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THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES

ON THE POWER WISDOM AND GOODNESS OF GOD
AS MANIFESTED IN THE CREATION

TREATISE VI

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE
TO NATURAL THEOLOGY

BY THE REV, WILLIAM BUCKLAND, D.D.

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL II

[SECOND EDITION]

TIIOU LOHD JN THE BEGINNING HAST LAID THE FOUNDATION OF THE EARTH.

» PSALM CII. 25.

" Let us take a Survey of the principal Fabrick, viz. the Terraqueous
Globe itself; a most stupendous vrork in every particular of it, v^^hich
doth no less aggrandize its Maker than every curious complete vrork doth
its Workman. Let us cast our eyes here and there, let us ransack all the
Globe, let us v^ith the greatest accuracy inspect every part thereof, search
out the inmost secrets of any of the creatures, let us examine them with
all our gauges, measure them with our nicest rules, pry into them with
our microscopes and most exquisite instruments, still we find them to
bear testimony to their infinite Workman."

** Could the body of the whole Earth - - be submitted to the Exami-
nation of our Senses, were it not too big and disproportioned for our
Enquiries, too unwieldly for the Management of the Eye and Hand, there
is no question but it would appear to us as curious and well- contrived
a frame as that of an human body. We should see the same Concate-
nation and Subserviency, the same Necessity and Usefulness, the same
Beauty and Harmony in all and eveiy of its Parts, as what we discover
in the Body of every single Animal." spectator, no. 543.

. v^

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO
NATURAL THEOLOGY

BY

THE REV. WILLIAM BUCKLAND, D.D,

CANOX OF CIIIIIST CHURCH AND llEADEU IN GEOLOGY AND MINEUALOGY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

VOL II

LONDON

WILLIAM PICKERING
1837

C. WHITTINGHAM, TOOKS COURT, CHANCJiRY LAMJ.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

Plate

1. Synoptic View of the leading Phenomena of Geology.*

2. Jaws of fossil Didelphys and Dinotherium.

3. Restoration of Pachydermata of Mont Martre.

4. Skeletons of Pachydermata from Mont Martre.

5. Entire Skeleton, and parts of another Skeleton of Megathe-

rium, (Double Plate.)

6. Teeth and caudal Vertebra of Megatherium.

7. Ichthyosaurus Platyodon.

8. Ichthyosaurus Communis, and Ichthyosaurus Intermedius.

9. Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris.

10. Head, Eyes and Skin of Ichthyosaurus, &c,

11. Head, Teeth, and Sections of Jaws of Ichthyosaurus.

12. Paddles and Vertebrse of Ichthyosaurus.

13. Ichthyosaurus inclosing Coprolite.

14. Ichthyosaurus inclosing Scales of Fishes in Coprolite.

15. Various forms of Coprolites and spiral Intestines.
15'. Cololite, or fossil Intestines.

16. Restoration of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus, and nearly en-

tire Skeleton of the same.

17. Front of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.

18. Head and Sterno-costal Arcs of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.

1 9. Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus, and lower jaw of Plesiosaurus

20. Head of Mosasaurus from Maestricht.

21. Pterodactylus Longirostris.

22. Pterodactylus Crassirostris and Brevirostris, (Double Pate.)

23. Jaw and Teeth of Megalosaurus.

24. Teeth and Bones of Iguanodon and Iguana,

25. Crocodilean Remains from the Lias and Oolite.

* Besides 120 figures of Plants and Animals, this Plate represents SO
kinds of Sedimentary Deposits, and 8 varieties of Unstratified Rocks ;
it also shows the dispositions of intruded Dykes, Metalliferous Veins, and
Faults.

GEOL. II. b

VI LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

Plate

25'. Fossil Crocodileans and Chelonian.

26. Footsteps on Red Sandstone near Dumfries.

26'. Footsteps on Red Sandstone at Hessberg, (Double Plate.)
26". Hind footstep of Chirotherium on Sandstone from Hessberg.
26'". Footsteps of some unknown Reptile on Sandstone from

Hessberg.
26"' Several species of Ornithichnites on Sandstone in the valley

of the Connecticut, (Double Plate.)
26''- Ornithichnites Giganteus, on Sandstone from Connecticut.

27. Scales, Jaw, and Teeth of fossil Fishes.
27*- Recent and fossil Sauroid Fishes.

27''" Fish from the Coal Formation at Saarbriick.

27*^- Fish from the Oolite Formation.

27**- Jaws, Teeth, and Spine of Recent and Fossil Sharks.

27''' Teeth on the Palate of Acrodus nobilis.

27^- Teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus.

28. Pens and Ink Bag of recent and fossil Loligo.

29. Fossil Pens and Ink Bags of Loligo, from the Lias.

30. Large fossil Pen of Loligo, from the Lias.

31. Nautilus Pompilius with its animal ; and Rhyncholites.

32. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Hexagonus.

33. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Striatus.

34. Animal of Nautilus Pompilius.

35. Exterior of Ammonites Obtusus.

36. Chambers and Siphuncle of Ammonites Obtusus.

37. Various forms of Mechanism to strengthen Ammonites.

38. Lateral view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.

39. Longitudinal view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.

40. Ammonites Henslowi ; A. Nodosus ; A. Sphaericus, and

A. Striatus.

41. Chambers of Ammonites Giganteus.

42. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus and Ammonite.

43. Nautilus Sypho, and N. Zic-Zac.

44. Chambered Shells allied to Nautilus and Ammonite.
44'. Illustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia.

44". Ink Bags of Belemnosepia.

45. Trilobites and recent animals allied to them.

46. Various forms of Trilobites.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. Vll

Plate

46'. Fossil Scorpions from the Coal formation in Bohemia.

46". Fossil Limulus, Arachnidans, and Insects.

47. Apiocrinites, and Actinocrinites.

48. Fragment of a Lily Encrinite, Encrinites Moniliformis.

49. Stem of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.

50. Body of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.

51. Briarean Pentacrinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis.

52. Recent and fossil Pentacrinites.

53. Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.)

54. Recent Corals with their Polypes.

55. Fossil Tree (Lepidodendron Sternbergii) from a Coal mine

in Bohemia.

56. Remains of Plants of extinct families, from the Coal forma-

tion.

5&'' Highly magnified sections of Coniferse.

57. Remains of a subterranean Forest on the coast of Dorset.

58. Cycas Revoluta producing Buds.

59. Zamia Pungens, and sections of recent Zamia and Cycas.

60. Trunk and transverse section of Cycadites Megalophyllus.

61. Trunk and sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Mi-

crophyllus.

62. Sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadese.

63. Fossil fruit of Podocarya, and recent Pandanege, (Double

Plate.)

64. Remains of fossil Palms, from Tertiary strata.

65. Sections illustrating the structure and disposition of Coal

basins.

66. Sections illustrating the Silurian and Carboniferous sys-

tems ; and part of the Newcastle Coal field.

67. Sections illustrating the origin of Springs, and the dispo-

sition of Metallic Veins.

68. Sections shewing the cause of the rise of water in Artesian

Wells in the Basin of London.

69. Sections illustrating the Theory of Artesian Wells.

Total number of Plates 87. Total number of figures 705.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Introductory Notice, and Description of the Geological
Phenomena illustrated hy Plate 1.

Plate 1.

The lower portion of Plate l,is an imaginary section, con-
structed to express by the insertion of names and colours,
the relative positions of the most important classes both
of unstratified and stratified rocks, as far as they have yet
been ascertained.

The merit of this section is due to the talents of Mr.
Thomas Webster; it has been enlarged and improved by
him from an original section, which he has for several
years exhibited in illustration of his lectures ; it was in-
tended to illustrate a work on Geology, which he is pre-
paring for the press, and he has liberally permitted me to
use it likewise in the present work, with some few addi-
tions and alterations of my own.

This Section exhibits under one point of view the rela-
tions of the Granitic and Volcanic rocks to the stratified
formations, and to one another, more intelligibly than I
have ever seen expressed elsewhere. The selection and
arrangement of the animals and plants in the upper part of
this Plate is exclusively my own ; these have been drawn
and engraved (together with a large proportion of the wood-
cuts) by Mr. J. Fisher, of St. Clements, Oxford.

The section is founded on many series of accurate obser-
vations, on several lines taken across Europe, between the
British islands and the Mediterranean Sea. Although no
single straight line exhibits every formation complete in the

GEOL. II. B

2 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

full order of succession here represented, no fact is inserted
for which authority cannotbe found. The near approximation
of this synoptic representation by Mr. Webster to the facts
exhibited by an actual section, may be estimated by com-
paring it with the admirable section across Europe, pub-
lished by Mr. Conybeare in the Report of the Proceedings
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
1832, and with his sections of England, in Phillips and
Conybeare's Geology of England and Wales.

For facility of reference, I have numbered the princi-
pal groups of stratified rocks represented in the section,
according to their most usual order of succession ; and
have designated by letters the crystalline or unstratified
rocks, and the injected masses and dykes, as well as the
metallic veins, and lines of fracture, producing dislocations
or faults. The crowded condition in which all the Pheno-
mena represented in this section, are set together, does
not admit of the use of accurate relative proportions
between the stratified rocks, and the intruded masses, veins,
and dykes by which they are intersected. The adoption
of false proportions is, however, unavoidable in these cases,
because the veins and dykes would be invisible, unless
expressed on a highly exaggerated scale. The scale of
height throughout the whole section is also infinitely greater
than that of breadth. The plants and animals also are
figured on no uniform scale.

The extent of the different formations represented in this
section, taking their average width as they occur in Europe,
would occupy a breadth of five or six hundred miles. A
scale of heights, at all approaching to this scale of breadth,
would render the whole almost invisible. The same cause
makes it also impossible to express correctly the effect of
vallies of denudatioriy which are often excavated through
strata of one formation into those of another subjacent
formation.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 3

As it would encumber the section to express Diluvium,
wherever it is present, it is introduced in one place only,
which shews its age to be more recent than the newest of
the Tertiary strata; it is found also lodged indiscrimi-
nately upon the surface of rocks of every formation.

Granite,

In our early Chapters we have considered the Theory
which refers unstratified rocks to an igneous Origin, to be
that which is most consistent with all the known Pheno-
mena of Geology, and the facts represented in the Section
now before us are more consistent with the Postulates of
this Hypothesis, than with those of any other that has
hitherto been proposed. I have, therefore, felt it indispen-
sable to adopt its language, as affording the only terms by
which the facts under consideration can be adequately de-
scribed.

Assuming that Fire and Water have been the two
great Agents employed in reducing the surface of the globe
to its actual condition, we see, in repeated operations of
these agents, causes adequate to the production of those
irregular Elevations and Depressions of the fundamental
Rocks of the Granitic series, which are delineated in the
lower Region of our Section, as forming the basis of the
entire Superstructure of stratified Rocks.

Near the right extremity of this Section, the undulating
surface of the fundamental Granite (a. 5. a. 6. a. 7. a. 8.)
is represented as being, for the most part, beneath the level
of the Sea.

On the left extremity of the Section (a. 1. a. 2. a. 3.) the
Granite is elevated into one of those lofty Alpine ridges,
which have affected, by their upward movement, the entire
series of stratified Rocks.

Corresponding formations of Primary and Transition

4 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

Strata, are represented as occurring on each side of this ele-
vated Granite, which is supposed to have broken through,
and to have carried up with it to their present elevated and
highly inclined position, strata that were once continuous
and nearly horizontal.*

The general history of Elevation appears to be, that
mountain chains of various extent, and various directions,
have been formed at irregular intervals, during the deposi-
tion of stratified rocks of every age ; and that Granite had,
in many cases, acquired a state of solidity before the
period of its elevation.

Within the primary Granite, we find other forms of Gra-
nitic matter, (a. 9.) which appear to have been intruded in a
state of fusion, not only into fissures of the older Granite,
but frequently also into the Primary stratified rocks in con-
tact with it, and occasionally into strata of the Transition
and Secondary series, (a. 10. a. 11.) these Granitic injec-
tions were probably in many cases, contemporaneous with
the elevation of the rocks they intersect ; they usually as-
sume the Condition of Veins, terminating upwards in small
branches ; and vary in dimensions, from less than an inch,
to an indefinite width. The direction of these veins is very
irregular : they sometimes traverse the Primary strata at
right angles to their planes of stratification, at other times
they are protruded in a direction parallel to these planes,
and assume the form of beds. Some of the relations of
these Granitic Veins to the rocks intersected by them are
represented at the left extremity of the Section, (a. 9.)f

* Cases of Granite, thus elevated at a period posterior to the
deposition of Tertiary Strata, occur in the Eastern Alps, where the
Transition, Secondary, and Tertiary strata have all partaken of the
same elevation which raised the central axis of the crystalline Gra-
nitic rocks. See Geol. Trans. N. S. Vol. III. PI. 36. Fig. 1.

t In the Granite at the right extremity of the Section, the gra-
nitic veins are omitted, because their insertion would interfere with

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 6

A. 10. represents a dyke and protruded mass of Granite,
intersecting and overlying stratified rocks of the Primary
and Transition series. A. 11. represents the rare case of
Granite intersecting Red Sandstone, Oolite, and Chalk.*

Sienite, Porphyry ^ Serpentine, Greenstone.]

Closely allied to Granitic Veins, is a second series of
irregularly injected rocks, composed of Sienite, Porphyry,
Serpentine, and Green Stone (b. c. d. e.) which traverse the
Primary and Transition formations, and the lower regions
of the Secondary strata ; not only intersecting them in va-
rious directions, but often forming also overlying masses,
in places where these veins have terminated by overflowing
at the surface, V. c\ d'. e'.) The crystalline rocks of this
series, present so many modifications of their ingredients,
that numerous varieties of Sienite, Porphyry, and Green-
stone occur frequently in the products of Eruptions from a
single vent.

The scale of our Section admits not of an accurate repre-
sentation of the relations between many of these intruded
rocks, and the strata they intersect ; they are all placed, as

the representation of the injections of Basaltic and Volcanic matter
which that portion of the section is intended to illustrate.

* An example of the rare Phenomenon of Granite intruded info
the Chalk formation, in the hill of St. Martin, near Pont de la Fou
in the Pyrenees, is described by M. Dufrenoy in the Bulletin de la
Societe Geologique de France, Tom. 2. page 73.

At Weinbohla, near Meissen in Saxony, Prof. Weiss has ascer-
tained the presence of Sienite above strata of Chalk ; and Prof.
Nauman states, that, near Oberau, Cretaceous rocks are covered by
Granite, and that near Zscheila and Neiderfehre, the Cretaceous
rocks rest horizontally on Granite ; at both these places the Lime-
stone and Granite are entangled in each other, and irregular por-
tions and veins of hard Limestone, with green grains and cretaceous
fossils, are here and there imbedded in the Granite.

De la Beche. Geol. Manual. 3rd Edit. p. 295.

6 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

if they had been injected, either at the time of, or after the
elevation of all the strata, and had produced but little
disturbance in the rocks through which they are protruded.
It should however be understood, distinctly, that some In-
jections may have preceded the elevation of Strata to their
present height, and that numerous and successive eleva-
tions and injections, attended by various degrees of frac-
ture and disturbance, have prevailed in various localities
during all periods, and throughout all formations ; from the
first upraising of the earliest Primary rocks, to the most
recent movements produced by existing Volcanoes. M.
Elie de Beaumont has discovered probable evidence of no
less than twelve periods of elevation, affecting the strata of
Europe.

Examples of the fractures and dislocations attending
these movements, and producing faults, are represented in
our Section by the lines designated by the letter 1. Some of
these fractures do not reach to the present surface, as they
affected the lower beds at periods anterior to the deposi-
tion of more recent strata, which cover unconformably the
summits of the earlier fractures. (See 1. P. R P. R F.)

Basalt.

A third series of Igneous Rocks is that which has formed
dykes, and masses of Basalt and Trap, intruded into, and
overlying formations of all ages, from the earliest Granites
to the most recent Tertiary Strata. These basaltic rocks
sometimes occur as Beds, nearly parallel to the strata, into
which they are protruded, after the manner represented in
the carboniferous Limestone of our Section, f. 2. More fre-
quently they overspread the surface like expanded sheets
of Lava. Our Section gives examples of Trap under all
these circumstances. At f. 1. it intersects and overlies
Primary strata ; at f. 2. f. 3. f. 4. f. 5. it stands in similar

EXPLANATION OV PLATE 1. 7

relations to Transition and Secondary strata ; f . 6. represents
an example of an extensive eruption of B'asaltic matter,
over Chalk and Tertiary strata, accompanied by an intru-
sion of vast irregular masses of the same materials into the
body of the subjacent Primary and Transition rocks.

f. 7. represents strata of columnar Basalt, immediately
beneath streams of cellular Lava, in regions occupied also
by craters of extinct Volcanos. f. 8. represents similar
beds of columnar lava in the vicinity of active Volcanos.

Trachyte and Lava,

The fourth and last class of intruded rocks, is that of
modern volcanic Porphyries, Trachytes,* and Lavas. The
undeniable igneous origin of rocks of this class forms the
strongest ground-work of our arguments, in favour of the
igneous formation of the older unstratified and crystalline
rocks ; and their varied recent products, around the craters
of active Volcanos, present graduations of structure, and
composition, which connect them with the most ancient
Porphyries, Sienites, and Granites.

The simplest cases of volcanic action are those of Tra-
chyte (g. L) and of Lava (i. 5.) ejected through apertures
in Granite ; such cases prove that the source of volcanic
fires, is wholly unconnected with the pseudo-volcanic re-
sults of the combustion of coal, bitumen, or sulphur, in
stratified formations, and is seated deep beneath the Pri-
mary rocks, t

* The appellation of Trachyte has been given to a volcanic Por-
phyry, usually containing Crystals of glassy felspar, and remarkably
harsh to the touch, (hence its name from rpaxvo) ; it does not occur
in Britain, but abounds in the neighbourhood of almost all extinct
and active volcanic craters.

f The occurrence of angular fragments of altered Granite, em-
bedded in Pillars of columnar Lava, in the valley of Monpezat in the
Ard^che, shews that these fragments were probably torn off during

8 EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Craters.

Our section represents three cases of Volcanic craters ;
the most simple (i. 5.) rising through Granite, or stratified
rocks, at the bottom of the sea, and accumulating craters,
which, like those of Lipari and Stromboli, Sabrina, and
Graham Islands, are occasionally formed in various parts
of the ocean.* The second case is that of volcanos,
which, like Etna and Vesuvius, are still in action on the
dry land, (i. 1. to i. 4.) The third is that of extinct vol-
canos, like those in Auvergne, (h^ h~.) which, although
there exist no historical records as to the period of their
last eruptions, shew by the perfect condition of their cra-
ters, that they have been formed since the latest of those
aqueous inundations, that have affected the Basalts and
Tertiary strata, through which they have burst forth.

One great difference between the more ancient Basaltic
eruptions and those of the Lava and Trachyte of existing
volcanos, is that the emission of the former, probably taking
place under the pressure of deep water, was not accompa-
nied by the formation of any permanent craters.

In both cases, the fissures through some of which these
Eruptions may have issued, are abundantly apparent under

the upward passage of the Lava through fractures in the solid
Granite.

At Graveneire, near Clermont, a stream of Lava still retains the
exact form, in which it issued through a fissure in the side of a
mountain of Granite, and overflowed the subjacent valley. Most
accurate representations of this, and many similar productions of
Volcanic Eruptions from the Granite of this District may be seen in
Mr. Poulett Scrope's inimitable Panoramic Views of the Volcanic
formations of Central France.

* Within the last few years, the Volcanic Cones of Sabrina in the
Atlantic, and of Graham Island in the Mediterranean, have risen
suddenly in the sea and been soon levelled and dispersed by the
Waves.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 9

the form of Dykes, filled with materials similar to those
which form the masses that have overflowed in the Vici-
nity of each Dyke.^

Changes effected hy the Igneous Rocks, on the Strata
in contact with them.

The peculiar condition of the rocks that form the side
walls of Granitic Veins and Basaltic Dykes, affords ano-
ther argument in favour of their igneous origin ; thus
wherever the early Slate rocks are intersected by Granitic
Veins (a. 8.) they are usually altered to a state approxima-
ting to that of fine-grained Mica-Slate, Hornblende-
Slate.

The Secondary and Tertiary rocks also, when they are
intersected by basaltic Dykes, have frequently undergone
some change ; beds of Shale and Sandstone are indurated,
and reduced to Jasper; compact Limestone and Chalk are
converted to crystalline Marble, and Chalk-flints altered to
a state like that resulting from heat in an artificial fur-
nace.f

In all these cases, the Phenomena appear to be through-
out consistent with the theory of igneous Injection, and to
be incapable of explanation on any other Hypothesis that
has been proposed. A summary statement of the probable
relations of the Granitic and Trappean Rocks to the other
materials of the Globe, and to one another, may be found
in De la Beche's Geological Researches, 1st Edit. Pag.
374, et seq.

* In many dykes the materials have been variously modified, by
their mode of cooling, and differ from the masses which overflowed
the surface.

t Examples of this kind occur on the sides of Basaltic Dykes in-
tersecting Chalk in the County of Antrim, and in the Island of
Raghlin. See Geol. Trans. London, O. S. vol. iii. p. 210. pi. 10.

10 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

Explanation of Letters and Figures used in the references to
unstratified and crystalline Rocks in Plate 1.

a. Granite. b. Sienite. c. Porphyry,

d. Greenstone. e. Serpentine. f. Basalt, or Trap.
g. Trachyte. h. Products of Extinct Volcanos.

i. Products of Active Volcanos.

a. 1. — a. 3. Mountains of Granite, raised into lofty ridges,

from beneath Gneiss and Primary Slates,
a. 4. Granite intermixed with Gneiss.
a. 5. — a. 8. Granite, subjacent to stratified rocks of all

ages, and intersected by volcanic rocks.
a. 9. Granite Veins, intersecting Granite, Gneiss, and

primary Slate,
a. 10. Granite Vein, intersecting Primary and Transition

rocks, and forming overlying masses at the surface.

a. 11. Granite Vein, intersecting Secondary strata, and

overlying Chalk. ''^

b. Dykes of Sienite.

b. 1. Overlying masses of Sienite.

c. Dykes of Porphyry.

c. 1. Overlying masses of Porphyry.

d. Dykes of ancient Greenstone.

d. 1. Overlying masses of the same. The Rocks repre-

sented by d. and e. often pass into one another.

e. Dykes of Serpentine.

e. 1 . Overlying masses of Serpentine.

f. Dykes and intruded subterraneous masses of Basalt.
f. 1. to f. 7. Masses of Basalt protruded through, and

overlying strata of various ages.

* In the locality quoted in the Explanation of Plates, Vol. II. p.
6, the Granite wliich comes to the surface over the Chalk, is not
covered by Tertiary deposits, as represented in our section, PI. 1.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 11

f. 8. Basal tiform products of Modern Volcanos.

g. Trachyte forming Dykes.

g. 1. Trachyte forming overlying Domes. (PuydeDome.)

h. 1. h. 2. Lava of extinct Volcanos, forming undisturbed
Cones. (Auvergne.)

i. — i. 5. Lava, Scoriae, and Craters of active Volcanos.
(i. 1. — i. 4. Etna. i. — 5. Stromboli.)

k. — k. 24. Metalliferous Veins.

k. 15'. Lateral expansions of Veins into metalliferous
cavities, called by the Miners Pipe Veins, or Flats.

1. — 1. 7. Faults, or fractures and dislocations of the strata.
The continuity of stratified Rocks is always inter-
rupted, and their level more or less changed on the
opposite sides of a fault.

It is unnecessary here to give detailed descriptions of the
28 divisions of the Stratified formations represented in our
Section. Their usual Order of Succession and Names are
expressed in their respective places, and detailed descrip-
tions of their several characters may be found in all good
Treatises on Geology.

The leading Groups of these Formations are united by
colours, marking their separation from the adjacent groups ;
and the same colours are repeated, in the headings above
the figures of Plants and Animals, that characterize the
several series of Formations, to show the extent of the strata
over which the Organic Remains of each Group are re-
spectively distributed.

Although the deposits of Peat Bogs, and Calcareous Tufa
are of too local a nature to be generally included in the
series of stratified Rocks, they are represented in this Sec-
tion (Figs. 31, 32), because they sometimes operate locally
to a considerable extent in adding permanent and solid
matter to the surface of the Globe.

12 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

List of the Names of the Plants and Animals, represented
in PL I. to denote the prevailing Types of Vegetable and
Animal Life, during the formation of the three great
divisions of stratified Rocks.

REFERENCES.

r. rece7it. f. fossil. Ad. B. Adolphe Brongniart. L. Lindley.
, Ag. Agassiz. P. Page of Vol. I.

Remains in Transition Strata.

LAND PLANTS.

1. Araucaria. Norfolk Island Pine. r. & f. P. 484.

2. Equisetum. r. & f. P. 460.

3. Calamites nodosus. f. (L. PI. 16.)

4. Asterophillites comosa. f. (L. 108.)

5. Asterophillites foliosa. f. (L. 25.)

6. Aspidium. r. Pecopteris. f.

7. Cyatheaglauca, Tree Fern. r. (Ad. B. Hist. Veg.
Foss. PI. 38.) P. 464.

8. Osmunda. r. Neuropteris. f.

9. Lycopodium cernuum. r. (from Mirbel.) P. 466.

10. Lycopodium alopecuroides. r. (from Mirbel.) P.

466.

11. Lepidodendron Sternbergii. f.

12. Lepidodendron gracile ? f.

13. Flabelliform Palm. r. (from Mirbel.) Palmacites. f.

MARINE ANIMALS AND PLANTS.

14. Acanthodes. f. Ag.

15. Catopterus. f. Ag.

16. Amblypterus. f. Ag.

17. Orodus, extinct Shark, f. (Imaginary restoration).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 13

18. Cestracion Phillippi, Port Jackson Shark, r. (Phil-

lip.) P. 288.*
18'. Palatal Tooth of Cestracion PhilHppi. r.

19. Tooth of Psammodus, from Derbyshire limestone, f.
19'. Tooth of Orodus, from Mountain limestone, near

Bristol, f.

20. Calymene. f -j

21. Paradoxus, f. j- Trilobites. P. 391.

22. Asaphus. f. J

23. Euomphalus. f.

24. Producta. f.

25. Spirifer. f.

26. Actinocrinites. f. (Miller, P. 96.) P. 417.

27. Platycrinites. f. (Miller, P. 74.)t

27*. Fucoides circinatus. f. (Ad. B.) From Transition
sandstone, Sweden.

28. Caryophyllia. r. & f.

29. Astrea. r. & f.

30. Turbinolia. r. & f.

Remains in Secondare/ Strata,

LAND PLANTS.

31. Pinus. r. & f.

32. Thuia. r. & f.

33. Cycas circinalis. r. Cycadites. f,

34. Cycas revoluta. r. Cycadites. f.

35. Zamia horrida. r. Zamia. f.

36. Dracaena, r. Allied to Bucklandia and Clathraria. f.

37. Arborescent Fern. r. P. 465.

38. Pteris aquilina. r. Pecopteris. f.

* This shark is the only known living representative of the ex-
tinct genus Psammodus.

t Fig. 27. In most, if not all the species of Platycrinites the
arms are subdivided ; they are not so in this figure, as from its small
size they could not well be represented. The figure is intended
to give only a general idea of the subject.

14 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

39. Scolopendrium. r. Taeniopteris in Oolite. Scar-
borough, f.

LAND ANIMALS.

40. Didelphys. r. Stonesfield slate, 2 small species, f.

41. Didelphys. r. Cheirotherium? f. P. 265.

42. Pterodactylus brevirostris. f.

43. Pterodactylus crassirostris. f.

44. Gavial. r. Allied to Teleosaurus. f.

45. Iguana, r. Iguanodon. f.

46. Testudo, Land Tortoise, r. Scales of Tortoises, at
Stonesfield, Oxon. f. Footsteps of Tortoises, Dum-
fries, f.

47. Emys. r. Soleure. f.

48. Buprestis. r. Stonesfield. f.

49. Libellula. r. Solenhofen. f.

50. Plesiosaurus. f.

51. Ichthyosaurus, f.

52. Marine Turtle, r. AtLuneville,in MuschelKalk. f.

P. 256.

53. Pygopterus. f. (Ag. Vol. I. PL D. 3.) In Magne-

sian Limestone.

54. Dapedium, in Lias. f.

55. Hybodus. f. Extinct genus of Sharks. (Imagi-
nary restoration.)

56. Loligo. r. Lyme Hegis. f.

57. Nautilus Pompilius. r. Many species, f.

58. Ammonites Bucklandi. f. Peculiar to Lias.

59. Astacus. r. & f.

60. Limulus, King Crab. r. Solenhofen. f.

61. Trigonia. f. New Holland, r.

62. Ophiura. r. & f.

63. Asterias. r. & f .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 15

64. Echinus, r. & f.

65. Apiocrinites. f.

65\ Fucoides recurvus. f. (Ad. B. Hist. Veg. Foss.
PI. 5. Fig. 2.)

Remains in Tertiary Strata.

LAND PLANTS.

66. Mauritia aculeata. r. (Martius, T. 44.) Palmacites.
Lamanonis. f. P. 214.

67. Elaeis guineensis. r. (Martius, T. 56.) Fruits of

Pinnate Palms, f. P. 515.

68. Cocos nucifera. r. (Martius, PL 62.) Fossil Cocoa

nut, Sheppy, Brussels. P. 515.

69. Pinus, Pine. r. & f.

70. Ulmus, Elm. r. & f.

71. Populus, Poplar, r. & f.

72. Salix, Willow, r. & f.

LAND ANIMALS OF FIRST PERIOD.

Birds.

73. Scolopax, Woodcock, r. & f.

74. Ibis. r. & f.

75. Tringa, Sea Lark. r. & f.

76. Coturnix, Quail, r. & f.

77. Strix, Owl. r. & f.

78. Buteo, Buzzard, r. 8c f.

79. Phalacrocorax, Cormorant, r. Pelecanus. f.

Reptiles.

80. Emys, Fresh water Tortoise, r. Sc f.

81. Trionyx, Soft Tortoise, r. & f.

82. Crocodilus, Crocodile, r. & f.

Mammifers.

83. Vespertilio, Bat. r. & f.

84. Sciurus, Squirrel, r. & f.

85. Myoxus, Dormouse, r. 8c f.

16

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1,

86. Castor, Beaver, r. & f.

87. Genetta, Genet, r. & f.

88. Nasua, Coati. r. & f.

89. Procyon, Racoon, r. & f.

90. Canis Vulpes, Fox. r. & f.

91. Canis Lupus, Wolf. r. & f.

92. Didelphys, Opossum, small.

93. Anoplotherium commune, f.

94. Anoplotherium gracile. f.

95. Paleeotherium magnum, f.

96. Palseotherium minus, f.

&f.

Genera of Shells most
characteristic of the
Tertiary Periods . .

MARINE ANIMALS.

Mollusks.

a. Planorbis. r. & f.

b. Limnaea. r. & f.

c. Conus. r. & f.

d. Bulla, r. & f.

e. Cypraea. r. & f.

f. Ampullaria. r. & f.
g. Scalaria. r. & f.
h. Cerithium. r. & f.
i. Cassis, r. &, f.
j. Pyrula. r. & f.
k. Fusus. r. & f.

L Voluta. r & f.
m. Buccinum. r. & f.
L n. Rostellaria. r. & f.
Mammifers,

97. Phoca, Seal. r. & f.

98. Trichechus, Walrus, r. & f.

99. Delphinus Orca, (Phoccena, Cuv.) Grampus.

Delphinus. f.

100. Manatus, Lamantin. r. & f.

101. Balsena, Whale, r. & f .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1,

LAND ANIMALS,^

17

Aves

r 102.

103.
104.
105.

Ruminantia

- 106.

107.

j 108.

1109.

Rodentia HO.

'111.

Carnivora. ... 1^2.

113.
^ 114.

115.

116.

117.

118.
l^ 119.

Pachydermata

Birds.

Columba, Pigeon, r. & f.
Alauda, Lark. r. & f.
Corvus, Raven, r. & f.
Anas, Duck. r. & f.

Mammifers.
Alces, Elk. r. & f.
Elaphus, Stag. r. & f.
Bos Urus, Bison, r. & f.
Bos Taurus, Ox. r. & f.
Lepus, Hare. r. & f.
Ursus, Bear. r. & f,
Mustek, Weasel, r. Sc t
Hygena. r. & f.
Felis, Tiger, r. & f.
Sus, Hog. r. & f.
Equus, Horse, r. & f.
Rhinoceros, r. & f.
Hippopotamus, r. 8c f.
Elephas. r. Mammoth.

f.

Animal of the present Epochs supposed to have recently
become extinct.

120. Didus, Dodo. r. & f.

The bones of the Dodo have been found under lava of
unknown age in the Isle of France, and in a cavern in the
Island of Roderigue. See Zoological Journal, 1828, p.
554. Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. VoL II. p. 442. and Lon-
don and Edin. Phil. Mag. Dec. 1832.

* Many of the following genera occur both in the second, third
and fourth formations of the Tertiary series, and also in Caverns,
Fissures, and Diluvium.

GEOL. II. c

18 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.

Plate 2. V. I. p. 72.

A. Jaw of Didelphys Bucklandi, (magnified to twice

nat. size,) in the Collection of W. I. Broderip, Esq.

and described by him in the Zoological Journal,

V. III. p. 408, PI. XI. (Broderip.)
2. Second molar tooth magnified.
5. Fifth molar tooth still further magnified.

B. Fragment of lower Jaw of a small Didelphys from

Stonesfield, in the Oxford Museum, (magnified one
third.) This Jaw has been examined by Cuvier,
and is figured by M. Prevost, Ann. de Sci. Nat. Avr.
1825, p. 389, PI. 18. The removal of a part of the
bone displays the double roots of the teeth, in their
alveoli, and the form of the teeth shews the animal
to have been insectivorous. (Original.)

4. Fourth molar tooth magnified.

9. Ninth molar tooth magnified.

C. 1. Lower Jaw of Dinotherium giganteum, (Tapirus

Giganteus, Cuv.) The length of this Jaw, including
the Tusk, is nearly four feet. V. I. p. 136. (Kaup.)

2. Lower Jaw and part of upper Jaw of Dinotherium

medium. (Kaup.)

3. Jaw of Dinotherium medium, exhibiting the Crown

of five molar teeth, most nearly resembling those of
a Tapir. (Kaup.)*

* All these unique remains of Dinotherium are preserved in the
Museum at Darmstadt ; they were found in a Sand pit containing
marine shells at Epplesheim near Alzey, about forty miles N. W. of
Darmstadt, and are described by Professor Kaup.

Bones of Dinotherium have lately been found in Tertiary Fresh-
water limestone, near Orthes, at the foot of the Pyrenees ; and with
them, remains of a new Genus, allied to Rhinoceros ; of several un-
known species of Deer ; and of a Dog, or Wolf, the size of a Lion.

Our figures of Dinotherium are copied from the Atlas of Kaup's
Description d'Ossemens fossiles de Mammiferes, Darmstadt, 1832-.3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 3. 4. 5. 19

Plate 3. V. I. p. 81.

Imaginary restoration of four species of Pachydermata,
found in the Gypsum Quarries of Mont Martre. (Cuvier.)

Plate 4. V. I. pp. 81, 85.

Nearly perfect skeletons of the four species of fossil
animals, whose restored figures are given in the last Plate.
(Cuvier.)

Plate 5. V. I. p. 139.

1. Skeleton of Megatherium, copied from Pander and

D'Alton's figure of the nearly perfect skeleton of this
animal, in the Museum at Madrid.

2. Bones of the Pelvis of Megatherium, discovered by

Woodbine Parish, Esq. near Buenos Ayres, and
now placed in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, London. The bones of the left hind leg,
and several of those of the foot, are restored nearly
to their natural place. (Original.)

3. Front view of the left Femur.

4. Front view of the left Tibia and Fibula.

5. Bones of the foot, imperfectly restored.

5'. Large ungual bone, supposed to be that of a Toe of

the hind foot.
6 — 11. Teeth of Megatherium.

From the near approximation of this Animal to the living Tapir,
we may infer that it was furnished with a Proboscis, by means of
which it conveyed to its mouth the Vegetables it raked from the bot-
tom of Lakes and Rivers by its Tusks and Claws. The bifid ungual
bone (Kaup. Add. Tab, 11,) discovered with the other remains of
Dinotherium, having the remarkable bifurcation which is found in no
living Quadrupeds, except the Pangolins, seems to have borne a Claw,
like that of these animals, possessing peculiar advantages for the
purpose of scraping and digging ; and indicating functions, concur-
rent with those of the Tusks and Scapulae, (see Vol. I. Page 136.)

20 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 6. 7.

12, 13. Armour, supposed to be that of Megatherium.*
14 19. Armour of Dasypus and Chlamyphorus.

Plate 6. V. I. p. 148.

1. Sections of Teeth of Megatherium, illustrating the

relative dispositions of the Ivory, Enamel, and Crusta
petrosa, or Coementum. (Original. Clift.)

2. Posterior surface of a caudal vertebra of Megatherium,

exhibiting enormous transverse processes. On its
lower margin are seen the articulating surfaces
which received the chevron bone ; the superior
spinous process is broken off. V. I. p. 151. (Sir
F. Chantrey. Original.^

Plate 7. V. I. p. 168.

Ichthyosaurus platyodon from the Lias at Lyme Regis,
discovered by T. Hawkins, Esq. and deposited in the Bri-
tish Museum, together with alLthe other splendid fossil re-
mains that are engraved in his memoirs of Ichthyosauri
and Plesiosauri. This animal, though by no means full
grown, must have measured twenty-four feet in length. The
extremity of the tail, and left fore paddle, and some lost

* Mr. Darwin has recently discovered the Remains of Mega-
therium along an extent of nearly six hundred miles, in a North and
South line, in the great sandy plains of the Pampas of Buenos Ayres,
accompanied by bones and Teeth of at least five other Quadrupeds.
He has also found that the Bones of this Animal are so often accom-
panied by those of the Mastodon angustidens, as to leave no doubt
that these two extinct species were contemporary.

I learn from Professor Lichstenstein, that a fresh importation of
Bones of Megatherium, and bony armour has lately been sent to
Berlin from Buenos Ayres, and that there remains no room to doubt
that some portion of this armour appertained to the Megatherium.

It appears very probable, from more recent discoveries, that
several other large and small animals, armed with a similar coat of
mail, were co-inhabitants of the same sandy regions with the Mega-
therium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 8. 9. 10. 21

fragments of the rest of the skeleton, are artificially restored.
(Hawkins.)

Plate 8. V. I. p. 170.

1. Skeleton of a young Ichthyosaurus communis, in the

collection of the Geological Society of London, found
in the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Scharf. Original.)

2. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, from Lyme Regis, be-

longing to Sir Astley Cooper. (Scharf. Original.)

Plate 9. V. I. p. 170.

1 and 2. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, from the Lias near
Glastonbury, in the collection of the Rev. D. Wil-
liams, of Bleadon, near Bristol. The position of the
ribs is distorted by pressure. (Scharf. Original.)

3. View of the right side of the head of the same animal.

(Original.)

Plate 10. V. I. pp. 171,173.

1. Head of Ichthyosaurus platyodon, in the British

Museum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, copied from
Sir E. Home's figure in the Phil. Trans. 1814.

2. Copied from Mr. Conybeare's figure, (in the Geol.

Trans. Lond. O. S. PL XL. Fig. 11.) shewing the
analogies between the bones of the head of Ichthyo-
saurus, and those which Cuvier has marked by cor-
responding letters in his figure of the head of the
Crocodile.

3. Two of the bony plates in the sclerotic coat of the

Eye of Ichthyosaurus platyodon.

4. Circle of bony plates in the Eye of the snowy Owl.

(Yarrel.)

5. Circle of similar plates in the Eye of the golden Eagle,

(Yarrel.)

22 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.

6. Front view of bony plates in the Eye of an Iguana.

7. Profile of the same.

8. Two of the fourteen component scales of the same.

I owe these three last figures to the kindness of Mr. Allis

of York.

A 1, 2, 3, 4. Petrified portions of the skin of a small

Ichthyosaurus, from, the Lias of Barrow on Soar,

Leicestershire, presented to the Oxford Museum, by

the Rev. Robert Gutch, of Segrave. (Original.)

In Fig. 1 ; a, b, c, d, are portions of ribs, and e, f, g, h,

are fragments of sterno-costal bones (nat. size).
The spaces between these bones, are covered with the
remains of skin ; the Epidermis being represented by a de-
licate film, and the Rete mucosum by fine threads of white
Carbonate of Lime; beneath these the Corium, or true
skin, is preserved in the state of dark Carbonate of Lime,
charged with black volatile matter, of a bituminous and
oily consistence.

2. Magnified representation of the Epidermis and Rete
mucosum. The fine superficial lines represent the
minute wrinkles of the Epidermis, and the subjacent
larger decussating lines, the vascular net-work of
the Rete mucosum.
In Fig. 3, the Epidermis exhibits a succession of coarser
and more distant folds or wrinkles, overlying the
mesh- work of the Rete mucosum.
In Fig. 4, the Epidermis has perished, and the texture
of the fine vessels of the Rete mucosum is exhibited
in strong relief, over the black substance of the sub-
jacent Corium, in the form of a net-work of white
threads.*

* Nothing certain has hitherto been known respecting the dermal
covering of the Iclithyosauri ; it might have been conjectured that
these reptiles were incased with horny scales, like Lizards, or that
their skin was set with dermal bones, like those on the back of Cro-

EXPLANATION OF PLATK 11. 23

Plate 11. V. I. p. 175.

1. Side View of the head of an Ichthyosaurus, marking

by corresponding letters, the analogies to Cuvier's
figures of the same bones in the head of the Croco-
dile. (Conybeare.)

2. Posterior part of a lower jaw of Ichthyosaurus com-

munis, in the Oxford Museum. (Conybeare.)
3 — 7. Sections presented by the component bones of Fig.

2 in fractured parts above each section. (Conybeare.)
8. View of the lower Jaw of Ichthyosaurus seen from

codiles ; but as the horny scales of Fishes, and dermal bones of Cro-
codilean animals are preserved in the same Lias with the bones of
Ichtliyosauri, we may infer that if the latter animals had been fur-
nished with any similar appendages, these would also have been pre-
served, and long ere this discovered, among the numerous remains
that have been so assiduously collected from the Lias. They would
certainly have been found in the case of the individual now before
us, in which even the Epidermis and vessels of the Rete Mucosum
have escaped destruction.

Similar black patches of petrified skin are not unfrequently found
attached to the skeletons of Ichthyosauri from Lyme Regis, but no
remains of any other soft parts of the body have yet been noticed.

The preservation of the skin shews that a short interval only elapsed
between the death of the animal, and its interment in the muddy se-
diment of which the Lias is composed.

Among living reptiles, the Batrachians aflbrd an example of an
order in which the skin is naked, having neither scales nor dermal
bones.

In the case of Lizards and Crocodiles, the scaly, or bony coverings
protect the skin from injury by friction against the hard substances
with which they are liable to come into contact upon the land ; but
to the Ichthyosauri which lived exclusively in the sea, there would
seem to have been no more need of the protection of scales or
dermal bones, than to the naked skin of Cetacea.

In the case of Plesiosauri also, the non-discovery of the remains
of any dermal appendages witli the perfect skeletons of animals of
that genus,^ leads to a similar inference, that they too had a naked
skin. The same negative argument applies to the flying Reptile
Family of Pterodactyles.

24 EXPLANATION OF PLATES U. 12.

beneath, exhibiting the course of its over lapping
bones. (Conybeare.)

A. Tooth of a Crocodile, shewing the incipient absorp-

tion of the hollow cone which forms its base, from
the effect of pressure of a new tooth rising beneath.
(Conybeare.)

B. Similar effects shewn in the transverse section of the

upper and lower jaws of an Ichthyosaurus. (Cuvier.)

C. Example of the same kind of absorption produced by

the pressure of a new tooth, on the base of an older
tooth in the jaw of Ichthyosaurus. (Conybeare.)

Plate 12. Vol. 1. p. 181.

1. Sternal Arch and Paddles of Ichthyosaurus. See V. I.

p. 182, Note. (Home.)

2. Sternal Arch of Ornithorhynchus. (Home.)

3. 4, 5, 6. Occipital and Cervical Bones of Ichthyosau-

rus, from the Lias at Lyme Regis.* (Original.)

* Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton has pointed out some beau-
tiful examples, hitherto unnoticed, In the Atlas and cervical Ver-
tebrae of Ichthyosauri, of peculiar mechanical contrivances to sup-
port and regulate the movements of their enormous heads. (See
Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag. Nov. 1835. p. 414.)

Fig. 3, a. represents the Basilar portion of the Occipital bone of a
very large and aged Ichthyosaurus, from the Lias of Lyme Regis,
(scale one eighth). The nearly hemispherical process (a) articulated
with a comparatively shallow socket in front of the Atlas, (4. a.)
and this ball and socket, or universal joint, gave freedom of motion
and support to a weighty head.

Fig. 4. Atlas and Axis of a very young Ichthyosaurus, (two thirds
of nat. size.) These bones adhere together by two nearly flat sur-
faces, admitting of the least flexure of any of the Vertebras in the
whole body, but giving the greatest strength to that part of the
Column, where strength rather than flexure was required.

On the inferior margins of the Atlas and Axis and third cervical
vertebra, are triangular facets articulating with three strong wedge-
shaped sub-vertebral bones (c) hitherto undescribed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 12. 13. 25

A. Hollow conical Vertebrae of a fish. (Original.)

B. C. E. Vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus. See Note, V. I.

p. 178. (Home and Conybeare.)
D. a. g. E. a. g. Spinous processes, shewing the peculiar
articulation of their annular portions, with the Ver-
tebrae, to be adapted to increase the flexibility of the
spine. See Note, V. I. p. 179. (Home.)

Plate 13. V. I. p. 190.
Skeleton of a small Ichthyosaurus, from the Lias at

Fig. 4, b. Oblique triangular facet on the lower margin of the
front of the Atlas ; this facet articulated with the first sub-vertebral
wedge, placed between the Atlas and Occiput.

Between the Atlas and Axis, the two sub-vertebral facets formed a
triangular cavity for the reception of a second wedge (Fig. 4. c.)
and a similar, but smaller cavity received another wedge of the
same kind, between the Axis and third Vertebra. This third wedge
gave less support to the head, and admitted of more extensive motion
than the second. All these three wedge-shaped bones are seen
nearly in their natural position in a specimen from Lyme Regis, in
the collection of Sir P. G. Egerton.

Fig. 4'. First sub-vertebral wedge, auxiliary to the anterior cavity
of the Atlas, in completing the articulating socket for the basilar
process of the Occiput (3. a).

4. a. Crescent shaped front of the first sub-vertebral wedge.

4'. b. Head of the same Wedge.

4'. c. Obtuse apex of the same, articulating with the triangular
frontal facet of the Atlas (4. b.). In young animals this frontal facet
is nearly smooth and flat; in older animals (3. b'.) it is rugged and
furrowed. This articulation must have given to the first sub-vertebral
wedge great power as a stay or prop, to resist the downward pres-
sure of the head, at the same time facilitating the rotatory move-
ments of the Occipital bone.

Fig. 4. c. Second sub-vertebral wedge articulating with the trian-
gular cavity formed by the marginal facets of the Atlas and Axis.
This second Wedge acted as a strong prop supporting firmly th&
lower portion of the Atlas, and at the same time admitting the small
amount of motion here required.

c'. Head of the sub-vertebral wedge (c) strengthened by a pro--
jecting boss of solid bone.

26 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14.

Lyme Regis, presented to the Oxford Museum by Viscount
Cole, enclosing within its ribs scales, and digested bones of
Fishes, in the state of Coprolite. This coprolitic mass seems
nearly to retain the form of the stomach of the animal,
c, Coracoid bone, d. Scapula, e, Humerus, f, Radius,
g. Ulna. (Scharf. Original.)

Plate 14. V. I. p. 191.
Skeleton of the Trunk of a small Ichthyosaurus in the

Fig. 5. Nearly flat articular surface of (probably) the third cer-
vical vertebra of the same large Individual as Fig. 3. This surface of
the bone has only a small cylindrical depression at its centre, instead
of the deep, conical cup of the more flexible vertebrae, C. B. E.

Near its upper margin is a wedge-shaped elevation (b) and near
the inferior margin, a notch or furrow (a). These salient and re-
entering portions articulated with corresponding depressions and
projections on the surface of the adjacent vertebra, and acted as
pivots, admitting a limited amount of lateral vibrations, and at the
same time preventing any slip, or dislocation.

Fig. 6. Concave surface of Fig. 5. ; the wedge-shaped projection
near its lower margin (a) must have articulated with a correspond-
ing groove or depression on the front of the vertebra adjacent to it,
like that at (Fig. 5. a.) As one surface only of these vertebrae had
a conical cavity, the intervertebral substance must have formed a
single cone, admitting in the neck but half the amount of motion, that
the double cones of intervertebral matter allowed to the dorsal and
caudal vertebrae, (C. B. E.) where greater flexure was required, to
effect progressive motion by vibrations of the body and tail.

These dispositions of the articulating facets of the cervical ver-
tebrae, acting in conjunction with the three sub-vertebral wedges
before described, afford an example of peculiar provisions in the
neck of these gigantic Reptiles, to combine a diminished amount of
flexure in this part, with an increased support to their enormous
heads.

It is probable that every species of Ichthyosaurus had peculiar vari-
ations in the details of the cervical vertebrae, and subvertebral wedges,
and that in each species these variations were modified by age.

In the Gavial Mr. Mantell has recently observed that the first
caudal vertebra is doubly convex, like the last cervical vertebra in
Turtles. These peculiar contrivances give to the animals in which
they occur increased flexibility of the Tail and Neck.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15. 27

Oxford Museum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, containing
within the ribs, a coprolitic mass of digested bones, inter-
spersed with scales of fishes, a, Furcula. b. Clavicle, c,
Coracoid bone, d. Scapula, e. Humerus. (Fisher. Ori-
ginal.)

Plate 15. V. L p. 187.
The specimens are all of the natural size except where
the figures denote otherwise. (Original.)

1 and 2. Intestines of the two most common English
species of Dog-Fishes, injected with Roman cement.
The vascular structure, which is still apparent in
the desiccated membrane, resembles the impressions
on the surface of many Coprolites.
3. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, exhibiting the spiral
folding of the plate of digested bone, and impressions
of the intestinal vessels and folds upon its surface.
' (See Note, V. I. p. 194. et seq.)
3'. Magnified scale of Pholidophorus limbatus, embedded
in the surface of the Coprolite, Fig. 3. This scale
is one of those that compose the lateral line, by which
a tube passes to convey mucous, from the head, along
the body of fishes ; a. is the hook, on the superior
margin, which is received by a depression on the
inferior margin of the scale above it, corresponding
with b. J c. is the serrated edge of the posterior
margin, perforated at e. for the passage of the mu-
cous duct ; d. is a tube on the interior surface of the
scale to carry and protect the mucous duct. (See
note, V. I. p. 191.)
3''. Exterior of the scale 3'. ; the same parts are repre-
sented by the same letters; the larger portion is
covered with enamel ; the smaller portion next d. is
the bony root forming the anterior margin of the
scale.

28 EXPLANATION OT PLATE 15.

4. Transverse section of another Coprolite from Lyme,

shewing the internal foldings of the plate, with sec-
tions of scales of fishes embedded in it.

5. Exterior of a spiral Coprolite, from the Chalk Marl,

near Lewes, shewing folds and vascular impressions
analogous to those in No. 3.

6. Longitudinal section of another Coprolite, from the

same Chalk Marl, shewing the spiral manner in
which the plate was folded round itself.

7. Exterior of another spiral Coprolite, from the Chalk

at Lewes, shewing vascular impressions on its sur-
face, and the transverse fracture of the spiral fold
atb.

In many other figures of Plate 15, a similar
abrupt termination of the coiled plate is visible at b.

8. 9. Two other small species of spiral Coprolites in chalk ;

these as well as Figs. 5, 6, 7, are probably derived
from fishes found with them in the chalk, near Lewes.
10, 11, 12. Coprolites from the Lias at Lyme, exhibiting
well defined characters of the spiral fold, with vas-
cular impressions on their surface.

13. Similar appearances on a Coprolite found by Dr.

Morton in the Greensand of Virginia.

14. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, bearing strong cor-
rugations, the result of muscular pressure received
from the intestines.

13. Transverse section, shewing the abrupt termination
of the folded plate in Fig. 14, and representing the
flattened form of the spiral intestine.

16. Longitudinal section of the intestinal tube of a recent
Shark, shewing the spiral valve that winds round
its interior, in the form of an Archimedes screw ; a
similar spiral disposition of the interior is found in
intestines of Dog- Fishes, Figs. 1 and 2,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 15. 16. 17. 18. 29

17. Coprolite from Lyme, containing large scales of Da-
pedium politum.

18. Coprolite from the Lias at Lyme, containing undi-
gested bones of a small Ichthyosaurus.

Plate 15'. V. L p. 200.

Cololite, or petrified intestines of a fossil fish from Solen-
hofen. (Goldfuss.)

Plate 16. V. I. p. 202.

1. Conjectural Restoration of the Skeleton of Plesio-

saurus dolichodeirus. (Conybeare.)

2. Skeleton of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, in the British

Museum, from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Scharf.
Original.)

Plate 17. V. I. p. 203.

A nearly entire and unique skeleton of Plesiosaurus
dohchodeirus, 5 feet 7 inches long, from the Lias of
Street, near Glastonbury. This skeleton forms part of the
splendid series of fossil Saurians, purchased for the British
Museum, from T. Hawkins, Esq. in 1834. See V. L p. 208,
and Note. (Hawkins.)

Plate 18. V. L p. 205, Note.

1. Under jaw of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, forming

part of the series last mentioned. (Original.)

2. Head of the Plesiosaurus, figured in PL 16. Fig. 2.

seen from beneath. (Original.)

3. Ventral portion of the ribs of the Plesiosaurus, figured

in PI. 17. See V. I. p. 208. (Original.)
a. c. Central bones forming the crown of the sterno-costal
arch. b. triple series of intermediate bones between
the central bones, a. c. and the true ribs, d. d. e. e.
lower extremity of coracoid bones.

30 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19.

Plate 19. V. I. p. 205.
Fig. 1. A beautiful specimen of Plesiosaurus macroce-
phalus hitherto undescribed, found in the Lias marl
at Lyme Regis by Miss Anning, and now in the
collection of Lord Cole. (Original.)
On comparing this figure with those of P. Dolichodeirus
at PI. 16, 17. the following differences are obvious :

1. The head is very much larg;er and longer, being
nearly one half the length of the neck.

2. The vertebrae of the neck are thicker and stronger in
proportion to the greater weight they had to sustain.

3. The hatchet-shaped bones differ in form and size, as
may be seen by comparing them with those of P. dolicho-
deirus. PL 19. Fig. 2. and PL 17.

4. The bones of the arm and thigh are shorter and
stronger than in P. Dolichodeirus, and corresponding dif-
ferences may be traced throughout the smaller bones of the
Paddles; the general adjustment of all the proportions
being calculated to produce greater strength in the P. Ma-
crocephalus, than in the more slender limbs of P. Dolicho-
deirus.

These differences are not the effect of age ; as the two
specimens, from which they are here described, are nearly
of the same length.

Fig. 2. Hatchet-shaped bones of the neck of Plesiosaurus
Dolichodeirus, copied from the specimen figured in
PL 17.

3. Anterior extremity of an insulated lower Jaw of Ple-

siosaurus, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, in the Bri-
tish Museum, part of the collection of Mr. Hawkins.
V. I. p. 205. Note. (Original.)

4. The entire bone, of which Fig. 3. forms part, reduced

to a small scale.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 20. 21. 22. 31

Plate 20. V. I. p. 215.

Head of the Mosasaurus, or Great Animal of Maestricht.
(Cuvier.)

Plate 21. V. I. p. 221.

Pterodactylus longirostris in the lithographic slate of
Aichstedt. (Cuvier and Goldfuss.)

In this Plate, and Plate 22, the same letters and figures
designate the corresponding Bones in the different Animals
to which they are affixed ; they are copied chiefly from the
figures and Explanations of Dr. Goldfuss, in his Beitr'age
zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt.

r. Cavitas narium.

A. Cavitas intermedia.

0. Orbita.

a. Maxilla superior.

b. Vel OS nasi vel inter-maxillare ?

c. Operculum nasale.

d. Aut OS frontis anterius vel nasale ?

e. Os frontis proprium.

f. Os parietale.
g. Os petrosum.

H. Pars basilaris ossis occipitis.
h. Pars lateralis,
i. Os tympanicum s. quadratum.
k. Os frontis posterius.
1. Os mastoideum.
m. Os zygomaticum.
n. Aut OS lacrymale vel superciliare ?
o. Annulus orbitalis.
P. Corpus ossis sphenoidei.
p. Processus transversus ossis sphenoidei,
q. Os pterygoideum.

32 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 21. 22.

r. Os transversum.

s. Os palatinum.

t. Processus palatinus maxillae superioris.

V. Pars angularis inferior maxillae inferioris.

w. Pars angularis superior.

X. Pars condyloidea.

y. Pars complementaria, Cuv. (coronalis, auctor.)

z. Os hyoideum.

L Atlas.

II. Epistropheus.
III_VII. Vertebrae colli.
VIII— XXII. Vertebrae dorsi.
XXIII. XXIV. Vertebrae lumborum.
XXV. XXVI. Os sacrum.

XXVII. Ossa coccygea.
XXVIII. Sternum.
1—15. Costae.

16. Scapula.

17. Os coracoideum.

18. Ilium.

19. Os pubis.

20. Os ischium.

21. Humerus.

22. Ulna.

23. Radius.

24. Carpus.

25. Os metacarpi primum s. pollicis.

26. O. m. secundum.

27. O. m. tertium.

28. O. m. quartum.

29. O. m. quintum.
30, 31. Phalanges pollicis.
32—34. Ph. indicis.

35 — 38. Ph. digiti medii.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 22. 33

39 — 43. Ph. digiti annularis.

44 — 47. Ph. dio;iti auiicularis.

48. Femur.

49. Tibia.

50. Fibula.

51. Tarsus.

52 — 56, Metatarsus.

57, 58. Phalanges digiti primi.

59 — 61. Ph. d. secundi.

62—65. Ph. d. tertii.

66—70. Ph. d. quarti.

71—74. Ph. d. quinti.

^ Impressions of the membrane of the wing ? *

Plate 22. V. I. p. 221.

A. Restoration of the Skeleton of Pterodactylus cras-

sirostris. (Goldfuss.)

B. Fore-foot of a Lizard. (Cuvier.)

C. Restoration of the right fore-foot, or right hand of

Pterodactylus crassirostris. (Goldfuss.)

D. The right fore-foot, or hand of P. longirostris. (Cu-

vier and Soemmerring.)

E. The Fore-foot of P. macronyx. (Buckland, Geol.

Trans. Lond. 2d Ser. Vol. 3. PL 27.)

F. The Hind-foot of a Lizard. (Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Vol.

V. Pt. II. PI. XVII.)

G. Right foot of P. crassirostris, as conjecturally re-

* Professor Agassiz considers that the Corrugations on the surface
of the Stone (S), which Dr. Goldfuss supposed to be the impressions
of Hairs, or Feathers, are only casts of the minute foldings of the
contracted membrane of the wing. It is probable that Pterodactyles
had a naked skin, like the Ichthyosaurus ; (See PI. 10. A.) because
the weight of scales would have encumbered their movements in
the air.

GEOL. II. D

34 EXPLANATION OF PLATF. ^23.

stored by Dr. Goldfuss. No authority for this seems
to be afforded by the fossil specimen N.

H. Right foot P. longirostris. (Cuvier.)

I. Foot of P. macronyx. (Buckland.)

K. Hind foot of a Bat.

L. Skeleton of Draco volans. (Carus. Comp. Anat. P.
370.) shewing the elongated bones, or false ribs,
which support the membranous expansion of its
Parachute.

M. Skeleton of a Bat. (Cheselden.)

N. Skeleton of P. crassirostris, in the Museum at Bonn,
in Solenhofen slate. (Goldfuss.)

O. Skeleton of P. brevirostris, from near Aichstadt, in
the same slate. (Goldfuss.)

P. Imaginary restoration of Pterodactyles, with a co-
temporary Libellula, and Cycadites.

Plate 23. V. I. p. 234.

Fig. r. Anterior extremity of the right jaw of Mega-
losaurus, from the Stonesfield slate, Oxon. (Buck-
land.)

Fig. 2'. Outside view of the same, exhibiting near the
extremity, large perforations of the bone for the
passage of vessels. (Buckland.)

Fig. 1. Tooth of Megalosaurus, incomplete towards the
root, and seen laterally as in Fig. V. Nat. size.
(Buckland.)

Fig. 2. Side view of a tooth nearly arrived at maturity.
The dotted lines mark the compressed conical cavity,
containing Pulp, within the Root of the growing
tooth. Scale two thirds. (Buckland.)

Fig. 3. Transverse section of Fig. V. shewing the thick-
ness of the largest tooth (a.) and its root set deep
and firmly in the bony socket, which descends

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 24. 25. 35

nearly to the bottom of the Jaw. Scale two thirds.
(Buckland.)
Fig. 4. Transverse section of the tooth (Fig. 2.) shewing
the manner in which the back and sides are en-
larged, and rounded in order to give strength, and
the front brought to a strong and thin cutting edge
at D'. (Buckland.)

Plate 24. V. I. p. 240.

Fossil Teeth and bony nasal horn of Iguanodon ; and
lower Jaw and Teeth of Iguana. (Mantell and Original.)

In Mr. Mantell's collection there is a perfect thigh bone
of this animal, 3 feet 8 inches long, and 35 inches in cir-
cumference at its largest and lower extremity.

Plate 25. V. I. p. 249.

Fig. 1. Fossil Crocodilean found at Saltwick near
Whitby, eighteen feet long, and preserved in the
Museum of that town. This figure is copied from
Plate XVI. of Bird and Young's Geol. Survey of
the Yorkshire coast. As this appears to be the
same species with that engraved in the Phil. Trans.
1758, Vol. 50. Pt. 2. Tab. 22. and Tab. 30, and
presented to the Royal Society by Captain Chap-
man, Mr. Konig has applied to it the name of
Teleosaurus Chapmanni.

Fig. 2. Another head of Teleosaurus Chapmanni, also in
the Museum at Whitby, and from the Lias of that
neighbourhood. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Head of a third Individual of the same species
from the same locality, placed in 1834, in the British
Museum, shewing the outside of the lower Jaw.
(Young and Bird.)

Fig. 4. View of the inside of a lower Jaw of the same

36 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 25'. 26. 26^.

species, in the Oxford Museum, from the Great
Oolite, at Enslow, near Woodstock, Oxon, (Ori-
ginal.)

Plate 25'. V. L p. 25L
Fig. 1* Head of a Crocodile found in 1831, by E.Spencer,,

Esq. in the London Clay, of the Isle of Sheppy.

See V. I. p. 251. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Extremity of the upper and lower Jaw of Teleo-

saurus in the Oxford Museum, from the Great

Oolite at Stonesfield, Oxon. See V. I. p. 252,

(Original.)
Fig. 3. Anterior extremity of the upper Jaw of Steneo-

saurus, in the Museum of Geneva, from Havre;

the same species occurs in the Kimmeridge Clay

of Shotover hill, near Oxford. See V. I. p. 251.

(De la Beche.)
Fig. 4. Fossil Turtle, from the slate of Claris. See V. L

p. 257. (Cuvier.)

Plate 26. V. I. p. 259.

Fossil Footsteps indicating the Tracks of ancient ani-
mals, probably Tortoises, on the New Red Sandstone near
Dumfries. (From a cast presented by Rev. Dr. Duncan.)

Plate 2&. V. I. p. 263.

Fig. 1. Impressions of footsteps of several unknown
animals upon a slab of New Red Sandstone found
at the depth of eighteen feet in a quarry at Hess-
berg, near Hildburghausen in Saxony. (Sickler.)

The larger footsteps a. b. c. are referred to an
animal named provisionally, Chirotherium. The
fore feet of this animal were less by one half than
the hind feet, and the tracks of all the feet are

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 26". 26^'. 37

in the same straight line. The footsteps d. e. f. form
part of another track of the same kind. Some of
the large toes of the Chirotherium, and also of the
smaller species, have left distinct impressions of
nails : g. h. i. k, 1. m, n. o. p. q, form the track of
an animal of another species, probably a Tortoise,
<5rossing the same slab, in a different direction.

The irregular cylindrical concretions that inter-
sect each other on the surface of this slab, appear
to have been formed in cracks, caused by the con-
traction of a thin bed of green marl, interposed
between two deposits of Sandstone. See note, V. I^
p. 266.
Fig. 2. One of the impressions of the hind feet of Chiro-
therium, on the slab Fig. 1 ; half nat. size. (Sickler.)
Fig. 3. One of the footsteps in the track of the smaller

animal, upon this slab ; nat. size. (Sickler.)
M. Link has made out the footsteps of four species of
animals in the Hildburghausen sandstone ; and it has been
conjectured that some of these have been derived from
gigantic Batrachians.

Plate 26". V. I. p. 265.

Impression of the hind foot of Chirotherium, selected
from a well preserved Track upon a slab of sandstone from
Hildburghausen, in the British Museum. (Original.)

Plate 26"'. V. I. p. 265.

Footsteps of a small web-footed animal, probably croco-
dilean, drawn from a Cast of impressions on Sandstone,
found near Hildburghausen. (Original.)

The Sandstones in which all these fossil footsteps have
been discovered in Germany and Scotland, appear to be
referrible to the same division of the secondary strata,

38 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26'\

which lies in the middle region of that large, and widely-
extended series of Sandstones, and Conglomerates, Lime-
stones, and Marls, which English Geologists have usually
designated by the common appellation of the New red
Sandstone Group, including all the strata that are inter-
posed between the Coal formation, and the Lias.

M. Brongniart, in his Terrain de rEcorce du Globe,
1829, has applied to this middle division the very appro-
priate name of Terrain Poccilienj from the Greek 7rom>.og),
a term equivalent to the names Bunter Sandstein, and
Gres bigarre, which it bears in Germany and France ; and
indicating the same strata which, in England, we call the
new Red Sandstone. (See Plate 1. Section No. 17.)

Mr. Conybeare, in his Report on Geology to the British
Association at Oxford, 1832 (Page 379, and P. 405, Note),
has proposed to extend the term Pacilitic to the entire
Group of strata between the Coal formation and the Lias ;
including the five formations designated in our section
(PL 1, No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19), by the names of New Red
Conglomerate, Magnesian Limestone, Variegated Sand-
stone, Shell Limestone, and Variegated Marl. Some com-
mon appellative for all these formations has been long a
desideratum in Geology; but the word Pcccilitic is in
sound so like to Pisolite, that it may be better to adhere
more literally to the Greek root ttoikIt^o;, and apply the
common name of Poikilitic group to the strata in ques-
tion.^

* The general reception of such a common name for all these
strata, and the separation of the Grauwacke series into the Cambrian
and Silurian systems, as proposed by Professor Sedgwick and Mr.
Murchison,will afford three nearly equal and most convenient groups
or systems, into which the strata composing the Transition and Se-
condary series may respectively be divided ; the former compre-
hending the Cambrian, Silurian, and Carboniferous systems, and the
latter comprehending the Poikilitic, Oolitic, and Cretaceous Groups.

explanation of plate 26*. 39

Plate 26\

Ornithichnites, or foot-marks of several extinct species
of birds, found in the New Red sandstone of the Valley of
the Connecticut.* (Hitchcock.)

* In the American Journal of Science and Arts, January, 1836.
V. XXIX. No. 2. Professor Hitchcock has published a most inte-
resting account of his recent discovery of Ornithichnites, or foot-
marks of birds in the New Red sandstone of the valley of the Con-
necticut. These tracks have been found at various depths beneath
the actual surface, in quarries of laminated flag stones, at five places
near the banks of this river, within a distance of thirty miles. The
sandstone is inclined from 5", to 30", and the Tracks appear to have
been made on it before the strata received their inclination. Seven
of these tracks occur in three or four quarries within the space of a
few rods square; they are so distinct, that he considers them to
have been made by as many different species, if not genera, of birds.
(See PI. 26% Figs. 1—14.)

The footsteps appear in regular succession, on the continuous
track of an animal in the act of walking or running, with the right
and left foot always in their relative places.

The distance of the intervals between each footstep on the same
track is occasionally varied, but to no greater amount than may be
explained by the Bird having altered its pace. Many tracks of dif-
ferent individuals and different species are often found crossing one
another ; they are sometimes crowded like impressions of feet on the
muddy shores of a stream, or pond, where Ducks and Geese resort.
(See PI. 26^ Figs. 12. 13. 14.)

None of the footsteps appear to be those of Web-footed Birds ;
they most nearly resemble those of Grallee, (Waders) or birds whose
habits resemble those of Grallas. The impressions of three toes are
usually distinct, except in a few instances ; that of the fourth or
hind toe is mostly wanting, as in the footsteps of modern Grallae.

The most remarkable nraong these footsteps, are those of a gigan-
tic bird, twice the size of an Ostrich, whose foot measured fifteen
inches in length, exclusive of the largest claw, which measured two
inches. All the three toes were broad and thick. (PI. 26*. Fig. I .
and PI. 26^. Fig. 1.) These largest footsteps have as yet been found
in one quarry only, at Mount Tom near Northampton ; here, four
nearly parallel tracks of this kind were discovered, and in one of
them six footsteps appeared in regular succession, at the distance of

40 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26^

The fossil tracks on this Plate are all nearly on the same
scale: viz. one-twenty-fourth. The recent footsteps are on
a larger scale.

four feet from one another. In others the distance varied from four
to six feet ; the latter was probably the longest step of this gigantic
bird while running.

Next in size to these are the footsteps of another enormous bird
(PI. 26*. Fig. 4.) having three toes of a more slender character, mea-
suring from fifteen to sixteen inches long, exclusive of a remarkable
appendage extending backwards from tlie heel eight or nine inches,
and apparently intended, like a snow shoe, to sustain the weight of
a heavy animal walking on a soft bottom. (See PI. 26^. Fig. 2.) The
impressions of this appendage resemble those of wiry feathers, or
coarse bristles, which seem to have sunk into the mud and sand
nearly an inch deep ; the toes had sunk much deeper, and round
their impressions the mud was raised into a ridge several inches high,
like that around the track of an Elephant in Clay. The length of
the step of this Bird appears to have been sometimes six feet. On
the other tracks the steps are shorter, and the smallest impression
indicates a foot but one inch long, with a step of from three to five
inches. (PI. 26^ 2. 3. 5—14.)

In every track the length of the step increases with the size of the
foot, and is much longer in proportion than the steps of any existing
species of birds ; hence it is inferred that these ancient birds had a
greater length of leg than even modern Grallae. The steps at four
feet asunder probably indicate a leg of six feet long.

In the African Ostrich, which weighs lOOlbs, and is nine feet
high, tlie length of the leg is about four feet, and that of the foot ten
inches.

All these tracks appear to have been made on the Margin of shal-
low water that was subject to changes of level, and in which sedi-
ments of sand and mud were alternately deposited, and the length of
leg, which must be inferred from the distance of the footsteps from
each other, was well adapted for wading in such situations. No
Traces of any Bones but those of fishes (Pal£eothrissum) have yet
been found in the rock containing these footsteps, which are of the
highest interest to the Palaeontologist, as they establish the new fact
of the existence of Birds at the early epoch of the New Red sand-
stone formation ; and further shew that some of the most ancient
forms of this class attained a size, far exceeding that of the largest
among the featliered inhabitants of the present world, and were
adapted for wading and running, rather than for flight.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26^ 41

Fig. 1. Ornithichnites giganteus. Many tracks of this
species occur at Mount Tom, near Northampton,
U.S.
Fig. 2. O. tuberosus. Portions of three tracks, and a
single footstep of a fourth appear on the same slab.
The two longest of them are in opposite directions.
Fig. 3. O. tuberosus, on a slab in front of the Court

House in Northampton, from Mount Tom.
Fig. 4. O. ingens, from a quarry called the Horse Race,
near Gill. The appendage to the heel is not dis-
tinct in this track.
Fig. 5. O. diversus, on a flag-stone near the first church

door at Northampton, U. S.
Fig. 6. O. diversus. We have here three rov^^s of tracks
and a single footstep, from the Horse Race Quarry.
These tracks shew no marks of any appendage to
the heel.
Fig. 7. O. diversus; found near South Hadley, U.S.
Fig. 8. O. diversus ; curvilinear track from the Horse

Race Quarry.
Fig. 9. O. diversus. Two parallel tracks from the Horse

Race Quarry.
Fig. 10. O. diversus ; nearly parallel tracks of two birds,
with an appendage behind each foot; from the
quarries at Montague, U. S.
Fig. 11. O. minimus; common at the Horse Race
Quarry ; similar impressions of the feet of small
birds vary from half an inch to an inch and half
in length.
Figs. 12. 13. 14. O. diversus; from the Horse Race
Quarry. Tracks of different individuals of different
species, and different sizes cross one another con-
fusedly in these three slabs.
Fig. 15. Recent track of probably a Snipe.

42 liXPLANATlON OF P LAT liS 26^ 27,

Fiff. 16. Recent track of a Pea-hen.
Fitr. 17. Recent track of a domestic hen.

Plate 26\

Fig. 1. Ornithichnites giganteus. The natural cast here
figured represents the form and size of the foot, and
part of the claws. (Hitchcock.)

Fig. 2. Ornithichnites diversus ; with impressions of
the appendage to the heel, drawn from a plaster
mould sent by Prof. Hitchcock to the Geol. Soc. of
London. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Track of a small animal on Oolitic slate near
Bath. See Journal of Royal Institution of London,
1831, p. 538, PI. 5. (Poulett Scrope.)=^

Plate 27. V. I. p. 269.

Figs. 1 — 8. Tubercles and Scales, illustrating the four
new Orders of Fishes, established by Professor
Agassiz. (Agassiz.)

* Mr. Poulett Scrope has presented to the Geol. Soc. of London
a series of Slabs selected from the tile quarries worked in the Forest
Marble beds of the Oolite formation near Bradford and Bath. The
surface of these beds is covered with small undulations or ripple mark-
ings, such as are common on the sand of every shallow shore, and
also with numerous tracks of small animals (apparently Crustaceans)
which traversed the sand in various directions, whilst it was yet soft,
and covered with a thin film of clay. These footmarks are in double
lines parallel to each other, shewing two indentations, as if formed
by small claws, and sometimes traces of a third claw. (See PI. 26^,
Fig. 3.) There is often also a third line of tracks between the other
two, as if produced by the tail or stomach of the animal touching the
ground. Where the animal passed over the ridges of the ripple
markings or wrinkles on the sand, they are flattened and brushed
down. Thus a ridge between b. and d. (PI. 26 ^ Fig. 3) has been
flattened, and there is a hollow at e. on the steep side of the ridge,
which may have been produced by the animal slipping down ©r
climbing up the acclivity.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27. 43

Fig. 8. a. Tube on the under surface of a scale for the
passage of the mucous duct. See V. I. Note, p.
191, 192. (Agassiz.)
Fig. 9. Anterior extremity of the lower jaw of Holop-
tychus Hibberti, from the Lime stone of Burdie
h^use, near Edinburgh. See Note, V. I. p. 275.
The rugged surface of this bone is very remarkable.
(Hibbert.)
Fig. 9'. Small teeth of Holoptychus Hibberti, fluted
externally towards their base, and having a hollow
cone within. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 9'". A small tooth magnified. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 10. One of the larger teeth in the Jaw of Holop-
tychus Hibberti, deeply fluted at the base, and hav-
ing a hollow cone within. None of these teeth have
sockets, but they adhere by a bony attachment to
the jaw. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 11. Tooth of Holoptychus Hibberti. (Hibbert.)
Fig. 12. Tooth of Megalichthys Hibberti.* (Hibbert.)
Figs. 13, 14. Teeth of Holoptychus Hibberti. (Hib-
bert.)
Figs. 11. 12. 13. 14. are from Burdie house.

* Since the discovery of Megalichthys, which we have quoted in
V. I. p. 276, Mr. W. Anstice, of Madeley, has found two jaws and
punctate scales of the same species, in nodules of Iron stone from
the Coal field of Coalbrook Dale ; he has also found Ichthyodoru-
lites, bones of fishes, and Coprolites, forming the nuclei of other
balls of the same Iron stone.

Mr. Murchison has still more recently (1835) discovered remains
of the Megalichthys, Holoptychus, and Coprolites, with several
species of Unio, in the Wolverhampton Coal field. These great
Sauroid fishes, which were first recognized at Edinburgh, in Sept.
1834, have also been detected in the English Coal fields of New-
castle on Tyne, Leeds, and Newcastle under Lyne.

44 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 27^ 2l\

Plate 27\ V. I. p. 274.

Fig, 1. Lepidosteus osseus, or bony Pike of North Ame-
rica. (Agassiz. Vol. 2. Tab. A.)

Fig. 2. Portion of the lower Jaw of Lepidosteus osseus,
shewing the occurrence of a row of larger conical
hollow teeth, fluted externally, between two rows of
smaller Teeth. (Original.)

2. a. Longitudinal section of a large Tooth, shewing the
internal hollow cone. (Original.)

2. b. Transverse section of a large Tooth. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Transverse section of the Jaw. fig. 2. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Fragment of a small upper Jaw of Megalichthys
Hibberti, from Burdie house, shewing a disposition
of large and small teeth, similar to that in fig. 2.
(Hibbert.)

4. a. b. Transverse section of the larger teeth.

4. c. Longitudinal section of a large Tooth.*

4. d. Punctate scale of Megalichthys.

Fig. 5. Aspidorhynchus : a fossil Sauroid fish from the
Lime stone of Solenhofen. (Agassiz, Vol. L Tab. F.)

Plate 27^ V. L p. 278.

Amblypterus : one of the fossil fishes peculiar to the
Carboniferous strata. (Agassiz, Vol. L Tab. A. fig. 3.)

* It appears that in the Megalichthys and Holoptychus the struc-
ture of the teeth, both large and small, was precisely the same as in
the large and small teeth of Lepidosteus osseus, both as to the hollow
internal conical cavity, and the external flutings towards the base,
and also as to their mode of growth by ascent of fibrous matter from
the bony substance of the jaw, and not from roots placed in deep
alveoli, as in many of the Saurians.

EXPLANATION OF J'IaTHS •27^27*'. 45

Plate 27^ V.I. p. 281.

Fig. 1. Fossil fish of the genus Microdon, in the family
Pycnodonts. (Agassiz, Vol. I. Tab. G. fig. 3.)

Fig. 2. Os Vomer of Gyrodus umbilicatus, from the
Great Oolite of Durrheim, in Baden. (Agassiz.)

Fig. 3. Os Vomer of Pycnodus trigonus, from Stones-
field, Oxon. (Original.)

Plate 27 ^ V. I. p. 287, Note.

A. Teeth of a recent Shark, allied to fossil species.

Fig. I. Anterior and Palatal Teeth of the Port Jackson
Shark, (Cestracion Phillippi.) (Phillip.)

Fig. 2. Anterior cutting teeth of Port Jackson Shark, in
the College of Surgeons, London. (Owen.)

Fig. 3. Flat tessellated tooth of the same. Nat. size.
a. Outer articular facet, shewing the tubular struc-
ture of the bony base. b. Punctate surface of the
superficial enamel. (Owen.)

Fig, 4. Mesial, and inner articular facet of another large
tooth of the same. a. Upper concave margin thinly
covered with enamel, b. Lower bony margin without
enamel, a'. U, Bony base of the tooth exposed by
removal of the Enamel. The surface is areolar,
from the bending and blending together of the bony
tubes, c. c' . Fractured edge of the marginal and
superficial enamel. (Owen.)

Fig. 5. Another anterior cutting tooth, a. Smooth ena-
melled point, b. Minutely rugous and tuburculated
base. In some of the cutting teeth both sides of the
base are rugous. (Owen.)

B. Various forms of fossil Teeth, in the three sub-fami-
lies of Sharks. (B. \. to B. 13. Agassiz.)

Figs. 1 — 5. Teeth of fossil Sharks in the sub-family of
Cestracionts. See V. I. p. 287.

46 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27 .

Fig. 1. Psammodus, from Mountain limestone, Bristol.

Fig. 2. Orodus, from the same.

Fig. 3. Acrodus, from the Lias, Lyme Regis.

Fig. 4. Ptychodus, (upper surface) from the Chalk.

Fig. 5. Side View of fig. 4.

Figs. 6 — 10. Teeth of extinct fossil Sharks in the sub-
family of Hybodonts ; in this family the enamel is
plicated on both sides of the teeth. See V. L p. 288,
Note.

Fig. 6. Side view of tooth of Onchus, from the Lias at
Lyme Regis.

Fig. 7. Front view of the same.

Figs. 8. 9. 10. Teeth of Hybodonts, from the Oolitic slate
of Stonesfield, Oxon.

Figs. 11. 12. 13. Fossil Teeth of true Sharks in the
Squaloid division of that family, having the Enamel
smooth on the outer side. From the Chalk and
London clay. See V. L p. 289, Note.

Fig. 14. Palatal teeth of Myliobates striatus, from the
London clay of Barton cliff, Hants. See V, L p. 291 .
Much of the enamel is worn away by use, as fre-
quently happens in the tongue and palatal bones of
living Rays. (Original.)

C. Petrified remains of an extinct Genus of Shark.

Fig. 1. Jaw of Hybodus reticulatus, from the Lias at
Lyme Regis, (scale one half.) Many of the Teeth
retain their place on the margin of the bone. The
granulated structure of bone is distinctly preserved.
(De la Beche.)

Fig. 2. Teeth selected from the Jaw last figured. Nat.
size.

Fig. 3. Ichthyodorulite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis,
being the Dorsal spine of Hybodus incurvus, set
with teeth-like hooks, to suspend the membrane of
the dorsal fin. (De la Beche.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27^ 47

A double row of similar hooks occurs on the first

dorsal ray of the Barbel, (Barbus Vulgaris.) And

on the anterior ray both of the dorsal and anal fins

of the Carp, (Cyprinus Carpio.)

Fig. 4. Transverse section of fig. 3, at a,* (De la Beche.)

Plate 27 ^ V. I. p. 288.

Fig. 1. Portion of the palatal teeth of Acrodus nobilis,
resembling a cluster of contracted Leeches. These
teeth are in their natural place, adhering to the
curved granular bone of the palate, which is well
preserved, and impregnated with Carbonate of lime.
(Miss S. C. Burgon. Original.)

Fig;. 2. Continuation of the three rows of teeth on the
reverse of fig. 1. Scale one half. (Original.)

Fig. 3. One of the largest teeth on the centre row,
having the upper part of the Enamel worn away by
friction. Nat. size, (Original.)

Fig. 4. Magnified view of the minute tubercles of Enamel
which grew upon the skin ; the decay of the skin

* In the Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag. Jan. 1836, the author has
published a notice of his recent discovery of the jaws of four extinct
species of fossil fishes of the genus Chimaera, a genus hitherto un-
known in a fossil state. The only known species (C. monstrosa)
approximates most nearly to the family of Sharks ; and is found
pursuing Herrings and other migratory fishes. The Chimaera is one
of the most remarkable among living fishes, as a link in the family of
Chondropterygians ; and the discovery of a similar link, in the geo-
logical epochs of the Oolitic and Cretaceous formations, shews that
the duration of this curious genus has extended through a greater
range of geological epochs, than that of any other genus of fishes yet
ascertained by Professor Agassiz, and leads to important considera-
tions in Physiology.

The Chimaera partakes of one remarkable character with the Ces-
tracion Phillippi, whereby this species alone, among living Sharks,
is connected with the extinct forms of that family, in having the first
ray of the dorsal fin enlarged into a strong bony spine armed with
sharp hooks, like the Ichthyodorulite of the earliest fossil Sharks.

48 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 27^28.

has brought clusters of these tubercles into contact
with the bone in several parts of fig. 1. (Original.)
Fig. 5. Magnified view of similar minute tooth-like tu-
bercles of Enamel, forming the Shagreen on the
skin of the head of the recent Squatina angelus.
See V. I. p. 269, Note. (Original.)

Plate 27^ V. I. pp. 286 & 289.

Beautiful cluster of palatal teeth of Ptychodus poly-
gyrus, from the Chalk. Insulated teeth of many species
of this Genus abound throughout the Chalk formation.
The mouth of these and all the other numerous extinct
species of Sharks in the family of Cestracionts, was lined
with a pavement of similar powerful teeth, forming a most
efficient apparatus, for crushing the shells of Crustacea
and Conchifera, which probably formed their principal food.
The surfaces of the Enamel are often worn away, like that
at PI. 27^ fig. 3. The strength and efficacy of these teeth,
viewed as Instruments for crushing shells, is very remark-
able. Beneath the Enamel, the body of each tooth is
composed of a strong mass of bone. (Miss F. C. Burgeon.
Original.)

Plate 28. V. I. p. 303.

Fig. 1. Represents the common calmar or squid (Loligo
vulgaris. Lam. Sepia loligo, Linn.) shewing the
place and excretory duct of its Ink bag, and the
position of the feet on the anterior margin of the
head. (Blainville.)

Fig. 2. Side view of the Pen of the Loligo vulgaris,
shewing its position in the back of the animal,
fig. L (Original.)

Fig. 3. Concave under surface of the same pen. (Ori-
ginal.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 28. 49

Fig. 4. Convex upper surface of portion of another recent
pen, of the same kind. The structure of figs. 3
and 4 closely resembles that of the fossil species
represented at fig. 6, of this same Plate, and also
at PL 29. fig. 1. and PL 30. In all of them, the
horny plates are composed of a series of longitudinal
fibres, intersected by another series of transverse
fibres. The disposition of the transverse fibres is
most simple in the recent species ; passing obliquely
outwards from each side of the central shaft, like
the barbs or fibrils in the vane of a feather, and
being most distinct towards the outer margin.

The longitudinal fibres are scarcely visible in the
recent species, except where they are collected into
fluted fasciculi, (PL 28. fig. 4. BB.) in those parts
which correspond with the marginal hands of the
fossil species. (Original.)

C. Central part of the Pen, raised like the shaft of a
quill between its fibrils.

Fig. 5. Ink bag of a recent Cuttle fish, dissected by
the author at Lyme Regis, 1829, containing its na-
tural Ink in a desiccated state ; it is a black shining
Jet-like substance, having a splintery fracture, and
resembling the substance and fracture of the fossil
Ink. Its bulk is not much reduced by desiccation.
(Original.)

Fig. 6. Upper convex surface of a fossil pen of Loligo
Aalensis from the Lias of Lyme Regis, A. A. the
barbs ; B. B. the marginal bands ; C. axis of the
shaft; D. Excretory duct of the Ink bag, distended
with petrified Ink.^ (Original.)

* In this specimen we see distinctly tlie disposition of the marginal
bands.

GEOL. II. E

50 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 29.

Fig. 7. Upper surface of Fossil Loligo from the Lias of
Lyme Regis. A, A, Barbs of the Pen. B, B, Mar-
ginal bands. C, Axis of the Pen. dy upper plate
of marginal band, having an unusually corrugated
surface, which may be the result of imperfect growth
of the transverse fibres ; if fully expanded they would
probably have resembled those of the subjacent
Plate at d". (Original.)

d'. Magnified representation of the rugous surface of d.

d'". Magnified representation of the second plate of the
marginal band, Fig. 7. d!'.

€. Upper surface of second Plate of the shaft of the pen ;
here the transverse wavy lines predominate over
the vertical straight lines ; but both are visible.

f. Upper surface of third plate ; here the vertical straight
fibres prevail over the transverse wavy fibres.

Plate 29. V. L pp. 307 and 309.

Fig. 1. Fossil Loligo from Lias at Lyme, in the collec-
tion of Miss Philpot, exhibiting nearly the same
structure as figs. 6. 7. at PL 28. and containing be-
neath the pen, a very large Ink bag, D. The greater
proportionate size of this Ink bag indicates a dif-
ference in species from fig. 3. (Mrs. Buckland.
Original.)

Fig. 2. Loligo Aalensis from Lyme Regis shewing the
under surface or concave side, and the duct of the
Ink bag distended with Ink. A. A. Barbs or fila-
ments of the Pen ; B.B. Marginal bands ; C. Axis
of Shaft; D. Duct of Ink bag. (Mrs. Buckland.
Original.) .^

The wavy lines here seen between the Ink bag
and the apex of the Pen, are the inferior termina-
tions of the successive laminae of growth; each

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30. 51

larger and superior Plate overlapping the edges of

the next subjacent and smaller plate. These edges

are rendered more irregular by decomposition.

d'. Magnified representation of very minute curved lines

passing from the marginal band across the shaft,
at d.

e. Thin lamina of the white pulverulent substance of a
decomposed Plate ; it retains partial traces of the
transverse wavy fibres.
f. Minute perpendicular filaments prevailing over the
transverse fibres of the shaft.

Fig. 3. Fossil Lolig© from' Lyme Regis, shewing the same
structure as the preceding figures, in the several
portions of the Pen that are preserved ; and having
its Ink bag distended nearly in its natural shape
and place beneath the Pen. (Original.)

C. C. Axis of the shaft.

Figs. 4. S.Q. 7. 8. 9. F'ossil Ink bags from Lyme Regis.
The membranous sacs and excretory ducts are still
preserved, and closely resemble those of a recent Ink
bag ; see PI. 28. fig. 5. (Original.)

Fig. 10. Fossil ink bag found by Miss Anning in the
Lias near Watch et, Somerset. (Original.)

Plate 30. V. I. p. 309.

A large fossil pen of Loligo; from the Lias at Lyme Regis.

In the collection of Miss Philpot. (Mrs. Buckland.

Original.)
AA. Barbs of the pen, proceeding from the outer edges

of the marginal bands.
B.B. Marginal bands dividing the bases of the barbs

from the internal part or body of the shaft.
C. Axis of the Pen, dividing the body of the shaft into

two equal parts.

52 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31.

D. Transverse section across the Ink bag.

d. First or upper plate. This plate is very thin, and

smooth, and its structure is obscure, except on the
right marginal band at d', where the longitudinal
ridges on its surface are very distinct.

e. Upper surface of second plate, marked with broad

wavy lines, passing on each side from the axis out-
wards, across the body of the shaft, and over the
marginal bands.

f. Upper surface of a third plate, exhibiting minute

curved strise, ascending symmetrically in opposite
directions from each side of tlie axis of the shaft C,
and descending towards its margin. These curved
strise are intersected by minute longitudinal straight
lines, running nearly parallel to the axis of the
shaft. Towards the apex of the shaft aty^, the broad
transverse curves predominate over the fine longitu-
dinal fibres which lie beneath them. At g, no
transverse curves are visible.* (Mrs. Buckland.
Original.)

Plate 31. V. I. p. 317.

Fig. 1 . Animal of Nautilus Pompilius, fixed in its shell.
The shell is copied from one in the collection of Mr.
W. I. Broderip. (Animal from Owen. Shell ori-
ginal.)

n. The Hood, or ligamento-muscular disk that surrounds
the head.

p. The digital tentacles protruded from their sheaths.

k. Funnel.

a. b. c. d. e. Siphuncle. The desiccated membrane of

* Herman von Meyer (Palaeologica, 1832, P. 322,) mentions the
occurrence of ink bags, together with the horny internal shells of
Sepia, (Onychoteuthis) in the Lias of Culmbach and Banz.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31. 53

the siphuncle is laid bare at a, h, c. d. At e, e, and
from thence inwards, it is covered by a soft calca-
reous coating or sheath.

y. y. Collar, projecting inwards from the transverse
plates, and supporting the Siphuncle. See Note,
V. I. p. 322.

Fig. 2. Upper horny mandible of the animal, with a hard
calcareous point. (Owen.)

Fig. 3. Lower horny mandible, armed with a similar
calcareous point. (Owen.)

Fig. 4. Calcareous point, and palate of upper mandible
separated from the horny portion. (Owen.)

Fig. 5. Under surface, or palate of a Rhyncholite, or
fossil beak, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, analogous
to the recent specimen, fig. 4. (Original.)

Fig. 6. Upper view of another Rhyncholite from the same
stratum and place. Black portions of the horny
substance, in a state resembling charcoal, remain
attached to its posterior surfaces. (Original.)

Fig. 7, Side view of the calcareous portion of an upper
mandible, from the Muschel kalk of Luneville.
(Original.)

Fig. 8. Upper view of another Rhyncholite from Lune-
ville. (Original.)

Fig. 9. Palatal view of fig. 8. (Original.)

Fig. 10. Calcareous point of an under mandible from
Luneville. The dentations on its margin resemble
those on the recent mandible, fig. 3, and co-opera-
ting with the dentations on the Margin of the upper
mandible, fig. 9, must have formed an Instrument
(like the recent beak, figs. 2 and 3,) well fitted for
the rapid demolition of Crustacea and small Shells.
(Original.)

Fig. 11. Under surface of fig. 10. ; it is strengthened by

64 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32.

a double keel-shaped indented process, enlarging
from its apex backwards.* (Original.)

Plate 32. V. I. p. 323.

Fig. 1. Pa t of the petrified shell, and casts of the
interior of some of the chambers, of a Nautilus
hexagonus, from Marcham, Berks. This fossil ex-
hibits at its smaller End, from d. to h.y a series of
casts of the Air chambers, from which the external
shell has been removed. The cavity of each cham-
ber is filled with a disc of pure calcareous spar,
representing the exact form of the chamber into
which it had been infiltrated. In the larger portion
of this fossil, the petrified shell retains its natural
place, and exhibits fine wavy lines of growth form-
ing minute Ribs across its surface. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Fractured shell of N. hexagonus, from the Cal-
careous grit of Marcham. The chambers are lined
with calcareous spar, and a circular plate of
the same spar is crystallized around the siphon.
The interior of the siphon is filled with a cast of
Calcareous grit, similar to that which forms the
rock from which the shell was taken. See V. I. p.
326.t (Original.)

* Although the resemblances between these fossil bealcs, and that
of the animal inhabiting the N. Pompilius, are such as to leave no
doubt that Rhyncholites are derived from some kind or other of
Cephalopod, yet, as they are found insulated in strata of Muschel
kalk and Lias, wherein there occur also the remains of Sepiae that
had no external shells, we have not yet sufficient evidence to enable
us to distinguish between the Rhyncholites derived from naked Sepias,
and those from Cephalopods that were connected with chambered
shells. I possess a specimen of a fossil Nautilus from the Lias at
Lyme Regis, in which the external open chamber contains a Rhyn-
cholite.

t This fossil exhibits the Siphuncle in its proper place, passing

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32. OO

Fig. 3. represents in its natural size, a portion of tlie
Siphuncle which in Fig. 2. is laid bare along its
course through the chambers, d. e.f. In the trans-
verse Plate, hj the siphuncular collar is entire, but
a Section of another collar in the transverse Plate,
7, shews the contraction of the Siphon at its passage
through this aperture, and exhibits also the over-
lapping, or squamous suture by which the Collar
is fitted to the superior and inferior portions of the
calcareous Sheath of the Siphon. See V. I. pp.
326, 327. Note. (Original.)

A similar structure may be seen at the Collars
of the transverse Plates of the N. Striatus. See
PI. 33.

across the cavities of the Air chambers. As in the recent Nautilus
Pompilius, there is no communication between the interior of the
Siphon and that of the Air chambers, so in this fossil shell, there is
proof that no communication existed between these cavities. A
transverse section at a. shews the thin edge of the sheath of the si-
phuncle, surrounded externally with calcareous spar, and filled
internally with Grit. Other Sections of the Siphuncle at h. d. e.f.
shew the calcareous Grit within its cavities to be contracted at its
passage through the collars of the transverse plates, and most en-
larged midway between one transverse plate and another.

This fossil affords two proofs that no communication existed between
the interior of the Siphuncle and that of the Air chambers. 1st.
the calcareous sheath of the Siphuncle is seen at d. e.f. completely
enclosing the calcareous grit which forms the cast within it. 2dly,
had there been any communication between the interior of the si-
phuncle, and that of the air chambers, these chambers must have
received some portion of the materials of the grit that have filled
this Siphuncle : not a particle of grit is found in any one of the
adjacent air chambers, but they are all lined, and some of them
nearly filled with a crystalline deposit of Carbonate of Lime, disposed
in uniform plates around the interior of each chamber, and around
the Siphuncle. See Fuj. 2. c. c'. a. «'. a^. a^. and Fig, 3. d — h. This
deposit can only have been formed from water charged with carbo-
nate of lime, introduced by infiltration, after the interment of the
shell, and filling the chambers which are thus uniformly invested.

56 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 33. 34.

Plate 33. V. I. pp. 326, 327. Note.
Longitudinal Section of Nautilus Striatus, from the Lias
at Whitby, in the collection of Mrs. Murchison. The in-
terior of the Chambers is filled exclusively with calcareous
spar, and that of the Siphuncle with Lias. (Original.)

a. The Siphuncle : the union of the siphuncular calca-

reous sheaths, with the aperture or collar of each
transverse Plate, is so closely fitted, that no fluid
could have passed between them into the air cham-
bers.

b. One of the transverse Plates forming the Air cham-

bers.

c. White calcareous spar, filling the middle region owZy

of the air chambers.

d. Stratified zones of dark coloured calcareous spar, de-

posited in equal thickness on both sides of the
transverse plates, and also on the inside of the shell,
and around the calcareous sheath of the siphuncle.*

e. Portion of the external shell, shewing a laminated

structure.

Plate 34. V. L p. 329. Note.

Drawing of the animal of the Nautilus Pompilius, pre-
pared at my request by Mr. Owen, to shew the manner
in which the siphuncle terminates in the Pericardium.
(Original.)

* The successive zones of this dark Spar shew that the Lime com-
posing it was introduced by slow and gradual infiltrations into the
cavity of the air chambers. Hence it follows that no communication
existed between the Siphuncle and these chambers, at the time when
this Pipe was filled with the fluid mud, that has formed a cast of Lias
within it. As the fractures across the Siphuncle in the 2nd and 3rd
chambers are filled only with spar, of the same kind as that within
these Chambers, these fractures could not have existed, when the
Mud of the Lias formation entered the Siphuncle, without admitting
it also into the chambers adjacent to them.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 34. 57

a. The Heart.

b. A bristle passing from the pericardium through the

membranous siphuncle laid bare.

c. Bristles passing from the pericardium through the

orifices of communication with the Branchial cham-
ber.

J. d. d. d. Follicles communicating with the Branchial
Arteries.^

V/. 'd. 'd. 'd. Pericardial septa, forming thin muscular
Receptacles of the follicles.

e. e. The Branchiee.

f. The Branchial Chamber.

g. The Funnel, or Branchial outlet.
h. The infundibular valve.

i. i. The digital processes.
k. The Gizzard.
/. The Ovary.

m. m. The mantle dissected off.
n. The membranous siphuncle.
0. 0, The siphuncular artery.
p» p. The Boundaries of the Pericardial cavity.
q. Portion of the Siphuncle between the Pericardium and
first transverse plate of the shell.f

* Mr. Owen supposes that these follicles discharge the impurities
of the blood into the Pericardium, when there is no access of water
to the Branchife, during the time that the animal is contracted witliin
its shell. The overflowings of this pericardial fluid may pass out
through the orifices marked by the bristles, c. c.

f This upper portion or neck of the Siphuncle, has the form of a
flattened canal, with thin Parietes of the same substance as the Peri-
cardium ; when the animal expands itself at the bottom of the sea,
this neck is probably closed by the lateral pressure of the gizzard, A,
and ovary, Z, and so acts instead of a valve to prevent the return of
the pericardial fluid into the Siphuncle. At such times, the deep-sea
water must press with great force on the exterior of the Pericardium,
and tend to force the pericardial fluid into the Siphuncle ; but as an
equal amount of pressure is applied simultaneously to the Ovary and

58 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 35. 36.

Plate 35. V. I. p. 339.

Cast of the interior of the Shell of Ammonites obtusus
from Lyme. Fragments of the shell remain near b. and e.

One object of this Plate and of many of the figures at
PI. 37. is to shew the manner in which the external shell is
fortified by Ribs and Flutings, (PP. 340. 341.) and further
supported by the edges of the internal transverse plates,
that form the air chambers. See V. L p. 348, Note.
(Original.)

Plate 36. V. L p. 338. Note.

Longitudinal section of another shell of Ammonites ob-
tusus from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (Original.)

The greater part of the outer chamber, and the entire
cavities of the air chambers are filled with calcareous spar,
and the Siphuncle, (preserved in a carbonaceous state,) is
seen passing along the entire dorsal margin to the com-
mencement of the outer chamber. See V. L p. 351, Note.

Von Buch has found evidence to shew that the mem-
branous siphuncle of Ammonites was continued to a con-
siderable distance along the outer chamber, beyond the last
or largest transverse Plate. This discovery accords with
the analogies afforded by the membranous neck of the
siphon of the N. Pompilius, which is continued along the
outer chamber from the last transverse Plate to the Peri-
cardium. See PI. 34. q.^

Gizzard, the lateral pressure of these two organs on the neck of the
Siphuncle would tend to close it with a force exactly counterbalancing
the external pressure on the Pericardium.

* As the body of the animals that inhabited the Ammonites was
more elongated than that of those inhabiting the shells of Nautili,
in consequence of the smaller Diameter of their outer Chamber, the
place of their Heart was probably more distant from the last trans-
verse Plate, than that of the Heart of Nautili; and the membranous
Siphon connected with the Pericardium consequently longer.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 37. 38.

59

Plate 37. V. I.

p. 341. Note

Pigs

Locality.

Stratum.

1.

Ammonites Amaltheus

Gibbosus

(Schlotheim) .

Gloucester . .

Lias.

2.

A. Varicosus ....

(Sowerby) Black Down, Devon

Green Sand.

3.

A. Humph riesianus

(Sowerby) . .

Sherborne . .

Inferior Oolite.

4.

A. Lamberti ....

(Sowerby) . .

Oxford ....

Oxford Clay.

5.

A. Planulatus . . .

. (Schlotheim) .

Franconia . .

Jura limestone.

6.

A. Bucklandi . . .

(Sowerby) . .

Bath

Lias.

7.

A. Lautus

(Sowerby) . .

Folkstone . . .

Gault.

8.

A. Catena

(Sowerby) . .

Marcham . . .

Calcareous Grit

9.

A. Varians

(Zieten) . . .

Geislingen . .

Jura limestone.

10.

A. Striatus ....

. (Reinicke) . .

Gros Eislingen

Lias.

a. Exterior dorsal margin.

b. Back view of the shell.

c. Transverse section of shell.

The figures in this Plate are selected to exemplify some
of the various manners in which the shells of Ammonites
are adorned and strengthened by ribs, and flutings, and
bosses. In Vol. I. p. 340, instances are mentioned of similar
contrivances which are applied in Art to strengthen thin
plates of metal. Workers in Glass have also adopted a
similar expedient in their method of fortifying small wine
flasks of thin glass, made flat, and portable in the pocket,
with a series of spiral flutings passing obliquely across the
sides of the flask, as in many of the flattened forms of
Ammonite. Similar spiral flutings are introduced for the
same purpose on the surface of thin glass pocket smelling-
bottles. In other glass flasks of the same kind which are
made in Germany, the addition of bosses to the surfaces
of the flat sides of the bottles, produces a similar double
result of ornament and stren2;th.

Plate 38. V. I. p. 347. Note.
Air chambers of Ammonites heterophyllus, filled with
Lias, and shewing; in a remarkable deo;ree the effect of the
undulating course of the edges of the transverse plates
beneath the flat sides of the outer shell.

60 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 39. 40.

A portion of the outer shell is preserved at c. and im-
pressions of the fluted interior of the shell, which has fallen
off, are visible at d. (Original.)

Plate 39. V. I. p. 348. Note.

This Plate presents a longitudinal view of the same
fossil, of which a side view is given in the last figure.
The same transverse plates, that approximate so closely
beneath the sides of the shell, where it is flat and feeble,
(PI. 38.) are distant from each other along the dorsal por-
tion, which from its convex form is strong.

The Siphuncle is preserved in its proper dorsal place
at d.

The elevations and depressions of the transverse plate
in front of this figure exemplify the theory of Von Buch,
respecting the use of the Lobes and Saddles formed by the
undulations of its outer margin. See V. I. p. 353, and
Note. (Original.)

Plate 40. V. I. p. 360. Note.

Fig, 1. Ammonites Henvslowi (Goniatites), from Transi-
tion lime-stone in the Isle of Man.

The Lobes are simple, and without foliations ;
their form resembles that of the slipper-shaped lobe
of the Nautilus Ziczac, and Nautilus Sypho. See
PL 43.

The lobes D. L. 1. V. are pointed inwards, and
the intermediate Saddles S. d. S. L. S. V. are
rounded outwards ; according to the type of Ammo-
nites. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Ammonites striatus (Goniatites), from the Coal
Shale of Lough Allen in Connaught, having its
lobes and saddles disposed in the same directions
as in Fig. 3, the delicate longitudinal striae and

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 41. 42. 61

transverse ribs of the outer shell are strengthened
by repeated intersections of the subjacent edges of
the transverse Plates. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Back view of Ammonites sphsericus, from the
limestone of Derbyshire, shewing the position of
the siphuncle upon the dorsal margin, with its collar
advancing outwards between the two simple dorsal
lobes ; the lateral lobes are also simple and with-
out foliations, and pointed inwards. (Martin Pet.
Der. T. 7.)

Fig. 4. Ammonites nodosus (Ceratites). This is one of
the species peculiar to the Muschel Kalk. The de-
scending lobes terminate in a few small denticula-
tions, pointed inwards, and the ascending saddles
are rounded outwards, after the normal character of
Ammonites. (Zeiten. Tab. II. Fig. 1. a.)

Fig. 5. Back of A. Nodosus, shewing the dorsal lobes
pointed inwards, and the collar around the siphuncle
advancing outwards. No edges of the transverse
plates are placed beneath the dome-shaped Tuber-
cles; these derive sufficient strength from their
vaulted form. (Zeiten. Tab. II. Fig. 1. b.)

Plate 41. V. I. p. 349.

Ammonites giganteus, found in the Portland stone at
Tisbury in Wiltshire. This beautiful fossil is in the col-
lection of Miss Benett. The chambers are all void, and
the transverse Plates and Shell converted to Chalcedony.
(Original.)

Plate 42. V. I. pp. 350, 351. Note.
Fig. 1. Cast of a single chamber of Nautilus hexagonus,
shewing the siaiple curvatures of the edges of the
transverse plates, and the place of the Siphuncle.
(Original.)

62 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 42.

Fig. 2. Cast of a chamber of Ammonites excavatus,
having a complex form derived from the denticulated
edges of the transverse plates. See V. I. pp. 350,
351, Note. (Original.)

Fig". 3. Casts of three chambers of Ammonites catena,
with the Membrane of the Siphmicle on its dorsal
margin. See V. I. p. 350, Note, and p. 351, Note.
The course of the transverse plates is beneath the
depressed and weakest parts of the external shell,
avoiding the bosses at c, d, e, which from their form
are strong. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Ammonites varicosus, from the Green Sand of
Earl Stoke, Wilts. Nat. size. See V. I. p. 351,
Note. (Original.)

Figs. 5. 6. Portions of the same' shell, having the trans-
verse Plates and Siphuncle converted to Chalce-
dony. See V. I. pp. 351 and 352, Note. (Original.)

Fig. 7. Ammonites variocostatus, (nobis,) an undescribed
species of Ammonite from the Oxford Clay at
Hawnes, 4 m. S. of Bedford. Diameter 9 inches.

The name Variocostatus expresses the remark-
able change in the character of the Ribs, near the
outer termination of the air chambers.

On the inner whorls of the shell, these ribs are
narrow, and highly raised, set close to one another,
and bifurcated at the back of the shell, (from d. to
c.) ; but near the outer chamber {b. to a.) they be-
come broad and distant, and the dorsal bifurcation
ceases.

The edges of the transverse plates are exposed by
the removal of the shell from c. to b., they appear
also at a. d. (Original.)

Similar variations in the form of the ribs occur
in Ammonites biplicatus and Ammonites decipiens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATKS 43. 44. 63

Plate 43. V. I. pp. 358, 359.

Fig. 1. Fragment of Nautilus sypho, in the collection of
W. I. Broderip, Esq. from the Miocene division of
the Tertiary formations at Dax, near Bourdeaux.
The accidental fractures of this fossil afford an in-
structive display of the disposition of the transverse
Plates and Siphuncle. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Another fractured shell of the same species from
Dax, in the collection of Mrs. Buckland, shew^ing
at «i, «2, a^, the disposition of the lateral lobes.
See V. I. p. 359, Note. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Cast of the interior of Nautilus Ziczac, in the
collection of Mr. James Sowerby, shewing the dis-
position of the lateral lobes. (See V. I. pp. 359,
360. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Cast of a single chamber of Nautilus Ziczac, in
the collection of Mr. J. Sovi^erby, shewing the dis-
position of the ventral and dorsal Lobes and Si-
phuncle. See V. I. p. 359, Note. (Original.)

Plate 44. V. I. p. 361, et seq.

Fig. 1. Molluscous animal inclosing the Spirula Peronii.
See V. I. p. 362.* (Blainville.)

Fig. 2. Section of a Spirula (Nat. size), shewing its trans-
verse Plates and siphuncular sheath. (Original.)

* M. Robert has recently discovered between the Canaries and
Cape Blanc, several imperfect bodies of a small species of mollus-
cous animal, each inclosing a Spirula.

In all these the position of the shell is not at the posterior extre-
mity, as in the figure of the specimen found by Peron, but in the
back, parallel to the axis of the body, like the shell of the Sepio-
staire, or internal shell of the common Sepia. This position agrees
with that of tlie animal figured by Blainville, if we suppose the
caudal portion of the latter to have been lost.

On each side of the body are two expansions that act like Fins,
as in the Sepiole. Beneath the neck is the aperture of the Funnel.

64 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44.

Fig. 3. Lituite in the Transition lime-stone of Oeland.

a, Siphuncle of Lituite. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Section of an Orthoceratite in the Transition
lime-stone of Oeland, in the Collection of C. Stokes,
Esq. (Original.)

a. Siphuncle of the same.

Fig. 5. Baculite, from Chalk of the Cotentin ; termi-
nating at its large end in the chamber a. (Original.)

Fig. 5. b. Front view of the transverse plate of a Bacu-
lite, shewing the margin to be disposed in lobes and
saddles, and the place of the Siphuncle to be on the
back of the shell at c. (Original.)

Fig. 6. Transverse section of a Nummulite. (Parkinson,
V. 3. PI. X. Fig. 16.)

Fig. 7. Longitudinal section of another Nummulite.^'
(Parkinson.)

In one specimen the Eye is preserved, and is very large in propor-
tion to the body. These MoUusks form the prey of the Physali, and
were caught entangled in their Tentacula.

L'Echo du Monde Savant, 1 Mai, 1836.

* Among the microscopic fossil shells placed by D'Orbigny in the
same Order as Nummulites {Foraniiniferes), Count Munster enu-
merates 40 species from the Cretaceous free stone of Maestricht.
Mr. Lonsdale also has discovered 16 species of microscopic forami-
nifers in the English Chalk. (See V. I. p. 448, Note.) Microscopic
shells of this Order occur in countless myriads throughout the Ter-
tiary strata. (See V. I. p. 385.)

The Sand of the Shores of the Adriatic, and of many Islands in
the Archipelago, is crowded with recent microscopic shells of the
same kind.

It is mentioned in our Note, V. I. p. 382, that doubts have arisen
as to the supposed origin of many of these minute multilocular shells
from Cephalopods. Some recent observations of M. Dujardin have
induced him to refer the Animals which construct the Miliola and
some other microscopic foraminiferous shells, to a new Class of
animals of lower degree than the Radiata, and possessing a loco-
motive power by means of minute tentacular filaments. He proposes
to give them the name of Rhizopodes. Ann. des Sci. Nat. Mai, 1835,
p. 312.

£;XPLANATIOiN OF PLATE 44. 66

Fig. 8. Hamites Bucklandi, (Phillips,) from the .Gault
or Speeton Clay, in the collection of Mr. I. Phillips,
of York, (Original.)

Fig. 8^ Transverse septum of Fig. 8, shewing the lobes
and saddles, and the siphuncle at a.

Fig. 9. Hamites armatus, from the upper Green Sand,
near Benson. (Sowerby.)

Fig. 10. Transverse section of the same, shewing the
siphuncle, on the back, between the spines.

Fig. 11. Hamites from Folkstone Clay, shewing the spiral
Ribs of the outer shell. At a. we see the Siphuncle,
and the lobes and saddles of the transverse Plate.

Fig. 12. Fragment of the cast of the interior of another
Hamite from Folkstone Clay, shewing the Siphuncle
at a. The removal of the outer shell shews the
sinuous edges of the transverse Plates beneath the
Ribs. (Original.)

Fig. 13. Fragment of Hamites articulatus (Sow.) from the
Green Sand at Earl Stoke, shewing the Siphuncle
(a.) covered by a small portion of the shell. The
sinuous terminations of the transverse plates are
visible beneath the ribs, having their secondary
lobes rounded outwards {b.) and pointed inwards
(c.) like the secondary lobes of Ammonites. (Ori-
ginal.)

Fig. 14. Fragment of Turrilites Bergeri, in the collection
of G. B. Greenough, Esq. from the Green Sand for-
mation. The siphuncle is seen near the upper or
dorsal margin of two whorls at a. <z. ; the sinuous
edges of the transverse plates are visible on the
middle whorl ; and the entire surface of a transverse
plate is laid open at the smaller end of a third
whorl, shewing its lobes and saddles to be analo-
gous to the same parts in Ammonites. (Original.)

GROL. ir. F

66 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.

Fig. 16. Scaphites Equalis, from Chalk near Rouen, in
the collection of Mr. J. Sowerby ; the sides of the
external shell are strengthened and ornamented by
ribs and tubercles ; and the edges of the transverse
plates disposed in sinuous foliations (c.) as in Am-
monites. The mouth or outer margin (b.) returns so
nearly into contact with the air chambers (c), that
the want of space at this part for the expansion of
arms and head, makes it probable that the Scaphite
was placed entirely within the body of its animal.
(Original.)

Fig. 16. Transverse section of the chambered portion of
Fig. 15, shewing the arrangement of the lobes and
saddles to be similar to that of Ammonites; the
siphuncle also is seen on the dorsal margin at a.
(Original.)

Fig. 17. Longitudinal section of the calcareous Sheath
and Alveolus of a Belemnite.

a. Alveolus, or internal shell, divided by transverse

Septa into air chambers. See V. I. p. 373.

b. Siphuncle, passing along the margin of the air cham-

bers.

c. Apex of the fibro-calcareous sheath, or solid Cone of

the Belemnite.

Plate 44'. V. I. p. 371, et seq.

Illustrations of the probable nature of the Animals that
gave origin to Belemnites.''^

* In the descriptions of PL 44'. and PI. 44". the following letters
indicate the same parts in each specimen to which they are applied.

a. The Apex of the calcareous shell, or sheath.

b. Alveolar portion, or chambered shell.

c. Ink-bag.

d.i Portions of the thin anterior horny sheath, sometimes higlily

e. } nacreous.

/. Neck of Ink-bag.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'. 67

Fig. 1. Imaginary restoration of Belemnosepia, shewing
the probable place of its Ink-bag, and of the internal
shell or Belemnite. The three component parts of
this Belemnite are represented as if longitudinally-
bisected : the place assigned to this Ink-bag is
nearly the same as in the recent Loligo. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Sepia officinalis, shewing the position of the
internal shell or sheath (Sepiostaire) within the
dorsal portion of its sac. Its apex (a,) and cal-
careous dorsal plates (^,) correspond with the apex
calcareous conical sheath of a Belemnite.

Fig. 3. Sepia officinalis, laid open along the ventral
portion of its Sac, to shew the position of its Ink-
bag. (Original.)

Figs. 3. a, 3. b. 3. c, Rhyncholites, found in contact with
Belemnites in the Lias at Lyme Regis, Nat. size.
(Original.)

Fig. 3. d. Beak of a small Testudo from Chalk, in the
collection of Mr. Mantell, shewing a fibro-cancel-
lated bony structure, very different from the com-
pact shelly condition of the Rhyncholite, for which
it may from its size and shape be mistaken, (Ori-
ginal.)

Fig. 4. Ventral surface of a Sepiostaire ; the elongated
shallow cone, or cup, {e. e. e. e .) is composed of
very thin calcareous plates, alternating with horny
membranes, which are expanded outwards to form
the thin margin of the cone. This irregular cone
or shell represents the hollow cone at the larger
extremity of the Belemnite, (Fig. 7. b. b'. e. e\ e'\)
which includes its Alveolus {b. b',) and Ink-bag (c).
Within this shallow sub-conical shell of the Sepio-
staire is contained its alveolus, or calcareous cham-
bered portion, (Fig. 4. b.) which represents the

68 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44'.

chambered alveolus in the Belemnite, (Fig. 7. h, h'.)
but has no Siphon. (Blainville.)

Fig. 4'. Longitudinal section of the apex of the shell of
Sepia officinalis. This apex is composed of granular
calcareous matter {a.), alternating with conical horny
laminse, which expand laterally into the horny mar-
gin (e.). (Original.)

Fig. 5. Longitudinal view of Fig. 4. The apex {a.) re-
presents the apex of a Belemnite. The back of the
shell (e.) the dorsal part of a Belemnite ; and the
alveolar portion (b. h'.) represents the internal cham-
bered shell of a Belemnite. (Blainville.)

Fig. 6. Anterior extremity of the lamellae, or alveolar
plates, exposed by a longitudinal section in Fig. 5.
In the mature animal these lamellae are nearly 100
in number ; a few of them only are here represented.
These alveolar plates form the internal chambers
of the Sepiostaire, and represent the transverse
plates of the Alveolus in Belemnites, and other
chambered shells; but as the Sepiostaire has no
siphuncle, its chambers seem not subservient, like
those of the Belemnite, to the purpose of varying
the specific gravity of the animal ; the intervals be-
tween its plates are occupied by an infinite number
of thin winding partitions standing perpendicularly
between the lamellae.

Figs. &. Q", Thin calcareous partitions winding between,
and supporting the alveolar plates of the Sepiostaire.
The sinuous disposition of these partitions increases
their efficacy in resisting pressure, on the same
principle, as in the foliated edges of the transverse
plates of Ammonites.* The sinuosity of the cal-

* Dr. Fleming has accurately described the structure of these
partitions, as exhibiting perpendicular laminae, waved and folded in
brain-like gyrations which occasionally anastomose.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44. 09

careous partitions is least near the margin of the
lamellae. See Fig. 6'. (Original.)

Fig. 6'". Columnar appearance of the sinuous partitions
when viewed laterally. (Original.)

Fig. 7. Unique specimen of Belemnites ovalis, from the
Lias at Lyme Regis, in the collection of Miss
Philpotts. A fracture at h' , shews the chambered
areolae of the Alveolus. At e. the thin conical
anterior horny sheath originates in the edge of the
calcareous sheath, and extends to e". The surface
of this anterior sheath exhibits wavy transverse
lines of growth j it is much decomposed, slightly
nacreous, and flattened by pressure.

Within this anterior conical sheath the Ink-bag
is seen at c. somewhat decomposed, and partially
altered to a dark grey colour. (Original.)

Fig. 8. Portion of the Ink-bag broken off from Fig. 7. c.
and covered by that portion of the horny case which
lay above it. The transverse lines, e. on this por-
tion, are the continuation of the lines of growth on
the horny sheath of Fig. 7. e. e. e". (Original.)

Fig. 9. Belemnites Pistilliformis? from the Lias at Lyme,
in the collection of Miss Philpotts, having a portion
of its ink-bag at c. (Original.)

Figs. 10. 11. 12. Belemnites from the Jura limestone of
Solenhofen, figured by Count Munster in Boue's
Memoires Geologiques, Vol. I. PI. 4. In 10 and
12 the form of the anterior horny sheath is pre-
served, to a length equal to that of the calcareous
shaft of the Belemnite, but in none of them is the
Ink-bag visible.* (Munster.)

* Von Meyer mentions (Palaeologica, P. 322, 1st Edit. 1832,) that
he has seen an Lik-bag at the upper end of a Belemnite from the
Lias of Banz, and asks, "Do Belemnites possess an Ink-bag like
that of the Sepia ?"

70 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44".

Fig. 13. Chambered alveolar cone and horny sheath of a
large Belemnite from the limestone of Solenhofen ;
the calcareous sheath or Belemnite itself has dis-
appeared. (Munster.)

Fig. 14. Belemnites brevis ? from the Lias at Lyme ;
Nat. size. The length of the shaft of this Belem-
nite does not exceed that of the Beloptera (Fig. 15);
a small fragment only of its alveolus is preserved,
but the place it occupied is filled with calcareous
spar, and the hollow cone above it with lias. (Ori-
ginal.)

Fig. 15. Beloptera. In this fossil we have an intermediate
link between the Belemnite and the shell or sheath
of Sepia officinalis, a. represents the apex of the
sheath, e. e, its posterior expansion, analogous to
that at Fig. 4. e. e. and at Fig. 4'. e. ; e' is its ante-
rior expansion, bearing on its internal surface an-
nular marks derived from the transverse septa of the
alveolus. (Blainville.)

Plate 44''. V. I. p. 374. Note.

All the figures in this Plate are of nat. size.

Fig. 1. Anterior Sheath and Ink-bag of Belemno-sepia,
discovered by Miss Anning in 1828 in the Lias of
Lyme Regis, and noticed by Dr. Buckland (Lond.
and Edin. Phil. Mag. May, 1829, P. 388,) as '* de-
rived from some unknown Cephalopod, nearly allied
in its internal structure to the inhabitant of the
Belemnite." This sheath is, for the most part, na-
creous ; in some places {d. d.) it retains the condi-
tion of horn. The corrugations on its surface indi-
cate the lines of growth. At^'. a transverse fracture
shews the neck of the ink-bag. (Original.)

Fig. 2. The lower part of Fig. 1. seen from another side;

EXPLANATION OF PLATK 45. 71

the circular lines on the surface of its horny mem-
brane dy are lines of growth. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Belemno-sepia from the Lias at Lyme, in the
Oxford Museum ; the Ink-bag is preserved entire
within the anterior conical sheath e. e. e. ; the
greater part of this sheath is highly nacreous, in a
few places {d.) it is horny. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Large Ink-bag from the Lias at Lyme, in the
collection of Mrs. Murchison, bearing on its surface
undulating lines of growth similar to those on the
surface of Fig. 1. The Ink is exposed at c. c; in
other parts it is surrounded by the sheath, e. e. e.
Nearly one-half of this sheath retains the appear-
ance of horn, whilst the other half is highly na-
creous. This interchange of condition, from horn
to brilliant nacre, occurs in almost every specimen
from the Lias at Lyme, in which the Ink-bag is
accompanied only by the flexible anterior sheath,
and the calcareous sheath has perished. (Ori-
ginal.)

Figs. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ink bags from the Lias at Lyme, par-
tially surrounded by brilliant nacre. In no one of
the specimens represented in PI. 44" is the least
trace of the calcareous sheath of the Belemnite pre-
served. See V. I. p. 376, Note. (Original.)

Plate 45.* V. I. p. 392 et seq.
Fig. 1. Limulus Americanus (Leach), a young speci-
men from Honduras, one third of nat. size. b\
Right compound Eye magnified. b'\ Two single

* The following letters are applied in PI. 45 and PI. 46, to cor-
responding parts of different animals, a. the shield ; a. lateral
portion of the shield ; b. the eye ; b\ eye magnified ; b". frontal
eyes; c. the back; d. the tail ; e. branchiae.

72 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 45.

Eyes in front of the shield. See V. I. p. 393. (Ori-
ginal.)

Fig. 2. View of the under surface of Fig. 1, shewing the
crustaceous legs beneath the shield (a), and the
swimming feet, bearing the Branchiae (e), beneath
the body (c). Scale, one seventh of nat. size.

Fig. 2. e'. Swimming feet, (see Fig. 2 e,) enlarged to
the scale of Fig. 1.

Fig. 2. e". Posterior surface of one of the swimming feet,
bearing the fibres of the Branchise. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Front view of magnified figure of Branchipus
stagnalis. 3. Z>. The left eye mounted on a peduncle.
3. b'. The right eye still more magnified. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Side view of Branchipus stagnalis, nat. size.

Fig. 5. Magnified view of the back of Branchipus stag-
nahs. See V. I. p. 394. (Original.)

Fig. 6. View of the back of a Serolis from Senegal,
given by M. Dufresne to Dr. Leach. See V. I. p.
392. (Original.)

Fig. 7. View of the under surface of Fig. 6, shewing the
union of crustaceous legs with the membranous
branchiae, e.* (Original.)

Fig. 8. Magnified view of the Branchiae at Fig. 7, e.

Fig. 9. Back of Asaphus caudatus, from Dudley, in the
collection of Mr. Stokes. (Original.)

Fig. 10. Side view of the left Eye of Fig. 9, magnified.

Fig. 10'. Another Eye of Asaphus caudatus, in the col-
lection of Mr. Bright, from the W. side of Malvern
Hill. In the front of this fossil are circular depres-
sions on the stone, from which the petrified lenses
have fallen out; on each side, the lenses remain in
their natural place. (Original.)

* Figs. 3, 6, 6 and 7, are from original drawings by Mr. Curtis in
the collection of Mr. C. Stokes.

EXPLANATION OT PLATE 46. 7S

Fig. 11. Anterior segment of the left Eye of Fig. 9, still
more highly magnified, to shew the circular lenses
set in their respective margins, each surrounded by
six minute tubercles. (Original.)

Fig. ir. Magnified view of a portion of the eye of Caly-
mene macrophthalmus. (Hoeninghaus.)

Fig. 12. Under surface of the anterior portion of the
shield of Asaphus platycephalus, from Lake Huron.
An unique specimen, shewing at f, an entrance to
the stomach, analogous to that in recent Crabs.
See Geol. Trans. N. S. Vol. i. PI. 27. (Stokes.)

Plate 46. V. I. p. 389 et seq.

Figs. 1. 2. 3. Calymene Blumenbachii, from the Tran-
sition Lime-stone of Dudley, a. The shield cover-
ing the head, d , Lateral portion of the shield,
separated by a suture from a. ; the central part of
this suture forms the lateral Margin, or Rim of the
cavity of the Eye. This Margin is composed of
two parts, united to receive the Lens, like the rims
that enclose the edges of the glasses, in a pair of
Spectacles. The Lens has usually fallen out from
the Eyes of fossils of this species, as often happens
after death in the Eyes of the recent Grapsus pic-
tus, and also in the common Lobster, h. The Eye.
c. The dorsal portion, composed of articulating
plates, that move on one another like the plates of
a Lobster's tail. d. The tail.

Fig. 1. Side view of the Animal rolled up like an Onis-
cus. (Scharf.)

Fig. 2. View of the back of the Animal expanded for
swimming; the Tail ri, is composed of plates that
had no moveable articulations. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Front view of the same Animal rolled up ; the

74 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46^.

shell, in this position, must have given perfect
protection to the soft parts of the body enclosed
within. (Scharf.)

Fig. 4. Side view of Calymene macrophthalmus, rolled
up, with its tail closed on its shield. (Curtis.)

Fig. 5. Front view of another specimen of C. Macroph-
thalmus, rolled up like Fig. 4. The Eyes in fossils
of this species are usually well preserved, and their
facets large. (Curtis.)

Fig. 6. Asaph us tuberculatus ; a highly ornamented
species from the Transition lime-stone of Dudley ;
in the collection of Mr. Johnson, of Bristol. The
back alone is composed of flexible plates. (Curtis.)

Fig. 7. Asaph us De Buchii, from the Transition slate of
Llandilo; the tail is surrounded with an inflexible
Margin, slightly fluted. (Brongniart.)

Fig. 8. Restoration of Paradoxoides Tessini, (Brong-
niart. Hist. Nat. de Crustaces, PL IV. Fig. 1.)

Fig. 9. Ogygia Guettardii, (Brongniart, Hist. Nat. de
Crustaces, PI. III. Fig. 1.)

Fig. 10. Highly ornamented tail of Asaphus gemmu-
liferus, (Phillips), from the Transition lime-stone of
Dublin, magnified four times. (Curtis.)

Fig. 11. Tail of Asaphus caudatus, from Carboniferous
lime-stone, at Beadnell, Northumberland ; in the col-
lection of the Geol. Soc. of London. (Original).

Fig. 12. Tail of Asaphus caudatus, from Tansition
lime-stone, near Leominster ; in the Oxford Museum.

Plate 46'. V. I. p. 406.

Fig. 1. Back of a fossil Scorpion of a new genus (Cy-
clophthalmus) found by Count Sternberg in the
Coal formation of Bohemia, in a quarry of sandy

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46". 75

argillaceous Schist, sufficiently hard to be used for
building. Nat. size. (V. I. p. 407, Note.)

Even the skin, hairs, and pores of the tracheae of
this animal are preserved.

In the same stone are many carbonized fragments
of Vegetables, and on the right of the body is a
large fossil Nut {a) ; this side of the animal has
been laid open by cutting away the stone. (Stern-
berg.)

2. Lower surface of the same animal, discovered in split-

ting the stone in search of fossil Plants ; nat. size.
Near the point of the right claw, is a fragment of
the tail of another and larger Scorpion. (See PI. 46",
Fig. 13.) We have here also the side of the same nut
that is seen in Fig. 1. a. This trifid nut exhibits
traces of the structure of the outer coating in which
it was inclosed. (Sternberg.)

3. Magnified representation of the Head and Eyes. See

V. I. p. 407. (Sternberg.)

4. Magnified jaw, armed with teeth, and partially covered

with minute hairs. (Sternberg.)

5. Hairs on Fig. 4, highly magnified. (Sternberg.)

6. Magnified representation of a portion of the skin,

consisting of two divisible layers. See V. I. p. 408.
(Sternberg.)

7. Magnified impressions of muscular fibres connected

with the legs. (Sternberg.)

Plate 46". V. I. p. 409.

Fossil Insects, Arachnidans, and Limulus,

The following description of the Insects represented in
this Plate is founded on information received from Mr,
Curtis and Mr. Samouelle.

76 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46".

Figs. 1 and 2 belong to the family of Curculionidse, of
which the Diamond beetle is a familiar example.
They were discovered by Mr.Wm. Anstice in nodules
of Iron stone from the Coal formation of Coalbrook
Dale.

Fig. 1 nearly resembles some of the South American
types of Curculio, but the antennae are longer and
stronger than is usual in living species. Only the
back of the head is visible, with faint indications of
the place of the eyes ; the Rostrum is not apparent,
it probably descends into the Iron stone beneath,
and this position will explain the appearance and
place of the Antennee.

The Elytra seem to have been connate towards
their lower extremity, but their line of junction is
visible towards the Thorax. The substance of the
Elytra and Thorax, and of portions of the legs is
replaced by white Iron ore, having the lustre of
Satin.

Mr. Curtis conceives that the tufted appearance
of the legs may have been caused by fungi formed
after death, as often happens in tropical climates.
The enlargement of the Femur of the hindmost leg
in our fossil is a character peculiar to the Curcu-
lionidee.* (Original.)

Fig. 2. Mr. Samouelle considers this extinct fossil spe-
cies to approach most nearly to the Brachycerus
apterus of Africa.f (Original.)

* Until more perfect data are found, on which generic characters
can be established, I propose to designate this Insect by the pro-
visional name of Curculioides Ansticii.

f The animal lies on its back with the left side raised upwards,
and exhibiting a portion of the exterior surface of the left Elytron.

At a. b. are the remains of antennae, and near the base of «, ap-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 46". 77

Fig. 3. Limulus trilobitoides (nobis) forming the Nu-
cleus of a nodule of Iron ore from Coalbrook Dale.
V. I. p. 396.* (Original.)

parently a fragment of the proboscis ; the legs are all imperfect ; the
thorax is very large, and only its inferior surface is visible, being
exposed by the removal of the pectoral portion of the trunk ; this
surface is covered with irregular indentations, which represent the
hollow interior of a series of spinous tubercles, and verrucose pro-
jections on the back of the thorax.

In the centre of the thorax is a compound depression larger than
the rest, indicating the presence of a corresponding projection on the
back.

Among living Curculionidae irregular tubercles and projections of
this kind occur on the thorax of the Brachycerus apterus.

The left Elytron only is distinctly visible, embracing with its
margin the side of the Abdomen ; its outer surface is irregularly and
minutely punctate. Two spinous tubercles project from near its pos-
terior extremity, and a corresponding tubercle from the extremity of
the right elytron. Similar spines occur on the Elytrons of Brachy-
cerus; and of some Curculionidag of N. Holland. The abdominal
rings are very distinct. I shall designate this insect by the provisional
name of Curculioides Prestvicii.

M. Audouin exhibited at the meeting of the Naturforscherat Bonn,
in September, 1835, a beautiful wing of a neuropterous Insect, in a
nodule of clay Iron stone, apparently also from the neighbourhood
of Coalbrook Dale, which had been purchased at the sale of Park-
inson's collection by Mr. Mantell, and transmitted by him to M.
Brongniart. This wing is nearly three inches long, and closely re-
sembles that of the living Corydalis of Carolina and Pensylvania ;
it is much broader and nearly of the length of the wing of a large
Dragon Fly.

* Several specimens of this species are in the collection of Mr.
Wm. Anstice at Madely Wood. Our figure is taken from a cast or
impression of the back of the animal in Iron stone, in which the
transverse lines across the abdominal segment are not very appa-
rent; other specimens exhibit deep transverse flutings, externally
resembling the separate segments of the back of a Trilobite, but
apparently not dividing the shell into more than one abdominal
Plate, nor admitting of flexure like the articulating segments of a
Trilobite.

The transverse depressions on the back of the second segment of

7*8 EXPLANATIOxN OF PLATE 46^'.

Pigs. 4 — 9. Elytra of Insects in the Oolitic slate of
Stonesfield. Mr. Curtis considers all these to be-
long to the family Buprestis. (Original.)

Fig. 10. Leg of an Insect in the Stonesfield slate, Oxon,
considered by Mr. Curtis to be that of a Curculio.*
(Original.)

Fig. 11. A fossil Fly from the fresh water formation of
Aix in Provence, in the collection of Mrs. Murchison.
Mr. Curtis considers this Fly to be of the same spe-
cies with one of those engraved in Fig, 11 of his
Plate of Insects from this locality, in Jameson's
Journal, Oct. 1829, (Original.)

Although it agrees with no living genus, he thinks
it undoubtedly belongs to the family of Tipulidae,

the body of this animal, form a character wherein it approaches
nearer than the living Limulus to the structure of Trilohites. The
articulation of the long awl-shaped tail with the body in Fig. 3, and
in other specimens is very distinct. This Limulus is the Entomoli-
thus monoculites of Martin, (Petrifacta Derbiensia, Tab. 45, Fig. 4:.)
and Belinurus bellulus of Kbnig, (Icon. Sect. PI. XVIII. No. 230.)
M. Parkinson, Org. Rem. iii. PI. XVII. Fig. 18, has figured a similar
fossil from Dudley, in iron stone of the Coal formation.

* Mr. Rr. C, Taylor mentions the occurrence of the wing covers of
Beetles in the shale of the Danby Coal pits, in the Eastern Moor-
lands of Yorkshire. This shale has nearly the same place in the
Oolitic series as the Stonesfield slate. See Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist.
V. iii. P. 361.

In the private collection of Dr. de Siebold at Leyden, I saw in
Oct. 1835, a most beautiful and unique specimen of a Buprestis, from
Japan, about an inch long, converted to Chalcedony. Even the
antennae and portions of the legs are distinctly preserved.

In the same collection are fragments of silicified trees, bored with
tubular cavities, apparently by the larvas of animals of this kind ;
and within these cavities, a quantity of dust, produced by the boring,
was observed by M. Brongniart to be converted to Chalcedony.
From this circumstance we may conjecture that the perfect insect
was lodged in a similar tube, when it became transformed into Chal-
cedony. The surface of this Insect is covered with clusters of minute
concentric rings of Chalcedony (Orbicules of Brongniart) so com-
mon in silicified fossil shells.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47. Tfif

and is nearly related to the genus Bibio, which is
now widely distributed, being common in Europe,
and in N. and S. America.

See Curtis Brit. Ent. Vol. iii. PI. 138.
This fossil presents the under surface of the
Animal.

Fig. 12. A fossil Spider from the Miocene Fresh- water
formation at Aix, in Provence, in the collection of
Mrs. Murchison ; the under surface of the Animal is
presented, and the little tubercles near the hinder
part of the abdomen are Papillae of the spinning
organs, apparently, protruded by pressure.

See Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomo-
logy, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 204 ; and Herold, von der
Erzeugung der Spinnen im Eie, Tab. 11. Figs. 4.
9. 11. r. (Original.)

Fig. 13. From a drawing by M. Cotta of the fragment
of a larger Scorpion, which is slightly delineated
in PI. 46', Fig. 2, near the forceps of the smaller
and more perfect Scorpion figured in that Plate.
I received this drawing from Count Sternberg, in
August, 1835. (Original.)

a. Dorsal scales of the abdomen.

b. Caudal segments.

c. Intestinal Canal. ?

d. Fragment of Intestinal Canal. ?

Plate 47^. V. I. p. 428, Note.

Fig. 1 and 2. Copied in part from the restoration of the
Bradford, or Pear Encrinite (Apiocrinites rotundus)
in Miller's Crinoidea, Pag. 19. PI. 1. In Fig. 1. the
arms are expanded, and in Fig. 2. nearly closed.

* Much value is added to this and the following Plates, relating to
Crinoidea, by their having been engraved (except PI. 48.) by a
Naturalist so conversant with the subjects, as Mr. James Sowerby.

80 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47.

The length of the jointed flexible stems has been
taken from some entire stems in the collection of
Mr. Channing Pearce of Bradford, near Bath. Two
young individuals are attached to the calcareous
Pedicle or Base of the largest speciaiens. (Miller.)

Fig. 2. a. represents the remedial effect of calcareous
secretions in repairing an injury of the joints of the
stem. (Miller.)

Fig. 3, Pyriform Body of Apiocrinites rotundus, shew-
ing at its upper extremity the internal disposition of
the bones surrounding the cavity of the stomach.
(Original.)

Fig. 4. Vertical section of another pyriform Body, shew-
ing the cavity of the Stomach, and a series of lower
cavities, or hollow lenticular spaces, between the
central portions of the enlarged joints of the upper
portion of the vertebral column. Miller considers
these spaces as enlargements of the alimentary canal,
which descends through the axis of the entire co-
lumn.

The surfaces of the joints of the vertebral column
are striated with rays, which articulate with corres-
ponding rays on the adjacent Plates, and allow of
flexure without risk of dislocation ; locking into one
another nearly in the same manner as those figured
in PL 49. Figs. 5. 7. 9. (Original.)

Fig. 5. Restored figure of Apiocrinites, 30-Dactylus,
copied from Miller's Crinoidea, Page 96, PI. 1.
Fig. 2. (See V. 1. p. 429. Note.)

B. Base and fibres of attachment.

D. Auxiliary side Arms *.

* These side arms afford a beautiful example of mechanical adap-
tations and compensations, which are thus described by Mr. Miller

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 47. 81

Fig. 6. BodyofActinocrinitesSO-dactylus (NaveEncrinite
of Parkinson) copied from Miller's Crinoidea, P. 98.
PI. 11. (See V. I. p. 429. Note.)

Q. Pectoral Plates.

R. Capital Plates.

X. Orifice of the Mouth, or Proboscis, capable of elon-
gation for sucking in food.

Fig. 7. Another Body of a Nave Encrinite, drawn by Mr
J. Sowerby from a specimen in the British Museum.
The same is Figured by Parkinson, in his Organic
Remains, Vol. II. PL XVII. Fig. 3. The lateral pro-
jections are the commencement of the side arms.
This specimen has been corroded with acid, and con-
sequently has lost the superficial Corrugations and

in his admirahle Monograph on Crinoidea, p. 97. "The mechanism
of the joints of the side arms, where these insert into the column, is
well worthy of notice, particularly in old specimens. In the earlier
stage of their formation, the side arms being very short, and liaving
then little weight, a less firm mode of adhesion to the column than
becomes requisite at a subsequent period, being then sufficient, we
do not find more than one joint lodged in a socket, or concave im-
pression on the column ; but when increase of size renders a stronger
support necessary, two or three succeeding joints of the side arms
become imbedded in this socket, (for which its extension as already
noticed allows room) and these joints instead of being arranged in a
series branching off at right angles from the column, become oblique,
their direction inclining upwards, so as to aid in bearing the addi-
tional weight. The first joint of the side arms, where thus obliquely
inserted in the columnar socket, have that portion of their circum-
ference which is presented towards the upper part of the column,
truncated, in such a curve as may fit them to the concavity of the
impression where they rest against it.

The surface of these joints, which fit into the columnar impression,
is smooth, being destined for adhesion only, but the articulating sur-
face between the contiguous joints, where motion also is to be allowed,
exhibits the usual mechanism of radiated ridges and furrows. These
joints are convex on the side nearest the column, and concave on that
most remote."

GEOL. II. G

82 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 48. 49.

Tubercles which appear on the surface of Fig. 6.
(Original.)
X. Orifice of the Mouth.

Plate 48. V.l.p. 421.

Lily Encrinite, (Encrinites moniliformis,) from the Mus-
chel-kalk, near Gottingen ; in the Cabinet of the Marquis
of Northampton. (Original.)

Plate 49. V. I. p. 423. Note.

All the Figures in this Plate except Fig. 3, are taken
from the Petrefacten of Dr. Goldfuss, PI. LIII. and PL
LIV. They are so fully explained in our Vol. I. p. 421
and Notes, as to supersede the necessity of any further
detailed description.

Fig. 1. Restoration of the body and vertebral column of
Encrinites moniliformis.

Fio^. 2. Base of attachment.

Fig. 3. Portion of the summit of a vertebral column.
(Original.)

Fig. 4. Longitudinal section of Fig. 3. magnified. (See
V. I. p. 424. Note.)

Figs. 5, 7, 9. Joints from diflferent parts of the vertebral
column, showing the manner in which the articu-
lating surfaces are crenulated to admit of flexure.

Figs. 6, 8, 10. Vertical sections through the axis of Figs.
5, 7, 9. shewing the forms of the internal cavity for
the alimentary canal.

11 — 26. Profile and view of the articulating surfaces of
joints, from various parts of the vertebral column.
(See V. L p. 425. Note.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 50. 83

Plate 50. V. I, p. 421, et seq.

Fig. 1. Fragment of the upper portion of Encrinites
moniliformis, shewing the exterior of the Body,
Arms, and Fingers, nearly closed around the ten-
tacula. From a specimen belonging to Mr. Stokes.
(Original.)
K. Arms.

M. Hand.

N. Fingers.

Fig. 2. Another fragment of the upper portion of the
same species, reduced one-third, shewing the sum-
mit of the column, the exterior of the body, arms,
and fingers, and the manner in which the Tentacula
are folded when the animal is closed. See V. I.
p. 427. Note. (Copied from Parkinson's Organic
Remains, Vol. 2. PI. XIV. Fig. 1.)

Fig. 3. Side View of one finger, with its tentacula, (Gold-
fuss, PL LIV.)

Fig. 4. Interior of the body. See V. I. p. 428. Note.
(Miller, P. 40. PL II.)

M. Column.

E. Pelvis. |r First Costal Plate, j Second Costal Plate.

H. Scapula.

Fig. 5. Articulating surface of the base. (Goldfuss, PL
LIV.)

Fig. 6. Dissection of the Scapula. See V. I. p. 428,
Note. (Miller.)

Fig. 7. Dissection of upper costal Plates. (Miller.)

Fig. 8. Dissection of lower costal Plates. (Miller.)

Fig. 9. Dissection of Pelvis. (Miller.)

Fig. 10. Summit of vertebral Column. (Miller.)

Figs. 11 — 18. Articulations of the Plates composing the

84 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 51. 52.

abdominal cavity. See V. I. p. 428. Note. (Copied
from Miller's Crinoidea, P. 41. PI. III.)

Plate 51. V. I. p. 434, and 439.

Fig. 1. Pentacrinites Briareus, (nat. size) on a slab of
Lias from Lyme Regis, covered vi^ith a large group
of the same animals, in the collection of the Geolo-
gical Society of London. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Rare and beautiful specimen of Briarean Penta-
crinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis, in the collec-
tion of Mr. Johnson, of Bristol, shewing the plated
integument of the abdominal cavity, terminated up-
wards by a flexible Proboscis, and surrounded by
the commencement of the arms and fingers. This
part of the animal is very seldom preserved. See
V. L p. 439. (Original.)

Plate 52. V. L p. 432.

Fig. 1. Recent Pentacrinus Caput Medusae, from the
bottom of the sea, near the L Nevis, in the W. In-
dies, reduced from the Figure in Miller's Crinoidea,
P. 48, PL I. In the front of this Figure, two of
the arms with their hands and fingers are much
smaller than the others, and shew that these ani-
mals, when mutilated, have the power of reproducing
lost parts.

D. Auxiliary side arms, articulating at distant intervals,
with the vertebral column; these also, when muti-
lated, are reproduced,

j: First costal plate.

■j; Second costal plate.

H. Scapula.

I. Interscapulary joint.

Miller's description of this recent Type, of a family

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 52. 86

of which a few individuals only have hitherto been
found, affords examples of many very delicate and
beautiful mechanical contrivances, which throw im-
portant light on corresponding parts of the fossil
species of this, and of kindred genera that abound
in strata of the Secondary series, and more espe-
cially in the Lias. (See V. I. pp. 432. 433. 436.)

Fig. 2. Pentacrinus Europaeus, discovered in the Cove of
Cork, and on other parts of the coasts of Ireland, by
J. V. Thompson, esq. (See V. I. p. 432.) In this
figure several Individuals in different stages of de-
velopment, adhere by the base of an articulated
column to the stem of a Coralline.

Fig. 2'. One of the Individuals magnified and fully ex-
panded. See V. I. p. 433.

Mr. J.V. Thompson has more recently conjectured
that the Pentacrinus Europaeus, which in early life
is fixed by its stem to other bodies, is produced
from the ovum of the Comatula, and becomes after-
wards detached, and forms a perfect Comatula, ca-
pable of moving freely in the Ocean ; at one time
crawling amongst sub-marine Plants, at others float-
ing, or swimming like Medusfe. (See Proceedings
of Royal Society, London, June, 1835.)

Fig. 3. Small Briarean Pentacrinite, adhering to a frag-
ment of Jet from the Lias at Lyme Regis. (See V.
I. p. 437, Note.)

Fig. 4. Fragment of the column of Pentacrinites sub-
angularis. The Vertebrae are nicely articulated to
admit of flexure without risk of dislocation. The
uppermost joint d. shews the lateral cavities for the
articulation of auxiliary side arms. (Goldfuss. PI.
LII. f. g.)

Fig. 5. Vertical Section of Fig. 4. In this Fig. and in

86 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 52.

Fig. 4, the joints are of three degrees of magnitude ;
those at a. being the largest, those at c. the smallest
and thinnest, and those at h. of an intermediate
size. The edges of c. appear at the surface only
upon the salient portion of the column, Fig. 4. (See
V. I. p. 436, Note.)
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13. Portions of the vertebral column
of Pentacrinites basaltiformis. 6, 8, 12, shew the
stellated crenulations on the articulating facets of
different parts of the column ; 7, 9, shew the tuber-
cles on the exterior of each columnar joint, for the
attachment of cortical contractile fibres. 13. c/,
shews the articulating facets of the auxiliary side
arms. (Goldfuss.)
Fig. 10. Articulating facet of a columnar joint of Pen-
tacrinites scalaris. (Goldfuss. PL LII. 3. h.)
Fig. 11. Fragment of a column of the same species.
The joint d, bears sockets for the articulation of the
side arms. The other joints have large tubercles
for the attachment of cortical fibres. (Goldfuss, PI.
LII. 3. p.)
Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Articulating surfaces of joints in
different parts of the column in Pentacrinites sub-
angularis. The mechanism of each star seems diffe-
rently disposed, to modify the amount of motion re-
quired at their respective places in the column. The
tubercular surfaces between the rays or petals of the
star indicate the action of the intervertebral contrac-
tile fibres. (Goldfuss, PI. LII. 1. m, n. o. p.)

Plate 53. V. I. p. 434, Note, et seq.
Figs. 1. 2. Upper parts of two nearly entire specimens
of Briarean Pentacrinite, projecting in high reHef
from the surface of a slab, nearly two inches thick.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53. 87

and entirely composed of a mass of petrified Ossi-
cula of the same species of Pentacrinite. The sur-
face of these fossils is covered with a delicate film
of Iron Pyrites, which gives them the appearance of
beautiful Bronze. (Original.)

P. Continuation of the stem of Fig. 1.

2^ Portion of the stem of Fig. 2.

The length of these stems when entire, was three
or four times that of the fragments here remaining.
Upon the stem 2", nearly all the side arms retain
their places in the grooves on each side of the salient
angles of the pentagonal column ; they diminish in
size as they approach its upper extremity. This is
also distinctly seen at the upper end of the column
of Fig. 1.

Y First costal plate. ^ Second costal plate.

Fig. 3. Portion of a third column retaining nearly all its
auxiliary side arms in their natural place.

Fig. 3^ Continuation of the same column deprived of
the side arms.

Fig. 4. Portion of another column, with traces of a few
side arms rising from the lateral grooves.

Fig. 4". Continuation of Fig. 4.

Fig. 5. Fragment of another column, the joints of which
are so much bent without dislocation, as almost to
give the column the appearance of a spiral disposi-
tion.

Fig. 6. Body of a Briarean Pentacrinite and summit of
its column, shewing the interior of the ossicula that
surround the abdominal cavity.

E. Pelvis. I First costal Plate. From a specimen in the
Oxford Museum. (Original.)

Fig. 7. Fragment of a column in the collection of Mr.
J. Sowerby, shewing the oblique articulation of the

88 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53. /

base of the side arms, with the larger joints of the
vertebral column. See V. I. p. 439. Note. (Original.)

Fig. 8. Magnified Section of a portion of a Column in
the Oxford Museum. The joints, as in PL 52, Fig.
4, 5, and in PL 49, Figs. 3, 4, are alternately thicker
and thinner; with a third, and still thinner joint
interposed between them. See V. I. p. 435, Note.
(Original.)

Fig. 8^ Nat. size of Fig. 8.

Fig. 8". Portion of a Column, shewing the manner in
which the edges of the thinnest plates, c, are visible
along the salient angles only. In the intermediate
grooves the thicker plates, of the first and second
sizes, fl, bf overlap and conceal the edges of the
thinnest plates, c. The principle of this mechanism
is the same as in Pentacrinites subangularis, PL
52, Figs. 4, 5, and in Encrinites moniliformis, PL
49, Figs. 3, 4 ; but the circular form of the column
in the latter, causes the smallest plate, c, to be
visible around its entire circumference. See V. I.
p. 435, Note. (Original.)

The bases of two side arms are seen in two of the
grooves, articulating with the uppermost large joint
of this column. On other large joints are seen the
sockets from which similar side arms have fallen.

Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Various stellated forms on the
articulating surfaces of Vertebrae, preserved in the
dislocated mass beneath Figs. 1, 2. These petal-
shaped, and crenated rays were probably adapted
to produce various degrees of flexibility, according
to their respective places in the column. The small
Vertebra on Fig. 13, is derived from another indi-
vidual. (Original.)

The aperture at the centre of all these Vertebrae
was for the passage of the alimentary canal, which

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 54. 89

Miller considers to have sent off ten branches at
every joint, five to the interior and five to the exte-
rior of the petals.

Fig. 14. One of the largest auxiliary side arms. Some
of these contained more than 100 joints. See V. I.
p. 438. (Goldfuss.)

a, hy c. represent different forms of the joints at different
parts of the side arms, with their nicely adjusted
articulating surfaces.

Figs. 15, 16, «, hy &c. Various modifications of the
articulating surfaces of the joints composing the
fingers and tentacula. (Goldfuss, PI. LI.)

Fig. 17. Magnified extremity of one of the tentacula.
The two last joints form a very delicate pair of pin-
cers, to lay hold on its prey. (Original.)

Plate 54. V. I. p. 442.

Fig. 1. Caryophyllia arbuscula, nat. size, with the ani-
mals expanded. (Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Tom.
6, PI. 15, f. 2.)

Fig. 2. The animal of Fig. 1. magnified ; as seen from
above.

Fig. 3. Vertical section of the cup of Meandrina laby-
rinthica, with the animal placed within it. (Mem.
du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Tom. 6, PI. 16, 10 b.)

Fig. 4. a. The common Actinia, or Sea Anemone, ex-
panded, h. The same contracted within its external
skin. (Encyc. Method. PL 72. 6.*)

Fig. 5. Madrepora gyrosa. (Ellis. Zooph. Tab. 51,
Fig. 2.)

* This animal has no calcareous cell, but contracts itself into a
tough fleshy sac, see Fig. 4 h. At a. the Tentacula are represented
in a state of expansion. Some of these Polypes present the same
display of brilliant colours as many of those which construct per-
sistent calcareous cells.

90 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 55, 56.

Fig. 6. Section of the animal of Meandrina viridis, and

of the coral in which it is placed.
Fig. 7. Animals of Meandrina limosa as seen from

above, and magnified ; they are placed in confluent

stellated cells similar to those in Fig. 5.
Fig. 8. One of the same, seen in profile, with the edges

of its coralline plates behind the tentacula. (Mem.

du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Tom. 6, PL 15. 4.)
Fig. 9. Caryophylha Smithii, from Torquay. Nat. size.
Fig. 10. The same, with its animal partially expanded,

within the centre of the coral.
Fig. 11. The animal expanded, and seen from above.

(Zoological Journal, Vol. 3. PI. 13.)

Plate 55. V. I. p. 466.

Fig. 1. A. B. C. Trunk, and dichotomous branches of a
fossil tree, Lepidodendron Sternbergii, found in the
roof of a coal mine at Swina, in Bohemia. (Stern-
berg, Tab. I.) <•

Fig. 2. The extremity of a branch with leaves attached
to it, from ten to twelve inches long.* (Sternberg,
Tab. II.)

Fig 3. Extremity of another branch, with indications of
fructification somewhat resembling a cone. (Stern-
berg.)

Plate 56. V. I. p. 469, et seq.

Extinct Plants from the Coal Formation.

Fig. 1. Copied from a sketch by Mr. Sop with, of the
base of a large trunk of Sigillaria standing in 1803,
in the cUfF at Bog Hall, near Newbiggin, on the

* By an error in copying this figure the branches are made too
broad in proportion to the leaves.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. 91

coast of Northumberland. This fragment is about
five feet high, and two feet three inches in diameter
at its base.* Scale one-twenty-fourth. (Sopwith.)
2. Fragment of the bark on the trunk of a Sigillaria,
from Earl Fitzwilliam's coal mine at Elsecar, near
Rotherham. In this mine many large trunks are
seen inclined in all directions, and some nearly ver-
tical. (See V. I. p. 470, Note.) The bark is converted
into a thin lamina of coal, and remains attached to
the lower portion of this specimen. It exhibits on
its outer surface scars formed by the articulations
of the bases of leaves; these are penetrated near
their centre by three apertures for vessels that
passed from each leaf into the trunk. The decorti-
cated upper part of this specimen presents an im-
pression of its striated internal surface, and exhibits
beneath each scale two oblong parallel apertures,
through which the vessels from a leaf penetrated
the trunk. Scale one-half. (Original.)

The substance of the trunk must have been in
a state of decay, before the mud, which is now har-
dened into shale, could have entered the interior of
the bark. When trunks of this kind are inclined
at an angle exceeding 45"*, they are usually dis-
tended with sandstone, or sandy shale ; when at a
less angle than 45% they are most commonly com-
pressed, and have only a thin flat portion of shale,
formed of indurated mud within their bark. The
bark, wherever it has not perished, is converted to
coal.
2'. Articulating leaf-scar on the exterior of the bark of
another large trunk of Sigillaria from Elsecar. Nat.

* M. Ad. Brongniart found a stem of Sigillaria in a coal mine at
Essen in Westphalia, which was dichotomous near its top.

92 EXPLAIN ATION OF PLATE 56.

size. On comparing this scar with those upon the
bark of Fig. 2, it may be seen that the different
modes of articulation of the leaves with the cortical
integument present obvious characters, on which
specific distinctions may perhaps most easily be
established, in this very obscure and curious family
of extinct plants. See various figures of these leaf-
scars in Lindley and Hutton's Fossil Flora, Plates
55. 56, 57. 71. 72. &c. In Figs. 2, and 2', as in
many other species, decurrent lines are visible on
both sides of the scar. (Original.)
Fig. 3. Ulodendron Allanii, (nobis) scale one-fifth.
See V. I. p. 475. Note. Drawn from a plaster cast
of an impression on sandstone, in the Museum of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh from the Coal for-
mation at Craigleith. This sandstone has formed
a natural mould on the outer surface of a stem,
which has entirely perished ; our cast gives a fac-
simile of the small rhomboidal scales, and of three
large round scars on the exterior of the trunk.
This impression has been figured, in an inverted
position, by Mr. Allan in Vol. IX. Trans. Royal
Soc. Edin. 1823. PI. XIV. p. 236. (Original.)

Our figure represents the trunk in its natural
position. In the centre of each scar is a cavity,
indicating the place of attachment of a cone. The
upper portion of each scar is marked with furrows,
produced by pressure of the long radiating scales
at the bottom of the cone. This pressure has
nearly obliterated the smaller rhomboidal scales of
the bark, in those parts where the furrows are
deepest; on the lower portion of the scars, the
scales of the bark have been but slightly modified
by pressure of the cone.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. 93

Fig. 4. A single scar formed by the attachment of a cone
of another species, Ulodendron Lucasii, (nobis) dis-
covered by Mr. Lucas in the S. Wales Coal field
near Swansea. Some scales and speared-shaped
leaves of the trmik are still preserved around the mar-
gin of this scar. As the bark has fallen off, we have
only the impression of its inner surface. This sur-
face exhibits small apertures, through which vessels
entered from beneath the bark-scales into the trunk.
On the upper part of the disk, the traces of many
of these vessels have been obliterated by pressure
of the cone. Scale one-fourth. (Original.)

Fig. 5, Ulodendron Stokesii. (jiobis) A large oval scar,
(4 J inches in its longer, and 3| inches in its shorter
diameter) preserved in shale from an unknown lo-
cality in the English Coal Formation. On the
margin of this scar are the remains of rhomboidal
scales, and impressions of scales, and a few small
leaves. Within the disk a few fragments only of
the bark remain near its upper margin. Near its
centre, is the mark of the insertion of the stem of
a large cone. The lower half exhibits a series of
small tubular cavities, marking the place of vessels
which passed from the bark into the trunk, one
beneath each of the bark-scales that have fallen off.
In the upper half of the Scar, there are but slight
traces of these cavities, and the surface is marked
with furrows, produced by pressure of the long
radiating scales of the base of the cone. Scale one-
fifth. (Original.)

Fig. 6. Ulodendron Rhodii. (nobis) Scar on a scaly
stem, from the Coal field of Silesia, figured by Rhode
in his Beitrage zur Pflanzenkunde der Vorwelt, L.
2. PL 3. Fig. 1. The lower portion of this Scar

94 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56.

retains the bark-scales modified by pressure of the
Strobilus or cone that grew from the centre of the
disk. The upper portion of the Scar is without in-
dications of bark-scales, and is covered with radi-
ating furrows, impressed on it by the long slender
scales of the base of the Strobilus, which have obli-
terated the bark-scales.*

The character of this scar approaches to that of
Fig. 5, but its proportions differ, measuring 3j
inches in the longer, and 2J inches in the shorter
diameter. The scaly bark (which in Fig. 5 has
been almost entirely removed from the area of the
scar), is preserved on the lower portion of the disk
of Fig. 6. Scale two-ninths. (Original.)
Fig. 6\ Cast of Ulodendron Conybearii (nobis) formed
by Pennant sandstone of the Coal formation at
Stapleton near Bristol. This cast expresses the
exact form of an oval scar, or cavity on a stem
from which a cone had fallen off.

The disk is covered with slight ridges and furrows,
radiating in all directions from the point of inser-
tion of the cone, and formed by pressure of its
lowest scales upon the portion of the stem to which
it was attached. Beneath the point of insertion, a

* The portions above and below the line drawn across Fig. 6, are
copied from two scars in Rhode's figure. Rhode considers these
impressions to be flowers, and the compressed bark-scales to be the
Petioles of the flower, and lias represented the trunk in an inverted
position.

As, in every species of Ulodendron which we have seen, the fur-
rows produced by scales at the base of the cone, are deepest on the
upper portion of the Scar, we infer from this circumstance that the
cones were inclined upwards and inwards, with their axis approxi-
mating to that of the stem from which they issued.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. 9l5

few small scales of the bark remain adhering to the
Sandstone. Scale one-fourth. (Original.)

Fig. 7. Portion of the trunk of Favularia, one-fourth
nat. size. This plant is distinguished by the tessel-
lated appearance of the scales, which cover the space
between each fluting of the Bark. In the centre of
the area of each scale is a club-shaped scar, which
gave origin to a leaf; it was a dicotyledonous plant,
probably allied to Sigillaria ; and its stem must
have been covered with a mass of densely imbricated
foliage. In the Genus Sigillaria the leaves were
more distant from one another. The Rows of scars
are separated by a groove. Fig. 7. b. ; their dispo-
sition in the vertical direction is indicated by the
line a. (Lindley, Foss. Fl. PI. 73.)

Fig. 8. Reduced from Lindley and Button's figure (PL
31) of the central portion of a Stigmaria ficoides^
from Shale in the roof of the Jarrow colliery near
Newcastle. We have here a view of the inferior
surface of this curious plant. Its dome-shaped
hollow central trunk, or stem, was three feet in
diameter, and fitted to sustain horizontally in a
floating position the numerous long branches by
which it was surrounded ; these divide into two, at
a certain distance from the Trunk. When perfect^
and floating in water, its appearance must have
resembled the form of an Asterias. On the two
longest branches, a. h, is seen the longitudinal de-
pression, which is usually adjacent to the small
internal woody axis of these branches, and from its
position in this fossil, we learn that the place of
this depression was on the inferior surface of each
branch. Scale one-twenty-fourth. (See V. I. p.
476.)

96 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56*.

Fig. 9. Vertical section of the dome-shaped trunk of
Stigmaria, shewing the relative position of the
branches. (Lindley and Hutton.)

Fig. 10. Restored portion of a branch of Stigmaria,
shewing the manner in which the long cylindrical
leaves proceeded from the tubercles around its sur-
face to the length of many feet. In front, extend-
ing from a. to h. is seen the depression adjacent to
the internal eccentric woody axis a. From h. to c.
this axis is laid bare by the removal of a portion of
the sandstone. This part of the axis is drawn from
a specimen in the Oxford Museum. Scale one-
seventh. (Original.)

Fig. 11. Fragment of a branch of Stigmaria, shewing
the character of the Tubercles, which formed arti-
culations with the bases of the leaves. The enlarge-
ment of the leaf towards its base («) seems to have
been calculated to strengthen this part, and to afford
space for the articulating socket. This socket
formed, with the spherical tubercle, an universal ball
and socket joint, admitting of motion in every di-
rection to a long cylindrical leaf floating in water.
Scale one-half. (Sternberg.)

Plate m^", V. I. p. 483 et seq.

Appearances presented by longitudinal and transverse
sections of recent and fossil Coniferous woods, cut into
thin shces, and magnified 400 times. (Nicol.)

Fig. 1. Longitudinal Section of Pinus Strobus, cut pa-
rallel to a medullary ray.

Fig. 2. Transverse Section of the same.

a. a. Portions of concentric annual layers.

Fig. 3. Longitudinal Section of Araucaria Cunninghami.

Fig. 4. Transverse Section of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 57. 97

Fig. 5. Longitudinal Sections of Araucaria excelsa,
shewing polygonal disks, in double and triple rows,
on the surface of the longitudinal tubes. Some of
the tubes are without disks, as in all Coniferae.

Fio;. 6. Transverse Section of Araucaria excelsa.

a. Portion of concentric annual layer.

Fio;. 7. Radiating; and concentric structure of a branch
of Pinus, as seen by the naked eye in a transverse
section; the microscopic reticulations are omitted.
(SeeV. I. p. 486. Note.)

a. a. Concentric annual layers, indicating periodical
growth.

Fig. 8. Longitudinal Section of Pinus, shewing the rela-
tive positions of the longitudinal vessels and me-
dullary rays.

a, Longitudinal vessels, forming the woody fibres.

hj Medullary rays.

Plate 57. V. L p. 494.

Sections exhibiting the silicified remains of ConiferaB
and Cycadese, in their native bed, between the Portland
and Purbeck stone, on the coast of Dorsetshire.

Fig. 1. Appearance of trunks and roots of large Coni-
ferous trees, and of trunks of Cycadites, in the
black earth, which formed the soil of an ancient
Forest in the Isle of Portland. (De la Beche.)

Fig. 2. Remarkable concentric Ridges of Stone, around
the erect stump of a Fossil Tree in the Isle of
Portland. See V. I. p. 495. Note. (Henslow.)

Fig. 3. Inclined position of the petrified stumps of large
Coniferge, and of the bed of black mould and peb-
bles in which they grew, near Lulworth Cove, on
the Coast of Dorset. (Buckland.)

GEOL. II. H

98 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 58. 59. 60. 61.

Plate 58. V. I. p. 493.

Cycas revoluta, producing Buds from the axillse of the
scales, or persistent bases of leaves, that form the false
bark. Drawn from a plant in the conservatory of Lord
Grenville at Dropmore, 1832.

Plate 59. V. I. p. 494.

Fig. 1. Zamia pungens, with its fruit, as it grew at

Walton on Thames, 1832, in the Conservatory of

Lady Tankerville. (Lambert.)
Fig. 2. Transverse section of the trunk of Zamia horrida,

from the Cape of Good Hope. (Buckland.)
Fig. 3. Transverse section of a young trunk of Cycas

revoluta. See Geol. Trans. Lond. 1828. N. S. Vol. ii.

Pt. 3. PI. 46. (Buckland.)

Plate 60. V. L p. 497.

Fig. 1. Silicified trunk of Cycadites megalophyllus,
from the Dirt bed in the Isle of Portland. (Ori-
ginal.)
Fig. 2. Portion of the Base of Fig. 1. See V. L p. 497,

Note. (Original.)
In Plates 60, 61, A represents the central mass of cellular
tissue. B the single circle of radiating woody plates.
C the circle of cellular tissue, surrounding B. And D
the case or false Bark, surrounding C. And in PI. 61,
Fig. 1, b, represents a second circle of radiating woody
plates.

Plate 61. V. I. p. 497. Note.

Fig. 1. Sihcified trunk of Cycadites microphyllus, from
the Isle of Portland, with numerous buds rising
from the axillee of the Petioles. (Original.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 62. 99

Figs. 2, 3. Vertical sections of agatised Petioles, com-
posing the false bark on the trunk of Cycadites
microphyllus, and of embryo Buds. In the bud,
Fig. 2. d. the division between the two woody circles
is not distinct. In Fig. 3. 'd. it is very obvious ; but
the intermediate circle of cellular tissue is repre-
sented only by a fine line. See V. I. p. 498, Note,
and p. 500, Note. (Original.)
In the sections of PI. 61, Figs. 2, 3, and PL 62, the
following letters are used to indicate the same parts, a,
cotton, or down ; h, integument of petioles or scales ; c,
bundles of vessels; dy woody circles; e, imperfect woody
circles; fj cellular tissue; g, embryo bud; A, gum ves-
sels.*

Plate 62. V. I. p. 498, Note.

Fig. 1. Longitudinal section of a Petiole of Zamia spi-
ralis magnified two times. It exhibits four bundles
of vessels passing longitudinally through the cellular
tissue, which is interspersed with gum vessels. V.
I. p. 499. (Original.)

A. Transverse section of Fig. 1. magnified, and showing

the irregular disposition of the bundles of vessels.
(Original.)
c\ Magnified view of one of the bundles of vessels at
A, c. (Original.)

B. c". Magnified transverse section of a bundle of ves-

sels in the petiole of Zamia horrida. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of a portion of an agatised
petiole of Cycadites microphyllus, from Portland,
magnified four times. The down or cotton at «, is

* These very beautiful and instructive Bections were presented to
me by Mr. Witham, being portions of a trunk which I had placed
at his disposition.

100 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 62.

most beautifully preserved, and the integuments of
the petiole 6, longitudinal vessels e, and gum ves-
sels j\ correspond with those in Fig. 1. See V. I.
p. 499, Note. (Original.)^^
Fig. 3. Transverse section of a portion of the lowest
Petioles, in PL 61. Fig. 3, Z>, c, magnified four
times. The disposition of the bundles of vessels is
nearly parallel to the integument of the Petiole.f
d. Magnified portion of the double woody circle, within

the Embryo bud, PL 61. Fig. 3, 'd.
d\ More highly magnified portion of the embryo double

woody circle d.
c. More highly magnified section of one of the bundles

of vessels, adjacent to c.
These bundles of vessels exhibit, in their transverse
Section, a series of minute tubes, arranged in rows, and
between these rows, opaque plates of compressed cellular
tissue^ resembling portions of medullary rays.

The fibrous structure of the integument is preserved in
several parts of ^. See V. I. p. 501, Note. (Original.)

* Mr. Robert Brown has noticed in the cellular tissue of a silicified
trunk of Cycadites, portions of Chalcedony hearing the form of ex-
travasated gum within the trunks of recent Cycadeae. He has also
recognised spiral vessels, in the laminated woody circle of a mature
trunk of fossil Cycadites, and also in the laminated circle within a
silicified hud of the same, near its origin.

■\ A familiar example of a nearly similar disposition of bundles
of vessels, passing into the Petiole or leaf-stalk, may be seen in the
base of the fresh fallen leaves from a horse-chestnut tree, or in the
scars on a cabbage-stalk, from which leaves have fallen off.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 63. 101

Plate 63.* V. I. p. 503.

Fig. 1. Recent Pandanus, of S. America, twenty feet
high, with its fruit attached. (Mirbel.)

Fig. 2. Fossil fruit of Podocarya, from the Inferior Oolite,
near Charmouth, Dorset. Great part of the surface
is covered with a stellated Epicarpium ; the points
of many seeds project in those parts (^) where the
Epicarpium is wanting. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Reverse of Fig. 2. shewing the seeds placed in
single cells (b) around the circumference of the fruit.
These seeds stand on a congeries of foot-stalks (d)
composed of long fibres, which terminate in the re-
ceptacle, (r) The surface of the receptacle is studded
over with small disks, in which these foot-stalks
originate. (Original.)

Fig. 4. Base of the same fruit, shewing the transverse
section of the receptacle (r), and the summits of
many abortive cells on the left side of the receptacle.
(Original.)

Fig. 5. A single seed of Podocarya converted to carbo-
nate of lime. Nat. size. . (Original.)

Fig. 6. The same magnified. (Original.)

Fig. 7. Transverse section of a seed magnified. Two
lunate marks, of a darker colour than the other part,
appear near its centre, f. See Fig. 8. and the
middle of Fig. 10. (Original.)

Fig. 8. Magnified portion of Fig. 3 : shewing a withered

* Explanation of Letters of Reference.

a. Stellated tubercles, each one covering the apex of a single seed.

6. Sections of the seed cells.

c. Bases of cells from which seeds have fallen.

(L Fibrous foot-stalks between the seeds and receptacle.

e. Apices of seeds uncovered.

/. Transverse section of seeds.

102 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 63.

stigma in the centre of each hexagonal tubercle (a) ;
beneath these tubercles is a longitudinal Section of
the single cells (i), each containing one seed(/);
and in front of these cells are the hollow bases of
other cells (c, c) from which seeds have been re-
moved. (Original.)

Fig. 9. Another magnified portion, shewing the apices
of many seeds (e) from which the Epicarpium has
been removed. (Original.)

Fig. 10. Another magnified portion, shewing at a, h, c,
more distinctly the same parts as at Fig. 8 ; and at
d, the upper portion of the fibrous foot-stalks be-
neath the bases of the cells, c. (Original.)

Fig. 11. Summit of one of the drupes or groups of cells
into which the fruit of the recent Pandanus is
divided ; shewing an hexagonal disposition of the
coronary tubercles, each bearing at its centre the
remains of a stigma, as in the Podocarya. See Figs.
16. 17. (Original.)

Fig, 12. Exterior of a single seed-cell of Pandanus odo-
ratissimus. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. PL 14.)

Fig. 13. Section of a Drupe of Pandanus odoratissimus.
The central cell containing a seed, is placed between
two abortive cells. At the apex of each cell in this
drupe («) is a withered stigma. (Roxborough Coro-
mandel. PI. 96.)

Figs. 14, 15. Sections of a Drupe of Pandanus odora-
tissimus, shewing the seeds within the prolific cells
surrounded by a hard nut. Beneath this nut is a
mass of rigid fibres like those beneath the seeds of
Podocarya. (Jaquin.)

Fig. 16. Summit of the hexagonal tubercle at the apex
of a cell of Pandanus humilis, with a withered
stigma in the centre. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. PI. 14.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 64. 65. 103

Fig. 17. Side view of another tubercle of the same
species. (Jaquin. Frag. Bot. PL 14.)

Plate 64. V. I. p. 517.

Fig. 1. Fossil leaf of a FlabelUform Palm from the Gyp-
sum of Aix in Provence. (Brongniart.)

Fig. 2. Upper portion of the Fossil trunk of a tree
allied to Palms (nearly four feet in diameter), from
the Calcaire Grossier at Vaillet, near Soissons, pre-
served in the Museum d'Hist. Nat. at Paris. See
p. 516, Note. (Brongniart.)

Plate 65. V. I. p. 529.

Fig. 1 . Section across the Wednesbury Coal basin from
Dudley to Walsall. (Jukes.)

The extensive Iron foundries which cover the
surface of this district, and the greater part of the
manufactures in the adjacent town of Birmingham,
originate in the Coal and Iron ore, with which the
strata of shale in this Coal basin are richly loaded.

The Dudley Limestone, here found immediately
below the Coal formation, occurs usually at a much
greater depth in the series. The Mountain Lime-
stone, Old red Sandstone, and Ludlow rocks, are
here wanting. (See PI. 66, Fig. 1.)
Fig. 2. Section, shewing the basin-shaped disposition of
the Carboniferous strata in S. Wales. (Rev. W.
D. Conybeare.)

The richest beds of Coal and Iron ore are placed
almost immediately above the Mountain limestone.
(See pp. 65, 529.) It is to this district that our
Posterity must look for their future supply of Coals,
and transfer the site of their Manufactures, wheii

104 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 66.

the Coal fields of the northern and central parts
of England shall be exhausted.^
Fio-. 3. Section of inclined Carboniferous strata, over-

o

laid unconformably by horizontal strata of New
Red Sandstone, Lias, and Oolite, in Somersetshire.

This Section illustrates the manner in which Car-
boniferous strata have been elevated at their extre-
mities around the circumference of a basin, and
depressed towards its centre, and also intersected
by fractures or Faults. See V. I. pp. 527, 542.

In Section 1, 2, of this Plate, no notice is taken
of the Faults which intersect the Coal basins.

Plate 66. V. I. p. 527, Note.

Fig. 1. Section of the strata composing the Silurian
System, and the lower part of the Carboniferous
System, on the frontiers of England and Wales.
(Murchison.)

Fig. 2. Appearance of Faults intersecting the Coal for-
mation near Newcastle-on-Tyne, copied from a
portion of one of Mr. Buddie's important sections
of the Newcastle Coal field, in the Transactions of
the Nat. Hist. Society of Northumberland, V. I.
Pt. 3, PI. XXI. XXII. XXIII.f The advantages

* The lower and richest beds of this Coal district are not only
raised to the surface, and rendered easily accessible around the ex-
ternal margin of the basin, but are also brought within reach in
consequence of another important elevation, along an anticlinal line,
running nearly E. and W. through a considerable portion of the in-
terior of the basin, in the direction of its longer diameter.

t I feel it a public duty to make known an act of Mr. Buddie,
which will entitle hira to the gratitude of posterity, and has set an
example, which, if generally followed in all extensive collieries, will
save the lives of thousands of unfortunate miners, that must other-
wise perish for want of information which can, at this time, be easily
recorded for their preservation. This eminent Engineer and Coal
Viewer has presented to the Natural History Society of Newcastle,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67. 106

resulting from these Interruptions of the continuity
of the strata are pointed out in pp. 543, 544.

A large portion of the surface of these strata
near Newcastle is covered with a thick bed of
diluvial Clay interspersed with Pebbles, in the
manner represented at the top of this Section. The
effect of this Clay must be to exclude much rain-
water that would have percolated downwards into
the Coal mines, had strata of porous Sandstone
formed the actual surface.

Plate 67. V. I. p. 559.

Fig. 1. represents the case of a valley of Denudation in
stratified rocks, terminated abruptly by a cliff on

copies of his most important plans and sections, accompanied by
written documents, of the under ground workings in the Collieries
near that town, in which all those spaces are carefully noted, from
whence the Coal has been extracted. Every practical Miner is too
well acquainted with the danger of approaching ancient workings in
consequence of the accumulation of water in those parts from which
Coal has been removed. The sudden irruption of this water into a
mine adjacent to such reservoirs is occasionally attended with most
calamitous and fatal results. See History of Fossil Fuel, the Col-
lieries and Coal Trade, 1835. P. 249 et seq.

The dictates of humanity which prompt us to aid in the preserva-
tion of human life, no less than the economical view of rendering
available at a future time the residuary portions of our beds of
Coal, which will not now repay the cost of extracting them, should
induce all proprietors and other persons connected with Coal Mines,
and especially Engineers and Coal Viewers, to leave to their succes-
sors a legacy, which will to them be precious, by preserving minute
and exact records of the state of the coal in their respective districts.
It can, however, scarcely be expected, that such measures will be
generally and systematically adopted throughout the many Coal
fields of this country, unless the subject be legislatively taken up by
those official persons, whom it behoves, as guardians of the future
welfare of the nation, to institute due measures, whilst the opportu-
nities exist, for preventing that loss of life and property, which a
little attention bestowed in season, will preserve to posterity.

106 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.

the sea-shore; this figure is intended to illustra
two causes of the production of Springs by desce
of water from porous strata at higher levels; t
first, producing discharges in vallies of Denudatio
along the line of junction of porous with imperm
able strata ; the other, by the interruption offeri
to descent of water by Faults that intersect t
strata.

The Hills A, C, are supposed to be formed of
permeable stratum a, a\ d\ resting on an impe
meable bed of Clay h, h'j b". Between these t
Hills is a Valley of Denudation, B. Towards the
bead of this Valley the junction of the permeable
stratum a, a% with the Clay bed bj b' , produces a
spring at the point S. ; here the intersection of
these strata by the denudation of the valley affords
a perennial issue to the Rain water, which falls
upon the adjacent upland plain, and percolating
downwards to the bottom of the porous stratum a, a',
accumulates therein until it is discharged by nume-
rous springs, in positions similar to S, near the head
and alono; the sides of the vallies which intersect
the junction of the stratum a, a'y with the stratum
h,b'. See V. I. p. 559.*

The Hill C, represents the case of a spring pro-
duced by a Fault, H. The Rain that falls upon
this Hill between H, and D, descends through the
porous stratum a", to the subjacent bed of Clay b" .

* The term Combe, so common in the names of upland Villages,
is usually applied to that unwatered portion of a valley, which forms
its continuation beyond, and above the most elevated spring that issues
into it ; at this point, or spring head, the valley ends, and the Combe
begins. The conveniences of vrater and shelter which these spring- t
heads afford, have usually fixed the site of the highest villages that
are planted around the margin of elevated plains.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67. 107

The inclination of this bed directs its course to-
wards the Fault H, where its progress is intercepted
by the dislocated edge of the Clay bed h' , and a
spring is formed at the point f. Springs originating
in causes of this kind are of very frequent occur-
rence, and are easily recognized in cliffs upon the
sea-shore.''^ In inland districts, the fractures which
cause these springs are usually less apparent, and
the issues of water often give to the Geologist notice
of Faults, of which the form of the surface affords
no visible indication. See V. I. p. 560, Note.
Fig. 2. Section of the valley of Pyrmont in Westphalia.
A cold chalybeate water rises in this valley at d,
through broken fragments of New Red Sandstone,
filling a fracture which forms the Axis of Elevation
of the valley. The strata are elevated unequally
on opposite sides of this fracture. See V. I. p. 561.
(Hoffmann.)

Explajiation of Letters referred to in this Figure,

a. Keuper.

b. Muschel-kalk or shelly Limestone.

c. Variegated Sandstone.

d. Cold chalybeate Springs rising through a fracture on

the Axis of Elevation of the Valley.
M. The Muhlberg, 1107 feet above the sea.
B. The Bomberg, 1 136 feet above the sea.
P. Pyrmont, 250 feet above the sea.

Fig. 3. Section reduced from Thomas's survey of the
mining district of Cornwall (1819) ; it exhibits

* Three such cases may be seen on the banks of the Severn near
Bristol, in small faults that traverse the low cliff of Red Marl and
Lias on the N. E. of the Aust Passage. See Geol. Trans. N. S.
Vol. I. Pt. II. PI. 37.

108 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 67.

the manner in which the Granite and Slate neai
Redruth are intersected by metalliferous Veinsj,
terminated abruptly at the surface, and descending
to an unknown depth ; these Veins are usually most
productive near the junction of the Granite with the
Slate, and where one Vein intersects another. The
mean direction of the greatest number of them
nearly from E. N. E. to W. S. W. They are intern
sected nearly at right angles by other and less nu-
merous Veins called Cross Courses, the contents
of which usually differ from those of the E. and
W. veins, and are seldom metalliferous.

The Granite and Killas and other rocks which
intersect them, e. g. Dykes and intruded masses of
more recent Granite, and of various kinds of por-
phyritic rocks called Elvans (see PI. 1, a 9. h. c.)
are considered to have occupied their present rela-
tive positions, before the origin of the fissures,
which form the metalliferous Veins, that intersect
them all. (SeeV. I. p. 550.)*

* In Vol. I. p. 552, Note, a reference is made to some important
observations by Mr. R. W. Fox on the Electro-magnetic actions
which are now going on in the mines of Cornwall, as being likely to
throw important liglit on the manner in which the ores have been
introduced to metallic veins.

The following observations by the same gentleman in a recent
communication to the Geological Society of London, (April, 1836,)
appear to contain the rudiments of a Theory, which, when maturely
developed, promises to oifer a solution of this difficult and complex
Problem.

" If it be admitted that fissures may have been produced by changes
in the temperature of the earth, there can be little difficulty in also
admitting that electricity may have powerfully influenced the existing
arrangement of the contents of mineral veins. How are we other-
wise to account for the relative position of veins of different kinds
with respect to each other, and likewise of their contents in reference
to the rocks which they traverse, and many other phenomena ob-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 68. 109

Plate 68. V. I. p. 563.

Section shewing the basin-shaped disposition of Strata
belonging to the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations, in
the Basin of London, and illustrating the causes of the
rrse of water in Artesian Wells. See V. I. p. 564. Note.
(Original.)

servable in them? Copper, Tin, Iron, and Zinc, in combination
with the sulplmric and muriatic acids, being very soluble in water,
are, in this state, capable of conducting voltaic electricity ; so, if by
means of infiltration, or any other process, we suppose the water
to have been impregnated with any of these metallic salts, the
rocks containing different salts would undoubtedly become in diffe-
rent or opposite electrical conditions ; and hence, if there were no
other cause, electric currents would be generated, and be readily
transmitted through the fissures containing water with salts in solu-
tion ; and decompositions of the salts and a transference of their
elements, in some cases, to great distances, would be the natural re-
sult. But, on the known principles of Electro-magnetism , it is evi-
dent that such currents would be more or less influenced in their
direction and intensity by the magnetism of the earth. They cannot,
for instance, pass from N. to S. or from S. to N. so easily as from
E. to W. but more so than from W. to E. The terrestrial magne-
tism would therefore tend, in a greater or less degree, to direct the
voltaic currents through those fissures which might approximate to
an east and west bearing, and in separating the saline constituents,
would deposit the metal within or near the electro-negative rock,
and the acid would be determined towards the electro-positive rock,
and probably enter new combinations. Or, the sulphuric acid might,
by means of the same agency, be resolved into its elements ; in which
case the sulphur would take the direction of the metal, and the ox-
ygen of the acid, and in this way, the metallic sulphurets may have
probably their origin ; for, if I mistake not, the metallic sulphates^
supposing them to have been the prevailing salts, as at present,
would be fully adequate to supply all the sulphur required by the
same metals to form sulphurets ; indeed more than sufficient, if we
deduct the oxide of tin, and other metalliferous oxydes found in our
mines. The continued circulation of the waters would, in time,
bring most of the soluble salts under the influence of these currents,
till the metals were in great measure separated from their solvents,

110 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 69.

Plate 69. V. I. p. 565.

Fig. 1. Theoretical section, illustrating the Hydraulic
conditions of strata disposed in the form of Basins.
See Vol. I. p. 565, Note. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Theoretical section, shewing the effect of Faulti
and Dykes on water percolating inclined and per-
meable Strata. See Vol. I. p. 566, Note. (Original.)

Fig. 3. Double Artesian Fountain at St. Ouen, near
Paris, raising water to supply a Canal basin, from
two strata at different depths. The water fromwi
the lowest stratum rises to the greatest height.
See V. I. p. 562. Note. (Hericart de Thury.)

and deposited in the East and West veins, and near the rocks to
which they were determined by the electric currents."

In a Letter to the Author upon this subject (June 29, 1836), Mr,
Fox further remarks :

'' It should be observed that in proportion as the deposition of the
metals proceeded, the voltaic action must necessarily have been
considerably augmented, so as to render it highly probable that the
metals were chiefly deposited at rather an early period in the history
of the containing veins ; and their intersection by other veins seems
to strengthen this probability."

Mr. Fox has found by experiment that when a solution of muriate
of Tin is placed in the voltaic current, a portion of the metal is de-
termined towards the negative pole, whilst another portion in the
state of an oxide passes to the positive pole. This fact appears to
him to afford a striking illustration of the manner in which Tin and
Copper have been separated from each other in the same vein, or in
contiguous veins, whilst these metals also very commonly occur to-
gether in the same vein.

A friend has this day suggested to me, that expressions are used in
certain parts of this Treatise, whicli some persons consider as speak-
ing too confidently respecting Physical Phenomena, as if they could
not have been otherwise disposed, had such been the will of the
Creator; or which seem to imply that His method of proceeding
under former systems, must of necessity have been the same as those
which we witness in the growth of living species of Animals and
Vegetables, and in the laws that now regulate the material World.
I am not conscious of having used any such expressions, but lest
I should have inadvertently done so, I gladly take this opportunity
of stating, that I accord to the fullest extent with such persons
respecting the Omnipotence of the Creator, and admit with them,
that had it been his pleasure, all things that exist might have been
the immediate results of an Almighty fiat. My only endeavour
has been to shew, that as far as we may venture to argue on such a
subject, from the analogies afforded by the organic and inorganic
parts of the world around us, the proofs of design which we dis-
cover in the fossil relics of former systems of Creation, differ in no
respect from those drawn by Paley and all writers on Physico
Tlieology, from the structure of living organic bodies, and the other
actual phenomena of the natural World, in evidence of the Wisdom
and Power, and Goodness of the Deity.

Oxford,
April 4, 1837.

PL 2.

B 4

^

Lozvcr Jaws and Teeth of Didelphys from the Oolite of Storiesfield, Oxon.

1 Lower Jaw of Dinotherium giganteum.

2 Lower and part of upper Jaw (f Dinotherium medium.

3 Molar Teeth of Dinotherium medium. *

1 Restoration of T) mother iuni, see p. 603. 2. Head of Dinotherium gi-

ganteum found at Epplesheim in 1836. See Sup. Note, p. 603. The right under
jaw is figured with its Condyle hid beneath the left side of the Scull.

/^^

■a.

.2

?c<^.t Of^

MEGArHEKIUM

J 1 L

J'are^ Jhot of
iJASYPUS PEBA.

Jbre^Jhol;of
C HJ^AMIPHORTTi

^•fehtafktkcj

I

Jc^Ztfn-trhty jZi#d^ SUg^ ^iJt^S.

. . ■ I f*

»

PL 6.

Section* a£

t^ Teeth c£
^regaiJicriuiri

Cdvdul Vertebra of Megatherium.

i

a.

i

I

PL 10.

.^^^^^

Head, Ki/cs, rtnri Skin of Ichthi/osanruSf S)C.

PI II

mmmmmmmMmmM,

Head and Lower Jaws of Ichthyosaurus.

Teeth, and Sections of the upper and lower Jaws of Ichthyosaurus.

PL 12.

Sternal Arch and F addles.

Peculiarities of cervical Vertebrae.

Articulations of Vertebra.

}

Mi

!>

^

PL. 13.

'Are/'/f/ fro/n i/ie /,t'as at Lyfrie. fte^i's.

HI. IS)

C O L O L I T E.

n rKp Lithographic .Slate oF So lejiKo Fc ii

l,hish.-r s.-.

PI. 18.

^Inches

Head and Jawa of Flesimaurus Dolichodeirus.

d e e d

Compound sterno costal Arcs of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.

PL 19.

<?X? stcsau ru s 3facrocephaIv, s.

J < 6 Ivrhes.

Lower Jaw of Flesiosaurus. — Scale \.

FtsnoD^cTrLus cr^issirostkis . G-old/'u..'

PtEJIOSACTYLUS 3Jt£VZROSTJiZS . SSmmer-

PL 22

PtEROD^CTYLI/S CRASSIR.OSTRIS .

PL 23.

2'

Right Lower Jaw of Meg alosaurus from Stonesfield, Oxon.

N.S.

Teeth of Megalosauruafrom Stonesfie/d, Oxon.

PI. 24.

Teeth and Bones of' Iguanodon and Iguana.

I.

PL 25'

Crocodilus Spenceri from I. of Sheppey.

2. Teleosaurus.

3. Steneosaurus.

Fossil Turtle from the Slate of Claris,

i

0m

(^Jjiokeis- spooofy i>&i^e/hTv.

«

1 1

1 1 ^

■is $ S

PL 27.

Characteristic scales of the four orders of Fishes. — Agassiz.

Holoptychus -JSibberti

Jaw and Teeth of Sauroid Fishes

Nnt

:^

£ §3
11

(

\

s

*.

PL 27'

Teeth of Port Jackson Shark. Cestracion PhilUppi.
B

Various fossil forms of Teeth in the family of Sharks. 14. Palate of Ray.
2 ^_ J. C

Jaw J Teethf and Spine of HyhoduSy an extinct genus of Sharks.

'^ t

I

<

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to

1-

^

?-

^

^

K,

^

^

?5n

V

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&3

J

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^

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.Jtf

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a.

TZ.jSf6'.

ab (• n A

.T.r.t'.S.s\-idi|t

FL.:>.o.

HsSlL

FENS ANJD> INK Bi^OS ©F JL©ILIGcC) FMdDM ]L1AS AT ILYMIE.

^L.Sr.

I SlLPwin^- the Sli-iirniirc of the <^onq)oiiieiit liaminiP.

.i.D.('.S.ScJdp

r

FL.33.

NA-DTILUS STHIATfTS

y,,.

Zeitter. sc.

PL.:^-i

NAUTILUS POMPII.ICrS

R. Owen, del

i

FL..35.

AMMONITES ObTUSUS.

LFislier, del ,

Zeitter.

PL. 36.

c d

AMMONITES OBTFSUS.

Zeitter.sc.

/hM/juji it/ ^ m*<<m<xrui€t.

Various Foxxas of Ammoiutes.

'i

^ >

:mm

%

'^H. ^^

C^N

03.

min/

'vie

s is

7: 0

^A

Dorsal Ichf
Dorsal Saddle

PL. 3D. ,

^^J

Smv ;

r S-uperior lateral lol^e .

AMM ON ITKS nETKROPffYLLUS

^ SI lateral Sa^ddU.

I Inferior lateral Icie-.

oY Ventral Saddle-.

. . . Yerttrdl 'hl^e-.
.Azuciliary lo7?e' .

AixxUiary lohe .
a.^ A-LtaciUary lobe

yiiazdliary lohe .
^ AiMvilioTy loie .

Zeitter.sc. 1

1

Ammonites Henslowi.

Aiumonites
spliaericus

Ammoiiites nodosus

Back of \

A Kodo&us •

I

f

ri: .

PL 41

Winding Fartitions between tlie Air Chambers of
A M M O N^ I T E S O 1 G A N T K U S

I r..si,. 1- .1. 1 .1 >.

i

FL.43.

rroni Dav.

NAUTJJ.: .,;/' .; ;
froTttlondcn CLzy

Cast ofo/Chaniber of
TfAUTTZTTS ZTCZjIC.

i

'V4

NAFTILIIS SYPHO,

Zeitter. so

PL. 4^

{^^j.
■'i..^'^

^Jwr.dd.

CHAMBERED SHEIJ.S AU.TKD TO T^TAl'TILUS &• AMMCmiTE

M

li|.M:,^TMATi(D.:^g otPUhe (RlEKHI^ B]R]LJtMM©ajEFllA,

m \h.nr .MACBEcDTU^ ^MIKATMS;. from the 1M14^ of 1L¥M]K jEEOI

-\' '^3p Nat^ize .

PL. 45.

-"islier, del .

TRILOBITES & recent Animals allied to them

Zeittei

PL 46.

.del.

TRILO BITES

PLAii'

Fossil Scorpion from the Coal Formation at Chomle in Bohemia.

PL 46'-

Fimil Insects, Spider, and JArmdus. Nat. size.

Tail and Intestine of Scorpion frojn Chomie in Bohemia.

PL.L

AFKDCRIKITES & ACTIK'IDCMI MITES.

PL 48.

Fragmrnt of u Lili/ Encrinilc. Encrinites Mtwi/ifo

PL. 4^.

El^CM,i:^ITE§ M(D):Kril]UtF<0)RMIS.

p

1'L.50.

lEWCmil^ITES M^JS'IILXIFOIRMIS.

PL 51.

Pentacrinites Briareus.
From the Ltas at Lyme Regis. 1. Nat, size. — 2. 5.

l'l...^2:

--find [ size of the^
'("dies necw them.

FEKTACISKI^ITES,

.I.l).f.S(nr.'rbrSni1i.'

P/. 54.

Recent Corals with their Polypes.

PL 55,

Fossil Tree found prostrate in a Coal Mine at Swina in Bohemia.

PL 3<o.

Remains of Plants, of extinct Fmvilies, from the Coal FormaU

TL. 56.

Longitudinal and transverse Sections of recent Conifcrte magnified 400 lima.

Lower [ '^ '^ — — ^ '_-" '^ "; .*>_ =»«=-»-,.-*

Purbeck f -X-^-^ , , — , — ^ -. — ^^ — - — . ■ — ■

6-^ i -J

^

Burrstone.

Temporary
dry land.

PL 57.

Calcareous slate
of fresh water
formation.

Section of the Dirt-bed in the Isle of Portland, shewing the subterranean remains
of an ancient Forest. JDe la Beche.

: Fig. 2.

■^F^^,

Circular ridges and depressions on the Burrstoney in the I. of Portland, round an erect
stump of a tree, four feet high. Sketched by Professor HenslozOj 1832.

Fig. 3.

Lower Purbeck beds
composed of calcare-
ous slate of freshwater
formation.

Soft burrstone.

Ancient forest in the
dirt bed.

Portland stone of
marine formation.

Section of the Cliff east of Lulworth Cove, Dorset. Buckland.

PL 58.

Ci/cas Revohda with hurts proceeding from the Axilla: of the bases of
fallen leaves. Scale ^.

PL 59.

Zamia Pungens with its fruit.

Transverse section of Zamia
Horrida, Scale j.

Transverse section of a young
Trunk of Cycas Rcvoluta, ^.

PL 60

Trunk of Cycadites MegalophylluSyfrom I. of Portland. Scale

Trantverse section of the Trunk of Cycadites Megalophyllusfrom
I. Portland. Scale ^

Fi<j. 1

PL (W.

Trunk of Cycadites Microphallus with buds in the axilla of the Petioles
from I. Portland. Scale -§.

Fig, 2.

Fig. 3.

Sections ofBuda and Petioles (f Cycadites Microphyllus from I. Portland. Nat. site.

PI. 62.

Magnified sections of Petioles of recent and fossil C^cadetr.

\

PL 64.

Falmacites Lamanonisfrom the Tertiary Gypsum at Air. Scale ^.

2

Endogenites Echinatus from the Calcaxre grassier near Soissons. Scale -J.

•linn J tosjif)
fuvdiiofig

9yt 9pts uaytoj[,

■uaatji

•dutOQ uomo}{

•ftd

iTlltU UOffOXfS'

•9snoy uojfv^i;^'

'tm uonnvj

'jm (noauvff

' Uitioci woypMiQ

-runqtsi^

o

■jvoj

•auotsdwt'j utDfUJWJif
•9)vuauioj§uoj

'»UOf.VUMtQ

•9U0fS»Jll

•auoisdwcj fixfiamriy

. <;

•9uo)spuvs fiJl^ys ■■■■ ^

•9U0JS-3mt'J tilJBpMff -"^^^

•sSdjji sno9j,n32vj - 'f^
pvo jvjyog, afjqunux

•giuoyjvj

'unSSijff

'jOSS9^ lV91/j^

'9Uil^ liqMHS9Jj,

i^

s-

•uojuf20 VAi I

•puvjMO 'VAi

'}{3tnd -VAi
•tdoidr 'i/Al

t^^

>QvC>-

^-

<x^>r

^o:

'iltJOjpff uaoo

'Rjoptoj

.>C

I

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I

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to

INDEX.

AcRODUs, a genus of fossil sharks, i.
288.

Actinocrinites, 30-dactylus, Miller's
restoration of, i. 429.

Adapis, character and place of, i. 82.

Agassiz, his recognition of the scales of
fishes in coprolites, i. 191 ; on causes
of the death of fishes, i. 122 ; on ori-
gin of cololites, i. 200 ; on Claris tur-
tle, i. 257 ; his classification of fishes,
i. 268; documents consigned to him
by Cuvier, i. 267 ; his new orders of
fishes, i. 269, 270 ; geological re-
sults established by, i. 272, 273;
his new arrangement of Monte Bolca
fishes, i, 285 ; his discovery of be-
lemnites with ink bags, i. 374 ; on
the bilateral structure of radiated
animals, i. 415.

Agnostus, a genus of trilobites, i. 391.

Aichstadt, pterodactyles found at, i.
221.

Aix, fossil fishes of, i. 285.

Allan, Mr., his paper on Antrim be-
lemnites, i. 377.

Amber, fossil resin from lignite, i. 520.

Amblypterus, fossil genus of fishes, i.
278.

Ammonites, formed by cephalopodous
niollusks, i. 333 ; characteristic of
different formations, i. 333 ; geolo-
gical distribution of, i. 334 ; geogra-
phical ditto, i. 335 ; extent and num-
ber of species, i. 334 ; size of, i. 334 ;
sub-genera of, i. 334 ; shell com-
posed of three parts, i, 336 ; exter-
nal shells, i. 337, 338 ; outer cham-
ber contained the animal, i. 337 —
339 ; double functions of shell, i.
338 ; contrivances to strengthen
shells, i.339 — 344; ribs, architectu-
ral disposition of, i. 341 ; transverse
plates,useoftheir foliated edges, i.344
— 349 ; compound internal arches, i.
349 ; siphuncle, organ of hydraulic
adjustment, i. 350, 351 ; siphuncle,
occasional state of preservation, i.
351, 352 ; siphuncle, placed diffe-
rently from that of nautili, i. 353 ;
siphuncle. Dr. Front's analysis of,
i. 352 ; air chambers, more complex
in ammonites than in nautili, i. 350 ;

ammonites, how difl^erent from nau-
tili, 353 ; Von Buch's theory of, i.
352 ; uses of lobes and saddles in,
i. 354 ; concluding observations upon,
i. 355 — 357 ■ probable place of heart
in, ii. 68.

Anarrhicas, palatal teeth of, i. 281.

Animals, final cause of their creation,
i. 101 ; lower classes of, predomi-
nate in earlier strata, i. 115 ; extinct
races, how connected with existing
species, i. 581 ; causes of their sud-
den destruction, i. 122 ; small num-
beradapted for domestication, i. 100 ;
terrestrial, how buried in strata of
fresh water and marine formation, i.
128.

Animal enjoyment, one great object of
creation, i. 293, 301.

Animal kingdom, four great divisions of,
coeval, i. 61 ; early relations of, i. 87.

Animal life, extent of upon our globe,
i. 102 ; progressive stages of, i. 115;
remains of in secondary strata, i. 72.

Animal remains, most instructive evi-
dences in geology,!. 128 ; preserved
chiefly by agency of water, i. 126.

Annelidans, fossil remains of, i. 387.

Anning, Miss, her discovery of ink bag
within horny sheath of belemnite, i.
374 ; her discoveries at Lyme Regis,
passim; her observations on connec-
tion of lignite with pentacrinites near
Lyme, i. 437 ; herdiscovery of fossil
pens and ink bags of Loligo, i. 304.

Anoplotherium, character and place of,
i. 81.

Anstice, Mr. W., his discovery of in-
sects in coal formation, i. 405 ; me-
galichthys, &c. found in Coalbrook
Dale, by, ii. 43.

Ant eater, humerus like that of mega-
therium, i. 154.

Anthracotherium, character and place
of, i. 82.

Apiocrinites, or pear encrinite. Miller's
restoration of, i. 428.

Arachnidans, two great families of,
found fossil, i. 405.

Arago, M., on expenditure of rain
water, i. 557 ; on Artesian wells iu
France, i. 564.

112

INDEX.

Araucaria, fossil in coal formation, i.
486 ; peculiarity in structure of, i.
486 ; fossil trunks near Edinburgh,
i. 487 ; fossil in Lias, i. 487 ; loca-
lities of living species, i. 488.

Argonauta, its origin still doubtful, 1.
313.

Armadillo, habit and distribution of, i.
144 ; fore-foot of, adapted for digging
as in the megatherium, i. 154 ; bony
armour resembling that of megathe-
rium, i, 160—162.

Artesian wells, method of obtaining, i.
561, 568 ; examples of action of, i.
562 ; where most available, i. 563 ;
cause ofriseofwaterin, i. 564 — 567 ;
temperature of water in, i. 567 ; ex-
tensive application of, i. 568 ; Chi-
nese manner of boring without rods,
i. 568 ; great importance of, i. 569.

Articulata, earliest examples of, i. 62 ;
remains of fossil, i. 386 ; four classes
in all fossiliferous formations, i. 412 ;
changes in families of, i. 412.

Artois, artificial fountains in, i. 562 —
566.

Asaphus, i. 391.

Asaphus caudatus, fossil eyes of, i.
398.

Aspidorhynchus, i. 276.

Asterophyllites, abundant in coal, i.
479.

Atmospheric pressure, sudden changes
of fatal to fishes, i. 126.

Atmosphere, functions of in circulation
of water, i. 557, 570 ; ancient state
of illustrated by eyes of fossil tifilo-
bites, i. 402.

Atoms, ever regulated by fixed and
uniform laws, i. 11 ; ultimate, indi-
visible nature of, i. 576.

Audouin, M., wing of corydalis in iron
stone discovered by, ii. 77-

Auvergne, eggs in lacustrine forma-
tions of, i. 86 ; fossil animals found
in lacustrine formations of, i. 86 ;
extinct volcanos of, ii. 8 ; indusiae
in fresh water formation of, i. 119.

Axis of rotation, coincides with shorter
diameter of the globe, ii. 39.

Babbage, Prof., on the obligation of

the moralist to the philosopher, i.

591.
Bacon, Lord, his view of the distinct

provinces of reason and revelation,

i. 589.
Baculite, character and extent of, i.

366.

Baker, Miss, belemnite in her collec-
tion, i. 375.

Bakewell, Mr., his views of the extent
of animal life, i. 101.

Balistes, spines, action of, i. 291.

Basalt, various phenomena of, ii. 6.

Basins, strata of various ages disposed
in form of, i. 527 ; mechanical ope-
rations producing, i. 528.

Bat, toes compared with those of pte-
rodactyle, i. 231.

Bears, bones of, in caves of Germany,
&c. i. 94; bones of, in caves near
Liege, i. 597.

Beaufort, Captain, on bottles sunk in
the sea, i. 346.

Beaumont, M. Elie de, elevations ob-
served by, ii. 6.

Beaver, chisel-shaped structure of its
incisors, i. 149.

Becquerel, M., on crystals produced
under influence of electrical currents,
i. 552.

Beechy, Captain, ammonites found by,
in Chili, i. 336.

Beetles, remainsofinooliticseries,ii. 78.

Beetle, converted to chalcedony from
Japan, ii. 78.

Beetle stones, from coal shale, near
Edinburgh, i. 199.

Beginning, meaning of the word in
Gen. i. 1. i. 19, 21 ; proofs of in phe-
nomena of primary stratified rocks,
i. 53 ; conclusions respecting neces-
sity of, i. 58 ; existing and extinct spe-
cies shewn to have had, i. 53, 55, 59 ;
geological evidences of, i. 585, 586.

Belcher, Captain, his observations on
iguanas, i. 243.

Belcher, Captain, ammonites found
by, in Chili, i. 336.

Belemnites, geological extent of, i.
371 ; writers on the subject of, i.
371 ; structure and uses of, i. 372 ;
a compound internal shell, i. 372 ;
chambered portion of, allied to Nau-
tilus and Orthoceratite, i. 373 ; ink
bags connected with, i, 373, 374 ;
causes of partial preservation of, i.

377 ; its analogy to shell of Nauti-
lus and to internal shell of Sepia, i.

378 ; large number of species of, i.
379.

Belem no-sepia, proposed new family of
cephalopods, i. 374.

Benlley, his contradiction of the epi-
curean theoiy of atoms, i. 679.

Bermudas, strata formed by the action
of the wind in, i. 127.

INDEX. 113

Becquerel, M., his reduction of metallic
ores by electxo-cKemical apparatus,
i. 617.

Berkley, Bishop, on sensible demon-
stration of the existence of an invi-
sible God, i. 199.

Berthier, pyrogenous crystals made by,
i. 599.

Bible, reveals nothing of physical sci-
ence, i. 14.

Bilin, fossil infusoria found at, i. 610.

Birds, extent of fossil remains of, i.
86; fossil footsteps of, in Connecti-
cut, ii. 39.

Blainville, M., his memoir on belem-
nites, i.371; his reasoning respecting
belemnites confirmed, i. 375 ; his
proposed account of fossil mammalia
found near Simorre, i. 602.

Blomfield, Bishop, on connection of
religion and science, i. 587.

Bohemia, plants preserved in coal
mines of, i. 458.

Bonn, brown coal formation near, i.
509.

Botany, its importance to geology, i.
110.

Boue, M., his map of Europe in ter-
tiary period, i. 77.

Bothrodendron, character of, i. 475.

Bowerbank, Mr., his fossil fruits from
the London clay, i. 614.

Boyle, Mr., on distinct provinces of
natural and revealed religion,!. 589.

Bradford, apiocrinites found at, i. 429.

Branchipus, how allied to trilobites, i.
394.

Braun, Professor, of Carlsruhe, his list
of the plants of (Eningen, i. 510,
et seq.

Brentford, Artesian wells at, i. 564.

Broderip, Mr., his observations on liv-
ing iguanus, i. 237, 242 ; on new
species of brachiopoda, i. 296 ; on
crustaceans from the lias at Lyme,
i. 389.

Brongniart, M. Alexandre, his account
of the basin of Paris, i. 76 ; his his-
tory of trilobites, i. 391 ; on erect
position of trees in the coal formation
of St. Etienne, i. 471.

Brongniart, M. Adoiphe, his divisions
ofsubmarine vegetation, i. 451 ; divi-
sions of the fossil equisetaceaj, i. 460 ;
classification of fossil ferns, i. 461 ;
observations on fossil coniferae, i.
484 ; on plants of the Gres bigarr6,
i. 490 ; on plants of the secondary
formations, i. 491;onsigillaria,i.618.

G. II.

Brora, coal in oolite formation at, i. 75.
491.

Brougham, Lord, on religious end of
study of natural philosophy, i. 591.

Brown coal, character and extent of i
508.

Brown, Mr. Robert, on distribution of
living ferns, i. 463; discovery of
gymnospermous structure of conife-
rae and cycadea^,, i. 484 ; his section
of a stem of cycas revoluta, i. 497 ;
his discoveries of fossil spiral vessels',
i. 499, 614 ; name of podocarya sug-
gested by, i. 504 ; his discovery of

• fossil spiral vessels and traces of ex-
travasated gum in fossil cycadites.
ii. 100.

Bruckmann, M. Von, his description
and application of Artesian wells, i.
565, 567.

Brunei, Mr. jun., his experiment in a
diving bell, i. 181.

Brussels, fossil emys at, i. 258

Biickeberg, coal in Wealden formation
at, i. 600.

Buckingham, Duke of, plesiosaunis in
his collection, i. 203.

Buddie, Mr., his observations on utility
of faults, i. 544 ; his deposit of plans
and sections of coal mines in the
museum at Newcastle, ii. 104.

Bude, strata of drifted sand at, i. 127.

Buds petrified on trunks of cycadites i.
500.

Buenos Ayres, megatherium found
near, i. 142.

Bufonites, teeth of pycnodonts, i. 281.

Burchell, Mr., his observations on the
scales of serpents, i. 268.

Burdie House, fossil fishes and plants
at, i. 275.

Burnet, his opinion on the Mosaic cos-
mogony, i. 9.

Caithness, fishes in slate of, i. 256.

Calamite, gigantic size and character
of, i. 460.

Calymene, i. 391.

Canstadt, Artesian wells at, i. 567.

Cardomom, fossil in L Sheppey, i.
519.

Cardona, salt in cretaceous formation
near, i. 72.

Carlsbad, living infusoria in waters of,
i. 610.

Carnivora, numerous in pliocene strata,
i. 92.

Carnivorous races, benefit of to herbi-
vorous, i. 130, 132.

114

INDEX.

Causes, five, cliiefly instrumental in
producing the actual condition of
the globe, i. 97.

Cautley, Captain, fossil animals disco-

, vered in India by, i. 600.

Caves, remains of animals found in, i.
94.

Cephalopods, carnivorous, their use in
submarine economy, i. 300 ; their
extent in different formations, i. 300.

Central heat, theory of, consistent with
the phenomena of the surface of the
globe, i. 40.

Centrina vulgaris, hornv dorsal spines,
i. 290.

Cestracionts, sub-family of sharks, i.
287 ; extent of, i. 287 ; only living
representative of, i. 287.

Cestracion Phillipi, i. 288 ; bony spine
of, i. 290.

Cetacea, remains of, in pliocene strata,
i. 92.

Chalk-flints, remains of infusoria disco-
vered in, i. 612.

Chalmers, Dr., his views respecting the
Mosaic cosmogony, i. 19; considera-
tions of the geological argument in
behalf of a Deity, i. 595.

Chambered shells, proofs of design in,
i. 310 ; why particularly selected, i.
311 ; delicate hydraulic instruments,
i. 311; examples of retrocession in
animal structure, i. 312; genera of,
allied to nautilus and ammonite, i.
361—370.

Chameleon, cause of change in colour
of its skin, i. 604.

Chantrey, Sir Francis, dravnng made
by, with fossil sepia, i. 305.

Chaos, word borrowed from the Greeks,
its meaning vague and indefinite,i. 25.

Cheropotamus, character and place of,
i. 82.

Chimera, fossil species discovered by
the author, 2, 47.

Chirotherium, footsteps of in Saxony, i.
263; described by Dr. Hohnbaum
and Prof. Kaup, i. 264 ; probably
allied to marsupialia, i. 265 ; ac-
companied by other tracks, i. 264.

Chlamyphorus, habit and distribution
of, i. 144 ; fore-foot adapted for dig-
ging, i. 154 ; armour of, like that of
the Megatherium, i. 159, 160, 162.

Cicero, his argument against the Epi-
curean theory of atoms, i. 578.

Cinnamomum , in brown coal near Bonn,
i. 509.

Cleremont, limestone of, loaded with
indusiae, i. 119.

Cleveland, imperfect coal in oolite for-
mation of, i. 75, 491 .

Climate, heat of, indicated by fossil
plants and animals, i. 88 ; gradually
decreasing temperature of, i. 93.

Clio borealis, swarms of in Northern
Ocean, i. 384.

Closeburn, gigantic Orthoceratite found
at, i. 365.

Coal formation, Forster's section of, i.
64 ; iron ore and lime in, i. 65.

Coal, when, where, and how formed, i.
64, 67 ; its economical value to man-
kind, i. 66 ; proofs of its vegetable
origin, i. 454, 453 ; complex history
of, i. 481 ; stages in the production
and application of, i. 483 ; tertiary
brown coal or lignite, i. 508, et seq. ;
proofs of design in the dispositions of,
i. 524 ; grand supply from strata of
the carboniferous order, i. 524; physi-
cal forces employed to render it acces-
sible to man, i. 525, 528 ; advantage
of its disposition in basins, i. 526,
527 ; thickness of beds of, i. 529
remarkable accumulation of, i. 529
associated with iron ore, i. 529, 530
adaptation to purposes of human in
dustry, i. 531 ; inestimable import-
ance of, i. 534 ; mechanical power
derived from, i. 531 — 535 ; im-
provident and gratuitous destruction
of near Newcastle, i. 536 ; early
adaptation of to the uses of man, i.
537.

Collini, pterodactyle figured by, i. 223.

Cololites, fossil intestines of fishes dis-
covered by Prof. Agassiz, i. 200 ;
found by Lord Greenock in coal,
near Edinburgh, i. 199.

Comatula, habits of, and resemblance
to pentacrinite, i. 418, 433.

Combe, definition of the term, ii. 106.

Conchifers, inferior to mollusks that
construct turbinated shells, i. 296 ;
organs of sight possessed by, i. 605.

Conchology, important to geology, i.
110.

Connecticut, fossil footsteps of birds in,
ii. 39.

Conybeare, Rev. W. D., his sections
across England, i. 4; his report on
geology to British Association, i. 51 ;
his memoir and map of Europe, i. 77 ;
on prospective provisions for the be-
nefit of man, i. 100 ; selections from
his plates of ichthyosauri, i. 176 ; his
observations on the lower jaw of ich-
thyosaurus, i. 177; on the articula-

\DEX-.

115

lion of the vertebrae in ichthyosaurus,
i. 179 ; his remarks on the paddles of
ichthyosaurus,!. 184 ; his restoration
of plesiosaurus, i. 204 ; his inferences
concerning plesiosaurus, i. 211, 214 ;
his observations on faults, 542.

Coniferae, date of their commencement,
i. 488 ; microscopic stmcture of, i.
484; peculiarities in structure of, i.
486; geological extent of, i. 485,
489 ; fossil referrible to existing ge-
nera, i. 488 ; fossil stems in erect
position, i. 489 ; wood of, perforated
by teredines, i. 480.

Consolidation of strata, partly by aque-
ous, partly by igneous action, i. 6"5.

Coprolites, description of, i. 188; ex-
tensive occurrence of, i. 189 ; found
in skeletons of ichthyosauri, i. 190 ;
marks of mucous membrane on, i.
194; formation explained, T!of(?, 194;
indicate the food of ichthyosauri, and
character of their intestinal canal,
i. 197 ; derived from fishes in vari-
ous formations, i. 198; polished for
ornamental purposes, i. 199 ; con-
clusions from discovery of, i. 202 ;
in coal formation near Edinburgh, i.
275 ; preserved in body of macropo-
ma, i. 284.

Coral, secreted by polypes, i. 442 ;
reefs, i. 444 ; their influence in the
formation of strata, i. 445; fossil,
inference from their state, i. 116;
rag, extent of, in counties of Oxon,
Bucks, Wilts, and Yorkshire, i. 445.

Corn-cockle muir, tracks of tortoises
at, i. 259.

Cornwall, amount of steam power em-
ployed in, i. 534 ; invasions of by
drifted sand, i. 127; disposition of
metallic veins in, i. 550.

Corydalis, wing of, found in iron
stone, of the coal formation, i. 410 ;
ii. 77.

Cosmogony, Mosaic, the author's inter-
pretation of, i. 20.

Cotta on fossil arborescent ferns, i.
465.

Crag, in Norfolk, geological place of,
i. 179.

Craters, various phenomena of, ii. 8.

Creation, Mosaic account of, accords
with natural phenomena, i. 13 ;
prior to first day of Mosaic cosmo-
gony, i. 24, 597 ; of material elements,
i.35.

Creator, necessity of, shewn by geo-
logy, i. 59. ,

Crinoideans, geological importance of,
i. 416, 430 ; nature and character
of, i. 417 ; most remarkable genera
of, i. 417; living species rare, i.
418; abundance and importance of
fossil species, i. 419, 430 ; anatomi-
cal structure of, i. 420; reproduc-
tive powers of, i. 421 ; early extinc-
tion of many species and eenera, i.
430.

Crocodileans, fossil forms of, i. 249 ;
slender character of snout, i. 250 ;
habit probably piscivorous, i. 250.

Crocodiles, modern, habits of, i. 250;
gavial, gangetic, piscivorous, i. 250 ;
functions of fossil species, i. 251 ; Cu-
vier's observations on, i. 252 ;
number of living and fossil species
of, i. 252 ; dentition, provisions in
mode of, i. 254 ; fossil forms of, at
variance with all theories of gradual
transmutation or developement, i.
254.

Crosse, Mr., artificial crystals made by,
i. 599.

Crustaceans, extent of fossil remains
of, i. 387.

Crystalline rocks, influenced by che-
mical and electro-magnetic forces, i.
36 ; eight distinct varieties of, i. 37 ;
their position beneath stratified rocks,
i. 42 ; probable igneous origin of, i.
39 ; gradations in character of, i.
41 ; proofs of intention in pheno-
mena of, i. 45 ; proofs of design af-
forded by, i. 574.

Crystals, definite forms and compo-
sition of, i. 575 — 577; component
molecules of, i. 574, 577 ; artificial,
obtained in the humid way, i. 599.

Ctenoidean order of fishes, i. 270.

Curculionidae in iron stone of Coal-
brook Dale, i. 409.

Cuttle fish, structure and habits of, i.
303 ; internal ink bag of, i. 303.

Cuvier, his conclusion that organic life
has not existed from eternity, i. 59 ;
his account of the basin of Paris, i.
76; his account of discoveries at
Mont Martre, i. 83 ; consigns his
materials for a work on fossil fishes to
M. Agassiz, i. 200, 267 ; his conjec-
ture concerning plesiosaurus, i. 208 ;
had observed nearly 8,000 species of
living fishes, i. 265 ; perfection of
his reasoning on contrivances and
compensations in the stmcture of
animals, i. 140.

Cycadeae, abundant in strata of the

116

INDEX.

secondary series, i. 490, 491 ; num-
ber and extent of recent and fossil
species, i. 491 ; leaves fossil in oolite
of Yorkshire and at Stonesfield, i.
492 ; in coal formation of Bohemia, i.
492 ; habit and structure of, i. 492 ; in-
termediate character of, i. 493; fossil
on the coast of Dorset, i. 494 ; pecu-
liarities in structure of trunk of, i.
494, 496 ; mode of increase by buds,
i. 499 ; link supplied by the disco-
very of, i. 502.

Cycadites, once natives of England, i.
495 ; mycrophyllus, microscopic
structure of, 497 — 541 ; megalophyl-
lus, buds in axillae of scales, i. 500 ;
resemblance of fossil and living spe-
cies, i. 501.

Cycas revoluta, buds on trunk of, i.
499 ; circinalis, height of, i. 494.

Cycloidean order of fishes, i. 270.

Cypris, microscopic shells of, in Weal-
den formation, i. 118 ; in coal for-
mation near Edinburgh, i. 275.

Dapedhim, scales of, i. 282.

D'Alton, his figures of megatherium, i.
142.

Darmstadt, remains of mammalia in
museum at, i. 91.

Darwin, Mr. C., megatherium found by,
ii. 20; his observations on the Cor-
dilleras of Chili, i. 549 ; new fossil
animals found in S. America by, i.
603.

Dasyurus, fossil, in Auvergne, i. 618.

Daubeny, Dr., on cause of thermal
springs, i. 570 ; on indivisibility of
ultimate particles of matter, i. 576.

Days, supposed to imply long periods,
i. 17.

Dax, shells found at, i. 357.

Death, certain, desirable for irrational
animals, i. 130.

Dekay, Dr., discovered coprolites in
New Jersey, i. 190.

De la Beche, his belief in successive
creations of new species, i. 55 ; his
figures of ichthyosauri, i. 176; on
different specific gravity of shells, i.
302 ; observations on living polypes
of caryophyllia, i. 444 ; observations
on genera of corals in transition
rocks, i. 445.

Deluge, Mosaic stratified rocks not pro-
duced by, i. 16.

Depression, proofs of in I. Portland, i.
496.

Deshayes, his division of tertiary strata,
i. 78.

Desnoyers, M., on Faluns of Tour-
raine, i. 90.

Desmarets, memoir on fossil crusta-
ceans, i. 388.

Detritus, origin of strata from, i, 42.

Development, theory of disproved by
geological phenomena, i. 54 ; theory
of opposed by Cuvier, i. 87 ; defini-
tion of, i. 585.

Dillwyn, Mr., his paper on tracheli-
pods, 298, 301.

Diluvium, animals immediately pre-
ceding the formation of, i. 95.

Dinotherium , largest of terrestrial mam-
malia, i. 92; found at Epplesheim,
in miocene strata, i. 135, 136; des-
cription of by Kaup, i. 136, 603 ; oc-
curs in France, Bavaria and Aus-
tria,i.l36, 601 ; giganteum, eighteen
feet long, i. 136; shoulder blade of,
like that of a mole, i. 136 ; uses of
tusks in the lower jaw of, i. 138;
molar teeth of resemble those of ta-
pirs, i. 137 ; an aquatic herbivorous
animal, i. 137, 139; adapted to a
lacustrine condition of the earth, i.
139 ; fossil head of found entire, i.
603, PI. 2' ; localities and description
of, ii. 18 ; proboscis and claws of, ii.
19.

Dirt bed, soil of subterraneous forest in
Portland, i. 495, 496, 613.

Disturbing forces, beneficial results of,
i. 539—541, 548.

D'Orbigny, M., his classification of ce-
phalopodous mollusks, i. 382 ; trilo-
bites and shells found in the Andes
by, i. 389.

Draco volans, has no true wings, i.
225.

Dufrenoy, on iron mines in the Pyre-
nees, i. 549.

Dujardin, new class of rhizopodes dis-
covered by, ii. 64.

Dumfries, fossil footsteps near, i. 259.

Duncan, Dr., his discovery of fossil
footsteps near Dumfries, i. 259.

Durdham Down, remains of reptiles at,
i. 115.

Durham, salt springs in coal formation
near, i. 72.

Dykes, intersect strata of every age, i.
48 ; gradations of from lava to gra-
nite, i. 48 ; various crystalline rocks
composing, ii. 5 ; changes produced
by, on adjacent rocks, ii. 9.

Dynamics, geological, extent of, i. 36.

INDEX.

11

Earth, distribution of the materials of,
i. 5 ; theory of, much advanced, but
not yet perfect, i. 12 ; two distinct
branches of its history, i. 34 ; origi-
nally fluid from heat, i. 39 ; advan-
tageous dispositions of its materials,
i. 98.

Earthquakes, beneficial agency of in
the economy of the globe, i. 540.

Echidna, has furcula and clavicles like
ornithorhynchus, i. 182.

Echnidans, geological extent of, i.
415.

Echinoderms, fossil, bilateral structure
of, i. 415.

Edwards, Dr. Milne, cause of change
in colour of chameleon's skin disco-
vered by, i. 604.

Egerton, Sir Philip, his discoveries near
Newcastle-under-Line, i. 276; on
mechanism of atlas and cervical ver-
tebrae of ichthyosaurus, ii. 24 — 26.

Eggs, fossil, of aquatic birds, i. 86.

Ehrenberg, his discoveries of living in-
fusoria, i. 446, 448 ; eye-specks in
asterias discovered by, i. 606 ; his ex-
tensive discoveries of fossil infusoria,
i. 610.

Elements, identity and functions of, i.
36 ; proofs of design in, i. 571 ; ever
regulated by same laws, i. 577 ;
primordial adaptations of, i. 578 ;
adaptation of to vegetables and ani-
mals, i. 579.

Elevation, general history of, ii. 4 ;
drv lands formed by, i. 43 ; proofs
of "in I. Portland, i. 495, 496.

Elevations, number observed by Elie
de Beaumont, ii. 6 ; various periods
of, ii. 6.

Ellis, Mr., his conclusions from the
study of corallines, i. 448.

Emys, fossil, localities of, i, 257, 258.

Encrinites moniliformis, lily encrinite,
i. 421 ; mechanical adaptations in, i.
421 ; number of component ossicula,
i. 422 ; vertebral column, mechani-
cal contrivances in, i. 423 — 426 ;
body and upper extremities, i. 427,
428 ; physiological history of, i. 431.

Endogenites echinatus, fossil trunk al-
lied to palms, i. 516.

Engi in Claris, fishes of, i. 284.

England, effects of geological structure
on inhabitants of, ii. 3.

Enjoyment, aggregate of increased by
existence of carnivora, i. 129.

Enstone, cetacea in oplite at, i. 115.

Entomolithus paradoxus, i. 391.

Entomostracans, fossil, i. 390.

Entrochi, or wheel stones, columnar
joints of encrinite, i. 424. -

Eocene, division of tertiary strata, i. 78.

Epplesheim, remains of fossil mamma-
lia found at, i. 91, 136 ; entire head
of dinotherium found at, i. 603.

EquLsetaceae, extent of the family of,
i. 460 ; fossil genera of, i. 460 ; in-
creased enlargement in size of , i. 46 1 ;
fossil species in coal formation, i. 461.

Equivocal generation, disproved in case
of infusoria, i. 447.

Ernouf, General, his account of human
skeletons at Gaudaloupe, i. 104.

Estuaries, admixture of fresh water and
marine exuvia in, i. 120.

Eternal succession, theory of, disproved
by geology, i. 54, 59.

Eternity of the world disproved by
geology, i. 1 1 .

Eyes, fossil, resembling those of existing
animals, i. 31 ; fossil remains of, i.
31 ; 173, 396, 402; structure of, in
recent crustaceans allied to trilobites,
i. 399 ; physiological and physical
inferences from structure of, i. 401.

Faber, Rev. G. S., his views respect-
ing the days of the Mosaic cosmo-
gony, 597.

Faluns, of Tourraine, mammalia found
in, i. 90.

Falconer, Dr., fossil animals discovered
in India by, i. 600.

Faraday, Mr., nolice on preparing the
human lungs for diving, i. 180.

Faujas, M., observation on fossil trees
in lignite near Cologne, i. 509.

Faults, on geometrical laws of, i. 540;
utility of, in draining coal mines, i.
541 — 544 ; definition of, by Mr. Co-
nybeare, i. 542 ; utility of, in guard-
ing coal mines, i. 547 ; utility of, in
producing springs, i. 545, 560, 569 ;
utility of, in primary rocks and me-
tallic veins, i. 545, 546.

Favularia, character of, i. 475.

Felspar, crystals of, pyrocltemically
formed, i. 598.

Ferns, distribution and number of ex-
isting species, i. 462 ; proportion of,
to living phanerogamiae, i. 463 ; tem-
perature indicated by fossil species,
i. 463 ; proportions of in the coal
formation, i. 464 ; living and fossil
arborescent species of, i. 464, 565 ;
proportions of, in secondary and ter-
tiary strata, i. 465.

11

NDEX.

Final causes, consideration of, admis-
sible in philosophical investigations,
i. 547.
Fire.itsiank in geological dynamics,i. 36.
Fisher, Mr., figures prepared by, ii. 2.
Fishes, fossil, causes of sudden death
of, i. 122 ; sudden destruction of in
lias formation, i. 124 ; fossil intes-
tinal structure of, i. 198 ; croprolites
deiived from, i. 198 ; petrified intes-
tines of, or cololites,i. 200; livingspe-
cies observed by Cuvier,i.265; fossil
species, history of by Agassiz, i. 264,
267 ; numbers of fossil genera and spe-
cies, i. 267 ; classification founded on
scales, i. 268 ; orders of established
by Agassiz, i. 269 ; geological results
derived from fossil fishes, i. 270, 272 ;
changes in fossil genera and families
abrupt, i. 271 ; fossil, most important
to geology, i. 267, 273 ; sauroid, cha-
racter of, i. 273 ; sauroid, higher in
the scale of organization than ordi-
nary bony fishes, i. 294 ; number of
genera in sauroid family, 274 ; sau-
roid , character of living species, i,274;
sauroid geological extent of, i. 275
— 277 ; instiataof the carboniferous
order, i. 278 ; peculiar form of tail
in early strata, i. 279 ; in magnesian
limestone, i. 280 ; in muschel kalk,
lias and oolite, i. 281 ; in the chalk
formation, i. 283 ; in the tertiary for-
mations, i. 284 ; family of sharks, i.
286 ; results from observations on, i.
292 ; functions of, in the economy of
nature, i. 293 ; form of their crys-
talline lens, i. 398.
Fissures, site of mineral veins in, i. 548.
Fitton, Dr., on alterations in level of
sea and land, i. 43 ; his observations
on Cypris Faba, in Wealden forma-
tion, i. 118 ; his description of fossil
cones, i. 485 ; trunks of cycadites
discovered by, i. 614.
Fitzwilliam, Earl, cycas revoluta in
conservatory of, i. 500 ; trunks of
sigillaria in his coal mines of at Else-
car, i. 470.
Fleming, Dr., on structure of internal
shell of sepia, ii. 68 ; his observa-
tions on fishes in old red sandstone,
i. 277.
Flints, origin of, i. 90.
Flucan, beneficial eflfects of in mining,

i. 546.
Fluidity, original, theory of, i. 40.
Footsteps, fossil, near Dumfries, i. 259 ;
preservation of explained, i. 260 ; on

red sandstone at Ilessberg, i. 263 »
value of their evidence, i. 262 ; re-
flections on, i. 263 ; on oolite, near
Bath, probably of crustaceans, i. 260 ;
recent, of testudo grseca, i. 261.

Foraminifers, species of found by Count
Munster, and Mr. Lonsdale, ii. 64 ;
found in crag by Mr. Wood, i. 613.

Forest, subterranean, remains of in
Portland, i. 495, 496,

Formations, geological number and
thickness of, i. 37.

Forster, Mr., his section from New-
castle to Cross Fell, i. 64 ; on quan-
tity of iron annually made in Eng-
land and Wales, i. 530.

Fox, Mr. R. W., on the utility of faults
that intersect metallic veins, i. 546 ;
on electro-magnetic properties of mi-
neral veins, i. 552, and vol. ii. p.
108 ; on electro-magnetic action in
mineral veins, ii. 107 — 109 ; his
electro-chemical experiments on cop-
per ores, i. 615 ; his electro-magne-
tic experiments in mines, i. 616.

Freshwater, deposits from, in tertiary
strata, i. 79.

Fries, on propagation of fungi, i. 447.

Frogs, fossil, in Papier kohle, i. 618.

Fruits, number and kinds of, found
fossil in London clay, i. 614.

Fucoids, remains of in transition strata,
i. 63, 452.

Fulham, Artesian wells at, i, 564.

Fusion, earliest state of the materials
of the globe, i. 55.

Gaillonella, size of siliceous shields
of, i. 611.

Gallibis, skeletons of, at Guadaloupe,
i. 104.

Ganoidian, order of fishes, i. 269.

Gardner, Mr., his power of drawing
curves and parallels at minute dis-
tances, i. 604.

Genesis, ungrounded fear of inconsist-
ence with, i. 11 ; interpretation of
Chap. I. consistent with geological
discoveries, i. 21 ; text of, reconcila-
ble with geology, i. 33.

Geology, extent of province of, i. 5 ;
why but lately established on induc-
tion, i. 6 ; sciences auxiliary to it,i. 7 ;
its discoveries consistent with revela-
tion, i, 8 ; religious application of, i.
592 ; subserviency of to natural theo-
logy, 593 ; proofs from , of the existence
and attributes of a Deity, i. 594.

Georgensgemiind, fossil mammalia dis-
covered at, i. 91.

NDIX. 119

Gerard, Dr., his discovery of ammonites,
&c. in Himmalaya, i. 335.

Claris, turtle in slate of, i. 257 ; fossil
fishes at, i. 266, 273.

Gleg, Bishop, his interpretation of
Mosaic cosmogony, i. 28 — 30.

Globe, successive changes in surface of,
i. 11 ; influence of animal remains
upon, i. 445 ; succession of physical
forces which have modified its sur-
face, i. 581.

Golden Cap Hill, belemnites at base
of, i. 377.

Goldfuss, Professor, pterodactyles de-
scribed by, i. 224, 228, 229 ; selec-
tions of the structure of encrinites
from works of, 426 ; his illustrations
of echinidans and stelleridans, i. 415.

Graham Island, rise and destruction of,
ii. 8.

Grampus, size and character of, i. 217.

Granite, recent elevation of, in Pyre-
nees and Chili, i. 549 ; probable
igneous origin of, ii. 3 ; intersecting
and overlying cretaceous formations,
ii. 5 ; older intersected by newer, ii.
4 ; elevation of during tertiary period,
ii. 4 ; fragments of, inclosed in lava,
ii. 7.

Gravatf, Mr., his experiments in diving,
i. 180.

Graveneire, stream of lava issuing from
granite at, ii. 8.

Greenock, Lord, his discovery of fishes
near Leith, i. 278 ; his discovery of
petrified intestines of a fish in coal,
near Edinburgh, i. 199.

Greenstone, veins and overlying masses
of, ii. 5.

Grenville, Lord, cycas in conservatory
of, i. 493.

G uadauloupe, human skeletons in sand -
bank at, i. 104.

Gyrodus, palatal teeth of, i. 281.

Hall, Sir James, his experiments on

crystallization under pressure, i. 41,

598.
Halstadt, orthocejatite, found in oolite

at, i, 363.
Hamite.characterandlocalityof, i. 367.
Hand, human, exquisite powers of, i.

604.
Harlan, Dr., on fossil fucoids in North

America, i. 452.
Harwich, fossil emys at, i. 258.
Haiiy, his theological inference from

the construction of simple minerals,

i. 576.

Hawkins, Mr., his memoirs of ichthy-
osauri and plesiosauri, i. 170 ; plesi-
osaurus discovered by, i. 204.

Heat, influence of, in causing eleva-
tions of land, i. 42 ; not the sole
cause of the consolidation of stratified
rocks, i. 56.

Henderson, on plants in Surturbrand of
Iceland, i. 510.

Henslow, Professor, on buds of cycas
revoluta, i. 500 ; dirt beds in Port-
land discovered by, i. 614.

Hericart de Thury, illustrations of Ar-
tesian wells by, i. 562, 465.

Herschel, Sir I. F. W., ranks geology
next to astronomy, i. 10 ; on connec-
tion between science and religion, i.
590. ^

Hessberg, footsteps in sandstone at, i.
263.

Hibbert, Dr., his discoveries near Edin-
burg, i. 275, 276.

Hippopotamus, structure of tusks of, i.
149.

Hitchcock, Professor, his discovery of
footsteps of birds in Connecticut, i.
86 ; ditto, ii. 39, 40 ; on geological
evidences of a Creator, i. 586 ; on
consistency of geological phenomena
with Mosaic account of creation, i.587,

Hoer in Scania, coal in secondary
strata of, i. 491.

Hoffmann, Professor, on source of mi-
neral waters at Pyrmont, i. 570.

Home, Sir Everard, on spinal canal of
ichthyosaurus, i. 179.

Hook, Dr., his theory respecting the
motions of nautilus, i. 331.

Hopkins, Mr., on laws that have regu-
lated the disturbances of the globe,
i. 540; on production of springs by
faults, i. 560.

Human bones, found in no geological
formations preceding the actual era,
i. 103 ; often interred in caves con-
taining remains of more ancient ani-
mals, i. 105 ; found in consolidated
sand at Gaudaloupe, i. 104 ; how
mixed with bones of ancient and
modern quadrupeds, i. 105; in ca-
verns near Liege, i. 602.

Hutton,Dr.,histheory of the formation of
stratified rocks, i. 44 ; of veins, i. 55 1 .

Hutton, Mr., his discoveries of vegetable
structure in coal, i. 455.

Hybodonts, extent of, i. 287, 288.

Hybodus, i. 283.

Hybodus reticulatus, i. 289.

Hydraulic action of siphuncle iu nau-

120

INDEX.

tilus, i. 326 ; ditto in ammonites, i.
351 ; ditto in belemnites, i. 381.

Hyenas, bones collected by, in caverns,
i. 94.

Hylaeoskurus discovered by Mr. Man-
tell, i. 241 ; peculiar character of, i.
241.

Hythe, large haraite found at, i. 368.

Icthyodorulites, or fossil spines, i. 288 ;
uses and variety of, i. 290.

Ichthyosaurus, geological extent and
chief localities of, i. 168 ; curious
structure of, i. 169 ; number of spe-
cies, i. 169} head partaking of the
character of crocodiles and lizards, i.
171 ; jaw^, length of, i.l 71 ; teeth, cha-
racter and number of, i. 171 ; how
differing from crocodiles,!. 171 ; con-
trivances for replacing, i. 172 ; eyes,
magnitude of, i. 173 ; eyes, micro-
scopic and telescopic properties of, i.
173 ; eyes, bony sclerotic of, i. 174,
175 ; jaws, composed of many thin
plates, i. 175; jaw, lower, contri-
vances in, i. 176, 177; vertebrae,
number of, i. 177; vertebrae con-
structed like those of fishes, i.
178; ribs structure of, and to what
purpose subservien^, i. 180; sternum
like that of ornithorhynchus, i. 181 •
paddles, anterior, like those of
whales; posterior, like those of orni-
thorhynchus, i. 182, 183 ; concluding
remarks upon, i. 185, 186 ; intestinal
structure of, i. 187 ; skeleton of, con-
taining cropolite, i. 191 ; small in-
testines spiral, like that of sharks and
rays, i. 193 ; final cause of spiral
intestinal structure, i. 195 ; skin of
preserved, ii. 22 ; mechanism of atlas
and cervical vertebrje of, ii. 24 — 26.

Igneous rocks, various phenomena of,
ii. 5—9.

Iguana, modern, habits of, i. 242 ; den-
tition of, i. 248.

Iguanodon, discovered by Mr. Mantell,
i. 240; remains of, where found, i.
241 ; a gigantic herbivorous reptile,
i. 241 ; teeth like those of the mo-
dern iguana, i. 241 ; the largest of
known fossil reptiles, i. 241, 244 ;
climate indicated by remains of, i.
243 ; teeth, peculiar character of, i.
245 — 248 ; bony horn on the nose of,
i. 244 ; food of, probably tough ve-
getables, i. 246.

Indusiae, lossil, in fresh water formation
of Auvergnti, i. 118.

Infusoria, Ehrenberg's observations on,
i. 446 — 448 ; number of species de-
scribed, i. 446 ; their powers of repro-
duction, i. 446 ; their manners of in-
crease, i. 447 ; universal diffusion of,
i. 448 ; known extent of living and
fossil species, i. 610^—612.

Injection of igneous rocks at various
periods, ii. 6.

Ink bags,recent and fossil of Ioligo,i.303.

Insects, fossil in carboniferous strata,
409 ; wing covers of, at Stonesfield,
i. 411 ; Count Munster's collection
of from Solenhofen, i. 411 ; many
fossil genera in tertiary strata, i. 412 ;
found at Aix by Mr. Murchison and
Mr. Lyell, i. 610.

Iron, ore abundant in coal formation, i.
65 ; quantity of, annually made in
England and Wales, i. 530 ; secreted
by living infusoria, i. 611.

Isle of Wight, iguanodon found in, i.
242.

Jaeger, Professor, has found coprolites

in Wirtemberg, i. 190 ; his work on

fossil plants, i. 490.
Jardine, Sir W., fossil footmarks found

by, i. 259.
Juli, supposed fir cones, are coprolites,

i. 198.

Kaup, Professor, notice on the foosteps
of chirotherium i. 264 ; his descrip-
tion of fossil mammalia at Epple-
sheim, i. 91 ; his description of di-
notherium, i. 136, 603.

Kersten, Professor, his discovery of
pyrogenous crystals of felspar, i. 598.

Kepler, his prayer, i. 10.

Killery, cemetery in a sand bank at, i.
104.

King, Captain, animal of spirula found
by, i. 362 ; serolis found by, i. 392.

Kcinig, Mr., his account of human
skeleton in British Museum, from
Guadaloupe, i. 104.

Lamantin, remains of, in pliocene pe-
riods, indicate a warm climate, i.
92.

Lamarck, his two sections of tracheli-
pods, i. 298 ; on geological effects of
microscopic shells, i. 385 ; his no-
tice of suckers of encrinus, i. 440 ;
theory of transmutation associated
with development by, i. 585.

Lartet, M., animals at Simorre des-
cribed bv, i. 601.

Lavas, phenomena of, i. 7.

Lead, artificial crystals of, produced by
steam of water, i. 551.

Leeds, fine heads of megalichthys at,
i. 276.

Leibnitz, his anticipation of the modern
Platonic theory, i. 51.

Lepidodendron, character and relations
of this fossil genus, i. 466 ; allied to
lycopodiacae, i. 466 ; size and cha-
racter of, i. 467 ; number of known
species, i. 468 ; intermediate internal
structure of, i. 468.

Lepidoids, thick bony scales of, i. 282.

Lepidosteus, or bony pike, i. 274.

Lepidotus, i. 283.

Level, changes of by volcanic agency,
i. 88.

Lhwyd, on insects and spiders in coal
shale, i. 406.

Lias, proof of intervals in deposition of,
i. 307.

Libanus, fishes of tertiary era at, i. 285.

Liblar, brown coal of, 509.

Li^ge, bones of men and hyaenas in
caverns near, i. 106, 602.

Life organic, successive stages of, i. 54 ;
organic has not existed from eternity,
i. 58, 59.

Light, essential to the growth of ancient
vegetables, i. 31 ; undulatory theory
compared with Genesis, i. 3, i. 32 ;
history of illustrated by fossil eyes, i.
402, 173.

Lignite, tertiary, localities of, i. 508,
509, 510 ; memoir on, by M, Alex-
andre Brongniart, i. 508.

Limestone, origin of, i. 89 ; combina-
tions in crystals of, i. 576, 577 ;
freshwater, found at Ardwick, i. 600.

Limulus, in iron stone of coal forma-
tion, ii. 77 ; allied to trilobite, i. 393 ;
where found fossil, i. 393.

Lindley, Professor, his observations on
existing lycopodiacae, i. 456 ; experi-
ments on the durability of recent
plants immersed in water, i. 480.

Lindley and Huttou, their description
of plants in coal mines at, Newcastle,
i. 547 ; observations on lepidoden-
dron, i. 467, 468 ; recent discoveries
of stigmaria, i. 476 ; on fossil cones
of zamia from I. Wight, i. 492.

Links supplied by fossil remains, i. 88,
601 ; discovery of, important to Na-
tural Theology, i. 114.

Lituite, locality and character of, i.
365.

Locke, his notice of spiral intestines at

INDEX. 121

Leyden, i. 196 ; his opinion of the
necessity of a revelation, i. 598.

Loligo, vulgaris, structure and habits
of, i. 303 ; fossil pens and ink bags
of, i. 303, 304 ; horny pen of, pre-
served in lias, i. 304 ; destroyed and
buried suddenly, i. 307 ; found in
the lias of Wurtemberg, i. 308.

London, Artesian wells near, i. 563
564.

Lonsdale, Mr., his discovery of micros-
copic shells in chalk, i. 448. ii. 64.

Lophiodon, character and place of, i.
82.

Louth, Artesian wells near, i. 563.

Lowestoffe, irruption of sea into lake
of, i. 122.

Ludlow, fossil remains of fishes found
at, i, 604.

Lulworth, subterranean forest near, i.
495.

Luminaries, celestial, described in their
relations to our planet, i. 27.

Lukis, Mr., experiments on changes in
the stems of succulent plants, i. 484.

Luther, his opinion of an act of crea-
tion prior to the first day, i. 25, 598.

Lycopodiaceae, character, affinities, and
distribution of, i. 466.

Lyell, Mr., his refutation of the doctrine
of transmutation of species, i. 54 ;
his map of Europe in the tertiary
period, i. 77 ; his division of the ter-
tiary series, i. 78 ; on fossil indusiae,
i. 119; insects found at Aix by, i.
610.

Lyon, Captain, on the action of the
wind in forming sand hills round
extraneous bodies in Africa, i. 126.

Lyme Regis, icthyosauri found at, i.
168; specimens from described, i.
170 ; coprolites abundant on the
shore of, 188; plesiosaurus disco-
vered at, i. 203 ; pterodactyle found
at, 221, 223, 226; bones of large
sauroid fishes found at, 276 ; fossil
pens and ink bags found at, i. 305 ;
fossil ink bags found at, i. 373.

Macropoma, only sauroid fish in chalk,

i. 284, 276.
Madrid, skeleton of megatherium at,

i. 142.
Maestricht, locality of most recent be-

lemnites, i. 371.
Mallotus villosus, i. 272.
Mammalia, earliest remains of, i. 72

of eocene period, i. 81 ; of miocene

period, 1.90 ; of pliocene periods, i. 92.

122

Man, relation of the earth to the uses
of, i. 98 ; all things not created ex-
clusively for his use, i. 99 ; prospec-
tive provisions for use of, i. 555.

Mansfeld, fossil fishes at, i. 266.

Mansfeldt, fossil fishes of, i. 125.

Mantell, Mr.,on double convex vertebra
of gavial, ii, 26 ; fossil birds found
by him in Tilgate Forest, i. 86 ; his
history of the Wealden formation, i.
120; refers juli to coprolites derived
from fossil sharks, i. 198 ; mosasau-
rus found by, in Sussex, i. 216 ; me-
galosaurus found by, in Tilgate Fo-
rest, 1. 234; his discovery of i guano -
don and hylaeosaurus, i, 241 ; his
discovery of petrified stomach and
coprolites within fossil fishes, i.
284.

Mantellia, genus of cycadites, named
by Ad. Brongniart, i. 496.

Marble, entrochal, composed of crinoi-
dea, i. 430.

Marcel de Serres, his discovery of fos-
sil insects at Aix, i. 412.

Margate, gigantic ammonites near, i.
334.

Marsh ochre, remains of infusoria found
in,i. 611.

Marsupialia, extent and character of,
i. 73 ; fossil, in Auvergne, i. 618.

Massey's patent sounding instrument,
i. 345, 349.

Matter, creation of, announced in Gen.
i. 1, i. 28 ; molecular constitution
and adaptations of, decidedly artifi-
cial, i. 579 ; aboriginal constitution
of, exalts our ideas of creative intel-
ligence, i. 580.

Medusae, numbers of in Greenland seas,
i. 384.

Megalichthys, new genus of sauroid
fishes, i. 275 ; localities where found,
i. 276 ; further discoveries of, ii.43 ;
structure of teeth of, ii. 44.

Megalosaurus, genus established by
the author, i. 234 ; where occurring,
i. 234 ; size and character of, i. 235 ;
lived upon land, i. 235; medullary
cavities in bones of, i. 236 ; habit car-
nivorous, i. 237 ; character of jaw, i.
237; structure of teeih.i. 237— 239.

Megaphyton, character of, i. 475.

Megatherium, allied to the sloth, i.
141 ; allied to sloth, armadillo, and
chlamyphorus, i. 144; found chiefly
in S. America, i. 142 ; by whom
described, i. 142; larger than rhino-
ceros, i. 144; head of, like sloth, i.

145; structure of teeth, i. 146, 149 ;
lower jaw of, i. 149 ; bones of trunk,
i. 150; peculiarities of vertebras, i.
150; magnitude and use of tail, i.
151 ; ribs apparently fitted to sup-
port a cuirass, i. 152; scapula, re-
sembling sloth, i. 152 ; uses of cla-
vicle, i. 152 ; peculiarities of arm and
fore arm, i. 154 ; fore foot, a yard in
length, i. 154 ; fore foot, used for
digging, i. 154; large horny claws,
adapted for digging, i. 155 ; pecu-
liarities of pelvis, i. 155; magnitude
of foramina for nerves, i. 156 ; pecu-
liarities of thigh and leg bones, i.

157 ; hind foot, peculiarities of, i.

158 ; bony armour, like that of ar-
madillo and chlamyphorus, i. 159 ;
probable use of, i. 161 ; size, cha-
racter, and habits, i. 163 ; further
discoveries of, ii. 20.

Meisner, lignite of, near Cassel, 1.509.

Metals, advantageous dispositions of, i.
99, 552 — 555 ; important properties
of, i. 555, 556.

Meyer, Herman Von, notice of ink
bags with fossil internal shells of
sepia, ii. 52 ; on ink bag in contact
with belemnite, ii. 69 ; his descrip-
tion of fossil mammalia of Georgens-
gemiind, i. 91 ; his notices of fossil
crustaceans, i. 388.

Mineral bodies, proofs of design in, i.
571.

Milan, bones in museum at, i. 93.

Miller, his Natural History of crinoi-
dea, i. 417, 419, 426, 428, 432,
436.

Milliola, vast numbers in strata near
Paris, i. 385.

Minerals, proofs of design in compo-
sition and adaptations of, i. 571 .

Miocene division of tertiary strata, i. 78 ;
period, mammalia of, i. 90 ; newly
discovered animals in, i. 601.

Mississippi, drifted trees in Delta of, i.
509.

Mitscherlich, his production of artificial
crystals by fire, i. 41, 598

Molasse, localities of lignite in, i. 510.

Molusca, many genera of, in transition
strata, i. 62.

Mollusks, fossil remains of, i. 295 ; na-
ked, fossil remains of, i. 303.

Monitors, character of recent species,
i. 215 ; type of, enlarged in fossil
saurians, i. 220.

Monpezat, granite enclosed in lava at,
ii. 7.

I"Nr>ET.

123

Molecules, successive condition of in
crystalline bodies, i. 574,576, 577.

Monte Bolca, vast accumulation of fos-
sil fishes at, i, 123; fishes perished
suddenly, i. 123 ; fossil fishes of, i.
266, 284 ; fishes of, rearranged by
Agassiz,i. 285.

Mont Maitre, list of vertebrata found
at, i. 85 ; fishes of, i. 285.

Morton, Dr., mosasaurus found by, in
America, i. 216.

Moses, his cosmogony reconcileable
with geology, i. 20 ; object of his
account of creation, i. 33.

Mosaic history, in accordance with
geology, i. 13.

Mosaic cosmogony, attempts to recon-
cile with geology, i. 16.

Mosasaurus, great animal of Maes-
tricht, i. 215 ; allied to monitors, i.
215,217 ; described by Camper and
Cuvier, i. 215 ; coeval with the cre-
taceous form ation , i. 2 1 6 ; remains of,
where found,!. 216; length and cha-
racter of, 1.217 ; teeth, peculiar cha-
racter of, i. 218 ; vertebrae, number
of, 1.219; extremities, character of, i.
219; character, predicted by Cuvier,
i. 220 ; a link between the monitors
and iguanas, 1. 220 ; habit, aquatic,
i. 220.

Moscow, Bulletin Soc. Imp. de, obser-
vations on coprolites in, 1. 201.

Moschus pygmaeus, tendons in back of,
i. 226.

Mviller, on eyes of insects, &c, i. 397.

Multilocular shells, extinct genera of,
i. 315.

Miinster, Count, foraminiferes dis-
covered by, in Maestricht stone, 11.
64 ; his discovery of mammalia at
Georgensgemiind, 1. 91 ; pterodactyle
described by, 1. 224 ; his figures of
horny sheaths of belemnites, 1. 375 ;
his collection of crustaceans from
Solenhofen, 1. 387.

Murchison, Mr., his discovery of fishes
in old red sandstone, i. 277 ; Silu-
rian system established by, 1. 527 ;
freshwater limestone in coal forma-
tion discovered by, i, 599 ; remains
of fishes found in Ludlow Rock by, i.
604 ; fossil insects and fossil^ fox
found by, i. 610 ; freshwater forma-
tion at (Eningen described by, 610 ;
fishes, &c. found in Wolverhampton
coal field by, 11. 43.

Myliobates, fossil palates of, 1. 291.

Nacre, causes of preservation of, 1.376.

Natural relijjion, addition toils eviden-
ces by geology, i. 14 ; links in evi-
dences of supplied by geology, 1. 586.

Nautilus, fossil species peculiar to cer-
tain formations,!. 311; descriptioB
of, i. 320 ; mechanical contrivances
In, i. 314 ; Mr. Owen's memoir on, i.
314 ; chambers, act as floats, i. 317 ;
siphuncle, its functions and mode of
action, i. 318, 321,325 ; siphuncle,
calcareous sheath of, i. 327 ; siphun-
cle, substance of, i. 328 ; use of air
chambers, i. 321 ; contrivances to
strengthen the shell, i. 323 — 325;
number of transverse plates, i. 325 j
action of pericardial fluid, i. 326 —
329 ; like that of water in the water
balloon, i. 327 ; its manner of float-
ing, rising, sinking, and moving at the
bottom, i. 329 — 331 ; opinions of
Hook and Parkinson concerning, i.
331 ; the author's theory, i. 331 ;
theory of its manner of rising and
sinking in the sea, i. 606; form of
shell adapted to Its retrograde move-
ments, i. 608 ; its locomotive organ
at the bottom of the sea, i. 608.

Nautilus sypho, intermediate character
of, i. 357—361.

Nautilus zic zac, intermediate charac-
ter of, i. 357—361.

Nebular hypothesis, consistent with
geological phenomena, 1. 40.

Nelson, Lieut., on strata formed by the
wind in the Bermudas, i, 127.

Newcastle, plants preserved in coal
mines at, i. 457.

Newhaven, nodules of iron-stone con-
taining fishes and corprolites at, i.278.

Newton, his religious views resulting
from philosophy, i. 10, 591.

Nichol, Mr., observations on fossil pinus
and araucaria, i. 485, 486, 488,

Niiggerath, Professor, chronometer in
fossil wood, observed by, i. 509.

Norfolk, remains in crag formation of,
i. 93 ; fishes in crag of, i. 286.

Norland House, Artesian well at, i. 563.

North Cliflf", bones in freshwater forma-
tion at, i. 93.

NummuUtes, their extent and number,
1. 382, 383 ; functions and structure,
i. 384 ; influence on stratification, i.
383.

Oberau, granite overlying cretaceous
rocks at, iv. 5.

124

INDEX.

Odier, M., his discovery of chitine, or
elytrine, in wings of insects, i. 41 1.

Oeland, orthoceratites in limestone of,
i. 364 ; lituite found in the same, i.
365.

Oeningen, plants of, 510, etseq. ; fossil
fishes of, i, 266, 285 ; description of
fossil plants at, by Professor Braun, i.
511 — 5 1 4 ; plants in brown coal for-
mation at, i. 510 ; fossil salamander
of, i. 514.

Ogyges, i. 391.

Onchus, i. 289.

Opal from Bilin, and other places, con-
tains infusoria, i. 612.

Opossum, remains of, in secondary and
tertiary strata, i. 72 ; bones of, in
oolite at Stonesfield, i. 250.

Organic remains, best summaries of, i.
38 ; argument from absence of, i. 53 ;
general history of, i. 106 ; afford evi-
dence of design, i. 107 ; important
inferences from, i. 109; study of,
indispensable to geology, i. Ill ;
successive stages of deposition, i.
113; best groundwork of geological
divisions, i. 113 ; supply deficient
links in the existing animal kingdom,
i.ll4.

Orodus, i. 288.

Ornithichnites, in new red sandstone of
Connecticut, ii. 39.

Ornithorhynchus, sternal apparatus like
that of ichthyosaurus, i. 181, 185 ;
Mr. R. Owen's papers on, i. 181.

Orthoceratite, character and extent of,
i. 363.

Osseus breccia, in fisures of limestone,
i.94.

Osier, Mr., on proboscis of buccinum,
i. 298.

Owen, Mr., on peculiarities of marsu-
pialia, i. 73 ; on comparative organi-
zation of ornithorhynchus and rep-
tiles, i. 181 ; on bones of land tor-
toises, i. 235 ; on nautilus pompilius.
i. 315, 322, 328, 329, 332.

Pachydermala, existing genera of, in

pliocene strata, i. 92.
Pain, aggregate of, diminished by the

agency of carnivora, i. 129.
Palaeotherium, remains of in Calcaire

Grossier, i. 80 ; character and place

of, i. 81.
Paley, his notice of spiral intestine of

shark, i. 196 ; defect arising from his

want of knowledge in geology, i.

572 ; his argument for the unity of
the deity, i. 583.

Palms, in brown coal of Germany, i.
509, 512; geological extentof,i.513,
514, 515 ; number and distribution
of existing and fossil species, i. 515 ;
fossil trunks of, i. 515, 516 ; leaves,
localities and species of, i. 517; lo-
calities of fossil fruits of, i. 518.

Pampas, megatherium found in, ii. 20.

Pandanese, character and extent of re-
cent species, i. 503 ; fossil fruit of,
in inferior oolite, i. 504 ; functions
of, 505.

Pandanus, fruit of recent species, i.
504, 505.

Pandanocarpum, in tertiary formation,
i. 507.

Pangolin, armed with horny scales, i.
162.

Pander, his description of megatherium,
i. 142.

Paradoxus, i. 391.

Paraguay, megatherium found in, i.
161.

Parish, Woodbine, esq., his discovery of
megatherium, i. 143, 161.

Parkinson, Mr., his theory respecting
chambers of nautilus, i. 331 ; his
observations on the lily encrinite, i.
422 ; his description of the fossil
fruits of Sheppey, i. 518.

Parry, Capt., on the long preservation
of human footsteps, i. 262.

Patterson, Mr., on artificial crystals of
galena, i. 551.

Peat bogs, local formations of, ii. 11.

Pens, recent and fossil of loligo, i. 305,
306 ; structure of fossil described, i.
308,309.

Pentacriuite, character and habit of
living species, i. 433 ; Briarean,
described, i. 434 ; vertebral column
of, i. 435 ; attached to lignite at
Lyme, i. 437 ; side arms, i. 438 ;
stomach, of, i. 439 ; body, arms, and
fingers of, i. 440 ; number of bones
prodigious, 441 ; concluding consi-
derations on, i. 441.

Perfection consists in adaptation of or-
ganization to the functions of the spe-
cies, i. 107.

Pericardial fluid, its mode of action, i.
326, 332.

Perpignan, Artesian wells in basin of,
i.566.

Perranzabulo, village buried by sand
flood, i. 127.

INDEX.

125

Peron, animal of spirula found by, i.
362.

Petavius, his interpretation of Genesis,
i. l,i. 24.

Pines, fossil in coal formation and lias,
i. 487 : peculiarity in structure of, i.
486. ' ^ ^

Placoidean, order of fishes, i. 269.

Plesiosaurus, heteroclite character of, i.
202 ; number and geological extent
of species, i. 203 ; head, compound
character of, i. 204 ; neck, great
length of, i. 205 ; back and tail, i.
207 ; ribs, peculiar character of, i.
208 ; skin, Cuvier's conjecture as
to, i. 208; lungs, probable condi-
tion of, i. 209 ; extremities acted as
paddles, i. 210; probable habits of
animal, i. 211 ; concluding observa-
tions upon, i. 214.

Pliocene, division of tertiary strata, i.
78 ; animal remains of, i. 92 ; evi-
dences of history of, i. 93.

Podocarya, fruit of, in inferior oolite, i.
504.

Poikilitic, term proposed for forma-
tions connected with the new red
sandstone, ii. 38.

Police of nature, i. 300 ; excessive in-
crease of animals restrained by, i.l33.

Polypes, fossil remains of, i. 442 ;
abundance of in warm climates, i.
443 ; functions of in submarine eco-
nomy,!. 444; effects in the produc-
tion of strata, i. 445 ; concluding
observations on, i. 447.

Polypterus, i. 274.

Population, how affected by geological
causes, i. 4.

Porphyry, veins and overlying masses
of, ii. 5.

Portland, petrified cycadeae found at, i.
494 ; subterranean forest in, i. 494.

Portsmouth, Artesian well at, 563.

Prestwich, Mr., on insects from coal
formation, i. 405.

Prevost, M. Constant, on erect position
of fossil trees at St. Etienne, i. 471.

Primary stratified rocks, history of, i.
50, 51.

Productions, natural, vary with the sub-
strata, i. 5.

Prout, Dr., his analysis of syphon of
an ammonite, i. 352 ; on the non-
eternity of molecular constitution
of matter, i. 579 ; on adaptation of
elements to the use of animal and
vegetable bodies, i. 579.

Province of geology, i. 1.

Psammodus, i,288.

Pterodactyle, anomalous character of, i.
221 ; where found, i. 221 ; Cuvier's
description of, i. 223 ; eight species
of, i. 223 ; organs of flight, i. 225 ;
vertebrae, character of, i.226; pecu-
liar mechanism in neck, i. 226 •
foot as in lizards, i. 227 ; toes,
number and proportions of bones in, i\
227—231 ; probable food of, i. 232.

Ptychodus, i. 288.

Purbeck, estuary formations in isle
of, i. 120 ; iguanodon found in isle
of, i. 242.

Piitzberg, near Bonn, brown coal of
i.509.

Pusey, Professor, his interpretation of
Genesis, i. 1 , &c. i. 22 — 26.

Philpotts, Miss, belemnites with ink
bags in collection of, i. 374.

Phillips, Professor, his views of fossil
organic remains, i. 61 ; his illustra-
tion of fossil astacids, i. 388 ; his
tabular arrangement of ammonites,
i. 334.

Pholidophorus, i. 283.

Physical geography, origin of, in geo-
logical causes, i. 5.

Pycnodonts, i. 281, 282.

Pycnodus, i. 283.

Pyrenees, granite in chalk formation
of, ii. 5.

Radiata, abound in transition strata, i.

62.
Radiated animals, character of fossil

species, i, 414.
Ray, Mr., on usefulness of metals, i.

555.
Rays, fossil, i. 291.
Reason, province of, distinct from that

of Revelation, i. 588.
Refrigeration, gradual, of matter of the

globe, i. 53.
Reptiles, ages of, i. 166.
Revelation, its object not physical

science, i. 15; province of, distinct

from that of natural religion, i. 588.
Rhizopodes, new class of animals dis-
covered by M. Dujardin, ii. 64.
Rhyncholites, fossil beaks, i. 319, 320.
Ripple markings, fossil, i. 260.
Rivers, apparatus for supply of, i. 570 ;

supply and functions of, i. 557, 558.
Robert, M., spirula found by, ii. 63.
Rodentia, in pliocene strata, i. 92.
Roussillon, Artesian well in, i. 566.
Rumphius, his figure, and observations

on living nautilus, i. 314, 331.

126

INDEX.

Saaibriick, fishes found at, i. 266, 278.

Sabrina island, rise and destruction of,
ii. 8.

Sacred history, consistency of geologi-
cal discoveries with, i. 8.

Salado, river, megatherium in bed of,
i. 143, 161,

Salamander, fossil at Oeningen, i. 514 ;
. from Japan, alive at Leyden, i. 514.

Salt, found in secondary and tertiary
strata, i. 71.

Sand, effects of wind in forming strata
of, i. 127.

Sapey Brook, concretions in, mistaken
for footsteps, i. 261.

Saurians, character of in secondary
strata, i. 74 ; sudden death and bu-
rial in lias clay, i. 124; fossil his-
tory and relations of, i. 165 — 168 ;
in what formations found, i. 166,
168 ; amphibious, allied to croco-
diles, i. 249; gigantic terrestrial, i.
234 ; flying, 221 ; marine, i. 168, 202.

Scaphite, character and extent of, i.368.

Schlotheim, his early arrangement of
fossil plants, i. 456.

Schmerling, M,, bones found by, in
caves near Liege, i. 602.

Sciences, geology essential to advance-
ment of, i. 7.

Scorpions, fossil in coal formation, i.
406 ; indicate a warm climate, i.
408 ; fossil, description of, i. 407 ;
eyes and skin, preserved, i. 407,
408 ; hairs preserved, i. 411.

Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his panoramic
views of Auvergne, ii. 8 ; on ripple
marks and tracks of animals in
oolitic strata, i. 260 ; ii. 42.

Sea, early history of, Ulustrated by fossil
eyes, i. 401 ; crowded with animal
life, i. 293.

Secondary strata, history of, i. 67 ;
adaptation of to human uses, i. 68 ;
materials of, whence derived, i. 68 ;
nature of materials, i. 69 ; advanta-
geous disposition of, i. 70.

Secondary formations, leading character
of their fossil vegetables ,i. 453.

Sedgwick, Professor, on the kind of in-
formation to be looked for in the
Bible, i. 34, 594; his discovery of
fossil fishes, i. 277.

Segregation, theory of veins filled by, i.
551.

Sellow, M., his use of Chinese method
of boring wells, i. 568.

Sepiostaire, its analogies to belemnite,
i. 378.

Seroljs, allied to trilobites, i. 392, 394.

Serpent, fossil, in Auvergne, i. 618.

Serpentine, veins and masses of, ii. 5.

Serpulae, attached to belemnites, i. 377.

Sharks, antiquity of family of, i. 286;
extinct species, numerous, i. 286 ;
fossil teeth of, i. 286 ; fossil spines, or
icthyodorulites, i. 287 ; three sub-fa-
milies of, i. 287 ; teeth in early fa-
milies obtuse, i. 289 ; peculiar form
of tail, 279.

Sheerness, Artesian well at, i. 563.

Shells, number of in tertiary strata, i. 79 ;
vast accumulation of, in many strata,
i. 116; turbinated, formed by ani-
mals of higher order than bivalves, i.
296 ; fossil univalve and bivalve, i.
295, 296 ; bored by carnivorous tra-
chelipods, i. 299 ; specific gravity of,
i. 302 ; bivalve, constructed by con-
chifers, i. 296 ; proofs of design in fos-
sil chambered, i. 310 ; conclusions
from chambered species, i. 380 ; fora-
minated polythalamous, i. 381 ; mi-
croscopic, quantity of , in certain strata ,
i. 117 ; minute multilocular, i. 382,

Sheppey, fossil emys at, i. 258 ; fossil
crocodile at, i. 258 ; fishes in London
clav at, i. 285 ; fossil fruits found at,
i. 507, 519.

Shrewsbury, freshwater limestone in
coal formation near, i. 599.

Sickler, Dr., letter on footsteps at
Hessberg, i. 265.

Siebold, Dr., salamander brought from
Japan by, i. 514; silicified buprestis
in collection of, ii. 78.

Sienite, veins and overlying masses of,
ii. 5.

Sigillaria, among the largest and tallest
plants of the coal formation, i. 469 ;
stems occasionally found erect, i.
470, 471 ; stem occasionally divided
at the summit, i. 472 ; character and
relations of, i. 472, 473, 474, 618 ;
scars on bark in vertical rows, i. 473 ;
number of species, i. 473.

Silex, secreted by living infusoria, i.
■611,612.

Silistria, sturgeons in the Danube near
i. 279.

Sill i man. Professor, his interpretation of
the word beginning, and of the days
of the Mosaic creation, i. 18.

Silurus, spine of, i. 290

Silurian system, its geological place,
and history of its establishment, i.
527 ; recognition of, on the conti-
nent, i. 528 ; divisions of, ii. 104.

INDEX. l^

Simia, fossil, in miocene formation, i.
60K

Simorre, fossil Ape found near, i. 601.

Simple minerals, definition of, 571.

Siphuncle, structure and functions of in
nautilus, i. 321 ; arguments from
fossil portions of, i. 326 — 328 ; con-
jectures respecting its varied use and
action in different shells, i.608, 609.

Sivatherium, new fossil animal in Sub-
Himalayan Hills, i. 600 ; interme-
diate character of, i. 600.

Skiddaway island, bones of megathe-
rium found in, i. 143.

Sloth, peculiarities in the structure of
living species, no imperfections, i.
141 : adapted to live on trees, i. 142.

Smyth, Capt., experiments on Masseys
log and bottles sunk in a deep sea, i.
345.

Soemmering, Professor, pterodactyle de-
scribed by, i. 223.

Soldani, his collection of fossil shells
in Tuscany, i. 1 17.

Solenhofen, pterodactyle found at,i. 221,
223 : libellulae and other insects
found at, i. 221 ; fossil fishes of, i. 266^
fossil crustaceans from, i. 387.

Species, changes of, indicate changes
of climate, i. 116.

Speeton, hamites found at, i. 368.

Spiders, fossil in Jurassic and tertiary
strata, i. 406.

Spinax acanthius, horny dorsal spine
of, i. 290.

Spirula, derived from a sepia, i. 362,
316 ; ii. 63.

Springs, how supplied by stratified
rocks, i. 70 ; origin and importance
of, i. 556, 561 ; ordinary supply of
rivers by, i. 558 ; causes of their
production, i. 558 ; supply from rain
water, i. 559, 570 ; systems of, near
Bath, i. 560 ; produced in Derby-
shire, by faults, i. 560 ; two systems
of, originated in faults, i. 560 ; local
causes of irregularities in, 569.

Squaloids, extent of, 287.

Stark, Dr., on changes of colour in
fishes, i. 209.

Star fish, number of ossicula in, i. 441 .

Steam power, prodigious effect of, i.
533 ; amount of, employed in Corn-
wall and in England, i. 534, 535.

Stelleridans, geological commencement
of, i. 416 ; structure of fossil, similar
to that of existing species, i. 416.

Steneosaurus genus established by St.
Hilaire, i. 252.

Sternberg, Count, his Flore du Monde

primitif, i. 456 ; on cycadeae and
zamites in the coal formation, i.
492 ; his discovery of fossil scorpions,
i. 406.

Stigmaria. form and character of, }.
476, 477 ; dome-shaped trunk, i.
476 ; internal structure of, i. 477 j
probable aquatic habit, i, 478.

St. Hilaire, Geoffroy de, his new genera
of fossil crocodilians, i. 252.

St. Ouen, Artesian well at, i. 562.

Stones, none have existed in their pre-
sent state for ever, i. 572.

Stonesfield, mixture of marine and ter-
restrial animals in oolite at, i. 121 ;
pterodactyle found at, i. 221 ; raega-
losaurus found at, i. 234 ; scales of
testudinata found at, i. 258 ; cast-
ings of marine worms at, i. 260 ; re-
mains of raarsupialia found at, i. 265 ;
rhyncholites found at, i. 319.

Stratified rocks, aggregate thickness of,
i. 38.

Straus, on eyes of insects, &c. i. 397.

Sturgeons, functions of living species,
i. 279.

Sublimation, theory of veins filled by, i.
551.

Succession, eternal, of species disproved
by phenomena of primary rocks, i. 54.

Sumner, Bishop, his records of Creator,
i. 33.

Superposition, regular order of in stra-
ta, 1. 6.

Surturbrand, brown coal of Iceland, i.
509, 510.

Syringodendron, name applied to many
species of sigillaria, i. 472,

Tankerville, Lady, zamia in conser-
vatory of, i. 494.

Taylor, Mr. U. C, on fossil fuci in
Pennsylvania, i. 452.

Taylor, Mr. I. C, on duty of steam
engines, i. 532, et seq. ; on beneficial
disposition of metals, i. 554.

Teleosaurus, genus established by St.
Hilaire, i. 252 ; skeleton of, from
Whitby, i. 253.

Temperature, changes indicated by fos-
sil vegetables, 453 ; proofs of gra-
dual diminution of, i. 507.

Tertiary strata, character of, i. 76;
character of their fossil veg-etabies, i.
453.

Testudo graeca, recent footsteps of, i.
261.

Tetragonolepis, fossil species of, i. 124.

Theories, Huttonian and Wernerian, i.
44, 551.

128

Thompson, Mr., pentacrinus europjBus
discovered by, i. 432.

Thomas, Mr. R., map and sections of
mining district near Redruth, i. 550.

Tiedeniann, on bones in star-fish, i.
441.

Tilgate forest, reptiles discovered by
Mr. Mantell in, i. 120.

Time, lapse of long peiiods universally
admitted, i. 13 ; proof of long lapse
of, i. 116; proof of lapse of, during
deposition of strata, i. 377.

Torpedo, fossil in tertiary strata, i. 291.

Torre D'Orlando, fishes perished sud-
denly at, i. 124.

Tortoises, number of existing families,
i. 255 ; divisions of fossil ditto, i.
256 ; extent of fossil species, i. 256 ;
marine species from Glaris, i. 257 ;
fossil land species, rare, i. 258 ; foot-
steps of in Scotland, i. 259 ; fresh-
water species, locality of, i. 258.

Tour, supposed of a foreigner through
England, i. 1.

Tours, Artesian wells in chalk of, i.
566.

Townsend, Mr., on origin of springs,!.
560.

Trachelipods, two sections of, carnivo-
rous and herbivorous, i. 297 ; carni-
vorous, perforate living shells, i.
298 ; carnivorous rare before the ter-
tiary strata, i. 299 ; herbivorous, ex-
tend through all strata to the present
time, i. 299 ; carnivorous succeeded
to functions of extinct carnivorous
cephalopods, i. 300, 312.

Trachyte, character and phenomena
of, ii. 7.

Trap, various phenomena of, ii. 6.

Transition series, history and extent of,
i. 60 ; strata, character of their fossil
vegetables, i. 453.

Transmutation of species, disproved in
the case of fishes, i. 294 ; theory of,
opposed by trilobites and animals
allied to them, i. 395 ; associated
with development by Lamarck, 585.

Trevelyan, Mr. W. C, his discovery of
coprolites near Leith, i. 199.

Trigonellites, are opercula of ammonites,
i. 618.

Trilobites, geographical and geological
distribution of, i. 389 ; genera and
species of, i. 391 ; history and struc-
ture of, i. 391 ; living animals allied
to, i. 392, et seq. ; eyes of, i. 396 ;
physiological inferences from fossil
eyes, i. 401, et seq.

Tryonix, fossil, localities of, i. 257.

Trygon, fossil in tertiary strata, i. 291.
Tucker, his speculation as to possible

existences in the interior of the earth,

i. 57 ; his view of the relations of the

world to man, i, 99.
Tufa, calcareous, local deposits of, ii.

11.
Turin, bones in museum at, i. 93.
Turrilite, character and extent of, i.

370.
Turtles, fossil, i. 256, 257.

Ulodendron, character of, i. 475.
Unity, geological argument for the
unity of the Deity, i. 582, 583, 584.

Val D'Arno, bones in fresh water
formation of, i. 93.

Vapour, influence of, in causing eleva-
tions of land, i. 43.

Vegetables, study of fossil, important, i.
450 ; recent sub-marine, divisions
of, i. 451 ; fossil sub-marine, divi-
sions of, i. 452 ; terrestrial, geologi-
cal distributions of, i. 452 ; remains
of, preserved in coal formation, i.
457, 458 ; remains of in transition
strata, i. 163, 459 ; genera, most
abundant in coal, i. 479 ; proportions
of families in coal formation, i. 480 ;
remains of, in secondary strata, i.
490 ; remains of, in tertiary strata, i.
507 ; numbers of fossil and recent
species, i. 521 ; characters of during
the three great geological epochs, i.
520 — 522 ; connection of with phy-
sico-theolcgy, i. 523.

Veins, mineral, origin and disposition
of, i. 548, 550; most frequent in
early rocks, i. 549 ; theories respect-
ing oiigin of, i. 551 ; apparatus for
production of, i. 570 ; granitic, in-
tersecting older granite, ii. 4 ; of sie-
nite, porphyry, serpentine and green-
stone, intersecting other rocks, ii. 5 ;
mineral, influence of electro-magnetic
action in, ii. 107 — 109.

Vertebrata, represented by fishes in the
transition formation, i. 62.

Vision, organs of, in conchifers and
radiata, i. 605.

Volcanos, present effect of, i. 47.

Volcanic forces, their effects on the
condition of the globe, i. 49.

Volcanic rocks, frequent in tertiary
strata, i. 89 ; of modern formation,
ii. 7.

Voltz, M., on mantellia from Luneville,
i. 492 ; has discovered opercula of
ammonites, i. 618.

INDEX. 129

Voltzia, genus of coniferae in new red
sandstone, i. 485.

Watchet, nacre of ammonites pre-
served in lias at, i. 376.

Water, its rank in geological dynamics,
i. 36 ; supplied to springs by strati-
fied rocks, i. 70 ; its agency in pre-
serving organic remains, i. 127 ; cir-
culation of in metallic veins, i. 546 ;
perpetual circulation and functions
of, i. 557, 55a.

Water-balloon, its action analogous to
that of the air chambers in the shell
of nautilus, i. 607.

Waters, not created on the third day of
Mosaic cosmogony, i. 26 ; sources of
mineral and thermal in faults, i. 569.

Watt, his experiments on crystalliza-
tion of bodies cooled slowly, i. 41.

Webster, Mr., section prepared by, ii. 2 ;
dirt bed, &c. in Portland discovered
by, i. 613 ; matrix of silicified trees
in Portland ascertained by, i. 613 ;
Purbeck series distinguished from
Portland oolite by, i. 613 ; tertiary
formations in the I. of Wight disco-
vered by, i. 77.

Weinbohla, sienite, intersecting and
overlying chalk at, ii. 5.

Weis, Professor, his account of bones of
megatherium, i. 160 ; his belief that
the megatherium had armour, i. 161.

Wells, causes of rise of water in, i. 561.

Werner, his theory of the formation of
stratified rocks, i. 44; of veins, i. 551.

Wheatstone, Prof., on crystals produced
by electro-chemical action, i. 552 ;
his opinion of the value of Mr. Fox's
and M. Becquerel's electro-chemical
researches, i. 617.

Whewell, Mr., his view of the nebular
hypothesis, i. 40 ; his report on mi-
neralogy, i. 598.

Whitby, ammonites from, i. 339.

Wifcliezka, salt iu tertiary formation, i.
72.

Winds, effect in causing undulations
during the formation of stone in Po;t-
land, i. 495 ; effect in forming strata
in Bermuda and in Cornwall, i. 197.

Witham, Mr., his publications on fossil
conifers, i. 484, 485, 488.

Worm holes, fossil, i. 260.

Yarrell, Mr., on the vision of birds,
i,173.

Zamia pungens, mode of inflorescence,
i. 494.

Zamia spiralis, buds on trunk of, i. 500.

Zamia horrida, section of trunk of, i. 497 .

Zieten, Mr., his description of fossil pens
and ink bags in Wirtembeig, i. 308.

Zoology, study of, indispensable to geo-
logy, i. 111.

FINIS.

C. Whittingham, looks Court, Chancery Lane.

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