i I i \ i ! 1 ~T ' b^> THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1875. AN ACCOUNT OF WORKS ON GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND PALEONTOLOGY PUBLISHED DURING THE YEAR. EDITED BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.G.S., OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND. six LONDON: TA.YLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 1877. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Al.EEE i FLAMMASf. PEEFACE. Ix issuing the second volume of the Geological ReCoJid it will be well to notice the points in which it differs frOm the first. These are : — the use of a more distinct type for special purposes (thicker type for names of authors, and italics foi* journals), so as to make reference more easy ; the introduction of the head- ing '' Oceania ^* for various islands that do not gtoup well under other headings ; and the addition of an " Index of New Species/' which cannot fail to augment the value of the palseontological part of the work. The increase in the number of papers, &c. noticed, as com- pared with the volume for 1874, and the addition of a Supple- ment for that year (making in all 2350 entries against 2130), have made this volume much larger. It is to be hoped that the greater expense thus caused will be met by an equivalent increase in the number of Subscribers, especially as the subscription has been kept at the original low sum; and I would beg all geologists to aid us in firmly establishing this useful work. The grant from the British Association has not only re- moved some anxiety as to finances, but has also enabled me to secure the services of Mr. T. W. Newton, Assistant-Librarian IV PREFACE. of the Royal School of Mines, who has greatly relieved me in the revision of proofs, and in other ways lightened my share of the work. A fire at the printers^ has caused some delay in publication. Having *' passed through the fire " almost unhurt, let us hope that our success is assured — and that the Geological Record may continue to carry out the motto of its publishers, " Ale RE flammam/^ in a less literal way. WILLIAM WHITAKER. London, July 1877. CONTENTS. ♦ Page Pheface iii Initials of Contributors vii List of Contractions ix Errata xix Stratigraphical and Descriptive Geology. 1. British Isles. W. Topley, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Sub-Editor 1 2. Europe. G. A. Lebour, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 47 3. Arctic Regions. G. A. Lebour, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 109 4. America. G. A. Lebour, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 113 5. Asia. F. Drew, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 134 6. Africa. E. B. Tawney, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 144 7. Australasia. R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S., Sub-Editor. . 147 8. Oceania (and various Islands). R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S., Sub-Editor .' 165 Physical Geology. F. Drew, F.G.S., Sub-Editor. 1. Volcanic and Subterranean Phenomena ; Metamorphism 170 2. Denudation ; Glacial Phenomena 180 3. Rock-formation 190 4. Miscellaneous 194 Applied and Economic Geology. W. Topley, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Sub-Editor 197 VI CONTENTS. Pajre Petrology. Rev. T. G. Bonney, M.A., F.G.S., Sub-Editor 206 Meteorites 226 Mineralogy. F. W. Rudler, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 229 Mineral Waters 267 Paleontology. 1. Vertebrata. Prof. L. C. Miall, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 271 2. Invertebrata. Prof. H. A. Nicholson, D.Sc, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 297 3. Plants. W. Cariiuthers, F.R.S., F.G.S., Sub-Editor . . 334 4. Index of New Species, by "W. H. Dalton, Prof. Nichol- son, and W. Oarruthers 342 Maps and Sections 358 Miscellaneous and General. E. B. Tawney, F.G.S., Sub- Editor 372 Addenda. W. H. Dalton, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 383 Supplement to the Geological Record for 1874. AV. H. Dalton, F.G.S., Sub-Editor 400 Postscript 416 Index. By H. B. Woodward, F.G.S 417 vu INITIALS OF CONTEIBUTORS. A. B. ... Dr. A. BouE, Tor. Mem. G.S. A. H. G. . . Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.G.S. A. J. J-B. . . A. J. Jukes-Browne, B.A., F.G.S., Geological Survey. C. E De R. . C. E. De Range, F.G.S., Geological Survey. C. L. N. F. . C. Le N. Foster, D.Sc, F.G.S., H.M. Inspector of Mines. G. P. G. . . C. P. Gloyne. E. B. T. . . E. B. Tawney, F.G.S., Bristol Museum. E. E E. Erdmann (Sweden). E. T. H. . . E. T. Hardman, F.O.S., Geological Survey. E. T. N. . . E. T. Newton. F.G.S., Geological Survey.* F. D. ... F.Drew, F.G.S. F. R. . . . F. RuTLEY, F.G.S., Geological Survey. F. W. R. . . F. W. RuDLER, F.G.S. G. A. L. . . G. A. Lebour, F.G.S. G. H. K. . . G. H. KiNAHAN, M.R.r.A., Geological Survey. H. A. N. . . Prof. IT. A. Nicholson, D.Sc, F.G.S. H. B. ... H. Bauerman, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E, H. B. W. . . H. B. Woodward, F.G.S., Geological Survey. H. M. . . . H. Miller, F.G.S., Geological Survey. .1. E. T. . . J. E. Taylor, F.G.S., Ipswich Museum. J. G. G. . . .1. G. GooDCHiLD, Geological Survey. J. H. ... John Horne, F.G.S., Geological Survey. . J. M=P. . . J. M'^Pherson. J. S Prof. J. SzABO (Hungary). J. W. J. . . Prof. J. W. JuDD, F.R.S., F.G.S. L. C. M. . . Prof. L. C. MiALL, F.G.S. R. B. N. . , R. B. Newton, Geological Survey. R. E., Jun. . R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S., Geological Survey. R. L. J. . . R. L. Jack, F.G.S., Geological Survey. T. G. B. . . Rev. T. G. Bonney, M.A., F.G.S. T. M. H. . . T. M. Hall, F.G.S. T. R. J. . . Prof. T. R. Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S. T. W. D. . . T.W. Danby, F.G.S. W. C. . . . W. Carruthers, F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum. VV. H. D. . . W. II. Dalton, F.G.S., Geological Survey. W. T. . . . W. Topley, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. O.E., Geological Survey. W. W. . . . \V. WniTAKKR, B.A., F.().S., Geological Survey. IX CONTRACTIONS USED IN REFERENCES. [Where not otherwise stated works are in 8vo.] Abh. geoL Spedalkm-te Preuss. — Abhandlungen zur geologischen Special- karte von Preussen und den Thiiringischen Staaten. Berlin. Abh. k. Ah. Wiss. Berlin. — Abhandlungen der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin. 4to. Abh. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. — Abhandlungen der koniglichen bohmischen Gesell- sijhaft der Wissenschaften. 4to. Prague. Abh. k.-k. f/eol. Reichs. — Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen geologis- chen Reichsanstalt. 4to. Vienna. Abh. math.-phys. CI. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. — Abhandlungen der mathematisch- physikalischen Olasse der koniglich-bayerischen Akademie der Wis- senchaften zu Miinchen. Munich. Abh. nat. Ges. Gorlitz. — Abhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Gorlitz. Abh. schiveiz. pal. Ges. — Abhandlungen der schweizerischen palseontogra- phischen Gesellschaft. 4to. Basle. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux. — Actes de la Soci^te Linneenne de Bordeaux. Atnei\ Joum. — American Journal of Science and Arts. Newhaven. Amer. Nat. — American Naturalist. Salem, Mass. An?i. Assoc. Ing. Liege. — Annuaire de I'Association des Ing^nieurs sortis de I'Ecole de Liege. Ann. Chim. Phys. — Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Paris. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York. — Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Ann. Mines. — Annales des Mines. Paris. Ann. Nat. Hist. — Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. Ann. Rep. Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc. — Annual Report. Birmingham Natural-History and Microscopical Society. Ann. Rep. Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. — Annual Report of the Brighton and Sussex Natural-History Society. Ann. Rep. R. Cornwall Pol. Soc. — Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Falmouth. Ann. Rep. S. C. New York. — Annual Report on the State Cabinet of New York. Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. — Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington. Ann. Rep. Wanvick. Nat. Hist. Soc. — Annual Report of the Warwdckshiie Natural-History and ArchaBological Society. Warwick. Attn. Rep. Wellington Coll. Nat. Sci. Soc— Annual Report of the Wellington College Natural-Science Society. Wellington College. Atm. Sci. Ecole Norm. — Annales Scientifiques de I'licole Normale sup^rieure. 4to. Paris. Ann. Sci. GSol. — Annales des Sciences Gdologiques. Paris. X CONTRACTIONS. Ann. Set. Nat. — Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Paris. Ann. Soc. Agric. Lynn. — Annales des Sciences physiques et naturelles, d'Agriculture, et d'Industrie, publiees par la !Societt3 d'Agriculture de Lyon. 4to. Ann. Soc. A(/ric. Set. Le Puy. — Annales de la Soci<5t6 d'Agriculture, Sciences, Arts et Commerce du Puy. Le Puy. Ann. Soc. JSmul. Vosges. — Annales de la Socit^td d'Emulation du D^parte- ment des Vosges. Epiual. Ann. Soc. Entomol. ^e/jr.— Annales de la Soci^tt^ Entomologique de Belgique. Ann. Soc. Geol BeUj. — Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, com- pribing Mimoires and Bulletin. Liege. Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord.— Annahs de la Societe Geologique du Nord. ^ Lille. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. — Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique, comprising Memoires and Bulletin, Brusselh. An. Soc. Espah. Hist. Nat. — Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Arh. geol. Ahth. Land. Bohm. — Die Arbeiten der geologischen Abtlieilung der Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen, Prague. Arch. Mus. Lyon. — Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon. 4to. Arch. 3fus. Teyler. — Archives du Musee Teyler. Haarlem. Arch. nat. Land. Bohm. — Archiv fiir die naturwissenschaftliche Landes- durchforschung von Bohmen. Prague. Arch. Nat. Liv-, Esth^ Kurlands. — Archiv fiir die Naturkunde Liv-,_E3th- und Kurlands. Ilerausgegeben von der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesell- schaft. Dorp at. Arch. Neerl. Sci. Ex. Nat. — Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, publiees par la Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem. La Have. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. — Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. — Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. Geneva. Atti R. Ac. Line. — Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. 4to. Rome. Atti B. Ac. Torin. — Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Atti R. Lst. Ven. Sci. — Atti delle Adunanze dell' T. R. Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. — Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Milan. Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa. — Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Natu- rali, residente in Pisa. Beitr. Nat. Preuss. Konigsherg. — Beitrage zur Naturkunde Prenssens, heraus- gegeben von der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigs- herg. Ber. deutsch. chem. Ges. — Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. Berlin. Berg- hutt. Zeitung. — Berg- und hiittenmannische Zeitung. Leipzig. Ber. k. sdchs. Ges. Wiss. — Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der koniglich- sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Ber. nat. Ges. Freihurg. — Berichte liber die Verhandlungen der naturfor- schenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Nat. — Bericht des OfFenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkunde iiber seine Thatitrkeit. Offenbach am Main. Ber. Senckenh. nat. Ges. — Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft. Frankfort, Bol. Ac. Nac. Cordova. — Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias exactas existente en la Universidad de Cordova. Buenos Avres. CONTRACTIONS. X.1 Bol. Com. map. geol. Espan. — Boletin de la Comision del mapa geologico de Espafia. Madrid. Boll. JR. Com. geol. Ital. — Bollettino del Reale Comitato geologico d' Italia. Rome. Bull. Ac. Imp. St. Pitersh. — Bulletin de 1' Academic Imp^riale des Sciences de St, Petersbourof. 4to. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. — Bulletin de I'Academie Rojale des Sciences, &c. de Bel- gique. Brussels. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Set. — Bulletin of the Bufialo Society of Natural Sciences. Bufialo [New York]. Bull. Cornell Univ. — Bulletin of the Cornell University (Science). Ithaca, New York. Bull. Essex Inst. — Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass. Bull. Minn. Ac. Nat. Sci. — Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Minneapolis. Bull. Soc. Agr. Sci. Sarthe. — Bulletin de la Societe d'Agriculture, des Sciences et des Arts de la Sarthe. Le Mans. Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris. — Bulletins de la Societe d'Anthropolog-ie de Paris. Bull. Soc. cent. Agric. Prance. — Bulletin de la Societe centrale d'Agricultui'e de la France. Paris. Bull. Soc. dim. Alger. — Bulletin de la Society de Climatologie d'Alger. Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ de Geographic de Paris. Bull. Soc. Geol. France. — Bulletin de la Societ(5 Geologique de la France. Paris. Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. — Bulletin de la Society G^ologique de Normandie, Havre. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Colmar. — Bulletin de la Societt^ d'llistoire NatureUe de Colmar. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz. — Bulletin de la Soci^t6 d'Histoire Natm-elle de Metz. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse. — Bulletin de la Society d'Histoire NatureUe de Toulouse. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ Imp<5riale des Natura^ listes de Moscou. Moscow. Bull. Soc. Indust. min. St. Etienne. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ de rindustije" min^rale de St. Etienne. Bull. Soc. Indust. N France. — Bulletin de la Soci^t(5 Industrielle du Nord de la France. Lille. Bull. Soc. Linn. N. France. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ Linn^enne du Nord de la France. Amiens. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. — Bulletin de la Societe Linn<$enne de Normandie, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Beige. — Bulletin de la Soci^t(5 Royale de Botanique de Belgique. Brussels. Bull. Soc. Sci. Indust. Marseille. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ Scientifique Indus- trielle de Marseille. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchdtel. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. — Bulletin de la Soci(5t^ Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Lausanne. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territories. — Bulletin of the United-States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Washington. Canad. Joum. — The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History : conducted by the Editmg Committee of the Canadian Institute. Toronto. Xii CONTRACTIONS. Canad. iVcf^.— Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science, with the Proceedings of the Natural-History Society of Montreal. Montreal. Cape 3Ionthly 3fag.—C&^e Monthly Magazine. Cape Town. Chem. Cent)'. — Chemisches CentralMatt. Leipzig. Chem, Neivs.— The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. 4to. London. Cine. Quart. Joum. Sci. — Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science. Cluh alp. Frang. — Club alpiu Fran^ais. Coll. Guard.— The Colliery Guardian, and Journal of the Coal and Iron Trades. Fol. London. Comm. Geol. Imp. Brazil. — [Publications of] Commissao Geologica do Im- perio de Brazil. Compt. Rend. — Coraptes Eendus hebdomadaires des Seances de I'Academie des Sciences. 4to. Paris. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Frang. — Association rran9aise pour I'Avancement des Sciences. Comptes-Rendus. Paris. Benkschr. k. Ak. irm.— Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 4to. Vienna. Rvplor. geogr. — L'Explorateur geographique et commerciale. Fork. Vid.-Selsk. Christiama. — Forhandlinger i Videuskub.s -Selskabet i Christiania. Geogr. Mag. — Geographical Magazine. London. Geol. Foren. Stockholm Fork. — Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm For- handlingar. Geol. Mag. — The Geological Magazine: or, Monthly Journal of Geology. London. Gornoi Joum. — [Gornoi Journal.] St. Petersburg. Irrni. — Iron. The Journal of Science, Metals, and Manufactures. Fol. London. Jaarh. Mijn. Ned. O.-Ind. — Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie. Amsterdam. Jahrh. k.-k.Bergakad. — Berg- und hiittenmannisches Jahrbuch der k.-k. Berg- akademien zu Leoben und Pribram und der koniglich-ungarischen Berg- akademie zu Schemnitz. Vienna. Jahrh. k.-k. geol. Reichs. — Jahrbuch der kaiserlich-koniglichengeologischen Eeichsanstalt. Vienna. Jahrh. Nassau Ver. Nat. — Jahrbuch des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzog- thum Nassau. Wiesbaden. Jah'h. Schiueiz. Alpencluh. — Jahrbuch des Schweizer Alpenclub. Berne. Jahresh. Handelsm. Wien. — Jahresberichte der ofFentlichen Handelsmittel- schule in Wien. Jahresh. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt. — Jahreshefte des Vereins fiir vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg. Stuttgart. Jen. Zeitsch. Nat. — Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft. Jena. Joum. Agric. Cote d'Or. — Journal d'Agriculture de la Cote d'Or, public par la Society d'Agriculture et d'Industrie agricole de la Cote d'Or. Dijon. Joum. Anthrop. hist. — Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. London. Joum. App. Sci. — Journal of Applied Science. Fol. London. Joum. As. Soc. Beng. — Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta. C0NTRACTI0N8. Xlll Joiwn. Bath df W. Engl. Soc. — Journal of the Bath and West-of- England Society and Southern-Counties Association for the Encouragement of Agi'iculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. Bath. Jont'n. Chem. Soc. — Journal of the Chemical Society. London. Juarn. Conchy I. — Journal de Conchyliologie. Paris. Jouni. Iron Steel Inst. — Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, London. Journ. Loud. Inst. — Lecture Supplement to the Journal of the London Insti- tution. Joiini. Mus. Godeffroy. — Journal des Museum Godeffroy. Geographische, ethnographische und naturwissenschaftliche Mittheilungen. 4to. Hamburg. Journ. prakt. Chem. — Journal fiir praktische Chemie. Leipzig. Journ. Quek. Club. — Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. London. Journ. H. Agric. Soc. — Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- land. London. Journ. R. Dublin Soc. — Journal of the Royal Dublin Society. Journ. R. Geogr. Soc. — Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. London. Journ. R. Geol. Soc. Ireland. — Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland. London and Dublin. Journ. R. Hist. Archeeol. Assoc. Ireland. — Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland. Dublin, Journ. R. Inst. — Journal of the Royal Institution. London. Journ. R. Inst. Cornwall. — Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. Truro. Journ. Soc. Arts. — Journal of the Society of Arts. London. Journ. Vict. Inst. — Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Pliilosophical Society of Great Britain, London. Journ. Winchester Sci. Soc. — Journal of the Winchester and Hampshire Scientific and Literary Society. Journ. Zool. — Journal de Zoologie. Paris. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. — Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. 4to. Stockholm. Zand and Water. Fol. London. Lotos. — Lotos. Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaften ; herausgegeben vom nat. hist. Verein "Lotos" in Prag. Lunds Univ. Arsskr. — Lunds Universitets Arsskrift (or Acta UniTersitatis Lundensis). Mat. Hist. Homme. — Mat^riaux pour I'Histoire primitive et naturelle de THomme. Toulouse. M61. Phys. Chim. — Melanges Physiques et Ohimiques tir(5s du Bulletin de I'Academie Imp^riale des Sciences de St.-P«5tersbourg. St. Petersburg. Mhn. Ac. Imp. St. Pitersbourg. — M^moires de I'Academie Imp^riale dos Sciences de St. Pdtersbourg. Mini. Ac. R. Belg. — M^moires de I'Academie Royale des Sciences, &c. de Belgique. 4to. Brussels. Mem. Ac. Sci. Bologna. — Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell' Isti- tuto di Bologna. 4to. Mim. Ac. Sci. Paris. — M^moires pr^sent^s par divers Savants a rAcad^mie des Sciences. 4to. Mem. Amer. Assoc. — Memoirs of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science. 4to. Salem, Mass. Mem. Com. map. geol. Espah. — Memorias de la Comision del Mapa geolo- gico de Espana. Madrid. XIV , CONTRACTIONS. M^tn. cour. Ac. Hot/, lielg. — Menioires couronn^s et Memoires des Savants strangers publics par I'Academie Royale des Sciences, etc. de Bruxelles. 4to. Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. — Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta. Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. — Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Mem. Peahody Ac, Sci. — Memoirs of the Peabody Academy of Science. 4to. Salem, Mass. Mem. R. Com. Geol. Ital. — Memorie per servire alia descrizione della Carta Geologica d' Italia. 4to. Mem. R. 1st. Veneto. — Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto. Mem. Soc. Acad. Aube. — Memoires de la Societe Academique d'Agriculture, des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres du Departement de T Aube. Troyes. M^m. Soc. Geol. France. — Memoires de la Societe Geologique de la France. 4to. Paris. Metn. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. — Nouveaux Memoires de la Societe Jmperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Mem. Soc. Ing. Civ. — Memoires de la Societe des Ingenieurs Civils. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve. — Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Mim. Soc. R. Sci. Liege. — Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege. Brussels. Mem. Soc. Sci. Ayr. Arts, Lille. — Memoires de la Societe des Sciences, de I'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille. Mem. Soc. Sci. Hainaut. — Memoires et Publications de la Societe des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Hainaut. Mons. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchdtel. — Memoires de la Societ(5 des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Mem. Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Toulouse. — Memoires de la Societe des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Toulouse. Micr. Journ. — Monthly Microscopical Journal, and Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society. Loudon. Min. Journ. — Mining Journal. FoL London. Min. Mitth. — Mineralogische Mittheilungen. 4to. Vienna. Miscell. Papers Kent Sci. Inst. — Miscellaneous Papers of the Kent Scientific Institute [U. S. A.]. Mitth. Jahrh. k. ung. geol. Anst. — Mittheilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der kon.- ungarischen geologischen Anstalt. Budapest. Mitth. k.-k. geogr. Ges. — Mittheilungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen geogra- phischen Gesellschaft. Vienna. Mitth. nat. Ges. Bern. — Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern. Monatsh. k. preuss. Ak. Wiss. — Monatsberichte der koniglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Monthly Notices R. Soc. Tasm. — Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. Hobart Town. Nachricht kon. Ges. Wiss. G.-A. Univ. Gottingeti.—Nachnchten von der koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg- August Universitat, Gottingen. Naturaleza. — La Naturaleza. Periodico cientifico de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural. 4to. Mexico, Naturalist. — The Naturalist : Journal of the West-Riding Naturalists' Society, and General Field- Club Record. Huddersfield. Nature. — Nature, a weekly illustrated Journal of Science. 4to. London. N. Jahrh. — Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geologic und Palaontologie. Stuttgart. CONTRACTIONS. * XV Notizhl. Ver. Erdk. Darmstadt. — Notizblatt des Vereins fiir Erdkunde und verwandte Wissenschaften zu Darmstadt und des mittelrheinischen geo- logrischen Vereins. Darmstadt. Nova Acta Ac. Cces. Leap. Nat. Car. — Nova Acta Academiae CaesaresB Leopol- dino-CaroliD?e Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum. Dresden. N. Staff. Field-Club Papers. — North Staffordshire Field Olub. Annual Ad- dresses, Papers, etc. Hanley. Nyt Mag. Nat. — Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskabenie. Christiana. bfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. — Ofversigt af Kongl.Vetenskaps-Akademiens For- handlingar. Stockholm. PalcBontographica. — Palaeoutographiea. Beitriige zur Natui-geschichte der Vorwelt. 4to. Cassel. Pal. Franq. — Paleontologie Fran^aise, ou description des fossiles de la France, continuee par une reunion de paleontologistes sous la direction d"un comit<5 special. 4to. Paris. Pal. Soc. — Palaeontographical Society [Monographs of]. 4to. London. Papers Easthoume Nat. Hist. Soc. — Papers of the Eastbourne Natural-History Society (reprinted from a local newspaper). 4to. Phil. Mar/. — London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. London. Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lon- don. 4to. Poffg. Ann. — Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Herausgegeben zu Berlin von J. C. Poggendorff. Leipzig. Pop. Sci. Peih — Popular Science Keview* London. Proc. Amer. Ac. — Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston. Proc. Amer. Assoc. — Proceedings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. Salem. Pi-oc. Amer. Phil. Soc. — Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting Useful Knowledge. Philadelphia'. Proc. Bath Field Club. — Proceedings of the Bath Natural-History and Antiquarian Field Club. Proc. Belfast Field Club. — Annual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Proc. Belfast Nat. Hist. Phil. Soc. — Proceedings of the Belfast Natural- History and Philosophical Society. I^oc. Berwick. Nat. Club. — Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Alnwick. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. [United States.] Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. — Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society. London and Bristol. Proc. Calif. Ac. Set. — Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. Proc. Cott.eswold Field Club. — Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists* Field Club. Gloucester. Proc. Geol. Assoc. — Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. London. Proc. Inst. Civ. ^wgr.— Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool. — Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophi- cal Society of Liverpool. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. iVawcA.— Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. XVI • CONTKACTIONS. Pt'oc. Liverpool Geol. Sac. — Abstract of the Proceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society. Proc. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York. — Proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History of the City of New York. Proc. Nut. Hist. Soc. Glasy. — Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasg. — Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Proc. R. Geogr. Soc. — Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. London. Proc. R. Irish Acad. — Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edin. — Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. Proc. R. Soc. — Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Proc. R. Soc. Edin. — Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Proc. Somerset Archceol. Nat. Hist. Soc. — Proceedings of the Somerset Archreological and Natural-History Society. Taunton and London. Proc. S. Wales List. Eng. — Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers. Proc.-verh. Soc. Mai. Belg. — Proces-verbaux de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Brussels. Proc. Warwick. Field Cluh. — Proceedings of the Warwickshire Naturalists' and Archgeologists' Field Club. Warwick. Proc. W. Land. Sci. Assoc. — Proceedings of the West London Scientific Association and Field Club. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. — The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. — The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. London. Quart. Journ. Sci. — Quarterly Journal of Science. London. Queenslander. — The Queenslander. Fol. Brisbane. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind. — Records of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta. Rend. Ac. Sci. 1st. Bologna. — Rendiconti delle Sessioni dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell' Istituto di Bologna. Rend. R. 1st. Lomh. — Rendiconti del Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Milan. Rep. Brit. Assoc. — Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London. Rep. Geol. Surv. W. of 100th Meridian. — Report upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One-hundredth Meridian. 4to. Washington. Rep. Miners'* Assoc. Cormvall. — Report and Proceedings of the Miners' Assd- ciation of Cornwall and Devonshire. Falmouth. Rep. Rugby School Nat. Hist. >S'oc.— Report of the Rugby-School Natural- History Society. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territories. — Report of the United-States Geological Survey of the Territories. 4to. Washington. Rep. Winchester Coll. Nat. Hist. Soc. — Report of the Winchester College Natural-History Society. Rev. Geol. — Revue de Geologie (by Delesse and De Lapparent). Paris. Rev. 3far. Col. — Revue Maritime et Coloniale. Paris. Rev. Min. — Re vista Minera. Madrid. Rev. Sci. — Revue Scientifique de la France et de I'fitranger. 4to. Paris. Rev. Univ. Mines. — Revue Universelle des Mines, de la Metallurgie, dea Travaux Publics, des Sciences et des Arts appliques a I'lndustrie. Paris. CONTRACTIONS. XVU Schrift. phys.-oekon. Ges. Konigsberg. — Schriften derphysikaliscli-oekononiis- chen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg. Sci. Goss. — Hardwicke's Science Gossip. London. Sitz. Ges.Beford. gesammt. Nat. Marburg. — Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Befdrderung der gesammten Naturwissenscliaften zu Marburg-. Sitz. Isis Dresden. — Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesell- schaft Isis in Dresden. Sitz. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. CI. — Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, matheraatisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Vienna. Sitz. k. hohm. Ges. Wiss. — Sitzungsberichte der koniglichen bohmischen Gesellschaft der "Wissenschaften. Prague, Sitz, math.-phys. CI. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. — Sitzungsberichte der raathema- tisch-physikalischen Classe der koniglich-bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Miinchen. Munich. Sitz. Nat.-Ges. Dorpat. — Sitzungsberichte der Naturforscher-Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Sitz. nat. Ges. Leipzig. — Sitzungsberichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. Sitz. phys.-fnecl. Soc. Erlangen. — Sitzungsberichte der physikalisch-medi- cinischen Societat zu Erlangen. Skand. Nat. Fork. — Skandinavisk Naturforskerinodet Forhandlinger. Copen- hagen. Soer. Geol. un^lersokn. — Sveriges Geologiska Undersdkning. [Swedish Geological Survey.] Stockholm. Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis. — The Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis [Missouri]. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. — Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Trans. Bat. Soc. Edin. — Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edin- burgh. Trans. Catnb. Phil. Soc. — Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 4to. Trans. Clifton CoU. Sci. Soc. — Transactions of the Clifton- College Scientific Society. Clifton (Bristol). Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci. — Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences. Trans. Devon. Assoc. — Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art. Plymouth. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. — Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological So- ciety. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg. — Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. Trans. Inst. Surv. — Transactions of the Institution of Surveyors. London. Trans. Linn. Soc. — Transactions of the Linnean Society. 4to. London. Trans. Munch. Geol. Soc. — Transactions of the AJEanchester Geological Society. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. — North-of-England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. Transactions. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Trans. Nov. Scot, in,?^.— Transactions of the Nova-Scotian Institute of Natural Science. Halifax, N. S. Trans. N. Zealand Inst. — Transactions and Proceedings of the New-Zealand Institute. Wellincton. Trans. Plymouth Inst.— XxmweX Report and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution. h XVlll CONTRACTIONS. Trans, i?. Geol. Soc. Coiiiw. — Transuctions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Penzance. Trans. JR. Irish Acad. — IVansactions of the Royal Irish Academy. 4to. Dublin. Trans. R. Soc. Edin. — Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 4to. Trans. JR. Soc. N. S. Wales. — Transactions of the Royal Society of New South Wales. Sydney. Trans. JR. Soc. Vict — Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. IMelbourne. Trails. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc. — Transactions of the Watford Natural-History Society and Hertfordshire Field Club. Watford and Hertford. Trans. Woolhope Field Club. — Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club. Hereford. Trans. Zool. Soc. — Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 4to. Verh. k.-k. geol. Reichs. — Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen geolo- gischen Reichsanstalt. Vienna. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel. — Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn. — Verhandlungen des Naturforschendervereins zu Briinn. Verh. nat. Ver. Carlsruhe. — Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Carlsruhe. Verh. nat. Ver. preiiss. Rheinl. — Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande. Verh. schweiz. nat. Ges. — Verhandlungen der schweizerischen naturforschen- den Gesellschaft. Schaffhausen, Verh. Ver. nat. Unt. Hav^hurg. — Verhandlungen des Vereins fiir naturwis- senschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg. Verh. Wiirzb. phys.-med. Ges. — Verhandlungen der physikalisch-medicinischen GeselLschaft in Wiirzburg. Versl. Med. Kon. Ah. Wet. — Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. • Amsterdam. Vid. Medd. Nat. Foren. Kjohenhnvn. — Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn. Vid. Selsk. Skr. — Det Kongelige danske Videnskabemes Selskabs Skrifter, naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdeeling. 4to. Copenhagen. Vierteljahrsschrift nat. Ges. Ziirich. — Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Ziirich. Wilts. Archa>ol. ^ Nat. Hist.Mag. — The W^iltshire Archaeological and Natural- History Magazine, published under the direction of the Society founded in that county. Devizes. Zeitsch. Berg-, Hiitt. Salinenw. — Zeitschrift fUr das Berg-, Hiitten- u. Salinen- wesen im preussischen Staate. 4to. Berlin. Zeitsch. Berg- Hiltt. Ver. Kiirnthen. — Zeitschrift der Berg- und Hiittenman- nischen Vereins fiir Karnthen. Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. — Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesell- schaft. Berlin. Zeitsch. deutsgh. osterr. Alpenver. — Zeitschrift des deutsch-osterreichischen Alpenvereins. Zeitsch. gesammt. Nat. — Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften. Originalabhandlungen und monatliches Repertorium der . . . Geologic, Oryktognosio; Palseontologie . . . Berlin. EERATA. I P. 2, line 19, for Ann. Rep. read Proc. P. 8. Bums. The pre-glacial Irthing flowed westward, as now ; in early post- glacial times it flowed to the east, into the Tyne. By subsequent changes the river returned to its old westerly course, W. T. P, 10, line 7 from foot, for vol. read no. P. 47, lines 4, 5, before no. insert t. xlviii., and after 63 add -107, 243-272, pi. i. ,, line 21, for Ostenburg read Ortenburg. P. 48. Under Baltzer, add *' and Jahrb. schweiz. Alpenclub, Jahrg.x. pp. 409- 456." P. 53, line 20 from foot, and in many other pages, after Ges. insert Bd. rrvii. P. 65, line 13, before always insert not. ,, ,, 17, before pp. insert vol. vi., and after pp. insert 46-49. P. 72, line 23 &c. This entry should be in Asia (p. 137). P. 73, line 6 from foot, after Stockholm insert "Bd. ii." P. 74, line 12 from foot, before Neuchdtel insert Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat., and after Neuchdtel, insert " t. x. cah. 2." P. 79, line 2 from foot, and p. 141, line 18 from foot, after Sci. insert " s^r. 2, ann. 4." P. 80. line 7, after P. insert de. P. 82, line 15, for " France, Feb." read " Paris, ser. 6, t. x." P. 90, line 6 from foot, and p. 91, line 9, /or Thomso read Tromso. P. 92, line 4 from foot, after Bergakad. insert " Bd. xxiii." P. 101, line 8, for Rudoft's read Rudolf's. P. 103, line 23, /or 1874 read t. xlviii., and after 128 insert " 132, pi. iii. {Oxycarpia bifaria, n. sp.)." „ lines 26 and 29, for 1874 read t. xlviii. P. 105, line 5. This paper was not published till 1876. P. 109, line 2, after Geogr insert Paris, ser. 6, t. x. „ line 7 from foot, for x. read xi. P. 112, line 4 from foot, /or T. read J. P. 115, line 3, and many other pages, after Philadel. insert " ser. 3. vol. v." P. 124, line 7, add Washington. The Geology of this Report is by Prof. T- B. Comstock. ,, line \\,for ix. readx. P, 142. The paper by Trautschold should have been entered in Europe (p. 103). P. 177, last line, for t. xxxiv. read Bd. xxvii. P. 183. The entry Hartley should be in Supplement for 1874. P. 194. After Croll, for T- read J. P. 196, last line, before Soc, insert Bull. P. 20fi. line 4, add vol. ii. pp. i-12. P. 207, line 4, for xxvi. read xxvii. „ „ 3 from foot, and other pages, after Soc. insert ser. 2, vol. xiii. P. 212, line 19 from foot, after 36 insert " and Proc. Amer. Acad. vol. ii. p. 294." P. 215, line 20 from foot, for xxx. read xxv. P. 220, line 13 from foot, for 289 read 39(5. P. 225, line 8, for George 'read Gage ; and for post. Addenda, read " p. 242." „ „ 16 from foot, for post, Addenda, read p. 202. P. 227, line 14, /or W- read N- P. 2.'30, line 23, for 14 read 74. P. 233, line 3 from foot, after Soc. insert "ser. 2, vol. xiii." P. 234, line 7, for Torbernito read Torbanite. XX ERRATA. P. 237, line 2.', add " and Compt.Bend. Assoc. Frang.S Sess. pp. 388-391 (with Analysis by Prof. Brush)." P. 240, line 12, for Pp. 416 read Pp. xxiv, 412. P. 241, line 2, for xxvi. read xxvii. „ „ 14 from foot, add " Published in 1874 in Monatsb. h. preuss. Ah. Wiss. pp. 685-689." P. 245, line 5, and p. 320, lines 19, 20 from foot, for Quart. Micr. Journ. read Quart. Journ. Micr. Set. P. 249, line 20 from foot, for Berg. Hutt. Jahrh. read Jahrh. k.-k. Bergakad. P. 250, line 11 from foot, after Soc. insert "ser. 2, vol. xiii." P. 253, line 5 from foot, for ix. read x. P. 265, Pechin. For " 'post, under Addenda," read p. 202. P. 272, line 2, for L. read U. „ „ 7 from foot, for planirostus read planirostris. „ 14, add " and Compt. Bend. Assoc. Frang. 3 Sess. pp. 381, 382." P. 273, line 18, after species insert a full stop. „ „ 24, for 8 read 7. P. 278, line 13 from foot, for iv. read ix. P. 283, line 2 from foot, for Teratosarvs read Teratosaurus. P. 285, line 16 from foot, after Linn, add Norm. P. 299, line 18, for punicingulatus read paucicingulafus. , , lines 21 , 24, 29, for Rengaronense and Bengaronensis read Pengaronense and Fengaronensis. P. 300, line 3, for 2 read xxi. P. 301, line 14, for Thelebensis read Thalehensis. Pp. 301, 315, 317. The entries from Journ. Conchyl. are from ser. 3, t. xv. of that Journal. P. 303. Dawson- This entry should have been in the Supplement for 1874. „ line 16, for Triarthus read Triarthrus. „ ,, 33, for FenestrellidcB read Fenestellidm. P. 314, line 4, for Bihl. Univ. read Arch. Sci. Thys. Nat. „ line 5 from foot, for siminndulata read semiundulata. P. 315, line 14, dele the comma before gigantea, and /or Gasteropods read Gas- teropod. P. 316, lines 13, 14 from foot, tram^fer Thl. ii. to ^/^'er Pholadomyen. ,, lines 3 and 4 from foot, and p. 317, lines 1, 2, for Cotyloderma read Coty- lederma. P. 391, line 8 from foot. (LefeVTC.) This paper was not published till 1876. P. £96, line 11. for viii. read ix. P. 398, line 2, before Kbnig. insert Nachr. THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD EOR 1875. STRATIGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 1. BRITISH ISLES. Andrew, Thomas. Geological and Archaeological Papers. 8vo. Northampton. Privately printed. 1. The Geological Phenomena of Exeter and its Neighbourhood, pp. 1-20. Gives a general description of the various formations from Carboniferous to Drift, including the Granite of Dartmoor. Notices a section at Pocombe Hill, where a volcanic rock rests on the edges of Carboniferous shales. Gives some details of the beds found in vaiious parts of the city, and traces the sequence of events through the various geological periods. 2. Dartmoor, pp. 21-47. Gives a sketch of the geology, pp. 22-25. 3. Mines and Mining in Cornwall and Devonshire, pp. 49-68. Notices theories of the origin of mineral veins, and some of the mineral phenomena of Cornwall. Notes the metalliferous localities of Devon. Describes the working of mines iu the West of England. W. W. Anon. [A. B. Wynne.] The Inverted Strata of the Mendips. Oeol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 566-568, woodcut. Explains the occurrence of masses of Carboniferous Limestone resting on the Coal Measures at Luckington and Vobster by inversion and sub- sequent slippings. Examples of similar inversions are given from Afghanistan. W. T. . The Line between Highlands and Lowlands. Nature, vol. xii. pp. 93, 94. Describes the work done in the field by the geological class of the University of Edinburgh. The great fault of Stonehaven was traced across the country to the Aberfoyl district. At Stonehaven it brings the Old Red against the Highland schists ; but in other parts there are patches of Old Red and volcanic rocks on the N. of the fault, lying on 1875. y B 2 SEOLOGT. the upturned edges of the schists. This fault is probably one of the greatest in Britain. It has not, however, produced any definite line of raUey, hut the lakes and valleys cross the fault. Comrie, famous for its frequent earthquake shocks, lies on the line of fault. W. T. Anon. Handbook to the Local Museum formed by the Aid of the Bristol Naturalists' Society. Pp. 19. 8vo. Bristol. Geology, Palaeontology, &c. pp. 8-18, by E. B. Tawney. . Excursion to "Watford. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 284, 285. Notes the Drift, Chalk, and the Chalk springs at Otterspool. . Excursion to the Isle of Sheppey. Proc, Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 320-322. . [Notes of Geological Excursions to Aust Cliff, Sherborne, "Wookey, and Eadstock.] Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. n. ser. vol. i. part ii. pp. 310-312. . [Account of Meetings at Banbury and Tenby.] Proc. War- wick. Field Club, 1874, pp. 55, 58, 59. Note of bones and flint-implements from Pembrokeshire caves. . [Notes of Excursions.] Ann. JRep. Belfast Field Club, ser. 2, vol. i. pt. i. pp. 8-22. Dungannon and Coalisland (Tyrone Coal-field)'; Glenravel and CushendaU, &c. Geological features noticed. . Report of Annual Excursion. 22nd Ann. Bep. Brighton Wat. Hist. Soc. pp. 140-146. Account of a visit to Battle and the Sub-Wealden boring. . [H. A. M.] Natural Curiosities at Cheddar. Science Gossip, no. 130, pp. 225-227. A notice of the cavern and cliffs. . The Sub-Wealden Exploration. Argonaut, no. 17, pp. 158, 159. Notice of progress. . Sub-Wealden Exploration. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. pp. 20, 123, 310, 525, 782, 930 ; vol. xxx. pp. 24, 60, 310, 1006. Notes of progress. . The columnar Basaltic Rocks of South Staffordshire. CoU. Guard, vol. xxix. p. 590. Account of the Rowley Rag in Powke ^ill quarry. '. Lincolnshire or East Nottinghamshire Coal exploration. Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. p. 265. Announces the striking, at nearly 2000 feet, of the Coal Measures by this boring, begun in L. Lias. BEITISH ISLES. 3 Anon. Interesting Geological Discovery at the Surrey Commercial Docks. Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. p. 307. Note of discovery of forest-bed, 6 feet below the surface, with remains of Bos jprimiffenius. Barrois, Charles. Description Geologique de la Craie de I'lle de Wight. [Chalk of the Isle of Wight.] Ann. Sci. Geol. ser. 4, t. vi. livr. 2, pp. 30. (An abstract of this paper was noticed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 366.) Gives a short topographical description, dividing the island into a northern and a southern massif', in the south he describes the Under- cliff section from the Gault to the Chalk Marl, noticing the similarity of the U. Greensand to the " gaize " of Argonne, and pointing out that the Chalk Marl (zone of Scaphites cequulis) is the highest bed here exposed, on St. Catherine's Down, tfec. He next describes the ridge of Chalk which stretches across the centre of the island, discusses the several faults which cut across this range, and finds the Chalk divisible into the same 9 divisions as in the N. of France (see Geological Record for 1874, p. 366). The plate is a map showing the area of the various subdivisions, with 3 sections. A. J. J-B. . Ondulations de la Craie dans le Sud de I'Angleterre. [Un- dulations of the Chalk in the South of England.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 85-111. The region treated of is included between the Cretaceous outcrop on the W. and the Wealden anticlinal on the E., while it is limiV^d N. and S. by two parallel anticlinal folds, the axis of Kingsclore on the N. and the axis of the Isles of Wight and Purbeck on the S. The Chalk of this region forms a complete basin, the regularity of which, however, is interrupted by a median anticlinal, which the author calls the axis of Winchester ; this stretches from Petersfield, through Win- chester, to the Vale of Warminster, and divides the Hampshire Ter- tiary Basin into two — a southern synclinal called that of Hampshire proper, and a northern called the " Basin of Whitchurch " ; the latter is much shallower, and contains no Tertiary deposits later than the London Clay. The Chalk is divided into horizons, the uppermost of which (Zone a Belemnitelles) only occurs in the central area of the basin ; he believes that it never extended northward under the Ter- tiary outliers, below which he finds a lower zone of Chalk (Craie k Marsupites) ; and he concludes that the Winchester anticlinal began to be uplifted between the deposition of these two zones. He then con- siders post-Cretaceous oscillations. The axis of Kingsclere is identified with that of Artois ; and though in England it disturbs nothing newer than Woolwich Beds, in France M. Eocene beds are affected by it ; he therefore refers its production to U. Eocene times. The axis of Win- chester is identified with that of Bresle ; and its second upheaval was probably completed about the same time. The Isle of Wight axis is referable to the same period, and is a continuation of that of Bray. Lastly, the line of Dover Straits can have no connexion with this sys- b2 4 ©EOLOGT. tern of folds ; and if any fault is to be feared in making the Channel Tunnel, it must be one at right angles to these. A. J. J-B. Barrois, Charles. L'Age des Couches de Blackdown (Devonshire). Ann. Soc. Oeol. Nord, t. iii. pp. 1-8. Describes the U. Greensand of the Isle of Wight and Dorsetshire, corrects statements on the subject given in a previous paper [see above], and believes that the higher part of the U. Greensand of the Isle of Wight represents the Warminster Beds ; the lower part represents the Blackdown Beds, These divisions are constant, and can be followed throughout the south of England. Lists of fossils are given. W. T. Le Tunnel de la Manche. [The Channel Tunnel.] Rev. Sci. 2 ser. 4 ann. pp. 1070-1072, 1192, 1193. Gives the succession of Cretaceous strata in the Hampshire Basin, and describes the various anticlinals and flexures which traverse the S.E. of England and the N. of France. Correlates the axes of elevation as follows : — Kingsclere and Artois, Winchester and Bresle, Isles of Wight and Purbeek and the Pays deBray. The Weald contains many lines of upheaval ; that of Wadhurst is correlated with the lines of Winchester and Bresle. Eeference is made to the transverse lines of disturbance. The chief object of the paper is to prove that the Strait of Dover has no connexion with the axis of the Isle of Wight, as had been maintained by a writer in the * Revue ' (nos. 39 & 47). W. T. Baisett, A. On " the Diamond-drill." Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng. vol. ix. pt. ii. no. 1, p. 130, plates 15-19. The plates give sections at Risoa. [The same as the paper noticed in the Geological Recokd for 1874, p. 3.] Birds, J. A. Post-Pliocene Formations ^of the Isle of Man. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 80-85. Authors have hitherto regarded the Boulder Clay of the Isle of Man as of one age. Mr. Birds' examination of the district has led him to the conclusion that the Upper Boulder Clay of the mountains has been confounded with the Lower Boulder Clay of the coast cHffs, and that therefore a threefold division of the Drift exists, as follows :^A. Newer Glacial Formations. Upper Boulder day, with angular or slightly rolled stones, almost exclusively of local origin, and occasional inter- calations of sand and gravel ; generally occupying higher ground than the next deposit, and supposed to have been mainly formed by floating ice about the period of the second submergence. — B. Older Glacial Formations. 1. Stratified Sands and Gravels, containing an abundance of well-rolled, far-derived stones, and thought to have been deposited from far-travelled floating ice during the period of the great submer- gence ; seen to a thickness of 15 feet. 2. Lower Boulder Clay — brown clay, with beds of sand and gravel, containing not many stones, and only a few of far-derived materials ; seen to a thickness of 100 to 150 feer, and supposed to have been ground up beneath land-ice, and de- posited in the- sea during the period of the first depression. The paper is illustrated by diagrams, and contains a list of works relating to the Geology of the Isle of Man. J. G. G. BRITISH ISLES. 6 Birds, J. A. Postscripts to the Paper on the Post- Pliocene Forma- tions of the Isle of Man. Geol Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 226-228, 428-430. The object is to maintain the author's classification of Manx Drifts against that of Mr. Home, who thinks that the deposits flescribed by- Mr. Birds as Upper Boulder Clay represent the Upper and Lower Boulder Clays of Scotch geologists, that his Middle Sands and Gravels are the equivalents of the Kame series, and that his Lower Boulder Clay should be regarded as the equivalent of the shelly beds of the Clyde. The author, while admitting that intercalated beds are common in his Lower Boulder Clay, considers that we should expect a more frequent occurrence of such intercalations in the Upper Boulder Clay, which was formed when the cold was not very intense and the ice was comparatively thin, than in the Lower Boulder Clay, which Mr. Home considers was formed when the cold was at its extreme, and the ice was from 2000 to 3000 feet thick ; and that, therefore, the highest beds in the Isle of Man are, so far, more likely to be Upper than Lower Boulder Clay. J. G. G. Blake, Rev. J. F. On the Kimmeridge Clay of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 196-233 (plate and woodcut map *). After a notice of the classification proposed by previous writers, the author describes the beds as follows : — Upper Kimmeridge ( Virgulian) ; shales and cement-stones, mth fossils of few species but many indivi- duals. It is 650 feet thick at Kimmeridge, thick also in Lincolnshire, but thin in central England. The Middle Kimmeridge (Pterocerian) appears to be absent in England ; the beds referred to this horizon by Dr. Waagen the author classes with the Lower Kimmeridge ; here, too, he is inclined to place the beds exposed E. of Kimmeridge Bay, and part of those in Bingstead Bay. Loiver Kimmeridge (Astartian) ; Clay with Calcareous " doggers," from 300 to 500 feet thick in Bingstead Bay, perhaps about 400 feet in Lincolnshire ; it is well developed in the inland counties. Kimmeridge Passage-Beds, 20 feet thick at Wey- mouth ; these are only present when the Coral Rag occurs below them, many fossils of the latter passing up into them ; they are absent in Lincolnshire. Lists of fossils from numerous pits are given ; also a table showing the vertical and geographical distribution of the fossils. There are many forms common to the Oxford and Kimmeridge Clays. The following new species are described: — Gyrodus ornatissimus, Pycnodus qidncuncialis, Rostellaria Ilasenensis, Natica punctidata, Ce- riihium fortiwstatum, C. crehrum, C. multiplicatum^ Trochus excavatuSy T. retrorsus, Lmina minuscula, Cyprina cyreniformiSy Anatina minutOf Pholadidea abbreviata, Leda lineata^ Nucula obliquata, Area longipunc- tata, A. reticulata, Inoceramus eccpansus, Avicula cedilignetisis, A. num- mulinay A. vellicatay A. Dorsetensis, Lima o'dilignensis, Discina elevata, Vermicidaria Mntorta, Scalpellum reticuhtum. W. T. * There is a mistake in the Index to this map, Upper Kim. of the Index referring to Lower Kim. of tlie Map. 6 GEOLOGY. Blake, Rev. J. F. Sub-Wealden Exploration. Nature, vol. xi. pp. 267, 268. Suggests another site for the boring, in consequence of the great thickness of the Oolites under Netheriield. ' Bonney, T. G. Cambridgeshire Geology. Pp. 82. 8vo. Cambridge. The Introductory Chapter gives a general description of the different members of the Secondary Series, as exhibited in traversing England from Devon to Yorkshire. The physical geography of the Cam Valley is next briefly indicated, from the sources of the river to its union with the Ouse in the Fens. The deposits which occur within the limits of sheet 51 of the Ordnance Survey Map are then described, beginning with the Oxford and Kimmeridge Clays, with the subordinate calcareous bands of St. Ives and Elsworth, and the local exposure of Coral Eag at Upware. This last division is apparently absent in other parts of the country, and seems here to have formed a coral island, against which the Neocomian and Gault are banked up. The "Neocomian Sands, which stretch from Sandy and Potton to Ely, are next noticed ; and above these comes the Gault, of which the best section is at Barnwell. An account of the Cambridge Greensand or Coprolite-bed, its constitution, origin, and contents, is then given ; regarding the last, Mr. Bonney has long maintained that they have been derived from the erosion of the Gault. The Greensand passes above into the Chalk Marl or Clunch, as it is locally termed, which is briefly described. Lastly, the Post-plio- cene deposits are treated of under the following heads : — Boulder Clay, Coarse Hill Gravel, Eine Gravel of the Plains, Older Peat, Buttery Clay, and Newer Peat. In the Appendices are details of the Sections at Upware, Ely, and Hunstanton ; also a few notes on the Water Supply and Building Stones of Cambridge. A. J. J-B. Bott, Arthur. ^ The Geology of Camberwell. Pp. 9-27 of " Ye Parish of Cameriuell,'' by W. H. Blanch. 3 plates (fossils and sec- tion). 8vo. London. Gives details of borings along the Southern High Level Sewer and of various wells; describes the various beds, from the Chalk to the Gravels and Peat ; gives lists of the fossils from the Woolwich Beds of the parish, from 3 places (Dulwich, Peckham, and Camberwell), with figures and notes of the more remarkable, and of the fossils from the London Clay of Sydenham Hill and Dulwich Wood (by C. Evans, now first published). W. W. Boulger, G. S. Irish Cave Exploration. Nature, vol. xii. p. 212. Notes the exploration of a cave at Shandon, near Dungarvan, co. Waterford. Bones of Mammoth, Reindeer, Bear, &c. were found in cave-earth under a floor of stalagmite. W. T. Brodie, Rev. P. B. On the Lower Lias at Eatington and Kineton, and on the Rhsetics in that neighbourhood, and their further ex- tension in Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, York- shire, and Cumberland. 39th Ann. Bep. Warwick. Nat. Hist. Sac. pp. 6-17. BRITISH ISLES. 7 Describes sections on the railway from Statford to Kineton, in New Red, Rhaetic Beds, and Lias. The beds are disturbed and faulted in places. Details of Harbury cutting are given, showing many layers of limestone, with a list of the fossils found there. The occurrence of the "insect-bed" at the Copt Heath outlier is noted, as also that of the Rhaetic Beds at Spinney Hills, near Leicester, W. W. Brown, Thomas F. On the South Wales Coal-field. Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng. vol. ix. pt. i. no. 2, pp. 59-129, plates 10-14; and pt. ii. no. 2 ( = plate 9) (map, plans, and sections), and no. 3, pp. 151-153. [? The same as the paper noticed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 5.] History (and statistics), pp. 59-65 ; Extent of Coal-field, pp. QQ, 67 ; Older formations (Millstone Grit, Mountain Limestone, Old Red, Silurian, Hypogene), pp. 67-69; Scenery, 69, 70. Description of strata [of the Coal-field] : — 1. Upper Pennant Series ; 2. Lower Pennant Series (with analyses of ironstones) ; White Ash Series, pp. 70-75. Ironstones, with analyses, pp. 75-80. Fire-clay, &c., Faults, Slips, Anticlinal, pp. 80, 81. Change of Quality [in the coals], with Theories thereof, pp. 82-84. Statistics, Winning, Mode of Work- ing, &c., pp. 84-121. Future Prospects, Newer Formations, pp. 121- 123. Fossils: a list of the more important, in the Museum of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society, pp. 123-126. Appendix: Particulars of Coal-seams in the W. division of the Coal-field, pp. 127-129. The Map is on a scale of 2 inches to a mile ; the General Vertical Section in the E. part of the Coal-field on a scale of 120 feet to an inch. W. W." . On " Metal Dams, or Tubbing, &c. &c." Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng. vol. ix. no. 3, p. 154, plates 21-24. Notes on the Forest of Dean Coal-field. PI. 21 is a map of the field ; pi. 22 a section across it from N. to S. ; pi. 23 a " section of the strata sunk through at Bowson CoUiery." W. W. Buckman, Prof. J. The Geology of the County of Cornwall in reference to Agriculture and Rural Economy. Joum. Bath and W. Engl. Soc. ser. 3, vol. vii. pp. 156-168. Notices the physical features and climate of the county, and describes the different formations represented in it, and the relative superficial area which they occupy. The soils on each formation are noticed, and attention is drawn to the modifying influence of the mineral wealth upon the agriculture of the county. H. B. W. . On the Cephalopoda Bed and the Oolite Sands of Dorset and part of Somerset. Proc. Somerset. Archceol. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. XX. pp. 140-164. Having described the beds seen in three quarries near Bradford Abbas, and enumerated the fossils obtained from them, the author ex- presses his opinion that the Dorset Cephalopoda-bed is the representa- tive of the Rubbly Oolite at the top of Leckhampton Hill and of Cold Comfort, and consists of the Gryphite and Trigonia Grits of Hull's 8 GEOtOOT* ' Geology of Cheltenham.' Further, he considers that the underlying sands are the representatives of the lower members of the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire, at least for 100 feet of their thickness. H, B. W. Bums, David. On some of the Recent Geological Changes around Haltwhistle [Northumberland]. Ann. Rep. [27^A] Noriliumh. Union of Mechanics' Institutes. 8vo. Newcastle. Pp. 17-21. Describes the glaciation of the district. The great features of the country are the same now as before the Glacial period. Minor differ- ences are described — e.g. the Irthing, which now flows westwards, in preglacial times flowed eastwards into the Tyne at Haltwhistle. Con- cludes with observations on the educational value of Geology. W. T. Came, Elizabeth T. Inquiry into the Nature of the Forces that have acted in the Formation and Elevation of the Land's End Granite. Trans. R. GeoJ. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. pt. i. pp. 132-151. Begins by discussing — 1. The internal structure of Cornwall ; 2. The external configuration of the whole surface ; 3. The jointed structure of the granite ; 4. Its composition ; 5. The dip of the granite and the slate. Then refers to the three theories of the origin of granite : — 1, of eruption; 2, of metamorphosis; 3, the contemporaneous theory. Is of opinion that the first two are inadmissible, and only accepts the last in its broader sense, namely, that the circumstances which have influenced the formation of both rocks, and the forces that have acted on them, are closely related. Concludes that the granite was elevated, and the joints and cross-courses formed, by an undulatorv force. C. L. N. F. Coode, Sir J. Report to the Board of Trade on the Coast-Line at Landguard Common. Parliamentary Papers, Sess. 1875, no. 57. fol. Lend. Pp. 4, with plan. A description of the shingle and of the land overflowed by the tides, with suggestions for the preservation of the coast-line. Cornish, Thomas. Memorandum on the Discovery of Hazel-nuts in Tin-stream at St. Hilary. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cormvall, vol. ix.pt.i. pp.98, 99. The hazel-nuts were found in peat, overlying stream-tin. Cossham, Handel, E. Wethered, and W. Saise. The Northern End of the Bristol Coalfield. Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. pp. 417-420, 3 plates (coloured maps and sections). , Trace the progress of coal-mining in the district. Describe the various coal-seams. Give analyses of many coals. Treat of the cor- relation of the beds in various parts of the coal-field. Notice the faults and other disturbances. The plates contain a geological map of the area described ; Sections 1, 2, through Lodge Hill ; 3, from Fish- ponds to the Avon ; 4, of the N. end of the coal-field ; 5, of Golden Valley ; and copies of two old maps. W. W. BRITISH ISLE?. 9 Contts, James. On the Post-tertiary Clay-beds at Kilchattan Bay, Isle of Bute. Proc. Glasg. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 1. Describes the section in Kilchattan Clay-field, and gives a list of marine shells, Polyzoa, Crustacea, &c. in a shell-bed included in the section. J. E. T. Craig, T. On supposed Lake or River Terraces near Kelso. Proc. Berwick. Nat. Club, vol. vii. no. 2, pp. 190-192. Describes remains in the valley of the Tweed. In a distance of about half a mile there are 14 or 15 at different heights. They often lie transversely to the general direction of the valley, running upwards for 70 or 80 feet. Although apparently connecting them with '•' the ancient river or lake," the author does not offer any theory to account for these " terraces." W. T. Cross, Rev. J. E. The Geology of North-west Lincolnshire. QuarU Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 115-130, plate (fossils) and 3 woodcuts. Appendix, describing the fossils, by R. Etheridge. The rocks described range from the Keuper to the Cornbrash ; the Rhsetics are believed to be absent. The Lower Lias is largely developed. The ironstone of Scunthorpe is shown to lie low down in the Lower Lias ; this band is 27 feet thick, and contains about 27 p. c. of iron. The true Middle Lias is only 8 feet thick, abounding in RliynchonelJa tetrahedra ; the Amm. rnargaritatus beds seem to be absent. The Lincolnshire Limestone averages about 36 feet ; below it are the " Santon Oolites," differing from it but little in appearance, but con- taining a distinct fauna. Lists of fossils are given, and the following new species are described : — Tancredia ferrea, T. Liassica, Hippopodium, ferri, all from the Lower Lias; CucuUcea Polandi, C. SantoiiensiSj Astarie divaricata, from the Inferior Oolite. W. T. Crosskey, Rev. H. W. Second Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of recording the position, height above the sea, lithological characters, size, and origin of the more important of the Erratic Blocks of England and Wales, reporting other matters of interest connected with the same, and taking measures for their preservation. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 192-200. Details the methods of work. Boulders are rapidly disappearing as road- or building-material or for purposes of cultivation ; the Report points out the importance of recording those which remain, and dwells upon the light which such knowledge may throw upon glacial pheno- mena. Returns are given from the following districts : — Rothbury, Northumberland ; near Keighley, Yorkshire ; Scambrick, Lancashire ; the country around Birmingham ; various parts of Leicestershire and Warwickshire ; Teignmouth, Devon ; Llanrwst, Denbigh. W. T. Crosskey, Rev. H. W., and David Robertson. The Post-Tertiary Fossiliferous Beds of Scotland. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg. vol. v. part i. pp. 29-35, 1 fig. in text. No. XX. of this series of papers. The localities (in the Kyles of But^) 10 GEOLOGY. where the clays collected from were found are: — Tigh-na-Bruiach (1. Boulder Clay, 2. Laminated Clay, 3. Shell-bed) ; Balnakaile Bay (1. Boulder Clay, 2. Laminated Clay, 3. Arctic Shell Clay, 4. Fecten maximus Sand and Clay); Ettrich Bay (succession obscure). A list of fossils is given. G. A. L. Crutwell, A. C, The Great. Rhaetic Bone-Bed near Frome* Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 96. Notes its discovery, at 310 feet deep, in a pit sunk to the Lower Coals, about 2 miles N.W. of Frome. Daglish, T., and R. Howse, Some Remarks on the Beds of Iron- stone occurring in Lincolnshire. Trans. N. Eng. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. part i. pp. 23-33, 4 plates (map, plan, and sections). Iron-ore occurs in Lincolnshire in the Lower and Middle Lias, Lower Oolite, and Neocomian. The L. Lias bed is a calcareous hydrated oxide ; it is worked at Frodingham, occurs in the middle of the L. Lias, and has a maximum thickness of 2b feet ; the p. c. of iron varies from 12 to 40. The M. Lias ironstone also occurs near Froding- ham ; here it is of poor quality ; but it improves to the south, and is largely worked at Caythorpe, near Grantham ; this bed is probably on the horizon of the Cleveland ironstone. The ironstone of the L. Oolite is the equivalent of the Northampton Sand ore ; it underlies the " Lincolnshire Limestone," is most fully developed near Lincoln, but thins out to the north. It is a siliceous ore, containing about 40 p. c. of iron ; in some pits it partly takes the form of carbonate. The Neocomian ore is worked near Caistor. It is a calcareous hydrated peroxide, containing 25 p. c. of iron. The workable bed is about 7 feet thick, and abounds with shells of Pecien cincttis. Analyses of the ores and sections of the beds are given. W. T. Dakyns, J. R., and J. C. Ward. Volcanic Rocks of the Lake-country. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 95. Note the discovery of beds of volcanic ash of the Green Slate and Porphyry series interbedded with the Skiddaw Slates, at Swindale, near Shap. W. T. Dalton, W. H. A Brief Sketch of the Geology of Colchester. Essex Standard, Nov. 5. (Reprinted in a separate form.) The Chalk, Lower London Tertiaries, London Clay, Red Crag, Glacial, Post-Glacial, and Recent Deposits occur in the district. The range, nature, and fossils of each are described, and a list of points requiring further research is given. W. H. D. Danvers, F. C. The Channel Tunnel. Quart. Journ. Sci. vol. xlviii. pp. 486-504. An account of the various projects, with reference to geological conditions. Davey, E. C. The Geology of Wantage and its surroundings. (A lecture.) Jackson^ s Oxford Journal^ no. 6369, April 24. A general description of geology and its practical bearings. Describes BRITISH ISLES. 11 the bed of greensand or firestone upon which Wantage is built. In this bed the author has found nearly 50 species of fossils. A. J. J-B. Davies, D. C. The Phosphorite Deposits of North Wales. Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 357-367. At the top of the Bala Limestone is a bed, 10 to 15 inches thick, full of nodular concretions of phosphate of lime. The nodules contain about 64 p. c. of phosphate ; the matrix contains about 46 p. c. Gra- phite occurs in the matrix and around the concretions. The under- lying limestone, usually only 6 inches thick, contains from 15 to 20 p. c. of phosphate. Fossils in the overlying shale are phosphatized. These beds have been traced over a large area. The author regards the phosphate bed as an old sea-bottom, in which the phosphate derived from Crustacea and Mollusca accumulated. Analyses are appended. W. T. Davies, T. G-. Observations on the Llynfi and Ehondda Mineral District. Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng. vol. ix. part i. no. 2, pp. 32, 33. Discussion (partly also on Mr. Barrow's paper), pp. 33-39, and no. 3, pp. 142-145, pi. 20. Plates 1-3 (map and sections). The paper is explanatory of the sections. One of these is a trans- verse section from the Glyncorrwg fault to Dunraven Colliery, Ehonda Valley. The others are comparative vertical sections at Carnarvon, Maesteg, Ogmore Yalley, Clydach Vale, and Dinas. PI. 20 is a " Plan' showing the course of the Glyncorrwg Fault, from Blaen Corrwg to Afon Yalley," by H. K. Jordan. W. W. Davis, J. E. Rambling Thoughts in a Hanley Marl Pit. N, Staff, Field Club Papers, pp. 68-79. Descriptive of Coal and its formation. . On the Absence of Waterfalls in the Scenery of North Staf- fordshire. N. Staff. Field Club Papers, pp. 146-156. Concludes that the reason there are no waterfalls is that " there are no alternating beds of trap or other hard rocks to interfere with the gradual descent of streams." W. W. De Ranee, C. E. The Geology of the Country around Blackpool, Poulton, and Fleetwood. (Sheet 91 S.W. of the Geological Survey Map of England and Wales.) 8vo. Lond. Pp. 14. The Keuper has only been reached in borings. The district is covered by alluvial and glacial beds, which are described in the following order: — Glacial — Lower Boulder Clay, Middle Sand and Shingle, Upper Boulder Clay ; Pre-historic — Preesall Shingle, Lower Scrobicularia Clay, Lower Cyclas Clay, Peat ; Recent — Marsh Clay and Tidal Alluvium, Upper Scrobicularia Clay, Upper Cyclas Clay, &c.. Blown Sand. In the Appendix is given the percentage of stones in different samples of the Boulder Clay, and a list of heights. W. T. . On the Relative Age of some Valleys in the North and South of England, and of the various [Glacial] and Post-Glacial Deposits occurring in them. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 4, pp. 221-253, 12 GEOLOGY* Passes under review the Drift-deposits of Lancashire, Cheshire, the Lake District, the Avon, Hoxne, Bedford, Thames Valley, Medway, Folkestone, S. and S.W. coasts, and French coast. The sequence of beds is described ; and the author believes that the succession of glacial beds in Hertfordshire and the E. of England can be correlated with that of Lancashire. The glacial submergence was greatest to the N.W. ; the country S. of the Thames was probably not submerged. In the N.W. of England many of the valleys are pre-glacial ; these were largely filled up during the glacial period, and have been re-exca- vated since. The valley of the Lower Thames is post-glacial. W. T. Desmarets, Nicolas. L'Ancienne Jonction de I'Angleterre k la France ; ou le Detroit de Calais, sa formation par la rupture de risthme, sa topographic, et sa constitution geologique. Paris, 12mo, 1875, pp. xvi, 114 ; map and diagram. [Reprint of a Prize Essay at the Academy of Amiens, in 1751.] The first part treats of the reasons, historical and physical, for be- lieving that at one time an isthmus joined England to the continent — the gradual narrowing of the sea, and the similarity of the strata and of the hills on either side, being dwelt upon. The second part treats of the means by which the isthmus has been destroyed. Volcanic action is rejected, there being no evidence of it. Detailed description is given of the action of weather and frost on rocks, especially on chalk cliff's ; and it is shown that the constant wearing action of the tides, aided by the weather, suffices to wear away cliff's. The rapid narrowing of the channel, then closed at the apex, would give great force to the western waves. Komney Marsh is believed to have been formed from the material worn away. Frequent illustrations are drawn from coast- action in other parts of the world. W. T. Dixon, James S. On an Ancient River-course at Auchinlea, parish of Shotts. Proc. Glasg, Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 1. Gives an account of a river-course in the main coal seam of the Lanarkshire coal series by the Midhill Pit. The depth from the sur- face at one point was 130 feet ; hence the author thinks that the river must have been of long duration. J. E. T. Du Noyer, G. V., Prof. J. B. Jukes, and Prof. E. Hull. Explanatory Memoir to accompany sheets 102 and 112 of the Maps of the Geological Survey of Ireland. With Palaeontological IS'otes by W. H. Baily. Edit. 2. Pp. 75. 19 woodcuts. 8vo. Dublin. The chief places in the district are Dublin, Kingstown, Malahide, Swords, and Skerries, with Howth and Lambay Island. A considerable portion of the Dublin mountains is included to the south. The forma- tions are : — Granite, Trappean Ash, Felstone Porphyry, Diorite ; Cam- brian, L. Silurian, Carboniferous (Limestone and Shales), Pleistocene (Drift), Bog, Alluvium. The granitic rocks stretch southwards from near Kingstown into the Dublin mountains, in which localities the L. Silurian, often highly metamorphosed, is also found. At Howth the Cambrian beds appear, and the northern portions of the district are BRinSH ISLES. 13 mostly occupied by the Carboniferous rocks, with, near Donatrale and Skerries, some L. Silurian rocks again. At the former locality, and also at Lambay Island, are large masses of a dark green porphyritic rock, hitherto believed to be a hornblendic greenstone ; but microscopic examination has shown it to be a felstone porphyry, hornblende being rarely if ever present. The Carboniferous Limestone in the neigh- bourhood of Lough Shinny is contorted to an extraordinary degree. Sections are given showing this. The Drift can be divided at Howth and Killiney into L. Boulder Clay, Middle sands, U. Boulder Clay. Shells have been got from the Drift on the Dublin mountains at heights of from 1000 to 1200 feet above the sea. A raised beach is traced along the shore in parts of the district. E. T. H. Evans, C. Excursion to Hampstead. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 3, p. 155. Evans, C. and J. L. Lobley. Excursion to lliddlesdown and Croydon. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 282, 283. Describes the subdivisions of the Chalk. Filby, Dr. [Geological recollections of a few weeks at Weymouth.] Verhandlungen des Vereins fur naturivissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu Hamburg, 1871-74. Fisher, Rev. 0. Submerged Forests. Qeol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 283, 285. Remarks that the old stumps are always enveloped in or covered by a mud containing Scrobicularia ; this proves submergence, a subsequent elevation of 8 to 10 feet having occurred. W. T. Fordham, H. G-. On a Collection of Fossils from the Upper Green- sand of Morden, Cambridgeshire. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 2, pp. 150-152. The phosphatic bed is from 1| to 3^ feet thick. A list of fossils collected at Morden and AshweU is given. As compared with those from near Cambridge, the author notes that they are less perfect. Echini and Crustacea are rare ; Belemnites abundant. W. T. Foster, Dr. C. Le N. Notes on Haytor L'on-Mine. Quart. Jown. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 628-G30, 2 woodcuts. The iron-ore (magnetite) occurs in four beds interstratified with altered shales and sandstones of Carboniferous ago. The beds strike E. 25° S. j but the line of junction of the Carboniferous rocks and the granite strikes here about N. and S. ; the granite has therefore broken across the strata. Above one of the beds of magnetite is a thin vein of granite, apparently interstratified, but which is proved on examination to break across the rocks. The iron-ore perhaps originated in the form of beds like the Cleveland ore, and has been altered into mag- netite, the neighbouring rocks having become extremely silicified ; but possibly the apparently stratified magnetite may have been formed by ferruginous emanations. Actinolite and garnets are present, as 14 GEOLOGY. they always are with magnetite ; their origin can be explained under either hypothesis. W. T. Foster, Dr. C. Le N. Eemarks on the Lode at Wheal Mary Ann, Menheniot. Trans. B. Oeol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. pt. i. pp. 152- 157, 3 woodcuts. The lode traverses clay-slate or * killas,' running a few degrees E. of N., and dipping E. 60*^ to 80°. Sections of the lode at various points are given; and its history is inferred as follows: — 1. Eormation of fissure and probable shifting of the strata ; 2. Deposition of the cah (a sort of chalcedony), partly filling up the fissure, and cementing fragments of the wall into a breccia ; 3. Reopening of the fissure, the new line sometimes coinciding with the original wall, sometimes inter- secting or running in the middle of the cah ; pieces of the walls and of the previously formed cab-lode fell in, and then the other minerals were deposited successively in the open spaces. There have been at least two periods of the formation of fluor spar; the galena was deposited at an intermediate period ; and the last minerals have been quartz, chaly- bite, and calc spar. W. T. . Note on Belowda Hill Mine. Journ. R. Inst. Cornwall^ no. xvii. 1875, p. 213. Considers the so-called lode to be granite altered by solutions brought up through the veins by which it is traversed. The felspar has been replaced by schorl and tinstone. C. L. N. E. Gilbert, John. Notice of a Yugh in St. Ives Consols Mine. Trans. R. Oeol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. pt. 1, pp. 158-160. This vugh was a natural cavern in granite, 15 feet long, 12 wide, 10 high, lined with large crystals of quartz, and continuing with smaller dimensions for more than 12 fathoms. It went off" at right angles from a lode at a depth of about 190 fathoms from the surface. C. L. N. E. Glen, David C. Notes from the Island of Bute. I. On a Tract of Columnar Sandstone and a Perched Boulder, near Kilchattan. II. On a Magnetic Sand from East Bay, Rothesay. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg. vol. v. pt. i. pp. 154-159, 1 fig. in text. Notes of occurrence. Goodchild, J. G. The Glacial Phenomena of the Eden Yalley and the Western part of the Yorkshire-Dale District. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 55-99, pi. ii. (map) and 15 woodcuts. Describes the evidence for the ice-sheet and the distribution of boulders. Glacial markings on Baugh Eell seem to indicate a height of not less than 2300 feet for the upper surface of the ice-sheet. On one side of a line shown on the map the ice moved southwards ; on the other side it flowed northwards as far as the Eden Yalley, where, by the blocking up of the lower part of the valley by ice from the N. W., the local ice was turned up the valley over Stainmore towards the North Sea, carrying with it all the boulders from E. of a line through BRITISH I81E8. • 15 Ullswater and Cross Fell, together with many from the N.W. of the Lake District and the S.W. of Scotland. After giving reasons for rejecting any theory of boulder transport by floating ice, the author dis(;usses the effects of glacial erosion upon the preglacially weathered surface. He then considers the origin of the various forms of Drift, and concludes that they are the variously modified forms of sediment once dispersed throughout the entire thickness of the ice-sheet, and that they contain no evidence of marine action. Calls attention to the limited amount of denudation that has taken place in Post-Glacial times. J. G. G. Grainger, Rev. Dr. J. On the Fossils of the Post-tertiary Deposits of Ireland. Rep. Bmt. Assoc, for 1874 ; Sections, pp. 73-76. Gives lists of fossils from the following localities, the figures denoting the number of species at each : — Dungiven, co. Derry, 6; Ballyrudder, CO. Antrim, 35; Balbriggan, co. Dublin, 24; Howth, co. Dublin, 22; Ballybrack, near Killiney, co. Dublin, 13 ; Lame Curran, co. Antrim, 25 ; Portrush, co. Antrim, 54. W. T. Green, Prof. A. H. Variation in thickness and character of the Barnsley and Silkstone Coal-seams in South Yorkshire, and the probable origin of this and similar changes. Coll. Guard, vol. XXX. pp. 601, 602. Report of Address at Meeting of N. of England and Midland En- gineers. Will be published in full. Greenwell, G. C. On Basalt and its Effects. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. pp. 304-324, plate, and Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. pp. 342, 343. The British localities and physical characteristics of Basalts are de- scribed, especially that of Salisbury Crags and the Garlton district, near Addington. The Whinstones of the north of England are classified into dykes, running in straight lines, like the Cockfield Dyke, 60 miles in length, and surface overflows, as the great Whin Sill of Durham. Concludes with a notice of the Antrim basalts, which are described as resting on "Coal-measures" [? Miocene lignites] east from the Giants' Causeway. C. E. De K. Greenwood, CoL G. Denudation of the Weald. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 282, 283. Claims priority as regards the subaerial theory of the Denudation of the Weald. The gravels of the Weald, and their bearing on this theory, are referred to. W. T. Grieve, D. Note relative to the Bed of the South Esk River at Newbattle, in connection with Fossils found there. Proc. E. Phys. Soc. Edin. sess. 1874-75, pp. 57-60. Refers to a portion of the river between Newbattle and Lothian bridge. The bed is composed of horizontal micaceous sandstone, with several species of Carboniferous ferns and other plants, a list of which 16 GEOLOGY. is given. Amongst the former may be noticed the abundance of Peco- pteris Serlii. K. E., Jun. G[riffith], C. Geological List. 3rd Rep. Winchester ColL Nat. Hist. Soc. pp. 132-135. For the most part a reprint of the list printed in the 2nd Report (1873). Names 23 sections, with the fossils found in each, and gives a synopsis of local species (from the Chalk). W. W. Griffith, C. The Chalk Formation. Journ. Winchester Sci. Soc. vol. i. pt. 4. pp. 246-258. A general account of the Chalk, its extent, denudation, and com- position, the origin of its flints, its fossils, and the conditions of its deposition. W. W. Groves, Thos. B. The Chesil Bank. Nature, vol. xi. p. 506. The abrupt termination of the bank at Portland is believed to be due to its being exposed to the waves produced by the prevailing S.W. wind, so that the progressive action from the W. and W.N.W. is nullified. C. E. De E. Gunn, John. On the probability of finding Coal in the Eastern Counties. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 1, pp. 35-44. [A fuller version of the paper notiqed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 14.] Argues that from the Chalk, which was originally deposited horizon- tally, having been upraised about 1700 feet at Hunstanton, Palaeozoic rocks are proportionately nearer to the surface, and notices the borings at Kentish Town, Harwich, and Calais, which have touched such rocks at great depths. The views of Mr. Godwin-Austen on the underground extension of the Palaeozoic ridge are noticed ; and the author, agreeing with them, advises trial borings in S. Essex and at Hunstanton, op- posing the conclusions that in Norfolk and Suffolk no productive coal could reasonably be looked for, and that those counties consisted of barren Palaeozoic rocks during the coal period. The paper is a sum- mary of the discussion on the subject, and is the same as that read to the Norwich Geological Society in March 1874. W. W. Well-boring at Messrs. Hill's and Underwood's Distillery, and Discovery of Human Remains from the ancient Bed of the River. (Nonuich Geol. Soc.) ; reprinted from the Norwich Mer- cury, April 10. The skull was found in a river-deposit at a depth of 40 feet, Chalk being reached at 42 feet. Hall, Townshend M. Notes on the Anthracite Beds of North Devon. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 367-375. Contains, first, an account of Anthracite in general, with remarks on its mode of occurrence in various districts ; secondly, the literature of the North Devon beds ; and, lastly, observations on their present con- dition, with notices of the chief localities where fossils are obtained, and a list of 26 species of plants which have been determined. T. M. H. BRinSH ISLES. 17 Hardman, Edward T. On some New Localities for Upper Boulder Clay in Ireland. Journ. R. Geol. Soc. Ireland, ser. 2, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 73-82, 2 plates, 6 woodcuts ; and Rej?. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, /Sections, pp. 70, 77. Referring to Mr. J. Geikie's ' Great Ice Age,' which doubtfully admits the presence of the above division of the Drift in Ireland, the author gives details as to places where he has observed it in the counties Tyrone, Derry, Carlo w, Queen's Co., and Kilkenny. Sections are given showing it resting on the Middle Gravels, and one near Kilkenny, which shows the three divisions of the Drift. E. T. H. On two New Deposits of Human and other Bones discovered in the Cave of Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny. Proc. R. Irish Acad, vol. ii. ser. ii. (Science), no. 2, pp. 108-176, plate. The author refers to the descriptions of previous writers, wno agree that there is but one part in which bones occur. Lately he had found at the opposite end, and 600 feet distant, two places where human bones mingled with others occurred abundantly. The bones are found lying in or at the base of beds of stratified sand or clay, covered with stalagmite, which have been introduced by former openings, leading into old chambers or to the surface, the bones having been swept into their present position by water. The author controverts the idea that the bones could be those of natives massacred by the Danes, and con- siders that they were probably prehistoric. A list of the bones is given. The plate gives a sketch of a stalagmitic pillar 16 feet high and 6 to 10 feet in diameter. E. T. H. On the Geological Structure of the Tyrone Coal-fields. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, pp. 77-79. The Carboniferous rocks here somewhat resemble those of the N. of England. The limestone series is split up by sedimentary beds, limestone becoming less abundant northwards. The coal-bearing beds are true Coal Measures. The order and thickness of the several di- visions are as follows : — Middle Coal Measures 930 feet ; Lower Coal Measures 1000 ; Millstone Grit 200 ; Yoredale Shales 600 ; Upper Limestone, Calp, and Lower Limestone about 2000. There are from 22 to 24 coal-beds, at least 13 of which are workable. The southern coal-field, that of Dungannon, is bounded on the N. by a fault, with a downthrow of over 2000 feet. 3| miles N. is the small Annaghone coal-field, let down by faults. At the close of the Carboniferous period the rocks were forced into a series of E. and W. folds ; denudation followed, and the Permian and Triassic rocks were deposited on the denuded edges — sometimes on the Limestone, sometimes on the Coal Measures. Post-Triassic faults and subsequent denudation account for the present positions of the rocks. A list of fossils from the Coal Measures is given. W. T. . On the Age and Mode of Formation of Lough Neagh, Ireland. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, pp. 79-83. The conclusions are as follows : — The lough is of an age between th^ 1875. c 18 GEOLOGY. Lower Miocene and the Glacial periods. It is not a true rock-basin, and could not have been formed by ice-action, but is part of an area of depression, and is due to the existence of faults, assisted by subaerial denudation. The deposit of clay, sand, &c. found on the southern shore and for some miles inland is the delta of a former large river, which flowed very much in the same course that either the Upper Bann or the Blackwater does now. These clays are of much later date than the basalt ; the silicified wood of the lough may be referred to the lignite -beds of the latter. By the help of these clays we learn that the main features of the country are newer than the basalt, but older than the Glacial epoch, and that the great denudation which has affected the IS", of Ireland belongs to the same time. E. T. H. Haviland, A. The Geographical Distribution of Heart Disease and Dropsy, Cancer in Females, and Phthisis in Females, in England and Wales. Fol. Lond. Pp. viii, 116 ; 9 coloured maps. Contains notes on the soils, geology, and physical features of various districts, and notices the relation of these to the distribution of disease. W. T. Hawkesley, T. Eeport upon the Boring for Water. Rep. Rughy School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 71, 72. (Reprinted from Rughy Advertiser of 1862.) The water rises from the waterstones of the New Red Sandstone, but is brackish. [A coloured section of the well was published in the Report for 1868.] Analysis of the water by Dr. Odling given. W. H. D. Hawkshaw, J. C. The Construction of the Albert Dock at Kingston- upon-Hull. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xli. pp. 92-124, plates. The nature of the strata is described on pp. 93, 94, and is illustrated by the Sections on Plate 8. The foreshore was covered with silt or Varp, 30 feet thick in some places, but thinning out towards low-water line ; below this was peat, 2 to 8 feet ; then two beds of Boulder Clay separated by sand, the upper with, the lower without stones. The lower clay was separated from the Chalk by 16 feet of sand. This held water under considerable pressure, which frequently forced its way up through the higher beds in " boils " or " blow- wells ; " these are described on pp. 98-109 and in the discussion. W. T. Hesse, E. A. von. Der unterseeische Tunnel zwischen England und Frankreich vom geologischen, technischen und fiuanziellen Staud- punkte beleuchtet. [The Channel Tunnel.] 8vo. Leijjzic. Pp.32,' geol. map, sections, and plate. Geological notes pp. 6-14. Map and sections reproduced from Topley, Quart. Journ. Sci. 1872. Hicks, H. On the Succession of the Ancient Rocks in the vicinity of St. David's, Pembrokeshire, with special reference to those of the Arenig and Llandeilo Groups, and their Fossil Contents. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. voL xxxi. pp. 167-195, pis. viii.-xi. (map and Eections, fossils, and table of strata). BRITISH ISLES. 19 The ridge of altered rocks at St. David's is referred with doubt to the Laurentian. The Cambrian rest un conformably upon it ; and from the lowest Cambrian upwards there is conformity. In ascending order the rocks are as follows -.—Longmynd or Harlech Group : grits, purple and green sandstones, slates, and conglomerates, 4000 feet thick ; some of the beds are so much altered as to have been described as Greenstone. Menevian Group : slates and flags, 000 feet ; lithologically this and the preceding group are unlike, but pala3ontologically they are closely allied ; together they form the Lower Cambrian. Lingula-Flatj Group : sand- stones, shales, and black slates, 2000 feet. In N. Wales the group is 5100 feet thick, and has 3 divisions : — Tremadoc Rocks : earthy slates and flaggy sandstones, nearly 1000. feet. The Lingula Flags and the Tremadocs form the Upper Cambrian, at the top and bottom of which there are palaeontological breaks. The Lower Silurian consists of the fol- lowing divisions : — llesting conformably on the Tremadocs is the Arenig Group^ in 3 divisions : Lower (represented by the " Upper Tremadoc" in N. Wales), fine black slates and shales, 1000 feet, containing about 48 species of Graptolites : Middle, slates and flags, with thin bands of sandstone, 1500 feet ; there are a few Graptolites in the lower beds, Trilobites ttc. in the upper : Upper, resembling the Lower Arenigs, 1500 feet ; a rich fauna has recently been discovered in this division, very like that of the Angers Slate in France, and Barrande's Etage D. 1 in Bohemia, hitherto unrecognized in Britain. Llandeilo Group, in 3 divisions: — Zoiy^r, black slates interstratified with volcanic tuff", 500 feet; a distinct fauna : Middle, black calcareous shales and flags, with lime- stone in the upper part, over 800 feet : Upper, black slates, flags, and flaggy sandstones, with interbedded traps, over 1000 feet. The Upper and Lower Llandeilo vary much in thickness, owing to the intercalated volcanic beds. The Lower Llandeilo occurs in N. Wales ; but the ex- istence of Middle and Upper Llandeilo is not yet proved there, though they probably occur. The author refers to the history of the rocks which he classes as Lower Silurian, and claims that Sedgwick's term of Arenig should be reintroduced, the beds described under that name being quite distinct from the Llandeilo beds of Llandeilo and Bluith. Lists of fossils are given, and the following new species are described, all from the Arenig Group of St. David's : — Ampyx Salteri, Trinucleus Ethendgei, T. liamsayi (and Lower Llandeilo), Illcenus Hughetii, lllcB- nopsis ? acuticaudata, JEglina Boia, ^. ohtusicaudata, Barrandea Hom- frayi, Placoparia camhriensis, Phacops llanvirnensis, Calymene IIop- Jcinsoni, Dinobolus'? Iliclcsii, Davidson, Ophileta, sp., Pleurotomaria llanvimensis, Bellerophon llanuirnensis, Theca caereesiensis, T. HarTc- nessi, Conularia llanvirnensis, and Orthoceras caereesiense. W. T. Hicks, H. On the Occurrence of Phosphates in the Cambrian llocks. With an Appendix on the Chemical Analyses of the llocks, by W. H. Hudleston. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 368- 385, woodcut section. As the result of analyses the author states that certain beds in tho c2 20 GEOLOGY. Cambrian series (Menevian, Middle Arenig, and Tromadoc) are toler- ably rich in phosphate of lime, amounting to 10 p. c. in some cases. Those parts which contain much phosphate are also those which contain most Crustacea. The shells of Crustacea are always rich in phosphate of lime ; those of the Trilobites seem to have been so likewise. The shell of Paradoxldes contains from 40 to 50 p. c. of phosphate of lime. Beds which contain few Trilobites are poor in phosphate. From these facts the author infers that the phosphate of the Cambrian rocks was mainly produced by the Crustacea. The phosphatic rocks are some- times traversed by trap dykes ; it is then found that the phosphate has been removed from the rock and has become concentrated in the trap, especially near the edges of the dykes. Mr. Hudleston gives details of analyses of the rocks and of recent lobsters. The amount of phosphate in the Trilobite shell is much in excess of that in recent Crustacea ; he infers that the excess is due to substitution. He discusses the removal of phosphate from the rock by trap dykes, and suggests that the phos- phate may formerly have been more abundant in the dykes than now, as the trap is in an altered state. W. T. Hicks, H. The Physical Conditions under which the Cambrian and Lower Silurian Eocks were probably deposited over the European Area. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 552-558, plate. A pre-Cambrian continent extended over the area now occupied by Europe ; the land was highest to the N.E., lowest to the S.W". During the Cambrian period (Longmynd to Tremadoc) this continent slowly sank ; but dry land probably existed to the beginning of the Devonian period in the E. part. The S.W. part of this old continent was first submerged ; but how far S.W. the continent extended is not known. The earliest deposits known are those in the British Isles and Spain ; and here the series is most complete. As the land sank the sea spread further east, the earliest deposits in this direction being later in time than those of the west. The order of events is given in detail for the Welsh area. At the close of the L. Silurian period the sea-bottom was possibly raised above water in some places ; this elevation seems to have occurred chiefly along the line of volcanic action. The author traces out the migration of the fauna, with reference to the theory of evolu- tion. The earliest faunas were of lower forms than the later : this difference is most marked in the western areas ; and here we find the greater number of genera, and the genera here show a greater number of stages of progression than they do in the eastern areas. The inter- mediate varieties did not reach so far east, just as other intermediate forms did not reach the European area at all. Only the stronger and more marked varieties, which we now know as species, were able to pass on. W. T. Holt, James. The Millstone Grit, or that Stratification of Rock chiefly found in the Neighbourhood of Bolton. Papers Land and Water Club, Bolton, f^ess. 1873-4 and 1874-5, pp. 54-59. A popular account of the Millstone Grit. BRITISH ISLES. 21 Home, D. Milne-. On High Flood Marks on the Banks of the River Tweed and some of its Tributaries, and on Drift Deposits in the Tweed Yalley. Proc. R, Soc. Edin. vol. viii. pp. 559-562. 1. Water-lines on the banks of the Tweed and some of its tribu- taries ; 2. Notice of Ancient Lakes and Drift Deposits ; 3. Theoretical Explanations suggested ; 4. Notice of the views of other persons. R. E., Jun. Homer, Charles J. The North Staffordshire Coal Field, with the Ironstones contained therein. Joum. Iron Steel Iiist. pp. 540- 573, plates (continuous vertical section). Gives details of borings near Alsager, at Lightwood (near Longton), and at Fenton (near Stoke-on-Trent). Notices the faults. Describes each workable seam of ironstone and coal, and gives analyses of some. The section shows 33 workable seams of coal and 13 of ironstone of an aggregate thickness of 130 and 24 feet respectively. "W. W. HopeweU, E. W. Two Sections of Wells [Newbold]. Rep. Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 51, 52. Depths 40 and 28 1 feet, in Liassic rock and clay. Details given. Home, John. Post- Pliocene Formations of the Isle of Man. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 329-331. Gives arguments in support of the view that the high-level Boulder Clay of the Isle of Man passes beneath the sands and gravels that cap the coast cliffs, and that the laminated clays, hitherto regarded as part of the Lower Boulder Clay, belong to a much higher horizon. J. G. G. Hudleston, W. H. Excursion to Northamptonshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 2, pp. 123-134. Special attention was given to the Lincolnshire Limestone, North- ampton Sand, and Collyweston Slate. The Ironstone of the North- ampton Sand is described as formed by the substitution of iron for lime in the original rock, the carbonate of iron having been afterwards chiefly changed into hydrated peroxide. W. T. — — . Excursions to the Isle of Thanet. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 4, pp. 254-260. Mr. Dowker explained the structure of the district, noting the re- semblance of the Chalk of Margate and Pegwell Bay to that of Norwich. The sections of Thanet Sand are described, and also the high gravels of E. Kent. W. T. . Excursion to Chamwood Forest, Leicestershire. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 307-317. Gives the section at Lindridge Colliery, S.W. of Chamwood Forest, where coal has been found at 287 feet, under New lied. The syenites and slates of Chamwood Forest are noticed. The so-called Greenstone of Bardon Hill is a Fclstone. Mr. Bonney regards it as the stump of a cone ; he also states that the ' Porphyritc ' of Greonhill is not igneous, 22 GEOLOGY. but only extremely metamorpliosed. The ages of the Charnwood axis and of the Charnwood rocks are discussed. "W. T. Hudleston, W. H. Excursion to the Site of the new Museum of Natural History, South Kensington. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 324-326. Notes on the section of gravel 20 feet thick. . Excursion to East Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 326-336. The most important points described are : — The Kelloway Rock and Cornbrash of Newtondale, and the IJ. Lias and Oolites of the coast- section. ■ W. T. Hudleston, W. H., and James Parker. Excursion to Oxford. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 2, pp. 91-97. Gives notes of a lecture on the district by Prof. Phillips, and describes the Oolites of Charlbury and Stonesfield. Hull, [Prof.] E. Boulder-Clay in Ireland. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 524. Considers that there is an Upper Boulder Clay in Ireland resting on Sands and Gravels, and these again on Lower Boulder Clay ; the Esker Drift is newer than these, and is only a remodelled form of the true Drift beds. J. G. G. . Address to the Geological Section. Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, pp. 67-73. Gives an account of the volcanic district of the N.E. of Ireland (see Geological Record for 1874, p. 21). Hull, Prof. E., J. R. Dakyns, R. H. Tiddeman, J. C. Ward, W. Gunn, and C. E. DeRance. The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield and of the Country around Clitheroe, Blackburn, Preston, Chorley, Haslingden, and Todraorden. [Edited by R. H. Tiddeman.] Table of Eossils by R. Etheridge. Geological Survey Memoir, pp. 225 [should be xi, 221], 42 woodcuts, 8vo. London. Chap. i. Physical Geography, in 4 areas, pp. 5-13. — ii. Rocks below the Coal Measures (Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Beds, Millstone Grit), 13-52.— iii. The Burnley Coal-field (L. and M. Coal Measures, Faults), 53-89.— iv. The Chorley Coal-field, 90-98.— v. Country east of the Anticlinal Fault (Yoredale Beds, Millstone Grit), 98-120.— vi. Permian, 120-122.— vii. Trias, 122-128.— viii, ix. Glacial and Post- glacial Drift, 128-168. — x. Relative ages of Pendle and Penine Chains, 169-171. — xi. Igneous Rocks, 171, 172. — xii. Minerals, &c., 172-175! — Appendices, Lists of Fossils, 176-187.— List of Works on the Geology of Lancashire, 188-218. ^. ^. Irving, Rev. A. On the Geology of the Nottingham District. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 1, pp. 45-90. Coal Measures. There are seven seanjs of good Coal in the district, besides others of inferior quality. Unproductive Gannister Beds come I BRITISH ISLBS. 23 below. The Coal is worked beneath the Trias ; and many exploring borings are in progress. — Permian. The Lower Red Sandstone is absent ; and the Permians lie unconformably on the Coal Measures. To the south they disappear, and the Coal Measures underlie the Bunter. — Bunter. There is no break between this and the Permian ; and the author suggests that these two should go together as " one great transition series." The Lower Mottled Sandstone is only 100 feet thick ; this generally passes up into the Pebble Beds (Middle Bunter) ; but occa- sionally there is a small local unconformity. The Pebble Beds contain masses of Millstone Grit and Yoredale Sandstone. There are some small patches of Upper Red and Mottled Sandstone. — Keuper (200 feet thick). The Lower Keuper or Waterstones rest unconformably on the Bunter ; at Blue-bell Hill, close to Nottingham, they contain thin layers of ochreous yellow Limestone ; footprints of Cheirotherium, sun-cracks, &c. are mentioned from other localities. The Upper Keuper is more marly than the Lower; there is little sandstone, but much gypsum. The long prismatic crystals of fibrous gypsum have a marked tendency towards the vertical. Alabaster is largely quarried. — Rhcetic Beds are noticed at Elton and near Leicester. The Lias is briefly mentioned ; and there are remarks on the Drift and Alluvium. The Castle Rock, Nottingham, is traversed by a series of north- westerly " master-joints." " The valleys formed by the erosion of this rock, and opening upon the Trent valley, appear to have had their direction determined by these joints, which, as lines of weakness, must have facilitated denudation." A fault at Cinder Hill Colliery, Basford, is described ; in traversing Coal Measures it has a throw of 88 yards, but in the overlying Permian and Bunter Rocks the throw is only 30 feet. The whole fault is therefore the result of two separate move- ments— the first and greatest pre-Permian, the second subsequent to the deposition of the Lower Bunter. W. T. Jack, Robert L. Notes on a Till or Boulder Clay with Broken Shells, in the Lower Valley of the River Endrick, near Loch Lomond, and its Relation to certain other Glacial Deposits. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg. vol. v. pt. i. pp. 5-25, 2 figs, in text. The beds described are, in ascending order : — a. Stratified Clay (Crof- tamie), with marine shells and reindeer's horn : Inter- or Pre-glacial. 6. Shelly Till, with broken shells, traceable to 320 feet above sea-level, believed to be the moraine profonde of a large glacier or ice-sheet : referable to later stages of first period of Glacial Epoch, prior to great submergence of land. c. Great extent and thickness of stratified mud, clay, sand, and gravel, reaching 2Q2 feet above the sea-level, with worn marine shells chiefly of recent British species : referred to later stages of the great submergence period. G. A. L. James, Richard. Note on a Granite Block at Halamanning. Trans. li. Geol. Soc. Cormvall, vol. ix. pt. i. pp. 101, 102. The object is to record the fact of a large block of granite having 24 GEOLOGY. been found in the killas of Halamanning mines, situated 1^ mile from any granitic outcrop. C. L. N. F. Jeffreys, J. G. ITote on the so-called Crag of Bridlington. JRep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sectio7is, pp. 83-87. Gives a list of 67 species of Mollusca, all high northern forms and now liring. Suggests that this deposit might have originated in a deviation of the great Arctic current at a remote period, or in glacial conditions. It has no relation to the Norwich Crag. Certain littoral shells formerly referred to the Bridlington Beds are rejected, as having probably come from the Boulder Clay which overlies it. W. T. Jenkinson, H. I. Practical Guide to Carlisle, Gilsland, Roman Wall, and Neighbourhood. 8vo. London. Geology, pp. 225-240. Mineralogy by B. M. "Wright, pp. 241-263, with a descriptive list of the minerals of the district, and lists of Metal- liferous Mines of the Gilsland District, situated at or around Alston Moor, and of the Collieries. W. W. . Practical Guide to the English Lake District. Ed. 4. 8vo. London. (Ed. 3 m 1874.) Geology, with Map, pp. xli-lxii. Mineralogy by B. M. Wright, pp. Ixxi-xciii, with a List of the Minerals and Produce of the Mines. Jolly, W. Third Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of collecting Possils from localities of difficult access in North- western Scotland. Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 74, 75. No fresh collections have been made during the past year. Jones, Prof. T. R. Notes on some Sarsden Stones. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 588, 589. The Sarsden Stone which occurs in place in the Reading Beds at Langley Park, near Newbury, is composed of quartz grains with a cal- careous cement. In a Sarsden Stone of the Bagshot Series from gravel at Frimley, Surrey, there are indications of vertical rootlets ; this may explain the pittings which are seen on many weathered blocks of this stone. W. T. Jones, Prof. T. R., andC. C. King. On some newly exposed Sec- tions of the " Woolwich and Reading Beds " at Reading, Berks. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 451-457, plate xxii. (sec- tions). Compare the section of the lowest Tertiary beds lately exposed at Coley Hill with other sections in the neighbourhood. At one point the leaf-bearing blue clays are absent, but are continued by thin irre- gular seams of derived clay and clay-galls, with broken lignite, occa- sional grey flints, &c. At another point, where the blue clay still exists, large lumps of clay, rolled and often enclosing subangular flints, lie in the sand over the leaf-bed. Some of these clay-galls have passed into concentric nodules of ochre and limonite. The probable derivation of the clay-gaUs is from pre-existing clay-beds (probably the blue shale) by BRITISH ISLES. 25 the action of varying currents in an estuary at different levels. The direction of the currents wearing away the clay bands and depositing the galls and sand is suggested ; and these observations are offered as further materials in working out the hydrography and history of the Lower Tertiaries. , T. K. J. Judd, Jolm W. On the Structure and Age of Arthur's Seat, Edin- burgh. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 131-148, 4 wood- cuts (sections). It has usually been supposed that the peculiar features of this hill can only be explained by the hypothesis that two series of volcanic erup- tions, widely separated in time, had occurred upon the same site. A re-examination of the evidence, however, shows that all the phenomena can be accounted for by a single series of volcanic outbursts, during the period of the formation of the Lower Carhonifer-ous (Calciferous Sand- stone) in Scotland. The relation of the outbursts of volcanic violence, which produced Arthur's Seat, to the contemporary eruptions in the Central valley of Scotland is described. J. W. J, . The Geology of Eutland and the Parts of Lincoln, Leicester, Northampton, Huntingdon, and Cambridge included in Sheet 64 of the one-inch Map of the Geological Survey ; with an Introduc- tory Essay on the Classification and Correlation of the Midland District of England. Appendix, with Tables of Possils, by R. Etheridge. Pp. xv, 320, 11 plates (sections and views), 19 woodcuts. Geolofjical Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. The Introductory Essay " On the Classification of the Jurassic Strata of the Midland District and their Correlation with those of the Cottes- wold Hills and the Xorth-east of Yorkshire," takes up pp. 1-52. — Chap. i. Physical Features, 53-56. — ii.-iv. U., M. and L. Lias, 57-89. — V. L. Oolites, 90-112. — vi. Origin of the Northampton Sand (General Features, Lithological, MicroscojHcal, and Chemical characters, Mode of Formation, Causes of Redistribution of the Iron), 113-138. — vii. Lincolnshire Limestone and CoUyweston Slate (Notices of the building- stones, and Origin of the Oolitic Structure), 139-185. — viii. Gt. )olite (The Estuarine Series, Limestones, Clays, Cornbrash), 186-231. — ix. M. Oolites, 232-239.— x. Post Tertiary Deposits (Pre-Glacial, Glacial, Post-Glacial), 240-253. — xi. Position and Disturbances of the Strata, 254-259. — xii. Miscellaneous (Denudation, Scenery, Springs, &c.), 260-271.— Appendices : i. Lists of fossils, 273-292. (There are many local lists throughout the book.) ii. Bibliography of the Dis- trict, 293-301. W. W. Jukes-Browne, A. J. On the Relations of the Cambridge Gault and Greensand. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 256-316, pis. xiv, XV (fossils), 5 woodcuts (map and sections). Regards the Cambridge Greensand as the base of the Chalk-Marl, it having been formed from the erosion of the Gault by marine currents. Where the "Greensand" bed exists the true Upper Greensand is absent 26 GEOLOGY. and the Gault is incomplete. Traces the beds through Cambridge, Beds., and Bucks., and shows that in passing from Cambridge S.W. the Upper Gault first appears near Barton, the true Upper Greensand near Tring. The Gault is only from 103 to 120 feet thick near Cam- bridge ; it gradually thickens, W., and is from 204 to 214 feet near Arlesey and Hitchin ; this increase is chiefly due to the incoming of higher beds westwards. At Folkestone the Upper Gault is succeeded by Upper Greensand. At Aylesford the true Upper Greensand is absent, and the Upper Gault had been partially denuded before the deposition of the Chalk Marl ; at the base of this there is a phosphate-bed derived from the denuded beds. The fossils of the Cambridge Greensand are divided into two series : — 1, those proper to the deposit ; 2, those derived from, other formations. The number of invertebrate species is 254 ; 210 of these are derived, and their chief affinity is with those of the Upper Gault. The paper contains lists and tables of fossils, and concludes with remarks on some of the species. W. T. ^ Keeping, W. On the Occurrence of Neocomian Sands with Phos- phatic Nodules at Brickhill, Bedfordshire. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 372-375. Sand with scattered nodules (30 ft.) rests on Oxford Clay. 20 species, proper to the deposit, are named ; of these, 14 occur at Upware, 12 'at Farringdon, and 7 in all three places. Sponges are rare. The derived fossils are chiefly from the Kimmeridge Clay. W. T. Kempthorne, P. H. The Cave Men. bih Ann. Rep. Wellington Coll. Nat. Sci. Soc. pp. 45, 46. Kote of Kent's Cavern. Kerr, James. On Lead Mining in the districts of Stansfield, Holmes Chapel, Bossendale, and Great Hambledon, N."W. Yorkshire and N.E. Lancashire. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. pp. 344- 360. Adds farther details to those given by Mr. DeRauce (Geol. Mag. 1873) as to the locality, methods, and dates of working the various mines, which appear to have commenced in 1753, and to have been given up through poverty of the lodes. C. E. DeE. Ketley, C. The Search for Coal under the '' Red Rocks " of the South StaiFordshire Coal Field. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 193- 198. Recent researches have shown that much of the " Red Rock " hitherto classed as Permian belongs to the -Coal Measures ; the author doubts whether any of the beds passed through at Sandwell Park are Permian. The highest beds of coal here found seem to be new. This pit is sunk at a spot where the Coal Measures were sup- posed to be absent, and the Permian to rest on beds below the coal, probably on Silurian rocks. W. T. BRITISH ISLES. 27 Kinahan, G. H. The Estuary of the River Slaney, Co. Wexford. Journ. R. Geol. Soc. Ireland, ser. 2, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 60-69, with woodcut. The Drift of the locality consists of several systems formed at different periods and at corresponding levels. The older rocks are broken up by faults of all ages from Cambro-Silurian to Post-Glacial. The estuary seems to have been excavated almost entirely in Drifts of the " Esker " and " 100 feet sea" periods, and in part during the time of the " 25 feet " beach, and subsequently. Originally it was deeper than now. In the interval various changes- of level of sea and land have occurred, evidences of which may be seen in various places, as in the estuary itself, where an excavation has proved a bed of peat under 16 feet of mud ; the same substance also occurs on the coast below high water mark. Although the estuary is excavated out of recent Drifts, it is apparent that older valleys occupied the same site. These valleys are supposed to have run along lines of fault, chiefly post-Carboniferous. The physical geology of the district during successive Drift epochs is noticed. E. T. H. . Mr. Birds on the Irish Glacial Drifts. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 189, 190. Points out that Mr. Birds is mistaken in supposing that an Upper Glacial Drift has been proved to exist in the East of Ireland. What has been taken to be Glacial Drift is often distinctly stratified, or it has been shifted from its original position in various ways, and it cannot, therefore, be regarded as normal Glacial Drift. J. G. G. . Bed Rocks of Tyrone and Derry Counties. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 287. These have been classed as Old Red and as Carboniferous ; they are now generally regarded as Permian. The author believes that they are Carboniferous ; he suggests that the fossils, sux3posed to be of Permian type, are Carboniferous, but stunted from the -presence of iron. W. T. , The Erroneous Nomenclature of the Drift. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 328, 329. Drifts to be entitled to be called Glacial Drifts must have been deposited direct from ice. Asks how any drift deposited in the sea or re-sorted by water can be called glacial. If any other definition is allowed, various other deposits may be included under the term at the caprice of the writer. J. G. G. . Nomenclature of the Drift. GeoJ. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 547, 548. Irish Gravels can be grouped according to their height above the present level of the sea. No Boulder Clay is seen to overlie any of the gravels that occur below the 350 feet contour, although such a deposit does overlie the higher gravels. Thinks an examination of the fossils that occur throughout the gravels would tend to show that they are of different ag<'8. J. G. G. 28 GEOLOGY. Kinahan, G. H. Boulder Clay in Ireland. Oeol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 568, 569. No Boulder Clay rests on the Middle Sands and Gravels in Ireland ; where sand occurs below a Boulder Clay it is of an age prior to the accumulation of the Glacial Drift of that country. J. G. G. Langtry, G. On the Occurrence of the Middle Lias at Ballycastle. Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, p. 88. The Middle Lias here only occurs in blocks ; it has never been seen in place ; hence the blocks may be transported. The author, however, thinks this is not the case. Notes of fossils are given. W. T. Lebour, G. A. On the Limits of the Yoredale Series in the North of England. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 539-544. The term Yoredale Rocks is generally applied to a series of beds lying between the Millstone Grit and the Scar Limestone Series, the dividing line being a bed of basalt known as the Whin Sill. The author shows that this is an intrusive bed, lying at various horizons, and therefore that it is worthless as a boundary-line. There is no natural division between the Yoredales and the beds below ; nor can any line, which may serve as such, be traced through the country. It is suggested that all the Carboniferous Bocks between the Millstone Grit and the Tuedian or Calciferous Sandstone Series should be classed together under the term " Bernician Series." W. T. • . On the " Little Limestone " and its accompanying Coal in South Northumberland. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 73-83, 2 plates (sections). The '* Little Limestone " is a very constant bed, and is known to extend from Alston to the Coquetdale. This and other limestones bear so constant a relation to certain beds of coal that they are known to the miners as " guiding limestones." The " Eell-top " is the highest bed of limestone in the series ; between this and the " Little Limestone" there are about 330 feet of strata at Alston, there being here no inter- mediate bed of limestone ; but in the Matfen district there are about 1450 feet of intermediate strata, with 3 or more beds of limestone. In the district described there is usually a great series of sandstone beds, often coarse and pebbly, below which comes a thin bed of shale and then the *' Little Limestone," 9 to. 18 feet thick. Below the lime- stone there is a variable thickness of shale or " grey beds " (2 to 45 feet thick) ; and then comes the coal. The seam is sometimes split up into 2 or even 3 beds. Concludes with a brief account of the range and outcrop of the strata described. W. T. . On the " Great " and " Pour-Fathom " Limestones and their associated Beds in South Northumberland. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 133-150, 2 plates. A continnation of the foregoing, and describes a strip of country lying between Haltwhistle and Elf Hills. The Great Limestone, 63 feet thick in the Alston district, is here reduced to from 30 to 40 feet. BRITISH ISLES. 29 Below this comes shale (with occasional thin coal), then a bed of sandstone, the Quarry Hazle or the Pnidham Stone ; below this is the Four-fathom Limestone. This last is everywhere characterized by the presence of Saccamina Carteri. The relation of the Whin Sill to the strata is noticed, and a list of fossils found in the limestones is given. W. T. Lobley, J. L. Excursion to Tilburstow and Nutfield. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 3, pp. 153, 154. . Excursion to the Cheltenham District. Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. iv. no. 3, pp. 167-174. Describes the Physical Geography of the Severn Valley, the Cottes- wolds, May Hill, Garden Cliff, Tewkesbury, and Stroud. . Excursion to Erith and Crayford. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 5, p. 323. The Cretaceous Rocks of England. Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i. pt. i. pp. 1-13, 5 woodcuts. Treats of the general distribution of the Cretaceous rocks, and shows by means of a map the relations which the South Downs, North Downs, and Chiltern Hills bear to one another. It is pointed out how the Wealden beds suggest a distribution of land and sea very different from that which now obtains. The L. Greensand, Gault, and U. Greensand are each commented upon. The Chalk is then considered, its physical features indicated, its structure and origin described, and lastly the relation it bears to the higher beds of the London Basin, and the position of Watford in that Basin, shown in a section from Tring to the Weald. A. J. J-B. Mackintosh, D. On some important Facts connected with the Boulders and Drifts of the Eden Valley, and their Bearing on the Theory of a Melting Ice- Sheet charged throughout with Rock- fragments. (Abstract.) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 692, 693. Calls attention to the distribution of boulders in the district. Boulders of Criffell granite are limited to a few hundred feet above the sea-level on the N. and W. borders of the lake-district mountains. ShapfeU granite does not reach above 1500 feet (?) on Stainmoor. These facts are inconsistent with the theory of an ice-sheet 2300 feet thick. The Eskers show traces of having been piled up rather than thrown down. There is evidence that existing ice-sheets are pure, and do not contain such a mass of material as the old ice-sheet is supposed to have dropped. W. T. Maddock, Rev. H. E. Changes in the Coast-line, especially between Bcachy Head and Hastings. Papers Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc. 1874-5. Notes the action of the sea on the various rocks, and desc: ibes, from the evidence of documents, certain chnnges of the alluvial flat of Pevensey Level and the shingle beach of Langley Point. W. T. 30 GEOLOGY. Mello, Rev. J. M. On some Bone-Caves iii Creswell Crags. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 679-683, four woodcuts. (Appendix by Prof. Busk, see post, Vertebrate PalsGontology.) The fissures are in Lower Permian Limestone on the N.E. border of Derbyshire. The chief fissure, known as " Pin-hole," is described. It runs 40 or 50 yards into the hill-side. Below the surface soil in the cavern, which contains recent pottery and bones, there is about 3 feet of red sand, with blocks of limestone and pebbles. Bones were found throughout this bed, but were especially abundant at the bottom. Below this comes sand, sometimes cemented into a solid mass. No bones have been found here ; the bottom of the fissure has not been reached. The cave has probably been a hyaena-den ; but the bones seem to have been rearranged by water. The bones include parts of Hyaena, Rhinoceros, Elephas, &c. ; many have been gnawed by Hysenas. There is a barrier of rock about 40 yards from the entrance ; very few bones have been found beyond this, which makes it unlikely that they were carried into the fissure from behind. W. T. Molyneux, William. The Trentham Gravel Beds. K Staff. Field Club Palmers, pp. 103-110. The section in Trentham Park is in the middle or conglomerate division of the New Bed Sandstone, and shows about 100 feet of coarse consolidated gravel, with bands of pebbly sandstone. The pebbles of this gravel are waterworn and rounded, and they consist of a variety of siliceous rocks, syenite, limestone, &c. On most pebbles there are curious spots, believed to have been caused by pressure or grinding action. "VV. W. . A Visit to Cannock Chase. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. pp. 773, 774. [Prom the Staffordshire Advertiser.'] Address on the Geology of the Cannock Chase Coal-field, delivered at an excursion of the North Stafibrdshire Naturalists' Pield Club. Montgomery, R. A. On the Isle of Unst. Trans. Clifton Coll. Sci. Soc. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 83-102; 2 plates (maps) and 1 section. A sketch of the physical features of this, the most northern of the Shetland Islands, and of the relations of these to its geological structure, is followed by a description of the several rock-masses which compose it. These are gneiss, mica-, talc-, and chlorite-schists, crystalline limestone, and serpentine rock with euphotide. The limestone runs in a narrow band about halfway along the island, dipping E.S.E. 60° to 70°. No fossils have been round in it. An account of the distribution of the minerals of the island " is given. The paper concludes with botanical, zoological, and archaeological notices, and some notes of excursions. The plates are : — a coloured geological map, a map " showing the position of certain minerals," and a section across the island from E. to W. J. W. J. Morris, Prof. J. Lecture on the Geology of Croydon, in relation to the Geology of the ' London Basin and other localities. 8vo. Croydon. Pp. 27, geol. map and 4 woodcuts. BRITISH ISLES. 31 The formations noticed are : — Chalk, Thanet Sands, Woolwich and Reading Beds, London Clay, Valley Gravels. The fauna of the Chalk is described, and compared with that of modern Tieep seas. Amongst other points specially noticed are : — the boulders in the Chalk, the fauna and fossil fruits of the London Clay. There is a table of strata showing those present or absent near Croydon, and their equivalents elsewhere. The appendix contains a note on the Croydon Bourne and sections of the Croydon WeUs. W. T. Morris, Prof. J. On the Occurrence of Boring Mollusca in the Oolitic Hocks. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 267-272. Describes a quarry of the Forest Marble near Cirencester : the per- forations occur in nodules of claystone, which also show attached Ostrea, Serpula, and FoJyzoa. The nodules are bored all round, and have evidently been moved about since ; the overlying rocks are false- bedded. References to and* extracts from publications in which similar appearances have been noticed in the Oolites of England and France are given, and remarks are made on the false-bedding. W. T. Mortimer, R. An Account of a Well-section in the Chalk at the north end of Driffield, East Yorkshire. Qmirt. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. Ill, 112. The Chalk was traversed by vertical partings, the sides of which showed horizontal striae. Interstratified with the Chalk were thin layers of Fuller's earth, which the author regards as caused by temporary disturbances of the water interrupting the ordinary quiet organic " secretion " of the Chalk. Analyses of the Chalk and Fuller's earth (by T. Hodgson) are given. W. T. Nahanik [= G. H. Kinahan], Irish Salmon Rivers and their Geo- logy— the Suir, the Barrow, and the ISfore. Land and Water, Jan. 9. The valleys of the rivers are described, and also the geology of the country they pass through. Tlie rivers all rise near together in the centre of Ireland, and, after draining different areas, join into one before reaching the sea at Hook Head. AU the valleys run across the strike of the rocks ; and therefore rapids and falls might be expected, especially while crossing the L. Silurian rocks of Waterford and Wex- ford, in which are many interstratified folstones, eurytes, whinstone, and other hard rocks. This, however, is not the case, as the rivers run in fissures due to recent faults and shrinkage-fissures in the underlying strata. The valleys are low seated, the Suir being tidal for 37 miles, the Barrow for 32 miles, and the Nore for 31 miles, respectively, from Hook Head. G. H. K. Newall, — . Note on a Well at Clifton Vicarage. Jtiep. Rughy School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, p. 51. Nicolson, A. The Isle of Skye. Good Words, vol. xvi. pp. 344- 350, 384-392, 457-462, 561-568. Contains some geological notes. 32 GEOLOGY. Oldham, R. D. Subwealden Explorations. Rep. Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 17-24. States argumeats for the siibaerial denudation of the Weald, and the evidence as to the depth of the Palaeozoic surface. Describes the Netherfield boring, giving a list of 34 fossils from the Kimmeridge Clay in it. W. H. D. . Geological Expedition to the Wyken Colliery, near Coventry. Rep. Rughy School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 26, 27. The surface is New lied Sandstone. The Coal Measures dip mostly W. at 1 in 3. Ironstone and two coal-seams are worked. A rolled pebble of quartzite occurred in the coal. W. H. D. [Oldham, R. D.] A Section exposed on the Lawford Road. Rep. Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 52, 53, plate 7. Illustrates the relations of the Drifts. Ormerod, G. W. On the Murchisonite Beds of the Estuary of the Exe, and an attempt to classify the Beds of the Trias thereby. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 346-354 (plate of section). After mentioning the characters of Murchisonite (a variety of fel- spar), describes the coast-section from Littleham Bay to Maidencombe, near Torquay. The beds seem to belong to the lower portion of the Trias, and consist of sandstones, breccias, and conglomerates. At certain horizons in them the author has detected the presence of Mur- chisonite, which really occurs in the form of derived fragments or peb- bles ; and he endeavours to trace inland, by the aid of this mineral, the several beds which they characterize on the coast. H. B. W. Parfitt, E. On the Drift Gravels on the Cliffs of the South Coast of Devon. Trans. Devon Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 162-170 (2 sections). Principally devoted to an examination of Mr. Godwin-Austen's paper in Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 446. Peach, C. W. On Traces of Glacial Action on the Great Cairn near Gorran Haven. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cormvall, vol. ix. pt. i. pp. 105-108. States that the polishing of the blocks of quartz- rock is due to glacial action. Pengelly, W. Tenth Report of the Committee for Exploring Kent's Cavern, Devonshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 1-17. Describes work done in various parts of the cave. Gives a full description of the Inscribed Boss of Stalagmite, the dates on which go back as far as 1615. Detailed information is given regarding the Long Arcade (see Geological Record for 1874, p. 29), and of the bones and implements found there. Only bones and teeth of the bear have as yet been found in the breccia, the oldest deposit ; but many flint and chert implements occur here. This is generally separated by crystal- line stalagmite from the cave-earth, in which remains of Hyaena are abundant; over this lies the granular stalagmite. Human bones have BRrTISH ISLES. 33 been found on and in the granular stalagmite in Undorhay's Gallery ; but these are comparatively recent. In this gallery the cave-earth generally rests on the breccia, the crystalline stalagmite occurring only in patches on the wall ; but hi the breccia there are fragments of a still older stalagmitic floor. In the inner part of Clinnick's gallery the cave-earth thins out, and the two stalagmitic floors come together. Descriptions of various implements are given, especially of two fine ones found in the breccia. Concludes with a table showing the per- centage distribution of various teeth in the several divisions of the cavern. W. T. Pengelly, W. Notes on Boulders and Scratched Stones in South Devon. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 154-161. Describes, first, a series of large boulders of New Red Sandstone at Waddeton Court, about 4 miles N. of Dartmouth, and suggests that they were transported by ice from some locality between Berry Head and Glampton Common'; secondly, blocks of trap at Great Englebourne, 3 miles S.W. of Totues, which have grooves or scratchings on them, posssibly indicating glacial action ; in each case the boulders rest upon slate. T. M. H. . Notes on a Tooth of Machairodus latidens in the Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 247-260. This tooth was purchased at the sale of the Rev. J. MacEnery's collection. The author brings forward evidence to show the probability of its having been found in the early explorations of Kent's Cavern. T. M. H. , Notes on Recent Notices of the Geology and Palaeontology of Devonshire. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 279-324. An examination of notices which had appeared during the preceding 12 months : — on Brixham Cavern, by Edward Clodd, in the ' Childhood of the World ;' and on Kent's Cavern in Fojp. Sci. llev. Oct. 1874, and in Dr. J. AV. Dawson's ' Story of the Earth and Man.' T. M. H. Pennington, Rooke. On the Bone-Caves in the neighbourhood of Castleton, Derbyshire. Quart. Joiirn. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 238- 245, 2 woodcuts. [For notes on the Bones, see Dawkins, post.'] The Prehistoric Caves examined are those of Cave Dale and GeUy or Hartlo Dale ; the former seem to have been inhabited by man from Neolithic times downwards. The Pleistocene Caves and Fissures are those in Gelly Dale and Windy Knoll. The fissure at Windy Knoll is described in detail, with notes on the physical geography of the dis- trict. That at Gelly Dale communicates with a hollow in the lime- stone, into which bones of bison, deer, wolf, bear, &c. had been washed. The material filling the liollow is subaerial debris, not Glacial Drift. Concludes with a notice of a fissure at Waterhouses, in Staftordshiro. W. T. 1875. D 34 GEOLOGY. Phillips, J. A. The Bocks of the Mining District of Cornwall, and their Ilelation to Metalliferous Deposits. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 319-345, \)\. xvi. (microscopic structure of rocks). The Killas is of Devonian or Carboniferous age, with the exception of some in the S.W., which is probably Silurian. The Granite is post- Carboniferous. Interbedded with the Killas at Trelill, St. Kew, there is a mass of altered doleritic lava. Trap- dykes traverse the Killas in different parts ; but many of the rocks which have been mapped as ' greenstones ' are shown to be altered hornblendic slates. The Granite is usually coarse-grained ; but near the Killas it becomes finer, and it frequently sends off veins into the adjoining slates. Coarse-grained granites are sometimes traversed by granitic veins of a finer texture. The felspar is mostly orthoclase ; but a plagioclastic species, supposed to be albite, is frequently present. The mica is sometimes replaced by a talc-like mineral. Schorl is almost invariably present. The dykes of Elvan traverse slate and granite alike ; but th,ey are most numerous in the latter. The elvans have the same ultimate composition as the granite ; but the aggregation of their constituents is different. The author doubts whether the fluid cavities of the crystals in the granites and elvans yield information that can be relied upon as to the tempera- ture at which the crystals w^ere formed. He shows, from a number of analyses, that the granite cannot be regarded as extremely metamor- phosed killas. The paper concludes with a discussion of the origin of mineral lodes. The granite being post-Carboniferous, and the elvans subsequent to the granite, it is shown that the vein-fissures are later than either. These fissures were subsequently filled by chemical action, from heated water and aqueous vapours circulating through them, lateral infiltration greatly infiuencing the results. Contact-deposits, stockwerks, and the alteration of stratified deposits near eruptive rocks are probably due to analogous chemical action. ^ W. T. Prestwich, Prof. J. Notes on the Phenomena of the Quaternary Period in the Isle of Portland and around Weymouth. Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 29-54, plate i. (map and sections). 8 woodcuts (sections and fossils). The oldest Drift of the district is that represented by the patch of mammaliferous gravel near the Portland Prison; this contains Elephas antiquus, and is partly composed of pebbles derived from the Green- sands and Tertiaries on the I^. The author believes that this gravel was deposited when there was a continuous slope of land from the Eidgeway to Portland, and before the anticlinal which has elevated the strata of the intermediate area was formed ; the Eidgeway fault is of older date. The raised beach of Portland Bill is mainly composed of flints, but it contains other pebbles of local origin as well as some which have travelled from the "W. Overlying the beach there are deposits of sand, loam, and angular rock-debris. The beach is of old date ; but the overlying beds are subsequent to the anticlinal. The author thinks ,that these later beds were formed during a depression of the land, when BRITISH ISLES. 35 the whole of Portland was under water. There are notes on other Drift deposits in the district. One of these, near the summit of Black- down (over 700 feet above the sea), is probably older than the mam- maliferous Drift of Portland, and may belong to some part of the Glacial period. There are notes on the shells of the Drift by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeflfreys, and on the bones by Prof. Busk. W. T. Price, F. G. H. On the Lower Greensand and Gault of Folkestone. Proc. Geol, Assoc, vol. iv. no. 2, pp. 135-150. The Hythe Beds are briefly mentioned. The Sandgate Beds (80 ft.) are divided into 4, the lowest of which is the zone of lihyyichonella sulcata. The Folkestone Beds (70 ft.) are in four divisions : — 1 (lowest), thin, and with phosphatic nodules ; 2, clayey sandstone, 2 ft. ; 3, 60 ft. of calca- reous sandstone and sand ; the highest is the zone of Ammonites mam- miUans, it contains masses of grit and phosphatic nodules. The Gault is divided into 11 zones. Descriptions and lists of fossUs of these are given. (See Geological Record for 1874, p. 31.) W. T. . On the Probable Depth of the Gault Sea. Proc. Oeol. Assoc. vol. iv. no. 5, pp. 2G9-278. From an examination of its Mollusca, the author concludes that the Gault of Folkestone was deposited in an area which sank more rapidly than the sediment accumulated, so that the sea was constantly deepen- ing. The lowest bed contains littoral and rolled shells ; the maximum depth of the clayey Lower Gault sea was probably much under 100 fathoms ; the LTpper Gault is marly, and appears to have been deposited in a deeper sea. W. T. Reade, T. M. The Glacial and Post-Glacial Deposits of Garston and the surrounding District, with Remarks on the Structure of the Boulder Clay. Proc. Liverpool Geol. JSoc. vol. iii. part 1, pp. 19-27. Resting on a floor of 'Biinter Beds is red sand, with embedded masses of rubble, which the alithor terms ''Ground Moraine," and believes to be the equivalent of the Scotch Till. Resting on it is the " Low Level Marine Boulder Clay and Sands," reaching a maximum depth of 1G9 feet below the surface, and due to tidal sorting. C. E. DeR. Roberts, Isaac. President's Address. Proc. Liverjoool Oeol. Soc» vol. iii. part 1, pp. 3-18. Describes the Glacial Drifts as representing long successive intervals of time and conditions of climate during the period of their deposition. Ko marine organisms occur in the true Till, which is crowded with local fragments of rock ; while the overlying Boulder Clay, which is more or less distinctly bedded, contains marine shells and erratic scratched pebbles, generally rounded, and rises to a height of from 200 to 260 feet above the sea in the Liverpool district. C. E. DeR. Eobson, Dr. J. S. Anniversary Address. Proc. BervncTc. Nat. Club, vol. vii. no. 2, p. 163. Notes on the glacial geology of Coldingham on p. 175; glacial strite running N. or N.N.W. were observed on the rocks. D2 36 GE0L0<3Y. Roper, F. C. S. Flora of Eastbourne. 8vo. Londm. Geological Map of the Cuckmere District [reduced from the Geolo- gical Survey Map]. Geology, pp. xi, xii. Marsh Land, pp. xiv, xv. Distribution of plants in relation to geological formations, tfec. pp. xxx- xxxiii. W. W. Notes on the Flora of Eastbourne, as compared with that of "West Kent and West Surrey. Papers Eastbourne Nat. Eist. Soc. Thinks " that the variations in the flora arose more from the contour of the country and geological structure than from geographical posi- tion." W. W. Russell, R. On the Permian Breccias of the Country near White- haven. Hep. Brit, yissoc. for 1874, Sections, pp. 92, 93. Describes breccia near Bigrigg Moor and Rowrah. It is generally composed chiefly of angular and subangular fragments of Carboniferous Limestone, but other rocks are often present to a large extent; the fragments are embedded in a calcareous and sandy matrix, cemented by peroxide of iron. It lies unconformably on various formations, from Coal Measures to L. Silurian, but it underlies the Permian sand- stones. Concludes, from its composition and distinct bedding, that this deposit is due to ice-action in Permian times, not, however, to glaciers or icebergs. Suggests that fragments of rock have fallen on the ice- foot, and have been carried away and dropped in the deeper and quieter sea-bottom. W. T. The Geology of the North Yorkshire Coalfield. C'oU. Guard. vol. XXX. pp. 563, 564. Head at Meeting of N. of England and Midland Engineers. [Really the same as the paper noticed in Geological Recoed for 1874, p. 34, under a diff'erent title.] Sainter, J. D. The Geology of Mow Cop, Congleton Edge, and the surrounding District. iV. Staf. Field Club Papers, pp. 140-146. A general account of the geology of the district crossed in an ex- cursion, Simmons, W. The Metallic Ores of Cornwall. — Group 1. Tin, Copper, Iron, and Lead. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. iii. part 1, pp. 28-35. The chief tin yield is from an area occupying a circle with a radius of 1-J miles. The average produce of the stuff raised is less than 5 per cent. No less than 30 copper- ores occur in the granite, clay-slate or killas, and in the serpentine. The lead- ores are few, the chief source of supply being galena, which occurs in veins associated with tin, copper, and iron, and by itself. The amount of silver averages 40 oz. to the ton, while the average of British mines is only 10 oz. The iron lodes have recently been largely developed; that of Perran is 100 feet in width, consisting of brown oxide, passing in depth into chalybite, below which the lode contains blende, galena, and Towanite. BRITISH ISLES. 37 The E. and "W. veins contain tin, copper, iron gossan, and but little lead. The N". and S. veins contain clay, and sometimes lead and iron ; where the latter are lead-bearing, and are crossed by E. and W. veins, the lead-ore becomes richer for silver, as at Treskerby Green, where the galena yields 3000 ounces to the ton. C. E. DeR. Smyth, W. W. President's Address to the Eoyal Geological Society of Cornwall, 1874. Ann. Bej). It Geol.Soc. Cornwall, pp. v-xiv. Gives an account of Prof. Moissenet's work on The Rich Portions of the Lodes of Conitvall. . On the Occurrence of Metallic Ores with Garnet Rock. Note illustrating a series of Copper Ores from Belstone Consols. Trans. B. Oeol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 38-45. Refers to cases in Cornwall where metallic ores have been found associated with garnets. States that in various places on the N. side of Dartmoor copper-ore occurs in the altered killas near its boundary with the granite. Belstone Consols, the most important of the mines, has been opened to a depth of 50 tathoms. There are 3 so-called ' lodes ' striking E. and W. and dipping N. They consist of bands of garnet-rock mostly crystalline, and containing disseminated copper- pyrites, iron-pyrites, and mispickel, which sometimes coalesce into a pretty solid rib, 1 to 3 inches thick, now and then associated with quartz. The ' main lode,' measured horizontally, is 96 feet wide, and is really nothing but a thick-bedded mass of garnet-ore, with various ores of copper disseminated through it in specks and strings. The rock between the lode consists of conformable beds of garnet rock and siliceous slate. The whole series of ' lodes ' and ' country ' is merely a group of conformable beds, probably metamorphosed under the influ- ence of the neighbouring granite. Supposes that the ores were depo- sited from mineral waters which made their way into the beds through joints and fissures. C. L. N. P. Sorby, H. C. On the Remains of a Fossil Eorest in the Coal Mea- sures at "Wadsley, near Sheffield. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 458-460, 2 woodcuts. The Sti(/marice are rooted in an earthy shale ; the Si(/illuria-tT\mks are cut sharply off at the top of the shale, and are then overlain by sandstone. About 10 stumps were exposed, spread over a/ length of 40 or 50 yards. Judging frcm the direction of the roots, the prevailing winds came from the west. W. T. Stevens, Joseph. Sarsens, Greywethers, or Druid Stones. Journ, Winchester Sci. Soc. vol. i. part 4, pp. 224-236. The same as the paper noticed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 35, but with large additions throughout, especially under the head '* Distribution." W. W. Stevenson, W. On Evidences of Ice-action in Berwickshire. Proc, Berwick. Nat. Club, vol. vii. part 2, pp. 208-210. Describes the distribution of boulders, the parent rocks of which lie 38 GEOLOGY. to the W. and N.W. Glaciated rock-surfaces are rare in Berwickshire, that at St. Abb's Head being the only well-marked example. Erokcn surfaces of rocks (the underlying rocks being solid) are referred to ice. * W.T. Stoddart, W. W. Geological Distribution of some of the Bristol Mosses. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. n. ser. vol. i. pp. 190-199. . Geology of the Bristol Coal-field. Part 2. Silurian and De- vonian. Proc, Bristol Nat. Soc. n. ser. vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 262-272. Describes the IJ. Llandovery Sandstone and the Wenlock Shales and Limestone, and gives list of fossils. The Old Hed Sandstone is also described, and some of the fish-remains occurring in it are noticed. Many sections are given (10 woodcuts). H. B. W. Sutherland, Adam. Sketch of the Coal-fields in the neighbourhood of Irvine. Proc. Olasg. Nat. Hist. 8oc. vol. ii. part 1 . Describes the peculiarities of the Bogside parrot-coal, used for the manufacture of Parafiin, and shows that its oily character diminishes towards the east. J". E. T. Talbot, H. T. The Chloritic Marl of Cambridgeshire. 3 Hep. Win- chester Coll. Nat. Hist. Soc. pp. 36-40. An account of the bed, the manner of working, and the fossils. Tate, [Prof.] R. On the Lias about Eadstock. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 493-510. The Lower Lias at Eadstock is only 24 feet thick, but the author recognizes the usual Ammonite zones, each very thin on account of the failure of sediment. The zones are described and their fossils enume- rated. The top of the L. Lias had been partially denuded before the deposition of the Middle Lias ; the results of this are seen in the con- glomerate which forms the base of the M. Lias (or Yellow Lias). In this division also (15 feet thick) the author recognizes the usual zones of the Am. Jamesoni series, to which it is wholly referred. The following new species are described : — Trochus solitarius, from the conglomerate bed; Cryptcena affinis^ Cardita consimilis, Cardinia rugulosa, from zone oi Am. Jamesoni. Appended to the paper are: — List of species from the Yellow Lias, Hewlett's HiU, Cheltenham ; Section [of Middle Lias] in Eailway cutting, Fenny Compton, Warwickshire. "W. T. Tawney, E. B. Notes on Trias Dykes. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. n. ser. vol. i. part 2, pp. 162-166. Notices the dyke on the Observatory Hill, which occurs in the Mountain Limestone, and is composed of Dolomitic conglomerate. It is considered to have been filled in Triassic times. Several other fissures, from a few inches to 3 feet wide, filled with Triassic material (in the Avon 0115*8), are noticed, as also some filled with Ehaetic and Liassic material in the neighbourhood of Bristol. The general direction of these fissures and of the joints in the Mountain Limestone are pointed ■BRITISH ISLES. 39 out ; and tho author thinks that the course of the Avon through its gorge is in intimate connexion with the systems of joints in the lime- stone, and that many of its bends are primarily due thereto. H. B. W. Tawney, E. B. Notes on the Lias in the Neighbourhood of Radstock. JV'oc. Bristol Nat. Soc. n. ser. vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 167-189. Describes sections in the neighbourhood of Kadstock, and gives the organic contents of the various beds in detail. Palaeontological remarks are made on some of the species, and references are given to the work and opinions of other writers. A table showing the geographical dis- tribution of the Ammonites and BracMopoda is appended. R. E., Jun. Teall, J. J. H. The Potton and "Wicken Phosphatic Deposits. Pp. 44. 8vo. Camhridge. Gives an account of the literature of tho subject. Describes the phosphatic beds as they are now to be seen. Notices the sections near Potton, mentioning the occurrence of foreign boulders in the coprolite- bed, and pointing out that the fossils occur in two conditions, as fer- ruginous shells and as derived phosphatic casts. The latter have come from various horizons (Portlandian to L. Neocomian inclusive), proving extensive denudation. At Wicken the phosphatic deposits are banked up against an old island of Coral Hag ; they likewise contain in- digenous and derived fossils, the former abundant and preserved in cal- cite, the latter chiefly derived from older Neocomian. Gives a sketch of the Neocomian in Norfolk, Bedford, Cambridge, and Buckingham, noting important sections, and concludes that the Potton and Wicken beds belong to the latest Neocomian. There are remarks on the Neo- comians of Lincolnshire and W. Europe, on the origin of the phosphatic matter, and on the physical geography of the period. A. J. J-B. Tiddeman, R. H. Second Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of assisting in the Exploration of the Settle Caves (Victoria Cave). Rep. Bnt. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 133-138. (Re- printed, 8vo. Lancaster.) Chiefly describes the work done with the view of establishing tho age of tho ' laminatod clay,' which uniformly overlies the lower cave- earth. The * talus' is wholly composed of angular fragments of white limestone fallen from the cliff above. Beneath this is a mass of glaciated boulders, chiefly of black limestone and Silurian rocks. A hole dug through tho boulder-bod reached gravel and yellow clay, like that at the base of the laminated clay. It is believed that the laminated clay was formed from the muddy water of an ice-sheet or glacier, and consequently that the cave-earth below it is older than the glaciation of the N.W. of England. In 1872 a small bone of doubtful character was found in the cave-earth lying alongside bones of Hycpna, Bliinoceros ticJtorhinus, &c. ; and near it were two molars of ElepJias (believed to be E. antiquits). Prof. Busk has shown that the small bone is a human fibula of unusual form, but closely resembling that of the Montone skeleton. The conclusion is that man inhabited tho N.W. of England before tho icc-shect overspread tho country. W. T. 40 CxEOLOGY. Topley, "William. The Geology of the Weald (parts of the Counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hants). (In part from the Notes of H. W. Bristow, W. T. Aveline, F. Drew, C. Gould, and Dr. C. Le N. Foster.) Lists of Possils, revised by R. Etheridge. Pp. xiv, 503. 7 plates (maps and sections), 59 woodcuts. Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. Pay^t I. Introductory, chaps, i., ii. General sketch of the district, pp. 1-7. Geological literature relating to the district, 8-29. — Part II. Stratigraphical Geology , oh^)^. iii.-xiii. Purbeck Beds, 30-44. Hastings Beds (Fairlight Clays, Ashdown Sand, Wadhurst Clay, Tunbridge "Wells Sand, and Grinstead Clay), grouped in the following districts : — 1. Hastings and Battle, 2. Cranbrook and Tunbridge Wells, 3. East Grinstead, 4. Cuckneld, 45-95. Weald Clay, 96-111. L. Greensand (Atherfield Clav, Hythe Beds, Sandgate Beds, Folkestone Beds), 112- 144. Gault, 145-151. U. Greensand, 152-159. Grayels (Eivers Bother, Stour, Medway, Harent, Mole, Wey, Arun, Adur, Ouse, Cuckmere, Ashburn), 160-204. Eecent Deposits (Alluvium, Blown Sand, Shingle), 205-215. — Part III. PJiysical Geology^ chaps, xiv.- xviii. Structure of the country (a description of the lines of disturb- ance, faults, &c.), 216-242. Scenery and Agricultural Characters, 243- 269. Denudation of the Weald, 270-301. Eecent Geological Changes (Coast-line), 302-320. Origin of the Wealden Beds, 321-328.— Pari IV. Economic Geology, chaps, xix.-xxv. Ironworks, Coal, Springs and Water Supply, Building Stones, Road Material, Limestones, Ma- ' nures, «S:c., Distribution of Population and Disease, pp. 329-405. — Ap- jpendices. Lists of Fossils, 406-436. List of Specimens in the Museum of Practical Geology, 438-445. Bibliography, 446-483. W. W. Geological Report (Sub-Wealden Exploration Report). Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 22-27. Gives some details of the beds in the first boring, and suggests the horizons to which they may be referred. Lists of fossils are given. . Sub-Wealden Exploration. Nature, yol. xi. pp.284, 285. Refers to Mr. Blake's letter (see p. 6), and gives reasons why the second boring was commenced on the same site as the first. — — • The Channel Tunnel. — Submarine Explorations. Nature, vol. xiii. pp. 133, 134. Notes recent researches, especially the French Report (see p. 46). Traill, W. A. On a Mass of Travertine or Calcareous Tufa, called The Glen Rock, near Ballycastle, Co. Mayo, Ireland. {Brit. Assoc.) Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 608-610. This rock, 6 to 80 feet thick, and containing over 2,100,000 cubic feet, has been formed by a spring which, issuing from the Carboniferous Limestone, has run over mosses, &c. The stream is now confined to a more regular channel, and the formation of tufa is less rapid. Pro- bably the tufa has not increased in thickness for 300 years ; and in parts it is breaking up. W. T. BRITISH ISLES. 41 Traill, W. A. On Geological Sections in the Co. Down. Rep, Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, pp. 93-95. Describes the results of the Geological Survey of the district as shown on the published Maps and Sections. The larger part of the county is formed of Lower Silurian beds with interbeddcd igneous rocks. These were contorted and intersected by dykes of melaphyre, dolerite, and diabase, the sources and " necks " of which still exist in the S. of the county. The granite of Slieve Croob is probably Palaeozoic. Only small patches of Carboniferous Limestone now remain. Of Permian beds the traces are still smaller; these rest un conformably on the Limestone or on L. Silurian. Subsequently to this period occurred the eruption of the Mourne granite. Of still later age are two sets of igneous rocks : the quartziferous porphyries and felstones of Slieve Meelmore and Slieve Bearnagh, and the basaltic dykes supposed to be Tertiary. The basalt of Scrabo Hill is possibly an outlier of the Antrim plateau, or it may be a separate neck. The trap penetrates the New Ked in sheets and dykes. Under the New Red is Carboniferous Lime- stone. The author discusses the question of the occurrence of Coal, and believes that none will be found, but that the New Red lies directly on L. Silurian in the areas where the Coal has been looked for. W. T. Tylden-Wright, C. The Geology of Sherwood Forest and the Dis- trict. Chapter XYI. of R. White's WorJcsop, " The Diol-ery," and IShenrood Forest. 8vo. London and Worksop, pp. 283-292, plate. The formations range from Keuper to L. Coal Measures, the JBunter (conglomerate and pebble-beds) taking up the largest area. The Plate is a " Geological Section of the District of Worksop :" horizontal scale an inch to a mile ; vertical, an inch to 300 yards. W. W. Ussher, W. A. E. On the Subdivisions of the Triassic Rocks between the Coast of West Somerset and the South Coast of Devon. Geol. Macj. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 163-108. The subdivisions are, in descending order: — 1. Upper Marls, 1000 feet, with veins of gypsum and pseudomorphs of rock-salt. 2. Upper Sandstones, 460 feet ; very variable in composition ; at about 50 feet from their base are the conglomerates of Otterton Point. 3. Pebble Beds and Conglomerates, with beds of sand and sandstone, 60 to 100 feet. 4. Lower Marls, with beds of sandstone, 460 feet. 5. Lower Sandstones and Breccias, 1000 feet or less ; the most variable member of the series. The beds are much faulted, and estimates of thickness based on observed dips and breadth of outcrop are conjectural; in place of the miles of thickness which liave been assigned to this forma- tion, it is probable that the total is under 3000 feet. 'W\ T. Vincent, W. T. Warlike Woolwich : a History and Guide. Svo. Woolwich and London. Pp. vi, 137. Notes on the Geology by Wells and Freeman, pp. 126, 127 ; on the old forest in tbe bed of the Thames, p. 67. Walker, H. Excursion to St. Mary's Cray, Well Hill, and Shore- ham, Kent. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 3, pp. 155-157. 42 GEOLOaY. Kotos tlio geology of the district, especially the gravel at Well Hill, which Prof. Prestwich described as Marine and of Glacial age. Ward, J. C. The Glaciation of the Southern part of the Lake- District and the Glacial Origin of the Lake-Basins of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 152- 166, pi. vii. (map and sections). Supplementary to papers in vols, xxix., xxx. At the period of maximum glaciation the glaciers were more or less confluent, forming an ice-sheet which moved S. and S.E. over the lower ridges. Some striations crossing watersheds at high levels and in passes or cols, were doubtfully referred to floating ice, supporting the supposition that the submergence exceeded 2000 feet. The moraines belong to the second period of glaciation, the glaciers of which wore not confluent, but occupied the heads of all the principal valleys. Some mountain-tarns are due, wholly or in part, to moraines ; others are wholly due to glacial erosion. The larger lakes, lying in true rock-basins, are but shallow grooves in the bottoms of the valleys ; their depth is small as compared with the thickness of the ice, and they are probably due to glacial erosion. W. T. . On the Granite, Granitoid, and Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake-District. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. voL xxxi. pp. 568-602, plates xxx., xxxi. Part 1. 0)1 the Liquid-cavities in the Quartz-hearing Bocks of the Lake- District, pp. 568-589. — Deeply-formed granitic or granitoid rocks must have been subjected to pressure from two causes : — Downward jpressure^ caused by the weight of overlying rocks ; Surplus or Outward pressure, acting from below. A microscopic examination of the rock enables us to estimate the total amount of pressure ; this is determined by the relative size of the liquid- cavities and their vacuities. Exami- nation in the field informs us of the greatest amount of downward pressure which can have been exerted ; the diff'erence, if any, gives the amount of outward pressure. Probably none of the granitoid rocks of the Lake-district were consolidated at a greater depth than 30,000 feet, whilst the total pressures represent 35,000 to 52,000 feet. The Skid- daw and Eskdale granites were formed respectively at a maximum depth of 30,000 and 22,000 feet; they both indicate large surplus pressure, which probably acted outwards and effected elevation, contor- tion, and metamorphism. The Shap granite, consolidated at a maximum depth of 14,000 feet, shows much surplus pressure; it probably repre- sents an immature volcanic vent. The volcanic rocks of the Lower Silurian series were not produced from the granites in question ; the granites are of more recent date, and their microscopic structure indicates that the outward pressure was not relieved by volcanic action. The mean pressure obtained for Lake-district granites is nearly the same as that for Cornish granite. Part 2. On the Eskdale and Shap Granites and their associated Metamorphic Bodes, pp. 590-602. — It appears that the granites were BRITISH ISLES. 43 not the source of the volcanic rocks. But there is a complete gradation between the two; and evidence, derived from microscopic structure, lithological character, and chemical composition, is brought forward to prove that the granites are in great measure due to extreme metamor- phism of the volcanic rocks. The Shap granite has a more intrusive character than the others ; and the metamorphism around it points in the same direction ; but much of the matter of the surrounding volcanic rocks may have been incorporated with it. The Eskdale granite contains but little phosphoric acid ; the volcanic rocks much more, especially when near the granite. W. T. Ward, J. C. A Yoice from the Past. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 285, 286. Gives an extract from a letter by Prof. Sedgwick, in support of the opinion that Shap Boulders were carried over Stainmoor by floating ice, and suggests that ocean-currents may have had less to do with the dispersal than the direction of the prevalent winds. J. G. G. Ward, Dr. 0. On Slickensides or Eock-striations, particularly those of the Chalk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 113, 114. Describes striated surfaces and fibrous structure in the Chalk at Eastbourne, and believes that both are due to movements of the Chalk. W. T. Whitaker, William. Guide to the Geology of London and the ^Neighbourhood. Pp. xii, 72, also Ed. 2, pp. xii, 73. Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. A description of the Geological Survey Map of "London and its Environs" (1874) and of the Geological Model of London in the Museum of Practical Geology. Gives a short account of all the beds that occur in and near the metropolitan area, from the probable under- ground ridge of old rocks to the latest deposits, with Tables of the places where the best sections may be seen. W. W. Whitley, Nicholas. The Geology of Lundy Island. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cormvall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 70-73 (with geological map). The object is to show that the main joints, both in the granite and in the slate, run parallel to the line of junction of these rocks. . The Geology of Penzance Bay and its Shores. Trans. B. Geol. Soc. Cormvall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 109-113 (with geological map). The rocks which occur on the shores of Penzance Bay are Devonian slate, greenstone, granite, elvans. Drift, shingle, and beach-sand. The hornblende-rocks are looked upon as due to ancient volcanic outbursts. The Drift is composed of waterworn pebbles of quartz, elvan, granite, greenstone, altered slate, and flint. The beds of Drift correspond to what are generally known as raised beaches in other parts of the bay ; but the author thinks that they could not have been formed without the intervention of ice-action. C. L. N. F. 44 (JEOLOGY. Willett, H. Tenth to Fourteenth Quarterly lieports on the Siib- Wcaldcn Exploration. 8vo. Brigliton. Give an account of the work down to 1825 feet (second boring). The details from the surface to 374 feet arc in the Tenth Eeport ; from 374 feet to 1546 feet, in the Twelfth. The Thirteenth contains the Eeport submitted to the British Association in 1875, also the results of Tem- perature observations. A notice of the Sperenberg Boring is given in the Tenth. "W.T. Willett, H., and W. Topley. Second Report of the Sub-Wealden Exploration Committee. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, pp. 21, 22. Gives a general description of progress (of the first boring) down to 1000 feet (see p. 40). Wilson, J. M. On the probable Existence of a considerable Fault in the Lias near Eugby, and of a new Outlier of the Oolite. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 355, 356. Describes a sand-pit [in the Drift] at Low Morton, the sand of which lies against a highly inclined face of clay. Suggests that this may be due to a fault, which can be similarly traced for half a mile. S.E. this line passes Kilsby Tunnel, where much difiiculty was encountered from water; N.W. the line of suj)posed fault passes between Eugby and Brown sever ; if prolonged further N.W. it would join the Nuneaton fault, both alike throwing down to the N.E. On the plateau at Browns- over there is a mass of Oolite, rudely stratified, having a Stonesfield Slate character. The author believes that this is an outlier in place, and that the fault here has a throw of about 500 feet. W. T. Contributions to the Geology of Hillmorton. Rep. Rughy School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, pp. 8-13, plate 6 (map and section). Sections in Hillmorton seem to show a fault between sand and L. Lias clay, the junction overlain by gravel. The fault trends N.W. and downthrows to N.E., accounting for the Oolitic deposit at Brownsover described in 1871 as Drift, but now regarded as an outlier. W. H. D. . Boring at Lodge Farm. Rep. Rughy School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1874, p. 52. Boring to 101 feet in Liassic clay half a mile E. of Clifton. Winwood, Rev. H. H. iN'otes on some Eailway-Sections near Bath. Proc. Bath Field-Cluh, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 129-135. New sections on the Bath and Evercreech Extension Line between Bath and Combe Down are described. These include sections of Gravel, Inf. Oolite, Midford Sands, XJ., M., and L. Lias. The fossils from the several formations are noticed, those from the Midford Sands having, it is considered, an OoUtic character. H. B. W. WoUaston, G. H. On Certain Wealden Beds. Trans. Clifton Coll. Sci. Soc. vol. ii. (part 1) pp. 29-33 (woodcut). Describes a quarry near Hastings, and the Saurian and other fossils yielded by a <' bone-bed" there. BRITISH ISLES. 45 Woodward, H. B. A Sketch of the Geology of Middlesex. The Saturday Half-Holiday Guide. Seventh issue, pp. 40-44. 8vo. London. An account of the diflferent strata and their fossils, pointing out the physical changes which they indicate, and the connexion between the geology and scenery. H. B. W. . Studies and Problems for Somersetshire Geologists. Proc. Bath Field- Club, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 177-182. Indicates some of the points in the geology of Somersetshire upon which more information is needed, and some of the many theoretical questions that have to be solved. H. B. W. . The Origin of our English Scenery. Fop. Sci. Rev. vol. xiv. pp. 57-66. Draws attention to the various denuding agents, and points out their influence on the formation of the scenery, as brought about by elevation of the strata, and modified by disturbances. The larger features of our country may be traced to the age of the strata, the older rocks as a rule being most elevated and hardened ; while the minor features are depen- dent for the most part on the varying lithological characters of the rocks. The formation of plains of marine denudation, and the origin of escarp- ments and of rivers, are discussed. The amounts of denudation per- formed by sea and by subaerial agencies are compared, calculations con- cerning which prove that the latter are the more powerful. H. B. W. Worth, R. N. Alluvial Deposits on Plymouth Hoe. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. vii. pp. 150-153. Gives the results of some recent excavations on the ridge of Devonian limestones forming the Hoe, the level of which averages 100 feet above the sea. This is regarded as a platform of denudation ; and the over- lying deposits of pebbles, clay, and sand, having an origin at first fluvi- atile and then both fluviatile and marine, are accounted for by a gradual elevation of the land. T. M. H. Young, John. On a Bed of Pine-grained Indurated Sandstone, enclosing lloUed Pebbles of Quartzite, interstratified with the Trap of the Campsie Pells. Trans. Oeol. Soc. Glasg. vol. v. part 1, pp. 51-54. Note of occurrence. Sandstone probably of Carboniferous age, but its origin doubtful. . On the Parallelism of the Scottish and North-Irish Carbo- niferous Strata. Froc. Glasg. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. part 1. Founds his remarks chiefly on the geological age of the Ballycastlo Coal-field and its relation to the Carboniferous rocks of the west of Scotland as described by Hull, and generally corroborates Hull's views as to the parallelism, lithological and pala}ontological, of the Carboni- ferous rocks in N. Ireland and W. Scotland. J. E. T. Young, Robert. The Water-bearing Rocks between Moira and Lurgan. Froc. Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc. Session 1874-75, pp. 33, 34. Considers that a large quantity of the drainage passes through the interstices of the Chalk and rises in Lough Ncagh along a lino of fault in 46 GEOLOGY. its bed. The trap-dykes which cut through part of the district seem to act in some cases as barriers, damming back part of the water, increas- ing the supply, and also preserving its purity. E. T. H. Bristol and its Environs Historical Descriptive & Scientific Pub- lished under the sanction of the Local Executive Committee of the British Association. Pp. viii, 475. 8vo. London and Bristol. Section VII. Physical Geography and Geology : — Physical Descrip- tion, and History of Bristol Geology, pp. 319-326, by E. B. Tawney. Silurian (U. Llandovery Sandstone, Wenlock Shales, and Limestones), figs. 4-6, Devonian, with analyses of igneous rocks from Mendip and Damory Bridge, figs. 7-13, and Carboniferous Period (the Clifton section, with plate, L. Carboniferous shales, Mountain Limestone), pp. 326-354, by W. W. Stoddart. Coal Measures and New Red Period, pp. .354-367, by E. B. Tawney. Eha^tic and Liassic Formations, pp. 367-377, by E. Tate. I^f. Oolite (and newer deposits), pp. 377-382, by E. B. Tawney. H. B. W. Chemin de Fer Sous-Marin entre la France et I'Angleterre. Rap- ports sur les Sondages executes dans le Pas de Calais en 1875. Fol. Paris. Contains three reports, separately paged. A. Lavelley, pp. 8, a general report. E. Laronsse, pp. 15 (chart). Exploration du Detroit pendant les mois d'Aoiit et Septembre 1875— giving a description of the methods employed in examining the bottom of the Channel. A. Potier et A. de Lapparent, pp. 16 (2 maps, sections, and woodcuts). Rapport sur I'Exploration geologique sous-marin du Pas de Calais. Gives the results of the soundings, mapping the outcrop of the " Craie de Iloaen " from the French coast to within a few miles of the English coast. W. T. Correspondence respecting the proposed Channel Tunnel and Railway, Commercial Reports, no. 6. Pp.76. Fol. London. (Maps, plans, and sections.) See also the following : — Anon. Channel Tunnel : p. 48. Baily, "W. H. British Fossils. Part lY. (General Remarks on the Geology.) Post, under Paljeontologt, Inveetebeata. Barrels, C. Gault, Paris Basin. Refers to England : p. 49. Brown, Dr. R. Papers on Greenland. Relates to ice-remains in Britain. Post, under Aectic Regioj^s. Dewalque, Prof. Gr. Cambrian, "Wales : p. b^. Durand, H. Channel Tunnel : p. 61. Kinahan, G. H. Granitic &c. Rocks of Yar Connaught. Post, under Peteologt. . " Yalleys, &c." Largely illustrated from Irish Geology. Post, under Physical Geology. 47 2. EUROPE, Abich, Prof. H. Geologische Beobachtungen auf Reisen im Kau- kasus. [Geological Observations in the Caucasus.] 138 pp., one map. Moscow. Also Bull. JSoc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1874, no. 3 (1875), p. 63. The chief subjects arc: — the Betschau hot spring formation, the Jurassic coal-bearing beds of N. Caucasus, the quartz-trachyte of Tschegem, and the glaciers of N. Caucasus. G. A. L. Ackerinann, — . On the occurrence of Calc-sinter near Quedhn- burg. Sitz. Isis Dresden. Ammon, L. von. Die Jura-Ablagerungen zwischen Begensburg und Passau. [Jurassic beds of the country between Batisbon and Passau.] Pp. 197. Munich. 4 plates and table of strata. Entitled a Monograph of the Jurassic district of Lower Bavaria, with special reference to similar beds in Franconia. The Keilberg dis- trict is first described, containing Lias and Upper Jurassic ; then that of Miinster, near Straubing ; and last that between YiLshofen and Pas- sau. The chief development of beds is in the II. and U. Oolites [weisse Jura] : the stages adopted are, above the Kelloway : — 1. Dingel- rcuth beds, with Amm. hiarmatus ; 2. Yoglarn beds, with A. transver- sarins, Scyphia limestones, &c. ; 3. Ostenburg beds, cherty limestones, with A. himammatus, forming the Oxford group. Then Soldenau beds, with A. tenuilohatus, placed in the Kimmeridge. The deposits are not allied to those of the Alps, but to those of Franconia and GaHzia, e.g. Balin, showing that the Jurassic seas of these districts were in con- nexion before the upHft of the Bohemian mountain-chain, which is posterior even to the Cretaceous epoch. In the palffiontological part a full list of species and their range is given, the following new ones being described: — Perisphinctes Eggeri and suberiniis, from Soldenau beds ; Li7na scahernma, from the trans- versarius-beds ; Monotis Gimheli, Terehratula suhbavaricai from Orten- burg beds. E. B. T. Anon. Der Silber- und Blei-Bergbau zu Pribram in Bohnien. [Lead and Silver Mining at Pribram in Bohemia.] Vienna. . Bade d'Anvers. Forages operes en 1871 et 1874. [Borings in Antwerp lloads in 1871 and 1874.] MinisUre des Travaux publics de Belgique. 1875? . Session extraordinaire do la Societc ge'ologique de France a. Geneve et Chamounix en 1875. [Meeting of the French Geological Society at Geneva and Chamounix in 1875.] AtcJi, JSci. Pliys. Nat, t. liv. pp. 143-1 CO. Notice of the meeting. 48 GEOLOGY. Anon. Aachen, seine geologisclien Yerhaltnisse und Thermalquellen, etc. [Aix-la-Chapelle, its geology, thermal springs, &c.] ALv. . The Marble Quarries of Carrara. Building News, vol. xxix. pp. 105, 106. Mentions a Report on this subject to the Italian Minister of Public Works. . Progress of the St. Gothard Tunnel. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. pp. 23, 130, 164, 273, 661, 745. Notes of progress, chiefly from the Revue Tndustrielle. The rocks passed through are described, and temperature observations at the faces of both ends are recorded. G. A. L. -. Le Tunnel de la Manche. [The Channel Tunnel.] L'Ex- plorateur geograjiliique et commercial, no. 2, pp. 43, 44, with plan and section. Geological to a great extent. (J. P.), [J. E. H. Peyton]. Deep-Boring in Prussia. Oeol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 48. Describes the boring at Sperenberg, 4040 feet deep, in the New Red. . Note on the supposed occurrence of Gold in the Morbihan, France. Iron, vol. vi. p. 203. . Iron Mines of Bosnia. Iron, vol. vi. p. 203. . The Coal-Mining Industry of Russia. Coll. Giuird. vol. xxx. pp. 119, 120. Based on the latest official sources of information as to the present condition of the Russian Coal-fields. The iron-production returns are also quoted. G. A. L. Arzruni, Dr. A. Die Schwefellager von Kchiuta im Daghestan. [Sulphur-deposits of Kchiuta.] N. Jahrh. Heft i. pp. 49-51. Letter referring to the sulphur-deposits of the Caucasus, especially that at Kchiuta in Eastern Daghestan. The mineral occurs in nests and lenticular masses, in some cases 4 metres thick, associated with gypsum and enclosed in limestone. It has recently been explored, with the view of using it locally in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. F. ^Y. R. Bachmann, — . [Giants' Cauldrons near Bern.] N. Jalwh. Heft i. pp. 53, 54. Letter announcing the discovery of '* Giant's Cauldrons " (lUesentopfe) in Molasse sandstone near Bern. They arc filled with boulders, among which are several characteristic rocks, showing that they are brought down by the old glacier of the Rhone. F. W. R. Baltzer, Dr. A. Ueber Bergstiirze in den Alpen. [Landslips in the Alps.] 8vo. Ziirich. Pp. 50 ; illustrated. Describes several Alpine landslips, and classifies them as follow : — 1. Falls of Rock (Fehstiirze), e.g. Felsberg ; 2. LandBli^s (ErdscJiUffe), e.g. I ETJBOPE. 49 Rorschach ; 3. Mud-streams (Schlammstrome) ; soft beds crushed by overlying rock move down towards valleys, like lava-streams, e. g. Wiiggis in 1795 ; 4. Mixed falls (gemischte Stilrze), consisting of fragments of rock, earth, and mud, e. g. Goldau and most others. Recognizes in each slip three regions: 1. Origin; 2. Course; 3. Final position. Refers most of the falls to water resting on clay or other impermeable material, and thus loosening the base of the overlying rock, which ultimately loses its hold. F. W. R. Baltzer, Dr. A. Ueber einen neuerlichen Felssturz am Rossberg, nebst einigen allgemeinen Bemerkungen iiber^ derartige Erschei- nungen in den Alpen. [Recent Fall of Rock at the Rossberg.] N. Jahrh. Heft i. pp. 15-26 ; wdth 3 woodcuts. Account of a fall of rock in August 1874, at the Rossberg, near Arth, in Switzerland. Smaller than the great fall of the Goldau in the same locality in 180G. The fall of the Goldau is called a Bergstui-z ; that of the Rossberg only a Felssturz. Also describes a fall at Bilton, in Glarus, in April 1868, and a landslip at Sax, near Chur, in 1874. Classifies slips and falls as above, and discusses the causes of such phajnomena. F. W. R. Barrels, Charles. L'Aache'nien et la limite entre le Jurassique et le Cretace dans I'Aisne et les Ardennes. [The Aachenian and the junction of Jurassic and Cretaceous in Aisne and Ardennes.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 257-265. At the base of the Cenomanian in Belgium and N. France is a ter- restrial deposit called the Aachenian. Three opinions exist regarding its age. Gosselet calls it Gault, De Lapparent believes it to be AVealden, while, according to Comet and Briart, its formation has continued from the end of the Carboniferous period to that of the Gault. M. Barrels shows that the Aachenian conglomerate of Aisne contains the fossils of the Ammonites mammillaris zone at the base of the Gault, and that this is underlain by a series of sands and clays (cendres), which may bo traced laterally into clays containing Oxfordian fossils. The ferru- ginous sands (Aachenian) are found all along the primary range of the Ardennes ; and he therefore agrees with Gosselet in referring them to the Gault ; at the same time he thinks it not improbable that the original material was collected as a terrestrial deposit on the plateaux of the Ardennes, and was rearranged by the waves of the Gault sea, under which that region gradually sank. A. J. J-B. . Sur le Gault et sur les couches entre lesquelles il est com- pris dans le bassin de Paris. [The Gault of the Paris Basin.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 1-61. Passing over the W. part of the basin, where the Gault is much con- cealed by higher beds, the author commences with a study of the country between the valleys of the Loire and Seine, in the natural regions of Puisayo and Pcrthois. It is found that the classification adopted in one place will not hold in others, and that there is great difficulty in fixing the upper limit of the Gault and the base of the 1^7.5. E 50 GEOLOGY. ' Craie glauconieme,' in consequence of the lenticular arrangement of the beds and their variable lithological constitution. He proceeds to esta- blish the zone of Ammonites injlatus, which he considers to be distinct from the true Gault or Albian, by its fauna, its lithological character, and its wider geographical distribution. In its typical development it consists of a mass of clayey marls, in which beds of greensand are lenticularly disposed and sometimes attain great thickness ; its charac- teristic fossils are Amm. injlatus, Inoceramus sulcatus, and Ostrea vesi- culosa. In tracing the beds round the basin the Gault of Puisaye and Perthois is found to comprise two members, (1) Sands with Ammonites mammillaris ; (2) Clays 90-120 feet thick, which are sometimes partly replaced by lenticular sandy beds, such as the Gres des Drillous and the Sables de Puisaye ; above these come clayey marls, with Amm. injlatus, 30 to 300 feet thick. In Argonne these marls are replaced by sandy beds called ' Qaize^ while the Gault clays gradually thin out, allowing the Qaize to overlap on to the Lower Sands. In Artois he considers the Amm. injlatus zone to be represented by a few feet of sandy clay ; but even these eventually thin out, allowing the Pecten asj^er zone to come down on to the Amm. mammillaris sands. Thus the Gault thins out against the axis of Artois ; but the complete series is found again in the Boulonnais, and constitutes what has been called Gault at "Wissant. He then briefly describes the distribution of the Gault in England, and concludes with discussing the value of an etage^ and the mode in which the beds described should be grouped ; he proposes to unite the Aptian and Albian into one etage, the zone of Amm. injlatus forming the base of the * Craie glauconieuse ' or Cenomanian. A. J. J-B. Barrels, Charles. Couches traverse'es a Lievin par la fosse Numdro 3. [Beds sunk through at Lievin.] Atm. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. p. 63. The section shows : — 1, Micr aster chalk ; 2, chalk rock ; 3, Terehratu^ Una gracilis chalk-marl ; 4, Inoceramus lahiatus do. ; 5, Ammonites Rhotomagensis glauconitic chalk ; 6, chloritic marl ; 7, Pecten asper marls; 8, Terehratella Menardi bed (Sarrasin=Tourtia of Montignies). The Coal Measures are reached at about 152 metres. G. A. L. La Zone a Belemnites plenus. Etude sur le Cenomanien et le Turonien du Bassin de Paris. [Zone of Bel. plenus, between the Cenomanian and Turonian of the Paris Basin.] Ann. JSoc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 146-193. When the L. and U. Chalk are traced round the Paris Basin, the lithological characters of the different subdivisions are found to vary, the beds being mainly calcareous on the N. and S., while argillaceous conditions prevail in the E. Beginning with the calcareous region, the author treats the following divisions in detail, and gives lists of fossils from all : — 1. Zone of Ammonites injlatus. 2. Zone of Pecten. asjper.^ 3. Zone of Holaster subglohosus : this he divides into four hori- zons, viz. a, of PloeoscypJiia mceandrina; h, of Amra. varians; c, of Am7n. Rhotomagensis ; d, of Bel. plenus. He speaks briefly of the zones above, viz. 4. Zone of Inoceramus lahiatus ; 5. Zone of Terehratidina EUROPE. 61 gracilis ; 6. Zone of Micraster hreviporus. The eastern developments of the zones, where they have an argillaceous facies, are next con- sidered,— first, in the department of Marne, where the clay of zone 1 is replaced by ^c/aize^' while argillaceous marls occur in zone 2; zone 3 presents two divisions only in the S., and in the N. only one, viz. that of Bel. ;plenus ', zone 4 continues as nodular chalk; and zone 5 becomes more clayey. In the Ardennes zone 1 is chiefly sandy, zone 3 is only represented by the marl of Bel. plenus, zone 4 is wanting, and zone 5 is still argillaceous. In Aisne and Nord the series is much the same, but zones 3 and 4 are fully represented by argillaceous beds. A full list of the fauna found in the zone of Bel. plenus is added, and a table of the variations which have been traced in the beds described. A. J. J-B. Benoit, Emile. Essai d'un tableau comparatif des terrains tertiaires dans Ic bassin du Ehone et des Usses. [Comparative table of the Tertiary beds in the Basin of the Rhone and of the Usses vaUey.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 436-451. In descending order the divisions recognized by the writer in this district are : — 1. Sandy Mollasse. 2. Hard beds and shelly grits. 3. Grey Mollasse. ^ =Fahlimfl of Touraine. 4. Blue Mollasse. 5. Local conglomerate. 6. Grouty Mollasse. 7. 3rd freshwater beds and lignites. 8. 2nd red Mollasse. 9. Drifted beds. 10. Felspathic grit. 1 1 . 2nd freshwater beds. 12. Gypseous Mollasse. 13. 1st freshwater bed. 14. Micaceous grit (fucoidal ?). 15. Ist red Mollasse. 16. Siderolitic deposits. = From the last to the Chalk exclusive. G. A. L. Berthelin, Or. Note sur les subdivisions de I'^tage ne'ocomien aux environs de Bar-sur-Seine. [Ncocomian subdivisions in the neigh- bourhood of Bar-sur-Seine.] Mem. Soc. Acad. Auhe, 3 ser. t. xi. (xxxviii.) p. 237. Bianconi, G. A. Prove della contemporaneita delF epoca glaciale col periodo pliocenico a Balerna e a Monte Mario sul Reno. [Proofs of Synchronism of the Glacial epoch with the Pliocene period at Balema and at Monte Mario.] llend. Ace. Sci. Bologna, . [On some Argillaceous Slate of Miocene age.] Bend. Ace, Sci. Bologna. Bingmann, E. [Discovery of a deposit of Potash and Rock-salts at Peine.] Zeitsch. Berg-, lliitt. Salinenw. vol. xxiii. p. 41. About three miles south of Peine, on the Brunswick-Hanoycr line of railway, the Muschelkalk appears beneath the Cretaceous series. This E 2 = Orleans limestone and limestone and millstone of the Beauce. = Fontainebleau sands and pebble- beds. =From the Brie limestone to the white marls of the Paris Basin inclusive. 52 GEOLOGY. lias been pierced by several borings in search of water, which have proved the existence of the Bunter Sandstein formation below. The con- ditions of the stratification being similar to those observed at Stassfurt, Leopoldshall, and Thiede, led to the sujiposition that a deposit of potash and rock-salt might be found. A boring put down to the depth of 286-6 metres has already proved a thickness of 73*2 metres of salt, of which the upper section of 20-6 metres contains a mixture of potash-, soda- and magnesia-salts, similar to that of Stassfurt, though on a smaller scale. H, B. Bischof, F. Die Steinsalzwerke bei Stassfurt. [The Stassfurt Eock-salt works.] Halle. Botella, Federico. La Ciudad Encantada, Hoces, Salegas y Torcas de la Provincia do Cuenga. [The Enchanted City, Province of Cuenga.] An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. vol. iv. part 2 ; and separately published, Madrid. Describes some fantastically shaped rocks near Cuenga, known as the " Enchanted City." Investigates their origin, and explains the causes of other erosive phenomena of that locality. A map of the valley of the river Huecar, two plates with sections and sketches, and two photographic views from " the Enchanted City " accompany this paper. J. M'P. Botti, U. Sulle rocce impastate entro al Serpentine. [Serpentine conglomerate, &c.] Boll. li. Com. geol. Ital. vi. pp. 63-73 (wood- cut). On the occurrence of a conglomerate, with fragments of various rocks cemented by a serpentinous paste ; with notes on the geology of the mountains near Pontremoli and the Magra valley. E. B. T. Bone, Ami. Sur les gites de sel gemme de la Eoumanie et sur les gres Carpathiques. [On the Eock-salt deposits of Eoumania and on the Carpathian grits.] Bull. Soc. Geol. Finance, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 52-54. Eejoinder to M. Coquand's remarks [sec Geological Eecoed for 1874, p. 54]. The writer restates his views as to rock-salt deposits being for the most part due to submarine brine -springs, accompanied by ejections of clayey marls, not to the evaporation of inland seas. The next point is as to the age of the Carpathian or Yiennese grits, some of which are undoubtedly Cretaceous, whilst some are of the age of the Swiss Flyscli, and others are pre-Cretaceous. Points out the present state of un- certainty on this subject. G. A. L. . Einiges zur palao-geologischen Geographic. [Some points of Palaeo-geological Geography.] Vienna. Boutillier, Louis. N'otice necrologique sur M. Antoine-Frangois Passy. [Obituary notice of M. Passy.] 32 pp., Boueii. Gives an account of that geologist's work in the stratigraphical geology of various parts of France. EUROPE. 5^ Briart, Alph. Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 1®"^ Septembre a Mai- sieres. [Account of excursion to Maisieres.] Bull. JSoc. Geol, ■ France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 588-592. Describes the Cretaceous beds in a ravine running from the Camp do Casteau. . Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 3 Septembre a Pieton, Camieres, Morlanwelz, et Haine-Saint-Pierre. [Account of excursion to Pieton, i&c.] Bull, Soc. Oeol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 618-624 (1 fig. in text). Describes curious sandpipes, by some considered as having been excavated from below — as being, in fact, natural artesian wells. Briart, A., and F. Comet. Sur la presence du systeme tongrien de Dumont dans le pays de Herve, sur la rive droite de la Mouse. [Occurrence of Tongrian in the Herve district, on the right bank of the Meuse.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg, t. ii. Bulletin, pp. Ixxiii-lxxv, woodcut in text. Note of a railway-cutting between Battice and Chaineux. Bristow, H. W. Deep Boring in Prussia. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 95, 96, 140. ^ The Sperenberg boring is 4172 feet deep in Triassic beds. The upper part is through Gypsum, passing down into Anhydrite. At 291 feet pure rock-salt was met with, in which the boring continued to the bottom [see Geological Recokd for 1874, pp. 105, 162]. "W. T. Brogger, W. C, and H. H. Reusch. Yorkommen des Apatit in Norwegen. [Occurrence of Apatite in Norway.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Heft iii. pp. 646-702, with 5 plates. Describes the occurrence of Apatite) in upwards of 20 Norwegian localities. In all cases the mineral occurs in veins, which pass in- differently through eruptive and sedimentary rocks. Those in Gabbro are described first ; then those in other rocks ; lastly, each mineral is described in detail. The authors refer the veins to an eruptive origin, and seek to explain the regular structure of the veinstone ; near the walls the minerals are often finely granular, but in the centre of the vein crystallized, and the crj^stals are often curved. They conclude that the eruption of the veins carrying Apatite was contemporaneous with or immediately after the outburst of the Gabbro. F. W. R. Burthe, P. L. Note sur les fractures qui ont preside ii la formation des filons auriferes de Gondo, et sur les relations geomctriques qui definissent leur structure. [The Dislocations which have caused the auriferous veins of Gondo, and the geometrical re- lations which determine their structure.] Ann. Mines, ser. 7, t. vii. pp. 199-207, pi. v. figs. 1-4. Applies to this district of the Valais the views published by M. Mois- senet on the rich portions of veins, with consistent results. Examines specially the mechanical characters of the veins of the region. There :54 GEOLOGY. are three chief directions, N. 20° W., N. 25*' W., and N. 30° W., the first being that of the rich veins. G. A. L. Burton, Capt. R. F. Ultima Thule; or, A Summer in Iceland. 2 vols. pp. 380 and 408, 30 illustrations, 2 maps. London and EcUnhurgh. Throughout, the geology of the districts visited is described. A treatise on " Sulphur in Iceland " forms an Appendix, vol. ii. pp. 328- 404, in 8 sections : — 1. Account of 0. Henschel's Eeport on the Ice- landic Sulphur Mines (1776) ; 2. Sir G. S. Mackenzie's account of the Krisuvik diggings (1812) ; 3. Extract from Consul Crowe's Eeport on the mineral resources of Iceland (1871-72) ; 4. Letter on Mr. Vincent's paper on the subject (1873) ; 5. Eeprint of a paper by Dr. C. C. Blake on Sulphur in Iceland (1873) ; 6. Sulphur in Sicily ; 7. Suljjhur in Transylvania; 8. Sulphur in the Andaman Islands, from Dr. Mouat's book (1863). The author's researches respecting sulphur in Iceland are scattered through the work. G. A. L. Calderon, Salvador. Estudios geologicos de EspaSa. [Geological Studies in Spain.] Madrid. Capellini, Prof. G. Calcare a Amphistegina, strati a Congeria e calcare di Leitha dei Monti Livornesi. . [Leghorn Tertiaries, &c.] Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 241-244 ; also Bend. Ace. JSci. Bologna (8 pp.). Note on the discovery of fossil plants allied to those of Eilin, of Con- geria beds, &c. Above freshwater Miocene deposits come salt water Pliocene, without any intermediate brackish water deposits. E. B. T. Chambrun de Rosemont, — de. Note sur le Diluvium de la Haute- Tarentaise ; preuves que les grands glaciers n'ont pas produit les grands cours d'eau. [Note on the Drift of the Haute-Tarentaise ; proofs that great glaciers have not produced great rivers.] Bull, Soc. Geol. France^ 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 481-483, 1 fig. in text. Chancourtois, A. E. B. de. Unification des travaux geographiques et geologiques. [Unification of geographical and geological work.] 162 pp., 3 plates, 8 tables. Paris. Consists of 7 memoirs brought together for the consideration of the Geographical Congress in 1875. 1 and 2 are geographical ; 3 describes the system on which the drawing up of the detailed geological map of France is carried out; 4 gives the history of that survey, with a reduction of the table of divisions adopted by its directors ; 5 consists of the detailed scheme of signs, colours, &c. used ; 6 is on the appli- cation of 5 ; 7 urges a more strict uniformity in geological investiga- tions, and the desirability of the union of geological, hydrological, and meteorological studies. A table showing the position which the various departments of geology should occupy in a general classification of the sciences is given. The whole refers to Erench geology. G. A. L. Chelle, — . Decouverte d'un gite calaminaire a Bagneres-de- Luchon. [Discovery of a deposit of calamine at Bagneres-de- Luchon.] Bull. Soc. Hist. Sat. Toulouse, t. viii. p. 411. ET7E0PE. 55 Choflfat, P. Lo corallien daua le Jura occidental. [Corallino Oolite in the Western Jura.] Arch. Sci. Phjs. Nat. t. liv. pp. 383-398. Cogels, Paul. Observations geologiques et paleontologiques sur les differents depots rencontres k Anvers lors du creusement des nouveaux bassins. [Deposits met with in the new docks, Antwerp.] Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. t. ix. pp. 7-32. The deposits described are : — I. The Diestian sands : II. The Scal- disian sands, comprising 1, sands with Isocardia cor ; 2, sands with Troj>hon antiquum (Fusus contrarius) ; and 3, a greenish argillaceous sand : III. Campinian sands, and the modern deposits (peat, black clay with freshwater shells, and the Polders clay). Full lists of the fossils belonging to each division are given. G. A. L. CoUadon, Prof. D. Les travaux mecaniques pour le percement du tunnel du Gothard. [The St. Gothard Tunnel works.] ArcJt, Sci, Phijs. Nat. t. liv. pp. 329-361. Contains some geological information. Collet, L. Sur le terrain jurassique dans I'Ouest du departement de i'Herault. [Jurassic of Western Herault.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 scr. t. iii. pp. 389-396, 1 plate and 1 fig. in text. Gives detailed sections of the Jurassic and Liassic series from the Avicula contorta beds upwards. The white limestones of the Infra- Lias attain near Lodeve a thickness of 200 metres. The Gryphcea arcuata beds are absent. The general character of the divisions present is a gradual thickening towards the N.W. G. A. L. Cook, E. T. The Glacier Garden of Lucerne. 3 Bep, WincJiester Coll. Nat. Hist. Soc. pp. 46-48. An account of funnel-shaped hollows in the rock, filled with debris, known as " Giants' Pots," near the Lion Monument. The formation of these, with the rounded blocks of stone in them, is referred to the time when the glaciers had a far greater extension. There are 16 pots, the largest being 40 feet in diameter. W. W. Coppi, Ft. Brevi note suUo Salse modenesi. [On Mud Volcanoes.] Boll. E. Com. r/eol. Ital. pp. 231-237. ^ Describes the efflorescence of salts, sodic chloride chiefly, on the sides of the mud-cones in the Modena district, with other details concerning these salt-water and mud eruptions. E. B. T. Coquand, H. HLstoiro des Terrains stratifies de I'ltalie centrale, so rdferrmt aux periodes primairo, palcozoique, triasiquc, rhdti- cnno et jurassique {1^^^ partie). [The Primary, Pala)ozoic, Tri- assic, llha)tic, and Jurassic stratified deposits of Central Italy, Ist part.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 scr. t. iii. pp. 26-46. An abstract of the chief portion of this paper in Geol. Mag. doc. 2, vol. iii. pp. 289-292 (1876). Gives a detailed account of the opinions which have at various times 56 GEOLOGY. been held by the writer and the chief Italian geologists respecting the age and stratigraphical relations of the beds of the Apuan Alps and of the Campigliese. A table of the formations as now recognized, with full lists of fossils, is given. M. Coquand regards the statuary marbles of Carrara as Carboniferous, and the famous calcare rosso am^nonitifero as Middle and Lower Lias. Gr. A. L. Cornet, F. L. Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 31 Aout [1874] aux environs de Ciply. [Account of Excursion to Ciply.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 567-577, 3 figs, in text. Describes chiefly the Cretaceous rocks of the district, which are in descending order: — 1. The "tufeau" of Ciply, including the Malogne conglomerate, which is worked for phosphatic nodules at Bavay ; 2. The brown Chalk of Ciply ; 3. The Spiennes Chalk ; 4. The Nouvelles Chalk ; 5. The Obourg Chalk ; 6. The St. -Yaast Chalk. Phosphates are also worked in the Ciply wood in No. 2. Lists of fossils are given. G. A. L. . Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 1^^ Septembre a Harmignies, Spiennes et Mesvin. [Account of excursion to Harmignies, etc.] Bull, Soc. Oeol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 582-588, 1 fig. Describes chiefly the lower members of the Cretaceous noticed above. Cornet, F. L., and A. Briart. Apergu sur la geologic des environs de Mens. [Geology of Mens.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 534-553. Printed separately in 1874, see Geological Kecoed for 1874, p. 54, " Lecture d'ouverture a la reunion extraordinaire de la Societe Geo- logique de France a Mons."^ , . Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 2 Septembre [1874] ; Calcaire Grossier de Mens, Meule de Bracquegnies. [Account of excursion of the 2nd Sept. : ' Calcaire grossier ' of Mens, Brac- quegnies millstone.] Bull. JSoc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 594- 598. Both horizons are described.] , . Note sur I'existence dans le terrain houiller du Hai- naut de bancs de calcaire a crinoides. [Beds of Encrinital Lime- stone in the Coal Measures of Hainaut.] Ann. JSoc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Memoires, pp. 52-57. '~ Note of limestone at Baudour, containing Chonetes Laguesseanea, De '^QYi., and Productus carhonarius, De Kon., besides encrinite-stems. , -^-^ — . Sur le synchronisme du systeme hervien de la province de Liege et de la craie blanche moyenne du Hainaut. [Synchronism of the Hervian system of Lie'ge with the Middle White Chalk of Hainaut.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Memoires, pp. 108-122. The equivalence of these deposits is shown on Palgeontological grounds. Cortazar, Daniel de. Descripcion f fsica, geologica y agrologica de EUROPE. 67 la Provincla de Cueuga. [Physical, Geological, and Agricultural description of the Province of Cuenga.] Pp. xvi. 406, 4 plates (fossils, views, sections, and map), 43 woodcuts. Mem. Com. Map, Geol. Espaii. Cotta, Prof. B. von. [Chalk and Drift of Rugen.] N. Jahrh. Heft vi. p. 636. Letter on the dislocations in the Chalk and Drift of Riigen. Be- lieves that Forchhammer's explanation by upheaval is untenable, and inclines to Johnstrup's view, which refers the phenomenon to ice-action [see Geological Record for 1874, p. 74]. Objects to some of Suess's views expressed in the ' Enstehung der Alpen.' F. W. R. Cotteau, Q-. Note sur une excursion h Faxoe (Danemark). [Excur- sion to Faxoe.] Bull. JSoc. Geol. France, 3 se'r. t. iii. pp. 51, 52. Describes sections of Faxoe chalk quarries and of Hoirup cliff. Credner, Prof. Ueber nordisches Diluvium in Bohmen. [Drift in Bohemia.] Sitz. nat. Ges. Leipzig, No. 6. [From JV. Jahrh. Heft viii. p. 881.] The occurrence of Scandinavian boulders in the Drift of Northern Bohemia shows that an inlet of the Diluvial Sea existed here, and communicated with the northern waters by means of what is now the low sandstone plateau of the Saxon and Bohemian Switzerland. Finds the upper limit of drift on the Lausitz mountains to be 407 metres above sea-level. F. W. R. Daubree, — . Les montagnes d'Auvergne. [The Mountains of Auvergne.] CUh alp. Frant;. l^^^e an. (1874), p. 268. Debray, H. Coupe prcs du canal de la Basse-Deule pres Lille. [Section near Lille.] Ami. Soc. Geol. Nord, 1874-75, p. 61. Note of section (Landenian beds). Delacroix, — . [Boring at Miserey, near Besan^on (Doubs).] Rev, Geol. t. xi. pp. 155, 156. Detailed section given. Rock-salt, 55 metres thick, was struck at 166-8 metres, in Upper Triassic rocks. Delage, — . Etude sur les terrains silurien et ddvonien du Nord du dcpartement de riUe-et-Yilaine. [Silurian and Devonian of northern lUe-et-Vilaine.] Bull. JSoc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 368-385, plates ix, x. A detailed description, with small geological map (pi. ix), of the geology of the country between Rennes, Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigne, and Saint-Pierre-la-Cour. The divisions recognized are : — 1. Bilobite grits ; 2. Slates and grits ; 3. Graptolitc schists, these three representing the Silurian ; 4. Lower grits ; 5. Schists and grey wacke ; 6. Limestone ; 7. Schist above the limestone ; 8. Grits above the limestone, represent- ing the Devonian. A limestone overlying No. 8, and which had been hitherto looked upon as Devonian, is shown to be Lower Carboniferous. 17 sections (pi. x) illustrate the lie of these beds. G. A. L. 58 QJIOLOGY. Delesse, Prof. A. Note sur la carte hydrologique du departemenfc de Seine-ct-Marne. [On the Hydrological Map of the Seine-et- Marne.] Compt. Bend. t. Ixxxi. pp. 753, 754. See also N. Jahrh. Heftvi. pp. 633-636.^ Summarizes the conclusions respecting the distribution of the per- meable and impermeable beds to which one is led by a study of the map, in which horizontal curves represent the surface of the under- ground sheets of water. G. A. L. Desor, Prof. E. Le paysage morainique, son origine glaciaire et ses rapports avec les formations pliocenes d'ltalie. [Moraine- features, their origin, and their relations with the Pliocene of Italy.] Pp. xi, 94, Paris and NeucMtel, See also Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. t. liv. pp. 48-61. Dewalque, Prof. G. Sur quelques fossiles triassiques du grand- duche de Luxembourg. [On Triassic Possils from Luxemburg.] Ann. Boc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Bulletin, pp. Iviii, lix. Note of occurrence of forms new to the district in the Muschelkalk of the neighbourhood of Diekirch. Eectifies a statement in his ' Pro- drome d'une description geologique de la Belgique ' relative to some greyish-green sandstones which he had there referred to the Gres bigarre series, the fossils they have yielded now showing that they belong to the Muschelkalk.' G. A. L. . On the Correlation of the Cambrian rocks of Belgium and Wales. Translated from the French, Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg. 2 ser. t. xxxvii. no. 5, pp. 596-598, 1874, by G. A. Lebour, Geol Mag. dec. 2. vol. ii. pp. 42, 43. Dewalque, Prof. G., A. Briart, and — Cornet. Eapports sur les memoires concernant le bassin houiUer de la province de Liege. [Reports on the memoirs on the Liege Coalfield.] Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg. ser. 2, t. xl. pp. 900-974. Criticise the two memoirs sent in answer to the prize-question re- quiring a description of the Coal Measures of the Lie'ge Basin. Dewalque, Prof. G., L. De Koninck, and — Dupont. Eapports sur le travail de M. Mourlon concernant I'etage Devonien des psam- mites du Condroz dans le bassin de Theux, etc. [Eeports on M. Mourlon's paper on the Condroz Sandstone of Theux, etc.] Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg. ser. 2, t. xl. pp. 673-678. Point out the chief new facts contained in M. Mourlon's paper. Dieulafait, Prof. L. [On the Lignites of the Yar.] Bull. Sac. Sci. Inclust. Marseille, t. ii. p. 126. These lignites lie between the Lias and Trias, below the Avicula contorta zone, which is very constant. Dieulafait, Prof. L., and — HoUande. Existence et developpement de la zone a Avicula coyitorta dans Tile de Corse [Presence of the Av. contorta zone in Corsica.] Compt. Bend. t. Ixxxi. p. 506. EUEOPB. 59 Note of an horizon abounding in Avicula contorta, which can he traced in an interrnpted manner throughout the eastern part of the island ; it is best developed in the Corte district. This bed (a shelly marble) had hitherto been grouped with others as belonging to the Nummulitic series. G. A. L. Doelter, Dr. Comelio. Die Yulcangruppe der pontischen Inseln. [The Yolcanic Group of the Ponza Islands.] Denkschr, Tc. Ah, Wiss. Bd. xxxvi. pp. 141-186. A notice of the earlier memoirs on these islands is followed by a description of their geographical features. The geology of each of the islands is then described in detail, the rocks of Ponza being classed, on the basis of chemical and microscopical analysis, as Sanidine-plagio- clase-trachyte, Sanidine-biotite-trach\i;e, Rhyolite, Pitchstone, Perlito, Trachyte-breccia, and Tuff; those of Palmarola, as Trach}i;e-breccia, Sanidine-trachyte, Lithoidite, Obsidian, Perlite, Pitchstone and Ehyo- lite ; those of Zannone, as Rhyolite and sedimentary rocks ; those of Yentotene, as Basaltic lava and Tuff ; and those of Santo Stefano, as Trachytic lava and Tuff. The peculiar forms resulting from the con- traction of the rock masses are described ; and a detailed account is given of the relations which the various kinds of rocks bear to one another. It is shown that the great eruptive veiu-like masses which traverse the agglomerates in Ponza affect a radiai cirrangement, and point to two centres of eruption, in a similar manner to the eruptive masses of the Euganean Hills. The rocks of Ponza, of which several new analyses are given, present interesting points of resemblance to those of the Lipari Islands and the Euganean Hills. J. W. J. — . Yorlaujfige Mittheilung iiber den geologischen Bau der pontinischen Inseln. [The Ponza Isles.] Sitz. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, mat.-nat. CI., 1 Abth. Bd. Ixxi. pp. 49-56 (with woodcut), also Boll. R. Com. cjeol. Ital. pp. 154-162. Divided into two groups : the two eastern isles Yentotene and St. Stefano are similar in structure to the volcanoes of the Phlegrean Fields, consisting of lava with tuffs ; the western, Ponza, &c. to the Transylvanian trachyte volcanoes, consisting of trachytes and radiating rhyolite dykes, which at the contact with the trachyte-breccias produce pitchstone. E. B. T. . Der geologische Bau, die Gesteinc und Mineralfundstiitten des Monzonigebirges in Tyrol. [Geological structure, ttc. of the Monzoni district, &c.] Jahrh. Tc.-lc. geol. lleichs. xxv. Heft 2, pp. 207-246, with 2 plates of sections, map, and 3 cuts. See also Verh. Ic.-Tc. geol. lieicJis. pp. 81, 82. Describes the varied igneous rocks, the name "Monzonite" being applied to numerous varieties between Diorite and Syenite ; some con- tain augito, others hornblende ; hornblende is also found in some of the melaphyres. The localities for the minerals are mostly at the junction with the limestone, the contact being of great influence. E. B. T. Eocene 60 GEOLOGY. Dollfas, G. Note geologique siir les terrains cretace's et tertiaires dii Cotentin. [Cretaceous and Tertiary beds of the Cotentin.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France^ 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 460-477, with folding table and 4 figs, in text. The Cretaceous series is represented by two members only, Green- sand with Orbitolina, and Baculite-limestone, on which latter rests the Tertiary series, the lowest division present being the Middle Eocene. Gives the following list of the Tertiary subdivisions of the Cotentin, compared with British deposits : — Cotentin. Britain. (Upper 1 . INassa marls Chillesford sands Lower 2. TeniraMa conglomer.ie { g^S^'f Crag f ? (Upper wanting wanting Middle 3. Fahlun, with Bryozoa , , . wanting Lower wanting wanting , (Upper 4. Pota')7iides limestone Bovey-Tracy lignites Middle 5. Bithynia m&r\s Hempstead Series Lower 6. Corbula clsij Bembridge Series J wanting Osborne Series Upper I wanting Headon Series {7. Geodic limestone Barton Clay 8. Orbitolites limestone "I -r, n t. a ■ 9. Nodular limestone / " " • Bracklesham Series I r wanting Bognor Series & London Clay I Lower \ wanting Plastic Clay & Woolwich Beds 1^ [ wanting Newhaven Sands & Thanet Sands G. A. L. Dorn, — . Neue wurttembergische Salinen. [New Salt Deposits in Wiirtemberg.] Jcihresh. Yer. Nat. Wurtt. Bd. xxxi. p. 165. Douville, H., and — Jourdy. Note sur la partie moyenne du ter- rain jurassique dans le Berry. [Middle Jurassic in the Berry.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 93-112, with folding table. The beds described are between the Exogyra-virgula marls and the Ammonites-coronatus limestones, and consist (in descending order) of : — 1. Astarte limestones ; 2. Upper lithographic limestones ; 3. Chalky limestone ; 4. Lower lithographic limestones ; 5. Marls and limestones, with sponges ; 6. Marls, with pyritous ammonites. Of these divisions, 1 = L. Kimmeridgian, 2 and 3 = U. Corallian, 4 = M. Corallian, 5 = Argovian. The Oxfordian, altogether wanting in the Indre, is represented in the Cher, Nievre, Yonne and Haute-Marne. One of the chief points is the intercalation of the Argovian (Calcareous Grit of British geologists) between the Oxfordian and the Corallian. G. A. L. Ducrost, — , and — Arcelin. Les fouilles de Solutre. [The Solutre Excavations.] 20 pp., Macon. A letter to M. Chabas. EUROPE. 61 Dumas, Em. Note sur la Panojpcea Aldrovandi decouverte a Tetat subfossile dans I'ancien cordon littoral de la Mediterranee. [On P. Aldrovandi found subfossil in the old shore line of the Medi- terranean.] 11 pp., 2 plates, Montjpellier. Dupont, E. Sur le Calcaire carbonifere entre Toumai et les environs de Namur. [Carboniferous Limestone between Tournai and Namur.] Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. 2 ser. t. xxxix. pp. 264-311, 2 plates of sections. A detailed stratigraphical description of the Carboniferous Limestone Series in this region. Of the subdivisions recognized by the author in the Dinant district, only i., v., and vi. are present here ; and of these i. is reduced from 150 to 20 metres in thickness, all its parts being how- ever distinct in an atrophied condition. Detailed coloured sections of all the localities mentioned are given. G. A. L. Dupont, [E.], — Nyst, and A. Briart. Eapports sur un travail ano- nyme concernant les depots littoraux de I'assise paniselienne dans les environs de BruxeUes. [Reports on an anonymous paper on the Littoral Deposits of the Paniselian, near Brussels.] Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. ser 2, t. xl. pp. 678-684. Tlie chief point brought forward in the paper appears to be the reference to the Paniselian series of certain gravels (at Schaerbeek, Saint-GiUes, and Uccle) hitherto generally considered Bruxellian. G. A. L. Durand, H. The Channel Tunnel. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. p. 262. Translation of a paper in the Annales Industriclles. An account of the preliminary steps taken with the object of bringing about the proposed tunnel. G. A. L. Ebray, Th. Sur la de'nudation du Mont-Lozere. [On the Denuda- tion of Mont-Lozere.] Bidl. JSoc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 281-284. Believes it imprudent to assert that the Jurassic seas once covered all the hills of the Lozere, although it is possible that they did so. . !Etude de quelques gisements de pierrcs lithographiques au point do vue de la formation d'une compagnie d'exploitation. [On some deposits of Lithographic Stone, from an industrial point of view.] 8 pp., Geneva. Eck, H. Ueber die Umgegend von Oppenau. [Geology of the country around Oppenau.] N. Jahrb. Heft i. pp. 70-72. At a meeting of the Geological Society of the Upper Rhino at Freiburg i. Br., Dr. Eck submitted his map of the neighbourhood of Oppenau, in the Black Forest. This essay is an abstract of his remarks descriptive of the map, and contains corrections of the views of previous observers. F. W. R. 62 GEOLOGY. Erdmann, E. De allmannaste af Sveriges berg- och jord-arter, liittfattligt beskrifna hufvudsakligen med afseende pa deras anvandando inom landthushallningen. [The commonest rocks and Quaternary deposits of Sweden, popularly described, with special reference to their use in agriculture.] Ed. 2, 120 pp., 24 figs, in text. 8vo. Stockholm. Fabre, Q-. Sur une Carte geologique, mineralogique et agronomique du Canton de Mende. [On a geological, mineralogical, and agri- cultural Map of the Canton of Mende.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France^ 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 431-434, with folding table. Description of a manuscript map on a scale of -gir^Tr' ^^® Table forms the explanation of the map, and is divided into three parts, Geological, Mineralogical, and Agricultural. The first part is divided into columns, headed : — 1, formations ; 2, stages ; 3, sub-stages ; 4, distinctive sig-ns ; 5, mean thickness ; 6, principal fossils. The second part into columns, headed: — 1, nature of the rocks; 2, accidental minerals; 3, local names; 4, materials of economic value. The last part has five divisions, amongst these Permeability of the sub-soil ; and Nature of the soil. G. A. L. . Materiaux pour servir a la description geologique du de- partement de la Lozere. [Geological description of the Lozere.] 11 pp., 1 plate,- Mende. Two papers, nos. 6 and 7 of the series. 6 consists of observations on the geology of the commune of Saint Chely-du-Tarn. 7 discusses the antiquity of iron- working in the region of the Gausses. G. A. L. Falsan, A. Etudes sur la position stratigraphique des Tufs de Meximieux, de Peronges et de Montluel. [Stratigraphical position of the Tuffs of Meximieux, &c.] 4to, pp. 38, 1 plate, Lyons, Geneva, and Bdle. . Introduction Stratigraphique to " Eecherches sur les Yegetaux Eossiles de Meximieux," by MM. de Saporta and M. A. E. Marion. Arch. Mus. Lyon, t. i. livr. 4, pp. 131-184. A detailed description of the stratigraphical position of the ' Tufs ' of Meximieux, of Peronges and of Montluel. Lists of the fossils found in the various deposits are given, and a synoptical table of sections of Tertiary and Quaternary beds in the Ehone Basin. (See Saporta, under Paleontology, Plants.) E. T. N". Favre, Prof. Ernest. Kecherches geologiques dans la Partie Cen- trale de la chaine du Caucase. 4to. Geneva, Basle, and Lyons. Pp. viii, 118 ; 2 plates (sections and geological map), 32 woodcuts. Gives the results of two journeys. Crystalline rocks occur in two areas, one forming the central axis of the chain, the other forming the nucleus of the Mesque Mountains. Sedimentary rocks are represented by Palaeozoic schists (not Jurassic, as maintained by Abich) ; by sand- EUROPE. 63 stones and marls of Lower Jurassic age, and by Uijper Jurassic Lime- stones ; by Cretaceous beds of Neocomian, Aptian, and Senonian age ; by Xummulitic limestone and Miocene beds ; and by Quaternary deposits; including the TschernoY-sjem. The most important volcanic rocks of the Caucasus were erupted at the close of the Tertiary period, but have produced only local effects in the upheaval of the chain. F. W. E. Favre, Prof. Ernest. Sur la geologic de la partie centrale de la chaine du Caucase. [Geology of Central Caucasus.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 59-68. A summary of researches as given in detail in the above. Revue geologique Suisse pour I'annee 1874. [Swiss Geo- logical Review for 1874], t. v. Q2 pp. Geneva, Bale, and Lyons, Also Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. t. Iii. pp. 2()5-319. Notices of aU books and papers relating to the geology of Switzer- land and the immediately adjoining countries published in 1874. Feistmantel, Dr. 0. Vorbericht iiber die Perucer Kreideschichten in Bohmen und ihre fossilen Reste. [On the Cretaceous Shales of Peruci in Bohemia and their Fossils.] Sitz. Tc. hohm. Ges. Wis^. (1874 vol.) pp. 254? Fessel, H. Beschreibung des Manganerzbergbaues zu Yigunsca. [The Manganese Ore Mines of Yigunsca.] Zeitsch. herg-, TiuU. Ver, K'drnthen, Nr. 21 and 22. Firket, Ad., and L. Gillet. Note sur le sQufre natif de I'argile plastique d'Andenne. [Native Sulphur of the Plastic Clay of Andenne.] Ann. JSoc. Geol, Belg. t. ii., Memoires, pp. 178-182, 2 figs, in text. Note of occurrence at Froidebise, near Haltiune, in the commune of Andenne. The writers admit and quote Bischofs explanation of the origin of similar deposits of native sulphur in clays (decomposition of hydrosulphuric acid). G. A. L. Flahaut, — . Les Alluvions do la Lys k Comines. [Alluvial beds of the Lys at Comines.] Ami. Sac. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 60-69. * Four sections of alluvial sands and clays are given. Fliche, P. Sur les lignites quatemaires de Jarvillc, pros de Nancy. [Quaternary Lignites of Jarville, near Nancy.] Com_pt. llend, t. Ixxx. pp. 1233-1230. Describes a thin bed of lignite lying on Lias, and overlain by gravel containing remains of Elephas primigenius ; it is a brown peaty bed full of animal and vegetable debris. Lists of the species found aro given. The character of its remains is much more boreal than that of the Norfolk forest-bed fossils. G. A. L. 64 GEOLOGY. Foster, P. Le N., Jun. Coal Mining in Italy. Rep, Miners\. Assoc. Cornwall, for 1874 and part of 1875, pp. 40-45. Refers to Miocene coal deposits in the Tuscan Maremma. The Basin of Monte Bamboli contains two seams of coal respectively 2 feet and 4 fact thick. At the Casteani mines, in the Val di Bruno Basin, one of the seams is nearly 20 feet thick, about half of which is coal of first quality. The yearly output of these mines averages 20,000 tons. [Paper noticed in Geological Eecord for 1874, p. 62.] C. L. N. F. Fuchs, Dr. C. W. C. Die Umgebung der Meran : ein Beitrag zur Geologie der deutschen Alpen, [Geology of the neighbourhood of Meran.] N. Jahrh. Heft viii. pp. 812-848 ; with chromo-litho- graph map. A geological description of the country around Meran and the Etsch Valley in S. Tyrol. The form of the ground is first described, and then the geological characters in detail. The crystalline silicated rocks of the middle Alpine zone are represented by the gneiss and phyllite formation. Then comes the Quartz-porphyry of the S. Alpine zone. The oldest sedimentary rocks appear to be Permian ; and these are fol- lowed by L. Triassic rocks. The Drift and Alluvium are also described. The folding map is contoured, and on a scale of 1 : 36,000. P. "W. R. Fuchs, Th. Die Gliederung der Tertiarbildungen am Nordabhange der Apenninen von Ancona bis Bologna. [Tertiaries N. of the Apennines.] Sitz. h. Ale. Wiss. Wieu, matJi.-nat. CI., 1 Abth. Bd. Ixxi. pp. 163-178. Also Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 245-259. Correlates these Tertiaries with those of other localities : thus the lowest, Monte Titano beds, are paralleled with the Schio, and lower beds of Malta (Oligocene or L. Miocene) ; the Molasse marls with the * Schlier ' or first Mediterranean stage. The Tortonian includes marls, sands, &c. representing the Baden claj^s (second Mediterranean stage). Unconformably to these succeed the sulphur and gypsum freshwater beds, which form the base of the Pliocene, and are compared to the Vienna Congeria-beds. Above come the well-known Pliocene blue marls with gasteropods, and then yellow sands with oysters, scallops, &c. E. B. T. . Der Eisenbahn-Einschnitt der Eranz- Josef-Bahn bei Eggen- burg. [Railway- section at Eggenburg.] Jahrh. Jc.-Jc. geol. Beichs. xxv. Heft 1, pp. 17-19 (with a folding plate). A large-scale section shows the details of the beds opened up by the railway. . Keue Brunnengrabungen in "VYien und Umgebung. [Well- sections, Vienna.] Jahrb. k.-Jc. geol. Beichs. xxv. Heft 1, pp. 19- 62, and Verh. h.-h. geol. Beichs. pp. 35-36. Of 119 well-sections here given only 1 is superficial, the others reaching different members of the Vienna Tertiaries : the number of faults precludes any certain calculation as to the depth of water-bearing EUROPE. 66 strata ; the deepest well is about 360 feet. Fossils from the various beds sunk through are named. E. B. T. Fuchs, Th. Die Tertiaerbildungen von Stein in Krain. [The Tertiary formations of Stein, Illyria.] Verh. k.-Jc. geol. Reichs. pp. 48, 49. Rocks and fossils from Stein show that the following beds are there developed : — below, Sotzka beds (Aquitanian) ; above, two divisions of the Mediterranean stage, the lower (Horn beds) being much more nearly allied to the upper than to the Sotzka beds below. E. B. T. . Zur Bildung der Terra Rossa. [On Terra Bossa.'] Verh. Ic.-k. geol. Reiclis. pp. 194-196. Supplementary to Prof. Neumayr's paper : notices its large develop- ment in Greece, where it is derived from freshwater limestones. Hence it is always due to Glohiyerina remains, and the climate of the country has more to do with its formation than the nature of the limestone. E. B. T. . Sulla Relazione di un Yiaggio geologico in Italia. Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 237-240. (From the German,) In reply to Prof. Seguenza (see p. 97). Fuchs, Th., and Al. Bittner. Die Pliocaenbildungen von SjTakus und Lentini. [Syracuse Pliocene.] Sitz. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, matli.- nat. CI. Abth. i. Bd. Ixxi. pp. 179-188 (with woodcut); also Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 288-293. Describes the Pliocene of several localities near Syracuse ; it lies unconformably on the Leitha limestone. That of Lentini corresponds with the beds at Tarento, consisting above of (1) Bryozoa sandstone ; below (2) blue plastic marls ; below which are (3) Bryozoa sands with^ corals. Lists of fossils in these divisions are given. E. B. T. Fusch, — . [Report on the Marly Concession (S. of the Valenciennes coal-field.)]. Privately printed. Garnier, Jules. [Iron near Brest.] Bev. Geol. t. xi. pp. 76, 77. The ironstone deposits are found in Devonian rocks, and consist of geodic iron -ore. . [Iron-ores of Brittany.] Bev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 91, 92. Describes a deposit of white ironstone (analysis given), locally called *' blandin," and associated with pockets of haematite worked in an horizon of Silurian schists running from Glenac (Morbihan) to Rcnac (Ille-et-Vilaine). G. A. L. Garrigou, Dr. — . Sur les causes geologiques de I'aflfaissement du tunnel de Sarrouilhes. [Geological causes of the falling in of the Sarrouilhes Tunnel.] Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulousej t. viii. pp. 377-379. Course a St. Beat. [Excursion to St. Beat.] Bull. Sac. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, t. viii. p. 418. Geological notes with special reference to the St. Beat marbles, which 1875. F 66 GEOLOGl. the writer holds to be Carboniferous, and the representatives in the Pyrenees of the statuary marbles of the Apuan Alps. [See Geological Becord for 1874, pp. 65-78.] G. A. L. Gastaldi, Prof. B. Sui fossili del calcare dolomitico del Chaberton (Alpi Cozie) studiati da G. Michelotti. [Dolomitic Limestone of Chaberton, &c.] Boll. R. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 816-355, plate. Retracts his opinion on the age of the Carrara limestone. Cites a letter from Michelotti respecting fossils in the dolomitic limestone of Chaberton, supposing this to be Lower Palaeozoic ; the fossils, which are somewhat obscure, are here figured. E. E. T. Geinitz, Eugen. Ueber neue Aufschliisse im Brandschiefer der unteren Dyas von AVeissig bei Pillnitz in Sachsen, [New sections of the Lower Perm^'an Bituminous Schists of Weissig. near Pillnitz, in Saxony.] N. JaJirh. Heft i. pp. 1-14, with plate of fossils. A shaft has been carried in search of coal to a depth of more than 130 ells [284 feet]. A section is given of that part of the shaft which passed through the bituminous schists. These have yielded many fish remains and other fossils, which are described elsewhere (see pos-t, under Paleontology). F. W. B. Giesler, E. Das oolithiscbe Eisensteinvorkommen in Deutsch-Loth- ringcn. [The Oolitic Iron-ores of Geimun Lorraine.] Zcitsch. Benj-., Butt. Salhienw. vol. xxiii. pt. 1, pp. 9-41. Abstract in Froc. hist. Civ. Eng. vol. xlii. p. 358. These ores occur in the limestones, at the top of the Upper Lias or bottom of the Inferior Oolite, over a length of country from N. to S. about 32 miles, from the S. frontier of Luxemburg, near Thionville, to the Moselle valley S. of Metz. The thickness of the formation dimin- ishes from 82 feet en the N. to 10 feet on the S., and with it that of the associated beds of iron-ore, there being 4 workable beds, the principal one from 13 to 16 feet thick, besides several smaller beds in the JS". part of the district, while in the centre there are only 2 beds, about 7 feet together ; in the extreme S. only the lower bed, with an un- workable thickness of 3 feet, is known. The beds of ore are made of close alternations of limonite with bands of limestone and mail. The ore is known by the name of Minette, and is made up of oolitic grains varying in the proportion of iron from 30 to 40 p. c, with considerable variation in the amount of phosphorus, from 0*5 to 2 p. c. This part of the subject is illustrated by a table containing the results of 156 analyses. H. B. Gintl, Dr. H. Das Petroleum- und Ozokerit-Territorium Galiziens. [The Petroleum and Ozokerite district of Galicia.] Mitth. Tc.-Jc. geogr. Ges. Wien, Bd. xviii. pp. 230-232. Girard, J. Les soulevements et depressions du sol sur les cotes de la Fiance. [Rising and sinking of the Land on the Coasts of France.] Bull. &oc. Geogr. Paris, ser. 6, t. x. pp. 225. EUROPE. 6^ Gosselet, Prof. J. L'Etage eocene inferieur dans le Nord de la France et en Belgique. [L. Eocene in Northern France and in Belgium.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France^ 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 598-617 (6 figs, in text). The correlation of the beds is thus tabulated (p. 616) : — Jf . part of Paris Basin, Suessonian. D6pt. du Nord and Belgium. Clay of Flanders. England. Sands of Bracheux, 1 lower part j Sands of Bracheux, 1 upper part J Plastic clay and Sois- 1 sonnais Lignites ... j Heersian sand & marls. Clay of Louvil. 1 " Tufeau " of Angres. Clay with flints? J r Clay of Clary. 1 Sands of Ostricourt -I „ of Englefontaine > [ „ of Bourlon. J Clay of Orchies . , . Sands of Cuise Sands of Mons-en-P6vele. Clay of Roubaix Thanet Sands. LowerWoolwich Sands. UpperWoolwich Sands. Oldhaven Series. London Clay. G. A. L. . Sur les calcaires deroniens du Nord de la France. [Devonian Limestones of N. France.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 356-358. Resume of the writer's work in filling up the lacunae in the Devo- nian series, which it was thought existed on the northern side of the Palaeczoic basin of Dinant or Avesnes, as compared with the develop- ment of that series on its S. side. G. A. L. — . bondage a Marquette. Geol. Nord, t. ii. p. 70. [Boring at Marquette.] Ann. Soc. Account of a boring reaching the tun at 62 metres. . Documents nouveaux sur Tallnre du Terrain houiller au sud du Bassin de Valenciennes. [Lie of the Coal Measures S. of the Valenciennes Basin,] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord^ t. ii. pp. 113-121, one folding plate. Brings out the chief geological facts contained in two mining reports, one by M. Fusch on the Marly concession, and the other by M. Olry on that of Crespin. While accepting all the facts stated by these authors, the writer differs in the interpretation of some of them. Faults and reversals on a large scale render this district very complicated ; but by means of ideal and true sections the arrangement of the beds is rendered intelligible. [tSee Fusch and Olry, pp. 65, 87.] G. A. L. . Observations sur les sables d'Anvers. [The Antwerp Sands.] Ann. Soc. Geol Nord, t. ii. pp. 129-134. The succession of these sands seen was as follows, in ascending order : — Zones of 1, Panopea Menardi ; 2, Pectunculus jnlosus ; 3, Terehratula grandis ; 4, Isocardia cor ; 5, Pecten pnsio ; 6, Fusus antiquus. 4 and f2 68 GEOLOGY. 5 are supposed by M. Cogels to be different facies of the same zone. A section at the brick- works of Tamine and Euppelmonde is given. Suggests that some sands there may be Diestian, in which case the terms Diestian and Scaldisian would be synonymous. G. A. L. Gosselet, Prof. J. Le terrain devonien des environs de Stolberg (Prusse). [Devonian of the neighbourhood of Stolberg, Prussia.] Ann. Soc. Geoh Nord, t. iii. pp. 8-16. Gives in detail the section exposed by the stream of Yicht near Stolberg, showing a complete series of beds from the Carboniferous Limestone to the Silurian. The Devonian beds belong to the following divisions, in descending order : — 1, Condroz sandstones ; 2, Famenne schists ; 3, Givet Limestone ( Galceola schists wanting apparently) ; 4, Grauwacke (Coblentzian) ; 5, Gedinne schists (Gedinnian). Altogether this series is very like that of the eastern border of the Palaeozoic basin of Dinant. In some matters of detail the author is able to correct Kayser, especially with regard to a limestone subordinate to the Famennes division, which both Kayser and Roemer had referred to the Eifel series. G. A. L. Grad, Ch. Le massif des Yosges et les restes de ses anciens glaciers. [The Yosges and the remains of its old Glaciers.] Club aljp. Frang. 1^^^ an. p. 308. Grand, Albert. Etude sur le bassin houiller des Asturies (Espagne). [The Coal-basin of the Asturias.] 64 pp., one map. Paris. Abstract in Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. p. 229. This paper was originally read before the Paris Soc. of Engineers. Guillier, Albert. !N"ote geologique sur le Belinois. [Geology of ' the Belinois.] Bull. Soc. Agr. Sei. Sarthe, 15 pp., 1 plate. Gumaelius, 0. Om malmlagrens aldersfoljd och deras anvandande sasom Icdlager. [Age of the Iron-ores and their use as guiding beds.] (Efvers. Jc. Vet. Alcad. Forhandl. Stockholm, pp. 30. A description of the rocks and iron-ores in a certain district of the province of Nerike, Sweden. An attempt is made to classify the ores in separate groups according to their age, and to show that each group is accompanied by its own rocks. The following groups are enume- rated : — Eed gneiss, grey gneiss, red eurite, grey eurite, mica-schist, and halleflinta, which latter is the youngest. The paper is accompanied by a coloured geological map of the district. E. E. Gitmbel, C. W. Abriss der geognostischen Yerhaltnisse der Tertiar- schichten bei Miesbach und des Alpengebiets zwischen Tegernsee und "Wendelstein. [Bavarian Tertiaries and Alpine geology.] 8vo. Munich. Pp. 76 ; 2 maps. Sketch of the geology, of part of the Alps visited by the German Geological Society at the Munich meeting, 1875 ; with a geological EtTROPE. 69 map of part of the Bavarian Alps on a scale of 1 : 50,000, and a special map of the Miocene and Oligocene Molasse in the Leitzach Thai, near Miesbach. Y. W. R. Hantken, Max von. Neue Daten zur geologischen und palaeontolo- gischen Kenntniss des siidlichenBakony. [Notes on the S. Bakony- wald.] Mitth. Jahrh. Jc. ung.geol. Anst. iii. Lief. 3, pp. 339-371, with 4 plates. 1. The Urkut Tertiary beds contain a 5 ft. coal-bed; fossils prove these to belong to the M. Eocene, as N. Icevigata, &c. are common to the Calcaire Grossier. 2. The Nummulite beds of the western division of this part of Hungary have a diffei'ent facies from that of the eastern ; in the latter the species of Nummulites each characterize a special horizon, e. g. N. Icevigata the upper part, N. spira the middle, and iV^. Tchihatcheffi the lower ; lists of other fossils are given. The following n. sp. from the M. Eocene are described : — Cardium Wies- neri, Perna Urkutica, Ceriihium Fv£hsi^ Natica cochleana, Myliohatis superbus ; from the Cretaceous, Glohiconcha Baconica, E. B. T. Harting, P. Le Systeme Eemien. Arch. Neerl. Sci. Ex. Nat. t. x. livr. 5, pp. 443-454. Hanchecorne, H. Die kohlenfiihrenden Bildungen in der Provinz Schonen und auf der Insel Bomholm. [On the Coal-bearing Strata of Scania and the Island of Bornholm.] ZeitscJi. Berg-, Hiitt. Salinenw. xxiii. pt. 1, pp. 72-88. Abstract in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xlii. pp. 340, 341. The formation, which is assigned to the Lias by Forchhammer and to the Avicula contorta series by Hcbert, occurs at several points along the S.W. coast of Sweden, the most important locality being in the basin of " Hogjinas," which probably covers about 250 square miles. The strata consist of alternations of sandstones with shales and clays, varying in thickness from 100 feet on the E. to about 800 on the W. side of the basin, with two seams of coal, the upper being about a foot thick, and the lower about 4| feet, half of which consists of black shale partings. The underclay of the main seam is a good fire-clay, and is largely used for brick-making and pottery. About 150 tons of coal are raised daily, a large proportion of which is consumed in the brick and pottery kilns. Near Helsingborg similar strata have been bored through at greater depths with increased thickness of coal, which Erdmann considers to be a local thickening of the Hogiinas seams towards the bottom of the basin. In the Island of Bomholm similar coal-bearing beds, probably Liassic, form a narrow belt along the S. and S.W. coasts, containing 10 seams of coal from 8 to 30 inches thick, which are scarcely workable, being much disturbed and of inferior quality. It is considered, however, that these Secondary coal strata may extend under the Baltic plain into Pomerania, and a deep boring to prove this point has been undertaken by the Prussian Government at Kammin, 40 miles north of Stettin. H. B, 70 GEOLOGY. Hauer, Franz Ritter von. Dio Geologie und ihre Anwendimg auf die Kenntniss der BodenbeschafFenheit der osterr.-ungarischen Monarcliie. [Geology and its application to a knowledge of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.] 8vo. Vienna, Pp. viii, 681 ; with 658 figs. A Text-book of Geology and its applications, with special reference to the Austro-Huugarian Monarchy. Part 1, on General Geology, contains the following chapters : — The earth, its crust, and its interior ; chemical and mineralogical constituents of the earth's crust ; rocks ; formation of the earth ; alteration of the earth's crust, or Dynamical Geology ; age of rocks, fossils and geological formations, or Historical Geology. Part 2, on Descriptive Geology, notices all the formations in ascending order. The special characteristic of the work is that all the illustrations, sections, fossils, &c. are taken from local sources. P. W. K. Hebert, Prof, Observations sur les tableaux de M. Eenevier. [Remarks on Prof, llenevier's Tables.] Bull. Soc. Oeol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 15, 16. 1. Asserts that the limit between the Eocene and Miocene is to be found between the Nummulitic fauna of the Hautes-Alpes and that of Castel-Gomberto ( = Foiitainebleau sands). 2. Denies that the Yra- conian stage is a natural group. G. A. L. . Observations sur le travail de M. Pillet relatif a la colline de Lemenc. [Remarks on M. Pillet's work on the Lemenc hill.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 387, 388. Urges that M. Pillet is wrong in regarding the Diphya-Kalk as older than the Terehratula Moravica deposits. Hebert, Prof. -E., and A. Toncas. Description du bassin d'TJchanx. [Cretaceous Basin of Uchaux.] Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. livr. 1, pp. 112, 1 plate of sections and woodcuts in text (for Appendix on fossils see post, Paleontology). [See also Geological Recoed for 1874, p. 72.] The N. and E. part of this basin in Yaucluse is described by M. Hebert, the S. and W. by M. Toucas, and the central by them jointly, the memoir being one of a series on the Upper Cretaceous of France ; the beds above the Gault are alone considered in detail, those with Hippurites cornu-vaccinum being the upper limit. The U. Cre- taceous basins in Prance are noticed, and certain palseontological lines common to them pointed out. The general section in the Uchaux district is : — 1. Mondragon grits, 140 metres thick; Turrilites Bergeri, Amm. Khotomagensis, &c.=Cenomanian ; 2. Calciferous grits of Uchaux, 169 m. ( =T[iTon'mn), Amm. peramplus,pa2:)alis, &c. ; 3. Mornas grits, 296 metres, Splicerulites,. &c. ; 4. Hippurite limestone, 15 metres ; 5. Piolenc lignites, 60 metres. These groups are further broken into smaller divisions, lists of fossils being given ; and they are paralleled EUROPE. 71 with beds in the other French basins, the results bein» presented in tabular form. It is held that there has been no proved passage between the Gault and the gluu-onitio Chalk (CenomaiiiaM), but that in the supposed instances the G.iult fossils are derived. Lastly, the move- ments of the ground and the physical relations of the beds are discussed. E. B. T. Helmhacker, Dr. R. Ueber das Alter der Pilsner Cannelkohle. [Ago of the Cannel Coal of Pilsen.] Jahrh. k.-lc. Bergakad. Bd. xxiii. pp. 243-277. Discusses the views recently adopted as to the age of the cannel coal occurring in the uppermost part of the Pilsen coal-field, which had been assigned to the Permian as a new subformation, Kohlen- E,)thliegende or lowest Permian. Analyzes the evidence of the plants and animals found in association with this coal, and concludes that, with some portion of the overlying strata, it forms part of the Coal Measures. H. B. Hennsquin, Capt. E. Carte ge'ologique de I'Europe, a Fechelle du 8,000,000^, etablie pour faciliter I'etude de la geologic generale, et pour servir au developpement des connaissances ordinaires de geographic. Notice explicative. [Explanatory notice of a Geo- logical Map of Europe (see post)]. 28 pp. Brussels. Gives explanation of colours and signs used in the map, and reasons for publishing it. The map is specially meant as a help to the study of general geology from text-books. G. A. L. Hill, Rev. J. S., and W. Pair ley. The Coal Measures of the King- dom of Saxony. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. pp. 193, 225, 261, 297, 333, 369, 407, 443, 482, 517, 553, 589, 625 ; plates. An account '* translated and edited from the German." The subject is treated under the following heads : — 1. The Coal Basin of Hain- ichen and Ebersdorf, in the region of the Culm. 2. The productive Coal Measures of the Zwickau-Chemnitz Basin, with a table of col- lieries. 3. The Coal Formation of Floha and Giickelsberg. 4. The Anthracite of the Upper Erzgebirge, and at Brandau, in Bohemia, with a transverse section in text. 5. The Coal Formation of the Plauen Territory, near Dresden, with 4 transverse sections. G. A. L. , . The Coal Beds of the Prussian Province of Saxony in the southern border of the Ilarz, in the Thuringian Forest, and the Bavarian Upper Palatinate. Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. pp. 599, 637, 675-677, 713, 714, 753, 754, 793, 833-835, 872, 914, 951, 1002 ; 6 plates, and fignres in text. This paper, "translated and edited from the German," is divided into the following sections : — 1. The occurrence of coal in the Prussian Province of Saxony, near the town of Wettin, and Lobejun in the Saal circle, and the village of Plotz in the Bitterfeld circle, Govern- ment Merseburg, Chief Mining District of Hallo on the Saal, by Herr 72 GEOLOGY. "Wagner, Imperial Mining Inspector of Wettin. 2. The Coal Formation in the neighbourhood of Ilfeld, in the province of Hohenstein, on the southern border of the Hartz Mountains. 3. The Mineral Coal of the Thuringian Forest. 4. The Coal Formation of Stockheim and Neuhaus, by Herr C. Riickert. G. A. L. Hoernes, Dr. R. Ein Beitrag zur Gliederung der osterreichischen Neogenablagerungen. [Austrian Neogene Deposits.] Zeitsch. deutscli. geol. Ges. Heft ii. pp. 631-645. Discussion of the classification of the Neogene deposits of the Vienna Basin, in the following order : — 1. Sotzka beds ; 2. First Mediter- ranean stage ; 3. Second Mediterranean stage ; 4. Sarmatian stage ; 6. Pontine stage. The last-named division includes the Paludina- beds, which have formed the subject of Paul and Neumayr's palaeonto- logical researches in support of evolution. F. W. R. . Yorlage der Karte des oberen Yilnoss- und unteren Enne- berg-Thales. Verh. h.-Tc. geol. Beichs. pp. 122, 123. Preliminary notice of work among the Trias beds of Yillnos and Enneberg valleys. . Das Kohlenvorkommen von Drenovec in Croatien. Verh. Tc.-h. geol. Reichs. pp. 158, 159. Notes on the beds and lignites in a shaft sunk at Drenovec in Croatia : middle Tertiary age. . Siisswasserschichten unter den sarmatischen Ablagerungen am Marmorameere. [Freshwater beds below the Sarmatian at the Sea of Marmora.] Verh. h.-Tc. geol. Beichs, pp. 174, 175. iN'otice of beds with Melanopsis below the Sarmatian ikfac^ra -lime- stone. Similarly near Troy marls with the same fossils were found below the limestone with Mactra Podolica. E. B. T. . Die Fauna des Schliers von Ottnang. [Fossils of the " Schlier," &c.] Verh. Tc.-lc. geol. Beichs. pp. 209-212. Preliminary note : the Schlier represents the marl facies of the older Mediterranean stage, constituting its upper part. . Zur Genesis der Siidtiroler Dolomite. [Origin of S. Tyrolese Dolomites.] Verh. h.-Tc. geol. Beichs. pp. 290-292. A preliminary notice. . Aufnahme im oberen Eienzthale und der Gegend von Cortina d'Ampezzo. [The Cortina district, &c.] Verh. Tc.-lc. geol. Beichs. pp. 22^-22Q, and Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 296-298. Notes with localities for Permian, Wengen dolomites, Dachstein limestone. Lias, Jurassic, and Neocomian beds in the districts cited. Aufnahmen in Sexten, Cadore, und Comelico. Verh. Ic.-Tc. geol. Beichs. pp. 266-269, and Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 378-381. Notices a change in the Schlern dolomite on the E. towards the Antelao, the presence of Fusulina in limestone blocks included in the ETJTtOPE. 73 Yemicano, and the occurrence of copper-ores in Palaeozoic (?) schists at Monto Avanza. Mentions warm springs depositing tufa as issuing from the Bellerophon limestone. E. B. T. Hoemes, Dr. R. Zur Leithakalkfrage. [The Leitha Limestone question.] Jahrh. Tc.-h. geol. HeicJis. xxv. Heft 1, pp. 7-17, with 2 woodcuts. Gives section at Mollersdorf, where the limestone is a band in Baden clay, and agrees with the opinion that it is a strand-facies of the deeper-water clay, and thins out from round the edge of the basin. E. B. T. Die Langkofelgruppe in Sudtirol. [The Langkofel group in S. Tyrol.] Zeitschr. deutsch. osterr. Alpenver. Bd. vii. Heft 1. The summit of the Langkofel is shown to be formed of dolomitic limestone belonging to the Trachyceras Aonoides zone. Aus den siidtiroler Kalkalpen. [The Limestone Alps of S. Tyrol.] Zeitschr. deutsch. ostein. Alpenver. Bd. vi. Heft 1. Describes the geological structure of the country round Ampezzo, Buchenstein, Groden, and Enneberg. Shows that many of the so- called Dolomites are not dolomitic at all, but are formed of true lime- stone. G. A. L. Houzeau de Lehaie, A. Compte-rendu de I'excursion du 30 Aoiit [1874] an Mont Panisel. [Excursion to Mt. Panisel.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. .t. ii. pp. 5o4-557. Concludes from the facts observed : — 1. That the Nummulites planata beds occur in the Ypresian sand ; 2. That the Paniselian is quite distinct from the Ypresian ; 3. That the typical Paniselian fauna leads one to consider it the equivalent of part of the Paris Calcaire Grossier ; 4. That the Paniselian has probably been covered by more recent Tertiaries. G. A. L. [Notes on the Ypresian near Mens.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Bulletin, pp. Ixiv, Ixv. Notes a local clay band rich in bivalve shells of one species in the Mont Panisel, and impressions of two different species of Lamellibranchs from a well at Hyon. Gives a list of the 12 species of fish from the Ypresian sands of Mont Panisel which he has been able to determine. G. A. L. Hummel, D, Om Sveriges lagrade urberg jemforda med sydvestra Europas. [Stratified primitive rocks of Sweden compared with those of south-western Europe.] Supplement to the K. Svenska Vet. AJcad. Handl. Stockholm, pp. 1-68 ; 4 figs, in text. Ecsum^ in French, pp. 1-9. Gives an account of these rocks in Sweden, their microscopical ap- pearance and chemical characters, and the order of stratification in some important localities. The author thinks the following order (descending) the most exact : — 74 GEOLOGY. ' E H:iSt ^^'^'""" ^-^ } ^'s'i"» s'™?- Hdlleflmta series < Quartzite (wliiteHalleflinta). | Q-rej HallefliiiLa, with grey " eurite." I Quartzite group. Red Halleflinta, with red " eurite." J Gametgneiss series Grey gneisses with so-called " garnetgneiss," (Mixed or alternating red and grey gneisses, often fine- Red gneisses with magnetite gneisses, and with inter- stratified grey and green layers. Some hints are given as to the relation between these Swedish rocks and similar ones in the Pyrenees, Swiss Alps, Tirol, and Odenwald. A geological index-map (scale 1 : 3,000,000) of the S. part of Sweden is annexed. E. E. Ilwolf, — , and Prof. Peters. Graz, Geschichte und Topographie der Stadt nnd Umgebung. [History and topography of Gratz and its neighbourhood.] 48^A meeting of the German Naturalists and Physicians in Oratz. Contains the following articles: — Prof. Peters, description of the country. In an Appendix are papers by Prof. Peters, on the iron- ores and brown coals of Steiermark ; by Canst. P. v. Ettin^shausen, on the Brown Coal flora of Steiermark ; and by Profs. Peters and Clar, on the mineral springs of the district. G. A. L. Inberg, I. J. Bidrag till Uleaborgs lans geognosi. [Contribution to the Geology of Uleaborg lau, Finland.] Belsingfors, 8vo, 19 pp. 2 figs, in text ; 7 plates and a coloured geological map with sections. A description of the configuration of the land and the nature of rocks and of Quaternary deposits in one of the most northern regions of Finland. The plates show the appearance of the landscape in several parts. In the geological map 14 stratified and plutonic primi- tive rocks are distinguished. Scale 1 : 800,000. E. E. Jaccard, A. Tin nouveau projet d'alimentation d'eau k la Chaux- de-Eonds. [New scheme of Water-supply at Chaux-de-Eonds.] 18 pp. Neuchdtel. Consists chiefly of geological data. Jaubert, — . Indications geologiques sur le terrain parcourn dans la premiere excursion du Club alpin frangais (section de Gap). [Geological notes on the first excursion of the French Alpine Club. (Gap section.)] Cluh alp. Frang. l^r® an. p. 506. Jervis, Chevalier W. P. On the Anthracitic Coal of Demonte, near Cuneo, in the Italian Alps. Min. Journ. vol. xlv. pp. 871, 899, 927. With additional information. London. 14 pp. A translation (from the Industriah of Milan), with additional infor- mation, of the work noticed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 372. EITROPE. 75 Karrer, F. Wettersteinkalk im Hollentliale. Verh. h.-lc. geol. Reichs, p. 216. Note on occurrence of Gyroporella. Kayser, Emmanuel. [Italian geology.] N. Jahrh. Heft vii. pp. 731-733. Letter describing geological observations during a visit to Rome, Naples, I. of Procida, Sicily, and the Lipari Islands. Describes an un- favourable ascent of Etna. Mentions the occurrence of an augitic rock in Lipari and Yulcano ; the bDol and the Bois-du-Rocher.] Mat. HisU Homme, ser. 2, t. vi. pp. 174-176. Mourlon, Michel. Sur Fetage devonien des psammites du Condroz en Condroz. [Devonian Condroz sandstones in the Condroz dis- trict.] Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. 2 ser. t. xxxix. pp. 602-659, 2 plates of sections. The Condroz psammites comprise the beds lying between the Famenne schists below and Dupont's No. I. Division of the Carboniferous Lime- stone. The series is composed of quartzose grits, shales, macigno (argillo- calcareous grit), and anthracite. The fauna consists of 3 Echinoderms, 2 Corals, 22 Brachiopods, 17 Lamellibranchs, 8 Gasteropods, 3 Cepha- lopods, and 1 fish. A full list of species is given in a tabulated form (pp. 652-659), and stratigraphical details illustrated by coloured sections are also given. It is on the Ourthe that the series seems to reach its greatest thickness. The following subdivisions are distinguished in as- cending order : — I. Psammites with i\Ji^c^{gauffree) surface of Esneux; II. Nodular Macigno of Souverain-Pre ; III. Paving-stone Psammites of Monfort ; IV. Psammites and Macigno of Evieux. Each of these is further subdivided into Upper, Middle, and Lower. The total thick- ness is about 000 metres. [Reports by Messrs. Dewalque, De Koninck, and Dupont on this communication are to bo found at pp. 469, 476, 477 of the same volume.] G. A. L. . Sur Tetagc devonien des psammites du Condroz dans lo bassin de Theux, dans le bassin septentrional (entre Aix-la-Chapelle et Ath), et dans lo Boulonnais. [The Devonian division of tho Condroz Sandstones in tho Theux basin, in the Northern basin 86 GEOLOGY. • (between Aix-la-Chapelle and Ath), and in the Boiilonnais.] Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg. ser. 2, t. xl. pp. 761-796, coloured plate of sections. . A continuation of the above on the stratigraphical details of the Condroz series. A number of detailed sections in each of the districts mentioned are given, especially as to the great Northern basin, showing that the 4 divisions recognized on the Ourthe hold good from Prussia to the Boulonnais, the Evieux beds, hovvever, being absent, as well as those of Esneux, Souverain-Pre, and of Montfort (in part) in most of the, Northern basin. In this direction the whole series is much dimi- nished in thickness. The local lacunse are clearly shown by means of a table at p. 795. [For Reports on this paper see Dewalque, p. 58.] G. A. L. Mueller, Prof. Albr. Kleinere Mittheilungen. Verli. nat. Ges, Basel, Th. vi. pp. 267-274, 280-291. The subjects of these Note.! are : — 1, Eellithal Granite ; 2. Occurrence of Granulite and Quartzite-gneiss in the Yosges ; 3. The blue colour of certain Jurassic limestones. E. B. T. Yorkommen erratischer Blocke in und um Basel. [Erratic blocks in and around Bale.] Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, Th. vi. pp. 276-280. Upper Jurassic boulders occur, probably dropped by the great Alpine glaciers, which may have extended over the Basler Jura and low country, and brought the blocks from the S. Again, Black Forest gneiss blocks seem to point to glaciers proceeding from thence. E. B. T. . Der Steinkohlenbohrversuch bei Rheinfelden. [Trial coal- boring near Rheinfelden.] Verh. ^ nat. Ges. Basel, Th. vi. pp. 345-352. Undertal en by a Committee for patriotic purposes. The diamond borer was used. To 285 ft. was Bunter sandstone, to 1170 ft. red and green speckled clay — Rothliegendes probably, at 1180 ft. undoubted Bothliegendes, at 1203 ft. granite, at 1211 ft. mica-schist, at 1230 ft. red granite, at 1316 ft. to 1422 ft. micaceous diorite ; as the hole seemed to have struck upon an - eruptive dyke it was deemed useless to proceed further. E. B. T. Munoz, M. B. Apuntes acerca del distrito de Hiendelaenciua, pro- vincia de Guadalajara. [On the district of Hiendelaencina in Guadalajara.] Bev. Min. ser. B, pp. 70, 83, 91, 101. Nathorst, A. G. Om ' brottstycken ' af hvarfvig lera inneslutua i en oskikdad lera, som derjente gingformigt genomsatter der forra. [On fragments of stratified clay enclosed in disturbed clay, which also passes through the former in veins.] Geol. Foren. StocJcholm Fork. Bd. ii. pp. 417-430 ; three plates of sections. Neumayr, Dr. M. Zur Bildung der Terra rossa. [Formation of the Terra rossa.] Verh. Ic.-k. geol. Reichs. pp. 50, 51, and Boll. R. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 97-99. The Red loam which fills hollows and pockets in the limestone EUKOPE. 87 plateaux or Karst district of S. Europe is traced to decomposition of t^e limestone under circumstances that prevented the washing away of the detritus so formed. It is of various ages ; in the Karst, where it contains Hippotherium, it is of Miocene age. The red silt of the 'Challenger' expedition is alluded to as a proof of silica and iron in calcareous organisms. E. B. T. Neumayr, Dr. M. Der Kalk der Akropolis von Athen. [Limestone of the Acropolis, Athens.] Verh. k.-h. geol. Reichs. pp. 68-70. Close to the Propylaea a Nerincea was found, which proves the Acro- polis rock to be Mesozoic ; on the other hand, the limestone of Hymet- tus alternates with crystalline schists ; its age is not certain. E. B. T. . Die Insel Kos. Verh. h.-Tc. geol. Reichs. pp. 170-174. Preliminary notice of the geology of the island of Cos between Cnidus and Halicarnassus. The structure is complex, the formations being : — Crystalline schists with included marbles, Hippurite-limestone, several members of the Tertiaries and eruptive rocks. Trachytes, &c. There is an unconformity between two parts of the marine Pliocene. This island is the most northern of the archipelago at which the Pliocene occurs. E. B. T. . Tertiare Siisswasserablagerungen in Siebenbiirgen. [Fresh- water Tertiaries in Transylvania.] Verh. Jc.-Jc. geol. Reichs. pp. 330-331. Abstract of an article for the *Jahrbuch.' Notes the presence together of forms allied to some now living in China and to others in N. America. E. B. T. Nordstrom, Th. Om Torpa saltkiilla. [The salt spring at Torpa in West Gothland, Sweden.] Geol. Foren. Stockholm ForJi. Bd. ii. pp. 236-241 ; plate. 1000 parts of this water contain 12*55 parts mineral constituents ; and of those O'OIO consist of iodide of magnesium. Temp. 8° C. Several borings have shown that a bed of postglacial clay, 100 feet thick and of some extension, is impregnated with iodine and chloride salts. E.E. Olry, — . [Report on the Crespin Concession (S. of the Valenciennes Coal-field).] Olszewski, Stanislaus. Kurze Schildcrung der miociinen Schichten dcs Tarnopoler Kreises und des Zbruczthales in Galizien. [Mio- cene beds, A. Description geologique du departement de I'Eure. [Geo- logy of the Euro.] Pp. xxxii, 294. 4to. Paris. Contains an Appendix giving notes on the orography, geology, agri- culture, industry, and botany of each commune. Paul, C. M. Centrales Hiigelland der Bukowina. [Central Hill- district of the Bukowina.] Verh. 'k.-lc. geol. lieiclis. pp. 223, 224. The Sarmatian beds (Miocene) form a large part of the Bukowina ; the flanks of the hills show much Drift. . Braunkohlenfiihrende Mediterran-Ablagerungen in West- galizien. [Miocene coal, W. Galicia.] VerJi. Ic.-k. geol. Beichs. pp. 264-266. This coal-bed reaches to 6 metres in thickness ; the moUusca found show that it is intercalated in the marine Mediterranean stage of the Miocene. E. B. T. . Neue Erfahrungen iiber die Deutung und Gliederung der Karpathen-Sandsteine. [On the Carpathian sandstones.] Verh. Ic.-lc. geol. Reichs. pp. 294, 295. On tlie correlation of local divisions, some Eocene, others L. Cretaceous. BUROPE. 8a Paul, C. M. Geological part of " Die Congerien- und Paludinen- schiehten Slavonieus und dcren Paunen." Abh. Ic.-h. geol. Keichs. Bd. vii. Heft 3, pp. 1-18, map and 10 figures of sections in text. [See Neumayr, under Paleontology.] Describes the distribution of the Congeria and Paludina beds in W. Slavonia under the heads AV. and E. Uasins. The Paludina beds are divided as follows : — a. Upper Paludina beds ; h. Middle Pal. beds, subdivided into a. Vivipara hifarcinata beds; /3. V. stricturatahQdia; V. F". notha beds; and c. Upper Paludina beds, comprising— a. Vivi- para StuH beds ; /3. V. Homesi beds ; y. V. Zelehori beds ; I. V. Vu- kotinovici beds. The map shows the lie of these beds on the N. side of the river Save (parallel to which is their strike) between Neu Gra- diska and Brood. The other formations shown are the Sarmatic beds, Cerithienkalk and white marl ; the Leitha kalk, the Sotzka beds, the Hornfels trachyte, and the crj'stalline schists. The sections chiefly illustrate the occurrence of the various lignitic deposits in the Neogene beds. G. A. L. Peck, Dr. R. Ueber einige neue mineralogische und geognostische Funde in der preussischen Oberlausitz. [New mineralogical and geological discoveries in Prussian Upper Lusatia.] Abh. nat. Ges. Gdrlitz, Bd. XV. p. 186. [From N. Jahrb. Heft viii. p. 884.] Notices several discoveries of minerals in the granite ; occurrence of black earthy cobalt in the Heidebcrge; rich copper-ores in Silurian rocks of Niederludwigsdorf ; occurrence of Lingula Eouaidti and aDis- (ina in the quartzitc of Dubrau ; and Permian shales, with fossils, near AVunschendorf. F.W.E. Peroche, J. Note relative aux depots d'alluvion et a I'etat glaciaire. [Alluvial Deposits and the Glacial age.] Comp. Mend. t. Ixxxi. p. 501. Urges the possible relation between ice-action and the granitic drift of the plateaux round Paris. [See S. Meunier, p. 83.] G. A. L. Perron, E. [Cretaceous beds of Gray, Haute- Saone.] Rev. Gcol. t. xii. pp. 167-169. The Cretaceous beds of Gray were deposited in the straits which separated the Morvan from the Vosges, and appear to indicate a com- munication between the llhodanian basin and that of Paris. The Ncocomian, lying upon Portlandian, is here scarcely 30 feet thick, and consists of marls rich in fossils. The Albian is represented by green sands below and bluish-grey clays above (Gault). In some cases the Ccnomanian is seen to follow, and is itself overlain near Velleclaife by a white veined limestone, which doubtless represents the White Chalk. Lists of fossils are given. G. A. L. Petermann, A. Note sur les giscments de phosphates en Belgique, et particulierement sur celui de Ciply. [Phosphatic deposits of Belgium, and especially of Ciply.] Bull. Ac. Hog. Belg. 2 ser. t. xxxix. pp. 25-40. Two analyses of phosphatic nodules from the Malogno Conglomerate 90 GEOLOGY. and two of the'brbwn Chalk of Ciply are given, with these results, that the mean composition of the former gives 19-75 and the latter 11-25 p. c. of anhydrous phosphoric acid. A new locality for phosphatic nodules, discovered by M. Lambert at Ghlin, is alluded to in a postscript ; an analysis is given showing 21-82 per cent, of phosphoric acid. [Keports by Messrs. Melsens, Donny, and Briart on this paper are to be found at pp. 12 and 13 of the same vol.] G. A. L. Peters, Prof. K. Ueber den Kalkstein aus dem Sauerbrunngraben bei Stainz in Steiermark. Verh. Tc.-h. geol. Reichs. pp. 300, 301. This limestone, near Gratz in Styria, contains felspar, which from analysis seems to be Albite ; it is 6-8 metres thick, and interbedded in gneiss. E. B. T. Petrino, Freiherr 0. von. TJeber die Stellung des Gypses in Ost- galizien und der Bukowina innerhalb der Neogenablagerungen. [Position of gypsum beds in the newer Tertiaries.] Verh. Jc.-k. geol. Eeichs. pp. 217-220 ; woodcut. Fossils found above the gypsum show that it belongs to the upper division of the Mediterranean stage, in which it is an intercalation. Pettersen, Karl. Profil gjennem Yest-Finmarken, fra Soro-Sund mod Yest till Porsanger mod Ost. [Section through W. Pinmark.] ForTiand. Vid. SelsJc. 1874. Pp. 180-184. Christiania. 1875. In the section are shown upper and lower primitive stratified rocks, amphibolite, gabbro, and greenstone, and also Silurian (Eaipas group) and Devonian (Gaisa group). E. E. . Naturlige Tunnel- og Hule-dannelser inden Yest Finmarkens Kyststrog. [JN'atural tunnels and holes on the coast of West Finmark.] Geol. Foren. Stoclcholm Forli. Bd, ii. Tunnels or arches more or less resembling the well-known instance of Torghattan, but smaller, in or near the island of Soro, are described. The largest is 31 metres above the sea, and marks a former level sup- posed to date somewhat prior to the gulfstream or later postglacial period. The others stand nearer the water ; and all are hollowed in softer schist. The holes are giants' kettles in the island of Yanna, from one of which a fissure descends apparently several hundred feet. H. M. . Short Sketch of the Geology of the North of IsTorway. Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. pp. 385-392. Gives an account of the geological literature relating to the district, and describes the rocks as follows : — 1. Primitive Rock, occurring gene- rally in narrow strips of unknovm thickness; probably Laurentian. 2. TJiomso mica-slate group, 1900 metres thick : probably Old Cambrian or Huronian. 3. Balsfjord slate-field, thickness unknown ; probably younger Cambrian or Taconian. 4. Alten smd Kvoenaiigen group (Raipas system of T. Dahll) ; probably Silurian, but perhaps Devonian. 5. Golda group (Gaisa system of Dahll) ; perhaps Devonian. 6. Jurassic, occur- ring only at Ajido in Yesteraalen. There are no Cretaceous or Ter- I BTJEOPE. 91 tiary rocks. Drift occurs along the valleys up to 60 metres above the sea-level. There is no evidence that the land is now rising ; the elevation which has occurred during the last 1000 years is quite insig- nificant. The unstratified rocks are : — 1. Gneissoid granite of the coast tract, having aU possible transitional forms from gneiss to pure granite. 2. Inland granite, often with oligoclase. 3. Oahhro or Hyper »thenite. 4. Greenstone. 5. Olivine Rock. 6. Serpentine. The gneissoid granite is probably metamorphosed sedimentary rock. The inland granite is irruptive ; it breaks through the Thomso group, but is older than the Balsfjord group. The Gabbro breaks through both, but is older than the Raipas group. The greenstone is younger still, but is older than the Gaisa group. W. T. Pichler, Prof. Adolf. [Notes from Tyrol.] N. Jahrh. Heft ii. pp. 173, 174. CaUs attention to the occurrence of Avicula-contorta beds on the west side of the Sonnwendjoeh ; to recent earthquake shocks in the neighbourhood of Innsbruck ; to the quartz porphyrite of the Puster- thal ; and to the occurrence of Pterophyllum Gilmbeli in the Gaflein, near Nassereit. F. W. R. Aus der Trias der nordlichen Kalkalpen Tirols. [Alpine Trias.] N. Jahrh. Heft iii. pp. 265-278. Controverts the views of Mojsisovics, and defends those of Giirabel and himself as to the classification of the Triassic beds of the N. Alps of Tyrol. Gives the following classification of them : — Btinter sand- stone— a. Conglomerate, h. Hauptbuntsandstein, c. Roth. Rauchwache, Miischelkalh (formerly Lower Alpine Limestone) — a. Natica-stanensis beds (Guttenstein Limestone), b. Gyroporella-pauciforata beds, c. Ar- cestes-Studeri beds (Virgloria Limestone). Keuper — a. Lower Cardita beds (formerly Middle Alpine Limestone), h. Buntenrothe KnoUenkalke, c. Chemnitzia beds, d. Upper Cardita beds. F. W. R. Beitriige zur Geognosie Tirols, [Geology of Tyrol.] iV. JaJirb. Heft ix. pp. 926-936. Describes — 1. Porphyrites, including varieties called Tollite, Vint^ lite, and Ehrwaldite [see Petkology] ; 2. The Granite of Brixen ; 3. The Porphyry of Botzen; 4. Porphyritic schist of Ficberbrunn; 5. A micaceous clay-slate near Lans ; 6. The Dolomite of Cislon (Men- dola Dolomite); 7. The Cardita beds; 8. The Sonnenwendjoch, a range of hills of northern Alpine Limestone ; 9. Occurrence of Lau- montite in the Zillerthal. F. W. R. Piette, — . Grotto de Gourdan. [Gourdan Cave.] Bull. Soc. Anthrop. Paris, t. x. p. 289. Continued from last volume. Platz, Prof. D. Geologische Geschichte der Alpen. [Geological History of the Alps.] Zeitsch, deutsch. bsterr. Alpenver, Bd. vi. Heft 1. 93 .GEOLOGY. Plocq, — . [Artesian Wells at Dunkirk.] Bev. Geol. t. xi. pp. 151, 152. - Gives sections of two borings, showing much sand and some marly- clay overlying a great thickness of Eocene clay (Ypresian), in which they stop. Gr. A. L. Ponzi, Prof. G. Studj sulla geografia naturale e civile dell' Italia, pubblicati per cura della deputazione ministeriale istituita presso la Societa Geografica Italiana. [Essays on the Physical and Political Geography of Italy.] Pp. 250, with atlas. Eom,e. Contains a geological map of the Eoman Basin, with explanatory text. Popovics, A. B. Geologische Skizze iiber Serbien. [Geological * ■ Sketch of Servia.] Belgrade. . Posepny, F. Ueber den inneren Bau der Offenbanyaer Bergbauge- gend. [Structure of the Mining District of Offenbanya.] VerJi. Ic.-lc. geol. JReicJis. pp. 70-74. The veins are mostly lines of dislocation into which ores have been subsequently introduced : the eruptive rocks are not the cause of the dislocations so much as the eifect. E. B. T. ^-. Deber einige tektonische Verhaltnisse der Bergbaugegend von Boitza in Siebenbiirgen. [Some physical relations of the Mining District of Boitza, Styria.] Verh. 7c.-Jc. geol. EeicJis. pp. 77-80. The veins are partly in augite-porphyry and partly in the dacite dykes, which intersect the former, which is Mesozoic, overlain by Tertiary red shales and sandstones ; the latter eruptive rock is Tertiary. E. B. T. Potter, — . Sur les sables Landeniens. [The Landenian Sands.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 577-579. Urges that the true equivalence of the lignitic group of the white sands of the Paris Basin must be looked for in the lower portion of the Ypres clay. G. A. L. Guin, L. Ch. Sol et rivages primitifs du Havre. [Ancient Shores of Havre.] Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. t. ii. fasc. 1, p. 3. - Radimsky, V. Das Wieser Bergrevier. [The Wieser Mining Dis- trict.] Zeitsch. Berg- Hutt. Ver. Kdrnthen, 1875, no. 15-18. Ramsay, Prof. A. C. Geological history of some of the mountain chains and groups of Europe. Lectures at the Eoyal School of Mines. Min. Journ. vol. xlv. pp. 57, 79, 106, 135, 162, 191. Rath, Gc. vom. Der Monzoni in siidostlichen Tirol. [The Monzoni in S.E. Tyrol.] Bo7i7i. Reich, H. Beschreibung der Diamantbohrung der k.-k. priv. Staats- Eisenbahn-Gcsellschaft bei Bohmisch-Brod. [Diamond-boring at Bohmisch-Brod.] Jahrh. Ic.-h. BergaJcad. pp. 302-310. This bore-hole has been put down by the Austrian State Railway Company in searching for a possible extension of the Coal Measures of Kladno under the New Red Sandstone plain. The depth reached was # ET7E0PE. 93 2207 feet (Vienna) in January 1875, when the surface works were burnt down. Details of the apparatus and a section of the strata passed through are given in plates v., vi. The entire depth was in Permian (Dyas), consisting chiefly of alternations of red sandstones, sandy schists, and conglomerates of crystalline rocks at the bottom, the whole being inclined at angles varying from 18 to 30 degrees. H. B. Resal, H. Note relative aux pertes du Haut Doubs et au moyen de les reduire. [The Water Losses of the Upper Doubs.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxx. pp. 209-211. Notes of fissures through which the upper waters of this river escape. Along one small tributary, the Drujou, 50 fissures exist in a distance of 2 kilometres ; their size increases yearly. By means of masonry the author has managed to stop some of the loss occasioned by these fissures during droughts. Gr. A. L. Reusch, H. H. En Hule paa Gaarden Njos, Levanger Prasstcgjajld i Bergens Stift. [Cavern by Njcis in Bergen Stift, Norway.] Forh. Fid. Sellc. Christ, for 1874, pp. 275-284 ; 11 figs, in text, and 2 plates. An account of the appearance and mode of origin of the cavern. Reydellet, — de. Sur le terrain houiller de PuertoUano (Espagno). [Coal Measures of PuertoUano, Spain.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 se'r, t. iii. pp. 160-165, 2 figs, in text. Translated in Bol. Com. Map. Geol. Espan. t. ii. pt. 3. Notice of a small patch of Coal Measures, near PuertoUano. The locality is coloured as Silurian in De Yerneuirs map of Spain. No coal has yet been discovered ; pnd the plant-remains found are those of the Upper Coal Measures of the coal basins of Central France, and have at the same time a somewhat Permian facies. G. A. L. Rey-Lescure, — . Note sur les phosphatieres de Tarn -et- Garonne et sur I'Hydrogeologie des environs de Montauban. [The Phos- l^hatic Deposits of the Tarn-et -Garonne and the Hydrogeology of the neighbourhood of Montauban.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 398-430 ; 2 plates. The first part (pp. 398-418) treats of the distribution and origin of the mineral j^hosphates of the department. These phosphates and those of the Lot are of geyserian origin; they follow in direction, and are due to the faults of the Oxfordo-Corallian limestones, although probably they only began to be ejected towards the close of the Cretaceous period, and did not reach their height till Middle and Upper Eocene times. The second part (pp. 418-426) is illustrated by a map (pi. xiii.) on a scale of 1 : 10,000, of the neighbourhood of Montauban, which is virtually a drift-map on which the underground water sheets are shown by a peculiar system of colouring, by means of which not only the area, but also the depth, of these sheets is represented. The third part consists of an explanation of an agro-goological and hydro- logical map of the Tam-et-Garonno. . G. A. L. •94 GEOLOGY. Richter, R. Aus dem Thiiringisclieii Schiefcrgebirge. [Thnringian Slates.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Heft ii. pp. 261-r273 ; wood- cut (section) and plate (fossils). The Upper Silurian slates of the Thiiringer Wald consist of a lower group rich in Oraptolites, divisible into a lower and an upper series, separated by limestone with Cardiola interrupta, &c. (Interruptakalk) ; and of an upper group rich in Tentaculites, divisible into Ctenacanthus- beds, overlain by Nereita-'hediS,, and these by Cancellatus-^laies. Por description of new fossils, see Invertebrate Palaeontology. P. W. E. Riviere, E. Sur le depot quaternaire superieur a la breche osseuse de Nice proprement dite, ou breche superieure de Cuvier. [The Quaternary Deposit above the Osseous Breccia of Nice, or Upper Breccia of Cuvier.] Compt. Bend. t. Ixxx. pp. 438-440. Thinks that this upper deposit must be regarded as being formed by the accumulations of detritus due to Quaternary races similar to those found by him at Mentoneand Beaulieu. U. A. L. Rocco, Gt. B. [Greek Mines.] N. JaJirh. Heft iv. p. 394. Note on a visit to a copper-mine at Argolis. The country-rock is serpentine, with marble ; the ore is copper-pyrites in a gangue of quartz, calcspar, and iron-pyrites. P. W. R. Roemer, Prof. Ferd. Ueber die Eisenerzlagerstatten von El Pedroso in der Provinz Sevilla. [Iron ores of El Pedroso, Seville.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Heft i. pp. 63-69. Describes deposits of iron ore belonging to the " Compaiiia de Minas y Pabrica de hierro del Pedroso." . Notiz liber die Grube Gonderbach bei Laasphe im Kreise Wittgenstein. [Gonderbach mine.] iV. Jahrh. Heft iv. pp. 378- 381. Describes the Gonderbach mine, in Prussia, which is worked in Lower Devonian slates. The vein strikes E. 15° to 30° S. (7 to 8 o'clock), dips S. 60° to 70°, and varies in width from 6 to 9 lachter. It carries argentiferous galena, pyrargyrite, polybasite, and native silver, with small quantities of fahlerz, copper pyrites, zinc-blende, and siderite. Since 1857 the vein has yielded 38,000 centner of lead ore, 570 centner pyrargyrite, and 3J centner of native silver. P. W. R. [Spanish Geology.] N. Jahrh. Heft v. pp. 521, 522. Letter announcing the discovery by Mr. M'Pherson of evidence of glacial action in the western part of the Sierra Nevada. Refers also to the discovery of serpentine, produced by alteration of olivine rock, in the Serrania de Eonda. [See Geologic vl Record for 1874, ""p. 373.] His observations of hand specimens of these rocks confirm Mr. M'Pherson's conclusions. P. "W. II. Roemer, Prof. Ferd. Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 3, pp. 707, 708. Letter referring to Dr. Dames' paper (see Geological Record for ETJBOPE. 05 1874, p. 292), and calling attention to the occurrence of similar boulders near Dantzig. F. W. R. Rose, Hugh James. Untrodden Spain, and her Black Country. Ed. 2. 2 vols. 8vo. Rosenhusch, H. [Alsace and Lorraine.] N. Jahrh. Heft viii. pp. 849-851. During the geological survey of Alsace and Lorraine, the writer has had the opportunity of studying the contact of clay-slate with granite. He has traced ordinary c^iiy-si•^iiQ into Knotenschiefer ojidi Fruchtschiefer, and found it finally metamorphosed into andalusite-schist. P. AV. R. Rouville, Prof. Paul de. Introduction a la Description Geologique du Dopartement de I'Horault. [Geology of the Department of He- rault.] Pp. 224 ; 10 plates (sections and maps). 8vo. Montpellier, Part 1 is devoted to " Fundamental Motions of Geology," and ends with divisions on Geological Maps and Sections, pp. 64-71. Part 2, pp. 73-147, is entitled " Applications to the Department of Herault," and is divided thus : — i. Geological map, history, &c. ; ii. Rocks of Herault, their mutual relations ; iii. Position of Herault formations in the Geological scale, with a Table showing their range, from Recent to Silurian; iv. Distribution of the rocks. Geological Maps, especially the detailed maps of Herault. Dislocations, &c. ; v., vi. Mineralogical and Topographical Regions of Herault ; vii. Economic Results of the Mineral Composition, &c. of Herault ; viii. History of the progressive formation Of the soil [= rocks] of Herault. — Additions and Corrections, pp. 149-169, with a notice of the Hydrology of the Department. — Vocabulary, pp. 171-220. The sections are both ideal and actual. The geological maps are of the Region of Joncels and of the whole Department. W. W. Royer, Clemence. Le Lac de Paris a I'epoque quatemaire. [The Paris Lake in Quaternary Times.] Pp. 38. Paris. Rutot, A. Xote sur dcs cristaux de gypse rencontre's dans le Limbourg beige. [Crystals of gypsum .found in Belgian Lim- burg.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Bulletiny p. Ivii. Note of occurrence of rolled crystals of gypsum in gravel, which are derived probably from the Henis clay of the Upper Tongrian. . Sur le terrain cretace de Lie'ge. [Cretaceous Rocks of Liege.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Bulletin, pp. Ixv-lxvii. Gives section and lists of fossils found in a quarry in the Walburge suburb of Liege, 500 metres from the Fond-Pirette colliery. . Note sur le gisement de fossiles herviens de la Croix Polinard, prcs Rattice. [The Croix Polinard locality for Hervian fossils.] An7i. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Bulletin, pp. Ixxv-lxxviii. Gives a generic list of the fossils found. . Note sur la decouverte, k Test de Bruxelles, do Targile glauconifire appartenant h, la partie superioure de Petago lacke- nicn. [The discovcrj-, E. of Brussels, of the glauconitic clay of 96^ GEOLOGY. the Upper Lackenian.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Memoires, pp. 206-211. , Note of discovery in a cutting near the Cortenberg avenue. Rutot, A. Note sur nne coupe du systeme bruxellien observee a Ixelles. [Section of Bruxellian at Ixelles.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Memoires, pp. 212-222, one plate. Describes the section, and gives a list of the fossils found there by M. Yincent, comprising 1 chelonian, 6 fishes, 2 cephalopods, 34 gas- teropods, 14 lamellibranchs, and 1 echinoderm. Among these is a new species, Scalaria tenuicosta, Yincent. G. A. L. Rutymeyer, L. Spuren des Menschen aus interglaciaren Ablagerun- gen in der Schweiz. [Traces of man in the interglacial deposits of Switzerland.] Archiv fur Anthropologies Band viii. Heft 2, 1875. Salvetat, — . Faits pour servir a I'etude du diluvium granitique des plateaux des environs de Paris. Lithologie des sables de Beynes et de Saint-Cloud (Seine-et-Oise). [Materials for the study of the granitic Drift of the plateaux near Paris. Lithology of the sands of Beynes and St. Cloud, Seine-et-Oise.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxxi. pp. 941-944. Analyses of the sands and clays (kaolinic) are given. Sandberger, F. [PZanorS /s-beds of Steinheim.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 2, ijp. 447, 448. Letter disputing Hilgendorf's conclusions as to the distribution of certain species or varieties of Planorbis at Steinheim. Schantz, — . Die Tiefbauschachte der fiscalischen Konigin-Luisc- Grube bei Poremba in Ober-Schlesien. [Deep sinking for Coal at Peremba, U. Silesia.] Zeitsch. Berg- Iliitt. SaUnenw. Bd. xxiii. pp. 217-235. Abstract in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xliv. pp. 287, 288. Describes new sinking near Gleiwitz. The thickest seam (" Poch- hammer Plotz ") is about 21 feet, and is expected to lie at about 455 yards from the surface. There are 9 workable seams above this. The total thickness of coal is 100 feet. H. B. Schlehan, Adolph. Notizen liber das Erzvorkommen von Laurion in Attika. Ver. Ic.-k. geol. ReicJis. p. 66. Merely a notice of a paper on the Laurium ore-deposits. Schmidt, F. Einige Bemerkungen iiber die Podolisch-Galizischc Silurformation und deren Petrefakten. [Silurian of Podolia and Galicia.] Pp. 21, with plate. 8vo. >S^^. Petersburg. •The Silurian basin of Podolia and Galicia shows almost perfect identity with that of northern Europe, especially with the Silurians of Qilsel and Gotland. It also resembles the Wenlock and Ludlow groups of England, with passage into Devonian, by means of beds containing Pteraspls and Pterygotus. On the other hand it differs greatly from the Silurians of Bohemia, having only a few Brachiopods in common. F. W. R. EimopE. 97 Scholz, M. [Pomeranian fossils.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 2, pp. 445, 446. Note on occurrence of Inoceramus gryphoides and Ammonites corrm- copicB in Jurassic elajs of Schonwald, near Grimmen. Schroeckinger, J. Freih. v. Ueber neue Anbriiche von Silbererzen in Joachimsthal^und einige neue Mineralvorkommen in Oesterreich. [New occurrences of Silver Ores at Joachimsthal, &c.] Verh. lc.-l\ geol. Reichs. pp. 6G-68. The silver-ores lately met with in this mine were native silver, argentite, and pyrargyrite. Schubert, — . Die nutzbaren Lagerstatten von Inowraclaw. [The Deposits of Useful jVIinerals at Inowraclaw.] Zeitsch. Berg- Hiltt. Sal'menw. Bd. xxiii* p. 1. The district known as the Cujavisch tableland, in the eastern part of Bromberg, lying about 400 feet above the level of the Baltic, has been known to contain deposits of salt, a weak brine -spring having been discovered in a deep boring for water about 30 years back ; but no steps were taken towards further discoveries, owing to the isolated character of the country and the comparative want of fuel. These difficulties having been to some extent obviated by the construction of railways, further search has been made, resulting in the discovery, at a depth of about 420 feet, of a bed of very pure rock-salt, which was not gone through in a further depth of 600 feet. Other borings have proved its extension over a length of about 1\ mile. This salt is probably Permian, and is covered by gypsum-beds and limestones, the latter probably Upper Jurassic. In the lower ground below the salt-bearing rocks a considerable thickness of Tertiary sands and clays has been found, containing lignite, occasionally in beds up to 20 feet thick, and very pure iron-pyrites. The author considers that the joint association of salt, pyrites, and lignite renders the district well suited for the establishment of alkali-works. H. B. Seg^ienza, Prof. G. Studii stratigrafici sulla Formazione pliocenica deir Italia Mcridionale. [S. Italian Pliocene.] Boll. B. Com. geol. Itcd. pp. 18-31, 82-89, 146-153, 199-211, 276-283, 335-345. A continuation (see Geological IIecord for 1874, p. 95). Sum- marizes results from the examination of the lower zone of the Newer Pliocene, showing that contemporaneous beds may differ entirely in fossils, from one being deep-water and the other a shore-deposit. The characteristic fossils of each facies are noted ; about 19 p. c. are extinct species. Passes next to the upper zone. The columns of localities are divided into 2 categories, littoral and submarine, while there are 3 for localities with a mixed faun a — taken as a proof of the contemporaneity of the 2 categories. Over 900 species are noted in the list, which will bo continued. E. B. T. Sulla r« * II un viaggio geologico in Italia per T. Fuchs. [On Fuchs'., A Joui-ney, &c.] Boll. li. Com. geol. Hal, pp. 89-06. 1875. H 98 • GEOLOGY. Additional note in reply to Dr. Puchs [see p. 65]. As the con- cretionary limestone is so irregularly bedded, its unconformability should not be assumed ; reiterates that it should be considered Pliocene. Adds that the " argille scagliose " is a petrographical character occur- ring in several formations from Cretaceous to Miocene, its age depend- ing on the fossils in it ; repeats some conclusions as to the two zones of the Pliocene and their unconformity to each other. E. B. T. Seguenza, Prof. G. Sulla relazione di un viaggio geologic o in Italia di T. Fuchs. Terza nota. Boll JR. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 356-367 (one woodcut). This third note in reply to Dr. Puchs contains repetitions of argu- ments from his previous writings, with personal revindications and a summary of points disputed, with replies. E. B. T. . [Sicily.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 4, pp. 943-945; woodcut. Letter on the Tertiary beds of Salice, on the N. coast of Sicily. A section is given. Sexe, S. A. Om en gammel Strandlinie i fast Klippe. [On an old coast-line in solid rock.] Forhand. Vid.-Selsh. Christ, pp. 185-187. The author examined a coast-line in one of the Norwegian fjords, which he shows cannot have been formed after the glacial period, and which accordingly is no proof of any rest in the rise of land after this period. E. E. Stache, Dr. G. Eruptivgesteine aus dem Ortler-Gebiet und der Gebirgsgruppe des Zwolfer-Spitz im oberen Yintschgau. [Erup- tive Rocks of the Ortler District.] VerJi. h.-h. geol. Beichs. pp. 234-238. Corrects former maps as to the amount of mica-schist ; points out that newer eruptive rocks (andesites) form dykes, (fee. in the gneissic schists. The eruptive rocks of the Zwolf Spitz, &c. will be subsequently described in full. E. B. T. . Die Eruptivgesteine des Zwolferspitz. Kachtrag und Berich- tigung. [Supplementary note, &c.]. Verh. Ic.-lc. geol. Reichs. pp. 327, 328. Adds to his former note that the felspar is a plagioclase, and that the date of eruption is probably anterior to the Trias. . Neue Beobachtungen in den Schichten der liburnischen Stufe. Verh. Tc.-lc. geol. Reichs. pp. 334-338. Notes on railway-sections, &c. in Dalmatia, of the Liburnian (L. Eocene) stage. Coskinolina, n. gen. ofRhizopod allied to Conulina, and Foibalia, n. gen. allied to Cerithium, will be described in his forthcoming work on these beds. A table shows the subdivisions. E. B. T. Le formazioni paleozoiche nolle Alpi Meridionali. [Palaeozoic formation in the S. Alps.] Boll. R. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 52-55. Translated from Verh. 'k.-k. geol. Reichs. (See Geological Eecoed for 1874, p. 98.) EITEOPE. V 90 Stache, Dr. G. La formazione permiana nelle Alpi Meridionali. [Per- mian formation in the S. Alps.] Boll. R. Com. r/eol. Ital. pp. 55-57. Translated from Verh. Jc.-Jc. geol. lieichs. 1874. (See GEOLoaiCAL Record for 1874, p. 97.) Stapf, Chavannes, Renevier, Lory, Gillieron, and Baltzer. Cin- quante huitieme session de la Societe helvetique des Sciences naturelles reunie a Andermatt les 13 et 14 septembre 1875. [58th meeting of Helvetic Soc. of Nat. Sci. at Andermatt.] Arc:t. Sci. Phys. Nat. t liv. pp. 310-313. Geological, notes on the district visited. Stefani, Carlo de. Dei depositi aUuvionali e deUa mancanza di ter- reni giaciali nell' Aponnino della valle del Serchio e nelle Alpi Apuane. [Absence of glacial deposits in part of the Apennines and Apuan Alps.] Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 1-18. Retracts previous views as to there being evidence of glaciers in these districts, and holds that what were considered to be moraines by him- self and others are in reality remains of alluvial deposits and avalanche debris, &c., cut up and denuded by later stream action. Smoothed and scored rocks are said to be entirely absent. E. B. T. . Considerazioni stratigrafiche sopra le roccie piu antiche delle Alpi Apuane c del Monte Pisano. [Older rocks of the Apuan Alps, tfec] Boll. JR. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 31-48, 73-81. A continuation [see Geological Recoed for 1874, p. 99]. Above the Infra-Lias comes a limestone (oalc. ceroide) used as ornamental stone, recognized by its Ammonites as L. Lias. Above comes red lime- stone diJ0Fering from that of Lombardy in that it contains L. Lias Ammonites ; it belongs to the upper part of the L. Lias ; it is not thick. Succeeding is grey Lias, much thicker, belonging to the M. Lias. Cinnabar occurs in the gneiss -and in both the Triassic and Liassic limestones. E. B. T. Un brano di storia della goologia toscana, a proposito di una recente pubblicazione del Signer Coquand. [Fragment of Tuscan geology, &c.] Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 180-192. A short history of opinion on the geology of the Apuan Alps: mentions that Coquand in his last writings on the statuary marbles [see Geological Record for 1874, p. 53] has not distinguished those int<)rcalated in the lower schists from those which are entirely above them ; the latter are certainly Lias, the former from the fossils seem rather Triassic than Carboniferous. Moreover the Neocomian beds are present. E. B. T. . Dell* epooa goologica dei marmi dell* Italia Centrale. [Marbles of Central Italy.] Boll. B. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 212-227. Covers partly the same ground as the preceding : compares limo- Btonos of other lofalitics, e. g. Montagnola with the Lower Lias of the Apiian Alps, and finds that thoy have the same position or the same fossils. Separates the sacoharoid limestones of Carrara, Spczia, and H 2 100 GEOLOGY. Monte Argentaro from those of Campiglia, Catena, Gerfalco, &c., the former being below the Infra-Lias, the latter above it. E. B. T. Stefani, Carlo de. I Terreni subapennini dei dintorni di San-Miniato alTedesco. [Subapennine deposits.] At.Soc. Tosc.Sci.Nat.t.i.T^AO. . Natura geologica delle coUine della val di Nievole e delle valli di Lucca e di Bientina. [Greologj of the valleys of Nievale, Lucca, and Bientina.] At. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. t. i. p. 130. Sull' asse orografico della catena metallifera. [Axis of the Metalliferous Chain.] Pisa. Stoehr, Emilio. IS^otizie preliminari su le piante ed insetti fossili della formazione solfifera di Sicilia. [Fossils from the Sulphur deposits, &c.] Boll. R. Com. geol. Ital. pp. 284-287. The Insects and Plants would ally the Sicilian sulphur formation "with the Oeningen beds, and show that they were mostly deposited in fresh water. The writer classes the sulphur-beds as Messinian ; they are conformable with the Astian above. E. B. T. Struckmann, C. Ueber die Schichtenfolge des oberen Jura bei Ahlem unweit Hannover und tiber das Vorkommen der Eooogyra virgula im oberen Korallen-Oolith des weissen Jura daselbst. [Upper Jurassic rocks in Hanover, &c.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Qes. Heft i. pp. 30-35. A new quarry near Ahlem has exposed a fine section of Upper Jurassic rocks. Prom this and neighbouring localities the following sequence is established : — 1. Oxford or Heersumer beds overlie the Kelloway group ; 2. Lower beds of Coralline Oolite ; 3. Middle Coral- line Oolite; 4. Upper Coralline ; 5. Lower Kimeridge beds ; 6. Middle Kimeridge, with Pteroceras beds ; 7. Upper Kimeridge ; 8. Lower Portland ; 9. Upper Portland. Sequence of beds from 1 to 9 exposed within a section of 40 to 46 metres in thickness. The appearance of Exogyra virgula in Upper Coralline Oolite, with Terehratula humeralis ard Bhynchonella jpingids, is specially notable. F. W. R. • [^PP®^ Jurassic Rocks of Germany.] iV. JaTirh. Heft viii. pp. 861-864. Critical paper on Dr. Braun's work, " Der Ober- Jura im nordwest- lichen Deutschland," especially dealing with his palaeontological deter- minations. F. W. R. Striiver, Johannes. [Italian Yolcanoes.] N. Jalirb. Heft vi. pp. 619, 620. Throws doubts on Ponzi's recognition of four periods of eruption in Latium. Doubts whether the Peperino really represents a separate (third) period of eruption. Has found leucite in ejected materials from old volcanoes of Latium. A new quarry on the Yia Flamina in volcanic tufa has yielded true Somma bombs with beautiful • zoned structure. F. W. R. Stnder, B. [Swiss Geology.] N. Jahrh. Heft viii. pp. 854, 855. Two letters objecting to Tribolet's views on the Swiss " Eisenstein." EUBOPE. 101 Stur, D. Yorkommnisse mariner Petrefacte in den Ostraner Schichten in der Umgegend von M.-Ostrau. [Occurrence of marine fossils in the Ostrau beds.] Verh. h.-h. geol. Meichs. pp. 153-155. The fossils found are Bellerophon, Euomphalus, OrtJwceras, &c. ; the first time that marine genera have been found among the coal-beds here ; they occur at 3 levels. E. B. T. . Reise-Skizzen. Vei^h. l-.-lc. geol. Relchs. pp. 204-209. 7. Waldenburg. From fossils fixes the position of coals in the Rudof ts pit: Sphenoptens Kanvinensis occurs as in the Schatzlar beds of Ostrau, &c. 9. Kleinhennersdorf, near Liebau : in the collection of Hr. Hermann found a carapace of a new Eurypterid, from the Schatzlar beds. 10. Schatzlar : notes on the succession of the coals here under the Rothliegende. E. B. T. Suess, Prof. E. Die Entstehung der Alpcn. [Origin of the Alps.] Vienna. Pp. 186. Abstract in Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. x. pp. 446-451. The formation of the Alps is here viewed in connexion with phenomena exhibited by other mountain chains throughout the N. hemi- sphere. Most of the chains of Europe and N". America are held to be due to lateral thrust in a N.W. or N. to N.E. direction, the steeper side being on the inside of the chain ; in Asia as in the Himalayas, &c. the thrust was to the S., and the chain bends in a curve in that direction. From these and other examples it is concluded that mountain ranges are entirely due to lateral (not vertical) pressure. It is shown that the central crystalline rocks, even if eruptive, have no relation to the period of Alpine elevation. The pelagic nature of the deposits during the Triassic, &c. times in the Alps, Himalayas, &c. is noticed ; the persistence of PalaDozoic types in Secondary times too in these areas, &c. points to long-continued dej^ression. In chap. II. the Alpine system, Apennines, Karpathians, &c. are examined, and are found to have a common origin. In chap. Y. some exceptions to the general N. strike are noticed. In chap. YIII. the theory of geometrical arrangement is considered and rejected, and the cause of elevation referred to con- tractions of the earth-crust. E. B. T. . Der Yulcan Yenda bei Padua. [The Yenda Yolcano, near Padua.] Sitz. A\ M\ Whs. Wien, math.-nat. CI. Abth. 1, Bd. bcxi. pp. 7-13 ; plate. An old volcano that had been subject to continued denudation would be recognized most surely by the remains of dykes, which would have a radiating direction. Describes these phenomena in Mt. Yenda. Tho trachyte-eruption in one case has removed a mass of fossiliferous rock, which now lies imbedded between it and rhyolite. E. B. T. Tardy, A. Lo dt'partcraent do I'Ain h. I'epoque quatemaire. [The Ain in Quaternary times.] Bvll, Soc, Giol, France, 3 sdr. t. iii pp. 479-481. The deposita belong to throe glacial phases. lOa GEOLOGY. Tardy, A. Sur les cavites naturelles des terrains jurassiques, en par- tioulier dans I'Ain. [Natural cavities in Jurassic rocks, especially in the Ain.] Bull. Soc. Oeol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 491-495. . Description of swallow-holes, caves, and crevasses in the Jurassic limestones in this district. • Thenius, — . [Peat-bogs of Austria and adjoining countries.] Vienna. Timhal-Lagrave, E., and Dr. Jeanhemat. Exploration scientifique des environs do Montolieu (Aude). [Scientific exploration of the neighbourhood of Montolieu.] Toulouse. Tombeck, — . Note sur les etages Oxfordien et Callovien de la Haute-Marne. [Oxfordian and Callovian of the Haute-Mame.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 22-26. • Concludes that the following are the recognizable divisions of these two series in that Department : — A. Oxfordian: 1. Clay with pyritous Ammonites {A. cordatus, A. plicatilis, A. Babeanus, A. crenatus, &c.) ; 2. Marls with. Am. j)erarmatus. B. Callovian: 3. Marly fissile lime- stones with A. Lamberti and A. athleta ; 4. Marly limestones with A. Jason ; 5. Perruginous marls with A. coronatus and A. anceps ; 6. Ferruginous marls with A. inacrocephalus. G. A. L. . Note sur la presence du Gault a Montierender (Haute- Marne). [Gault at Montierender.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 49, 50 ; 1 fig. in text. Announces the discovery of a patch of Upper Gault in this locality, containing a fauna similar to that of Folkestone and Wissant. . Note sur les puits naturels du terrain portlandien de la Haute-Marne. [The Natural Wells of the Portlandian, Haute- Marne.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 168-174; 1 fig. in text. Describes some swallow-holes in Portlandian limestone, which the writer believes to be due to epigenesis of overlying deposits of sulphide of iron now turned to hydrated peroxide, thus liberating a sufficient amount of sulphuric acid to act upon the limestone and erode the so- called natural wells or pot-holes. G. A. L. Tb'rnebohm, A. E. Geognostisk Beskrifning ofver Persbergets grufvefalt. [Geological description of the iron-ore district of Persberg.] Geological Survey of Sweden. Pp. 21 ; 13 figures in text. 4to, Stockholm. Describes the nature and mode of occurrence of the iron-ores in one of the most interesting mining districts of Sweden. The ores occur in large lenticiolar masses, with the same dip and strike as the surrounding stratified primitive rocks (eurite). Dislocations have crumpled and squeezed the rock-series very much. The author speaks of the pro- bability of great stores of ore lying undiscovered. A coloured geo- logical map, on the scale of 1 : 20,000, showing also the distribution of the mines, is annexed. E. E. E¥EOPE. 103 Tbme'boliin, A. E. Om lagerfdljden inom Norbergs malmfalt. [Stratigraphy of the Xorberg Mining District.] Oeol. Foren, Stockholm Forh. Bd. ii. pp. 329-335, plate. The rocks of the region are granite, eurite, mica-schist, limestone with ' black ore,' bloodstone, and ' gronskarn ' with ' black ore.' The plate is a coloured geological map, scale 1 : 40,000. G. A. L. . [Glaciation of North Germany.] N. Jalirb. Heft v. pp. 519, 520. Although it has been shown that the polished surfaces* of the Hoh- burg cannot be referred to glacial action [see Geological Record for 1874, p. 72], the author appeals to evidence of ice-action obtained during a recent visit to Wurzen. He identifies many of the boulders found between Wurzen and Leipzig with Scandinavian rocks, and cites Credner's opinion in favour of their transport by floating ice. P. W. R. Toula, Dr. Franz. Aufschliisso in den Schichten mit Congeria spatMdata (Congerienstufe) und Cardium plicatum (sarmatische Stufe) am Westabhange des Eichkogels zwischen Modling und Gumpoldskirchen. [Sarraatian, &c. beds of the Eichkogel.] Jahrb. l\-l\ r/eol. Reichs. xxv. Heft 1, pp. 1-7, with 3 woodcuts. Notice of sections ; the age of the beds proved by fossils. Trantschold, H. Etwas aus dem tertiiiren Sandstein von Kamiischin. [Tertiary Sandstone of Kamiischin.] Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1874, no. 3 (1875), p. 128. . Die Scheidelinic zwischen Jura und Kreide in Russland. [Boundary between Jurassic and Chalk in Russia.] Bull. Soc, Imjp. Nat. Mosc. 1874, no. 3 (1875), p. 150. Reisenotizen aus dem Sommer 1874. [Notes of travel (geo- logical) during the summer of 1874.] Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, 1874, no. 3 (1875), p. 179. Trentinaglia-Telvenburg, J. Bitter v. Das Gebiet der Rosanna und Trisanna (Sannengebiet in West Tyrol), mit besonderer Bo- riicksichtigung der orographischen, glacialen, botanischen, zoolo- gischen, geognostischen und meteorologischen Verhaltnisse. [On the orography, glaciers, . . . geology, &c. of the Rosanna and Trisanna district, W. Tyrol.] 204 pp. Vienna, Tribolet, Maurice de. Sur le gres do Taviglianaz du Kienthal, dans les Alpes Bemoises. [The Taviglianaz grit of the Kienthal, Ber- nese Alps.] Bull. Soc. Oeol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 68-72 ; 1 fig. in text. Proves that at this place the ago of this much-disputed horizon is Tertiary, the Taviglianaz grit (=:', and to the occurrence of coal, metalliferous ores, &c., are noticed under Stkatighaphical Geology.] 206 PETROLOGY. AcMardi, Ant. d'. Sulla cordierite nel granite normale delF Elba e sulle correlazioni delle rocce graniticlie con le trachitiche. [The Cordierite of the normal granite of Elba and the Correlation of the granitic and trachytic rocks.] Atti Soc. tosc. Sci. Nat. AUport, S. On the Classification and Nomenclature of Rocks. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 583-587. Criticises certain names suggested by Mr. Kinahan, and other points connected with nomenclatures often in use. Anger, F. Arno. Mikroskopische Studien iiber klastische Gesteine. [Microscopic studies of clastic rocks.] Min. Mitt. Heft iii. pp. 153-174. Zirkel and Credner have already worked at this subject [see Geo- logical Hecoed for 1874, pp. 199, 200]. Anger has extended his observations to sandstones, slates, and tuft's, and finds that these clastic rocks contain both sedimentary and crystalline constituents. Quartz and mica are the most frequent clastic materials ; calcite is the most common crystalline element. Iron-glance is commonly present, and microscopic crystals of tourmaline (hemimorphic) are frequent in sedi- mentary rocks. Glauconite is not amorphous, but exhibits double refraction. Certain felsite-tuff's are not purely clastic ; the basalt-tuffs of Gleichenberg in Styria are quartziferous palagonite-tufts. The principal constituent of the trass of the Laacher See is leucite. E. W. R. Anon. The Phoenix Eire-Brick Works, Tavistock, Devon. Iron, vol. vi. n. 8. pp. 104, 105. Analysis of the fire-clay by Dr. Noad. Analyses of other clays (by Prof. Abel) reprinted for comparison. . [Argillaceous limestone.] Rev. Geol. t. xii. p. 49. Analyses of argillaceous limestone from the commune of Briotij Canton of Levroux (Indre), made at the Ecole des Mines laboratory. The rock is Jurassic. G. A. L. . [Cement-stones.] Rev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 50, 51. Six analyses of cement-stones from Chapareillan (Isere), Saint- Bauzille-de-Putois (Herault), and Raincy (Seine-et-Oise). . . [Analysis of brick-earth from Broin near Seurre (Cote d'Or)j] Rev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 57. . [Erench fire-clays and earths.] Rev. Geol. t. xii. p. 59* Eive analyses of earths from Briou near Yierzon (Cher) and Buzangais (Indre), and of clays from near Amiens (Somme) and Sermaize (Mame). All refractory. ^ G. A. L. PETROLOGY. 207 Baltzer, A. Geognostisch-chcmische Mittheilungen Uber die neuesten Eruptionen auf Vulcano und die Producte derselben. [Geologi co- chemical ;N'otes on the latest Eruptions of Yulcano.] Zeitsch. deutsch, geol. Ges. Ed. xxvi. Heft 1, pp. 36-62, with 3 plates. Yulcano was active from Aug. 1873 to Dec. 1874, with a period of comparative repose from Feb. to July 1874. The ejecta consisted chiefly of ashes and sand : there was no lava. Two kinds of ashes were recognized, a normal grey ash and a peculiar snow-white ash. The latter is highly siliceous, the siHca existing chiefly as tridymite. The recent products are rich in silica, whilst according to earlier authorities lava poor in silica was formerly ejected. F. W. R. Barachon, — . [Analysis of argillaceous Sandstone associated with the Fire-clay of Fumel.] Mev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 57, 58. . [Analyses of Fire-clay from Fumel and Cuzom.] Mev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 59, 60. Barral, J. A. [Analysis of Pond-mud from Bourg (Loiret).] Bull. Soc. centr. Agric. France, 3 ser. t. ix. p. 839, and Eev. Geol. t. xii. pp. o8, 59. Bane, — . [Bauxite in Austria.] Itev. Geol. t. xi. p. 75. Note of occurrence at Dreistetten near Semmering, and at Wochem in Carniola. Analyses of bauxite from both localities given. Beghin, — , and Ch. Mene. Analyse du charbon mineral de Tile de Suderoe. [Analysis of the Suderoe Coal.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxx. pp. 1404, 1405. This lignite is enclosed among doleritic rocks. From its composition the authors conclude it to be Tertiary. Blake, James. On the Structure of the Sonorous Sand from Kauai. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. vol. v. pt. iii. pp. 357, 358. See also letter by W. R. 'Frink, pp. 338-340. The grains were chiefly parts of corals, etc., all more or less per- forated : hence the sound when they are in motion. Bof icky, Dr. E. [Bohemian Basalts.] iV. Jahrb. Heft iii. pp. 288- 200. Letter referring to Prof. Mohl's Catalogue of typical basalts [see Geological Record for 1874, p. 211], claiming priority for recognizing the " magma-basalts," and correcting some errors, such as the assertion that phonolite-basalts occur as dykes in phonolite. F. \V. R. Browning, A. The probable Influence of Railway Construction in Natal, &c. Jour a. Soc. Arts, vol. xxiii. no. 1169, p. 475. Gives an analysis of Dundee coal at p. 476. Campbell-Brown, Dr. J. On the agricultural chemistry of the Tea Plantations of India. Journ. Chem. Soc. pp. 1217-1228. Contains 6 analyses of soils of Indian Tea Plantations (pp. 1222, 1223). 208 PETROLOGY. Came, Elizabeth T. On Transition and Metamorphosis of Eocks in the Land's End District. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. part i. pp. 1-21. Distingnishes Swell marked kinds of rock : — 1, Granite; 2, Hornblende- and actinolite-rock and greenstone ; 3, Purple killas ; 4, Felspathic rocks, including elvans ; 5, Coarse and fine-grained rocks or Lelant beds. Endeavours to show that some of these rocks pass into one another. Combats the theory of the metamorphic origin of granite. C. L. N. F. Chevron, L. Analyses de quelques roches crystallines de la Belgique et de I'Ardenne f rancjaise. [Analyses of some Crystalline liocks of Belgium and the French Ardennes.] Ann. JSoc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Mernoires, pp. 189-196. The analyses are : — i. Of Eurites from Spa, Monstreux, Grand-Manil, and Piroy. ii. Biorites from Challes-lez-Stavelot, Quenast (massive chlorophyre of Dumont), and Lembecq. iii. Ampliiholite from N. of Maims (Diorite of Dumont). iv. Gahhros from Hozemont (Hyper- sthenite of Dumont) and Les Tombes (Mozet). v. Chloriteschist from S. of Mairus, vi. Porphyroids from Marius mill (Hyalophyre of Dumont), E. of Revin (Slaty Albite of Dumont), Bois des Rois, Eouquieres (schistose Chlorophyre of Dumont), and Pilet (Eurite of Dumont). G. A. L. Church, Prof. A. H. Ked Chalk and Red Clay. Chem. News, vol. xxxi. pp. 199, 200 ; also Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 331-334. The author has separated from the red chalk of Hunstanton a reddish clay like that described by the officers of the ' Challenger ' as occurring at great depths in the Atlantic. The chalk yielded about 9-3 p. c. of residue, the analysis of which is here published. It appears to resemble deep-sea clay. The relationship of the white, the grey, and the red chalk to the globigerina ooze, the grey, and the red ooze respectively is pointed out. F. W. R. Colson, C. Experiments on the Portland Cement used in the Ports- mouth Dockyard Extension Works. Proc. Inst. Oiv. Eng. vol. xli. p. 125. Analyses of Gault Clay and Grey Chalk from Burham, Kent, and of river-mud from the Medway, are given on pp. 141, 142. Credner, Prof. Hermann. Die granitischen Gauge des sachsischen Granulitgebirges. [Granitic Veins of the Granulite Rocks of Saxony.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. pp. 104-223. The granulites of Saxony are cut through by a great number of veins of granite, syenite, and pegmatite. These are narrow and run but short distances, their directions varying according to no apparent rule. 25 mineral species are found associated with them, many being pseudo- morphs. The groupings of these minerals in the different veins are classified under 9 heads. The infiUings of the granite veins are the result of the decomposition and falling in of the neighbouring rocks, brought about by water trickling from above : they are in no wise eruptive or due to hot springs. G. A. L. PETEOLOeT. 209 Cronquist, A. W. Ytterligare meddelande oni leror och ofrig eldfast material fran Stabbarps stenkolsgrufva i Sklne. [The clays and other non-combustible matter from the Stabbarps Coal-mine in Scania.] Geol.foren. Stockholm, Fork. Bd. ii. no. 28, pp. 558-564. A number of analyses are given. Dana, Prof. J. D. Porphyry of the Island of Lambay, a few miles north of Dublin Bay. Ame7\ Jouni. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 58, 59. Note on the views of Prof. Hull (see Geological Record for 187-1, p. 205). The writer thinks that the chlorite in this porphyry, which is regarded by Prof. Hull as introduced as a secondary product by the agency of water, " was made through the agency of water that gained admission from some subterranean bource when the melted rock was ascending to the surface.^' To the same cause are due the cavities of amygdaloidal rocks, and a large part of the zeolitic and other minerals with which they are filled. G. A. L. . Notice of the Chemical and Geological Essays of T. S. Hunt. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 102-109. Chiefly a denial of the views attributed to him by Prof. Hunt. The writer has never held : — 1, the possibility of converting almost any silicate into any other ; 2, 3, 4, the possibility of converting granite, gneiss, or diorite into limestone ; 5, 6, 7, 8, the possibility of convert- ing granite, granulite, gneiss, or diorite into serpentine ; 9, 10, the possibility of converting limestone into granite or gneiss. G. A. L. . Pseudomorphism and Metamorphism : a correction. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. x. pp. 298-300. Shows that the writer " never held that metamorphism is pseudo- morphism on a large scale," except in special cases. Delesse, Prof. A. Remarques sur le Granite et sur les Roches meta- morphiques. [Remarks on Granite and on Metamorphic Rocks.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 154-159. Criticises the theories of A. Knop and Von Lasaulx as to the formation of granite, gneiss, and crystalline schists. Thinks that the microscopical analysis of rocks, though most useful in throwing light on their intimate structure, has given rise to much fallacious geological reasoning, and quotes with approval De Saussure's saying that " mountains must not be studied with a microscope." G. A. L. Doelter, Dr. C. Trachyte von der Insel Kos. [Trachyte of the Island of Cos.] Vtrh. k.-h. geol. Reichs. pp. 233, 234. Specimens given for microscopical examination proved to be : — 1, Rhyolite; 2, Augitic Andesite ; 3, Trachyte. . [Rocks of Tyrol.] N. Jahrh. Heft i. pp. 46-49. Letter announcing results of survey- work among the eruptive rocks of Fassa and Pleims. Concludes that all the eruptive rocks are of the same ago, namely that of the augitic poriihyry of the Seisser Alp, which may be referred to the period of the Wengen beds. No younger rocks have been observed. The syenite is the oldest of the 1875. p 210 PETROLOGY. eruptive rocks of Predazzo; then follows the granite, and next the great group of melaphyrcs and augitic porphyries ; the youngest rock is the red porphyrite. Describes the rocks of Monzoni. F. W. E. Doelter, Dr. C. Ueher die mineralogische Zusammensetzung der Mela^ihyre und Augitporphyre Siidost-tirols. [Mineral Composi- tion of S.E. Tyrol Melaphyres and Augite-porphyries.] 3Iin. Mitt. Heft iv. pp. 289-308. The melaphyres of S. E. Tyrol are classed as follows : — 1. Augitic melaphyre : a. Augitic porphyry, or melaphyre rich in augite ; h. Mela- phyres poor in augite, and those containing augite and hornblende. 2. Hornblendic melaphyre. 3. Melaphyre free from augite and horn- blende. Plagioclase forms the principal constituent ; orthoclase occurs frequently; the other constituents are augite, uralite, hornblende, olivine, and magnetite, frequently titaniferous. As secondary forma- tions there are calcite, epidote, delessite, and chalcedony. F. W. R. Doelter, Dr. C, and Dr. R. Hoernes. Chemisch-genetische Betrach- tungen iiber Dolomit. [Chemical Origin of Dolomite.] Jahrh. h.-h. geol. Riichs. Bd. xxv. Heft 3, pp. 293-332. Treats first of the literature of former experiments and theories on dolomitization. Describes the S. Tyrolese Dolomites. Examples from many horizons in the Alpine Trias are described, with analyses. Some conclusions as to the genesis of dolomite are then drawn. Limestones poor in magnesia are held to have been probably formed direct by organic agency, as some living corals contain magnesia. Metamorphosis by later introduction of magnesia- carbon ate could only affect some portions, and not large rock-masses. Rocks rich in magnesia possibly resulted from the action of magnesium-chloride on organically formed rock, soon after its deposition. The amount of magnesia may be con- centrated by subsequent dissolving out of lime, which is more soluble in carbonated waters. E. B. T. Durand-Claye, Leon. [Analyses of Limestone.] Rev. Geol. t. xii. pp. 47, 48. Twelve analyses are given of four beds of limestone from the Lower Cretaceous of the Homme-d'Armes quarry, north of Montelimart (Drome). Also eighteen analyses of limestone from Cruas (Ardeche), and the mean composition of limestones from three other quarries in the Rhone valley. G. A. L. . [Analysis of Limestone from Ablancourt (Marne).] Rev. Geol. t. xii. p. 50. Five analyses given. . [Analysis of calcareous sand from Somma Bay.] Ibid. p. bQ. Ebray, Th. Quelques remarques sur les Granulites et les Minettes ; nouvelle classification des roches eruptives. [Granulites and Minettes; New Classification of Erui)tive Eocks.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 scr. t. iii. pp. 287-291. Denounces the use of inineralogical terms applied to eruptive rocks in discussing geological questions. Proposes a classification of such PETR0L06Y. 211 rocks indicated by names based on the horizons of the beds cut through, as : — carbophyre, kohlophyre, triaphyre, juraphyre, etc. G. A. L. Eck, Andre. Analyses of Chalk. Rev. Geol. t. xi. p. 46. Gives the composition of hard chalk from Rilly and Verzy, and of soft chalk from llheims. The last contains the least carbonate of lime. Egleston, Prof. T. Analysis of Rocks. Trans. Amer. Inst. Mm. Eng, vol. iii. pp. 94-98. Alludes to Cordier's mechanical analysis of rocks, and to Fouque's partly mechanical and partly chemical process. The latter consists in reducing the rock to powder, separating the coarser parts from the fine powder by means of graduated sieves, and then separating those parts which contain iron by means of an electro-magnet. R. B. N. Fellenberg, L. von. Analysen zweier Porphyre aus dem Maroggia- Tunnel im Tessin. [Analyses of two Porphyries from Maroggia Tun- nel, Canton Tessin.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Heft ii. pp. 422-429. Fouque, F. Depots salins des Laves de la derniere eruption de Santorin. [Saline Deposits in the Lavas of the last eruption at Santorin.] Oompt. Rend. t. Ixxx, pp. 832-834, with remarks by Ch. Sainte-Claire Deville, pp. 834-836. Analyses are given ; and each writer offers a theory as to the forma- tion of the deposits. Frazer, Prof. P. On Thin Sections of the Traps of the Mesozoic Basin. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel. pt. i. p. 72. . Notes on the character of the Lower Silurian Slate at their Outcrops. Ibid. p. 76. On the Traps of the Mesozoic Sandstone in York and Adams Cos. Proc. Amer. Phil. Sac. vol. xiv. pp. 402-429. — . Description of some Microscopic sections of Trap dykes in the Mesozoic Red Sandstone of Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Ibid. pp. 430-447. On some thin Sections of the Lower Palecozoic and Mesozoic Rocks of Pennsylvania. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 327, 328. Allusion made to the rare occurrence of syenite in the Red Sandstone. Frickhinger, Hermann. Wenneberg-Lava aus dem Ries. [Lava from the Wenneberg.] Verh. Wurzb.phys.-med. Ges. n. F., Bd. viii. Noticed in K JaJirh. Heft iv. pp. 429-431. Describes a stony lava from the Wenneberg, near Alerheim in the Ries, which has been variously named. It consists principally of a green fibrous mineral, believed to be hornblende, and contains granules of quartz with fluid-enclosures. An analysis is given. * F. W. R. Gtimbel, Dr. C. W. [Wenneberg Lava.] N. Jahrh. Heft iv. pp. 391-393. The rock described as Wenneberg lava is a basalt, rich in plagioolaso, and much decomposed. Microscopic description given. p 2 212 rETROLOGY. Giimbel, Dr. C. W. Der skandinavische Aschenregen gegen Ende Miirz 1875. [Scandinavian Ash-rain of March 1875.] Stuttgart. Hauer, Bergrath C. von. Analysen siidtirolischer Gesteine. [Ana- Ij'ses of S. Tyrol Eocks.] Verh. Jc.-Jc. geol. Reichs. pp. 331-334. Analyses of red orthoclase porphyry, from a dyke near Predazzo, and of hornblende-monzonite, which contains orthoclase and a triclinic felspar alHed to Bytownite. E. B. T. Hauer, C. Ritter von, und John Conrad. Arbeiten in dem chemi- schen Laboratorium der k.-k. geologischen lleichsanstalt. Jahrh. I'.-k. geol Reichs. Bd. xxv. Heft 2, pp. 141-206. Ilesults of work in the laboratory of the Vienna Geological Institute. Consists of analyses of graphites, coals, fire-clays, limestones, iron-ores, &c., from various parts of the empire. E. B. T. Havrez, Prof. Paul. Coal. Its constituents, properties, heating power, and immediate sub-products. Coll. Guard, vol. xxx. pp. 371-373, 526, 561, 562, 607. (Liege Association of Engineers.) A physical and chemical treatise, translated. Hawes, George W. Contributions from the Sheffield Laboratory of Yale College. No. xxxii. The Trap Rocks of the Connecticut Valley. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 185-192. Analyses are given of dolerites from 4 and of Diabase from 2 localities, both rocks coming from dykes cutting through Mesozoic sandstones. " There is a remarkable uniformity at all points in the ejected material, which seems to prove that, whether now anhydrous or chloritic, it must have had a common source, and this a deep-seated one." G. A. L. Hayes, A. A. On the wide difi*usion of Vanadium and its association with phosphorus in many rocks. Gliem. News, vol. xxxi. pp. 166- 168, vol. xxxii. pp. 34-36. Maintains that "vanadium is as common a constituent of rocks as manganese." It usually occurs in association with phosphates ; these the author finds in all clays, in lavas, trachytes, slates, shales, coal, felspars, and many other rocks and minerals. Vanadium compounds are found in certains waters. F. W. R. Hilger, A. Ueber das Vorkommen des Lithiums in den Sedimentar- gesteinen. [Occurrence of Lithium in Sedimentary Rocks.] Ber. deutsch. chem. Ges. 8 Jahrg. pp. 335, 336. Announces the detection of lithium in Triassic rocks in the neighbour- hood of Wiirzburg. The writer finds it in almost all members of the Lower and Upper Muschelkalk. He has also found lithium in the loess of the Niddathal in Upper Hesse. P. W. R. Hofmann, Dr. JK. Die Basalte des siidlicheu Bakony. [Basalts of S. Bakony.] Jahrh. Iwn. ung. geol. Anst. Bd. iii. Heft iii. A description of the mineral ogical constitution of the basalts treated of by Beudant in 1818, by the study of microscopical sections, of which diagrams are given on 3 coloured plates. In the seccmd part the mode of the formation of the basalts and tufas is explained. J. S. PETROLOGY. 213 Hoppe-Seyler, F. Ueber die Bildung von Dolomit. [Formation of Dolomite. J Zeitsch. deutsch. rjeol. Ges. Heft iii. pp. 495-530; plate. The author's experiments lead him to conclude that dolomite cannot be artificially produced at ordinary temperatures. He maintains that the magnesia was not derived from basaltic or other eruptive rocks, but from the sea. Submarine volcanic eruptions have raised the temperature sufficiently to admit of the formation of dolomite ; but the magnesia required for the dolomitization of large masses of limestone was obtained from sea- water. F. W. 11. Hull, Prof. Edward. On the Microscopic Structure of a frngment of " Baked " or Indurated Slate, from the Lower Silurian Rocks, Claremont Hill, near Dundalk. Journ. 11. Geol. Soc. Ireland, ser. 2, vol. iv. part 2, pp. 85-88 ; plate. The specimen was from a dark grey, compact, hard splintery rock. Trap rocks abound in the neighbourhood ; and the induration is attri- buted to a high temperature. Under the microscope the rock is seen to consist of a colourless glass with rounded and subangular grains of silica and grains of magnetite. An analysis by Rev. S. Haughton shows the presence of all substances needed to produce a glass, alkalies and lime being abundant. Thus the clay has been vitrified, the silica grains remaining almost unaltered. The metamorphism had begun to develop felspar, some little prisms of which are seen. An Appendix gives a note on the proportion of Magnetic Iron-ore in the specimen, by Mr. E. T. Hardman ; and a letter from Mr. G. J. Stoney on the probable temperature at which the partial fusion took place. E. T. H. . Constituents of Leinster Granite. Quart. Joinm. Micr. Sci, vol. XV. p. 102. (Dublin Micr. Club, 23 July, 1874.) Contains an orthoclase and a plagioclase felspar, believed to be albite. . Composition of Vesuvian Lava. Quart. Journ. Ali-cr. Sci. vol. XV. p. 330. Notice of sections of lava exhibited at the Dublin Micr. Club. Hunt, Dr. T. S. On the decayed Eocks of Hoosac Mountain. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 187, 188. The rockin the tunnel through the mountain consists of mica-schist and micaceous gneiss, including in its W. half a mass of harder fel- spathic and quartzose strata, mostly dipping E. Complete decomposition W. was observed at the base of the mountain, the felspar being con- verted into white clay, and the mica much softened and disintegrated. . The decomposition took place before the Drift period. K. B. N. . Prof. J. D. Dana on the Alteration of Rocks. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xviii. pp. 108-111. Kalkowsky, Dr. Ernst. Mikroskopische Untersuchung dcs Glim- mertrapps von Metzdorf. [Mica-trap of Metzdorf.] N. Jahrh, Heft V. pp. 488-503. A rock called mica-trap, occurring near ;^^etzdorf in the gneiss dis- trict of the Saxon Erzgebirge, is described under 3 heads: — 1. Its 214 PETEOIOGT. constituents — quartz, muscovite, biotite, a green mica, clastic particles, garnet, an unknown yellow mineral, and iron-ore ; 2. Structure and varieties — granular, schistose, and spotted (JlecJcig) ; 3. Its enclosures : the results of microscopic examination show that the rock is an " altered grauwacke," and is improperly called a mica-trap. F. W. E,. Kalkowsky, Dr. Ernst. Rother Gneiss und Kalkstein im Wilischthal im Erzgebirge. [Red Gneiss and Limestone in the Wilischthal.] Zeitsch. dcutsch. geol. Oes. Heft iii. pp. 623-630 ; woodcut. The " red gneiss " of the Saxon Erzgebirge has been studied by many geologists, and is generally referred to an eruptive origin. The author describes a geological section showing the gneiss so intimately associated with limestone, that they must have been contemporaneous. But if this limestone is eruptive, then it is argued that all the Archsean series of the Erzgebrige must have had a like origin — a conclusion which cannot be maintained. Hence the alternative that the red gneiss of Saxony is not an eruptive rock. E. W. E. Kern, Sergins. Coal in Russia. Chem. Neivs, vol. xxxi. pp. 133, 134, and vol. xxxii. pp. 79, 80. Part 1. 8 Analyses of Russian Coal, giving in each case the per- centage of carbon, volatile matter, and ash, with calorific power, and in most cases the proportion of sulphur. The coals were from the Goveraments of Nowgorod, of Toula, and of Riasne, the Oural Mts., and the Donetz coal-fields. Part 2. Analyses of 10 samples of coal from the Governments of Toula, Kalouga, Ekaterinoslaw, and Simbirsk, and from the Caucasus and the Donetz coal-fields. E. W. R. Kinahan, G. H. Microscopical Structure of Rocks. Report No. 1. — Ingenite Rocks. Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. 2, vol. ii. (Science), part 2, pp. 95-101. No. 2, pp. 161-163, pi. 8. No. 3, pp. 164, 165. No. 4, part 3, pp. 180-182, pis. 7, 8 ; woodcuts. No. 1. Premising that the granitic rocks of W. Connau^ht seem capable of being divided into Intrusive Granite (highly siliceous), Non- intrusive Granite (basic), and Elvanyte, the author describes his examination of specimens of the second group, from various places in Galway. The minerals determined in these are orthoclase, adularia, oligoclase, mica, quartz, amphibole, and pyrite. No. 2. On the quartz contained in granites from Co. Galway. The appearances under the microscope are described. No. 3. Describes the examination of granite from Carnsore Point, Co. Wexford. The mass of the rock is metamorphic ; but in one place some that appeared to be intrusive occurs. It is of a reddish-grey colour, containing krge crystals of pink felspar, together with white felspar, greenish felspar, two micas, quartz, and pyrite. It is some- times distinctly foliated. Eour slices were examined ; and the details are given. The rock seems to belong to the Galway granite type, containing three felspars, orthoclase, adularia ?, and oligoclase. PETROLOGY. 215 'No. 4. On Ingenite Rocks. Deals with an intrusive mass of granitic rock (elvanyte) at Longstone, Tipperary. Microscopical examination shows it to consist of a felspathic base, containing crystals of yellowish- green felspar, small blebs of quartz, and some mica. Figures are given showing the microscopic characteristics. E. T. H. Kinahan, G. H. Granitic and other Ingenite Rocks of Yar Con- naught, and the Lower Owle ; or the mountainous tract of country west of Loughs Mark and Corrib. Proc. K. Irish Acad. ser. 2, vol. ii. (Science), no. 2, pp. 102-138, plates 9-12. Part 1 refers to the different descriptions of rock, Plutonic, Meta- morphic, and Granitic, with their occurrence, modifications, and gradations. Part 2 is occupied with suggestions as to the origin of the granitic and other Hypogene rocks. The non-intrusive hypogene rocks were formed from pre-existing rocks by heat, the granitic rocks having been more or less fused and liquified, others (as gneiss, &c.) being never fused or liquified, but changed by heat, in this case pro- bably wet. The intrusive groups were probably the result of parts of underlying fluid magmas, either acid or basic, being forced into cracks and fissures by the weight of the overlying mass. The author con- siders granite mostly the result, not the cause, of metamorphism. E. T. H. . Sedimentary Basalt (Doleryte). Sci. Goss. no. 132, p. 279. Notes thin-bedded Antrim dolerytes, which may be metamorphosed tuff?. Kocli, Dr. G. A. Geologische Mittheilungen aus der Oetzthaler Gruppe. [The Oetzthal Mts., «S:c.] Jahrh. k.-Jc. geol. Reiclis. Bd. XXX. Heft 3, pp. 247-258. See also Verh. Tc.-h. yeol. lieiclis. pp. 123, 124. Describes the rocks of the Pitzthal and Kaunserthal, mostly gneiss and crystalline schists. Notes on the minerals will follow. Lang, H. 0. Ueber die Absonderung des Kalkstein von Elliehausen bei Gottingen. [Structure of Limestone.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Heft iv. pp. 842-853, with plate. Describes the prismatic structure of certain limestones of the Cera- v. F. W. R. . Memoire sur les proprietes optiques birefringentcs caracteris- tiques des quatre principaux feldspaths tricliniques, et sur uu precede pour les distinguer immediatement les uns des autres. [The characteristic birefracting optical properties of the four principal triclinic Felspars, and on a means of distinguishing them immediately from one another.] Ann. Chim. Fhys. ser. 5, t. iv. pp. 429-444, 7 figs. ; and Compt. Rend. t. Ixxx. pp. 364-371, 3 figs. ; N. Jahrh. Heft iii. pp. 279-284, 3 figs. ; Abstract, with table by E. S. Dl ana], in Amer. Jom-n. ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 322. An examination of the 4 triclinic felspars (albite, oligoclase, labrado- rite, and aiiorthite) has led the author to suggest means for their dis- crimination founded on the phenomena of double refraction. Details are given and illustrated by figures. His conclusions oppose Tscher- mak's views on the constitution of felspars. The employment of optical means has corrected several determinations of felspar by other minera- logists. The Moonstone of Mineral Hill, Pennsylvania, and the lamellar 238 MINEBALOGY. felspar associated with Kjerulfine of Bamle in Norway, named Tscher- mahite by v. Kobell, is referred to albite ; Andesine is probably only an altered oligoclase, and the Hafnefjordite of Iceland is referred to labradorite. F. W. E. & G. A. L. Des Cloiseaux, M. Note snr 1' element pyroxenique de la roche associee lui platine de I'Oural. [The Pyroxenic Element of the Rock found associated with Platinum in the Urals.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxx. j)p. 785, 786. Crystallographic and optical study of the mineral described as diallage in M. Daubrce's paper on the occurrence of platinum [p. 236] leads to the conclusion that the pyroxenic mineral in the peridote rock of Mschne-Tagilsk is a ferriferous salite. P. W. R. . [A new Pelspar, ra7ct. Chem. N. F. Bd. xii. pp. 400-416. Essay on the Grindbrunnen, near Frankfort-on-the-Main. Gives a history of the spring ; then describes its geological relations, its physical characters, and its chemical composition. An original analysis of the water is given, and the results are compared with those of previous analysts. The Grindbrunnen is strongly hepatic, with a high proportion of chloride of sodium, bicarbonate of soda, and bicarbonates of alkaline earths. It is further notable for containing bromide and iodide of sodium and carbonate of lithia. F. W. R. Gerini, Carlo. Delle aequo solforose-alcaline-cloro-jodurate-iposol- fitiche-magncsiacho della sorgente di mont' Alfeo, etc. [The Mineral Waters of Mont Alfeo.] 12mo. Sondrio, Gorceix, H. [Greek Mineral Springs.] Rev. Geol. t. xi. pp. 36-38. Describes the mineral waters of Q^dipsos, at the N. end of Euboea ; these have boiling water temperature ; gas escaping from them com- posed thus — HS traces, CO^ 73, 0 6, N" 21. Describes also the mineral spring of Karytsa, in Thessaly ; and mentions those of the Pelion hills. G. A. L. Hayes, A. A. On the wide diffusion of Vanadium and its associa- tion with Phosphorus in many rocks. Chem, News, vol. xxxi, pp. 166-168, vol. xxxii. pp. 34-36. Vanadium haa been found in the water supplying the wells of Boston, Brooklin, XJ. 8. A. 26S MlifBRAXOGY, Heriot, Capt. M. The Bath Waters. Proc. Bath Field Club, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 163-170. Chiefly devoted to an inquiry into the composition of the different mineral springs of Bath. Grives analyses of waters from the Koman Baths, King's Baths, Hetling Pump, and Cross Baths, which show that the four springs which supply these Baths, though not artificially con- nected, are derived from the same natural source. The waters of the Hetling and Cross Baths are stronger in their mineral -constituents than those of the two other Baths; allshow a daily variation, especially in the amount of chlorine contained in them. The writer thinks it is a question for consideration, whether the action of water, under high- temperature and pressure, on carbonaceous residue, might not account for the large quantity of carbonic acid gas given off by mineral springs, or whether the internal heat of the earth may not 'have some decom- posing action on the lower lying limestones. H. B. W. . The Mineral Spring at Batheaston. Proc. Bath Field Club, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 171-177. - This spring rises through an old mine-shaft, now covered up, and passes by an underground passage to an opening -at the bottom of the hill, discharging itself into the brook, at the rate of some 300 gallons an hour. The writer gives an analysis of the water, comparing it with that of the King's Bath. H. B. W. Hunt, [Dr.] T. S. On the Boston Artesian Well and its Waters. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xvii. pp. 486-488. The boring is 1750 feet deep. The water contains chlorides. Johnstone, W. Analysis of Moffat and Hertfell Spas, collected on the 5th and 12th October 1874. Chem. Mews, vol. xxxi. p. 15. Complete analyses of both solid and gaseous constituents, with sp. gr. and temperature. Analysis of the Airthrey Springs, at Bridge of Allan. Chem. News, vol. xxxi. p. 88. Complete analysis of sample of water taken on 7th March, 1874. Laloy, Ro^er. Sur les chlorures alcalins du terrain houiller. [Alkaline Chlorides of the Coal Measures.] Ann. iSoc. Geol. JSford, t. ii. pp. 195-197. Thinks that the salt water met with in the Coal Measures is due to old sea-water, and not to the minute amounts of salt which analysis reveals in the composition of Coal Measure rocks. In answer to a paper by M. Malherbe (see below). G. A. L. Malherbe, R. Des chlorures alcalins de la formation houillere. [Al- kaline Chlorides of the Coal Measures.] BuU. Ac. Boy. Belg. 2 ser. t. xxxix. pp. 16-25. Analysis of salt water from coal-pits in Belgium are given, and also of the sandstone whence it issues. Both the stone and water contain MINBRAL WAtERS. 269 chlorides ; and the author believes that the latter owe their saltriess to the former, and are not, as has been urged, the relics of the sea-Avater of the period. [Reports on this communication by Messrs. de Koninck and Dewalque, pp. 9-11, of same vol.] G. A. L. Reichardt, D. E. Grundlagen zur Beurtheilung dos Trinkwassers, zugleich mit Beriicksichtigung seiner Brauchbarkeit fup gewerb- liche Zwecke ; nebst Anleitung zur Priifung des Wassers. [Esti- mation of the Potable and Technical Value of Water, with In- structions for Testing.] 2. Auflage. Pp. 107, one plate, many woodcuts. 8vo. Jena, Schmidt, Prof. K. [Chemical Analysis of the Water in Kuku-noor (in Iluss.).] Tswestija Imp. Russ. Geogr. Soc. Bd. x. no. 8. Studdert, L., and W. Plunkett. On the Constituents of the two principal Mineral Waters of Lisdoonvarna, County of Clare. Proc. R. Irish Ac. vol. ii. ser. ii. (Science) pt. 3, pp. 189-192. Analysis of the waters of the Gowlaun Spa, and of the Rathbawn Chalybeate Spa, are given. The authors concur with Mr. Foot that the presence of sulphur and iron in the spas is due to the decomposi- tion of iron-pyrites in the Carboniferous shales near Lisdoonvarna. The presence of lithia in the Gowlaun water was ascertained. E. T* H. Swallow, Ellen H. On the occurrence of Boracic Acid in Mineral Waters. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xvii. pp. 428-430. From Billis (Turkey). Colorado, J^evada, Wyoming, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Analyses given. Tietze, Dr. E. IJcber Quellen und QueUenbildungcn am Demavcnd und dessen Umgebung. [Mineral W^aters of Demavend, Persia.] Jahrb. Jc.-h (jeol. Peichs. xxv. Heft 2, pp. 129-140. Describes many springs both hot and cold, and the relation of the calcareous and trachytic tuffs to the older rocks, Lias, &c. Voelcker, Dr. A. On the Com position and Propeities of Drinking- water and Water used for General Purposes. Joiirn. P. Ayric. Soc. ser. 2, vol. xi. pp. 127-162. Vohl, H. Vorliiufige Notiz iiber die Bestandthcile der Minefalquelle zu Birrcsbom in Rcgierungsbezirk Trier. [Preliminary Notice on the Constituents of the Mineral Spring at Birresborn in the District of Treves.] Ber. deutsch. clum. Ges. pp. 611-612. This ppring was used medicinally by the Romans. A complete analysis is given. The Birresborn mineral water is found to be the richest in lithium known, containing '38016 gram of bicarbonate of lithia per litre. • F. W. R. Volhard, Herr. Analyse des Sch wef el wa seers von Bir Keraui, in der Libyschen Wiif-te. [Analysis of the Hepatic Water of Bir Keraui, in the Libyan Dcecit.] Sitz. math.-jl'i/s. classe I: lay. Ah. Wiss. Bd. v. pp. 19-38. 270 MINERALOGY, "Wanklyn, J. A. On the Variations in the composition of River Waters. Chem. News, vol. xxxii. p. 207. , Analyses of the water of the Nile show that in June, when the river is beginning to rise, it contains only 1*8 grain of chlorine per gallon ; but when it attains its greatest size, the chlorine sinks to 0-3 or 0*4 grain per gall., and continues low until the end of the year. This enormous diminuti6n in the chlorides is attributed to the fact that the Nile is swollen with storm-water, which sweeps over the surface of the country without penetrating far below the surface, and thus carries down little or no salt. The hardness of the water remains constant. The water of the Nile contains as much organic matter as the Thames at Hampton Court, but has only about half the hardness of London Thames water. P. W. R. . Note on the Changes in River- waters, Chem. Meivs, vol. xxxii. p. 219. The water of the Thames at Hampton Court contained, in Nov. 1875, only 0*88 grain of chlorine per gall., the usual proportion being 1-2 grain. P. W. R. "Watson, W. H. Analysis of Chalybeate Water from a spring at Sellalield, near Whitehaven. Chem. Neivs, vol. xxxii. p. 11. Complete analysis of sample collected June 2, 1875. Note on the Chalybeate Water at Sellafield, near Whitehaven. Chem. News, vol. xxxii. p. 309. Traces the origin of the spring to drainage through a clayey soil containing ferrous and manganous oxides, whence the cause of its chalybeate character. Analysis of the clayey earth is given. F. W. R. See also : — Prof. Peters and — Clar. Mineral Springs of Gratz : under Ilwolf, p.- 74. 271 I PALAEONTOLOGY. 1. VERTEBRATA. Adams, Prof. A. L. On a fossil Saurian Vertebra (Arctosaurus Oshorni) from the Arctic Regions. Proc. R. Irish Acad. ser. ii. vol. ii. pp. 177-179 (woodcut). From Rendezvous Point, Byam Martin Channel. " The bone may in all probability have been one of the middle cervicals of a Saurian with biconcave vertebrae." L. C. M. Andrews, Prof. Edmand. Dr. Koch and the Missouri Mastodon, Amer. Journ. scr. 3, vol. x. pp. 32-34. Brings forward more evidence adding to the incredibility of Dr. Koch's statement. (See jpost.) Anon. A new Mastodon. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 222. Note announcing the discovery, by Prof. Cope, in Pliocene deposits of Santa Fe, of a new species, M. produdm (= M. ohscurns, Leidy^. . Mastodon of Otisville, Orange County, N. Y. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 483. Note of discovery in swamps of this district. . The Moas of New Zealand. Nature, vol. xi. pp. 289-290, (woodcut). The tarsal scales of Dinornis inrjens, Otago, are described and figured. *o" •. Discovery of the Horns of an extinct species of Ox in Ohio. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. x. p. 386. Note of occurrence of large horn-cores (22 inches in circumference), in gravel. Brush Creek, Adams County. Another New York Mastodon. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. x. p. 390. Note of occurrence at Lisle, near Binghampton. Atthey, Thomas. On the Articular Bone and supposed Vomerine Teeth of (Jtenodus ohliquus ; and on Falceonisais Hancochi, n. sp., from the Low Main, Newsham, Northumberland. Ann. Nat. Jlist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 309-312, pi. xix. Bachmann, Isidor. Beschreibung eincs Unterkiefers von Dinotherium havaricum. [Lower Jaw of D. havarkum.'] Abh. schweiz. pal. Oes, vol. ii. pp. lb ; 1 plate. This finely preserved lower jaw of Dinotherium was found in tho 272 PALEONTOLOGY. Bernese Jura, near Delsberg, in the fluviatile beds of the (Eningen stage (L. Miocene). Barkas, W. J. Microscopical Structure of Fossil Teeth from the Northumberland Trne Coal Measures. Monthly Beview of Dental Surgery, pp. 256, 328, 439, 484, 534 ; 3 plates. Barrels, Charles. Les Reptiles du terrain cretace du N.E. du bassin de Paris. [Cretaceous Eeptiles of N.E. of Paris Basin.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. p. 11. 12 sp. of Plesiosaurus, Polyptychodon, Pliosaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Megalosauriis, ITylceosaurus and Fterodactylus found in the Gault(Zone of Ammonites mammillaris). In L. Chalk are Chelone sp. and Ptero- dactylus giganteus ; in the U. Cbalk of Cissy, MosasaurusMid another sp. A. J. J-B. . _. On Byssacanthus Gosseleti. Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. - 200, 201. - Describes under this name a new plagiostomous fish from U. Devo- nian, Couvin. Beneden, P. J. van. Le squelette de la Baleine fossile du Musee de Milan i [Skeleton of the Possil Whale in the Milan Museum.] Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg. ser. 2, t. xl. pp. 736-758 ; jjlate. * The specimen, 21 feet long, found on the E. flank of Monte Pul- gna.sco at a height of 1800 feet above the plain, was described and ^figured first by Cortesi and next by Cuvier. It is described in detail, and compared with other Italian specimens, the synonyms being as follows: — Borqualus Cjortesii, Capellini, 1865; Cetotherium (Oeto- tjieriophanes), Brandt, 1873,-74 yPlesiocetus, Yan Beneden and Gervais ; -Cetotheriophanes Capellinii, Capellini, 1875. G. A. L. ; :- — : — . IJri Oiseau Fossile Noveau des Cavernes de la Nouvelle- Zelande. [New Fossil Bird from Caves of New Zealand.] - Journ. ZcoL vol. iv.. pp. 267^272. • - - A description of the bones of a Duck from the Earnscleugh cave, Ota go, found with Dinornis and other bones. They are said to have affinities with the recent Anas clangula, and to resemble in some particulars the Anas Blanchardi. This extinct duck is named Anas Flnschi. . E. T.-N. Beneden, P. J. van, and Prof. Paul Gervais. Ostc'ographie des Cttaccs vivants et fossiles. [Osteology of Living ard Fossil Cetacea.] - Part 13, pp. 4a9-456; 2 pis. 4to. Paris. Tertiary Ziphioids. Choneziphius planirostus is described, and the following species of Ziphirostrvm — Z. turninense, Z. tumidum, Z. mar- ginatum, Z. Icevigatum, Z. gracile. The description of the following genera and species succeeds : — Aporotus recurvirostris, A. ajfflnis, A. dicyrtus, Ziphiopsis phymatodes, Z. servatus, Placoziphius Duhoisii, ,DioplodQnrecurtms,D.Jongiro8tris,D.Becanii, D. gihlus, D. angudus, D. angulatus, D. medilineatus, D. tenuirostris, D. compressus. Under ) VERTEBEATA. 27^ the general group of Delphinorhi/nchi are described the remains of the genus ^qwdodon, which have been found in France, England, Austria, Wurtemberg, Italy, America and Australia. The genera Phocodon and PiUanista are next described. E. T. N. Bockh, J. Brachydiastemaihenum transilvanicum, Bkh. et Maty, ein neues Pachydermen-Genus aus eocanen Schichten Siebenbiirgens. [Xew Genus of Pachyderms from Eocene of Transylvania.] Jahrh. Tc. un(j!geol. Anst. Bd.iv. Heft ii. ; plates. In Hungarian and German. Describes the lower jaw, found near Andriishciza, Klausenburg. The teeth do not agree with those of any genus of Palaeotherioids. Bourguignat, J. B. Recherches sur les Ossements de Canidce con- states en France a I'etat fossile pendant la periode Quaternaire. [Quaternary Fossil Canidae.] Ann. Set. Geol. t. vi. livr. 3, pp. 60 ; 3 plates. The genus Coon has 6 molars, while Ctmis has 7, in the lower jaw. Caon europceiis, n. sp., was larger and had more carnivorous teeth than the recent C. prhncevus of India. C. Edivardsianus, n. sp., from Lunel- Viel, is nearer the recent species Lycorus nemesianus, n. gen. and sp., differs from Cuon in having only 3 premolars. A review of French fossil Canidae, with a list of species from Cave-deposits, including Lupus 3 sp., Vulpes 2 sp., &c. E. B. T. Brandt, Prof. J. P. On the Fossil Whales of Europe. Coll. Guard. vol. xxix. pp. 2G3, 264. Abstract of paper in Mem. Ac. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersboury, ser. 8, t. xxi. no. 1. . Einige Bemerkungen iiber die bisher in Hussiand aufgefun- denen drei verschiedenen Arten angehorigen Reste ausgestorbener Nashomer. [Rhinoceroses found in Russia.] Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. - Peter shourg, t. xxi. pp. 81-84. Brooke, Sir Victor. On the Existence of the Fallow Deer in England during Pleistocene Times. Nature^ vol. xi. pp. 210, 211. Believes the Pleistocene species Cervus Brownii to be identical with C. dama, but thinks it possible that the latter (Fallow Deer) became extinct in N. Europe before the advent of Prehistoric Man, and was reintroduced by the Romans. C. E. De R. Burrows, H. A. A probable Origin of the Perforations in Sharks' Teetb f .-om the Crag. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iv. no. 3, pp. 164-166. In recent sharks' teeth there is a foramen for the blood-vessel ; and on the opposite side of the tooth there are numerous small holes. If the fossil teeth, when fresh, were similar to these, subsequent friction or partial solution of the tooth may have formed a hole here. All per- forat(.'d teeth are from the upper jaw. W. T. Busk, Prof. George. List of the Mammalian Remains collected by the Rev. J. M. Mello in the Rock-Fissure Cavern in Creswell Crags, Derbyshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 683-691, 4 woodcuts. Appendix to paper by Rev. J. M. Mello : see p. 30. 1875. T 274 PALAEONTOLOGY. The following species have occurred: — Ursi^s (probably /^roo?), Hycena spelcea, Canis lupus, C. vulpes, C. lagopus (axis), Gulo luscus (pelvis), JBos primi(/enius, Cervus tarandu.^, C. megaceros, Ovis curies, Equus caballusy Rhinoceros tichorinus, ElepJias primigenms, E. antiquus (?). The Arctic fox {Canis lagopus) has not been previously found in any British cave. The bones of the sheep appear to be recent. L. C. M. Capellini, Prof. Gr. Sui Cetoterii bolognesi. [The Bolognese Ceto- theria,] Mem. Ac. Sci. Bologna, ser. iii. t. v. pp. 34, 2 plates. Cope, Prof. Edward D. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia from the Coal Measures. Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. ii. Palaeontology, pp. 348-411, pis. xxvi.-xlv. Gives a synoptical and detailed account of the remains of Batrachians found in the Coal Measures of Ohio, embracing 34 species, referred to 17 genera. After reviewing the general characters of the Batrachia as a class, and defining its orders, proceeds to define the order Stego- cephali [=:Lahyrinthodontia'], and defines 5 families of it. Describes the genus Cocytinus,with. the single species C. gyrinoides, and the genus Thyrsidium, with the species T. fascicidare, as both doubtfully referable to the Proteida. Amongst the Stegocephali, the genera Phlegethontia, Molgophis, Pleuroptyx, Oeraterpeton, Ptyonius, Q^stocephalus, Hyphasma, Brachydectes, Pelion, Tuditanus, Leptophr actus, Eurythorax, Sauro- pleura, and Colosteus eire treated of; and the following are described as new, in addition to previously known forms : — Molgophis macrurus, M. hrevicostatus, Fleuroptyx clavatus, Ceraterpeton tenuicorne, Ptyonivs nummifer, Hyphasma Icevis, Tuditayius morclax, and Sauropleura Newherryi. A short appendix treats of genera probably referable to Fishes, namely — Peplorhina, with the species P. anthracina, and Ctenodus, with the species C. ohioensis. H. A. N. . The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Foimations of the West. Hep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, vol. ii. pp. 1-302, pis. i.-lvii. Contains, besides prefatory matter, descriptions of the Cretaceous Beptilia and Fishes of the Western Territories, and a synopsis of the Cretaceous Yertebrata of N. America. The following genera (except last two) and species are new : — Dinosauria : Cionodon stenopsis. Tesiudi- NATA : Osteopygis erosvs, Plastomenus coalescens, P. costatus, Compsemys ogmius, Toxochelys serrifer. Pisces : Pelecopterus chirurgus, Portheus arcuatus, Enchodus dolichus, E. oxytomus, E. tetroecus, Leptomylus forfex, Bryactinus amorphus, Diphrissa latidens, Ischyodus stenohryus, I. tripartitus, I. longirostris, I. eoccenus, I. incrassatus, I. fecundus, Isotcfnia neoccesariensis, Ptychodvs papillosus, Lamna macrorhiza, L. Mudgei. Though there is comparatively little altogether new in this volume, many of the genera and species appear for the first time with adecjuate description and illustrative plates. The most important parts of the text relate to Elasmosaurus, a Plesiosauiian ; to the author's order Pythonomorpha, including Liodon and Clidastes, forms allied to Mosa- VERTEBRA.TA. 275 srdirus^ and now shown to possess pectoral and ventral limbs; and to Portheus molossas, a great carnivorous physostomous fish, with osseous ventral rays, a doubly articulated pectoral spine, and powerful, unequal, cylindrical teeth. The order Actiiwchin is proposed to receive certain forms whose pectoral limb only is known. The scapula supports a close row of six thin basilar bones, besides an anterior pair ; and these in turn support a large pectoral spine, longitudinally ridged, with straight or serrate posterior border. L. C. M, Cope, Prof. E. D. Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico, collected in 1874. Engineer Dept., U, S. Army. The development of the carnassial teeth of carnivora is traced from Eocene forms with comparatively numerous (juadrituberculate sectorial teeth to the PelidEe, in which the anterior external tubercle alone of the primitive tooth can be identified. The unspecialized extremities of Eocene carnivora are noted. Xkw Species ; — Carnivora : Ambloctonus sinosus, Prototomus secundarius, P. multicuspis, P. strenuus, Diacodon (n. gen.) alticuspis, D. celatus. Genera incertoe sedis: Pelycodus frugivorus (Quadrumana), P. angulatus, Pantolestes chacensis (Quadru- mana?), Opisthotomus (gen.nov.) astutus (Quadrumana?), 0. fiagrans, Antiacodon mentalis, A. crassus. Perissodactyla : Hyrachus siugularis, Orohippus tapirinus, 0. angustidens, 0. cuspidatus. Amhhjpoda (a new order, to include Bathmodon, Loxolophodon, and Uintatherium) Bathmodon latidens, B. cuspidatus. Crocodilia : Diplocynodus sphenops, Crocodilus grypus, C. Wheeleri» Tesiudinata : Dermatemys (?) costil- latus. L. C. M. . The extinct Batrachia of Ohio. Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. PhiladeL p. IG. A notice of the new genas and species Pleuroptyx clavatus, with processes from the posterior edges of the ribs, of Hyphasma Icevis (n. gen. and sp.), and of Ceraterptton punctolineatiim (n. sp.). L. C. M. . On Greensand Vertebrata. Proc, Ac. Nat. Set. PhiladeL p. 19. " Gavials from New Jersey. Many new chimeeroid fishes, about twenty to be published in a special monograph. . On the Homologies of the Sectorial Tooth of Carnivora. Ibid, p. 20. The substance is given in " Systematic Catalogue, &c." See above. . The Feet of Bathmodon. Ibid. p. 73. Order Amhhjpoda proix>8ed. See above. . On Fossil Lemurs and Dogs. Proc. Ac. Nat* Sd, J^hiladeU p. 2oo. iSarcolemur (n. gen.) proposed, to include S. furcatus (Antiacodon^ Cope), S. pyymieus^ and IS. mentalis, lemurs, from the Eocene of the llocky Mountains, having relations with Procyonidce, Mandible of a riiocene dog {Canitursinus, n. sp.). L. C, M, t2 276 PALAEONTOLOGY. Cope, Prof. E. D. On the Antelope-Deer of the Santa Fe Marls. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadd. p. 257. . On some new fossil Ungulata [from New Mexico]. Ibid. p. 258. Pliauchenia (n. gen. of Camelidce from the Loup Fork beds) is sup- posed to be represented by a mandibular ramus and maxilla, referred to different species (P. humphreslana and P. vidcanoriom). The denti- tion is given as I. y, C. y, Pm. -|, M. ^. Hippotherium cola mar lum (n. sp.) is a thick-toed horse allied to H. paniense. A mandibular ramus of rhinoceros is described as Aphelops jemezanus (n. sp.). L. C. M. . The Phylogeny of the Camels. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci Philadel. p. 261. The series is traced from Poehrotherium of the Miocene, through Procamelus and Pliauchenia to Auchenia. . On an extinct Yulturine Bird. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel. p. 271. The skeleton (from Loup Fork marls, near Santa Fe) had been de- scribed as Cathartes umbrosus, but is now referred to the vulturine division of the Falconidce. A short bony septum is present at the base of the beak. L. C. M. . On fossil remains of Eeptilia and Fishes from Illinois. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel. p. 404. Caudal vertebrae with notochordal foramen are supposed to indicate a Rhynchocephalian (Oricotiis heteroclitus^ n. gen. and sp.). Other bones, chiefly of limbs, are attributed to the same. Clepsydrops collettii (n. gen. and sp.) is represented by cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, together with bones of the fore limb. This genus is considered more typically Ehynchocephalian than Cricotus. Ceratodus Vinslovii (n, sp.) and a Dijplodus were found associated with the others. L. C. M. . On the supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel. 3 ser. vol. v. pp. 444- 448. Amhloctonus, Stypolophus, Oxycena, and Pidymictis, though carni- vorous in habit, appear to differ from true Carnivora in the cranial cavity, the tibio-tarsal articulation, and the presence of a third tro- chanter. A new suborder of Insectivora (Creodonta) is proposed for them, and Marsh's Tillodontia are placed in the same order. L. C. M. . Note on the genus Calamodon. Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 228, 229. Denies that this genus is the Stylinodon of Marsh, provided the latter's diagnosis of his genus be accurate. ■ . On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of the South Park. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, ser. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-5. The new sp. Amia scutata, A. dictyocejphala, Amyzon j^andatum, and A. fasiforme are described. VERTEBRATA. 277 Cope, Prof. E. D. Vertebrate Palaeontology of the Santa Fe Marls. (Ann. Rep. of Surveys, &c.) See Wheeler, p. 132. The Ungulates already noticed {Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel.). A plate of skull of Proaimelus occidentalis is given. Testudo undata, n. sp. (Testudinata), and Testudo Mettiana, n. sp., are described. Pis. v. & vi. show the skull of Bathmodon elejfhantojnis. L. C. M. Coues, Elliott. On the Cranial and Dental Characters of Mephi- tinae, with description of Mephitis frontata, n. sp. foss. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories^ ser. 2, no. 1, pp. 7-15 ; woodcut. From the bone-caves of Pennsylvania. Dana, Prof. J. D. On Dr. Koch's Evidence with regard to the Con- temporaneity of Man and the Mastodon in Missouri. Amer. Joum. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 335-346. Eeprinted in Pop. Sci. Eev. vol. xiv. pp. 278-290 (with additional note at p. 290). Examines the statements made by Dr. Koch in pamphlets dated 1841, 1843, 1845, and 1853. Shows that they are open to doubt, that the author criticised was deficient in the requisite geological and zoological knowledge. Concludes that although the contemporaneity of man and mastodon is clearly proved, in America the point is doubtful. Even if Dr. Koch's facts be correct (and it is probable that they are not), the inference as to contemporaneity drawn from them may be wrong. G. A. L. . Supplement to the article on Dr. Koch's evidence with re- gard to the contemporaneity of Man and the Mastodon. Amer. Joum. ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 398. Calls attention to some more errors of Dr. Koch's. Dawkins, Prof. W. B. The Mammalia found at Windy Knoll. Quart. Joum. Geol. JSoc. vol. xxxi. pp. 24G-255. [See Pennington, p. 33.] Remains of bison, reindeer, grisly bear, and wolf are described. Fox, hare, rabbit, and water-vole occur with them. Delafontaine, — . Les Yertebres Fossiles des Mauvaises Terres du Nebraska, &c. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. t. Hi. pp. 218-224; also t. liii. pp. 169-170. A general account of the Yertebrata which have been obtained from the *' Mauvaises Terres" of Nebraska. The first part contains an Introduction, and a section upon the ancient lacustrine basins of the region of the Rocky Mountains. The second part contains descrip- tions of the Vertebrata under the following headings — Mammals, Quadrumana, Hcrbivora, Horse, Birds. E. T. N. Delfortrie, — . Un Dauphin d'unc Nouvelle Espece dans les Faluns du Sud-Ouest. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux^ t. xxx. 1 pi., from abs- tract in Joum. Zool. vol. iv. p. 361. A new dolphin from U. Miocene, near Bordeaux (Delphinus tetrad gorhinus). 278 PAL^DNTOLOGY. Dewalque, Prof. Gt. [Now species of Scaph/spis and Ptiraspis from the Tauniisian of Ardenne.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Bdg. t. ii. Bulletin^ p. xliv. Note of discovery. Species not determined. Didelot, Leon. Note sur un Pycnodw? nouveau dii Neocomien moyen {Pijcnodiis heUrodon). [New Pycnodus from the Middle Neocomian.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 237-256, one plate and 6 figs. A jaw found in the neighbourhood of Aix-les-Bains. P. Couloni is the nearest allied Neocomian form. The most marked character of P. heterodon is the arrangement of the vomerine teeth, which, con- sisting at first of a single row of large ellipsoidal teeth, suddenly give place, after the sixth in the row, to two pairs of cylindrical teeth. G. A. L. Dumbleton, H. A supplementary note on the Bones discovered in making the section of the Island of Llangorse. Trans. Woolhope Field Club, 1871, p. 44 (published 1875 ?). Dimcan, Prof. P. M. Animals of the last Geological Epoch. Coll. Guard, vol. xxix. p. 415. Report of lecture at Leeds, March 11, 1875. Egozcue y Cia, Justo. Carta al Yllmo Svr Don Pelipe Narango y Garza. An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. vol. iv. pt. 1. Describes fossil teeth from near Santander, referred to Rhinoceros tichorinus. Etheridge, R., Jun. On some Undescribed Carboniferous Fossils. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 241-245, pi. viii. Describes and figures two new teeth of fishes, Petalorhynchns '^ Benriiei and Petalodus'? lohatus, from the L. Carboniferous of W. Scot- land (see also post, under Inveetebrata). H. A. N. Flower, Prof. William Henry. On the Bones of a Whale found at Pentuan, now in the museum of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Trans.lt. Geol. Soc. Coryiwall, vol. iv. part 1, pp. 114- 121. Reference is made to the description of the Pentuan Stream-works by Mr. Colenso, from which it appears that the bones of the Avhale Avere found in a bed of sea-sand overlying silt containing remains of boar, deer, and oxen, and human skulls; lower down were the traces of an old forest, and finally the tin-ground resting on killas. The peculiar form of the jaw and the proportions of the other bones are different from those of any species of whale described, with one exception, that of a skeleton found in the Swedish island of Griiso. The dimensions of the bones agree so nearly with those of the Swedish specimen that no doubt the Pentuan whale belongs to the same species, Eschrichtius robustus. C. L. N. F. f VERTEBRATA. 279 Forsyth-Major, C. J. Considerazioni suUa Fauna dei Mammiferi pliocenici e post-pliocenici della Toscaaa. [Pliocene and Post- pliocene Mammals of Tuscany.] Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Fisa, vol. i. fosc. 1, pp. 7-40. Fauna of the upper part of the Val d'Arno. Some new species mentioned. Fricke, Dr. Karl. Die fossilen Fische aus den oberen Juraschichten von Hannover. [Fossil Fishes from U. Oolite of Hanover.] Faleontocimphlcu, I3d. xxii. Lief. 6, pp. 353-398, pis. 18-22. Of Pycnodonts, 8 species are described, all of which occur in the Pteroceras-hi^A'A (Kimmeridge group) and some in the Coralline Oolite below : 2 new sp. {Mesodon Wittei and M. pusillus) are based on the dental apparatus, a large number of upper and lower jaws being ex- amined in most cases. Of Euganoidei 3 sp. of Lepidotus occur, L. affinis being new. Of Selachians, 4 spines of Astracanthus are noted, A. tetrastichodon being new. Of Hyhodus teeth, H. crassus is a new sp. ; two others are mentioned, one being H. raricostatus (Ag.), origi- nal! v described from the English Khaetic ; it is here cited from the Coralline Oolite. E. B. T. Gaudry, A. Sur la decouverte de Batraciens dans le terrain pri- maire. [Discovery of Batrachia in PalsBozoic Strata.] Bull. Soc, Geol. France, t. iii. pp. 299-306, pis. vii. & viii. ; also Compt. Fend, t. Ixxx. pp. 441-443, and Journ. Zuol. vol. iv. pp. 38-41, 342. Found in the bituminous shales of Muse (Saone-et-Loire) and Millery, near Autun. The geological age of these de2)osit8 is un- certain, Eome regarding them as Carboniferous, others as Permian. The specimens attain a length of 1-3 in. The head is frog-like, but not sufficiently preserved for detailed description. Teeth numerous, pointed, minute. The basisphenoid and pterj'goid resemble those of Batrachia ; the vomers those of Salamanders. Vertebral column almost completely ossified ; about 30 centra can be distinguished. No trace of thoracic plates or scutes. Limbs tetradactyle, resembling those of Labyrinth odonts. The author considers this new form as allied to lianic^ps (Felion) of Wyman and Apatcon of Von Meyer, and as having affinities with the true Batrachia. The name of Frotriton petrol ei is proposed. L. C. M. . Sur qnolque pieces do Mammiferes Fossiles qui ont ete trouvees dans les Phosphorites du Quercy. [Mammalian Remains from the Phosphorites of Quercy.] Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 518- 527, pi. xviii. ; abstract in Compt. Fmd. t. Ixxxi. pp. 1113- 1115. A small edentate has been determined from phalanges, and named Antylotlurium priscum. The other specimens noticed are : — A small humerus, possibly bo- longing to Adapts Duvenwyi { = J\dcBolemiir Betillei). A specimen of Tapirulus hyradntts, showing new characters, which render it difficult 280 PALEONTOLOGY. to assign to it a definite place in the Pachydermata. Jaws of LopMo- meryoo Chalaniati. Several molars of Cadurcotherium. An upper jaw of Chalicothermm, from which the writer proposes to found a new species to be named Ch. modicum. An upper molar and several pre- moloTS of Lophiodon lautricense, Noulet ( = i/. rhinocerodes of Riitimeyer). In these phosphatic deposits, therefore, U. and M. Eocene forms are found associated with some of L. Miocene facies. E. T. N. & G. A. L. Gervais, Prof. P. Produit des fouilles poursuivies a Durfort (Gard), par M. P. Cazalis de Fondouce, pour le Museum d'Histoire naturelle. [E-esuIts of Excavations at Durfort.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxxi. p. 430, and Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 314-317. Bemains of the following animals have been found in this locality in a yellowish, somewhat gravelly marl filling up a basin-shaped hollow in the surface of Neoeomian rocks :— Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopo- tamus, stags and oxen, and a species of Cants ; a fish allied to the Barbel, and several land and freshwater shells. Plants of species scarcely, if at all, distinct from living ones were also found. The skeletons are nearly all complete. The Durfort Elephant is referable to the Eleplias meridionalis of Paul Savi, characteristic of the Yal d'Arno deposits, near Elorence. G. A. L. . Bemarques sur les Formes Cerebrales propres aux Thalasso- theriens. [Forms of the Brain in Thalassotheria.] Journ. Zool. vol. iii. pp. 570-583, j^l. xix. Ucder the above name are included the Seals, Sirenians, and families of the "Whales. The author describes the portion of a skull of Zeu- glodon cetioides, sent by Harlan to He Blainville, and, from a considera- tion of a cast of so much of the interior of the brain-cavity as is preserved, concludes that Zeuglodon resembles the Seals. E. T. N. . ' Hu Benne a I'epoque prehistorique. [The Beindeer in Pre- historic Times.] (Extrait du Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences me'dicales, article Benne, 3^ serie, t. iii. p. 391.) Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 390-398. A general account of the Beindeer- remains found with those of Man in the Caves of Europe. . Nouvelle espece de Macliairodus. [New Species of MacJiai- rodus.'] Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 419, 420. The Macliairodus tooth from the Phosphatic deposits of Tarn-et- Garonne, which the author formerly thought to be like the correspond- ing tooth in Drepanodus primcevus, Leidy, is now found, from the examination of better specimens from Caylus, to be a new species allied io M. pcdmidms^hvii having the upper canines much more elongated and compressed; it has therefore received the name of If. perarmatus. E. T. N. . Palaeotherium du Calcaire Grossier. Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 421, 422. Teeth and bones of a small PalceotJierium found in a slab of calcaire VERTEBRATA . 281 grossier from Dampleux. About the size of Pahsotherium minus, and named P. eoccenum. E. T. N". Gervais, Prof. P. [Note upon the Memoir by Robert Lawley on a ' Sphcerodiis from Tuscany.'] Jouim. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 516, 517. [See p. 284.] Teeth like those which Agassiz named Sphcerodus have been found upon the same jaw with the teeth of Lepidotus. The author has shown that the Tertiary form referred to Sphcerodus really belongs to Chnjsophrys. The affinities of Mr. Lawley's specimens are considered ; but the pro- priety of uniting them with Sphcerodus {Chrysophnjs) cinctus is questioned, and it is proposed provisionally to give them the name of Chrf/sophr(/s Lawleyi. E. T. N. Goldenberg, Dr. Friedrich. [Fauna of the Carboniferous Formation of Saarbriick.] Deals chiefly with Invort^brata (see post). 4 species of Amhly- ptems are recorded ; a new Labyrinthodont, Anthracosaurus raniceps, is described. Some enigmatical bodies are doubtfully referred to the coprolites of fishes, under the name of Ichthyocopros pupceformis ; and some teeth are described as Lamna carhonaria, Germar, var. minor. H.A.N. Gnnn, John. Notes respecting the Mammalian Remains in the Norwich Museum, chiefly from the Forest Bed. Norwich Mercury {Norw. Geol. Soc), Feb. 6 ; part 2, March 13. . Continuation of an Account of Fossil Remains in the . Norwich Museum [with] especial reference to those found in the stony bed on the inclined plane of the Chalk. Norwich Mercury (Norw. Geol Soc), April 10. On the ancient weathered surface of the Chalk the Proboscidea commonly assigned to the Norwich or Mammaliferous Crag are sup- posed to have lived. A record is here presented of what is said to have been an entire skeleton of Mastodon arvernensis from Horstead. L. C. M. Gunther, Dr. A. Description of the Living and Extinct Races of Gigantic Land-Tortoises. Pts. 1, 2. PhU. Trans, vol. clxv. pt. 1, pp. 251-284, pis. 33-45. The gigantic tortoises of the Indian Ocean have a convex cranium, trenchant beak, and a narrow bridge between the obturator foramina. Mauritius and Rodriguez were formerly inhabited by several species of gigantic tortoises with flat cranium, truncated beak, and abroad bridge between the obturator foramina. Tortoises of the latter type survive in the Gahipagos Islands ; and though greatly reduced in number, five species can be identified : — Testudo elephantopuSy Harlan ; T. niyrita^ Dumeril and Bibron ; 2\ ephippium^ n. sp. ; T. microphyeSj n. sp. : 2\ vicinUf n. sp. These are described and figured. L. C. M. Haberlandt, G. Ueber cine fossilo Landschildkrcito dcs Wiener 282 PALJEONTOLOGT. Beckens. [Fossil Tortoise from the Vienna Basin.] Verh. h.-h. c/dol. Rdchs. pp. 288, 289. Preliminary nolice of Testuio prceceps, which will be described in the Jahrbuch ; it comes from the Miocene near Vienna. Hiwkia3, B. W. Pelvis of Hadrosaarus. Proo. Ac, Nat. Scl. Philadel. pt. ii. p. 329. Hochststter, Dr. Ferd. von. Ueber lleste von Ursui spdloeus aus der Igritzer Hohlo im Biharer Comitat, Ungarn. [ U. spdcem in the Igritz Cavern, Hungary.] Verh. k.-h. geol. Eeichs. pp. 113-119. The cavern consists of chambers and narrow connecting passages ; the bones are imbedded in a fine yellow loam to a depth of 12 feet, but are not found below that, or beyond the entrance of certain side passages by which they seem to have been introduced. All have not yet been determined ; but the Cave-bear, Cave-hyaena, and Wolf occur. Measurements of the bear's skull compared with those of other localities are added. No remains of man or his works. E, B. T. . Cervus megaceros von Nussdorf. Verh. Tc.-h. geol. Reichs. p. 146. Notices that the horns had been cut off the skull. Hosmes, Dr. R. Vorlage von Wirbelthierresten aus den Kohlen- ablageningen von Trifail in Steiermark. [Vertebrate Remains from the Coal-beds of Trifail, «S:;c.] Verh. k.-lc. geol. Reichs. pp. 310-313. Preliminary notice of remains which will be described in the Jahrbuch, viz. mandible of Anthracotherium magnum^ &c. ; they come from Aquitanian beds a little older than those of Eibiswald, which yield a different vertebrate fauna. E. B. T. . Vorlage von Wirbelthierresten aus der Bohni-Hohle bei Anina. Vei'h. Ic.-k. geol. Reichs. pp. 339-342. On the occurrence of the skull of the Capva ibex in the Bohni Cave with that of the Cave-bear ; measurements of a fine example of the latter are given. E. B. T. Houzeau de Lehaye, A. [On Pterodactylian Teeth in the Hainault Chalk and Mosasaurian Teeth in the Brown Chalk of Ciply.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii. Bulletin^ p. xliv. Note of occurrence. Huxley, Prof. T. H. On Stagonolepis Rohertsoni, and on the Evolution of the Crocodilia. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 423-438, pi. xix. Further remains of Stagonolepis are enumerated, and the skeleton is described systematically. The mandible with long curved teeth (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 440) proves not to belong to Stagonolepis. The Crocodilia are divided into sub-orders : — I. Parasuchia : no bony plates of the pterygoid or palatine bones to prolong the nasal passages ; centra of the vertebra3 amphiccelian. Genera : Stagonolepis, Belodon. VERTEBRATA. 283 II. Mesosuchia : bony plates of the palatine bones prolonging the nasal passages, and giving rise to secondary posterior nares ; vertebral centra amphicoelian. Genera: Steneosaunis, Pelagosmrus, Teleosaurus, J'eleidosauras^ Metriorhynchas^ Goniopholis, Macro rhynchus, Pholidosau- rus, Hyposaurus. III. Eusuchia : both pterygoid and palatine bones giving off plates which prolong the nasal passages ; vertebral centra mostl}- procrjelous. Genera : 'Thoracosaurus, Holojys, and recent forms. The Parasuchia are the least modified group, the Eusuchia the " most Crocodilian of Crocodiles," and the Mesosuchia, while more nearly con- nected with the latter than the former group, are intermediate. The geological evidence establishes the appearance of these reptiles in the order of their departure from the Laccrtilian and their approach to the Crocodilian type. The Parasuchia are Triassic, the Mesosuchia post- Triassic but pre-Cretaceous, the Eusuchia post- Cretaceous. A fragment of a crocodilian skull from the Wealden of the Isle of AVight is described and figured. It approaches the Eusuchia more than any other Mesosuchiau. The imperfection of the skull and the absence of teeth prevent comparison with other AVealden Crocodiles. The Lacertilia and Ornithoscelida are examined to see whether these types exhibit any evidence of a similar evolution to that of the Crocodilia. The vertebral column of Lacertilia has undergone a change corresponding to that which has occurred in the Crocodilia. All Lacertiliaus jjrior to those of the Purbecks have amphicoDlous centra, while most existing lizards are proccelous. This change seems to have occurred earlier in the Lacertilia than in the Cro- codiles, as a sacral vertebra of a lizard from the Purbecks has the centrum concave in front and convex behind. With regard to the Ornithoscelida, some confirmations and corrections of previous statements are noted. The ilium of the Thecodontosauria had been turned the WTong way. Instead of being more Ornithoscelidan than Megalosauriis, it is really more Lacertilian. The Triassic Orni- thoscelida are less ornithic and more lacertilian than those belonging to the second half of the Mesozoic period. The oldest Crocodiles differ less than the recent ones from the Lacertilia ; and as the oldest Ornithoscelida also approach the Lacertilia, the two groups seem to converge towards the common form of a Lizard with crocodilian vertebrae. Cetiosaurus also has a vertebral system like that of the Thecodontosauria and Crocodilia, but more Lacertian limbs ; Stenopelyx may be in the same case. It may therefore be convenient to sepaiate the Thecodontosauria, Cetiosaurus, and perhaps Stenopelyx, as a grou^) " Sauroscelida," distinct from both Ornithoscelida and Crocodilia. L. C. M. Kapff, Dr. Ueber cinen neuen Fund von Sauiierresten im Stuben- sandstein. [New Discovery of Saurian Remains, &c.] Vtrh. h.-h, (jeol. Jieichs. pp. 303, 304. In the same Keuper quarr}' where Teratosarvs sutvictis was found, further excavations have produced several skeletons of Lizards ; it is 284 PALEONTOLOGY. suggested that these may be the young of Zanclodon, which perhaps is identical with Teratosaurus. E. B. T. Klippart, John H. Discovery of Bicotyles (Platygonus) comj>ressus, Lc Conte. Cincinn. Quart. Journ. Sci. vol. ii. pp. 1-6. Describes the discovery of the bones of a dozen individuals of Dicotyles compressus in post-glacial sands, within the limits of the citv of Columbus, Ohio. H. A. N. KreflFt, G. Remarks on the Working of the Molar Teeth of the Diprotodons. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 317, 318. Accompanied by a woodcut of a premolar and 4 molars of Diproto- don minor, Huxley. Criticises one of Prof. Owen's figures of the lower molars of Diprotodon as being in a too unabraded state ; for when the last tooth breaks through the gum in this genus, the first of the series is always worn flat. Also states that in the Phalangistidce the female is often larger than the male, whereas amongst the Kangaroos it is exactly the reverse. R. E., Jun. . Remarks on Prof. Owen's Arrangement of the Eossil Kan- garoos. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 204-209. See also Sydney Mail, Dec. 2Q, 1874. Considers that the whole of the Australian extinct and living Marsupials are ofl'shoots of an extinct animal comprising the dental structure of both the carnivorous and herbivorous sections of the sub- order, and of which Thylacoleo was the last representative. All the marsupials can be received in one of two groups: — 1. Those with a pair of small conjoined inner toes ; 2. Those without the conjoined inner toes. If the fossil species must be divided into several genera, the author thinks that the arrangement proposed in his " Australian Ver- tebrata, Eossil and Recent " cannot well be discarded. R. E., Jun. Lawley, Robert. Dei Resti di Pesci fossili del Pliocene Toscano.] [Pliocene Eossil Eishes of Tuscany.] Atti Soc. Tosc. Nat. Sci. Fisa, t. i. fasc. 1, pp. 59-66. Observations sur une Machoire fossile provenant du genre Sphcerodus, trouve'e en Toscane dans le Pliocene de Yolterrano. [Eossil Mandible of Sphcerodus from Pliocene of Yolterrano.] Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 511-515, pi. xvii. ; and Atti Soc. Tosc. Nat. Sci. Pisa, t. ii. fasc. 1, pi. 1. The almost complete upper and lower jaws of Sphcerodus cinctus, obtained from this locality, show that the anterior teeth of both jaws are conical and pointed, while the posterior ones are hemispherical. E. T. N. Leidy, Prof. Remarks on a Coal Eossil, etc. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel. pt. i. p. 120 ; woodcut. An impression in coal-shale, which " might be that of the tail of a relative of the Ceratodus, or of a huge tadpole." VERTEBRATA. 285 Leidy, Prof. Kemarks on Elephant Remains* Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. xhiladel. p. 121. Specimens supposed to be E. americaiius. . Remarks on the occurrence of an Extinct Hog in America. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadel. p. 207. • Regards a fragment of the lower jaw from the Pliocene sands of Niobrara River, Nebraska, as belonging to the recent pig, and not a true fossil. He believes that the specimens of pig which had been hitherto described as American fossils would be found to be recent. E. T. N. . Remarks on Extinct Mammals from California. Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Philadel. pp. 259, 260. Fossils from a Quaternarj' deposit of California. They are : — a lower aw of Canis indianensis ; iK)rtion of a maxilla of a large tiger, for which the name of Tigris imperialis is proposed ; molar teeth of Bos atifrons ; upper and lower molars of a large llama (Auchenia hesterna)^ which it was thought might be the same as Owen's Palauchenia magtia. E. T. N. Lortet, Dr., and E. Chantre. Etudes Paleontologiques dans le Bassin du Rhone : Periode Quaternaire. Suite. Arch. Mus. Lyon, t. i. livr. iv. pp. 97-130 ; plate. The concluding portion of the memoir, giving lists of the genera and species of mammals found in numerous caves, &c., some of which are said to be intermediate in age between the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Section 4 is a resume of the fauna and climatology of the Quaternary epoch. E. T. N. Marc, L'Abbe. Note sur une dent A^Elephas primigenius echouee dans les bancs de sable de la Manche au N.O. de Graye (Calvados). [Tooth of Mammoth from Sand-bank near Graye.] Bull. Soc. Linn. ser. 2, t. viii. pp. 135-137. Marsh, 0. C. New Order of Eocene Mammals. Arner. Joum. vol. ix. p. 221. Tillotherium is the type of a new order Tillodontia, which combines characters of Carnivora, Ungulata, andRodentia. Two families are in- cluded— TillotheridiF^ with large incisors growing from persistent pulps and rooted molars, and Stylinodontidce^ in which all the teeth are root- less. [See also Ainer. Joum. vol. xi. p. 249, 1876.] L. C. M. . Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. — IV. Arner. Joum. vol. ix. pp. 239-250. The remains described include the following now species of American Tertiary Primates : — Lemuravus (n. ^Qr\.) distans, L. Eocene, and Lao- pitliecus (n. gen.) rolmstus, Mioccic ; a new TiUodont, Tillotherium fodiens. Eocene ; horned Rhinoceroses, the first found in America, Diceratium (n. gen.) armatum, Miocene, D. nanum, Miocene, and 7>. advcnum^ U. Eocene ? ; a Brontothcrian, Anisacodon viontanus, Miocene. 286 PAL^ON-TOLOGT. Diplacodon (n. gen.) elatiis, U. Eocene, connects Limnohyus with Bron- totheridce, differing from the latter in dentition and the absence of horns. Orohippm Uintensis, U. Eocene, ia indicated by teeth. Meso- hippus (n. gen.), Miocene, includes J/. BaircU^ Leidy, and M. celer. Marsh, and connects Orohippus v^ith. Anchither'mm,. ThinoJiyus (n. gen.) lentils, and T. socialis are new Peccaries from the Miocene of Oregon. Eporeodon^ n. gen., is proposed, with E. occidentalls, Marsh, as type. Agrioclioerus pumllus is a Miocene Artiodactyle. L. C. M. Marsh, 0. C. On the Odontomithes, or Birds with Teeth. Amer. Journ. vol. x. pp. 1-7, pis. ix., x. ; Anier. Nat. vol. ix. pp. 625-(331, pis. ii., iii. ; Jouni. Zool. t. iv. pp. 494-502, pi. xv. Beprinted in Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. iii. pp. 49-53, pi. 2 (1876). Ichthyornis dispar^ Marsh, Apatornis celei% Marsh, and ffesperornis regalis, Marsh, have been previously described from the U. Creta- ceous of America. They are here compared and placed in two new orders : — 1. Ichthyorxithes. Teeth in sockets. Vertebrce biconcave. Sternum with keel. Wings well developed. Ichthyornis., Apatornis. 2. 0D0NT0LCJ3. Teeth in grooves. Yertebrse as in recent birds. Sternum without keel. Wings rudimentary. Hesperornis, L. C. M. Martyn, Dr. S. On Fish Eemains in the Bristol Old Bed Sandstone. Proc. Bristol Nat. Sac, n. ser. vol. i. part ii. pp. 141-144. Becords the discovery of Ichthyolites in the U. Old Ked Sandstone. The remains comprise one tooth or spine, and plates of bone either belonging to the head covering or to scales of fishes. H. B. W. Merian, Prof. P. Ueber einen angeblichen Embryo von Ichthyo^ saurus. [A Beputed Embryo of Ichthyosaurus.^ Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, Th. vi. pp. 343, 344. In former cases the head of the small one has been turned towards the tail of the larger one ; in the present case, from the U. Lias of Wurtemberg, the included one lies with its head towards the head of the larger Ichthyosaurus. Hence probably not an embryo, but a smaller animal that has been swallowed. E. B. T. Miall, L. C. [Second] Report on the Structure and Classification of the Labyrinthodonts. Bep. Brit. Assoc, pp. 149-192, pis. iv.-vii. The characters of the order are given. A new classification into the following sub-orders is proposed: — 1. EroLTPXA (MastodonsauruSj Lahyrinthodon, &c.). 2. Brachiopina (Brachyops, &c.) 3. Chaijlio- DONTA {Loxomma, &c.). 4. Athroodonta {Batrachiderpeton, Pteroplax). 5. Uncharacterized. 6. Archegosauria. 7. Heleothrepta {Leptcr- peton). 8. Nectridea (Urocordylus, Keraterpeton). 9. Aistopoda (Ophiderpeton, Dolichosoma). 10. Microsauria, Dawson. Under these heads are given the structure, measurements, locality, and bibliography of the well-investigated species. She remainder are arranged alpha- betically in an appendix. An analysis of generic characters is given, and tables of distribution.. The plates are restorations of skulls of the principal genera. L. C. M. TERTEBBATA, 287 Miall, L. C. On the Structure of the Skull of Rhizodus. Quart. Journ. Geoh Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 624-627 ; woodcut. The upper surface and mandible are visible. A table of Dipnous and Crossopterygian Ganoids is given to show the affinities of Rhizodus. [Ctenodus.] Ann. Nat. Hist. scr. 4, vol. xv. p. 436. Eefers to Hancock and Atthey'a statement that the upper surface of the palatal tooth of Ctenodus is concave. Milne-Edwards, Alph. Observations sur les Oiseaux fossiles des Faluns de Saucats et de la Molasse de Leognan. [Fossil Birds from Miocene of S.W. Franco.] Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. pp. 12, and 2 pis. From the Garonne basin, besides the Pelagornis mioccenus, Delf., iiUied to the albatross, are now added further evidences of pelagi«; birds. Pelagornis Delfortii is described from a tarso-metatarsal and humerus ; a second humerus is named Procellaria aquitanica ; a smaller one, of the size of the Cape petrel, is now named F. antiqua. Another humerus is named 8ida pygmcea. E. B. T. . Observations sur I'epoque de la dispaiition de la faune ancienne de Tile Eodrigues. [The Time of the Disappearance of the ancient Fauna of the Island of Eodriguez.] Compt. Rend. t. Ixxx. pp. 1212-1216. Historical notes chiefly. Mivart, Prof. St. George. The Natural History of the Kangaroo. Pop. Sci. Rev. vol. xiv. p. 372. Discusses the zoological characters of the kangaroo and its allies ; on pp. 392-394 there are notes on its geological relations. Nehring, A. Fossile Lemminge und Arvicolcn aus dem Diluviallehm von Thiede bei Wolfenbiittcl. [Fossil Lemming and Arvicolw from Drift Loam at Thiede.] Zeitsch. gesammt. Nat. Bd. xi. pp. 1-28, plate. Newberry, Prof. J. S. Descriptions of Fossil Fishes. Eeport of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. ii. part 2, Pala?ontology, pp. 1-64, pis. liv.-lix. ; 2 folding charts. [For the rest of the vol. see p. 274, and post^ under Ikvertebrata.] The first part is occupied with Devonian Fishes. The genus Din" ichthys is fully described from new material, and the new genera As- terostevs, Acanthaspis, and AcantJioIepis are defined. The new species described are Dinichthys Terelli, Coccosteus occidentalism Asterosteus stenocqtJudus, Acmithaspis armatus, and Acanthohpis pustulosus. The second pait treats of Carboniferous fish-remaina. A full account is given of the " Conodonts" of the Cltfvehmd shiile, several forms being figured : and the author propounds and defends the theory that these bodies are really the teeth of Cyclostomatous fishes. The following new species are described: — Cladodun Htrtziri, t\ Pattersoni^ C. ya- hidalvs, C. cOHcitinus, C. parvuhts, C. Rom inyeri. Poly rJiizcduttnirtftsfint^ 288 PALEONTOLOGY. Orodus variabilis, Ctenacanthusfurcicarinahis, C. ixirviilas^ Lisiracanthus Hildrethi, Orfhacanthus gracilis, Flatyodm^ lineatus, Ctenodus serratus, C. retiridatus, Dipterus Shenroodi, and Heliodas Lesleyi. The new genus Flatyodus is founded for the reception of an Elasmobranch allied to Deltodus, and the genus Heliodus for a Ganoid related to Dipterus, H. A. N. Owen, Prof. Richard. On Possil Evidences of a Sirenian Mammal (Eotheriurn cegyptiacum-, Owen) from the Nummulitic Eocene of the Mokattam Cliffs, near Cairo. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 100-105, pi. iii. A cast of the brain with parts of the occipital and sphenoidal regions of the skull. The new Sirenian is regarded as nearly allied to Felsi- notherium, Halitherium, and Metaxitherium. The brain, as compared with Manatus, is deficient in breadth and depth. L. C. M. . Monograph on the British Fossil Eeptilia of the Mesozoic formations. — Part II. Pp. 15-93, plates iii. xxii. Pal. Soc. 1. On Bothriospondylus : this genus is founded upon vertebrse charac- terized by " long, low, and deep cavity, overarched by that part of the side of the centrum supporting the neurapophyses," very greatly redu- cing the width at that spot; large unossitied spaces or cancelli in centrum ; articular ends of trunk-vertebrae feebly convex and concave respec- tively : the neural spine was anchylosed, but has been broken away in all cases. The species described are : — B. suffossus : a greatly depressed sacral vertebral centrum, a terminal centrum of sacral vertebra are figured and described, also 4 dorso-lumbar vertebrae in which parapo- physes are absent and the centrum is only subcompressed. Kim. Clay, Swindon. — B. rohnstus : a centrum of dorso-lumbar vertebra from the Porest Marble of Bradford (Wilts) is described. It is suggested that the teeth Cordiodon of the author's ' Odontography ' from the same locality may possibly belong to this species. — B. elongatus : an incom- plete centrum over 8 inches long is referred to this genus, since it has the long and deep lateral cavity and large cancelli. Weald. — B. magnus : an anterior dorsal centrum of short form, the terminal facet 8 inches in vertical diameter : very large cancelli. Weald, Isle of Wight. 2. On Cetiosaurus : one vertebra is drawn natural size, and the long bones (illustrated by 10 woodcuts) of G. longus, from Gt. Oolite of Kirtlington. The length of the trunk and tail, exclusive of the head, is estimated at 31 to 36 feet. 3. On Omosaurus. In Kimmeridge Clay, Swindon, were found parts of the vertebral column, pelvis, femur, tibia, and almost all the bones of the left fore limb of 0. armatus, Ow. The middle dorsal vertebra is feebly convexo-concave, the neurapophyses coalesced, the rib-head fitted into a cavity on the neural spine without a parapophysis ; neural canal large ; neural arch strengthened by several ridges. Last lumbar seems confluent with first sacral. 5 sacral in apposition, with pleurapophyses attached ; in the same block were 8 hinder trunk- vertebrae dislocated, and 4 caudals also displaced. Anterior caudals united by a syndesmosal TERTEBRATA. 289 rather than by a synovial joint : no hypapophysos to first or second caudal. " The caudal vertebra) differ less from each other in Omosaurus and Cetiosaurus than they do in either of these genera as compared with IgiMYiodon." An osseous spine 1 ft. 8 in. long, with a central canal, is the only dermal element found. The humerus, radius, metacarpals, ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, tibia, &c. are described. A critical essay on the affinities of Deinosauria ends this contribution. E. B. T. Owen, Prof. R. On Prorastonuis sirenoides (Ow.) — Part II. Quart. Jouni. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 559-567 ; pis. xxviii., xxix. Further particulars of a skull of Tertiary age from Jamaica, described in vol. xi. p. 541 (1855). The chief additions relate to the base of the cranium, the zygomatic arch, the mandible, and the atlas. The brain- case is elongate, and much contracted in front. As far as can be seen, the dental formula is : — i. |^, c. j-^[, d. or p. |^. m. ^ = 48. Prorastomus is minutely compared with other recent and fossil Sirenia. L. C. M. On Dinornis (Part 20) : containing a Restoration of the Skeleton of Cnemiornis calcitrans (Owen), with remarks on its affinities in the Lamellirostral group. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. pp. 253-272 ; pis. 35-39. Describes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and limb-bones. Cnemiornis appears to have possessed closer affinities with the feebly -flying Goose of Australia (Cereopsis) than with the flightless Duck of Magellan's Straits (Tachyeres brachypterus, Latham). Confirms Dr. Hector's opinion of the former existence of a gigantic Anserine bird in N. Zealand. E. E., Jun. On the Fossil Mammals of Australia. — Part X. Family Macropodidae ; the Mandibular Dentition and Parts of the Skeleton of Palorchestes, with additional evidences of Sthenurus^ Macropus Titan, and Procoptodon. Proc. E. Soc. vol. xxiii. no. 162, p. 451. (Abstract.) Peach, Charles W. On the Fossil Fish of Cornwall. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. pt. 1, pp. 31-33. Written to show that the author's opinion about certain Cornish fossils was correct. Some organisms, which he called fish, were pro- nounced by M'Coy to be sponges of the genus Steyariodictyum. They have since been examined by several palaeontologists, and found to be Pteraspidian fishee. C. L. N. F. Pretrement, C A. Nouveaux documents sur quelques points de I'histoire du cheval depuis les temps palc'ontologiques jusqu'a no8 jours. [New Facts in the History of the Horse.] Paris. Reinhardt, J. Bidrag til Kundskab om Kjaempedovoudvret Lestodon 1875. ' u 290 PALEONTOLOGY. armatus. [Contribution to tho Knowledge of LestodonJ] Vid. SelsJc. jSkr. 5 Esekke, natur. og math. Afd. 11, Bd. i. ; 3 pis. Describes a series of remains, in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, brought from the plain of the La Plata, near Buenos Ayres. Setting aside as invalid Prof. Kroyer's name of Platygnathus jplatensis, the author adopts Lestodon armatus, Gervais. Keasons are adduced for generic separation from Mylodon of Owen. H. M. Riviere, E. Faune quaternaire des cavernes des Baousse-Eousse, en Italic, dites Grottes de Menton. [Quaternary Fauna of the Mentone Caverns.] Comjpt. Bend. t. Ixxxi. pp. 346-348. A list of the mammals, reptiles, and birds found in the caves, from 1870 to 1875. Roemer, Ferd. TJeber C. E. von Baer's Bos Pallasii aus dem Diluvium von Dantzig. [^Bos Pallasii from the Dantzig Drift.] Zeitsch. deutscli. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 2, pp. 430-441 ; plate. Note by Prof. RiLtimeyer, see below. Description of two horns in the Museum of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Dantzig. One of these is the original specimen described by C. E. Yon Baer as Bos Pallasii ; the other is a similar specimen, also found in the Drift of Dantzig, but hitherto undescribed. Both exhibit cuts, artificially produced. The relation of these horns to those of Buhalus is pointed out ; but the author suggests that until further remains should be found they should be referred to Yon Baer's Bos Pallasii. F. W. R. Rothe, Prof. Die Saugethiere Niederosterreichs, einschliesslich der fossilen Yorkomnisse. [Mammals of Lower Austria, including Fossil Forms.] Vienna. Riitimeyer, Prof. L. Weitere Beitrsege zur Beurtheilung der Pferde der Quatern96r-Epoche. [Quaternary Equines.] AhJi. schweiz. joal. Ges. vol. ii. pp. 34 ; 2 plates and 3 woodcuts. The remains from Swiss Lake-dwellings belong to the ordinary species ; but in Italy and Auvergne other forms, e. g. K Stenonis, are recognized. Teeth of intermediate afiinities are found in the cave at Thayingen, in which incised portraits of the horse on lignite, &c., have also been found. E. B. T. . Ueberreste von Bueffel aus quaterngeren Ablagerungen von Europa. [Remains of Buffalo from European Quaternaries.] Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, Thl. vi. pp. 320-332 ; also Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 2, pp. 438-448. (Note to Prof. Roomer's paper.) Part of a skull with a horn from alluvium near Dantzig shows that the Bufi'alo existed in Europe; the horn is short and straight, and nearest to the Asiatic Arncc Three other occurrences of the genus are noted in Europe. E. B. T. VERTEBRATA. 291 Rtitimeyer, Prof. L. Spuren des Menschen aus interglacialen Ablagerungen in der Schweiz. [Traces of Man in Swiss Inter- glacial Deposits.] Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, Thl. vi. pp. 333-342, 4 woodcuts ; and Arcliiv fur Anthrop. viii. Heft 2, pp. 133-137; 3 woodcuts. [Title entered, p. 96.] At Wetzikon the lignite is between two deposits of erratic material ; in this interglacial coal, besides the formerly known extinct species (Elephant, Rhinoceros, Cave-bear, Bos primigenius, &,c),\iQ.YQTiovf he&a. found the works of man. Four rods of wood, artificially sharpened, and probably the remains of coarse wickerwork, were disinterred from the substance of the lignite layer. E. B. T. . Die Knochenhohlevon Thayingenbei Schaffhausen. [Bone- cave of Thayingcn near Schaffhausen.] Arcliiv fur Anthrop, viii. pp. 123-131 ; 8 woodcuts. Ueber die Ausdehnung der pleistocenen oder quartaren Saugethierfauna, speciell iiber die Piinde der Tkainger Hohle. [Range of Pleistocene Mammals, and Discoveries in the Thayingen Cave.] Verh. schweiz. nat. Ges. pp. 143-152. Die Veriinderungen der Thierwelt in der Schweiz seit Anwe- senheit des Menschen. [Changes of Fauna in Switzerland since the appearance of Man.] Pp. 99. 8vo. Basle. Rutot, A. Note sur I'extension de Lamna elegans, Ag., a travers les terrains cretace et tertiaire. [Range of Lamna elegans through the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Memoires, pp. 34-41. Notices all the horizons at which this species has been found, with the chief localities. It ranges from the Maestricht beds to the Upper Rupelian (Oligocene). G. A. L. Sauvage, Dr. H. E. Sur la Faune Ichthyologique de la periode tertiaire, et sur les Poissons fossiles d'Oran (Algerie) et de Licata (Sicile). [On Tertiary Fishes, and on the Fossil Fish of Oran (Algeria) and of Licata (Sicily).] Bull. JSoc. Giol. France, 3 ser. t. ii. pp. 312-315. An analysis of a work in Ann. Sci. Geol. t. iv. . Sur les caracteres do la Faune erpetologique du Boulonnais k I'epoque jurassique. [Characters of the Reptilian Fauna of the Boulonnais in Jurassic Times.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 81-85. A list of the species of Chclonians, Pterosaurians, Crocodilians, Dinosaurians, Mosasaurians, Sauropterygians and Ichthyopterygians found in the Jurassic beds of the Boulonnais ; and a sketch of their distribution in these rocks. G. A. L. . Essai sur la Faune ichthyologique de la Periode liasique, suivi d'une notice sur les Poissons du Lias de Yassy. [The Fish of the Lias, &c.] Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. livr. 3, pp. 58. Gives a list of fossil fishes from the Rhcetics, and from the Lias, and v2 292 PALEONTOLOGY. then passes to points of classification, particularly treating of the Ganoids of the Jurassic epoch. E. B. T. Seeley, Prof. H. G. On the Femur of Cryptosaurus eumerus, Seeley, a Dinosaur from the Oxford Clay of Great Gransden. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 149-151, pi. vi. Note on Pelohatochelys BJdkii and other Vertebrate Eossils ex- hibited by the Eev. J. P. Blake, in illustration of his paper on the Kimmeridge Clay. Quart. Journ. Geol. JSoc. vol. xxxi. pp. 234- 237, pi. xiii. Fragments of a Chelonian carapace. . On the Maxillary Bone of a new Dinosaur (Priodontognathus Phillipsii), contained in the Woodwardian Museum of the Uni- versity of Cambridge. Quxirt. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 439- 443, pi. XX. The maxilla is nearly complete, and shows a row of tooth-sockets. Several successional teeth, which closely resemble the teeth of Scelido- saurus and those attributed to Acanthopholis. Locality and formation uncertain. L. C. M. . On the Axis of a Dinosaur from the Wealden of Brook in the Isle of "Wight, probably referable to the Iguanodon. Quart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 461-464 ; 2 woodcuts. On an Ornithosaurian {Doratorhynchus validus) from the Purbeck Limestone of Langton, near Swanage. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 465-468 ; woodcut. Pterodactylus macrurus of the author's ' Index to the Aves, Ornitho- sauria, and Eeptilia.' The vertebra, originally considered caudal, may be cervical. L. C. M. St. John, Orestes, and Worthen, A. H. Descriptions of Fossil Fishes. Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. vi. part ii. section i. pp. 245- 488, pis. i-xxii. Pp. 251-334 treat of the Devonian and Carboniferous Hybodonts of Illinois, only two species coming from the former group. The new genera described are Phoehodus (Devonian), Bathycheilodus (Devonian), Lambdodus, Hyhocladodus, Thrinacodus^ Mesodmodus, Leiodus, Agassi- zodus, Perij)lectrodus, and Stemmatodus. The new species described are : — Phoehodus Sophice (Devonian), Bathycheilodus Mclsaacsii (Devonian), Pristicladodus Springeri, Cladodus exilis, C. Springeri, C. exiguus, C. succinctus, C. Wachsmuthi, C. alternatus, C. intercostatus, C. gomphoides, C. hellifer, C. prcBnuntius^ C. raricostatus, C. eccentriaus, G. Van Hornet, G. euglypheus, G. Fulleri, G. pandatus, G. carinatus, Lambdodus costatus, L. calceolus, L. transversus, L. hamulus, Jj. reflexus^ Hybocladodus plicatilis, H. tenuicostatus, H. intermedius, If. nitidus, Thrinacodus 7ianus, Mesodmodus exsculptus, M. explanatus, M. ornatus, Orodus parallelus, 0. Whitei, 0. decussatus, 0. dadaleus, G. major, 0. raricostatuSf 0. fastigiatus, 0. carinatiLS^ G. neglectus, 0. parvulus. TERTEBRATA. 293 0. turgiclus, 0. Alleni, Leiodus calcaratiis, Agassizodus Virginianus^ A. scitalus, Periplectrodus Warreni^ P. co7nj)ressus, P. expansus, Stenv- matodus cheiriformis, iS. bifurcatus, S. bicristatus, S. siinplex, S. symme- tricuSf S. Keokuk^ and S. compactu^. The next part deals with the Carboniferous Petalodonts of Illinois, the following new species being described : — Desmiodus (n. gen.) tumidus, D. costelliferus, D. ligoniforniis, D. {'i) Jlahellam, Venustodus (n. gen.) variabilis, V. robustus, V. tenuicristatus, V. Leidgi, V. argutus, Harpa- codus occidentalism H. compactus, Chomatodus comptus, 0. parallellas, C. iiicrassatuSf C. incotistans, Lisgodus (n. gen.) cartas, L. serratas, L, selluliformisj Tanaodas (n. gen.) sablanatus, T. pamilas, T. prcenuntius, T. sculptus, T. grossiplicatus, T. bellicinctas, T. depressus, T. poly- morphus, Ctenojytychius pertenuis, G. Stevensoni, Polyrhizodus Williamsi, P. nanus, P. Piasaensis, P. ampins, P.carbonariuSy Dactylodus coiicavuSy D. minimus, D. excavatas, Antliodus perovalis, A. gracilis, Petalodus hybridus, P, proximus, Ctenopetalus vinosus, C. bellulus, C. limatulus, O. medius, C. occiden talis, Pristodus (?) acuminatus, Calopodus (n. gen.) apicalis, Petalorhynchus p)seudosagittatus, P. distortus, P. spatulatus, Peltodus quadratus, P. {?) plicomphalus^ P. transversus, Fissodus (n. gen.) hijidus, F. tricuspidatus, and Cholodus (n. gen.) incequalis. The third part treats of the Cochliodonts, the only species described being a new Carboniferous form, Psepliodus (?) reticulatus. The last part deals with the Carboniferous Ichthydorulites of Illinois, the following new species being . described : — CtenacantJms spectabilis, C. sculptus, C. varians, C. speciosus, C. gradocostus, C. Bur- lingtonensis, C. Keokuk, C. excavatus, C. ge^nmatus, C. pugiunculus, C. similis, Acondylacanthus (n. gen.) gracilis, A. (xqui-costatus, Astero- ptychius (?) vetustus, A. Keokuk, A. St. Ludovici, A. (?) tenuis, A. bellulus, Geisacanthus (n. gen.) stellatus, G. bullatus, Anaclitacanthus (n. gen.) semicostatus, Bythiacanthus (n. gen.) Van Hornei, Glymmata- canthus (n. gen.) Irishii, Physonemusproclivus, P. depressus, P. carinatus, P. parvulus, P. Altonensis, P. Chesterensis, Drepanacanthus reversus, Xystracanthus mirabilis, X. acinaciformis, Erismacanthus McCoyanus, Batacanthus (n. gen.) baculiformis, Gampsacanthus (n. gen.) typus, G. squamosus, G. (?) latus, Lecracanthus (n. gen.) unguiculus, Ora- canthus (?) obliquus, 0. corisitnilis, and Pnigeacanthus (n. gen.) deltoides. H. A. N. Sirodot, — . Le Mammouth k Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine). [The Mammoth of Mont-Dol.] Con\p)t. Rend. t. Ixxx. pp. 871, 872. Announces the discovery of remains of at least 60 individuals of Elephas primigenius, and probably of F. Indicus also, in a Quaternary deposit. G. A. L. Stoddart, W. W. Ceratodus Forsteri. Proc. Bristol Nat, Soc. n. ser. vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 145-149. Strobel, P. Notizie prelirainari su Ic Balenoptcro fossili subappen- nine del Museo parmense. [Pliocene Fossil Whales.] Boll. R Com. geol. Ital. pp. 127-140. A preliminary notice of tlirco species of Cetotherium. 294 PALEONTOLOGY. Traquair, Dr. R. H. On the Structure and Systematic Position of the Genus CJieirolejns. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 237- 249, pi. xvii. The close relationship of Cheirolejns and Palceoniscus is affirmed. The Acantliodidce agree with Cheirolejns in little save the minute size of the scales. Powrie's " principal jugulars " are interclavicular plates. The fins, shoulder-girdle, skull and dentition are described and figured. L. C. M. On the Structure of AmpMcentrum granulosum, Huxley. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. pp. 273-281, pi. ix. The study of a series of specimens has enabled the author to give a description of the head and shoulder-girdle of the above genus, which differs materially from that given by Dr. Young in his paper " On the affinities of Platyso7nus and allied genera." A revised diagnosis of the genus Amjjhicentrum is given. E, T. N. On the Structure and Affinities of Tristichojoterus alatus, Egerton. Trans. B. Soc. Edin. vol. xxvii. pt. 3, pp. 383-396, pi. 32. Gives a description of the new facts disclosed by further specimens. Considers that Tristicliopterus has no affinity with Bipterns, nor any special relationship with Ccelacanthus, but that it should be placed in the Cycliferous division of the Glyptodipterini, in Prof. Huxley's classi- fication of the Crossopterygian Ganoids. Gives a provisional modification of the arrangement of the latter. E. E., Jun. Ubachs, Casimir. La Chelonia Hoffmanni, Gray, du tuffeau de Maestricht. [(7. Hoffmanni, Gray, from the Maestricht Chalk.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. ii., Memoires, pp. 197-205 ; plate. Describes the most perfect specimen of this species which has been found. The carapace is complete and in perfect preservation ; it mea- sures 1-45 metre in length. G. A. L. Vacek, M. Ileber einen Unterkiefer von Mastodon longirostris, Kaup, aus dem Belvedere-Sande am Laaer-Berge bei Wien. [Lower Jaw of Mastodon longirostris from Belvedere Sands.] Verh. Jc.-Jc. geol. Reichs. pp. 296-298. Preliminary notice of mandible of M. longirostris ; the milk dentition fairly preserved. Vaillant, Prof. Leon. Eemarques sur les Le'zards de I'Ambre, et description d'un Geckotien de la Besine Copale. [Lizards in Amber, and a Gecko in Gum-Copal.] Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. livr. 3, pp. 15 ; plate. Shows that the presence of lizards in true amber is problematical. Describes the occurrence of a recent lizard, Hemidactylus capensis^ in gum-copal (mistaken for amber), which gum he considers semifossil, of the Quaternary period, being the product of an extinct tree. E. B. T. VERTEBRAlA. 295 Vasseur, Gaston. Sur quelques Vertebres du Gypse des environs de Paris. [Vertebrates of the Paris Gypsum.] Bull. Soc. Geol, France^ 3 ser. t. iii. pp. IS-t-lST, pi. ii. In a g}'psum quarry at Yitry-sur-Seine the writer has found, in addition to the nearly complete specimen of Palceotherium described by M. Paul Gervais in 1873, portions of the skeletons of Anoploihenwn commune^ Falceotherium magnum, P. medium, P. crassum, and P. minus, XipJtodon gracile, and Dichohune lepoi'inum. At Romainvillo and at Rosny he has found several bones of Hycenodon parisiense, thus esta- blishing the contested fact of that fossil's presence in the Paris gypsum- deposits. Remains of crocodiles, turtles, birds, and of Xij^Jwdon, com- plete the list. G. A. L. Sur le cubitus du Cori/phodon Oweni. [Ulna of Coryphodon Oweni.'] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 181-186, pi. iii. Detailed description of a portion of an ulna of this species found in an ossiferous conglomerate overlying the pisolitic limestone, in some plastic clay works at the Moulineaux, near Meudon, where a femur belonging to the same species had already been found. G. A. L. Vilanova y Piera, Juan. El Protriton petrolei. Ann, Soc. Espan, Hist. Nat. vol. iv. pt. 3. [See Graudry, p. 279.] Ward, John. On the Organic Remains of the Coal-measures of North Staffordshire, their Range and Distribution, with a Catalogue of the Fossils and their Mode of Occurrence. N. Staff. Field Chib Papers, pp. 184-251 ; plate. Gives a general description of the Coal-fields of N. Staffordshire, pp. 186-193 ; Plants, 194-201 ; Mollusca, 201-207 ; Annelida and Crus- tacea, 207-209 ; Pisces, 209-247 ; Reptilia, 247-249. The plate is of Pish-remains. W. W. Wilder, Prof. B. G. On a fcBtal Manatee and Cetacean, with remarks upon the affinities and ancestry of the Sirenia. Atner. Journ, ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 105-114; plate. Among the conclusions are the following : — The general aspect of the head and face of the manatee is ungulate rather than cetacean. To this extent the embryo of a lower form resembles the adult of a higher. This, while contrary to the usually accepted rule, may be really an exemplification of a more comprehensive law, namely, that the young of animals resemble thnr ancestors. This retrograde metamorphosis of the manatee points to a like retrograde evolution of the Sirenia from prior ungulate forms. This idea is confirmed by what is known of the geological succession of Sirenian forms. G. A. L Wilson, [J. M.] Ichthyosaurus from Now JJilton. Rep, Bughj School Xat. JJist. Soc. for 1 874, p. 48. Pound accompanied by coprolites in the belt of clay and stone below the band of stone with Pcntacrinites. (See Report for 1872.) 296 PALiEONTOLOGT. Wilson, J. M. Note on the Labyrinthodon. Rep. Rucjhy School Nat. Hist. Sac. for 1874, p. 52, pi. i. The plate is from a specimen " from the Lower Irish Coal Measures." Wonfor, T. W. On Wingless Eirds. 22nd Ann. Bep. Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. p. 49. Refers to the Dinornis of New Zealand, pp. 50, 51 ; and to the .^pyornis of Madagascar, p. 52. Woodward, Henry. Birds with Teeth. Pop. Sci. Bev. yo\. xiv. pp. 337-350 ; plates. Gives an outline of the geological distribution of birds. Describes Archceopteryx, especially the jaw with teeth on the slab in the British Museum. Inclines to the opinion that the jaw belongs to Archceopteryx, and points out that no other similar jaw is known from the Solenhofen slates. The recent Merganser serrator and the fossil Odontopteryx toliapicus (London Clay, Sheppey) have tootb-like serrations to their mandibles ; the foetal parroquet has tubercles in a like position. Ichthy- ornis dispar (Cretaceous Shale, Kansas) has teeth in both jaws, im- planted in distinct sockets. These facts, and others referred to, tend to bridge over the gap between birds and reptiles ; their bearing upon the theory of evolution is discussed. W. T. Young, John. On the Lower Portion of the Horn of Eeindeer (Cervus tarandus\ now extinct in the British Isles. Proc. Nat. Mist. Soc. Glasg. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 5. Describes a specimen found in Boulder Clay at Rae's Cill, near Carluke, about the year 1849. J. E. T. Zigno, Baron Achille de. Annotazioni paleontologiche. Sirenii fossili trovati nel Yeneto. [Palaeontological Notes on the Fossil Sirenia found in Yenetia.] Mem. B. 1st. Veneto, vol. xviii. See also : — Blake, Rev. J. F. Kimmeridge Clay Fishes : p. 5. Busk, Prof. G. Quaternary Mammals, Portland : under Prestwich, 34. Cope, Prof. E. D. Typothorax : pp. 117, 132." Geinitz, E. Lower Permian Fishes : p. 66. Hantken, M. My'Uohatis superbus : p. 310. Houzeau de Lehaie, A. List of Tpresian Fish : p. 73. Knight, C. Fossil Reptilian Fauna, N. Zealand : p. 155. M^Coy, F. Fish, Yictoria : p. 314. Pengelly, W. Machairodus latidens : p. 33. 297 2. INVERTEBRATA. AcMardi, A. D'. Coralli Eocenici del Friuli. Aiti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa^ vol. i. fasc. 1, pp. 70-86 ; plates i., ii. The following new species are described and figured : — Trochocyathus Taramellii^ Placosmilia elUptica, P. italica, P. straiigalata^ P. lata, Tro- chosm'dia Pasmiana, T. connonsensis, T. (?) Pironana, T. (?) elongata, Phyllosmilia calycidata, P. crassa, P. Plronce, Coelosmilia forojuUensiSy Lophosmilia granidosa, Epismilia aljyina, E. (?) duhiosa. W. W. Anon. [C. A. W.] Note on the genus Opisthoptera, Meek, 1872, and Anomalodonta, Miller, 1874. Airier. Journ. ser. 3, vol. ix. pp. 318-320. Concludes by stating the synonymy of the genus thus : — Opisthoptera, Meek. Megaptera, Meek and Worthen, 1866 (not Megaptera, Gray) ; Opisthoptera, Meek, 1872 ; Anomalodoiita , Miller, 1874. G. A. L. Austin, Fort-Major Thos. Observations on the Genus Platycrinus. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. pp. 90, 91 ; 2 woodcuts. It is proposed to separate the species hitherto included in the genus into 2 groups — Platycrinus being retained for those species having the mouth (?) at the end of a proboscis, while the species that have no pro- boscis, and in which the mouth (?) is placed intermdially, are to be in- cluded in a new genus, Medusacrinus. E. T. N. Bally, W. H. Figures of Characteristic British Fossils, with Descrip- tive Kemarks. Vol. i. part iv. pp. li-lxxx, 93-126, plates 32-42. 8vo. London. Embraces the Devonian, Old Red Sandstone, Carboniferous, and Per- mian. There are brief notes of the lithological characters, range, thickness, &c. of the beds. This part completes vol. i. The titlepage is dated 1875 ; but the previous parts were published in 1867, 1869, and 1871. W. T. Barcena, Mariano. Descripcion de un Crustaceo fosil del genero SpluKroma (S. Burlartii) y resena geologica del valle do Ameca de Jalisco. [Fossil ISphceroma.'] 12mo. Mexico. Barrois, Ch. Sur la Philogenie des ]lSponges. [The Phylogeny of Sponges.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, 1874-1875, pp. 71-73. Brief sketch of the subject. Bayan. Sur quelques especes fossiles rapportees a la famille des Trochidae. [SupiK)sed fossil Trochidae.] Compt. Rend. Assoc. Frang, for 1874, p. 359, 360. (Abstract.) Deals with Secondary species. Some so-called Trochi are Littorinas^ whilst some so-called Solaria are Trochidce. 298 PAL-EONTOLOGT. Bayan. Sur doux especes peu connues do Braohiopodcs. Comj^t. Rend. Assoc. Frang. p. 380. A new species (undescribed) Terebratula Ortlieh% and Terehratulina Woodi, Davidson, from L. Tertiary, Tournay. Becker, Dr. E. and C. Milaschewitscli. Die Korallen der Nattheimer Schichten. [Corals of Nattheim Beds.] Pcdeontographica^ Bd. xxi. Lief. 6, 7, pp. 121-204, tab. 36-45. The following new species are described : — Enallohelia tuhidosa, Pleurosmilia valida, Rliipidogyra costata, Stylosmilia suevica, Placo- pJiyllia rugosa, Stylina fallcLV, Gyathophora magnistellata, Ccdamo~ jphyllia disputabilis, DimorpJiophyllia jurensis, D. coUinaria, Latimce- andra brevivallis, L. pidchella, Chorisastrwa dubia, Isastrcea crassi- septata, Thamnastrcea gibbosa, T. patina, T. prominens^ T. subagaridtes, T. pseudarachnoides, T. robusto-septata, T. heterogenea, T. disci^epans, T. seriata, T. major, T. speciosa, T. grandis, T. prolifera, JDimorphastrcea concentrica, D. fallax, D. lielianthus, D. affinis, Protoseris foliosa, P. robusta, P. suevica. In part 2 : — Parasmilia jurassica, Epismilia rugosa, E. Fromeyiteli, E. cylindrata, E. calycularis, E. reptilis, E. cuneata, Pleuro- smilia crassa, Montlivaltia obconica, M. JSfattheimensis, M. dianthus, M. cyathus, M. bullata, M. unicornis, M. pii^um ; and one new genus, Plesiosmilia, with the following new species, P. turbinata, P. cylindrata, P. hemisphcerica, P. ecocavata, P. sessilis, P. infundibuliformis. E. B. T. Bell, A. On a New Land-Shell from the Gault of Folkestone. Geol Mag. dec. 2, vol. ii. p. 240. Notes the discovery of a Helix resembling H. nemoralis, and proposes to name it H. Woodivardi. Bsllardi, L. Monografia delle Nuciilidi trovate finora nei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della Liguria. [^Nuculidce of the Tertiary Beds of Piedmont and Liguria.] Pp. 34, 1 plate. 4to. Turin, Descriptions and full synonyms of the following genera are given, including 33 species : — Nucula, Leda, Yoldia, Malletia, Neilo, and Tindaria. A table of their distribution in time is appended. E. T. N. Bittner, A. Die Brachyuren des vicentinischen Tertiargebirges. [Brachyura of Yicentine Tertiaries.] DenkscTir, Ic. Ah. Wiss. Bd. xxxiv. Abth. 2, p. 63. Borre, A. P. de. Notes sur des empreintes d'insectes fossiles decou- vertes dans les schistes houillers des environs de Mons. [Impressions of Possil Insects in the Coal Measure Shales of the Neighbourhood of Mons.] Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg. t. xviii. 10 pp., pis. v., vi. ; also Compt. Rend. Soc. Entom. Belg. Nos. 12 (3 pp.), 13 (pp. 7-11), 18 (p. 17). [This last note not in the Annales.'\ In the first note two impressions found in shale at the Couchant of Mons are described ; both are apparently Orthopterous, the one being an hemelytron, showing the characters of the Acrididce and a close relation to the genus PacJiytylus : for this the name Pacliytylopsis Per- IXTERTEBRATA. 299 senairei is proposed. The other specimen is a lower -wing referred to the same new genus as the last, with the name P. Borhiensis, after the Borinage canton in which it was found. A doubtful impression of a termite's wing was also found. These three are figured in heliotype. The second note is a correction of the first. Ecncwed examination of the second specimen (P. Borinensis) showed it to bo rather Lepidop- terous than Orthopterous ; and the genus Breyeria is proposed for its reception, the specific name remaining unchanged. Plate vi. shows side by side an upper wing of Attacus axirata and that of the fossil. The third note announces the discovery of more Coal Measure insect- remains, and of a Dipterous species in the ferruginous Oolite of Belvaux (Belgian Luxemburg). G. A. L. Bbttger, Dr. 0. Die Eoceenformation von Borneo und ihro Yer- steinerungen. [Fossils of the Borneo Eocene.] Paleontograjohica^ Suppl. iii. Lief. i. pp. 9-59, pis. i.-x. A table gives the distribution of fossils in the three divisions ; some few are identified with species from European Eocene, more from that of India. The new species are : — Turbo Borneensis, T. pnniciyif/idatus, Cerithium Jilocinctum, Natica (Amjoullina) patulceformis, Terehra hifili- fera, Conns ffracilisjjira, Mitra cequiplicata^ Bimella incequicostata, Buccinum Bengaronense, Cyprcea angygyra, C. paniculus, Teredo strio- latuSf Teredina annulata, Tellina biornata, T. rotimdata^ Sunetta sinuosa, Cardiwn deplanatum^ C. eduliforme, C. sitbfragile, Cyrena (Batissa) Borneensis, C. (Corbicula) Rengaronensis, Corbis minor ^ Venus sulcif era, Ludna Borneensis, L. corbulceformis, Cardita arcmformis, C. ( Veneri- Citrdid) Borneensis, Area lucinccformis, Cypricardia sulcosa, C. {Modio- laria) tenuis, Anatina annulifera, Psammosolen truncatus, Siliqua annuli- fera, Panopcea Jtlifera, Avicula peregrina, Pecten rete, P. subarcuatus, Terebratula Bengaronensis. E. B. T. Brady, Henry B. On some Eossil Foraminifcra from the "West- Coast District, Sumatra. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 532-539, pis. xiii., xiv. Several well-known species from Tertiary strata are described, to- gether with a new form (Orbitoides Sumatrensis) and a new variety (Nummidina Ramondi, var. Verbeekiana). Fusulina ^irinceps, Ehr., from Carboniferous strata, is also described. H. A. N. Brodie, Rev. P. B. On the Correlation of Fossil Insects. Proc, Wai-wiclc. Field Club, 1874, pp. lG-38 (? published in 1875). A reprint, with additions and corrections, of the paper noticed in the Geological Hecord for 1874, p. 289, under a different title. Brogger, W. C. Fossiler fra Oxna og Klcttcn. Geol. Fbren. Stock- Twhn ForJuimll. Band ii. ; 1 plate. Remarks on fossils, chiefly Trilobites, from the Cambrian rocks of the above localities, near Osterdal in Norway. The plate includes figures tracing the growth of a Trilobito resembling Liostracus. H. M. 300 PALJEONTOLOGT. Brdgger,W. C. Fossiler fra del Throndhjemske, samlede 1871 og 1873 af Th. Kjerulf, samt 1874 af Th. Kjerulf og student Friis. [Possih from the Throndhjem Series.] Nyt Mag. Nat. Ghristiania, Bd. 2, Heft 1-2, pp. 95-107. The following fossils are figured : — Favosites, sp. ; Streptelasma, sp. ; Crinoids; Bryozoa; Spirifera plicatella ', Meristella, Hall, sp.?; Atrypa reticularis, L. ; Rhynchonella^ sp. ; Orthis, sp ; Strophomeria, sp. ; Eaom- phalits, sp. ; Murchisonia^ sp. ; Pleurotomaria, sp. ; Bellerophon^ sp. ; Cyrtoceras, sp. ; Orthoceratites, sp. ; Litiiites, sp. E. E. Carpenter, Dr. W. B. Further Eesearches on Eozobn canadense. Bejp. Brit. Assoc, for 1874, Sections, pp. 136, 137. Carter, Dr. H. J. Relation of *the Canal-System to the Tubulation in the Foraminifera, with reference to Dr. Dawson's ' Dawn of Life.' Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. pp. 420-424. A controversial article on the true relations of the canal-system and tubulation of the Foraminifera^ with special reference to the claims of Eozoon to be regarded as a fossil. H. A. N. Conrad, T. A. Descriptions of a New Fossil Shell from Peru. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. pt. i. p. 139, pi. 22. Ostrea callacta, probably from the Pebas group. An Acicula is also figured. Cotteau, Gustave. Echinodermes reguliers, terrain Jurassique. [Ju- rassic Echinidse.] Pal. Fi^an^. ser. 1, vol. x. pp. 1-96, plates 143-166. The following species are newly described : — Cidaris Toucasi, from Khaetic of Dep. Yar ; C. Corsei, L. Lias of Haute-Marne ; C. Pellati, L. Lias, from Cote d'Or, &c.; O.pilosa, a spine only, L. Lias ; C. subundosa, a spine only, U. Lias ; C. Moriei, U. Lias of Calvados ; O. Carahceuji., -a spine, ibidem ; C. Charmassei, from 1. Ool. of Cote d'Or ; C. Collenoti, ibid. ; C. Caumonti, Inf. Ool. of Calvados ; C. Bajocensis, ibid. ; C. Du- mortieri, spine only, I. Ool. near Lyons ; C. Lorteti and O. Chantrei, spines, ibid. ; C. Munieri, spine from I. Ool. near Nancy ; G. Babeaui^ Bath Ool. of Yonne, &c. ; C. Langrunensis, Bath Ool. of Calvados ; 0. Julii, C. episcopalis, and C. Cellensis, spines from Bath Ool. ; and C. Desnoyersi, Kellov., of Orne, of which a long list of synonyms is given. E. B. T. . Catalogue raisonne des Echinides fossiles du Departement de I'Aube. [Detailed Catalogue of the Fossil Echinoids of the Depart- ment of the Aube.] Pp. 76 ; plates. 8vo. Paris. Contains a full list of the species of Echinoids found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the department. Each species is shortly treated of, especially in so far as specimens found in the region under consideration show any peculiarities. In the Jurassic rocks of the department there are 21 species known, belonging to 10 genera. In INVEETEBIL\-TA. 301 the Cretaceous rocks there are 55 species, belonging to 25 genera. Of the Jurassic species Hemicidaris Leymeriei and Cyphosoma supracorallinum are new. Of the Cretaceous species, Echinoconus Icaunensis is new. In conclusion, the author treats briefly of the genera land stratigraphical relations of the species catalogued. H. A. N. Cottean, G., A. Peron, and V. Gauthier. Echinides fossiles de I'Algerie, .... description des especes deja recueillies dans ce pays, et considerations sur leur position stratigraphique. [Algerian Fossil Echinoids.] Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. livr. 2, pp. 90 ; woodcuts and 8 plates. The stratigraphical information is by M. Peron. In part 1, describes the U. Tithonic beds with T. janitor ; these are considered decidedly Cretaceous, but it is noted that the Echini have Jurassic affinities : 7 species are cited, the following being new : — Infrachjpeus Thelebensis (n. gen.), Holtctypus aftr^ llhaldocidaris janitoris, Magnotia Meslti. In part 2, the Neocomian beds are dealt with ; from them are the new species : — Echinospatangus subcavatus, E. Africcuius, E. Villei, Pygnrus eurypneustes, P. impar^ Bothriopygus Meslei, B. Trapeti, Echinohrissus humilis, E. Durandi, E. Sthaensis^ Echinoconus JSoubdellensis, Bhahdoci- dai-is Durandi, Acrosalenia miranda^ Hemicidaris Meslei^ Pseudodiadtma AnoueJense, Codiopsis Meslei. E. B. T. Credner, G. R. Ceratites fastigiatus und Salenia teccana. Zeitsch, gesammt. Nat. Bd. xii. pp. 105-116, plate 5. A description of 2 new species. Ceratites fastigiatus^ from the upper Muschelkalk, Thiiringer Haus, Gotha, is compared in a detailed table with Ceratites nodosus. Salenia texana^ from the Cretaceous (?) of Texas, is compared in a similar table with Salenia Prestensis. E. T. N. Crosse, H. Sur les caractcres de I'opercule dans le genre Neritopsis [Characters of the operculum of Nerito2:)sis.'] Journ. Conchyl. pp. 57-66. Certain irregularly discoidal bodies found in the Lias have much perplexed geologists. In 1858 MM. Deslongchamps described them under the name of Peltarion, and hazarded the conjecture that they were parts of Cephalopoda. M. Quenstedt thought that they might be Brachioptoda. Mr. Moore made one the type of his Chiton radiatum. In 1868 M. J. Beaudouin found two casts of Neritopsis, with Peltaria in the aperture ; and the discovery of veiy slightly different opercula in recent species of Neritopsis may now be considered to have conclusively proved that these bodies are the opercula of species of Neritopsis. C. P. G. . Description du nouveau genre BertheUnia. [New Genus Berthelinia.] Journ. Conchyl. pp. 79-81 ; pi. 2, fig. 3. This genus is proposed for a microscopical shell, ^ millimetre long, from the lower Calcaire grossier of Courtagnon, apparently allied to Pileo2)sis and Hiitponyx, One species, B. eleganSj is described. C. P. G. 302 PALEONTOLOGY. Dall, W. H. Notes on some Tertiary Possils from the California Coast, with a list of the Species obtained from a well at San Diego, California, with Descriptions of two New Species. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. vol. V. part 3, pp. 296-299. A list of 69 species, mostly from fine sand 140-160 feet down. The new species are Chrysodomus Diegoensis and Waldheimia Kennedy i. Davidson, T. What is a Brachiopod? 2,27id Ann. Rep. Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. p. 61. Translated in Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg, i. x. Memoires, pp. 36-86, pis. iii., iv. Distribution in time, pp. 71-76. In the Prench version (the fuller of the two) a folding table shows the range in time of each genus. Dawson, Principal. Origin and History of Life on our Planet. An Address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Detroit, Michigan. Pp. 26. Montreal. Deals with the bearings of Palaeontology upon the questions con- nected with the origin and history of life upon the earth, and upon the doctrine of descent with modification. Concludes that " the introduc- tion of new species of animals and plants has been a continuous pro- cess, not necessarily in the sense of derivation of one species from another, but in the higher sense of the continued operation of the cause or causes which introduced life at first." Concludes also that *' Palseontology furnishes no direct evidence, perhaps never can furnish any, as to the actual transformation of one species into another, or as to the actual circumstances of the creation of a species ; but the drift of its evidence is to show that species come in j)er saltmn, rather than by any slow and gradual process." H. A. N. . The Dawn of Life ; being the history of the oldest known Possil Eemains, and their Eolations to Geological Time, and to the Development of the Animal Kingdom. Pp. 239, eight illustrations, 49 woodcuts. London. Deals principally with the history of the discovery of Eozo'on Cana- dense, and with all the known facts bearing on its structure and nature. The author first gives a descriptive sketch of the Laurentian formation, accompanied by sections and a coloured map showing the distribution of the Laurentian limestones in the counties of Ottawa and Argenteuil. Secondly, a history is given of the various steps which led to the dis- covery of Eozoon, and a record of its interpretation by Carpenter and the author. Thirdly, a chapter is devoted to a consideration of the minute structure exhibited by Eozo'on ; and this is compared with the structure of recent Foraminifera. Chapter 5 is on the manner in which Eozobn has been preserved, and on fossilization by infiltration in general. In Chap. 6 the contemporaries and successors of Eozoon are considered, with special reference to AixJiceosjjhcerina, Strornatopora^ CaunojQora, and Becejytamlites. Another chapter is devoted to a con- sideration of the various objections urged against the organic nature of Eozo'on ; and a final chapter deals with certain speculative considera- tions which may be drawn from the study of this fossil. H. A. N. CfVEETEBRATA. 303 Dawson, G. M. Note on the Occurrence of Foraminifera, Cocco- liths, &c. in the Cretaceous Eocks of Manitoba. Canad. Nat. n. scr., vol. vii. pp. 252-257. Some Cretaceous rocks from Pembina Mountain were found to re- semble the so-called " chalk " of Nebraska. The greater part of the rock contained shells (Inocerami and oysters) in a " soft whitish earthy matter," which microscopic investigation proved to consist of Forami- nifera, Coccoliths, and allied organisms. The forms described and figured are Textidaria glohulosa, T. pygmcea; Discorhina glohtdaris; Planorhulina Ariminensis ; and various forms of Coccoliths and HJiah- doliths. R. B. N. Decocq, C. Sur les Inocerames de la craie du Nord. [Chalk Inoce- rami, France.] Compt. Rend. Assoc. Fran^. for 1874, pp. 366-372. Describes 8 species, of which the following are ncvf '.—Inoceramus insidensis, I. Gosseleti, and /. Lezennensis. Dodge, W. W. On Triarthns Becl'ii, supposed to have been found in a boulder in the Connecticut Yalley. Amer, Journ. ser. 3, vol. x..p. 300. Dollfus, — . Observations critiques sur la classification des Polypiers paleozoiqucs. [Classification of Palaeozoic Corals.] Compt. Bend. t. Ixxx. pp. 681-683. The Eugosa are divided into two classes, I. containing the ZapTi- rentidce and the Cyathacconidce ; II. the CyatliopJiyllidce, Monoastrceidce, Bisastrceidce, and Polyastrceidce. Among the Tabulata, the Heliolitidce must be looked upon as the ancient representatives of the recent Mil- leporidce; and the latter are Hydrozoa. The Syringoj^oridce with the incrusting Thecostegitidce and the creeping Aidoj^oridce, which con- stitute the Zoaniharia tuhvlata, may correspond either to Eryozoa of the groups of the Hip>pot1ioidcB and of the Idmoneidce, or to tubuliporous Alcyonaria. The Chcetetidce are closely allied to the Jurassic Hetero^ pora and to the Cretaceous Radiopora. The Favositictce present similar affinities to the tubuline Bryozoa. The Dendroporidce would come near to the Hornera type of Bryozoa. The Fenestrellidce would thus be no longer isolated. G. A. L. Douville, H. Observations sur quclqucs^uns des fossiles cites dans la note precedente. [On some of the fossils mentioned in the preceding paper (see '* Note on the Middle Jurassic of the Berry," p. 60).] Bull. ;Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 112-133. Notes on the characters and synonymy of 78 Middle Jurassic species. Dofet, Henri. Note sur les deformations des fossiles contenus dans les Eoches Schisteuses de la Bretague. [Deformation of Fossils in the Slaty Eocks of Brittany.] Ann. Set. Ecole Norm. Sup. pp. 6. Dumas, Emilien. Note sur la Panopc^a Aldrovandi^ decouverte ^ I'etat subfossile dans Tancien cordon littoral do la Mediterranee. [Occurrence of Panopcea Aldrovandi in a sub-fossil State in the 304 PALEONTOLOGY. old Shore-deposits of the Mediterranean.] (Revue des Sciences Naturelles, publiee a Montpellier, t. iv. numero Septembre 1875.) Journ. Zool. t. iv. pp. 432, 433. Panojocta Aldrovandi has been obtained in some abundance upon the shores of the Gulf of Lyons in a semifossil condition, indicating that, although very rare now at any part of the Mediterranean, it was common at the commencement of the Eecent period. Pecten maccimus, which is also found abundantly in a semifossil state, is now almost replaced by the P. jacobceus. E. T. N. Duncan, Prof. P. M. On some Fossil Alcy on aria from the Austrahan Tertiary Deposits. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 673, 674, pi. xxxviii (A). Describes specimens related to Isis hippuris (E. and S.), /. corallina (Mor.), and /. coralloides (Ed. and H.) from the No. 3 or Upper Coralline Bed of the Cape Otway Tertiary Section, Victoria (= the Polyzoal Limestone or " Crag" of the Mount Gambler Section, S. Australia). R. E., Jun. On some Fossil Alcyonaria from the Tertiary Deposits of New Zealand. Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 675, 676, pi. xxxviii (B). Specimens referred to the genera Isis and Corallium are described from the Awawo railway-cutting, Oamaru, obtained in the upper part of the Oamaru Formation (= Trelissic Group of Hutton), probably Oligocene or TJ. Eocene. 11. E., Jun. . On some Fossil Corals from the Tasmanian Tertiary Deposits. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 677, 678, pi. xxxviii (C). Describes, under the name of Dendrophyllia epithecata, certain speci- mens forming a new section of the genus De^idrophyllia, with a fully developed wall-like epitheca. The deposit at Table Cape, Tasmania, from which this coral was obtained is correlated with the Lower Cainozoic series of the Australian mainland, from the occurrence in it of Placotrochus deltoideus, a coral possessing a well-marked and definite geological horizon in the latter. E. E., Jun. Ehrenberg, Christian Gr. Fortsetzung der mikrogeologischen Studien als Gesammt-Uebersicht der mikroskopischen Palaontologie gleich- artig analysirter Gebirgsarten der Erde, mit specieller Eiicksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados. [Continuation of Microgeological Studies, a General Review of the Microscoinc Palaiontology of Formations which have been similarly analyzed, with special reference to to the Polycystina Marls of Barbadoes.] Ahh. Tc. Ale. Wiss. Berlin^ pp. 225^ 30 plates. After a short introduction, the author gives a brief geographical review of the materials which he examined for microscopic organisms from 86 localities in different parts of the world, all yielding the remains of marine animals. The third part (pp. 6-105) is occupied 5vith a detailed list of the names of all the organisms recognized in the INVERTEBRATA. 305 marine deposits in question, the title, date and place of description, geological position, and geographical distribution of each species being given. This list includes the names of 520 kinds of " Poly thai amia," 498 of " Polygastrica,'' and 326 species of Fohjcystina, the remaining being " Phytolitharien," " Geolithien," and " Zoolithien," with a few remains of Moliusks, Annelidcs, Entomostraca, Bryozoa, and plants. The next part (pp. 106-115) deals with the " Barbadoes earth," and is illustrated by 30 plates. A list of 367 species found in this deposit accompanies this section. The next part treats briefly of an organic deposit from Hillaby Mountain in Barbadoes ; and this is followed by an account of the deposits containing Fohjci/stina in the Nicobar Islands, with a list of 156 species. The remaining sections deal with the hard chalk of Antrim, and other organic deposits ; but the most important is one treating of the microscopic organisms found in freshwater deposits, accompanied by full lists (pp. 169-225) of all the forms recognized therein by the author. In the explanations accompanying the plates illustrative of the organisms of the Barbadoes earth, the following new species are described — Planidina mica^ Botalia ? Barhadensis, Ac- tinoliihis ajnculata, A. hexaclados^ A. Nej^timia, A. ornithopus, A, spinosa^ A. tornata, A. trijida, FlacoliiJiis ocellata, lihahdolitJiis falx^ K. fungillus, JR. ingens, R. j^ipa, R. sceptrum, R. serra, R. tortuosa, R. umbracidum, Stephanolithis annularis, S. nodosa, S. spinescens, Chlami- dophora (n. gen.) Chilensis, Flustrella macropora, Halicalyptra setosa, Litliochytris Barhadensis, Lychnocanium faldferum, Stylodictya hispi- ralis, and S. Forhesii. H. A. N. Etheridge, Eobert, Jun. Description of a New species of the Genus Hemipatayus, Desor, from the Tertiary Kocks of Victoria, Australia ; with Notes on some previously described Species from South Australia, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol, xxxi. pp. 444-450, pi. xxi. Gives a brief account of the bibliography of Australian Tertiary Echino- dermata ; describes Hemipatagus Woodsi, a new species from the Upper Tertiary beds of Mordialloc, Victoria. Gives short notes on a few previously described species; and a synopsis of Australian Tertiary Echinodermata. B. E., Jun. Observations on some Carboniferous Polyzoa. Proc. Geol, Assoc, vol. iv. no. 2, pp. 116-122 ; plate. Describes the genera Synocladia, Folypora and Thamnweus ; notes the number of forms recognized as common to the Carboniferous and Permian. Describes Synocladia histrialis, var. carhonaria, from several localities in the L. and U. Carboniferous Limestone Groups of Scotland, with 6 drawings. W. T. On some undcscribed Carboniferous Fossils. Oeol. Mag, dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 241-245, pi. viii. [See also p. 278.] Describes and figures Modiola litlwdomoides, a now bivalve from the L. Carboniferous Rocks of England and Scotland. 1875. X 306 PALiLONTOLOGr. Etheridge, Robert, Jun. Note on a New Provisional Genus of Car- boniferous Tolyzoa. Ami. Nat, Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 43-45, pi. iv. B. figs. 1-4. Proposes the provisional name of Hyphasmopora for certain small Carboniferous Polyzoa, which apparently cannot be referred to any previously described group. The genus is defined as follows : — " Poly- zoarium dendroid (?), calcareous, composed of small cylindrical stems, often bifurcating. Cell-depressions arranged in linear longitudinal series, more or less separated from one another by a cancellated net- work or reticulation, forming the interstitial surface, and predominating at one part of the polyzoarium more than at others, presenting a longi- tudinal zone devoid, or nearly so, of cell- depressions. The interstitial network consists of a series of irregularly formed pores." The only known species is named Hyphasmopora BusJcii, and is quoted from various localities in the L. Carboniferous rocks of Scotland. H. A. N. . Notes on Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 427-434, pi. xx. Contains a full description, with the synonyms, of Myalina crassa, Fleming ; and also a description of the new species Scliizodus Salteri. . On the Occurrence of a Species of Retepora (allied to B. phcenicea, Busk) in the Tertiary Beds of Schnapper Point, Hobson's Bay, Victoria. Trans. JR. Soc. Vict. vol. xi. pp. 13, 14. Describes a new provisional species under the name of M. McCoyana. The presence of Spiroporina vertehralis on the same piece of matrix is pointed out. II. E., Jun Favre, E. Description des fossiles du terrain jurassique de la montagne des Yoirons (Savoie). [Jurassic Possils from Mt. Voirons.] Abh. schiueiz. pal. Ges. vol. ii. pp. 77 ; 7 x^lates. Describes 37 species, chiefly Ammonites, together with Aptychus, J^ele'/miites^aiid Terebratula janitor. The following are new — Belemnites Voir onensis, Ammonites Lucingce, A. Pralairei, A. Navillei, A. homi- nalis, A. Lemani. The fossils are all from one locality, divided into two zones — the lower equivalent to the transversarius-zone (Oxfordian), and the upper to the tenuilobatus-zone (Kimmeridgian) ; many species, however, are common to both. A comparison with the same zones in other localities of the Western Alps is added. E. B. T. Fischer, M. P. Sur la presence dans les mers actueUes d'un type de Sarcodaires des terrains secondaires. [The Presence, in recent Seas, of a Secondary Type of Sponge.] Journ. Zool. vol. iv. pp. 530-533, with part of pi. xvi. ; and Compt. Rend. t. Ixxxi. pp. 1131-1133. Contains a description of a sarcodic animal (Dendrina enroj)cea) found burrowing in the shells of Mollusca, which the author believes to be the recent representative of the Dendrince noticed in Belemnitella and the shells of other Secondary Mollusks. Deoidrina diff'ers from Cliona in some important particulars : it is much smaller, has only a single large perforation ; the burrows are not divided into separate chambers ; very minute tubes pass from the burrows to the surface of IXVERTEBRATA. 307 the shell ; no siliceous spicules could be discovered even with an enlargement of 500 diameters ; the burrows are filled with a brown sarcode. The author considers this animal to be more nearly allied to the Ilhizopoda than to the Sponges. E. T. N. Fontannes, F. Soc. Agric. Hist. Nat. Lyon. Valvata vallestris, Heliv delj^hinensis, Planorhis Heinacensis, Melam- pus Dumortierij Auricula Viennensis, A. Lorteti, and Cyclostoma Falsani are new species. Fric, Dr. A. Ueber die Fauna der Gaskohle des Pelsner und Ra- konitzer Beckens. Sitz. math.-nat. Classe. Ic. holim. Ges. Wiss. List of fossils from gas-coals of Nyf an, near Pelsen, and Kounova, near Rakonitz. Friren, Abbe. Melanges Paleontologiques. Prem. Art. Orihoidea, ^trajiarolits, Ammonites, Aidacoceras, and 2''isoa s^{j)hooialis du Lias Moyen. [Pala^ontologieal Miscellanea. OrtJmdea,. &c. from. the Middle Lias.] Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, pp. 22 ; pis. i. and ii. Describes the new species Ortlioidea Hasina and Straj^arolus (Euomj>halus) Metensis, from the zone of Ammonites margaritatus and Belemnites clavatus, and from beds a little lower a new Ammonite (A. Terquemi). The characters, synonymy, and history of Aulacoceras (Orthoceras) elongatum are discussed ; and the fossil is shown to belong to the Belemnitidce. A note is added on the problematical Tisoa sijthonalis. H. A. N. Gabb, W. M. Notes on AVest Indian Fossils. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 544, 545. iS^otes that certain fossil shells, described in a previous memoir, had been re-described by Mr. Guppy (Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. i. pp. 404, 433). Count Pourtales also adds a list of the fossil corals collected by Mr. Gabb from the Cretaceous, Miocene, and Post- Pliocene deposits of San Domingo. H. A. N". . Genesis of Cassidaria striata, Lam. Proc. Ac. Nat. JSci. Fhiladel. pt. ii. pp. 361, 362, pi. xxiv. Traces the species from C. Icevigata (Miocene of San Domingo) through C. s^djlcevigata (Miocene of Jamaica) and a specimen from the Pliocene of Costa Rica. "W. W. Gardner, J. On the Gault Aporrhaidse. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 50-56, 124-130, 198-203, 291-297, 392-400, pis. iii., v.- vii., xii. The first four parts deal with the Ajiorrliaidce of the' Gault and the so-called U. Greensand of Rlackdown. The new species described are Aparrhais Griffitlisii, A. Mantelli, A. Parhinsoni, var. Cunningtoni,A. JiistocJiila^ A. oligochila^ and A. pachysoma ', and ' descriptions of a number of previously recorded Ih-itish forms are given. The concluding part treats chiefly of forms occurring in the Neocomian and Grey Chalk. The genus Bimorjdwsoma is proposed and defined, and the following new species belonging to it are described : — D. hinclispira^ J), ancy- lochila, D, jpleurospira, D, Vectianay D. doratochila, D, opcatocliilaf and x2 308 PAL^OIfTOLOGT. D. spttJiochila. The author gives a synoptical grouping of the Apor- ?'7ifacZ(C, dividing them amongst Ornithojpiis, Tridactylus, Aporrliais, and Dimorphosoma. H. A. N. Geinitz, Eugen. [Insects, &c. from the Permian of Weissig, in Saxony.] N. Jahrb. (see p. 66). Goesle, — . Communication d'un travail sur la faune du Calcaire de Caen. Bull. JSoc. Linn. Norm. se'r. ii. vol. ix. p. 340. Goldenberg, Dr. Friedrich. Fauna Sarcepontana Fossilis. Die fossilen Thiere aus der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbriicken. [Fossil Animals of the Carboniferous Formation of Saarbriick.] Part i. pp. 26, 2 plates. 4to. Saarhruclc. Describes the animal remains found before 1868 in the Carboniferous formation of Saarbriick. The following forms are described as new : — Termes Buchi, Blattimi anagli/ptica, var. Lahachensis., B. TiscJiheini, B. insignis, Acridites formosus, Oniscina ornata, Arthropleura a^nis, A. punctata., Branchipusites anthracinus, Estheria tenella, and Anthracosia gigantea. Though dealing principally with Invertebrates, and more especially with the Insecta, the author describes some remains of Vertebrates (see p. 281). H. A. N. Grainger, Rev. John. On some Irish Palaeozoic Fossils. Proc. Belfast Nat. Hist. Phil. Soc, JSess. 1874-75, pp. 30-32. A general resume of well-known Palaeozoic Fossils. The occurrence of angular pieces of granite in the Carboniferous Limestones of Mill- town, near Dublin, and of jet in pockets of that at Castleknock, is referred to. E. T. H. Grote, Aug. R. and W. H. Pitt. Description of a New Crustacean from the Water-Lime G-roup at Buffalo. Bidl. Bvff. JSoc. Nat. Sci. vol. iii. pp. 1,2; photographic plate. Eusarcus scorptionis is described from the impression of the ventral surface. It is allied to Eurypterus and Pterygotus, but is thought to be higher, *' from the peculiar differentiation of the body expressed by the narrowness of its cephalo-thoracic portion, and the sudden con- striction of the terminal segments." W. W. , . On New Species of Eusarcus and Pterygotus from the Water-Lime Group at Buffalo. Bull. Buff. Sac. Nat. Sci. vol. iii. pp. 17-20. Describes Eusarcus grandis, one of the largest known Crustaceans from the Water-Lime Group, and Pterygotus Cummingsice, with a drawing of one of the swimming feet (maxilliped or octognath). This is thought to be the first notice of a maxilliped of Pterygotus from American beds. R. B. N. Giimbel, C. W. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Organisation und sys- tematischen Stellung von Recei^taculites. [Organization and Sys- tematic Position of Beceptaculites.'] Alh. math.-phys. classe k. buy. Ale. Wiss. ii. Bd. xii. Abth. 1. pp. 170-215, pi. A. After an exhaustive examination of Receptaculites Neptuni., the author INVEKTEBEATA. 309 in the main confirms the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Billings with regard to the structure of the skeleton. He affirms, however, that the inner integument is not foraminated in the above species ; and he lays great stress upon the fact that the plates of the outer and inner inte- guments, but especially of the former, are perforated by canals, which radiate from a central point, and run parallel with the flat surfaces of the plates. The pillars which connect the two integuments are hollow ; and their central canals communicate with the tubes just spoken of, whilst these latter appear to open on the edges of the plates of the inner integument into the central cavity of the fossil. The true form of the fossil in Receptacalites Neptivni appears to have been cup-shaped. Upon the whole Dr. Giimbel concludes that there is no affinity between Meceptaculites and the Sponges, but that the genus may be referred to the Foraminifera, though upon grounds difl'erent from those advanced by Mr. Salter. He also considers Ischadites and Tetragonis as identical with Hecejptaculites. H. A. N. Guppy, R. J. Supplement to the Paper on West Indian Tertiary Fossils. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 41, 42. This paper is supplementary to that in Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. i. p. 433, and contains descriptions of two new species, Leda clava and Ditrvpa dentalinum. The name of Crassinella is proposed in substitu- tion for that of Gouldia, preoccupied for a genus of birds. H. A. N^. Hantken, Max von. Die Fauna der Clavidina Szahoi-^chiohien. I. Foraminiferen. [Foraminifera of CI. Szahoi-'hQ^^,.'] Mitth. Jahrh. h. ung. geol. Anst. iv. Heft i. pp. 88 ; 16 plates. [In Hunga- rian and in German.] This division of the Hungarian Tertiaries in the district between the Bakony and Matra Hills consists at the top of clays and below of marls; in the latter occur Nummidites, Orhitoides^ Operculma., Heterostegina., which are mostly absent in the former. The present instalment relates to the Foraminifera only ; other classes of fossils will be treated of sub- sequently. The following new species are now described : — Gaudryina textilarioides^ G. irregularis, Clavulina cylindrical Cornuspira oligogyra, Triloculina Porvaensis, Nodosaria coarctata, N. JBudensis, Dentaliua sid)laxa. D. intermedia, D. Budensis, D. Gtiembeli, D. semilcevis, D. setosa^ Lingulina glabra., Frondicidaria superha, FlahelUna striata., F. Budensis^ Pleurostomella acuta, Marginulina subbullata, M. recta, M. indifferens, M. Budensis, M. pauciliculata, M. splendens, Cristellaria Schivageri, C. elegans, C. irregularis, C. Porvaensis, 0. minuta, C. minima, C. ornata, Robulina granulata, R. Baconica, Polymorphina acuta, P. subcylindrica, Dimorphina elegans, Cassidulina globosa, BoUvina elongata, B. nobilis^ B. reticulata, Textilaria suhjlabelliformis, T. Budensis, T. elongata, T. globosa, Valvulina j^ectinata, Rhynchospira abnoi-mis, Truncatulina compressa, T. costata, T. granosa, T. evoluta, T. Budensis, Discorbina elegans, D. eximia, I). Baconica, Pulvinulina lobata, P. pygmcea, P, similis, P. a^inis, Siderolina Kochi, Nummidites Budensis, N. Madaraszi, 310 PALiEONTOLOGY. A table shows which occur in the Oligocene of Germany and other horizons. ' E. B. T. Hantken, Max von. Uj adatok a deli Bakony fold-es oslenytani ismeretehez. Magyar Icir foldtani iniezet J^vTconoe. Kol. iii. Fliz. 4, pp. 427-446, pis. xvi.-xx. [Hungarian version of the paper noticed in p. 69.] The following new species are described and figured : — Natica cocJi- haris, Myliohatis superbus, Glohiconcha Baconica. Many previously described species are noticed ; and there are lists of fossils. W. W. JIartt, Prof. C. F., and Richard Rathbun. On the Devonian Trilo- bites and Molluscs of Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Torlc, vol. xi. pp. 110-127. The Devonian deposits of Erere, as shown by an examination of their Brachiopods, belong to the same period as the Hamilton Beds of IN". America. This conclusion is confirmed by an examination of the Trilobites and Mollusks, which are allied to, or identical with, known Hamilton species. The following new species are described : — Dalmania Paitima, Homalonotus Oiara, Pleurotomaria Hochana, Holopea Far- maniana, Belleroplion Morganianus^ B. Coutinhoanus, B. Gilletianus, Nuculites Ererensis, Edmondia Pondiana, E. sylvana, Modiomorplia Pimentana^ Palceoneilo sulcata, P. (?) simplex, and Tentaculites Eldred- gianus. H. A. N. Hebert, Prof. E. Rectifications et Additions an Memoire de MM. Hebert et Toucas sur la Geologic du bassin d'Uchaux. [Correc- tions and Additions to MM. Hebert and Toucas's Memoir on the TJchaux Basin.] (See p. 70 and below.) Bidl. JSoc. Geol. France, 3 sdr. t. iii. pp. 195-198. Temporarily suppresses the Heterodiadema lihyciim zone, confirms the correlation of the TJchaux grit with the Touraine chalk by fresh evidence, and describes a new Cidaris {C . pseudosceptrifera) from that, horizon. Suppresses Ostrea Hippuritarum as equivalent to 0. Ca~ derensis, Coquand, and adds several species of fossils to the lists in the memoir. W. H. D. Hebert, Prof. E., and M. Munier-Chalmas. Eossiles du bassin d'Uchaux. Ann. Sci. Geol. t. vi. pp. 113-132; 3 iDlates of fossils. The palseontological appendix to the paper on the Upper Cretaceous of the Uchaux basin (Vaucluse) (see p. 70). The following new species are described — Ammonites Gardonicus, A. Valbonnensis (Gault), A. Salazacensis, A. Arausioneyisis (Cenomanien), Turrilites Toucasi (Gault), Piyma Reynesi (Cenomanien), Exogyra Mornasiensis QiiomdiQ grits), Ostrea Hippuritarum (Hippurito limestone), Holaster Broyigniarti (Gault), Hemiaster Gaudryi{Qeno-mQLmen). E. B. T. , . Reponse aux observations de M. de Loriol. [Answer . . to M. de Loriol.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 567-570. .Maintains the distinction of the Cretaceous Holasters — H, Icevis, . IXYEETEBRATA. 311 Brong., H. nodulosus, Goldf., If. marginalis, Ag., //. Sandoz, Dubois, and IT. Trecensis, Leym., which de Loriol has united. W. H. D. Hoernes, Dr. Rud. Tertiar-Studien. [Tertiary Studies.] Jahrh. k.-l\ geol. EeicJis. xxv. Heft i. pp. 63-77, with 2 plates. Article 6. " A contribution to the Neogen-fauna of S. Styria and Croatia," contains critical notes of species therefrom, Valenciennesia Paidi being new. 7. " V(denciennesia-hedi^ from the Banat." A Avood- cut shows the position of the Lignite beds in the Sarmatian stage ; above come the Congeria beds with Valenciennesia baud at their base. Oongeria Banatica, n. sp., is described, with notes on other fossils. [Notice of abstract of this in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 304.] E. B.T. . Yorlas:e von Petrefacten der Sotzkaschichten aus dem Kalniker Gebirge. [Preliminary Notice of Sotzka Eossils from the Kalnik Mts.] Verh. h.-h. . Bamsayi, Hopk. ; D. serpens, Hopk. ; Callograptus radiatus, Hopk. ; C. radicans, Hopk. ; Dictyograptus cancellatus, Hopk. ; D. Homfrayi, Hopk. ; and P. sp. JVIany old species are also described and figured. The name Clemato- grapUis is proposed for a new genus allied to Loganograptus and Clono- graptus. H. A. N. Hunter, Dr. The Palaeontology of the Carboniferous Strata, West of Scotland. Part ii., pp. 107. Carluke. Having enumerated the Carboniferous strata in the West of Scotland, in Part I., the author now gives a list of the fossils occurring in the difi'erent beds of this series. Nearly all the fossils noticed are in the " Braidwood Collection," and are from the L. Coal Measures, L. Lime- stone series, M. Coal Measures, U. Limestone series. Millstone Grit series, and U. Coal Measures. A list of localities for the fossils mentioned in the catalogue is given. H. A. N. Hutton, Capt. F. W. Description of three New Tertiary Shells in the Otago Museum. Trans. ]\\ Zealand Inst. vol. vii. p. 458, pi. xxi. 3 figs. ■ The species described are Cominella striata^ Zizypliinus Ilodgei^ both 312 PALEONTOLOGY. from blae clay at Wanganui, and Venus (?) sulcata, from limestone at Napier. R. E., Jun, Hyatt, Prof, Alpheus. Two new Genera of Ammonites, Agassiceras and Oxynoticeras. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. pp, 225- 235. . On the Biological Relations of the Jurassic Ammonites. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xvii. pp. 236-241. Abstract in Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. x. pp. 344-349. Traces the history of the evolution of the Ammonitidse. In account- ing for the perpetuation of the structural differences distinguishing groups, the action of natural selection has been limited by the author to the change of such of them as tend to appear first in varieties, and then by inheritance in larger groups in conformity with the law of " acceleration," by which the structural changes are assumed individu- ally at an earlier and earlier period of existence. G. A. L. . The Jurassic and Cretaceous Ammonites collected in South America by Prof. James Orton, with an Appendix upon the Cre- taceous Ammonites of Prof. Hartt's Collection. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xvii. pp. 365-372. The following new species are described: — Oaloceras Ortoni, BucJii- ceras (n. gen.) serratum. Other species are referred to. James, U. P. Catalogue of Lower Silurian Fossils of the Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati and Yicinity. New Edition. With descriptions of some new Species of Corals and Polyzoa. Pp. 8. Printed for the Author. Cincinnati. Catalogues the occurrence of 368 species. The following species are described as new — Chcetefes (?) calycula, C. clavacoideus, C. Cincin- 7iatiensis, C.{?) O'Nealli, Alveolites C^) granulosa, Ceramopora Nicholsoni, Piilodictya acuminata, and Alecto nexilis. H. A. N. Johnson, Hawkins M. On the Organic Structure of Flint and of Meerschaum. Journ. QueTc. Micr. Club, vol. iv. pp. 66-68, By staining, with acetate of rosaniline, thin splinters of flints and thin slices of meerschaum, the organic structure of these bodies may be made visible. The latter substance is said to be a fossil sponge ; so also is the pale green substance in Connemara Marble, and the soluble silica rock from the neighbourhood of Farnham, both of which have been examined by the same method of staining. E. T. JST. Jones, Prof. T. Rupert, and J. W. Kirkby. Notes on the Palaeozoic Bivalved Entomostraca, No. xi. Some Carboniferous Ostracoda from Eussia. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 52-58, pi. vi. Describe a number of Ostracoda from the Carboniferous rocks of Russia. Besides previously recorded species, the following are recorded as new — Primitia Eiclnvaldi and Cytherella Murchisoniana. Leperditia Oheni, var. ohliqua, and Bairdia plebeia; var. munda, are described as new varieties. H. A. N. INVEPvTEBRATA. 313 Jonas, Prof. T. Rupert, and Prof. W. K. Parker. Lists of some English Jurassic Foraminifera. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 308-311. Give lists of the Forammifem occurring in the Lower Oolites, Oxford Clay, Kimmeridge Clay, and Portland Stone. Kayser, Emanuel. Ueber die Billings'sche Gattung Pasceolas und ihre Verbreitung in paliiozoiscben Ablagerungen. [Billings's Genus Pasceolus,- and its Distribution.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 4, pp. 776-783 ; with plate. A fossil from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel is referred to the genus Pasceolus, and described and figured as a new species (P. Rath'i). The author points out the range of the genus (L. Silurian to M. Devonian), and discusses its systematic position. He argues against placing it with the Cystideans, Crinoids, or Sponges ; and it therefore seems that there is no other group to receive it but the Foraminifera^ where the allied genus Receptamlites is placed. But the writer will not commit himself to this position. P. W. R. Linnarsson, Dr. G. En egendomlig Trilobitfauna fr§,n Jemtland. [A peculiar Trilobite-fauna from Jemtland.] Geol. Foren. Stock- holm Forhandl. Bd. ii. no. 12, pp. 491-497, pi. xxii. figs. 1-5. Describes a peculiar group of Trilobites found in certain beds in Jemtland, apparently appertaining to the " Middle Graptolite Schists." The species are of remarkable characters and new, the forms described being Dicellocephalas Blllingsi, Triarthrus Jemtlandicus, Remopleurides microphthalmus, and Bohemilla (?) denticulata. H. A. N. . Iv§, nya Trilobiter fra Sk^nes alunskiff*er. [Two new Trilo- bites from the Alum Slates of Scania.] Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. Bd. ii. no. 12, pp. 498-501, pi. xxii. figs. 6-10. Describes two new Trilobites, Liostraciis (?) superstes, and Cyclogna- thus micropygus. The genus CycJognathus, founded for the reception of the latter form, is allied to Peltara. H. A. N. Loretz, H. Einige Petrefacten der alpinen Trias aus den Siidalpen. [Eossils of the Alpine Trias.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 4, pp. 784-841 ; 3 plates. A detailed description of the fossils of the Alpine Trias from the neighbourhood of Ampezzo, supplementary to a paper on the strati- graphical geology of the district. [See Geological Eecord for 1874, p. 80.] Among the fossils described in the present paper are the fol- lowing new species — Ammonites (Ceratites) Pragsensis, Rhynchonella Tohlachensis, R. tetractis, Spiriferina paloiotypus (3 varieties, lineolaia, acrorhyncha, and media), Nautilus Ampezzanus, Turbo epaphoides^ Thecidium Tyrolense, Axosmilia alpina, Cladophyllia septannectens, Hemicardium dolomiticum, Trigonodus sup>erior. E. W. R. Loriol, P. de. Description des Echinides tertiaires de la Suisse. [Tertiary Echini, &c.] Ahh. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. ii. pp. 64; 8 plates. This first part contains a description of 24 species, mostly from the 314 PALiEONTOLOGT. Nummulitic beds, the following appellations being new — Cidaris Mciyeri, Pycjorhynchus Mayeri^ Echinantlms Bosteri. E. B. T. Loriol, P. de. Coup d oeil d'ensemblo sur la Faune echinitique Fossile de la Suisse. [Fossil Echinoids of Switzerland] Bihl. Ifniv. t. 52, pp. 96-105. A resume of the fossil species of Eehinoidea which have been described from the Oolitic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary Strata of Switzerland, special reference being made to the number of species in eaeh formation, and to the forms peculiar thereto. Certain changes in synonjmy are alluded to. E. T. N. Lycett, John. Monograph of the British Fossil Trigonice. No. iii. pp. 93-148, pis. xx.-xxvii. Pal. Soc. Continues the descriptions and figures of the British species of TWf/om'rt. 24 species are fully described, of which the following are new, and all from different parts of the Cretaceous series — Trigonia IcBviuscida, T. dcedcdea, var. confusa, T. nodosa., var. Orhignyana, T. Tealbyensis, T. Vectiana, T. Meyeri, T. EtJieridgei, T. scabricula, T. Vicaryana, T. Up^ luarensis, and 2\ Gunningtoni. The Upware deposit is described by J. F. Walker, p. 145. H. A. N. M'Coy, Prof. Frederick. On a third new Tertiary species of Tri- gonia. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 316, 317, pi. xviii. B. Describes a new species, Trigonia Hoivitti, from Pliocene sandy marls at Jemmy's Point, near the entrance of the Gippsland Lakes. . On a Tertiary Plein^otomaria. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ' xvi. pp. 101, 102 ; woodcut. Describes a new Pleurotomaria (P. tertiaria) from Upper Miocene rocks near Maude, said to be intermediate in form between the two recent species P. Adansoniana and P. Quoyana. In a letter at p. 235, Prof. M'Coy calls attention to the fact that Goldfuss and Deshayes had each found a Tertiary species of this genus. E. T. N. • . Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria, or Figures and Descriptions of Victorian Organic Bemains. Dec. ii. pp. 37, plates 11, 12. The following are the species described : — Squalodon Wilhinsoni, from the Miocene sands of Castle Cove, Cape Otway ; CarcJiarodon angustidens, and C. megalodon, both from the Miocene sands of Bird Bock, near Geelong. Among the Mollusca, we have the gigantic Cyprcea (Aricia) gigas^ exceeding any known Cowrie in size, from the Oligocene clay of Muddy Creek, near Hamilton, and Mornington, near Mt. Eliza, accompanied by C. (Aricia) gastroplax^ from the Oligocene limestone between Mts. Eliza and Martha, Hobson's Bay, Two species oi Trigonia are described: — T. acuticosta, from the Older Pliocene beds of Mordialloc, Hobson's Bay, and U. Miocene beds of Muddy Creek; and T. simiundulata, from the Bird Rock Bluff, near Geelong. A re- markable example of a Victorian Tertiary shell still living off the Cape of Good Hope is Limojpsis BelcJieri, which is figured and described, from the Oligocene clays of Muddy Creek, &c. The European Tertiary species L. aurita, also found in the North Sea and Southern Ocean, like- IJfVERTEBEATA. 315 wise occurs in the Oligocene clays on the E. coast of Hobson's Bay and in .Se2)taria-mB,rl at Bird Rock Point. Another of the few living species in the Victorian Oligocene and L. Miocene beds is Pectunculus lati- costatus. The last plate is devoted to Graptolites, of which V species are noticed. Turning to the vegetable kingdom, we are presented with three species of Gangamopteris^ an Australian genus of Mesozoic Coal- plant established by Prof. M'Coy, G. angustifolia, G. sjjcctulafa, and G. ohliqua, all from the Bacchus-Marsh Sandstone. The rocks associated with the coal-seams at Cape Patterson and the Barrabool Hills have yielded a new Tcenioj^teris, T. Daintreei; whilst at Bellerine, near Geelong, is found Fecopteris australis, a common plant in the Jerusalem Coal Field, Tasmania. E. E., Jun. Makowski, Alexander. Ueber eine neue fossile Gasteropode ""Ptero- cera, gifjantea, nov. sp." [IS^ew Eossil Gasteropods " P. giganiea."^ Verh. nat. Ver. Brunn. Bd. xiii. Malaise, C. Sur le Terrain Silurien do la Belgique. [Belgian L. Silurian.] Compt. Rend. 3 sess. Assoc. Franc, pp. 374, 375. List of fossils from the Calymene incerta beds of Gembloux. Homa- lonotus Omaliiisii and Ortltoceras Belgicum are new, but not described. Mallada, Lucas. Sinopsis de las Especies fosiles quo se han encon- trado en Espaiia. Bol. Com. Map. Geol. Espana, t. ii. parts 1, 2, and 3, pp. 1-160 &c. ; 24 plates. In the introduction to this catalogue of the fossils discovered in Spain reference is made to the different publications wherein they are men- tioned. Detailed descriptions of Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous fossils are given ; and twenty-four lithographic plates represent some of the most important species. The following new species are described — Eidima Donayreana, Fleurotomaria Vidalina,, Bellerophon sub- Urii^ B. Naranjoanus, B. gracilis, Conocardimn Cortazari, Oardinia suhovalis. J. McP. Manzoni, A. I Briozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocara. [Bryozoa of the older Pliocene of Castrocaro.] Bologna. Marcou, Jules. On the Terehratida Mormonii. Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 252-255. llelates to priority of discovery. Mayer, C. Descriptions de Coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiaires suporieurs (suite). [New Shells from the Upper Tertiaries.] Journ. Gonchyl. pp. 66, 67, pi. 2. Describes Cyprcea Cocconii from yellow sands of Castell'arquato, and C. longiscuta from upper blue marls of the same place. . Descriptions de Coquilles fossiles des- terrains jurassiques (suite). [New Jurassic Shells.] Journ. Gonchyl. pp. 232-241, pi. 10. • Describes Fecten toarcianus, Avicula pernula, Area solitaria, Astarte Gillieroni, Hipponyx anachoreta, and Turho viator. The following 316 PALEONTOLOGY. species, imperfectly described or not figured by previous authors, are re-described and figured — Lucina Gabrieli, Orbigny, Ammonites neobur- gensis, Oppel, A, Douhlieri, Orb. C. P. G. Meek, Prof. P. B. jN"ote on some Possils from near the Eastern Base of the llocky Mountains west of Greely and Evans, Colorado, and others from about two hundred miles further eastward, with descriptions of a few new Species. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terri- tories, ser. 2, no. 1, pp. 39-47. Gives a full list of the fossils obtained, with geological remarks, and describes the following new species : — Anomia micronema, Kansas Pacific Railway, 200 miles E. of Denver ; Corbicula ? {Leptesthes) planumhona, same locality, from beds of the age of the Wyoming Bitter Creek coal series ; Cyrena ? Holmesi, Ralston Creek, 3 or 4 miles N. of Golden City, Tertiary ; Sphceriola ? ohliqua, Lefthand Creek, half- way between Long Mount and Boulder City, highest Cretaceous beds ; Rhynclionella EndlicM^ E. of Animas river, associated with a small Productiis, of type P. subaculeatus, probably U. Devonian. R. E., Jun. MenegMni, G. Nuove specie di Phylloceras e di Lytoceras del Liasse superiore d'ltalia. [New Species of Phylloceras and Litoceras from the U. Lias of Italy.] Pisa. Miller, S. A. Monograph of the Brachiopoda of the Cincinnati group. Cincinn. Quart. Journ. Sci. vol. ii. pp. 6-62 ; with 7 woodcuts. Describes 52 species of Brachiopoda from the Cincinnati group of Ohio, of which the following are new — Lingula Van Hornet, Crania Dyeri, 0. multipunctata, Orthis Meeki, and Trematospira (?) quadri- plicata. H. A. N. . Acidaspis O'Nealli. Cincinn. Quart. Journ. Sci. vol. ii. pp. 86, 87 ; woodcut. Describes a new species of Acidaspis from the upper part of the Cincinnati group, near Lebanon. Moesch, Dr. C. Monographic der Pholadomyen. [The Pholadomyce.'] Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. Thl. ii. vol. ii. pp. 79-135, pis. 28-40. This second instalment includes 36 species, of which 5 occur in England. It deals chiefly with Cretaceous and Tertiary species. The study of this genus leads the author to the suppression of many synonyms. The plates illustrate 24 species in the present part ; the following are new — P. Zitteli, from the U. Kimmeiidge, P. Elisahethcp, from the Gosau beds, and P. Haydeni from Miocene, Switzerland. A table shows the probable genetic relationship of the species noticed in the entire monograph. E. B. T. Moore, Charles. On the Presence of the Genera Plicatocrimis, Coty- loderma, and Solanocrinus in British Strata. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 626, 627. The specimen from the M. Lias described by Dr. Wright (Geol. Mag. INTEETEBRATA. 317 dec. ii. vol. ii. p. 505) as belonging to Cotyloderma is referred to Plicatocrinus. The author had previously found specimens of Cotylo- derma ; and he records the discovery of the genus Solanocrinus in British Oolitic strata. H. A. N. Morelet, A. Appendice a la Conchyliologie de Tile Rodriguez. [Appendix to the Conchology of the Island of Rodriguez.] Journ. Coiichi/l. pp. 21-30, pi. i. Contains descriptions of the following suhfossil species found in caverns on the coast, with bones of the Dodo : — Helix Bewsheriana, Cydostoma hi^artitum, Mor., and C. Beivsheri. C. P. G. . Testacea in insula Mauritia a CI. Dupont nuperrime detecta. [Shells lately found at the Mauritius by M. Dupont.] Journ. Conchyl. pp. 31, 32. Helix cyclaria, Pupa kelodes, and P. Mulleri, suhfossil. Neumayr, Dr. M. TJeber Kreide-Ammonitiden. [Cretaceous Ammo- nitidae.] Sitz. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. CI. Abth. i. Bd. Ixxi. pp. 639-(593. An introduction on the influence of descent in derivation of new forms, and as ground of classification here followed. Four forms of Ammonites appear in the Trias ; and under the groups 1. Arcestidce, 2. Lytoceratidm, 3. Trachyceratidce, 4. jEgoceratidce^ all the forms subsequently derived are classified ; 33 genera are enumerated. Divi- sion 3 is exclusively Triassic. Div. 1 includes 2 subgenera, one of which, Scldcenhachia, is new, and includes the Cristati. Div. 2 includes Hamites, &c. Under Div. 4 is a new genus Olcostej)hanus, including A. Asterianus, &c., as is Hoplites^ to include A. angulicostatus, rhotoma- yetisis, &c. Stoliczkaia, n. gen., confined to India, S. tetrayona and clavigera being new names for species originally referred by Stoliczka to A. disjjar. A list of all the Cretaceous species in each genus is given. E. B. T. . Die Ammoniten der Kreide und die Systematik der Ammo- nitiden. [Cretaceous Ammonites and Classification of the Ammo- nitidse.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft 4, pp. 854- 942. Apparently much the same as the above. Forms the new genus Accmthoceras, besides those mentioned above, and 4 families as above, except that Tropitidce takes the place of Trachyceratidce. . Die Congerien- und Paludinenschichten Slavoniens und deren Faunen. Ein Beitrag zur Descendenz-Theorie. [The Congeria and Paladina beds of Slavonia and their Fauna. A Contribution to the Evolution Theory.] Palaeontological part, Ahh. k.-h. geol. Beichs. Bd. vii. Heft 3, pp. 19-111 ; 10 pis. [Geological part by C. M. Paul, see p. 89.] The new species described are Cardium Slavonicum, C. spelmicarimn, C. Oriovacense, Pisidium nov. sp. (cf. supinum, A. Schmidt). Besides 318 PALEONTOLOGY. these, a number of new forms of previously named species are described. Under the heading " Eesultate " the author gives his views respecting the equivalence of the beds yielding the fauna described, and as to variation and descent, the latter being further elucidated in Plate x., where the. relationship of the various species of Vivijxira is shown diagrammatically, the original stem being represented by V.achatinoides and V. Neumayri. G. A. L. Nicholson, Prof. H. A. Eeport upon the Palaeontology of the Pro- vince of Ontario. Printed by Order of the Legislative Assembly. Pp. 96; 4 plates and 45 woodcuts. 8vo. Toronto. This report is a continuation of one published in 1874 [see Geolo- gical Record for 1874, p. 317], and contains an enumeration of 200 species of fossils from the Trenton Limestone, Utica State, Hudson River formation, Niagara Limestone, Guelph formation, Corniferous Limestone, and Hamilton formation of W. Ontario. Many of the species are simply referred to by 'name ; but descriptions, generally ac- companied by figures, are given of all new species, as well as of those which have not been previously thoroughly examined, or described in readily accessible works. The new species are — Ptilodictya falciformis (Trenton Limestone), Favistella calicina (Hudson River Group), Dip- lograj)Sns Hudsonicus (Hudson River Group), Callopora minutissima (Hamilton formation), Stromatopora iiulliporoides (Hamilton formation), and Spirorhis spimdiferus (Hamilton formation). A number of species are for the first time enumerated as occurring in the Palaeozoic deposits of Canada. H. A. N. . Notes on the Gasteropoda of the Guelph Formation of Canada. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. pp. 543-551, pi. xxvi. Gives descriptions and figures oi Murcliisonia Loganii, M. turritiformis^ M. macrosjnra, M. hivittata, M. (?) Imigispira, M. Vitellia, M. Hercynia^ M. sp., Cydonema (?) elevata, Holopea Guelphensis, H. Gracia, Subidites ventricosus^ Pleurotomaria solarioides, and P. sp. Murcliisonia Boylei, and Holopea (?) occidentalis are described as new species. H. A. N. Descriptions of New Species of Cystiphyllum from the Devo- nian Rocks of North America. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 30-33, pi. i. Describes the following new species : — C. Ohioense, from the Corni- ferous Limestone of Columbus, Ohio ; C. squamosum, from the same locality ; C. fruticosum, a singular compound form from the Corniferous Limestone of W. Ontario ; and C. superbum, from the Hamilton for- mation of Ontario. H. A. N. . Descriptions of New Species and of a New Genus of Polyzoa from the Paleeozoic Rocks of North America. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 33-38, pi. ii. Founds the genus Heterodictya for the reception of a singular Poly- zoon (iT. gigantea) from the Corniferous Limestone of W. Ontario. INYERTEBEATA. 319 The poly zoary agrees in most of its characters with Ptilodictya, but possesses tabulate cells. The following new species are described and figured : — Ptilodicti/a cosciniformis^ Fenestella Davidso7ii, and Geramo- iwra Huronensis, from the Hamilton formation of Ontario ; and JRete- pora Trentomnsis from the Trenton Limestone of Ontario. H. A. N. Nicholson, Prof. H. A. On some of the Massive Porms of Chcetetes from the Lower Silurian. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 175-177. Discusses the affinities of Chcetetes petroi^olitanus^ Pand., and some allied forms. The name of G. undidatus is provisionally suggested for the lobate and undulated masses included by American palaeontologists under G. lyco])erdon^ Say. H. A. N. . Descriptions of Species of Hippotlioa and Alecto from the Lower Silurian Eocks of Ohio, with a description of Aidopora arachnoidea, HaU. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 123-127, pi. xi. Describes and figures as new species, Alecto aidoporoides^ A. frondosat and A. confasa, from the Cincinnati Group of Ohio. Gives a full de- scription of Alecto injlata and Aidopora aracJinoidea, and shows that the former is properly referable to the genus Hippotlioa. H. A. N. Descriptions of New Species of Polyzoa from the Lower and Upper Silurian liocks of North America. Ann. Nat. Hist, ser* 4, voL XV. pp. 177-183, pi. xiv. The following species of Polyzoa are described as new, from the Cincinnati Group (L. Silurian) of Ohio : — Ptilodictya falciformis, P. emacefata^ P. fiagellmn^ P. fenestelliformis, P. (?) arctipora, and Gera- mopora Ohioensis. The name of Fenestella nervata is given to a new species from the Guelph Limestones (U. Silurian) of Cedarville, Ohio. H. A. N. On a new Genus and some new Species of Graptolites from the Skiddaw Slates. An7i. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. pp. 269- 273, pi. vii. The new genus Azygograptus is founded for Graptolites in which the polypary is simple, unilateral, consisting of a single monoprionidian stipe, which is developed from the central portion of the sicula on one side. The only species known is named A. Lapwortlii. The new species Thkmnograptus Doveri and Didymograptus gihheridus are described. H. A. N. On the Mode of Growth and Increase amongst the Corals of the Palaeozoic Period. Trans. B. Soc. Edin. vol. xxvii. pp. 237- 249, pi. xvii. Treats of the general and special peculiarities of growth and non- sexual reproduction exhibited by the Palaeozoic corals. The general modes of growth are distinguished into : — 1. Simple calicular gemmation ; 2. Compound calicular gemmation ; 3. Basal gemmation ; 4. Parietal gemmation ; and 5. Pission. The rest of the paper is a consideration 320 PALEONTOLOGY. of the classificatory value of the mode of growth, and the relation between the growth of different parts of a compound corallum. H. A. N. Nicholson, Prof. H. A. On the Bearing of Certain Palaeontological Facts on the Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species, and on the General Doctrine of Evolution. Trans. Vict. Inst. vol. ix. p. 307. After a preliminary consideration of the general doctrine of Evolu- tion, the author examines the chief propositions laid down by Mr. Darwin in his chapter on the " Imperfection of the Geological Record." He next examines the succession of life in a series of conformable deposits, with special reference to the presence or absence of a series of graduated forms between the species which lived at the commencement of any single fonnation and those which were in existence at its close. The U. Silurian and Devonian deposits of N. America are selected as affording a good field for this investigation ; and the bearings of this question are especially examined as regards the Bracliiopoda of these deposits. A number of general propositions are laid down as to the questions discussed. H. A. jN^. . On Favistella stdlata and Favistella calicina ; with Notes on the Affinities of Favistella and Allied Genera. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1874, Sectio7is, pp. 89, 90. . The Palaeontological Significance of the Migrations of Animals. Coll. Guard, vol. xxviii. p. 746 (Abstract). An address at the opening of the session of the Edinburgh Geolo- gical Society. O'Meara, Rev. E. Foraminifera from Flint-nodule. Quart. Micr. Journ. vol. xv. p. 103. Specimens of Foraminifera were found in the central cavity of a flint nodule from the chalk near Belfast. Paetel, Fr. Die bisher verofFentlichen Familicn und Gattungsnamen der MoUusken. [The Published Names of the Families and Genera of MoUusca.] Pp. iv, 229. 8vo. Berlin. Refers to fossil as well as to recent forms. Peach, C. W. Remarks on some of the Organic Remains of Corn- wall in the Museum of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 49-54. The fossils, of which a list is given, include plants, Amorphozoa, Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Annelida, Crustacea, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, Nucleobranchiata, Pteropoda, Cepha- lopoda, Pisces. C. L. N. F. , On the Discovery of Organic Remains in the Rocks of Nelly's Cove, near Porthalla, and of some curious organic-like masses in a quarry near Hoyle. Trans. JR. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 55-58. Crinoids and corals were discovered in a limestone from Porthalla INVERTEBRATA. 321 and in searching in the neighbourhood for the beds whence it came portions of an Orthoceras were found. Some curiously striated rocks found in a quarry near Hayle closely resemble the fossils in the Eophyton sandstone of Sweden. C. L. N. F. Pichler, Prof. Adolf. [Alpine Trias.] N. Jahrh. Heft iii. p. 265. [See Geology, p. 91.] Describes at p. 278 a new species of Inoceramus from the Chemnitzia Limestone (Keuper) of Hottingergraben, Tyrol. It has been called /. oetiipontanus. F. W. R. Piette, Edouard. Sur plusieurs genres nouveaux ou peu connus de Gasteropodes. [Xew or little-known Gasteropod Genera.] Compt. Bend. Assoc. Frcui^. 3 Sess. pp. 360-366, pi. iii. Gives generic characters of Eustoma, Ditretas, Petersia, and Brachy- trema (the 2nd and 3rd being new names for Cerithium-Vike genera). All are Jurassic, and closely allied. W. H. D. duenstedt, Prof. Friedr. Petrefaktenkunde Deutschlands. 1. Abth. Bd. iv, Echinodermen (Asteriden und Eticriniden), Heft 7-10, pp. 432; atlas of 16 plates. Pp. 1-21 give a general account of the anatomy of the Asteroidea, and a description of the principal existing genera. Pp. 22-125 treat of the fossil forms. The Ophiuroids are considered, both generally and in detail, as to the fossil species of the group, in pp. 125-158. The rest treats wholly of the fossil and recent Crinoids, principally the Secondary forms. H. A. JST. Rathbun, Richard. Preliminary Report on the Cretaceous Lamelli- branchs collected in the vicinity of Pernambuco, Brazil, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. pp. 241-256. Contains descriptions of the Mollusca obtained from the Cretaceous rocks near Pernambuco by the Morgan Expedition of 1870, under Prof. Hartt. The following new forms are described : — Nucula Marice, Leda Swiftiana, L. Braziliensis, Area Orestis, A. (OucuUcea^) ffarttii, Cucullcea suhcentralis, Cardita 3Iorr/anmna, C. Wilmotii., Lvcina tenella, Cardium Soaresanum^ Callista M^Grathiana, and Tellina Pernamhv- censis. H. A. N. Rathbun, Richard, and Prof. C. F. Hartt. On the Devonian Tri- lobites and Molluscs of Erere, Province of Para, Brazil. Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. TorJc, vol. xi. pp. 110-127. Richter, R. [Thuringian Slates.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft ii. p. 261 , plate. [See p. 94.] The following new species are described and figured, from the U. Silurian slates of Thuringia : — Discina dissimilis, Dicranograptus post- humus^ and Monoyraptns 7merodon. F. W. R. Sandberger, Prof. C. L. F. Die Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien der Yorwelt. [Land- and Freshwater Shells of the Past.] Con- cluding volume, text, pp. 353-956. 4to. Wiesbaden. Describes the land and freshwater shells of the Miocene, Pliocene, 1875. Y 322 PAL^OXIOLOGT, and Pleistocene deposits. Pp. 353-355 belong to the preceding part, in which the Oligocene Mollusca are described. From the Miocene deposits the following species of land and freshwater shells (in addition to forms previously recorded) are described as new — Valvata gracilis^ Helix suhconspurcata, Succinea peregrina, Planorbis (Anisus) amhly- tropis, Euchilus gracilis^ Helix (Coryda) crepidostoma, H. (Macularia) Bckingensis, H. (Dentellaria) hr achy stoma, Clausilia Eckingensis^ Alexia suturalis, Bulimus (Petrceus) turgiduliis, PlanorUs pompholy codes, P. crassilahris, Dreissena alta, Melanopsis glandicula, Alexia polyodon, Clausilia (Triptychia) ohliquiplicata, Helix (Vallonia) suhpulchella, Bithynia gracilis, Nematurellaflexilahris, Valvata radiatida, Carychium gibhum, Patula ( Charopa) euglyphoides, Patula (Janulus) supracostata, Helix oscuHna, H. {Fruticicolci) catantostoma, H. (Macularia) suhver- miculata, H, malleolata, Ccecilianella acicuella, Pupa (Torquilla) sub- fusiformis, P. ( Vertigo) fardmen, P. (Modicella) trochulus, Archceozonites eostatus, Helix (Macularia) platychelodes, H. geniculata, and Clausilia (Triptychia) suturalis. From the Pliocene deposits the following new species are described, along with those previously recognized — Melania gracilicosta, Assiminea subaurita, Helix (Fruticicola) goniostoma, Palu- dina ventricosa, Phmorbis (Armiger) geniculatus, P. (Segmentina) jilo- cinctus, Carychium pachychilum, and Valvata iiiflata. From Pleistocene deposits are described as new — Planorbis (Segmentina) micromphalus^ P. (Oyrorbis) calculiformis, Helix (Fruticicola) cdveolus, H. (Fruticicola) raripila (Loess), and H. (Pentatoenia) Tonnensis. Concludes with a tabular view of the genera and subgenera of land and freshwater shells known to occur in Europe, as regards their stratigraphical distribution. H. A. N. Scudder, Samuel H. Fossil Butterflies. Mem. Amer. Assoc, vol. i. pp. xi, 99 ; 3 pis. An account of all the known remains of fossil Lepidoptera. The author agrees with Mr. Butler in regarding Neorinopsis sep^dta as belonging to the Satyridae. The new genus Lethites is established for the reception of the L. (Satyrites) Beynesi from the Tertiaries of Aix. The Vanessa atavina of Heer (the Sphinx atava of Charpentier) is re- ferred to the genus Engonia. The new genus Mylothrites is founded for the famous Vanessa Pluto (Heer), and the genus Coliates for a new species (C. Proserpina) from the Tertiaries of Aix. Heer's Pierites Freyeri is referred to Pontia ; and his MS. genus Thaites, with the single species T. ruminiana, is described. The new genus Thanatites is established for Yon Hey den's Vanessa vetida ; and a new butterfly from the Tertiaries of Aix is described under the name of Pamphilites (n. gen.) abdita. The author discusses the comparative age of fossil butterflies, the probable food-plants of Tertiary caterpillars, the present distribution of butterflies most nearly allied to the fossil forms, and the afiinities of certain fossil insects which have been referred to butter- ~ flies. The Cyllonium Boisduvalianum and C. Hewitsonianum of West- wood, from the Purbeck Beds, are thought not to be Lepidopterous, but IXVERTEBRATA. 323 to be of undeterminable affinities, whilst the Palceontina Oolitica of Butler is regarded as Homopterous. H. A. N. Scudder, S. H. The Tertiary Physopoda of Colorado. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territories, ser. 2, no. iv. pp. 215-31, plates. The following new species are described : — Melanothrips extincta^ Chagrin Valley ; Liihadothrips (n. gen.), allied to Melanothrips, Hali- day ; L. vetusta, Fossil Caiion ; besides Palceothrips (see Geol. Mag. vol. v. p. 231), and P. fossilis (lac. cit.), Fossil Caiion. E,. E., Jun. (Remains of Insects in Carboniferous shale at Cape Breton.)' Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. xviii. pp. 113, 114. Seguenza, G. Studi paleontologici sulla fauna malacologica dei sedi- menti pliocenici depositati a grandi profondita. [Deep-sea Plio- cene Mollusca.] 8vo. Pisa. Stefani, Carlo de. Di alcune conchiglie terrestri fossili nella terra rossa. [Fossil Land- shells from the Terra rossa.'] Pisa. Stoppani, Ant., and J. Meneghini. Paleontologie lombarde, &c. ser. 4, nr. 1-8. Milan. Tate, Prof. Ealph. On some New Liassic Fossils. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 1^03-206 ; woodcut. The following new species, from the Liassic rocks in the neighbour- hood of Banbury, are described — Ammonites acutus, Patella Beesleyi, P. gratans, Purjnirhia armata, Trochus tiarellus, Cerithiurn confusum, C. ferreum, and Spiropora Liassica. H. A.. N, Thomson, James. On the Family Cyathophyllidae — Tribe, Aspidio- phyllacea — Genus, Asjpidiopliyllum. Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ix. no. 2, pp. 153-162, pis. i. & ii. Describes a new genus, nearly allied to ClisiopTiyllunfi, under the name of AspidiophyUiim. The genus is distinguished trom Clisio- phyllum by having the calicine boss helmet-shaped instead of being conical, one half being dome-shaped, " whilst the other half slopes down to the inner margin of the primary septa on the dorsal side of the calice." The following new species of the genus are described and figured — Aspidiopliyllum KonincJfianum, A. Huxleyannm, A. cruci- forme, A. elegans, and A. Hennedii, all from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland ; but the author records the occurrence of species of this genus in the Carboniferous deposits of Cumberland, Wales, and Ireland. H. A. N. Thomson, James, and Prof. H. A. Nicholson. Contributions to the Study of the chief Generic Types of the Palaeozoic Corals. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi. pp. 305-309 and 424-429, pi. xii. Introduction. — The object is to consider briefly the characters of the T 2 324 TAL^ONTOLOGT. leading types of structure which may be recognized amongst the Palaeozoic Corals. The difficulty of determining the limits of a genus or species in a group of animals which exhibit so many variations as the corals has decided the authors to adopt the plan of selecting certain well- marked types, to which names will be given. The series of carefully sliced and polished specimens which the authors possess enables them to undertake this method. " No type will be described which is not at the same time accurately figured ; and the facts thus recorded will remain unchanged, and will retain their value whatever alteration may take place in our method of interpreting them." In the second instalment the authors describe and define the genera Ampleocus and Zajphrentis. E. T. N. Toula, Dr. Franz. Permo-Carbon-Fossilien von der Westkiiste von Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrb. Keit 3, pp. 225-264; with 6 plates (fossils) and 3 woodcuts (map and section). Describes fossils got by Dr. E,. von Drasche from the W. coast of Spitzbergen (see Geological Record for 1874, p. 108). They are of mixed Permian and Carboniferous types. Gives table of Permo-Car- boniferous fossils from collections by Drasche, Payer, and Hofer ; it includes 64 species, of which 38 are Carboniferous and 17 Permian. The following new species are described — Polypora grandis, Ranipora (n. gen.) Hochstetteri, Phyllopora Lriabei, Prodactus Aargardi, P. im- jpressus, Spirifer Draschel, S. Parryaniis, Ghonetes capitolinus, Aviculo- pecten Drashei, Clisiophyllum Geinitzli, C. Nordenshioldi, and Pleuro- tomaria arctica. Several new varieties are also described. F. W. R. . Eine Kohlenkalk-Fauna von den Barents-Inseln. [Carbo- niferous Fauna of Nova Zembla.] Sitz. Tc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, math.- nat. CI. Abth. i. Bd. Ixxi. pp. 527-608 ; and 6 plates. 97 species are the result of Prof. Hofer's collecting on Parent's Isle during the Arctic Expedition of 1872. A table shows the distribution of identical or analogous species in Spitzbergen and other localities. The following are new appellations — Naticopsis Icevigata, Chemnitzia Hoferiana, Euomphalus bifui-catiis, Pleurotomaria Oeorgiana, P. Sera- Jine, Capulus Imvis, C. minimus^ Bellerophon pulchellus^ Chonetes rotun- datus, Avicula Hoferiana, A. laticostata, Allorisma Barentina, Edmondia gracilis, Polypora subquadrata, P. crassipapillata, P. pustulata, Archi- medipora arctica, Fenestella inconstans, Campophyllum intermedium, Callopora arctica, Chondrites elegantissim,us, Lithostrotion grandis. E. B. T. Toumouer, R. Diagnoses d'especes nouvelles d'eau douce recueillies par M. Gorceix dans les terrains tertiaires superieurs de I'ile de Cos. [New Freshwater Shells from the U. Tertiaries of Cos.] Journ. ConcTiyl. ser. 3, t. xv. pp. 76-78. Describes as new — Limnea (Acella) Cosensis, Melanopsis Gorceixi, M. INVEETEBRATA. 325 cFgea, M, proteus, M. (Lyrcea) Delessei, Vivipara {Paludind) Forhesi, V. Gorceicci^ V. Cossensis, and V. trochlearis. C. P. G, Tournouer, R. Etude sur quelques especes de Murex fossiles du falun de Pont-Levoy en Touraine. [Fossil Murices from the Falun of Pont-Levoy, Touraine.] Journ. ConcJiyl. ser. 3. t. xv. pp. 144- 166, pi. 5. Describes : — Murex (Fteronotus) Delaunayi, T. ; M. (P.) cyclopterus, Millet; M. (P.) Vindobonensis, 'Kornes, var. Ligeriana, Touin. ; M. ( Cincoreus) Dnjardini., T. ; and M. ( O.) Bourgeoisie T. Concludes with some general considerations, proving that the Murices of Touraine con- sist of a few European types, with a majority of exotic forms, W. African and Asiatic. C. P. G . Diagnose d'une Coquille fossile des terrains tertiaires supe- rieurs d'eau douce de I'ile de Cos. Journ. Conchyl. ser. 3, t. xv. p. 167. Diagnosis of Pyrgula Brusinai from the Upper Freshwater Tertiaries of Cos. Addition a I'etude sur quelques especes fossiles du falun de Pont-Levoy en Touraine. [Addition to the article on Fossils from Pont-Levoy.] Journ. Conchyl. ser. 3. t. xv. p. 242, pi. xv. fig. 6. An immense specimen of Murex Dujardini has been found, 75 mill, long and nearly 50 broad. C. P. G. Note sur le groupe des Cyllene fossiles des terrains miocenes de I'Europe. [The European Miocene Species of Cyllene.'] Journ, Conchyl. ser. 3, t. xv. pp. 329-335, pi. xv. figs. 1-5. Considers that there is a gradual transition from C. Desnoy er si, Bsist^ to the recent C. lyrata, and figures several forms in confirmation of this opinion. C. P. G. Coup d'oeil sur la f aune des couches a Congeries et des couches a Paludines de I'Europe centrale et meridionale, a I'occasion d'un recent travail de M. S. Brusina. [The Fauna of the Conge.ria and Paludina beds of Central and Southern Europe, with reference to a work by M. S. Brusina (see Geological Eecokt) for 1874, p. 289)]. Bull. Soc. Geol France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 291-298. Concludes : — 1. That the fauna of the Congeria beds is allied to that of Asia by some types of MelaniadaB, and to that of Asia by its Valen- ciennesice, but is essentially European in character. 2. That the fauna of the Paludina beds partakes of the European, N. American, and Asiatico-American types. 3. That neither of the two faunas is in any degree African. G. A. L. . Considerations sur les Echinodermes du Calcaire a Asteries. [The Echinoderms of the .Asteria Limestone.] Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 484-490. The Echinoderms of this limestone (which is Tongrian = Middle 326 PALEONTOLOGY. Oligocene) in the basins of the Gironue and of the Adour are repre- sented by 24 or 25 species. There are no Crinoids ; the Stelleridae only furnish one species, Crenaster Icevis, which gives its old name {Asterias) to the formation ; of Cidaridae there are 3 genera with as many species ; the Clypeastroidae are represented by 8 species belonging to 7 genera ; and, lastly, the Spatangoidoe present 10 species of 6 genera. Two or three doubtful species of Periaster (?), Euspatangus^ and Ecliinocyamus make up the total number. The paper consists chiefly of a discussion of the relations existing between this fauna and those of the other principal Tongrian basins of Prance. G. A. L. Trautschold, H. Ueber Ammonites hicurvatus, Mich. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. t. xlviii. p. 394. Tribolet, Maurice de. Supplement a la description des Crustaces du terrain neocomien du Jura j^euchatelois et Yaudois. [Supplement to the Descriptions of the Neocomian Crustacea of the Neucliatelese and Vaudese Jura.] Ball. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 72- 81, pi. i. The following species are figured : — Callianassa infracretacea, Trib. ; Meyeria ornata (PhilL), McCoy ; Glyphea Couloni, Trib. ; PalcBastacus macrodactylus^ Bell ; Palceno dentatus (R.), liob. ; Hoploparia Latreillei (Eob.), Trib. ; H. neocomensis^ Trib. A list of all the Erachyurous Deca- pods ends this paper. * G. A. L. Description des Crustaces decapodes des etages neocomien et urgonien de la Haute-Marne. [Neocomian and Urgonian Deca- poda of the Haute-Marne.] Bidl. Soc. Geol. France, 3 ser. t. iii. pp. 451-459 ; 1 plate. The following species are figured, besides some mentioned above : — Glyphea carinata, Trib. ; G. Meyeri, Trib. ; Hoploparia Edwardsi (Eob.), Trib.; H. granulosa, Trib.; H. Cuuieri (Eob.), Trib.; Prosopon oviformis (Bell), Trib. ; Caloxanthus TomhecTci, Trib. No new species are de- scribed. G. A. L. Sur VUnio CornueJi, Orb. Journ. Concliyl. ser, 3, t. xv. pp, 242-245. D'Orbigny at first identified a species of Unio from the Oolitic iron- stone of Yassy with the Unio Martini from the Wealden, but afterwards recognized that the shells difi'ered, and named the Yassy species U. Cornueli. D'Orbigny wrongly attributed the name Martini to Fitton, instead of to Sowerby. U. Cornueli has since been found also in the Neocomian of Hauterive, near Neuchatel. C. P. G, Sur une nouvelle espece de Crustace dccapode macroure des terrains valangien et urgonien de Sainte-Croix. [New Macrurous Crustacean from Sainte-Croix.] Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. vol. xiii. pp. 657-660 ; plate. Claws from the L. Cretaceous of Sainte-Croix are referred to the INVERTEBRA.TA. 327 genus Gehia, which has previously been found in the Neocomiau. G, controversa is the name given. E. B. T. Tromelin, Gaston de, and Paul Lebesconte. IS'ote sur quelques Fossiles des Gres Siluriens de Saint-Germain-sur-IUe, La Bouexiere, Champeaux, &c. [Fossils of the Silurian Sandstones of Saint- Germ ain-sur-Ilie, &c.] Pp. 8. 8vo. Qiiimper. The sandstones of St. Germain, sometimes believed to be Devonian, contain Graptolites {Diplograptus &c.), and are L. Silurian. Amongst the other fossils a large proportion are known to occur in the sand- stones of May (Calvados), and some also are identical with forms from the pebble-beds of Budleigh Salterton (Devon) and from the sand- stones of Gorran Haven (Cornwall). The following new species are described, but not figured : — Calymene Bayani^ Orthoceras subfractiim, Lyrodesma Dufeti^ and L. securis. The new genus Pseudarca, allied to Cucullella, is founded for the reception of a single species, P. typa. H.A. N. Vischniakoff, N. Notice sur les Couches Jurassiques de Syzran. [Jurassic Beds, Syzran.] Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. t. xlviii, no. 3, pp. 211-224, pi. vii. Brief description of several L. Jurassic species, of which Ammonites Volgensis is new. Waagen, Dr. W. Palaeontologia Indica. Jurassic Fauna of Kutch. Vol. I. parts 2, 3, 4, pp. 23-247, pis. 5-60, with index. Series ix. parts 2, 3, 4. Cephalopoda, Ammonitidae. Geological Survey of India. Fol. Calcutta. The new species described are — Phylloceras Jaraense, P. insulare^ P. hodaiense, Lytoceras rex, Amaltheus Schaumburgi, Ilaploceras depla- natum, H. propinquum, Oppelia nurrJiaensis, 0. plana, Harpoceras lairense, H. dynasies, H. crassifalcatum, H. trilineatum, Petoceras pro- pinquum, P. semirugosum, P. bidens, Aspidoceras diversiforme, A. tenuispinatum, A. ponderosum, A. sparsispinum, A. subdistr actum, A. monacanthum, A. iphiceroides, A. Wynnei, A. binodiferum, JStepha- noceras transiens, S. ])olyphemus, S. subtumidum, S. semilceve, S. arenosum, S. chrysoolithicum, S. diadematum, S. dimerum, S. magnum- bilicatum, S. subtrapezinum, S. subcompressum, S. eoccyclum, Peri- sphinctes obtusicosta, P. Dhosaensis, P. omphalodes, P. Mans, P. altipli- catus, P. perdagatus, P. pseudorion, P. paramorphus, P. lateralis, P. arcicosta, P. congener, P. cobra, P. aberrans, P. gudjinsirensis, P. prce- cursor, P. subevolutus, P. subcolubrinus, P. pagri, P. euplocvs, P. indo- germanus, P. rota, P. obliquiplicatus, P. bathyplocus, P. occultifurcatvs, P. alterniplicatus, P. densiplicatus, P. virguloides, P. sparsipUcatus, P. leiocymon, P. decotnts. It is found that most of the Cephalopoda are restricted to single beds, only very few being common to diiferent beds. A detailed table of distribution in time of all the Kutch Jurassic Cephalopoda is given in pp. 215-224. E. T. N. 328 PALEONTOLOGY. . Woods, Rev. J. E. T. On some Tertiary Fossils from Table Cape, Monthly Notices R. Soc. Tasm. pp. 13-26. Correlates the beds from which the fossils were taken with a portion of the Cape Otway series, Victoria. Enumerates the fossils observed by him, amongst them the following new species are described — viz. Terebra simplex, Typhis M'-Coyi^ Fusus Eobbsii, F. gracillimus^ Natica Winshi, N. polita, Cyprcea Archeri, Triton Ahboti, Crassatella aphrodina, 0. oblonga, Voluta Weldii, Lyonsia Agnewi, Soleciirtus Legrandi, Venus Alporti. R. E., Jun. Woodward, S. P. A Manual of the Mollusca, being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. Ed. 3. With an Appendix of Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by Ralph Tate. Pp. xiv, 542, 86 ; 23 plates and many woodcuts. 8vo. London. The Appendix treats of those recent and fossil shells not mentioned in Ed. 2. It contains, therefore, descriptions of all genera founded since 1866. It is separately paged, and is illustrated by 27 woodcuts. H. A. N. Worthen, A. H., and F. B. Meek. Descriptions of Invertebrates. Geological Survey of Illinois^ vol. vi. Palaeontology, Section ii. pp. 489-532, pis. xxii.-xxxiii. The first section deals with the L. Silurian species, the following •new forms being described: — Cnemidium ? Trentonense, Ambonychia Illinoisensis, and Cyrtoceras Carrollensis. Several previously described forms are noticed and figured. The second section treats of the fossils of the IJ. Silurian, a number of known species being described, together with the following new forms — Eucalyptocrinus magnus, Orthoceras rectum, 0. unionense, and Phragmoceras Byronense. The third section is concerned with certain Devonian forms, the following being described as new — Calceocrinus Barrisi and Aviculopecten unionensis. The next section treats of the fossils of the L. Carboniferous rocks, from which Dorycrinus KeUoggi^ Barycrinus striatus, Poteriocrinvs Hoveyi, P. Coreyi, P. Van Hornei, P. proboscidalis, Scaphiocrinus abnormis, Onychocrinus magnus, Pentremites (Tricoelocrinus) Varsou- viensis, Myalina Keokuk, and Pinna subspatulata are described as new. Finally, some of the Coal Measure fossils are treated of, the following being described as new — Axophyllum infundibulum, Cyathoxonia distorta, Chcetetes ? carbonaria, Poteriocrinns La Sallensis, Fupachy- crinus Craigii, E. Bassetti, and Nautilus (Discites) Highlandensis. AH the new species are by Worthen. H. A. N. Wright, Joseph. On the Discovery of Microzoa in the Chalk-flints of the North of Ireland. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1874. Sections, pp. 95, 96, and under the title, " Flints, and the Foraminifera, Entomostraca, &c. contained in them." Proc. Belfast Field Club, ser. ii. vol. i. pt. 1, pp.46, 47. Notes the discovery of organisms in the soft material in the cavities INVEKTEBRATA. 329 of flints from the Irish Chalk. Most of these (69 species) are Forami- nifera ; and besides these, 11 species of Ostracoda, 33 forms of sponge- spicules, Corals, and Polyzoa. H. A. N. Wright, Joseph. A List of the Cretaceous Microzoa of the North of Ireland. Proc. Belfast Field Club, ser. ii. vol. i. pt. 1, App. iii. pp. 73-99, plates ii., iii. Introductory note, pp. 73^-75. List of localities from which Chalk Microzoa have been obtained, 76-80 : these localities number 36. List of the Microzoa, 81-91 : over 120 named species, and in all 151 diiFerent kinds. 6 new species of Cythere and 3 of Foraminifera (all Jones, MS.) are noticed, but not described ; of these, Cythere Wrightii and Kamulina (n. gen.) hrachiata are figured. Table showing the geo- graphical distribution in the North of Ireland of the Cretaceous Microzoa, 92-99 : with a column for each of the 36 localities. W. W. Wright, Dr. Thomas. Monograph of the British Fossil Echinoder- mata of the Cretaceous Formations. Vol. i. part 7. On the Echino- conidae, Echinonidae, Echinobrissidae, Echinolampadse, and Spatan- gidae, pp. 225-264, pis. liii.-lxii. Pal, Soe. Defines the families Echinonidae, Echinobrissidae, Echinolampadae, and Spatangidae, and the genera Holectypus, Pyrina, Catopygus, Cly- peojpygus, Trematopygus, Echinobrissus, Caratomus, Pygurus, and He- miaster. 16 species are described, of which the following are new — Holectypus bistriatus, Catopygus Vectensis, Clypeopygus Fittoni, and Trematopygiis Faring do7iensis. H. A. N. . On the occurrence of the Genus Cotylederma in the Middle Lias of Dorsetshire. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. ii. pp. 505, 506. Gives an account of previous researches as to Cotylederma, and notes the occurrence of an example of this genus in M. Lias between Lyme Regis and Charmouth. H. A. N. Young, Prof. John, and John Young. On New Carboniferous Polyzoa. Arm. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. pp. 333-336, pis. ix., ix. bis. Transfer Ceriopora rhombifera, PhilL, to their new genus RTiabdo- meson, and at the same time show that C. similis, Phill., and C. inter- porosa, PhilL, are of a difi'erent nature, and may be left in the genus Ceriopora. Give a full description of Mhabdomesori rhombiferum, and describe the new species Thamyiiscus ? Rankiiii, from the L. Carboni- ferous rocks of the West of Scotland. H. A. N. Young, John. Remarks on an Arctic Shell-bed at Cartsdyke. Proc. Nat. Hi»t. Soc. Glasg. vol. ii. part 1. Describes several species of Polyzoa obtained, one of which is referred to the genus Idmonea, not before found in any of the W. Scotland arctic beds. J. E. T. 330 PALEONTOLOGY. Young, John. On some recently discovered Foraminifera from the Lanarkshire Coalfield. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soo. Olci<^g. vol. ii. part 1. States that, previous to researches made by himself and others, no Foraminifera had been recorded from the Carboniferous rocks of W. Scotland. Gives a list of fresh species of Foraminifera from these rocks identified by H. B. Brady. J. E. T. J^Totes on the Bellerophon and ForcelUa, their classification, and their distribution in the Silurian and Carboniferous Strata of the West of Scotland. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg. vol. ii. part 1, p. 16. States that these genera are now removed from the Cephalopoda, and placed among the JN'ucleobranchiate Gasteropoda. 14 species of Bellero- phon have been found in the rocks of W. Scotland (4 in the Girvan Silurians, and 10 in Carboniferous Limestone near Glasgow). Only one species of Porcellia (P. armata) has been found, near Glasgow. J. E. T. Zugmayer, H. Ueber Petrefaktenfiinde aus dem Wiener Sandstein des Leopoldsberges bei Wien. [Fossils from Vienna Sandstone.] Verh. Ic.-k. geol. Reichs. pp. 292-294 ; woodcut. The Vienna Sandstone yields few fossils. Nummulites found show that part of it belongs to the Eocene. There is now noted a large Inoceranius, 24 centims. long, from the Weinsch quarry, which will fix the age of another part ; the species is named /. Hauerl. E. B. T. Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Yol. ii. Geology and Palae- ontology. Part ii. Palaeontology, pp. viii. 436 ; many plates. 8vo. Columbus. Contains the following memoirs : — Prof. J. P. Newberry. Descrip- tions of Fossil Fishes, see p. 287. Prof. James Hall and R. P. Whitfield. Descriptions of Inverte- brate Fossils, mainly from the Silurian System, pp. 65-179, pis. i.-ix., xi., xii. and pi. xiii. figs. 2-4. The first part deals with fossils from the Cincinnati Formation (Hudson River Group). The following new species are described : — Lingula Covington ensis., Lingulella (Dignomia?) Cincinnatiensis., Modiolopsis concentrica, M. Cincinnatiensis, SedguiicJcia? divaricata, Cayieamya Miamiensis, C. scapTia^ Orthodesma recta, 0. cur- vata^ Orthoceras Buseri, 0. Carleyi, 0. turbidum, GompJioceras eos, Bey- 7'ichia quadrilirata, and PliimuUtes (^Turrilepas) Jamesi. A number of previously recognized forms are also described and figured. The genus JScMzocrania is proposed for certain radiately-striated orbiculoid Bra- chiopods ; and two new genera of Lamellibranchs are founded under the names of Orthodesyna and Guneamya. The next part treats of fossils from the Clinton Formation. Besides previously known forms, the following new species are described — Rhinopora frondosa, Sticto- pora magna, Clathropora Clintonensis,Phcenopora{Ptilodictya)eoopansa, INVEETEBBATA. , 331 Cypriearditesferrugineuyn, Pleurofomaria ineocpectans, Orihoceras Jamesi, and Illcenus Daytonensis. From the Niagara formation, in addition to previously recorded species, are described as new — InocauUs bella, Receptaculites Ohioensis, Platycrinus prcematurus. Saccocrhius ornatus^ Pentremites subcylindrica, Monomerella Netuherryi, lihynchonella pisa, Pentamerus pergihhosus, Amphicoslia (Leptodo77ius ?) costata, SuhuliUs terebriformis, Straparollus Niagarensis, Tremanotus ? trigonostoma, Or- tJioceras strix, Cyrtoceras myrice, G. Hertzeri, Phragmoceras parvurn^ P. ellipticum, and Encrinurus ornatus. In the next part two new Crinoids are described — Melocrinus (Ctenocrinus) Bainbridgensis, from beds supposed to be equivalent to the Genesee ^Isites, and Platycrinus Bed- foYdensis, from strata supposed to correspond to the Chemung or Portage Group of New York. Finallj^, a number of Crinoids are described from the Waverly Group, the new species being Platycrinus Richfieldensis and P. Lodensis. Prof. H. A. Nicholson. Description of the Corals of the Silurian and Devonian Systems, pp. 181-242, pis. xxi -xxiii. The first part is a description of the corals of the Cincinnati Formation. In addition to a number of previously recorded forms, the following are described as new — Chcetetes subpidchellus, 0. briareus, C. sigillarioides, C. JVeiu- berryi, C. petecJiialis, Constellaria polystomella, and Palceophyllum di- varicans. From the Clinton Formation six corals are described, of which Acervidaria Clintonensis is new. From the Niagara Formation the only species recorded is Favosites favosa. From the Corniferous Limestone, in addition to species formerly known, there are described as new — Favosites j^leicrodictyoides, F. invaginata, Zaphrentis Edwardsi, Z. Wortheni, and Z. multilamellata. Prof. H. A. Nicholson. Descriptions of Amorphozoa from the Silurian and Devonian Formations, pp. 243-255, pi. xxiv. Treats first of the genus Strotnatopora, of which S. ponderosa, S. sid)Striatella, and S. nodulata are described as new species from the Corniferous Limestone. Syringo- stroma^SbBGW genus, or perhaps a subgenus, of Stromatopora, ia described. The fossils of this group, though closely allied to Stromatopora, are dis- tinguished by the density of their laminated tissue and the presence of horizontal tubes running parallel with the surface. Two species are described, S. densa and S. columnaris, both from the Corniferous Lime- stone. Lastly, the genus Pictyostroma, possibly also a subgenus of Stro7natopora, is founded for the reception of a single species, P. undu- lata, from the Niagara Limestone of Kentucky. . Descriptions of Polyzoa from the Silurian Formation, pp. 257-268, pi. XXV. 5 species of Ptilodictya, 1 of Ceramopora, 3 of Alecto, and 1 of Hippothoa^ from the Cincinnati Group of Ohio, are described ; but all are previously recorded forms. A species of Fenestella is described from the Niagara Formation. Prof. F. B. Meek. A Eeport on some of the Invertebrate Fossils of the "Waverly Group and Coal Measures of Ohio, pp. 269-347, pis. x., xiii. (figs. 2-4 exclus.), and xiv.-xx. The first part deals with the fossils of the Waverly Group. In addition to a large number of 332 PALiEONTOLOGT. previously recorded forms, the following new species and varieties are described — FenesteUa multiporata, M'Coy?, var. Lodiensis, Discina (Orbiculoidea?) pleurites, Spirifer {Trigonotreta) striatiformis, Aviculo- jpecten Winchelli, Palceoneilo Bedfordensis, Edmo7idia? tapesiformis, Oar- diomorpha subglobosa, Prothyris MeeJci (Winchell, MS.), and PhilUpsia (Griffithides ?) Lodiensis. The second part deals with the fossils of the Coal Measures ; and the following new forms are described in addition to others previously known — Ptilodictya (Stictopora) seriata, Avicido- pecten (Streblopteria ?) Hertzeri, Placunopsis recticardinalis, Fosidonomya fracta, Schizodus cuneatus, Pleurophorus tropidophorus, Solenomya2 anodontoides, and Astartella Newberryi. Prof. E. D. Cope. Extinct Batrachia from the Coal Measures, see p. 274. E. B. Andrews. Plants from the Coal Measures, see p. 334. H. A. N. See also : — Ammou, L. von. Jurassic Fossils of Bavaria : p. 47. Baily, W. H. Palseontological Notes : under Du Noyer, p. 12. Barrels, C. Lists of Greensand Fossils : p. 4. Blake, Rev. J. F. Kimmeridge Clay Fossils : p. 5. Bott, Arthur. Lists and Figures of Tertiary Fossils : p. 6. Dewalque, Prof. G. Triassic Fossils, Luxembourg: p. 58. Etheridge, R. Jurassic Fossils : under Cross, p. 9. . Table of Fossils, Burnley Coalfield : under Hull, p. 22. . Table of Fossils, Rutland : under Judd, p. 25. . Wealden Fossils : under Topley, p. 40. Feistmantel, 0. Indian Fossils : p. 136. Fordham, H. G. U. Greensand Fossils : p. 13. Fox, A. L. Fossils from Mt. Lebanon : p. 137. Grainger, Rev. Dr. J. Lists of Post-Tertiary Fossils of Ireland p. 15. Grinnell, G. B. Palaeontological Report, Dakota, under Ludlow, p. 125. Hantken, Max von. Eocene Fossils, S. Bakony : p. 69. Heer, Prof. 0. Miocene and Cretaceous Fauna of Greenland : p. 1 1 2. Hicks, Henry. Arenig and Llandeilo Fossils : p. 18. Jeffreys, Gwyn. MoUusca of the Bridlington Crag: p. 24. Jukes-Browne, A. J. Cretaceous Fossils : p. 25. INVERTEBRATA. 333 Linnarsson, G. Trilobites of Nerike : p. 79. Maurer, F. Rhenish Devonian Fossils : p. 83. Morris, Prof. J. Boring MoUusca in Oolites : p. 31. Nicholson, Prof. H. A. Fossils of the Guelph Limestone : p. 126. Price, F. G. H. L. Greensand and Gault Fossils : p. 35. Seguenza, Prof. G. S. Italian Pliocene Fossils : p. 97. Tate, Prof. Ralph. Liassic Fossils, Radstock : p. 38. Tawney, E. B. Liassic Fossils, Radstock : p. 39. Vincent, — . Scalaria tenuicosta^ n. sp, : under Rutot, p. 96. Ward, J. Organic Remains of Coal Measures of N. Staffordshire : p. 295. Whitfield, R. P. Cambrian and Cretaceus Fossils, Dakota : under Ludlow, p. 125. 334 PALAEONTOLOGY. 3. PLANTS. Andrews, E. B. Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Coal- measures of Ohio. Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. ii. part 2, Palaeontology, pp. 412-426, pis. xlvi.-liii. Describes a group of plants found in a thin band of bituminous shale a little above the base of the Coal Measures in Perry County. The following new species are described and figured — Megalopteris Harttii, M. minima, M. ovata, M. lata, A^xhceopteris stricta, Orthogoniopteris clara, 0. Gilberti, Alethopteris Holdeni, A. Bunhuryi, A. maxima, Hy- menophyllites Ballantini, Eremojjteris marginata, Lepidojpliloios Lesque- reuxii, Lepidodendroyi liushvillense, Asterophyllites ? minutus, A. erecti- folius, and Cardiocarpon JVeivberryi. The new genus Orthogoniopteris is founded for the reception of a group of ferns allied to Thalus, and Unio Solandri. F, W. R. Gourdon, Dr. Excursion dans la vallee de TAriege et dans le canton de Querigiit. Bull. Soc. Hist. Mat. Toulouse., t. ix. pp. 285-305. A botanical excursion, with a few geological notes. Gregory, A. C. First Report of the Geological Surveyor, being on the Geology of Part of the Districts of Wide Bay and Burnett. Pp. 6. Fol. Brisbane. [See above, p. 152.] Grewingk, Prof. C. [The Donetz Coal-district.] Sitz. nat. Ges. Dorpat^ Bd. iii. p. 452. . [Geology of Dorpat.] Ibid. pp. 470-474. Granite, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic, Cre- taceous, Miocene, Quaternary, and Alluvium are referred to. . [Mammals from Drift, Livonia,] Sitz. nat. Ges. Dorpat^ Bd. iii. pp. 475-477. . [Erratic Block near Dorpat.] Ibid. pp. 479-481. . [Association of Man and Mammoth in the Ural.] Ibid. Appendix, pp. xxviii-xxx. Gumaelius, Otto. Om jernmalmslagret vid Naeverhougen i Xorge. [Iron-ore Deposit of Nseverhougen, Norway.] Geol. Foren. Stock- holm Forhaadl. Bd. ii. no. 28, pp. 565-572 ; Geological Map and plate of Sections, tfec. The chief mass of the ore lies in euritic rock, closely following the strike of an overlying limestone. Elsewhere the ore is in the limestone itself. G. A. L. Gnyerdet, A. Etude Microscopique de Roches Eruptives. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franc. 3 Sess. pp. 391-401. Describes French, German, Swiss, Italian, Swedish, English, Scotch, Hungarian, Belgian, Tyrolean, and Mexican rocks. Hahn, 0. H. A Campaign in Railroad District, Nevada. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 329-332. Comprises a description of the lead-ores of the district, which occur in lenticular masses along and near the contact of crystalline limestone with a dioritic porphyry, and consist of argentiferous carbonate of lead and galena, the latter occurring in solid blocks or in ribbons running- through the limestone. Associated with these are silicate, carbonate, and suboxide of copper, brown spar and calc-spar. R. B. N. Harting, P. Bijdrage tot de Kennis der geologische Gesteldheid van den Bodem onder Utrecht en van het Eemdale. [Geology of Utrecht and the Eem Vallev.^ Versl. Med. Kon. Ale. Wet. 2 rks. dl. 9, pp. 42-50. 390 ADDENDA. Helmersen, — . [Geological Sketch of the Baltic Coast from Kcinigs- berg to Liban.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iv. pp. 90-94 ; map. The map shows Drift, Dunes, and Erratic blocks. Hermann, R. XJntersnchungen liber die Zusammensetzung von Shepards Hermannolith. [Composition of Shepard's Herraannolite.] Ball. Soc. Imp. I^at. Mosc. t. xlix. pp. 179-190. (Analyses.) Hilgendorf, F. [PZanorftis-bedsof Steinheim.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft i. pp. 224-227. Defends his views on the distribution of the varieties of Planorhis multiformis at Steinhoim. Maintains that the varieties trochiformis and discoideifs occur in different beds, whilst Sandberger asserts them to be associated. [See p. 96.] F. W. E. Islavine, W. Coal in Russia. Anncdes Industrielles, July 11, 18. Abstract in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xlii. pp. 341-343. The Coal-fields of the Donetz basin of S. Eussia are divided into 4 groups : — 1. District traversed by the Kharkow-Azow railway ; 7 mines from 24 to 58 fathoms deep, yielding 2 to 14 seams of coal, of from 2-3 to 8 feet thick. 2. Mines of Goloubovka, Orekhovo, and Petro Marievka ; the first contains 10 seams, 3 to 4J feet thick ; the second 21 seams of coal and 2 of iron ; the third 10 seams (only 3 worked). 3. Anthracite Coals of Grouchevka and Pastoukhow. 4. Various mines yielding coal and iron-ore. , G. A. L. Issel, Prof. Arturo. [Ophiolite.] Atti R. Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. x. pp. 765-769. [See Gastaldi, p. 388.] Jernegan, Joseph L. The Whale Lode of Park County, Colorado Territory. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 352-356. The geological history of this lode is as follows : — 1. Formation of the fissure in the country-rock by plutonic agency, accompanied perhaps by lateral movement of one or both of the fissure-walls. 2. Deposition from solution of minerals now composing the vein-material on the sides of the fissure. A third stage might perhaps be added, viz. the impreg- nation of the country-rock from the vein outwards with iron-pyrites. The frequent occurrence of barite in this lode is noted. E. B. N. Johnson, Jasper. The Wilmington, Illinois, Coal Peld. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 188-202. Notes the discovery of this coal-field, and describes the geological features of the neighbourhood. Average analyses of 4 samples of the coal are given ; also sections of several shafts, and of a well. E. B. N. Johnston, R. M. The Launceston Tertiary Basin. Second Paper. Monthly Notices B. Soc. Tasm. for 1874. Pp. 53-62 ; 1 plate (fossil plants). Correlates the Launceston Beds (3 zones) with those of Table Cape, which are regarded as homotaxial with the European Eocene. ADDENDA. 391 Kaufmann, P. J. [Fossils from near Lucerne.] N. Jahrh. Heft iv. pp. 389-391. The rocks of the Mythen, near SchwjT., and of the Buochserhorn and Stanserhorn in Unterwalden, have been considered Cretaceous. Fossils collected by the writer show that they are Triassic and Jurassic. F. W. R. Keppen, A. [Coal-seams and Mines in Saghalien, especially in 5 localities.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iii. pp. 1-63 ; map and 2 pis. (sections). Kerr, Prof. W. C. Report of the Geological Survey of North Caro- lina. Vol. i. Raleigh. Physical Geography, Economic Geology, Maps, Plates of Fossils (described by Conrad and Cope). Kokscharow, N. v. Eesultat der an Dolomit-, Kalkspath-, Baryt-, Titaneisen-, und Zinkblende-Krystallen ausgefiihrten Messungen. [Measurement of Crystals of Dolomite, Calcite, Barytes, Titanium- iron and Zinc-blende.] Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petershourg, t. xxi. pp. 47-59. Refers to minerals from Iceland, Bohemia, the Ural, Auvergne, and the Hartz. . Ueber das Titaneisen vom Ural. [Titaniferous Iron of the Ural.] Mem. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. vii. t. xxii. no. 3, pp. 15 ; plate. Analysis, goniometry, and figures of Ilmenite crystals. . Ueber den russischen Calcit. [Russian Calcite.] Mem. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ser. vii. t. xxii. no. 5, pp. 21 ; 4 pis. Konen, — . von. [Letter on Triassic and Liassic Rocks near Lauter- bach.] Zeitsch. deutsch. geol. Ges. Bd. xxvii. Heft iii. pp. 706, 707. Koulakov, — . [Analysis of the Coals in the Western Mining Dis- tricts.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iv. pp. 330-335. Lebedav, — . [On the Amphibole, Scapolite, Diopside, and Ortho- clase of the Isle of Aliu.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iii. pp. 260-313. Description and analysis. Lefevre, Th. Note sur la Presence de I'Ergeron Fossilifere dans les Environs de Bruxelles. [Fossiliferous Loess near Brussels.] A7in. Soc. Mai. Belg. t. x. pp. 6. Note of discovery at Laeken of a fossiliferous brick-earth below the upper Limon d'Hesbaye. Lehmann, Richard. Mineralogische Bkizzen uber den Kaiserstuhl im Breisgau in Baden. [Mineralogy of the Kaiserstuhl.] Sitz. Isis Dresden, pp. 7-10. 392 ADDEIfDA. Lejeune, E. Abri sous Roche de I'age du Renne, situe a Rinxent. Les Differents Ages Prehistoriques dans le Departement du Pas de Calais. [Rock-shelter of Reindeer Epoch. Prehistoric Periods in the Pas de Calais.] Compt. Bend. Assoc. Fran^. 3 Sess. pp. 521-528. Describes the deposits in an artificial cave, consisting of humus, stony clay with fluviatile shells, bone-bed with worked flints, &c. Leluy, — . [Analysis of a Phosphatic Nodule from Cape La Heve.] Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. t. ii. p. 37. Lionnet, G. Coupe et Notes Diverses pouvant servir a THistoire Geologique du Sol et des Rivages du Havre, particulierement de la rioride. [Excavations at Plorida (Havre).] Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. t. ii. pp. 81-103, 1 pi. (section). Describes the characters, fossils, &c. of the alluvial beds. Loriol, P. de, and E. Pellat. Monographic Paleontologique et Geo- logique des Etages Superieurs de la Formation Jurassique des Environs de Boulogne-sur-mer. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve^ t. xxiv. pp. 1-325, pis. xi-xxvi. 63 new species described. Will be noticed in the next Geological Record. Ludwig, Rudolf. [Geology of Olonetz, Russia : title &c. on p. 80 [after " Moscou," insert " t. xlviii." geol. map]. Sketch of the geology, with description and figure of Cystiphyllum gracile, n. sp., Silurian, and 2 analyses of iron-ores by Ct. Ludwig. . Die Tertiarformation in der Umgegend von Sulz vorm Walde in Elsass. [Tertiary of Sulz, Alsace.] Notizbl. Ver. Erdk. Darm- stadt, Eolg. iii. Heft xiv. pp. 65-68. Notes with lists of fossils on the (? Oligocene) petroleum sandstones and limestones of Alsace. Geologische Notiz. Notizhl. Ver. ErdTc. Darmstadt., Folg. iii. Heft xiv. p. 92. The WoUastonite of Auerbach is thus crystallized, ooPoo . ooPoo . P. Mackenzie, J. Report from the Examiner of Coal Fields on the con- dition and Prospects of the Coal Fields ; together with the Reports of the Inspector of Collieries on the state of the various Coal, Petroleum Oil, Cannel Coal, and Kerosene Shale Mines in New South Wales, &c., for the year 1874. Pp. 5. Fol. Sydney. Mentions a section of the L. Coal Measures, near Stroud, in which there are Sigillaria and Stigmaria. Matthew, G. F. On the Surface Geology of New Brunswick. Canad. Nat. n. s. vol. vii. pp. 433-454. Treats of the Glacial striae and Boulder Clay, over which come the Syrtensian sands and gravels. The Boulder Clay is attributed to the ADDENDA. 393 ice-foot advancing from the north, the Syrtensian beds being deposited in the ocean after the retreat of the ice. The set of the currents, for- mation of lake-basins, and tidal erosion are treated of. R. B. N. Mcrcey, [N.] de. Lettre a M. Gosselet relative aux communications sur la craie du Pas-de-Calais, par M. E. Chellonneix. [On M. Chellonneix's paper on the Chalk of the Pas-de-Calais.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Novel, t. ii. pp. 120-122. Notes points of detail relating to Aix-Noulette and Bouvigny. Moeller, V. [On the Coal Measures discovered in the Northern Ural in 1872-1874.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iii. pp. 102-126, geol. map. Mourlon, Michel. Sur les Terrains de la Basse Belgiques. [Belgian Netherlands.] Compt. Rend. Assoc. Frang, 3 Sess. pp. 402, 403. Deals chiefly with the Crag beds. (Abstract.) Newall, R. S. On Supplying Newcastle and District with Water from Lake UUswater. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 49-60. Contains analysis of water from UUswater. Nejrt, P. J. Lettre sur les alluvions de la Zelande. [Alluvium of Zealand.] Ann. Soc. Geol.Nord, t. iii. pp. 134-136. In the island of Nord-Beveland the alluvial beds are as follows : — 1. Ploughed soil (| a metre below mean sea-level) ; 2. Clayey sand passing into pure sand with marine shells ; 3. Peat ; 4. Bluish clay ; 5. Bluish sand. Two analyses of clays are given. G. A. L. Nicholson, Prof. H. AUeyne. On the Mining District on the North shore of I^ke Superior. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 237-248, pis. xxxix., xl. (maps, one geological). Gives notes respecting the Silver Islet, Thunder Bay, Silver Harbour, Silver Lake, and Shabendowan Mines. Commercial details are added. Olbers, E. W. Nigra anteckningar om de losa jordaflagringarna i Halland. [Drift of Halland.] Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. Bd. ii. No. 26, pp. 483-490 ; map and plate of sections. Olcott, Eben E. The Ore Knob Copper Mine and Reduction Works, Ashe County, N. C. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. iii. pp. 391-399 ; plate (section). Refers to the copper- deposits of the Appalachian chain. The copper- vein at Ore Knob is a true fissure- vein. Remarks by Dr. T. S. Hunt are given. R. B. N. Ormerod, G. W. Notes on the New Red Sandstone between Maiden- combe and Exeter. Rep. Teign. Nat. Club for 1874, pp. 5, 6. . The Dart. Ibid. pp. 14-16. Ortlieb, J. Observations a la note de M. DoUfus sur le contact du Laekenien et du Tongrien dans les environs de Bruxelles. [On M. Dollfus' note (see p. 386).] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 140-143. Thinks that the upper series of the Chaussee-Louise (Brussels) is 394 ADDENDA. Laekenian. M. Dollfus thinks it Tongrian. The beds are unfossili- ferous. G. A. L. Ortlieb, J. Reflexions a propos dune communication de MM. Chel- lonneix et Lecocq, au sujet de la presence au Mont d'Halluin de fragments isoles de gres paniseliens. [On MM. Chellonneix and Lecocq's Note on isolated Fragments of Paniselian Sandstone at Mt. HaUuin.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 198-200. The paper referred to is that on the neighbourhood of Tourcoing (p. 385^. Urges caution in the interpretation to be given to the presence of disseminated debris of distant formations. G. A. L. . Note sur le Mont des Chats. [The Mont des Chats (JFranco- Belgian Frontier).] Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, t. ii. pp. 201-213 ; one fig. in text. The geology of this Tertiary Hill is explained by means of 6 sections. It is shown that the first modelling of the Flemish Tertiary hills goes back to U. Eocene times. G. A. L. Parsons, Dr. H. F. The Flora of East Somerset. Naturalist, vol. i. no. iv. pp. 53-55. Abstract of paper read to Somerset Archseol. Nat. Hist. Soc. Notes the difi'erence of the flora on sandy and calcareous beds, and the relation between the geology and flora. W. W. Pengelly, W. Notes on recent Notices of Kent's Cavern. Rep. Teign. Nat. Club for 1874, pp. 6-9. Phillips, Prof. John. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. Part 1. The Yorkshire Coast. Ed. 3. Edited by R. Etheridge. Maps and 28 plates (fossils and sections). Pp. xii, 354. 4to. London. Palaeozoic Pocks, p. 1. Vale of York (Pleistocene, Permian, Trias, and Lias), p. 8. Moorlands (Lias and L. Oolites), p. 24. Tabular Oolitic Hills, p. 40. Vale of Pickering, p. 46. Chalk Wolds, p. 50. Holderness (Pleistocene), p. 55. Coast-section (Pleistocene, Cretaceous, Oolites, and Lias), p. 67. Diluvium, p. 162. Econoniic Geology, p. 173. The Basaltic Dyke, p. 190. Fossils : Plants, p. 193 ; Animals, p. 234. Elevations, p. 273. Post-tertiary Shells (by J. G. Jeffreys), p. 274. Oolitic Foraminifera (by T. R. Jones), p. 278. Bibliography (by W. Whitaker), pp. 281-320. W. H. D. Phillips, J. A. On the Structure and Composition of certain pseudo- morphic Crystals, having the form of Orthoclase. Journ. Chem. Soc. ser. 2, vol. xiii. pp. 684-687. Pseudomorphs after crystals of orthoclase from Huel Coates, St. Agnes, Cornwall, were examined microscopically and chemically. One specimen was found to consist of silvery white mica-like plates, with rounded particles of quartz of contemporaneous formation, and a few grains and crystals of tin-oxide. Another crystal resembled this, but contained more cassiterite ; while a third was largely composed of crystalline cassiterite, traversed by crystals of blue tourmaline, associated ADDENDA. 395 with quartz and flakes of the micaceous mineral. Analyses are given in duplicate of one pseudomoi'ph, chiefly micaceous, and of another with 70-5 p. c. of stannic oxide. F. W. R. Pomel, — . II n'y a point eu de mer interieure au Sahara. [There has been no Saharan Inland Sea.] Compt. Bdtid. t. Ixxx. pp. 1342, 1343 ; and Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3, t. iii. p. 495. Reasserts his belief that the proposed Saharan sea is an impossible project. Claims to have first shown by indirect evidence that the Isthmus of Gabes is solid rock, as proved by M. Puchs. The recent levelling proves the discontinuity of the depression of the "Chotts" below the sea-level, and thus shows the impossibilty either of the Gabes sea or of the former great Saharan sea. G. A. L. Potier, — . Sur le Terrain de Transport. [Drift (of ^. France).] Compt. Rend. Assoc. Fran^. 3 Sess. pp. 376, 377. (Abstract.) . Failles de I'Artois. [Faults in Artois.] Unci. pp. 377, 378. Abstract ; the faults in the Cretaceous and Tertiary are continuous with pre-Triassic faults in the Coal Measures. . Transgressivite du Terrain Houiller sur le Calcaire Car- bouifere. [Overlap of Coal Measures on Carboniferous Lime- stone (in N. France).] Compt. Mend. Assoc. Fran<^. 3 Sess. pp. 378-380. Ramsay, Prof. A. C. The Pre-Miocene Alps and their subsequent Waste and Degradation. Froc. Roy. Inst. vol. vii. pp. 455-457. The thicknesses of the subdivisions of the Miocene estimated, and an average struck for the country between Geneva and Constance. An account is given of the methods by which an approximate estimate was made. The conclusion is that in pre-Miocene times the Alps must have been higher than now, even though since that time they may have been heaved up 5500 feet. R. B. N. Rath, Prof. G. vom. Aus einem Briefe. [Notes from Journal.] Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. t. xlix. pp. 141-144. Journey in Austria and Germany. Richards, Prof. R. H. On a newly-discovered Lead Vein in New- buryport, Mass. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. pp. 200-204. Rohson, H. R. Introductory Address. Institution of Engineers and Shiphuilders in Scotkmd, vol. xix. pp. 1-25, pis. i., ii. Describes the Sub-Wealden boring (p. 6), and gives a detailed section of the second boring (plates 1 and 2) to 1824 feet, on the scale of 35 feet to an inch. Works for water-supply in various parts of Scotland are noticed, pp. 9-17. W. T. Routledge, Wm. Notes on the Sydney Coal-field in the Island of Cape Breton, Jiritish North America. Travis. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 191-216, pis. xxxv., xxxvi. (map, &c.) The district is divided into four '' basins " — the Sydney Mines, Lingan, Glace Bay, and Block House. Sections and full details respecting these i^96 ADDENDA. are given, the various collieries and workings being described separately. A tabular statement of the coal worked up to 1874, and another with analyses and dip of the chief coals, are given. G. A. L. Sails, Friedr. von. Notanden iiber erratischer Erscheinungen im Rheingebiet (Quaternare Bildungen). [Erratics in Rhine Basin (Quaternary).] Jahrh. Schweiz. Al^enclub^ Jahrg. x. pp. 457-464. Salwey, T. J. The Geology, History, and Natural Features of the Neighbourhood; an address given at the Haye Park Meeting. Trans. Woolhope Field Club, 1872, pp. 83-88. Samuelsou, N. [Analysis of dried brick-clay used in Sheffield as a flux for welding cast steel.] Minincf Worlds vol. viii. p. 591. In a paper " On Welding Iron," by Mr. Howson. Schmidt, Adolf. On the Eorms and Origin of the Lead and Zinc Deposits of South-west Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. iii. no. 2, pp. 246-252. These deposits occur mostly in the Keokuk group (L. Carboniferous). Five kinds are recognized : — 1. Runs ; 2. Openings ; 3. Impregnations of fissured chert beds ; 4. Irregular deposits in loose accumulations of broken chert ; 5. Seams and impregnations in quartzite. Each kind is described, and the origin of the ores is discussed. E. W. R. Schmidt, Prof. Carl. [Analysis of Gas from the Elbruzzo.] Sitz. nat. Ges. Dorpat, Bd. iii. App., pp. xxiii, xxiv. Simpson, John Bell. On the Coal-fields and Mining Industries of Russia. Tracts. N. Engl. Inst. Eng. vol. xxiv. pp. 3-18, pis. i.-vii. (maps and sections). Describes the Moscow, Donetz, Ural, and Polish coal-fields, giving statistics of production of coal and other Russian minerals. Skalkovski, C [Mining Products in Russia,] Gornoi Journ. vol. iii. (?iv.) pp. 195-245. Also published separately in French as " Tableau statistique de I'lndustrie des Mines en Russie." St. Petersburg. Spencer, J.W. Geological Sketches of the neighbourhood of Hamilton. Canad. Nat. n. s. vol. vii. p. 463-471. Describes the Medina, Clinton, and Niagara formations. The Dundas Valley was first formed by a river flowing from the W., then partly filled, during subsidence, by Erie Clay, and finally re-excavated ; the old shore-lines consist of debris of the Hudson River and Niagara rocks. The minerals and mineral waters are referred to. R. B. N. Spezia, G. Nota sul Berillo del Protogino del Monte Bianco. [Beryls in the, Mt. Blanc protogine.] Atti E. Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. xi. pp. 82-87. Strnve, H. Untersuchung einer neuentdecken Steinkohle bei Gelazk in Imeretien. [Analysis of a newly discovered Coal in Imeretia (Asia Minor).] Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. t. xxi. pp. 71-74. Analysis by Rudnew. ADDENDA. ' 897 Swanston, W. Graptolites, with special reference to those found in County Down. Proc. Belfast Field Club, ser. 2, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 115-117. [Abstract.] Mr. Lapworth, from specimens sent, regards the black shales as equivalent to the Birkhill Beds of Scotland, the Coniston mudstones of Westmoreland, and Lower Llandovery of Wales. The author has found 3 Crustacea in them, and 12 species of Graptolites. W. H. D. Symonds, Rev. W. S. A Lecture on the Geology, Topography, Archaeology, &c. of the neighbourhood of May Hill and Ross, given on the occasion of the Club visiting this locality. Trans. Woolhope Field Club, 1872, pp. 72-78. Trautschold, H. Briefe aus dem Ural. [Notes of a Trip to the Ural.] Bull. Soc. lynp. Nat. Mosc. t. xlix. pp. 110-140. Trentinaglia-Telvenburg, J. R. von. [W. Tyrol : full title, p. 103.] Gives a detailed description of the physical features of the country and its glacial system. The chapter specially devoted to geology (pp. 122-137) is divided into a "general" and a "special" part. The latter describes the rocks of the district as follows : — 1. Mica schist ; 2. Gneiss : a. " Eye-gneiss " (Augengneiss), a porphyritic gneiss, with large lenticular masses of orthoclase; b. Granulite gneiss; c. Mica- gneiss ; d. Quartz-gneiss ; e. Protogine-gneiss ; /. Micaceous iron- gneiss. 3. Hornblende schist ; and 4. Allg'du beds, probably Jurassic. Also mentions the occurrence of granite, serpentine, spilite-diorite, Steinberg limestone (L. Lias), and gypsum. F. W. E. Tribolet, M. F. de. Note sur les Mineraux et Roches recueillis dans la Partie Nord de I'Abyssinie, par M. P. Traub. [N. Abyssinian Minerals and Rocks.] Pp. 5. Published with Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchdtel, t. x. cah. 2. Gives the Abyssinian rock-series, and the crystaUographic formula of pegmatite and desmin. . Note sur les Depots Erratiques de la rive sud du Lac de Thoune et de la Vallee de Saseten. [Drift of the Lake of Thun.] Pp. 8. Published with Bull. Soc. Sci-. Nat. Neuchdtel, t. x. cah. 2. Notes Geologiques et Paleontologiques sur le Jura Neu- chatelois. [Geological and Palaeontological Notes on the Neu- chatelese Jura.] Pp. 20. Published with Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchdtel, t. x. cah. 2 [continued from 1874]. 4. On some Callovian deposits in the Neuchatelese and Yaudois Jura, pp. 1-12 ; 5. On Homomya Marls occurring at Chaux de Ponds, pp. 13-16 ; 6. On the Virgulian of the Brenets, pp. 17-19 ; 7. Correction to article No. 2 (see Geological Record for 1874, p. 103), p. 20. Lists of fossils are given in nos. 4, 5, 6. W. H. D. Whittlesey, Col. C. Coal Seam No. 6. Ohio Geology. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. pp. 183-200. Stratigraphical details. 398 ADDENDA. Wbhler, P. Ueber den Pachnolith von Gronland. [Pachuolite from Greenland.] Konig. Oes. Wiss. Gotthigen, No. 23. [Abstract in N. Jahrh. Heft i. pp. 58, 59.] A crystallized mineral, apparently rhombic, on cryolite from Grreen- land, on analysis was found to be a hydrated cryolite, with ^ of the sodium replaced by calcium. Erom its falling to powder when heated, Wiihler meant to call it Pgroconite, but now thinks it is Knop's Fach- nolite. r. W. 11. Zezi, P. Cenni intorno ai lavori per la Carta Oeologica d'ltalia in grande scala. Ann. Min. Agri. Ind. Gomm. Zincke, Rev. F. B. A Walk in the Orisons. Pp. xv, 368. 8vo. London. Hefers to the denudation of valleys by their streams, pp. 2-4, 88-91, 294-296 ; earth-pillars, pp. 43-45 ; excavation of tarn by falling masses of snow, p. 198. W. W. [Report sent by the Society to the Provincial Landtag on Geog- nostical Researches in the Province of Prussia.] Schrift. phys.- oekon. Ges. Konigsherg. (Bericht), Jahrg. 16. Report upon Geographical and Geological Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian, iii. Geology. Pp. 681, 13 pis. 4to. Washington. Reports by Gr. K. Gilbert on part of Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona ; on parts of New Mexico and Arizona ; by A. R. Marvine, on the Geology of the Route from St. George, Utah, to Gila River, Arizona ; by E. Gr. Howell, on the Geology of parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico ; by F. J. Stevenson, on Colorado [already noticed, p. 131] ; Mineralogical Report by Dr. 0. Loew. Prom note in Amer. Nat. vol. x. p. 622. W. W. Reports and Official Letters to the Kaitakushi, by Horace Capron, Commissioner and Adviser, and his Foreign Assistants. Pp. 748. 8vo. ToJcei. Prof. W. P. Blake. Pp. 1-16. On the Mineral Resources of Tesso, viz. : — The Lead Mines and Furnaces at Tchinowatari ; Geology of that neighbourhood ; Gold and Copper Mines at Kakumi ; Iron at Kobui ; Coal near Usibets ; Gold Mines of Kunnui (in coarse gravel) ; Petroleum, Volcano Bay ; Sulphur in many volcanic peaks and inactive volcanoes ; Gold and Silver in Sado ; and Magnetic Iron Ore, Nambu in Nippon. Benjamin Smith Lyman. Preliminary Report on the First Season's Work of the Geological Survey of Yesso. Pp. 115-160. The foUow- ing groups of rocks occur : — Alluvium, new and old (contains beds of lignite and peat) ; Yolcanic pebble-rocks ; Volcanic Rocks ; Rocks of the Toshibets Karafto System of Folds ; Coal- bearing Rocks, or Rocks of the Horumui Kuril System of Folds ; Rocks of the Horumui Karafto System of Folds ; Rocks of the Toshibets Kuril System of Folds. The Kayanoma and Horumui Coal Fields are described ; the latter is pro- bably Tertiary. An assay of the coal made by Mr. Munroe is given. The Kudow coal is insignificant. Iron Sand is most abundant on the S. ABDENDA. 399 shore of Volcano Bay, especially near Yamukushinai ; it occurs in several other places. Sidjpkur is mostly found within the craters of extinct volcanoes. Limestone^ the principal exposure is on the stream Garo- nosawa, near Arikawa and Sekirichi ; other localities are named. The limestone is much metamorphosed, is dark blue or light grey, contains no fossils, is well cleaved, and belongs to the Horumui-Karafto system. Gold of the Toshibets field. " The bed rocks are of the Toshibets Karafto system, chiefly soft sand and clay." The gold occurs in gravel bordering the river. Roch Tar occurs at Idzumisawa, where it comes from the " bluish gray shaly sand rock," which corresponds in dip to the Toshibets Karafto system, and contains similar fossils to that and the Yurap Rocks. The Tar comes also from Washinoki and Yamuku- shinai; it is probably Tertiary. Mineral Springs are numerous in the S. part of Yesso : a table is given of 21, showing their locality, heat, the character of the rock in which they occur, &c. H. S. Munroe. Geological Survey of Hokkaido. Yesso Coals. Pp. 163-199 (with 3 Tables of Assays). 2 general sections of the Kaya- iioma and Horumui Coal-fields show the relative positions of the different coal-beds and the main characters of the rock between. Tables I. and II. contain detailed assays of various Japanese coals. Table III. gives their ultimate analyses and calorific powers. They are neither " lignites nor brown coal, but true bituminous coals." B. S. Lyman. Geological Survey of Hokkaido. Eeport of a Geo- logical Trip through and around Yesso, with notices of the Topography .... and of the Progress of the Geological Survey. Pp. 325-564. Several sections, mostly of coal beds, are given. Hot mineral springs were of frequent occurrence. B. S. Lyman. Geological Survey of Hokkaido. Reports of Rough Surveys (in 1873) of the following Oil Lands in Yesso : — Yamukshinai, pp. 591-605 ; Idzumisawa, pp. 607-616 ; and Washiuski, pp. 617-631. The oil oozes from the Toshibets rocks (? late Tertiary) through alluvial sands. Fossil Serpidce abound in the Idzumisawa rocks. Henry S. Munroe. Geological Survey of Hokkaido. The Gold- Fields of Yesso. Pp. 665-744. [Also published separately : see above, p. 168. J Detailed results of the gold-washing; topographical survey; and an outline of the geology of the Toshibets, Kudo, Esashi, Mat- sumai, Musa, and Tokachi gold-fields. On the journey, numerous so- called copper, lead, and silver mines were examined and reported on. R. B. N. Sixth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, made during the year 1874. Pp. 288 ; 4 maps, (in pocket), with geological notes ; 1 section. 8vo. Indianapolis. Geological Report., by E. T. Cox, with sections, and analyses of iron- ores and clays (? by Dr. Gr. M. Levette), pp. 5-23. Antiquities^ p. 24, with sections at pp. 27, 34. Then follow Reports on various Counties, with details of sections, notices of minerals, etc. JacJcson Co. (? by E. T. Cox), p. 41 ; Brown, Co., (by Prof. John CoUett), p. 76 ; JScott and Jefferson Counties (by Prof. W. W. Borden, pp. Ill, 135-186. W. W. 400 SUPPLEMENT TO THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD FOR 1874. ADDITIONAL ERRATA, &c: Pp. 62, 83, 130. Foster, Moffat, Baber. These papers appearerl also in Iron. Pp. 63, 64. FucHS. The papers on the Tertiary of Tarento, on Miocene near Syracuse, and on Tertiary beds of Malta, also translated into Italian, Boll, Com. geol. Ital. pp. 369, 373, 377. P. 109, TouLA. For a notice of this paper see pp. 322, 323. P. 137, line 5 from foot, for xxx. read xx. P. 165, last entry, for Hutton read Dutton. P. 195, line 20, for 59th and 60th read 39th and 40th. P. 269, Entries 3-6 are by Prof. P. Gervais, not by Prof. A. Gaudry. P. 279, line 22, for xx. read xxx. P. 286, lines 22, 23, for Pteritonella read Pteronitella. P. 357, Jentzsch. This paper is from Zeitsch. gesammt. Nat. Bd. x. p. 523. Amiot, H. liapport sur une demande en concession 23 Janvier 1874. [Report on a proposed Mining Concession.] Eefers to iron-ore deposits at Navogne (Haute- Loire). These occur at the base of supposed Tertiary beds immediately resting upon granite. An analysis of a rich specimen of the ore by M. Baroulier is given. G. A. L. Anon. The Popular Encyclopedia. 8vo. London. Half-vols. v., vi., vii. Geological matter throughout. Art. " Geology," [by Prof. A. C. Ramsay], in J-vol. vi. pp. 583-613, pis. Ixxv.-lxxviii. . [Investigations of J. Deslandes in Alluvial Deposits of Florida, Normandy.] Le Havre (journal), 13 Mar., and Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. t. ii. pp. 42, 43 (1875). Discovery of Mollusca no longer frequenting that coast. Ansted, Prof. D. T. The Mountains and Yalleys of Virginia. Illus- trated Travels (edited by Bates), vol. vi. pp. 297-300, 368-371. Contains some geological information. Axerio, Giulio. The Mineral Industry of Italy. Anyi. Assoc. Ing. Liege., pp. 135-202. (Abstract in Froc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. xlii. ,pp. 360-365.) STTPPLEMENT FOR 1874. 401 Bakoulovski, — . [On Masses of Iron seen by Pallas in 1771, 250 versts from Krasnoiarsk, Siberia.] Goraoi Journ. vol. ii. pp. 93-103. Barbot de Marny. [Travels in the Tschaptschatschi Hills.] Gomoi Journ. vol. ii. pp. 62-92, map (topographical), and 5 sections. Separately pub. in French. Pp. 28. 2 pis. 8vo. St. Petersburg. Partly Tertiary beds, with Dreissena polymorjpha, Paluditm achi- no'-ides, &c. [Geological Description, of the Governments of Simbirsk, Saratov, and Tamboosk.] Gomoi Journ. vol. iii. pp. 169-181, pi. 3 (fossils). Refers to searches for coal. The formations are Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Cardita Volgensis and GucuUcea Volgensis are figured. 2 sections are given in the text. A. B. Barcena, M. Las rocas de Tecali. [Rocks of Tecali.] Naturaleza, t. iii. p. 7. Barral, J. A. [Analyses of Chalk from Gien.] Bull. Soc. centr. Agric. France, 3 ser. t. ix. p. 832. Beck-Bernard, C. Die Argentinischo Republik. 18mo. Bern. A handbook for colonists. Contains information as to soil and mineral resources of the country. Beliben. [Serpentine.] Ann. Soc. Agr. Sci. Le Put/, t. xxxi. pp. 412-414. Analysis of specimen from near Dore, Puy de Dome. Belknap, General W. W. Letter from the Secretary of War, in answer to a resolution of the House of April 14, 1 874, transmitting a report upon the James River and Kanawha Canal project. House of Representatives, 43d Congress, 1st Session, Ex. Doc. No. 219. Pp. 47. Washington. Contains summaries of the geological reports and surveys relating to W. Virginia published before 1874. Bellardi, Prof. I. MoUuschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della Liguria. Pt. ii. 1873. [Tertiary Mollusca of Piedmont and Liguria.] Report by Gastaldi and Lessorer. Atti R. Ac. Sci. Torino, vol. ix. pp. 197-221. Describes the beds, fossils, &c. of the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. Billings, E. On some New Genera and Species of Palaeozoic Mol- lusca. Canad. Nat. n. s. vol. vii. pp. 301, 302. Ilionia (n. gen.) includes some Tellince and Anatince. I. Canadensis (n. sp.) is described and figured from U. Silurian. Pteronitella (n. gen.) is defined to include some U. Silurian Pterinece. W. H. D. Binney, E. W. On the Structure of Coal. CoU. Guard, vol. xxviii. p. 388. 1875. . 2d 402 SUrPLEMEI^T FOR 1874. Boricky, Dr. Emanuel. Petrographische Studien an den Basalt- gesteinen Bohmens. Arh. geol. Ahth. Land. Bokm. Th, ii. Bd. ii. , pp. 1-294 ; 8 chromolith. plates. Contains a detailed microscopic and chemical description of the fol- lowing Bohemian rocks : — Magmabasalt, nephelinbasalt, leucitebasalt, feldspar-basalts, trachy-basalts, tachylyte-basalts. Considers their age and distribution ; the enclosing of foreign rocks and minerals, and the results of their contact ; also the paragencsis of secondary minerals. E. T. N. Brandt, J. F. Ergiinzungen zu den fossilen Cetaceen Europa's. [Eossil European Cetacea.] Mem. Ac. Im-p. Sci. St. Petersb. ser. vii. t. xxi. no. 6, pp. 54, pis. i.-v. Briart, A. Sur les puits naturels. [Natural Wells, Hainault.] A7in. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. i. Bulletin^ pp. xlv-xlrii. Brusina, S. Naravoslovne ertiee sa sjeyero istoche obale jadranskoga mora : Dio Drugi. Pp. Qb. Agram. Burbank, L. S. Observations on the Surface Geology of North Carolina, with special reference to some Phenomena of the Drift of "the Northern United States. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. pp. 150-155. Burthe, L. Mines de soufre dans la Louisiana. [Sulphur Mines in Louisiana.] Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris., pp. 433-437. Capellini, Prof. Gr. Strati a Congeria, formazione Q^ninghiana e piano del calcare di Leitha nei Monti Livornesi. [Congeria Beds, Qi^ningen Stage and Leitha Limestone in the Leghorn Hills.] Bend. Ac. Sci. Bologna, and Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital. pp. 49-51 (1875). Preliminary notice of occurrence of these horizons. Cope, E. D. Report upon Vertebrate Fossils discovered in New Mexico, with descriptions of new species. Engineer Dept. U.S. Army. Lacustrine (Eocene) deposits are described, of nearly the same age as the Bridger group of "Wyoming. The characteristic genera are Batli- modon, Hipposyus, and Plienacodns. The following new species are described :■ — Ectoganus gliriformis (gen. et sp. nov.), Calamodon simplex (gen. et sp. nov.), C. arcamceniis, C. yiovomeliicanus^ Estlionyx lisidcatvs, E. Burmeisterii, E. acer^ E. miticulvs., Memscotherium chamense (gen. et sp. nov.), BatJimodon simvs, B. molestiis, B. lomas^ B. elepliantopus, Phenacodus prima VKS, P. omnivorvs, P. sulcatus, Oxyc^tm lupina (gen. et sp. nov.), 0. morsitans, 0. forcipaia, Pacliymm ossifraga {gen et sp. nov.), Protoiomus viverrinus (gen. et sp. nov.), P. insidiosns, P. Jarrovii, Limnocyon protemis, Alligator chamensis, Plastomeyms lacJirymalis. The first four of the above belong to Toxodontia, an order new to North SUPPLEMENT POR 1874. 403 America. The lacustrine deposits of the Rio Grande are also described. The fauna protes to belong to that named Pliocene in Dakota and Colorado, and contains Hijypotheriwn, Protohippus, Procamelus, Canis, &c. New species: — Martes nambianus, Cosoryx ramosus (Cervidce), C. teres^ Hesperomys loxodon^ Panolax sanctcejidei (n. gen. and sp.), and Cathartes umhrosus. L. C. M. Cossa, Prof. Alfonso. Intorno alia Lherzolite di Locana nel1?ie- nionte. [Piedmontese Lherzolite.] Atti R. Ac. Sci. Torino^ t. ix. pp. 54:0-5do^ 2 pis. (coloured rock-sections). Describes Lherzolite. Gives analyses of olivine, enstatite, and diopside. Courtiller, — . Eponges fossiles des sables du terrain cretace superieur des environs de Saumur, suivies des nullipores a squelette siliceux. [Fossil Sponges and Siliceous-skeletoned Nulli- pores of U. Cretaceous Sand near Saumur.] Pp. 54, 106 plates. Paris. Cubich, Dr. G. Notizie naturali e storiche sull' Isola di Yeglia. [Natural History of the Island of Yeglia.] Pp. 144. Trieste. Contains some geological information. Davidson, Th. Sur les Brachiopodes Tertiaires de Belgique. [Belgian Tertiary Brachiopods.] Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. i.'i. Bull. pp. 20, pi. ii., iii. Translation by Th. Lefevre of the work noticed in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 293, with corrections made by the author's request. The name Crania Nysti is replaced by C. Adanii. W. H. D. Davies, William. Catalogue of the Pleistocene Vertebrata from the neighbourhood of Ilford, Essex, in the Collection of Sir Antonio Brady. For private circulation. Pp. xxvii and 75 ; Plate and 3 woodcuts. 4to. London. The Introduction, by Sir A. Brady, pp. vii-xvii, gives an account of the origin of the collection, offers an explanation of the occurrence of so many fossil animals in the Ilford marshes. A Description of the liocality, with Note on the Mammalian Remains, by H. Woodward and W. Davies (pp. xviii-xxvii) is largely derived from papers published in the Geol. Mag. The descriptive catalogue (pp. 1-62) contains an jiccount of the collection, now in the British Museum. The fossils are referable to the following species : — Felis spela^a, Canis vulpes, Ursus, El ephas piimi genius^ E. antiqims, Rhinoceros leptorhinus, R. megarJdnus, R. tichorhimis, Equus fossilis, Megaceros Eibernicus, Cervus elapJiuSj C. sp.. Bison priscus, Bos giganteus, Hijjpopotamus, &c. An appendix contains a letter from Prof. W. Flower, lists of Mammalia from Ilford in other collections, a note on Rhinoceros leptorhinus by H. Woodward, and other matter chiefly extracted from the Geol. Mag. L. C. M. Dawson, G. M. The Lignite Formations of the West. Canad. Nat. n. s. vol. vii. pp. 241-252. Describes a region on the 49th parallel. The W. coal-bearing rocks 2d2 404 SUPPLEMENT FOR 1874. are mostly hidden by the Cretaceous. The base of the lignitic is the *' Roche Percee," a hard nodular sandstone weathering into fantastic shapes, and resembling the base of the Wyoming Lignitic. The thickest coal-seam in the Souris valley is 7^ feet, in Porcupine Creek 18 feet. The presence of Corhula indicates brackish as well as fresh water. The lignite is prone to smoulder away in place. The series is most developed in Montana Territory, extending to the Coteau de Missouri, proving the former existence of forests in a now treeless region. Analyses of lignite from Souris Yalley and Porcupine Creek are given. The horizontality of the beds would enable the " long wall" system to be adopted. The base of the Lignitic is Lowest Tertiary (Eocene), an ex- tension of Hayden's Port Union group. E,. B. N. Delestre, E. A propos de la mer interieure en Algerie, ou fausse interpretation geographique. [The Inland Algerian Sea.] Pp. 23. Algiers. Desplace, — . Resistance des pierres a I'ecrasement. [Crushing Resistance of Stone.] Bull. Soc. Sci. Indust. Marseille^ t. i. pp. 189-204. Account of experiments, made in 1845, on 88 kinds of stone. Dewalque, G. Quelques notes sur le sondage Menin. [Boring at Menin.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. i. Bull. pp. Ixxv, Ixxvi. Cretaceous on Silurian ? Compte Rendu de la Reunion Extraordinaire de 1874 tenue a Marche du 4 au 6 Octobre. [Excursion at Marche.] Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. i. Bull. pp. Ixxviii-xcv. Details of ground traversed (Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian). Doering, Dr. Ad. Studien iiber die chemischen und physikalischen Verhaltnisse des Bodens der Pampa-Eormation. [Chemical and Physical Composition of the Soil of the Pampas.] La Plata Monatsschrift, no. 8, pp. 113-119. Eisen, Gustaf. Om foglars formaga att bidraga till sammanbland- ning af fossilforande jordlag. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork. Arg. 31, no. 7, pp. 17-21, pi. vii. (section). Refers to San Pedro, California. Elliot, Prof. J. Geology of the Hawick District. Proc. Berwick. Field Club, vol. vii. no. 1, pp. 71-74. In Teviotdale above and for 4 miles below Hawick the rocks are Silurian ; Old Red Sandstone occurs lower down the vaUey. The hills are capped by basalt, and the district is traversed by basaltic dykes. W. T. Feistmantel, Karl. Die Steinkohlenbecken bei Klein- Prilep, Lisek, Stilec, Holoubkau, Mireschau und Lelkow. [Coal- basins, Bohemia.] SUPPLEMENT FOR 1874, 405 Arb. geol. Abth. Land, Bohm. i Theil. ii Band, ii Abth. pp. 17-98, with 9 woodcuts. Descriptions of the coal basins of the above localities, with woodcuts, sections, and lists of the fossils (chiefly plants) found at each place. Felkner, J. [Coal and Iron in Russia.] Pp. 174. 1 map. St, Petersburg. Firket, Ad. Notice sur la carte de la production par commune, des carrieres de la Belgique pendant I'annee 1871. [On the Map showing the production of the Quarries of Belgium in 1871.] Pp. 46. Brussels. . Sur des nouveaux fossiles du systeme houiller. [New Coal Measure Fossils.] Afin. Soc. Geol. Belg. t. i. Bull. pp. Ixxvi, Ixxvii. Patella (? n. sp.) and Anthracosia^ from Val Benoit mine. Frankland, Dr. E., and J. C. Morton. Fifth Report on the Pollution of Rivers. Pollution arising from Mining operations and Metal Manufactures. 2 vols. Fol. London. Vol. i. Report and maps, pp. 52 ; treats of the composition of waters flowing from mines. Vol. ii. Evidence. Gasparin, P. de. [Marl from Blancafort (Cher).] Journ. Agric, France, p. 172. Analysis given. The marl belongs to the U. Cretaceous, and contains very little phosphoric acid. Geikie, Prof. A. Geological Notes in '* A Botanico- Geological Ex- cursi(m into the Grampians." Nature., vol. x. pp. 91, 92. The Alpine flora of Britain is best developed in the Grampians. The distribution of species, however, appears to depend more upon the general physical geography of the country than upon the nature of its rocks. W. T. Genth, F. A. On American Tellurium and Bismuth Minerals. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. pp. 223.-231. The minerals treated of are — Native Tellurium ; Tetradymite ; Altaite ; Hersite, Auriferous Hersite ; Petzite ; Syvalenite ; Calaverite ; TeUurate of copper and lead, a new mineral ; Bismuthinite ; Schirmerite, a new mineral. R. E., Jun. Gore, J. E. A Glossary of Fossil Mammalia for the use of students of Palaeontology. Pp.51. 8vo. Roorhee {India). Short notices of genera, alphabetically arranged. Guillier, — , and [G.] de Tromelin. [Silurian of the Sarthe.] Bull. Soc. Agr. Sci. Sarthe, t. xxii. p. 585. Entered as a separate work and without abstract in the Geological Record for 1874, p. 69. Describes Orthonota Lehescontei (n. sp.). Guyard, Antony. [Flint with Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid.] Bull, Soc. Chim. Paris. 406 SUPPLEMENT FOE 1874. Hagen, H. On Amber in North America. Proe. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. pp. 296-302. Gives a section in Maryland. Harpe, Phil, de la. Note sur les Nummulites de Crimee. [Crimean Nummulites.] Bull. Soc. Vcmd. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, vol. xiii. pp. 267- 272. Hubert, Prof. E. Note sur la couche a dents de squales de'couverte a Bruxelles par M. Eutot. Ann. Soc. Oeol. Bekj. t. i. Bulletin, pp. Ixxiii-lxxv. List of fossils (Eocene) and section. Heer, Dr. Oswald. Om nagra fossila vaxter fran on Sachalin. [Miocene Plants from Saghalien.] (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork. Arg. 31, no. 10, pp. 29-31. Helland, A. Om gehalten af Slam i Braeelve. [Amount of Mud in Glacial Rivers.] Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh. Bd. ii. no. 21. The Justedal glacier (Norway), 70 kilometres long and averaging 12 broad, is the subject of inquiry. The main conclusions are as follows : — • 1. On a July day the 9 outlets carry to the lakes and fjord 2 million kilogrammes of suspended materials, with 770,000 kilogrammes in solution. 2. Annual quantity, estimated close to the glacier where the contents are very variable, 180 million kilogrammes in suspension, 13 million in solution. 3. Annual quantity, estimated where rivers debouch on larger sheets of water, and where the contents are less variable, 170 million kilogrammes in suspensiou, 50 million in solu- tion. At sp. gr. 2-Q, 180 million kilogrammes of mud represent 69,000 cubic metres of stone as removed yearly. H. M. Helmhacker, Rud. Geognostische Beschreibung eines Theiles der Gegend zwischen Benesov und der Sazava. [Geological Descrip- tion of Part of the District between Benesov and the Sazava.J Arh. geol. Abth. Land. Bohm. 1 Theil, ii. Bd. Ab. 2, Theil 1, pp. 411-446, with 1 map and 1 plate of sections. Hennessy, Henry. Note on additional Instances of the Tidal Floata- tion of Sand. Proc. B. Irish Acad. ser. ii. vol. i. no. 9, p. 554. Hertzer, H. W. Die QueUen-Temperatur der Hartzgegend in der Richtung und Hohe zwischen Halberstadt und dem Brockengipfel. [Temperature of Springs in the Region of the Hartz, between Halberstadt and the Brocken.] Reprint from the Programme des Gymnasiums zu Wernigerode. Pp. 88. Hunt, Dr. T. S. [On the crystalline rocks of the Blue Ridge.] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. pp. 115, 116. . .[Stratification of Rock-masses.] Ibid. pp. 237, 238. . The Deposition of Clays. Ibid. pp. 302-304. SUPPLEMENT FOR 1874. 407 Hyatt, A. Evolution of the Arietidae [group of Ammonites]. Froc.^ Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xvi. pp. 166-170. Issel, Prof. A. Geologia e paleontologia, Istruzioni seientifiche pei viaggiatori. [Geological part of Scientific Instructions for Tra- vellers.] Riuista Marittima. Itier, Jules. Des Forets Petrifiees de I'Egypte et de la Libje, et du role qu'ont joue les Eaux Minerales dans les Formations Geologiques posterieures aux Depots des Terrains Tertiaires. [The Petrified Forests of Egypt and Libya, and the Part played by Mineral Waters in post-Tertiary Times.] Pp. 16. 8vo. Montjpellier, . Des Brcches Osseuses des cotes des environs de Marseille. Pp. 5. [Annexed to the foregoing.] Jenkinson, H. T. Practical Guide to the Isle of Man. 8vo. London. Mineralogy by B, M. Wright, pp. 217-238, with a descriptive list of the minerals of the island, and a list of the metalliferous mines. GEOLottr, pp. 239-248. W. W. Jolinson, M. H. The Nature and Formation of Flint and allied bodies. Pp. 16, with plate. 8vo. London. Maintains that flint is an organic structure in which silica has at some stage of the decomposition replaced its isomorph carbonic anhy- dride. The siliceous structure thus produced has been altered by infil- tration of dissolved silica, which may have crystallized in its interior. By the action of acids on thin sections, the writer has revealed the existence of organic structure in Septaria from the London Clay and Kimeridge Clay, in ironstone from the Woolwich Beds, in flints and iron- pyrites from the Chalk, in phosphatic nodules from the Gault, in the Cambridge phosphatic nodules, in clay-ironstone from the Coal Measures, and probably in the small round grains in oolitic rocks. Also remarks on the production of orbicular silica. F. W. R. Karpinski, A. [The Geological Constitution of the Ural Mountains, near Orenburg.] Gornoi Journ. vol. ii. pp. 288-314, geol. map, 1 pi. (sections), 5 figs, in text. These mountains are composed of newer Silurian, Devonian, Mountain Limestone, and Sandstones. The map extends from the Ural River to the Bilaia Kieka. A. B. [The Composition of some Igneous Bocks.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iii. pp. 46-60. Kneeland, S. [On the Geology of the Pacific Railroad.] Proc. Boston hoc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. pp. 375, 376. [Abstract.] Kokscharow, N. v. Notiz uber Perowskit-Krystalle. [Perowskite Crystals.] Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petershourg, t. xx. pp. 276-292, 5 woodcuts. Goniomotrical measurements of specimens from the Ural 408 StrpPLBMENT FOR 1874. Kokscharow, N. v. Eesultate der genauen Messungen der Schwefel- Krj^stalle. [Measurements of Sulphur- Crystals.] Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, t. xx. pp. 292-299, 2 woodcuts. Specimens from Sicily, Spain, and Egypt. La Bruyere, — de, and — Trousset. Geographic nationale, phy- sique, politique, historique, industrielle, agricole et commerciale, avec la statistique la plus re'cente. Departement de I'Ain. [National, physical, .... Agricultural, and Commercial Geo- graphy. Department of the Ain.] Pp. 60, map. 32mo. Paris. Includes slight geological description. Lacaille, A. [Discovery of Bones of Ursus, &c. in the Alluvium of Fontaine.] Journal de Bolbec, 19 Oct., and Bull. Soc. Geol. Norm. t. ii. pp. 44, 45 (1875). Lawson, William. Geography of the British Empire. Ed. 7. 8vo. Edinburgh. Contains remarks on the geology and physical features of the British Islands, and notes on the minerals of the colonies. Li^nard, F. L'Homme de Cumieres pendant I'epoque neolithique (age du Renne). [Man at Cumieres during the Neolithic (Rein- deer) Epoch.] Verdun. Lindsay, Dr. W. L. Recent Gold-discoveries in Scotland. Perth- shire Constitutional^ Feb. 18. Refers to Bute and Lanarkshire. Lortet, Dr., et E. Chantre. Etudes Paleontologiques dans le bassin du Rhone. Periode quaternaire. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon., t. i. livr. 3, pp. 73-96. Continues the fauna of the Loess, proceeding to that of the caverns of the Deps. Doubs, Saone-et-Loire, Haute- Saone, Rhone, Ardeche, and Gard. Malaise, C. Sur la de'couverte du Dictyonema sociale, Salt., de la faune primordiale dans le massif de Rocroy. [Discovery of Dic- tyonema sociale in Revinian Ampelites at Rocroy.] Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg. t. xxxviii. pp. 464, 465. Marchand, — . [On Passyite.] Ann. Chim. Phys. ser. 5, t. i. Gives this name to an altered variety of flint found in the Pays de Caux, in the red clay overlying the chalk. It is called " caillou pourri " (rottenstone) by the workmen. G, a. L. Marsh, 0. C. Fossil Horses in America. Amer. Nat. vol. viii. p. 288. A popular sketch of the modifications of the equine type in the Ter- tiaries of America. . Notice of New Equine Mammals from the Tertiary formation. Amer. Journ. vol. vii. p. 247. Orohippus, Eocene of Wyoming and Utah : further details of BTIPPLEMENT FOR 1874. 409 structure are given. 0. major, the largest species, is described for the first time. MioMppus annectens, n. gen. and sp., is intermediate be- tween Orohipims and Anchitherium ; it differs from the former in having but three digits in the manus.- — Miocene of Oregon. Anchithe- rium anceps, n. sp., and A. celer, n. sp., are also Miocene equines. PlioTiippus pernioj, n. gen. and sp. (Pliocene of Nebraska), has no lateral digits. It is distinguished from Equus by the large antorbital fossa, the functional first upper premolar, and the molars, which have short crowns with simple folds of enamel. P. rohtistus, n. sp., ib., has longer and more complex upper molars Frotohippus avus, n. sp., Pliocene of Oregon, is represented by teeth, which most nearly resemble those of Anchitherium. Anchippns hrevidens^ n. sp., Pliocene of Oregon, is described from teeth. The descent of the equines is traced through the American genera as follows: — Orohippus^ Eocene; Miohippus and Anchitherium, Miocene ; Anchippus, Hipparion, Protohippiis, and Plio- hippus, Pliocene ; Equus, Quaternary. The principal succcbsive changes relate to — 1. Increase in size ; 2. Increase in speed, through concen- tration of limb bones ; 3. Elongation of head and neck, and modifica- tions of skull. The gradations of tooth-structure and arrangement are also noted. L. C. M. Marsh, 0. C. Small Size of the Brain in Tertiary Mammals. Amer. Journ. vol. viii. pp. 60. A progressive brain capacity, pari passu with geological time, is observed in the American Tertiary Ungulates. In Dinoceras (Eocene) the brain-cavity is only one eighth that of a rhinoceros. L. C. M. Mayer, Karl. NatUrliche, gleichmassige und practische Classification der Sediment-Gebilde. [Classification of the Sedimentary Forma- tions.] A Broadsheet. Zurich. A table of European formations arranged under 8 " Gebilde " or groups of beds, e. g. " Tertiar-Gebilde," which are divided into 57 sub- groups, the names of which end alike, e. g. " Astian," and these again into 136 members. G. A. L. Milner, Rev. Thos. The British Islands : their Physical Geography and Natural History. New Edition. Pp. vi, 328 ; woodcuts. [Not dated.] Geological notes throughout; but the subject is especially treated in Chap. iv. pp. 81-116, The Great Geological Foimations; Chap. x. pp. 287-324, Modern Geological Changes. W. T. Mischennov, — . [Geological Observations on the Line of the Eail- road from Lozovo to Sebastopol.] Gornoi Journ. vol. iv. pp. 170- 193, 1 pi. (sections). Mostly fossiliferous Tertiaries. Murray, A. Peport upon the Geological Survey [of Newfoundland] for the Year 1873. Pp. 69. 8vo. St. John's. Physical Geography, pp. 1-17; Carboniferous Series, with sections, 410 SIJPPLEMEXT POR 1874. pp. 17-45 ; Faults, pp. 45-52 ; Laurentian and L. Silurian, with sections, pp. 53-61 ; Coal, gypsum, lead- and iron-ore, pp. 61-68. W. H. D. Nahanik [=G. H. Kinahan]. Irish Salmon Rivers and their Geology. River Slaney. Land and Water. Describes the course of the river and the rocks of the country it flows through. The upper part of the valley is at one side of the Wicklow and Carlow chain of hills, while the lower part is at the other, a low bank of gravelly drift preventing the water from the upper part from flowing into the Barrow. The valley crosses the strike of the rocks ; yet there are no rapids or falls, as the rivercourse runs along lines of recent faults and shrinkage-fissures. G. H. K. Nordenskiold, Prof. A. E. Om kosmiskt stoft som med nederborden faUer till jordytan. [Meteoric Dust.] (Efvers. K. Vet. Ahad. Fork. Arg. 31, no. 1, pp. 3-12. Analysis of Cryoconite by G. Lindstrom. Paisley, Rev. C. H. On the Post-Pliocene Formation near Bathurst, New Brunswick. Canad. Nat. n. ser. vol. vii. pp. 268-270. Describes the Boulder Clay, Leda Clay, and Saxicava Sand (descending order). Correlates the series with those of the St. Lawrence and St. John, giving a list of fossils. R. B. N. Paladini, L. II nuovo mare del Sahara algerino. [The new Sea of the Algerine Sahara.] Giornale Politico e Commercio, Messina, no. 115. Supplement. Pengelly, W. The Time that has Elapsed since the Era of the Cave Men of Devonshire. Science Lectures for the People^ Fifth series, pp. 123-139. 8vo. Manchester. Raewski, M. Die westliche Landes-Expedition zur Untersuchung der Boden-Beschaffenheit und Beniitzbarkeit in Russland. [Western Expedition to inquire into the Resources of Russia.] St. Petersburg. Rath, G. V. Ueber eine Fundstatte von Monticellitkrystallen in Begleitung von Anorthit auf der Pesmeda Alpe am Monzoniberge in Tyrol. [Monticellite and Anorthite, Monzoni Mt., Tyrol.] Monatsb. 7c. preuss. Ah. Wiss. pp. 737-752, 2 pi. [See above, p. 254.] Reclus, Elisee. Voyage aux regions minieres de la Transylvanie occidentale, 1873. [Visit to the Mining-districts of W. Tran- sylvania.] Le Tour clu monde, vol. xxviii. pp. 48, 2 maps. Reynes, Dr. P. Sur quelques points de I'organisation des Ammonites. [Structure of Ammonites.] Bull. Soc. Sci. Indust. Marseille, t. i. pp. 80-88. Treats firstly of the changes in ornamentation in some species, and secondly of the modifications of the last whorl in some of the Amraoni- SUPPLEMENT FOR 1874. 411 tidae (Ammonites, Ancyloceras, JScaphites, etc.). These changes are either in the mode of the ornamentation or in the spiral relation of the whorl. The object is to point out causes which have contributed to the manufacture of majiy species from characters really due to ago, size, and other individual conditions. G. A. L, Reynes, Dr. P. Deux nouveaux mineraux de la mine du cap Garonne. [Two New Minerals from the Cap Garonne Mine.] Bull. Soc. Sd. Indust. Marseille, t. i. pp. 121-123. The new minerals are Fieldingite, a variable double sulphide of lead and copper, allied to Cuproplumbite and Alisonite ; and Gregite, a double sulphate of copper, mistaken for Lettsomite. These, with many other minerals, occur at the base of the Trias immediately above the red Permian shales, a few kilometres from Pradet near Toulon. G. A. L. . [The Variations, Lithological and Palaeontological, observable in the same Geological Period.] Ball. Soc. Sci. Indust. Marseille, t. i, pp. 113-115. Gives 3 cases illustrating the laws of varying sedimentation and the geographical distribution of animals in Oolitic times, showing, 1, Identity of sediments and fauna ; 2, Diversity of sediments with identity of fauna ; and, 3, Diversity of both sediments and fauna ; all in rocks of the same age. G. A. L. Roemer, Prof. F. Aus Schlesiens prahistorischer Zeit. [Prehistoric Times in Silesia.] Verein filr das Museum schlesischer Alter- thiimer in Breslau. 4to. Pp. 23, pi. 2. Rousset, A., and A. Pinet. Geographie du Jura. Topographic, statistique, administration, histoire, agriculture, Industrie, com- merce. [Geography of the Jura. Topography, Statistics, Agri- culture, &c.] Pp. 130. 18mo. Paris. Contains some geological and mining information. Sagot, Prof. Generalites sur la Guyane. Configuration et nature du sol, distribution des eaux, vegetation sauvage. [Guiana. Con- figuration and Nature of the Soil, Hydrography, etc.] Pp. 35. Cluny. Contains brief geological information. Sauvage, Dr. H. E. Memoire sur les Sauriens et les Crocodiliens des Terrains Jurassiques de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Mem. Soc. OeoL France, 2 ser. t. x. 6 plates. The new generic and specific names of Morinosaurus tyjous are given to a new Dinosaurian, and those of Hcematosaurus lanceolatus to a Cro- codilian. The following species are new : — Cetiosaurus Rigauxi, Steneo- samms Bouchardi, S. rndis, S. morinicus, Metriorhgnchus littoreus, Machimosaurus hathonicus, M. interruptus, M. ferox, and M. Rigauxi. E. T. N. 412 SUPPLEMENT FOR 1874. Schmidt, Dr. C. Hydrologische Untersucliungen. Bull. Soc. Imp, Sci. St. Petersbourg, t. xx. pp. 130-169. Analyses by the author, Dr. J. Grimm, and others (some quoted) of waters and mud from the Aral, Caspian, White, Dead, and Frozen Seas, and several rivers and lakes. W. H. D. Schmidt, F. Miscellanea Silurica. II. Ueber neue und wenig bekannte baltisch-silurische Petrefacten. [New and little -known Fossils from the Baltic Silurian.] Mem. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Peters- bourg, ser. vii. t. xxi. no. 11, pp. 48, pis. i.-iv. Describes amongst others the following new species : — Asteroblastus tuber culat as, A. Volborthii, Bothriocidaris Pahleni, Glyptocystites sculptus, G. Volborthii, and Tetraclium (n. gen.) Wrangeli. W. H. D. Seidlitz, Dr. C. v. Das General-Nivellement Esthlands. [General Levelling, Esthonia.] Sitz. nat. Ges. Dorpat, Bd. iii. pp. 359-379. A few geological notes. Selwyn, A. R. C. Notes on a Journey through the North West Territory, from Manitoba to Rocky Mountain House. Canacl. Nat. n. 8. vol. vii. pp. 193-216, &c. The hills are covered with Drift and Erratic blocks of various rocks. Silurian Limestone boulders occur on the 1st and 2nd prairie steppes. At Rocky Mountain House the boulders are chiefly Coal Measure sand- stone and ? Potsdam quartzite. Ascending the Saskatchewan the metamorphic rocks and gold disappear. Tertiary and Cretaceous silicified wood occurs n6ar here, and 86 miles from Rocky Mt. House is a seam of coal 18-20 feet thick. Below Victoria are flagstone, limestone, and septarian clay ; at Cedar Lake Silurian limestone appears, and Devonian limestone on L. W^innipegosis and Manitoba. R. B. N. Siewert, Dr. C. Ueber einige Mineralwasser und Heilquellen der Argentinischen Republik. [Some Mineral Springs of the Argentine Republic] La Plata Monat3schrift, no. 11, pp. 161-167, no. 12, pp. 177-178 ; and Zeitsch. gesammt. Nat. Bd. x. pp. 481-501. Skene, A. J., and R. B. Smyth. Report on the Physical Character and Resources of Gippsland. Ed. 2. Pp. 67. 8vo. Melbourne. (For notice of Ed. 1, see Geological Recokd for 1874, p. 155.) Spiess, F. Physikalische Topographic von Thiiringen. [Physical Topography of Thuringia.] Pp. 144, 2 maps. Weimar. Part iv. deals with the geology of the country and the adjoining regions as far as the Hartz and the Rhone. Stoppani, Prof. A. II mare glaciale a piedi delle Alpi. [Glacial Sea at the Foot of the Alps.] Rivista Italiana. Struckmann, Amstrath C. Geognostiche Skizze der Umgegend von Hannover. [Geological Sketch of the Neighbourhood of Hanover.] Pp. 26, with geological map after H. Credner. Hanover. A re- 8TJPPLEMENT TOR 1874. 413 print from " Hannover und Umgegend. Entwickelung und Zustande seiner Industrie und Gewerbe." G. A. L. Stuart, Dr. Charles. Anniversary Address. Proc. Berwick. Field Club, vol. vii. no. 1, p. 1. Notes on the Geology of the Greenses, near Berwick, pp. 5, 6, the Blackadder and Whitadder, pp. 19-23. Terquem, 0. Eecherches sur les Foraminiferes du Departement de la Moselle. Paris. Plates. Monograph of the Foraminifera of the Ammonites Parlcinsoni Zone, including the genera Polymorjohina, Guttulina, Spiroloculina, Triloculina, and Quinqueloculina. E. T. N. Thalen, R. Redogorelse for en ny method, att medelst magnetiska matningar undersoka jernmalmsfalt, jemte anforande af nagra i sammanhang dermed anstalda experimenter. [Account of a Method of exploring an Iron-ore District by means of Magnetic o Measurements, etc.] (Efu. k. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Arg, 31, no. 2, pp. 5-17, pi. 1. . Cm de isodynamiska ytorna kring en vertikal magnetstang, med tillampning haraf vid en pa magnetiska matningar grundad undersokning af jernmalmsfalt. [Application of Magnetism to the o Discovery of Iron-ores.] CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Arg. 31, no. 5, pp. 7-19. Om magnetiska matningar a jernmalmsfalt. [On Magnetic Measurements in an Iron-ore District.] CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Arg. 31, no. 8, pp. 3-23, pi. viii. Theobald, — . Naturgeschichtliche Beitrage zur Kenntniss- der Umgebungen von Chur. [Natural History of the Neighbourhood of Chur.] Pp. 70, map. Chur. A geological chapter, with lists of minerals and analyses of mineral- springs, in a book published in remembrance of the 57th Meeting of the Swiss Naturalists at Chur. G. A. L. ThioUier, A. La mine de Largentiere et celle de Revest. [Lar- gentiere and Revest Mines,] Bull. Soc. Sci. Indust. Marseille., t. i. pp. 185-187. Describes these two ancient copper and silver mines near Hyeres in their now abandoned state. The debris indicate a large proportion of silver. Toula, Prof. Dr. Fr. Eine geologische Reise nach dem Ural. [Geological Visit to the Urals.] Jahresh. Handelsm. Pp. b2 ; 1 geological map. Vala, Jos., and R. Helmhacker. Das Eisensteinvorkommen in der Gegend zwischen Prag und Beraun. [Iron-ore between Prague and Beraun.] Arh. geol. Abth. Land. Bohm. 1 Theil, ii. Bd. ii. Abtheil. pp. 99-407, with 6 plates, map, and 9 woodcuts. 414 SUPPLEMENT I'OR 1874. Villot, — . [The Keyran Coal-field.] Bull. Soc. Sci. Indast. Marseille , t. i. pp. 105-107. Description of tAVO small Coal Measure basins in the Yar, contain- ing both anthracite and bituminous coals, of which 3 or 4 seams from 2 to 3 feet thick are workable. Gives mean analj'sis of the coal. G. A. L. . [Coke found in lignite.] Ball. 8oc. ScL Indiist. Marseille, t. i.p. 177. Note of occurrence in Ardeche. Wahl, 0. W. The Land of the Czar ; a Statistical, Geographical, Historical, and Geological Account of the Eussian Empire. 8vo. Wanklyn, J. A., and E. T. Chapman. Water Analysis. Ed. 3 (entirely re-written by Wanklyn). Pp. xii, 138. 8vo. London. Many analyses of waters. Winkler, Dr. T. C. Xote sur une nouvelle espece de Lejndotus. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege., ser. 2, t. iv. pp. 2, pi. i. Describes Lepidotas Mohimonti., a new species from U. Lias of Luxembourg. Wrede, Fab. Om undersokning af jernmalmsfalt medelsfcmagnetiska observationer. [Exploring for Iron-ore by the Magnet.] (JEfv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork. Aarg. 31, no. 5, pp. 33-39. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfabrt. 2 Bd. Wisscnschaftliche Ergebnisse. 2 Abth. [2nd German N.-polar Expedition, vol. 2. Scientific Results.] Leipzig. English Translation by L. Mercier, edited by H. W. Bates. 8vo. I^ondon. 1. Preface, by F. v. Hochstetter. 2. Geology of E.Greenland, with a sketch-map : General Sketch, by Dr. F. Toula ; Description of local Geology, by Dr. 0. Lenz. 3. Description of Mesozoic Fossils from Kuhn Island, by Dr. Toula (2 plates). 4. Analysis of Rocks from E. Greenland, by J. Stingl. 5. Fossil Plants from E. Greenland (plate). W. W. Atlas der Erdkunde (Geologic und Meteorologie\ [Geological and Meteorological Atlas]. 1(3 plates with explanatory' text. By Prof. B. von Cotta and J. Miiller. Leipzig. France. Carte geologique de la France. Scale 1 : 80,000. Paris. A. Title ; B. Index map ; C. Technical signs, &c. ; D. Geol. colours, signs, &c., in 7 sheets. 12 Ordinary sheets (nos. 31, Rouen ; 32, Beauvais ; 33, Soissons : 47, Evreux ; 48, Paris ; 49, Meaux ; 64, Chartres; 65, Melim ; 66, Provins ; 79, Chatcaudun ; 80, Fontaine-, blcau ; 81, Sens). 6 sheets of sections. G. A. L. srrPLEMENT FOB 1874. 415 Java. Aiif Altcnstadt : Natuiiren staatbuisVioudkuiidig-e Atlas der residentie Bagelen, eiland Java. By J. J. F. W. v. d. W. v. Schmidt. Fol. Leyden. 12 maps, the 1st geological, the 2nd mining. Lomont Range. Carte orographique, stratigraphique et gcognos- tiqiie d un fragment de la chaine de Lomont entre Bcsangon et Beaume-les-Dames. [Orographieal, Stratigraphical, and Geog- nostic Map of Part of the Lomont Range between Besanoon and Beaume-les-Dames.] By A. N. Parandier. Paris. Segre, Maine-et-Loire. Carte geologique de I'arrondissement de Segre, Maine-et-Loire. [Geological Map of the Arrondissement of Segre, Maine-et-Loire]. By — Danton. Paris. Upper Silesia. Karte von den Bergwerken nnd Hiitten in Ober- schlesien. [Mining Map of U. Silesia.] By G. Horold. Pol. Breslaii. Zwickau. Karte der Steinkohlenfelder des niedererzgebirgischen Kohlenbecken. [Map of the Zwickau Coal-fields.] 4 sheets. Scale 1 : 25,000. ZivicJcau. 416 POSTSCRIPT. The following papers of 1875 came to hand as this sheet was passing through the press : — Bell, I. L. On some supposed changes Basaltic Veins have suf- fered during their passage through and contact with Stratified Rocks, and on the Mariner in which these Rocks have been affected by the heated Basalt. Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 543. Gaueval, A. La France dans I'Europe commerciale et industrieUe. [France as a Unit in Commercial and Industrial Europe.] 12mo. Lyons. Includes an estimate of the mineral resources of the country. Le Play, F., et A. Delaire. La Constitution de I'Angleterre con- sideree dans ses rapports avec la loi de Dieu et les coutumes de la paix sociale. Precedee d'apergus sommaires sur la nature du sol et I'histoire de la race. 2 vols. 12mo. Tours. The first chapters are geological and geographical. INDEX. Note. — Most of the principal localities referred to in this work are indexed under the countries to which they belong, in addition to the separate references to towns and villages ; and most of the minor subdivisions of formations are also indexed under the names of the larger groups to which they belong. [For Index of New Species, see pp. 342-357.] Aach, 76. Aachenian, 49. Abel, Prof., 206. Abich, Prof. H., 47. Ablancourt, 210. Abyssinia, 146, 397. Acheulean, 85. Achiardi, A. d', 206, 229, 297, 372. Achrematite, 250. Acidaspis, 316. Ackermann, 47, 383. Acropolis, 87. Acton. E., 147. Acy, E. d', 372. Adams, Prof. A. L., 271. , W., 383. , W. H. D., 372, 377. Adams Co., 120, 211. Adelaide, 151. Adiantites, 336. Adlerstam, Capt. L., 187. Afghanistan, 1. Africa, 144, 395, 397. — — , Central, 145. , South, 144-146, 207, 261. , West. 145, 146. Agassiceras, 312. Agate, 241, 245. Agricultural Chemistry, 263. Society, Eoyal, 372. Agriculture, 7, 201, 411. Aigner, A., 197. Aigues-Mortes, 82. Ain, 101, 102, 339, 408. Airthrey Springs, 268. Aisne, 49. 1875. Aix-la-Chapelle, 48, 86. Akerman, E.., 229, Aknank, 141. Alabama, 114, 129, 130. Alaska, 128, 141. Alcyonaria, 304. Alecto, 319. Algeria, 144-146, 188, 236, 269, 291, 301, 373, 379, 404, 410. Algiers, 144. Alheur, 81. AHn, I. of, 391. Alkaline Chlorides, 268. Alleghany, 113. Allport, S., 206. Alluvial deposits, 45. 63, 89, 113, 180, 393, 400. Alps, 48, 68, 76, 80, 91, 98, 99, 101, 103, 313, 321, 369, 412. , Pre-Miocene, 395. Alsace, 78, 95, 247, 373, 392. Altai, 140. Altum-Artush, 141. Alum Slates, 313. Amazons, 127. Amber, 294, 406. Ameghino, F., 372. America, 118, 125, 126, 285, 312, 373, 375, 384, 405, 408. , British North, 395. • , North, 318, 319, 375, 406. Amiens, 83. Amiot, H., 400. Ammon, L. von, 47. Ammonites, 307, 312, 317, 326, 386, 407, 410. Ammonium Oxalate, 261. Amorphozoa, 331. Ampelite, 408. Amphibole, 391. Amphicentrum, 294. Amsterdam Island, 168. Amu Delta, 134. Amygdaloidal Mela- phyres, 145. Analyses, 2, 8, 10, 11, 19, 31, 34, 65, 66, 79, 85, 90, 96, 110, 114-116, 127, 129, 130, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141, 154, 159, 168, 190, 201, 206-214, 216-224, 226, 230-235, 238-240,242-247,249- 251, 255, 258, 261, 262, 267,401-405,414. Anatase, 247. Andalusia, 81. Andenne, 63, 337. Anderlecht, 106. Andermatt, 99. Anderson, W., 197. Anderson Valley, 128. Andes, 131. Andre, G. G., 197. Andrew, T., 1. Andrews, Prof. E., 271. , Prof. E. B., 113, 332, 334. , Dr. T., 229, 267. Andrewsite, 240, 251. Anger, F. A., 206. Anglesite, 236. Angola, 146. 2e 418 INDEX. Anhydrite, 262. Animal Life in the Deep Sea, 190. Anomalodonta, 297. Anorthite, 241, 410. Ansted, Prof. D. T., 400. Anstie, J., 361, 362. Antelope-Deer, 276. Anthracite, 16, 128, 129, 243. Antimony, 81, 119, 156, 159, 162, 230, 231, 249, 264. Antwerp, 55, 105. Eoads, 47. Sands, 67. Apatite, 53, 232, 262. Apennines, 64, 99. Aphthalose, 257. Apophyllite, 260. Aporrhaidcs, 307. Appalachians, 115. Appleton, 373. , E., 198. Apuan Alps, 99. Arabia, 140. Aralo-Caspian Depres- sion, 177. Arcelin, M., 60. ArchaBology, 204, Archer, Prof., 205. Arctic Eegions, 109-112, 181, 184, 185, 187, 226, 234,271,324,338,414. Shell-bed, 329. Arctosaurus, 271. Ardeche, 286. Ardennes, 49, 77, 208, 278. Arenig Eocks, 18, 311. Argentine Mine, 125. Eepubhc, 246, 372, 401, 412. Ariege, 389. ArietidcB, 407. Arizona, 132. Arkansas, 264. Arrho, 146. Arrowsmith, A. B., 164. Artesian Wells, 92, 145, 385, 386. Arthur's Seat, 25. Artois, 395. Arvicola, 287. Arzruni, Dr. A., 48. Asar, 184. Ash-rain, 212. Ashe County, 393. Ashenden, C., 203. Ashes, 219. , Volcanic, 224. Asia Minor, 72, 141, 396. Asphalt, 243. Asphaltic Coal, 124. Aspidiophyllum, 323. Assam, 137. Asteria Limestone, 326. Asteroidea, 321. Asturias, 68. Ath, 86. Ath abaskaw-Mackenzie Valley, 128. Athens, 87. Atlantic, 382. Atterberg, A., 230. Atthey, T.,271. Attwood, M., 230. Aube, 300. Auchinlea, 12. Aude, 102, 358. Audouard, 267. Augite-porphyries, 210. Aulacoceras, 307. Aulopora, 319. Auriferous Beds. {See Gold.) Aust Cliff, 2. Austin, Fort-Major T., 297. Australia, 147, 148, 158, 218, 262, 272, 284, 289, 304, 328, 336. , South, 153, 305, 358. , West, 150, 152,163, 358. Austria and Hungary, 20, 47, 54, 57, 63-66, 69- 74, 76, 79-81, 84, 85, 87-93. 96-99, 101-104, 107, 108, 184, 197, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 217-219, 222, 224, 230-232, 238, 239, 241, 242, 245. 248, 249-252, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 264, 272, 273, 281-283, 290, 294, 298, 307, 309- 311,313,317,325, 330, 340, 358, 383, 402, 404, 406, 410, 413. Autun, 339. Autunite, 233. Auvergne, 57, 391. Aveline, W. T., 40, 360, 370, 371. Avicula contorta, 58. Avignon, I'Abbe, 383. Axerio, G., 400. Azen, 358. Babanek, F., 231. Bachmann, Prof. I., 48, 271, 383. Baden, 391. Bagneres-de-Luchou, 54. Baily, W. H., 12, 297. Bakonlovski, 401. Bakony, 212. Bakonywald, 69. Baku, 386. Bale, 86, 378. Balerna, 51. Balfour, Dr. J. B., 165. Ball, v., 134. Ballycastle, 28, 40. Ballynahinch Spa, 267. Baltic, 382, 390, 412. Baltzer, Dr. A., 48, 49, 99, 207. , Dr. B., 231. Bamber, H. K., 383. Bamle, 255. Banbury, 2, 323. Barachon, 207. Barbadoes, 173, 304. Barbot de Marny, N., 134, 401. Barcena, M., 114, 231, 297, 401. Barkas, W. J., 272. Barnett, A. K., 240. Barnsley, 15. BarouHer, M., 400. Barral, J. A., 207, 401. Barre, 207. Barrois, Dr. C, 3, 4, 49, 50, 272, 297. Barrow, Eiver, 31. Barstow, Dr. W., 231. Bar-sur-Seine, 51. Bartonian Limestone, 106. Barytes, 262, 391. Basalt, 2, 15, HI, 173, 175, 176, 178, 207, 212, 215-217, 220, 224, 245, 402, 416. Basse-Deule, 57. Bassett, A., 4. Batavia, 385, 386. Bates, H. W., 163, 414. Bath, 44. Waters, 268. Batheaston, 268. Bathmodon, 275. Baths, 382. Bathurst, 410. Batrachia, 274, 275, 279, 332. INDEX. 419 Battle, 2. Bauer, W., 231. Baumhauer, H., 232. Bauxite, 207. Bavaria, 61, 71, 108. Baxa Beds, 138. Bayan, 297, 298. Beaches, 186. Beachy Head, 29. Beaume-les-Dames, 415. Beaumont, E. de, 170, 171. Beaupr6au, 267. Beck-Bernard, C, 401. Becker, Dr. E., 298. Bedfordshire, 26. Beghin, 207. Beilby, J. W., 198. Beiri\t, 199. Belemnites, 50, 106. Belfast, 229. Belgium, 47, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63, 67, 73, 77, 78, 81, 85, 89, 95, 96, 105, 106, 196, 198, 208, 219, 220, 238, 267, 268, 272, 282, 291, 294, 298, 315, 335, 337, 389, 393, 402-405, 414. Beliben, 401. Belinois, 68. Belknap, Gen. W. W., 401. Bell, A., 298. , J. L., 114, 416. Bellardi, Prof. I., 401. , L., 298. Belle-Isle-en-Mer, 244. Belleroj>hon, 330. Bellsound, 110. Belluno, 172. Beloe, C. H., 198. Belowda Hill Mine, 14. Belstone Consols, 37. Belt, T., 180, 181, 189. Belvedere Sands, 294. Beneden, P. J. van, 272, Benesov, 406. Benoit, E., 51. Bentham, G., 334. Beraun, 107, 413. Berendt, Prof., 366, 383. Berg, Dr. K., 114. Bergen Stift, 93. Berkshire, 24. Bern, 48. Bernese Alps, 103. Berry, 60, 303. Berthelin, G., 51. Berthelinia, 301. Berthoud, E. L.,- 115. Berweth, R, 232. Berwick, 237. Berwickshire, 37. Beryls, 252, 396. Besan9on, 57, 415, Bessels, Dr., 109, 112. Bessemer Steel, 230. Best, E., 200. Bewick, T. J., 198. Beyuat, 358. Beynes, 96. Bianconi, G. A., 51. Bibliographic Lists, 22, 25, 40, 63, 154, 168, 235. Bientina, 100. Billings, E., 313, 401. Bingera, 155. Bingmann, E., 51. Binney, E. W., 401. Binnie, A. R., 199. Biotite, 248. • Bird, J. L, 165. Birds, J. A., 4, 5. Birds, 272, 276, 287, 296. Bir Keraui, 269. Birresborn, 269. Biscay, 105. Bischof, F., 52, 233. Bisehoff, W., 163. Bismuth, 159, 201, 230, 405. Bitter Spar, 238. Bittner, A., 65, 298. Bitumen, 233. Bituminous Schists, 66. Black, Prof. J. G., 154. Blackburn, 22. Blackdown, 4. Black Hills, 125. Blackpool, 11. Black Sea, 382. Blair Country, 264. Blake, J., 207. , Rev. J. R, 5, 6, 292. , Prof. W. P., 398. Blancafort, 405. Blanford, H. R, 134, 135, 144, 258. , W. T., 135. Bleicher, 144, 373. Bleiglanz, 265. Blomberg, A., 369. Blowing Sand, 188. Blowpipe, 241, 253, 258, 261. Blue Ridge, 119, 406. Bockh, J., 273. Bohemia, 47, 57, 63, 197, 207, 224, 242, 336, 391, 402, 404. Bohmisch-Brod, 92. Bohni, 282. Bois-du-Rocher, 85. Boitza, 92. Bole, 245. Bologna, 64, 274. Bolton, 20. Bone, 192. Bone-Cave, 30, 33. {See Cave.) Bonn, 227. Bonney, Rev. T. G., 6, 180, 183. Bonwick, J., 148. Booth, B. S., 148. Boracic Acid, 269. Borate, Mineral, 255. Bordeaux, 277. Borden, Prof. W. W., 399. Boricky, Dr. E., 207, 402. Borings, 53, 57, 67, 92, 145, 385, 386. Boring MoUusca, 31. Borneo, 166, 168, ^99, 337. Bornholm, 69. Borre, A. P. de, 298. Borrowdale, 198. Bos, 290. Bosnia, 48. Boston, 130, 268. Botella, F., 52. Bothriospondylus, 281. Botryopteris, 339. Bott, A., 6. Bottger, Dr. O., 299. Botti, U., 52. Bou6, Dr. A., 52, 180. Bouhy, v., 199. Boulder Clay, 17, 22, 23, 28, 35, 181, 186. Boulders, 14, 29, 33. Boulger, G. S., 6, 373, 383. Boulogne-sur-mer, 392, 411. Boulonnais, 86, 291. Bourbon, 166, 386. Bourbonne-les-Bains, 235, 236. Bourg, 207. Bourg d'Oisans, 251. Bourguignat, J. B., 273. 2e2 420 INDEX. Boutillier, L., 52. Bowstead, 200. Brachiopods, 298, 302, 316, 403, Brachydiastematherium^ 273. Brachyura, 298. Bracquegnies, 56. Bradlev, Prof. F. H., 115,367. Brady, Sir A., 403. , H. B., 299. Brandt, Prof. J. F., 273, 402. Braun, A., 181, 334. Bravender, J., 200. Brazil, 114,121, 125,242, 254, 310, 312, 321. Breccia, Osseous, 94, 407. Breckinridge Co., 379. Brest, 65. Breton, Cape, 388, 395. Brevig, 253. Brewster, 235. Brezina, Dr. A., 233. Briart, A., 53, 56, 58, 61, 402. Brick-earth, 206, 396. Brick-hill, 26. Bridge of AUan, 268. Bridlington, 24. Brisbane, 389. Bristol, 2, 8, 38, 16, 286, 358. Bristow, H. W., 40, 53, 359. Britain, 375, 408. British America, 113-115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 128, 129, 262, 263, 318. Guiana, 115. . Isles, 187, 409. Seas, 192. Brittany, 65, 244, 303. Britton, J. B., 384. Broadhead, G. C, 114, 133, 233, 384. Brocken, 406. Brockway, C. J., 115. Brodie, Eev. P. B., 6, 299. Brogger, W. C, 53, 75, 299,300. Broin, 206. Brongniart, A., 334, 339. Brook, 292. Brooke/Sir v., 273. Brookite, 247. Brown, A. J., 170, 384. Brown, C. B., 115. , J. C, 144. , Dr. R., 109, 112, 181, 233. , T. F., 7. Browne, 156. Browning, A., 207. Brush, G. J., 233. Brusina, S., 325, 402. Brussels, 61, 78, 95, 106, 220, 391, 393, 406. Bruxellian, 96, 220. Bryce, Dr. J., 373. Brylinski, 384. Bryozoa, 315. Bucaille, E., 384. Buccinum, 387. Buchanan, 156. Buckman, Prof. J., 7. Budleigh Salterton, 327. Buffalo, 290. Buffalo Town, 308. Building-stoues, 204. Bukowina, 88. Bunter, 244. Burbank, L. S., 402. Burkart, Dr. J., 233. Burmah, 137, 173, 230. Burnett, 152, 389. Burnley, 22. Burnot, 337. Bums, D., 8, 359, 362, 365. Burrows, H. A., 273. Burthe, L., 402. , P. L., 53. Burton, Capt. R. F., 54, 121, 170, 384. Busk, Prof. G., 30, 35, 273. Bute, 14. Butler, A. J., 322. Butterflies, 322. ByssacantJius, 272. Cachar, 137. Caen, 308. Cairo, 288. Calais, 12, 393. , Pas de, 392. Calamine, 54. Calamites, 338. Calamodon, 276. Calcaire Grossier, 56, 83, 84, 280. Calcic Carbonate, 173. Calcite, 254, 261, 391. Caldbeck Fells, 242. Calderon, S., 54, 144. Caliche, 250. California, 116, 117, 125, 132, 239, 285, 302, 404. Callard, T. K., 373. Callovian, 102, 397. Camberwell, 6. Cambrian, 12, 18-21, 58, 78, 90, 107, 118, 119, 123, 125, 130, 138, 175, 253,299,311,362,363, 367, 369, 376, 404. Cambridge, 25, 245. Cambridgeshire, 6, 13, 25, 38. Camels, 276. ■ Cameron, Lieut., 145. Campbell, C R., 366. Campbell-Brown, Dr. J., 207. Campsie Fells, 45. Canada, 113, 114, 121, 123, 318, 403. Canary Isles, 144, 219. Cancer, Distribution of, 18. CandoUe, A. de, 335. Canidce, 273. Cannel Coal, 71, 392. Cannock Chase, 30. Canons, 128. Cape Breton, 323, 388, 395. Cape La Heve, 392. CapeUini, Prof. G., 54, 274, 402. Cape of Good Hope, 144, 146, 261, 336, 383. Capra, 282. Capron, H., 398. Carboniferous, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10-13, 15-17, 20-30, 32, 34, 36-38, 41, 45, 46, 48, 50, 55, 57, 58, 61,65-68,71,76,77,79, 87, 93, 96. 99, 104, 105, 109,110,113,114,118, 119,125-131,133,134, 140-142, 148, 150, 154, 156, 158, 159, 168, 175, 191, 198, 204, 218-221, 233,261,268,271,272, 274, 278-280, 281, 284, 287,292,295-299,305- 308,311,312,323,324, 328-330,334,335,337- 340, 358-371, 384, 389, 398, 404, 407, 409, 412, 414. INDEX. 421 Carboniferous Limestone, 61, 88, 395. Carbonite, 264. Carinthia, 264. Carlisle, 24. Carlsson, a. A., 369. Carne, E. T., 8, 208. Carnivora, 275, 276. Carolina, 383, 391. , North, 171, 402. Carpatliian Rocks, 52, 88. Carpenter, Dr. W. B., 181, 190, 300, 382. Carrara, 48. Carruthers, J., 170. Carter, Dr. H. J., 300. Carthagena, 82. Cartsdyke, 329. Cartwright, P. L., 199. Caspian, 177. Cassel, 383. Cassidaria, 307. Castillo, A. del, 233. Castleton, 33. Castracane, Count, 334. Castrocaro, 315. Catskill Mountains, 121. Caucasus, 47, 62, 63, 222, 387. Cavalli, Q., 384. Cave Men, 26, 410. Caves, 2, 6, 17, 26, 30, 32, 33,39,91,93,130, 141, 148, 152-1.55, 158, 272, 273, 280, 282, 285, 290, 291, 378, 383, 385. Cavities, Natural, 102. Celestine, 246, 264. Cement, 197. Cement-stones, 206. Cenoraanian, 50. Cephalopoda, 327. Bed, 7. Ceratites, 301. Ceratodus, 293. Cervus, 282, 388. Cetacea, 272, 295, 402. Cetiosaurus, 288. Cetotheria, 274. Chabasite, 236. Chaberton, 66. Chcetetes, 319. Chalcopyrite, 235. Chalk, 3, 16, 31, 56, 57, 103,179,211,282,294, 303, 340,393,401. Chalk-flints, 328. Chalkosiderite, 251. Chalkosite, 235. 'Challenger' Expedition, 168, 191, 380. Chambeyron, L., 165. Chambrun de Rosemont, De, 54. Chamounix, 47. Champeaux, 327. Champion Bay, 150, 151. Chancourtois, A. E. B. de, 54, 170, 373. Channel Tunnel, 4, 10, 18, 40, 46, 48, 61, 383. Chanterac, C. de, 165. Chantonnay, 228. Chantre, E., 285, 408. Chapman, Prof. E. J., 115. , E. T., 414. Charnwood Forest, 21. Chase, 116. Chatanooga, 114. Chaussat, Dr. J. B., 335. Chavannes, 99. Cheddar, 2. Ckeirolepis, 294. Chelle, M., 54. Chelles, 375. Chellonneix, E., 385, 393, 394. Chelonia, 294. Cheltenham, 29. Chemical Essays, 209. Geology, 376. Cbemnitzia Limestone, 321. Chemung Group, 331. CKer, 405. Cherbourg, 105, Chesil Bank, 16, 186. Chestnut-trees, 338. Chevron, L., 208. Chiappori, A., 335. Chile, 114, 127, 239, 261. China, 135, 166. Chlorastrolite, 243. Chlorite, 243, 253. Chloritic Chalk, 108. Marl, 38. Chloritil, 241. Choffat, P., 55. Chondrodite, 235. Chorley, 22. Chott District, 146. Chotts, 145. Christy, H., 376. Chrome-iron, 236, 253, 259. Chromium, 245. Chrysolite, 254. Chur, 413. Church, Prof. A. H., 190, 208, 233, 234. Chydenius, J. J., 234. Cincinnati, 312, 316. Formation, 330, 331. Cinnabar, 162. Ciply, 56, 89, 282. Clar, Prof., 74. Clare, 269. Claremont Hill, 213. Clarite, 257. Clark, D. R., 199. Clarke, Rev. W. B., 148, 156, 157, 165. Clavulina, 309. Clay, 86, 203, 209, 216, 218, 220, 406. Clifton, 31. College Museum, 229. Climate, 184, 186-188, 194, 196. Clinton Formation, 330, 331 Clithe'roe, 22. Cnemiornis, 289. Coal, 15, 16, 26, 28, 71, 96, 114,116, 121, 123,124, 129, 139, 147, 150, 156, 168, 198-200, 202, 207, 214, 218-221, 261, 282, 307, 338, 377. 379, 384, 388-391,396,397,399, 401, 405. Basins, 68, 404. Fields, 2, 7, 8, 17, 21,22, 36, 58, 65, 76, 87, 104, 113, 114, 134, 139, 330, 383, 385, 390, 392, 396, 414, 415. Measures, 37, 38, 56, 67, 69, 71, 77, 93, 105, 268, 272, 274, 284, 295, 298,331,332,334, 336, 337, 340, 365, 366, 388, 393, 395, 405. Mining, 2, 48, 64, 86, 197, 209, 385, 388. , Brown, 162. Coalisland, 2. Coast-lines, 8, 29, 187. Cobalt, 201. Coccoliths, 303. Cogels, P., 55. Cohen, Dr. E., 144. Coke, 414. Colchester, 10. 422 INDEX. Coldingham, 35. Cole, a. F;, 116. CoUadon, Prof. D., 56. Collett, Prof. J.. 396. Collins, J. H., 199, 234, 385. CoUot, L., 55. Colorado, 115, 119, 122, 124, 131,132,253,316, 323, 390. • Eiver, 128. Colson, C, 208. Columbia, 221. Columnar Sandstone, 14. Structure, 215. Comines, 63. Compter, G., 335. Comstock Lode, 230. Concretions, 193. Condon, Eev. T., 385. Condorrat, 359. Condroz, 85, 337. ■ Sandstone, 58. Congeria, 317. Beds, 54, 89, 103, 325, 402. Congletou Edge, 36. Conglomerate, 81. Congo, Eiver, 146. Conifers, 335, 339. Connecticut, 211, 243, 303. Conrad, J., 212. . , G A., 300. Constantine Sahara, 145. Contejean, Prof. C, 373. Continents, 177, 178. Continent, Indo-Oceanic, 134. Coode, Sir J., 8. Cook, E. T., 55. , Prof. G. H., 116. Cook Strait Eiver, 149. Cooke, Prof. J. P., 234. , Prof. J. P., jun., 234. Cookesley, T. H., 253. Coombes, 183. Cooper, G. C, 145. , Dr. J. G., 116, 117. Cope, Prof. E. D., 117, 132, 274-277, 332, 385, 402. Copper Ore, 36, 37, 79, 82,85,89,94,119,121, 123, 126, 139, 142, 146, 153,155,159,162,201, 230, 238, 242, 244, 245, 247, 249, 261, 363, 369, 393, 398. Coppi, F., 55. Coprolite, 245. Coquand, H., 55, 99. Coralline Oolite, 55. Corals, 190, 192, 297, 298, 303, 312, 319, 323, 331. Coral Deposits, 144. Eeefs, 165. Cordelia, A., 199. Cordierite, 206, 229. Cordoba, 255. Corner, A., 166. Cornet, F., 53, 56, 58. Corniferous Limestone, 331 Cornish, T., 8. Cornwall, 1, 7, 34, 36, 37, 187, 202,204,234,253, 278,289,320,327,381. Correze, 358. Corrib, Lough, 215. Corsehill Stone, 204. Corsica, 58, 85. Cortazar, D. de, 56. Cortina, 72. Coryell, M., 385. Coryphodon, 295. Cos, 87, 209, 324. Cosmical Physics, 195, 196. Cossa, Prof. A., 403. Cossham, H., 8. Cossigny, A. E. B. de, 170. Costa, v., 374. Costa Eica, 117, 120, 216. Cote-d'Or, 82, 206. Cotentin, 60, 105. Cotta, Prof. B. von, 57, 374, 414. Cotteau, G., 57, 300,301. Cotton, Gen. F., 199. Cotyloderma, 316, 329. Couchman, W. G., 164. Coiies, E., 277. Coughtrey, Prof. M., 154. Coums, 182. Courtiller, 403. Coutts, J., 9. Coventry, 32. Cox, 133. , E. T., 399. Coxe, E. B., 117. Crag, 24. Craig, T., 9. Crawford, J C, 149. Crayford, 29. Credner, G. E., 301. , Prof. H., 57, 208, 412. Creeps, 170. Crepin, F., 335. Crespin Concession, 87. Cresson, C. M., 384. Creswell Crags, 30, 273. Cretaceous, 2-4, 6, 10-13, 16,18,21,25,26,29,31, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48-50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63, 70, 80-82, 87-89, 93, 95, 102-106.108-110,117- 120, 125, 127-129, 131, 132,134,139,141,144, 148, 150, 154, 179, 190, 193, 200, 203, 204, 208, 211,218,258,263,272, 274,275,282,291,294, 296,298,300,301,303, 307, 310, 312, 314- 317,320,321,326,328, 329, 340, 358, 362-364, 369, 376, 389, 394, 401, 403, 405, 407, 412. Creuse, 335. Creusot, 104. Crie, L., 335. Crimea, 406. Crinoids, 331. Croatia, 72. Crocodilia, 282, 411. Croft, T., 194. Croix Polinard, 95. CroU, J., 174, 181, 194. Cronquist, A. W., 209. Cronstedite, 245. Crosby, Eev. Dr. H., 374. Cross, Eev. J. E., 9. Crosse, H., 301. Crosskey, Eev. H.W., 9. Croydon, 13, 30. Cruise, E. J., 363. Crussol, 386. Crustacea, 297, 308, 326. Crutwell, A. C, 10. Cryoconite, 410. Cryptosaurus, 292. Crystalline Eocks, 208, 406. Crystallography, 234,247, 248, 255, 256. Crystals, 243, 251, 259, 391, 407, 408. Ctenodus, 271, 287. INDEX. 423 Cubich, Dr. G., 403. Cuenya, 52. Culm-flora, 340. Cumberland, 6, 42. Co., 385. Cumieres, 408. Cupreous Iron - pyrites, 242 Cuprite, 238. Currents, 182. Cushendall, 2. Cutch, 375. Cuzom, 207. Cwms, 185. CycadecB, 334, 338, 339. Cyllene, 325. Cysti^hyllum, 318. Dafla Hills, 137. Daglish, T., 10. Dakota, 125. Dakvns, J. R., 10, 22, 181, 360, 361. Dala Valley, 383. Daling Beds, 138. DaU, W. H., 302. Dalmas, 174. Dalmatia, 98. Dalton, 156. , W. H., 10, 361. Dames, W., 335. Damiida Beds, 134, 138. Dana, E. S., 235, 237. , Prof. J. D., 117, 118, 170, 181, 190, 209, 213, 235, 237, 277, 374. Danby, T. W., 241. Danton, 415. Dantzig, 95, 290. Danube, 76, 183. Danvers, F. C, 10. Darjiling, 138. Darlet, 385. Dart, 393. Dartmoor, 1. Darwin, Port, 151. Darwinian Theory, 320. Daubree, Prof., 57, 109, 235, 236, 255. Dauphine, 80, 246, Davey, E. C, 10. David, I'Abbe A., 135. Davidson, J., 237. , T., 302, 403. Davies, D. C, 11. , T. G., 11. , W., 403. Davis, J. E., 11. , Dr. W. S., 374. Dawkins, Prof. W. B., 33, 150, 277. Dawson, G.M., 118,303, 403. , Dr. J. W., 118, 181, 300, 302, 335, 374. Deane, Rev. G., 171, 195, 237. De Boos, 156. Debray, H., 57. Decapoda, 326. De Cessac, 128. Dechen, H. von, 385. Decocq, C, 303. Delacroix, M,, 57. Delafontaine, 277. Delage, M., 57. Delagoa Bay, 144. Delaire, A., 191, 416. Delaware Co., 234. Delesse, Prof. A., 58, 209, 237. Delestre, E., 404. Delfortrie, 277. JDelphinus, 277. Delta, 134, 183. Demavend, 269. Denmark, 57. Denudation, 15, 61, 186, 188, 395. Deposition of Beds, 192, 406. Depression of Land, 66. De Ranee, C. E., 11,22, 109, 364. Derbvshire, 33. Derry, 27. ' Deschmann, K., 374. Des Cloiseaux, M., 237, 238. Deslandes, J., 400. Desmarets, N., 12. Desor, Prof. E., 58, 388. Desplace, 404. Deville,C.St.-C.,171,211. Devonian,!, 7,14, 24,34, 36-38, 43, 46, 57, 58, 65, 67, 68, 77-81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 105, 110, 118,124,127,140, 148, 156, 159, 204, 224, 272, 278, 286, 287, 289, 292, 310, 313, 315, 316, 318, 320,321,327,328,331, 335, 337, 358, 359, 362, 389, 404, 407, 408, 412. Devonshire, 1, 4, 16, 32, 33, 41, 192, 198, 202, 204, 206, 410. Dewalque, F., 238. , Prof. G., 58, 269, 278, 376, 404. Diabantite, 243. Diallogite, 238. Diamonds, 141, 145, 146, 155, 156, 168, 238, 261. Diamond-boring, 4, 92. BiatomacecB, 334. Dichroite, 264. Dickson Co., 227. Dicotyles, 284. Bictyonema, 408. Didelot, L., 278. Dieu-de-Marcq, 385. Dieulafait, Prof. L., 58, 238. Dijk, P. van, 385, 386. Diluvium, 54, 57, 383, m. • Ding-dong Mine, 244. Binornis, 289. Dinosaur, 292. Bi7iotherium, 271. Diopside, 391. Diprotodons, 284. Disco, 226. Disco Island, 109. Disease and Geology, 18. Disintegration, 184. Dismal Swamp, 132. Dittmarsch-Flocon, 386. Dixon, J. S., 12. Dobson, A. D., 150. Dodge, W. W., 119, 303. Doell, E., 238. Doelter, Dr. C, 59, 209, 210, 239, 254. Doering, Dr. A., 404. Dogs, 275. Doleryte, 215. Dollfus, G., 60, 105, 303, 374, 386, 393. Dolomites, 72, 85, 210, 213, 391. Dolomitic Limestone, 68. Dolphin, 277. Domeyko, 239. Donetz, 389. Donzenac, 358. Boratorhynchiis, 292. Dorn, Prof. E., 60, 171. Dorpat, 389. Dorsetshire, 329. Doubs, 57, 93. Douville, H., 60, 303. Dover, Straits of, 392. Down, Co., 41, 397. Draper, Dr. J. W., 374» 424 INDEX. Drasche, Dr. R. yon, 166, 226, 239, 386. Dredge, J., 182, 205. Drenovec, 72. Drew, R, 40, 135. Driffield, 31. Drift Deposits, 21, 27, 29, 32, 5i, 57, 96, 132, 181, 290, 387, 389, 393, 395, 397, 402. Drinker, H. S., 386. Dropsy, Distribution' of, 18. Drown, Dr. T., 373. Druid Stones, 37. Duars, 138. DubHn Bay, 209. Ducrost, M., 60. Dufet, H., 303. Dugshai Beds, 143. Dumas, E., 61, 239, 303. Dumbarton, 359. Dumbleton, H., 278. Dumont, 335. Dumortier, E., 386. Duncan, Prof. P.M., 136, 278, 304. Dundalk, 213. Dunes, 199. Dungannon, 2. Dunkirk, 92. Dunmore, 17. Du Noyer, G. V., 12, 363. Dupont, E., 58, 61, 317. Du Pre, Prof. W., 171. Durand, H., 61. Durand-Olaye, L., 210. Durangite, 237. Durfort, 280. Durham, 359. Dutch East Indies, 265. Dutton, C. E., 171. Duveyrier, H., 145. Dykes, 38. Eamscleugh, 154. Earth, 179,180,194-196, 387. Earthquakes, 171-173, 178, 179. Earthworks, 182. Eastbourne, 36. Eastern Counties, 16. Eatington, 6. Eaton, Eev. E. A., 166. Ebray, T., 61, 171, 210. Echinodermata, 300, 301, 313, 314, 321, 326, 329. Eck, A., 211. , H., 61. Ecuador, 129, 133, 219. Eden, 0. H., 163. Valley, 14, 29. Edinburgh, 25. Edwardstown, 147. Eem Valley, 389. Eemian, 69, Egan, F. W., 363. Eggenburg, 64. Egleston, Prof. T., 211, 239. Egozcue y Cia, J., 278. Egypt, 270, 288, 407, 408.- Ehrenberg, C. G., 304. Eichkogel, 103. Eichler, W., 386, Eifelian, 335. Eisen, G-., 404. Ekman, F. L., 182. El Araich, 144. Elba, 206, 229. Elbruzzo, 396. Elephas, 285. Elevation, 178. Elliot, Prof. J., 404. Ellis, W. H., 126. El Pedroso, 94. Emery, 245. Emmons, S. F., 369. Enargite, 247, 261. Enchanted City, 52. Encrinital Limestone, 56. Encrinites, 321. Endlich, Dr. F. M., 119. Endrick Eiver, 23. England, 1-16, 18, 20-26, 28^6, 48, 61, 179, 181, 182, 185-189, 190-192, 194, 198, 200-204, 206, 208, 218-220, 223, 233, 234, 240, 242, 244, 245, 246, 251, 253, 263, 268, 270-273, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286, 288, 289, 292, 293, 295-298, 305, 307, 312-314, 316, 319, 320, 323, 329, 340, 358-362, 364, 365, 379, 381, 393, 394, 396, 397, 403, 405, 407-410, 416. Enhydros, 254. Enneberg, 72. Entomostraca, 312, 328. Eocene, 2, 3, 6, 10, 13, 21, 24,31,37,41,43,45,47, 51 53,66,57,60,61,63, 67,69,70.73,78-81,83, 84,88,92,93,95,96,98, 103-106, 117-119, 125, 128, 131, 132, 135, 137, 14:0, 143, 144, 168, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 285, 288, 291, 295-299, 301, 304,313,314,316,330, 337, 358, 362, 364, 383, 402, 403, 406-408. Eolites, 187. Eophyfon, 335. Eotherium, 288. Eozoon, 300. Eperies, 81. Epidote, 232. Equador, 133. Equisetums, 338. Equus, 289, 290, 408. Erdmann, E., 62. Erere, 310, 321. Erith, 29. Erosion, 122. , Glacial, 180, 182, 183. , Tidal, 187. , Wind-drift, 182. Erratic Blocks, 9, 86, 387, 389, 396. Eruptive Rocks, 210, 216, 217,389. ^ee Igneous. Escarpments, 185. Escurial, 219. Esk, South. 15. Eskers, 183, 184. Essex, 403. Co., 11,5. Esthonia, 412, Estremadura, 230, 252, Etheridge, R., 9, 22, 25, 40, 112, 394. , R,, jun., 161, 278, 305, 336, Etheridge Gold-field, 155. Etna, 179. Ettingshausen, Dr. C. F. von, 74, 336. Eure, 88. Eurite, 220. Euritic Rock. 217. Europe, 20, 71, 73, 92, 273, 290, 325, 362, 376, 402, 416, Eurypterid, 101, Eusarcus, 308. Evans, C, 6, 13, , Dr, J., Ill, 374. , M., 200, Evans Town, 316. INDEX. 425 Everwijn, H., 200. Evolution, 282, 302, -317, 320, 407. Exe, River, 32. Exeter, 1, 33, 393. Fabre, G., 62. Fabri, B., 191. Fairley, W., 71. Falb, R., 171. Fallow Deer, 273. Falsan, A., 62, 339. Faluns, 277, 325. Faroe Isles, 207. Fassaite, 240. Fassathal, 239. Faults, 44, 174, 203, 395. Favistella, 320. Favre, Prof. E., 62, 63, 306. Faxoe, 57. Fedden, F., 136. Feistmantel, Dr. O., 63, 136, 240, 336, 337, 375, 386, 404. Felkner, J., 405. Fellenberg, L. von, 211. Fellithal, 86. Felspars, 237, 238, 256. Fessel, H., 63. Fibrous Structure, 215. Filby, Dr., 13. Finistere, 217. Finland, 74, 107. Finmark, 90. Fire-bricks, 206. Fire-clays, 206, 207, 221. Firedamp, 244. Firestone, 383. Firket, A., 63, 337, 405. Firth, J. C, 150. Fischer, H., 240. , P., 128, 306. Fisher, Rev. O., 13, 172, 175, 195, 387. Fishes, 276, 279, 284, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 300. Fissures, 170, 174. Fjalds, 107. Fjords, 184. Flahaut, E., 63, 387. Fleetwood, 11. Fleimserthal, 239. Fliche, P., 63. Flight, Dr. W., 112, 226, 251. Flint, 241, 245, 312, 320, 328, 405, 407. Flint Implements, 135, 372, 375, 378, 379. Florida, 381, 392, 400. Flower, Prof. W. H., 278, 403 Fluorine, 261. Folkestone, 35, 298. Fontaine, W. M., 119. Fontannes, F., 307, 386, 387. Foot, F. J., 363. Foraminifera, 299, 300, 303, 309, 313, 320, 328, 330, 413. Forbes, W. A., 172. Ford, S. W., 119. Fordham, H. G., 13. Forest Bed, 281. Forests, Petrified, 407. Formosa, 166. Forrest, J., 150, 151. Forsj'th-Major, C. J., 279. Fossils, 380. Foster, Dr. 0. le N., 13, 14, 40, 240. , E. le N., 119. , P. le N., jun., 64. Fougeroux de Denainvil- liers, A. de, 387. Fouque, F.,211,240,241. Four-fathom Limestone, 28. Fox, A. L., 137. , C, 145. Foye, Prof. J. C, 241. Fractures, 174. France, 3, 4, 12, 18, 20, 40, 46, 48-55, 57, 58, 60-63, 65-68, 70, 74, 77-80, 82-89, 91-96, 101-105, 185, 188, 192, 198, 199, 201, 206-208, 210,211,217,224,226, 233, 235, 236, 241, 244, 246, 248, 249, 251, 255, 263, 267, 269, 272, 273, 277-280, 285, 287, 290, 291, 293, 295, 298, 300, 301,303,306-308,310, 325-327, 335, 339, 358, 362, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 383, 384, 386-389, 391-396,400,401,403, 405,407,408,411,413- 416. Franco-Belgian Frontier, 394. Francois, J., 387. Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 267. Frankland, Dr. E., 200, 405. Frazer, Prof. P., 120, 200, 211. , Prof. P., jun., 241. Freeman; 41, 133. Frenzel, A., 241. Fresenius, R., 267. Freshwater Beds, 72, 87. Shells, 321, 324. Fric, Dr. A., 307. Fricke, Dr. K., 279. Frickhinger, H., 211. Friedel, C, 241. Friederici, Dr., 387. Frink, W. R., 207. Friren, A., 307. Fritsch, Prof. K. von, 373 Fritz, Prof. H., 195. Frome, 10. Fryar, M., 137. Fuchs, Dr. C. W. C, 64, 241, 242, 388. , K., 173. , T., 64, 65, 97, 98, 173. Fulton, J., 388. Fuly, 387. Fumel, 207. Fumeroles, 240. Fusch, 65. Gabb, W. M., 115, 120, 307. Gadolinite, 250. Gage, J. R., 242. Galantin River, 364. Galapagos Isles, 281. Galena, 236, 262. • Galicia, 66, 87, 88, 96, 204. Galisteo, 117. Ganeval, A., 416. Gap, 80. Gardner, J. S., 307. Garnets, 240, 253, 260. Garnet Rock, 37. Gamier, J., 65, 166, 242. Garrigou, Dr., 65. Garronne Mine, 411. Garston, 35. Gascony, 199. Gasparin, P. de, 405. Gastaldi, Prof. B., 66, 388, 401. Gastaldite, 260. 426 INDEX. Gasteropoda, 315, 318, Gilbert, G. E., 182, 398. Gould, C, 40, 242. 321. , J., 14. Gourdan, 91. Gateshead, 198. Gilkinet, H., 337. Gourdon, Dr., 389. Gatschet, A. S., 121. Gillet, L., 63. Gower, 156. Gaudard, J., 182. Gillieron,99. Grad, C, 68. Gaudry, A., 128, 279. Gilpin, E., 388. Graffe, Dr. E., 166. Gault, 25, 35, 49, 82, Gilsland, 24. Grainger, Eev. Dr. J., 102, 298. Gintl, Dr. H., 66. 15, 308. Gauthier, V., 301. Giordano, Prof., 373. Grampians, 405. Gautier, M., 242. Gippsland, 412. Gran-Canaria Island, Gecko, 294. Girard, J., 66. 144. Geikie, Prof. A., 366, Glacial, 1, 2, 4-6, 8-12, Grand, A., 68. 367, 375, 405. 14, 17, 18, 21-25, 27- Granite, 8, 23, 42, 122, . , Dr. J., 364, 367, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 195, 206, 208, 209, 375. 42-44, 51, 54, 55, 57, 213, 220, 224, 229, Geinitz, E., 66, 308, 337. 62-64, 68, 78, 81, 83, 243. — , Prof. H. B., 337. 86, 89, 91, 96, 103, Granulite, 208, 210. Gellerstedt, G., 369. 104, 107, 110, 115, 122, Graphite, 198, 212, 233, Gems, 147. 124,131,133,136,137, 246. Geneva, 47. 144, 153, 154, 158, 162, Graptolites, 311, 319, Genth, Dr. F. A., 242, 180-188,287,290,291, 397. 405. 296, 329, 359, 363- Gratz, 74, 90. Geography, 52, 54, 373, 370,375,388,397,402, Gravels, 30, 32, 183. 381, 408. 410, 412. Grav, 89. Geological Boundary- Eivers, 406. Graye, 285. lines, 381. Glauconitic Clay, 95. Great Britain, 200. Essays, 209. Sand, 84. Gransden, 292. Surveys, 54, 370, Glen, D. C, 14. Lakes, 130. 376, 381. Glenravel, 2. Limestone, 28. Georgia, 122, 124. Glen Eock, 40. Tuna, 250. Gerber, H., 121. Gley, 388. Greece, 65, 87, 94, 96 Gerfalco, 80. Gneiss, 123, 214, 218. 199, 209, 211, 267, Gerini, C, 267. Godwin-Austen, Major 324. German Empire, 44, 47, H. H., 137. Greely, 316. 48, 51-53, 60, 61, 63, Goesle, 308. Gregory, A. C, 152, 389 66, 68, 71, 73, 75-78, Gold, 48, 53, 116, 119- Green, Prof. A. H., 15, 80, 83-85, 89, 92, 94- 121, 125, 137, 144, 359, 360, 370, 371. 97, 100, 10], 103, 108, 147, 152, 154-162, 164, , W. L., 195. 171,177,202,208,211 167, 168, 198, 202, Greenland, 109, 110,234 -217, 219, 221. 223, 230, 239, 253, 261, 338, 398, 414. 224, 232, 233, 241, 243 398, 399, 408. Greensand, 13, 25, 35, -245, 247-249, 251, Gold Bluff, 116. 192, 275. ■ 252, 254, 256, 257, 260, Goldenberg, Dr. F., 281, Greenwell, G. C, 15. 261, 263-265, 267, 279, 308. Greenwood, Col. G., 15, 281, 286, 287, 290, 296, Gonderbach Mine, 94. 173, 183. 301, 308, 313, 337, 339, Goodchild, J. G., 14, 182, , W. H., 243. 340, 355, 356, 377, 379, 183, 242. Greifendorf, 216. 383, 385, 388-392, 406, Goodhall, J., 151. Greifenstein, 385. 411, 412, 415. Gorceix, H., 121, 267. Grewingk, Prof. C, 389. Gervais, Prof. P., 272, Gore, J. E., 405. Greywethers, 24, 37. 280, 281, 375. Gorran Haven, 32, 327. Grieve, D., 15. Geyler, H. T., 337. Gosau Beds, 104, 320. , J., 338. Geyser region, 114. Gosch, F. A., 234. Griffith, C, 16. Giant's Cauldrons, 48, Gosse, W. C, 152. Grimm, Dr. J., 412. 55, 187. Gosselet, Prof. J., 67, 68, Grindbrimnen, 267. Gibb, T., 242. 388. Grinnell, G. B., 125. Gien,401. Gothite, 251. Grisons, 398. Giesecke, Sir C. L., 111. Gothland, 87, 335. Groot, C. de, 166. Giesler, E., 66. Gottsche, 388. Grossart, G. W., 338. INDEX. 4.27 Grote, A. E., 308, 375. Grotb, P., 243. Groves, T. B., 16. Guadalajara, 86. Guadalcazarite, 229. Guanapi Guano, 261. Guatemala, 248. Guelph Formation, 126, 318. Guiana, 115,411. Guillier, A., 68, 405. Gumailius, O., 68, 369, 389. Gumbel, C. W., 68, 211, 212,226,308. Gum-Copal, 294. Gunn, J., 16, 281. , W., 22. Giinther, Dr. A., 281. Guppy, E. J. L., 309. Gurlt, Dr., 243. Gurney, Eev. H. P., 243. Gutzwiller, 369. Guyard, A., 405. Guyerdet, A., 389. Gwalior Series, 139. Gypsum, 44, 77, 80, 90, 95, 105, 125, 126, 142, 232, 248, 295. Gyroforella, 75. Haast, Dr. J., 152, 162. Haberlandt, G., 281. Hadrosaurus, 282. Haeckel, Prof. E., 375. Hagen, H., 406. Hakn, Dr. P. D., 243. , O. H., 389. Hainault, 56, 282, 402. Halamanning, 23. Halberstadt, 406. Hall, Prof. J., 121, 330, 373. , T. M., 16. Halland, 393. Halle-on-tbe-Saa]e, 77. Halliday, J. G., 173. Hallstadt, 84, Haltwhistle, 8. Hambledon, Great, 26. Hamilton (Canada), 396. (New Zealand), 148. Hampstead, 13. Hanan, K., 75. Hiinigsen, 243. Hanley, 11. Hanover, 100, 243, 279, 412. Hantken, Max yon, 69, 309, 310. Hardraan, E. T., 17, 183, 213, 363. Harkness, Dr. H. W., 121. Harmignies, 56. Harpe, Dr. P. De la, 338, 406. Harrington, B. J., 121. Harrison, M., 183. Harting, P., 69, 389. Hartley, Sir C. A., 183. Hartt, Prof. C. R, 310, 312, 321. Hartwig, Dr. G., 375. Hartz, 71, 80, 391, 406. Haslingden, 22. Hastings, 29, 202, 203. Hauehecorne, H., 69. Hauer, B. C. von, 212. , C. E. von, 212. , F. E. von, 70, 358. JIaughton, Eev. Prof. S., 112, 213. Haute-Marne, 102, 235, 236, 326. Saone, 89. Tarentaise, 64. HaujTie, 247. Haviland, A., 18. Havre, 92, 384, 392. Havrez, Prof. P., 212. Hawaiian Archipelago, 165. Hawes, G. W., 212, 243. Hawick District, 404. Hawkesley, T., 18. Hawkins, B. W., 282. Hawkshaw. J. C, 18. Hayden, Dr. F. V., 122, 364. Haye Park, 396. Hayes, Dr. A. A., 212, 243, 267. Hayter, H. H., 153. Hay tor, 13, 240. Hazel-nuts, 8. Headon, 388. Health and Geologj', 18. Hebert, Prof. E.,7 0,122, 310, 406. Hector, Dr. J., 153. Heer, Prof. O., 112,338, 406. Helland, A., 110, 183, 243, 406. Helmersen, G. v., 200, 390. Helmhacker, Dr. E., 71, 406, 413. Hematite. 128. Heming, W. T., 191. Hemipatogus, 305. Hennequin, Capt. E., 71, 362. Hennessy, H., 406. Henry, Prof J., 171. Herault, 55, 95. Herbst, Dr. G., 173. Hercynian Gneiss, 107. Heriot, Capt. M., 268. Hermann, Hr., 101. , E., 3S0. Hermannolite, 390. Herold, H., 244. Herouard, 244. Herschel, Prof. A. S., 195. Hertfell Spa, 268. Hertzer, H. W., 406. Herve, 53. Hervian, 56, 95. Hesse, E. A. von, 18. Hessenberg, F. von, 244. Heyrien, 387. Hicks, H., 18-20. Hiendelaeneina, 86. Higgs, S., jun., 153, 244. Highlands, 1. High Tatra, 105. Hilgendorf, F., 390. Hilger, A., 212. Hill, Eev. J. S., 71. Hillmorton, 44. Hillyer, E., 122. Hingir, 134. Hintze, Dr., 244. Hijppopotarmis, 145. Hi'ppothoa,^!^. Hirschwald, Dr. J., 244. Hitchcock, Prof. C. H., 122. Hobson's Bay, 306. Hochstetter, Dr. F. von, 158, 282, 414. Hocking, 123. Hodges, Prof. J. F., 137. Hodgson, T., 31. Hoernes, Dr. H., 73. , Dr. E., 72, 210, 282, 311. Hofmann, Dr. K, 212. Hog, 285. Hogneau, 77. Hohenembs, 104. Hokkaido, 168. Holland, 69, 389, 393. 428 INDEX. HoUande, M.^ 58. Hollenthal, 75. Holmes, T. V., 359, 370, 371. Holmes Chapel, 26. Holt, J., 20. Home, D. M., 21. Homer, 0. J., 21. Homomya Marls, 397. Hoosac Mountain, 123, 213 Hopewell, E. W., 21. Hopkinson, J., 311. Hoppe-Seyler, F., 213. Horhausen, 258. Hornblende, 245. Home, J., 21, 366. Hornstein, F. F., 244. Horold, 0-., 415. Horses, 289, 290, 408. Houzeau de Lehaie, A., 73, 282. Howard, J. E., 375. Howell, E. G., 398. , H. H., 359, 362. Howitt, A. W., 160. Howley, J. P., 126, 364. Howorth, H., 112. Howse, R., 10. Hoyle, 320. Hudleston, W. H., 19, 21, 22. Hudson Eiver Group, 330. Huesca, 81. Hughes, J., 245. Hull, Prof. E., 12, 22, 173, 184, 185, 213, 245, 364, 366, 367, 375, 376. Hull, 18. Human Skull, 107. Hummel, D., 73. Hungary, 70, 79, 232, 282, 358, 389. Hunt, E., 184, 191, 200, 262. , Dr. T. S., 122, 123, 127, 184, 209, 213, 268, 373, 376, 406. Hunter, Dr., 311. Huntingdonshire, 25. Huron River, 124. Hiittenberg, 264. Hiitton, 156. , Gapt. F. W., 154, 311. Huxley, Prof. T. H., 191, 192, 282. Hyalite, 232. Hyatt, Prof. A., 312, 407. Hydrogeology, 93, 200. Hydrology, 58, 144, 411, 412. Ibex, 282. Ice-action, 37, 185. Ice Age, 184. Cap, 174. Icefjord, 110. Iceland, 54, 75, 106, 107, 170, 178, 187, 219, 237, 384, 391. Iceland Spar, 251. Ichthyosaurus, 286, 295. Igneous Rocks, 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 21-25, 28, 31, 34, 41-43, 46, 47, 53, 55, 59, 63, 64, 75, 76, 81, 86, 89-92, 98, 100, 101, 107, 110, 111,119-121,127,134, 135, 140, 141, 144-146, 150-152, 154, 156, 159, 163, 165-170,172,173, 176, 178, 179, 206-224, 229, 248, 261, 292, 358, 359, 362-369, 389, 394, 397, 402, 407, 416. Igritz, 282. Iguanodon, 292. llfeld, 217, 221. Ilford, 403. lUe-et-Vilaine, 57, 293. lUinois, 133, 276, 328, 390. lUogan, 201. lUyria, 65. Ilmenau, 217. Ilwolf, 74. Imeretia, 396. Implements, Flint, 135, 372, 375, 378, 379. In berg, I. J., 74. Inferior Oolite, 77. Ingenite Rocks, 214, 215. IngersoU, E., 123. India, 54, 134-139, 140- 143, 199, 207, 240, 257, 262,327,336,337,375, 386. Indiana, 399. Indian Ocean, 165. Indus, 135. Inoceramus, 303. Inowraclaw, 97. Insects, 298, 299, 308, 322, 323, 375. Interglacial Man, 96, 291. Internal Fire, 171, 179. Inundations, 184. Inundation of the Sahara, 195. Iowa, 226, 227. Ireland, 2, 6, 12, 15, 17, 22, 27, 28, 31, 40, 41, 45, 183, 192, 200, 209, 213-215, 245, 267, 269, 296, 308, 312, 320, 323, 328, 329, 363, 376, 383, 397, 410. Iron Mountains, 114. Iron Ore, 7, 9, 10, 13, 21, 25, 36, 40, 48, 65, 66, 68, 82, 83, 94, 102, 104, 105, 111,112,114, 115, 119-121,125,126, 128-130, 134, 138, 140, 141, 146, 155, 156, 159, 167, 168, 198, 200-203, 212, 226, 229, 230, 236, 240, 242, 249, 252, 253, 257,259,261,359,369, 378,389,398,400,401, 405, 413, 414. Sand, 233, 237. Irvine, 38. Irving, Rev. A., 22. , R, 123. Ischl, 197. Isere, 251. Islavine, W., 390. Isle of Man, 407. Isomorphism, 233. Issel, Prof. A., 388, 390, 407. Italy,48, 51, 52,54,55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 72, 74, 75., 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 92, 97-101, 106, 171- 173, 177, 179, 184, 185, 191,201,206,207,210, 213, 219, 223, 228, 229, 231,240,241,244,246, 248,252,254,257,258, 267,272,274,279,281, 284,291,293,296-298, 315, 316, 323, 335, 382, 384,388,389,398,400- 403, 408, 413. Bier, J., 407. Ixelles, 96. Jaccard, A., 74. Jack, R. L., 23, 359, 366- 368. Jackson, W. H., 124. INDEX. 429 Jacob, 201. Jade, 230, 249. Jadeite, 240. Jamaica, 289, 307. James, R, 23. , U. P., 312. James River, 401 . Janettaz, B., 128, 245. Janovsky, J. V., 245. Japan, 166, 168,169,398, 399. Jarville, 63. Jasper, 245. Jaubert, 74. Java, 265, 385, 386, 415. Jeanbernat, Dr., 102. Jeffreys, Dr. J. G., 24, 35,^394. Jemtland, 313. Jenkins, H. M., 201. Jenkinson, H. I., 24, 407. Jenisei, 141. Jentzsch, Dr. A., 173, 376. ' Jernegan, J. L., 390. Jerusalem, 142. Jervis, Chev. W. P., 74. Jespersen, M., 376. Joachimsthal, 97. John, K., 245. Johnson, Dr. C, 338. , J., 390. , M. H., 312, 407. , S. W., 201. Johnston, 156. , B? M., 390.^ Johnstone, W., 268. JokuUs, 107. Jolly, W., 24. Jones, J. B., 201. , Prof. T. R., 24, 111,245,312,313,376, 394. , Capt. W. A., 124. Jordan, H. K., 11. Jourdan, Prof., 145. Jourdy, M., 60. Judd, Prof. J. W., 25, 111, 173. JuiUac, 358. Jukes, Prof. J. B., 12. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 25. Jummoo, 135. Jura, 55, 397, 411. Jurassic, 55, 90, 97, 103- 106,109,110,125,127, 128,144,298,312,314, 315,321,327,337,338, 358, 364, 367, 369, 386, 389,392,397,401,411. Jurassic, Upper, 5, 6, 13, 32,40,44,47,60,63,70, 80, 97, 100, 102, 279, 288, 291, 292, 306, 313, 316,362,363,407. , Middle, 6, 22, 25, 45, 47, 49, 55, 60, 80, 93, 100. 102, 106, 292, 300,303,306,308,313, 362, 363. , Lower, 2, 7,9,10,21, 22,25,29,31,44,46,63, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, 104, 105, 125, 148, 154, 222, 288,296,300,313,361- 363, 413. Kaemmerer, H., 245. Kaims, 184. Kaiserstuhl, 391. Kalkowsky, Dr. E., 213, 214, 245. Kalnik Mts., 311. Kaloxylon, 340. Kampti series, 137. Kamiischin, 103. Kanan, 168. Kanawha Canal, 401. Kangaroos, 284, 287. Kaolins, 244. Kaolinic Sand, 83. Kapff, Dr., 283. KSrarfvet, 230. Kara-sou valley, 141. Karoo series, 134. Karpinski, A., 407. Karrer, F., 75. Karst, 87. Karyinite, 250. Kashmir, 135. Kauai, 207. Kaufmann, F. J., 369, 391. Kaulakov, 391. Kayser, E., 75, 313. , E. A., 155. Kchiuta, 48. Keeping, W., 26. Kelso, 9. Kempthorne, P. H., 26. Kengott, Dr. A., 246. Kensington, 22. Kent, 41. Kent's Cavern, 26, 32, 378, 383, 394. Kentucky, 379. Keppen, A., 391. Kerguelen Island, 166. Kern, S., 214, 246. Kerosene Shale Mines, 392. Kerr, J., 26. , Prof. W. C, 391. Kersantite, 224. Kersanton, 224. Ketley, C, 26. Keuper, 335. Khareean Hills, 142. Khasia Hills, 139. Kief, 364. Kiel, 105, 256. Kienthal, 103. Kiesen wetter, von, 75. Kilchattan, 9, 14. Kilkenny, 17. Kimmeridge Clay, 5, 292. Kinahan, G. H., 27, 28, 31, 145, 174, 184, 195, 214, 195, 214, 215, 410. Kineton, 6. King, C, 369. , C. C, 24. , Prof. W., 174. , W., 137. Kingston -upon-Hull, 1 8. Kinkelin, F., 184. Kirkby, J. W., 312. Kirkintilloch, 359. Kitton, F., 246. Kjellmann, F. R., 110. Kjerulf, Prof. T., 75. Kladno Ironworks, 242. Klein, Prof. C, 235, 246, 247. , Dr. H. J., 376. Kleinhennersdorf, 101. Klette, H.. 247. Klippart, J. H., 284. Klipstein, Dr. A. von, 76. Kneeland, S., 407. Knight, C, 155. Knop, Dr. A., 76, 247. Knorria, 337. Koch, Dr. G. A., 76, 184, 215, 271, 277. Koenig, Dr. G. A, 115. Kohat, 142. Kokscharow, N. von, 247, 248, 391, 407, 408. Kolb, J., 201. Konen, von, 391. Konigsberg, 171,232, 390. 430 INDEX. Koninck, Prof. L. G. de, 58, 76, 2(^9. Koppite, 247. Korner, F., 376. Kounova, 307. Krasnoiarsk, 401. Kraiise, F. M., 161. Kreffl, G., 284. Krejci, J., 76. Krenner, Dr. J. A., 248. Krol Group, 139. Kuhn Island, 414. Kuku-noor, 269. Kurdistan, 140. Kutch, 327. La Bouexiere, 327. Labradorite, 262. La Bruyere, de, 408. Labyrinthodon, 286, 296. Lacaille, A., 408. Ladriere, 77. Laekenian, 96, 386. Laguerenne, T., 248. La Heve, 392. Laibach, 374. Lakes, 130, 184, 188, 388. Lake-basins, 42, 126. District, 10, 42. Dwellings, 374. Terraces, 9. Laloy, E., 268. Lambav, 209. Lambert, E., 376. LaTnellibranchiata, 306, 321. Lamna, 291. Lanarkshire, 330, 364. Lancashire, 26, 364. Lance Meteorite, 226. Land, 180. , Undulations of, 66, 170. Land-shells, 321, 323. Landenian, 192, 385. Landerer, J. J., 195, 376. Landes, 79. Land's End, 8, 208. Landslips, 48, 49, 108. Lang, H. O., 215, 216. __^, Rev. Dr. J. D., 155. Langbanshyttan, 250. Langenschwalbach, 224. Langkofel, 73. Langton, 292. Langtry, G., 28. Languard Common, 8. Lankester, Prof. E. R., 375. La Plata, 131, 241, 246, 289. Lapparent, A. de, 46, 77. Lapworth, C, 311, 397. Largeau, V., 145. Largentiere, 413. Larousse, E., 46. Lartet, E., 376. Lasaulx, Prof. A. von, 216, 248. Laspeyres, Prof. Dr. H., 77, 248, 249. Launceston, 390. Laurentian, 19, 30, 90, 107,110,118,119,130, 131,154,262,300,302, 312, 364, 409. Laurium, 95, 199. Lausanne, 338. Lauterbach, 391. Lavant, 108. Lavas,150,211, 213, 240, 245. Lavelley, A., 46. Lavras, 121. Lawley, R., 281, 284. Lawson, J. S., 124. , W., 376. Lead-ore, 26, 36, 47, 82, 94, 119-121, 126, 142, 155, 159, 197, 198, 202, 230, 231, 242, 249-251, 258, 261, 359, 362, 363, 370, 395, 396. Leaf-beds, 338. Lebanon, 137. Lebedav, 391. Lebesconte, P., 327. Lebour, G. A., 28, 58, 185, 192, 195. Lecce, 87. Lecocq, G., 385, 394. Le Conte, Prof. J., 117, 124, 192. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 249. Lecovec, 249. Ledoux, C, 77. Leeds, Prof. A. E., 124, 249. Lefevre, T., 77, 391, 403. Leghorn, 54, 402. Lehmann, R., 391. Leicestershire, 6, 21, 25. Leichhardt, Dr., 150. Leidy, Prof., 284, 285. Leigh, Dr. J., 195. Leinster, 213. Leipzig, 75. Leitha Limestone, 73, 402. Lejeune, E., 392. Lehiy, 392. Lemberg, J., 216. Lemenc Hill, 70. Lemming, 287. Lemurs, 275. Lenz, Dr. O., 145, 414. Leon de Cessac, J., 128. Leonard, N. R., 227. Lepldotus, 414. Le Play, F., 416. Lepsius, R., 78. Lerida, 105. Lesley, Prof. J. P., 124. Lessorer, 401. Lesfodon, 289. Letellier, 78. Leucite, 241, 244, 265. Leucopyrite, 253. Levette, Dr. G. M., 399. Levy, M. A. M., 216. Leymerie, A., 78. Lherzolite, 403. Lias, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10. 21-23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 38, 39, 44, 46, 55, 56, 58, 66, 69, 71, 72, 80, 81, 83, 84, 91, 99, 106, 127,. 142, 148, 209, 222, 286, 291, 295, 300, 301, 307, 316, 323, 329, 337, 338, 358, 359, 361, 3()5, 369, 391, 394, 397. Liban, 390. Liburnian, 98. Libyan Desert, 269. Licata, 291. Lieban, 101. Liege, 56, 58, 95. Lienard, F., 408. Lievin, 50. Lievrite, 258. Life, Development of, 302. Lignites, 58, 63, 129, 131,132,220,403,414. Liguria, 298, 401. Lill, M. von, 249. Lille, 57. Limburg, 95. Lime, Phosphate of, 255. Limestone, 190, 192, 193, 195, 206, 210, 214, 215, 217, 218, 256, 373, 399. INDEX, 431 Limonite, 251. Limur, Oomte de, 249. Lincolnshire, 2, 6, 9, 10, 25. Lindenau, 75. Lindsay, Dr. W. L., 408. Lindstrom, A., 78, 110, 216. , G., 249, 250, 410. Linnarsson, Dr. G., 78, 79, 313, 335, 369. Linth, Eseher von der, 369. Lionnet, G., 392. Lippmann, 79. Lisdoonvarna, 269. Lists of Fossils, 4-7, 9, 10, 13, 15-17, 22, 24- 26, 29, 32, 38, 40, 44, 45, 62, 63, 65, 69, 70, 73, 77, 79, 84, 85, 87, 95-97, 105, 112, 122, 131, 273-275, 279, 304, 307,310,313,316,317, 320, 404, 410. Lithium, 212. Lithographic Stone, 61. Lithological Variations, 411. Lifhothamnia, 340. Litoceras, 316. Little, G., 124. Little Limestone, 28. Liverpool, 198. Liversidge, Prof. A., 155, 156, 157, 250. Livingstonite, 231. Livonia, 389. Lizard (Cornwall), 253. Lizards, 294. Llandeilo Eocks, 18, 311. Llangorse, 278. Llano County, 364. Llynfi, 11. Lobley, J. L., 13, 29. Locard, A., 376. Lochfyne, 233. Lockwood, D. W., 132. Lodes, 14, 79, 158. Lodeve, 339. Lodge Farm, 44. Lodin, 79. Loess, 107, 391. Loew, Dr. 0., 124, 132, 398. Loire-Inf6rieure, 79. Loiret. 207. Lombardy, 83, 323. Lomond, Loch, 23. Loraont Eange, 415. London, 43. Basin, 30. Loretz, H., 313. Lorieux, E., 79. Loriol, P. de, 80, 310, 313, 314, 392. Lorraine, 66, 95, 373. Lortet, Dr., 285, 408. Lory, C, 80, 99. Lossen, K. A., 80. Lot, 255. Lotti, B., 80. Louisiana, 402. Lowlands, 1. Low Main, 271. Lozere, 62. Lucas, Hon. J., 156. , J., 360, 361, 370. Lucca, 100. Lucerne, 55, 391. Ludlow, Capt. W., 125. Ludwig, E., 250. , a, 392. , Dr. E., 80, 392. Ludwigite, 232. Lugano, 222. Lundstrom, C. H., 250. Lundy Island, 43. Lurgan, 45. Lusatia, 89. Luxemburg, 58. Luzon, 247. Lybia, 407. Lycett, J., 314. Lycopodiacece, 336. Lyell, Sir C, 377, 380. Lvman, B. S., 166, 398, '399. Lyme Eegis, 329. Lyons, 376. Lys, 63. M'Coy, Prof. F., 314. MacCulloch, J. E., 111. Macfarlane, Dr. J., 125. Machairodus, 33, 280. Machattie, Dr. A. T., 125, 250. M'Kay, A., 158. Mackay, T., 158. Mackensie, Eiver, 122. Mackenzie, J., 157, 365, 392. M'Kerrow, J., 154. Mackintosh, D., 29, 175, 185. M'Nab, Prof. W. R., 338. Macpherson, J., 81, 216. , Dr. J., 382. Macropodida, 289 Macropus, 289. Madagascar, 146, 296. Maddock, Eev. H. E., 29. Maderspach, L., 81. Madison Eiver, 364, 367. Madron, 244. Maestre, A., 377. Maestricht, 294. Magnesite, 260. Magnetic Iron-ores, 14, 130, 233, 249. Magnetism, 413, 414. Maidencombe, 393. Main Eegion, 379. Maine, 170, 178. Maine-et-Loire, 267, 415. Maisieres, 53. Makowski, A., 81, 315. Malaise, Prof. C, 81, 315^ 408. Malet, H. P., 175, 217. Malherbe, E., 201, 268. Mallada, L., 81, 315. Mallet, F. E., 138, 139. , Prof. J. W., 250, 251. , E., 172, 175, 176, 178. Malowka, 76. Mammalia, 277, 279, 281,285,289-291,389, 405, 408, 409. Mammoth. 293, 389. Man, Antiquity of, 17, 96, 117, 135, 151, 277, 291, 372, 373, 375-380, 389, 408. , Isle of, 4, 5, 21, 407. Manatee, 295, Manganese, 63, 119, 142, 239. Mangin, A., 377. Manitoba, 303, 412. Manning, J., 158. Mans, 335. Mansell, F. W., 125. Mantovani, P., 81. Manzoni, A,, 81, 315. Maps, Mining, 201. Marble, 48, 49. Marc, L'Abbe, 285. Marchand, 408. Marcbe, 404. 432 IlfDEX. Marchese, E., 81, 251. Marcou, J.,125,315,369, 377. Marion, A. F., 02, 339, Mark, Lough, 215. Markhaiii, 0. R., 145. Marl, 405. Marly Concession, 65. Marmora, 72. Marne, 210. Marocche, 87. Maroggio Tunnel, 211. Marquette, 67. Marseilles, 407. Marsh, Prof. O. 0., 126, 285, 286, 408, 409. % Martin, C, 185. , J., 82. Martins, Prof. C, 82. Martyn, Dr. S., 286. Marvine, A. R., 398. Mascarene Islands, 165. Masciara, 87. Maskelyne, Prof. N. S., Ill, 227, 251. Massachusetts, 115, 119, 127, 395. Massart, A., 82. Mastodon, 117, 271, 277, 294. Matthew, G. F., 392. Maurer, F., 83. Mauritius, 165, 223, 281 317, 386. Maw, W. D., 205. , W. H., 205. Mayer, 0., 315. , K., 409. May Hill, 397. Maynard, J., 201. Mayo, 40. Mea, 358. Meade, E., 201. Mediterranean, 61, 304. Medlicott, H. B., 139. Meek, Prof. F. B., 112, 316, 328, 331. Meerschaum, 312. Meionite, 252. Meknes, 144. Melanite Garnets, 240. Melanosiderite, 234. Melaphyres, 145, 210, 223. Melbourne, 163. Melliss, J. C, 167. MeUo, Rev. J. M., 30, 217, 273. Mende, 62. Mendips, 1. Mene, 0., 207. Meneghini, Prof. G., 83, 316. , J., 323. Menheniot, 14. Menin, 404. Mentone, 290. MephitincB, 277. , Meran, 64. Mercedes, 372. Mercey, N. de, 83,393. Mercier, L., 414. Mercury, 162, 231, 239, 256, 373. Merian, Prof. P., 286, 369. Mer Rouge, 223. Mesozoic, 114, 211, 288, 414. Mesvin, 56. Metal Dams, 7. Metalliferous Deposits, 34, 36, 37, 82, 100, 199, 203, 243, 373, 377, 405. Metamorphic Rocks, 42, 208, 209, 416. Meteorites, 196, 373, 410. Meteorology, 167, 414. Metzdorf, 213. Meunier, S., 83, 84, 227, 377. Meunier-DoUfus, C, 220. Meurthe-et-Moselle, 79. Meuse, River, 53. Mexico, 114, 117, 219, 229, 231, 233, 237, 248, 250, 256, 257, 263, 297, 389, 401. , New, 113, 117, 124, 128, 132, 275, 276, 402. Meximieux, 62, 339. Meyssac, 358. Miall, L. C, 286, 287. Mica, 232, 244. Mica-trap, 213. Michigan, 132. Microcline, 238. Microgeology, 304. Micro-photography, 120, Microzoa, 328, 329. Middlesex, 45. Mietzsch, Dr. H., 377. Milaschewitsch, C, 298. Mille, 84. Miller, 84. , S. A., 316. Millstone Grit, 20. Milne, J., 140. Milne-Edwards, A., 287. Milner, Rev. T., 409. MimosecB, 334. Minas Geraes, 121. Minera, 383. Mineral Hill, 234. Mineral Oils, 202. Statistics, 200. Waters, 387, 399, 407, 412. Wax, 204. Mineralogy, 242, 243,391, 407. Minerals, 79, 97, 114,119, 120,137,147,148,191, 202, 229, 241-244, 247, 248, 364, 373, 377, 388, 397,405,411,416. , Lists of, 22, 24, 30, 36, 89, 111, 114-116, 119, 120, 154, 239. Minettes, 210, 217. Mining, 13, 14, 64, 114, 119, 123, 125, 147, 153, 155, 156, 159, 166, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 372, 373, 391, 393, 396, 400, 405, 407, 410. 411, 413, 415. Minnesota, 123, 132. Miocene, 15, 18, 31, 41, 51, 54, 60, 63-65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 81, 84, 87, 88, 90, 108-112, 117, 120, 125, 126, 131, 134, 142, 144, 148, 154, 156, 159, 168, 198, 271, 277, 279-282, 285, 287, 294,298,299,302,304- 307,309,311,314,316, 321, 325, 337-339, 358, 362, 364, 385, 389, 395 402, 406, 408. Mischennov, 409. Miserey, 57. Mississippi, 113, 123. Missouri, 114, 117, 221, 233, 242, 271, 277, 396. Mivart, Prof. St. George, 287. Moa, 153, 154, 271. Moa-bone Point Cave, 152. Moa-hunters, 158. Moa Swamp, 148. MoeUer, V., 393. IK^DEX. 433 Moescb, Dr. C, 316, 369. Moesta, 84. Moffat Spa, 268. Moflong, 139. Mohl, Prof. H., 217. Mohr, Prof. F., 177, 227, 377. Moigno, VAhU, 196. Moira, 45. Moissenet, Prof., 217, 251. Mojanda, 219. Mojsisoyics, Dr. E. von, 84, 85. Mokattam Cliffs, 288. Mollasse, 51. Mollersdorf, 73. MoUusca, 31, 310, 320, 321, 323, 328, 401. Molten balls, Solidifica- tion of, 220. Molyneux, W., 30. Mongel, L., 140. Mons, 56, 73, 298. Mons-en-Baroeoul, 385. Mont Alfeo, 267. Montana, 132, 364. Montauban, 93. Mont Blanc, 396. Mont des Cbats, 394. Mont-Dol, 85, 293. Monte Mario, 51. Monteiro, J. J., 146. Montesanto, 81. Montgomerie, Lieut.-Col. T. a, 140. Montgomery, R. A., 30. Mont Halluin, 394. Monticellite, 254, 410. Montierender, 102. Mont-Lozere, 61. Montluel, 62. Montolien, 102. Mont Richer, de, 85. Mont Voirons, 306. Monzoni, 59, 92, 239, 245, 254, 410. Moody, R. W., 158. Moonta Mines, 147. Moore, C, 316. Moraines, 183. Moraine-features, 58. Moravia, 81, 383. Morbihan, 48, 249. Morden, 13. Morelet, A., 317. Moresby, Capt. J., 167. Morocco, 144. 1875. Morris, Prof. J., 30, 31, 336. Morstadt, Dr. J., 85. Mortillet, G. de, 85, 377. Mortimer, R., 31. Morton, J. C, 200, 405. Mosasaurian Teeth, 282. Moselle, 413. Mountains, 373. Mountain Chains, 92. Mountainville, 83. Mount Eden, 150. Mount's Bay, 187. Mourlon, M., 85, 393. Moustier, 372. Moustierian, 85. Mow Cop, 36. Mud, 223, 406. Mud Volcanoes, 55. Mud gee, 155. Mull, 338. Mullens, Rev. J., 146. Mliller, Baron von, 164. , Prof. A., 86, 251, 378. , J., 374, 414. Mulligan, J. v., 158. Mundy, D. L., 158. Munier-Chalmas, 310. Munoz, M. B., 86. Munroe, H. S., 168, 398, 399. Murchi8on,SirR. I.,112, 375. River, 150. Murchisonite Beds, 32. Murex, 325. Murray, 161. , A., 126,' 364, 365, 409. Musconetcong, 386. Muscovite, 262, Myelopteris, 339, 340. Nffiverhougen, 389. Naga Hills, 137. Nagpur, 199. Nahanik, 31, 410. Nahun Beds, 138, 143. Namcho, 140. Namur, 61. Nancy, 63. Nantucket Island, 131. Narbada, 139. Narin, 191. Narragansett Bay, 130. Nash Co., 228. Nasserheit, 253. Natal, 146, 207. Nathorst, A. G., 86, 217, 335, 338. Natrolite, 229. Nattheim Beds, 298. Natural Coke, 264. Navia, S., 252. Neagh, Lough, 17. Nebraska, 132, 177. Nehring, A., 287. Nelly's Cove, 320. Neminar, E. F., 218, 252. Neocomian, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18, 26, 29, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49, 51, 61, 63, 72, 89, 104, 106, 134, 148, 193, 203, 263, 278, 282, 288, 292, 326, 339, 408. Neogene, 72. Nepal, 139. Nepheline-basalt, 223. Nephrite, 240. Nerike, 79. Neritojpsis, 301. Ness, W., 140. Nesterowsky, 140. Netherlands, 393. Neuberg, 230. Neuchatelese Jura, 326, 397. Neumayr, Dr. M., 86, 87, 177, 317. Nevada, 132, 230, 384, 389. NewaU, 31. , R. S., 393. Newbattle, 15. Newberry, C, 230. , Prof. J. S., 287, 330, 373. Newbery, J. C, 162. New Bilton, 295. Brunswick, 392, 410. Newbury, U.S., 115. Port, 115,261,395. New Caledonia, 148, 165, 166, 242, 245, 250. Newcastle, 198, 393. New England, 118. Newfoundland, 126, 364, 365, 409. New Guinea, 165, 167. Jersey, 116, 130, 232, 385. Newman, Mr., 147. New Mexico, 113, 117, 124, 128, 132, 276, 276, 402. 2f 434 INDEX. New Eed Sandstone, 192, 393. Newsham, 271. New South Wales, 147, 148, 150, 155-158, 165, 218, 358, 365, 392. Newton, H., 378. , E. T., 218. Newton Abbot, 381. New York, 121, 235, 271. Zealand, 147-155, 158, 159, 162, 164, 271, 272,289,296,304,311. Neyt, P. J., 393. Niagara, 180. Formation, 331. Nice 94. Nicholas, W., 158, 161. Nicholson, Prof. JI. A., 126, 318-320, 323, 331, 393. Nickel, 165, 166, 201, 250. Nicobar Isles, 304. Nicolson, A., 31. Niederstadt, Dr. B. 0., 252. Niedzwiedzki, J., 218. Nievale, 100. Niigata, 169. Niles, W. H., 127. Nitrates, 114. Njos, 93. Noad, Dr., 206. Noak, F. W., 177. Nodules, 193. Noel, E. E., 374. Isoggerathia, 337. Nolan, J., 363. Norberg, 103. Nordenskiold, A. E., 110, 112,141,185,253,410. Nordenskioldian Iron- masses, 111. Nordstrom, T., 87, 369. Nore, Eiver, 31. Noric beds, 84. Normandy, 105, 400. Northamptonshire, 21, 25. Northumberland, 8, 28, 198, 271, 272, 365. Norway, 20, 53, 75, 90, 93, 98, 183, 184, 200- 202,212,218,219,224, 237, 243, 253, 255, 299, 386, 389, 406. Norwich, 16, 281. Nottingham, 22. Nottinghamshire, 2, 6. Noursoak, 109. Nova Scotia, 202, 269, 412. Zembla, 109, 324. Nuculidce, 298. Nullipores, 403. Nummulitic Beds, 80,104, 106, 168, 288, 406. Nussdorf, 282. Nutfield, 29. Nyran, 307. Nyst, M., 61. Oberg, v., 369. Oberland, 104. Oceanic Jade, 249. Odling, Dr., 18. Odontojpt&ris, 335. Odontornithes, 286. GEningen Stage, 402. Oetzthal Mountains, 215. Offenbanya, 92. Ohio, 113, 123, 124, 130, 271, 274, 275, 287, 319, 330, 331, 334, 397. Olbers, E. W., 393. Olcott, E. E., 393. Old CastiUe, 377. Oldham, E. D.. 32. , Dr. T., 141, 336. Old Eed Sandstone, 286. Oligocene, 105, 326. Oligoclase Nodules, 240. Olivine, 245. Olonetz, 80, 392. Olry, 87. Olszewski, S., 87. Olympiad, 199. Omboni, G., 87, 378. O'Meara, Eev. E., 320. Omosaurus, 288. Ontario, 115, 262, 318. Oolite Sands, 7. Oolitic Eocks, 31, 44, 279, 394. Iron-ores, 66. Opal, 147. Ophiolite, 390. Opisthoptera, 297. Oppenau, 61. Oran, 144, 291. Orange County, 271. Orange-Nassau, 168. Oregon, 120, 385. Ore-Knob Mine, 123, 393. Orenburg, 407. Ormerod, G. W., 32, 393. Ornithosaurian, 292. Orography, 80, 103. Oropos, 199. Orthoclase, 391, 394. Orthoidea, 307. Ortler, 98. Ortlieb, J., 393, 394. Orton, Prof. J., 127,312. Orvinio, 228. Oscillations, 170, 173, 174. Osseous Breccia, 94. Osierdal, 299. Ostracoda, 312. Ostrau, 101. Otago, 152, 154, 162, 311. Otisville, 271. Owen, Prof. E., 284, 288, 289. Owle, 215. Ox, 271. Oxford. 22. Oxf ordian, 102, 292. Oxland, Dr. E., 202. Occynoticeras, 312. Ozokerite, 66, 204. Pachnolite, 398. Pacific Eailroad, 407. Padua, 101. Paetel, F., 320. Paget, F. A., 205. Paisley, Eev. C. H., 410. Paladini, L., 410. Pal<2oniscus, 271. Palaeontology, 373, 406, 411. Talmotherium, 280. Pala?ozoic, 55, 79. 98, 211, 279, 303, 308, 312, 318, 319, 323, 369, 375, 401. Palatinate, 340. Palestine, 142. Palipoon, 137. Pallas, 401. Palorchestes, 289. Palsjo, 338. Paliidina, 317. Beds, 89, 325. Palumbo, 87. Pampas, 404. Panama, 114. ' Panisel Mt., 73. Paniselian, 61, 104, 106, 394. Pankhurst, E. A., 202. Pannah, 141. INDEX. 435 Pampcsa, 61, 303. Papier, A., 192. Para, 310, 321. Parad, 261. Paraguay, 113,114. Parandier, A. N., 415. Parfitt, E., 32, 192. Paris, 83, 96, 295, 387. Basin, 49, 50, 272. Lake, 95. Park County. 390. Parker, J., 22, 88. • -, Prof. W. K., 313. Parsons, Dr. H. F., 394. Parton, T., 177. Pasceolus, 313. Pas de Calais, 392, 393. Pas.sau, 47. Passy, A. F., 52, 88. Passyite, 408. Pasture-land, 200. Patagonia, 113, 114. Patrin, 171. Paul, C. M., 88, 89, 317. Payer, J., Ill, 112. Peach, B. N., 359, 367, 368. , C. W., 32, 289, 320. Peak Station, 150. Peale, A. C, 364. Pearce, R., 253. Peat, 75, 102, 197, 201, 203. Pebas Group, 300. Pechin, E. C, 202. Peck, Dr. R., 89. Pecopferis, 335. Peine, 51. Pelew Islands, 169. Pellat, E., 392. Pelobatochelys, 292. Pelsen, 307. Pembrokeshire, 18 Pengaron, 168. Pengelly, W., 32, 33, 378, 394, 410. Pennington, E., 33. Pennsylvania, 120, 124, 125,129,202,211,234, 242, 264. Pentagonal Network, 170. Pentuan, 278. Penzance, 43, 240, 244. Peremba, 96. Peridote, 236. Perigord, 376. Permian, 17, 22-24, 26, 27, 36, 41, 64, 66, 71, ■ 72, 77, 79, 82, 86, 89, 93, 97, 99, 134, 136, 166, 168, 204, 279, 297, 308, 324, 337-339, 370, 371,319,394. Pernambuco, 321. Peroche, J., 89. Peron, A., 146, 301. Peronges, 62. Perowskite, 407. Perron, E., 89. Persberg, 102. Persia, 140, 142, 269. Peru, 116, 241, 250, 255, 300. Peruci, 63. Peschel, O., 196. Petermann, Dr. A., 89, 127. Peters, Prof. K., 74, 90. Petit-Bois, a., 141. Petitot, P. E., 122, 128. Petrino, F. O. von, 90. Petroleum, 66, 114, 122, 124, 126, 140, 198, 199, 202, 204, 386, 392, 398. Petrowitz, 81. Pettersen, K., 90, 218. Peyton, J. E. H., 48, 202. Pfaff, 177. Pharmacosiderite, 232. Philadelphia, 164. Philippine Isles, 247. Philippsite, 235, 260. Phillips, 156. , Prof. J., 394. , J. A., 34, 394. Pholadomya, 316. Phosgenite, 336. Phosphatic Deposits, 11, 19, 26, 39, 53, 56, 82, 84, 89, 93, 108, 212, 230, 243, 245, 252, 255, 262, 263, 267, 279, 384, 392. Phthisis, Distribution of, 18. Phylloceras, 316. Physical Geography, 92, 376, 409. Physics, Cosmical, 195, 196. Phvsopoda, 323. Pichler, Prof. A., 91, 218, 253, 321. Piedmont, 298, 384, 401, 403. Piestingthal, 108. Pieton, 53. Piette, E., 91, 321. Pillet, M., 70. Pillnitz, 66. Pilsen, 71, 76. Pinart, A. L., 128, 141. Pinchin, R., 146. Pinet, A., 411. Pingel, Dr., 112. Pimts, 339. Piquet, A., 218. Pistacite, 240. Pitchblende, 253. Pitt, W. H., 308. Planorhis, 390. Beds, 96. Plant, F., 218. Plant Remains, 78, 134, 332,334,373,406,414. Plastic Clay, 337. Platinum, 142, 168, 230, 236. Plattner, 253. Platycrinus, 297. Platygonus, 284. Platz, Prof. D., 91. Plauen'sche Grand, 217, 223. Pleistocene, 273, 291, 322, 335, 403. Pleurofomaria^ 314. Plicatocrinus, 316. Pliocene, 10, 51, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 72, 74, 78. 81, 87 89, 97, 98, 100, 103-10.5, 108, 116, 121, 126, 132, 134, 144, 148, 154, 156, 159,271,275,277,279- 281, 284, 285, 292, 293, 298, 304, 305, 314, 315, 317, 321, 323, 325, 362, 363, 3»8, 402. Plocq, 92. Plumas Co., 121. Plumbago, 198. Plunkett, W., 269. Plymouth Hoe, 45. Po, 384, 388. Podolia, 96. Polar Regions, 110, HI, 185, 414. Temperature, 379. Polaris Bay, 109. Poh/cystina, 304. Polyzoa, 305, 306, 312, 318, 319, 329, 331. Pomel, 395. Pomerania, 97. Pond-mud, 207. Pontaven, 217. 2 p2 436 INDEX. Pont-Levoy, 325. Pontypool, 383. Ponza Islands, 59. Ponzi, Prof. G., 81, 92. Poole, H. S., 202. Popovics, A. B., 92. Porcellia, 330. Pornac, 358. Porphyrite, 221. Porphyritic Rocks, 81. Porphyry, 209, 210, 211, 220. Portage Grroup, 331. Porte, 219. Porthalla, 320. Portland, I. of, 34. Portland Cement, 208. Portlandian, 102. Portland Stone, 246. Portsmouth, 208. Portugal, 337. Posepny, F., 92, 253. Postglacial Beds, 6, 9-13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 42, 43, 45, 55, 62, 63, 69, 75, 94, 107, 110, 118, 154, 156, 159, 180, 279, 284, 285, 289, 291, 292, 303, 307, 362, 366, 367, 369, 403. Post-Pliocene, 4, 5, 21, 131, 279, 410. Post-Tertiary, 9, 15, 407. Potash, 51. Potier, A., 46, 92, 395. Potton, 39. Potwar Series, 142. Poulton, 11. Powell,Maior J.W., 128. Pozzy, M.,'378. Prague, 413. Pratt, Dr., 363. Precious Stones, 233, 238. Preglacial Man, 377. Preston, 22. Prestwich, Prof. J., 34, 186, 378. Pretrement, 0. A., 289. Pribram, 47, 197, 231, 245. Price, F. G. H., 35. Primary Rocks, 55, Prime, F., Jun., 128. Primordial, 119, 123. Priodontognathus, 292. Probst, 186. Procoptodon, 289. Prorastomm, 289. Protogine, 396. Protriton, 295. Provis, J., 202. Prussia, 48. 53, 68, 89, 261,365,366,373,387, 390, 398. Psam mites, 337. Psaronius, 340. Pseudomorphism, 209, 237, 238, 251, 254, 394. Pteraspis, 278. Pierocera, 315. Pterodactylian Teeth, 282. Pterygotus, 308. Puertollano, 93. Pumpelly, Prof. R., 253. Punjab, 142. PurlDeck Beds, 292. Purnell, 0. W., 159. Pycnodus, 278. Pyrenees, 78, 84, 104. Pyrites, 236, 249. Pyrology, 255. Pyrosclerite, 247. Pyrosmalite, 250. Pyroxene, 238. Pyrrhotite, 260. Quartz, 241, 246, 254, 257, 260. Reefs, 158, 162. Quartziferous Porphyry, 220. Quartzite, 385. Quartzose Grit, Perfora- tion of, 377. Quaternary, 34, 62, 63, 94, 95, 101, 273, 285, 290, 369, 372, 385, 389, 396, 408. Queensland, 147, 152, 155, 158, 358, 389. Quenstedt, Prof. F., 321. Quercv, 279. Querigut, 389. Quin, L. C, 92. Quiroga y Rodriguez, F., 219. Radimsky, V., 92. Radstock, 2, 38, 39. Raewski, M., 2, 38, 39. Raigarh, 134. Rainfall, 199. Rajmahal Beds, 136, 336, 386. HiUs, 375. Rakonitz, 107, 307. Ramiro, D. M. M., 263. Rammelsberg, 0. F., 254. Ramsay, Prof. A. C, 92, 111, 395, 400. Rancie, 105. Rath, Prof. G. vom, 92, 219, 227, 241, 254, 255, 395, 410. Rathbun,R., 310,321. Ratisbon,47. Raymond, Dr.W.R., 128, 146, 373. Reade, T. M., 35, 186. Reading Beds, 24. Readwin, T. A., 202, 255. Recent Deposits, 3, 6, 8, 10-13, 16-18, 21, 23, 27, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 55, 62-64, 81, 82, 85, 89, 92, 102, 107, 110, 113, 127, 135-137, 141, 148, 154, 278, 335, 358, 359, 362-368, 370, 371, 389, 394, 398, 400, 408. Receptaculites, 308. Reclus, E., 378, 410. Red Chalk, 190, 208. Clay, 190, 208. Rocks, 26, 27. Reich, H., 92. Reichardt, D. E., 269. Reindeer, 280. Epoch, 392, 408. Reinhardt, J., 289. Reise-Skizzen, 101. Reiss, W., 129. Religion and Geology, 374. Reliquiae Aquitanicae,376. Renard, Prof. A., 219. Renaud, G. P. A., 168. Renault, B., 331. Renevier, Prof. E., 70, 99, 369, 374, 378. Renfrewshire, 366. Rensselaer Co., 119. Reptiles, 272, 276, 288, 291. Resal, H., 93. Resin, 234, 258. Eetipora, 306. J Reunion, 386. Reusch, H. H., 53, 93, 187. Revest Mine, 413. Revinian, 408. Reydellet, De, 93, 255. Rey-Lescure, 93. Reynes, Dr. P., 255, 410. Eeynolds, Prof. J. E., 255. Reyran, 414. Bbaetic Beds, 6, 10, 55, 108, 338. Eheinf elden, 86. Bhenish Devonians, 83. Westphalia, 366. Rhine Basin, 396. Rhinoceros, 273, 278, Ehizodns, 287. Rhondda, 11. Rhone, River, 51, 285, 408. Riara-Kiwa, 168. Richards, Prof. R. H., 395. Richter, R.. 94, 321. , Prof. T., 253. Richthofen, Baron von, 141. , F. F., von, 378. Ricketts, Dr. C, 187. Riddlesdown, 13. Riprg, Rev. A., 379. Rink, Dr. H., 112. Rio Grande do Sul, 121. Rivers, 12, 54, 182, 188, 205,270,383,405,406. Rivers Commission, 200. River Terraces, 9. Riviere, A., 192, 220. , E., 94, 290. Roberts, J., 35. , W. C, 178. Robertson, D., 9. , R. S., 379. Robinson, W., 205. Robson, H. R., 395. , Dr. J. S., 35. Rocco, G. B., 94. Rock-masses, 406. salt, 51,52,243,259. striations, 43. tar, 399. work, 185, Rocks, Analvses of, 414. , Clastic, 206. , Cornish, 34. , Disintegration of, 184. , Expansion of, 177. , Formation of, 192, , Nomenclature, of, 206. , Thermal Conduc- tivity of, 195. Rocky Mountain House, 412, INDEX. 437 Rocky Mountains, 118, 405-407, 409, 410, 412 122, 126, 276, 316, -414. 384. Riitimeyer, Prof. L,, 96, Rocroy, 408, 290, 291. Rodriguez, 165, 281, 287, Rutlandshire, 25. 317. Rutley, F., 256. Roemer, Prof. F., 94, Rutot, A., 95, 96, 220, 290,411. 291, 406. Roessler, Dr. A. R., 364, Rogers, J. J., 187. Saar Basin, 220, , Prof. W. B., 129. Saarbriick, 281, 308. Rohri, 135. Saarbriicken, 203, Roman Campagna, 81, Sabine, Sir E., 111. Wall, 24. Sacher, E., 220, Ronco, 106, Sadebeck, Dr. A., 256. Ronda Mountains, 216. Sadtler, S. P., 242. Roper, F. C. S., 36. Saghalien, 391, 406. Rosanna, 103. Sagot, Prof., 411. Roscoe, Prof. H.E., 111, Sahara, 145, 195, 395, Rose, H. J., 95, 410. Roselite, 258. St. Acheul, 372. Rosenbusch, H., 95, 220, St. Beat, 65. Ross, 0. C. D., 202, St. Cassian, 84. , W. A„ 255, Sainte-Claire-Deville, C, Ross, 397. 379. Rossberg, 49, St. Cloud, 96. Rossendale, 26, Sainte-Croix, 326. Rossi, M. S., 255, Saise, W., 8. Roth, J., 178. St. David's, 18, 311. Rothe, Prof., 290. St. Domingo, 242, 263, Rothesay, 14, 307. Rothliegende, 77, Sainter, J. D., 36. Rothwell, R. P„ 129, 379, Saint-Etienne, 339. Rotomahana, 158. Saint-Germain-sur-Ille, Roudaire, Capt., 379, 327. Roumania, 52, St. Gothard, 48, 55, 199, Rousselet, L., 141. 373. Rousset, A,, 411, St, Helena, 167, Routledge, W., 395. St. Hilary, 8, Rouville, Prof. P, de, 95. St. Ives Consols Mine, Rowley Rag, 2. 14. Royer, C, 95. St. John, 0,, 292. Rudler, F. W., 220, 255, St, John Del Rey, 125, 262. St, John's River," 381. Rudnew, 396. St. Louis Co., 384, Rudofts Pit, 101. St, Mary's Cray, 41. Rugby, 18, 32, 44. St. Meunier, 378, Riigen, 57, Saint Paul, 168. Rugosa, 303. St. Petersburg, 197. Rumpf, J., 256, St.-Remy-Chausee, 388. Ruolz, de, 379, St. Vincent. 173, Russell, R„ 36, 360, 370. Sakhar, 135, Russia, 47, 48, 62, 63, 74, Salair Chain, 140. 76, 80, 96, 103, 107, Salenia, 301, 142,197,198,200,214, Salis, F, von, 396, 220, 222, 224, 236, 238, Salite, 245, 247, 254, 263, 269, 273, Salmon Rivers, 31. 312,327,364,386,389- Salts (various), 44, 48, 393,396,397,401,402, 51-53, 55, 57, 60, 77, 438 IIs^DEX. 79, 87, 97, 105, 114, 116, 136, 142, 146, 163, 197, 198,211,232,233, 243, 263, 268. Salt-pans, 383. Salter, J. W., 112. Salvetat, 96. Salwey, T. J., 396. Salzburg, 108. Samarskite, 261, 263. Samoa, 166. Samothrace, 218. Samuelson, N., 396. Sand, 207, 210, 406. Dunes, 123, 188, 199. Sandberg, 0. P., 202. Sandberger, Prof. C. L. F., 321, 379. , Prof. F., 96, 256, 257. Sanders, W., 358. Sandhurst, 158. Sandstone, Columnar, 14. Sandwich Islands, 165, 223. San Juan, 119. Sankoty Head, 131. San Luis, 123. San Pedro, 404. Santa Fe Marls, 276, 277. Santander, 278. Santiago, 105. Santon Oolites, 9. Santorin, 211, 240. Sapphire, 156. Saporta, Count G. de, 62, 339, 379. Saratov, 401. Sargeaunt, Capt. E. A,, 196 Sardinia, 81, 201, 251. Sarmatian, 72, 103. Sarrouilhes, 65. Sarsden (or Sarsen) ' Stones, 24, 37. Sarthe, 405. Saskatchewan, 117. Saumur, 403. Saurian Remains, 271, 283, 411. Sauvage, E., 129. , Dr. H. E., 291, 411. Savoy, 80. Sawkins, J. G., 115. Saxony, 66, 71, 208, 241, 265, 308, 337, Sazava, 406. Scacchi, 257. Scandinavia, 212. Scania, 69, 78, 209, 313, 338. Scaphaspis, 278. Scapolite, 391. Scatchel Head, 124. Scenery, 45, 174. Scbaffhausen, 291. Scharitz, 96. ScharflF, Dr. F., 257. Schatzlar Beds, 101. Scheerer, Dr. T., 258. Schenk, Dr. A., 339, 340. Scheurer-Kestner, M. A., 220. Schimper, Dr., 146. Schl^sing, T., 220. Schlehan, A., 96. Schlier, 72. Schmidt, A., 396. , Prof. C, 396, 412. , F., 96, 412. , Dr. J. F. J., 178. , J. J. F. W. V. d. W. v., 415. — , Prof. K., 269. Schnapper Point, 306. Schneeberg, 241. Scholz, M., 97. Schondorff, Dr. A., 202, 220. Schott, C. A., 178. Schrauf, Prof. A., 258. Schrockinger, J. F. von, 258. Schroder, Dr. H., 258. Schubert, 97. Schweitzer, Prof. P., 221. Scindia, 139. Scotland, 1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23-25. 30, 31, 37, 45, 174, 184, 194, 204,233,241,278,296, 30.5,306,311,323,329, 330, 338, 359, 364, 366 -368, 389, 404, 408, 413. Scott, R. H., 112. Scrope, G. P., 178. Scudder, S. H., 131, 322, 323. Sea Banks, 184. Coasts, 170. , Deep, Life in the, 190, 191. Level, 194, 196. Sea water, 236. Waves, 187. Sedimentary Formations, 409. Sediments, 411. Seeley, Prof. H. G., 292. Segre, 415. Segregation, 191. Seguenza, Prof. G., 97, 98, 323. Seidlitz, Dr. C. v., 412. Seine-et-Marne, 58. et-Oise, 96. Selheim, P. H., 147. Seligmann, G., 258. Sellafield, 270. Selwyn, A. R. C, 129, 412. Semmering, 262. Semtsche, 80. Senft, Dr. F., 258. Serpentine. 52, 216, 223, 232, 237, 253, 254, 401. Servia, 92. Settle, 39. Seurre, 206. Seville, 94. Sexe, S. A., 98, 187. Shafts, 117. Shag Point, 152. Shaler, Prof. N. S., 130, 170, 178, 187, 188. Shap Boulders, 43. Shapur Coal-field, 139. Sharks, 273, 291, 406. Sharp, S., 379. Sheffield, 37, 396. SheU Mounds, 381. Shepard, 390. Sheppey, 2. Sherborne, 2. Sherwood Forest, 41. Shoreham, 41. Shotts, 12. Shroeckinger, J. F. v., 97. Shwe-Gyeen, 137. Siberia, 140, 141, 246, 401. Sicily, 77, 98, 291. Sierra Nevada, 124. Siewert, Dr. C, 412. Sigillaria, 339. Silesia, 96, 247, 252. 260, 337, 411, 415. Silica, 245. Silicified Wood, 126. I Silkstone, 15. INDEX. 439 Silt-bed, 229. Silurian, 57. 65, 89, 90, 105, 108, 110, 112, 127, 151, 175,224,251,330, 331, 358, 3B9. 376, 389, 404, 405, 412, 413. ■ Upper, 8, 20, 29, 38, 46, 79, 94, 96. 118, 142, 148, 154, 156, 159, 308,316,318-321,328, 362, 367, 401, 407. ■ Lower, 1, 7, 10-12, 18-20, 24, 31, 34, 41, 46, 78, 79, 107, 115, 118, 120,123,125,126, 148, 154, 158, 159, 179, 211,213,219,223,263, 300,303,311-313,315, 318, 319, 327, 328, 359, 362-364, 366, 367, 409. Silver, 47, 81, 94, 97, 115, 119-121, 156, 197, 199, 202, 230. 242, 246, 251, 252, 264, 369, 398, 413. Silver, S. W., 146. Silvestri, Prof. O., 179, 258. Silvretta, 76. Simbirsk, 401. Simmons, W., 36. Simonin, L., 130. Simpson, J. B., 396. Sinai, 140. Sipocz, L., 258. Sirenia, 288, 295. Sirodot, 293. Sismonda, 259. Sjogren, A., 203, 259. Skae, H. M., 366. Skalkovski, C, 396. Skene, A. J., 412. Skey, W., 221. Skiddaw Slates, 319. Skve, I. of, 31. Slaney, Eiver, 27, 410. Slates, 324. Slaty Cleavage, 174, 175. Slavonia, 89, 317. Slicken sides, 43, 175, 179. Smith, Dr. E. A. 130. , Prof. J. L., 227. 228, 259. Smock, Prof. J. C, 130, 203. Smyth, E. B., 151, 159, 358, 412. Smyth, W. W., 37, 203, 259. Snake River, 367. Snelus, a. J., 221. Snioland, 107. Sodium, Nitrate of, 250. Sohncke, L., 259. Soil, 411. Solathocrinus, 316. Solutre, 60. Somersetshire, 41, 45, 201, 394. Somma Bay, 210. Somme, 88, 201. Sorby, H. C, 37. Sotzka, 311. Southall, J. C, 380. South Park, 276. South Seas, 165. Spa, 267. Spain, 20, 52, 54; 56, 68, 81, 82, 86, 92-95, 105, 106, 216, 218, 219, 230, 252, 255, 263, 278, 315, 383, 408. SpatangidcB, 329. Species, Origin of, 320. Spencer, J. W., 396. Sperenberg, 48, 177. Spezia, G-., 396. Spharodus, 281, 284. Sphaerolites, 231. Spheeroma, 297. Sphenopteris, 101. Spiennes, 56. Spiess, R, 412. Spitzbergen, 324. Spon, E., 203. Sponges, 297, 306, 403. Spring, W., 259. Springs, 205, 406. , Mineral, 267, 399. , Thermal, 48, 158, 235, 236, 268, 358. Spurr Mountain Iron Mine, 253. Squire, L., Jun., 260. Ssuna, 80. Stabbarps, 209. Stache, Dr. G-., 98, 99, 146. Staffordshire, 2, 11, 21, 26, 295. Siaqonolepis, 282. Stanley, Dr. A. P., 380. Stansfield, 26. Stapf, 99. Stark, P., 196. Stassfurt, 52, 233. Stawell, 147. Stedftstrup, K. J. T., 111. Stefani, C. de, 99, 100, 323. Steiermark, 282. Stein, 65. Steinheim, 96, 390. Stelzner, A., 260. Stevens, J., 37. Stevenson, F. J., 398. , Prof. J. J., 131. , W., 37. Stewart, S. A., 192. Sthenums, 289. Stilbite, 260. Stirlingshire, 367. Stoddart, W. W., 38, 46, 293. Stoehr, E.. 100. Stolberg, 68. Stoliczka, R, 141. Stolpe, M., 369. Stone, 404. Stone Mountain, 122. Stones, Ornamental, 204. Stoney, G. J., 213. Stoppani, A., 323, 412. Strachey, Lieut.-Gen. R., 380. Strangways, 0. F., 360, 361, 370. Straparolus, 307. Strata, Table of, 374. Stratification, 406. Streng, A., 221, 260. Striations, 43. Strobel, P., 131, 293. Stromboli. 177. Struckmann, A. C, 100, 412. Struve, H., 396. Struver, G., 260. Striiver, J., 100. Stuart, Dr. 0., 413. Studdert, L., 269. Studer, B., 100, 222. Stulz, 369. Stur, D., 101, 340. Styria, 90, 92, 230, 239. Subapennine, 100. Subathu Beds, 143. Subcarboniferous, 124. Submerged Forests, 13, 173. Subsidence, 178. Sub-Wealden boring, 2, 6, 32, 40, 44, 395. Suderoe, 207. Suess, Prof. E., 101. 440 INDEX. Suir, River, 31. Sulina, 183. Sulphur Deposits, 48, 54, 63, 77, 100, 142, 231 398, 399, 402, 405, 408. Well, 2G7. Sulz, 392. Sumatra, 168, 299. Sumner, 152. Superior, Lake, 122, 253, 393. Surat, 135. Surface Geology, 392. Surrey Docks, 3, Surveys, 54, 370, 376, 381. Sutherland, A., 38. , Dr. P. C, 112. Swabia, 84. Swallow, E. H., 261, 269. Swanage, 292. Swanston, W., 397. Sweden, 20, 57, 62, 68, 69, 73, 78, 79, 87, 90, 102, 103, 198, 201, 202, 209, 217, 222, 229, 230, 243, 249, 250, 259, 313, 338, 369, 377, 389. Switzerland, 47-49, 53, 55, 62, 63, 74, 86, 92, 96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 199,205,206,211,222, 246, 247, 271, 290, 291, 313, 314, 316, 338, 369, 389, 391, 397, 398, 413. Sydney, 158, 395. Symonds, Rev. W. S., 397. Syracuse, 65. Syzran, 327. Szabo, Prof. J., 222, 261. Szaszka, 222. Sz'tshwan, 141. Table Cape, 328. Talbot, H. T., 38. Talc, 251. Talclur Series, 134, 136. Tamboosk,401. Tanganyika, Lake, 145. Tangiers, 144. Tanner, Dr. J. A., 261. Tarapaca, 255. Tardy, A., 101, 102. Tarn-et-Garonne, 93. Tartary, 134, 177. Tasmania, 147, 148, 163, 218,242,304,358,390. Tate, Prof. R., 38, 46, 323, 328. Taunusian, 278. Taviglianaz Grit, 103. Tavistock, 206. Tawney, E. B., 2, 38, 39, 46. Tayler, J.W., 111. Taylor, J. E., 380. , N., 160. Tea Soils, 137, 207. Teall, J. J. H., 39. Tecali. 401. Tech Valley, 104. Teclu,110. Telluric Minerals, 239. Tellurium, 405. Temperature, 171, 175, 177-179. Tenasserim, 137. Tenby, 2. Tengri Nur Lake, 140. Tennant, Prof, J., 261. Tennessee, 114. Tenow, S., 369. Teofilactoff, 364. Tequezquite, 263. Terehratula, 315. Terminology, 264. Terquem, O., 413. Terra Rossa, 65, 86, 323. Terraces, 9, 183. Terreil, A., 261. Tertiaries, 51, 54, 60, 65, 87, 90, 103, 105, 115, 117, 144, 159, 272, 276, 285,286,291,298, 300, 302,304-306,311,313- 315,323-325,328,334, 335, 358, 366, 367, 369, 387, 390, 392, 398, 401, 403, 408, 409, 412. Teruel, 106. Tessin, 211. Tetrahedrite, 235. Thalassotheria, 280. Thalen, R., 198, 413. Thallium, 261. Thanet, I. of, 21. Thayingen, 291. Thenius, 102. Theobald, 513. Thermal Conductivity, 195. Springs, 48, 158, 235, 236, 268, 358. Theux, 58, 85. Thibet, 140, 141. Thiede, 287. Thiollier, A., 413. Thomas, J.W., 261. Thompsonite, 239, 245. Thomson, J., 323. , Sir Wm., 179. , Sir Wyville, 168, 380. Throndhjem, 300. Thun, Lake of, 397. Thuringia, 71, 244, 321, 412. Thuringian Slates, 94, Tibet, 140. Tichborne, C. R. C, 261, 226. Tidal Erosion, 187. Tiddeman, R. H., 22, 39, 364. Tietze, Dr. E., 142, 269. Tilburstow, 29. Till, 23. Tilly-Foster Iron Mine, 235 Tilsit, 387. Timbal-Laygrave, E., 102. Time, Geological, 184, 194, 302. Tin Ore, 36,82,111,147, 148, 156, 158, 159, 163, 200, 201, 230, 242. Tin -stream, 8. Tisoa, 307. Tissandier, G., 380. Titaniferous Iron Sand, 237. Titanium, 229. iron, 391. Tlemcen, 373. Todmorden, 22. Tombeck, 102. Tongrian, 53, 326, 386. Topley, W., 43, 44, 188, 203, 362, 365. Torbanite, 221. Tornebohm, A. E., 102, 103, 222. Torpa, 87. Torquay, 378. Torrell, 335. Torriglia, 335. Tortoises, 281, 282. Toucas, A., 70, 310. Touchstone, 239. Toula, Dr. F., 103, 112, 324, 413, 414. Toungoo, 137. Tourcoing, 385. Tourmaline, 265. INDEX. 441 Tournai, 61. Tournouer, R., 324, 325. Toussaint, 385. Trachyte, 209, 222, 229, 248 Traill," W. A., 40, 41. Transition Beds, 117. Trans-Orange Republic, 146. Transylvania, 84, 87, lOi, 273, 410. Traps, 211, 243. Traquair, Dr. R. H., 294. Trautschold,H., 103,142, 326, 397. Travers, W. P. L., 162. Travertine, 40. Tree-roots, Perforation by, 377. Trentham, 30. Trentinaglia-Telvenburg, J. R. von, 103, 397. Trevelyan, SirW.C.,203. Treves, 269. Triarthus. 303. rias, 1, 2, 7, 9, 1 1, 17, 18, 21-24, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 41, 46, 48, 51- 53, 55, 57, 58, 64, 72, 73, 79, 81, 84-86, 90, 91, 99, 108, 110, 113, 117, 120, 125, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136-138, 141, 148, 154, 175, 192, 209- 212,283,301,313,321, 335, 358, 361-367, 369, 370, 391, 393, 394. Tribolet, F. de, 103, 104, 326, 397. Trickett, S., 204. Tridymite, 231. Trigonia, 314. Trilobites, 299, 310, 313, 321 Triplite, 246. Trisanna, 103. Tristickoptems, 294. Trochidce, 297. Troilite, 259. Tromelin, G. de, 327, 406. Trondhjem, 75. Trousset, 408. Trutat, A., 104. , E., 104. Tschaptschatschi Hills, 401. Tschermak, Prof. G., 196, 222, 227, 228, 262. Tubbing, 7. Tufa, Calcareous, 40. Tuffs, 62. Tunnels, Natural, 90. Tuomey, Prof. 263. Turkey-in-Europe,48, 52, 183, 218, 269. Turonian, 50. Turrialba, 216. Tuscany, 99, 279, 281, 284, 372. Twechar, 359. Tweed, River, 21. Tylden- Wright, C, 41. Tylor, A., 188. Tynedale, 198. Tyrol, 59, 72, 73, 84, 85, 91, 92, 103, 108, 184, 209, 210, 212, 218, 239, 321, 389, 397, 410. Tyrone, 2, 17, 27. Ubachs, C, 294. Uchaux, 70, 310. Uj -Moldova, 222. Uleaborg, 74. Ullswater, 393. Ulrich, G. H. F., 154, 162, 163, 262. Ultima Thule, 54. Underground Forces, 177. Temperature, 177, 178, 179. Undulations of Chalk, 3. Ungulata, 276. Uniformity, 172. Unio, 326. United States, 113-133, 170, 171, 178, 180-182, 187, 188, 192, 200, 203, 211-213,219,221,226- 228,230,232-235,237, 239, 241-243, 245, 249, 251, 253, 261, 263, 267- 269, 271, 272, 274-277, 282, 284-287, 292, 296, 301-303, 308, 312, 316, 318, 319, 323, 328, 330, 331, 364, 367, 369, 379, 381, 384, 385, 388 391, 393, 396-398, 400-403, 405-409, 412. Unst, I. of, 30. Untersulzbach, 262. Upheaval, 66. Upware, 314. Urals, 142, 236, 238, 389, 391,393,397,407,413. Uranium, 115. Ure, 262. Urgonian, 326. Ursendorf, 84. Ursus, 282. Uruguay, 241. Usses, 51. Ussher, W. A. E., 41, 359. Utah, 125, 132. Utrecht, 389. Vacek, M., 104, 294. Vadot, N., 104. Vaillant, Prof. L., 294. Vala. J., 413. Valais, 269. Valenciennes, 65, 67, 8*7. Valleys, 11, 174, 183. Vanadium, 212, 243, 267. Vancouver Island, 120, 129. Vanden-Broeck, E., 104, 105. Van Hilt, 200. Var, 58. VarioHte, 224. Vasseur, G., 295. Vassy, 291. Vatican-zone, 81. Vaudoise Jura, 326. Veins, 53, 218, 416. Veglia, 403. Velain, C, 168, 262. Venda, 101. Vennor, H. G., 262. Verbeek, R. D. M., 168. Verespatak, 253, 262. Vermiculites, 234. Veronese, 378. Verril, Prof. A. E., 131. Vertebrata, 271, 403. Vesuvian Lava, 245. Mica, 244. Vesuvius, 172, 213. Vicentine, 298. Victoria, 147, 148, 153, 158-164, 230, 254, 262, 304-306, 314, 328, 358. Victoria Cave, 39. Vicuna, G., 105. Vidal, Dr. A., 169. , L. M., 105. Viedenz, 105. Vieillard, E., 105. , E. F., 105. Vieira, 105. Vienna, 64. Basin, 282. Exhibition, 205. 442 INDEX. Vienna Sandstone, 330. Vigeois, 358; Vignaes, 386. Vig-unsca, 63. Vilanova y Piera, J., 105, 295. Villada, M. M., 263. Villnos, 72. Villot, 106, 414. Vincent, G., 106. , W. T., 41. Vindhyan Group, 139. Virginia, 113, 119, 131, 132, 264, 385, 400. Virgulian, 397. Virlet d'Aoust, 196. VischniakofF, N., 327. Visiani, R. de, 340. Vivenot, Dr. F. von, 205. Voelcker, Prof. A., 263, 269. Vogel, Sir J., 153. Vogelsang. 369. Vohl, H., 269. Volcanic Phenomena, 10, 59, 75, 106, 170, 172, 173,175,178, 179,216, 223,224,258,369,384, 398, 4J 6. Volcanoes, 55, 100, 101, 121, 165,171,173,179. Volhard, 269. Volterrano, 284. Vom Bath, 254. Vorhauserite, 239. Vosges, 68, 78, 223, 388. Vrba, Dr.K, 112. Vugh, 14. Vulcanicity, 172, 178, 179, 196, 228. Vulcano, 207. Waagen, Dr. W., 327. Wadslev, 37. Wahl, 6.W., 414. Waldenburg, 101. Waldheira, 216. Wales, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 18- 20, 28, 58, 179, 198, 200,202,204,223,261, 263,268,311,323,359, 360, 383. Walker, H., 41. . J. R, 314. Wallerawang, 156. Wanganui, 159. Wanklyn, J.A., 270,414. Wantage. 10. Wapplerite, 258. Warburton, Col. P. E., 163. Ward, J., 295. , J. C, 10, 22, 42, 43, 179, 223, 360, 370. , Dr. O., 43, 179, 380. Warden, C. J. H., 223. Wardle, T., 193. Warner, F. T., 340. Warring, C. B., 380. Warth, H., 143. Washington, Mt., 122. Water Analysis, 41-^ , Waterfalls, 11. ' Water Supply, 45, 93, 142, 158, 198-200,202, 203, 205. Water-Lime Group, 30» Waters, A. M., 106, 340; Watford, 2. '"". Watson, W. H., 270. Watts, W,.L., 106, 107. WavellitC234. Waverly Group, 331. Wax, Mineral, 204. Weald, 15. Wealden Beds, 44, 292, 339 Webster, Prof. N. B., 132 Weddel, 381. Weigrand, B., 223. Weiprecht, C, 111. Weisbach, Dr., 241, 263. Weiss, 365. Weissig, 66, 308. Well-borings, 16. 18, 21, 31, 64, 92, 102, 145, 203, 384-386, 402. Well Hill, 41. Wellington. W., 163. (Kew Zealand), 149. Wells, Mr., 41. Wenneberg, 211. Wermland, 250. W^est Indies, 263, 307, 309. Westmoreland, 42. Westphalia, 366. Wethered, E., 8. • Wexford, 27. Weymouth, 13, 34. Whale Lode, 390. Whales, 272. 273, 278, 293. Wheal, Mary Ann, 14. Wheeler, Prof. C. G.,381. , G. M., 132. Wheeler's Expedition, 117, 124. Whidley Island, 124. Whitaker, W., 43, 381, 394. White, R., 41. Whitehaven, 39, 270. Whitfield, R. P., 125, 330. Whitley, N., 43. Whitney, J. D., 381. Whittlesey, Col. C, 397. Wichmann, Dr. A., 169, 228. Wicken, 39. Wide Bay, 152, 389. Wieleczka, 198. Wieser District, 92. Wight, Isle of, 3, 292. Wiik, T. J., 107, 224, 263. Wilder, Prof. B. G., 295. Wilischthal, 214. Wilkinson, C. S., 156, 157. WiUcox, J., 293. Willett, H., 44. Williams, C. P., 264, Williamson, Prof. W. C, 179, 340. Willis, J., 179. Willson, W. L., 363. Wilmington, 390. Wilson, Major C. W., 142. , J. M., 44, 295, 296. Winchell, Prof. A., 132. , Prof. N. H., 125, 132. Winchester, 16, 340. Windakiewicz, E., 204. W^ind-drift Erosion, 182, 186. Windy Knoll, 277. Winkler, Dr. T. C, 414. Winwood, Rev. H. H., 44. Wisconsin, 113, 123. Wohler, F., 398. Woldrich, Prof. J., 224. , Dr. J. N., 107. Wolf, H., 107, 108. -, Prof. T., 133. Wolframite, 248. WoUaston, G. H., 44, 19.3 229. Wolla'stonite, 240. Wonfor, T. W., 296. Wood, Silicified, 126. IXDEX. 443 Woods, Eev. J. E. T.,828. Woodward, B. B., 378. , C. J., 179. , H., 112, 189, 29fi, 381, 403. , H. B., 45, 359, 361, 362, 381. , S. P., 328. Wookey, 2. Woolwich, 41. Beds, 24. World, 369. Worth, E. N.,45, 204. Worthen, A. H., 133, 292, 328. Wrede, F., 414. Wright, A. W., 228. , B. M., 24, 407. , J., 328, 329. , Dr. T., 329. Wrigley, H. E., 124. Wulfenite, 242. Wiirtemberg, 60. Wurtz, Dr. H., 264. Wyken Colliery, 32. Wylie, A., 363. Wyman, J., 381. Wynad, 137. Wynr.e, A. B., 1, 142, 143. Wyoming, 124, 132, 364. Yale College, 131, 212, 243. Yar Connaught, 215. Yeddo, 169. Yellowstone Region, 114, 124, 364, 367, 383. Yesso, 168, 398, 399. Yoredale Rocks, 28. York Co., 120, 211. Yorke's Peninsula, 153. Yorkshire, 6, 14, 15, 22, 26,31,36,370,394 Young, C. A., 264. , Prof. J., 329. ,J.,45,296,329,330. , R., 45. Ypresian, 73. Zaho, 140. Zealand, 393. Zepharovich, R. von, 264. Zerrenner, C, 264, 265. Zezi, P., 398. Zickendrath, E., 224. Zigno, Baron A. de, 296. Zinc Ore, tA, 82, 94, 119, 120, 251, 391, 399. Zincke, Rev. F. B., 398. Zips, 79. Zirkel, Dr. F., 224, 266. Zirlite, 253. Zittel, K., 108. Zoblitz, 216. Zoldo, 84. Zones, 50. Zonochlorite, 243. Zschan, E., 265. Zugmayer, H., 108, 330. Zwickau, 377, 415. Printed by TAVloft and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. / / Ot rij c1 to H U5 od c\i Q N a: Q -^ Uiiiveriity of Toronto Library POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket LOWE-MARTIN CO. Limited ! 1 1 I i i .<