter Cress, 24. Bitter-nut, 126. Bitter-sweet, (39,) 111. Bitter-weed, 79. Black Alder, 95, 128. Blackberry, 52. Black-cap Raspberry, 51. Black Haw, 66. 188 Black Walnut, 15, 125. aes ive Bladder Ket- mia, 34. Bladder-nut, 39. Bladder-pod, 27. BLADDERWORT FAMILY, 98. Bladderwort,98. Blazing-Star, 14, 68. Blephilia, 105. Blite, 117. Blitum,116,117.] lood-root, 23. BLOODWORT FAMILY, 143. “Bloody War- rior,’’ 101. Blue’ Beech, 127. Bluebell, 92. Blueberry, 15,92. Blue- bottle, 87. Blue Cohosh, 21, Blue-eyed Grass, 143. Blue Flag, 143. Blue -Grass, 167. Blue-Hearts, 100. Blue-Joint, 14, 162, 173. Blue Lettuce,91. Boehmeria, 125. Bog-Rush, 148. Boltonia, 74. Boneset, 70 BORAGE FAM- ILY, 106. BORRAGINA- CE, 106. Botrychium,179. Bottle-brush Grass, 170. Bottle-Grass, 173. Bouncing Bet,31. Bouteloua, 14, 164, Box- Elder, 40. Brachyelytrum, Bracket. 174. Bracted Bind- weed, 110. Brake, 174, 175. Bramble, Bl. Brasenia, 21. Brassica, 26. Bristly Fox-tail Grass, 173. Brittie Fern,177. Brome-Grass, 168 Bromus, 168. Brooklime, 100. Broom- Grass, 173. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY, 98. Broom-rape, 98. Brunella, 105, Buchloe, 14, 165. Buchnera, 100. Buckbean, 113. BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 38. Buckthorn, 38. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 118, INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Buckwheat, 120. { Cardamine, 24, Se Berry, Butialo- Grass, 164, 165. Bugle-weed.104. Bug-seed, 117. Bulrush, 151. Bunch-berry, 64. Burdock, 88. Bur-Grass, 173. Bur-Marigold, 83 Burnet Saxi- frage, 62. Burning-Bush, 39. Bur-Oak, 126. Bur-reed, 135. Bur-seed, 107. Bush-Clover, 46. Bush-Honey- suckle, 65. Butter -and- eggs, 99. Buttereup, 18,19. Butterfly-weed, 115. Butternut, 125. Butter-weed, 74, Butterwort, 98. Button-bush, 67, 182. Button Snake- root, 60, 68. Buttonwood, 125. Cacalia, 86. CACTACER, 59. CACTUS FAMI- LY, 59. “Cactus,” 59. Cakile, 28. [Calamagrostis, Calamint, 104. Calamintha, 104. Ca!lamus, 135. Calla, 134. Callirrhoe, 34. CALLITRICHA- CEA, 122, Callitriche, 122. Calopogon, 141. Caltha, 20. Calypso, 141. [Calystegia, 110.] Camassia, 147. Camelina, 27. CAMPANULA- CE, 92. CAMPANULA FAMILY, 92. Campanula, 92. Campion, 31. Camptosorus, 175. Canary Grass, 171. Cancer-root, 98. Cannabis, 125. CAPER FAMILY, 28. CAPPARIDA- CK, 28. CAPRIFOLI- ACE, 64. Capsella, 27. Caraway, 60. 181. 182. Cardinal Flow- er, 91, 182. Carex, 8, 9, 14, 153, 183. Carpet-weed, 33 Carpinus, 127, Carrion-Flow- er, 143. Carrot, 60. Carum, 60. Carya, 125. CARYOPHYLLA- CE, 31. CASHEW FAMI- LY, 37. Cassandra, 93. Cassia, 47, 181. Cassiope, 94. Castilleia, 101. Catbrier, 143. Catehtly, 31. Catgut, 46. Cat-Mint, 105. Catnip, 105. Cat’s-tail Grass, 160. CAT-TAIL FAM- ILY, 135. aon’ tail Flag, Cattiophyltum, Coaune nie: 39. Cedar, (133,) 134. CELASTRACER, 39. Celastrus, 39. Celtis, 124. Cenchrus, 173. Centaurea, 87. Centunculus, 97. Cephalanthus, 67, 182. Cerastium, 32. CERATOPHYL- LACK, 122. Ceratophyllum, 122. Cercis, 47. Chaffweed, 97. Chamomile, 84. Charlock, 26. Cheat, 15, 168. Checkerberry, 15, 93. Cheilanthes, 175. Chelone, 99. CHENOPODI- ACE, 116. Chenopodium, 116. Cherry, 48. Chess, 168. Chick weed, 32, 33. Chickweed- wiaberewee Gaines 89. Chimaphila, 95. Chinquapin, Water, 22. Chiogenes, 93. Chives, 147. FRekes ‘perry, Choke-Cherry, Christmas- Fern, 177. Chrysanthe- mum, 84. Chrysopogon, 14, 173. Chrysopsis, 78. Chrysosple- nium, 56. Cichorium, 89. Cicuta, 62. Cinna, 161. Cinnamon- Fern, 178. Cinque-foil, 49. Circa, 57. (Cirsium, 88.] CISTACEA, 30. Cladium, 152. Claytonia, 34. Clearweed 125. Cleavers, 67. Clematis, 17. Cleome, 28. Cliff-Brake, 175. Climate, 12. Climbing Bitter- sweet, 39. Clintonia, 15, 145 Clotbur, 79. Clover, 41. CLUB-MOss FAMILY, 179. Club-Moss, 179. Club-Rush, 151. Cnicus, 88. ee 15, (81,) Gocklebur, 79. Cockspur Grass, 173. Cockspur Thorn, 53. Feel -tree, 15, ebosh: 24 Colic- root, 143. Collinsia, 99. Collomia, 14,110. Coltsfoot, 70. Columbine, 20. Comandra, 14, 122. Comfrey, 106, (108.) COMMELYN- ACE, 149. Com pass-Pl ant, 78. COMPOSIT, 68. COMPOSITE FAMILY, 68. Comptonia, 127. Cone-flower, 80. CONIFER, 131. [Conioselinum, 61 Conium, 63. CONVOLVULA- CEH, 110. CoNVOLVULUS FAMILY, 110. Convolvulus, 110. Coptis, 20. Coral-berry, 65. Corallorhiza, 142. Coral-root, 142. Cord Grass, 14, 164. Coreopsis, 82, 182. Corispermum, 117. CORNACEZ, 64. Cornel, 15, 64. Cornus, 64, 181. Corn Salad, 63. Cnn -Plant, Gosvaulia 23. Corylus, 127. Cotton-Grass, 152. Cotton- Thistle, 88. Cottonwood, 131. Couch-Grass, 169. Cowbane, 61, 62. Cowberry, 93. Cow-Herb, 15, 31. Cow-Parsnip, 60 Cowslip, 96, 97. “Cowslip,” 20. ie Wheat, cr wrab-Apple, 5, Ps Grass, Craiberry, 15, Grantee ry- tree, 66. Cranesbill, 36. CRASSULACEZ, 56. Crategus, 52. Creeping Snow- berry, 9 Crepis, 90. Cress, 23, 24, 25, 181. “Crocus,” 17. CROWBERRY FAMILY, 124. Crowberry, 124, CROWFOOT FAMILY, 17. Crowtoot, 18, 19. CRUCIFERZ, 23. Ce ee Cr i ioeaee 63. Cuckoo Flower, 24, 182. CUCURBITA- CEH, 59. Cudweed, 86. ee, Physic, Con Pints 78. CUPULIFERS, 126. Currant, 54. Cuscuta, 110, Cut-grass, 14, 159, Cycloloma, 116, 182. Cymopterus, | 14, 61. Cynogiossum, 108. Cynthia, 89.] YPERACES, 150. Cyperus, 150. CypHnedinms Checoptenis, 177. ' Dactylis, 166. Daisy Flea- bane, 74. Daisy, Ox-eye, 15, 84. Dakota Potato, Daiota Turnip, Daiea, 42. Dalibarda, 51. Dandelion, (89,) 91. Danthonia, 170. Darnel, 169. Datura, 112. Daucus, 60. Dead-N ettle,106, Deerberry, 93. Delphinium, 20, Dentaria, 24. Deschampsia, 171. Desmanthus, 48. DESMIDS, 11. Desmodium, 45, 182. Dewberry, 52. Deyeuxia, 162. Diarrhena, 166. Dicentra, 33. Dicksonia, 178. Didiplis, 58. Diervilla, 65. DIOSCOREA- CER, 143. Dioscorea, 143, 182. [Diplopappus, 73, 74.) DIPSACES, 68. Dipsacus, 68. Direa, 121. Dock, (78,) 120. Dockmackie,66. Dodder, 110. Dodecabheon, DOGBANE FAMILY, 113. Dogbane, 113. Dog # Tennel, 84. Dog’ s-tooth Violet, 146. DoGwoop FAMILY, 64. Dogwood, 64, 181. Dogwood, Poi- son, 37. Door-weed, 119. Draba, 26. Dracocepha- lum, 105. Dragon-Arum, 134. Dragon-head, 105 Dragon-root, 134. Drop-seed Grass, 160, 161. PIR OCERACED; 0. Drosera, 30. Dry Straw- berry, 49. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA, DUCKWEED FAMILY, 135. Dueckweed, 135. Dulichium. 150. Dutchman’s Breeches, 23. Dutchman’s Pipe, 116. Dwarf Club- Moss, 180. Dwarf Dande- lion, 89. Dyer’s Cleav- ers, 67. Dysodia, 83. Eagle Fern, 174. Hasten -flower, Tieoniat 166. Echinacea, 80. Echinocystis, 59. Echinodorus, 138. Echinosper- mum, 14, 107. Eel-grass, 139. ELMAGNACEX, 121, Elzagnus, 14, 121. Elder, (63,) 66. Elecampane, 78. Eleocharis, 150. Elevations, 11. Ellisia, 109. Elm, 124. Elodes, 31. Elymus, 14, 169. EMPETRACE®, 124, Empetrum, 124. Enchanter’s Nightshade, 57. Epigza, 93. Epilobium, 57. EQUISETACES, 174. Equisetum. 174. Kragrostis, 167. Erechtites, 86. ERICACE®, 92, Erigeron, 74. ERIOCAULONA- CE, 149. Eriocaulon, 149. Eriophorum, 152. Hrodium, 36. Eryngium, 60. Eryngo, 60. Erysimum, 25. Erythronium, 146. Euonymus, 39. Eupatorium, 70. EUPHORBIA- CE, 123. Euphorbia, 14, 123. Euphrasia, 102. Ev uNING- PRIMROSE FAMILY, 57. Evening-Prim- rose, 57. Evergreen, Trailing, 179. Everlasting, 86. Everlasting Pea, 46. pa a i ee ee eS Eyebright, 102, Fagopyrum, 120 Fagus, 127. False Acacia, 43. False Asphodel, 145, False Beech- drops, 95. False Buck- wheat, 120. False Dragon- head, 105. False Flax, 27. False Foxglove, 101. False Grom- well, 106. False Helle- bore, 144. False ‘Indigo, 43, 47. False Lettuce, False Loose- strife, 58. False Mallow, 34. False Miter- wort, 56. False Nettle, 125. False Penny- royal, 103. False Pimper- nel, 100. False Red-top, False Rice, 159. False Rue- Anemone, 20. FalseSolomon’s Seal, 145. False Spike- nard, 145. False Sunflow- er, 79. Feather Gera- nium, 117. Feather-Grass, 163. [Fedia, 68.] A ernal Hawets 1, FERNS, 174. Fescue-Grass, 168. Festuca, 168. Betld: Currant, Fetia Marigold, Hover -wort, 66. FICOIDE®, 33. FIGWORT FAMILY, 98. Figwort, 99. Filbert, 127. FILICES, 174. Fimbristylis, 152. Finger-Grass, 172. Fiorin, 161. Fir, 15, 133. Fire Pink, 31. Fire-weed, 57,86. Five-Finger, 49, a -leat Ivy, Flag, Blue, 143. Flag, Sweet, 135. FLAX FAMILY, 35. Flax, 35, 36. Fleabane, 74, Floating Heart, 113. Fiower-de- Luce, 143. Flower of an Hour, 34. Flowering Dog- wood, 181. Flowering Fern, Flowering Raspberry, 51. Fiy-Honey- suckle, 65. Fog-fruit, 103. Folle Avoine, Poors Parsley, Forest, 12, 183. Forget-me- not, 107. Forked Spike, 173. FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY, 116. Fowl Meadow- Grass, 166, 167, Foxgtove, False, 101. Foxtaii Grass, 160, 173. Fragaria, 51. Fraxinus, 115. Fresh-water Cords Grass, 14, Fr resttehta, 118, FROG S-BIT FAMILY, 139. Frost- weed, 30. FUMARIACEX, 23. Fumaria, 23. FUMITORY FAMILY, 23. Fumitory, 23. FUNGI, 10, 186. Gallardo; 14, Guieopate 106. Galingale, 150. Galium, 67. Garget, 116. Garlic, 147. Gaultheria, 93. Gaura, 14, 57. Gay Feather, 68, 69. Gaylussacia, 92. GENTIAN FAM- ILY, 112. Gentian, 112, GENTIANACE, 112, Gentiana, 14, 112. GERANIACE®, 36. GERANIUM FAMILY, 36. Geranium, 36, (117.) Gerardia,14,100. oot DS Ee 189 Germander, 103. German Mud- wort, 108. Geum, 4y, Giant ‘Hyssop, 10 Gill, 105. ““Ginger-root,’”’ 70. GINSENG FAMILY, 63. Ginseng, 63. Glade Mallow, Gidsemrons 117. Glaux, 97. Glyceria, 166. Glyeyrrhiza, 45. Gnaphalium, 86. Goat’s- Beard, 89. Goats’ Rue, 43. Golden Alexan- ders, 62. Golden Aster, 78. Golden Rag- wort, 87. Golden-rod, 75, 182. Golden Saxi- frage, 56. Goldthreaa, 20. Good- King- Henry, 117. Goodyera, 140. Gooseberry, 54. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY, 116. Goosefoot, 116. Goose- -Grass, 7, 119. “Gosling,” 17. GOURD FAM- ILY, 59. Grama, 164. GRAMINEA, 14, 159. Grape, 5, 38. Grape Fern, 179. Graphepho- rum, 165. GRASS FAMILY, (14, 16,) 159, 181. Grass of Par- nassus, 55. Grass Pink, 141. Gratiola, 99. Greek Valeri ian, 109. Greenbrier, 143. Green Milk- weed, 115. Grindelia, 14, 77. Gromwell, 107. Ground Cherry, 111. Ground Fir, 180. Ground Hem- lock, 134. Ground Ivy, 105. Ground Laurel, 93. Ground-nut, 5, 47, 63, Ground-Pine, 179, 180. Ground Plum, 4 3. Groundsel, 86. Gutierrezia, 14, 74, 190 ane rGymmestt: chum, 170.] Habenaria, 139. Hackberry, 124. Hackmatack, 133. H2MODORA- CE, 143. Hair-Grass, 160, 171. Halenia, 112. HALORAGES, 56. HAMAMELA- CES, 56. Hamamelis, 5 Hardhack, e- 182. Harebell, 92. Hart’s Clover, 41. “Hartshorn lant,’ 17. aw, Black, 66. Hawkweed, 89. Hawthorn, 52. Hay as fuel, 164. Hay-scented Fern, 178. Hazel-nut, 127. ‘“Headache- plant,” 17. Heal-all, 105. Heart’s Ease, 29. Heartweed, 119. BEATHFAMILY, 15, 92. Hedeoma, 104. Hedgehog- Grass, 173. Hedge-Hyssop, 99. Dal feng? Mustard, eige Nettle, 106 Hedysarum, 45. Helenium, 84. a SS SE ES SSS SE ee et ee eee Eee ee Heliopsis, 79. ‘Hellebore, 144. pres ek pit 0 150. Hemlock ,(62,63,) 132, 134. Hemlock. Pars- ley, 61. Hemlock- Spruce, 132. Hem, ae) 118,) 1 os bet -Nettle, Sopatlta, 18. Heracleum, 60. Herb Robert, 36. Herd’s-Grass, 160, 161. Heron’s-bill, 36. Heuchera, 55. Hibiscus, 34. Hickory, 15, 125, Hieracium, 89. Hierochloa, 171. Hippuris, 56. Hoary Pea, 43. Hog Pea-nut, 47. pinkie Hennen Helianthemum, 30. Helianthus, 14, 15, 80, 182. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. -weed, 79. hiow= root, 66. aes 9 Holly, 95. Holly-Fern, t77. Holy Grass, 171. Honewort, 63. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, 64. Honeysuckle, enor: suckle,’’ 20. Hop, 5, 125. Hop-Horn- beam, 127. Hop- tree, 37. Hordeum, 169, Horehound, (104.) 106. Hornbeam, 127. Horned Pond- weed, 136. HORNWORT FAMILY, 122. Hornwort, 122. Horse Gentian, 66. Horse-Mint, 104. Horse-radish,24. HORSETAIL FAMILY, 174, Horsetail, 174. Horse-weed, 74. Hosackia, 42. Hound’s- Tongue, 108. Houstonia, 67, 182. Huckleberry,15, 92,93. | Hudsonia, 20. Humiulus, 125. Huntsman’s Cup, 22. Hybrids, 103, 130. Hydrastis, 20. HYDROCHARI- DACEZ#, 139. Hydrocotyle,59. HYDROPHYL- LACE, 109. Hydrophyllum, 109. HYPERICACE2, 30. Hypericum, 30, 181. Hypoxys, 142. Hyssop, 99, 105. Ick PLANT FAMILY, 33. Tlex, 95. ILICINE, 95. Ilysanthes, 100. Impatiens, 36. Indian-Chick- weed, 33. Indian Cucum- ber-root, 144. Indian Currant, 65. Indian Fig, 59. Indian Grass, 14, 173. Indian Hemp, 113, 114. Indian Matlow, 34. “Tndian Paint,” 107. Indian Pink, 101. Indian Pipe, 95. Indian Plan- tain, 86. Indian Poke, 144, Indian Rice, 159. Indian Tobac- co, 91. Indian Turnip, 134. Introduced Plants, 15, 182. Inula, 78. IRIDACE®, 143. IRIs FAMILY, 143. Tris, 143. Iron-weed, 68. Iron- wood, 127. Isanthus, 103. Isoetes, 180. Isopyrum, 20. Iva, 15, 78. eg Five-leaf, Ivy, Poison, 37. Jack-in-the- Pulpit, 134. “Jack Pine,” 131. Jamestown- weed, 112. Jerusalem Arti- choke, 82. e Asmar! Oak, Jewel-weed, 36. an -Pye Weed, Jontwead: 119, Judas-tree, 47. JUGLANDA- CER, 125. Juglans, 125. JUNCACE®, 147, Juncus, 147. June- -berry, 53. June Grass, 167. Juniper, 133. Juniperus, 133. Kale, 26. Kalmia, 94. Kentucky Blue- Grass, 167. Kentucky Cof- fee-tree, 15, 48. pee Bean, ST , 93. Knotgrass, 119. Knotweed, 118. Keeleria, 166. Krigia, 89. Kuhnia, 69. LABIATZ, 103. Labrador Tea, 15, 94. Lactuca, 91. Ladies’ Sorrel, 36. perme Tresses, 140. Lady-Fern, 175. Lady’s- Slipper, 142, Lady’s-Thumb, 119. ie Lettuce, 68. SS EE Lamb’s Quar- ters, 116. Lamium, 106. Laportea. 124. Lappa, 88.] arch, 133. Larix, 133. Larkspur, 20. Lathy:us, 46. Laurel, (93,) 94. Laurestinus, 66. Lead- Plant, 43. Leaf-cup 78. Leather-Leaf, 93. Leatherwood, 121. Leaves measur- ed, 35. Lechea, 38. Ledum, 94. Leersia, 14, 159, LEGUMINOS, 1 LEMNACE, 135. Lemna. 135. LENTIBULA- CE, 98. Leonurus, 106. Lepachys, 14, 80, 181. Lepidion, 15, (hepturus 18 , 169.) espedeza, 46 Lettuce, , (68, 90,) [ Leucanthe- mum, 84. | Lever-wood, 127. Liatris, 68. LICHENS, 7, 8, 186. Licorice, 45, 67. Life-root, 87. LILIACES, 144. Lilium, 146. LILY FAMILY, 144. Lily, (22,) 146. Lime-tree, 35. Limits of spe- cies, 14. Limnanthe- mum, 113. LINACES, 35. Linaria, 98. LINDEN FAM- ILY, 35. Linden, 35, Linnea, 64. Linum, 14, 35. Lion’s-heart, 105. Liparis, 141. Lip-Fern, 175. Lippia, 103. Listera, 141. Lithospermum, 107. Live-for-ever, 5 6. Liver-leaf, 18. LIVERWORTS, 7, 186. LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY, 122. Lizard’s-tail, 122. LOBELIACES, 91. LOBELIA FAM- ILY, 91. Lobelia, 91, 182. Locust-tree, 43 Lolium, 169. Lombardy Pop- lar, 131. Lonicera, 65. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 58, Loosest’ ife, 58, 97. Lophanth; Lapseel: 103. Lousewort, 102, Incerne, 41. Ludwigia, 58. sep , pine, Lungwort, 107. Lupine, 41. Lupinus, 41. Luzula, 147. Lychnis, 32. Lycium: 112; LYcOPODI- ACEZ5, 179, Lycopodium, 179. Lycopus, 104. Lygodesmia, 90. Lyme-Grass,169, Lysimachia, 97. LYTHRACES, 58. Lythrum, 58. MADDER FAM- ILY, 67. Maianthemum, 145. Maidenhair, 174. Maidenhbair Spleenwort, 175 Male-Fern, 177. MALLOW FAMI- LY, 34. Mallow, 34. MALVACES, 34. Malwa, 34. Malvastrum, 34, Mandrake, 21. Manna-Grass, 166. Manomin, 159. Maple, 5, 39, Mare’s- Tail, 56. M arrubium, 106. Marsh Elder, 78. Marsh Grass, 164. Marsh Mari- gold, 20. Marsh St. Joh 31. MARSILIACE, 180. Marsilia, 180. Maruta, #4.] atrimony- Magchnpl a1 ay-Apple, 21. Mayflower, 93. M ay-weed, 84, Meadow-Grass, 166, 167. Meadow-Pars- nip, 62. eam Rue, Meadow-Sweet, 48. Medeola, 144. Medicago, 41. Medick, 41." SLT YE um, Melanthtum, M ‘elilot, 41. Melilotus, 41. “MENISPERMA- OBA, 21. Menispermum, 21. Mentha, 103. “Menyanthes, 113. Menziesia, 94. Mercury, three- seeded, 123. “Mertensia, 107. MZEREUM FAMILY, 121. Microstylis, 141. “Milfoil, 84. Milium, 171. Milk- Vetch, 43. “MILKWEED FAMILY, 114. Milkweed, 114, 182. “MILKWORT FAMILY, 40. “Milkwort, 40, (97.) Millet, 173. JMimulus, 99. MINT FAMILY, 103. “Mint, 103, (104, 5 105.) Mitchella, 67. Mitella, 55. Miter-wort, 55. Mithridate Mustard, 28. ‘Moccasin -flow- er, 142. “Mock Penny- royal, 104. Mollugo, 33. Monarda, 104. Moneses§, 95. Monkey-flower, Aonottepa: 95. {Montelia, 118.] MOONSEED FAMILY, 21. -Moonseed, 21. Moonwort, 179. Moose-wood, 39; 121. Morus, 124. -Moschatel, 66. IMOssES, 7, 8, 186. _Motherwort, 106. Mountain-Ash, 53. “Mountain-Hol- ly, 95. Mountain-Mint, Mountain Rice, “Mountain Snow,” 123. Mouse-ear Chick weed, 32. _Mouse-ear Cress, 26. Mudwort, 108. Mugwort, 85. Muhlenbergia, 161. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. eer a 15, 124. [Mulgedium, 91 Mullein, 98. Musk Crowfoot, 66. Muskit-Grass, 14, 164. Musquash-Poi- son, 62. MustTARD FAMILY, 23. Mustard, 15, 25, 26. Myosotis. 107. MYRICACE, 127. Myrica, 127. Myriophyllum, 56, 182. Mugtie Willow, {Nabalus, 90.] NAIADACE, 136. Naias, 136. Nailwort, 33. Napza, 31. LEER LOSE: 70.! N asta tium, 23, Neri weed 100. Negundo, 40 Neillia, 48. Nelumbium, 22, 182. Nelumbo, 22. Nemopanthes, 95. Nepeta, 105. Nesza, 58. NETTLE FAMI- LY, 124. Nettle, (106,) 124. Nettle-tree, 124. New Jersey Tea, 39. Nicandra, 111. Nicotiana, 112. Nigella, 21. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY, 111. Nightshade, 111, 144, Nine-bark, 48. “Norway Pine,” 131. Nuphar, 22. Nut- Rush, 153. NYCTAGINA- CE, 116 NYMPH ACE, 21. Nymphea, 22. OAK FAMILY, 126. Oak, 126, 181. Oakesia, 145. Oak-Fern, 176. Oat-Grass, 171. C&£nothera, 14, 57, 182. Oil-nut, 125. Old-witch Grass, 172. OLEACEZ:, 115. OLEASTER FAM- ILY, 121. Oleaster, 121. OLIVE FAMILY, 115. ‘ONAGRACES, One-flowered Pyrola, 95. One-seeded Star-Cucum- ber, 59. Onion, 147. Onoclea, 177. Onopordon, 88. Onosmodium, 106. OPHIOGLOSSA- CE, 179. Ophioglossum, Gungti: 59. Orange-root, 20. Orchard Grass, 166. ORCHIDACES, 139. ORCHIS FAM- ILY, 139. Orchis, 139, 140. OROBANCHA- CE, 98. ORPINE FAM- ILY. 56. Orpine, 56. Orthocarpus, 14, 102. Oryzopsis, 162. Osier, 128. Osmorrhiza, 63. Osmunda, 178. Ostrich-Fern, 177. Ostrya, 127. Oxalis, 36, 182. Ox-eye, 79. Ox- sae Daisy, 15, Gr yhaphas, 116. Oxytropis, 14, ee horas Cup, 101. Panic-Grass, 172. Panicum, 172. Pansy, 29. PAPAVERACES, 23. Papaver, 23. Papen ey root, Pict 125. Parnassia, 55. PARONYCHIE#, 33. PARSLEY FAMILY, 59. Parsley, él. Parsnip, 61. Partheuium, 78. Partridge- berry, 67. Partr idge Pea, — 47. pasate ones ; 17. Pastinaca, 61. Pearlwort, 33. Pedicularis, 102. Peltlea, 175. Pellitory, 125. Pembina, 67. Pennycress, 28. Pennyroyal, (103,) 104. Penthorum, 56. Fenispemon, 14, 99. Peppergrass, 28. PenperTeiny, 04. Pepper-root, 24. Pepperwort, 28. Petalostemon, 42. Petasites, 70. Peucedanum, 14, 60, 61. Phacelia, 109. Phalaris, 171. Phaseolus, 47. Phegopteris, 8, 175. Phelipza, 98.] hleum, 160. Phlox, 109. Phragmites, 168. Phryma, 103. Physalis, 111. Physic, Cul- ver’s, 100. Physostegia, 105. PHYTOLACCA- CE, 116. Phytolacca, 116. Picea, 132. PICKEREL- Weep ay Piekerel- Weed, pigeon’ Berry, 116. “Pigeon- Grass,’’ 173. Pig-nut, 126. Pigweed, 116, 118. Pilea, 125. Pimpernel, 97. Pimpinella, 62. PINE FAMILY, 15, 131. Pine, 15, 131. Pine-sap, 95. Pinguicula, 98. Eos FAMILY, Pink, 31,101, 141. Pinus, 131. Pinweed, 30. Pipe- Vine, 116. PIPEW ORT FAMILY, 149. Pipewor t, 149. Pipsissewa, 95. Pirus, 53. PITCHER- PLANT FAM- ILY, 22. Pitcher- Plant, 22. PLANE-TREE FAMILY, 125. Plare-tree, 125. PLANTAGI +s A- CE, 96. Plantazo, 14, 96. PLANTAIN FAMILY, 96. Fanaa (74,) Coane CEH, 125. Platanus, 125, ey root, Poduphyllum, 191 PODOSTEMA- CE, 123. Podestemon, 123. Pogonia, 141, Poison Dog- wood, 37. Poison Hem- lock, 63. Poison Ivy, 37. Poison Oak, 37. Poke. 116, 144. POKEWEED FAMILY, 116. Pokeweed, 116. Polanisia, 28. POLEMONIA- CEH, 109. POLEMONIUM FAMILY, 109. Polemouium, 109. POLYGALACER, 40. Polygala, 40. POLYGONACEZ, 118. Polygonatum, 146. Polygonum, 118, 182 Polymnia, 78. Eee, Polenody, 174. Polytzenia, 60. Pomme blanche, 42. Pomme de Prairie, 42. Pomme de Terre, 42, 47. Pond-Lily, 22. PONDWEED FAMILY, 136. Pendweed, 136. PONTEDERIA- CHEZ, 149. Pontederia, 149. Poplar, 130. POPPY FAMILY, 23. Poppy, 2 Poputse 130,182. Porcupine Grass, 14, 163. PORTULACA- CEH, 33. Portulaca, 33. Potamogeton, 136. Potentilla, 14,49. Prairie, 12. Prairie Clover, Prairie Dock,78. Prairie Mallow, 34. Prairie Rocket, “Prairie Smoke,” 17. Prenanthes, 90. Prickly Ash, 37. Prickly Pear,59. Pride of Ohio, 97. PRIMROSE FAMILY. 96. Primrose, 96. PRIMULACES, 96. Primula, 96. Prince’s Feather, 119. 192 Feinogs Pine, Tnaal 48. Psoralea, 42. Ptelea, 37. Pteris, 174. Pterospora, 95. Puccoon, 20, 107. Pulsatilla, 17. PULSE FAMILY, 41. Purple Cone- flower, 80. PURSLANE FAMILY, 33. Purslane, 33. Purslane Speedwell, 100. tele ON 33. Pussy Willow, 129. Putty-root, 142. Fyecnanthe- mum, 104. Pyrola, 94. 95. (Pyrus, 53.) Quarrash, 147. Queen of the Meadow, 48. Quercus, 126, 182. Quitch- or Quick-Grass, 169. Rabbit-foot Clo- ver, 41. Ragweed, 79, 182. Ragwort, 87. Rain-fall, 12,165. Ramsted, 99. RANUNCULA- CHS, 17. Fannacnlns: 14, Reanibenn, 51. gag Yellow, “Rattle-box,” 22, Rattlesnake Fern, 179. Rattlesnake- Grass, 166. Rattlesnake- Master, 60. Rattlesnake- Plantain, 140, Rattlesnake- root, 90. Rattlesnake- weed, 90. Ray-Grass, 169. Red-bud, 47. Red-root, 39, 1 Red oe 161, Redwood river, 64, 154. Reed, 168. Reed Bent- Grass, 162. Reed Canary- Grass, 171. Reed-Grass, 161. Reed-mace, 135. Rein-Orchis, 139. RHAMNACES, 38. Rhamopus, 38. Rhinanthus, 102, ) INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Rhus, 37. Rhynchospora, 152 Ribes. 54. Rice ee Grass, 14, 159 Rice, Mountain, Rico, Wild, 159. Richweed, 125. “River Locust,” 43. RIVER-WEED ~ FAMILY, 123. River- weed, 123, Robinia, 43. Robin’s Plan- tain, 74. Rock-Brake, 175. Rock Cress, 24, 25, 181. Rocket, 25. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY, 30. Rock-rose, 30. Roman Worm- wood, 79. ROSACE4, 48. Rosa, 52. RosE FAMILY, 48. Rose, 52. Rose-Mallow,34. Rosemary, 94. Rosin-Plant, 78. Royal-Fern, 178, RUBIACE, 67. Rubus, 61, Rudbeckia, 80. Rue-Anemone, 18. eh FAMILY, Ruellia, 102, Rumex, 120. RusH FAMILY, 147. Rush, 148, 150-3. Rush Grass, 160, 182. RUTACES, 37. Sacred Bean, 22, 182. “Sage,” 85, 86, (103. ) Sagina, 33. Sasittaria, 138. SALICACEA, 128. Salicornia, 117, Salix, 128. SALVINTACEA, 180. Sambucus, 66. Samolus, 97. Samphire, 117. SANDALWOOD FAMILY, 122. “Sand-bur,” 173. Sand Cherry, 48. Sand-Reed, 162. Sandwort, 32. Sanguinaria, 23. Sanicle, 60. Sanicula, 60. SANTALACEA, 122. SAPINDACE, 39. Saponaria, 31. SARRACENIA- CE, 22. EE ee ee ee ee ee ee ed Sarracenia, 22. Sarsaparilla, 63. SAURURACEX, 122. Saururus, 122, Savin, 134. SAXIFRAGA- CE, 54. Saxifraga, 55. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 54. Saxifrage, 55, (56, 62. Schedonnar- dus, 169. Scheuchzeria, 138. Schollera, 149. Scirpus, 151. Scleria, 153. Scoke, 116. Scorpion-grass, 107. Feokee Thistle, pha Rush, pCaBEune men ACEH, 98. Scrophularia, Scutellaria, 105. Sea Blite, 117. ia Ni Sea-Rocket, 28. Sea Sand-Reed, 162. Sea-side Crow- foot, 18. SEDGE FAMILY, 150. Sedge, 153. Sedum, 66. SELAGINEL- LE#, 180. Selaginella, 180. Self-heal, 105. Selinum, 61. Seneca Grass, ua be Seneca Snake- root, 40. Senecio, 14, 86. Senna, 47, 181. Sensitive Fern, , 177. Sensitive Pea, 47, 181. Service- berry, sears 173 Shad- bush, 53. Shamrock, “41, Shave-Grass, 174. Sheep-berry, 66. Sheep’s Fescue, 168. Shell- bark HHO: 15, Sheil- flower, 99. Shephergaia, 121. Shepherd's Purse, 27. Shield-Fern, 176. Shin-leaf, 94. “Shoe-strings,”’ 43. Shooting Star, 97. Bhraphy, Tre- foil, 37. Shrubs, 13, 183. Sickle- -pod, 25. Sicyos, 59. Side-saddle flower, 22. Silene, 31. Silkweed, 114. Silpbium, 78. Silver-Berry, 14, Silver-weed, 50. Sisymbrium, 26. Sisyrinchium, 143. Sium, 63, Skulleap, 105. Skunk Cab- bage, 134. skunk Currant, sipuery Eln, 124. Smartweed, 119. SMILACE®, 143. Smilacina, 145. SMILAX FAM- ILY, 143. Smilax, 143, 183. Smooth Lung- wort, 107. Snake-head, 99. Snakeroot, 60, 68, 70. Snakeroot, Sen- eca, 40. eae -weed, Snowberry, 15, 65, 93. Snow-fall, 12. SOAPBERRY FAMILY, 39. Soapwort, 31. Soapwort Gen- tian, 113. Soil, 12. SOLANACER, 111, Solanum, 111. Solidago, 75, 182, 183. Solomon’s Seal, Sorghum, 173. ] ee Eat (36,) 120, 21. Bou Thistle, 91. Sparganium, 135. Spare. 14, 164. Spatter -Dock, Speak Greets 167 Spearmint, 103. Spearwort, 18. Specularia, 92. Speedweil, 100. Speirodela, 135. BDNer flower, SripERWonk FAMILY, 149. Spiderwort, 149. Spikenard, 5, 63. Spike- Rush, 150. Spindlestree, Sninends 48, 182. Spiranthes, 140. Spleenmonis Sperotiaiiae 14,, 60, 182. Spring- -Beauty.. anedaes 16, 132. SPURGE FAM- ILY, 123. Spurge, 123. Spurred Gen- tian, 112. Squaw-Huckle- berry, 93. Ba Squirrel Corn, Stachys, 15, 106. STAFF-TREE FAMILY, 39. Stafi-tree, 39. Staphylea, 39 i Cucumber,,. Star-flower, 97. Star-grass, 142, 143, 149. Starry Cam- ion, 31. tar-Thistle, 87. Starwort, 32, 70, 122. Pee, Bush, Steironema, 97. Stellaria, 32, 181. Stickseed, 107. Stick- -tight, 83, 108. Se ee 32, stipa 14, 163. . JOHN’S-- Wane FAMILY,. 30. St. John’s-wort,. 30, 181. Stone- -crop, 56. Storksbill, 36. Stramonium, 112. Strawberry, 51.. Strawberry Blite, 117. Strawberry bush, 39. Streptopus, 145. [Struthiopteris, 177.) Suzeda, 14, 117. Subularia, 27. Succory, 89. Sugar, 40. Sugarberry, 124, Sullivantia, 55. Sumach, 37. SUNDEW FAM- ILY, 30. Sundew, 30. Sundrops, 58, 182. Sunflower, 14, (79,) 80, (83, ) 182. Sweet Cicely, 63. Sweet Clover, 41. Sweet Coltsfoot,. 70. Sweet-Fern, 127. Sweet Flag, 135. SwEET-GALE FAMILY, 127+ Sweet-Gale, 127. Sweet Scabious, 74, Sycamore, 125. Sy mphoricar- pos, 65. Symphytum, 106. Symplocarpus, 134s Synthyris, 100. Tacamahac, 131, “Tag Alder,” 128. Talinum, 33. Tamarack, 15, 133. Tanacetum, 84. Tansy, 84. Tansy Mustard, age: -grass, 139. Taraxacum, 91. Tare, 46, 182. TAXACE®, 134. Taxus, 134. Tea, 39, 94. Tear-thumb, 120. TEASEL FAM- ILY, 68. Teasel, 68. Tephrosia, 43. Teucrium, 103. Thalictrum, 18. Thaspium, 62. Seelypodium, Mimpleberry; 51 Thin- Grass, 160. TBH, 15, (87,) Thiaspi, 28. Thorn, 52. Thorn -apple, Buurduphwort, 70, Three-leaved Nightshade, ~ 144 Three-seeded Mercury, 123. Thuya, 133. THYMELEA- CE, 121. Tiarelia, 56. Tickseed, 82,182. Tick-Trefoil, 45, 182. TILIACE®, 35. Tilia, 35. Timothy, 160. Toad-Fiax, 98, 122.) obacco,(91,) 112. Tofieidia, 145. pecuiache- -tree, opti ort, 24. Toul aphy, 11. Touch-me-not, Tower Mustard, ‘Tradescantia, 149. Tragopogon, 89. INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA. Trailing Arbu- tus, 93. Treacle Mus- tard, 25. Tree culture, 130 Trees, 13-15, 183. Trefoil, Shrub- by, 37. Trentalis, 97. Trifolium, 41, 182. Triglochin, 137. Trillium, 144 Triosteum, 66. Triple-awned - Grass, 163. Trisetum, 171. [Triticum, 169.] Troximon, 14,89. Trumpet- weed, 70. Tsuga, 132. “Tule? 151. Tumble-weed, 118. Turtle-head, 99. Tussilago, 70. Twayblade, 141. Twin-flower, 64. Twisted-stalk, 145. TYPHACES, 135. Typha, 135. Ulmus, 124. UMBELLIFERZ, 59. URTICACE, 124. Urtica, 124. Utricularia, 98. Uvularia, 145. Vaccaria, 31.1 accinium, 92. VALERIAN FAMILY, 68. Valerian, 68, 109.) * ALERIANA-~ CE, 68. Valeriana, 68. Valerianella,68. Vallisneria, 139. Vanilla Grass, 171. x Vegetable Oyster, 89. aha - Leaf, 34, Venus’s Look- ing-Glass, 92. Veratrum, 144. Verbascum, 98. VERBENACES, 103. Verbena, 103. Vernonia, 68. Veronica, 100. VERVAIN FAMILY, 103. Vervain., 103. Vesicaria, 14, 27. Vetch, 46, 182. Vetchling, 46. Viburnum, 66, Vicia, 46, 182. [Vilfa, 160 ] VINE FAMILY, 38. VIOLACE2, 28. Viola, 28. VIOLET FAMILY, 28. Violet, 28. Virginian Creeper, 38. Virgin’s-Bower, VITACES, 38. Vitis, 38. Waahoo, 39. | Water Ash, 37. Wake-Robin, 144. Waldsteinia, 49. Walking-leaf, 175. Wall-flower, 25. WALNUT FAM- ILY, 125. Walnut, 15. 125. Wapsipinicon river, 138. Watab, 133. Water Arum, 134. Wee Beech, Water Chinqua- pin, 22, 182. Water-Cress, 28, 24, 181. Water-Crow- foot, 18. Water Drop- wort, 61 Water-Hem- lock, 62. Water-Hemp, 118. Water Hore- hound, 104. WATERLEAF FAMILY, 109. Waterleaf, 109. WATER- LILY FAMILY, 21. Water-Lily, 22. Water Mari- gold, 83. W ATER-MIL- noe FAMILY, Water -Milfoil, 56, 182. Water ymph, Water Oats, 159. Water-Parsnip, 63, 182, Water Penny- wort, 59. Water-Pepper, 119 WATER-PLAN- TAIN FAMILY, 137. Water-Plan- tain, 138. Water-Plan- tain Spear- wort, 18, Water-Purs- lane, 58. Water- Shield, Water Star- grass, 149, WATER STAR- WORT FAMILY, 122. Water-Star- wort, 122. Water-weed, 139. Wax-Myrtle, 127 Wax-work, 39. W eather- -glass, 97. Weather-grass, 63. Weeds, 15. Wheat-Grass, 169. ite Grass, White Lettuce, White Pine, 132. oe weed, 16, Whitewood, 35. Whitlow: -Gr. ass, | Wurrtow- MORE FAMILY, Whitiow- wort, Whior tleberry, Wild Balsam- apple, 59. Wild Bean, 47. Wild Bergamot, 104. Wild Calla, 134. Wild Chess, 168. Wild Comfr: ey, 108. Wie Currant, Wild Flax, 35. Wid Ginger, 116. Wid Gooseber- 54. wild Hyacinth, wild Indigo, 47. Wild Leek, 147. Wild Licorice, 45, 67. Wild Oat-Grass, 170. Wild Oats, 1707 Wild Onion, 147, wad Plum, 5, 48. Wild Rice, 5, 159. Wild Rose- mary, 94. Wild Bye, 169. Wild Senna, 181. Wild Sweet- William, 109. ee Tobacco, 11 WILLOW FAM- ILY, 128. Willow, 128. Watlaes -herb, Xie Wind-flower, 193 Winged Pig- weed, 116, 182. Winterberry, Winter Cress, Wiktevevece: 15, 93, 94, 95, 97. Wire- Grass, 167. Witch- -Grass, 169, (172.) WITcH-HAZEL FAMILY, 56. Witch-Hazel,56. Withe-rod, 66. Wolfberry, 65. W olffia, 135. Wood Anem- one, 17. Wood Betony,,. 102. Woodbine, 65. “W oodbine,’’38: Wood-Fern, 176. Mood: -Grass, i Wood: -Nettle,. Wood Reed- Grass, 161. Wood-Rush, Wood Sage, 103.. Woodsia, 8, 177. Wood Sorrel, 36, 182. Wool-Grass, 182. Worm-seed Mustard, 25. Wor mwood (79,) Weagdwort, 106; Xanthium, 79. ac ieemerae XYRIDACEX; 149. Xyris, 149. yam FAMILY, 143. Yam, 143, 182. Yam- root, 143, 182. Yarrow, 84. YELLOW-EYED- GRASS FAMILY, 149. Yellow-eyed Grass, 149, Yellow Medi- cine river, 21. Yellow Rattle, 102. YEW FAMILY, 134, Yew, 134. Zannichellia, 136. (Zanthoxylum, 37, Zizania, 159. ae , 62.1 ygadene, 144, Zygzadenus, 144. PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA. u I. ANNUAL REPORTS, Tue First ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NatTuRAL History Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1872. 112 pp., 8vo.; with a col- ored map of the state. By N. H. Winchell. Published in the Regents’ Report for 1872. Out of print. SEconD EDITION issued, 1884. THE Seconp ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History Survey OF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1873. 145 pp., 8vo.; with illustra- tions. By N. H. Winchell and S. F. Peckham. Published in the Regents’ Report for 1873. Out of print. Tar Turrp ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura History Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1874. 42 pp., 8vo.; with two county maps. By N.H. Winchell. Published in the Regents’ Report for 1874. Out of print. Tur FourtH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NaturAu History Survey or MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1875. 162 pp., 8vo.; with four county maps and a number of other illustrations. By N. H. Winchell, assisted by M. W. Harrington, Also in the Regents’ Report for 1875. Tar Firra ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NatuRaL History | Survey oF MrInnEsoTA, FOR THE YEAR 1876, 248 pp., 8vo.; four colored maps and several other illustrations. By N. H. Winchell; with reports on Chemistry by S. F. Peckham, Omithology by P. L. Hatch, Entomology by Allen Whitman, and on Fungi by A. E. Johnson. Also in the Regents’ Re- port for 1876. Tue Srxtn AnnuaL REPoRT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura History Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1877. 226 pp., 8vo.; three geological maps and several other illustrations. By N.H. Winchell; with reports on Chemical Analyses by S. F’. Peckham, on Ornithology by P. L. Hatch, on Entomology by Allen Whitman, and on Geology of Rice county by L. B. Sperry. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1877, Out of print. Tur SreventH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HIsToRY Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1878. 123 pp., 8vo.; with twenty- one plates. By N.H. Winchell; with a Field Report by C. W. Hall, Chemical Analyses by S. F'. Peckham, Ornithology by P. L. Hatch, a list of the Plants of the north shore of Lake Superior by B. Juni, and an Appendix by C. L. Herrick on the Microscopic Entomostraca of Minnesota (twenty-one plates). Also in the Regents’ Report for 1878. ¥ LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, Tue Erenta ANNUAL REPoRT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natural History _ Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1879. 183 pp., 8vo.; one plate (Cas- - toroides). By N.H. Winchell. Containing a statement of the methods of Microscopic Lithology, a discussion of the Cupriferous Series in Minnesota, _ and descriptions of new species of brachiopoda from the Trenton and Hudson River formations; with reports on the Geology of Central and Western Minne- _ sota, by Warren Upham; on the Lake Superior region, by C. W. Hall; lists Birds and of Plants from Lake Superior, by Thomas S. Roberts; Chemical Analyses by S. F'. Peckham; report by P. L. Hatch; and four Appendixes. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1879 and 1880. Tue Ninto ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History SuRVEY oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1880. 392 pp., 8vo.; three appen- dixes, two wood-cut illustrations, and six plates. By N. H. Winchell. Con- taining field descriptions of 442 crystalline rock samples, and notes on their geological relations, from the northern part of the state; new brachiopoda; the water supply of the Red River Valley, and simple tests of the qualities of water; with reports on the Upper Mississippi region, by O. E. Garrison; on _ the Hydrology of Minnesota, by C, M. Terry; on the Glacial Drift and its Terminal Moraines, by Warren Upham; Chemical Analyses by J. A. Dodge; a list of the Birds of Minnesota, by P. L. Hatch; and of the Winter Birds, by Thomas S. Roberts. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1879 and 1880. Tue Trento ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History _ SURVEY or MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1881. 254 pp., 8vo.; with ten wood- cut illustrations, and fifteen plates. By N.H. Winchell. Containing field descriptions of about 400 rock samples and notes on their geological relations, continued from the last report; the Potsdam sandstone; typical thin sections of the rocks of the Cupriferous Series; and the deep well at the ‘‘C” Washburn mill, Minneapolis; with Geological notes by J. H. Kloos; Chemical Analyses by J. A, Dodge; and papers on the Crustacea of the fresh waters of Minnesota (eleven plates), by C. Z. Herrick. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1881 and 1882. Toe ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura His- TORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1882. 219 pp.,8vo.; with three wood-cut illustrations and one plate. By N. H. Winchell. Containing a re- port on the Mineralogy of Minnesota, and a note on the Age of the rocks of the Mesabi and Vermilion iron districts; with papers on the Crystalline rocks of Minnesota, by A. Streng and J. H. Kloos; on Rock outcrops in central Minnesota, and on Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham; on the Iron region of northern Minnesota, by Albert H. Chester; Chemical Analyses by J. A. Dodge; and an Appendix containing Minnesota Laws relating to Mines and Mining, abstracted by C, L. Herrick. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1881 and 1882. II. FINAL REPORT. THEe Grotocgy or Minnesota. Vou. I. or THE Finan Report. 1884; xiv and 697 pp., quarto; illustrated by 43 plates and 52 figures. By N. H. Winchell, assisted by Warren Upham. Containing an Historical sketch of Explorations and Surveys in Minnesota, the general Physical features of the state, the Build- ing stones, and the Geology of Houston, Winona, Fi!lmore, Mower, Freeborn, Pipestone, Rock and Rice counties, by N. H. Winchell; the Geology of Olm- LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. sted, Dodge and Steele counties, by M. W. Harrington; and the Geology of Waseca, Blue Earth, Faribault, Watonwan, Martin, Cottonwood, Jackson, Murray, Nobles, Brown, Redwood, Yellow Medicine, Lyon, Lincoln, Big Stone, Lac qui Parle and Le Sueur counties, by Warren Upham. Distributed gratuitously to.all public libraries and county auditors’ offices in the state, to other state libraries and state universities, and to leading geologists and scientific societies; the remainder are held for sale at the cost of publication, $3.50 per copy in cloth, or $5 in grained half roan binding, upon application to Prof. N. H. Winchell, Minneapolis. III) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. 1. Crecutar No. 1. A copy of the law ordering the survey, and a note ask- ing the co-operation of citizens and others. 1872. 2. Peat ror Domsstic Fugu. 1874. Edited by S. F’. Peckham. 3. REPORT ON THE SALT SPRING LANDS DUE THE STATE OF MINNESOTA. A history of all official transactions relating to them, and a statement of their amount and location. 1874. By N. H. Winchell. 4. A CATALOGUE OF THE PLants OF MINNESOTA; prepared in 1865 by Dr. I. A. Lapham, contributed to the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, and published by the State Horticultural Society in 1875. 5. Crrcunrar No.2. Relating to Botany, and giving general directions for collecting information on the flora of the state. 1876. 6. CrrcutaR No. 38. The establishment and organization of the Museum. 1877. 7. Crrcutar Neo. 4. Relating to duplicates in the Museum and exchanges. FY 1878. ; 8. Tur Burnpine Stones, Cuays, Limes, CEMENTS, ROOFING, “FLAGGING * AND Pavine Stones oF Minnesora. A special report by N. H. Winchell. . 1880. 9. Crecunar No. 5. To Quarrymenand Builders. Relating to the collection of two-inch cubes of building stones for physical tests. of strength, and for chemical examination, and samples of clay and brick for the General Museum. 1880. ; : 10. CrrcuntaR No. 6. To owners of mills and unimproved water-powers. 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