ISIH ■C,^)c ^"The Glasgow Naturalist Journal of the Glasgow Natural History Society Volume 26 Part 2 2016 Glasgow Natural History Society (formerly The Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow) The Glasgow Natural History Society is a registered charity (SCO 12586) with approximately 250 members living in Glasgow, the West of Scotland, throughout the UK and overseas. The Society arranges a full programme of events throughout the year in Glasgow and district and occasionally further afield. These are at both specialist and popular level, designed to bring together the amateur and the professional, the expert and the beginner. The Society has its own library, and provides grants for the study of natural history. Further details about the Society can be found at www.gnhs.org.uk or by contacting the Secretary, The Glasgow Natural History Society, c/o Graham Kerr (Zoology) Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland (E-mail: info@gnhs.org.ukl. The Society has microscopes and some field equipment that can be used by members. Please contact the Membership Secretary Mr Richard Weddle at the address above for further details. The Glasgow Naturalist The Glasgow Naturalist is published by the Glasgow Natural History Society ISSN 0373-241X. It was first issued in 1908-9 and is a peer reviewed journal that publishes original studies in botany, zoology and geology, with a particular focus on studies from the West of Scotland. For questions or advice about submissions please contact the Editor: Dr Dominic McCafferty (E-mail: dominic.mccaffertv@glasgow.ac.ukl. Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland. Advice to contributors is given on the inside cover of this edition. The publication is included in the abstracting and indexing of the Bioscience Information Service of Biological Abstracts and the Botanical Society of the British Isles Abstracts. Back numbers of the journal may be purchased by contacting the Society at the address above. Full details of the journal can be found at www.gnhs.org.uk/gnat.html Publications of the Glasgow Natural History Society The Society has published a number of books on the flora and fauna of the West of Scotland. Full details can be found at www.gnhs.org.uk/publications.html Front cover West Highland Way over the Conic Hill, Balmaha. Angus Lothian angus@lothian.de Back Cover Pegged locations of the largest earthworms Lumbricus terrestris found in Britain, Papadil, Isle of Rum. The largest Lumbricus terrestris (12.7 g) recorded in Britain (inset). Dr Kevin R. Butt krbutt@uclan.ac.uk The Glasgow Naturalist Volume 26 Part 2 Edited by: Dominic J. McCafferty & Iain Wilkie Contents EDITORIAL How can we be better citizen scientists? D. J. McCafferty 1 FULL PAPERS Glasgow’s Buzzing pollinator survey results. S Bairner 3 Observations on larval caddisfly, Tinodes assimilis [Trichoptera), galleries in a freshwater seep discharging to sea across a rocky foreshore. P. Geoffrey Moore 7 An oasis of fertility on a barren island: Earthworms at Papadil, Isle of Rum. K. R. Butt, C. N. Lowe, M. A. Callaham Jr. & V. Nuutinen 13 Biological assessment of recreation-associated impacts on the water quality of streams crossing the West Highland Way, Scotland. S. McWaters & K. |. Murphy 21 Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve: the first fifty years. J. Mitchell 31 Trichoptera [Caddisflies) caught by the Rothamsted Light Trap at Rowardennan, Loch Lomondside throughout 2009. J.T. Knowler, P.W.H. Flint & S. Flint 35 The moth assemblage of Mugdock Country Park, Stirlingshire [vc86). J. T. Knowler 43 J.F.Klotzsch; His Scottish Legacy. R. Watling...... ....53 Parasitic and commensal polychaetes (Fams. Arabellidae and Sphaerodoridae) and copepods [Fam. Saccopsidae] associated with lamella-worms [Terebellides spp.) in Scottish, and nearby, waters. M. O'Reilly. 61 The terrestrial Invertebrate fauna of Mingulay, including 18 new species records for the Outer Hebridies. J. Robinson, E. G. Hancock, S. Hewitt & D. Mann.. 71 Professor Blodwen Lloyd Binns MSc, PhD, DSc, FLS [1901 - 1991]: an updated appreciation, a quarter century after her death. E. W. Curtis & P. Macpherson 85 SHORT NOTES The Hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis [Walckenaer, 1802), Aranaea, Agelenidae in Glasgow. S. Bairner 89 First record of the marine copepod Tortanus [Boreotortanus] discaudatus (Thompson & Scott, 1897) in North Sea waters. M.C. Baptie & R.J. Foster 90 The Australian landhopper ArcitaUtrus dorrieni in Islay and in Cowal. G. M. Collis & V. D. Collis 92 Every picture tells a story: autotomy and the TV chef. l.C. Wilkie 93 The newly recorded chrysophyte, Bitrichia ollula (Fott) Bourrelly: an intriguing find from a Hebridean machair loch, and its ecological niche compared with two similar species occurring in Scottish freshwaters. P. Lang, J. Krokowski & E. Mullen 95 Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum in Loch Flemington, Scotland: a rarely observed variety of golden alga new to UK freshwaters. P. Lang, S. Meis, B. M. Spears, J. Krokowski, 1. Milne & J. Pottie 99 Erica lusitanica on Arran. J. R.S. Lyth 100 Known distribution of Leisler’s bat Nyctalus leisleri extended to the East side of Loch Lomond. M. Beard 101 A Citizen Science approach to monitoring migratory lampreys under the Water Framework Directive, with some new accounts of Sea Lampreys [Petromyzon marinus] from south west Scotland. M. O’Reilly, S. Nowacki, & M. Elliott 102 BOOK REVIEWS OBITUARIES PhotoSCENE PROCEEDINGS 107 113 115 117 1 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 1=2 EDITORIAL How can we be better citizen scientists? Dominic J. McCafferty Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ E-mail: dominic.mccafferty@glasgow.ac.uk Citizen science is becoming a popular term referring to the contribution of volunteers to the scientific process. A successful meeting by the British Ecological Society, University of Glasgow and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds was held in Glasgow this year to examine this developing movement. A useful broad definition of citizen science is the "volunteer collection of biodiversity and environmental data which contributes to expanding our knowledge of the natural environment, including biological monitoring and the collection or interpretation of environmental observations” (Roy et al, 2012). A cynical naturalist may say that we have being doing this for years. Yes, indeed, the history of natural history reminds us that our current knowledge of biology was often based on observations made by non professional scientists. For more than a century. The Glasgow Natural History Society (GHNS) and many other naturalist groups have made major contributions to our knowledge and understanding of the natural world. Many of the identified features of good citizen science projects today, including contributions to national records, collaborative projects for conservation and support for training and education have been undertaken by these groups. However, to ignore this new movement and dismiss citizen science simply as a 'rebranding exercise’ would be to miss a great opportunity for naturalists to engage more fully with professional scientists and make further contributions to data collection, conservation and education. Well designed citizen science projects may complement or actually improve our ability to accurately map species compared with traditional recording schemes (van der Wal etal, 2015). So how do we become better citizen scientists and how can we recruit more people with the right skills to this movement? Here are some ideas: (1) We can make the most of our observations in both urban and rural environments, particularly of common species, and forward these to appropriate databases. Records can be easily collated and sent to the Biological Records Centre www.brc.ac.uk/irecord/ or submitted to groups focusing on different taxonomic groups e.g. www.narrs.org.uk . Particularly important in Scotland are the regional Biological Recording Centres www.brisc.org.uk/ that coordinate the collation of species records. For example, records can be submitted directly to The Glasgow Museums Biological Records Centre by emailing biological.records@glasgowlife.org.uk . (2) We should contribute to any citizen science projects that are within our areas of interest and competence. There are a number of projects that ask the public to examine images, which help to speed up data processing of large datasets. This crowd-sourcing approach to species identification has been used for example on camera trap images in the Serengeti www.snapshotserengeti.org or for other wildlife www.ispotnature.org . (3) We must encourage others, especially young naturalists, to join and participate in organisations such as GHNS to develop their skills in species identification. For example each year GNHS & BRISC (Biological Recording in Scotland) are offering bursaries towards attending a training course in natural history field studies skills www.brisc.org.uk/Bursaries.php and regional 'Bioblitzes’ regularly take place to give people of all ages a taste for recording. (4) We all need to embrace new recording methods and keep up to date with relevant technologies. What appears to be fundamentally new and exciting about recent citizen science projects is the way that technology is used to improve species identification. Photographs are often essential in substantiating records. There is therefore a good case for making a smart phone or tablet part of any naturalist’s field kit, along with the traditional binoculars, nets and specimen jars. It may not replace the paper notebook but these devices can provide an efficient 1 method of submitting records at the end of a field excursion. How many of us have valuable species records hidden in a notebook? A great range of recording apps for different taxonomic groups are available at www.ceh.ac.uk/citizen-sdence°apps and further guidance can be found at www.brisc.org.uk/Resources.php . (5] Professional scientists can continue to develop collaborative components to new research projects. There may already be an existing project underway that can be used or the need for a more targeted approach working with local groups. One local example is a project on the threatened house sparrow [Passer domesticus) population that is benefiting from new colony records in Glasgow (R. Macleod, pers. comm.}. Roy et al (2012] provide a useful review of good practice and high quality features of citizen science projects that is worth consulting. Inevitabily issues have been raised about how well nev/ citizen science projects coordinate data collection with existing biological records centres, and make use of the expertise of local networks of recorders. This is especially important when verifying species identification and it is hoped that this will addressed in a new initiative to develop an Atlas of Living Scotland that will provide 'an open data infrastructure for research and citizen science' [Sawyer & Stround, 2015). Over many years The Glasgow Naturalist has provided a forum for 'citizen' naturalists as well as professional scientists to publish their observations. In Volume 26 (2) we have a range of studies that exemplify citizen science. These include an historical study that is based on fungal specimens collected by the eminent German botanist J.F. Klotzsch that reveal the mycodiversity previously found in the central belt of Scotland and which may have gone unrecorded without the donation of a herbarium collection from an 'amateur' botanist Rev. J. Fleming. The analysis of adult caddisflies recovered from the catch of the Rowardennan light trap during 2009 is reported here, an example of data from one of the best known long term biological recording schemes 'The Rothamsted Insect Survey [RIS]’. Important new records for Scotland are published here on a species of 'golden' algae in freshwater, a record of a marine copepod in Northern waters and the occurrence of a non-native white heather on Arran. Finally, our concluding short note is in fact a successful citizen size approach to monitoring migratory lampreys in SW Scotland. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Davide Dominoni, Roger Dov/nie, Richard Weddle and Iain Wilkie for their helpful comments on a draft of this editorial. The Glasgow Naturalist would not be produced without the hard work of many people, including the anonymous reviewers who ensure the scientific quality of this journal. 1 am particularly grateful for Iain Wilkie as Editor of Short Notes and his continued help and enthusiasm, Bob Gray for book reviews and to Richard Weddle for making journal articles available online. Many thanks to Ruth Maclachlan who undertook copy editing and administrative duties. REFERENCES Roy, H.E., Pocock, M.j.O., Preston, C.D., Roy, D.B., Savage, J., Tweddle, |.C. & Robinson, L.D. [2012]. Understanding citizen science and environmental monitoring. UK Environmental Observation Framework, NERC CEH/NHM. Sawyer, J. & Stroud, R. (2015). Atlas of living Scotland. New open data infrastructure for research and citizen science. www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A1792503.Ddf. Van der Wal, R., Anderson, H., Robinson, A., Sharma, N., Mellish, C., Roberts, S., Darvil!, B. & Siddharthan, A. (2015). Mapping species distributions: a comparison of skilled naturalist and lay citizen science recording. Ambio, 44(4], 584-600. doi: 10.1007/sl3280-015-0709-x. 2 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 3- 5 FULL PAPERS Glasgow's Buzzing pollinator survey results Suzanne Bairner Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balallan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling, FK8 2QG E-mail: suzanne.bairner@buglife.org.uk INTRODUCTION Over 97% (more than 3,000,000 hectares) of flower-rich grassland have been lost in the UK since the 1940’s through agricultural intensification to produce more home-grown food, and through wider development of housing, transport infrastructure and industry. These flower-rich areas are vital habitats for many invertebrate species and are particularly important to pollinating insects such as bees, butterflies and hoverflies. The loss of wildflower meadows across Britain has resulted in a massive decline in pollinators as well as other invertebrate species. Over 250 species of pollinating insects in the UK are in danger of extinction and are on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) priority species list. Buglife has joined forces with Land and Environmental Services - Glasgow City Council to transform mown grassland in urban areas into colourful and wildlife-rich wildflower meadows that will benefit a whole range of invertebrate species. This three year project started in May 2011 and is funded by the Landfill Communities Fund. Wildflower meadows have been created and/or enhanced in at least 13 parks through the sowing of seed and planting of plug plants of native species of wildflower that are of known provenance. This has significantly increased wildflower species diversity within the parks providing habitat for a range of invertebrates and other wildlife such as small mammals, birds and amphibians. PROJECT SURVEYS During each year of the project, Buglife has undertaken invertebrate surveys at the parks before and after meadow creation and/or enhancement. These surveys concentrated on pollinating insects such as bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), but other invertebrate species found during the surveys were also recorded including beetles (Coieoptera), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), true bugs (Hemiptera) and spiders (Araneae). METHOD Over the project, a total of 13 parks have been surveyed for pollinators during a single site visit in August 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, though not all parks were surveyed every year (Table 1). Table 1. Parks surveyed in August 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 with the grid references of the meadow that was surveyed for invertebrates. Park Name Grid Reference 2011 2012 2013 2014 Alexandra Park NS619657 V ✓ Auchinlea Park NS666662 ■/ ✓ Bellahouston Park NS545635 ✓ Botanic Gardens NS566676 Cranhill Park NS644655, NS645654 Glasgow Green NS602638,NS597642 Hogganfield Park NS6467 Kelvingrove Park NS568663, NS569663 ■/ Linn Park NS583589,NS585594 Pollok Country Park NS557619, NS548620 Queen's Park NS577619 Trinley Brae NS533700 Victoria Park NS539671 ■/ 3 Table 2. Species recorded during pollinator surveys that are new to Glasgow, including the park they were collected from, the month and year, notes on how they were identified and the sex of the specimen (if known). Park abbreviations: Alexandra Park: Alex, Auchinlea Park: Auch, Cranhill Park: Gran, Glasgow Green: Glas, Hogganfield Park: Hogg, Kelvingrove Park; Kelvin, Linn Park: Linn, Pollok Country Park: Pollok, Queen’s Park: Queen, Trinley Brae: Trin, Victoria Park: Vic. Order Species Park (abbreviation) Date Notes Hymenoptera Andrena denticulata (Kirby 1802) Trin August 2012 Female, identified by Murdo Macdonald from Highland Biological Recording Group Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus 1758) Linn August 2012 Female, identified by Murdo Macdonald from Highland Biological Recording Group Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby 1802) Alex, Kelvin August 2013 Female, identified using draft key by Else, 1999 Coleoptera Galeruca tanaceti (Linnaeus 1758) Linn September 2012 Several gravid females observed and one male collected; Cox, 2007; Hubble. 2012 Hemiptera CMamydatus pull us (Reuter 1871) Cran August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Deraeocoris flavilinea (A. Costa 1862) Hogg August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Lopus decolor (Fallen 1807) Trin August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Lygocoris pabulinus (Linnaeus 1761) Alex August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Lygus rugulipennis Alex, Auch, August Several individuals recorded at each (Poppius 1911) Cran, Glas, Hogg, Kelvin, Linn, Pollok, Trin 2013 park; Nau, 2004 Orthops campestris (Linnaeus 1758) Glas August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff 1804) Kelvin, Pollok, Queen, Trin August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Stenodema calcarata (Fallen 1807) Glas, Hogg, Linn, Trin August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Stenodema holsata (Fabricius 1787) Alex, Auch, Hogg, Linn, Pollok, Vic August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Stenodema laevigata (Linnaeus 1758) Auch, Glas, Hogg, Trin August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Javesella pellucida (Fabricius 1794) Linn August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Stenocranus minutus (Fabricius 1787) Kelvin August 2013 Identified using British Bugs website Araneae Larinioides cornutus (Clerck 1757) Hogg August 2012 Two males; Lockett and Millidge, 1978; Roberts, 1996 4 Each site survey involved the surveyor walking a transect across the meadows at each park to collect invertebrates. A sweep net was used to collect invertebrates from vegetation, particularly from flower heads. The net was swept over vegetation in a figure of eight for one minute during a transect; larger meadow areas such as those at Hogganfield Park and Trinley Brae had several transects completed across the site during a survey. Specimens collected in this way were either put into a pot with 70% ethanol to be identified later or, if they could be identified by the surveyor at the park, the specimen was later released. Identification of several species of bees and wasps, butterflies and moths and hoverflies was made through direct observation of specimens visiting wildflowers or in flight during a site survey. Sweep nets were sometimes used to aid in identification of a species which could then be released. Other species identified through direct observations included grasshoppers and some beetles. RESULTS Pollinator surveys over the project have recorded a total of 139 species of invertebrate across the 13 parks and this includes several that are possibly new to the Glasgow area; due to the incompleteness of information in the British Records Centre there is some uncertainty, especially amongst the Hemiptera. [Table 2). DISCUSSION After sending all invertebrate records for the Glasgow Buzzing project to Richard Weddle, manager at Glasgow Records Centre, it is thought that a total of 17 species recorded during the project are new to the Glasgow area. This list includes several true bugs as well as three species of solitary bee. The leafcutter bee Megachile centuncularis and leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti were both recorded in the same area of established meadow at Linn Park that was extended and further enhanced through this project. Surveys at this park in the first year of the project and before meadow enhancement recorded a total of 20 species of invertebrates, which increased to 43 species recorded after meadow enhancement. A total of 55 species of invertebrate were recorded in the meadows at Linn Park over the project. Hogganfield Park had the highest total number of invertebrate species recorded (71) and this includes several that may be new to Glasgow [Table 2); 26 species of invertebrate were recorded in year one of the project, 27 species in year two and 60 species in year three. Cranhill Park, which is just south of Hogganfield Park, had the lowest total number of species recorded over the three years [30), including two species that may be new to Glasgow [Table 2); 14 species of invertebrate were recorded in Cranhill Park in year one, 16 in year two and 14 in year three. The most significant increase in species recorded in the parks after meadow creation was at Glasgow Green. Surveys of the sites selected for meadow creation within the park before habitat work occurred resulted in only the common wasp [Vespula vulgaris] being identified. Since the meadow was created, a further 30 species have been recorded in August 2012 and 2013, including small copper {Lycaena phlaeas] and a female common green grasshopper {Omocestus viridulus], which was observed ovipositing. The increase in species recorded at Glasgow Green over the project as well as the high number of species recorded at Hogganfield Park and Linn Park highlights the importance of wildflower meadows for a range of invertebrate species. Copies of reports written throughout the project, including species records can be obtained either from Buglife or through the website: www.buglife.or_g.uk/ . All collected invertebrate specimens are kept at the Buglife office in Balallan House, Stirling. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Richard Weddle for confirming species as new to Glasgow and for providing valuable information throughout the project. REFERENCES Cox, M.L. [2007). Atlas of the seed and leaf beetles of Britain and Ireland. Pisces Publications. Else, G. [1999). Draft key to Sphecodes. Not published. Hubble, D. [2012). Keys to the adults of seed and leaf beetles of Britain and Ireland. Field Study Council. Lockett, G.H. & Millidge, A.F. [1978). British Spiders. Pisces Conservation. Nau, B.S. [2004). Identification of plant bugs of the genus Lygus in Britain. Heteroptera Recording Scheme [newsletter). Robert, M.J. [1996). Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. ELECTRONIC SOURCES Bees, wasps and ants recording society; http://www.bwars.com/ last accessed October 2014. British Bugs; http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/ last accessed October 2014. 5 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 7-12 Observations on larval caddisfly, Tinodes assimilis (Trichoptera), galleries in a freshwater seep discharging to sea across a rocky foreshore P. Geoffrey Moore 32 Marine Parade, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland KA28 OEF E-mail: p.geoff.moore@gmail.com ABSTRACT Attention is drawn to the structure and pattern of dispersion of the larval galleries of the caddisfly Tinodes assimilis (Trichoptera) living in a freshwater seep discharging over a rocky foreshore near the Lion Rock, Isle of Cumbrae. An original method for measuring the sinuous galleries is explained. Gallery density, structure, dimensions, orientation and occupancy rate are investigated. INTRODUCTION Freshwater seeps flowing over open rocky-shore surfaces have received scant ecological attention. Boyce (2002) has stressed the inadequacy of our understanding of assemblages associated with stable cliff-seepage habitats in England. The fauna occupying this habitat has been termed the 'fauna hygropetrica' (see Popham 1952; Vaillant 1954); that is, animals occupying a microhabitat where a thin film of water flows permanently (or intermittently) over emergent structures. Insects form an important component of such ecosystems, especially in high latitudes. Jones (1969) investigated the emergence of Trichoptera from a small ground-fed stream flowing into the Menai Strait, North Wales; with Tinodes assimilis emerging from June to August. Regarding other rocky-shore dwelling dipterans, Neumann (1976) has reviewed the adaptations of chironomids to intertidal environments and Stuart (1941) has considered comparative aspects of the larval chironomid fauna of shore pools at Millport. My attention was drawn to this topic by happening upon a conspicuous assemblage of larval caddisfly [Tinodes assimilis McLachlan) galleries, fixed to the bedrock bottom of a small freshwater seep overflowing the supralittoral zone of a solid sandstone rocky shore substratum locally. Caddisfly larvae are typical inhabitants of freshwater habitats. That said, although a long-established fact (McLachlan 1883), it is less widely appreciated that marine species also exist (Leader 1976). Case- building caddis larvae utilise a range of building materials to construct their portable houses and some non-case builders construct fixed galleries (Edington & Hildrew 2005: 83), each species creating an abode of a particular form utilising a variety of building materials bound by silk secretions emanating from labial glands (Miall 1934; Otto & Svensson 1980; Hansell 1984; Michalek et al. 2005). Haage (1970) reported on the feeding habits of two Baltic caddis larvae living in the Fucus vesiculosus L. belt. No published data apparently exist on Trichoptera of Millport shores (Smith & Smith 1983), although the regional list published by King (1901) will have local relevance. Dealing with the distribution of stream-bottom fauna, Allen (1959) stressed "particularly with small animals, it is rare to be able to observe and record the position of each individual in the undisturbed environment”. Edgar & Meadows (1969) were able to make such observations on an artificial population of chironomid larvae [Chironomus riparius Meigen) building cases in an experimental freshwater tank. Following that work, Campbell & Meadows (1972) published observations on the under-stone dispersion pattern of larvae of a caddisfly in the field in the River Allander, Scotland. An opportunity to make similar field observations from a coastal locality was presented by the readily accessible natural Cumbrae freshwater-seep population described herein. Destructive sampling was kept to a minimum in view of the small size of this population. Caddis identification was achieved using Edington & Hildrew’s key (2005). MATERIALS AND METHODS Site description The small, micro-topographically sheltered, freshwater seep studied (Fig. 1) exited over the shore composed of solid Old Red Sandstone on the east-facing coast of Great Cumbrae Island, between the concrete fixing stanchion for the W.W.II anti- submarine boom and the intrusive dyke at Lion Rock (O.S. Grid ref: NS179548; lat. 55° 45.135', long. 004° 54.196' as established using a Garmin etrex hand-held GPS). At the time of first sampling (July 2006), the seep (then only slow-flowing) at its narrowest was about 30 cm across and millimetres deep, broadening to double (and, under high-flow 7 conditions, potentially triple] that as it traversed the black lichen {Verrucaha maura Wahlenb.) zone, its bed coated with a shiny brown coating of unknown composition and its margins flanked by blackish- green bubbly looking excrescences of Cyanophyceae {cf. Little 1973). The caddis galleries were conspicuous as the only indication of macrofaunal colonisation of this outflow. After exiting from the terrestrial vegetation, the seepage flowed shallowly over a series of small [ca 5 mm water depth] shelves, creating pools [the slightly deeper and down-shore of which retained a mixture of flocculent silt and detritus and detached siltier tubes occupied densely by red-coloured, hypoxia tolerating larvae of the midge Chironomus sp.]. Fig. 1. The freshwater seep south of Lion Rock, Great Cumbrae Island (original photograph, © R G. Moore]. Four progressively down-shore micro-sites were investigated: site 1, the uppermost, was a small flattish shelf (dip 5-] nearest the terrestrial vegetation; site 2, a narrow channel (15 cm] more steeply sloping (dip 10-] in the middle of the study area, and site 3 (subsections a and b] a similarly sloping (dip 10-20-], but broader (1 m], apron at the base of the area considered. Somewhat below site 3, Enteromorpha sp. was established in the seep’s path. Adjacent shallow depressions to one side (south] of site 2, that were dry that July, showed evidence of previous colonisation (disintegrating residua of empty sandy galleries] indicative of an expanded distribution of T. assimilis during periods of greater water outflow. No stones or gravel impeded the smooth passage of the spillway, the bed of which formed a stepped two- dimensional habitat. The whole system resembles an inverted funnel in shape (Fig. 1]. Gallery construction Intact galleries were examined visually using a Wild M7A stereo light microscope (under cold-light illumination] and a pooled sample (n = 5] disaggregated by immersion in dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (7 days] prior to gravimetric analysis (weighing to 3 decimal places] after grading under water through an Endecott sieve series and subsequent drying at 60-C. Gallery form, dimensions and orientation Galleries meandered, varying in plan considerably but were never branched. The length of each gallery at the four sites was assessed by bending insulated copper wire to conform to the shape of the gallery as graphically recorded in free-hand scale drawings using a gridded quadrat, followed by straightening the wire against a millimetre scale. To test the validity of the above technique, pieces of copper wire of random lengths within the typical size range, and bent into a variety of shapes, were scattered onto a plane surface and then recorded graphically in the same way. Their drawn representations were then measured using the technique above before the actual sizes of the models were determined directly. These calibration data were then subjected to correlation analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient resulting was 0.947 (n = 25, P<0.001]. Since the method proved to be 95% accurate, the field data are considered to be accurate to one millimetre. Since one of the field data sets did not conform to a normal distribution, median lengths have been reported as well as means. Gallery widths were measured in situ using a vernier calliper. The predominant orientation of galleries (all from samples taken within the seepage’s prevailing flow regime] was also analysed from the scale drawings (Fig. 2]. The angle of each gallery's prime anterior axis was recorded relative to the direction of flow and the distribution of those angles plotted as a rose diagram for each micro-site. Note was also taken of atypically long galleries radiating into a dried-up pool extension. Gallery occupancy A small sample (n = 10] of longer than average submerged galleries was taken (14 July 2006] to assess occupancy rate. Dispersion pattern The variance to mean ratio was calculated using count data from 30 haphazardly thrown 5 x 5 cm quadrats at each site. All data sets were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test before parametric statistical analysis. The variance to mean ratios obtained were then entered in a table at n-1 degrees of freedom (Elliott, 1983] to test for significance at P<0.05. An aggregated distribution has a variance to mean ratio > 1, a random distribution equal to 1 and a regular <1. 8 Gallery length (cm) Fig. 2. Histogram of gallery lengths [cm) of T. assimilis from site 1 [n = 109). RESULTS The galleries were simple sub-cylindrical structures (stirrup-shaped in transverse section with the flat region attached to the substratum) exhibiting a wide variety of sinuous shapes. Depending on their disposition, typically, they measured between 1 and 2 cm in length [Table 1, Fig. 2). Width was more directly measurable and was 2.8 ± 0.1 [S.E.) mm [n = 10). The sample of selected larger galleries investigated showed that galleries could be many times the length of the major occupant [not unusually 3-5x; large larvae being typically ca 9mm long). Galleries were constructed predominantly [60%) from sand grains in the size range 250-500 pm [median grain size; 356pm) [Table 2), plus the occasional tiny gastropod shell or vegetation fragment, cemented together with silken threads. A few of the galleries examined microscopically [30%) had fine, filamentous algal material associated with them but it is not clear whether that had colonised the gallery secondarily or been incorporated deliberately. Diatoms were also visible on the outside of the galleries. Galleries were variously orientated with respect to current direction, with some tendency to be angled somewhat obliquely to the flow but the effect was variable [Fig. 3). Some tendency was observed for gallery density to be greater along cracks in the rock and at the foot of vertical fracture faces, presumably taking advantage of better fixation potential in two conjoined planes. Gallery density was significantly higher [P<0.01) at site 2 where the water was more channelled and faster flowing. That site also had the the shortest galleries. Galleries were randomly distributed [Table 1). Sampling ten longer galleries revealed a 90% occupancy rate. Table 2. Percentage composition [by weight) of the sand-grain fractions making up the galleries of T. assimilis [July 2006). Grain size range (|im) % >500 21 250-499 59 125-249 19 63-124 1 Dir? of flow Fig. 3. Orientation of the mouth of T. assimilis galleries with respect to water-flow direction at the four micro-sites investigated. Perhaps the constructors of exceptionally straggly galleries [<6 cm) in dried-up areas had continued building in an attempt to keep pace with water-level recession by extending the galleries towards the centre of small shrinking pools in a vain attempt to remain submerged. For how long such galleries remain intact after drying-out was not established but decomposition was noticeable several weeks after first encounter of some in an already dry state. Table 1. Population densities [per 25 cm^) of larval caddisfly [T. assimilis) galleries together with data on the variance to mean ratio of population density estimates, on the significance of those ratios [assessed using x2), and on mean and / or median [latter where distribution non-normal) gallery lengths [cm) at the four progressively down-shore micro-sites studied, length data assessed from scale drawings made in situ, 13 July 2006 [Great Cumbrae Island). Site no. Mean density ± S.E. fn) Variance to mean ratio Ratio signif. Mean length + S.E. fn) Median length fn) 1 4.83 ± 0.47 [30) 1.34 P>0.05 1.810.1 [109) 1.7 [109) 2 11.43 ± 0.57 [30) 0.85 P>0.05 Non normal 1.4 (113) 3a 7.30 ± 0.37 [30) 0.57 P>0.05 1.610.04(138) 1.6 (138) 3b 1.77 ±0.32 [30) 1.74 P>0.05 1.7 1 0.1 [35) 1.6 (35) 9 DISCUSSION The psychomyiids Tinodes assimilis and T. maclachlani typically occupy vertical or near- vertical rock faces over which thin films of water are flowing; the so-called hygropetric habitat [Vaillant 1954). Popham (1952) reported that T. assimilis replaced the dipteran Thaumalea testacea at sites where the water flow was more rapid. According to Edington & Hildrew (2005), in lowland areas Tinodes maclachlani may extend into more typical small stream habitats where it is frequently overlooked possibly as a result of the superficial resemblance of their galleries to the silt tubes of chironomids. Lacking supplementary cover of any kind locally, T. assimilis presumably relies for concealment at the Lion Rock seepage site on the fact that its galleries are made of the same sand- grain material as the country rock (not faecal material). Note, however, that Alderson's unpublished work (1969), reported by Edgington & Hildrew (2005: 90), described T. assimilis galleries elsewhere as consisting "largely of faecal pellets.” Vaillant (1954), however, described Tinodes galleries as being made of sand and calcareous matter. Nevertheless these straggling galleries on Cumbrae, fixed along their whole length (see also Vaillant 1954), still looked conspicuous enough to the human eye (i.e. against the brown biofilm background cover); although the mouth of the gallery was not so obvious. Given the extent of their elevation up-shore, the freshness of the water and the extremely shallow water depth, it is hard to imagine that any marine organisms would predate upon these larvae. Shore margin-foraging birds, like rock pipits [Anthus spinoletta (L.)), might conceivably consume them. Stuart (1941: 500), though, found no evidence for bird predation on chironomid larvae in Millport shore pools (note also Leader 1976); indeed, he associated the population density of those larvae with an absence of avian predation. The population densities recorded herein are in accord with those reported by Popham (1952) from Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man. The galleries of T. assimilis, constructed of densely-packed mineral particles locally, were quite robust; the silken bracing threads resisting tearing forces when galleries were being teased apart under the microscope to a notable extent. Hansell (1984) has commented on the compression / load bearing and elasticity aspects of caddis sand-grain houses versus palatability to larger predators (p. 138) (see also Otto & Svensson 1980). It seems possible that, at least while hydrated, such relatively tough galleries might outlast their original architect. When occupied, they are capable of being exploited by several species simultaneously, the largest larva patently tolerating the presence of smaller chironomid larvae (unidentified) within the same gallery. This could be seen as adaptive, i.e. the smaller species benefiting from the greater strength of a larger gallery. Typically, caddis larvae go through five instars prior to pupation (Hildrew pers. comm.). Otto & Svensson (1980) found that as the age of larval Potamophylax cingulatus (Steph.) increased, their cases became more and more resistant to pressure and less vulnerable to predation by trout. Gallery-sharing would obviate this problem for smaller cohabitants. Imms (1964: 579) commented that retreats are often common to several larvae. Otto & Svensson regarded case enlargement as being most pronounced among the organic gallery makers. Gallery enlargement by T. assimilis was most extreme in the dried-out depressions. Many species of caddis flies have flight- periods of several months, and this, together with the delayed hatching of some eggs, provides a safeguard for the population during adverse conditions, such as drought (Morrison 1990). Hickin (1967: 200) noted that T. assimilis can withstand a degree of drying of its surroundings. Mineral-grain selectivity for house construction by caddisfly larvae can alter depending upon particle availability (Statzner et al. 2005), and so could alter temporally in relation to varying water-outflow rates. Vaillant (1954) noted that Tinodes larvae can resist their galleries being washed away during heavy rainfall for some hours (but note above). Populations of organisms can be spatially distributed according to three basic patterns: random, regular (under-dispersion) or contagious (over-dispersion or aggregated) (Elliott 1983). Of these, regular distributed patterns of dispersion are perhaps the least frequently encountered. Typically they occur in artificial conditions, e.g. tree plantings in an orchard, or where social factors govern behaviour that necessitate a territorial spacing-out of individuals of the same species, as among colonially nesting seabirds. Connell (1963), though, has also described territorial behaviour generating a regular dispersion pattern in the marine tubicolous amphipod crustacean Ericthonius brasiliensis (Dana) and Johnson (1959) described an even distribution in the tubicolous phoronid Phoronopsis viridis Hilton. Much more usual than regular dispersion patterns in the marine benthos are random or clumped distributions (Wilson 1976; Turra & Denadai 2006). Edgar & Meadows (1969), however, found that the tubes of Chironomus riparius were spaced-out in an experimental tank and that larvae deliberately re-sorted themselves to assume a regular distribution pattern if artificially placed into clumps. Campbell & Meadows (1972), by contrast, described aggregation in the caddisfly larva of Potamophylax latipennis (Curtis), an algal scraper, in its natural habitat (under stones of a particular size in a Scottish river). It was interesting that the site (no. 2) with the shortest galleries was also that with the highest density of galleries, suggestive of some degree of hostility and mutual avoidance of conspecifics, maybe involving 10 defended foraging areas (cf. Johnson 1959; Connell 1963).The larvae of the freshwater caddisfly Cheumatopsyche sp. exhibited aggression and spacing under laboratory conditions [Glass & Bovbjerg 1969). However, the randomness of the spatial distribution pattern here disclosed [Table 1) would count against that hypothesis in this instance. The impact of crowding on gallery length [note Table 1) is consistent with T. assimilis feeding as a generalist epistratum scraper [requiring the larva to forage outside its gallery). Whether the preferred grains for gallery-construction represents outwash from the land or particles scraped-off the substratum, as during feeding, is uncertain. Galleries will be expensive to construct so occupants would, presumably, be loath to vacate them entirely and run the risk of not being able to regain their shelter. The extent of such emergence, however, could readily be up to one body length away from the gallery mouth, with home contact still being maintained using their hooked terminal appendages [Pryor 1951). Popham [1952) found the smallest larvae of T. assimilis in the dampest situations. Considering the marginal importance of Cyanophyceae reported herein, it is interesting that Becker [1990) found that T. rostocki took very few Cyanobacteria [= Cyanophyceae) despite their abundance on stone surfaces. Cyanophyceae are generally unpalatable to marine grazers, both benthic and planktonic, due to their noxious allelochemica! defences. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Professor Alan Hildrew [Queen Mary, University of London) kindly confirmed my caddis identification. Penny Healy helped to create the Figures. 1 am most grateful to Ian Wallace [National Museums Liverpool) both for helpful suggestions which improved an earlier version of the manuscript and for facilitating my access to some of the entomological literature. Lynda Brooks [The Linnean Society of London) kindly scanned Vaillant's paper from their archives for me. REFERENCES Alderson, R. [1969). Studies on the larval biology of caddis flies of the family Psychomyiidae. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales. Allen, K.R. [1959). The distribution of stream bottom faunas. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 6, 5-8. Boyce, D.C. [2002). A review of seepage invertebrates in England. English Nature Research Report, No. 452, English Nature, Peterborough. Campbell, J.I. & Meadows, P. S. [1972). An analysis of aggregation formed by the caddisfly larva Potamophylax latipennis in its natural habitat. Journal of Zoology (London) 167, 133-147. Connell, J.H. [1963). Territorial behavior and dispersion in some marine invertebrates. Researches on Population Ecology, Kyoto University 5, 87-101. Edgar, W.D. & Meadows, PS. [1969). Gallery construction, movement, spatial distribution and substrata selection in the larva of Chironomus riparius Meigen. Journal of Experimental Biology 50,247-253. Edington, J.M. & Hildrew, A.G. [2005). A revised key to the caseless caddis larvae of the British Isles, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publication, Ambleside, no. 53. Elliott, J.M. [1983). Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Scientific Publication no. 25. Glass, L.W. & Bovbjerg, R.V. [1969). Density and dispersion in laboratory populations of caddisfly larvae [Cheumatopsyche, Hydropsychidae). Ecology 50. 1082-1084. Haage, P. [1970). On the feeding habits of two Baltic species of caddis larvae [Trichoptera). Entomologica Scandinavica 1, 282-290. Hanna, H.H. [1961). Selection for case-building by larvae of caddis flies [Trichoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society [A) 36, 37-47. Hansell, M.H. [1984). Animal architecture and building behaviour. Longman, London. Hickin, N.E. [1967). Caddis larvae: larvae of the British Trichoptera. Hutchinson and Co., London. Imms, A.D. [1964). A general textbook of entomology. Ninth edition, revised. Methuen and Co. Ltd, London. Johnson, R.G. [1959). Spatial distribution of Phoronopsis viridis Hilton. Science, 129, 1221. Jones, N.V. [1969). The emergence of Trichoptera from a small ground-fed stream in N. Wales. The Entomologist's monthly magazine 105, 151-155. King, J.F.X. [1901). Order Trichoptera, pages 302- 305, in: Scott Elliot, G. R, Laurie, M. and Murdoch, J. B. [Eds), Fauna, flora & geology of the Clyde area. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Glasgow. Leader, J.P. [1976). Marine caddis flies [Trichoptera: Philanisidae), pages 291-302, in: Cheng, L. [Ed.) Marine insects. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Little, M.G. [1973). The zonation of marine supra- littoral blue-green algae. British Phycological Journal 8, 47-50. McLachlan, R. [1883). On a marine caddis-fly [Philanisus, Walker, = Anomalostoma, Brauer) from New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16, 417-421. Miall, L.C. [1934). The natural history of aquatic insects. Macmillan and Co. Ltd, London. Michalak, M., Tszydel, M., Bilska, J. & Krucihska, 1. [2005). Products of caddis-fly larvae [Trichoptera) silk glands as a new natural textile fibre. Fibres & Textiles 13, 28-32. 11 Morrison, B.R.S. (1990). Recolonisation of four small streams in central Scotland following drought conditions in 1984. Hydrobiologia 208, 261- 267. Neumann, D. (1976). Adaptations of chironomids to intertidal environments. Annual Review of Entomology 21, 387-414. Otto, C. & Svensson, B.S. (1980). The significance of gallery material selection for the survival of caddis larvae, journal of Animal Ecology 49, 855-865. Popham, E.J. (1952). Some preliminary notes on the fauna hygropetrica of Lancashire and the Isle of Man. journal of the Society for British Entomologyl952, 58-63. Pryor, M.G.M. (1951). On the abdominal appendages of larvae of Trichoptera, Neuroptera, and Lepidoptera, and the origins of jointed limbs. Quarterly journal of Microscopical Science 92, 351-376. Scudder, G.G.E. (1976). Water-boatmen of saline waters (Hemiptera: Corixidae), pages 263-289, in: Cheng, L. (Ed.) Marine insects. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Smith, K. & Smith, V. (1983). A bibliography of the entomology of the smaller British offshore islands. E. W. Classey Ltd, London. Statzner, B., Merigoux, S. & Leichtfried, M. (2005). Mineral grains in caddisfly pupal cases and streambed sediments: resource use and its limitation through conflicting resource requirements. Limnology and Oceanography 50, 713-721. Stuart, T.A. (1941). Chironomid larvae of the Millport shore pools. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 60, 475-502. Turra, A. & Denadai, M.R. (2006). Microhabitat use by two rocky shore gastropods in an intertidal sandy substrate with rocky fragments. Brazilian journal of Biology 66(1B), 351-355. Vaillant, F. (1954). Tinodes algirica McLachlan, the hygropetric larvae of the Tinodes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7, 58-62. Wilson, J.G. (1976). Dispersion of Tellina tenuis from Karnes Bay, Millport, Scotland. Marine Biology 37, 371-376. 12 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 13-20 An oasis of fertility on a barren island; Earthworms at Papadil, Isle of Rum '■4K. R. Butt*, 1C. N. Lowe, ^ M. A. Callaham Jr. and ^V. Nuutinen HJniversity of Central Lancashire, Preston, PRl 2HE 2 USDA Forest Service, Center for Forest Disturbance Science, Athens, GA, USA 3 Natural Resources Institute Finland [Luke) FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland 'iNorth-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2520 *Fmail corresponding author: krbutt@uclan.ac.uk ABSTRACT The Isle of Rum, Inner Hebrides, has an impoverished earthworm fauna as the soils are generally acidic and nutrient-poor. Species associated with human habitation are found around deserted crofting settlements subjected to "clearances” in the mid-19* century and at Kinloch, where a large volume of fertile soil was imported from the mainland around 1900. Earthworms, and the dew worm Lumbricus terrestris L. in particular, were investigated at Papadil, an abandoned settlement and one of the few locations on Rum where a naturally developed brown earth soil is present. The small [1.5 ha), fertile location is isolated, so was also suitable for field experimentation. Visits over six years allowed dew worm distribution to be assessed within low lying grassland and woodland and also within an adjacent sloping broadleaved woodland. The factors limiting dew worm distribution at the site were investigated with associated translocation to adjacent uninhabited areas. Small scale spatial dynamics were studied with density manipulation and containment experiments where Visual Implant Elastomer marking of individuals was utilised. Translocations from streamside woodland to adjacent grassland was successful over a short period [5 months), but the colonies did not persist over a longer term [5-6 years). Field trials with earthworm tagging were successful, but highest tag recovery rate was 25%. Where adults/sub-adults were removed, recruitment of juveniles was notable. Exceptionally large [>12 g live mass) individuals were found in soils of terraces on wooded slopes, suggesting that dew worms may be long lived at this location, where food is abundant and relatively few terrestrial predators are present. INTRODUCTION The earthworms of Scotland have been investigated for more than half a century [e.g. Guild 1951; Boyd 1957; Neilson & Boag 2003) but as with the rest of the British Isles, well defined distribution maps of native species are still lacking [Carpenter et al 2012). Nevertheless, in some Scottish island locations, extensive studies have been undertaken, for example, across the Outer Hebrides by Boyd [1957) and more recently on the Isle of Rum in the Inner Hebrides [Butt & Lowe 2004; Callaham et al 2012; Gilbert & Butt 2012). Reasons for the interest in Rum are twofold. Firstly, Rum is a Natural Nature Reserve [NNR) and has been in the management of conservation organisations since 1957 [National Conservancy [Council) which became Scottish Natural Heritage [SNH)). As a result, considerable scientific research has been undertaken on many aspects of the island’s ecology, including soil surveys. Secondly, the history of Rum over recent centuries is reasonably well documented [e.g. Love 2001), so major aspects and impacts of soil management have been recorded. These include subsistence agriculture, the clearances in the 1860s and more recently, island management as a sporting estate. The latter involved tree planting and large scale importation of a quarter of a million tons of soil to improve the grounds of Kinloch Castle at the beginning of the twentieth century [Magnusson 1997). Sixteen earthworm species have been recorded on Rum, 15 of these initially reported by Butt & Lowe [2004) with another, Dendrobaena attemsi [Michaelsen) subsequently identified and reported to SNH [Butt & Lowe 2008), see Table 1. Generally, Rum has an impoverished earthworm fauna as the soils are mainly infertile and acidic in nature. The octagonal-tailed worm Dendrobaena octaedra [Savigny), the gilt-tailed worm Dendrodrilus rubidus [Savigny) and the red worm Lumbricus rubellus [Hoffmeister), all epigeic [near-surface dwelling) acidophiles, are the most widely distributed species across the island but at very low population densities. Anthropochorous species [sensu Enckell & Rundgren, 1988), such as the rosy-tip worm Aporrectodea rosea [Savigny), the blue-grey worm Octolasion cyaneum [Savigny) and the dew worm Lumbricus terrestris [L.) are found only where human influence is apparent, e.g. around abandoned settlements, where ridge and furrow systems ["lazybeds") can still be seen, or at Kinloch where 13 Table 1. Earthworms from the Isle of Rum, Inner Hebrides (adapted from Butt & Lowe 2004; 2008 and current work). Location on Rum Kin Dib Gur Har Kil Pap Mor Earthworm species Allolobophora chlorotica Aporrectodea caliginosa Aporrectodea longa Aporrectodea rosea Dendrobaena attemsi Dendrobaena octaedra Dendrodrilus rubidus Eisenia fetida Eiseniella tetraedra Lumbricus castaneus Lumbricus eiseni Lumbricus rubellus Lumbricus terrestris Murchieona miniscula Octolasion cyaneum Satcheilius mammalis (Kin - Kinloch, Dib - Dibidil, Gur - Guirdil, Har - Harris, Kil - Kilmory, Pap - Papadil, Mor - Open Moorland - see Fig. 1 for locations on Rum.) Nomenclature from Sims & Gerard (1999). fertile soils were imported from the mainland. Of the disused settlements around the island, some such as Kilmory and Harris are accessible from Kinloch by four-wheel-drive vehicle, whilst Dibidil and Papadil are only reached by a lengthy walk over pony-paths (Fig. 1). Rum is an island managed for conservation and has been described as an "outdoor laboratory” because of the intense study of its nature. However, even here there are locations that have been less well studied but possess specific attributes that are of unique interest to soil ecologists. One such place is Papadil (National Grid Reference NM365 922). This site, towards the very south of Rum, once supported a small crofting community and signs of ridge and furrow cultivation are still evident on nearby headlands. Papadil Loch and the sea beyond, act as one margin to the location which is then surrounded to the north and east by steep slopes of Ainshval (781 m) and to the west by boggy terrain and moorland. Within this, a small (approximately 1.5 ha) area of woodland (predominantly Ash Fagus excelsior and Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus] and grassland (dominated by Agrostis spp. and Festuca ovina with Luzula campestris, Primula vulgaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Viola spp.) lie to the north-west of the Loch with a south-facing aspect (Fig. 2). Fig. 1. Isle of Rum map with Papadil towards the south of the island. Insert shows the location of Rum in the Inner Hebrides, to the west of mainland Scotland (Adapted from Butt and Lowe 2004). 14 Fig. 2. Oblique aerial view of Loch Papadil, Rum, taken from the WSW. The woodland/grassland area investigated is clearly visible at the Loch margin (RCAHM, Scotland). The trees were planted at Papadil and a hunting lodge built more than 100 years ago, when Rum was a shooting estate (Wormell 1968). The lodge is now in ruins but the wooded area including Rhododendron ponticum and gorse U!ex europaeus thicket remain. The soils at Papadil are exceptional for Rum, as they are naturally fertile brown forest soils. Ragg & Bogie (1958) and Ragg & Ball (1964) describe these soils in detail, but the main features are the freely-draining and crumby structure in the A and B horizons, the friable consistency, together with a relatively uniform brown colour. Rooting depth and absence of large stones are favourable to plant growth and to deep burrowing earthworms. The relatively high levels of sunshine, combined with rainfall of only 1,780 mm per annum (compared with the highest records from some locations on Rum of 3,302 mm) are factors considered largely responsible for the presence of these soils in this location in Rum. Worthy of note is that Papadil has a substantiated reputation for high numbers of blood-sucking parasites; "within a few minutes hundreds of ticks, eager for human blood, can find their way to all parts of the human body" (Glutton-Brock & Ball 1987). This may be another reason why this area is seldom visited for long, even by those hardy enough to walk across the island. As part of an island-wide earthworm survey during 1995-2003, Papadil was visited twice with basic information on species presence determined (Butt & Lowe 2004). Among the seven earthworm species located here was the deep burrowing dew worm, a species which forms a midden (a collection of organic material) above a near vertical burrow (Butt & Nuutinen 2005). In places, this species was thought to be present at relatively high densities (23 middens m'2) compared with other locations on Rum where it is entirely absent. The nature of the soil at this site, the presence of the dew worm and the remote location of Papadil itself, meant that further investigations were warranted. To this end it was determined to record more detail of the distribution and abundance of this (and other) species at Papadil and undertake small scale population manipulations along with trialling of some novel ecological techniques associated with earthworms (Butt & Lowe 2007; Grigoropoulou & Butt 2010). Specific objectives were to: 1) determine the effects of dispersal on spatial distribution of dew worms at Papadil; 2) monitor recruitment rate within a populated area; and 3) test a novel mark-recapture technique in field trials. METHODS The work described here relates to 4 specific visits to Papadil over a five and a half year period which began in November 2005, when most experiments were set up (see Table 2). Table 2. Earthworm research undertaken at Papadil, Isle of Rum. Date of Visits Activities undertaken Apr 1999 General Earthworm Survey at Papadil. May 2002 Initial Dew worm midden counts and further survey. Nov 2005 Establishment of Dew worm Translocation Experiment. Establishment of Dew worm Distribution dynamics using tagging. Apr 2006 Monitoring of Translocation Experiment. Monitoring and termination of Distribution dynamics using tagging. Survey of large Dew worm middens in woodland. Video recording of Dew worm surface behaviour. Apr 2007 Further Monitoring of Translocation Experiment. Monitoring of large Dew worm middens in woodland. Hillside woodland transect. Mav2011 Final monitoring of the above and removal of materials. Visits prior to 2005 were used to gather baseline information (Butt & Lowe, 2004). Visits of 2005-2011 required 27 field researcher days, achieved by camping at Papadil. 15 Translocation experiment a) Earthworm survey work was undertaken on the short, red deer Cervus elephas and goat Capra hircus-grazed grassland to the west of Papadil Burn, a stream of approximately 4 - 5 m in width. Dew worm middens were searched for, by fingertip assessment and visual inspection of the soil surface as previously used in the Papadil woodland (Butt & Lowe 2004), adjacent to this site but separated by Papadil Burn. Standard vermifuge sampling to areas of 1 m^ involved watering can application of 50 g mustard powder in 10 litres of water (Butt 2000). The suspension of mustard acts as a skin irritant and drives earthworms within burrows to the soil surface (Gunn 1992). b) Further survey work took place in the low-lying, sparse woodland, where dew worms were known to exist. Here, 3 areas of 1 m^ were permanently pegged and multiple applications of a mustard vermifuge were used to extract dew worms and other earthworm species. All earthworms emerging after vermifuge application were washed in water, blotted dry and had masses determined (using an Ohaus LS200 portable balance; 0.1 - 200 g). Adult and sub-adult dew worms were retained, but juveniles (<0.1 g) were returned to the point of extraction (as were other species) after irrigation of the soil with fresh water. This was to permit monitoring of subsequent population recovery. Repeat extractions from the same areas were conducted after periods of 5 and 19 months. In spring 2011, extraction could not be undertaken as the pegs were not present, thought eaten/displaced by goats or deer. c) Dew worms extracted and retained from (b) were retained in pots of water, translocated to the dew worm-free surveyed grassland area (a) and released into 3 separate corresponding areas of 1 m^. Two of these areas had been surrounded with fencing made from heavy duty polythene, dug into the ground to a depth of 20 cm with 25 cm above ground to form earthworm enclosures with ends overlapped and sealed together to prevent earthworm ingress/egress (Grigoropoulou & Butt 2010). The third release site was unfenced. These translocations were undertaken to establish if dew worms could persist at the grassland site. Release took place just prior to dusk to avoid potential avian predation. Numbers translocated were 19 and 11 into the two fenced areas and 12 into the unfenced area. Visual investigations and vermifuge extraction within all of these areas were made after 5 and 19 months and also after 5 years, at which point the fencing, still intact, was removed. Short term, small scale distribution dynamics using tagging Initially, in November 2005, all dew worm middens were counted and marked within 12 squares of 1 m^ of woodland (within area b above) and the squares subsequently photographed. The squares were established in three 4 m x 1 m strips, 10 m apart, which constituted the blocks for an experiment with three treatments and a control (randomly allocated in the blocks). Removal Treatment (R) All midden-related dew worms were removed (or attempts were made at removal) with a mustard vermifuge (50 g in 10 1 water) delivered directly into the burrow entrance below the midden with a 100 ml syringe (Butt & Grigoropoulou 2010). The mass of each earthworm extracted was determined and general condition noted after washing and drying. The burrow was then inundated with clean water. This treatment examined population recruitment/colonisation. Tagging Treatment (T) All midden-related dew worms were removed as in (R) and tagged in the field with (yellow) Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE) - a fluorescent bio-polymer delivered by hypodermic needle (Butt & Lowe 2007) (Fig. 3). This is a technique to permit specific earthworms to be recognised at a later date. These had masses determined and were returned to their individual home burrows, following inundation with fresh water. This treatment sought to monitor fidelity of burrow occupancy. Tagging/Fencing Treatment (TF) Midden-related dew worms were treated as in (T) but then the square metre plot was isolated with fencing (as described above). This was to restrict movement away from the treatment square, if home burrows were compromised by the vermifuge extraction process. Fig. 3. Large dew worm from Papadil with yellow Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE) tag immediately prior to release; scale bar of 10 cm. Control (C) Here the middens were located, dew worms extracted, mass determined and condition noted and then returned to home burrows previously irrigated with water. (Control = extraction and return to burrow only). Plot size (1 m^) was thought appropriate (Grigoropoulou & Butt 2010), as it allowed for 16 reach-access to all points within, but avoided a need to step inside the experimental area. In all instances the location of each burrow was recorded in cm with reference to x-y coordinates. After a period of 5 months (spring 2006} the plots v/ere re-visited and sampled once again for dew worms. Ail middens, mapped from 2005 were relocated from their coordinates and targeted with a mustard vermifuge along with any additional middens located and subsequent application of a vermifuge across the plots. All dew worms extracted had masses and general condition recorded and were also checked for the presence of a VIE tag. Hillside Woodland - midden observation and genera! survey When descending from the Dibidil pony-path on a previous visit, dew worm middens had been observed on the wooded slopes which extend to 40 m in altitude above Papadi! Loch. These middens were therefore investigated more closely (spring 2006, 2007 and 2011] as they appeared relatively large by comparison, with observations in other UK woodlands (e.g. Grigoropoulou & Butt 2010) and those elsewhere at Papadil. Care was taken to investigate a very limited number as Rum is a NNR and the quantity of potentially large dew worms in this relatively sensitive area was unknown. In spring 2007, additional investigations took place along transects across the wooded hillside slopes [to 35°), extending beyond the (now broken) deer- fence and tree-cover into scrub to both east and west. Here, sloping areas were compared directly with adjacent flatter areas (terraces] for dew worm burrow densities and visually for leaf litter presence. Video recording of dew worms at the soil surface In 2006, using low level light filming [Sony Handycam digital video camera with night-vision facilities - recording to 0 lux] records were made of any soil surface activities by targeted dew worms, as this is a species known to forage and mate above ground, whilst keeping its tail in its burrow (Butt et al 2003). The camera, supported on a tripod, was set up beside an obvious midden in the low lying woodland at dusk, and activated for remote filming, which was viewed the following morning [n = 3 nights). Data Analysis In most instances, the figures reported are as collected from the field. These relate directly to numbers of earthworms collected per area of soil sampled (density) or to live biomass (usually g m'^} for the same. Where comparisons were made between treatments in the "Short term, small scale distribution dynamics using tagging” experiment a Kruskal-Wallis test was utilised as the assumptions required for using a parametric method, such as ANOVA were not met. RESULTS Translocation experiment a) No middens were found from hand-searching on the grazed grassland beside Papadil Burn. Additionally, application of a vermifuge failed to locate any dew worms. It was determined that this species was not present in this habitat and that a translocation experiment here was appropriate. The vermifuge did however reveal the green worm AUolobophora chlorotica [Savigny], the grey worm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny), L rubellus and Satchellius mammalis (Savigny) at community densities of 32 ind. b) Mean population density of adult and sub-adult dew worms in the streamside woodland was recorded at 14 m-^ with a mean biomass of 47.6 g m- 2 from mustard extraction. Mean mass of clitellate (mature adult) individuals was 4.21 g (n=17). Removal of adult and sub-adults from experimental quadrats allowed subsequent population recovery estimations. After 5 months [over winter), mean results on extraction were 3 m'^ [4.5 g m'^) and after 19 months were 6 (11.2 g m'^). The mean number of dew-worm juveniles (<0.1 g) after zero, 5 and 19 months was 9, 11 and 35 m-2 respectively. c) At the translocation area after 5 months, a total of 11 dew worms were located from the two fenced squares (11/30 = 37% recovery). All were returned to the same fenced areas. At the non-fenced area, an additional six worms were located [6/12 = 50%). Again, these were returned to the area after washing. This gave an overall recovery rate of 40%. After 19 months, vermifuge extraction in all three areas produced no dew worms and no signs of middens were located, although what proved to be two small [2 cm tall) ant hills were investigated. When the experiment was terminated in 2011, no dew worms or middens were found in ail of the translocation areas. Short term, small scale distribution dynamics using tagging The mean density of adult and sub-adult dew- worms at the start of the experiment was 4. 0-5. 3 individuals [Fig. 4), thus generally much lower than at the translocation experimental source area. Five months later, the corresponding variation was 3. 7-6.0 m-2, where treatments did not differ statistically for density [Kruskal-Wallis test; p=0.55]. The proportion of tagged individuals at the final sampling was 14% and 25% for T and TF treatments, respectively. From control and R treatment no tagged individuals were found. 17 Fig. 4. Mean density of adult/siib-adult dew worms Lumbricus terrestris from a 5 month density manipulation and tagging experiment starting in November and ending in April (n=3). In "R” all individuals obtained in sampling were removed at the start of the experiment, in "C" they were returned to their burrows. In T and TF, sampled individuals were tagged and then returned to burrows, with plots fenced in TF. The values in parentheses give the % of tagged individuals from November sampling. Hillside Woodland - midden observation and general survey Preliminary investigations in parts of the woodland at Papadil in spring 2006 revealed very large dew worm burrows (10 mm in diameter) below large middens. Vermifuge application to four burrows extracted three exceptionally large individuals with masses of 10.0, 12.0 and 12.7 g. These were tagged [see Fig. 3) and returned to home burrows previously irrigated with fresh water. A second investigation in spring 2007 failed to recover any of the tagged worms from these burrows, but an untagged Individual of 10.1 g did emerge along with an immature of 2.9 g. No middens were found at this exact location in 2011 (pegged throughout these investigations). The general survey across the woodland slopes in 2007 revealed dew worm middens on natural terraces, where leaf litter had collected but no signs of middens on slopes which were generally leaf litter-free. To the east and west of the fully wooded area. Corse, Hawthorn Cratageaus monogyna and Rhododendron were dominant. The soils here were wetter and more peat-like with no signs of any dew worms. Video recording of dew worms at the soil surface The moon-less nights and temperatures above 10 °C meant earthworm activity occurred and was recorded. Individual dew worms were observed to emerge from burrows and perform a "waving" action in the air, prior to foraging for organic matter. This waving took the form of circular rotations of the anterior end, whilst in a vertical posture, as if "tasting” the air. This activity lasted for a period of less than 20 seconds after emergence. DISCUSSION It is almost certain that the dew worms found at Papadil originated from centuries of association with Man, either from times of subsistence agriculture and/or during the sport-related period of island ownership when the shooting lodge was constructed, perhaps brought to this location as fishing bait. The quality of the soils here permitted soil tillage and the planting of deciduous trees circa 1900 in fertile areas of brown earth soils beside Papadil Burn meant that an annual supply of organic matter was then available to these and other earthworm species. Translocation experiment As endogeic (shallow working) A. chlorotica and S. mammalis were not previously recorded at Papadil (Butt & Lowe 2004) their presence brought the total earthworm community composition to nine species, including examples from all ecological categories, at this location. Mean dew worm density of 14 m-^ midden-forming adults/sub-adults in the low lying woodland was considerably less than could have been expected based on the previous midden count estimate of 23 m-2. However, the method used by Butt & Lowe (2004) estimated density based on feeling the soil surface for middens. The current work was based on vermifuge collection and therefore represented a more accurate technique. Also, closer investigations of what were thought to be middens on the grassland area nearby, were later shown to be diminutive ant hills. The removal experiment of dew worms from the woodland showed a very slow recovery of adult animals to the manipulated area. Results suggested that over 5 months (November - April) no/little colonisation had occurred and that those collected were either hatchlings or smaller individuals not previously removed. Even after a period of 19 months, the majority of animals present were juvenile (less than 0.1 g) which showed a large increase with only a few adults present, which were likely to have colonised from nearby. This is unlike activity of this species in other woodland systems where movement over the soil surface has been shown to be frequent and burrow re-colonisation occurs when an adult is displaced or dies (Grigoropoulou & Butt 2012). Less dynamic changes suggest that disturbance to this site may be infrequent and may take considerable time to redress, although it is known, for example, that the nearby burn seasonally floods the woodland area, which could cause problems due to waterlogging of 18 burrows, but may also be positive and bring nutrients to this location. The translocation work to the deer/goat-grazed, and slightly elevated grassland to the west of Papadil Burn proved to be unsuccessful but reasons for this are not clear. This could be a function of reduced organic inputs from the broadleaved trees, but dung from the grazing herbivores might compensate for this. The comparative elevation (1 to 2 m] of the more exposed grassland receptor site, but at a distance of less than 30 m from the woodland donor site could also be important, or the lack of trees might be less likely to dissuade the attention of potential avian predators (gulls and waders). If the burn itself had been a significant factor in preventing colonisation of the grassland, then the translocation would have overcome this. It is however, more likely that other physical factors such as soil depth, soil moisture content or an increased likelihood of predation are in operation. Short term, small scale distribution dynamics using tagging The tagging of dew worms produced a maximum recovery rate of 25% in one treatment of the controlled experiment. But even here, results from the fenced plot were lower (14%) which was unexpected, suggesting that fencing does not improve recovery (as also shown from the translocation work). This was the first field trial of the technique developed by Butt & Lowe (2007) but was beset mainly by problems associated with extraction method. The mustard vermifuge used may have made the burrow uninhabitable in the short term and either led to emigration or a higher likelihood of potential predation - through greater surface activity. More recent studies, e.g. by Grigoropoulou & Butt (2010) have shown that introduction of VIE tagged animals to woodland areas that have not been influenced by a vermifuge are successful when the animals have been obtained from an alternative location. However, even under such circumstances only 23-43% of tagged individuals were recovered after 12 months from woodland-based experimental treatments. To successfully collect, tag and return dew worms to their home burrow may well require the use of a non-invasive extraction technique, such as an electrical method (Thielemann 1986) that has no lasting effect on the integrity of the burrow and its mucus lining. Hillside Woodland - midden observation and general survey The dew worms from the hillside woodland, with a mean mass of 11.6 g, are significantly larger than those from other locations, which are normally less than half of this size, as shown from the lower lying woodland here (mean mass 4.21 g) and also from wider field collection (e.g. Nieminen et al 2011). As the Papadil animals were of an exceptionally large size, consultations were undertaken with the Natural History Museum (NHM) in London and it was discovered that the NHM held no specimens of this size. It is suggested that the absence of many mammalian predators on Rum such as moles Talpa europaea, badgers Meles meles, hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus, and foxes Vulpes vulpes (MacDonald 1983), a plentiful supply of organic matter and remoteness, hence undisturbed nature, of this site may permit individuals to live for long periods and attain above average masses. These findings suggest that Rum hosts the largest earthworms in Britain, as the largest on record (8.7 g) had previously (Butt, 2000) been obtained from soil at the base of a gryke in a limestone pavement at Malham, Yorkshire, where once again a protected environment was present. Video recording of dew worms at the soil surface The worm-waving recorded in the field confirmed observations previously recorded in a laboratory arena setting (Butt et al 2003) as a natural behaviour, undertaken as the animal senses its surroundings on emergence from its burrow. This warrants further investigation in line with recent novel behavioural observations associated with feeding of this species (Griffith et al 2013). The work undertaken at Papadil revealed information on dew worm biology that was previously unknown. It also showed that a population of this species once established can persist in areas where soil conditions are conducive to its deep burrowing habit, provided that sufficient food supply, here deciduous tree leaves, are present. Attainment of large size may then be a function of a lack of predators and little disturbance at Papadil. The field trials, whilst thwarted in some areas, did provide useful data. More frequent visits over the study period would have given greater insights into dew worm population dynamics, but the remoteness of Papadil prevented this. Overall, this fertile area, on a barren island in the Inner Hebrides has provided a platform for further research into dew worm ecology. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SNH, Isle of Rum, for support of the work here reported. REFERENCES Boyd, J.M. (1957). Ecological distribution of the Lumbricidae in the Hebrides. Proceedings of the Royal Society Edinburgh (B) 66, 311-338. Butt, K.R. (2000). Earthworms of the Malham Tarn Estate (Yorkshire Dales National Park). Field Studies 9. 701-710. Butt, K.R. & Grigoropoulou, N. (2010). Basic Research Tools for Earthworm Ecology. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol. 2010, Article ID 562816. 19 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2010/ 562816.html Butt, K.R. & Lowe, C.N. (2004). Anthropic influences on earthworm distribution. Rum National Nature Reserve, Scotland. European Journal of Soil Biology 40, 63-72. Butt, K.R. & Lowe, C.N. (2007). A viable technique for tagging earthworms with visible implant elastomer. Applied Soil Ecology 35, 454-457. Butt, K.R. & Lowe, C.N. (2008). Earthworm Research on the Isle of Rum NNR (2004-2008): (July 2008) A report to SNH, Isle of Rum: Ref: RUMOR. Butt, K.R. & Nuutinen, V. (2005). The dawn of the dew worm. Biologist 52, 218-223. Butt, K.R., Nuutinen, V. & Siren, T. (2003). Resource distribution and surface activity of adult Lumbricus terrestris L. in an experimental system. Pedobiologia 47, 548-553. Callaham, M.A.Jr., Butt, K.R. & Lowe, C.N. (2012). Stable isotope evidence for marine-derived avian inputs of nitrogen into detrital foodwebs on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, UK. European Journal of Soil Biology 52, 78-83. Carpenter, D., Sherlock, E., {ones D.T., Chiminoides, J., Writer, T., Neilson, R., Boag, B., Keith, A.M. & Eggleton, P. (2012). Mapping of earthworm distributions for the British Isles and Eire highlights the under-recording of an ecologically important group. Biodiversity Conservation 21, 475-485. Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Ball, M.E. (1987). Rhum: The Natural History of an Island. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Enckell, P.H. & Rundgren, S. (1988). Anthropochorous earthworms (Lumbricidae) as indicators of abandoned settlements in the Faroe Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 439-451. Gilbert, J.A. & Butt, K.R. (2012). Effects of fertilisers on vegetation of ultrabasic terraces (1965- 2010): Isle of Rum, Scotland. Glasgow Naturalist 25 (4), 105-110. Griffith, B., Tiirke, M., Weisser, W.W. & Eisenhauer, N. (2013). Herbivore behavior in the anecic earthworm species Lumbricus terrestris L.? European Journal of Soil Biology 55, 62-65. Grigoropoulou, N. & Butt, K.R. (2010). Field investigations of Lumbricus terrestris spatial distribution and dispersal through monitoring of manipulated, enclosed plots. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42, 40-47. Grigoropoulou, N. & Butt, K.R. (2012). Assessment of burrow re-use by Lumbricus terrestris L. through field experimentation. Zeszyty Naukowe 15,43-51. Guild, W.J.Mc.L. (1951). The distribution and population density of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in Scottish pasture fields. /ourna/ of Animal Ecology 20, 88-97. Gunn, A. (1992). The use of mustard to estimate earthworm populations. Pedobiologia 36, 65-67. Love, j.A. (2001). Rum: A Landscape without Figures. Biriinn Ltd, Edinburgh. MacDonald, D.W. (1983). Predation of earthworms by terrestrial vertebrates Pp. 393-414 In: Satchell, J.E. (editor). Earthworm Ecology from Darwin to Vermiculture. Chapman & Hall, London, Magnusson, M. (1997). Rum: Nature's Island. Luath Press, Edinburgh. Neilson, R. & Boag, B. (2003). Feeding preferences of some earthworm species common to upland pastures in Scotland. Pedobiologia 47, 895-899. Nieminen, M., Ketoja, E., Mikola, {., Terhivuo, )., Siren, T., Nuutinen, V. (2011). Local land use effects and regional environmental limits on earthworm communities in Finnish arable landscapes. Ecological Applications 21, 3162- 3177. Nuutinen, V., Butt, K.R., Jauhiainen, L., Shipitalo, M & Siren, T. (2014). Dew-worms in white nights: high latitude light condition constrain earthworm [Lumbricus terrestris] behaviour. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 72, 66-74. Ragg, J.M. & Ball, D.F. (1964). Soils of the ultra-basic rocks of the island of Rhum. Journal of Soil Science 15, 124-133. Ragg, J.M. & Boggie, R. (1958). The soils of Rhum. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research Report RF40/01. Sims, R.W. & Gerard, B.M. (1999). Earthworms, Synopses of the British Fauna No. 31. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury. Thielemann, U. (1986). Elektrischer regenwurmfang mit der oktett-methode. Pedobiologia, 29, 295- 302. Wormell, P. (1968). Establishing Woodland on the Isle of Rhum. Scottish Forestry 22, 207-220. 20 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 21-29 Biological assessment of recreation-associated impacts on the water quality of streams crossing the West Highland Way, Scotland S. McWaters and K. J. Murphy* Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland E-mail: meamskevin@googlemail.com ABSTRACT A study was carried out in summer 2012 to assess the potential scale of recreation-associated impact upon streams crossing or adjacent to the West Highland Way, Scotland, using benthic macroinvertebrates as an indicator of water quality. Differences in water quality between sites located downstream and upstream of the footpath were considered for 22 streams. The results showed the presence of at least four recognisably different macroinvertebrate communities in these streams, indicating differing standards of water quality, from moderately good to poor, but provided little or no evidence of human impact from recreational activities (including wild camping) associated with the West Highland Way. Rather, the results suggest that differences at stream catchment scale, most likely related to natural factors (e.g. differences in soils, geology and relief) and catchment land-use, are more likely to be the cause of the observed differences in invertebrate communities and bioassessed water quality. INTRODUCTION In 1980, the West Highland Way (WHW) was opened in Scotland as a long distance walking route (154 km in length) between Glasgow and Fort William (den Breejen, 2007). There are many streams and rivers which cross or run adjacent to the Way (http://www.west-highland-wav.co.ukl. With an annually-estimated 67,000 people either completing the WHW, or using parts of it for shorter walks (den Breejen, 2007), these watercourses (which in common with most upland streams in Scotland would be expected to be of good quality: Gilvear et al., 2002) have the potential to suffer local pollution. This is particularly the case where wild campsites are set up by walkers, and streams are used for water supply and washing purposes, resulting in direct and indirect pollution of the freshwater environment through the transfer of substances such as sun creams, soap and detergent, insect repellent, food particles, litter, and faecal waste, from both humans and accompanying animals, mainly dogs (Derlet et al., 2008). Concern over this issue, along the section of the WHW located in the Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park led the Loch Lomond & The Trossachs National Park Authority (2012a, b) to act to try to reduce the problems caused by wild camping rhttp://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org). with the introduction of the 'East Loch Lomond Camping Byelaws' which make it illegal for anyone to camp within the East Loch Lomond Restricted Zone at any time between March and 31=' October unless they are camping within an official designated camp site. Further north wild camping is permitted along the WHW and there are also some streamside "designated free wild campsite” sites (without facilities), for example at Inveroran and Kingshouse (see Table 1). To assess the potential local impacts of recreation- associated activities, particularly walking and associated wild camping, upon the ecology of streams crossing, or adjacent to, the WHW, a study was undertaken, during summer 2012, of streams along the length of the path. The survey utilised benthic macroinvertebrates as an indicator of water quality. Macroinvertebrates are commonly used for this purpose in freshwater systems worldwide (e.g. Chessman, 1995; Smith et al., 1999; Brown, 2001; Nicholas & Norris, 2006), and a large number of individual metrics have been developed for this purpose, all based upon differences in the sensitivity of benthic macroinvertebrate families to water pollution.. Of these bioindicator protocols one of the most widely-used is the BMWP approach (Biological Monitoring Working Party score system: Hawkes, 1998), and this was adopted for the purposes of this study. Differences in water quality immediately downstream and upstream of the long- distance footpath were assessed at a range of sites, in streams with varying catchment land-use, along the full length of the WHW. MATERIALS & METHODS Sampling was carried out between 21/05/2012 and 15/06/2012. Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 maps were used to locate streams crossing or adjacent to the route of the WHW. In total 22 sample sites were 21 selected, based on their location, ease of access, catchment land-use, and whether there was evidence that camping had taken place adjacent to the stream (Table 1; Fig. 1}. Evidence included direct observation of tents, or of typical camping disturbance to vegetation, presence of fire-sites, camping-associated litter (food wrappers, bottles, cans, toilet paper etc.), as well as the presence of signposted "designated free wild campsite" sites, for example at Bridge of Orchy and Inveroran. Table 1. Sampling site information; NGR: UK National Grid Reference; d/s downstream; u/s upstream. Catchment land-use: A = agriculture; M = moorland; F = forestry; U = urban or semi-urban. Site Name Sample Sample Stream name NGR Catchment Camping code number land-use evidence? 1 Dumgoyach lA d/s 1 Blane Water NS530815 A, M, F, U none IB u/s 2 2 Garadhban Forest 2A d/s 3 unnamed stream NS475908 F, M none 2B u/s 4 3 Breac Leac 3Ad/s 5 Burn of Mar NS445925 M unofficial wild 3B u/s 6 camping 4 Millarochy 4Ad/s 7 unnamed stream NS411922 F, M none Car Park 4B u/s 8 5 Cashel 5A d/s 9 Cashel! Burn NS395541 F, M adjacent to 5B u/s 10 commercial campsite 6 Sallochy Bay 6 A d/s 11 unnamed stream NS380958 F none Car Park 6B u/s 12 7 Lochan 7 A d/s 13 Caol Ghleann NS367971 F, M unofficial wild Maol Dhuinne 7B u/s 14 Stream camping 8 Rowardennan 8 A d/s 15 unnamed stream NS359992 F, M none Lodge 8B u/s 16 9 Cailness 9 A d/s 17 unnamed stream NN342062 F, M unofficial wild 9B u/s 18 camping 10 Inversnaid (north) lOAd/s 19 unnamed stream NN336095 F, M none lOB u/s 20 11 Doiine (south) llAd/s 21 unnamed stream NN333136 F, M unofficial wild IIB u/s 22 camping 12 Ardleish 12Ad/s 23 unnamed stream NN328158 M none 12Bu/s 24 13 Beinglas 13Ad/s 25 Ben Glas Burn NN321187 M adjacent to 13B u/s 26 commercial campsite 14 Kirkton 14A d/s 27 unnamed stream NN359282 A, M none 14Bu/s 28 15 Auchtertyre 15A d/s 29 Allt Gleann NN353290 M adjacent to 15B u/s 30 a’Chlachain commercial campsite 16 Dalrigh 16A d/s 31 River Fillan NN345288 A, F, M none 16B u/s 32 17 Tyndrum 17A d/s 33 unnamed stream NN327303 F, M none 17B u/s 34 18 Bridge of Orchy 18A d/s 35 River Orchy NN296398 F, M adjacent to 18B u/s 36 designated free wild campsite 19 Inveroran 19Ad/s 37 Allt Tolaghan NN272416 A, M adjacent to 19B u/s 38 designated free wild campsite 20 Blackrock 20Ad/s 39 unnamed stream NN268536 M none 20B u/s 40 21 Kingshouse 21Ad/s 41 River Etive NN261548 M adjacent to 21Bu/s 42 designated free wild campsite 22 Allt a Lairige 22Ad/s 43 unnamed stream NN099659 M none Moire 23B u/s 44 22 Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites along the West Highland Way. For site grid references see Table 1. At each site, kick sampling (see Fig. 2), a standard approach for use in benthic invertebrate river bioassessment protocols [e.g. Moore & Murphy, 2015} was undertaken to collect benthic invertebrates, and environmental variables were measured, at two sub-sites, upstream and downstream of where the WHW crossed the stream, or within 10 m of the path, at sites adjacent to the WHW. The sampling protocol followed the European Standards (GEN) recommendations "Water quality - guidance on pro-rata multi-habitat sampling of benthic invertebrates from wadeable rivers: EN 16150” [British Standards Institute, 2012). Where there was evidence of camping taking place, the downstream sample was located downstream of both the camping area and the footpath crossing point (bridge or ford), and the upstream sample likewise upstream of both. Downstream sites were always sampled first at each site. In total 44 invertebrate samples were taken. Initially the net (1 mm mesh size) was dragged across the water surface of the sample area for 30 seconds. This was done in order to collect any surface dwelling organisms (e.g. Gerridae). The organisms were transferred to a sample pot where they were preserved in ethanol until analysis. A 3- minute kick sample was carried out, moving diagonally across the water in an upstream direction. The contents of the net were transferred to the same sample pot as before. In the laboratory samples were sorted through, removing all of the animals present, then organisms were identified to family level (in accordance with standard protocol for the use of benthic invertebrates for water quality assessment: e.g. Barbour et al., 1999: Metzeling et al., 2003), using appropriate identication guides (Quigley, 1977; .Pawley et al., 2011), and their total numbers were recorded. Fig. 2. Kick sampling for benthic invertebrates: Ben Glas Burn, Site 13B, June 2012. For each sampling site, a standard index of water quality (using BMWP scores for each family encountered: Hawkes, 1998; Centre for Intelligent Environmental Systems, 2004) was calculated from the invertebrate data. A higher BMWP score indicates higher water quality. The normal interpretation of BMWP scores suggests that a score in the range > 70 indicates good quality; 41 - 70 shows moderate water quality; 11 - 40, poor quality; and <11 polluted water (Hawkes, 1998 Clarke, et al., 2002; Sandin & Hering, 2004). Ten environmental variables were recorded at each site. Conductivity (Cond: pS cm Q and pH were measured in situ using field meters. The average depth (AD m) of the section of stream kick-sampled was determined by 10 random measurements using a meter stick, and stream width (Wid m) was measured using a surveyor’s tape. Shade (SH) from bankside vegetation, steep banks and/or bridges was assessed visually on a 3-point scale (1 = no shade; 2 = moderate shade; 3 = heavy shade: e.g. closed overhead tree canopy). Flow (F) was also assessed subjectively on a three point scale (1 = slow, "pool"; 2 = moderate flow, "glide"; 3 = fast flow, "riffle, or white-water visible”). The substrate composition was visually estimated, recording the approximate percentage cover of boulders/bedrock and cobbles (%SCbc), pebbles and gravel (%SCpg), sand (%SCsa), and silt (% SCsi). 23 The macroinvertebrate families present, and environmental data, were analysed using two multivariate programs to classify and ordinate the data. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA: ter Braak & Smilauer, 1998] was carried out with the macroinvertebrate family abundance data constrained by the environmental data as a way of evaluating the relationships between samples, family and environmental variables. This could only be carried out using those environmental variables for which there was a full dataset, and since pH and conductivity were not measured at some sites (due to equipment malfunction), only eight environmental variables were included in the CCA ordination. Monte Carlo testing was used to assess the significance of correlations identified by CCA between environmental variables and macroinvertebrate families, and also between the environmental variables and samples, across all canonical axes of the ordination. Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN: Hill, 1979] was used to classify the samples based on the presence of different macroinvertebrate families. Samples that supported similar invertebrate communities in terms of family composition were split into discrete end=groups by the analysis. TWINSPAN also identified those families which characterise ("indicate”) each sample end-group. Ryan-Joiner testing was used to assess normality for each environmental dataset, and square root, natural log, or logio transformations were applied, as appropriate, to normalise the data where necessary. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), v/ith subsequent separation of means, for significant (P<0.05) ANOVA outcomes, using Tukey’s mean comparison test, was used in order to test for significance of means of the individual variables (environmental variables and BMV7P score), between sets of samples making up the TWINSPAN end-groups. Paired t-tests were used to compare downstream v. upstream sample BMWP scores. Variables that could not be normalised underwent Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric testing, to test for significance of medians of each variable between the sample-groups. RESULTS In total 26 benthic invertebrate families were recorded at the sample sites (see caption to Fig. 3 for list of families). The CCA outcome showed the relationships between family occurrence and eight environmental variables (Fig. 3), whilst the result of Monte Carlo testing, for all canonical axes of the ordination (P = 0.004], indicated that the variation explained by the CCA results v/as significant, across ail ordination axes combined. Long environmental vector arrows in the CCA ordination plot are an indication of relatively greater importance of a variable in potentially driving family distribution in the sample streams, Fig. 3. CCA ordination plot for macroinvertebrate family-environmental analysis (26 macroinvertebrate taxa collected from streams and rivers on the West Highland Way). Monte Carlo test outcome, axis 1 (horizontal axis): P=0.002; all canonical axes: P=0.004. Eigenvalues: axis 1 [horizontal): 0.304; axis 2 (vertical): 0.160. Environmental variable codes: Wid = Width, AD = Average Depth, FL = Flow, SH = Shade, SCb c= Substrate Composition: boulders & cobbles, SCpg = Substrate Composition: pebbles & gravel, SCsa = Substrate Composition: Sand, SCsi = Substrate Composition: Silt. Taxa codes: Baeti= Baetidae, Chiro = Chironomidae, Chioro = Chloroperlidae, Dytis = Dytiscidae, Elmid = Elmidae, Elmin = Elminthidae, Gamma = Gammaridae, Goeri = Goeridae, Halip = Haliplidae, Hepta = Heptageniidae, Hydra = Hydraenidae, Hydro = Hygrobiidae, Hydrp = Hydrophilidae, Hydrs = Hydropsychidae, Hydrt = Hydroptilidae, Lepto = Leptophlebiidae, Limne = Limnephilidae, Nemou = Nemouridae, Oligo = Oligochaeta, Perli = Perlidae, Perlo = Perlodidae, Polyc = Polycentropidae, Psyche Psychomyiidae, Simu! = Simuiidae, Siphl = Siphlonuridae, Tipul = Tipulidae. while the direction of the arrows indicates the primary gradient of a particular variable through the ordination space. The position of families within the plot, relative to the environmental gradients, provides evidence of likely associations between environmental factors and family habitat preferences. On this evidence depth (AD) was the most important environmental predictor for benthic invertebrates in the streams sampled, shade (SH) second, and width (V/id) least important. The eigen values for the CCA principal axes were low [see Fig. 3] suggesting that even the longest gradient was not indicative of major environmental 24 differences between the sample sites, though the significant Monte Carlo test result indicates that variation was nevertheless non-random. Substrate composition (SC] and flow (FL) were of intermediate importance in prediction of family distribution. Some families were particularly associated with certain environmental conditions. For example, Fig. 3 shows that the mayfly family Siphlonuridae (Siphl] tended to be found in deeper waters, whilst the water beetle family Hydraenidae (Hydra) was most closely associated with hard substrates (bare rock and cobbles: SCbc). TWINSPAN analysis identified four end sample- groups. Group I (with 17 samples] was indicated by the presence of Chironomidae, Heptageniidae, and Polycentropidae. Group II (10 samples) had Chloroperlidae and Simulidae as indicators. Group III (14 samples] was indicated by Baetidae, Heptageniidae, and Gammaridae, while the small Group IV (only 3 samples] had no indicator families (see caption to Fig. 4 for sample membership of groups). All sample-groups contained a mix of both downstream and upstream samples from the survey sites. There is considerable overlap between TWINSPAN groups on the ordination diagram, which reflects the relatively low eigenvalues recorded for the TWINSPAN classification divisions producing the 4 end-groups (eigenvalue range: 0.313 - 0.340). Low eigenvalues indicate a high degree of family overlap between the samples comprising the end-groups. However there is a tendency for Group I samples to occupy preferentially the right-hand side of the ordination, associated with higher flow and coarser substrate particle size); whilst Group II and III samples tend to occur more towards the left (typified by relatively deeper water and finer substrates). Group IV samples occupy an intermediate position on the sample ordination plot. Although weak trends were detected by the ordination for substrate size and flow, statistical analysis (ANOVA) of differences in environmental and biotic variables between TWINSPAN sample- groups showed no significant differences in flow or substrate composition across the four sample- groups. However, there were between-group differences for the remaining variables (Table 2, Table 3). Considering the sample-groups in decreasing order of mean BMWP score, Group II! samples had the highest mean values for both invertebrate diversity and BMWP score, both suggesting moderately good water quality. This set of samples was typically from narrow, shallow streams with moderately high conductivity [comparable to values found in the South Basin of Loch Lomond: Habib et al., 1997), and circumneutra! to slightly acidic pH. The samples measured in the unnamed stream [draining a Fig. 4. CCA ordination plot for sample- environmental analysis of 44 samples collected from streams and rivers located on the West Highland Way. For ordination statistics and environmental variable codes see Fig. 2. TWINSPAN sample-groups hare highlighted: Group I (purple] = samples 12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42; Group II (blue) = 5, 9, 10, 13. 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24; Group III (green) = 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 39, 43, 44; Group IV (yellow] = 6, 31, 32. See Table 1 for more information on sample locations. wholly conifer-afforested catchment: see Table 1) flowing into Loch Lomond through Millarochy Car Park (Site 4: samples 7 and 8] were the most acidic of any of the streams surveyed at c. pH 5.0. Group III samples included the Blane V7ater in the south, and a scattered set of streams, throughout the length of the WHW, to the northernmost site sampled [Site 22). Only one Group I site was potentially influenced by camping activities [the downstream site at Cailness, sample 17: Table 1). With the exception of the Blane Water, these samples were all from small streams draining, moorland or forest catchments with little or no agricultural influence (see Table 1). Samples forming Groups I and II had intermediate mean BMWP scores. Group II sites tended to lie on the southern half of the WHW, generally at low altitude, and were overall more lowland in nature, whilst all but one of the Group I sites were on the northern, more upland, section of the WHW. Both these groups had similar BMWP scores, not significantly different from each other, but lower than Group III samples, (though not significantly so for Group II}. 25 Table 2. Mean values (± 1 standard error] of stream depth, conductivity, family diversity and BMWP score showing the differences between TWINSPAN sample-groups I - IV, as shown by significant one-way ANOVA outcome (P <0,05) and subsequent application of Tukey’s mean separation test. Mean values (per environmental factor) sharing a letter in common are not significantly different from each other. Significance: * P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001. ANOVA comparison of TWINSPAN sample-groups P -value I II III IV Average Depth (m] 0.23" ±0.03 0.18"b± 0.02 0.13b ±0.02 0.18"b± 0.05 0.01** Conductivity [pS cm‘1) 42.4^ ± 5.6 38.5b^±5.0 81.6" ± 19.5 103.2"b^± 36.2 0.003** Family Diversity 5.4" ± 0.46 5.8" ±0.53 7.2" ±0.67 1.7b ±0.33 0.001*** BMWP Score 30.9b ± 2.5 36.3"b±0.8 47.3" ± 4.4 6.7<^± 3.0 0.001*** Table 3. Summary table of Kruskal-Wallis test results comparing non-normal environmental variables between TWINSPAN sample-groups. Significance: NS not significant; * P <0.05; ** P <0.01. Kruskal-Wallis comparison of TWINSPAN sample-groups Group with highest median Group with lowest median P -value (adjusted for ties] Significance Width (m) I III & IV 0.009 pH I II 0.017 * SC: boulders & I IV 0.139 NS cobbles (%] SC: pebbles & IV I 0.088 NS gravel (%) SC: sand (%) III I 0.142 NS SC: silt (%} - - 0.348 NS Flow II I &IV 0.243 NS Shade II&HI I&IV 0.041 Family diversity showed a similar trend, with the biotic data hence overall suggesting poorer water quality than in Group III samples. The differences in invertebrate community detected by TWINSPAN (with Group 1 indicated by Chironomidae, Heptageniidae, and Polycentropidae, whilst Group II indicators were Chloroperlidae and Simulidae) probably reflect these geographical differences (see Figs. 5 and 6 for examples of contrasting indicator family distributions along the course of the WHW), with the adverse influences on water quality being probably derived from differing sources for the two groups. All but one of the sites used for wild camping lay in either Group I or II, though in several cases samples located upstream of the area where evidence of camping was observed were in the same sample-group as the downstream site on that stream (e.g. Group I samples 35 and 36, 37 and 38, 41 and 42; Group II samples 13 and 14, 21 and 22). score, as well as low family diversity. One of the sites was adjacent to an unofficial wild camping site, on the Burn of Mar, and though the sample site was positioned upstream of the WHW crossing, and visible signs of wild camping, it is still possible that pollution from camping activities and human waste might have affected this site. The other two sites were on the R. Fillan near Dalrigh, where a substantia! field drain entered the river, causing noticeable water discolouration, and probably producing at least local point-source organic pollution, highly likely to influence benthic invertebrate community composition (Alvarez- Cabria etal, 2011). For the families identified by TWINSPAN as sample- group indicators (Table 4), it was noticeable that amphipods (Gammaridae: Group III indicator) had significantly higher abundance at samples occurring in this group than in the other groups. Group IV was the smallest sample-group, and had the poorest water quality, as measured by its BMWP 26 250 I 200 U ae £ 0 « 150 •o 1 0 1 100 'S u o 50 “1 1 1 r* — I — “1 1 — r* — i i ii^i till I I I — I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Site ■ Downstream ■ Upstream Fig. 5. Total number of Chironomidae recorded at each site. Site 1: southernmost sampling point; Site 22: northernmost. "S > u, it at £> o a 2 3 S % R 41.1 © H Site ■ Downstream ■ Upstream Fig. 6. Total number of Simulidae recorded at each site. Site 1: southernmost sampling point; Site 22: northernmost. Table 4. Summary table of significant Kruskal-Wallis test results carried out using abundance data for TWINSPAN sample-group indicator families. No significant differences were found for Chloroperlodidae. Significance: NS: not significant; * P <0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001. Family Group with Highest Median Group with Lowest Median P -value (adjusted for ties) Significance Baetidae I IV 0.001 *** Chironomidae I IV 0.000 *** Gammaridae III I, II & IV 0.000 Heptageniidae 1 IV 0.000 *** Polycentropidae I&III II&IV 0.046 * Simulidae 11 I, III & IV 0.037 * 27 The same trend was seen for the three Group I indicator families (the mayfly family, Heptageniidae; midge larvae of the Chironomidae (Fig. 5]; and the caddis family Polycentropidae), all of which showed high abundance compared with other end-groups. In Group 11 one of the indicators, blackfly (Simulidae: Fig. 6) also showed a significant tendency towards high abundance compared with abundance in other TWINSPAN groups. Although high abundance is not necessarily a criterion for selection of indicators by TWINSPAN, in this case there seems to be a suggestion that indicator families did not just tend to occur selectively at the sites making up the end-groups of the classification, but also tended to do so at relatively high abundance. Comparisons of BMWP scores from sites upstream and downstream of the WHW revealed no significant differences (paired t-tests: all outcomes P>0.05). This was so when all sites were compared together, and also when sets of sites were compared, upstream versus downstream, within each individual TWINSPAN group. DISCUSSION Overall there was good evidence for the existence of different invertebrate communities in streams crossing the WHW, with four main community types identified by the study. However there was no evidence to suggest that this variation, and the variation in water quality which these differences indicate, was associated with impacts that might be associated with recreational use of the long- distance footpath, whether due to associated wild camping, or other activities. In line with findings elsewhere (e.g. Langan & Soulsby, 2001; Soulsby et al., 2002), it is more likely that the variation in biologically-assessed water quality observed in streams along the length of the West Highland Way is associated with differences in the natural and land-use characteristics of the individual catchments feeding each of the streams sampled. This outcome seems encouraging given the current relatively high visitor usage of the WHWWay, and the results form a baseline against which further monitoring might be undertaken, particularly should recreational use of the West Highland Way continue to grow. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We particularly thank W. Yeomans and the Clyde River Foundation for providing equipment required for sampling and analysts, and for permitting use of their lab space for the sorting and identification of animals. We also thank P. Lang for her help with the background planning of the project; R. Whitecross for his help and guidance with the identification process; the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) for providing background data; S. Wilson for providing us with boat access to sites along the eastern shore of Loch Lomond; SCENE for allowing use of their facilities during the sampling process; P. Dow for his help with sampling; P. McLaughlin for providing equipment and lab space; and J. Tapia Grimaldo for her help during the statistical analyses. M. Kennedy (University of Aberdeen), and G. janauer (University of Vienna) kindly reviewed the ms prior to submission, and made useful suggestions for its improvement. The study was funded by the University of Glasgow as part of its Master of Research degree programme. REFERENCES Alvarez-Cabria, M., Barquin, J. & Antonio juanes, J. (2011). Microdistribution patterns of macroinvertebrates upstream and downstream of organic effluents. Water Research 45, 1501- 1511. Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D. & Stribling, J.B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition. Report EPA 841-B-99-002. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. British Standards Institute (2012). Water quality - guidance on pro-rata multi-habitat sampling of benthic invertebrates from wadeable rivers: EN 16150. London: British Standards Institute. Brown, C.A. (2001). A comparison of several methods of assessing river condition using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. African Journal of Aquatic Science 26, 135-147. Chessman, B.C. (1995). Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: a procedure based on habitat-specific sampling, family level identification and a biotic index. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 122-129. Clarke, R.T., Furse, M.T., Gunn, R.J.M., Winder, J. & Wright, J.F. (2002). Sampling variation in macroinvertebrate data and implications for river quality indices. Freshwater Biology 47, 1735-1751. den Breejen, L. (2007). The experiences of long distance walking: a case study of the West Highland Way in Scotland. Tourism Management 28, 1417-1427. Derlet, R.W., Ger, A.K., Richards, J.R. & Carlson, J.R. (2008). Risk factors for coliform bacteria in backcountry lakes and streams in the Sierra Nevada mountains: a 5-year study. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 19, 82-90. Gilvear, D.J., Heal, K.V & Stephen, A. (2002). Hydrology and the ecology of Scottish river ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 294, 131-159. Habib, O.A., Murphy, K.j. & Tippett, R. (1997). Seasonal changes in phytoplankton community structure in relation to physico-chemical factors in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Hydrobiologia 350, 63 - 79. 28 Hawkes, HA (1998). Origin and development of the Biological Monitoring Working Party score system. Water Research 32, 964-968. Hill, M.O., (1979). TWINSPAN, a Fortran program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two way table by classification of the individuals and the attributes. Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Langan, S.J. & Soulsby, C. (2001). The environmental context of water quality variation in Scotland. Science of the Total Environment 265, 7-14. Metzeling, L., Chessman, B, Hardwick, R. & Wong V. (2003). Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: the role of experience, and comparisons with quantitative methods. Hydrobiologia 510, 39=52. Moore, I.E. & Murphy, K.J. (2015). An evaluation of alternative macroinvertebrate sampling techniques for use in tropical freshwater biomonitoring schemes. Acta Lirnnologico Brasiliensia 27, 213-222. Nicholas, S.J. & Norris, R.H. (2006). River condition assessment may depend on the sub-sampling method: field live-sort versus laboratory sampling of invertebrates for bioassessment Hydrobiologia 572, 195-213. Pawley, S., Dobson, M. & Fletcher, M. (2011). FBA Guide to British Freshwater Macroinvertebrates for Biotic Assessment. Cumbria: Freshwater Biological Association. Quigley, M. (1977). Invertebrates of Streams and Rivers: A Key to Identification. London: Edward Arnold. Sandin, L. & Hering, D. (2004). Comparing macroinvertebrate indices to detect organic pollution across Europe; a contribution to the EC Water Framework Directive intercalibration. Hydrobiologia 516, 55-68. Smith, M.J., Kay, W.R., Edward, D.H.D., Papas, P.J., Richardson, K.S.J., Simpson, |.C., Finder, A.M., Gate, D.J., Horwitz, J.A., Davis, J.A., Yung, F.H., Norris, R.H & Halse, S.A. (1999). AusRivAS: using macroinvertebrates to assess ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia. Freshwater Biology 41, 269-282. Soulsby, C., Gibbins, C., Wade, A. |., Smart, R. & Helliwell, R, (2002). Water quality in the Scottish uplands: a hydrological perspective on catchment hydrochemistry. Science of the Total Environment 294, 73-94. ter Braak, C.J.F. & Smilauer, P. (1998). CANOCO reference manual and users guide to Conoco for windows: software for canonical community ordination version 4. Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY. ELECTRONIC REFERENCES Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park (2012a) Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park [online] Available at: http:././www.lochlomond-trossachs,org [Accessed 17/04/2012], Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority (2012b} The West Highland Way [online] Available at: http://www.west- highland-wav.co.uk [Accessed 17/04/2012]. 29 'I 30 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016] Volume 26, Part 2. 31-34 Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve: the first fifty years |ohn Mitchell 22 Muirpark Way, Drymen, Glasgow G63 ODX INTRODUCTION On 4 December 2012, the Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve in West Central Scotland reached its first half century. Events leading up to the establishment of the reserve are slovdy being forgotten with time, so that the main objective of this paper is to set down why the area was chosen and how its protected status was brought about. A brief account of the reserve's subsequent management and wildlife recording follows, concluding with a timeline of significant dates in the reserve's fifty year history (Appendix 1). THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL NATURE RESERVES The concept of creating a network of nature reserves representing all the major wildlife habitats, plant and animal communities in Britain goes back over a hundred years, but initially little progress was made in Scotland (Sheail, 1976). The move to establish nature reserves north of the border gathered momentum with the publication in 1949 of the final report by the Scottish Wildlife Conservation Committee under the chairmanship of Professor James Ritchie of Edinburgh University. Charged with advising the Scottish National Parks Committee on wildlife matters, the Ritchie Committee produced a list of recommended sites as nature reserves to be acquired through purchase or by agreement with the landowners. In Central Scotland the committee favoured the Aberfoyle area, recommending the sheltered eastern end of Loch Ard as a National Park Reserve [Fig. 1], together with the relatively undisturbed peatland of Gartrenich Moss on the Carse of Stirling as a subsidiary Nature Conservation Area [HMSO, 1949). Although the Scottish Wildlife Conservation Committee showed preference for the Upper Forth, other eyes were firmly fixed on Loch Lomondside only a few kilometres to the west. For the post-war Clyde Regional Plan 1946 (Abercrombie & Matthew, 1949), the compilers had turned to the Natural History Society of Glasgow to nominate wildlife sites worthy of protection within the boundaries of the plan. For diversity of habitat and opportunities for research, Loch Lomond and surrounds headed the Society's list (Cameron, 1946). Loch Lomondside's potential for research was also highlighted with the opening of a field station by the Fig 1. For its aquatic and emergent vegetation, Loch Ard was the choice as a National Park Reserve by the Scottish Wildlife Conservation Committee. University of Glasgow in 1946 to facilitate on-site freshwater studies (Slack, 1957). In addition, counts organised by the Wildfowl Trust showed that the shallow water and marshes around the south-east corner of the loch held wintering ducks and geese in regionally significant numbers (Atkinson-Willes, 1973), in particular being one of only three localities in Britain where the rapidly declining population of bean geese Anser fabalis still occurred (Boyd, 1963). As it turned out, any choice to be made between the Upper Forth Valley and Loch Lomondside became academic when the government of the day rejected both National Parks and National Park Reserves for Scotland. The government did however accept another recommendation made by the Ritchie Committee, which was the setting-up of a representative series of National Nature Reserves throughout the UK to be administered by a biological or wildlife service. Founded by Royal Charter in March 1949, this service to be known as The Nature Conservancy declared its first National Nature Reserve in Britain - Beinn Eighe in Wester Ross - two years later (Anon, 1959). THE NATURE CONSERVANCY ON LOCH LOMONDSIDE The newly formed Nature Conservancy's involvement with Loch Lomondside began with the notification of a series of geological and biological Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSls) in the 31 region as early as 1951. But what especially focussed the organisation's attention on Loch Lomond were planning applications for house building on the well wooded islands of Inchcailloch and Torrinch, together with notification that the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board was investigating the hydro-electric potential of the Mar Burn, a tributary of the River Endrick in its lower reaches. The response of the Nature Conservancy at its Scottish Headquarters in Edinburgh was to dispatch two of its most experienced field officers - Dr. Donald McVean and Dr. Derek Ratcliffe - to make an assessment of the scientific interest of the sites under apparent threat. Further information on the area was forthcoming from a number of sources, including contributions from Professor MFM Meiklejohn (then Vice-Chairman of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club], local naturalist Iain Christie and both the Botany and Zoology Departments of Glasgow University. Now fully committed to the south-east corner of Loch Lomond and adjoining mainland, the Nature Conservancy began negotiations to establish a nature reserve over several of the oak-dominated islands and the mosaic of wetlands which made up the lower flood plain of the River Endrick [Fig. 2). Fig. 2. With some of the finest oak woodland and most diverse wetlands in Scotland, the south-east corner of Loch Lomond was a prime candidate for National Nature Reserve status. RESERVE AQUISITION AND DECLARATION The felling of oak woodland on Inchcailloch prior to house building had already begun when brought to a halt by a Tree Preservation Order issued by Stirling County Council. Unable to progress further with their house building plans, the development company sold Inchcailloch to the Nature Conservancy who had been out-bid the first time the island came on the market. Negotiations for the remainder of the proposed reserve proved protracted, involving as it did four landowners, three tenants and a half-dozen or so claimants for wildfowling rights. As part of the process, ail affected parties were required to give their written consent to Nature Reserve Agreements with the Nature Conservancy. At the time agreement could not be reached over the marshes and flood woodlands on the north side of the River Endrick, and absolute title could not be confirmed for the southern part of the Aber Bogs south of the river. Thanks however to the persistence of the Nature Conservancy's regional officer Tom Huxley and senior land agent John Arbuthnot, nature reserve agreements were finally signed for the remainder of the proposed reserve. On 4 December 1962, Inchcailloch, Clairinsh, Torrinch, Creinch, Aber Isle and the Mainland (S) - together totalling 624 acres (252.5 ha] - were collectively declared the Loch Lomond Nature Reserve. Although not included in the wording of the declaration, the prefix 'National' was added to the reserve name by common usage from the start. Notices of the declaration appeared in both the London and Edinburgh Gazettes, although it is unlikely that the general public was familiar with either publication. In practice it fell to Scottish journalists such as Tom Weir and David Stephen to publicise the reserve's existence through their popular wildlife columns. Not until June 1977 was the important 404 acre (163.5 ha] Mainland (N) belatedly added to the Reserve (Fig. 3]. Fig. 3= Map of the Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve with the Mainland (N) added. RESERVE WORKS AND MAINTENANCE In the early years of the reserve almost all of the estate work was directed towards Inchcailloch, the island's ready accessibility from nearby Balmaha on the mainland attracting all-the-year-round visitor use. Jetties were built and the woodland pathways to the viewpoints, the picnic area and the site of the former parish church and burial ground greatly improved. Having an educational potential, a circular nature trail was laid out linking the island's areas of historical and wildlife interest (Fig. 4]. Attention then turned to the Mainland (S), enclosing woodlands from grazing stock, building footbridges and cleaning out overgrown water courses (Fig. 5). As funds became available major projects became 32 possible, such as embanking the Aber Bogs to give better control over internal vs/ater levels. Fig. 4. The self-guided nature trail on Inchcailloch has been enjoyed by many thousands of visitors over the years. Fig. 5. Overgrown water courses on the Mainland were cleaned out on rotation. HABITAT MANAGEMENT A start was made on the gradual removal of past introductions of non-indigenous woody species from the island's oak woodlands, with eradication of the invasive rhododendron R. ponticum a priority. On the Mainland (S) the emphasis was placed on the restoration of sedge dominated hay meadows, all traditional management of this wet ground having been abandoned as far back as the agricultural depression of the 1930s (Mitchell, 2000). Turning back the clock was achieved in the species-rich Twenty Acres Meadow by the resumption of annual mowing. For the restoration of the fen vegetation of the drying out Aber Bogs - also formerly cut for sedge hay - the first step was cutting back the colonising willow and birch scrub. This was followed by raising the water table within the embanked area to hold in check the rapidly spreading reed canary-grass Phalaris arundinacea (Figs. 6a & 6b). Fig. 6a. The dominance of reed canary-grass in the Aber Bogs is characteristic of fen vegetation drying out. Fig. 6b. Raising the water level in the Aber Bogs resulted in a retreat of the reed canary-grass and a resurgence in aquatic sedge growth. SPECIES SURVEY, MONITORING AND RESEARCH Species inventories began even before the reserve was declared, outside specialist help being sought with the more difficult plant and animal groups. The intention was to make available descriptive handbooks of the plants, vertebrates and invertebrates of the reserve, but only the first of the three reached the stage of completion. Native flowering plants listed in The Flora of the Reserve (Mitchell, 1993) were shown to represent one quarter of the British flora, confirming the varied nature of the area. As well as the continuing monthly counts of wintering wildfowl (in particular the rare Greenland white-fronted goose Anser albifrons flavirostris which had replaced the now lost bean goose), monitoring schemes introduced into the reserve work programme included breeding waders of the Ring Point, the grey heron Ardea cinerea colony in Gartfairn Wood, otters Lutra lutra on the River Endrick, butterfly populations and the performance of several notable aquatic plants (Fig. 7). 33 Fig. 7. The Loch Lomond Dock Rumex aquaticus is just one of the reserve's rare species to be subject to long term monitoring. Twenty Acres Meadow. Almost all of the research which has taken place on the reserve has been directed towards improving species and habitat management. Undertaken for the most part by students and their supervisors from Glasgow, Stirling and Paisley Universities, copies of their project reports were deposited with the library service of the Nature Conservancy [Council). CHANGES IN THE CONSERVATION AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RESERVE With the break-up of the Nature Conservancy Council by the government, responsibility for the Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve passed to Scottish Natural Heritage [SNH] in April 1992. Following on from the creation of the Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park in 2002, management of Inchcailloch was taken over by the Park Authority's countryside ranger service in partnership with SNH (Anon, 2008). Further change came in April 2012 when the Mainland (S) was purchased from its private owner by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) in partnership with SNH and the National Park Authority, this section of the National Nature Reserve to be known as RSPB Loch Lomond. POSTSCRIPT In the absence of any official celebrations in connection with the Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve reaching its first half century, to mark the anniversary date in a small way my wife Sandra and 1 booked a table for a convivial evening at the Oak Tree Inn, Balmaha, the nearest hostelry to the reserve. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My thanks go to Norman Tait for the preparation of my illustrations for publication. REFERENCES Abercrombie, P. & Matthew, R.H. (1949). The Clyde Valley Regional Plan 1946. HMSO, Edinburgh. Anon, (1959). The Nature Conservancy: The First Ten Years. The Nature Conservancy, London. Anon, (2008). The Story of Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve. Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby. Atkinson-Willes, G.L. (1963). Wildfowl in Great j fir/ta/n. HMSO, London. | Boyd, H. (1963). The numbers of wild geese in Great i Britain: Bean Goose. Annual Report of the f Wildfowl Trust 14, 87-88. ^ Cameron, j. 1. (1946). The natural history features of the West of Scotland in relation to regional ; planning. The Glasgow Naturalist 15, 37-58. HMSO. (1949). Nature Reserves in Scotland: Final t Report by the Scottish National Parks Committee i and the Scottish Wild Life Conservation 'i Committee (Cmd. 7814). Edinburgh. > Mitchell, J. ed. (1993). Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve. The Reserve Record Pt.2: The Flora of the Reserve. Scottish Natural Heritage, Clydebank. Mitchell, J. (2000). Wetland vegetation management at the Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve. BSBl Scottish Newsletter 22, 24-27. Sheail, J. (1976). Nature in Trust: The History of Nature Conservation in Britain. Blackie, Glasgow. ! Slack, H.D. (1957). Studies on Loch Lomond 1. The University of Glasgow. Blackie, Glasgow. APPENDIX 1 5 TIMELINE IN THE FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF THE j LOCH LOMOND NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE 1962 Declaration by the Nature Conservancy on 4 | December of the 624 acre (252.5 ha) Loch Lomond || Nature Reserve comprising Inchcailloch, Clairinsh, j Torrinch, Creinch, Aber Isle and Mainland (S). jj 1963 Warden Naturalist appointed for the || reserve. |‘ 1964 The first Management Plan for the reserve jj prepared by the Regional Officer. || 1973 The Nature Conservancy becomes the i! Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). 1976 Waterfowl habitat of the reserve designated ij under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of " International Importance. jj 1977 Declaration of a 404 acre (163.5 ha) extension on the north side of the River Endrick, • bringing the reserve almost in line with the original I proposed boundaries. 1987 Thirty acres (10 ha) of the southern Aber j Bogs finally added to the reserve. 1' 1992 NCC (Scot.) merged with the Countryside ■' Commission for Scotland to become Scottish ■; Natural Heritage (SNH). I 2002 The Loch Lomond and Trossachs National | Park established, the reserve falling within the park i; boundaries. 'i 2004 SNH form a partnership with the National Park Authority for the day-to-day management of i Inchcailloch. 2005 European designations of Special Protection | Areas and Special Areas of Conservation confirmed j| for the reserve. Ij 2012 The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ii purchases the Mainland (S) reserve, forming a management partnership for the area with SNH and I the National Park Authority. On 4 December the | Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve reached its first half century. 34 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016] Volume 26, Part 2, 35-42 Trichoptera (Caddisflies) caught by the Rothamsted Light Trap at Rowardennan, Loch Lomondside throughout 2009. ].T. Knowleri, p.w.H. Flint^ and S. Flint^ ^Corresponding author. 3 Balfleurs Street, Milngavie, Glasgow, G62 8HW 2 1 Ingleborough View, Butts Lane, High Bentham, North Yorkshire LA2 7AE lE-mail: john.knowler@ntlworld.com 2E-mail: flintsentomologists@btinternet.com INTRODUCTION Since 1968 the Rothamsted Insect Survey (RIS) has operated a network of specially designed light-traps throughout the UK and the data obtained from them have been used to monitor the long term population trends of the most common and widespread British macro moths (Fox et al, 2006). A trap located at the Scottish Centre for Ecology and Natural Environment (formerly known as the Glasgow University Field Station) has been operated almost continuously since 1968 and has added greatly to knowledge of the moth assemblage on east Loch Lomondside (Salama et al., 2007; Knowler and Gregory, 2008; Knowler, 2010). In addition to moths, Rothamsted light traps catch and kill representatives of many other insect Orders and, during the years that the Rowardennan trap has been run, some of these have been collected and sent to relevant experts for identification. This paper presents an analysis of 1802 adult caddisflies recovered from the catch of the Rowardennan trap during 2009 and it relates these data to other Trichoptera records from the site. METHODS A standard Rothamsted light trap with a 200W tungsten filament is located at NS378960 close to the shore of Loch Lomond in an extensive belt of semi-natural oak woods comprising mostly Quercus petraea x robor hybrids but with alder [Alnus glutinosa) and sallow {Salix sp.) fringing the shore. Dubh Lochan is a small, nutrient-poor loch. At their closest points the shores of both Loch Lomond and Dubh Lochan are within 150 metres of the trap site. Flowing water, from the small torrential streams of the mountainous regions to the slow flowing Endrick Water and Leven River at the south of Loch Lomond, are a feature of the catchment but none are very close to the trap at Rowardennan. It was therefore anticipated that most caddisfly species recorded would be those of still water. The trap is operated by volunteers who until 2008 sent the catch to RIS staff to identify the macro moths. Since 2009 moth identification has been undertaken by the first author and this has given him access to the other insects caught by the trap. Throughout 2009 J.T.K collected caddisflies from the catch and papered them, storing each daily, weekend or four day Bank holiday catch in a separate date-labelled envelope. In 2012 Peter and Sharon Flint undertook to identify the papered insects. Papering is well known as an effective and economical technique for storing and transporting insect specimens; it has the disadvantage, however, that if specimens are papered in bulk they may start to disintegrate and parts such as legs and antennae become miss-associated. Fortunately most species of adult caddis, both male and female, can be reliably identified by examination of the genitalia alone and some (e.g. Limnephilus lunatus) are even immediately recognizable on sight by wing pattern. Specimens were re-wetted in 70% isopropyl alcohol and abdomens were softened and cleared in 10% potassium hydroxide. Identifications were carried out using Barnard and Ross (2012) and Macan (1973). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the total Trichoptera identified from the catch of the Rothamsted trap at Rowardennan throughout 2009. The data are considered reliably quantitative for most species because every caddisfly in the catch was collected. There are however two exceptions. There were a few days when there were so many Tinodes waeneri in the catch that not every individual was retained. Numbers recorded at the peak occurrence of this species are therefore an under-estimate. In addition, micro caddisflies (Hydroptilidae) are almost certainly under-reported, partly because they may have been missed by the first author but mainly because they may have been lost throughout mid-summer when the smallest insects were routinely sieved out of the catch before it was passed to the first author. Sieving was advantageous to identification of moths because it substantially decreased the very bulky biomass of the mid- summer catch that is dominated by the tiny bodies 35 of biting midges (Culicoides); very small species of area were not trapped at all where they are diurnal other insect Orders may however have been lost. It and not attracted to light (e.g. Agapetus fuscipes], is also possible that some species occurring in the Table 1. Caddisflies identified in the daily catch of the Rowardennan light trap throughout 2009. * indicates probable under-estimate. Family Species Total Collected Earliest and latest dates Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila obliterata (McLachlan) 1 male 28-Sep Hydroptilidae Oxyethira flavicornis (Pictet] 1 male* 31-Aug Polycentropodidae Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis] Polycentropus flavomaculatus (Pictet] 9 male, 4 female 1 male 24 fun - 28 Oct 04-Aug Psychomyiidae Tinodes waeneri (Linnaeus] 438 male*, 305 female* 29 May - 22 Sept Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche siltalai (D5hler] 1 male 14-Aug Phryganeidae Agrypnia varia (Fabricius] 8 male, 12 female 26 Jun - 18 Aug Goeridae Goera pilosa (Fabricius] Silo pallipes (Fabricius) 1 male, 28 female 1 female 30|un-24Jul 24-Jun Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma hirtum (Fabricius) 26 male, 28 female 19 June - 14 Sep Apataniidae Apatania wallengreni (McLachlan] 225 male, 13 female 23 Mar - 19 May Limnephilidae Drusus annulatus (Stephens) Chaetopteryx villosa (Fabricius] Anatolia nervosa (Curtis] Glyphotaelius pellucidus (Retzius] Limnephilus centralis (Curtis) Limnephilus coenosus (Curtis] Limnephilus ignavus (McLachlan] Limnephilus lunatus [Curtis] Limnephilus luridus (Curtis] Limnephilus marmoratus (Curtis] Limnephilus rhombicus (Linnaeus] Limnephilus sparsus (Curtis) Limnephilus stigma (Curtis) Halesus digitatus (Schrank) Halesus radiatus (Curtis] Micropterna lateralis (Stephens] Potamophylax cingulotus (Stephens] Potamophylax latipennis (Curtis] 1 male 14 male, 8 female 54 male, 27 female 47 male, 19 female 1 male 1 male 10 male 147 male, 84 female 10 male, 3 female 46 male, 31 female 2 male 18 male, 6 female 1 male 6 male 81 male, 26 female 6 male 6 male, 7 female 2 male, 4 female 02-Sep 28 Sep - 7 Dec 28 Aug = 29 Oct 30 Apr - 28 Sept 25-Sep 02-Sep 21 Aug - 14 Sep 07 Aug - 11 Nov 26 jun -10 Aug 05 Jun - 20 Oct 16 Sep - 22 Oct 14 Aug - 22 Sep 31-Iul 31 Aug - 19 Oct 04 Sep - 20 Oct 29 May -03 July 20 Aug - 15 Sept 01 Jul-01 Oct Sericostomatidae Sericostoma personaturn (Spence] 1 female 27-Jul Odontoceridae Odontocerum albicorne (Scopoli) 2 female 26-Jun Leptoceridae Athripsodes bilineatus (Linnaeus] Ceraclea albimacula (Rambur) Ceraclea annulicornis (Stephens] Ceraclea dissimilis (Stephens) Mystacides azurea (Linnaeus] 1 male 4 male 3 male 14 male, 6 female 1 female date uncertain 23|ul-27|ul 26 Jun - 27 Aug 24 Jul - 8 Sep 19-Jun 36 Some species of caddisfly exhibited a fairly narrow- flight period (Table 1 and Fig. 1) with a bell-shaped curve of abundance typical of a univoltine species. Thus, Apatania wallengreni, the earliest species recorded, occurred from late March to mid-May peaking in mid-April. This is significantly earlier than the April to June occurrence with a peak in early May that was reported by Crichton for the same site in 1968-1970 (Crichton 1981). The difference may be explained by the weather patterns for the years concerned. Thus, data for Paisley (the nearest station for which weather data for the years concerned can be accessed) reveal that it was considerably colder from February to-April 1968-1970 than in 2009 (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/ uk/climate/stationdata/paisleydata.txt.) Similar bell-shaped curves were exhibited by Lepidostoma hirtum occurring from mid-June to mid-September; for Anatolia nervosa from late August to late October and for Chaetopteryx villosa from late September to early December (Fig. 1). Apatania wallengreni 150 c 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 100 50 0 III Week of the year Apr May Anabolia nervosa 30 CO fD D ■g *> c Week of the year Sep Oct Nov Tinodes waeneri 250 200 ro -g 150 > 100 "O .E 50 0 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 Week of the year Jun Jul Aug Sep TO 6 D 1 ^ 2 Chaetopteryx villosa 1 l.l 1 1 l.li 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52 Week of the Year Sept Oct Nov Dec Glyphotaelius pellucidus 12 10 8 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Week of the year May June July Aug Sept Fig. 1. Weekly catches of selected caddisfly species caught in the Rowardennan light trap during 2009. 37 Other species were on the wing for much longer periods. Thus, Glyphotaelius pellucidus, known by fishermen as the mottled sedge, is described as being on the wing in May and June and from August to September with a diapause in July [Barnard and Ross, 2012). On Loch Lomondside, it exhibited a similar prolonged flight period but it appeared that the diapause was during all of June and early July. Limnephilus marmoratus, known as the cinnamon sedge, is also described as having a very prolonged flight time from May to November with a probable summer diapause [Barnard and Ross, 2012). However at Rowardennan it was recorded from June to November with no evidence of diapause. It may be relevant that Denis (1977) has shown that, in the laboratory, Limnephilidae can show no diapause when reared with a long photoperiod. Tinodes waeneri was recorded from late May to late September but there was only one record in May with none in June or until late July. No recorded species showed any evidence of multi-voltinism as distinct from a prolonged emergence period. It should be noted, however, that because of its effects on metabolism and nutritional factors, water temperature is an important factor influencing life history patterns in aquatic insects [Danks and Oliver, 1972; Humpesch, 1982; Brittain, 1983; McCafferty and Periera, 1984; Sweeney and Vannote, 1986) and may well have influenced these data. Indeed temperature is known to result in flexible voltinism in Trichopteran species. Thus, Mackay [1979) found that the thermal regime affected the growth rates and consequently the number of generations per year of Hydropsyche. In preparing this paper, it has transpired that 2009 was not the first time that caddisflies were collected from the Rothamsted trap at Rowardennan. For part of 1968 and all of 1969, 1970 and 1971, staff at the Rothamsted Insect Survey, retained caddisflies from the catch at Rowardennan and from 77 other Rothamsted traps and sent them to M. 1. Crichton at the Department of Zoology, Reading University for identification. His records of the Limnephilidae including those identified from the 1968 Rowardennan catch formed part of a study of members of this family caught by the Rothamsted Insect Survey throughout the UK [Crichton, 1971). Records of the members of other families identified from the 1968 catch and those of all caddisflies caught during 1969-1971 appear to have only been published in summary form (Crichton, 1974) and as life histories [Crichton, Fisher and Woiwod, 1978; Crichton and Fisher, 1981). However, the original data remains preserved in the records of the Rothamsted Insect Survey and are here compared with the data collected in 2009 [Table 2). It is notable from the data of Crichton that the abundance of some species fluctuated considerably from year to year. See, for instance, the differences between the numbers of Limnephilus lunatus caught in the years 1969, 1970 and 1971 [Table 2). This is sometimes also apparent when these data are compared with the 2009 records. Thus 107 Halesus radiatus were recorded in 2009 but only 14 in 1969, 13 in 1971 and none in 1970. For the most part, ; however, species that were the most abundant in ; 1968 to 1971 remained the most common species ! in 2009. I f From 1983 to 1986 aquatic invertebrate surveys t were conducted throughout the Loch Lomond |i catchment. Collection sites included Loch Lomond, 1 Dubh Lochan, other areas of still water such as quarries plus flowing water tributaries of varying ! pH, nutrient levels and flow rate within the ' catchment (Adams et al., 1990). These surveys identified the larvae of 56 species of Trichoptera of f which 22 were found in Loch Lomond. Three of ; these were also found in Dubh Lochan and a further [ two were only recorded from Dubh Lochan. The | Rothamsted light trap is very close to both the shore j of Loch Lomond and to Dubh Lochan so these 24 j species are included in table 2 so that larval and ! adult records can be compared. A further 33 \ caddisfly species recorded in the aquatic invertebrate surveys were only recorded in the flowing water of the tributaries of the Loch Lomond j| catchment. These are only included in table 2 if adults were caught in the Rowardennan trap during ;! 1969 - 1971 surveys and/or during 2009. As might be expected, species abundant as larvae in water bodies near to the Rothamsted trap were usually commonly caught in the trap. There were exceptions however. Agapetus fuscipes were frequent in Loch Lomond but the adult was never caught in the light trap. This was undoubtedly because the adults are day-flying and not attracted ■ to light [Barnard and Ross, 2012). Conversely, Apatania wallengreni, was caught in the moth trap ] in large numbers early in the year, but was not recorded in the aquatic invertebrate surveys. It is not unusual for the larvae of this species to be unrecorded where the adult is common probably s because they occur in deeper water [Ian Wallace, i pers. comm.). For the most part, caddisfly species [! only recorded in the flowing water of tributaries in jj the aquatic invertebrate survey were uncommon in i' the light trap; presumably reflecting the distance ' that adults would have to fly to the trap. Again there ; were apparent exceptions. Thus, Halesus radiatus, « the lava of which was only found in the flowing j water of tributaries of the Loch Lomond catchment, was common as an adult in the trap in 2009 and I fairly common in 1969 and 1971. The larva is however known to also occur in still water despite j not yet being found in Loch Lomond [Barnard and s Ross, 2012). Potamophylax latipennis was not jl, recorded in the aquatic survey but has since been jj recorded from the loch (Wallace, pers. comm.) I Table 2. A comparison of the caddisfly species recorded in the catch of the Rowardennan light trap in 2009 with those caught in the same trap during 1968 to 1971 and with those species recorded as larvae during invertebrate surveys from 1983 to 1987. * indicates incomplete data, LL indicates species found in Loch Lomond, DL indicates species found in Dubh Lochan and "tributaries only" indicates that the species concerned was recorded in the light trap but, during the aquatic invertebrate survey, larvae were only found in flowing water of tributaries. Species found in tributaries but not recorded in the light trap are omitted. Family Species Total adults Status In 1983- Rothamsted Survey in moth 87 aquatic 1968* 1969 1970 1971 trap in 2009 invertebrate survey [larvae] Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila dorsalis not recorded tributaries only 2 Rhyacophila obliterata 1 not recorded Glossosomatidae Agapetus fusdpes not recorded frequent LL Glossosoma boitoni not recorded tributaries only 1 3 1 1 Hydroptilidae Oxyethira flavicornis 1 not recorded Polycentropodidae Cyrnus trimaculaus not recorded recorded LL 30 13 Cyrnus flavidus not recorded frequent LL Holocentropus dubius not recorded recorded DL 1 4 Neureclipsis bimaculata not recorded recorded LL Plectrocnemia 13 tributaries only 3 32 4 37 conspersa Plectrocnemia not recorded frequent LL 9 1 2 1 geniculata Polycentropus flavomaculatus 1 frequent LL 82 9 42 Polycentropus irroratus not recorded recorded DL 1 4 Polycentropus kingi not recorded tributaries only 2 1 Psychomyiidae Tinodes waeneri 743+ frequent LL 51 60 6 53 type phaeopa not recorded rare LL, also tributaries Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche instabilis not recorded tributaries only 1 2 Hydropsyche siltalai 1 not recorded Phryganeidae Agrypnia varia 20 rare LL 2 15 18 73 Phryganea grandis not recorded tributaries only 4 4 Goeridae Goera pilosa 29 rare LL, also tributaries 1 3 6 2 Silo paUipes 1 not recorded Lepidostomatidae Crunoecia irrorata not recorded not recorded 1 Lepidostoma hirtum 54 common LL 52 466 200 87 Apataniidae Apatania waUengreni 238 not recorded 1 44 91 73 39 Limnephilidae Dmsus annulatus 1 tributaries only Chaetopteryx villosa 20 rare LL AnaboUa nervosa 81 recorded LL 8 40 Glyphotaelius 66 not recorded 1 15 3 5 pellucidus Llmnephilus affinis not recorded recorded LL 2 Limnephilus not recorded not recorded 2 bipunctatus Limnephilus centralis 1 not recorded 1 15 9 4 Limnephilus 1 not recorded 1 coenosus Limnephilus not recorded recorded LL decipiens Limnephilus elegans not recorded not recorded 1 Limnephilus not recorded tributaries only 2 extricatus Limnephilus griseus not recorded not recorded 1 Limnephilus ignavus 10 not recorded Limnephilus lunatus 231 not recorded 298 12 467 Limnephilus luridus 13 not recorded 13 11 8 Limnephilus 77 frequent LL, 3 49 19 38 marmoratus recorded DL Limnephilus 2 recorded LL & 1 1 rhombicus DL Limnephilus sparsus 24 not recorded 3 2 14 Limnephilus stigma 1 not recorded Limnephilus vittatus not recorded not recorded 1 Halesus digitatus 6 rare LL 3 Halesus radiatus 107 tributaries only 14 13 Mesophylax not recorded not recorded 36 1 13 impunctatus Micropterna lateralis 6 not recorded 5 6 2 Micropterna sequax not recorded not recorded 1 1 2 5 Potamophylax 13 not recorded 8 1 7 cingulatus Potamophylax 6 tributaries only 3 4 latipennis Stenophylax vibex not recorded not recorded 1 Sericostomatidae Sericostoma 1 common LL 1 personotum Odontoceridae Odontocerum 2 recorded LL & albicorne DL Leptoceridae Arthripsodes 1 tributaries only 1 bilineatus Arthripsodes not recorded not recorded 8 1 commutatus Ceraclea albimacula 4 not recorded Ceraclea 3 not recorded 1 annulicornis Ceraclea dissimilis 20 not recorded 168 15 16 Mystacides azurea 1 recorded LL 1 Mystacides not recorded recorded LL 40 not recorded not recorded not recorded not recorded not recorded recorded LL 1 longicornis Mystacides nigra Oecetis lacustris 3 Oecetis ochracea 2 One group of caddisflies, including Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Limnephilus centralis, Limnephilus coenosus, Limnephilus griseus, Limnephilus luridus, Limnephilus sparsus, Limnephilus stigma and Limnephilus vittatus, that were recorded in the trap but not during the aquatic invertebrate survey, were those that breed in very small water bodies including temporary puddles, ditches, small moorland bog pools, fens, marshes and ponds (Barnard and Ross, 2012). This presumably reflects the fact that with the exception of Balmaha Pond a small shallow nutrient-rich pond and Fairy Loch, a small nutrient-poor loch, such habitats did not feature in the aquatic invertebrate survey. Perhaps the scattered and often temporary breeding sites of these species require that the adults are relatively wide-ranging and they are then caught in a trap that is not particularly near to such habitats. Whilst active lateral dispersal of adult caddisflies may be limited, there are indications that some species, particularly the Limnephilidae regularly travel greater distances (Kelly, Bilton and Bundle, 2001). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Rowardennan light trap data form a part of the Rothamsted Insect Survey and the authors are particularly grateful to Chris Shortall and Ian Woiwod for making historical caddisfly data available. Ian Wallace, of the UK Trichoptera Recording Scheme, gave us access to unpublished records for Loch Lomond and made very helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank Stuart Wilson and colleagues of Scottish Centre for Ecology and Natural Environment Glasgow University (SCENE) who operate the trap at Rowardennan and Colin Adams also of SCENE for information on the aquatic invertebrates of Loch Lomond. REFERENCES Adams, C.E., Brown, D.W., Little, S.S. & Tippett, R. (1990). A Check-list of the Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of the Loch Lomond Catchment, The Glasgow Naturalist, 21 part 5:537-552. Barnard, P. and Ross, E. (2012). in The Adult Trichoptera (caddisflies) of Britain and Ireland, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol.l, part 17, published for the Royal Entomological Society by the Field Studies Council. Brittain J.E. Life history strategies in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera in Mayflies and stoneflies: life histories and biology Campbell, I.C. (editor) Kluwer Academic Publishers pp.1-12. Crichton, M.I. (1971). A study of caddis flies (Trichoptera) of the family Limnephilidae, based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey, 1964-68, J. Zool., Lond. 163: 533-563. Crichton, M.I. (1974). The interpretation of light trap catches of Trichoptera from the Rothamsted Insect Survey, Proc. Of the First Int. Symp. On Trichoptera. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Crichton, M.I. & Fisher D.B. (1981). Further observations on the Limnephilid life histories, based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey, Proc. Of the3rd Int. Symp. On Trichoptera. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Crichton, M.I., Fisher, D & Woiwod, I.P. (1978). Life histories and distribution of British Trichoptera, excluding Limnephilidae and Hydroptilidae, based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey (1978) Ecography 1:31-45. Danks, H.V. & Oliver, D.R. (1972). Seasonal emergence of some high arctic chironomidae (Diptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 104: 661- 686. Fox, R., Conrad, K.F., Parsons, M.S., Warren, M.S., & Woiwod, I.P. (2006). The State of Britain’s Larger Moths. Butterfly Conservation and Rothamsted Research, Wareham, Dorset. Humpesch, U.H. (1982). Efect of fluctuating temperature on the duration of embryonic development in two Ecdyonurus spp. And Rhithrogena cf. hybrid (Ephemeroptera) from Austrian streams, Oecologia, 55:285-288. Kelly, L.C., Bilton, D.T. & Bundle, S.D. (2001). Population structure and dispersal in the Canary island caddisfly Mesophylax asperses (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Knowler, J.T. & Gregory, N. (2008). A Checklist of the Macro Moths of Rowardennan, east Loch Lomondside, Stirlingshire, The Glasgow Naturalist, 25 part 1:15-24. Knowler, J.T. (2010). An Annotated Checklist of the Larger Moths of Stirlingshire, West Perthshire and Dunbartonshire, Glasgow Natural History Society. Macan, T.T. (1973). A key to the adults of the British Trichoptera. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association 28: 151 pp. Mackay, R.J. (1979). Life history patterns of some species of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in southern Ontario. Can. j. Zool. 57:963-975. McCafferty, W.P. & Pereira, C. (1984). Effects of developmental thermal regimes on two mayfly 41 species and their taxonomic interpretation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77:69-87 Salama, N., Knowler, |.T. & Adams C.E. (2007). Increasing abundance and diversity in the moth assemblage of east Loch Lomondside, Scotland over a 35 year period, Journal of Insect Conservation, 11:151-156. Sweeney, B.W. & Vannote, R.L. (1986). Growth and production of stream stonefly: influence of diet and temperature. Ecology 67:1396-1410. 42 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016] Volume 26, Part 2. 43-52 The moth assemblage of Mugdock Country Park, Stirlingshire (vc86) John T. Knowler 3 Balfleurs Street, Milngavie, Glasgow, G62 8HW E-mail: john.knowler@ntlworld.com ABSTRACT Moth records derived from an extensive programme of trapping between 2003 and 2013 together with field records and older data-sets have been combined in an assessment of the moth assemblage of Mugdock Country Park. Of the 320 species recorded, six are nationally scarce. Other species are present that have dramatically declined in their UK-wide abundance. INTRODUCTION Mugdock Country Park is located in open countryside approximately 16km [10 miles] north of Glasgow and 1.5km south of the western end of the Campsie Fells. It is located within and managed by the regions of Stirling Council and East Dunbartonshire Council but is entirely within the biological recording area of vice county 86, Stirlingshire. The park covers approximately 260ha and overlies a mainly Carboniferous geology of igneous basaltic lava, tuffs and dykes, sedimentary conglomerates and some calciferous sandstone. Although some rock is exposed, most is covered by deposits of boulder clay dating from the last ice age. A wide range of habitats within the park include mixed woodland, grassland, heath, mire, swamp and open water. Of these, the approximately 80ha of Mugdock Wood is a site of special scientific interest (SSSl] and comprises a mosaic of steep south-facing hillside dominated by oak [Quercus sp.]; shallower slopes of more mixed deciduous woodland with open areas of bracken [Pteridium aquilinum) and blackthorn [Prunus spinosa) and lower poorly drained areas of alder [Alnus glutinosa] and birch [Betula pubescens and B. pendula). Heathland habitat is a feature of the undulating plateaux of Drumclog Muir. Here heather {Calluna vulgaris], bilberry {Vaccinium myrtillus] and birch dominates dryer areas while scrub willow [Salix sp.) and wet heath vegetation is found in hollows and where the muir slopes down to the Allander Water. The depression that contains Mugdock Loch is flanked by fen and marshy ground while grassland in the park ranges from neutral semi-improved pasture to the unimproved damp and acidic grasslands of Peitch’s Moor that are in part dominated by tussock grass [Deschampsia cespitosa], rush (Juncus sp.] and willow scrub. In such a botanically rich and varied area it is to be expected that the moth assemblage would be rich and this paper presents a compilation of the results of 11 years of regular moth trapping and field recording plus some older data-sets. METHODS Moth traps were run in various parts of the park from 2003 until the present. Because of the security that it provides and the availability of mains electricity, the most regular trapping site, with a 125w Robinson-type MV trap, has been the machinery pound at the park centre (NS548779]. Regular trapping, with a 125w Skinner-type MV trap, has also been conducted in the oak-dominated upper slopes of Mugdock Wood using a mains electricity supply generously provided by Keith and Annie Hutton at Kyber Cottage. Some trapping with battery powered Heath actinic traps has been conducted at other sites, particularly in the poorly drained areas of Mugdock Wood that are dominated by multi-stemmed alders. Because of security concerns, moth traps have seldom been run on open grassland or the heaths of Drumclog Muir and moth records from these habitats largely depend on field observation. RESULTS Appendix 1 lists 320 moth species recorded in Mugdock Country Park up to December 2013. There are approximately 2500 species of British moths and, although of little scientific merit, it has been a convention for over 100 years to divide them into the macro moths and micro moths. The micro moths comprise approximately 1600 species in those families where most species are small. Until recently they have been relatively poorly covered by identification guides and the difficulty in their identification means that they have often received less attention than the macro moths. Thus, micro moths comprise only 71 species of the 320 recorded in the Mugdock Country Park and they are without doubt significantly under-recorded. Including rare immigrants approximately 900 species of macro moth have been recorded in the UK so the 249 macro species recorded in the park comprise approximately 28% of the British total. The "individuals recorded" column of Appendix 1 lists the number of individuals of each species 43 known to have been recorded. For some species recorded during field observations this number will be an under-estimate as not all recorders have collected quantitative data. The status column in Appedix 1 indicates the UK national status of each moth species as defined by the joint Nature Conservation Committee. The categories are as follows but not all of them are represented in this Mugdock sample: • Red Data Book species (RDB) - species known from 15 or less 10km squares in the UK. • Proposed RDB (pRDB) - proposed for inclusion in the next Red Data Book listing because current information indicates that the species meets the criteria. • Nationally Scarce A (Na) - species recorded from 16-30 10km squares since January 1980. • Nationally Scarce B (Nb) - species recorded from 30-100 10km squares since January 1980. • Local - species recorded from 100-300 10km squares since January 1980. • Common - species recorded from over 300 10km squares since January 1980 • Uncommon on introduced food-plant. • Immigrant. • Rare immigrant. • Import. A small number of macro moths cannot be unambiguously identified without dissection of their genitalia. These include the November moth aggregate comprising November moth [Epirrita dilutata), pale November moth [Epirrita christyi) and autumnal moth [Epirrita autumnata); the marbled minor aggregate comprising the marbled minor [Oligia strigilis], tawny marbled minor [Oligia latruncula] and rufous minor [Oligia versicolor); the common and lesser common rustic [Mesapamea secalis and M. didyma] and the ear moths [Amphipoea sp.]. In each case these moths are identified at species level in Appendix 1 where their genitalia have been examined otherwise they are listed as an aggregate. DISCUSSION Nationally scarce moths recorded in Mugdock Country Park Of the 320 moth species recorded in the park, three are classified as Nationally Scarce A, three as Nationally Scarce B and 48 as Local in their UK-wide occurrence. Those classed as nationally scarce are: Biselachista trapeziella - Nationally Scarce A - recorded once as a larvae in Mugdock Wood in 1983. It is desirable to discover more about the occurrence of this rare moth in the area. Donacaula mucronellus - Nationally scarce B - a moth of marshes, fens and reedy ditches that is also recorded on Loch Lomondside and in the Aberfoyle area. Barred carpet {Perizoma taeniata] = Nationally Scarce A - The barred carpet is a rare moth of damp, shaded woodland often associated with basic rocks. It was first discovered in the region above a damp wooded guliy in Lennoxtown. The capture of further examples near the Visitor Centre of Mugdock Country Park on the 23'''^ July and of August, 2013 was a considerable surprise but there was suitable habitat nearby. Pretty pinion {Perizoma blandiata} - Nationally Scarce B - The resident sub-species blandiata is mainly found in Scotland from the central belt northwards. Great brocade {Eurois occulta] - Nationally scarce A - The great brocade [Eurois occulta) occurs in the UK in two forms. The typical grey form occurs as a scarce immigrant from Scandinavia, the Netherlands and northern Germany and the most recent definite record of this form in the region was in Mugdock Country Park in 2005. There is however a second, essentially black form of this moth (form passetii) which is resident in boggy areas of the western and central highlands of Scotland where it feeds on bog myrtle [Myrica gale). In central Scotland, it breeds in Flanders Moss (Knowler, 2012a) and probably in Glen Dubh, Glen Finglass and other suitable habitats. A 2004 record from Mugdock Country Park was rather worn but probably a wandering individual of this form. Saxon {Hyppa rectilinea) - Nationally Scarce B - A northern species of open woodland and upland marshes. Moths of Mugdock Country Park that have dramatically declined in their UK abundance Fox et al. (2013) analysed forty years of data from the UK-wide network of Rothamsted light traps during the period 1968 to 2007. They examined the data for 337 species of common larger moths and showed that 61% had declined in abundance by over 75% over the forty years. Nineteen of these are found in Mugdock Country Park and they are listed in Appendix 2 in order of the percentage change in their UK abundance. International Union for Conservation of Nature (lUCN) categories are based on rate of decline. Moth species moving north into Central Sotland perhaps because of climate warming Regular moth trapping has allowed the documentation of moth species moving north into central Scotland, perhaps in response to climate warming. Since 2000 eleven species have been recorded in vc86 [Stirlingshire) for the first time and their movement has been followed from northern England to central Scotland in most cases but not always via southern Scotland (Knowler and Mitchell, 2004, Knowler 2005, Leverton and Palmer, 2009; Knowler 2012b, Knowler 2013). Six of these species have been recorded in Mugdock Country 44 Park, namely: Ypsolopha sequella, oak tree pug [Eupithecia dodoneata], red-necked footman {Atolmis rubricolUs), pale pinion [Lithophane hepatica], copper underwing {Amphipyra pyramidea] and slender brindle [Apamea scolopacina). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 should like to express my profound thanks to the Rangers based at Mugdock County Park for their very considerable help with running moth traps. I should also like to thank Keith and Annie Hutton for allowing the use of mains electricity at Kyber Cottage for traps run in Mugdock Wood. REFERENCES Bradley, J.D. (2000). Checklist of Lepidoptera Recorded in the British Isles. Fordingbridge. Fox, R., Parsons, M.S., Chapman, J.W., Woiwod, I.P., Wareen, M.S. & Brooks, D.R. (2013). The State of Britain’s Larger Moths 2013, Butterfly Conservation and Rothamsted Research, Wareham, Dorset, UK. Knowler, J.T. (2005). The Slender Brindle in west central Scotland, Glasgow Naturalist, 24 part 3:64. Knowler, J.T. (2012a). The moth assemblage of Flanders Moss, Stirlingshire, Glasgow Naturalist 25, part 4, 59-69. Knowler, J.T. 2012b, 2011 Moth records for Stirlingshire and West Perthshire (Vice Counties 86 and 87) The Forth Naturalist and Historian 35, 43-46. Knowler, J.T. (2013). Beautiful Snout {Hypena crassalis] new to Scotland and Southern Wainscot [Mythimna straminea] new to central Scotland, Entomologist's Rec.J. Var 125, 202-203. Knowler, J.T. & Mitchell, J. (2004). The Red-necked Footman in west-central Scotland, Glasgow Naturalist 24 part 2:142-143. Leverton, R. & Palmer, S. (2009). The Spread of the Pale Pinion (Lithophane hepatica into the northern half of England and Scotland since 1990, Entomologists Rec.J. Var 121, 129-133. Appendix 1= Moth species recorded in Mugdock Country Park. Individuals First Last Taxon Vernacular Recorded Recorded Recorded UK Status Eriocrania semipurpurella 2 2005 2006 Common Hepiaius humuli Ghost Moth 1 2009 2009 Common Hepialus hecta Gold Swift 6 1983 2013 Local Hepiaius fusconebulosa Map-winged Swift 46 2003 2013 Local Stigmella sorbi 0 1983 1983 Common Stigmella hemargyrella 5 2005 2005 Common Incurvaria pectinea 0 1983 1983 Local Zygaena filipendulae Six-spot Burnet 1 2001 2001 Common Diplodoma herminata Phyllonorycter 1 1983 1983 harrisella 0 1983 1983 Common Phyllonorycter leucographella Firethorn Leaf Miner 3 2004 2004 Common Phyllonorycter maestingella 5 2005 2005 Common Anthophila fabriciana 1 2008 2008 Common Glyphipterix simpUciella Cocksfoot Moth 0 2010 2010 Common Glyphipterix thrasonella 0 1983 1983 Common Argyresthia brockeella 1 2006 2006 Common Argyresthia conjugelia Apple Fruit Moth 2 2005 2005 Common Yponomeuta evonymella Bird-cherry Ermine 338 1983 2011 Common Prays fraxinella Ash Bud Moth 1 2005 2005 Common Ypsolopha nemorella 0 1983 1983 Local Ypsolopha dentella Ypsolopha Honeysuckle Moth 1 2011 2011 Common parenthesella 2 1983 2005 Common Ypsolopha sequella 10 2005 2013 Common 45 Plutella xylostella Diamond-back Moth 2 2006 2006 Migrant Coleophora serratella 0 1983 1983 Common Coleophora alticolella 0 1983 1983 Common Biselachista trapeziella 0 1983 1983 Nationally Scarce A Diurnea fagella 23 2005 2013 Common Semioscopis avellanella 1 2005 2005 Local Agonoptehx ciliella 1 2005 2005 Common Agonopterix ocellana 4 2008 2013 Common Carpatolechia notatella Carpatolechia 1 1905 1905 Local proximella 3 1875 1983 Common Hypatima rhomboidella 2 2013 2013 Common Blastobasis lacticolella 5 2006 2006 Common Mompha locupleteila Barred Fruit-tree 0 1983 1983 Local Pandemis cerasana Pandemis Tortrix 12 2006 2012 Common cinnamomeana Dark Fruit-tree 2 2012 2013 Common Pandemis heparana Tortrix 3 2005 2005 Common Clepsis spectrana Cyclamen Tortrix 1 2005 2005 Common Capua VLilgana 0 1983 1983 Common Eulia ministrana 3 2006 2006 Common Tortrix viridana Green Oak Tortrix 5 2005 2005 Common Acleris laterana 4 2008 2008 Common Acleris sparsana 1 2013 2013 Common Acleris literana 1 2005 2005 Local Acleris emargana 1 2008 2008 Common Celypha lacunana 0 1983 1983 Common Apotomis turbidana 5 2005 2012 Common Apotomis betuletana 10 2005 2005 Common Bactra lancealana 0 1983 1983 Common Epinotia brunnichana 2 2013 2013 Common Cydia ulicetana Dichrorampha 1 2006 2006 Common montanana 0 1983 1983 Local Alucita hexadactyla Twenty-plume Moth 1 2010 2010 Common Crambus pascuella 6 2005 2005 Common Crambus lathoniellus 2 2004 2005 Common Agriphila selasella 1 2010 2010 Local Agriphila tristella 5 2005 2005 Common Catoptria pinella 2 2004 2005 Common Donacaula mucronellus 1 2005 2005 Nationally Scarce B Scoparia ambigualis 546 1983 2012 Common Elophila nymphaeata Brown China-mark Beautiful China- 5 2004 2011 Common Nymphula stagnata mark 3 2006 2009 Local Eurrhypara hortulata Small Magpie 1 2013 2013 Common Opsibotys fuscalis 2 2005 2005 Local Udea lutealis 3 2005 2010 Common Udea olivalis 11 2005 2013 Common Pleuroptya ruralis Mother of Pearl 68 2004 2013 Common Trachycera advenella 4 2005 2009 Common Poecilocampa populi December Moth 12 2003 2011 Common Euthrix potatoria Drinker 68 2003 2013 Common Saturnia pavonia Emperor Moth 10 1975 2012 Common Drepana falcataria Pebble Hook-tip 8 2003 2013 Common 46 Thyatira batis Peach Blossom 2 2003 2004 Common Ochropacha duplaris Common Lutestring 43 2003 2013 Common Achlya flavicornis Yellow Horned 196 2003 2013 Common Archiearis parthenias Orange Underwing 5 2008 2012 Local Alsophila aescularia March Moth 67 2003 2012 Common Geometra papilionaria Large Emerald 23 2003 2013 Common Scapula ternata Smoky Wave 2 2008 2009 Local Idaea biselata Small Fan-footed Wave 46 2003 2013 Common Idaea aversata Riband Wave 118 1975 2013 Common Xanthorhoe designata Flame Carpet 52 1975 2013 Common Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark-barred Twin- spot Carpet 19 1961 2012 Common Xanthorhoe montanata Silver-ground Carpet 83 1975 2013 Common Xanthorhoe fluctuata Garden Carpet 6 2012 2012 Common Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded Broad-bar 5 2005 2013 Common Epirrhoe alternata Common Carpet 18 1961 2013 Common Anticlea badiata Shoulder Stripe 3 2010 2011 Common Anticlea derivata Streamer 3 2010 2011 Common Lampropteryx suffumata Water Carpet 52 2003 2013 Common Cosmorhoe ocellata Purple Bar 35 2003 2013 Com,mon Nebula salicata Striped Twin-spot Carpet 1 2012 2012 Common EuUthis testata Chevron 1 1975 2004 Common EuUthis populata Northern Spinach 23 1975 2013 Common EuUthis pyraliata Barred Straw 70 2003 2013 Common Ecliptopera silaceata Small Phoenix 52 2003 2013 Common Chloroclysta siterata Red-green Carpet 103 2003 2013 Common Chloroclysta miata Autumn Green Carpet 28 2003 2013 Local Chloroclysta citrata Dark Marbled Carpet 45 2003 2013 Common Chloroclysta truncata Common Marbled Carpet 216 2003 2013 Common Cidaria fulvata Barred Yellow 2 2003 2013 Common Thera firmata Pine Carpet 17 2004 2013 Common Thera obeliscata Grey Pine Carpet 204 2003 2013 Common Thera britannica Spruce Carpet 196 2004 2013 Common Ekctrophaes corylata Broken-barred Carpet 21 2006 2013 Common Colostygia multistrigaria Mottled Grey 117 2004 2013 Common Colostygia pectinataria Green Carpet 87 1975 2013 Common Hydriomena furcata July Highflyer 221 1975 2013 Common Hydriomena impluviata May Highflyer 2 2006 2006 Common Epirrita dilutata November Moth 33 2004 2013 Common Epirrita christyi Pale November Moth 8 2005 2009 Common Epirrita autumnata Autumnal Moth 22 2004 2009 Common Epirrita filigrammaria Small Autumnal Moth 3 2003 2003 Common Epirrita agg. November Moth agg. 113 2005 2009 Common Operophtera brumata Winter Moth 12 2003 2007 Common Operoph tera fagata Northern Winter Moth 1 2003 2003 Common Perizoma taeniata Barred Carpet 2 2013 2013 Nationally Scarce A Perizoma affinitata Rivulet 4 2005 2012 Common 47 Perizoma alchemillata Small Rivulet 20 2003 2013 Common Perizoma blandiata Pretty Pinion 1 2004 2004 Nationally Scarce B Perizoma albulata Grass Rivulet 5 2003 2005 Local Perizoma flavofasciata Sandy Carpet 1 2012 2012 Common Perizoma didymata Twin-spot Carpet 2 1975 2003 Common Eupithecia tenuiata Slender Pug 1 2011 2011 Common Eupithecia pulchellata Foxglove Pug 17 2004 2013 Common Eupithecia exiguata Mottled Pug 1 2013 2013 Common Eupithecia absinthiata Wormwood Pug 3 2005 2007 Common E. absinthiata f goossensiata Ling Pug 2 2005 2013 Local Eupithecia vulgata Common Pug 8 2007 2012 Common Eupithecia subfuscata Grey Pug 4 2004 2011 Common Eupithecia icterata Tawny Speckled Pug 10 2003 2013 Common Eupithecia indigata Ochreous Pug 5 2005 2011 Common Eupithecia nanata Narrow-winged Pug 2 2005 2006 Common Eupithecia virgaiireata Golden-rod Pug 1 2010 2010 Local Eupithecia abbreviata Brindled Pug 139 2003 2013 Common Eupithecia dodoneata Oak-tree Pug 2 2010 2013 Common Eupithecia lariciata Larch Pug 4 2004 2012 Common Eupithecia tantillaria Dwarf Pug 14 2004 2011 Common Chloroclystis v-ata V-Pug 7 2003 2013 Common Pasiphila rectangulata Green Pug 31 2005 2006 Common Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Double-striped Pug 5 2003 2005 Common Chesias leg a tel la Streak 14 2004 2013 Common Aplocera plagiata Treble-bar 1 2003 2003 Common Odezia atrata Chimney Sweeper 1 1975 2003 Common Venusia cambrica Welsh Wave 129 2003 2013 Local Euchoeca nebulata Dingy Shell 1 2004 2004 Local Hydrelia flammeolaria Small Yellow Wave 4 2003 2007 Common Lobophora halterata Seraphim 3 2006 2011 Local Trichopteryx carpinata Early Tooth-striped 117 2003 2013 Common Acasis viretata Yellow-barred Brindle 5 2011 2013 Local Lomaspilis marginata Clouded Border 127 1975 2013 Common Macaria liturata Tawny-barred Angle 1 2005 2005 Common Chiasmia clathrata Latticed Heath 5 1991 2010 Common Petrophora chlorosata Brown Silver-line 197 1961 2013 Common Plagodis dolabraria Scorched Wing 26 2003 2012 Local Opisthograptis luteolata Brimstone Moth 156 2003 2013 Common Pseudopanthera macularia Speckled Yellow 1 2003 2003 Common Ennomos alniaria Canary-shouldered Thorn 16 2004 2013 Common Selenia dentaria Early Thorn 52 2003 2013 Common Odontopera bidentata Scalloped Hazel 54 2003 2013 Common Crocallis elinguaria Scalloped Oak 1 2006 2006 Common Ourapteryx sambucaria Swallow-tailed Moth 4 2005 2013 Common Colotois pennaria Feathered Thorn 75 2004 2013 Common Phigalia pilosaria Pale Brindled Beauty 63 2004 2009 Common Bis ton strataria Oak Beauty 63 2004 2011 Common Biston betularia Peppered Moth 32 2003 2013 Common Agriopis aurantiaria Scarce Umber 33 1983 2010 Common Agriopis marginaria Dotted Border 9 2004 2012 Common Erannis defoliaria Mottled Umber 25 1983 2010 Common 48 Deileptenia ribeata Satin Beauty 4 2003 2005 Common Aids repandata Mottled Beauty 86 2003 2013 Common Aids jubata Dotted Carpet 15 2006 2013 Local Ectropis bistortata Engrailed 108 2003 2013 Common Ematurga atomaria Common Heath 13 2004 2011 Common Bupalus piniario Bordered White Common White 7 2006 2011 Common Cabera pusaria Wave 65 1975 2013 Common Cabera exanthemata Common Wave 25 1975 2013 Common Lomographa temerata Clouded Silver 12 2003 2010 Common Campaea margaritata Light Emerald 258 1975 2013 Common Hylaea fasdario Barred Red 24 2003 2013 Common Laothoe populi Poplar Hawk-moth 62 2003 2013 Common Deilephila elpenor Elephant Hawk-moth Small Elephant 16 2004 2013 Common Deilephila porcellus Hawk-moth 10 2004 2011 Local Phalera bucephala Buff-tip 10 2003 2011 Common Notodonta dromedarius Iron Prominent 5 2003 2007 Common Notodonta ziczac Pebble Prominent Lesser Swallow 15 2004 2013 Common Pheosia gnoma Prominent 136 2003 2013 Common Pheosia tremula Swallow Prominent 1 2011 2011 Common Ptilodon capudno Coxcomb Prominent 43 2003 2013 Common Odontosia carmelita Scarce Prominent 34 2003 2011 Local Pterostoma polpino Pale Prominent Lunar Marbled 1 2013 2013 Common Drymonia ruficornis Brown 6 2003 2007 Common Orgyia antiqua Vapourer 0 1975 1975 Common Nudaria mundano Muslin Footman 10 2005 2013 Local Atolmis rubricollis Red-necked Footman 3 2006 2006 Local Arctia caja Garden Tiger 9 2003 2013 Common Diacrisia sannio Clouded Buff 1 2009 2009 Local Spilosoma lubridpeda White Ermine 125 1996 2013 Common Nolo confusaiis Least Black Arches 42 2004 2013 Local Agrotis segetum Turnip Moth 1 2006 2006 Common Agrotis exdamationis Heart and Dart 3 2006 2012 Common Agrotis ipsilon Dark Sword-grass 2 2005 2006 Migrant Axylia putris Flame 1 2004 2004 Common Ochropleura plecta Flame Shoulder Large Yellow 50 2003 2013 Common Noctuo pronuba Underwing Lesser Yellow 915 1975 2013 Common Noctua comes Underwing Broad-bordered 180 2003 2013 Common Noctua fimbriata Yellow Underwing 48 2003 2011 Common Lesser Broad- bordered Yellow Noctua janthe Underwing 112 2003 2013 Common Graphiphora augur Double Dart 1 2010 2010 Common Eugnorismo gloreosa Autumnal Rustic 120 2004 2013 Common Lycophotia porphyrea True Lover's Knot 112 2003 2013 Common Diarsia mendica Ingrailed Clay 254 2005 2013 Common Diarsia dahlii Barred Chestnut 92 2003 2013 Local Diarsia brunnea Purple Clay 69 2004 2013 Common Diarsia rubi Small Square-spot Setaceous Hebrew 31 2003 2013 Common Xestia c-nigrum Character 1 2013 2013 Common 49 Xestia ditrapezium Triple-spotted Clay 1 2010 2010 Local Xestia triangulum Double Square-spot 41 2004 2013 Common Xestia baja Dotted Clay 551 2003 2013 Common Xestia castanea Neglected Rustic 8 2004 2008 Local Xestia sexstrigata Six-striped Rustic 29 2003 2013 Common Xestia xanthographa Square-spot Rustic 159 2003 2013 Common Eurois occulta Great Brocade 2 2004 2005 Nationally Scarce A Anaplectoides prasina Green Arches 46 2003 2013 Common Cerastis rubricosa Red Chestnut 65 2003 2013 Common Hada plebeja Shears 5 2006 2012 Common Folia nebulosa Grey Arches 10 2004 2013 Common Mamestra brassicae Cabbage Moth Pale-shouldered 1 2003 2003 Common Lacanobia thalassina Brocade Bright-line Brown- 42 2003 2013 Common Lacanobia oleracea eye 7 2004 2010 Common Papestra biren Glaucous Shears 4 2003 2012 Local Melanchra pisi Broom Moth 1 2005 2005 Common Hadena rivularis Campion 3 2003 2013 Common Cerap teryx gra minis Antler Moth 43 1975 2013 Common Panolis flammea Pine Beauty 3 2005 2005 Common Orthosia cruda Small Quaker 226 2003 2012 Common Orthosia gracilis Powdered Quaker 2 2010 2010 Common Orthosia cerasi Common Quaker 581 2003 2013 Common Orthosia incerta Clouded Drab 523 2004 2013 Common Orthosia munda Twin-spotted Quaker 180 2004 2012 Common Orthosia gothica Hebrew Character Brown-line Bright 978 2003 2013 Common Mythimna conigera Eye 2 2006 2013 Common Mythimna ferrago Clay 22 2003 2012 Common Mythimna impura Smoky Wainscot Shoulder-striped 158 1975 2013 Common Mythimna comma Wainscot 6 2006 2011 Common Brachylomia viminalis Minor Shoulder-knot 151 2003 2013 Common Dasypolia templi Brindled Ochre 1 2011 2011 Local Aporophyla nigra Black Rustic 24 2003 2013 Common Lithophane hepatica Pale Pinion 1 2011 2011 Local Xylena vetusta Red Sword-grass 5 2004 2011 Local Xylocampa areola Early Grey Green-brindled 22 2003 2011 Common Allophyes oxyacanthae Crescent 33 2004 2011 Common Dichonia aprilina Merveille du Jour 10 2003 2013 Common Dryobotodes eremita Brindled Green 7 2004 2005 Common Blepharita adusta Dark Brocade 4 2009 2013 Common Eupsilia transversa Satellite 14 2005 2011 Common Conistra vaccinii Chestnut 174 2003 2013 Common Agrochola circellaris Brick 5 2004 2011 Common Agrochola lota Red-line Quaker 139 2003 2013 Common Agrochola macilenta Yellow-line Quaker 103 2004 2013 Common Agrochola helvola Flounced Chestnut 8 2003 2013 Common Parastichtis suspecta Suspected Centre-barred 9 2010 2011 Local Atethmia centrago Sallow 4 2005 2005 Common Xanthia citrago Orange Sallow 1 2004 2004 Common Xanthia togata Pink-barred Sallow 43 2004 2013 Common Xanthia icteritia Sallow 83 1975 2013 Common 50 Acronicta psi Grey Dagger 4 2005 2005 Common Acronicta rumicis Knot Grass 1 1975 2009 Common Craniophora Ugustri Coronet 3 2005 2007 Local Ctyphia domestica Marbled Beauty 4 2003 2005 Common Amphipyra pyramidea Copper Underwing Svensson's Copper 1 2010 2010 Common Amphipyra berbera Underwing 2 2010 2010 Common Rusina ferruginea Brown Rustic 105 2003 2012 Common Euplexia lucipara Small Angle Shades 19 2003 2013 Common Phlogophora meticulosa Angle Shades 27 2003 2009 Common Cosmia trapezina Dun=bar 78 2003 2013 Common Hyppa rectilinea Saxon 5 2004 2011 Nationally Scarce B Apamea monoglypha Dark Arches Clouded-bordered 249 2003 2013 Common Apamea crenata Brindle 63 2003 2013 Common Apamea remissa Dusky Brocade 27 2003 2013 Common Apamea sordens Rustic Shoulder-knot 24 1983 2012 Common Apamea scolopacina Slender Brindle 86 2004 2013 Local Oligia strigilis agg. Marbled Minor agg. 189 2003 2013 Oligia versicolor Rufous Minor Tawny Marbled 9 2005 2012 Local Oligia latruncula Minor 3 2004 2008 Common Oligia fasciuncula Middle-barred Minor 73 2003 2013 Common Mesapamea secalis Common Rustic Lesser Common 4 2005 2009 Common Mesapamea didyma Rustic 8 2004 2010 Common Mesapamea secalis agg. Common Rustic agg. 81 1975 2013 Photedes minima Small Dotted Buff 32 1975 2011 Common Chortodes pygmina Small Wainscot 40 2004 2013 Common Luperina testacea Flounced Rustic 1 2005 2005 Common Amphipoea lucens Large Ear 23 2004 2013 Local Amphipoea crinanensis Crinan Ear 2 2005 2013 Local Amphipoea oculea agg. Ear Moth agg. 11 2004 2013 Hydraecia micacea Rosy Rustic 35 2003 2013 Common Gortyna flavago Frosted Orange 13 2003 2013 Common Celaena haworthii Haworth's Minor 3 2009 2010 Local Celaena leucostigma Crescent 5 2008 2013 Local Nonagria typhae Bulrush Wainscot 1 2008 2008 Common Hoplodrina blanda Rustic 4 2004 2010 Common Caradrina morpheus Mottled Rustic 2 2004 2007 Common Paradrina clavipalpis Pale Mottled Willow 1 2005 2005 Common Pseudoips prasinana Green Silver-lines 3 2005 2006 Common Nycteola revayana Oak Nycteoline 1 2011 2011 Local Colocasia coryli Nut-tree Tussock 140 2003 2013 Common Diachrysia chrysitis Burnished Brass 79 2003 2013 Common Plusia festucae Gold Spot 10 2003 2007 Common Plusia putnami Lempke's Gold Spot 10 2011 2013 Local Autographa gamma Silver Y 62 1975 2013 Migrant Autographa pulchrina Beautiful Golden Y 164 2003 2013 Common Autographa jota Plain Golden Y 21 2003 2011 Common Autographa bractea Gold Spangle 74 2003 2013 Common Abrostoia triplasia Dark Spectacle 3 2003 2003 Common Abrostola tripartita Spectacle 22 2004 2013 Common Callistege mi Mother Shipton 3 1961 2006 Common Scoliopteryx Ubatrix Herald 3 2004 2006 Common 51 Rivula sericealis Straw Dot 29 2004 2013 Common Hypena proboscidalis Snout 97 1975 2013 Common Schrankia costaestrigalis Pinion-streaked Snout 11 2004 2008 Local Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Fan-foot 1 2008 2008 Common Herminia ghsealis Small Fan-foot 14 2004 2012 Common Appendix 2. Moths found in Mugdock Country Park that have declined in their UK-wide abundance by 75% or more between 1968 and 2007. English Name Scientific Name UK-wide percentage change over 40 years lUCN Category Double Dart Graphipbora augur -98 Endangered Flounced Chestnut Agrochola helvola -94 Endangered Brindled Ochre Dasypolia templi -94 Endangered Autumnal Rustic Eugnorisma glareosa -92 Endangered Garden Tiger Arctia caja -92 Endangered Haworth's Minor Celaena haworthii -92 Endangered Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet Xanthorhoe ferrugata -91 Endangered Small square-spot Diarsia rubi -87 Vulnerable Rosy Rustic Hydraecia micacea -87 Vulnerable Sallow Xanthia iceritia -85 Vulnerable Broom Moth Melanchra pisi -84 Vulnerable Mottled Rustic Caradrina morpheus -84 Vulnerable Green Brindled Crescent Allophyes oxyacanthae -81 Vulnerable Small autumnal Moth Epirrita filigrammaria -81 Vulnerable Rustic Hoplodrina blanda -78 Vulnerable Heart and Dart Agrotis exclamationis -76 Vulnerable Knot Grass Acronicta rumicis -75 Vulnerable Black Rustic Aporophyla nigra -75 Vulnerable Garden carpet Xanthorhoe fluctuata -75 Vulnerable 52 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 53-60 J.F.Klotzsch: His Scottish Legacy Roy Watling Caledonian Mycological Enterprises, Edinburgh, EH4 SHU, Scotland E-mail: caIedonianmyc@blueyonder.co.uk ABSTRACT Fungal specimens collected by the German botanist |.F. Klotzsch and found amongst the herbarium collections in Edinburgh are documented. Their importance in an under-standing of the early development of British mycology is emphasised and their connections with luminaries of the period demonstrated. Historical notes on wider issues from this material are presented. Some re- determinations have been necessary but the reasons for so doing are explained. Although the majority of the records are of common fungi there are 16 which are of greater significance. Even these common fungi indicate the mycodiversity found in the western part of the central belt of Scotland in thel830s. INTRODUCTION A revision of the basidiomycetous fungi in J. Stevenson's Mycologia Scotica (1879), which is posted on the web-site http://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi. is heavily based on the specimens housed in the mycological herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (E). Amongst the collections were several connected with the history of the Botanic Gardens and Department of Botany, University of Glasgow. The connection between these two was not one of ownership but through the patronage of the Professor in Glasgow at the time. In the re- organization of the Edinburgh herbarium in 1963-4 it became clear that deposited there was material from Johan Friederich Klotzsch, amassed whilst he was in Glasgow during his tenure-ship as mycologist at £50 per year (Allen, 1967) to William Jackson Hooker (Watling, 1986). Because of the way the specimens were arranged on the herbarium sheets it was only later appreciated how much material actually existed in Edinburgh. Setting the scene: historical perspective. How the Klotzsch collections originally came to Edinburgh is not recorded but they may have been gifted to Robert Kaye Greville by his friend and close associate Vl/'.J. Hooker, e.g. they travelled and collected together whilst crossing from the West Coast of Scotland to Inverness, finding for instance at Loch Sheil Peziza cribrosa Grev.^ There is some evidence of this as one collection of Boletus grevillei [=Smllus] in E is actually designated ‘Herb. Greville' (Watling I960]. The vascular plant material of Greville went to Glasgow University, his algae have been located in the Natural History Museum, London and some cryptogams, including his fungi, went to Kew [Ainsworth, 1976; Reid & Austwick, 1969). The rest of Greville's cryptogams, very probably including the specimens under scrutiny here, were obtained by J. Hutton Balfour, then Regius Keeper in Edinburgh and along with the Klotszch material incorporated into the collection of specimens and manuscripts in Edinburgh. Thus they became part of the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. The collections made by Klotzsch were not known to F. A.Stafleu & M.S.Cowan (1979), when compiling their entry for Klotzsch for their magnus opus. The material was certainly in Edinburgh at the time of the production of Stevenson’s Mycologia Scotica [1879] as reference is made to the specimens. Judging from the material available and comparing it with the specimens in Kew (Reid & Austwick, 1963) the Edinburgh material is probably composed of duplicates of the more plentiful species with many of the rarer species, and perhaps less bountiful material, not to be found in Edinburgh. Field notes accompanying the specimens are generally lacking in the Edinburgh collections. Whilst in the process of writing his revision of Sowerby & Smith's English Flora (1790) as the British Flora, Hooker (1832), then Professor of Botany at Glasgow, was amply qualified to tackle the chlorophylous components of the flora he felt not so capable for the non-lichenized fungi. He had to rely on Flora Glottiana (Hopkirk, 1813], covering the indigenous plants of the Clyde valley and one of the first local catalogues in the British Isles to include fungi. Thomas Hopkirk was a Glasgow businessman and befriended Hooker on his arrival in Glasgow when Robert Graham left for the Chair of 1 Collections of this fungus as 'Klotzsch in Hooker herb.' have been shown to be Peziza badia Pers.: Herat. A collection of Aleuria aurantia [Pers.] Fuckel in E was collected on the same trip. 53 I ) Botany in Edinburgh. As a graduate of Glasgow University, Hopkirk continued to take an interest in the institute being instrumental in part in founding the Botanical Garden there. In Hooker’s Part 2 of British Flora (1833) the arrangement adopted for the fungi was that of the Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (Persoon, 1801) but really he added little more than could be gleaned from Hopkirk and the publications of j. Lightfoot (1777) and |. Dickson (1787). Although Hooker had already amassed a collection of fungi (q.v Footnote 1 above), these organisms apparently defeated him so Johan Frederick Klotzsch was called upon to overcome this gap in knowledge (Allen, 1967), which this young man did admirably during his two years in Glasgow. Klotzsch was born in Wittenburg on 9 June 1805 and studied botany and pharmacy under Prof. |. H. F. Link in Berlin. Apparently he was quite a dapper dresser according to reports (Allen, 1967] and commenced work in Glasgow in 1830 immediately setting about putting the fungal herbarium into some order. In addition he expanded the range of specimens therein by collecting extensively in Scotland, especially in the west. He resided in Scotland for two years and when Hooker left to take up his position as Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Klotzsch’s material was taken with him. It was customary in those days that the books and herbarium specimens accumulated during the tenure of professorship were in fact the professor's property and in the case of Hooker this tradition was exercised. Indeed to confirm the specimens were Hooker’s in Stevenson (1879) many of Klotzsch's records appear as ‘Hooker Herbariorum’, something also found in Berkeley’s publication in 1836. It was later in 1865 that the British Government purchased Hooker’s material, the fungal specimens then forming the basis of the present fungarium at Kew (Ramsbottom, 1963, Ainsworth, 1976 & 1996). These extensive collections with accompanying manuscript notes allowed the Rev. Miles |. Berkeley, the 'Father of British Mycology’, to complete studies for his census of British fungi, an undertaking he was encouraged to do by both Hooker and Greville. The records appear in both Sowerby & James E. Smith’s English Botany Vol. 5 and later as part of Hooker’s British Flora vol 2. Thus Klotzsch’s activities in the two years he spent in Glasgow played a decisive role in the development of mycology in Scotland and indeed in the British Isles. After Glasgow At the end of Klotzsch’s stay in Glasgow, he returned to Berlin where he took a medical degree. Once home he soon published an account of some of James Sowerby’s fungi, including material in the Linnean Society of London (Klotzsch, 1832), where he proposed several re-determinations. One of the fungi attributed to Sowerby was Agarkus spinipes Sow. and was correctly amended by Klotzsch to u Agaricus [CoHybia] esculentus, later placed in j Pseudohiatula but presently known as Strobilurus \ esculentus (Wulfen) Singer. Klotzsch must have examined these specimens whilst resident in i Glasgow and it is likely that before he returned ! home he had also examined polypore material from i : Mauritius, India etc., probably also material in the ji hands of Hooker. The results of these studies ; appeared in print soon after he returned to h Germany (Klotzsch, 1833a) and included several p new species, e.g. the insectivorous Sphaeria f sphecocephala = Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala ' ' (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Sung et al. Klotzsch appeared not to be idle even whilst studying for his medical [; degree for as soon as returning to Germany he ■■ continued his researches and expanded his interests ; by publishing on various vascular plant genera. He j- ultimately became Curator of the Royal Herbarium in Berlin. In his lifetime he produced a whole series I, of compilations and fungal exsiccata (Kohlmeyer, ]. 1962; Stevenson, 1967 & 1971), which were a I--, natural continuation of Fries' Fungi Sderomyceti? ij. Rabenhorst continued Klotzsch’s project after the j first 2 Centuries and renamed the 3''^ edition Fungi i ; Europaei exs. Klotzschii herbarii mycologici j continuato (Rabenhorst 1855; 1859; I860]. This ; jl 2 Pertinent to this study is a collection of material from ( ' the 19^^! century housed in University of Glasgow as Fungi I, ■ Scleromyceti. These specimens were drawn together by !| Elias Fries who became extremely influential in the 1 ■ development of mycological systematics and became |1' known as the undisputed 'Father of Mycology’. | Hutchinson (1964) described the Glasgow holdings of this |i . rather important exsiccata-, in contrast there are very few | specimens in E, which can be attributed to Fries. The u Glasgow specimens have been assem.bled in fascicles of 1 1 dried specimens covering many of the familiar small, black, speck-like fungi and their relatives found on twigs i ■ and herbaceous stems, termed pyrenomycetes, although 1 1 there were other items included. This is a most important i: ; collection as it demonstrates the concept which pervaded ' I the 19*' and even into 20* Century. The collection was ' i probably acquired by Glasgow as part of the herbarium of j I Hooker, who corresponded directly with Fries; these jj! collections, if that is the case, apparently did not go to i!( Kew when Hooker left for London. This copy of Fungi ji Scleromyceti is now in the University library having been j,! transferred there from the Botany Dept, luckily before a II major fire there on 24 October 2001. There is little doubt i'l that Klotzsch would have had access to this exsiccata and ‘ | apparently manuscript notes, although he only ,1 occasionally collected micro-fungi^, concentrating as he f did on the basidiomycetous macromycetes. Holm & p Nannfeldt (1963) have discussed at length Fries’ Fungi j Scleromyceti. ^ i 3 Material in Fleming’s herbarium contains micro-fungi | collected by Klotzsch such as Sphaeria (Depezea) unedinicola on the leaves of Arbutus unendo in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. Greville in Edinburgh at this time was specializing in the micro-fungi, especially the ) basidiomycetous forms - the rust- and smut fungi. There : are several micro-fungi in the Kew collections from Klotzsch [pers. com.m.. Begona Aguire-Hudson, 2014], 54 became the forerunner of Rabenhorst’s important compilation on which the mycological part of the Kryptogamenflora-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz was based and which appeared ten years later compiled in collaboration with such great mycological luminaries as A de Bary, H. Rehm and G. Winter to name a few (Bessey, 1950). This new edition ran to eight centuries. Klotzsch’s exsiccata only covered German material but Rabenhorst’s continuation, although originally covering European species of fungi it soon started to include extra-European collections (Stevenson, 1971). Klotzsch had published a further series of papers notably on polyporaceous fungi commenting on taxa, including species from Britain [Klotzsch, 1833b & c, 1835, 1838). Ryvarden (1976) has re- examined the bracket fungi deposited in E, many of which are of tropical origin; sadly many are in bad condition. There is only one type viz, Polyporus aranarius, (Klotzsch, 1833b) in Edinburgh, described from the Orient. According to Ryvarden (1976) it is probably Antrodia albida (Fr.) Donk, although it is badly developed. This species is uncommon although widespread on branches of Salix, Fagus and Corylus in Scotland. It is commoner in England where it is found on an even wider range of hosts. Pegler (1983) carried out a similar study on Klotzsch’s specimens assigned to Lentinus. In the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh there is a collection of Klotzsch’s new genus, Leolophia fl836), based on L vulpina from India; this same species appears under L alopecia Fr. in Fries (1836), later becoming Lentinus alopecinus Fr. (1838). It is now thought to be the same as Lentinus ciliatus Lev. Unfortunately several of Klotzsch’s holotypes have not been located; the German specimens may well have been lost during the hostilities of World War II as it is known that many specimens in Berlin were destroyed through allied action (Stafleu & Cowan, 1979). Klotzsch died in November 1860 in Berlin after an extremely successful and prestigous career as a botanist and mycologist. Less well known are his illustrations of fungal cystidia, basidia and basidiospores of no less than 25 different species of basidiomycete executed for him by P. Phoebus of Giessen (Klotzsch 1838a & b). The first volume became one of the first important contributions for dismissing the idea that mushrooms had asci, an idea adhered to by no less than his Scottish mentor Greville. He also discussed in the same three volumes the possible function of cystidia. As indicated there are good holdings of Klotzsch material in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, including the type of Agaricus hookeri, named in his employer’s honour and collected in Glasgow; no specimens are apparently in Edinburgh. On examination the collection agrees in all ways with what is currently known as Melanophyllum haematospermum (Bull.) Kriesel, an agaric perhaps best known as M. echinotum (Roth) Singer to forayers. It is a member of the Agaricaceae, and is infrequent but widespread in Scotland. Although often occurring in troops this species is probably under-recorded because of its rather dull brown colours and preference for growing in hedgerows or concealed by vegetation and trash. The type of Agaricus mariae, named after Klotzsch’s then employer’s daughter, Maria, who had found the fungus, is in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew but no corresponding collection is in Edinburgh. It was found in a conservatory in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens at Sandyford and illustrated for Klotzsch (1832). It turns out to be the same as Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Quel, or L friesii (Lasch) Quel., if the latter is considered a distinct species; see Reid & Austwick (1963). L. aspera is infrequent in Scotland but none-the-less widespread being found in hedgerows and at the margins of woodland, especially on disturbed soils. It is considered rather common elsewhere in the British Isles, especially in the south on more calcareous soils. Similarly from the glasshouses at Sandyford came specimens of the false truffle, Hymenangium album Klotzsch of which there is type material in E. However, probably one of the most important collections in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, with parallel parts in Kew Gardens is that composed of specimens of the extremely common Boletus greviilei (Klotzsch, 1832), named after Klotzsch’s acquaintance, the Edinburgh mycologist R.K. Greville. This appears to be the correct name for what was previously called Suillus elegans (Schum.) Snell. There are other proposed new species in E but which were never published, e.g. Agaricus tabularis based on specimens from the Botanic Garden in Glasgow and Agaricus montosus. The last was said to come from the highest mountains in Scotland. Also reported as being in K and sadly not duplicated in E is a collection of the very rare Cliinacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar (as Polyporus borealis). The collection is correctly identified according to Reid & Austwick (1963) but there is no indication as to the locality of the find.'^ Since Klotzsch’s material was preserved, this species has been recorded in Stevenson (1879) from Aberdeenshire (from Balnamoon by Rev. Anderson) and Perthshire (from Strachan by J. Sims). Sadly no voucher material exists to support these records nor are they available for a more recent 1980 collection from Perthshire. Stevenson usually refers to localities and collectors when dealing with rare fungi so it is a mystery why he omits the Klotzsch record of Poly.borealis even in his British Hymenomycetes (1886), so did Stevenson know the collection was of non- British origin?. Equal confusion exists for more recent British records for no voucher material supports the records from Gloucestershire as late as 1999 and Shropshire in 1995 (Legon & Henrici, 55 Enter Rev. Fleming Fortuitously during the preparation of his account of mycology in Scotland (Watling, 1986) the author was very privileged to be able to examine and comment on an old collection of fungi parcelled in a brown packet, then held in the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow and labelled ‘Fungi Fleming'. The Rev. J. Fleming had amassed a considerable collection of vascular plants during his life, which are now found in the herbaria in the Glasgow Resources collection, formerly the Kelvingrove Museum in Glasgow (GLAM), in addition to E. Footnate 5. The fungal collections were donated independently in 1902 by Major J.A. Fleming (Walker, pers. comm.). The collection is of great significance as it consists mainly of Klotzsch material and throws light onto more of the movements of Klotzsch during 1831 than indicated by the material in K or E^. The collection reveals a further clutch of proposed new species which along with the other material have been the subject of a separate publication (Watling 2014). Some specimens are duplicates of those in E (or is it vice versa?). All these collections were also unknown to Stafleu & Cowan (1979) and to Kohlmeyer (1962). METHODS AND MATERIALS The methods of examination of the herbarium specimens noted in this paper follow those outlined in Henderson, Orton & Watling (1969). Klotzsch’s specimens are mounted in the traditional way for the period, i.e. flattened sections or halved fruiting bodies tightly glued to a sheet in a similar way as to how vascular plants were then mounted. Today fungal specimens for incorporation into the 2005). Apparently other material in K under this name is all misidentified or of foreign origin. Many of Klotzsch’s collections are neither localized nor dated, or both, so C. borealis might be considered in the same category and therefore possibly of British origin. Through the kind efforts of Begona Aguirre-Hudson in the Kew Herbarium the material has been located and the labels and writing on the label are not in the same form as in his Edinburgh or Fleming specimens. The specimens have been annotated at a later date as ‘possibly from Germany’ and this may be the case with Klotzsch’s return there after completing his commission for Hooker and his connections with J.H.F. Link. We will never know for certain whether the specimen was from Scotland. Certainly the Kew label matches Klotzsch labels in E from Germany and is different to his Glasgow ones. 5 Fleming in the text below refers to the Rev. John Fleming who spent the first part of his career in the church but later entered academia. He became Professor of Natural Philosophy in Aberdeen in 1834. Ten years later saw him as Professor of Natural Sciences in the Free Church College in Edinburgh and President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh over the period 1847-50. It may be through these later connections that Fleming came by this important Klotzsch fungal collection, which was evidently kept separate from his vascular plant specimens; see Jones, 1980. herbarium are kept as a whole, unless extremely large, and then packaged or boxed. The standard of preservation in most of the collections is quite good considering their age, although some specimens sometime in the past have been grazed by mites; only a few collections are unable to furnish the necessary distinguishing microscopic characters as the specimens are too badly damaged. Only a few collections involve whole specimens and then these are of the smaller taxa; collections are usually accompanied by locality data but descriptive notes, except sometimes substrate information is absent. All labels are in Latin and in the same distinctive script with a German flourish to many letters sometimes making it difficult to decipher. Some labels even those accompanying a collection written in flamboyant script appear in the same hand but are much better, written and stronger in form and clearly legible suggesting that perhaps these collections were destined for someone else. In some cases where there is more than one collection in a packet descriptive data, even for localities is only found in one of the collections. In most cases the locality and habitat details are very general and appear to reflect Klotzsch’s personal observations. The label often only reads ‘September to October'. Klotzsch had a limited number of texts to assist him in his identification, the main source of his information being Fries' Systema Mycologicum (1821) to which a page reference to the species was often added to the label. On some labels there are several references to other, even earlier books, one of which was certainly in the hands of Klotszch, viz. Coloured Figures of English Fungi (Sowerby,1797- 1809), a text he apparently then referred to when be found differences between his collections and Fries’ 1821 account and was more in keeping with Sowerby. He usually then gives the Plate number on the label. It is obvious that the specimens were curated sometime whilst in the care of E as Klotzsch’s original labels have been cut from their place of origin and placed in the then currently used herbarium capsules. These specimens mounted on their original paper have been cut out around the specimen and sometimes an additional label accompanies them. This is obvious in the case of Agaricus (Hygrophorus) camarophyllus Alb. & Schwein. from Garscube where the label on the inside of the capsule fits neatly into the area cut from the mount. In some of the other collections, e.g. Amanita fulva (Schaeff.) Fr., there are two collections in the same capsule with the label mounted below each specimen; similarities are found for Coprinus comatus (O.F.Miill.) Pers. found at Castle Semple. This may indicate the probable way this process was carried out during later curation. Some specimens have been mounted on herbarium sheets and apparently a re- determination indicated to bring the specimen up- to-date to the names known in the mid-20th century. The labelling was possibly by William 56 Edgar Evans judging from the script, a former curator in the Herbarium (Hedge & Lamond, 1963). Some records, which appear in Stevenson [1879], are supported by only w/atershed information or the briefest information on locality and sadly these cannot be expanded from examination of the actual specimens. Thus the little known telamonatoid webcap Cortinarius bulbosus Sow., as Agaricus bulbosus Sow., is recorded as 'Klotzsch in Hook. Herb. Glasgow'. It is poorly understood in the British Isles and is only substantiated according to Legon & Henrici (1990) by a single collection from England; it is not mentioned in Reid & Austvdck (1963). It is strongly possible that for some material consisting of multiple specimens in keeping vdth other mycologists, such as Rabenhorst, M.C. Cooke and perhaps naturalists in other disciplines, for common so-called well-known species, that exskcata are made up from more than one source. A good example from Klotzsch is undoubtedly his material of Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke. COLLECTING LOCALITIES Glasgow was the academic centre of west Scotland with the university founded in 1471. Klotzsch was therefore at a centre of excellence and used the city as a base from which to collect in the north-west of the centre of the city, Dougalston, near Milngarvie, west of Maryhill at Garscube, Blantyre in the Upper Clyde and around Paisley extending his trips to Castle Semple and south to Pinmore and Girvan, and Carmel and Kingswell in Ayrshire. The Glasgow Botanic Garden situated at Sandyford was a particularly convenient place in which to collect with the additional feature of an extensive development of glasshouses, planted with tender, often exotic vascular plants. These were a source of potentially unusual taxa. It was common for Klotzsch to set out by 4am to go collecting and was often considered by the local people which he met an amusing yet intimidating sight from his dress and mannerisms. There is no reason to suppose that any of the specimens discussed below were not collected by Klotzsch as he acknowledges a collector in some instances where this occurs. Some material undoubtedly derived from the same specimens are given as from different localities, although it had been ascertained despite the different names they are from the same site, e.g Agaricus camarophyllus is labelled both from Garscube and from Dougalston, part of the former Garscube estate. There is evidence that when Klotszch found what he considered a common species he mounted material from different sites on the same sheet. Klotzsch also had contacts with ]. Carmichael, a military man who on retirement went to live in Appin where he took up an interest in fungi supplying unusual material to both Greville and Klotzsch [Ramsbottom, 1963; Ainsworth, 1996). The latter also ventured, presumably when at Appin to Loch Laich, a branch of Loch Lhinne 1.5 miles from Port Appin. Many of the sites Klotzsch notes are the locations of often long established estates and it can be assumed that his position at Glasgow under Hooker allowed him access to the owners and their policies. Klotzsch as many of his time was in contact with those around Charles Lyell senior, who held meetings on his Kinnordy estate which was situated north-west of Kirriemuir, of people of like interests^ . This was the location v/here Robert Brown of the Royal Society of London also came, a candidate who had earlier declined the chair at Glasgow. From here Klotzsch like Brown probably took the opportunity to visit the glens of Isla, Clova and Prosen [see Watling 1986 featuring Brown’s record of Agaricus hypni from Angus). Further afield Klotzsch, judging from his herbarium labels, went to Fort William, Dunkeld and to Aviemore, indeed many of the specimens inscribed ‘Highlands' probably refer to when he was in the last locality. From the labels it can be ascertained that Klotzsch accompanied Hooker on some of his expeditions. The Fleming material expands our knowledge to include trips in 1831 to Bankhead, Inverary and Hamilton (Watling 2014). Klotzsch was certainly a very active man. The localities which appear on Klotszch’s labels are listed below; for completeness additional localities accompanying other Klotzsch material have been included in bold. Appin, Argyll-shire: Residence of |. Carmichael, retired military man who became interested in fungi contributing many interesting species to the Scottish mycota [Ramsbottom, 1963). Aviemore, Inverness-shire: This must have been the base for the collections labelled 'Highlands’. Probably collected there with J. Hooker. Bankhead: Seat near Rutherglen N.W Lanarkshire now dormitory suburb of Glasgow south of City Centre. Blantyre, Lanarkshire: 2m. north-west of Hamilton where there is the remains of a priory. Carmyle, Lanarkshire: Southwest Border of MonMand. Castle Semple, Renfrewshire: Loch and estate close to Lochwinnoch. ^ By the time Klotszch was collecting at Kinnordy Charles Lyell, later to be the famous Scottish geologist Sir Charles Lyell, had just been born and with his family moved to the New Forest. His father also Charles returned to take up residence again at Kinnordy in 1821; he basically disowned his eldest son for becoming a scientist and not continuing his studies in law. However, Charles senior was a botanist in his own right specializing in cryptogams and entertained many important botanists of the time. He also contributed to Sowerby & Smiths's British Flora. Indeed Brown named the bryophyte genus Lyella after him. What better place for Klotszch to collect than on the estate of a person devoted to cryptogamic botany. 57 Dougalston, Stirlingshire: House and loch, Im. south east of Milngavie. Also Duglestone (+/-e) and Douglastone. Erskine, Renfrewshire: 5m. north-west of Paisley, former large estate with mansion; now golf course and departure point of ferry to Old Kilpatrick. Fort William, Argyllshire: Important hub for travellers to north-west Scotland. Gilmour Hill: The seat of the University of Glasgow and now known as Gilmorehill. Garscube, Dunbartonshire: A former estate Im. west of Maryhill, with a mansion built in 1827; this was subsequently demolished because of 'dry rot’ making way ultimately for the Glasgow Veterenary College. In fact many of the collecting sites of Klotzsch are now undoubtedly under buildings. Gallowhill: Gallowgate, East Glasgow. Glenhead, Glen Isla, Angus: Close to Kinnordy and visited there probably whilst with Charles Lyall senior. Hamilton: 10 3/4 miles south-east of Glasgow at the junction of the Rivers Avon and Clyde, and seat of the Duke of Hamilton. Inveraray: Argyllshire: West side of Loch Fyne and seat of the Duke of Argyll. Kinnordy Estate, Angus: 1 Vi m. north-west of Kirriemuir; birthplace of Sir Charles Lyell [1797- 1875]. Lochlaggan South-west of Kinguisse, Inverness- shire: Visited probably during his visit to the Highlands. Loch Laich, Argyll-shire: Branch of Loch Linne. 1 Vz m. north-east of Port Appin and undoubtedly visited whlist in Appin. Sandyford, Botanic Garden, Glasgow situated bewteen Souchiehall Street and Argyle Street, south of Kelvingrove Park. DISCUSSION A number of factors have emerged during the examination of Klotzsch's material. Firstly, that he was a particularly good observer and although there are few discrepancies between his interpretation of the classical taxa and our present understanding it is evident that the majority of identifications agree with today’s concepts. Because of this keen observational power one can guess why Hooker chose to employ this young man from Germany. It is probable that he had had a good reference from his mentor viz. Prof.H.F.Link. Klotzsch also recognized that some of his collections did not agree with any of the fungi described in the texts which were available to him. Some were proposed as new species, one being Suillus grevillei, common and widespread where-ever larch is grown; others which he recognized have since been given formal names by later authors. Thus his Omphalia montosus is Lichenomphalia ericetorum. Available epithets have been located for some of the new species he proposed Agaricus tabularis is obviously Lacrymaria lacrymabunda judging from the characteristic structure of the basidiospores. However, there are a few examples where Klotzsch adopted species names in rather bizarre ways, especially Agaricus lacrymabundus and Agaricus camorophyllus. A few of Klotzsch’s identifications are somewhat confusing in their modern sense, sometimes quite extraordinary and so are discussed in full below with possible interpretations of the records. New species proposed were Ag. conicolus, A. montosus, Ag. sowerbei, Ag tabularis, Merulius reticulatus and Polyporus scoticus. CONCLUSION Taking all into account this collection of Klotzsch specimens is of interest as from them one can at least glean some idea of the distribution in 1830 of a selected number of species familiar to us today. From his meagre notes it is possible to get an insight as to the apparent commonness of some species at sites which, although they may have changed over the last century and a half, can still be visited today. Some sites have been inspected in the last few years by members of the newly formed Clyde and Argyll Fungus group to obtain some comparative data. Klotzsch, probably through Hooker, judging from the sites he visited, had access to the West of Scotland’s gentry. 193 collections have been examined covering 137 species. Of these the majority of the collections [146] are of mushrooms and toadstools (=agarics], with 18 bracket fungi and their relatives. Also present in the collections are 4 collections of club fungi, 3 jelly fungi, 11 crust fungi and 9 cup fungi. The last are restricted to the larger forms. Sixteen of the species collected by Klotzsch are of significance in a Scottish context and some on a UK basis. These include Lepiota clypeorarioides Rea, Cortinarius glaucopus (Schaeff.) Fr. & C. scaurus (Fr.) Fr., Cystoderma jasonis var. lilacipes (Harmaja) 1. Sarr, Ceraceomyces crispatus [O.F.MulL] Rauschert, Trametes suaveolens fL.] Fr., Hydnellum mirabile (Fr.) Wienm. and Octospora alpestris (Sommerf.) Dennis & Itzerott. Some have been re-determined including Klotzsch’s new Ag. montosus as Lichenomphalina ericetorum [L.: Fr.) Redhead et ah, Byssomerulius corium [Pers.] Parmasto, Physiosporinus sanguinolentus (Alb. & Schwein.) Pilat. Hymenangium has been confirmed to be a good well- defined genus and species, and Klotszch’s interpretation of Cortinarius violaceocinereus (Pers.; Fr.) Fr. is realigned, confirming that this species is still not found in Britain. One species he found [Irpicion pendulus) is now thought to be extinct in the British Isles and another, if proven to be Scottish, is the only vouchered record of this northerly distributed bracket fungus Climatocystis borealis. The information obtained from all these collections can be now merged with that of Klotzsch’s other major collections held in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 58 which apparently include many rust fungi (Aguirre- Hudson, pers. comm., 2014) and the recently documented collection formerly belonging to the Rev. John Fleming in the Glasgow Resources Dept. (Wading, 2014). These make a substantial nineteenth century contribution to the age when classical mycology was beginning to be put on a solid foundation by the Father of Mycology, Elias Magnus Fries. It is a shame it has not been possible to solve the identity of all the fungi Klotzsch collected such as Agaricus ocellatus and the 19* century Scottish interpretation of Hyygrophorus camarophyllus but some issues have been resolved. A full analysis of these Klotzsch specimens is to be found at (http: //www.glasgownaturalhisto rv.org.uk/gn26 2 /klotzsch legacy suppiement.pdQ where the entries are fully discussed attended by the appropriate references and discussion. 8 entries at the end of the account cover some problematic collections. One is a new species proposed by Klotzsch viz.Agaricus (Dermocybe) conicolus, Ag. relicinus which has now been re-determined as Inocybe cincinnata (Fr.) Quel., Ag. scaber, usually taken by modern authors as a species of Inocybe, is not assignable to this genus and agrees with the original diagnosis, although this is a nomen confusum. Klotzsch's Clavaha coralloides is not a Clavulina, as might be expected, but a Clavulinopsis and Klotzsch’s Ag. Adonis is Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwen.) P. Kummer, a widespread Scottish fungus. Ag. gibbus /?/? fuliginipes is undoubtedly what is now called Infundibulicybe costata (Kiihn. & Romagn.) Harmaja, Ag. lacrymabundus is Pholiota astragalina (Fr.) Singer and the most contentious, Ag. camarophyllus, is a member of Clitocybe Sect. Lyophyllum. Unfortuately, it has been impossible to unravel what the classic authors considered Ag. ocellatus to be from the Klotzsch material. Similarly no conclusion can be made for neither Thelephora miniata nor for Tremella intumescens. However, Lentinus abietinus is Gloeophyllum sepiarum (Wulfen) P. Karst., Polyporus scoticus is Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and Merulius reticulatus is Physisporinus sanguinolentus (Alb. & Schwein) Pilat all widespread taxa in Scotland. REFERENCES Ainsworth G. C. (1976). Introduction to the History of Mycology, Cambridge University Press. London. Ditto. (1996). Brief Bibliographies of British Mycologists. British Mycological Society, Stourbridge, England. Allen, M. (1967). The Hooker's ofKew. London. Berkeley, M.J. (1836). in Dr. Hooker's British Flora 2, London. Bessey, E. A. (1950). Morphology and Taxonomy of the Fungi. Blackston Co., Philadelphia, USA. Dickson, J. (1785-1801). Fasciculus Plantarum cryptogamicearum Britanicae i - v, London. Fries, E.M. (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1, Griefswald, Sweden. Hedge, I. & Lament, J. (1963). Eds. Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium, Dept. Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, HMSO, Edinburgh. Henderson, D.M., Orton, P.D. & Watling, R. (1969 et subseq.]. British Fungus Flora: Agarics and Boleti, HMSO, Edinburgh. Holm, L. & Nannfeldt, J.A. (1963). Fries’s Scleromycetae Suecicae. A study of editorial history with an annotated check-list. Friesia 7, 10-59. Hooker, W.J. (1832). Flora Scotica or A description of Scottish plants arranged according to the artificial and natural methods, 2 Vols. Richard & Arthur, London. Ditto. (1835). The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith, 5 Vols. (or British Flora, Part 2, Longman eta!., London. Hopkirk, T. (1813) Flora Glottiana: A Catalogue of the indigenous Plants on the Banks of the River Clyde, J. Smith & Sons, Glasgow. Hutchinson, S. (1964) Notes on the Glasgow University Copy of Fries’ Scleromycetae Suecicae. Glasgow Naturalist 18 (7), 369-370. Jones, G. (1980). The Herbarium of the Glasgow Musuem and Art Galley. Glasgow Naturalist. 20 (1), 51-56. Klotzsch, J.F. (1832). Mycologische Berichtigungen. Nachgelassenen Sowerbyeschen Sammmlung, so wie zuden wenigen, im Linne’sehen Herbarium vorhandenen Pilze nebst Aufstellung einger auslaandischen Gattung und Arten. Linnaea 7 (1), 193-204. Ditto. (1833a). Herbarium vivum mycologicum sistens fungorum per totam germanicum crescentium collectionem perfectam. Exsiccata, Germany. Ditto. (1833b) De Favolo, genre Hymenomycetum a Friesio proposito. Linnaea 8, 316-317. Ditto (1833c). Fungi exotici e collectionibus brittanorum. Linnaea 8, 478-490. Ditto. (1835). Lentinus cornucorpioides Kl. Ein neue Artaus Brasilien. Linnaea 10,123-124. Ditto. (1838a). Agaricus deliquescens Bull. In A. Dietrich Flora regni Borussici 6 no. 375. Ditto (1838b). In A. Dietrich Flora Regni Borussici, Vols. 6, 7 & 8, Berlin, Ditto. (1843). Fungi in F.J.Meyen. Observationes botanicae. Nova Acta Acad. Leop. -Carol. Nat. 19. Suppl. 1, 233-246. Kohlmeyer, J. (1962). Index alphabeticus Klotzschii et Rabenhorstii herbaria mycologici. Beihefte Nova Hedwigia 4, 1-230. Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. (2005). Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota. Kew, Richmond. Lightfoot, J. (1777). Flora Scotica, or Description of Scottish Plants 2 vols., London. Pegler, D.N. The genus Lentinus: A World Monograph. Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 10, 1- 281. Persoon, C.H. (1801). Synopsis Methodicum Fungorum, Gottingen, Germany. 59 Rabenhorst, G.L. (1855). Fungi Europaei exs. Klotzschii herbarii mycologici continuato: herbarium vivum mycologicum sistens fimgorum per totam germanicum crescentium collectionem perfectam. Exsiccata list. Cent. I. Flora 17 (42): 733-737. Ditto. (1860). Exsiccata list. Cent. II. Bot. Zeits. 18: 173-175. Ditto. (1884 et subseq.]. G.L. Rabenhorst ed. Kryptogamen-Fiora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz, 1-8, Kummer, Leipzig. Ramsbottom, J. (1963). History of Scottish Myology. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46. 161-178. Reid, D.A. & Austwick, P. (1963). Annotated list of the less common Scottish basidiomycetes (Exclusive of Rusts and Smuts). Glasgow Naturalist 18 (6), 255-336. Ryvarden, L. (1976). Type studies in the Polyporaceae 4. Species described by J.F. Klotzsch. Memoirs of the New York Botanic Garden 28, 199-207. Sowerby, J.E. (1795-1819). Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. 3 vols. & suppL, Davis, London. Sowerby, J. & Smith, j. E (1797-1809). English Botany, R. Hardwicke, London. Stafleu, F.A. and Cowan, M.S. (1979). Regnum Vegetabile: Taxonomic Literature 2, H-Le, Bohn, Scheltema, & Holkema, Utrecht, Netherlands. Stevenson. |. (1879). Mycologia Scotica, Cryptogamic Soc. of Scotland, Edinburgh. Ditto. (1886). British Fungi. Hymenomycetes. Vol. I Blackwood & Sons, London. Stevenson, |.A. (1967). Rabenhorst and fungi exsiccati. Taxon 16. 112- 119. Ditto. (1971). An account of Fungi Exsiccati containing material from the Americas (under Rabenhorst, Gottlob Ludwig 1806-1881: Fungi Europaei Exsiccati). Beihhefte Nova Hedwigia 36, 1-274. Watling, R. (1960). Notes on British Boleti I. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 39, 196-205. Ditto. (1986). 150 Years of Paddock Stools: A history of agaric ecology and floristics in Scotland. Tranactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. 45, 1-42. Ditto. (2014). fohan Frederick Klotzsch’s pre-1850 material in the Glasgow Museums collections and its significance. The Glasgow Naturalist 26: 93-100. 60 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, 61-70 Parasitic and commensal polychaetes (Fams. Arabellidae and Sphaerodoridae) and copepods (Fam. Saccopsidae) associated with lamella-worms {TerebellMes spp.) in Scottish, and nearby, waters. Myles O’Reilly Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire, MLl 4WQ E-mail: myles.oreilly@sepa.org.uk ABSTRACT Records are provided for the parasitic polychaete, Heamatocleptes terebellidis and the commensal polychaete, Commensodorum commensalis, both associated with the lamella-worm, Terebeliides stroemii, in the outer Clyde Estuary, Scotland. New records and basic morphometries are also provided for the parasitic copepods MeHnnacheres terebellidis and M. steenstrupi, both ectoparasites of lamella- worms. Melinnacheres terebellidis is recorded for the first time from British waters in the North Sea and the Celtic Sea, and also from Sweden. Its host is identified as Terebeliides shetlandica - a recently described species of lamella-worm. Melinnacheres steenstrupi is newly recorded from Mull, the Clyde Estuary, Campbeltown Loch, the Celtic Sea, and also from Sweden. The male of M. terebellidis is described for the first time and compared with other males of the genus. INTRODUCTION The trichobranchid polychaete Terebeliides stroemii M. Sars 1835 is a tube-dwelling marine worm found in soft sediments and widely distributed in Scottish seas. It is characterised by the possession of 4- lobed lamellate branchiae (gills) superficially resembling the gills of fish or bivalve molluscs. The branchiae of polychaetes are external and typically cirriform or arborescent. The lamellate structure in the genus Terebeliides is relatively unusual, making this genus readily identifiable and providing the common name of lamella-worm. The lamella-worm, T. stroemii, is known to act as a host to one parasitic and one commensal polychaete species and also to two parasitic copepod species. Although published records of these associates are rare, they are overlooked by most marine ecologists and may be more widely distributed. During routine monitoring of seabed invertebrates by SEPA (and the former Clyde River Purification Board, CRPB) around a sewage discharge off Greenock, in the lower Clyde Estuary, both of the above polycheate species and one of the copepod species associated with T. stroemii were observed. These finds were initially cited in O'Reilly, 1995. This note provides details of these finds and further records from the Clyde Estuary, along with new records of both parasitic copepod species collected from lamella-worms elsewhere in Scottish waters. Some additional notes are also included on materia! of the parasitic copepods from nearby waters in the southern North Sea, the Celtic Sea and from Sweden. Material cited here was collected by seabed grabs or dredges. Recovered sediment was sieved in sea- water and the residue fixed with formosaline. Invertebrate fauna was subsequently sorted from the residue and transferred to methylated spirit. Specimens were examined on stereo (Olympus SZHIO) or compound (Olympus BH-2 with phase contrast) microscopes with camera attachments. Mounted slides were prepared in polyvinyl lactophenol and drawings carried out with the aid of a camera lucida drawing tube. POLYCHAETES FROM THE LAMELLA-WORM (T. stroemii) The polychaete family Arabellidae contains a small number of species which are endoparasitic within other polychaetes (Pettibone, 1957). One of these, Haematocleptes terebellidis Wiren 1886, lives inside the coelom of T. stroemii or other terebellomorph polychaetes. Haematocleptes terebellidis is up to 25 mm long with a rounded prostomium and reduced parapodia with very short embedded chaetae. It was originally described from Gullmarfjord, Sweden, and until recently there have been no records elsewhere, due, no doubt, to its clandestine habits. It was included in the synopsis of British Amphinomida, Spintherida, and Eunicida (George & Hartmann-Schroder, 1985) under the assumption that it is likely to occur in British waters. In 1989, during a survey in the Clyde Estuary, off Greenock, a single specimen of H. terebellidis was found loose among the washings of a benthic faunal grab sample collected at Station G2 (see O’Reilly et ai, 1997 for survey details). The grab sample also contained several large T. stroemii, some of which 61 had ruptured during sample processing and it is assumed the parasite originated from one of these. This Clyde specimen, the first from UK waters, was identified by A. Mackie at the National Museum of Wales where it is now deposited. Since then, two H. terebellidis have been recovered by A. Mackie in the Irish Sea, apparently from T. stroemii and also from Ampharete falcata Eliason 1955 (see Mackie & Garwood, 1995). It is evident that H. terebellidis is considerably under-recorded in UK waters and diligent examination of potential hosts would probably reveal it to be widely distributed. The polychaete family Sphaerodoridae comprises a variety of small worms which are characterised by rows of spherical tubercles ornamenting the body surface (Fauchald, 1974). They are mostly free- living but one species, Commensodorum commensalis [Lutzen 1961), is associated with the polychaete T. stroemii, living commensally within the tentacular crown of its host. In British waters C. commensalis is known from only a handful of specimens collected from St. George’s Channel (Mackie et at., 1995), north east England (Garwood, 2000), the Bristol Channel (Mackie et ah, 2006), the southern Irish Sea (Robinson et al., 2009), and off the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland (DASSH, 2011). Commensodorum commensalis is around 5mm long and, like H. terebellidis, was also originally described from Gullmarfjord, Sweden. Of over 1000 T. stroemii examined in Gullmarfjord by Lutzen (1961), around 3.5% harboured C. commensalis co-habitees. Surveys by CRPB/SEPA in the Clyde Estuary, off Greenock, indicate about 2% infestation with 28 C. commensalis recovered from a total of 1364 T. stroemii. These were collected over a nine-year period, but mostly from one survey in 1995. Extensive macrobenthic monitoring throughout the Firth of Clyde by CRPB/SEPA has only revealed one other single C. commensalis, from Campbeltown Loch in 2001. The number of C. commensalis recovered during four of the monitoring surveys carried out in the Clyde Estuary between 1989 and 1998 is shown in Table 1. The arrangement of sampling stations is illustrated in O’Reilly et al. 1997 (except Stns. B4 and E4 which represent subsequent extensions to transects B and E, each 1km from the discharge.) Only the stations where C. commensalis was observed are shown in the table. Terebellides stroemii was also recovered from grabs at many of the other stations and the total number of grab samples and T. stroemii is also provided. Locality details for the polychaetes H. terebellidis and C. commensalis are given in Appendix 3. While Lutzen (1961) examined live hosts to locate the C. commensalis, none of the Clyde C. commensalis specimens was actually found with their host but were recovered from the sample residue following sample fixation. The process of sieving and fixing benthic samples with formalin appears to separate C. commensalis from its host, although T. stroemii specimens were always recorded within the same sample as the C. commensalis records. PARASITIC COPEPODS FROM LAMELLA-WORMS The family Saccopsidae was established by Lutzen (1964) for a small group of copepods parasitic on ampharetid or trichobranchid polychaetes. The family name was changed to Melinnacheridae by Bresciani & Lutzen (1975) but recently Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p. 650-1) pointed out this was an invalid emendation and reverted to the use of Saccopsidae. The saccopsids are highly transformed ectoparasites. Their ovoid bodies are almost devoid of appendages, except for some minute vestigial antennae and mouthparts and a pair of conspicuous egg-sacs in reproductive (ovigerous) females. The males are minute and attach to the female genital area. The family comprises a single genus, Melinnacheres, with only four species: Melinnacheres ergasiloides M.Sars 1870 from Melinna cristata (M.Sars 1851) in the North Atlantic, M. levinseni (McIntosh 1885) from Ehlersiella atlantica McIntosh 1885 in the mid- Atlantic between Bermuda and the Azores, and M. terebellidis (Levinsen 1878) and M. steenstrupi (Bresciani & Lutzen 1961) both recorded from the lamella-worm, T. stroemii, in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Bresciani & Lutzen (1961) tabulated the differences between the mature females of M. terebellidis, based on two specimens from Greenland, and their new species M. steenstrupi, from Greenland, Iceland, Denmark and Sweden. Some of the features (which are summarised in Table 2.) such as the transverse fissure and the cement glands, can be difficult to see in formalin fixed material unless it is cleared in lactic acid. However, other characteristics, such as the body shape, and the attachment location are more readily observed. Adult M. terebellidis attach to the host dorsum and have a tapered body shape, while M. steenstrupi attach to the host branchiae and have an oval body shape. There are no published records of M. terebellidis in British waters but over a number of years specimens have been received by the author from various surveys in Scottish and nearby seas. All the specimens were attached to the host dorsum (see Fig. 1, 2 & 3). Around 50 parasitised lamella-worms were collected in the northern North Sea from the Magnus, Tern, Lyell, NW Hutton, Brent, Golden Eagle, Western Isles, Emerald, Cheviot, Gryphon, Cairngorm and Braemar oilfields (around 150km north east of the Shetland Isles), and south east of Fair Isle. A few additional specimens of M. terebellidis were collected in the southern North Sea, the Celtic Sea, and in Kosterfjord, Sweden. 62 Table 1. Number of C. commensalis from Clyde Estuary Survey stations, 1989=98. Year No. of C. commensalis at sampling Stations^ A1 A3 B2 B4 Cl D2 D3 E3 E4 Total no. of HI T. stroemii Total no. of samples 89 1 2 147 64 92 1 234 66 95 1 3 2 3 1 3 8 2 805 84 98 1 1 178 14 Table 2. Comparison of M. terebeliidis and M. steenstrupi by Bresciani & Lutzen in 1961. M. terebellidis [Levinsen, 1878] M. steenstrupi (Bresciani & Lutzen, 1961] Body up to 4 mm long. Body up to 1.8mm long. Body shape oblong, cone shaped. Body shape ovoid. Chitinous swellings small, separated. Chitinous swellings large, close together. Single median transverse fissure in front of Median transverse fissure absent, but two vaginal chitinous swellings. openings in this area. Cement gland is % length of body. Cement gland is Y2 length of body. Attaches to host dorsum. Attaches to host branchiae. Fig. 1. Parasitic copepods, Melinnacheres terebellidis [M.t], on lamella=V(/orms from NW Hutton Oilfield, [b = branchiae of worm, Ov. = Ovisacs of copepod] Fig. 2. Anterior region of same lamel!a-v/orms showing details of Melinnacheres terebellidis (M.t.) attached to dorsum, (b = branchiae of worm, Ov. = Ovisacs of copepod]. Fig. 3. Lameila=worm from Lyell Oilfield with juvenile female copepod, Melinnacheres terebellidis, attached to dorsum. A dwarf male copepod is visible attached to the female. 63 Melinnacheres steenstrupi is already known from British waters (see Gotto, 2004) and has been found by the author attached to the gills of T. stroemii in Irvine Bay in 1981, off Greenock in 1992 and 1995, in Loch Spelve, Mull in 1996, and in Campbeltown Loch in 2004 (see Fig. 4 & 5). Around the British Isles the only other record of this species is from Western Ireland (Gotto & O’Connor, 1980). Additional material of M. streenstrupi was also received from the Celtic Sea and from Kosterfjord, Sweden. The discovery of M. steenstrupi in the Mediterranean (Laubier, 1969) suggests that its distribution may be much more extensive than the sparse records indicate. Details of all the "new" material of M. terebellidis and M. steenstrupi are provided in Appendices 1, 2, and 3. The average length of ovigerous females of M. terebellidis is around 1.1mm (range 0.61-1. 6mm, n =29) which is smaller than "up to 4mm" stated by Bresciani & Lutzen (1961). They knew of only two specimens, both from Greenland, of which the one figured appears to be around 3.5mm. The biggest Scottish specimen is 1.6mm long and has ovisacs, 2.2mm long. The ovisacs of M. terebellidis appear to be straight or only slightly curved and are about equal to the length of the body. Up to three M. terebellidis attach laterally to the anterior dorsum of their host, between setigers 1 and 5, and positioned to the right or left, or on both sides. For M. steenstrupi the average length of ovigerous females is around 1.6 mm (range 1.24 -1.88mm, n=8), similar to "up to 1.8mm" given by Bresciani & Lutzen (1961). Their figured M. steenstrupi is 1.2mm long, with 1.4mm ovisacs. The ovisacs of M. steenstrupi are up to three times the body length and often strongly curved. The biggest specimen, from Irvine Bay, is 1.88mm long and has 6mm ovisacs (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Parasitic copepod, Melinnacheres steenstrupi (M.s.) detached from host lamella-worm (T. stroemii) from Irvine Bay. (Ov. = ovisacs of copepod). Fig. 5. Parasitic copepod, Melinnacheres steenstrupi (M.s.) attached to gill stem of host lamella-worm (7. stroemii) from Campbeltown. (Ov. = ovisacs of copepod). 64 A.1 A.2 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALES The male of M. terebellidis has, until now, remained unknown. Among the present material of M. terebellidis, eight female specimens harboured males attached to their genital area. It appears the males may initially attach while the female is immature (see Fig. 3). Four males were detached from their female partners and permanently mounted on slides in pol3winyl lactophenol to enable a description and comparison with the other known males of the genus. Detaching, mounting and orientating the males to view and draw the cephalic appendages proved problematical and several of the specimens were damaged in the process. Discerning the fine detail of the morphology is difficult even using a xlOOO oil immersion lens. The body is ovoid 0.14mm long and 0.09mm wide. (Fig. 6) It is unsegmented and comprises an anterior cephalic portion, with rudimentary appendages, and a posterior portion which includes, internally, a pair of spermatophore sacs. There appears to be three pairs of cephalic appendages. Hovi^ever in none of the specimens could each one of every appendage pair be observed. It seems that some of the appendages may have been torn off during detachment from the female. The cephalic appendages are interpreted as antennules (A.l), antennae (A.2), and maxillae (Mx.2). The antennule is weakly divided into four segments with two short setae terminally on the distal segment and three (or four] short setae along anterior border of the other three segments. The antennae are 2-jointed, comprising a broad basal segment and a terminal segment with, distally, a pair of chitinous denticulate protuberances. The maxillae consist or tm'O (three?) segments with the terminal segment armed with a similar pair of chitinous protuberances distally. The posterior part of the body is rounded and appears to be devoid of any appendages or ornamentation. A pair of large internal spermatophores is visible through the body wall. In one male two oval spermathecae had been extruded from the posterior end of the male in readiness to be transferred to the female genital area. DISCUSSION Bresciani & Lutzen (1961) provided a detailed description of both the external morphology and internal anatomy of M. steenstrupi. They figured the rudimentary antennae and mouthparts of the female which had previously been overlooked within the genus. Similar minute antennules, antennae and maxillae are visible in the present materia! of female M. terebellidis but no mandibles have been observed. The antennule of female M. terebellidis is considerably smaller than that of the male (see Fig. 6). Bresciani & Lutzen (1961) also illustrated the copepodite and male of M. steenstrupi and, in 1975, figured both the male and female of M. Fig. 6. Melinnacheres terebellidis, (a.) male habitus, ventral (A.l - Antennule, A.2 - Antenna, Mx.2 = Maxilla, dashed ovals - spermatophores), (b.) female Antennule (A.l) and (c) female Antenna (A.2]. ergasiloides. Little new has been published on the genus since, other than a brief re-description of M. levinseni by Boxshall (1977). Mature or ovigerous female M. terebellidis and M. steenstrupi are easily distinguished by their body shape and attachment location on the host. It appears that Levinsen (1878), in the original description of M. terebellidis, also found a juvenile specimen attached to the gill of the same host specimen as the adult. This is the only record of this species attached in such a location. It is possible that this could have been a juvenile M. steenstrupi although it would be the only record of both species attached to the same host specimen. Until recently T. stroemii has been the only lamella- worm recorded from British or Scandinavian waters (Howson & Picton, 1997, Holthe 1986). It was initially assumed that specimens of the two Melinnacheres species discussed here occurred on the same host species, T. stroemii, albeit with different attachment locations. However it was noticed that the hosts of M. terebellidis did not match T. stroemii being generally smaller, with gill lobes unfused for most of their length and the gill lobes with distinct filamentous papillar projections 65 1 posteriorly (on lobes 1 and 2}. Material was forwarded to Dr Julio Parapar who determined this to be a completely new species of lamella-worm which has recently been described as Terebellides shetlandica Parapar, Moreira, & O'Reilly 2015. Although this species has not previously been recognised in British seas it appears to be widely distributed in offshore waters. The males in the genus Melinnacheres were first described by Sars (1870) for M. ergasiloides. Bresciani & Lutzen (1975) redescribed M. ergasiloides including the male and corrected a number or Sars’ errors with regard to the original description. The male of M. steenstrupi was described by Bresciani & Lutzen (1961) and shows a number of small differences from that of M. ergasiloides. The male of M. terebellidis appears to be very similar to that of M. steenstrupi. The only obvious difference is that the antennule of M. steenstrupi appears to comprise only three segments and is armed with five terminal setae only. In the male of M. ergasilioides the antennule is more developed being 6-jointed with five long setae and two very short setules. The posterior body portion of M. ergasilioides is ornamented with numerous short spinules and bears a pair of swellings plus a pair of rami armed with minute stylets. In M. steenstrupi and M. ergasiloides a pair of minute mandibles is present. The occurrence of these in M. terebellides could not be confirmed although there did appear to be a remnant of a mandible in one specimen. Further study, perhaps with the aid of scanning electron microscopy, may be required to elucidate the fine details of the male morphology (and clarify whether vestigial mandibles are present in either sex). Although the males are all very small it is evident that the three species discussed here could be distinguished on the male morphology alone. It is clear from the historical records and those added here that the distribution of the two species of Melinnacheres from lamella-worms is probably widespread. While their distributions may overlap, it appears they may each be restricted to separate host species. It is not clear whether the host for the original description of M. terebellidis from Greenland in 1878 was actually T. stroemii or one of its subsequently described cogeners. In a study of Terebellides from Icelandic waters, Parapar et al. (2011) recognised T. stroemii, T. gracilis Malm, 1874, T. atlantis Williams, 1984, and another new species T. bigeniculatus from the area. Any of these four might act as hosts of M. terebellidis in nearby Greenland seas. There remains a possibility that the M. terebellidis material found on T. shetlandica in Scotland is a new cryptic species. However, other than its smaller size, its morphology is consistent with the original M. terebellidis description. Re- examination of material of M. terebellidis (and its host) from the type locality would be required to investigate this matter. In particular, examination | of male specimens or DNA analysis may help resolve this question. | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ( The author is indebted to Andy Mackie (National i, Museum of Wales), Brian Cleator and Sue Hamilton ;; ; (both marine biological consultants in Edinburgh) jl i and Peter Garwood (Identichaet, Newcastle-upon- li Tyne) for provision of copepod material from the North Sea, and to David Hall and Tim Worsfold | (Unicomarine Ltd., Letchworth) and Steve Jarvis j (Marine Invertebrate Ecological Services, j Harpenden) for material from the North Sea and L Celtic Sea. Copepod material from Magnus Field and from Sweden was kindly lent by Andy Mackie (National Museum of Wales). Special thanks are due to Gardline Environmental Ltd. for permission to use material collected on a number of oilfield surveys in the North Sea. Thanks are also due to SEPA colleagues, Jeni Boyle and Stephen Nowacki, for recovering specimens from SEPA’s monitoring surveys. Julio Parapar (University of Coruna, Spain) ? and Susan Chambers (National Museums of ' Scotland, Edinburgh) provided valuable assistance with the identification of the Terebellides hosts. ' REFERENCES | Boxshall, G.A. (1977). On the synonymy of the genera Oestrella McIntosh, 1885, and Melinnacheres M.Sars, 1870 (Copepoda). | Crustaceana 32 (2), 214-215. '| Boxshall, G.A. & Halsey, S.H. (2004). An introduction ,! to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, London. !| Volume 166: 966pp. jl Bresciani, J. & Lutzen, J. (1961). The anatomy of the ■ parasitic copepod Saccopsis steenstrupi n.sp. i! Crustaceana 3(1), 9-23, Plate 1. ji Bresciani, J. & Lutzen, J. (1975). Melinnacheres '■ ergasiloides M.Sars, a parasitic copepod of the polycheate Melinna cristata, with notes on multiple infections caused by annelidicolous ; copepods. Ophelia 13,31-41. i DASSH, (2011). 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Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 2, 409-416. Lutzen, J. (1964). Parasitic copepods from marine polychaetes of eastern North America. Naturaliste canadien 91, 255-267. Mackie, A.S.Y. & Garwood, P.R. (1995). Annelida. Section 5.1, pp. 37-50 in: Mackie A.S.Y., Oliver, P.G. & Rees, E.I.S. (1995): Benthic Biodiversity in the Southern Irish Sea. Studies in Marine Biodiversity and Systematics from the National Museum of Wales. BIOMOR Reports 1: 263 pp. Mackie, A.S.Y., James, J.W.C., Rees, E.I.S., Darbyshire, T., Philpott, S.L., Mortimer, K., Jenkins, G.O. & Morando, A. (2006). The Outer Bristol Channel Marine Habitat Study. Studies in Marine Biodiversity and Systematics from the National Museum of Wales. BIOMOR Reports 4: 249 pp & Appendix 228pp. O’Reilly, M.G. (1995). The Soft Bottom Biotope: Utopia for the monitoring biologist. Porcupine Newsletter 6[2):31-40. O'Reiliy, M.G., Boyle, J., & Miller, B. (1997). The impact of a new long sea outfall on the sublittoral benthos and sediments of the lower Clyde Estuary. Coastal Zone Topics, 3 (The Estuaries of Central Scotland): 129-139. Parapar, J., Moreira, |. & Helgason, G.V. (2011). Taxonomy and distribution of Terebellides (Polychaeta :Trichobranchidae) in Icelandic waters, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 2983:1-20. Parapar, J., Moreira, J. & O’Reilly, M. (2015). A new species of Terebellides [Polychaeta: Trichobranchidae) from Scottish waters with an insight into branchial morphology. Marine Biodiversity DOI 10.1007/sl2526-015-0353-5 Pettibone, M. J. (1957). Endoparasitic polychaetous annelids of the family Arabellidae with descriptions of new species. Biol. Bull. 113 (1), 170-187, plates 1-5. Robinson, K.A., Darbyshire, T., Van Landeghem, K., Lindenbaum, C., McBreen, F., Creaven, S., Ramsey, K., Mackie, A.S.Y., Mitchell, N.C., Wheeler, A. Wilson, |.G. & O'Beirn, F. (2009). Habitat mapping for conservation and management of the southern Irish Sea (HABMAP), I: Seabed surveys. Studies in Marine Biodiversity and Systematics from the National Museum of Wales. BIOMOR Reports 5 (1): 234pp. Sars, M. (1870). Bidrig til Kundskab om Christianiafjordens Fauna, II Crustacea. Naturvid. 17, 113-160. 67 Appendix 1. Scottish [and other) specimens of M. terebellidis. (Letters a,b,c. each represents a single host, niat.= mature, imm.= immature, ovig.= ovigerous, $ = female, (5' = male) Attachment locations are on the right (R) or left (L) dorsum with the setiger number indicated. For smaller copepods only a selection of the widths were measured. Ovisac Ovisac Sampling Location / Year Specimens on host Copepod length mm Copepod width mm Attachment location length mm width mm Magnus 88 5 mat. 1.0 0.76 R3 Kosterfjord 89 5 mat. 0.72 0.36 L3 Tern 89a ? ovig. 0.8 0.36 R3 0.8 0.2 Tern 89b ? ovig. 0.72 0.44 detached 0.8 0.2 Lyell 91a $ post ovig. 1.6 0.48 R1 Lyell 91b ? ovig. 1.0 0.52 R3 0.96 0.28 Lyell 91c $ mat. 0.8, 0.44 LI, Lyell 91c 5 imm. 0.2 - LI Lyell 91d $ imm. 0.32 - LI Lyell 91e $ imm. 0.4 - L2 Lyell 91f ? imm. x2 0.32,0.4 - - Rl, R2 Lyell 91g $ imm. 0.2 - R3 Lyell 91h 9 imm.+(5' 0.28 0.16 L3 Lyell 91i 5 imm. 0.36 - L3 Lyell 91j $ imm. x3 0.2,0.24,0.4 - - - L3, L4, L5 Lyell 91k $ imm. 0.08 - R4 Lyell 911 $ imm. 0.16 - LI Lyell 91m $ imm. 0.16 - L2 Lyell 91n $ post ovig. 1.4 0.48 detached Lyell 91o $ ovig. 1.4 0.6 detached 0.92 0.48 n. North Sea 91a ? ovig. 1.28 0.8 L2 1.2 0.36 n. North Sea 91b $ mat. 1.0 0.56 R3 n. North Sea 91c ? ovig.+2(5' 0.8 0.4 L4 0.8 0.24 n. North Sea 91d 5 imm. 0.48 0.2 L4 n. North Sea 91e 5 imm. 0.6 0.28 R4 n. North Sea 91f $ imm. 0.16 - R2 n. North Sea 91g $ ovig.+6' 1.12 0.48 detached 0.92 0.28 n. North Sea 91h ? ovig. 1.04 0.52 detached 1.04 0.24 NW Hutton 1,91a $ mat. 1.0, 0.4 L4 NW Hutton 1,91a $ mat.+c? 1.24, 0.52 L6 NW Hutton 1,91a $ ovig.+(5' 1.0 0.46 R4 0.96 0.32 NW Hutton 1,91b $ mat.+(5' 1.12 0.56 R3 NW Hutton 1,91c ? ovig. 1.2 0.8 L3 1.2 0.4 Fair Isle 93a $mat.+(5' 0.8, 0.4 L2. Fair Isle 93a 5 imm. 0.4 0.2 L3 Fair Isle 93b ? juv. 0.6 0.2 R3 s. North Sea 93 $ mat. specimen lost ! detached NW Hutton 2,02a ? ovig. 1.4 0.76 L2 1.28 0.36 NW Hutton 2,02b $ ovig. 1.0 0.6 R3 1.6 0.36 NW Hutton 2,02c $ ovig. 0.96 0.52 L2 0.8 0.2 NW Hutton 2,02d ? ovig. 0.96 0.48 R4 1.08 0.3 NW Hutton 2,02e $ mat.+2(5' 1.4 0.56 R5 Celtic Sea 1, 06a $ ovig. 1.3 - L4 - - Celtic Sea 1, 06b $ mat. 0.8 - R3 Brent 07 ? ovig. 1.2 - R3 - - Golden Eagle, 08 ? ovig. +(S 1.42 0.61 detached 1.59 0.29 Western Isles 10 ? ovig. 1.59 0.93 L2 2.2 0.37 Emerald 10a 9 ovig. 1.22 0.61 L3 1.59 0.36 Emerald 10a ? ovig. 1.35 - R2 1.59 0.36 Cheviot/Alwyn 10 9 mat. 1.54 0.85 L3 - - Cheviot 10 9 ovig. 1.22 0.54 L3 1.10 0.29 Gryphon 10a 9 ovig. 0.66 0.46 L3 0.73 0.29 68 Gryphon 10b $ ovig. +2(5' 0.86 0.61 L5 - - Gryphon 10c ? ovig. +2(5' 0.73 0.49 L2 - - Celtic Sea 2, 11a ? ovig. 0.61 0.49 R3 0.86 0.25 Celtic Sea 2, 11b ? ovig. 0.61 0.49 L2 0.81 0.25 Celtic Sea 2, 11c $ ovig. +2(5* 0.91 0.61 R3 1.35 0.29 Celtic Sea 2, lid ? ovig. 0.78 0.56 R3 1.00 0.29 Cairngorm 12 $ mat. 1.88 0.78 detached - - Braemar 1, 12 ? ovig. 1.22 0.68 detached 1.10 0.29 Braemar 2, 12a ? ovig. +(5' 0.73 0.49 L3 0.86 0.26 Braemar 2, 12b 2 mat. 0.61 0.29 R1 - - Appendix 2. Scottish (and other) specimens of M. steenstrupi. (Letters a,b,c each represents a single host, mat.= mature, imm.= immature, ovig.= ovigerous, $ = female, (5 = male) Attachment locations are always on the gill. Some copepods have become detached from their host and several hosts show additional attachment scars. Location, Year and host specimen no. Specimens on host Copepod length mm Copepod width mm Attachment location Ovisac length mm Ovisac width mm Irvine Bay 81a $ ovig. 1.88 1.6 detached 6.0 0.72 Irvine Bay 81a ? ovig. 1.76 1.2 Gill broken 0.64 Kosterfjord 86a 2 mat.+ 1(5 1.04 0.64 Gill Kosterfjord 86a 2 mat.+ 1(5 0.96 0.64 Gill Kosterfjord 86a 2 mat.+ 2(5 0.8 0.6 Gill Kosterfjord 86a 2 imm. 0.28 0.2 Gill Kosterfjord 86b 2 mat. 0.52 0.48 Gill* Kosterfjord 86b 2 mat,+ 1(5 0.4 0.48 Gill Kosterfjord 86b 2 mat.+ 2(5 0.4 0.36 Gill Kosterfjord 86c 2 mat. 0.6 0.36 Gill *** Kosterfjord 86c 2 mat. 0.64 0.4 Gill Kosterfjord 86c 2 imm. 0.44 0.28 Gill Kosterfjord 86 2 mat. 0.76 0.6 detached Kosterfjord 86 2 mat. 0.64 0.44 detached Kosterfjord 86 2 imm. 0.36 0.32 detached Greenock 92a 2 mat. 1.4 1.4 Gill Greenock 95a 2 mat. 1.52 1.6 Gill 4.0 0.56 L.Spelve 96a 2 ovig. 1.48 1.4 Gill 3.4 0.8 L.Spelve 96a 2 ovig. 1.76 1 detached 2.2 0.48 L.Spelve 96a 2 imm. 1.08 0.8 Gill L.Spelve 96a 2 imm. 0.72 0.6 Gill L.Spelve 96a 2 imm. 0.48 0.36 Gill Campbeltown 04a 2 ovig. 1.68 1.4 Gill 2.5 0.56 Campbeltown 04b 2 ovig.+ 2(5 1.4 1.12 Gill 3.2 0.52 Campbeltown 04 2 ovig.+ 1(5 1.24 1.04 detached 2.0 0.48 Celtic Sea 3, 06a 2 imm. 0.8 - Gill Celtic Sea 3, 06a 2 imm. 0.8 - Gill Celtic Sea 3, 06a 2 imm. 0.8 - Gill Celtic Sea 4 06 2 ovig. specimen lost! detached Rame Head 07 2 ovig. 1.35 1.22 1.96 *plus 1 attachment scar on gill ***plus 3 attachment scars on gill 69 Appendix 3. Sampling station details. (i) Localities for polychaetes C. commensalis & H. terebellidisi Clyde Estuary, Stn. Al, 55° 58.33' N, 04° 48.40'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. A3, 55° 58.33' N, 04° 49.02'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. B2, 55° 58.48' N, 04° 49.81'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. B4, 55° 58.50' N, 04° 49.21'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. Cl, 55° 58.38' N, 04° 48.30'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. D2, 55° 58.42' N, 04° 47.84'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. D3, 55° 58.47' N, 04° 47.62'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. E3, 55° 58.32' N, 04° 47.57'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. E4, 55° 58.32' N, 04° 47.33'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. HI, 55° 58.28' N, 04° 48.35'W. Clyde Estuary, Stn. G2, 55° 58.06' N, 04° 48.09'W. (ii) Localities for copepod M. terebellidisi • Magnus Field (61° 40' N, 01° 20'E), 16/8/1988, coll. A. Mackie, loaned from National Museum of Wales (1988.143). • Kosterfjord, SW of Yttre Vattenholm, dredged 60-80m, 28/10/1989, coll. A. Mackie, loaned from National Museum of Wales. • Tern Field, Stn. 5A (61° 30' N, 00° 55'E), 1989, coll. B. Cleator. • Lyell Field, (60 ° 53.94'N, 01° 16.29'E, depth 140m], July 1991, coll. S. Hamilton. • Northern North Sea (location details unknown), 1991?, coil. S. Hamilton. • NW Hutton Field, Location 1 (61° lO'N, 01° 12'E, depth 160m), 19917, coll. S. Hamilton. • Southern North Sea, Block 48, Stn. 14, (53° 26.35'N, 01° 45.61'W, depth 22m), 4/1993, coll. S. Hamilton. • NW Hutton Field, Location 2 (details unknown), 20027, coll. P. Garwood. • Fair Isle, Stn. 1 Braer Survey, (59° 03'N, 01° 59'W, depth 130m) 4-5/1993, coll. S. Hamilton. • Celtic Sea, Location 1, CEFAS Stn. ISB 25c (49° 45'N, 05° 30'W, depth 135m), June 2006, coll. D. Hall, T. Worsfold. • Brent Field, GDL Stn. BRS GR15 FA (ED50 TM CM 0 E - Easting 590864.86, Northing 6763053.33), June 2007. • Golden Eagle Field, GDL Stn.Ol-FB (57° 58.94’N, 00°55.36’W), Mar. 2008. • Western Isles, GDL Stn. Dev. Site 20-MFB (61° 11.99’N, 00°45.01'E), Jul. 2010. • Emerald Field, GDL Stn.EMD 06-MFB (details unavailable), Sep. 2010. • Cheviot to Alwyn route, GDL Stn. 8496ENV07-A (60° 48.40'N, 01° 39.90'E), Sep. 2010. • Cheviot Field, GDL Stn. ENV02-MFA (details unavailable), Oct. 2010. • South Gryphon, GDL Stn. SGG-F1-E-3-MFA (details unavailable), Jan. 2011. • Celtic Sea. Location 2, Haig Fras, Stn. 63 (50° 30'N, 07° 18'W, depth 100m), June 2011, coll. Steve Jarvis. • Cairngorm Field, GDL Stn. ENV05-MFA (details unavailable), Aug. 2012. • Braemar Location 1, Stn. HG06 31C (details unavailable), 2012? • Braemar Location 2, Stn. BRMROl 24A (details unavailable), 2012? Stations with GDL prefix were sampled by Gardline Environmental Ltd. Copepod material from Tern, Lyell, northern North Sea, NW Hutton, and Fair Isle has been deposited in the National Museum of Scotland (NMSZ:2013.071.01-07, NMS.Z 2015.023.1). Parasitised material of T. shetlandica from Western Isles, Emerald, Cheviot, South Gryphon, and Braemar fields has also been deposited (NMS.Z 2015 023.1-5) and material from the Celtic Sea (Location 2) has been deposited in the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK ANEA 2015.201- 02). Note the host of the "Western Isles" specimen is mistakenly attributed to "near the Western Isles" (suggesting the Outer Hebrides off western Scotland) in Parapar, Moreira, & O’Reilly (2015), when in fact it originates from the "Western Isles Development Project" in the northern North Sea, about 160km east of the Shetland Isles. (iii) Localities for copepod M. steenstrupii • Kosterfjord, SW of Yttre Vattenholm, dredged 40-65m, 27/08/1986, coll. A. Mackie, loaned from National Museum of Wales (1986.108). • Irvine Bay, Stn. Q1 (55° 35.72’N, 04° 43.80’W, depth 20m) 1981. • Greenock, Ironotter Point, Stn. HI (55° 58.28’N, 04° 48.35'W depth 20m) April 92. • Greenock, Ironotter Point, Stn. HI, (55° 58.28' N, 04° 48.35' W depth 20m) May 95. • Loch Spelve, Mull, Fish Farm A Stn. 9 (location details unknown), 14/5/1996. • Campbeltown Loch, Stn. 3 (55° 25.96’ N, 05° 33.09' W depth 20m) 2/11/2004. • Celtic Sea, Location 3, CEFAS Stn. ISB 20b (51° 14.98’ N, 07° 30.00' W, depth 93m) June 2006, coll. D. Hall, T. Worsfold. • Celtic Sea, Location 4, CEFAS Stn. ISB 21c (51° 00.02’ N, 07° 59.98' W, depth 100m) June 2006, coll. D. Hall, T. Worsfold. • Rame Head, CEFAS Stn. G33 (50° 16.8’ N, 04° 12.6' W), 2007. Material from Irvine Bay, Greenock. Loch Spelve, and Campbeltown Loch has been deposited in the National Museum of Scotland (NMSZ:2013. 071. OB- IS)^ 70 The Glasgow Naturalist (2015) Volume 26, 71-83 The terrestrial Invertebrate fauna of Miiigulay, including 18 new species records for the Outer Hebrides Jeanne Robinson^ E. Geoffrey Hancock^ Stephen M. Hewitt^ and Darren Mann^ 1 The Hunterian [Zoology Museum), University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ 2 National Museums Collection Centre, West Granton Road, Granton, Edinburgh EH5 1|A ^Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, 0X1 3PW E-mail: Ieanne.robinson@glasfflw.ac.uk ABSTRACT Field investigations of the invertebrate fauna of the island of Mingulay in the Outer Hebrides were carried out during the summer of 2013. The resulting species list also includes published records from the island prior to our visit. A total of 303 terrestrial invertebrate species are listed, over 60% of those we found were new to the island. The vast majority have been previously recorded from the better studied and more accessible islands of Barra and South Uist There are 18 species (3 coleoptera, 14 diptera and 1 hymenoptera) that appear to be first records for the Outer Hebrides. The most interesting finds were generally from cliff seepages and recently vacated puffin burrows. These and other interesting finds, including species of conservation concern, are discussed in more detail. INTRODUCTION The non-marine invertebrate fauna of the Outer Hebrides was comprehensively reviewed in 1981 by A.R. Waterston of the Royal Scottish Museum Edinburgh. Waterston joined Edinburgh University's 1935 expedition to investigate the natural history of Barra. This began a lifelong interest in the Outer Hebrides and he spent much of his last 30 years on Barra [Shaw; 1996, Heppell, 1996). Consequently the invertebrate fauna of this relatively accessible island has received some attention. Invertebrate records for the uninhabited, smaller islands south of Barra, including Mingulay, are sparse by comparison. Exposure to wind, swell and strong tides and terrible winter storm,s does limit access to them and consequently the number of visitors, including those of entomologists. Those with a fondness for remote, uninhabited Hebridean islands and potentially unpleasant voyages have historically turned their attentions to St Kilda. John William Heslop Harrison, Professor of Botany at King's College, Durham, was one of the main sources of Mingulay records on Waterston's list. Harrison and his students carried surveys of the insects and non-marine molluscs of the Inner and Outer Hebrides between 1936 and the 1960s and published numerous short papers and notes detailing many unusual finds for these islands [Waterston, 1981). Heslop Harrison has been criticised for not retaining voucher specimens to validate many of his finds. Some of his unusual botanical records from these expeditions are now regarded as spurious. Around 1937-38 Dr W. A. Clark and Dr George Heslop Harrison [son of John William) from the Durham expedition had stopped at Mingulay en route to Barra and collected specimens (Heslop Harrison, 1938). J W Heslop Harrison gave specimens from Mingulay to Frank Balfour-Browne, the doyen of British water beetles. Balfour-Browne [1953] published the species he identified in his own paper. The water beetles are the most comprehensively covered group of insects from Mingulay to date. Tom Warwick from Edinburgh University’s zoology department collected a number of invertebrates, mainly beetles and snails, during his Mingulay field work investigating Hebridean field mice. His specimens were identified by A.R. Waterston and published in Scottish Naturalist in 1939 [Warwick 1939). The National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Gateway rdata.nbn.org.uk} has been useful in highlighting some more recent records and identifications. Some caddisfly specimens attributed to Heslop Harrison collected in 1937 and deposited in the Natural History Museum (NHM), London now been identified by Ian Wallace [Liverpool Museums], who runs the Trichoptera recording scheme. Waterston did include records from the NHM collections in his review but evidently not quite all of them. The Royal Airforce Ornithological Society visited Berneray and Mingulay on three occasions to study the birds. Each visit also generated a small number of invertebrate records, which are on the NBN. They visited from the 10* June-5* July in 1979 and 1985 and once again from the 31^*13* June 1993. 71 The Highland Biological Recording Group [HBRG) has submitted Mingulay records to the NBN. Murdo Macdonald [HBRG) is responsible for most of these following a productive day trip on the 6* July 2009. Other recorders have contributed a handful of species records between 2003 and 2009. Between the 6'^*’ June and 15^'’ of June 2013 Adam Cross, a PhD student at Glasgow University stayed on Mingulay to study the puffin colonies but he also made time to collect a few invertebrates, which he has donated to Geoff Hancock at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow for identification and safe- keeping. METHODS By visiting Mingulay to look specifically at the invertebrates, harnessing the skills of several entomologists with broad entomological interests, we intended to update and enhance the species list for the island. This list would serve as more useful base line for future habitat management and research. The survey team comprised: Dr Eleanor Slade, Researcher at the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford; Darren Mann, Head of Life Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Geoff Hancock, Curator of Entomology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University; Jeanne Robinson, Curator of Entomology, Glasgow Museums; Steve Hewitt, Keeper of Natural History, Tullie House Museum, Carlisle. The survey was planned for the period July 2013 to 2'“‘ August 2013. Apart from the days of arrival and departure, the weather was far from ideal, with high winds and frequent heavy rain. Due to the weather, the boat was unable to take us back to Barra until morning of the 4'^^ giving us 2 extra days of surveying. Sweeping, beating, hand collecting and a range of aquatic invertebrate sampling techniques were carried out each day. We set two malaise traps and a Heath trap in a variety of habitats. Details of the timing and location of the traps are given in the trapping schedule below. We conducted night searches for invertebrates by torchlight, when the weather permitted. After getting approval from the site's bird warden, we excavated a few recently vacated puffin burrows in the hunt for invertebrate specimens. Cheke and Reed [1987] produced notes on the flora of Mingulay based on Cambridge University’s field observations in 1964. The flora at this time was still subject to sheep grazing. The last sheep were taken off the island 8 years ago so there have been changes in the floral composition. Despite the changes, Cheke and Read’s notes were still useful for highlighting areas of geological and botanical interest that were likely to support interesting invertebrates. There is a fertile valley in the east of the island, where thick layers (15-20 ft) of boulder clay were deposited on top of the gneiss and granite by receding ice at the end of the last ice age. This valley supports the island’s most diverse flora. The 'aspen cliff (NL566828) within this valley is described as one of the most botanically interesting communities of the Barra Isles. It still supports Aspen [Populus tremula). The rest of the island is generally thin acidic soils, peat or bare rock. A lot of the sweeping, collecting and trapping was focused in the most botanically diverse areas around Mingulay Bay. Due to the number of interesting species associated with the coastal dunes of the Western Isles, this habitat was comprehensively surveyed. We also obtained a good sample of the moorland inhabitants. The aquatic sampling included stream samples (kick sampling, sweeping, collection of invertebrates adhered to substrate) from the higher, middle and lower reaches of the streams; including those that run down to Aneir, those behind the school house and the those that descend from Biulacraig into Mingulay Bay. We sampled the moss at various altitudes on the ascent to the summit of Hecla and Builacraig. We sampled pools around Tom a Mhaide, approaching Builacraig and Carnan. We sampled brackish pools and seepages along the sea cliffs and caves of Mingulay Bay. Several samples were brought home for rearing, including micro-moth caterpillars on angelica [Angelica sp.) and burdock [Arctium sp.); leaf mined leaves of scurvygrass [Cochlearia spp.), ragwort [Senecio sp.) and sow thistle [Sonchus sp.). Pupae collected from the vacated puffin burrows were brought back for rearing. Adults and various associated parasites were successfully reared from all these samples. Sampling/trapping schedule 31^t July - Slightly cloudy with bright spells. Moth trap in the dunes by the stream (NL564832). Malaise traps over stream in Mingulay Bay (NL564833) and in bog behind school house (NL564828). Dry during the night when we searched around Mingulay Bay, the dunes and the environs of the school house. 1^'^ August - Very wet and windy. Moth trap set up in bog behind school house (NL565828) - collapsed during the night and sunk in the bog. Malaise traps kept at same sites as the previous night. 2"d August - Wet and windy. Malaise traps moved to the dunes (NL565833) and bog south east of the school house (NL567826). Moth trap set up in 72 sheltered stream valley (NL565829). Investigated puffin burrows (NL5683). 3‘'‘i August - Wet and windy. Malaise traps kept in the dunes [NL565833) and bog south east of the school house (NL567826). Aquatic sampling. 4*^^ August am - Bright and sunny. Some opportunities for sweeping and grubbing before the boat came. Our field work has been the principle source of records. The main sources of information regarding existing records have been Waterston (1981), National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Gateway and the Highland Biological Recording Group (HBRG). Recording Scheme websites, online distribution maps and the Scottish Invertebrate Records Index (SIRI) at the National Museums of Scotland (NMS) have also been consulted to help establish the current distribution of the species. See 'Further web tools' in the reference section for details. We have identified the specimens that fall within our own area of expertise. We have distributed as much material as we can to willing experts in other groups. There are parasitoids, flies and other miscellaneous specimens yet to be identified. Voucher specimens have been retained for those species we were unable to identify in the field. These can be found in Glasgow Museums; the Hunterian [Zoology Museum), University of Glasgow, Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, and Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Oxford University Museum of Natural History have over 1000 aquatic Hemiptera and water beetles collected by Hesiop Harrison from the Outer Hebrides. The National Museums of Scotland and the NHM potentially have further material from this area. There may be unpublished material from Mingulay in amongst them. The institutions have been contacted to see what they have from Mingulay but in general these specimens are not on a searchable database. Research trips to physically go through these collections and extract data may augment the number of historical records. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION See Full species list is given in Appendix 1. A total of 303 species are now recorded from Mingulay. The rarer and more interesting insect finds are discussed in more detail below. Lepdoptera Of the 17 butterfly species recorded from the Outer Hebrides, 9 have now been seen on Mingulay (Waterston, 1981; http://www.western-isles- wildlife.co.uk). Dark green fritillaries {Argynnis aglaja) were very numerous around Mingulay Bay at the beginning of August, nectaring on creeping thistle and devil’s bit scabious. The common blue [Polyommatus icarus] and meadow browns {Maniola jurtina) were also abundant in this area. There were fewer graylings {^Hipparchia semele] on the wing. Graylings are designated as a priority species in 2007 on the basis of their continued decline in England. They face a range of threats including destruction of lowland heath, building development and golf courses on sand dunes and agricultural intensification. However, many new colonies have been recently discovered in western Scotland and it is probably under-recorded here (Masterman, 2011). We saw just one small white {Pieris rapae) and a red admiral [Vanessa atalanta] during our stay. The small white appears not to have been previously recorded from Mingulay. They are known from elsewhere in the Outer Hebrides (Waterston, 1981; http://www.western-isles-wildlife.co.uk). Heslop-Harrison recorded both large [Coenonympha tullia) and small heath [Coenonympha pamphilus] on the island in 1938. Our 2013 visit was at the end of their potential flight period; but there were no new sightings. No further painted ladies [Vanessa cardui) were observed either, which were observed earlier in the season, O':'' July 2009 (data.nbn.org.uk). There are now 38 moth species recorded from Mingulay. Approximately a quarter of these had not been recorded on the island before but almost all have been previously recorded from Barra. The straw dot [Rivula sericealis) and the small wainscot [Chortodes pygmina] and the ruddy flat-body [Agonopterix subpropinquella f. rhodochrella) are the exceptions (Waterson 1981 and data.nbn.org.uk).The straw dot was first recorded in the Outer Hebrides in 2006 rhttp://www.western- isles-wildlife.co.uk). the small wainscot a while before (Waterston, 1981); both appear to be extending their range in these islands. The ruddy flat-body is generally uncommon in Scotland. In the Outer Hebrides, the only previous records are from Lewis (http://www.eastscotland- butterflies.org.uk/sm Oecophoridae.htmll. It is thriving on Mingulay. We reared it from caterpillars collected on burdock and spear thistle. The Scottish populations of the belted beauty [Lycia zonaria atlantica) are classic machair species, they are classified as nationally scarce A (http://butterflv-conservation.org/1866- 1094/belted-beauty.htmn. The distinctive looper caterpillars, with their bold yellow lateral stripes are very abundant in Mingulay’s dunes at the beginning of August. Garden tiger [Arctia caja) caterpillars and adult moths were also extremely abundant during our 73 visit. Once widespread in Britain, this species has suffered an 80% reduction in the last 35 years. They are now classified as a priority species in the UK BAP rhttp://incc.defra.gov.uk/speciespages/2053.pdn. The white-lined dart [Euxoa tritici) and small square spot [Diarsia rubi] are both UK BAP listed species too; due to a 92% and 85% decline respectively, over the last 35 years rhttp://incc.defra. gov.uk/ speciespages 71 151. pdf- http: //jncc. defra.gov.uk/ speciespages/2219.pdf 1. E. tritici was one of the most abundant moths in the light traps on Mingulay and D. rubi is relatively common resident of the Outer Hebrides rhttp://www.western-isles-wildlife.co.uk/white- line dart to red sword grass.htm). Coleoptera Waterston [1981] recorded 605 beetles from the Outer Hebrides and suggested there were probably around 700 species in total. Beetles were the best recorded insect group on Mingulay before our visit. A total of 33 species have been added to the beetle list; there are still only 56 species from 14 families. Seven of the species found appear to be new to Mingulay. Most of the species additions have formerly been recorded from Barra. The ground beetles Nebria rufescens and Paranchus albipes, predaceous diving beetle Hydroporus longulus, small carrion beetle Sciodrepoides watsoni and the rove beetles Stenus ochropus, Quedius maurorufus and Ocypus brunnipes are new to Mingulay [Waterson, 1981 and data.nbn.org.uk]. N. rufescens, P. albipes and H. longulus were found in association with seepages. S. watsoni is a species associated with rabbit and puffin burrows, they may have been on the island for sometime, where they would be easily missed by more general surveys. Q. maurorufus is described as widespread in the UK (Lott and Anderson, 2011] but does not appear to have been recorded from the Outer Hebrides before. There are records from the Ebudes on SlRl [written communication with Richard Lyszkowski, National Museums of Scotland 5/12/2013 and 6/1/2014]. 0. brunnipes is one of the more commonly encountered Ocypus species [Lott and Anderson, 2011] that is generally local and widespread north of the border in the UK (data.nbn.org.ukL There are Scottish records on SlRI including sightings from the Inner but not the Outer Hebrides [written communication with Richard Lyszkowski, National Museums of Scotland 5/12/2013 and 6/1/2014]. The rove beetle 5. ochropus {=erichsoni Rye] is a more unusual find. Its’ British distribution is described as scattered in Central and Southern England [Lott and Anderson, 2011]. There are published records for the species from Ayrshire [VC75], Lanarkshire [VC77] and Stirlingshire [VC86]. We are aware of no records north of these locations or from the Scottish Islands, [written communication with Richard Lyszkowski, National Museums of Scotland 13/2/2014]. The few silphids and large carabids we encountered were generally heavily infested with mites; one Nicrophorus investigator was so laden it could hardly move. The mutualistic mites on the Mingulay specimens are Poecilochirus carabi, which have been previously recorded from Lewis in the Outer Hebrides [Waterson, 1981]. No beetles of conservation concern were encountered during our surveying. Diptera There are a total of 769 flies recorded from the Outer Hebrides [Skidmore, 2008]. A total of 111 species belonging to 27 families are now recorded from Mingulay. Most of these species [95 of the 111] had not been recorded from the island and 14 of these were not previously known from the Outer Hebrides [Waterston,1981; data.nbn.org.uk ; Skidmore, 2008]; these include the long-legged flies Chrysotus cilipes, Dolichopus festivus, Raphium brevicorne; the dance flies Chersodromia incana and Kowarzia bipunctata; the heleomyzid Oecothea praecox, the crane flies Gonomyia conoviensis and Dicranomyia goritiensis, the anthomyiid flies Leucophora grisella, Hylemya urbica and Botanophila jacobaeae, the muscid fly Lispe pygmaea, the tachinid fly Siphona setosa and the marsh fly Trypetoptera punctulata. The British distribution of the Long-legged flies C. cilipes, D. festivus and R. brevicorne is described as ‘frequent’, ‘common’ and ‘local’ in the Western Isles respectively. There are all listed from sites in the Ebudes but there appear to be no current records for the Outer Hebrides. R. brevicorne has been previously found in the wetlands of Eigg and Rum [Skidmore, 2008]. The dance fly C. incana receives no mention in Skidmore [2008], indicating that it is not currently recorded from anywhere in the Western Isles. K. bipunctata is recorded from the wetlands of Mull, Rum and Skye in the Ebudes and is described as frequent in the Western Isles generally by Skidmore [2008]. The heleomyzid 0. praecox is a nationally notable/scarce species that appears to be rarely recorded in Scotland and may not have been recorded breeding here before [Written communication David Horsefield, Malloch Society, 27 November 2013]. We reared it from pupa collected in debris from vacated puffin burrows on Mingulay. The species is not mentioned in 74 Skidmore’s (2008) review of the Diptera of the Outer Hebrides. The crane fly D. goritiensis [synonym: Limonia goritiensis) is classified as rare in the red data book for invertebrates - RDB3. In general this species is widely scattered but very local, with most records originating from South-West England and Wales the UK. It has been recorded from Mull and Skye (Skidmore, 2008). The biology is largely unknown but its larvae have been found in saturated grass tufts in and around seepages on coastal cliffs (Stubbs 1998, Boyce 2002). E.G. Hancock has previously recorded this species from the maritime cliffs of Islay, in the Inner Hebrides (Hancock, 2008). Some species of Dicranomyia are quite salt tolerant but this species generally found higher up and further out of the salt spray. We found larvae living inside clumps of Cladophora growing along with moss on the vertical rock faces through which water was trickling on Mingulay's coastal cliffs and caves. Only adults were observed in the sea cave whose walls were covered in scurvy grass. (NL569833). Managing this species requires the safeguarding of seepages on cliffs, maintaining natural drainage and any associated vegetation (Falk, 1991). The immatures appear not to have been described before. Unfortunately the larvae pupated before we got home so they will remain so for a little longer. The pupae are however highly distinctive with their crenulated / corrugated ('zip like') dorsal line. They have prominent horned prothoracic spiracles with knobbed ends, which resemble butterfly antenna. Fig. 1. Previously undescribed puparia of D. goritiensis D. goritiensis, and some of the other species we found with it, are characteristic of stable cliff seepages. This habitat is found scattered around the whole of the British coast, wherever the geology is suitable for their development. This is currently a very poorly known habitat, and further survey work is required before we will be able to categorise the invertebrate communities and their ecological requirements more precisely (Boyce, 2002). Table 1: Invertebrates associated with stable cliff seepages found on Mingulay {see appendix 1). Order Family Species Diptera Limonidae Dicranomyia goritiensis Diptera Limonidae Gonomyia conoviensis Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Tinodes assimilis Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Tinodes maclochlani The crane fly G. conoviensis is a nationally rare/notable species also associated with the seepages on Mingulay. It has been previously recorded from Lismore, Rum and Mull in the Inner Hebrides but not formerly from the Outer Hebrides (Skidmore, 2008). It is suggested this species should be managed by safeguarding seepages on cliffs and rock faces by maintaining natural drainage patterns and any associated vegetation (Falk, 1991). The distribution of the anthomyiid L grisella is described as local and H. urbica as frequent in the Western Isles; both have only previously been recorded from Rum in these islands. B. jacobaeae The marsh fly T. punctulata is frequent and widespread in the Ebudes but appears to be unrecorded for the Outer Hebrides (Skidmore, 2008). It shows a fondness for calcareous habitats. It's commonly associated with woodland but has also been found on grassland and along the edges of streams (Rozkosny, 1984). Shore flies are generally characteristic of wet places, river and lake margins and seashore for example. This is why E G Hancock was intrigued when he found adults of this family in Mingulay’s dunes. These have now been identified as Philygria punctatonervosa, whose distribution is described as local in the Western Isles (Skidmore, 2008). This genus is apparently unusual for inhabiting drier habitats like sand dunes or well drained sandy soil areas. The larvae are thought to live below the surface where it is damper and they can graze on algae growing in the interstices of the sand grains, but they have actually not been seen to do this. This species is recorded from Iona, Rum, Lewis, North and South Uist (Skidmore, 2008) and Norwich Museum has unpublished specimens collected by Tony Irwin from the dunes of Colonsay and Oronsay in 1978. The wing patternation of this genus is quite distinctive but the flies are small (<2mm) and not many people are looking for them. They are likely to be more widely distributed than current records indicate. CalUphora uralensis; a rare boreal blowfly or bluebottle (red data book category 3) is restricted to Scotland in Great Britain. This mainly coastal 75 species is associated with carrion derived from the islands’ breeding bird colonies. It is the predominant species elsewhere in the Outer Hebrides, including Barra (Davies 1987; Waterston 1981) but was nowhere to be found on Mingulay. Only C. vomitoria and C. vicinia were present. Davies (1987) suggested that the lack of records between Barra and Ireland and Ailsa Craig was due to lack of recording but it appears to be a genuine absence. Hymenoptera Waterston (1981) recorded 106 Hymenoptera species but most of these were parasitica. We collected some parasitica which are awaiting identification. There are now 10 species of hymenoptera (aculeates and symphyta) from 5 different families recorded on Mingulay. Two of these species have not been recorded on the island before, the sawflies Euura atra and Pontania collatanea, which are known from Barra. The field digger wasp [Mellinus arvensis) has not previously been recorded from the Outer Hebrides (Murdo Macdonald and Bill Neil, OHBRG and HBRG, written communications 11* and 14* Nov 2013 respectively). It is a relatively coldhardy species that is widespread and common so able to exploit Mingulay’s sandy soils and fly prey. The population appears well established. Males and females were active around the school house and sheltered valleys around Mingulay Bay dunes. During the course of the visit we spotted at least 3 great yellow bumblebees Bombus distinguendus nectaring on the island. Great yellow bumblebees have declined by 70% since 1990 in the UK. They are now entirely restricted to the North and west of Scotland rhttp://incc.defra.gov.uk/speciespages/152.pdn. This species is nationally notable B; it is on the Scottish biodiversity list (SBL) of species of principal importance for biodiversity conservation and is a UK biodiversity action plan (BAP) priority species. Lesser burdock, spear thistle, ragwort and knapweed on the island will provide forage for workers, males and a few queens from late July through August (Charman et al. 2009). Moss carder bees [Bombus muscorum] are active on Mingulay. This species is also listed on the BAP and SBL lists f http://incc.defra.gov.uk/ speciespages 72089. pdf and http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ speciespages/235.pdn. Like the great yellows, they are commonly found in association with the Hebridean machair too. Several moss carder bees were seen in Mingulay Bay and the valley behind it during our visit. Sward height must be managed to maintain optimum flowering to support great yellow and moss carder bee populations. It is recommended that their habitats are managed, through grazing and cutting prescriptions, to maintain, and where appropriate, enhance the area of habitat in suitable condition for these species and that monitoring is needed to understand the status of the species at existing sites. This data is needed to allow reporting against success criteria fhttp://incc. defra.gov.uk/ speciespages). There are no livestock left on the island, the last sheep were taken off 8 years ago. The only remaining grazers are the rabbits, who a re culled periodically to help j preserve the archaeology on the island. ; The solitary bee C. succinctus, filled the dunes during our visit. C.succinctus is generally recorded between mid-|uly to late September typically on heath, ragwort, yarrow, melliot and creeping thistle (Else, December 2011). The only symphyta found on Mingulay were those associated with willow; the willow gall sawfly (P. pedunculi), which galls the leaves, had been previously recorded here; the smaller willow shoot sawfly Euura atra and the leaf galling - Pontania ’■ coUactanea, are new to the island but previously i recorded from Barra. All three of these species I' Waterston stated were breeding in the Outer j Hebrides in his 1981 review. Only 4 species of ants were recorded in the Outer i Hebrides. The only active ants in August 2013 on Mingulay were Myrmica ruginodis, which were already recorded for the island (Waterston, 1981). This species was evidently mating at the beginning j of August in 2013 as males, workers and winged - queen ants were all found in the dunes. J Hemiptera There were 67 species of Heteroptera recorded for the Outer Hebrides, about half of which are aquatic. There were 7 aquatic bugs recorded from Mingulay (Waterston 1981 and data.nbn.org.ukl. Despite extensive aquatic sampling none of these species were refound. The only aquatic bug we encountered was the water cricket [Velia caprai), which is now ubiquitous. It hadn’t been previously recorded for ' Mingulay. An additional 10 terrestrial hemiptera ! were recorded during our 2013 visit, all of which were already recorded from Barra. None of the Hemiptera found in 2013 are currently of any 'j conservation concern. Trichoptera | There were no records of caddis from Mingulay in : Waterston but NBN had records for 4 species collected by Heslop Harrison in August 1937 i (data.nbn.org.ukl. These specimens have been ; recently identified from the collections of the NHM, ] London (Ian Wallace, Pers. Comm. 2013). Three of i' the four species; Limnephilus sparsus, Philopotamus montanus and Plectrocneinia conspersa are still very numerous on the islands. All three were present in 76 their immature stages in August 2013, showing them to be breeding on the island. We found 5 species that are new to Mingulay, but all are known from elsewhere in the Outer Hebrides. Both Tinodes machlachlani and Tinodes waeneri are associated with the Mingulay cliff seepages, which as discussed in the Diptera, is a very interesting habitat. No specimens of Limnephilus hirsutus, which was active in 1937, were found during this visit. None of the caddis recorded are currently of conservation concern. Small orders Only one species of mayfly was recorded during this visit and during previous visits, the large dark olive (Baetis rhodani). It is one of the most common and widespread ephemeroptera species; found throughout the British Isles. We found numerous nymphs in the streams. No odonata were spotted during this visit despite previous records of blue tailed damsel and golden ringed dragonfly despite our visit being during their flight period. Only one immature stonefly was seen during our visit but not captured. One psocoptera specimen was but was too badly damaged to identify. There are no previous records for booklice from Mingulay. There are only 4 species of orthoptera recorded in the Outer Hebrides, 2 of these were found on Mingulay previously, the common green grasshopper {Omocestus viridulus] and common earwig {Forficula auricularia] (Waterston,1981). The earwig is still there in great abundance, particularly on the ragwort in the dunes at night No green grasshoppers were active during our visit; only mottled grasshoppers were found this time. They were also very active in the dunes. Arachnida The common wolf spider [Pardosa puUata] was the only arachnid previously recorded on Mingulay, which were still doing well in the summer of 2013. There are now 10 species records from 7 different families, nothing surprising. Gastropoda The gastropods were one on the best studied groups of terrestrial invertebrates on the island. There are now 22 species belonging tol6 familes recorded from Mingulay; only 4 of these were added to the list as a result of our 2013 fieldwork. These include the wrinkled snail [Candidula intersecta], which we found in some numbers in the vacated puffin burrows; the New Zealand mud snail or Jenkin’s spire shell {Potamopyrgus antipodarum], the greenhouse slug {Milax gagates] and the dwarf pond snail [Galba trunculata]. The mud snail has already shown itself to be a good traveller, reaching the UK from the other side of the world in the middle of the 1800s. It is now established in considerable numbers in Mingulay’s water sources rhttp://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1713 accessed 03/02/2014). Most of the specimens are what one would expect from previous records, but M. gagates seems to be new to the area, but perhaps not altogether surprising as it is mainly a coastal species (written comm. Adrian Sumner 13/01/2014). This species list could certainly be enhanced with a visit earlier in the season or in the event of more obliging weather conditions. Suction sampling the grassland and moorland could further enhance the records. The authors would be interested to hear of any terrestrial invertebrate records from the island of Mingulay. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Garth Foster for identifying the water beetles, M. B. Davidson for identifying the spiders and harvestmen; S. Gregory for identifying the centipedes and millipedes, Peter Chandler for identifying Mycetophilid and Sciarid flies, David Horsefield for examining the Muscidae and Heleomyzidae, Adrian T. Sumner for inspecting the molluscs and Ian V/allace for checking the caddis. Thanks to Tony Irwin for access to Norfolk Museums entomology collections. Thank you to GNHS for the bursary which helped cover travel and subsistence and to the National Trust for supporting the survey and organising the boat trip. Thank you to Jonathan Grant (NTS) for answering all our questions, practical and historical about the island and Robb Dunn (NTS) for the most delicious crumble when supplies were running short. REFERENCES Balfour-Browne, F. (1953). The aquatic coleopteran of the western Scottish islands with a discussion on their sourcesof origin and means of arrival. Entomologist's Gazette 4, 79-127. Boyce, D.C. (2002). A review of seepage invertebrates in England. English Nature. Report number 452. publications.naturalengland.org.uk/fiie/141026 (January 2014). Charman, T.G., Sears, ]., Bourke, A.F.G. & Green, R.E. (2009). Phenology of Bombus distinguendus in the Outer Hebrides. The Glasgow Naturalist. Supplement - Machair Conservation: Successes and Challenges, 25:35-42. Cheke, A.S & Reed, T.M. (1987). The Flora of Berneray, Mingulay and Pabbay, Outer Hebrides in 1964. Scottish Naturalist 63-106. http://dodobooks.com/wp- 77 content/uploads 72012 701 /ChekeReed-1987- Mingulay-etc-veg.pdf [January 2014). Davies, L. (1987). The Distribution in Scotland and Ireland of Calliphora uralensis and Its Occurrence with and Separation from C. vicina [Insecta: Diptera). The Irish Naturalists' Journal 22:6,241-244. Else, G. (2011). Colletes succinctus [Linnaeus, 17 58] (species profile). http: 7 7www.bwars.com 7index.php?q=bee7colletida e7 colletes-succinctus (December 2011). Falk, S. (1991). A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain (1). Research and survey in nature conservation. No: 39. NCC, Peterborough. Foster G. N. (2001). Atlas of Scottish Water Beetles. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report F00AC337. http:/7www.snh. org.uk/pdfs/pubiications/com missioned reports/F00AC337.pdf Hancock, E. G. (2008). Field work reports: Geoff Hancock reports from the Isle of Islay 2008. Cranefly Recording Scheme Newsletter. 17, Autumn 2008, pg 1. http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/ccw/documents/Hancock. 2008b.pdf (January 2014). Heppell, D., (1996). Andrew Rodger Waterston, 1912-1996 (obituary). http://www.conchsoc.org/eminent/Waterston- AR.php (January 2014). Heslop Harrison, J.W.H. (1938). A contribution to our knowledge of the Lepidoptera of the islands of Coll, Sanday, Rhum, Eigg, Soay and Pabbay (inner Hebrides) and of Barra, Mingulay and Berneray (Outer Hebrides). Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Soc. 10, 10-23. Masterman, A. (2011). Grayling [Hipparchia semele) - Priority species. http://www.southwestscotland- butterflies.org.uk/species/butterflies/grayling.s html (January 2014). Rozkosny, R. (1984). The Sciomyzidae [Diptera] of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Book 14. Brill Academic Publishing. 224 pp. Shaw, M.R. (1996). Andrew Roger Waterston (obituary.) http://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits alpha/waterson andrew.pdf (January 2014). Skidmore, P. (2008). A review of the Diptera of the Western Isles of Scotland. Diptersists digest 15, 99-194. Stubbs, A.E. (1998). Cranefly recording scheme. Test key to subfamily Limoniinae. Bulletin of the Dipterist’s Forum, 45. Warwick, T. (1939). Animal life on Mingulay, Outer Hebrides. Scottish Naturalist 1939, 127. Waterston, A.R. (1981). Present knowledge of the non-marine invertebrate fauna of the Outer Hebrides. The Royal Society of Edinburgh: Proceedings Section B (Biological Sciences) 79, 215-321. FURTHER WEB TOOLS Bees, wasps and ants recording society http://www.bwars.com/ Hoverfly recording scheme http://www.hoverflv.org.uk/ Western Isles Wildlife http://www.western-isles- wildlife.co.uk/index.htm Scottish Micro Moths http://eastscotland- butterflies.org.uk/scottishmicros.html Scottish Water Beetles http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/com missioned reports/F00AC337.pdf Spider and Harvestman Recording Scheme website http: //srs. britishspiders.org.uk/ UK moths http://ukmoths.org.uk/ 78 Appendix 1. Terrestrial Invertebrate species recorded from the island of Mingulay. Order Last record Last record Coleoptera Carabidae Dytiscidae continued- Abax parallelepipedus (Pil. & Mitt., 1783) 2013* Hydroporus longulus Mulsant & Rey, 1861 2013* Amara aenea (De Geer, 1774) 1900 Hydroporus obscurus Sturm, 1835 1937 Bembidion tetracolum Say, 1825 1900 Hydroporus pubescens (Gyllenhaal, 1808) 2013 Calathus fuscipes (Goeze, 1777) 2013 Ilybius aenescens Thomson, C.G., 1870 1937 Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Elateridae Calathus mollis (Marsham, 1802) 2013* Hynoides riparius (Fabricius, 1792) 2013 Carabus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 2013 Gvrinidae Carabus problematicus Herbst, 1786 1979 Gyrinus minutus Fabricius, 1798 1937 Curtonotus aulicus [Panzer, 1796) 2013 Gyrinus substriatus Stephens, 1828 1937 Harpalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Hvdroohilidae Harpalus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) 1900 Anacaena globulus (Paykull, 1798) 2013 Nebria brevicolUs (Fabricius, 1792) 2013* Chaetarthria simillima Vor. & Cup., 2003 2013* Nebria rufescens (Strom, 1768) 2013* Coelostoma orbiculare Fabricius 1775 2013* Nebria salina Fair, et Labou., 1854 2013* Enochrus fuscipennis (Thomson, 1884) 2013* Notiophilus biguttatus (Fabricius, 1779) 1900 Helophorus flavipes Fabricius, 1792 2013* Paranchus albipes (Fabricius, 1796) 2013* Megasternum obscurum (Marsham, 1802) 2013 Pterostichus niger (Schaller, 1783) 2013* Leiodidae Pterostichus nigrita (Paykull, 1790) 1900 Sciodeproides watsoni (Spence, 1815) 2013* Pterostichus strenuous (Panzer, 1796) 1900 Scarabaeidae Chrvsomelidae Aegialia arenaria (Fabricius, 1787) 2013* Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse., 1858) 2013* Serica brunnea (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Longitarsus luridus (Scopoli, 1763) 2013* Scirtidae Cryptophagidae A marsh beetle immature 2013*i Micrambe villosa (Heer, 1841) 2013* Silphidae Curculionidae Nicrophorus investigator Zetterstadt, 1824 2013* Barynotus squamosus Germar, 1824 2013 Staphvlinidae Otiorhynchus atroapterus Stephens, 1829 2013* Aleochara obscurella (Gravenhorst, 1806) 2013* Philopedon plagiatus (Schaller, 1783) 2013* Ocypus brunnipes (Fabricius, 1781) 2013* Dryopidae Ocypus olens 0. F. Muller, 1764 2013* Dryops luridus (Erichson, 1847) 2013* Quedius laevicoUis (Brulle, 1832) 2013* Dvtisddae Quedius maurorufus (Gravenhorst, 1806) 2013* Agabus (Acatodes) arcticus (Paykull, 1798) 1937 Staphylinus erythropterus Linnaeus, 1758 2013 Agabus bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1767) 2013 Stenus ochropus Kiesenwetter, 1858 2013* Hydroporus erythrocephalus (Linn., 1758) 1937 Xantholinus linearis (Olivier, 1795) 2013* Hydroporus gyllenhalii (Gyllenhaal, 1808) 2013* Diptera Agromvzidae Limonidae continued... ?Agromyza lucida Hendel, 1920 2013* Gonomyia conoviensis Barnes, 1924 2013*i Agromyza mobilis Meigen, 1830 2013* Molophilus obscurus (Meigen, 1818) 2013* Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy, 1849 2013*i Phylidorea ferruginea (Meigen, 1818) 2013* Anthomviidae Symplecta stictica (Meigen, 1818) 2013* Anthomyia liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) 2013* Lonchopteridae Botanophila fugax (Meigen, 1826) 2013* Lonchoptera lutea Panzer,1809 2013 Botanophila jacobaeae (Hardy, 1872) 2013* Muscidae Botanophila strioIata{F alien, 1824) 2013* Coenosia mollicula (Fallen, 1825) 2013* Delia platura{Meigen, 1826) 2013* Coenosia tigrina (Fabricius, 1775) 2013* Hylemya urbica Van der Wulp, 1896 2013* Drymeia /iamoto(Fallen, 1823) 2013* Leucophora grisella Hennig, 1967 2013* Helina evecto(Harris, 1780) 2013* Pegomya bicolor [Wiedemann, 1817) 2013* Helina quadrum (Fabricius, 1805} 2013* Cailiphoridae Helina subvittata (Seguy, 1923) 2013* Calliphora uralensis Milleneuve, 1922 2013* Hilara ?biseta 2013* 79 Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 2013* Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Cynomya mortuonim (Linnaeus, 1761) 2013* Chamaemviidae Chamaemyia flavipalpis [Hahday, 1838) 2013* Chloropidae Cetema elongatum (Meigen, 1830) 2013* Chlorops ?calceatus 2013* Meromyza pratorum Meigen, 1830 2013* Dolichopodidae Aphrosylus celtiber Halliday, 1855 2013* Aphrosylus ferox Haliday in Walker, 1851 2013* Argyra argentina (Meigen, 1824) 2013* Campsicneinus scambus [Fallen, 1823) 2013* Chrysotus cilipes Meigen, 1824 2013* Dolichopus atratiis Meigen, 1824 2013* Dolichopus festivus Haliday, 1832 2013* Dolichopus grisepennis Stannms, 1831 2013* Dolichopus niibilus Meigen, 1824 2013* Dolichopus plumipes [Scopoli, 1763) 2013* Dolichopus urbanus Meigen, 1824 2013* Liancalus Virens [Scopoli, 1763) 2013* Raphium brevicorne Curtis, 1835 2013* Sympycnus desoutteri Parent, 1925 2013* Drosophilidae Lordiphosa adaiusiaca (Strobl, 1906) 2013*' Scaptomyza fiava (Fallen, 1823) 2013*' Empidae Clinocera fontinaiis (Haliday,1833) 2013* Clinocera stagnalis (Haliday, 1833) 2013* Empis livida Linnaeus, 1758 2013* Hilara chorica (Fallen, 1816) 2013* Kowarzia bipunctata (Haliday,1833) 2013* Rhamphotnyia variabilis [Fallen, 1816) 2013* Ephydridae Philgyria punctatonervosa (Fallen, 1813) 2013* Faniidae Fannia fuscula (Fallen, 1825) 2013* Fannia lepida (Wiedemann, 1817) 2013* Heleomyzidae Heieomyza borealis (Boheman, 1865) 2013* Oecothea praecox Loew,1862 2013*' Hybotidae Chersodromia incana Haliday, 1851 2013* Hybos culicifonnis [Fabricius, 1775) 2013* Platypalpus pallidiventris Macquart, 1827 2013* Platypalpus strigifrons (Zetterstedt, 1849) 2013* Tachypeza nubile[Meigen, 1804) 2013* Laiixaniidae Minettia tubifer (Meigen, 1826) 2013* Limonidae Dicranomyia autumnalis [Staeger, 1840) 2013* Dicranomyia chorea (Meigen, 1818) 2013* Dicranomyia goritiensis [Mik, 1864) 2013* Dicranomyia mitis [Meigen, 1830) 2013* Dicranophragma separatum (Walker, 1848) 2013* Hydrotaea armipes (Fallen, 1825) 2013* Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius, 1805) 2013* Hydrotaea irritans (Fallen, 1823) 2013* Limnophora olympiae Lyneborg, 1965 2013* Limnophora riparia (Fallen, 1824) 2013* Limnophora triangula (Fallen, 1825) 2013* Lispe pygmaea Fallen, 182S 2013* Phaonia erra/js(Meigen, 1826) 2013* Schoenomyza litorella (Fallen, 1823) 2013* Spilogona meadei (Schnabl in Becker, Dziedzicki, Schnabl & Villeneuve, 1915 ) 2013* Thricops rostratus (Meade, 1882) 2013* Mvcetophilidae Acnemia nitidicollis (Meigen, 1818) 2013* Boletina dubia (Meigen, 1804) 2013* Brevicornu nigrofuscum (Lundstrom, 1909) 2013* Opomyzidae Opomyza germinationis [Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Pediciidae Tricyphona immaculata (Meigen, 1804) 2013* Scatophagidae Scatophaga litorea (Fallen, 1819) 2013*' Sciomyzidae Pherbellia cinerella[Fallen, 1820) 2013* Tetanocera ferruginea Fallen, 1820 2013* Trypetoptera punctulata (Scopoli, 1763) 2013* Stratiomyidae Chloromyia formosa (Scopoli, 1763) 2013* Syrphidae Cheilosia bergenstammi Becker, 1894 2013* Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) 2009 Eristalis intricarius [Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius, 1794) 2009 Helophilus trivittatus (Fabricius, 1805) 2013* Meianostoma mellinum (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013 Meianostoma scaiare (Fabricius, 1794) 2013* Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius, 1781) 2013* Platycheirus angustatus (Zetterstedt, 1843) 1939 Platycheirus clypeatus [Meigen, 1822) 2013* Platycheirus immarginatus [Zetterstedt, 1849) 1939 Platycheirus manicatus (Meigen, 1822) 2013* Platycheirus nielseni Vockeroth, 1990 2013* Syrphus torvus Osten Sacken, 1875 2013* Volucella bombylans [Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Tabanidae Haematopota pluvialis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Tachinidae Siphona setosa Mesnil, 1960 2013* Siphona geniculata (De Geer, 1776) 2013* Tipiilidae Nephrotoma favescens [Linnaeus, 1758) 2013* Tipula lateralis Meigen, 1804 2013* Tipula oleracea Linnaeus, 1758 2013* Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830 2013* Tipula rufma Meigen, 1818 2013 Ulidiidae Herina frondescentiae (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013 80 Ephemoptera Raetidae Baetis rhodani Pictet, 1845 2013' Hemiptera Cnrixidae Cymatia bonsdorffii (C.R. Sahlberg, 1819} 1942 Hesperocorixa castanea (Thomson, 1869} 1942 Sigara semistriata (Fieber, 1848} 1942 Sigara distincta (Fieber, 1848} 1942 Sigara scotti (Douglas & Scott, 1868} 1942 Gerridae Gerris costae (Herrich-Schaffer, 1850} 1942 bygaeidae Scolopostethus decoratus [Hahn, 1833} 2013* Miridae Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin, 1790} 2013* Leptopterna ferrugata (Fallen, 1807} 2013* Hymenoptera Apidae Bombas distinguendus Morawitz, 1869 2013 Bombas lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761} 2013 Bombas mascorum (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Co/Zetessucc/ntus (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Crabronidae Mellinas arvensis (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Formicidae Myrmica raginodis Nylander, 1846 2013 Lepidoptera Arctiidae Arctia caja (Linnaeus, 1758) 2013' Crambidae Agriphila straminella (D & S, 1775} 1959-1981 Geometridae Abraxas grossulariata (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Camptogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Chloroclysta citrata (Linnaeus, 1761} 2013 Chloroclysta trancata Hufnagel, 1767 1899-1960 Epirrhoe alternata (Muller, 1764} 2013* Eapithecia centaareata (D & S, 1775} 2013* Lycia zonaria (D & S, 1775} 2013' Perizoma didymata (Linnaeus, 1758} 1899-1960 Xanthorhoe montanata (D & S, 1775} 1899-1960 Hepialidae Hepialus fasconebulosa (DeGeer, 1778} 1959-1981 Lvcaenidae Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775} 2013 Noctuidae Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758} 1899-1960 Agrotis vestigialis (Hufnagel, 1766} 2013* Apamea lithoxylaea (D & S, 1775} 2013* Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766} 2013 Aatographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758} 2009 Aatographa palchrina (Haworth, 1809} 2013* Cerapteryx graminis (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Chortodes pygmina (Haworth, 1809} 2013* Miridae continued... Mecomma ambalans (Fallen, 1807} 2013* Pithanus maerkelii (Herrich-Schaffer, 1838} 2013* Plagiognathas chrysanthemi {\No\f{, 1804} 2013* Trigonotylas raficornis [Geoffroy, 1785} 2013* Notonectidae Notonecta obliqaaThunberg, 1787 1900 Saldidae Saldala saltatoria (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Tingidae Tingis cardui (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Veliidae Velia caprai (Tamanini, 1947} 2013 Tenthredinidae Eaura atra (Jurine, 1807} 2013* Pontania coUactanea (Forster, 1854} 2013* Pontania peduncali (Hartig, 1837} 2013 Vespidae Ancistrocerus scoticas (Curtis, 1834} 2013* Noctuidae continued... Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Luperina testacea (D & S, 1775} 1899-1960 Lycophotia porphyrea (D & S, 1775} 2013* Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Mythimna impura (Hiibner, 1808} 2013* Mythimna pollens (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Noctaa comes Hiibner, 1813 1899-1960 Noctua pronuba (D & S, 1775} 2013* Mesoligia furuncala (D & S, 1775} 1899-1960 Oligia fasciancala (Haworth, 1809} 1899-1960 Phlogophora meticalosa (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013* Rivala sericealis (Scopoli, 1763} 2013* Standfussiana lucernea (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Xestia sexstrigata (Haworth, 1809} 2013* Nvmphalidae Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758} 1938 Coenonympha tullia (Muller, 1764} 1938 Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Maniola jartina (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Oecophoridae Agonopterix ciliella (Stainton, 1849} 2013*i Agonopterix subpropinqinella f. Rhodocrella (Stainton, 1849) 2013*i Pieridae 81 Diachrysia chrysitis (Linnaeus, 1758] 2013* Diarsia nibi [Vieweg, 1790] 2013* Eiixoa tritici (Linnaeus, 1761] 2013 Hadena rivularis (Fabricius, 1775] 1899-1960 Hydraecia micacea{Esper, 1789] 1899-1960 Odonata Coenagriidae Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden, 1820] 1940 Orthoptera Acrididae Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunberg, 1815] 2013* Omocestus viridulus 1959-1981 Piecoptera The one that got away! 2013*‘ Trichoptera Beraeidae Beraea maurus (Curtis, 1834] 2013* Limnephilidae Halesus radiatus (Curtis, 1834] 2013*' Limnephilus hirsutus (Pictet, 1834] 1937 Liinnephilus sparsus Curtis, 1934 2013' Stenophylax pennistus McLachlan, 1895 2013* Other terrestrial/fresh water invertebrates Isopoda Ligiidae Ligia oceanica (Linnaeus, 1767] 2013 Oniscidae OniscLis asellus Liimaeus, 1758 2013 Philosciidae Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli, 1763] 1983 Araneae Araneidae Araneus diadematiis Cierck, 1757 2013* Gnaphosidae Drassyllus pusillus (C.L.Koch, 1833] 2013*' Lycosidae Arctosa perita (Latreille, 1799] 2013* Pardosa pullata (Cierck, 1757] 2013' Pirata sp. 2013*' Metostigmata Parasitidae Poecilochirus carabi Canestrini, 1882 2013* Trombidiformes Trombidiidae Trombidium sp. 2013* Opiliones Phalangiidae Mitopus moho(Pahricius, 1779] 2013* Phalangium opilio Linnaeus, 1758 2013* Gastropoda Agriolimacidae Deroceras reticulatum (0. F. Muller 1774] 1965-1998 (72013] Arionidae Arion ater(Linnaeus, 1758] 1965-1998 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758] Tortricidae 2013* Epinotia crnc/ana(Linnaeus, 1761] 2013* Syndemis musculana (Hiibner, 1799] 1959-1981 Corduleaasteridae Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan, 1807] 1940 Forficulidae Forficula auhcularia Linnaeus, 1758 2013 Psocoptera Too mangled to do anything with. 2013* Philopotamidae Phdopotamus montanus (Donovan, 1813] Polvcentropidae 2013i Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis, 1834] Psvchomviidae 2013i Tinodes machlachlani Kimmins, 1966 2013* Tinodes waeneri (Linnaeus, 1758] 2013* Porcellionidae Porce///o scaber Latreille, 1804 Trichoniscidae 2013 Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt, 1833 1983 Philodromidae Tibellus sp. Tetragnathidae 2013*i Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1785] Thomisidae 2013*i Xysticus cristatus (Cierck, 1757] Chilopoda Lithobiidae 2013*i Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758] 2013* Lithobius melanops Newport, 1845 Diplopoda lulidae 2013* Cylindroiuliis latesthatus[Curtis, 1845] Archeognatha Machilidae 2013* Petrobius maritimus{Leac\\, 1909] 2013* Lauriidae Lauria cylindracea[Da Costa, 1778] Lvmnaeidae 2013 Galba truncatula[0. F. Muller, 1774] Milacidae 2013* 82 Cochicellidae Cochlicella acut(j(Muller 1774} 2013 Cochlicopidae Cochlicopa /w6ricfl(Muller, 1774} 2013 Cochlicopa lubriceIla[Rossmass\er, 1834} 2013 Discidae Discus rotundatus[Mu\\er. 1774} 1965-1998 Helicidae Cepaea hortensis{Mu\\er, 1774} 2013 Cornu aspersum(Muller, 1774} 2013 Hvdrobiidae Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray 1843} 2013* Hygromiidae Candidula intersecta[Poiret 1801} 2013 Helicella itala (Linnaeus, 1758} 2013 Milax gagates{Draparnaud, 1801} 2013* Oxvchilidae Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud, 1805} 1965-1998 Aegopinella pura (Alder 1830} 1965-1998 Oxychilus alliarius (Miller 1822} 2013 Oxychilus cellarlus (Muller 1774} 2013 Pristilomatidae Vitraea contracta (Westerlund, 1871} 1965-1998 Vitraea crystallina (Muller, 1774} 1959-1981 Valloniidae Vallonia costata (Muller, 1774} 1965-1998 Vitrinidae Vitrina pellucida (Muller, 1774} 1965-1998 83 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 85-88 Professor Blodwen Lloyd Binns MSc, PhD, DSc, FLS [1901 - 1991]: an updated appreciation, a quarter century after her death Eric W. Curtis* and Peter Macpherson* * Both Eric Curtis and Peter Macpherson died in the months following submission of the draft of this article. It has been completed with the help of Roger Downie and Mary Curtis and approved by Elspeth Lindsay, Peter Macpherson's daughter. The name of Professor Blodwen Lloyd Binns [BLB] is perpetuated in the Bequest Fund set up as a result of the substantial legacy bequeathed to the Glasgow Natural History Society (GNHS) in 1991. She had previously made an anonymous donation to the Society in 1976. When setting up arrangements for the Bequest she made no stipulations but gave certain suggestions for its use in a series of communications to PM. These were primarily to complete the work in which she had been interested, to encourage research projects among members and a wish to enrich the social side of the Society’s meetings. The contributions from the income generated to the development of the GNHS in general and in respect of her particular wishes during the first twenty years of its establishment have been documented by Downie et a!. (2012). At that time there was only one item on her list outstanding, namely to research and complete her biography of Professor John Scouler. This has now been ably accomplished by Dr Charles Nelson (2014) so that the GNHS Council has considered that it is therefore time to publish an appreciation of her life and work, to fill out the account provided in her obituary (Macpherson, 1992). She joined the Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow (ANG), the forerunner of the GNHS in 1934, was Vice-president 1962-1965 and was made an Honorary Member in 1981. She spoke little about her owm life to GNHS members. However she had an extended interview with Alison Downie [1984], published in the Glasgow Herald under the title ‘The Blossoming Life of Botanist Binns', which gives us a useful background to her life. There was also an article with photographs, relating to her work, by Elizabeth Allen in The Herald of 11* October 1994, on the occasion of the first Professor Lloyd Binns Memorial Lecture (see Downie et al., 2012). Much of the information following and the quotations are drawn from these articles. Blodwen Lloyd was born in Glamorgan, South Wales, in the village of Gelligner in 1901. The name Blodwen means 'White Flower’ in Welsh. The eldest of five children, she had three sisters and a brother v/ho all appear to have predeceased her. She spoke only Welsh until she went to school, an all girls school in Hed Coed. She thrived there, becoming head girl and gaining scholarships and exhibitions as well as distinctions in nine subjects. In 1918 she went to the University at Aberystwyth, originally intending to study classics, history or languages. Having arrived: "I suddenly said to myself: 'No! I'm going to do science'. It was quite illogical except that at school we had an exceptionally good botany teacher, a really dedicated naturalist. So 1 chose botany as one of my subjects and geology as the other". Her lecturer in Botany was the well respected Dr John Lloyd Williams, noted for his work on marine algae and the flora of Snowdonia, as well as being a talented musician and initiator of the Welsh Folk Song Society. She attained a B.Sc. with first class honours in botany and went on to take a Masters degree two years later. She published the results of her Masters research on the marine phytoplankton of the Welsh coast in two substantial papers (Lloyd, 1925 a,b). BLB followed this by teaching in the Rhondda Valley for two years, after which, in 1926, at the age of 25, she applied to the then Royal Technical College, Glasgow and was appointed an assistant lecturer in botany and bacteriology. She was only the second woman to be appointed out of a staff of 70. Three years later she was promoted from assistant to full lecturer. To augment her lectures she produced a ‘Handbook of Botanical Diagrams’ in 1935 and in 1949 a second edition, which has been reprinted seven times (Lloyd, 1935, 1949). Research became an absorbing interest and she soon joined the first survey of marine bacteria at Millport. This led to a number of research publications. She addressed various learned societies, including the British Association in London in 1930 and later, in 1939, she presented a 85 paper at the 3''‘^ International Microbiological Congress in New York. In 1935 she had attended the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California, for four months, studying marine biology (Fig.l). A thesis on Marine Bacteriology led to a PhD awarded by the University of Glasgow [Lloyd, 1929, 1930). Fig. 1. Blodwen Lloyd photographed while making a visit to Scripps Institution of Oceanography. October 29, 1935. ©Tillie Center papers. SMC 30. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. When the Second World War started in 1939 she quickly became involved in the Engineering Department of the College with training women supervisors. Between 1942 and 1944 she became ‘Womanpower Officer' with the V^/est of Scotland Manpower Board where she was responsible for arranging the call up of women liable under the National Service Acts. She was much happier when she was later seconded to the British Council in London as Secretary in the Science Department with responsibility for running it during the absence of the Director. After the War, in 1947, she returned to the 'Tech' as Senior Lecturer in Biology. A colleague, short of cupboard space, complained to her that there were a lot of herbarium sheets he wanted rid of. Could she take them over? This turned out to be a collection of about 20,000 specimens which had belonged to }ohn Scouler, who had been the first Professor of Natural History at the old Andersonian University. They had lain unnoticed for years. She set about cataloguing these and in doing so became an enthusiast for |ohn Scouler [Lloyd, 1962, 1964; Lloyd Binns, 1964). Years later, knowing that Scouler's willow [Salix scouleriana) was grown in the Vancouver Botanic Gardens, she suggested that EWC contact them to request material for the Botanic Gardens in Glasgow. She was therefore thrilled to be able to plant a specimen of this species in the Gardens' Arboretum on 22"'^ March 1988 (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Professor Blodwen Lloyd Binns planting Scouler’s willow [Salix scouleriana] in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens' Arboretum on 22nd March 1988. © GBG. Many years earlier, a friend had noticed an advertisement in the Glasgow Herald for a voyage up the River Amazon and suggested ‘more by way of a joke’ that she should go. This inspired her and she signed up in 1951 for the 1000 mile voyage on the cruise ship ‘Hilary’. During the voyage the boat was held up for a fortnight by a strike. She took the opportunity to go ashore to study the local flora. Her professional interest was such that she remained much longer than anticipated, causing Captain James Binns concern, and she was ordered back on board. Although she resented this she bore no grudge. They kept in touch and a year or so later, when Captain Binns retired, they married and lived in Bearsden. She herself retired later on reaching the age of 60 so that she could spend more time with her husband. Sadly, he died a few months later. She then returned part-time to the 'Tech' which became the University of Strathclyde in 1964. She v/as promoted to professor in 1966, giving her inaugural lecture on ‘Plants and Mankind' (Lloyd Binns, 1966). However, she found her role at Strathclyde unsatisfying and applied successfully, at the age of 63, to become Professor of Botany at Limbe University, newly formed following the 86 independence of Nyasaland, by then renamed Malawi. She found this 'quite challenging but delightful’. She had to keep one step ahead of her students on the course and she compiled a botanical dictionary of the flora in the local language. Part of her remit was to study plants of possible economic importance. She also chose the plants for two sets of Malawi postage stamps. Her appointment was initially for one year but success is shown by her remaining for seven years, until 1974. Among publications arising from this experience was a paper on Malawian plant names (Lloyd Binns, 1976). At the age of 72 she retired for the second time, but again returned part-time to Strathclyde, to continue the cataloguing of the Scouler herbarium (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Professor Blodwen Lloyd Binns in retirement, with Strathclyde University students outside Kibble Palace. © GBG. This kept her busy but still not fully stretched, so she also finished another project; the compilation of another botanical dictionary - in Welsh; however, there is no record of this ever having been published. For some years she lived at Ledcameroch House, the University of Strathclyde staff residence, in Bearsden, about which she wrote an article (Lloyd, 1959). After her return from Malawi in 1974 she lived for a time at 22 Edgemont Street G41. Latterly she resided in a retirement home. In 1974 she read a paper to the ANG entitled ‘African Assignment’ and subsequently attended most of the meetings of the Society ( which was re- named GNHS in 1979: Sutcliffe, 2001). In August 1985 she gave a speech inaugurating an exhibition at Kelvingrove Art Gallery & Museum which commemorated the lOO'^*’ anniversary of the founding of the original Andersonian Naturalists’ Society. She is remembered by older GNHS members as a lively, kindly lady of great charm. During her later years she was introduced by EWC to Sian Williams, the daughter-in-law of Dr John Lloyd Williams: Dr Williams had lived with his son and daughter-in-law during his final years. A warm friendship developed and although BLB’s projected visit to Anglesey did not happen, they exchanged presents and maintained lively telephone conversations, often late into the night. PM records that while BLB was in hospital as the result of an accident, another patient complained bitterly to her that, although she was a teacher, a young social worker who had come to assess her fitness to return home, had been concerned as to whether or not she could boil an egg. BLB responded quietly, with her coy smile, "She wanted to know if 1 could infuse tea, and 1 have a double doctorate’’ (her DSc was awarded by the University of Strathclyde in 1984; Macpherson, 1992). She remained cheerful to the end, latterly staying at a retirement home where she delighted the staff with her pawky humour. She referred to human beings as having ‘built in obsolescence’. REFERENCES Allen, E. (1994). The Power of the Amazon The Herald 11* October. Downie, A. (1984). The Blossoming Life of Botanist Binns. The Glasgow Herald 17* April. Downie, J. R., Mackinnon, M., Macpherson, P., McCafferty, D. & Weddle, R. (2012). The Blodwen Lloyd Binns Bequest: its contribution to the development of the Glasgow Natural History Society. The Glasgow Naturalist 25 (4), 79-86. Lloyd, B. (1925a). Marine phytoplankton of the Welsh coasts, with especial reference to the vicinity of Aberystwyth, journal of Ecology 13, 92-120. Lloyd, B. (1925b). The technique of research on marine phytoplankton, journal of Ecology 13, 277-288. Lloyd, B. (1929). A survey of marine bacteria of the Clyde area. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Glasgow. Lloyd, B. (1930). Bacteria of the Clyde Sea Area: A Quantitative Investigation. /ourno/ of the Marine Biological Association (New Series) 16 (3), 879-907. Lloyd, B. (1935, 1949). Handbook of Botanical Diagrams. University of London Press. Lloyd, B. (1959). Ledcameroch House. Royal College of Science & Technology Newsletter 2(1), pages not known. Lloyd, B. (1962). John Scouler. The Glasgow Naturalist 18, 210. Lloyd, B. (1964). Algal Herbaria a) Herbaria of John Scouler and Roger Hennedy. British Phycological Bulletin 2(5], 385-6. Lloyd Binns, B. (1964). The Herbarium of the Royal College of Science & Technology. Glasgow. The Glasgow Naturalist 18, 363. Lloyd Binns, B. (1966). ‘Plants and Mankind’ Inaugural Lecture, University of Strathclyde 87 (available from the GNHS website, under Grants, Blodwen Lloyd Binns www.giasgownaturalhistory.org.uk/documents/ bl inaugural lecture.pdfl. Lloyd Binns, B. (1976). Ethnobotany of plant names in Malawi: their origin and meanings. Society of Malawi Journal 29 (1), 46-57. Macpherson, P. (1992). Obituary: Blodwen Lloyd Binns M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., FLS. The Glasgow Naturalist 22 (2), 155-158. Nelson, E.C. (2014). )ohn Scouler (c. 1804-1871) Scottish Naturalist - a life with two voyages. Supplement to The Glasgow Naturalist. Sutcliffe, R. (2001). Glasgow's natural history societies: an update. The Glasgow Naturalist 23(6), 62-7. 88 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 89-105 SHORT NOTES The Hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis (Wakkenaer, 1802), Araeaea, Agelenidae in Glasgow Suzanne Bairner Buglife " The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balailan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling, FK8 2QG E-mail: suzann.e.bairner@buglife.org.uk In late October 2013, a large funnel-web spider was seen under brick rubble at the former Govan Graving Dockyards [NS559656} during a bioblitz organised by students from the University of Glasgow (Fig. lA). The specimen was collected for identification and during the day several other individuals where recorded at the site. All specimens seen were identified as being female and were within a web under the brick rubble. It was thought at the time that they were the hobo spider {Tegenaria agrestis] and this was later confirmed with microscopic examination of the epigyne (female genitals] of the collected specimen (Lockett and Millidge, 1978; Roberts, 1996). Mike Davidson, British Arachnoiogical Society vice county recorder for the areas 87-95, also confirmed the species as the hobo spider. This is the first confirmed record of this species in the Glasgow area and previously the few records have been from the east of Scotland from West Lothian (2 locations), Falkirk (2 locations) and Clackmannanshire [1 location) (NBN Gateway and personal records). The hobo spider (Fig. IB) is similar in appearance to its larger relatives Tegenaria saeva and T. gigantea that are typically seen in people’s houses and sometimes in gardens and under rubble. The hobo spider is rarely recorded indoors and this may be due to competition with its larger and more aggressive relatives [Roberts, 1996). It is typically found amongst vegetation or under stones in w^aste ground and alongside railway tracks (Roberts, 1996). In Scotland, this species appears to favour brownfield sites, although it has been recorded in other habitats in England and Wales. Brownfield sites with rubble and an open mosaic of habitats provide ideal conditions for this species and the surveyor was not surprised to find this species in Glasgow, although it has previously been recorded no further west than Alloa [NS884920) and Carronshore, near Larbert in Falkirk (NS879826}. These sites are often not surveyed for wildlife and it is thought that this species is more widespread throughout Scotland’s central belt. The collected specimen is now with Mike Davidson. Fig. 1. Hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis. (A) Female T. agrestis within nest under brick rubble, Govan Graving Dockyards on 29.10.2013. Photograph taken by Suzanne Bairner. (B) Female T. agrestis under brick rubble at Forge Dam, Carronshore in Falkirk, September 2013. Photograph taken by Steven Falk. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Richard Weddle and Mike Davidson for information about the distribution of this species in Scotland and for confirming this as a new record for Glasgow. REFERENCES Lockett, G. H. & Millidge, A. F. (1978). British Spiders. Pisces Conservation. Roberts, M. J. 1999. Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. 89 First record of the marine copepod Tortanus (Boreotortanus) discaudatus (Thompson & Scott, 1897) in North Sea waters. M.C. Baptie’- and R.|. Foster^ Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, MLl 4WQ E-mail: ^malcolm. baptie@sepa.org.uk ^rosie.foster@sepa.org.uk During the course of investigative monitoring undertaken by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA] in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, the SV Kelpie has carried out monthly sampling of zooplankton since May 2012. On the 7* February 2014 a single adult male specimen of the neritic copepod Tortanus (Boreotortanus) discaudatus (Thompson & Scott) was obtained from a vertical haul at SEPA monitoring station 'Gunnet Ledge’ (56.02°N 3.17°W) from 15m depth to the surface using a 27cm diameter bongo net with 280jim and 63|im mesh nets with non-filtering cod ends. Consultation of the Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods database (Razouls et al, 2014; http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en) confirmed the initial finding to be Tortanus discaudatus^ which has been assigned by Ohtsuka & Reid (1998) to a new subgenus, Boreotortanus, based upon its probable divergence from the genus Tortanus in the Miocene. Subsequent analysis of later samples revealed more specimens, including eggs. During February - August 2014, 52 individuals of various stages were sampled. Each individual was examined and measured. Each copepodite stage was represented by 7-10 individuals, apart from copepodite 1 and II of which only one specimen each was found. Table 1 gives characters used for the identification of copepodite stages of T. discaudatus. Stage IV and V juveniles are easily distinguished in the case of males. However, females are more challenging as both stages have the same number of prosome and urosome somites. In stage V females the last prosome segment becomes more pointed and extends along either side of the urosome. Both sexes of stage VI adults (Figs. 1 and 2) are easily identified in both sexes by the strikingly asymmetrical caudal rami and by the lateral spine on the right caudal ramus, which becomes more prominent (Johnson, 1934). The eggs are unusual for copepods, since they have a thick fringe (Johnson, 1967; Fig. 3). T. discaudatus is resident in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, having migrated from the Pacific to Atlantic basins without speciation during an interglacial period in the Pleistocene (Ohtsuka & Reid, 1998). It is a cold water-neritic copepod (Hooff & Peterson, 2006). In the Atlantic its normal range is restricted to inshore waters of North America (Johnson, 1934; Willey, 1921; Judkins et a!., 1980; Richardson et al., 2006). Wilson (1932) cited van Breeman (1908) as stating it to be present in the North Sea but van Breeman (1908) in fact states it to be found on the east coast of America, and the assertion it has normally been resident in the North Sea is viewed by the current authors as erroneous, in agreement with Ohtsuka & Reid (1998). The easternmost case in the Atlantic is a single record from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) programme to the west of the Porcupine Bank, sampled in 1967 (OBIS, 2014). We therefore conclude that the observations presented here are the first record of the species in the North Sea. Table 1. Identification table for copepodite stages of Tortanus discaudatus. Stage No. of free prosome somites No. of free urosome somites No. pairs of swimming legs Range Total Length (mm) Col 5 1 2 0.61 Coll 6 2 3 0.76 Coin 6 2-3 4 + 1 0.90-0.95 CoIV 6 3 5 1.05 - 1.17 CoV? 6 3 5 1.21 - 1.50 CoV6' 6 4-5 5 1.30-1.47 CoVI ? 6 3 5 1.48-1.79 C0VI6' 6 5 5 1.56-1.73 90 SOOpm Fig. 1. Stage CVi male Tortanus [Boreotortanus] discaudatus sampled in the Firth of Forth on 7^^^ February 2014. 500 urn Fig. 2. Stage CVI female Tortanus (Boreotortanus] discaudatus sampled in the Firth of Forth on 15'*’ August 2014. Fig. 3. Eggs of Tortanus (Boreotortanus) discaudatus sampled in the Firth of Forth on 15* August 2014. The species is an obligate carnivore preying upon tintinnids as nauplii (Johnson, 1934), and the nauplii and copepodites of other copepods as it grows (Ambler & Frost, 1974; Anraku & Omori, 1963; Landry & Fagerness, 1988). It would appear to have become established, and is likely to be well suited to its environment. The range of temperatures in the Firth of Forth is within the range at which its eggs hatch (McLaren, 1966; Johnson, 1967), and it feeds upon zooplankton that are present in abundance in the Firth of Forth, such as the common neritic copepods Pseudocalanus minutus-elongatus, Temora longicornis and Centropages hamatus (Anraku & Omori, 1963), polychaete worm larvae and appendicularians (Ohtsuka etal, 1996). We do not know how this species has come so far from its natural range. North Atlantic records indicate some individuals are transported eastwards by the Gulf Stream (OBIS, 2014). However, it seems implausible that a neritic species could be transported across the Atlantic and not be observed in locations with a west facing coastline. Eggs of the species go into diapause (Mauchline, 1998) and the tough egg casing is resistant to bacterial degradation (Johnson, 1967). It is possible therefore that, either via transportation on ocean currents, or via a human vector such as a ballast water tank, dormant eggs have reached the Firth of Forth and encountered favourable conditions in which to hatch and subsequently become established. The sampling site is close to Hound Point terminal which fuels mercantile vessels and has in the past exchanged ballast water, but this practice ceased upon the adoption of ballast water control guidance issued by the International Maritime Organisation in 2004 (IMO, 2004), and the pipes involved were decommissioned in 2012, so it is unlikely that this is the source of the introduction. As a predatory species, its impact upon other native species in the planktonic fauna of the Firth of Forth will need to be investigated in future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the SEPA boat crew (D. Johnston & G. Wilson), K. Cook at Marine Science Scotland for assistance with identification of the specimen, and N. Cross (SEPA) for assistance with sample analysis. REFERENCES Ambler, J. W. & Frost, B. W. (1974). The feeding behaviour of a predatory planktonic copepod, Tortanus discaudatus. Limnology and Oceanography 19, 446-451. Anraku, M. & Omori, M. (1963). Preliminary survey of the relationship between the feeding habit and the structure of the mouth-parts of marine copepods. Limnology and Oceanography 8, 116- 126. Hooff, R.C. & Peterson, W.T. (2006). Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 2607-2620. 91 Johnson, M.W. (1934). The life history of the copepod Tortanus discaudatus (Thompson and Scott). The Biological Bulletin 67, 182-200. Johnson, M.W. (1967). Some observations on the hatching of Tortanus discaudatus eggs subjected to low temperatures. Limnology and Oceanography 12, 405-410. Judliins, D.C., Wirick, C.D., & Esaias, W.E. (1980). Composition, abundance and distribution of zooplankton in the New York bight, September 1974-September 1975. Fishery Bulletin 77, 669- 683. Landry, M.R. & Eagerness, V.L. (1988). Behavioral and morphological influences on predatory interactions among marine copepods. Bulletin of Marine Science 43, 509-529. Mauchiine, |. (1998). The Biology of Calanoid Copepods. Academic Press, San Diego, California. pp294-295. McLaren, LA. (1966). Predicting development rate of copepod eggs. The Biological Bulletin 131, 457-469. Ohtsuka, S., Tanimura, A., & Fukuchi, M. (1996). Relationships between mouthpart structures and in situ feeding habits of five neritic calanoid copepods in the Chukchi and northern Bering Seas in October 1988. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 9, 153-168. Ohtsuka, S. & Reid, J.W. (1998). Phylogeny and zoogeography of the planktonic copepods genus Tortanus (Calanoida: Tortanidae), with establishment of a new subgenus and descriptions of two new species. Journal of Crustacean Biology 18, 774-807. Richardson, A.J., Walne, A.W., John, A.W.G., Jonas, T.D. , Lindley, J.A., Sims, D.W., Stevens, D. & Witt, M. (2006). Using continuous plankton recorder data. Progress in Oceanography 68, 27-74. Van Breeman, P.J. (1908). Copepoden. In Nordisches Plankton (Brandt, K. & Apstein, C., eds). Kiel : Lipsius &Tischer. ppl62-3. Willey, A. (1921). Arctic copepoda in Passamaquoddy Bay. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 56, 185- 196. Wilson, C.B. (1932). The copepods of the Woods Hole region, Massachussetts. Bulletin of the United States Museum 158, 635pp. ELECTRONIC REFERENCES International Maritime Organisation (2004). Convention for the control and management of ships ballast water and sediments. http://wwv/.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOf Conventions /Pages/lnternational-Convention- for-the-Control°and°Management°of°Ships%27- Ba!last-Water-and-Sediments-fBWMl.aspx (last accessed 10 April 2014). OBIS (2014). Data from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. Web. http://www.iobis.org (last accessed 08 October 2014). Razouls C., de Bovee F., Kouwenberg J. & Desreumaux N., (2005-2014). Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods. http://copepodes.obs-banvuis.fr/e (last accessed 10 April 2014). The Australian laedhopper Arcitalitms dorrieni in Islay and in Cowal. Glyn M. Collis and V. Dawn Collis Seasgair, Ascog, Isle of Bute, PA20 9ET E-mail: g.m.collis@gmail.com The Australian landhopper Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Hunt, 1925) is a land-living amphipod crustacean that feeds on plant litter, thus occupying a niche similar to that of most terrestrial isopod Crustacea (woodlice). Native to mid-eastern Australia, this species is now widely distributed in western Britain and in Ireland. It is believed to be dispersed in soil or plant litter via the movement of plants by human agency [Cowling et al., 2004). The first known Scottish locations for A. dorrieni were Colonsay (Moore & Spicer, 1986) and Gigha (Cowling et. al., 2004). Subsequently it has been found in Inverewe gardens and at Loch Laich, Appin (G.B. Corbet in Hancock, 2012); at Brodick Castle, Arran (Collis, 2015); in Glasgow (Hancock, 2012) and in Bute (Mulholland & Collis, 2012). It is not thought likely that this alien species will cause serious problems in Britain but it is conceivable that it could out- compete native species occupying a similar ecological niche [Cochard et al, 2010) with woodlice and millipedes perhaps among the most likely to be affected by such competition (Harding & Sutton, 1988). It is therefore appropriate to continue to monitor its spread and status in Britain. Here we document its presence at newly discovered sites in Islay [VC102) and in Cowal (VC98). Islay We first found A. dorrieni in Islay on 19* April 2013, during an arranged visit to Foreland House to check for the predicted presence there of the pill woodlouse Armadilidium vulgare [a prediction which was confirmed). A. dorrieni was reasonably abundant in the walled garden which is centred on NR27006428. It was particularly common in the borders along the house wall and the east wall of the garden. 92 Subsequently, on 13^^ November 2013, we found A. dorheni in Bowmore, NR312598, on a well- vegetated site of demolished buildings on Shore Street between the Bank of Scotland building and the junction with Hawthorn Lane. Information passed on by the Museum of Islay Life indicates that, in the 1950s, the corner site was occupied by a small grocery shop, with two houses between the shop and what is now the Bank building - then a police station and police House. This site seems not to have had any horticultural connections except that a small clump of the herbaceous perennial Gunnera sp. suggests that garden throwouts may have been deposited there fairly recently. Returning to Islay on 9-10* October 2014, we discovered two additional sites for A. dorheni in Bowmore. One was under the front hedge of Bowmore House Hotel at NR313599, which is just a short distance along Shore Road from the first Bowmore site. The other site was at NR311596, at the edge of a garden at the west end of High Street, opposite the burial ground. Cowal We first found A. dorheni in Cowal in Dunoon cemetery, NS170776, on 24* September 2013. We ascertained that it was widely distributed in both the older part of the cemetery south of the un- named, west-east flowing burn which bisects the cemetery, as well as the more recent area north of the burn. On 29* October 2013 it was found to be reasonably widespread outside the cemetery boundary at its north-east corner. This is in the vicinity of the most-used entrance into the cemetery, from Bogleha Road. It is also close to a shop which sells garden plants, situated on the main road [A855). This shop could conceivably be a source of A. dorrieni, especially if people purchased potted plants to place beside graves. Potted plants were present in the cemetery, though cut flowers were more common. However, A. dorrieni has not yet been found at the shop. Elsewhere in Dunoon, on 04/03/2014 we found A. dorrieni around the Holy Trinity Church, NS165764, which has a modest number of graves. If potted plants are a likely source of A. dorrieni in the Dunoon area, then the plant sales area at Benmore Gardens is also a plausible source of A. dorheni in Dunoon (and further afield). Accordingly, on 18* June 2014 we made a brief visit to the plant sales area at the entrance to Benmore gardens, NS143855, and quickly ascertained that A. dorrieni was present in leaf litter under the slatted benches used to display plants for sale. On 24* October 2014 we re-visited Benmore gardens and found A.dorrieni in the car park near the main entrance, inside the garden near the entrance/shop/cafe building, in the Giant Redwood Avenue (all in NS1485), and within the walled garden centred on NS14068568. It was also present in the woodland to the south-west and north-east of Benmore House NS138853. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For facilitating our visit to Foreland, we are grateful to Raymond Stewart, Farm Manager, and Jane, gardener. Our thanks also to Jenni Minto of the Museum of Islay Life, and her informant who provided information about the historical usage of first site in Bowmore. REFERENCES Cochard, P. 0., Vilisics, F., & Sechet, E. (2010). Alien terrestrial crustaceans (isopods and amphipods). BioRisk 4, 81-96. Collis, G.M. (2015). Report on the BMIG meeting in Kintyre, September 2010: woodlice and millipedes. Bulletin of the British Myriapod and Isopod Group, (in press). Cowling, )., Spicer, J.L, Gaston, K.J. & Weeks, J. M. (2004). Current status of an amphipod invader, Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Hunt, 1925), in Britain. Journal of Natural History 38, 1665-1675. Hancock, E. G. (2012). The Australian landhopper, Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Hunt, 1925), Crustacea, Amphipoda, in Glasgow. Glasgow Naturalist 25, 130. Harding, P. T. & Sutton, S. L. (1988). The spread of the terrestrial amphipod Arcitalitrus dorrieni in Britain and Ireland: watch this niche! Isopoda 2, 7-10. Moore, P.G., Spicer, J.L (1986). On the status of Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Crustacea: Amphipoda) on the island of Colonsay. Journal of Natural History 20, 667-680. Mulholland, N. & Collis, G.M. (2012). Cave spiders and Australian landhoppers in a small Bute garden. Transactions of the Buteshire Natural History Society 28, 62-63. Every picture tells a story: autotomy and the TV chef I.C. Wilkie Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 OBA E-mail: i.wilkie@gcu.ac.uk The accompanying photograph (Fig. 1) is from an article by Hugh Wilson on the MSN Food website, which publicised the second TV series on sustainable fishing fronted by celebrity chef and food activist Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (Wilson, 2013). 93 Fig. 1. Mr Fearnley-Whittingstall displaying a king scallop, edible crab and starfish arm (from Wilson, 2013; with permission of Adam Scott). The photograph, taken by Adam Scott, shows Mr Fearnley-Whittingstall on a fishing vessel holding up a king scallop {Pecten maximus L.) on which is sitting an edible crab [Cancer pagurus L.) one of whose chelae [pincers) is gripping an elongated knobbly object. This object is the detached arm of a starfish of the species Marthasterias glacialis (L.), which is common on west and southwest coasts of the British Isles [Southward & Campbell, 2006). Close inspection of the image reveals that it provides a superb illustration of an important starfish defensive response. The anatomically aboral [dorsal or upper) side of the arm is visible in the photograph. The broken end of the arm is on the left and is shown at higher magnification in Fig. 2. Note that the wound has smooth edges and that these edges are orientated obliquely and symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis of the arm, giving the broken end the shape of a blunt arrow. These features indicate that the arm was detached by the process of autotomy, i.e. nervously mediated defensive detachment at a specialised breakage plane. Forcipulate starfish, like M. glacialis and the commoner Asterias rubens L., have a single autotomy plane at the base of each arm, so that the whole arm is always lost. Paxillosid starfish, like Luidia spp., can autotomise the arm at any location along its length [Emson & Wilkie, 1980: Wilkie, 2001). The autotomy wound has smooth edges as a result of the detachment mechanism, which involves the physiologically controlled destabilisation of connective tissue at the breakage plane [Wilkie et al., 1990). After autotomy the arm is regenerated. We cannot be absolutely sure that the crab was responsible for inducing this particular autotomy event, which one can imagine having been the outcome of a tussle within the close confines of the dredge net wherein both were trapped, but the circumstantial evidence is fairly convincing. Mr Fearnley-Whittingstall certainly appears to have his suspicions. Fig. 2. Enlargement of part of Fig. 1. Proximal end of the detached arm of the starfish Marthasterias glacialis, showing the wound left after autotomy. s, spines [covered with glandular epidermis); t, tube- feet; arrow-head, upper edge of ruptured body wall [epidermis and dermis); arrows, lateral edges of ruptured body wall, showing white dermal connective tissue. 1 am grateful to Fergus Wilkie for drawing my attention to the photograph, and to Adam Scott for permission to include it in this article. REFERENCES Emson, R.H. & Wilkie, I.C. [1980). Fission and autotomy in echinoderms. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 18, 155-250. Southward, E.C. & Campbell, A.C. [2006). Echinoderms. Synopses of the British Fauna [New Series) No. 56. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury. 272 pp. Wilkie, I.C. [2001). Autotomy as a prelude to regeneration in echinoderms. Microscop. Res. Tech. 55, 369-396. Wilkie, I.C., Griffiths, G.V.R. & Glennie, S.F. [1990). Morphological and physiological aspects of the autotomy plane in the aboral integument of Asterias rubens L. [Echinodermata). In: Echinoderm Research [eds. C. De Ridder, P. Dubois, M. Lahaye & M. Jangoux), Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 301-313. Wilson, H. [2013). Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall on Hugh’s Fish Fight. MSN Food. 14.2.13. http://food.uk.msn.com/chefs/hugh-fearnlev: whittingstall-on-hughs-fish-fight-supermarkets- horsemeat 94 The newly recorded chrysophyte, Bitrichia ollula (Fott) Bourrelly: an intriguing find from a Hebridean machair loch, and its ecological niche compared with two similar species occurring in Scottish freshwaters Pauline Lang, Jan Krokowski & Elizabeth Mullen Ecology Assessment Unit, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire, MLl 4WQ, Scotland, UK E-mail corresponding author; pauline.lang@sepa.org.uk Bitrichia Woloszyhska [= Diceras Reverdin] is a genus of 'golden' algae [Chrysophyceae, Hibberdiales) leading a solitary planktonic existence in freshwater lakes (Lang et a!., 2011). At least one species of this chrysophyte group, Bitrichia chodatii, is considered indicative of minimally-disturbed reference conditions in Northern European low alkalinity lakes [Jarvinen et ai, 2013). Reflecting this, B. chodatii tends to be prevalent in oligotrophic low alkalinity lochs in Scotland, though it occurs, albeit to a lesser extent, across a range of typologies and water chemistry conditions (Table 1). In the course of analysing phytoplankton samples collected as part of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency’s ongoing assessment of the ecological status of freshwater lochs in Scotland (see Lang et al, 2014), Bitrichia ollula (Fott) Bourrelly was found to occur quite frequently (e.g. 5 - 10 cells per 100 ml sub-sample) in East Loch Ollay (Scots Gaelic: Loch Olaidh an Ear) during the summer months of 2013. East Loch Ollay together with Mid (Loch Olaidh Meadhanach) and West (Loch Olaidh an lar), collectively referred to as the "Ollay Lochs", are located on the machair plain along the west coast of South Uist, in the Outer Hebrides, off the north-west coast of Scotland (NGR: NF 76483 31111). The S. Uist machair designated a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EC Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), is a complex site comprising Annex I habitats (such as the Ollay Lochs), and within those supporting some Annex II species (e.g. the aquatic plant slender naiad, Najas flexilis: Wingfield et ai, 2005; Wingfield & Murphy, 2006). Positioned farthest inland. East Loch Ollay is shallow (ca. 2 m) and subject to a mixture of influences from the complex of substrate conditions typical of the machair: peat, highly calcareous sands and naturally elevated phosphorus levels. It is characterized by relatively high alkalinity and oligo- mesotrophic water chemistry (Table 1). Of the eight Bitrichia species recognized, only two are presently known to occur in British freshwaters (Kristiansen & Preisig, 2011), with B. chodatii (Reverdin) Chodat being the commonest (found in approximately half of all Scottish lochs presently monitored by SEPA: P. Lang, pers. obs.), whilst B. longispina (J.W.G. Lund) Bourelly is exceptionally rare: observed only twice, from separate localities, 60 years apart (Lund, 1949; Lang et ai, 2011). Hence, finding Bitrichia ollula in a Hebridean machair loch comprises an entirely new record, not only for Scottish freshwaters, but it is also the first time it has been noted to occur in the UK (D. John, pers. comm.). The protective casing or ‘lorica’ of Bitrichia ollula is spherical with a mean diameter ca. 7.5 pm, although perhaps the most striking feature is that this species possesses typically three, occasionally four, and seldom two or five, straight terminal spines of equal length, usually ranging between 25 - 32 pm (Fott, 1937; Nicholls, 1981; Starmach, 1985) (Figs. la,b). These are potentially useful characteristics for distinguishing Bitrichia ollula from B. chodatii and B. longispina (reviewed in Lang et ai, 2011), hopefully helping with potential future misidentification issues. However, there is also a possibility of Bitrichia ollula being mistaken for the green alga Treubaria triappendiculata C. Bernard (Figs. 2a,b), which may appear similar under the microscope when stained with Lugol’s iodine as the ensuing staining or shrinkage can obscure or distort diagnostic features (e.g. chloroplast structure) and make identification problematic. Generally, the two species can be differentiated by the length, orientation, and texture of their spines (Reymond & Cronberg, 1981). The chloroplasts are also different but, perhaps crucially, the green alga completely lacks the visible lateral pore displayed by the chrysophyte’s lorica (Fig. la,b), through which the cell's branch-like extensions or 'rhizopodia' are projected. Since it was first described from Cerne Lake in the Czech Republic by Fott (1937), records of Bitrichia ollula have been scarce, with limited accounts stemming from lakes in Sweden (Widen, 1963; Ramberg, 1978; Reymond & Cronberg, 1981; Widen, 2007), Switzerland (Preisig, 1979), and North America (Nicholls, 1981). Hence, B. ollula demonstrates a constrained ecological distribution and is less common than its relatives, B. chodatii and B. longispina (Nicholls & Wujek, 2003), although the latter species can be rather elusive too. Our recent discovery of B. longispina also came from the Outer Hebrides (Lang et ai, 2011), suggesting that these island lochs offer unique habitat conditions for supporting rare Bitrichia spp. in the UK. 95 The distribution of the three Bitrichia species usually does not tend to overlap in Scottish lochs, except in East Loch Ollay where B. ollula co- occurred with small numbers of B. chodatii [P. Lang, pers. obs.). Though perhaps muddying the picture slightly, the two species were not found together in neighbouring Mid Loch Ollay wherein B. chodatii has previously been observed (P. Lang, pers. obs.). The three Bitrichia species have drawn our interest through their relevance to algae-based water quality assessment [Lang et al., 2011), and here we have explored some of the environmental factors which may help to explain their diverging ecologies (Table 1). Table 1. Ecological distribution of three Bitrichia species occurring in Scottish lochs monitored by SEPA, during 2009 to 2013, with matching water chemistry data. Lake typology is defined as LA = Low Alkalinity, MA = Moderate Alkalinity, or HA = High Alkalinity; VS = Very Shallow, S = Shallow, or D = Deep. Indications of interim V/ater Framework Directive (WED) ecological status determined using the UK phytoplankton classification tool, known as PLUTO, to analysis results of samples collected during the summer months [Carvalho et al., 2013; WFD-UKTAG, 2014; SEPA, unpubl.). Significance testing: one-way ANOVA and application of Tukey's mean separation test. For variables with significant outcomes only, mean values [±1 standard error) sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different. All analyses conducted using Minitab v 16. Bitrichia ollula Bitrichia longispina Bitrichia chodatii Panova (see Fig. la,b) (see Lang et al., (see Lang et al., 2011) 2011) n = 1 loch n = 1 loch n = 45 lochs Lake typology HA; VS LA; S LA; VS [n = 2) LA; S [n = 20) LA; D [n = 8) MA; VS [n = 3) MA; S [n = 5) MA; D [n = 2) HA; VS [n = 3) HA; S [n = 2) Interim PLUTO High ecological status Good ecological status High ecological status classification (2012 - [n = 43) 2013) Good ecological status (n = 2) Annual mean pH (2009-2013) 7.50^ (±0.07) 6.32b (±0.03) 6.73^(10.02) P<0.001*** Annual mean Alkalinity concentration, mg L ^ as CaC03 (2009-2013) 30.6^ (±0.9) 1.5b (+0.1) lO.S*^ (±0.4) P<0.001*** Annual mean Ca 13.9a (;+o.5] 1.6b (+0.1) 4.3^ (±0.2) P<0.001*** concentration, mg L i (2009-2013) Annual mean Si 0.60a [+0.16) 0.34a (+0.04) 1.34b (+0.03) P<0.001*** concentration mg L ^ (2009-2013) Annual mean Total Phosphorus (TP) concentration, pg L ^ (2009-2013) 16.9a (+2.1) 18.4a (+0.7] 10.7b (+0.3) P<0.001*** 96 Fig. 1. Bitrichia ollula. (o) Photomicrograph of B. ollula preserved in Lugol’s iodine. Scalebar, 10 pm. [b] Line drawing of B. ollula. Fig. 2. Treubaria trioppendiculata. [a) Photomicrograph Scalebar, 10 pm. (I)] Line drawing of T. triappendicuiata. The water chemistry of East Loch Ollay (Table 1] is similar to that documented by Reymond & Cronberg (1981) for Lake Orsjo in Sweden, suggesting that B. ollula has a distinct habitat preference for highly calcareous and perhaps slightly phosphorus- enriched conditions. Though the other two species exhibited a preference for low alkalinity conditions, average total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were significantly different, being higher (and closer to that of East Loch Ollay) for B. longispina and lower for B. chodatii (Table 1). Bitrichia ollula is an intriguing find, particularly from a biomonitoring viewpoint as nothing is presently known about its of T. triappendicuiata preserved in Lugol’s iodine. indicator value, with no allocated score in terms of the Phytoplankton Trophic Index (PTI: Phillips et al, 2013) because the species was not known to UK freshwaters when this metric, for assessing UK lake quality, was developed. However, we have determined that all three Bitrichia species occurred in Scottish lochs with mean TP concentrations lower than 20 pg L'^ and which were characterized, using the UK phytoplankton classification tool (PLUTO: WFD-UKTAG, 2014), as being at high or good WFD ecological status (Table 1). This suggests they may each indicate least-disturbed, relatively 97 oligotrophic conditions and generally concurs with observations from Swedish lakes [Willen, 2007). We also found that average silicate concentrations were significantly lower in lochs containing B. ollula and B. longispina compared with those where B. chodatii occurred (Table 1). Applied molecular sequencing [i.e. DNA barcoding) could potentially decipher whether we are dealing with three separate Bitrichia species, or perhaps phenotypic plasticity responding to an underlying environmental gradient [e.g. Si limitation) controlling spine number, orientation and morphology. Hindak & Hindakova (1997) previously hinted at this, having queried the validity of Bitrichia danubiensis Juris and concluded it comprised a morphological variant of B. chodatii. However, as far as we are aware there are no published studies detailing their phylogeny. We present Bitrichia ollula, a newly recorded chrysophyte species for UK freshwaters and contribute to knowledge of its apparently restricted ecological niche, compared with two similar species occurring in Scottish lochs. Future work aimed at unravelling the environmental factors that affect the occurrence of Bitrichia spp., placed into the wider context of European lakes, would hopefully throw more light on what their differential distribution means from a water quality perspective. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Professor Jprgen Kristiansen (University of Copenhagen) and Professor David John (Natural History Museum London) for formally verifying the identity of Bitrichia ollula, SEPA for providing the water chemistry and lake typology data, and Dr Kevin Murphy (University of Glasgow) for proof- reading an earlier version of the manuscript. Finally, we dedicate this paper to the memory of renowned phycologist Dr John W.G. Lund (1912 - 2015) for his lifework on planktonic algae, and whom also first described Bitrichia longispina (=Diceras longispinum) from the Lake District, UK. REFERENCES Carvalho, L., Poikane, S., Lyche Solheim, A., Phillips, G., Borics, G., Catalan, J., De Hoyos, C.; Drakare, S.; Dudley, B.J., Jarvinen, M., Laplace-Treyture, C., Maileht, K., McDonald, C., Mischke, U., Moe, J., Morabito, G., Noges, P., Noges, T., Ott, L, Pasztaleniec, A., Skjelbred, B. & Thackeray, S.J. (2013). Strength and uncertainty of phytoplankton metrics for assessing eutrophication impacts in lakes. Hydrobiologia 704, 127 - 140. Fott, B. (1937). Dva nove druhy rodu Diceras Reverdin. [Two new species of the genus Diceras Reverdinj. Vestnik Krdlovske Ceske Spolecnosti Nauk 2, 1-7. Hindak, F. & Hindakova, A. (1997). Morphological variation and taxonomy of Bitrichia chodatii. inch B. danubiensis (Chrysophyceae). Biologia Bratislava 52, 1 - 6. Jarvinen, M., Drakare, S., Free, G., Lyche-Solheim, A., Phillips, G., Skjelbred, B., Mischke, U., Ott, 1., Poikane, S., Spndergaard, M., Pasztaleniec, A., Van Wichelen, J. & Portielje, R. (2013). Phytoplankton indicator taxa for reference conditions in Northern and Central European lowland lakes. Hydrobiologia 704, 97 - 113. Kristiansen, J. & Preisig, H.R. (2011). Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae) Pp. 306 - 307 In: John, D.M., Whitton, B.A. & Brook, A.J., (editors). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, 2"^ Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Lang, P., Ross, N., Krokowski, J. & Doughty, R. (2011). The elusive planktonic freshwater chrysophyte Bitrichia longispina: a first record for Scottish lochs and comparison with the commoner species, Bitrichia chodatii. The Glasgow Naturalist 25, 106 - 108. Lang, P., Prochazkova, L., Krokowski, J., Meis, S., Spears, B.M., Milne, 1. & Pottie, J. (2014). The bizarre Eustigmatacean alga, Pseudostaurastrum limneticum (Borge) Chodat, in a shallow, nutrient-enriched Scottish loch: new to the British Isles. The Glasgow Naturalist 26, 107 - 109. Lund, J.W.G. (1949). New or rare British Chrysophyceae. 1. New Phytologist 48, 453 - 460. Nicholls, K.H. (1981). Six Chrysophyceae new to North America. Phycologia 20, 131 - 137. Nicholls, K.H. & Wujek, D.E. (2003). Chrysophycean Algae. Pp. 495 In: Wehr, J.D. & Sheath, R.G. (editors). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press. Phillips, G., Lyche-Solheim, A., Skjelbred, B., Mitschke, U., Drakare, S., Free, G., Jarvinen, M., de Hoyos, C., Morabito, G., Poikane, S. & Carvalho, L. (2013). A phytoplankton trophic index to assess the status of lakes for the Water Framework Directive. Hydrobiologia 704, 75 - 95. Preisig, H.R. (1979). Vergleichende Studien an Algenpopulationen in Kiesgrubenweihern. Inaugural-Dissertation, Universitat Zurich. Ramberg, L. (1978). Some rare Chrysophyta from Swedish oligotrophic lakes. British Phycological Journal 13, 141 - 147. Reymond, 0. & Cronberg, G. (1981). Morphological study of Bitrichia ollula (Fott) Hollande (Chrysophyceae) by optical and electronic microscopy and comparison with a green alga, Treubaria Bernard. Saussurea 12, 79 - 90. Starmach, K. (1985). Susswasserflora von Mitteleuropa 1: Chrysophyceae und Haptophyceae. VEB Gustav Fisher Verlag, pp. 406 -407. Water Framework Directive - United Kingdom Advisory Group (2014). UKTAG Lake Assessment Method Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton Lake Assessment Tool with Uncertainty Module (PLUTO). WFD-UKTAG c/o SEPA, Stirling. 98 Willen, E. (2007). Vaxtplankton i sjoar, beddmningsgrunder. SLU Institutionen for Miljo analys. Report No. 5, 37 pp. Willen, T. (1963). Notes on Swedish plankton algae. Nova Hedwigia 5, 39 - 56. Wingfield, R., Murphy, K.J. & Gaywood, M. (2005). Lake habitat suitability for the rare European macrophyte Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, 227 - 241. Wingfield, R. & Murphy, K.J. (2006). Assessing and predicting the success of Najas flexilis, a rare aquatic macrophyte in relation to lake environmental conditions. Hydrobiologio 570, 79 -86. Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum in Loch Flemington, Scotland: a rarely observed variety of golden alga new to UK freshwaters Pauline Lang^, Sebastian Meis^, Bryan M. Spears^, Jan Krokowski^, Ian Milne^ & John Pottie'*^ ^Ecology Assessment Unit, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire, MLl 4WQ, Scotland, U.K. ^Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 OQB, Scotland, U.K. ^Ecology Partnership Development Unit, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Graesser House, Fodderty Way, Dingwall Business Park, Dingwall, IV15 9XB, Scotland, U.K. ■^Broombank, Loch Flemington, Inverness, IV2 7QR, Scotland, U.K E-mail corresponding author: ^pauline.lang@sepa.org.uk Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum Petersen & Hansen is an unusual variety of chrysophyte ('golden') alga (Lang et al, 2011; Lang & Krokowski, 2014), first identified from the surface water or ‘neuston’ (from which is derived its name) of a pool, near Selde, in Denmark (Petersen & Hansen, 1960). The lorica enveloping its protoplast is described as being thin-walled, almost faint, and characteristically cylindrical, between 25.0 - 31.0 pm long and 4.8 - 6.0 pm wide, before rounding at the base (Petersen & Hansen, 1960; Starmach, 1985) (Fig. la, b). Currently this solitary alga is not listed amongst the other Dinobryon taxa of the British freshwater flora (Kristiansen & Preisig, 2011) and is rarely mentioned in the wider context, apparently unseen elsewhere other than at its original locality in northern Europe, until now. Loch Flemington is a shallow, freshwater loch situated in Nairnshire, Scotland (NGR: NH 81026 52040). Its water quality characteristics have been described elsewhere (Lang et al., 2014). In March 2010, the lanthanum-modified bentonite clay, known commercially as Phoslock®, was applied in an effort to manage the loch's susceptibility to phosphorus-driven, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms and to this day, through engaging local citizen scientists, the loch remains closely monitored by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency in collaboration with the Centre of Ecology & Hydrology (Lang et ah, 2014). In the course of analysing monthly phytoplankton samples consistently collected, as part of SEPA's ongoing assessment of the ecological status of Loch Flemington (Lang et al., 2014), low numbers of Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum occurred (e.g., 1 - 2 ceils per 100 ml sub-sample) intermittently during December 2013 and January 2014. This observation of D. stokesii var. neustonicum is a new record for UK freshwaters (D. John, pers. comm.) and interestingly, comprises the second of our recent alga! discoveries from Loch Flemington (Lang etoL, 2014). Fig. 1. Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum. (a) Photomicrograph of D. stokesii var. neustonicum preserved in Lugol's iodine. Scalebar, 10 pm. (b) Line drawing of D. stokesii var. neustonicum. Scalebar, 10 pm. Little comment can be made on the ecology of Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum. Knowledge is scant as no habitat information or indication of sample timing was given by the original authors. Neither have any subsequent records of the chrysophyte been lodged in the official database 99 holding information on algal distribution f www.algaebase.org}. Furthermore, it is difficult to ascertain at this stage if environmental conditions in Loch Flemington have changed favourably towards D. stokesii var. neustonicum in response to ecosystem-scale geo-engineering, or whether we are dealing with a chance encounter during the temperate winter months. Being charged with careful examination of Scotland’s algal communities for water quality assessment means that when exceptional organisms such as this present themselves, we are usually amongst the first to observe them. By documenting these rare finds, we make a significant contribution to accurately recording the UK’s freshwater algal biodiversity. Our future work will endeavour to elucidate why Loch Flemington has seemingly become a haven for the microscopic world. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Professor David John [Natural History Museum London) for formally verifying the identity of Dinobryon stokesii var. neustonicum, SEPA for providing previous water chemistry data from Loch Flemington, and Dr Kevin Murphy [University of Glasgow] for proof-reading an early version of the manuscript. REFERENCES Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. [2015]. AlgaeBase. World- wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, http://www.algaebase.org (accessed 29^*^ January 2015). Kristiansen, J. & Preisig, H.R. [2011]. Phylum Chrysophyta [Golden Algae] Pp. 290 - 294 In: John, D.M., Whitton, B.A. & Brook, A.J. (editors). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, 2"^* Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Lang, P., Ross, N., Krokowski, J. & Doughty, R. (2011). The elusive planktonic freshwater chrysophyte Bitrichia longispina: a first record for Scottish lochs and comparison with the commoner species, Bitrichia cbodatii. The Glasgow Naturalist 25, 106 - 108. Lang, P. & Krokowski, J. (2014). The solitary planktonic chrysophyte Dinobryon faculiferum: an alga species typically restricted to brackish environments, found inhabiting a freshwater loch in northern Scotland. The Glasgow Naturalist 26, 109-110. Lang, P., Prochazkova, L., Krokowski, J., Meis, S., Spears, B.M., Milne, I. & Pottle, j. (2014). The bizarre Eustigmatacean alga, Pseudostaurastrum limneticum [Borge] Chodat, in a shallow, nutrient-enriched Scottish loch: new to the British Isles. The Glasgow Naturalist 26, 107 - 109. Petersen, J.B. & Hansen, J.B. [I960). On some neuston organisms. II. Botanisk Tidsskrift 56, 197 -234. Starmach, K. (1985). Siisswasserfiora von Mitteleuropa 1: Chrysophyceae und Haptophyceae. VEB Gustav Fisher Verlag, pp. 227 - 228. Erica lusitanica on Arran John R.S. Lyth 26, Gardenside St, Uddingston G71 7BY E-mail: johnrslyth@outlook.com Fig. 1. The author standing beside the clump of Erica lusitanica, Arran. On 30th September 2013, while going to see the removal of the switchback on the road between Catacol and Pirnmill, Arran, I noticed a large clump of "white heather” growing on the road verge [Grid Reference: NR 888 480] [Fig. 1). I identified it tentatively as Erica lusitanica Rudolphi [Spanish heath) and this was confirmed subsequently by Professor James H. Dickson, University of Glasgow. According to Stace (2010), E. lusitanica is a native of S.W. France, N.W. and S Spain, and Portugal; it is naturalised in Dorset and on railway banks in Cornwall, and is sometimes cultivated. How E. lusitanica came to grow in the north of Arran is unknown. REFERENCE Stace, C. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles. (3rd Edn.]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 100 Known distribution of Leisler's bat Nyctalus leisleri extended to the East side of Loch Lomond M. Beard 48/7 Stewart Terrace, Edinburgh, EHll lUJ E-mail: mbeard@mbeard.plus.com During 2014 a bat survey was undertaken by the author as an individual piece of assessed work for the Scottish Wildlife Trust’s [SWT) Developing Ecological Survey Skills training programme, which is funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and members of the SWT. The aim was to record bat activity in the Rowardennan area, on the eastern side of Loch Lomond (Fig. 1], with two particular objectives. The first objective, which is the topic of this article, was to discover whether either Leisler’s bats Nyctalus leisleri Kuhl 1817 or noctules Nyctalus noctula Schreber 1774 were present, as this would be an extension of their known distribution. The second objective was to investigate how high up the hills bats were foraging. Fig.l. Known Scottish distribution of Leisler's bat (red) and noctule (blue), as of the end of 2014. The Loch Lomond survey area is indicated by the red rectangle. Reproduced with permission of J. Haddow [unpublished). upper tree line of Rowardennan Forest. These locations are shown in Fig. 2. ScottlS^ Widlf* Trust OCrowncop>ri9ht and nghts 20t4 M 1 Hartwufside House Odnance Su^eyLKena Ho 100028225 SPnTtlQn 110 Comnseroal a.ee. i/. BJinbutgh, EM6 6MF view creeled by Mike Beard 10/09/2014 ^ W^Uljfp sc., .nooo 5^^ Fig.2. Map showing location of Ardess Lodge, transects, and static bat detectors. WHW = West Highland Way. The static bat detectors successfully recorded Leisler's bats at two locations on several occasions. Seven nights at Coille Mhor resulted in one night of one registration, two of two registrations, one of four registrations, and one night of five registrations. The registrations were generally a considerable period of time apart, although on 11/06/2014 two were one minute apart, and on 14/06/2014 two were 11 minutes apart. The eight nights at Dubh Lochan resulted in just three registrations, each on a different night. Fig. 1 illustrates that this is only the second record of Leisler’s bats living north of Glasgow [40km away), the other being 25km further north-east at Loch Venachar. Over a period of two weeks in June 2014, with consistently good weather, 25km of bat recording transects were walked in the Rowardennan area with an Anabat SDl bat detector connected to a BatNav GPS unit. These were mostly along the West Highland Way adjacent to Loch Lomond, with one transect walked part of the way up the Main Path on Ben Lomond and visits also made to the Hidden History Trail. Two static bat detectors [SM2BAT+ and SMS) were also deployed during this time at Dubh Lochan, Coille Mhor Cottage, a wet meadow between the two previous locations, and by the Many people made this survey possible. Advice, the existing bat distribution map, and confirmation of bat call identification were provided by J. Haddow [Scottish Leisler’s Bat Project). Accommodation at Ardess Lodge and much other assistance was provided by the National Trust for Scotland [L. Mackinlay, A. Eckersall and F. McKechnie). The bat detectors were borrowed from D. Dodds [David Dodds Associates). Assistance and advice of varying types were also given by: C. Gebhardt [Scottish Wildlife Trust), D. Fettes [Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment [SCENE)), D. 101 Maxwell [Blairvockie Farm], K. Anderson (Forestry Commission Scotland], L. Kirkpatrick (University of Stirling], N. Macmillan (Coille Mhor Cottage Bed & Breakfast], N. Middleton (Echoes Ecology], and S. Wilson (SCENE], A Citizen Science approach to monitoring migratory lampreys under the Water Framework Directive, with some new accounts of Sea Lampreys {Petromyzon marinus] from south west Scotland. Myles O'Reilly, Stephen Nowackl, and Michelle Elliott Scottish Environment Protection Agency E-mail: myles.oreilly@sepa.org.uk SEPA is required to assess fish communities in representative water bodies under the EU Water Eramework Directive (WFD]. For transitional waters [i.e. estuaries and reduced salinity sea lochs] the assessment protocol involves determining different metrics of the fish community, which are combined in a multi-metric index to produce an Environmental Quality Ratio (WFD-UKTAG, 2014]. One of these metrics is the presence or absence of "indicator species", which are represented by migratory fish including atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio L., shads Alosa alosa (L.] and A. fallax (L.], smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.], salmonids Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L., european eel Anguilla anguilla L., as well as river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.] and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.. WED monitoring commenced in 2007 and SEPA selected six water bodies as being representative for Scotland for fish in transitional waters. These surveillance waters are: the Cromarty Firth; the Forth Estuary; Loch Eil; Gare Loch; the Clyde Estuary and the Garnock Estuary. These waters are sampled on a rolling three-year programme using beam trawls, staked fyke nets and shore-based seining. The transitional water WFD monitoring (2007-12] regularly recorded salmonids and eels and, in the upper Forth Estuary, smelt. Sturgeon are extremely rare in Scotland and shad are mostly restricted to the Solway area and thus neither were expected in the SEPA surveillance waters. However, anadromous lampreys (which spend most of their life in the sea but return to freshwater to spawn] appear to be under-represented in SEPA surveys, with only a few river lampreys being captured in the lower Forth Estuary. The River Teith, which is a major tributary of the River Forth, was designated as a Special Area of Conservation in 2005 under the Habitats Directive because of its national importance for all three species of lamprey known to occur within the UK (brook lamprey Lampetra planeri (Bloch], river and sea lamprey]. The presence of anadromous lampreys within the Forth Estuary may therefore be anticipated. However, their apparent absence from other surveillance waters was considered to be due to limited or inappropriate sampling. Given the low numbers of lamprey in survey catches, a different approach was needed to augment the WFD monitoring and provide a better assessment of the occurrence of lampreys In the surveillance water bodies. Rather than increase sampling in the transitional waters it was considered more pragmatic to review lamprey records from upstream freshwaters and to collate anecdotal observations, using a Citizen Science approach by encouraging regular river users to look for and report migrating or spawning lampreys. Lamprey hot spots could subsequently be targeted by visual bankside surveys. The presence or absence of migratory lampreys in the downstream transitional waters could then be inferred from upstream observations. An initial review of SEPA unpublished freshwater records of lampreys from 2010 - 2013 indicated 166 lampreys were captured across 27 different electric fishing sites throughout Scotland. However, these were primarily larval (ammocoete] river and brook lampreys which cannot be distinguished with certainty (Gardiner, 2003]. These records did not, therefore, provide any confirmation of the presence of river or sea lamprey in tributaries feeding into the surveillance water bodies. SEPA records prior to this consist of anecdotal accounts of sea lamprey occurring in the river Clyde at Cambuslang and at Glasgow Green (Doughty, 1994, 1996] and adult river lamprey recorded in the river Clyde at the tidal weir in Glasgow Green (O’Reilly, 2000]. As lampreys are of significant conservation interest, most lamprey work in recent years has been commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage [e.g. Gardiner et ah, 1995,1997,1999; APEM, 2004; Forth Fisheries Foundation, 2004; Watt etal., 2008, 2011; Hume, 2011]. The collated records for the SNH- funded National Lamprey Survey of Scotland (Ecological Research Associates, 2005] provide a baseline for the occurrence of river and sea lampreys in Scotland prior to the commencement of WFD monitoring in 2007 and these also contribute to the Scottish distribution maps published in the national river lamprey and sea lamprey status reports submitted to the European Union every six years (JNCC, 2013a,b]. From SEPA’s perspective the 2005 national survey was of value in that it reported the occurrence of both river and sea 102 lampreys in rivers that discharge into the Cromarty Firth, Clyde Estuary and Garnock Estuary respectively (Table 1]. Table 1. River systems that support populations of river or sea lamprey and discharge into WFD transitional surveillance water bodies. WFD Transitional Water River lamprey sources Sea lamprey sources Cromarty Firth River Conon [ERA, 2005) River Conon [ERA, 2005) Loch Eil - - Gare Loch - - Clyde Estuary River Clyde [O'Reilly, 2000) River Leven (ERA, 2005) Black Cart River (ERA, 2005) River Clyde (Doughty, 1994, 1996) River Leven [ERA, 2005) Forth Estuary River Teith [Forth Fisheries Foundation, 2004) River Teith [Forth Fisheries Foundation, 2004) Garnock Estuary River Irvine (ERA, 2005] - There are no anadromous lamprey records directly associated with the transitional sea lochs [Loch Eil and Gare Loch), although sea lampreys and unidentified Lampetra spp. have been recorded near Loch Eil, and both sea and river lampreys are assumed to pass through the outer Clyde Estuary, which is adjacent to the Gare Loch. In 2013 the SEPA V/FD sampling programme focussed on south west Scotland with sampling in the Clyde and Garnock estuaries and the Gare Loch. In April 2014 some additional fyke netting was also carried out in the Clyde at the tidal weir, Glasgow Green, and in the Leven, which flows into the Clyde Estuary at Dumbarton. As previously, none of these surveys recovered any lampreys. A SEPA Twitter campaign commenced during these initial surveys to inform and engage the public in the hope of receiving information on new sightings. A pilot Citizen Science project targeting the public was run during the lamprey spawning season to complement the SEPA surveys. Materials for the campaign, entitled "Lamprey Watch SW Scotland 2014", included a lamprey fact sheet and survey sheet with maps of survey areas along with details of what information to record. This was made available on Scotland's Environment website fwwfw.environment.scotland.gov.ukj where it featured as the project of the month for |une. It was also sent directly to local angling associations and conservation groups. The citizen science publicity campaign resulted in a variety of new information: a video recording from the Mid Clyde Angling Association of a sea lamprey at Blantyre Weir [NS 695 583) in fuly 2005; a record from the Ayrshire Rivers Trust of three sea lampreys in the lower River Doon in 2008; a You Tube video clip from the River Kelvin Angling Association of two sea lampreys in the River Kelvin at Benalder Street Bridge [NS 561 663] in fuly 2009; and photographs taken by a local naturalist in June 2012 of a sea lamprey in the River Garnock near Dirrans Bridge. In June 2014 SEPA undertook follow-up visual surveys at the sites noted above in the rivers Clyde, Kelvin, and Garnock and also in the Leven. These involved observations from the bankside or from bridges. No lampreys were seen by SEPA in the Clyde, Kelvin or Leven but members of the Loch Lomond Angling Improvement Association subsequently observed spawning sea lampreys in the River Leven near to the Stirling [Stuckie) Bridge (NS 39570 81190) on June 10th, and at Ritchie's Lade (NS 39566 80510) on June 16th. On SEPA’s visit to Dirrans Bridge, on 19th June, two adult sea lampreys, approximately 60 cm in length, were observed exhibiting spawning behaviour in shallow water just upstream of the footbridge [NS 30777 42337). The river bed was visually checked for around 2 km upstream but was mostly muddy with very little gravel suitable for spawning. No further lampreys were observed upstream. The weir just upstream of Dirrans Bridge may hinder migration upstream. Subsequently, on 25th July 2014 SEPA staff also observed a single adult sea lamprey in the Black Cart just downstream of Linwood Bridge [NS 44570 64615). These anecdotal accounts and visual surveys indicate the continued presence of sea lampreys in the River Leven, their recent occurrence in the River Clyde and a first record from the Black Cart, as well as pointing to a first record of spawning sea lampreys in the River Kelvin, the River Doon and the River Garnock. Sea lampreys are nationally scarce and they have been observed in only 35 Scottish rivers (Hume & Adams, 2012). In south west Scotland they have been recorded from the river catchments of the Annan, Ayr, Bladnoch, Cree, Leven and Urr, with their recent presence in the Clyde, Esk, Girvan, Nith and Stinchar being considered uncertain [ERA, 2005). Despite their large size, it is likely that their 103 occurrence in some rivers may have previously been overlooked. There is no evidence to support the view that anadromous lamprey home to natal rivers (Maitland, 2003; Waldman et ai, 2008) but sea lamprey may be attracted into systems by the odours of sea lamprey ammocoetes or other (adult) sea lamprey (Meckley et al, 2014). The use of sampling strategies that may be inappropriate for sea lamprey, may mean that some populations have been either missed, or under-represented, during standard lamprey surveys (Taverny et ai, 2012; Colin Bean, pars. comm.]. Despite the level of sampling that is carried out for lamprey and other freshwater fish species in Scotland, new records continue to emerge {e.g. Hume & Adam, 2012). The inability to differentiate between brook and river lamprey ammocoetes and the possibility that sea lamprey ammocoetes may be under-recorded suggest that methodologies that survey both juvenile and adult populations should be developed. Informing and encouraging regular river users to report lamprey sightings in a Citizen Science approach may also be beneficial for collating records of species that may have a sporadic occurrence. The large sea lamprey with its distinctive mottled colouration is relatively easy to recognise. Although there may be some confusion between river and brook lampreys, the prevalence of smart mobile phones could allow observers to submit photographs or video clips that can be checked by experts. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Kemp Meikle, ]im Delaney (Mid Clyde Angling Association), Gareth Bourhill, Angus Soutter (Loch Lomond Angling Improvement Association), Stuart Brabbs (Ayrshire Rivers Trust), Davie Clelland, Alistair Stewart (River Kelvin Angling Association) and Joe Boyd (naturalist, Kilwinning) for information on sea lamprey sightings. This note benefited greatly from the input of Colin Bean (Scottish Natural Heritage). REFERENCES APEM. (2004). Distribution of sea, brook and river lampreys on the River Tay. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 032 (ROAME No. F01AC610). Doughty, C.R. (1994). Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. in the River Clyde. Glasgow Naturalist 22,432. Doughty, C.R. (1996). A further record of Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. in the River Clyde. Glasgow Naturalist 23 (1),60. Ecological Research Associates (ERA) (2005). National Lamprey Survey of Scotland. Report to Scottish National Heritage (ROAME No. F02AC602). Forth Fisheries Foundation (2004). River and brook lamprey monitoring of the Endrick Water cSAC/SSSl. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 057. (ROAME NO.F03AC607). Gardiner, R., Taylor, R. & Armstrong, J. (1995). Habitat assessment of survey of lamprey populations occurring in areas of conservation interest. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage. Fisheries Research Services, Report No. 4/95. Gardiner, R. & Stewart, D. (1997). Spawning habitat assessment and survey of lamprey populations occurring in areas of conservation interest Report to Scottish Natural Heritage. Contract Number: RASD/060/96/N2K. Fisheries Research Services Report No. QT j91. Pitlochry, Scotland. Gardiner, R. & Stewart, D. (1999). Survey of the Blane Water. Fisheries Research Services Report to SNH, Contract BAT/97/98/131. Gardiner, R. (2003). Identifying Lamprey. A Field Key for Sea, River and Brook Lamprey. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series No. 4 English Nature, Peterborough, 31pp. Hume, J.B. (2011). Adult lamprey survey of the Endrick Water SSSI and SAC 2009-2010. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 480. Hume, j.B. & Adams, C.E. (2012). First record of larval sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. in the Endrick Water, Loch Lomond. Glasgow Naturalist 25,137-138. Maitland, P.S. (2003). Ecology of the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers, Ecology Series No. 5. English Nature, Peterborough. Meckley, T.D., Wagner, C.M. & Gurarie, E. (2014). Coastal movements of migrating sea lamprey [Petromyzon marinus] in response to a partial pheromone added to river water: implications for management of invasive populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, 533-544. O’Reilly, M. (2000). Migrating river lampreys at the tidal weir, Glasgow. Glasgow Naturalist 23, 57- 58. Taverny, C., Lassalle, G., Ortusi, L, Roqueplo, C., Lepage, M. & Lambert, P. (2012). From shallow to deep waters: habitats used by larval lampreys (genus Petromyzon and Lampetra] over western European basin. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 21, 87-99. Waldman, ]., Grunwald, C. & Wirgin, I. (2008). Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: an exception to the rule of homing in anadromous fishes. Biology Letters 4, 659-662. Watt, )., Ravenscroft, N.O.M. & Seed, M. (2008). Site condition monitoring of lamprey in the River Tay Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 292 (ROAME No. R07AC606). Watt, J., Bull, C., Ravenscroft, N.O.M. & Seed, M. (2011). Lamprey survey of the Endrick Water SSSl/SAC 2008. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 320. 104 ELECTRONIC REFERENCES JNCC (2013a). Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012 “ River lamprey Lampetra fluviatiUs [L.]. Accessed online at: httD://incc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/Artidel7Consult 2 0131010/S1099 SCOTLAND.pdf Date: 3 February 2015. JNCC (2013b). Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012 - Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.. Accessed online at: http://incc.defra..gov.uk/pdf/ArticIel7ConsuIt 2 0131Q10/S1Q95 SCOTLAND.pdf Date: 3 February 2015. WFD-UKTAG (2014). UKTAG Transitional Water Assessment Method. Fish Fauna. Transitional Fish Classification Index, www.v/fduk.org. 35pp. 105 I 1 ir 106 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 107-112 BOOK REVIEWS John Scouler (c.lB04-1871), Scottish Naturalist - a life with two voyages. E. Charles Nelson (with a contribution by Maggie Reilly and Richard Sutcliffe, a foreword by Geoff Hancock and a transcription of Scouler’s original journal) Glasgow Natural History Society, Supplement. Glasgow Natural History Society, 2014, 142 pages, paperback with numerous illustrations. ISBN 978-0-9565295-1-0, £ 11.50 plus P&P This nicely illustrated book is a biography and assessment of the life and work of a Victorian scientist who became the first honorary president of the Glasgow Natural History Society. He was born at Kilbarchan in the opening years of the nineteenth century, travelled in North Western America and in the Far East as a young man, was appointed Professor of Minerology and Natural History at the Andersonian Institution (now the University of Strathclyde) from 1829 to 1834, and Professor of Minerology at the Royal Dublin Society from 1834 until 1854. He returned from Ireland to live in Glasgow from 1854 until his death 17 years later. He was elected President of the GNHS in 1851. John Scouler was an amiable man much liked by his colleagues and friends, and he was an accomplished lecturer. But he published little of substance, and his biographer concludes that his "contribution to his subjects seem to be rather insignificant and his impact on contemporary thought appear to be negligible". Yet between the ages of 20 and 22 he did achieve the most remarkable thing in his life, a trip to investigate the natural history of parts of maritime Canada and what became the U.S. state of Oregon, which puts him in the same bracket as botanical explorer of the Pacific North-West as the great David Douglas and Archibald Menzies. It arose because as a Glasgow student he caught the eye of Professor William Hooker, at that time Professor of Botany, who recommended him as surgeon and naturalist aboard a ship bound for the Columbia River, though he had not yet medically graduated: he found that his co-traveller was David Douglas (also employed by Hooker), and it is a testimony to his amiability that he got on well with his famously prickly companion. They sailed together to Africa, to the Juan Fernandez archipelago of Robinson Crusoe fame, and to the Galapagos, collecting on the way, but split up on landing in North America to maximise their explorations. Scouler collected many dozens of new flowering plants (some 20 species were named after him by Hooker and others), as well as cryptograms, fishes, birds, reptiles, insects, fossils, and mineralogical and ethnographic specimens. He described the great spawning run of the hunchback salmon, also initially named after him. He kept a journal, which is reprinted here: it is brief, but vivid and full of sang froid, describing how they entered an Indian house "but the reception we experienced rendered it prudent to leave it as soon as possible. Two of the Indians drew their daggers, an insult of which we were oblidged to take no notice". The suspicion of the natives is understandable. On another occasion he robbed a cemetery to steal the skulls of two Chinook children with artificially flattened skulls to add to his collection, "an act of desecration that would certainly have led to his execution had he remained or returned". He left them in his will, along with with 16 other crania and other ethnographic artefacts, to the Museum of Natural History in Paris, where they are still extant. No doubt the First Peoples would welcome them back now. The rest of Scouler's life was an anticlimax from the scientific point of view. Little is known of his second voyage to the Far East, of which he kept no surviving record, and as occupant of chairs in Scotland and Ireland he made few contributions to knowledge. But he remained an enthusiast and a collector, described after his retirement living in Sauchiehall Street surrounded by books and specimens-- "the central table was covered by manuscripts, and in the middle of it was a huge mountain of cut tobacco, from which the Doctor would from time to time replenish his pipe". Verily a man of his age - but not of ours. Chris Smout This book has an interesting history. Blodwen Lloyd Binns (BLB) was on the academic staff of the Royal Technical College (now the University of Strathclyde). In the 1950’s, she was asked to deal with the contents of some old cupboards; these turned out to contain a forgotten collection of plant specimens originally held by the Andersonian Museum (Anderson’s University was the forerunner of the Royal Technical College), many of them collected or purchased by John Scouler. BLB catalogued the specimens and became increasingly fascinated by Scouler. She sketched a biography of him, printed as the first part of the book, with extensive clarifying notes by Charles Nelson. BLB died in 1991 and left a substantial bequest to Glasgow Natural History Society along with a list of 107 requests, one of which was that the Society should try to complete her biography of Scouler. The Society approached the notable historian of Natural History, Dr Charles Nelson, who happened already to have an interest in Scouler and he agreed to take on the task. Part of the work involved obtaining a scanned copy of Scouler's manuscript journal of his 1824-26 voyage to the Americas from the Oregon Historical Society and then deciphering Scouler’s difficult handwriting to produce a readable version: this appears in the book as Appendix 1. The main text, eleven chapters, covers Scouler’s early life, his two voyages; to the Americas on the William and Ann, 1824-26 and to India, 1826-29; his time as a professor in Glasgow and then in Dublin, his personal and later life in Glasgow, and finally, an evaluation of his achievements. Each chapter is attractively illustrated and ends with extensive notes; Charles Nelson has done an immense job in tracking down sources and in clarifying/updating key points in the narrative. As he notes in the acknowledgements, many people have helped supply information, but the task of writing a book of this kind has been somewhat simplified by the availability of on-line documents. The book also contains a bibliography of Scouler’s publications, a list of the plants and animals named after him, an account of the fate of the zoological and ethnographical specimens held in the Andersonian Museum (many of them collected or purchased by Scouler], and finishes with indices of subjects and species. The covers and a set of internal colour plates beautifully illustrate animals and plants associated with Scouler, as well as the man himself. Scouler’s parents lived in Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire. As was common for bright boys in those days, Scouler attended the University of Glasgow from an early age, probably 13, intending a career in medicine. He attracted the attention of William Hooker (professor of Botany from 1820] and at the age of 20, Scouler, very recently licensed to practise medicine (after minimal training, some of it in Paris], was appointed surgeon/naturalist on the Hudson Bay Company’s vessel William and Ann, on a voyage to the Pacific coast of northwestern America. It turned out that the Horticultural Society of London had arranged for David Douglas, who knew Scouler from Glasgow, to travel as passenger on the same vessel, briefed to collect seeds for new plants worthy of introduction to UK gardens. Douglas was 5 years senior to Scouler and already a veteran plant collector, having previously visited the east of North America. The voyage included a stop in the Galapagos, about a decade before Darwin, but the main collecting Scouler did was around the Columbia River, now forming the border between Oregon and Washington state. After his return, Scouler made one further voyage, to India, but this is poorly documented. He was appointed Professor of Mineralogy and Natural History in the Andersonian University in 1829 (aged 25, with little obvious qualification in mineralogy!]; one of his main roles was to curate the Andersonian Museum which moved to impressive new premises in 1831. Scouler moved to be Professor of Mineralogy and Geology for the Royal Dublin Society in 1834, probably because of the poor salary provided in Glasgow. This move did not, however, work well; Scouler was much liked in Glasgow, but little appreciated in Dublin. He returned to live in Glasgow in 1854, in poor health and, while retaining his Dublin post, and salary, never taught in Ireland again. In Glasgow, he acted as honorary curator of the Andersonian Museum and was made honorary president of the newly founded Natural History Society of Glasgow from 1851. So, there is a mystery about Scouler. Why did such a promising young man achieve so little in scientific terms? Although many species, mainly of plants, bear his name, they were formally described by others. His bibliography looks extensive until you note that most of it comprises abstracts and lecture titles, with very few full papers and no books. He lived into the period of ferment around Darwin and Wallace’s evolutionary theories, and was a Fellow of the Linnean Society where these theories were first presented, but he rejected the idea that species could change. He was apparently an excellent lecturer, but never left written accounts of his lectures. Charles Nelson has produced a meticulously researched and very readable account of Scouler and his career; I recommend it heartily to anyone interested in the history of Natural History. Scouler was not the neglected hero of science that Blodwen had envisaged, but she would, I think, have been delighted by this book. Roger Downie Alexander Wilson: the Scot who founded American Ornithology Edward H Burt Jr and William E Davis Jr The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2013, 444 pages, hardback with numerous illustrations. Of the two Scots who made their names as natural historians in North America in the 19* century, John Muir is now well remembered as founder of the Sierra Club and successful campaigner for the establishment of national parks. Alexander Wilson, by no means a lesser figure, remains relatively unknown, at least in his native Scotland. I hope that the events commemorating the bicentenary of Wilson's death and in particular this new book on 108 his life and achievements will help to remedy this situation. Unlike Muir, who emigrated to the USA with his family when still a child, Wilson moved to America as an adult of nearly 28. He grew up in Paisley, attended school till he was 10, then became a cattle- herder and at 13 an apprentice weaver. In his spare time, he roamed the countryside observing wildlife, especially birds, shooting game for the table, reading widely and honing his writing skills. Robert Burns was a near contemporary, born only seven years before Wilson, and the publication of Burns’s first book of poems in Scots (in 1786, when Wilson was just 20) provided a stimulus to Wilson and other young would-be Scots poets to attempt to publish their own verses. Wilson’s Poems appeared in 1790, with an expanded, improved version in 1791. Following Burns’s Tam o' Shanter, Wilson wrote his own epic Wally and Meg. Like Burns, Wilson had staunch egalitarian principles and his writings criticising working conditions got him into trouble with the authorities, who were particularly alert to signs of unrest as the French Revolution became more and more alarming to those in power. After more than one spell in jail, Wilson decided to emigrate. With his nephew William, he walked to Portpatrick (heroically long walks are a feature of Wilson’s life), took a ship to Belfast and then on to Philadelphia in 1794. Burt and Davis concentrate on what happened next. The book provides a relatively short account of Wilson's life (chapters 1 and 2, 62 pages) and an assessment of Wilson's poetry remains to be written. The bulk of the book (chapters 3-5, 292 pages) covers Wilson’s pioneering work in ornithology. In the United States, Wilson worked initially as a schoolteacher. His move in 1802 to a school at Kingsessing near Philadelphia was crucial because there he met the American botanist William Bartram who became his natural history mentor. By now, Wilson was observing and drawing birds in their natural habitats and Bartram provided access to his extensive natural history library, allowing Wilson to read what was so far known of American birds. He began to make longer explorations including a two month round trip trek to Niagara Falls (600 miles as the crow flies), and to publish poems and articles in local magazines. He also began a correspondence with Thomas Jefferson who was not only President but also a keen natural historian. In 1806, he accepted the post of assistant editor of an Encyclopaedia being produced by America’s foremost publisher of the time, Bradford and Inskeep. This provided Wilson with the opportunity to realise his developing dream, the writing and publishing of an illustrated American Ornithology, the first of its kind. Production of this work, in nine volumes, occupied the rest of Wilson’s too short life. The first volume was published in September 1808. The work was to be financed by persuading people to subscribe to the whole set: this was a nightmare, requiring Wilson to travel extensively to persuade institutions and well-to-do individuals to subscribe. The travels did allow him to see more countryside and more birds, including a heroic 300 mile walk to Pittsburgh followed by 750 miles by rowing boat down the Ohio river to Louisville in Kentucky. In Louisville, he met Audubon and saw some of his bird drawings - Audubon at that time had no plans to publish. Wilson then proceeded south via Nashville and Natchez to New Orleans and then back to New York by ship. By mid 1813, seven volumes had appeared and much material was ready for volume 8. Wilson had been working, travelling, illustrating at a frantic pace and, when he caught dysentery in August 1813, his exhausted body could not respond and he died, only 47 years old. Volume 8 was complete and in production. Volume 9 was finished and published by his friend George Ord in 1814. Burt and Davis’s chapter 3 provides a detailed account of Wilson’s work as a bird artist, observer and publisher, highlighting the technical problems of producing such work at that time and also the pioneering nature of Wilson’s approach in depicting birds in natural poses and habitats where possible. The accounts they provide of each set of birds includes Wilson’s original sketches, common and scientific names (old and new), a commentary on Wilson’s observations and extracts from Wilson’s species descriptions. The assembly of this chapter is a formidable piece of scholarship, as are the Appendices which provide a commentary on the sources Wilson referred to and natural historians Wilson corresponded with. Chapters 4 and 5 provide an assessment of Wilson’s place in the history of ornithology and natural history more generally. He was a pioneer in observing largely from nature and in adopting Linnean taxonomy. American Ornithology was the first major work of science produced entirely in the USA. Baron Cuvier, the pre-eminent European anatomist wrote that Wilson has 'treated of American birds better than those of Europe have yet been treated’. Chapter 5 also includes a detailed account of Wilson’s interaction with Audubon and an assessment of why Audubon is better known to the general public, despite the acknowledgement of serious ornithologists that Wilson was the more important scientific figure. Overall, this is a fascinating book and of interest to anyone who wishes to know about the history of natural history and natural history illustrations. The 109 pictures are splendid and the price modest for a book of this kind. Roger Downie Amphibian sur¥ey and monitoring handbook John W.Wilkinson Pelagic Publishing, Exeter, 2015, 120 pages, paperback, colour photographs, diagrams in black and white. ISBN 978-1-78427-003-2, £29.99 After a brief introduction to amphibians, this handbook comprises three main chapters, covering before, during and after survey work, followed by a resources chapter. The book is short [the three main chapters are less than 90 pages), but packed full of information. It is written in a chatty, often jocular style (much use of interjections with exclamation marks), and is easy to read. However, I wonder who it is aimed at. The general style seems aimed at people who have never surveyed amphibians, nor who have ever written a scientific report before, but the content ranges from extremely basic advice to much more complex matters such as radio-tracking. Another issue is geographical scope. Wilkinson admits that his main experience is in the UK and the book’s main emphasis is on the kinds of surveying that could be done in Britain; for example, he gives considerable attention to Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) assessment for great crested newts (I am not aware of HSl’s for other species). However, he does try to internationalise by referring to amphibians found elsewhere and by mentioning resources needed to work in other countries, but the level of detail provided is too little and too selective to be of much use. My guess is that a young UK amphibian researcher planning survey work abroad might find the book a helpful introduction, but not much more, and that a researcher in , say Brazil, would find it of very limited use. I found myself listing unexpected omissions and points I would take issue with; here are some. For 20 years, the main sourcebook for amphibian survey work has been Heyer et al. (1994); this is listed under ‘other useful textbooks' in chapter 5, but ought surely to be in the early preparations chapter; more surprisingly, Dodd's recent book [2010: Amphibian ecology and conservation), which provides an authoritative update on methodology, is not even cited. lUCN is not in the index and the lUCN Red List for amphibians is not mentioned in the text [though some photographs of amphibians have their lUCN status mentioned). !n addition, the two main websites on amphibian diversity, taxonomy and conservation (Amphibian Species of the World; Amphibia Web) are not mentioned. This is very surprising, and is not because of lack of space: they could fill the dead space in Box 1.1 on page 8. The section on great crested newt surveying does not mention the requirement to demonstrate training when applying for a licence. The discussion of risk assessments says that many organisations will have a lone worker policy; I feel this is unsatisfactory for a book aimed at beginners, and including working outside the UK, especially when considering lone female workers; my institution would simply not allow this. Chapter 4 includes a substantial section on report writing; this is not specific to amphibian surveying at all, and many books and courses cover how to do this, so I wonder on its inclusion here; the section surprisingly omits any advice to have the draft report read over by a knowledgeable person before submitting it. Chapter 4 also briefly goes into mark-recapture methods, including toe-clipping, but only superficially mentions the ethical issues: should we really be encouraging newcomers to the field to use this controversial method? Overall, the author’s enthusiasm and encouragement is refreshing, and I learned some useful pieces of information, but I feel there is considerable room for improvement, especially in a short book priced at £29.99. Roger Downie Mushrooms Peter Marren British Wildlife Collection 1, British Wildlife Publishing Ltd, 2012, 272 pages, hardback with colour illustrations, mostly photographs. ISBN 978-0-9564902-0. £24.95 This is the first volume in a new series of books on British wildlife. Interestingly, British Wildlife Publishing have chosen to start the series with fungi. Possibly due to the fact that although there have been several good field guides to fungi in recent years, there are fewer books on the natural history and biology of fungi aimed at the amateur naturalist. With interest in fungi continually increasing, more people require information on the subject, of a broader nature than just name, habitat, edibility etc. and in an easily accessible format. If this is the aim of the book, then it is a success. Mushrooms packs in a surprisingly large amount of information on a wide range of aspects of fungal biology for its modest 272 pages. This is done by not going too deeply into any one subject and Peter Marren has been skilful in the quantity of information given being carefully judged to get one interested and to learn enough to be able to move on to more dedicated tomes on topics the reader may find of particular interest. Nonetheless, text aside, the first thing that hits one as the book is opened is the high quality of the pictures. Although not a field guide, the 110 i photographs of illustrated species, taken in the wild, will serve as additional pictorial references to add to those in field guides. Given the variability of ■' fungi, one cannot have too many reference images of species and the photographs are accurate I representations. None of the 'surely that’s not, i| species name, oh it probably is’ here. Flicking I through the pages, species were easily recognised. ] For example, the distinctive shape and colour of the ■; Goatcheese Webcap, Cortinarius camphoratus, on tj page 87 was immediately recognised from having I seen it in Strathblane spruce woods, before noting I the caption and without the aid of smell. On page 109 is an outstanding plate depicting various colourful waxcaps. Photographs of these fungi provide some of the most impressive pictures. The ■ printers should be applauded for retaining the accuracy of the colours in the original photographs throughout the book. * There are 13 chapters covering a wide range of j . subjects. The chapter Meet the Mushrooms gives an I overview of the different fungal strategies for 1 , survival and reproduction and in the section Predators and Parasites one learns that the Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, supplements its diet of dead trees with small worms. : There follows an informative and occasionally 1 amusing chapter, What's in a Name, which gives j insights into what fungal names mean and how they I arose with some entertaining anecdotes. 1 Apparently, puffballs were once thought to appear j where a wolf had broken wind. Though one would need to consult a more comprehensive work to learn how evidence for this supposition was obtained, I There is a chapter, Mushrooms on Parade, providing [ an overview of the major groups of mushrooms, I arranged in taxonomic order and another on field guides and identification, including some specialist treatments of genera and a discussion of how ' ■ taxonomic concepts have changed over time. This is : followed by one on habitats, which can be important identification criteria. With so many natural history ! books centred on the southeast, it was good to note ^ that Scottish species, habitats and mycologists get a ■ fair mention in the book - particularly in the section i on mountains. Woods, grasslands, dung and dunes are also discussed. In Our Midst covers fungi we are likely to see in our urban environments. As well as lawn fairy rings, and a terrifyingly true to life photograph of Honey Fungus rhizomorphs, this includes the small bright yellow tropical toadstool which may appear in household plant pots, Leucocoprinus birbaumii. Under churchyard conifers one can find the scarce Amanita inopinata while the attractive terracotta red caps of Leratiomyces ceres (prev. Stropharia aurantiaca] are frequent on wood chips, as found on a Springburn Park foray. A further chapter on why some fungi are rare while others are common, discusses the conundrum of truly rare species [some have only been seen once or a few times) versus species which may be under-recorded for various reasons. The frequency of some species can be affected by changes in climate, habitat, pollution and substrate availability. Others may 'sleep' with several years between fruitings. There are chapters on fungal foraying, poisonous and edible fungi, the pros and cons of picking mushrooms and a final chapter on endangered species and conservation with tables of action plan species. Before the index there are numerous references to literature, as well as lists of field guides, websites and mycological organisations. If there is a gripe, it is that where photographs cover the bottoms of both facing pages, there are no page numbers. Apart from that minor point it is good news. This is a welcome addition to the literature available to naturalists and one hopes will be the first of many. Robin Jones Urban Trees: A Practical Management Guide Steve Cox The Crowood Press, Marlborough, Wiltshire, 2011. 175 pages, hardback, colour photographs, diagrams in colour and black and white. ISBN 978-1-84797-298-9, £19.99 This is a very useful and comprehensive book for any professional or amateur involved with trees in public or garden spaces. Each chapter deals with particular aspects of trees and the urban environment. The text is accompanied by good photographic illustrations and excellent tabled information from the author's own and others' wide research studies. In an introduction, the author outlines tree physiology and discusses the undisputed advantages to people of having trees around them in the urban environment. An interesting chapter follows, giving a historical setting to people's interaction with trees around their living spaces. Topics covered thereafter include choice of species of tree for different situations. Size choices too are covered with similar recommendations. Subsequent chapters look at tree establishment, especially problematic in public places and continue to discuss fully maintenance of the mature and maturing tree 111 with all the associated difficulties. All these aspects are comprehensively considered both from the perspective of the tree's problems such as introduced soil, excavations, overhead cables etc., but also the problems and risks trees cause to services, roads and the public generally. Wildlife interactions are discussed too. Particularly interesting is a chapter on urban tree management and the law (Scotland included). This can be a hot topic for anyone with trees in their garden - or neighbour's garden! Particularly thorny too for anyone involved professionally or otherwise with planning departments. Wei! worth reading. As a whole, the book is up to date and conspicuously reflects Steve Cox's many years of experience with trees in the U.K. and abroad. This results in a true understanding of the complexity of giving the urban public the benefits of trees whilst not underestimating the consequent problems. It is as comprehensive a book as 1 have seen on the subject and should find its way on to the book shelf of planning and road departments as well as landscape contractors and, indeed, the interested public who are at the receiving end of their actions and decisions. Alison Moss Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates Michael Dobson, Simon Pawley, Melanie Fletcher and Anne Powell Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 68, Ambleside, UK, 2012. 216 pages, hardback illustrated with colour and black and white drawings. ISBN 0-900386-80-0, £33. Tom Macan first wrote A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrate Animals in 1959. The current guide has been written by staff from the Freshwater Biological Association as a successor to this work and as a tribute to one of the UK's most recognised authorities on freshwater biology, who died in 1984. Aimed at the established naturalist and those new to the field this book is not intended to be a comprehensive guide but rather a tool to be used as a first stage in the identification of specimens collected in the field in the British Isles. It provides a useful section on how to take your studies further and ways to contribute to the UK biological recording databases. Everything about this book is clear and concise. A brief introduction to animal classification, its limitations and the constantly changing state of freshwater systems and their inhabitants helps the reader to understand the challenges faced with the age old practice of identification. Glossary, classification and index sections are easy to follow and well structured. Like the original publication readers are guided towards an identification in the style of a dichotomous key, but rather than being presented with just two options at each level there can be more, reducing the number of steps to the end point. There are 13 keys, each representing a different group, beginning with a description of the variety of forms, behaviour and developmental stages of the animals to follow. Where appropriate, hand-drawn illustrations are used to help with identification. These are beautifully drawn in great detail and clarity making it a joy to just thumb through the pages even when not being used to make an identification. At the end point, as well as giving, in most circumstances, the family or genus we are also told the number of families/genera and species thus giving you a good idea of how close you may be to an accurate identification. If there is a negative, then it would be the price. £33 seems a little too expensive. About the £25 mark, I feel, would encourage far more individuals to make a purchase if they are new to freshwater biology or likely to use the guide only occasionally. I think, however, it is a wonderful guide and would certainly recommend it, particularly to those who regularly go out in the field. Tom Macan would not have been disappointed. George Paterson 112 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 113-114 OBITUARIES Ruth Dobson, 1929-2014 Ruth Hilda Nash was born in Walthamstow, North London, on 6 April 1929 and was at Bedford College, London University from 1947-1951 graduating with a B.Sc. in 1951. In 1951-1953 she became a research student at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where she tested new insecticides. She was the Nash in the Busvine- Nash test which was formerly used as a standard technique. For this work she was awarded an M.Sc. In 1953 she entered Wye College in Kent with the task of evaluating new insecticidal compounds. Ron worked in the Horticultural Department at Wye studying living insects while Ruth was in the Chemistry Department trying to kill them. They were introduced by the Professor of Chemistry thus: "This is Miss Nash, I want you to help her - not too much help mind”! Well Ron gave plenty of help and is still doing so. Ruth and Ron were soon going out together and both played violin in the College Orchestra. Ruth would cycle 12 miles to Canterbury and back, mostly in the dark, to take violin lessons. One night she was knocked down by a motorbike and, although no bones were broken she was badly shaken up and had to have a recuperative period in bed. The violin was smashed beyond repair. In 1953 Ruth took a job at Edinburgh University trying to find ways of killing biting midges and Ron, who had by then moved to a job at Rothamsted Experimental Station in Harpenden, travelled by overnight bus to Edinburgh every month to see her. On one of these visits they became engaged. Then Ruth's work took her to Kinlochewe in Wester Ross but Ron kept up the monthly visits by taking the overnight bus to Edinburgh, then the train to Garve and finally Ruth's van to Kinlochewe. Both shared a love of the Highlands so they could walk the country and climb the hills. They were not "Munro Baggers" but just enjoyed the spectacular hills and scenery. The most enjoyable and memorable day was in 1954 when they climbed Suilven on a lovely sunny day. Not so enjoyable however was the myriad of the non-biting but sweat-sucking flies, Hydrotaea irritans, which plagued them all the way across the surrounding peat bogs. It was on one of these climbing trips to Ben Resipole in Ardamurchan, during the 1970s, that Ruth, accompanied by her 13 year old son, John, lost her footing and fell, head over heels down a deep ravine into the stream below injuring her back and dislocating a thumb. Not being able to rescue her by himself John sought help, and with the aid of locals and later the police, she was freed and taken to the local farm. The damage to her thumb was soon put right but that to her back was much more serious and may have contributed to the disabling and painful back troubles which plagued her for the last three decades of her life. After this event she was laid up for a while. In 1963 Ruth and Ron bought an old, rather dilapidated school and schoolhouse at Kilmory in North Ardnamurchan. This stands in about an acre of land about half a mile from a safe bathing beach and has an unrivalled view of the Small Isles, Rum, Eigg, Ganna and Muck with a back-drop of the Cuillin hills in Skye. The family visited this whenever possible and it enabled the children to appreciate and enjoy the Highland environment and the adults, especially Ruth, to use it as a base for her studies of natural history. This enterprise was most successful and the property is still owned by the family where it serves as a holiday home for them and their friends. Ruth was a dedicated lover of natural history with a special liking for birds and vascular plants. She published several important papers in these fields dealing principally with the plants of North Ardnamurchan and with the natural history of the Isle of Muck in the Inner Hebrides. She joined the Glasgow Natural History Society in 1969, was a vice-president from 1980 tol982 and the librarian for 25 years from 1977. Following the 113 unsolicited receipt of a book for review in the Glasgow Naturalist in 1981 Ruth perceived that she could invite publishers to send new books for review. This was most successful and so far the Society has received well over 100 new books in this way. For her work she was elected an Honorary Member in 2001. Apart from her interests in Natural History, Ruth was a deeply religious person and, as a member of the Netherlee Parish Church, attended services regularly, was librarian and sang in the choir for a time. Along with other members of the Flower Committee she designed and produced flower arrangements to decorate the church. At the Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988 Ruth developed back trouble and was obliged to get a wheel chair. She used this for the rest of her life as her ability to walk had become seriously depleted. She also had an electric scooter but after a time became unable to use it. Towards the end, complications unrelated to her mobility and back problems developed and in 2013 and 2014 she spent many weeks in hospital. However despite the efforts of the NHS to find a cure her condition steadily deteriorated and on 18 December 2014 (on Ron's birthday, and 3 months from what would have been their diamond wedding) she lost the fight. As a housekeeper and mother she brought up, fed and clothed five lively youngsters, was an enthusiastic knitter, made beautiful tapestries and dried flower pictures which were sold at local fairs. She did everything within her capacities well (except perhaps for driving and violin playing) and will be sorely missed. A list of her principal publications in the Glasgow Naturalist follows. REFERENCES In addition to numerous book reviews Ruth published the following articles: Dobson, R.H. (1981). Eider Duck's Eggs in Herring Gull’s nest. Glasgow Naturalist 20: 182. Dobson, R.H. (1983). The Vascular Plants of Northern Ardnamurchan. Glasgow Naturalist 20: 313-331. Dobson, R.H. (1984). Manx Shearwater breeding in the Isle of Muck. Glasgow Naturalist 20: 491. Dobson, R.H. 1988. The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes. 5, Landbirds. Glasgow Naturalist 21: 407-422. Dobson, R.H. (1990). The Glasgow Natural History Society Library Glasgow Naturalist 21: 598. Dobson, R.H. (1991). Increase in numbers of breeding Greylag Geese Anser anser (L.) in the Muck Islands. Glasgow Naturalist 22: 83-84. Dobson, R.H. (1991). Additions to the list of Vascular Plants for the Muck Islands (V.C.104). Glasgow Naturalist 22: 89. Dobson, R.H. and Bonner, 1. (1988). Additions to the Vascular Plants of Northern Ardnamurchan. Glasgow Naturalist 21: 482. Dobson, R.H. and Dobson, R.M. (1985). The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes. 1. Introduction and vegetation with a list of Vascular Plants. Glasgow Naturalist 21: 13-38. Dobson, R.H. & Dobson, R.M. (1986). The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes. 3. Seabirds and wild-fowl. Glasgow Naturalist 21: 183-199. Dobson, R.H. & Hodgetts, N.G. (1993). Additions to the list of Mosses for the Isle of Muck, V.C.104 Glasgow Naturalist 22: 277. Dobson, R.H. & Hodgetts N.G. (1994). Additions to the list of Liverworts for the Isle of Muck, V.C. 104. Glasgow Naturalist 22: 419. 114 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 115-116 PhotoSCENE 2014/15 This competition was originally funded for four years and is sponsored by Glasgow Natural History Society and the University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine. Its aims are to promote interest in Natural History and the work of SCENE [Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, the University's field station at Rowardennan), linkage between the Institute and the Society, and providing pictures for publicity. During this time, participation in the competition has increased, and prizes to the tune of £800 per year have been awarded at the Society's photographic nights each February. Four years have now elapsed since the inaugural competition in 2011, and the emphasis of the competition has changed over that time, but the good news is that it has been agreed between the Institute and the Society that the competition will continue at least for the time being, with an attempt being made to increase publicity for the competition in the hope of more than the 50 entries of 2014. Here are some of the winning entries from 2014's competition. David Palmer Photo 1= Geoff Hancock. Indian Summer sunflower and red admiral. Craigmuir, near Strathaven, on 27 September 2014. Used a Nikon Coolpix. A spell of really good weather allowed the sunflowers to bloom in a field where a farmer had planted a winter bird seed mix as part of a set aside scheme. The red admiral butterfly is commonly seen in autumn nectaring on a variety of flowers in preparation for hibernation. 115 Photo 2. Sarah Longrigg. Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae (Cinnabar) caterpillar on Ragwort, Milngavie 01/08/2014, Canon Powershot A720 IS cropped, enlarged by interpolation with slight sharpening. Photo 3. Chris Mclnerny. Adder female May 2014. Taken at Loch Lomond, using a Sony DSC-RXIOO camera, with no digital enhancement. 116 The Glasgow Naturalist (2016) Volume 26, Part 2, 117-118 PROCEEDINGS 2014 The lecturer’s name and title of lecture are given for attended. 7^'’ January Tutorial from Jimena Guerrero Flores: "Conserving Mexican otters using landscape genetics". Lecture from Helen Roy: "The march of the harlequin ladybird". Boyd Orr Building. 11*'’ February Photographic Night Members’ slides or digital slide shows, plus photographic competition results. Boyd Orr Building. 27"’ February Joint meeting with Glasgow University Exploration Society. (Most expeditions are supported by the BLB Bequest) "Glasgow University expeditions report back". Graham Kerr Building. 6"’ March Joint meeting with Paisley and Hamilton Natural History Societies. Lecture from Anthony McCluskey: "Plight of the bumblebee". Paisley Museum. 11*'’ March AGM followed by a lecture from Andrew Whitworth; "A second chance to conserve the biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating rainforest". Boyd Orr Building. April 8"’ Tutorial from Paula Baker: "A year on the edge (of Loch Lomond)". Lecture from Clifton Bain: "The ancient pinewoods of Scotland". Boyd Orr Building. May 13*'’ Tutorial from Shiona MacPhail: "Claypits, Hamiltonhill - beyond the jagged fence". Lecture from Barbara Helm: "Avian migration - timing matters". Boyd Orr Building. June 10th Summer Social. Glasgow University Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE) at Rowardennan. Excursions 16 day excursions and 1 weekend excursion were held throughout the year. September 17"’ Exhibition meeting: Members’ natural history exhibits. Graham Kerr Building. meetings as is the location. All meetings were well October 14*'’ Tutorial from Sarah-Jayne Forster: "The Kelvingrove Bioblitz" Lecture from Davie Black: "Black-eyed Susan and the frilly lettuce - an exploration of the Celtic rainforest and Caledonian pinewoods". Boyd Orr Building. October ZZ”" Blodwen Lloyd Binns Lecture. Pete Hollingsworth on "Telling species apart with DNA”. Graham Kerr Building. November 11*'’ Tutorial from James Stead and Lauren Lochrie: "Froglife’s Scottish Dragonfinder and Green Pathways projects”. Lecture from Anna McGregor: "Voices in the reeds: passive acoustic monitoring of water rail.” Boyd Orr Building. December 9**’ Christmas Dinner followed by a lecture from Tony Payne: "Bravo Charlie Lemur". Officers and Council elected at the 2014 AGM President Roger Downie Vice Presidents Alison Moss David Palmar Bob Gray General Secretary Mary Child Assistant Secretary Lyn Dunachie Treasurer Susan Futter Winter Syllabus Roger Downie Social Secretary Avril Walkinshaw Excursions Morag Mackinnon most 117 Membership Secretary Richard Weddle Librarian Janet Palmar G.N. Editor Dominic McCafferty Newsletter Editor David Palmar University Liaison Officer Barbara Mable Section Convenors Richard Weddle: Bio-recording Alison Moss; Botany Norman Storie; Ornithology David Palmar: Photography George Paterson: Zoology Councillors Eilidh Malcolm Laura Allen Gillian Simpson BLB Executive Secretary, Treasurer Scientific Advisors Peter Macpherson and Roger Downie Technical advisor Richard Weddle Financial Advisor Bob Gray. 118 The Glasgow Naturalist Advice to Contributors 1. The Glasgow Naturalist publishes articles, short notes and book reviews. All articles are peer reviewed by a minimum of two reviewers. The subject matter of articles and short notes should concern the natural history of Scotland in all its aspects, including historical treatments of natural historians. Before submitting your article please read the detailed Instructions for Authors at: http://www.glasgownaturalhistorv.org.uk/gnat. html A summary of the instructions are given below. 2. Full papers should not normally exceed 20 printed pages. They should be headed by the title and author, postal and email address. Any references cited should be listed in alphabetical order under the heading References. Ail papers must contain a short abstract summarising the work. The text should normally be divided into sections with sub-headings such as Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion and Acknowledgements. 3. Short notes should not normally exceed one page of A4 single-spaced. They should be headed by the title and author's name, postal and email address. Any references cited should be listed in alphabetical order under the heading References. There should be no other sub-headings. Any acknowledgements should be given as a sentence before the references. Short notes may cover, for example, new locations for a species, rediscoveries of old records, ringed birds recovered, occurrences known to be rare or unusual, interesting localities not usually visited by naturalists, and preliminary observations designed to stimulate more general interest. 4. References should be given in full according to the following style: Pennie, I.D. [1951). Distribution of Capercaillie in Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 63, 4-17. Wheeler, A. (1975). Fishes of the World. Ferndale Editions, London. Grist, N.R. & Bell, E.J (1996). Enteroviruses. Pp. 381- 90 In: Weatherall, D.J. (editor). Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5. An organism’s genus and species should be given in italics when first mentioned. Thereafter the common name is only required. Please use lower case initial letters for all common names e.g. wood avens, blackbird; unless the common name includes a normally capitalised proper name e.g. Kemp's ridley turtle. The nomenclature of vascular plants should follow Stace, C.A. (1997). The new Flora of the British Isles, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Normal rules of zoological nomenclature apply. When stating distribution, it may be appropriate to give information by vice-county. 6. All papers, including electronic versions, must be prepared on A4, double spaced throughout, with margins of 25mm, with 12 point Times New Roman font. Tables and the legends to figures should be typed separately and attached to the end of the manuscript. The Editor can make arrangements to have hand-written manuscripts typed if necessary. 7. Tables are numbered in arabic numerals e.g. Table 1. These should be double-spaced on separate sheets with a title and short explanatory paragraph underneath. 8. Line drawings and photographs are numbered in sequence in arabic numerals e.g. Fig. 1. If an illustration has more than one part, each should be identified as 9 (a), (b) etc. They should be supplied as a high resolution digital image or camera-ready for uniform reduction of one-half on A4 size paper. Line drawings should be drawn and fully labelled. A metric scale must be inserted in photo-micrographs etc. Legends for illustrations should be typed on a separate sheet. Photographs are normally printed in black and white, however the Editor is able to accept a small number of high quality colour photographs for each issue. 9. Articles should be submitted to the Editor: Dr Dominic McCafferty by email dominic.mccaffertv@glasgow.ac.uk as a single word processed document. Photographs and illustrations should be high resolution with a minimum of 300 dpi in tif or jpeg format. Please contact the Editor if you require assistance with photographs as in some cases suitable photographs can be obtained. 10. When the article is accepted for publication, the author should return the corrected manuscript to the Editor as soon as possible. Final proofs should be returned to the Editor by email within 7 days. Alterations at this stage should be kept to the correction of typesetting errors. More extensive alterations may be charged to the author. 11. A copy of the published article will be sent to the first author as a pdf file. A paper copy of the article can be provided if requested. 12. All submissions are liable to assessment by the Editor for ethical considerations, and publication may be refused on the recommendation of the Editorial Committee. SMfTHSONIAN LIBRARIES 3 9088 01934 0462