ily Wy od

AMERICAN NATURALIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
NATURAL SCIENCES IN THEIR
WIDEST SENSE

me Eee Pe

FROM

VoL. XXXIII, No. 385. JANUARY, 1899.

BOSTON
GINN & COMPANY
The Athenxum Press
1899

_ professor of forestry and

GEORGE BAUR’S LIFE AND WRITINGS.
WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER.

GEORG HERMANN Cart Lupwic Baur was born in Weiss-
wasser, Bohemia, Jan. 4, 1859, into a family noted for its
learning. . His father and three of his father’s brothers were
professors in German universities. Among the latter was the
theologian Gustav Baur, professor at Leipzig. George Baur’s
father, Franz v. Baur, was

director: of the: *Forst-
wissenschaftliche Ver-
suchsanstalt ”’ at Munich
from 1878 to 1897, and
rector of the university
from 1895 to 1806.
The year after George
Baur spirth, Pranz. Baur,
who had been chief for-
ester (~ Oberforster *-) of
Weisswasser, left Bohe-
mia and after a short stay
in Giessen occupied a
lonely “Forsthaus”’ be-
tween Frankfurt and
Darmstadt. George
Baur’s earliest memories
went back to this secluded dwelling in the forest of which
his father was superintending forester. Here, too, the family
did not tarry. In 1864 Prof. Franz Baur accepted the chair

GEORGE BAUR.

of forestry in the Academy of Hohenheim, near Stuttgart. .

Here he remained till he was called to Munich in 1878. It was

in Hohenheim that George Baur passed the happiest years of

his childhood. He was sent to school in the spring of 1865.

According to his own statement, he learned with difficulty.
15

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16 THE AMERICAN NATCRALTIST.” Cp VOr eo Ooodmae

Memorizing, especially, was irksome to him, and in later years
he often complained of the absurd pedagogical methods in
vogue during his boyhood. Such time as he could spare from
his lessons he passed in the woods about Hohenheim, and he has
left a charming little description of himself and playmates act-
ing Fenimore Cooper’s Mohicans, chasing one another through
the woods with bows and tomahawks. There was only a
« Lateinschule”’ in Hohenheim, so George Baur’s parents de-
cided to send him to a “Realgymnasium ” at Stuttgart. He
accordingly left Hohenheim and entered on his further studies
during Easter, 1873. The “ Realgymnasium ” had an excellent
director, Dr. Dillmann, a man of whom Dr. Baur always spoke
with gratitude and affection. The final examinations in the
Stuttgart ““Gymnasium”’ appear to have been very severe, for Dr.
Baur has often told me that the horror of these examinations
kept recurring to him in his dreams years after he had grown
to manhood. These dreadful examinations, however, were suc-
cessfully passed, and he left the last class of the ““Gymnasium”’

during the autumn of 1877. During the year following he

returned to Hohenheim and entered the academy with the inten-
tion of becoming a forester like his father. He became Pro-
fessor Niess’s assistant in geology and paleontology and soon
decided to change his plans and make these subjects his life’s
work. In the fall of 1878 he entered the University of Munich.
There he studied chemistry with Bayer, zoology with v. Siebold,
and botany with Nageli, till he had completed the summer
semester of 1880. Thereupon he went to Leipzig, and dur-
ing the winter of 1880-81 and the following summer semester
studied comparative anatomy with Leuckart, geology with Cred-
ner, and phylogenetics with Carus. During the autumn of 1881
he again returned to Munich to complete his university work.
He studied paleontology with v. Zittel, physiology with Voit,
and histology and embryology with v. Kupffer. He defended
his inaugural dissertation, entitled ‘The Tarsus of Birds and
Dinosauria, a morphological study,” July 18, 1882. The guaestzo
tnauguralis referred to Gegenbaur’s archipterygium theory.
Baur had now fully decided to follow a university career, and
as the first step in this direction he became assistant in his-

Aor, <

No. 385.] GEORGE BAUR’S LIFE AND WRITINGS. . 17

tology to Professor v. Kupffer in the “Anatomisches Institut”’
of his alma mater. In March, 1884, he was called to New
Haven to act as Professor Marsh’s assistant. During the same
year he married Fraulein Auguste Wachter of Munich. Dr.
Baur served Professor Marsh till Feb. 1, 1890, when, owing to
certain difficulties with that gentleman, he resigned his position
and left Yale University. During the summer of 1890 he
collected fossil reptiles and fishes in western Kansas for Pro-
fessor v. Zittel In the autumn he accepted: the position: of
docent of comparative osteology and paleontology at Clark
University, Worcester, Mass. The calm atmosphere of inves-
tigation pervading that institution allayed the excitement into
which he had worked himself on leaving Yale, and having en-
tered on a position where free and independent investigation
and publication were not merely tolerated but required, he began
to plan several extensive works. One of these was an elaborate
monograph of the North American tortoises, to be published
by the National Museum as a companion volume to Cope’s
Batrachia. Another was the investigation of the faunas and
floras of oceanic islands. During the two years that Dr. Baur
held his position at Clark he made great progress in both of
these undertakings. In 1891, through the kindness of Mr.
Salisbury of Worcester, Professor H. F. Osborn, and others in-
terested in Clark University, he was enabled to fit out an expe-
dition to the Galapagos Islands. Accompanied by Mr. C. F.
Adams, he left in May and returned in October, after visit-
ing nearly all the islands of the archipelago. The study of
his extensive collections of the plants and animals of these
islands has since occupied Dr. Baur and several zoologists
and botanists both in this country and in Europe. The
various reports, embodying descriptions of many new species,
had been nearly all published, and just before his last illness
Dr. Baur was planning a general work on the Galapagos
Islands to include all the results of the expedition, together
with an elaborate introductory chapter by himself. The
valuable collections were recently purchased by the Tring
Museum, which is undertaking a further study of the Gala-
pagos fauna.

18 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. (VoL yeoais

In 1892 Dr. Baur was called to the University of Chicago as
assistant professor of comparative osteology and paleontology,
and three years later was advanced to an associate professorship
in the same institution. Here he bent all his energies to
developing the department of which he had charge. For the
purpose of increasing the paleontological collections of the
university two expeditions were sent out, one to eastern
Wyoming, in charge of Dr. Baur himself, and a few years later
another to Texas, in charge of Dr. E. C. Case. Besides the
work on the material collected on these expeditions, his turtle
monograph, and the Galapagos material, Dr. Baur spent much
time in working out elaborate courses of lectures on vertebrate.
osteology and phylogenetics. His classes were never large,
owing partly to the advanced and highly specialized nature of
the subjects presented and partly to his inability to express
himself in a clear and attractive manner in the English language.
Incessant work along so many different lines wore on his highly
nervous organization. During September, 1897, his friends
feared that his mental health was giving way, and he was
persuaded to go abroad, in the hope that a year’s sojourn with
his relatives in Munich and southern Tyrol might restore him
to health. His illness (general paresis) was not dispelled by
the change. It was found necessary to transfer him to an
asylum, where he soon succumbed, June 25, 1898. He was
buried at Munich. Prof. v. Kupffer, who helped to equip the
young scientist for his brief but brilliant career, placed the
merited laurel wreath upon the grave. Very near Dr. Baur
reposes George Ebers, who died a month later.

Such was Dr. Baur’s external and uneventful life; his true
inner life was one of constant and enthusiastic investigation,
which is but imperfectly indicated in the list of his published
works appended to this article. The hundred and forty odd
papers bequeathed to science are only a prodromus of the greater
things which he hoped to accomplish in the near future. Like
Professor Cope, whom he greatly admired and whose successor
in herpetology he had hopes of becoming, he possessed a very
active mind and wide interests. That he was always busy with
a number of problems simultaneously is shown by a perusal of

Nor365:|. GZORGE, BAUS LIFE AND WRTINGS. 19

the list of his writings. None of his works are of considerable
length, many of them are mere notices, but prolixity is not one
of their faults. He often condensed much patient research,
both in the laboratory and the library, into an astonishingly
small space. He cannot always be excused from the fault of
publishing too hastily and having subsequently to change his_
opinions. Nor did he always succeed in maintaining his ground
against his opponents without undue emphasis and unpleasant-
ness of expression. This unpleasantness of expression was
unintentional, however; being due to a certain abruptness in
the use of the English language. Most of his papers appeared
in a comparatively small number of journals, many of them in
the American Naturalist and the Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Dr. Baur’s inaugural dissertation on the tarsus of birds and
Dinosaurs is the keynote to much of his later work. It begins
with a study of the developing hmb skeleton of the bird and
branches out into a comparative study of the limbs of the
extinct Dinosaurs. The closing paragraph of the paper seems
to contain the germ of his later views on the origin of variation,
views which were practically identical with those of the Neo-
Lamarckian school. In this paragraph he maintains that the
appendages of oviparous animals are more variable than those
of ovo-viviparous and viviparous forms, ‘as a viviparous animal
which develops in the uterus, far from disturbing external influ-
ences, especially those of a mechanical nature, when born ex-
hibits a tolerably truthful picture of its ancestors, since what
it possesses at birth is inherited. An oviparous animal, on the
other hand, will present a much less truthful picture of its
ancestry,” etc. Dr. Baur would probably have dissented from
this crude view in after years, but he never altogether abandoned
the assumption that variations in living organisms are traceable
to the inherited effects of the environment.

Dr. Baur made the Reptilia the center of his researches in
paleontology and osteology. His thorough and extensive knowl-
edge of the diversified structure of living and fossil reptiles
enabled him to arrive at very correct conclusions respecting
mooted questions in the osteology of the fishes on the one hand,
and the birds and mammals on the other. Dr. O. P. Hay, who

20 THE AMERICAN NATORALIST.. AV OF ocx ie

studied with Dr. Baur, has published in Sczence (July, 1898,
pp. 69 and 70) a brief but excellent account of Dr. Baur’s work
in herpetology :

“Dr. Baur’s especial interest was in the morphology of the
vertebrate skeleton. Although he recognized the great value
of descriptive osteology, such work alone did not satisfy the
demands of his mind. Although he wrote much on vertebrate
paleontology, he was the describer of few new genera and
species.. His constant effort was to discover the relationships
of forms and the way in which they had originated. _He was
thus impelled to study the homologies of the various bones and
to attempt to connect them with the skeletons of more primi-
tive forms. In many of his papers we find attempts made to
unravel the genealogy of groups and to base classifications on
this genealogy. His views regarding the scope and the methods
of comparative osteology may be learned from a lecture pub-
lished in’ Sczence, 1890, vol. xiv, p. 281." -* *°* *«dn .studigauey
the development of the limbs, Dr. Baur held that the Amniota
which possessed more than five fingers were highly specialized
forms and not primitive ones, presenting transitions from the
fishes. His view is now probably very generally accepted.

«‘A number of his papers related to the structure and the
systematic position of the leather-back turtle Dermochelys. He
opposed strongly the views of Cope, Dollo, Boulenger, and
Lydekker, that this reptile forms a suborder distinct from all
other living tortoises. He regarded it as belonging to merely
a highly specialized branch of the Pinnata, a group which
contains our living sea turtles.

«The structure and relationships of the Mosasauridz form
the subject of several interesting papers. In opposition to Pro-
fessor Cope, who maintained that these extinct reptiles bore
special relationship to the snakes, Dr. Baur held that they
were true lizards, closely related to the Varanidz, but modified
for adaptation to an aquatic existence. An excellent paper on
the structure of the skull of the Mosasauridz was published in
the Journal of Morphology for 1892.

“ As early as 1886 Dr. Baur wrote a paper on the homologies
of the bones of the otic and temporal regions. His interest in

ae «:'!

Now385:| GHORGE BGAUR'S LIFE WAND. WRITINGS. 21

the subject never relaxed, and some of his latest papers were
written in a discussion of the subject with Professor Cope.

‘‘In the same year above mentioned, 1886, Dr. Baur became
interested in the morphology of the vertebral column, and he
published a paper of considerable length in the Lzologisches
Centralblatt of that year, stating his conclusions. He gave his
adherence to the opinion of Cope, who held that the vertebral
centrum in all the Amniota has developed from the pleuro-
centrum, an element which is found distinct in the Stegocephali.
He found confirmation of his views in the vertebral axis of the
Pelycosaurian reptiles, in Sphenodon, certain lizards, birds, and
even mammals. He advocated the same views in one of his
latest papers. it )

“Inthe American Naturalist for May, 1891, occurs an impor-
tant paper by Dr. Baur on the reptiles known as the Dinosauria.
In a characteristic manner he gives the history and the litera-
ture of the subject and his own conclusions. His opinion was
that ‘the Dinosauria do not exist.’ He believed that this
group is an unnatural one, and is made up of three special
groups of archosaurian reptiles which have no close relation to
one another.

“Two of Dr. Baur’s most important later efforts are probably
one entitled ‘ The Stegocephali,’ a phylogenetic study published
in the Anatomischer Anzeiger for March, 1896, and one, a joint
paper with Dr. E. C. Case, having the title ‘On the Morphology
of the Skull of the Pelycosauria and the Origin of the Mam-
malia, and appearing in the Anatomischer Anzeiger, 1897,
pp. 109-20. In the first-mentioned paper Dr. Baur compares
the skeletal structure of the Stegocephali with that of various
fishes, and comes to the conclusion that the Batrachia took
their origin from the Crossopterygia, rather than from the
Dipnoi. The second paper was based on the fine materials
collected by Dr. Case in the Permian formation in Texas. The
authors concluded, on the one hand, that the Pelycosauria are
closely related to the Rhynchocephalia, and that, on the other
hand, they could not have been the ancestors of mammals.
The authors were inclined to regard the Gomphodontia as
the ancestors of the mammals.”

22 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. ~~ [NOLs2OOemre

Dr. Baur’s interest in the more general problems of morphol-
ogy, such as the origin of variations, was first keenly aroused
at Clark University at a time when Weismann’s essays were
the subjects of much general discussion. He always remained
a steadfast Neo-Lamarckian, never forsaking the position he
had taken in his inaugural dissertation. A perusal of Wagner’s
and Eimer’s works convinced him that isolation and environment
are potent factors in producing variation. A previous study of
the giant land tortoises of the Galapagos, in connection with
his turtle monograph, and further studies on a genus of lizards
(Tropidurus) which has produced different so-called species on
the various islands of the archipelago, led him to conclusions
which his subsequent visit to the islands did not modify. It
was, perhaps, fitting that one born in the year of the publi-
cation of the Origin of Spectes should gain inspiration from
the spot where the idea of the “ Origin’”’ was conceived. At
the very outset, however, he announced a far-reaching opinion
utterly at variance with Darwin’s view of the origin of the
Galapagos. The great English scientist believed that the
Galapagos were oceanic islands that had never been connected
with the mainland

a view which Alex. Agassiz has supported
after renewed study of the region. Dr) Baur’ rejectedythe
hypothesis of the consistency of continents and oceans and
asserted that the Galapagos, like the Antilles, were formed by
subsidence and not by upheaval, and that they were at one
time connected with Central America through Cocos Island.
This contention Dr. Baur attempted to prove by showing that
each separate island has its own peculiar and harmonious fauna
and flora—a condition which could hardly exist if the archipelago
were of volcanic origin and had acquired its plants and animals
through accidental importation by means of currents from the
mainland. Dr. Baur insisted on the harmonious distribution
over the various Galapagos Islands of such organisms as the
giant land tortoises, the lizards of the genus Tropidurus, the
_ species of Nesomimus and other passerine birds, and the plant
known as Euphorbia viminea. Since there was no evidence
of intermigrations between the various islands to disturb the
pronounced individual character of their faunas and floras, how

‘Pa

Novas5.| GEORGE VBACR’S LIFE (AND. WRITINGS. 22

could one suppose that the islands had been originally peopled
from the mainland six hundred miles away? Surely, he con-
tended, isolation of faunas and floras, produced by the gradual
subsidence of a mountainous area and its conversion into islands,
would be a far simpler and more adequate explanation of the
facts than the Darwinian theory of upheaval. Dr. Baur’s view
met with derision in some quarters, but recently investigators
of repute, like Giinther, Ratzel, Bottger, Ortmann, and Hems-
ley, have cast their vote in his favor against Darwin, Wallace,
A. Agassiz, Stearns, Dall, and Wolf. Ridgway, who has studied
the birds, and Robinson and Greenman, who have studied the
Galapagos plants collected by Dr. Baur, have taken a safe neu-
tral ground. and await further evidence before expressing an
opinion.

Encouraged by the recognition of the subsidence theory,
Dr. Baur began to test the faunas and floras of other islands in
the Pacific in the same manner as he had tested those of the
Galapagos. In his last paper in the American Naturalist he
took up the distribution of various groups of animals (crusta-
ceans, ants, frogs, lizards, and birds) on the Solomon and
Fiji Islands, and in New Caledonia, in an endeavor to show
that these islands, too, were of continental origin, contrary to
prevailing opinion. He did not live to complete this paper,
his last effort to break the bonds of authority and open to
renewed discussion the question of the origin of island faunas
and floras. The man to continue this work worthily has not
yet risen among us.

A LIST OF DR. BAUR’S WRITINGS.

1. Der Tarsus der Vogel.und Dinosaurier. Eine Morphologische Studie.
Inaugural-dissertation. Univers. Munchen. Leipzig, 1882, Wilh.
Engelmann, pp. 1-44, 2 Taf. Same in Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 8, 1883,
pp. 417-456, Taf. XIX and XX. :

2. Der Carpus der Paarhufer. Eine Morphogenetische Studie. (Vorl.
Mittheil.) Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 9, 1884, pp. 597-603.

3. Dinosaurier und Vogel. Eine Erwiederung an Herrn Prof. W. Dames
in Berlin. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 10, 1885, pp. 446-454.

24

LUG

12.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vou. XXXIII.

Note on the Pelvis in Birds and Dinosaurs. Az. Naturalist, Vol.
18, Dec. 1884, pp. 1273-1275.

. Bemerkungen uber das Becken der V6gel und Dinosaurier. Morph.

Jahro., Bd. io, 1885, pp. 613-616.
Zur Morphologie des Tarsus der Saugethiere. /orph. Jahrb., Bd. to,
1885, pp. 458-461.
On the Morphology of the Tarsus in the Mammals. Am. Naturalist,
Vol. 19, Jan. 1885, pp. 86-88. * .
Uber das Centrale Carpi der Saugethiere. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. to,
1885, pp. 455-457.

On the Centrale Carpi of the Mammals. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 19,
Feb. 1885, pp. 195-196.

Das Trapezium der Cameliden. Morph. Jahro., Bd. 10, 1885, pp. 117-
118.

. The Trapezium of the Camelidz. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 19, Feb. 1895,

pp. 196-197.

A Second Phalanx in the Third Digit of a Carinate-Bird’s Wing.
wccence,. Vol..5, Mayet, £355, p.355-

A Complete Fibula in an Adult Living Carinate-Bird. Sczence, Vol. 5,
May 8, 1885, p. 375. ’

. On the Morphology of the Carpus and Tarsus of Vertebrates. Am.

Naturalist, Vol. 19, July, 1885, pp. 718-720.

. Zur Morphologie des Carpus und Tarsus der Wirbelthiere. Zoolog.

Anz., No. 196, 1885, pp. 326-329.

. Zur Vogel-Dinosaurier-Frage. Zoolog. Anz., No. 200, 1885, pp. 441-443.
Nachtragliche Bemerkungen zu: Zur Morphologie des Carpus und Tar- *

sus der Wirbelthiere (Zoolog. Anz., No. 196, 1885). Zoolog. Aunz.,
No. 202, 1885, pp. 486-488.

. Zum Tarsus der Vogel. Zoolog. Anz., No. 202, 1885, p. 488.
. Note on the Sternal Apparatus in Iguanodon. Zoolog. Anz., No. 205,

1885, pp. 561-562.

. Einige Bemerkungen tuber die Ossification der “langen” Knochen.

Zoolog. Anz., No. 206, 1885, pp. 580-581.
Bemerkungen tuber den “ Astragalus” und das ‘“ Intermedium tarsi”

der Sadugethiere. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 11, 1886, pp. 468-483, Taf. °

AXVIT.

Zur Morphologie des Carpus und Tarsus der Reptilien. (Vorl. Mit-
theil.) Zoolog. Anz., No. 208, 1885, pp. 631-639.

Uber das Archipterygium und die Entwicklung des Cheiropterygium
aus dem Ichthyopterygium. (Vorl. Mittheil.) Zoolog. Anz., No.
209, 1885, pp. 663-666.

Preliminary Note on the Origin of Limbs. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 19,
Nov. 1885, p. I112.

Historische Bemerkungen. Jzternat. Monatschr. f. Anat. u. Hist,
Bd. 3, 1886, pp. 3-7.

No. 385.] GEORGE BAUR’S LIFE AND WRITINGS. 25

45.

46.

. Der alteste Tarsus (Archegosaurus). Zoolog. Anz., No. 216, 1886,

pp. 104-106.

. The Oldest Tarsus (Archegosaurus). Am. Naturalist, Vol. 20, Feb.

1886, pp. 173-174.

W. K. Parker’s Bemerkungen iiber Archaeopteryx, 1864, und eine
Zusammenstellung der hauptsdchlichsten Litteratur tiber diesen
Vogel. Zoolog. Anz., No. 216, 1886, pp. 106-109. —

. The Intercentrum of Living Reptilia. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 20, Feb.

1886, pp. 174-175.

. The Proatlas, Atlas and Axis of the Crocodilia. Am. Naturalist,

Vol. 20, March, 1886, pp. 288-293, § Figs.

. Die zwei Centralia im Carpus von Sphenodon (Hatteria) und die

Wirbel von Sphenodon und Gecko verticillatus Laur (G. verus
Gray). Zoolog. Anz., No. 219, 1886, pp. 188-190.

. Herrn Prof. K. Bardeleben’s Bemerkungen tber “ Centetes madagas-

cariensis.”” Zoolog. Anz., No. 220, 1886, pp. 219-220.
Uber die Kanale im Humerus der Amnioten. J/orph. Jahré., Bd. 12,

Pp. 299-305. .

. Bemerkungen tuber Sauropterygia und Ichthyopterygia. Zoolog. Anz.,

No. 221, 1887, pp. 245-252.
Ueber das Quadratum der Saugethiere. Sztzungsber. Gesell. Morph.
u. Physiol., Munchen, 1886, pp. 45-57.

. On the Quadrate in the Mammalia. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., Vol.

28, new ser., 1886, pp. 169-180.
Ueber die Morphogenie der Wirbelsaule der Amnioten. SBzo/. Cen-
tralbl., Bd. 6, Nos. 11, 12, 1886, pp. 332-342, 353—363.

. The Intercentrum in Sphenodon (Hatteria). Am. Naturalist, Vol.

20, May, 1886, pp. 465-466.
Berichtigung. Zoolog. Anz., No. 223, 1886, p. 323.

. The Ribs of Sphenodon (Hatteria). Am. Naturalist, Vol. 20, Nov.

1886, pp. 979-981.

. Ueber die Homologien einiger Schadelknochen der Stegocephalen und

Reptilien. Azar. Anz., Jahrg. 1, 1886, pp. 348-350.

. Osteologische Notizen tiber Reptilien. Zoolog. Anz., No. 238, 1886,

pp. 685-690.

. Osteologische Notizen tber Reptilien. Fortsetzung 1. Zoolog. Anz.,

No. 240, 1886, pp. 733-743.

. On the Morphogeny of the Carapace of the Testudinata. Am. Watu-

ralist, Nol. 2, Jan; 1887, p: 80.

. Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. Fortsetzung II]. Zoolog. Anz.,

No. 244, 1887, pp. 96-102.

Erwiederung an Herrn Dr. A. Gunther. Zaolog. Anz., No. 245, 1887,
pp. 120-121.

Ueber Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. Zoolog. Jahro., Bd. 2, 1887,

Pp. 575-583.

26

47.

53:

66.

THE AMERICAN, NATURALIST. (Nou. XXX

Nachtragliche Notiz zu meinen Bemerkungen: “Ueber die Homo-
logien einiger Schadelknochen der Stegocephalen und Reptilien”
in No. 13 des ersten Jahrgangs dieser Zeitschrift. Amat. Anz.,
Jahrg. 2, No. 21, 1887, pp. 657-658.

. On the Phylogenetic Arrangement of the Sauropsida. /ourn. Morph.,

Vol. 1, No. 1, 1887, pp. 93-104.

. Ueber die Abstammung der Amnioten Wirbelthiere. Bzol. Cenxtralol.,

Bd. 7, No. 16, 1887, pp. 481-493.

On the Morphology and Origin of the Ichthyopterygia. Am. Natu-
ralist, Vol. 21, Sept. 1887, pp. 837-840.

On the Morphology of Ribs. Am. Maturalist, Vol. 21, Oct. 1887,
PP. 942-945.

Beitrage zur Morphogenie des Carpus und Tarsus der Vertebraten.
I Theil. Batrachia. Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1888, pp. 1-86, Taf.
I-III.

Ueber den Ursprung der Extremitaten der Ichthyopterygia. Berzcht
uber die 20. Versam. da. Oberrhein. Geolog. Vereins, Jan. 16, 1888,

4 pp.,.1 Tat. 7
Dermochelys, Dermatochelys oder Sphargis. Zoolog. Anz., No. 270,

1888, pp. 44-45.
Unusual Dermal Ossifications. Sczence, Vol. 11, March 23, 1888, p. 144.
Notes on the American Trionychide. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 22, Dec.
1888, pp. [121-1122.

. The Theory of the Origin of Species by Natural Selection’ "277,

Naturalist, Vol. 22, Dec. 1888, p. 1144.
Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. Fortsetzung III. Zoolog. Anz.,
No. 285, 1888, pp. 417-424.
Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien.. Fortsetzung IV. Zoolog. Anz.,
No. 291, 1888, pp. 592-597.
Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. Fortsetzung V. Zoolog. Anz.,
No. 296, 1888, pp. 736-740.
Osteologische Notizen uber Reptilien. Fortsetzung VI. Zoolog. Auz.,
No. 298, 1889, pp. 40-47.

Revision meiner Mittheilungen im zoologischen Anzeiger, mit Nach-
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. On “ Aulacochelys,” Lydekker, and the Systematic Position of Ano-

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Paleohatteria Credner and the Proganosauria. Am. Journ. Sci.,
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Kadaliosaurus priscus Credner, a new Reptile from the Lower Permian
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On the Morphology of Ribs and the Fate of the Actinosts of the
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On the Morphology of the Vertebrate-Skull. Journ. Morph., Vol. 3,
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. A Review of the Charges against the Paleontological Department of

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. Note on the Genera Hydraspis and Rhinemys. Am. Maturalist, Vol.

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. The Genera of the Cheloniide. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 24, May, 1890,

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. On the Classification of the Testudinata. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 24,

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Professor Marsh on Hallopus and Other Dinosaurs. Am. Vaturalist,
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An Apparently New Species of Chelys. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 24,
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. On the Characters and Systematic Position of the Large Sea Lizards,

Mososauride. Sczence, Vol. 16, No. 405, Nov. 7, 1890, p. 262.
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American Box-Tortoises. Sczence, Vol. 17, No. 426, Apr. 3, 1891,
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Der Carpus der Schildkréten. Azat. Anz., Jahrg. 7, 1892, Nos. 7
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On the Taxonomy of the Genus Emys, C. Duméril. Proc. Am. Phil.
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No. 385.] GEORGE BAUR’S LIFE AND WRITINGS. 29

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Bemerkungen uber verschiedene Arten von Schildkroten. Zoolog.
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Ein Besuch der Galapagos-Inseln. Bzol. Centralbl., Bd. 12, 1892,
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On the Morphology of the Skull in the Mosasauride. Journ. Morph.,
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. Two New Species of North American Testudinata. Am. Vaturalist,

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. G. Jager und die Theorie von der Continuitat des Keimprotoplasmas.

Zoolog. Anz., No. 425, 1893, p. 300.

Ueber Rippen und ahnliche Gebilde und deren Nomenclatur. Avzatz.
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The Discovery of Miocene Amphisbenians. Am. Naturalist, Vol.

27, Nov. 1893, pp. 998-999.

. The Relationship of the Lacertilian Genus Anniella Gray. Proc.

OS: Nat. Mus, Vol. 17, Nox vos, pp; 345—35 1:
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. Ueber den Proatlas einer Schildkréte (Platypeltis spinifer Les.).

Anat. Anz., Bd. 10, No. 11, Jan. 1895, pp. 349-354, 6 Figs.
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1895, pp. 456-459, I Fig.

. The Differentiation of Species on the Galapagos Islands and the Origin

of the Group. Sol, Lect. UW. BSL: Woods oll, 1865, pp. 67-75.

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1895, pp. 237-238.

. The Fins of Ichthyosaurus. /ourn. Geol., Vol. 3, No. 2, Feb. and

March, 1895, pp. 238-240.

. The Experimental Investigation of Evolution. Zhe Dial, May 1,

£993, Du.270:

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tion of the Mosasauride. A Reply. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 29,
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Das Gebiss von Sphenodon (Hatteria) und einige Bemerkungen tiber
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The Paroccipital of the Squamata and the Affinities of the Mosasau-
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Nachtrag zu meiner Mittheilung uber die Morphologie des Unter-
kiefers der Reptilien. Azat. Anz., Bd. 11, Nos. 18 und 19, 1896,
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Review of Dr. A. E. Ortmann’s “ Grundztige der marinen Thiergeo-
graphie.” Sczence, Vol. 3, No. 62, March 6, 1896, pp. 359-367.
The Stegocephali. A Phylogenetic Study. Anat. Anz, Bdevay

No. 22, 1896, pp. 657-673, 8 Figs.

Mr. Walter E. Collinge’s ‘“‘Remarks on the Preopercular Zone and
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1896, pp. 247-248.

Professor Cope’s Criticisms of my Drawings of the Squamosal Region
of Conolophus subcristatus Gray (Am. Vaturalist, Feb. 1896,
pp. 148-149), and a Few Remarks about his Drawings of the Same
Object from Steindachner. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 30, April, 1896,
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Bemerkungen zu Prof. Dr. O. Bottger’s Referat tber: Seeley, H. G.
on Thecodontosaurus and Paleosaurus. Zoolog. Centralol., Jahrg. 3,
No. 11, 1896, p. 896.

Der Schadel einer neuen grossen Schildkréte (Adelochelys) aus dem
zoologischen Museum in Munchen. Azat. Anz., Bd. 12, Nos. 12
und 13, 1896, pp. 314-319, 4 Figs.

Bemerkungen tber die Phylogenie der Schildkroten. Amat. Anz.,
Bd. 12, Nos. 24 und 25, 1896, pp. 561-570.

On the Morphology of the Skull of the Pelycosauria and the Origin
of Mammals (with E. C. Case). Azat. Anz., Bd. 13, Nos. 4 und
5, 1897, pp. 109-120, 3 Figs.

Remarks on the Question of Intercalation of Vertebre. Zoolog.
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Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago: A Criticism of Mr. Robert —

Ridgway’s Paper. Am. Naturalist, Vol. 31, Sept. 1897, pp. 777—
784.

Archegosaurus [ Review of ,O. Jackels’s ‘‘ Die Organisation von Arche-
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New Observations on the Origin of the Galapagos Islands, with
Remarks on the Geological Age of the Pacific Ocean. Am. Matu-
ralist, Vol. 31, Aug. 1897, pp. 661-680, and Oct. 1897, pp. 864-

896 (incomplete).

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