CROSSED BY THE

LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD. -
| LIBRARY

Bar tee sae YOR!
‘ia an R ee TANICAL
aes Oe, "GARDEN.
SYRACUSE, N. Y. | :

STANDARD PUBLISHING COMPANY. es

1879. | h

»

THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

CROSSED BY THE

eyracuse « Chenango Valley &. &.

TOGETHER WITH A

SKETCH OF THE HYDROGRAPHY # VALLEY FORMATIONS

OF

MADISON AND ONONDAGA COUNTIES.

Se NOPSIS-OP-THESIS.

I. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.

A. SALINA.
. Outcreps. :
. Neighboring localities of same formation.
. Rocks and minerals.
. Fossil remains.
. Economical products.
WER HELDERBERG.
1. Outcrops.
2. Neighboring localities of same formation.
3. Rocks and minerals.
4. Fossil remains.
5. Economical products.
C. CORNIFEROUS.
1. Outcrops.
. Neighboring localities of same formation.
Rocks.
. Fossil remains.
. Economical products.
D. HAMILTON.
1. Divisions. -
a. Marcellus Shale.
b. Hamilton beds, proper.
c. Genesee Shale.

O orm code

=

Ot He Co bo

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Outcrops.
a. Marcellus.
b. Hamilton proper.
c. Genesee.
. Neighboring localities of same formation.
a. Marcellus Shale.
_ b. Hamilton proper.
e. Tully Limestone.
d. Genesee Shale.
4. Rocks.
5. Fossil remains.
6. Economical products.
E. DRIFT.
1. Nature of deposits.
2. Origin of deposits.
3. Natural products, timber, etc.
4, Adaptability to agricultural products.
5. Economical products.

wo

Il.., HY DROGRAPHY OF MAREN AND ONONDAGA COUN-
TIES.

A. Drainage.
1. St. Lawrence system.
2. Atlantic (Susquehanna) system.
Trend of watershed.
Waterfalls.
Lakes and ponds.
Mineral springs.
Effect of clearings on streams.

oO

III. VALLEY FORMATIONS OF MADISON AND ONONDAGA
COUNTIES.

A. General trend of local valleys.

B. Similarity to formations elsewhere.

c. Former higher level of lakes; their probable future.
pb. Theory of valley formation.

IV. TABLES AND LISTS.

I. GEOLOGY.

The opening of a line of railroad always affords new opportunity
for the study of local geology, by exposing to view the rock and drift
formations on the line of the road and opening the way for the discovery
of new fossils, peculiar forms of rock structure, and valuable building
material. As the practical and economic value of local geology was
long since demonstrated, it is evident that the opening of new roads
throughout the country subserves other ends than that of mere trans-
portation. Scientific investigation and careful study must follow such
openings to bring out the most valuable results.

The Syracuse and Chenango Valley R. R. extending from Syracuse
to Earlville, Madison County, passes through a fertile and thriving
agricultural country, and one, not only diversified by beautiful scenery,
but also marked by its variety of geological formations. In its short
course of forty-three miles it passes over the formations from the
Salina group in the Silurian to the Genesee Shale in Middle Devonian.
Leaving Syracuse 395 feet above tide-water the road passes with gradual
grade in an easterly direction to near Manlius Centre, through the valley
or lowland that crosses central and western New York; then turning
southeast with increasing grade, it cuts through the rocks of the Salina

roup a little north of Fayetteville, and successively crosses the water
imestone of the Lower Helderberg and the Onondaga Limestone of
the Corniferous between that place and Oran; south of Oran it reaches
the Marcellus Shale which continues to the tunnel on the west side
of Cazenovia Lake. This tunnel is sixteen hundred feet long besides
the approaches and cuts through the rocks of the Marcellus Shale at its
western approach and through the true Hamilton beds in its eastern
portion. The Hamilton proper continues to underlie the road-bed to the
southern part of Madison County, yet few cuts are found as the drift
deposit is generally deep; the “black shales” of the Genesee group
commence in Lebanon and continue to the terminus of the road. The
highest point of the road is near Georgetown, 1630 feet above the sea;
Earlville, the southern terminus, is 1077 feet.

Following are the formations arranged in order of occurrence as
well as in order of time, for as we ride from Syracuse to Earlville
we pass up the geological scale from the older to the newer formations.
The rocks are all of sedimentary origin so that each successive line
of formation indicates the boundary line of the sea in the respective
geological periods represented.

A. SALINA GROUP.

1. The outcrops of the rocks of the Salina group are found between
Manlius Centre and Fayetteville. Just south of the railroad bridge
crossing the Erie Canal are three cuts 1140,550, and 750 feet long
respectively, separated by interruptions of 90 feet each. The rocks in
the first are about 60 feet in thickness, and in the others from 15 to 20
feet. Another small bed occurs about twenty rods farther south, very
shallow, but this is probably due to the fact that the grade is ascending
and the road rises above the formation. Trending toward the east from
the canal bridge is a high ridge through which these cuts are made,
forming the southern boundary of the basin before alluded to which
crosses Onondaga and Madison counties from east to west; on the west
side of the railroad this same ridge trends towards the south, forming
the eastern boundary of the basin of Limestone Creek.

4

2, Rocks of the same formation may be found east in the towns
of Lenox and Stockbridge, and west at Syracuse (Spruce Street, Uni-
versity Avenue and Adams Street, D. L. and W. R. R., near Oakwood,
ete.), and Camillus (N. Y.C. R. R., Auburn Branch). By reference to a
map it will be seen that all these places are in an east and west line a
little above parallel 48° N. Lat.

3. The rocks of this formation are mostly argillaceous shales or
shaly limestones, usully of a light drab color, though sometimes darker
and bluish or greenish. The upper beds approximate in appearance to
the rocks of the succeeding water lime group, being for the most part
impure hydraulic limestones. A portion of the beds consist of a calca-
reous rock filled with pores or cells, called by Eaton “ Vermicular Lime-
rock” from the resemblance of the pores to worm holes. These pores
probably contained crystals at some time which are for the most part
dissolved away, yet some are even now partly or wholly filled by erystal-
line mineral matter. This Vermicular rock is also found in Syracuse
near Oakwood Cemetery, and on University Avenue, where it rises
nearly to the surface. These forms of rock all contain sufficient cal-
cium carbonate (Ca CO ,) to effervesce with cold hydrochloric acid; of
the ordinary shale about 20 per cent will dissolve in acid, while about
40 per cent of the vermicular and hydraulic limestones are soluble.
The only mineral commonly found is gypsum (Ca SO ,) principally in
its laminated form known as selenite; beautiful specimens may be
found in the first of the rock cuts of this formation, some as transpar-
ent as the purest glass, some so mingled with earthy impurities, or
worn by the dissolving action of water as to be only translucent or even
opaque. Fibrous gypsum is found occasionally in very thin and fragile
layers parallel to the planes of stratification, and it also occurs massive.
Here as in other parts of Onondaga County, notably at Camillus, may be
found what are known as “hopper shaped cavities and erystals;” these
cavities are the molds of crystals of common salt, which has the pecu-
liarity of crystallizing in cubes which so unite by their edges as to form
“hoppers;” the salt then dissolves away and leaves its imprint in a
matrix. The “hopper shaped crystals” are denominated as pseudo-
morphs by the mineralogist; cavities or molds are first formed as above,
and after the salt is dissolved away they are filled with other mineral
matter which takes the peculiar form of the original crystals of salt.
These imitations of form in the mineral kingdom are not uncommon
among a large number of mineral species.

4. No fossils are found in these cuts and they are extremely rare in
all parts of the Salina formation. It is generally held by geologists
that the rocks of this period were formed in estuaries or enclosed por-
tions of the sea containing water intensely salt and bitter, and conse-
quently not supporting animal life. Perhaps a modern example of
similar azoic water may be found in that of the Dead Sea.

B. LOWER HELDERBERG.

1. The outcrops of the Lower Helderberg are found between Fay-
etteville an Manlius; about one-half mile south of the former place
occurs the first cut through the formation extending for 3890 feet and
after an interruption of 60 feet continuing 270 feet farther. The rocks
here are cut through only about four feet in depth. Farther south oc-
curs a deeper cut extending 840 feet with rock varying from 10 to 12 feet
in thickness. A lime-kiln is situated at the southern terminus using
rocks for burning similar to those in this cut, as well as those of the
water-lime proper, which are obtained from quarries in the adjoining
hills. Some 40 rods north of this lime-kiln beds are found about 15 feet
thick extending for 600 feet along the track. The rock in this bed is
much more laminated and shaly and consequently less valuable. Just
northof Manlius station are found the last beds of this formation extend-
ing for 540 feet and nearly 25 feet thick. These beds are little cut by the

5

railroad proper, but adjoining beds are quarried and the formation seems
to extend extensively under the neighboring hill. The grade between
the two places is 50 feet to the mile; the width of the formation as in-
dicated by the outcrops is about two miles.

2. Rocks of the same formation occur between Syracuse and James-
ville (line of D. L. and W. R. R.); at Chittenango Falls forming the
lower strata of the gorge below the falls, at Perryville Falls in a sim-
ilar position, and in the towns of Smithfield aud Stockbridge, Madison
County. The outcrop of the formation thus forms a narrow band ex-
tending across the two counties east and west for a short distance on
either side of parallel 438° N. Lat.

3. The rocks of the various cuts vary in appearance, texture, and
composition. While all are impure and earthy limestones, it may be
said in general that they lose their argillaceous and earthy character
more and more as we pass from the lower to the upper formations, and
correspondingly gain in calcareous matter and become more crystalline °
in appearance. It will be remembered that the rocks of the preceding
group were still more argillaceous while the succeeding Onondaga lime-
stone is more calcareous and crystalline. The true “Manlius water-
lime” is not cut by the railroad as the beds occur at a higher level than
the road-bed. They form two layers separated by about four feet of
black limestone, and are found in the uppermost part of the formation;
they outcrop extensively in the hills east of the railroad between Fay-
etteville and Manlius. Large parts of this valuable formation are un-
developed and await the profitable employment of capital. Transpor-
tation is easy and the products are valuable for cement. Cavities in
the water-lime are often found lined with the beautiful sky-blue or
violet crystals of fluorite (Ca F ,). Small crystals of calcite (Ca CO ,) are
rarely found. At the beds one-half mile north of Manlius occurs
a curious form of calcareous matter, which in appearance and
structure resembles flint only it is much softer; it occurs in nodules or
bands in marly or shaly rocks. In texture it resembles the Solenhofen
Lithographic stone and is striated with delicate lines showing concre-
tionary origin; it almost entirely dissolves in hydrochloric acid. All
the rocks of this group effervesce briskly with acid but are only partially
soluble on account of the argillaceous matter they contain. The rocks
near the lime-kiln before alluded to show stratification cleavage much
less than in other cuts north or south, and appear more firm and dura-
ble; in the other cuts the rocks easily break up in thin layers, often
separated by more or less earthy matter.

4. In the beds nearest Manlius a few fossils were found yet as a
rule fossil remains are not common; those found in the beds consist of
a few fragments of Brachiopods (Leptocelia imbricata) Coral and
plants. Tentaculites, which usually characterizes some of the rocks of
this period does not seem to occur here, yet they are found in Onondaga
County farther west.

5. The limestones are used to quite an extent for fencing, the thin
flat fragments lying evenly and firmly in walls without the aid of
cement. To a limited extent the thicker blocks, more compact in struc-
ture, are used for rough building purposes, as for foundations and the
like. The upper beds before alluded to being hydraulic, or containin
argillaceous matter, burn to water-lime, so called because it wil
harden in presence of water; it is consequently useful for cement to be
used for building purposes where there is exposure to the action of
water. Large quantities are burned near Manlius and shipped from
the station. Quick-lime is also burned from some of the limestone of
this formation. ;

c. CORNIFEROUS (ONONDAGA LIMESTONE.)

1. Just north of Manlius station and about one-fourth of a mile
south, nearly opposite St. John’s School, are beds of limestone contain-

6

ing much less argillaceous matter than the Helderberg lime rocks as
shown by their more complete solubility in acid. They are of adark gray
color, and though not as light as the Onondaga limestones usually are,
they nevertheless show by their fossil remains and structure that they
belong to this group. The cut north of Manlius is 106 feet long and
about 12 feet deep. Opposite St. John’s School are two cuts each 270 feet
long and from 6 to 8 feet deep, separated by an interruption of 400 feet

2. Rocks of this formation are found abundantly at the Indian Res-
ervation quarries south of Syracuse, at Jamesville, (Green Pond and
elsewhere), at Chittenango Fails (upper strata), and near Munnsville (N.
Y.and O. M. R. R.) These localities are not far from an east and west
line crossing Onondaga and Madison counties hear their centre.

3. The rocks are dark gray, semi-crystalline limestones almost en-
tirely soluble in hydrochloric acid. They are compact and free from
the shaly structure so frequent in the rocks of the preceeding group.

4, Some fossil remains may be found in the rocks of this group;
large irregular Favosites (honey-comb coral), Cyathyphylloid coral,
fragments of the stems of Crinoids, and imperfect Brachiopods are the
principal forms in the cuts, yet fossils are neither aS common nor as
perfect as at either Jamesville or Chittenango Falls.

5. The beds on the immediate line of railroad are not utilized at
present, yet at various parts of Onondaga County they are quarried ex-
tensively for lime and for the valuable building stone they furnish. The
gray limestone is used quite extensively for entire buildings of which
the University, the Onondaga County Saving’s Bank, and the new
Catholic Cathedral in Syracuse, are fine examples. It is also used quite
commonly with red brick for trimmings, and to some extent for monu-
mental work, of which fine specimens may be seen in Oakwood Ceme-
tery. This rock has the peculiarity of becoming black when polished,
even when the uncut stone is of a light gray color. It burns to a pure

white lime.
D. HAMILTON GROUP.

1. The rocks of the Hamilton period are separated into three well-
marked groups all of which are represented on the line of the road.
The groups receive distinctive hames as follows:—(a) Marcellus shale,
so called from Marcellus, Onondaga County, N. Y., where it appears in
considerable quantities; (b) The Hamilton proper from the outcrops in
the hills near Hamilton, Madison County; and (ec) The Genesee shale
named from the Genesee River, where it prominently appears. The
Tully limestone, intermediate between the last two, occurs in a small
part of the area occupied by the Hamilton formation, but is not gen-
erally distributed.

2. a. Marcellus Shale-—Ahbout two miles south of Oran is found a
cut in the Marcellus shale about 500 feet long and from 25 to 30 feet
deep. At the western entrance of the tunnel the Marcellus appears
to some extent though here it seems to blend and lose itself in
the rocks of the Hamilton proper. <A little to the southwest of
the tunnel is a ravine, whoily below the level of the tunnel, cut in the
same shale as deep as 60 feet. The shale here is more bituminous
than that above or in the cut first mentioned. Septaria of large
size are found in the bed of the steam.

b. Hamilton proper.—The rocks of the Hamilton formation proper
are found only at the tunnel west of Cazenovia Lake. ‘This structure
is about 1600 feet long with a rock cut at the western approach of
560 feet, and at the eastern of 630 feet, making a total length of nearly
2800 feet. The rock beds at the western entrance are cut through 29
feet in depth and at the eastern 35 feet. From the elevation of the
land forming the hill through which the tunnel extends, and from the
general thickness of the drift deposit in the immediate vicinity, it would
appear that the rock not far from the eastern entrance is 50 or 60 feet
in thickness above the track.

;

7

c. Genesee Shale.—South of Georgetown are three or four shallow cuts
through the Genesee shale or more properly a transition rock interme-
diate between the Hamilton proper and the Genesee; one of the cuts is
about 500 feet in length and from 5 to 10 feet deep, the others are about
100 feet each in length and somewhat deeper. True beds of the Genesee
shale are cut by the railroad about one and a half miles north of Earl-
ville. A small creek had already cut its channel some 40 feet deep
before the railroad was built; the railroad follows quite closely the
course of this stream though some 15 or 20 feet above it, and crosses it
twice at its short bends. The rock cutis about 2000 feet long and varies
from 15 to 25 feet in depth above the track.

3. a@. Outcrops of the Marcellus Shale are found at Marcellus, at
various points on the highway between Cazenovia and Oran, on the
Chittenango creek from one to two miles north of Cazenovia, and in va-
rious ravines in both counties. 6. The Hamilton proper occurs at
places a little farther south; on the shores of Skaneatles Lake, at Vesper,
various points in the town of La Fayette, at Pratt’s Falls in Pompey,
Delphi, New Woodstock, near Morrisville, both north and south of the
village, and in andabout Hamilton. c¢. The Tully Limestone, a member
of this formation not represented on the line of the railroad, occurs
near Tully, De Ruyter, and south of New Woodstock. It is also found
south of Delphi in the town of Fabius. d. The Genesee Shale is found
to a limited extent in the towns of Lebanon and Georgetown, where the
formation bends northward from its east and west course across the
state. Southward in Chenango and Cortland counties it occurs more
commonly.

4, The rocks of the Hamilton period are shales with admixtures of
impure and imperfect limestones. The lowest and uppermost strata
are more fragile than the intermediate rocks, and break up on exposure
to the elements into fine fragments. The Marcellus shales vary in color
from dark gray to intensely black, the color varying with the amount
of bituminous matter present. Much of the rock becomes a light drab
on exposure to the air. Concretions are common often forming around
fossils notably Orthoceras constrictum. This shale, as well as the Gen-
esee, often resembles bituminous coal so strongly as to be mistaken for it
and capital has been foolishly expended in mining it. In the construction
of the railroad between Canastota and Cazenovia this formation was
crossed and a highly bituminous layer was exposed to view. Coal was
immediately announced, but it was soon found to be valueless. Black
shales occur in all formations and are quite likely to deceive the unen-
lightened; they often contain sufficient bituminous matter to blaze
when ignited by a hot fire, which fact makes the shale still more decep-
tive, This bituminous matter is derived in a manner entirely analagous
to the formation of true coal, from the partial decomposition of animals
or plants, or likely both, that existed at the time the rocks were formed.
Although much money has heretofore been expended in the search for
coal in New York State, a knowledge of geology will show that such
expenditure is useless for true coal cannot be found earlier than the Car-
boniferous which is nowhere represented in our state. The rocks of
the Hamilton formation proper are harder, have less cleavage, and with-
stand more thoroughly the action of airand water. They contain traces
of iron pyrites (Fe S ,) and inerustations may frequently be found at the
tunnel; fossils also occur with the same material accumulated around
them, and nodules are occasionally found. Frequently masses of lime-
stone are found in the Hamilton beds, though not to any such extent as
to regard the rocks of this locality as caleareous. Farther south, how-
evér, larger masses occur in both Onondaga and Madison counties; at
Tully village this Tully limestone is burned for lime. The black shales
of the Genesee as seen at Earlville contain much more bituminous mat-
ter than any other members of the group, and are quite fragile, yet do
not show such remarkable horizontal cleavage as the Marcellus shale.
All the rocks of the Hamilton period, and very notably those of the

8

last two groups, show what is known in geology as jointed structure.
Joints are planes of fracture cutting directly across the stratification ;
the planes sometimes occur only a few inches from each other, and are as
often separated by as many feet. When the rock is removed from one
side of the joint, bold faces of rock are left on the other side cut as
smoothly as with a workman’s chisel. Fine examples may be seen at
both approaches of the tunnel and at the cut north of Earlville, where,
for oe distance, the track extends parallel with the planes of the
joints.

5. Life was very abundant during the Hamilton period, and fossil
remains are common in all the groups. The leading forms are Brachi-
opods, Lamellibranehs, and Trilobites and a few Cephalopods and
Radiates. Plants are found quite frequently though of a low order.
The most common are in the form of narrow, flattened stems often
branching, but with no trace of foliage, Portions of many of these
stems are now represented only by a line of ferruginous matter, as it is
a property of vegetable matter to collect and accumulate iron to itself.
Sufficient however retain their original structure to show that they
were once members of the vegetable kingdom. In the beds west of the
tunnel is found a great abundance of conical, fusiform, or oval masses
often presenting a scaly appearance, often with an axis of a lighter
color, or red from ferruginous deposits. Some are possibly mineral con-
cretions but most are probably some low form of plant life, perhaps
stems of Lycopodiacez, or their allies. Animal remains especially
those of Mollusca may occur in three different forms: (1.) The shell
itself more or less transformed in structure or distorted in shape; (2.)
The molds of the exterior; and (3.) The shell being gone, the cast of the
matter composing the interior. The first two of course resemble each
other; the last is often so different in appearance as to be mistaken for
an entirely distinct species. The shell structure quite often retains its
original appearance, though the calcareous matter composing it is often
metamorphosed into calcite. The exterior crust of Trilobites is fre-
quently found, yet is probably very much darker colored than was the
original, possibly from the proximity to bituminous matter. The rock
retains finely the delicate markings of the Mollusca and the surface
punctations in the crust of Trilobites and the facets of their compound
eyes are often wonderfully preserved. Fossils are often changed in
shape and appearance by pressure, and frequently two specimens of the
same shell, differently compressed, are mistaken for distinct species.
Orthoceras constrictum is the most common species of the Marcellus
shale and is sometimes found with the delicate Bryozoan, Aulopora
training around the shell. Homalonotus Dekayi, Dalmanites calliteles
and various Brachiopoda characterize the Hamilton proper and Genesee.
The rock beds at the tunnel and near Earlville contain abundant fossil
remains and will well repay a careful search.

6. Economical products of the Hamilton are few and of compar-
atively little importance. The Marcellus shale is frequently used in
place of gravel for walks and drives; the more substantial rocks of the
Hamilton proper are used for foundation walls of outbuildings, for
fencing and, formerly, to'a limited extent for building; the Tully Lime-
stone before alluded to is sometimes burned for lime.

E., DRIFT.

1. By drift is meant the usual superficial deposits everywhere coy-
ering the rocks and underlying the soil, not including the alluvium of
rivers and smaller streams. The character of the drift varies with the
geological locality as it is derived from the wearing away of rock for-
mations. Passing from Syracuse to Earlville one will notice a marked
difference in the character of boulders along the line of the road, espec-
ially those im situ in the cuts. While the pebbles and cobble-stones
may be somewhat similar at all points of the road consisting of rounded
fragments of sandstone, shale, limestone, and yarious crystalline rocks

9

like gneiss, granite, syenyte, and the like,—the larger boulders will be
found to vary in character as we pass from north to south. About
one-fourth of a mile south of Fayetteville are found boulders of hard
gypsiferous shales; from Manlius to Oran and beyond are boulders of
various forms of limestone either hydraulic in character or containing
such fossils as Favosites; from Cazenovia to Earlville the limestone
boulders are present but smaller and less frequent, while boulders of
Hamilton shale take their place. Large boulders of crystalline rock
are occasionally found at various points, some even weighing several
tons. In some places the drift is cut through to the depth of from 40 to
60 feet without reaching rock beds, as at the “Scott cut” south of Caze-
novia and the “Day cut” near Lebanon. In other parts the surface
formations do not exceed a foot in depth above the rock as may be seen
in some of the cuts through the limestone from Fayetteville to Manlius.
The following table will indicate the depth of the superficial deposits at
the various cuts:

LOCALITY. DEPTH OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION.
DRIFT.
South of Manlius Centre,.-......-.---- SPIES GG sd 2p hee, Geeta gs ge Salina.
“ “ “cc CC MAS Adi. gir).tor 7b (uh 2 3-5 fer iy ri fy eee se a 4 “ec
“ec “é “cc ee geri at pds pal UN od 2 AG ee WA, gy Ty) ye eg e mee, “ec
One-fourth mile 8. of Fayettevile_.--- 1 peat te y Beets iiciderberg.
One tnile 8. of Fayetteville (lime Kiln)-3-4., (5, sass tee fee
One, one- -fourth m. 8. of Fayetteville.24 “ \...._..-.2..-.- $
One-fourth m. N. of Manlius-_--------- Biba tne ee bdo tes |
museminrin ot Manlius ......2-..2.-- 4 “ ___.Onondaga Limestone.
One-fourth m. S. of Manlius is pal an Te ee « “4
RSME SS oe inS6 PD et RE Li, oh a 2-3 “ec bp! be “cc 6é
Two m. 8. of ins Masi a NE eh dss UA y es Sa gs se Marcellus Shale.
West entrance of Tunnel Bidens eta tite, A-1S Pay hebh ice wis ff Ke
East ce pe ea hae ed ee G-D2t os uli ie bk de Hamilton.
South of Georgetown--.--.------------ SB) Bink ae Lees see Genesee.

Ome and one-half .m.N. of Earlville. :2-9 “22-02 2-2 -2.42---

In some places as at Manlius (opposite St. John’s School) and on the
shores of Cazenovia Lake are found smooth, polished surfaces of rock,
and fine parallel strie and grooves indicative of glacial action. In the
cut just north of Fayetteville and near the junction with the U. I. and
E. R. R., may be seen boulders of black limestone which’‘also present pol-
ished and striated surfaces.

2. It is evident that the drift deposits, at least the boulders, have
been derived from the north. No prominent beds of erystalline rocks
are found south of the middle line of New York State, consequently
the scattered boulders of gneiss and syenyte are derived from beds of
like formation in the northern part of the state. On the line of the
road in question it will be noticed that the boulders of gypsiferous shale
are found south of Fayetteville, while like beds in position are found
north of that place; that limestone boulders are common south of Man-
lius and Oran and become less frequent south of Cazenovia, while the
limestone rocks in place (Helderberg and Onondaga) are near Manlius
or farther north; and that boulders like the Hamilton shales in appear-
ance, structure, and fossil remains, are found abundantly sowth of the
first Hamilton beds between Oran and Cazenovia but never north of
them. What is true of this line of railroad respecting the drift, is true
of all parts of the counties through which it passes and for the state.
Even the soil is often determined from the character of the northern
rocks. The vast surface formation of red clay, vrossing Madison
County from Chittenango to Oneida is derived from the beds of red
argillaceous iron ore of ‘the Clinton group, south of which and partly
above which the clay formation rests. It is generally held that the origin
of the drift is due to deposits from vast glaciers which formerly covered

10

the state having a north and south motion, and that the polishing and
striation of rocks is due to the same cause. Suflicient evidence in sup-
port of this theory may be derived from a careful study of the drift
itself; and a study of existing glaciers of the Alps of Switzerland and
in other countries discloses similarities of action and formation that
are confirmatory and convincing.

3. The natural products of any region are important data as a key
to the economic and agricultural] sontugy of acountry, so that botany
becomes allied inseparably with geology. As the number and variet
of fresh water Mollusca (univalve and bivalve) are a measure of the cal-
careous quality of the water of any region they also become an impor-
tant factor in geology, and zoology comes into alliance with geology.
In fact, the three sciences are so closely related, that no one can acquire
the least degree of thoroughness and proficiency in geology, without being
thoroughly conversant with both the others. One would naturally ex-
pect little variety in the vegetable products in so short a space as forty-
three miles, the length of the road; yet the change, especially in trees
. and woody plants, is quite marked. Near Syracuse the timber consists
of oak, chestnut, hickory, tulip, basswood, and elm, with scarcely any
hard maple or beech. While basswood and elm continue the whole
length of the road, chestnut becomes rare at Manlius while hickory and
oak continue to some extent to Cazenovia but no farther; maple and
beech are common at Oran and form the principal timber at places far-
ther south; hemlock, though present everywhere, is most common from
Erieville to Lebanon. The large pine stumps in Erieville Reservoir
and at other points along the road, indicate a former entensive growth
of valuable pine which is almost extinct or, if present, is small and al-
most worthless.

(A list of trees and woody plants of Madison and Onondaga counties
together with a partial list of land and fresh water shells will be found
at the close of this article.)

4. The adaptability of the various parts of this region to different
agricultural products depends largely on the distance above the sea-
level combined with the character of the soil and various minor condi-
tions. About Syracuse and in the northern portion of the counties of
Onondaga and Madison where the elevation above the sea is least and
the soil naturally productive wheat and other grains flourish, together
with fruit of various kinds. At Cazenovia and especially farther south,
at greater elevations, and often with inaccessible plow lands, grazing is
a more common occupation. At Georgetown, less thickly settled in
mee parts, are considerable stores of Aarne on the densely wooded

1118. ‘ ”
(At the close of this article will be found tables of elevation of the
stations, and statistics of farm products as these will best indicate the
agricultural character of this section.)

5. The economical products of the drift along the line of the road
are few and unimportant, sand being at present the only one of account,
though bricks were formerly manufactured from the beds of red clay at
various points.

LT DRG ier S

A. 1. The northern portion of the counties under consideration is
drained by streams belonging to the St. Lawrence system, the Seneca,
Oneida, and Oswego rivers serving as the outlets of many minor streams,
some of which are of local importance. Nine Mile Creek and Onondaga
Creek both rising in the south-west corner of Onondaga County find
outlet through Onondaga Lake, the former passing through Otisco Lake
during its course. The chief tributaries received through Oneida Lake
are Chittenango and Oneida creeks, the former receiving the waters of
Butternut and Limestone creeks in Onondaga County and Canaseraga,

11

and Cowasalon in Madison; Oneida creek take its rise near the centre
of Madison County and flows into the head of Oneida Lake. The
streams of the St. Lawrence systems thus form a series of at least six
well-defined valleys, nearly parallel with each other, and extending
northward in their general direction.

2. The Susquehanna drainage is chiefly through the waters of its
four tributaries,—the Tioughnioga, Otselic, Chenango, and Unadilla
rivers. Of these only the first drains any portion of Onondaga County,
and a portion of its waters are received from Madison; the Otselic and
Chenango take their rise in Madison County, while the Unadila forms
part of its extreme eastern boundary and receives a few small streams
trom the town of Brookfield. While nearly one-half of Madison County
is drained by the Susquehanna, more than nine-tenths of Onondaga is
drained by streams belonging to the St. Lawrence system. The streams
of the Susquehanna drainage form a series of at least three well marked
valleys extending south from Madison County.

B. The general trend of the “ridge of land” is marked very nearly
by a line passing 1n an east-north-east direction through the villages of -
Tully, oR Erieville, Morrisville, and Munnsville. In elevation this
water-shed varies from twelve hundred to sixteen hundred feet above
the sea level and probably some portions rise much higher. The
head waters of the two systems often occur very near to each
other. One instance may be found just east of Nelson where the head
waters of the Chittenango Creek and Chenango River are probably less
than half a mile apart, while among the picturesque Tully lakes are
two basins of considerable extent less than One-fourth of a mile apart,
whose waters are widely divergent in their final destination, one passing
south into the Susquehanna, the other north into Lake Ontario.

C. In the northern portion of the two counties, the general surface
is level and as a consequence the streams are deeper and more sluggish.
Farther south, on both sides of the watershed, the streams have a more
rapid current and often form cascades or waterfalls. The general
effect is to erode more of the surface, cut out bp or ravines, and
expose large faces of rocks to view. Among the leading water falls are
two in the town of Pompey, and those at Perryville and Chittenango
Falls in Madison County. The two former, Pratt’s Falls and Delphi
Falls cut through the rocks of the Hamilton formation, while the two
latter cut through various limestone strata of the Helderberg series
especially the Water Lime, Onondaga, and Corniferous. Other falls of
less importance are found in various parts of both counties among
which may be mentioned those near New Woodstock, Vesper, Marcel-
lus, Manlius, and Munnsville.

The stream near Delphi, Onondaga County, illustrates finely the
two classes of water falls depending on the nature and relative position
of the rocks over which the water flows. The fall is in two distinct
portions separated about thirty rods from each other; the rock strata at
the upper fall are hardest at the top and softer below, consequently the
rocks at the base of the falls are most worn and the water flows with a
soar plunge from top to bottom; at the lower fall the rock strata are
rather softer at the top and harder below, consequently the rocks at the
top wear away more rapidly than below, and the water instead of
falling with a single plunge, flows down a succession of terraces or steps.

_ _D. Among the largest lake basins wholly in the state is Oneida
Lake north of these two counties. Its longest axis has a general direc-
tion east and west, its length being about twenty-five miles and irs
width about six miles. In the direction of its axis it presents a marked
exception to the other lakes of the state, they for the most part having
their greatest length north and south. Skaneateles Lake stands next
in size bordering on the western side of Onondaga County; its axial
direction conforming with the general rule for the state. Of the lakes
wholly included in the counties, Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, Otisco
Lake in the southwestern part of Onondaga, and Cazenovia or Owahgena

12

Lake in the western part of Madison are of the most importance; all ex-
tend nearly north and south in general direction. Besides these are the
romantic Tully Lakes, nine in all (only four however of any consider-
able size) on the watershed between Cortland and Onondaga counties;
these also conform in axial direction with the others. In Madison
County are Madison and Hatch’s lakes with various others of less size
and importance.

Ponds are found in considerable numbers in both counties. Among
the most remarkable are the so called “Green Ponds.” Of the largest
and most peculiar are two near Jamesville, one among the Tully lakes,
and the largest of them all near Kirkyille. They are commonly consid-
ered “ bottomless,” but soundings in some parts of the Kirkyille pond
indicate a depth of 90 feet. The water in all is remarkably clear, con-
tains much calcium carbonate (Ca CO ,), and to a greater or less extent
is charged with hydrogen sulphide (H.S). This last feature is more
noticeable at Kirkville, and the pond has received the appropriate name
of Lake Sodom. Great quantities of marl are found in the immediate
vicinity and in some parts the banks are wholly composed of this mate-
rial. The pond one-half mile east of Jamesville is surrounded on three
sides by almost perpendicular cliffs of limestone; in this pond are found
considerable quantities of Chara and other aquatic plants. Many of
these ponds with their surrounding territory are repositories of rare
and interesting plants, and many choice species will reward the diligent
search of the botanist. Among other plants may be mentioned Scolo-
pendrium vulgare, the rage Hart’s Tongue Fern, at the pond near
Jamesville; Pogonia pendula at Kirkville; and Zygadenus glaucus at
“Tamarack Swamp” near Syracuse, which has every appearance of a
former pond now filled with moss and aquatic plants and covered with
a growth of Conifere.

Geologically, the basin of Oneida Lake is cut in the Clinton forma-
tion, Onondaga in the Salina, and the remaining lakes in the Hamilton.
Ponds are found in every formation represented in the counties from
north to south.

E. The most remarkable springs in this portion of the state are the
Salt Springs of Syracuse and Salina too well known to be discussed here.
In connection with these are the Chlorine springs charged for the most
part with chlorine gas, probably derived from the decomposition of salt
and other chlorides. The presence of salt on the shores of Onondaga
Lake has caused many marine plants to remain and flourish, that are
found elsewhere no nearer than the sea. Among these are Ranunculus
Cymbalaria, Hibiscus Moscheutos, Salicornia herbacea. Chenopodium
glaucum and many others. Sulphur springs are abundant and are
quite generally distributed over both counties. One in particular, “ The
White Sulphur Springs,” two miles south of Chittenango has been to
some extent a summer resort for invalids. In various parts of both
counties springs and wells may be found containing hydrogen sulphide
(H.S8) in solution to a greater or less degree. The water of Green
Lake near Kirkville, before alluded to, is sufficiently charged to give a

verceptible taste of sulphur. Chalybeate or iron springs of various
fads are found in Madison County in various localities ; none, however,
are important.

F. The streams in all parts of Madison and Onondaga Counties as
well as in all parts of New York State, contain far less water than
formerly. Many streams in various parts which formerly were sufh-
ciently large to furnish mill-power throughout the year are now nearly
dry during the heat of summer and only of their former size during
floods. On the larger streams, where there was formerly much maufac-
turing interest and numerous factories and mills of considerable
importance, there are now scarcely any. Although a part of this
decrease in manufacture may justly be attributed to the centralization
of capital in larger establishments with the consequent advantages of
improved machinery, still very much is due to the deficiency of water

13

power as well as a lack of uniformity in its supply. It is a well known
fact that the clearing of forests diminishes to a like degree the supply
of water in streams of all sizes. The forests must be saved or steam
must eventually take the place of water power, and railroads the place
of river navigation, while agriculture must correspondingly suffer
from lack of frequent and uniform rains. -

Ill. VALLEY FORMATIONS.

A. It is remarkable that nearly all the valleys of the counties of
Onondaga and Madison extend north and south, the only marked
exception being the basin of Oneida Lake, which has its axis at right
angles with this usual direction. Skaneateles Lake, Otisco, Onondaga,
and Cazenovia lakes, the Tully lakes, and others have their greatest
length from north to south, and all are situated in a basin of far greater
area than that now covered by their waters. The streams of both
counties for the most part occupy deep broad valleys that extend in the
same direction as the lake basins. Any one crossing the counties from
east to west through their central portion would alternately cross
valleys and ridges of greater or less extent, and for a long distance the
view would be unobstructed to one looking north or south, up or down
the various valleys. Thus a marked uniformity is prevalent, naturally
suggesting uniformity of cause in their formation. This uniformity
however, is not confined to these counties.

B. Throughout the central and western portions of the State of
New York the north and south axial direction for lakes and water-
courses prevails to so great an extent as to be almost a geographical
law. Of lake basins west, Hemlock, Conesus, Honeoye, Canandaigua,
Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, and Owasco all conform to the law, while east
are Schuyler’s and Otsego lakes with lakes George and Champlain. Of
river basins the Genesee, Oswego, Black, Tioughnioga, Chenango,
Otselic, Unadilla, Schoharie, and Hudson rivers, with innumerable
smaller streams all extend nearly north and south. Some streams like
the Mohawk and Senecarivers present an axial direction at right angles
with the usual one as is also true of a few of the smailer lakes.
Looking beyond our own state it will be observed that the greater
number of the rivers of New England, Ohio and other states north of
40° N. Latitude conform to the same law as the rivers of New York.
Lakes Huron and Michigan have their longest axis extending north and
south while Superior, Erie, and Ontario extend east and west.

What means this marked uniformity? Similar geological forma-
tions generally indicate similarity in the causes and forces producing
them, and often contemporaneity of formation. It is only acting in
accordance with the old law that “Like causes produce like effects,”
which, if applicable anywhere must apply to the formation of so many
parallel valleys.

C. There is every reason to believe that most or all of the lakes of
New York formerly stood at a much higher level than at present. In
“Sketches of Creation,’ Chap. XXII, Winchell has given the evidence
supporting the theory of the former higher level of the great lakes.
There seems as clear evidence of a similar, though less extensive,
elevation of the lakes of smaller size.

The evidence briefly summed up is as follows:

(a) The rainfall was formerly greater, consequently the quantity of
water in thestreams contributing to the supply of these lakes was much
larger than at present.

(6) The low land bordering on the shores of the lakes gives evidence
in lacustrine deposits, fresh water shells, and general appearance of the
former presence of fresh water.

(c) The topography of the land in the immediate vicinity of the

14

lakes indicates that a great elevation would be possible, and that even
phi ree elevation would cause the inundation of a large extent of
erritory.

(zd) The topography of the outlets is such that the supposition of
former elevation would cause no inconsistency in this direction. There
ave even indications of former barriers now broken away which must
have raised the level of the lakes when they were in existence.

From these reasons, which might be easily extended and particular-
ized, there is abundant evidence for supposing that most, if not all, of
the lakes of this region formerly occupied more surface and possessed
much greater depth than at present. The absence of topographical
maps of this portion of the state has covered the fact that a compara-
tively slight elevation of water would cover a vastly greater area than
the lakes now occupy. It is not improbable that some of these lake
basins were once connected with each other.

It may not be unprofitable to speculate concerning the future of
some of these lakes, knowing that in the past they covered greater areas.
The operations of nature going on before our eyes are tending to
decrease the depth and superficial area of all the smaller lakes. The
lacustrine deposits in the lake bottoms are constantly increasing, and
where the water is shallow, aquatic plants are encroaching each year
on the lake margins and are building up land where formerly water
existed. Carpenter’s Pond in the town of Pompey illustrates finely the
method that nature employs in filling up her water basins. The pond
is situated in the midst of a large swamp, which was once wholly
covered with water. Around the margin of the pond is a border of
grass and aquatic plants from one to eight rods wide which has ~
encroached on the shores of the pond even where the water is of
considerable depth. This surface of turf overlying, as it does, the deep
water of the pond will tremble and shake as one walks across it; in
time it becomes more firm and is ready for the encroachment of shrubs
and forest trees which soon follows that of the weaker plants. Not
many generations hence the turf will cover the entire surface and
Carpenter’s Pond will be known only by tradition. A similar formation
may be seen near Pecksport, Madison County, where there are two
ponds, one of which has become entirely overgrown with aquatic plants
and moss. This pond has received the fanciful name of “ Fiddler’s
Green.” In like manner we may expect that all our inland lakes will
become extinct, though it may be generations hence that the inevitable
result will be accomplished.

D. A review of the existing glacial regions of the world and the
evidence derived from former glacial regions like Scotland and Sweden
that have been most thoroughly and carefully studied and mapped,
seems to indicate the explanation of so many parallel valleys in our
own country. By consulting Geikie’s maps of the glacial regions of
Scotland and Sweden it will be seen that the direction of the glacier
flow and of the present river and lake valleys almost exactly coincides.
That glaciers deepen and widen channels and valleys may be inferred
from a knowledge of their nature and action, and the inference
entirely accords with observations among the Alpine glaciers. Fiords,
the deep narrow inlets cut in the northern coasts in high latitudes, are
considered due to glacial action, and the same agency that would erode
a fiord would erode a valley in a similar way.

All our valleys show more or less glacial action in the form of rock
polishing and striating, as well as in the arrangement of the drift between
parallel ridges. It is probable that, as there are two series of valleys,
one having an axial direction in general north and south and the other
east and west, there were also two series of glaciers traversing the
state in these two directions. Evidence, at present, is not sufficient to
demonstrate which one was earlier yet certain indications seem to
point to the one with the north and south motion as the later. Further
evidence must be accumulated, the drift must be more carefully studied,

15

the rock-surfaces must be more thoroughly searched for strigz and other
evidences of glacial action, before any satisfactory generalization can
be reached; still the general features of the land and the resemblances
to known glacial action and phenomena are so striking that they unmis-
not ia point to glaciers as the primal cause of valley formations in our
state.

PH LABLES AND'LISTS.

A. Elevation, distances, and geological formations of the various
stations on the 8S. and C. V. R. R.

DISTANCES. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION.

STATIONS. F Bet ae

Syracuse, Beatin: tide water| North of Station. | South of Station.
Syracuse,......-| 0 0 395 ft. |Salina. ---.---- Salina.
Manlius Centre,| 6.7 m.| 6.7 m.| 520 “ |Salina. ____---. *Salina.
Fayetteville,.. -| 96“ | 2.9 | 590 “ |l*Salina.~------ *T. Helderberg
Perea... 119.2 “ 2.6 “ | 720 “ |*Corniferous. -|*Corniferous.
oo eee 14.6 “ | 24 “ | 897 “ |*Corniferous. -}*Marcellus.
i) 19.0 “ | 4.4 “ 11218 “ |*Marcellus. _--|/*Hamilton.
Cazenovia, -... -| 20.4 “ | 14“ |1190 “ |*Hamilton.__- -|Hamilton.
Websters, - --.-- 22.7 “ | 2.3 ** |1300 “ |Hamilton. _---|Hamilton.
Erieville,-_--_-_-_- 28.7 “ | 6.0 “ |1596 “ |Hamilton... .-|Hamilton.
Georgetown,-.--_|32.3 “ | 3.6 “ |1637 “ |Hamilton. ____|*Genesee.
Lebanon, ------- 37.0 “ | 5.2 “ 11364 “ |*Genesee._-_-_- _|*Genesee.
Earlville,______- 43.5 “ | 6.0 “ |1077 “* |*Genesee. ___-_|Genesee.

* An asterisk indicates that rock cuts may be found on the line of
the road in the direction from the station indicated.

B. List of Fossils collected on the line of the S. & C. V. R. R.
LOWER HELDERBERG.

PLANTS. _ BRACHOPODA.
One undetermined species. Leptocelia imbricata.
RADIATA.

One undetermined coral.

CORNIFEROUS (ONONDAGA LIMESTONE).
RADIATA.

Favosites sp. | Zaphrentis Rafinesquit.
MARCELLUS SHALE.
BRYOZOA. Letorhynchus dubius.
Aulopora sp. CEPHALOPODA.
ee _BRACHIOPODA. Goniatites Marcellensis.
Discina minuta. Orthoceras constrictum.
HAMILTON (PROPER).
PLANTS. | Leiorhynchus muiticosta.
Four undescribed species. LTingula sp.
_ RADIATA. Rhynchonella prolifica.
Tentaculites sp. R. sappho.
One undetermined crinoid. “pirifer granulifera.
Four undetermined corals. S. medialis,
BRYOZOA. S. sp.
One undescribed species. S. sp.
BRACHIOPODA. Spirigera concentrica,

Ambocalia umbonata, Strophodonta fragilis.

S. perplana.

Terebratula sp.

Tropidoleptus carinatus.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Avicula flabella.

Grammysia bisulcata.

G. Hamiltonensis.

Microdon bellistriatus

Two undetermined species.

GASTEROPODA.
Platyceras carinatum.

GEN ESEE

BRACHIOPODA.

Orthis sp.
Rhynchonella contracta.
Spirifer granulifera.
S. mucronatus.
Terebratula sp.
Tropidoleptus carinatus.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

16

Pleurotomaria rotalia.
P. suleomarginata.
Two undetermined species.

CEPHALOPODA.
Orthoceras exile.
O. nuntium.
O. sp.

TRILOBITA.

Dalmanites calliteles,
Homalonotus DeKayi.
Phacops rana.

SHALE.

Microdon bellistriatus.
Six undetermined species.
CEPHALOPODA.
Orthoceras sp.
TRILOBITA.
Dalmanites calliteles.
Homalonotus DeKuyi.

C. List of trees and woody plants growing spontaneously in Madi-

son and Onondaga counties.

* Abies Canadensis, Micha.

Acer Pennsyluanicum, L. Cazenovia
Lake.

*A. rubrum, L.

*A, saccharinum, Wang.

A. spicatum, Lam.

Alnus incana, Willd.

Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gr.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Micha.

Azalea nudiflora, L. Syracuse, Ham-
ilton.

Berberis vulgaris, L.

* Betula lenta, L.

*B. lutea, Micha, f.

*Carpinus Americana, Micha.

*Carya alba, Nutt.

*C. amara, Nutt.

*C, microcarpa, Nutt.

* Castanea vesca, L.

*Celastrus scandens, L.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.

Cornus alternifolia, L.

C. circinata, L’ Her.

*C, florida, L. Syracuse, Chitte-
nango.

C. paniculata, L’ Her.

C. serwea, L.

C. stolonifera, Micha.

Corylus rostrata, Ait.

Orategus coccinea, L.

C. Crus-galli, L.

C. tementosa, L., var. punctata.

Dirca palustris, L.

*Fagus ferruginea, Ait.

*Hraxinus Americana, L.

*F’, pubescens, L.

*F’, sambucifolia, Lam.

Hamamelis Virginica, L.

Llex levigata, Gray, Tully.

*Juglans cinerea, L.

*J. nigra, L.

*Laria Americana, Micha.

*Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Syra-
cuse.

Lindera benzoin, Meisner.

* Magnolia acuminata, L. Elbridge.

Myrica cerifera, L.

M. gale, L. ‘

Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Syracuse.

*Ostrya Virginica, Willd.

* Pinus rigida, L.

*P. strobus, LD.

* Populus balsamifera, L.

*P. grandidentata, Micha.

*P. tremuloides, Micha.

*Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.

*P, serotina, L.

P. spinosa, L,

P. Virginiana, L.

Pyrus Americana, DC.

P. arbutifolia, L.

P. coronaria, L

* Quercus alba, L.

*Q). coccinea, Wang.

*Q. macrocarpa, Nutt. Syracuse.

*Q. prinus, L. var. acuminata, Micha.
Syracuse.

*Q. rubra, L.

Rhus glabra, L.

R. Towicodendron, L.

R. typhina, L.

R. venenata, L.

* Salix alba, L.

S. candida, Willd.

S. cordata, Muhl. var. angustata. -
S. discolor, Muhi.
8, fragilis, L.
S. humilis, Marshall.
S. livida Wahl. var. occidentalis.
S. lucida, Muh.
S. nigra, Marsh.
8. sericea, Marshall.
S. tristis, Ait,

var. microphylla.

Pond.

S. viminalis, L.
Sambucus Canadensis, L.
S. pubens, Micha.
* Sassafras officinale. Nees.
Staphylea trifolia, L.

Carpenter’s

17

Taaus baccata, L. var. Canadensis.
* Thuja oceadentalis, L.

* Tilia Americana, ¥ 2

*Ulmus Americana, L.

*U. fulua, Micha.

*U, racemosa, L.

Vaccinium corymbosum, L.
Viburnum acerifolium, L,

V. dentatum, L.

V. lantanoides, Micha.

V. Lentago, L.

V Opulus, L.

Vitis estivalis, Micha.

V. cordifolia, Micha.

V. Labrusea, L.

Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.

* Those marked with an asterisk are large forest trees.

In ease of a few rare species the locality is given.

D. Partial list of land and fresh water Mollusea from the counties
of Onondaga and Madison.

FAMILY UNIONID.

Unio complanatus, Solander, Onondaga Lake.

U. luteolus, Onondaga Lake.

Anodonta excurvata, Carpenter’s Pond.

A. plana, Lea, Cazenovia Lake.
Margaritana marginata, Say, Oneida Lake.

FAMILY HELICID/.

Mesodon albolabris, Say, Cazenovia.

M. thyroides, Say, Cazenovia.

Stenotrema monodon, Rackett, Cazenovia.
Triodopsis tridentata, Say, Manlius.

T palliata, Say, Manlius.

Patula alternata, Say, Manlius.

FAMILY ARIONIDZ.
Omphalina levigata, Pfeiffer, Cazenovia.
FAMILY LIMNAZID.

Helisoma trivolvis, Say, Onondaga Lake.
Planorbella campanulata, Chenu, Cazenovia Lake.

E. Agricultural Statistics of the counties of Onondaga and Madison
(compiled from state census, 1875.)

1. FARMS.
| Onondaga, | Madison.

oS OS Se aS eee eter 373,516 301,916
. unimproved (weO@land)<.3. 52.20.5263 | 54,425 21,764
of (not woodland).-....-. --- 25,224 68,610

OS Eg 1 a aa, cna ee 5,001 4,6; 39

Mane Valde-Gf FATMS.....-.........- = ee $37,251,541 $24,057,10

>

18

2, PRODUCTS OF CULTIVATION.

Onondaga, Madison. Avg.
Leading Products, Avg. Avg. || Yield
Acres.| Bushels. Yield. Acres. Bush. Wield! aoe
Wanter” Wheat... 28,604| 528,760} 18.49 6,380}104,825| 16.43]! 16.16
Indian Corns. eee 24,921) 894,723) 35.90 || 10,213/326,378] 31.96|| 32.33
Dats rrr tee ee ie ay the 40,663/1,319,958] 32.46 |) 26,414|/847,356] 32.08]| 28.59
LONE pete epeinS Ounrhie 22 5 Aes 967| 138,482] 13.94 338] 3,986] 11.79}| 11.82
Barley tee 10,395] 261,215} 25.13 || 2,833] 72,089] 25.43|] 22.83
Buckwheat. ke 4,109] 65,935] 16.05 |} 1,863] 29,302] 15.95|| 15.14
Potatoes. 285 fet ee 9,286]1,096,409|118.07 4,741|581,634/122.68)|/10222
Hay Se ee ae eee, Oe 98,554| 132,281*| 1.34*]1100,247]129,319] 1.29*|| 1.13*
*Tons
3. LIVE STOCK.
| Onondaga. | Madison.
Caberesob: ail rales: hes Bo SOL ee 53,672 | 54,158
fa Ui s)S Ne er er ee ees amend eT Se EE MPRA cs Ue wial oy co a8 | 17,405 | Ti fed
U's Gr | 2S ee ARCA ee IN en SU ie 8? ia gis ea 5 234 134
SRESD mini AaaaSe ee oe coe 18 ke oe al Ne 64,040 27,554
Sy BEL SPREE ee Ret AEA Dy SET ede COMET an PLE irae dt Ae SS it 31,499 15,428