te SESS Seepete tea g55its rit * tse" Bid ite SSceniits ae ao Mrertreertess + Seis osseueartyy steany THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/glasgownaturalisO1 ande ey > M Che Glasgow :: PDaturalist THE JOURNAL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series). (Vol. I.) EDITED BY DA. BOYD AND JOHN PATERSON, 1909. GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS Rooms, 207 BATH STREET, Roprrt ANDERSON, 12 Nie Srreer. “SS i 4 . , : - Ls ash idee see 1. - ‘gouvInsuy OO 3: . ‘Surpurg G SI I8as aa igaeae: - RH lige ‘syooq moN'—Aavaqry ‘¢ G G PL - ‘puey uO pu yURg Ul ae (of A - : - : ‘suovjovsun4y, Soseiaaedg * —punyg Areurpig Sl ive i - - - - ‘sosuedxq uraauey ‘¢ 0 Ot LgI7 —-—— , Pe 0) ste : : : ; ‘suorpppsun4y Suryutg *¢ 0 OL Z0l - ‘yurgq uy () Be OH - : > Pare es ‘Sav[NOAID Sulu i 0 0 ccs ‘sornquaqo(y rat ie OM - : - ee) AxaU0Tye4Q ‘a5vqysog —pung sioqwopy ory 9 SI OF - - - - ‘souvpueyzy pure quey Ac —oourleg oO], ‘Tg “SnY—'S061 *T ‘3dag— "L061 ‘SO6T-L06T NOISSA4S-SINQODODV 40 INHWALPLS LOVELSIP 60 Che Glasgow Waturalist The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series). Vol. I., Part 3.] [May, 1909. REV. ALEXANDER STODDART WILSON, M.A., B.Sc. Ty the death of the Rev. A. 8. Wilson, on 8th February, 1909, at the age of fifty-five years, this Society lost one of its oldest and most respected members, and the country one whom it has reason to regret, as few naturalists, even of his generation, did more to encourage natural history studies than he. As a student in the University of Glasgow he won the Clark Fellowship in Natural Science, and he graduated M.A. with the highest honours in science. For a period of seven years he was Lecturer in Botany in Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and during the greater part of this time he acted as assistant in the chemical laboratory of the City Analyst of Glasgow. At the close of the series of popular lectures in Botany in Anderson’s College in 1885 a proposal was made by Mr. William Cumming, one of the students, that an arrangement should be made for those who had done field-work under Mr. Wilson’s guidance to continue to take excursions together. The organisation which arose out of this proposal is the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, of which Mr. Wilson was the first president, a position he continued to occupy for five years. Mr. Wilson had naturally a good deal to do with the early success of that society, which has done a great work in the twenty-four years of its history in popularising the study of natural history in the Glasgow district. In 1881 he entered upon the ministry of the Free Church congregation of North Queensferry, and remained in this charge till his death. Although not endowed with an attractive pulpit style, his scholarship and reverence impressed all with whom he came in contact in carrying out the duties of his office. As a natural result of the graces of his character, he was bound by ties of endearing affection to all his flock, and to his old students F 62 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. and the members of the various natural history societies in which he was interested. He was a zealous and fearless champion of temperance reform, and in public matters beyond the sphere of church-work he commanded the attention of the directors of the North British Railway at one time and of the Admiralty at another. For some time previous to, and until his death, he was a member of the School Board of Inverkeithing. Of this Society he became a member in 1879, and was elected as a vice-president in 1883. He was from the year he joined the Society until 1894 a fairly regular contributor to our Transactions and Proceedings. From the titles of his communications to the Society the range of his interest may be guessed —‘‘ Unwelecome Flower Guests” (1879), “The Functions of the Carpellary Leaves in Angiosperms” (1880), “ The Morphology of Under- ground Stems” (1881), ‘‘The External Configuration of Plants in Relation to Wind-Pressure and Water-Currents” (1885) “ The Dispersion of Seeds and Spores” (1888-9), published at length in our Z'ransactions (New [Second] Series), Vol. III., ‘‘The Move- ments of Plants” (1892), “The Homologies of Flowering Plants and Cryptogams ” (1894). Mr. Wilson, who is survived by a widow and several children, was interred in the Churchyard of Inverkeithing. Occurrence in Ayrshire of Chrysophlyctis endobiotica Schilb., the Fungus of Black-Scab Potato-Disease. By D. A. Boyp. [Read 27th April, 1909.] Towarps the end of last year, Mr. John Gunson, nurseryman, Saltcoats, brought to me some potato-tubers which had been obtained in the garden of a villa in Caledonia Road, in the west end of that town. Each of the tubers was disfigured with large outgrowths or warty excrescences of a pale-brown colour, and I was informed that most of the potatoes grown in the same garden last year had been similarly affected. BOY D—Tue Funeus or Brack-Scas Porato-DisEAsE. 63 As I had not then had an opportunity of examining the Black- Scab disease on fresh or newly-dug potatoes, I failed at first. to recognise its presence on the tubers submitted to me, and these were accordingly laid aside for further examination. After some weeks had elapsed, the potatoes were found to have shrunk considerably, owing to the evaporation of the moisture within them, while the warty tumours had become correspondingly contracted and much darker in colour. In this dry condition I at once recognised their close resemblance to English specimen which I had seen last autumn, and the presence of the disease was subsequently confirmed by microscopical examination, and fully established by a report from the Board of Agriculture, to whom one of the affected tubers was submitted. ** Black-Scab ’’ is quite distinct from the common potato- disease, and produces effects in no way resembling those occasioned by that well-known foe of the agriculturist. The latter is due to the agency of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary, which causes discoloration and decay of the affected tubers; while Black-Scab is occasioned by Chrysophlyctis endobrotica, Schilbersky, a parasitic fungus which produces warty outgrowths or excrescences, chiefly on the tubers, but also to some extent on the haulms and lower leaves of the host-plant. The sporangia, which are developed most abundantly in the outer layer of the warty tumours, are thick walled, golden brown in colour, sub-spherical in shape, and vary considerably in size, measuring about 60-70 by 50 ys. They contain zoospores, which are liberated at maturity. When a spore is brought into contact with a fresh tuber, it commences to grow, and the fungus forces its entrance into the potato at the portion known as the “‘eye.’’ The tissue of the potato is so stimulated by the fungus as to develop rapidly in an abnormal way. In this manner, large and irregularly shaped outgrowths, covered with small warts and wrinkles, are formed on the surface of the tuber. When infection has occurred at several points, the entire surface of the potato may be covered with a rugged scab. When fresh, the scabbed growth much resembles a small piece of cauliflower of a dirty yellowish colour, but becomes dark blackish-brown when dry. Potatoes so affected are not only disfigured in appearance, but rendered quite unfit for food, 64 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. When diseased tubers or haulms are allowed to decay on the ground, the spores are liberated and find their way into the soil. They may then be conveyed from field to field in manure, or even by implements of agriculture, or on the boots of labourers. If neglected, the soil of a field or garden may in a few years become so impregnated with spores as to render almost impossible the growing of potatoes within it. It has been ascertained that the spores of this fungus may le dormant in the soil for more than four years without losing their vitality. Although known to potato-growers in the Liverpool district for about fifteen years, the disease was not brought under public notice until 1901, when it was described by Professor M. C. Potter, M.A., from material obtained in Cheshire.* Diseased tubers from North Wales were submitted in 1902 to the Royal Agricultural Society, and examined by Miss A. Lorrain Smith, who afterwards published a description of the fungus.t It has also been described and figured in Leaflet No. 105, issued by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, which contains valuable information as to preventive and remedial measures. Chrysophlyctis endobiotica has been regarded by Dr. Magnus as identical with Cdomyces leproides, Trabut, which produces large nodulose fleshy tumours on the upper part of the root of beet, although the accuracy of that view has. been questioned. f As the disease has now been reported from numerous counties in England, several in Wales, and several in Scotland, it is desirable that the utmost vigilance should be used to make sure that tubers intended for use as seed potatoes, and parti- cularly those which have been imported from other districts, are free from taint before being put into the ground. Grocers and dealers should also keep a sharp look-out for diseased potatoes amongst their supplies, and report any when found, so that sources of infection may be ascertained and remedial measures adopted. The necessity for such precautions is emphasised by the “ Destructive Insects and Pests Order of 1908” of the Board of Agriculture, wherein the Black-Scab or Warty-Disease of potatoes is scheduled as one of the pests to * Journal of the Board of Agriculture, vol. ix. (1902), pp. 320-323. + Transactions of the British Mycological Society for 1902, p. 31. { Ibid., p. 16, W ATT—Appitions TO THE FLorA OF DUMBARTONSHIRE. * 65 which the Order applies, and penalties, not exceeding £10, are prescribed for neglect to notify any outbreak of the disease, or refusal to permit examination of growing crops, or exposure of diseased potatoes for sale. Now that the Black-Scab disease has been definitely ascer- tained to occur within the Clyde area, it is to be hoped that farmers and others interested will do all in their power to prevent its spread ; for in a district such as ours, where potatoes are so extensively grown for the market, anything approaching to a general outbreak of the disease would have results most disastrous to agriculturists, many of whom depend on the potato crop more than any other for payment of their rents. On Some Additions to the Flora of Dumbartonshire. By Laurence Wart. [Read 30th March, 1909.] Ir is now ten years since Mr. P. Ewing, F.L.S., published his Glasgow Catalogue of Native and Established Plants for the Western and Central Counties of Scotland, and nearly eight years since the lists were prepared for the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde area, and published by the local committee for the meeting of the British Association held in Glasgow. These lists, to all workers in Natural History, served a good purpose by stimulating them to see how many they can find in their own locality, and by so doing they are often led to add to the knowledge of their county. _ In working here and there through the county I have gathered a few plants that are not mentioned in the lists named above, while others that are mentioned therein, but are so rarely seen in flower, I have also included. Of those new to the county two are also new to the West of Scotland, and one, Limosella aquatica, Linn., has only been recorded by Mr. A. Bennett, F.L.S., for four counties in Scotland. 66 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Cochlearia Armoracia, Linn.—Found on waste ground, near the shore, at Row. I saw the root-leaves of this plant two years previous, but the fruit-stalks were all gone. In the month of June I got it in flower. The difference between the narrow leaves of the stem and the large crenated root-leaves is notable. Hennedy calls it an outcast of gardens. Polygala oxyptera, Reich.—This I found on a sloping bank near Law Farm, east of Edinbarnet, on the lower slopes of the Old Kilpatrick Hills, at an altitude of 400 feet. This is the first record for the West of Scotland. It differs considerably from P. vulgaris, Linn., of which Babington makes it only a sub-species. Now it has attained specific rank. P. vulgaris, Linn., grows almost straight up from the rootstock, and has often coloured flowers, while P. oxyptera, Reich., creeps along the ground, then throws up its flower-stalks, and the flowers are all pure white, the leaves are smaller and sharper than is generally found on P. vulgaris. Hooker gives it from Perth southward, local. Sagina apetala, Ard.—This was gathered in the Clyde marshes at Old Kilpatrick. It grows on the walls west of Bowling, and walls are mostly its habitat. The one shown was found in a marsh nearly covered at every tide, which was, I thought, a strange locality for such a plant. In his note Mr. A. Bennett referred to it being supplied with fresh water, which it is, as the Lusset Burn runs through tie marsh. Sagina maritima Don. x apetala, Ard.—This curious hybrid grows on the walls at Craigendoran. Mr. Bennett says the leaves are half apetala and half marituma. The leaves are longer and, narrower, and the flower-stalks shorter than what S. maritima, Linn., generally has. ‘The leaves are also longer than those of S. apetala, Ard., but the flowers are nearly the same. Sagina Reuteri, Boiss.—This was also growing at the bottom of and on a wall at Craigendoran. This, I think, has not been recorded previously for Scotland. It was considered an alien brought from Spain, but as it has been found in various parts of the country far from any seaport, it has now got its place as a native plant. In the Journal of Botany for April, 1908, Mr. F. W. Williams, F.L.S., writes—‘ I have received for examination so many specimens of S. Reuteri, Boiss, from the a ee W ATT—AppITIONS ''to THE FLORA OF DUMBARTONSHIRE. 67 North of England and from inland localities as to preclude the idea that it has been imported from Spain. Iam quite prepared,” he says, “to reverse the early view of the habitat of this plant, and now hold that it is a casual or alien in its native habitat near Madrid, and a native of more northern countries.” It is also recorded from Skipwith and Strensal Commons, Yorkshire, by Mr. W. Ingham and Mr. J. A. Wheldon, who describes the difference between the three species thus—S. Reuteri, Boiss, is distinguished from S. maritima, Don., by its texture and longer capsule, from S. apetala, Ard., by its erect sepals and shorter peduncle, and from S. procumbens, Linn., by its central stem always elongating and flowering. As it is a free fruiting species, it would soon spread. I gathered it on the wall round the Dane John in Canterbury and now at Craigendoran. Vicia angustifolia, Linn., var. Bobartii, Koch.—This vetch grows on a flat bit of ground at Erskine, just east of the ferry on the Renfrewshire side of the Clyde opposite Dumbartonshire. This species spreads itself on the grassy bank, but is easily observed by its long pods. Rubus podophyllus, P. J. Muell.—I gathered this in the open wood near the Glen, Garelochhead. The Rev. E. F. Linton, to whom I submitted the plant, said he had no idea it grew so far north. Rosa glauca, Vill., var. Reuteri, Godet.—I found this growing in a hedge near Edinbarnet. It is rather rare in Dumbartonshire. According to Hooker the leaves are glaucous ; bracts, stipules, and branches turning red. Hieracium holosericeum, Backh.—It was a very stormy day when I gathered this rare hawkweed on Ben Vorlich, and being late in the season the flowers on the specimen shown are gone. The thick white black-based hairs are also weathered off a little, but the leaves are all right. I gathered it at an elevation of 2,700 feet, where it was sheltered by a friendly cliff. Vaccinium uliginosum, Linn.—This was growing fairly plentifully along with V. J/yriil/us, Linn., among sheltered rocks, 2,000 feet up on Ben Vorlich. There was plenty of fruit on both plants. This, too, is the first record for Dumbarton. Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Linn.—This was gathered on the right bank of the Leven, just above the bridge at Balloch. 68 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Among the soft muddy banks it is spreading rapidly, but it flowers sparingly. I turned over hundreds of plants and only got thirteen with flowers. It has spread over the pools that Utricularia vulgaris, Linn., flowered so well in. Now Lysi- machia has killed it out, which is a case of the weakest going to the wall. It grows on the banks of the Leven at the north end of Dumbarton Common, but I never saw it in flower there. Possibly from its being so much exposed, the plants are small.* Symphytum officinale, Linn.—The first time I had the pleasure of gathering this plant in flower, it was growing on a dry bank at Craigendoran along with the var. patens, Sibth., which is the common form in the Clyde district. One writer in the Journal of Botany says that S. patens, Sibth., is only found near water, and that is why I mention that I found the two now exhibited on a dry bank a considerable distance from water. Limosella aquatica, Linn.— When I asked Mr. A. Bennett, F.L.S., what records he had for Scotland he wrote that this species was found in Ayr, Haddington, Forfar, and Kincardine. Those from Kincardine are very inconspicuous. It grows up to Swedish Lapland and also in Russian and Finnish Lapland, and it is a good acquisition to a locality so near Glasgow. I believe it may be often overlooked from the fact that the broad blade of the leaf being on such a long stalk gets easily knocked off, and the flowers are so small that it would be passed as Littorella lacustris, Linn., among which it grows. I noticed the plants that were on the side of the dam, exposed to the air and the ducks, had scarcely a leaf left on them, while those on the water were all right. The elevation of this dam near Hardgate, Duntocher, where it grows, is 350 feet. Salix nigricans, Sm., and §. phylicifolia, Linn.—These two different willows have always been put down as S. nigricans, Sm. I have had considerable correspondence with the Rev. E. F. Linton over them, however, this last year. He asked me to gather the autumn leaves from the different trees, so that we might get the matter settled. In S. nigricans, Sm., there is a marked difference between the spring and autumn leaves, and more so * Has been recorded previously from Inehmoan (Annals of the Ander- sonian Nat. Socy., I., p. 58), and from Caldarvan Loeh (/oc. cit., III., p. 25). Eds. W ATT—Appitions To THE FLoRA OF DUMBARTONSHIRE. 69 perhaps on the stipules. In its earlier flowering stages the stipules are very small, while in autumn they are large and as prominent as those on S. aurita, Linn., and both spring and autumn leaves turn black in drying. Salix phylicifolia, Linn,—The spring and autumn leaves of this willow show very little difference. Those gathered in the flowering stage have a tendency to get darker when drying, while those gathered in autumn show little or no difference in colour, and the stipules are very small in both cases, entirely different from those on S. migricans,Sm. The Rev. E. F. Linton agreed they were two different willows, and named them so. On the Loch Humphrey Burn 8S. pAylicifolia, Linn., grows at an altitude of 450 feet, and S. nigricans, Sm., at 350 feet. Juniperus communis, Linn.—This was growing over the top of a rock on Ben Vorlich, near where the vacciniums are found, a little over 2,000 feet. From its spreading habit I gathered it for J. nana, Willd. It grows up to 2,700 feet in Westmoreland. Carex saxatilis, Linn.—In the new London Catalogue the name of this sedge is changed from C.. pulla, Good., to the older name C. saxatilis, Linn. I gota surprise on finding this carex on Ben Vorlich, as I had almost given up hope, but seeing a yellow patch at the foot of a rock with some carices on it, I was not long in picking up C. sawatilis, Linn., though they are poor specimens compared with those that grow on Ben Lawers. Mr. Bennett called them starved specimens of C. saxatilis, Linn., but they represent Dumbartonshire ! Carex saxatilis, Linn. x flava, Linn.—Mr. P. Ewing, F.LS., is more in favour of above naming, as he says there is not much of saxatilis in the specimens exhibited. They were found on Ben Vorlich, a little below the others, from 2,300 to 2,500 feet. There were more of the cross species than the species itself. Though Ben Lomond is so near there is a considerable difference between the flora of the two mountains, as I never saw anything approaching C., sawatilis, Linn., on Ben Lomond. 70 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. The Return of Summer-Birds to the ‘‘Clyde” Area in 1908 and 1909. By JoHN PATERSON. THE spring migration season of 1908, which ultimately proved the most remarkable in the recollection of ornithologists in this district, began quite normally with the appearance in the Harbour of Glasgow of the Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) on 18th March; the White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), of which seven males were observed on the River Kelvin on 22nd; Wheatear (Saxicola enanthe) on Corkindale Law and in the south of Arran on 28th; and Sand Martin (Cottle riparia) on 31st at Lamlash. After this quite unsensational opening, there followed a period of three weeks during which almost no migration whatever was observed, a period often, if not invariably, fruitful in results to observers in “Clyde.” Locally the conditions were | no worse than they had been in some previous years, when many migrants were here; it is, indeed, not so unusual to have a cold period in April as it is to have so much dry and sunny weather as we had in 1908. Under these circumstances the cause of the interruption in the flow of the tide of migration to these parts must be sought beyond our borders, and this was not hard to find in the extraordinary conditions which obtained throughout England till after a late Easter. Writing in the Zoologist for May, 1908 (p. 177), Mr. W. Warde Fowler says—‘“‘I have this afternoon (17th April) had the unique experience of strolling for some three hours in fields and woods in Oxfordshire without seeing or hearing a single summer migrant.” In his “ Orni- thological Report for Norfolk (1908),” Zoologist, April, 1909, Mr. J. H. Gurney says that ‘all kinds of warbler were far short of their usual numbers, whitethroats were not to be seen, and the deficiency in reed and sedge-warblers was pointed out to Mr. Bird on the Broads. Something must have befallen them, and in all probability the cause was the snow which fell on April 23rd, and which, though not so deep in Norfolk as in many counties, began to freeze again while it was still melting, and the next morning greenhouses exhibited rows of icicles.” Apparently our bird-visitors could not get through this zone — Cee PATERSON—TuHE ReturRN oF SUMMER-BIRDS. 71 south of us where such unseasonable weather obtained, and consequently, though the conditions locally were not unsuited to their reception, and were very favourable for their appearance being observed, the fact remains that for three consecutive weeks the stream of migration was cut otf. Thereafter. following upon an alteration in the conditions throughout the country—warm, still, muggy weather prevailing in the last two days of April— the migrants’ opportunity had come. and those due then in a normal season, and all those overdue owing to the abnormal conditions throughout the month, arrived together. Continuing the list of appearances in the order of their occurrence, a solitary Swallow (Hirundo rustica) was observed at Cambuslang and another at Beith on the 12th of April, but it was not till the end of the month that the main body of this species arrived. A solitary Willow-wren (Phylloscopus trochilus) was reported at Caldwell on 15th April, but it was not till the first days of May that it became common. Other species as they appeared were as follows:—Common Sandpiper (Zotanus hypo- leucus), Dalry, 19th April; Wood-wren (Piulloscopus sibilatria), at Dunoon, and Chiffchaff (P. rufus), at Dalry, 20th ; Tree-pipit (Anthus trivialis), Rouken Glen, 26th; Ring-ouzel (Z'urdus torquatus), Lam- lash, and Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Caldwell, 27th; Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis), Possil, and Swift (Cypselus apus), Caldwell, 29th; house-martin (Chelidon urbica), Lamlash, 30th; yellow wagtail (Motacilla rai), Beith, and corncrake (Crea pratensis), Dalry, 1st May; sedge-warbler, (Acrocephalus phragmitis), at Possil, on 3rd, but this was an isolated occurrence, as it was not till the 14th that several appeared, and it does not seem to have been up to the numbers of previous years; redstart (Autt- cilla pheenicurus), Carmichael, 3rd; nightjar (Caprimulgus europeus), Lamlash, 4th; whinchat (Pratincola rubetra), Beith, 9th, and spotted flycatcher (Jfuscicapa grisola), Carmichael, same date. On the 10th of May the following species were first reported :—whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea) Beith (Ayr) and several localities in East Renfrew ; blackeap (S. atricapilla) and garden- warbler (S. hortensis), Rouken; and grasshopper-warbler (Locus- tella nevia) Darnley Glen. The conditions in April, 1909, have been happily extremely different from those of the preceding year. There has been no 72 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. interruption whatever of the flow of the tide of migration. The subjoined list shows that all the species it contains appeared when due in a normal year—in several cases, even earlier. Were the years all alike, the inquiry would lose some of its piquancy, but the contrast in the last two has surely been violent enough to please the most fastidious in such matters. List oF ARRIVALS OF SUMMER BIRDS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR APPEARANCE IN 1909. Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus), Glasgow Harbour, 13th March (4) (H. Wilson). Wheatear (Samicola ananthe), Lendalfoot, 18th March (Andrew Berry). White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) (4), Lamlash, 21st March (Fullarton). Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus rufus), Dalry, 5rd April (Shanks). Willow-wren (P. trochilus), Beith, 6th April (Craig), but nowhere common till 21st at Darnley (Paterson). Swallow (Hirwndo rustica), Helensburgh, 8th April (Ure). Beith, 8th April (Craig). Possil Marsh, 8th April (Rennie). *House-martin (Chelidon urbica) (3), Cardross, 10th April (Geo. Robertson). Ring-ouzel (Zurdus torquatus), Shutterflat Moor (Ayr), 11th April (M‘Keith). Yellow Wagtail (.J/otacilla rai), Beith, 14th April (Craig). Common Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus), Dalry, 14th April (Shanks). Sand Martin (Cotile riparia), Loch Loskin, 16th April (M‘Leod). tCuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Dalry, 21st April (Shanks). Corncrake (Crex pratensis), Beith, 18th April (Craig). Tree-pipit (dnthus trivialis), several at Cadder, 19th April (Paterson and Ross). Redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus), Carmichael, 19th April (Gibson). Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra), Possil, 23rd April (Baxter). * Seen by a neighbour the previous day, Mr. Robertson informs me. + Mr. M‘Keith is satisfied that the cuckoo was in the Caldwell district before this, as it was reported to him on 16th, 18th, 19th, and 20th, and he places reliance on nearly all these reports, certainly on that of the 16th. REN WICK~— Bg&eEcHEs IN THE CLYDE DraINaGE-AREA. 73 Swift (Cypselus apus) (2), Beith, 25th April (Craig). Sedge-warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis), Possil, 29th April (Rennie). Common Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea), Beith, 2nd May (Craig) ; Cardross, 4th (Geo. Robertson). Spotted Flycatcher (JMJuscicapa grisola), Dalry, 5th May, (Gardener at Blair, per Shanks).* Grasshopper-Warbler (Locustella navia) (Dalry), 8th May (Shanks). Garden-Warbler (Sylvia hortensis), Rouken, 10th May (Paterson). The compiler of these notes cordially thanks all those who have contributed information for this report. On the Beeches in the Clyde Drainage-Area. By Joun Renwick. [Read 23rd February, 1909. ] Tue following notes refer chiefly to measurements of Beeches made by Mr. R. M‘Kay and myself during a number of years. I have records of a greater number of large Beeches than of any other species, and if this be any indication of the frequency of the various kinds, it would go to show that, leaving conifers out of account (a very large omission), the Beech is the most abundant tree in our neighbourhood, a view confirmed by ordinary observation. Out of 105 Beeches with a girth of 12 feet and upwards, Ayr produced 41; Lanark, 22; Dumbarton, 22; Renfrew, 14; Argyle, 3; Stirling, 2; Bute, 1. The preponderance of Ayr is owing to the circumstance that at Eglinton Castle there are twenty Beeches with a girth of 12 feet and up. In Lanarkshire the estate of Daldowie, on the Clyde, near Glasgow, shows splendid examples of the Beech (Plates I. and II.). Near the entrance is a large mound of gravel and sandy loam, rising to a height of about 40 feet above the road (Plate I.). * Mr. Shanks writes that last year the gardener at Blair showed him the nest of this species, the beam-bird, on a beam of wood at Blair, he ee THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. It is planted with twelve avenues of Beeches radiating from a centre near the summit of the mound. Growing close together, most of the trees rise in clean, nearly straight trunks to a height of 70 or 80 feet. One of them, with a girth of only 4 feet 5 inches at 5 feet, rises to a height of 60 feet before throwing off any branches. These avenues are supposed to have been planted about 1810. The mound is called Mount Lockhart, and sometimes ‘‘ Mount Zion,’’ from the twelve avenues. The road to the house passes through a grand Beech avenue (Plate I.). There is a double row of trees on each side, rising to a height of 70 to 80 feet, and meeting overhead. The largest tree noticed has a girth of 13 feet 34 inches at 6 feet up, with a bole of 26 feet. According to Mr. John Grant, the grieve, who has been on the estate for 30 years, and to whom I am indebted for information as to dates, &e., the appearance of the avenue is not so fine as it was formerly. It has suffered from the effects of coal workings underground. At one time it was possible to see through it for its full length, a distance of 720 yards, but now the view is interrupted by several depressions, one of them as much as 5 or 6 feet. The foliage, also, is not so dense overhead. There is still a considerable thickness of coal to be taken out, so that the surface damage is not fully developed yet. At the junction of the Clyde and the North Calder is a grove containing a number of tall Beeches, 100 to 118 feet in height, with long, straight branchless boles of 26 to 50 feet, and girths of 10 to 13 feet (Plate II.). On the haugh in front of the house are several tall Beeches, one of which in 1898 had a height of 100 feet, with a bole of 45 feet. Farther down the Clyde is a row of Beeches with spreading branches of the Burnham-Beeches type, the largest of which girths 12 feet at 5 feet, bole 10 feet. Most of the Beeches cn the estate—other than those on Mount Lockhart—are considered to have been planted about 1720, when the older portion of Daldowie House was rebuilt. This has been confirmed by counting the rings of growth in trees which have been cut down. If one wishes to study Beech trees there is ample scope in Daldowie. To the north of Glasgow, and within two miles of the city boundary, the plantation called Cadder Wilderness contains many Beeches, and has obviously been laid out as a beech wood, all the trees of large size and all the avenues, lines, and circles THE GLAsGow NATURALIST, VOL. I. Piate I. ONE OF THE AVENUES ON MOUNT LOCKHART, DALDOWIE. % fon, iy H he % en ) gE AY’ ye i { AS: ys dass BUEN aaa one UP av. SS R MAIN AVENUE, DALDOWIE. ‘AGATD GNV YACTVD HLYON AO NOILONAL LY SHHOSAYG aS Sige JOA ‘LSITVENLYN MODSVID 3HL “|| S4V1d REN WICK—BEEcHES IN THE CLYDE DrRaAInaGE-AREA. 75 forming the original design being of this species. The planting is said to have been laid out on the lines in which the troops were disposed at the battle of Dettingen. If so, it dates from shortly after 1743. I have very few records for Bute, Stirling, and Argyle. There are many Beeches at Inveraray, including a fine avenue —the “ town avenue ”-—of large trees, with spreading branches, one of them known: as “the marriage-tree,’ from its inosculating branches. It is just possible that some of these trees may have been planted between 1674 and 1685. Ramsay of Ochtertyre* records a statement that William Edmonstoune of Cambuswallace ‘‘ imbibed a taste for planting, &c., when he and the other gentlemen of Menteith accompanied the Marquis of Athole [in his raid] to Argyleshire [1685]. The Earl of Argyll had a little before made noble plantations at Inverary, which suffered much from the Marquis’s Highland host, by whom some of the young trees were carried off.’’ In the “‘ Chronicles of the Atholl Family ’’+ a list is given of the booty carried out of the orchard enclosures and shrubberies at Inveraray in 1684 or 1685. It comprises no fewer than 34,400 trees of various species, some of them of sixteen years’ growth. These were valued at £13,553 6s. 8d. Scots, and the claim was settled for £13,000 Scots, or £1,083 6s. 8d. sterling. Among them were 600 Beeches, valued at £600 Scots, or 1s. 8d. sterling each. John Walker, D.D., Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh, in his Essays, published posthumously in 1812, gives a catalogue of some of the most considerable trees in Scotland. The largest four Beeches were at Newbattle * Scotland and Scotsmen in the Highteenth Ceniury, Vol. II., vp. 108. + Quoted by Elwes and Henry, Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 587, Mr. Elwes states—‘‘ At Blair Atholl there are some curions old pines in a row by the Inverness Road which the Duke of Atholl informs me are probably part of the booty earried off by his ancestors in 1684 from Inveraray. . . . Nothing can better illustrate the importance which was paid to trees and planting even at this early period when the High- lands were hardly civilised than that so many exotic trees should have existed at Inveraray, and that it should have been thought worth while to carry them to such a distance when wheeled carriages could not have traversed the country.” 76 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Abbey, Taymouth, Ormistounhall, and Oxenford. Writing apparently about 1800, he says (page 21):—“The Beech was not copiously planted in Scotland till a little before and after the Revolution ; and the trees planted about that period do now form, in many places, considerable timber, as at Inverary, Arniston, Hopetoun House, and elsewhere. But the four trees last mentioned, which appear to be nearly contemporary, are of a much more remote era. They seem to have been planted single, and merely as a curious foreign tree, in the garden of some eminent person. From their dimensions, and manner of growth, they may be presumed, at least, to have been planted between the years 1540 and 1560, so that they may now be estimated at between 240 and 260 years old. From the state of the Ormistonhall and Newbottle trees it may be concluded that the Beech, if it meets with no accident, will grow, with sound timber, for at least 250 years.”’ In 1892, when the Newbattle Beech would, according to Dr. Walker’s estimate, be between 330 and 350 years old, Dr. David Christison* concluded that its age did not lkely exceed 320 years, and might possibly not be above 250 years. I measured this tree in 1896, and found its girth to be 19 feet 34 inches at 6 feet 6 inches. In Auchencruive (Ayr) I measured with Mr. George Leven, the forester, two Beeches, which, he informed me, were planted about 1700. There is a Beech in Auchendrane (Ayr) about the same size as these, which may have been planted about 1707. The late Miss Cathcart informed me that, according to an old document, her ancestor, John Muir, sold, in 1698, £300 worth of Oaks, and quite possibly this Beech was planted some time there- after. At Kilkerran (Ayr) I counted in a Beech tree cut down this year about 200 rings of annual growth. It was one of seven trees behind the house, evidently planted about 1710. At Mountstuart, Bute, in 1903, I measured with Mr. James Kay, the forester, a Beech, a Sweet Chestnut, and an Evergreen Oak, of which he wrote, in 1878,+ “in all probability they ¥ * Transactions, Bot. Soc., Edin., Vol. XK pe 481. + Transactions, Scottish Arooricultural Society, Vol. XI. REN WICK—BEEcHES IN THE CLYDE DRAINAGE-AREA. 77 date from the beginning of the mansion house in 1712. From repeated examinations of sections of different trees, the number of annual rings corresponds to this date.” To the south of Loudoun Castle (Ayr) is an avenue including Beech and Elm, which the Earl of Loudoun is said to have planted before 1714, ere leaving to take part against the Rebellion of 1715. Planting is stated to have been carried on at Loudoun, Eglinton, and Sorn between 1730 and 1740. Some of the large Beeches at Eglinton appear to be quite as old as the earlier of these dates. Aiton * records that “ Alexander, Earl of Eglinton, planted clumps of trees to the extent of from one to three acres on a vast number of the heights of his extensive domains.+ He furnished trees to plant the heights on the estates of other ' proprietors.” This seems to have been the tenth Earl (1723- 1769), whose operations can hardly have been begun till after 1740. His mother was Susanna, the beautiful Countess of Eglinton (1689-1780), whom Dr. Johnson visited at Auchans in 1773, to their mutual pleasure. The Countess of Loudoun, resident at Sorn Castle, is said to have been displeased at the traveller’s remark about the absence of trees in Scotland, and to have exclaimed, “ Deil tak’ the man, whaur was his e’en when he didna see my Elms?” This lady was an enthusiastic lover of trees, and planted many at Sorn Castle, principally English Elms and Beeches. She died there in 1779, aged 99 years. She was the daughter of John first Earl] of Stair (1648- 1707), sister of John second Earl of Stair (1673-1747), wife of Hugh third Earl of Loudoun (died 1731), and mother of John fourth Earl of Loudoun (1707-1782). The second Earl of Stair was a Field Marshal, and served at the battle of Dettingen in 1743. He planted a good many clumps of trees at Stair House, “arranged, it is said, precisely after the manner in which the British troops were drawn up at the battle.” + The fourth Earl of Loudoun “‘is said to have planted upwards of a million of trees, consisting principally of Elm, Ash, and Oak. Loudoun * General View of the Agriculture of Ayr. +Some plantations at Eglinton are ic known as ‘‘ munts” (mounts) though situated in hollows. { Paterson, History of the County of Ayr, II., 435. G 78 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Castle was one of the first places in the West of Scotland where foreign trees were planted. He formed one of the most extensive collections of willows anywhere to be found in this country. During his long military services abroad he sent home every sort of valuable tree he met with.” * At Dalziel House (Lanark) is a row of Beeches on the bank of the Clyde, stated to have been planted in 1721, and mentioned in the description of the parish in the New Statistical Account. “We are not aware,” says the writer, “of anything like it in Scotland to the same extent, and in such a favourable situation.” Tn the estate-book of a former proprietor of Nether-Pollok (Ren- frew) there is recorded, among other things, the dates of planting of a number of trees. Mr. John Boyd, the late forester, from his local knowledge, identified five Beeches still growing as having been planted in 1732. The planting of trees round mansion-houses appears to have been quite common much earlier than the eighteenth century. Ramsay gives credit to “the middling and smaller gentry that sprang up in great numbers during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. . . . The policy of feuing out the Crown and Church lands, which was at its height in the sixteenth century, proved exceedingly favourable to the planting of trees. Though commonly confined to a small spot hard by the house, it must ere long have altered the appearance of the house very much to the better. The frequency of the plantations compensated in some degree for their want of size. . . . A number of our best trees were undoubtedly planted by feuars of one denomina- tion or another. . . . In many cases a shrewd guess of the age of the feu may be formed from that of the oldest trees, where these have not suffered from avarice or false taste. When there are well-grown trees of different ages, the younger ones may commonly be referred to some second founder of the family, concerning whom traditions are preserved. The want of authentic registers of the age and progress of the trees is much to be regretted. Strange that naturalists should pay so great attention to shrubs and flowers, things of short duration, and yet suffer fruit and forest trees—the noblest productions of the vegetable world—to pass almost unheeded! At best, we can only * Op. cit. IL, p. 314. REN WICK— BeecuHes IN THE CLypDE DrainaGe-ArEA. 79 trace them by tradition, which is too uncertain a guide to warrant any conclusions. _Though within memory of man the trees of this country have suffered great havoc, some fair ones still remain—monuments of the skill and industry of our fore- fathers. One can hardly forbear a wish that some legal restraint was laid on the greed or caprice of landed men. A noble tree is in some measure a matter of public concern; nor ought its proprietor to be allowed wantonly to strip his country of its fairest ornaments.” * In 1457, by Act of Parliament, tenants were required to plant trees near their steadings, and hedges round their fields. But farmers and country people generally appear to have been much opposed to the planting of trees, “ having a notion that they spoiled the ground, and eat the heart out of the soil. It was common for the country people to watch their opportunity, and come in great numbers and destroy the trees.” Such complaints appear in 1710,+ 1716,t 1726,§ 1731,|| 1733, &c. But by the latter part of the century this prejudice appears to have abated, and planting to have gone on more extensively. A reference to the tables appended will show that the largest Beeches known to us in respect of girth of trunk are’at Kilkerran, Stair, Eglinton, Dalquharran, Blair, and Auchencraive, in Ayr; Catter House, Ross Priory, Dougalston, Strathleven, and Killer- mont, in Dumbarton; Inveraray, in Argyle; Erskine, in Renfrew ; Duntreath, in the part of Stirling which is in “ Clyde; ” and “The Lee,” Mauldslie, and Cadder House, in Lanark. The relative sizes as regards the counties are in the order above given, beginning with Ayr and ending with Lanark. The information about the heights attained is not full enough to make any comparison just or valuable, but the tallest are at Daldowie, in Lanark; Craigton, Killermont, and Catter, in Dumbarton ; Stair and Eglinton, in Ayr. * Scotland and Scotsmen in the Highteenth Century, Vol. II., p. 103. + Dr. E. Calamy, Own Life, ii., 162, quoting Sir A. Gilmour, 1710. + Acts of Parliament, 1716. § Cockburn of Ormiston. Farmer’s Magazine, 1804. || Annals of Viscount Stair, ii., 183. J: Proclamation and Penalty in 1733 against Destroying Trees. All above as quoted in The Social Life of Scotland in the Highteenth Century. By H. G. Graham, 1906, p. 199. 80 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Among park-like trees with beautiful spreading heads, the one at Kilkerran, Ayr, is first, with a diameter in 1909 of 120 feet in one direction, and 116 feet at right angles thereto. This tree is probably the one mentioned in Loudoun (Arboretum, &c., 1844) as having a diameter of head of 96 feet, and being about 130 years old. It would thus be about the same age as the tree cut down this year. Next comes one at Cadder House, Lanark, with a greater diameter in one way of 122 feet, but less at right angles, 106 feet in 1899. Another Beech there had a span of foliage of 905 feet. In the Deer Park at Eglinton Castle are two wide-spreading Beeches, one 1134 feet in 1899, the other 101 feet. At Blythswood, Renfrew, is one with a spread of 1053 feet in 1899. In the neighbouring estate of Elderslie is one with a span of 105 feet in 1900. At Cochno, Dumbarton, at an altitude of about 450 feet above sea-level, is one with a spread of 104 feet. At Garrion Tower, on the Clyde, is a very fine Copper Beech, with a diameter in 1903 of 103 feet in one direction and 100 feet at right angles. At Catter, Dumbarton, there was in 1900 a Beech with a span of 984 feet, but it was blown down about 1907 ; the larger tree there, already mentioned, extended to 96 feet and 78 feet. At Dougalston, Dumbarton, one had in 1908 a spread of 894 feet and 87 feet; in the Highland tand Agricultural “Society's Transactions for 1864 it is recorded as having a spread of 68 feet. One at Auchendrane, Ayr, was 98 feet in 1909; and one at Duntreath, Stirling, in 1899, 90 feet and 734 feet. Regarding rate of growth, it may be interesting to give details of the trees of whose date of planting we have information, namely, (a) date of our earliest measurement, (5) girth at (c) 5 feet or at narrowest part of the bole, (d) length of bole, (e) height of tree (when taken), annual rate of increase in girth—Ist, (/) during the period (g) from date of planting till date of first measurement, and 2nd, (/) during period (7) between date of our earliest to that of our latest measurement. (a) (0) (¢) (@) (@ Ff) @ ® Two beeches at Auchencruive (Ayr), planted about 1700— Ft. In. Ft. Ft. Inch. Years. Inch. Years, i 19053) 15s 5 5 17 EX ‘91 205 i OH “6 14 103 5 l7/ she “S86 205 REN WICK—BEEcHEs IN THE CLYDE DRAINAGE-AREA. 81 One cut down at Kilkerran (Ayr), 1909, 200 annual rings— Mite lne Ft. In. Inch. Years. Inch. Years. 1909. 12 114 5 32 ‘78 200 Nine at Daldowie (Lanark), planted about 1720— 1. 1898. 10 44 5 35 ‘70 177 all 1l 2, on 10 10 5 40 118 a7} 177 sis ae 3 oA 10 104 5 50 Se Wes Uli 52) el Pore. 5) Jog Tit gh 09-177 89 TT 5. a 10 8? 5 45 100 “72 177 is ee 6. 5 12 94 5 25 86 177 “D4 ll UE Sy 13 0 32 10 $7 177 “27 1l 8. 1909. 12 54 5 18 “74 188 9. aS 12-0 5 10 s(t 188 va Three at Dalziel House (Lanar ‘), ee about 1721 ietsos: lo) iss 4°8 12 96 171 “88 14°8 Dae 12 50 $8 171 3: 40 De 5:9 ; 84 171 Six at Nether-Pollok Hain (Renfrew), planted 1732 — W eSo9:. 12) 8 18 “91 166 ‘09 59 2, xn 12 24 : 34 Aes 88 166 *42 59 Sale, 13) 3 Weak 45} 92 1:00 159 PA 12:9 4, 3 ll 64 5:0: — 15 87 159 33 129 5 oo 10 104 Drone 82 159 ali 12°9 =6 a iG 45 $3 159 43 12°9 * No. 6 probably planted a same time, 1732. One at Mountstuart (Bute), planted about 1712— pLS7O5 = 313° 0 5 21 73% 98 158 70 33 + Fide Mr. James Kay. One at Loudoun Castle (Ayr), planted about 1714— 1899. 13 0 T9 12 ae "80 156 . Six at Methven Castle (Perth), planted about 1750— Hee hOOOS 14==8 4 SH 158 2. 1 12 6 4 95 158 3. Ag 11 10 4 “90 158 ee. 910 10 4 ‘90 «158 5. os 10 6 4 os abe “80 158 6. a Se) et 4. aes bi: gilt 158 For the Methven Castle trees, which are outside of the area ._ treated of in this paper, I am indebted to Mr. James Whitton. Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow, who wrote to Colonel Smythe, of Methven Castle, who kindly measured six of his beeches planted about 1750. 82 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. The first four trees at Daldowie (in table above) grow at the confluence of the Clyde and North Calder. No. 5 is farther away from the Clyde, lower down the river, and like Nos. 1, 2, and 3, is of the long-boled branchless type, showing a smaller rate than the more fully foliaged trees. The increase for the last 11 years is at a much smaller rate than that for the previous 177 years, evidently indicating that the smoke from the great city to the west, and from surrounding collieries, &c., near at hand, is increasingly affecting the growth of the trees. The highest rate for 177 years, that of No. 7, is probably due to its being a short-boled, well-branched tree, overhanging the river, while the low rate for the last 11 years is partly accounted for by the loss of a large branch, and by general decay, of which there are various symptoms. The high rates for one at Pollok, an inch yearly, and for one at Dalziel, 96 inch, may be in part due to each being “ near planted by a river,’’ but probably more to their being well branched, full-foliaged trees. It is not surprising that the trees at Pollok are not growing well now, they receive too much smoke from ‘‘ a’ the airts the wind does blaw.’’ Smoke does not agree with the Beech,—those in our parks are being suffocated. Messrs. Elwes and Henry, in their great work ‘‘ The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland”’ (page 23), say ‘‘ The self-layered Beech at Newbattle Abbey . . . must be looked on as the most remarkable, if not the largest, of all the beeches of the park or spreading type now standing in Britain. . . . There are two beeches standing on a mound near the road to Lochfynehead in the Park at Inveraray, which are known as the Doom trees, because in former times they were said to have been used as a gibbet for criminals. The largest of them measures 75 feet by 16 feet 5 inches. The Duke of Argyll, however, doubts this tradition. There is another very fine beech, the largest I [Elwes] know of in the West Highlands, at Ardkinglas, under which Prince Charles’s men are said to have camped in 1745. Though of no great height, it has a girth of 18 feet 8 inches, and spread of branches 30 yards in diameter.* In England there is, at Ashridge Park, Bucks, a celebrated Hee called the Queen Beech, which is about 135 feet high, the greatest height known to be attained by any deciduous tree but the Elm in Britain.+ EAO'p: (cit. spy 20-8 ah oid. pale ~ co6l a L9 cS 81 ¢-Ol #% IT 606I/¢ = 6061 86 SL tt 20-0 SI tI = 6s FCG OGT/E E 6 a a hie 1 coz o.8tt} COA S =: e = qynoqe poqurtg 4 6 eee sae = OOLT a Le. 1G: COG = &- LST qnoqe poqueyg {<2} : ‘TUIHSUAV 'S) a IT = 2 8 2 668T 8L x FS Lit SE 89-1 b 8 GlL9 80 ST s06r/L td ‘proidg "qOOuT “Wi “qi ‘Ul *S1vOX “ul Ul “ML 2 pue (0) ‘ue a JUST] Jod yey aa jo o3eq7 *peoidg “QUSIOF] me) (oye “UVILD UL esva.10Uy TID = (9) AIK ol ‘AUIHSHTADUV L ‘OSVOIOUI YAS Jo ova ATAvok oSvareay (2) “‘IUSWEINSveUT 4SoqRT JO o7eq (4) 2 ea pa ‘AVYD I GUVHOIY pur MOIMNay NHOoe Ag ‘Cod Y-ISBUIVIG epA[) UI Soyoseg JO SJUsWIBAINSBey JO 91QV], SURI ernst ONS 0 ¢ ORG 0 ¢ 0 ¢ 0 ¢ 0 ¢ Or ¢ 0 ¢ Ul "ML VV > OL 968I/¢ §L I 9681/8 IT L 061/6 FOL #1 S06I/6 $I GI cO6T/6 §L St ¢06r/6 6 91 6681/9 6 LI 6681/9 9 ZI 668I/L ‘Ul “WL TAD = *(v) ayBq 5 “oq - ‘suvipusayouy : {Coq ‘ “od to ‘QATnIoUsyoOny ~ Saigseg Avareroaut ‘urqiespry “ALITVOOT ‘qQUOUOINSVOUT 4SoITIVe Jo oyvq (2) THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. 384 “400, *proidg 69 IL in eee see eee owe owe eee 9 08-1 6:6 sl ¢ 9T 606I/E ZI séO 6 Gh¢ 48 St 606I/s 9 20-1 PP cp FF ST 668I/0I 5 ie me a sy ZL GOT ‘ag GF Z 9T 1061/L 9T 08: 9-¢ cr 6 9T 606I/E Bl GET PL G81 %6 81 606T/¢ 8 83-1 St 9-7r OL 'ST S06r/L an - ce a oS iM , ie & ee ts) ne Il IL 9 Gah OL SI 106I/F og 00 T 6:8 6 6 8 106I/¥ cS O6GT Lé + $9 ¢ 606I/¢ ‘LA re pil *s1vo K eqn eae Ws | “Old i NaH Ur OSvaLOU] mE (eed ‘CHUIHSUAV p g g id g g ¢ g b 9 Z g b 0 ¢g ‘UL ML VV 4% ¢ Ul WW athata) 6681/¢ 6681/¢ 6681/L c6st/L L6ST/9 9681/6 S06I/L F681/6 Z6ST/9 0061/F 6061/L C68T/F Z6ST/¢ c06t/8 *(p) 8 ‘panuryjuoj—VALY -AOVNIVA( ACAI NI SHHOUHY 10 SLNANAAASVA 10 AAV = “oq . “og - “og . “od : “oq = “og 2 “oq > “oq ‘apAseg uO WUTsy ‘ayyseg uesaeynbyeg ,O]se,) woysuraded . ¢ ‘0d : , OSNOFy Ile . suvipusyony “ALITVOOT Ye) io2) REN WICK—BEEcHEs IN THE CLYDE DRaINAGE-AREA. 6061 ‘dg FO6L ‘IH S061 \ 9IT x O3T 00-T 6061/F €061/L $061/L LO6I/F 6061/1 6061/T LOGI/ZT 6061/¢ 6061/E FO6I/9 6061/€ 6061/8 £061/L e061/L 6061/¢ ies) Sreroeco OO So: Cl S © 19 3 06 $11 €1 9 €I re a inl ta) st 4 #¢ §1 te $I 4% «FI t $I §0L SI at) PT FO6T/6 - SOGT/L - § “ce es § 6L8I ‘puladg - 9681/6 - 6681/6 - 6881/6 - 1O6T/L - 606T/E - 6061/¢ 9681/6 - So6t/p - ZO6t/g - S06I/F - 9681/6 - Z6st/9 2681/9 - 9681/6 - ‘URIIOY [US “oc {oq ‘gsnoyy UOILLT [NY 4od “od “oq “oq “od “od “oq “oq “oq “od “og “oq “oq “oq THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. 86 6681 ‘peaidyg pue US OH jo ayeq [OMXL]Y SOULE LE “TTY PPUT ow 08 1 es Il ‘WT NG Recle eves | “proidg “QUST “OL0g "UJI UI OSBOLOUT | ‘uty §—-*(q) e18 ‘YSNoLOGspuvy “IC aprw7 § CL. CFL Ff Sl FO6T/T 6 0 I s06r/6 ¢ 9 SI S06I/6 9 € #1 8S06I/6 ZI 6 SI 8061/6 FILI Qe, dojoq pour, Gg %L 3I 606I/F C.GG] ‘SSuld penuur 00S ¢ § #1 6061/F 9 6 I& 606I/F Ul edge “AUTHSUAV ~naindind vo A t So 6. O17 oS Cans ID Oy GS ES A ea IK RD ea “psv0ur “ly 4 | FI al sI $1 LT 9 ST i721! FI 1G WL “Yet, S6LSI ‘suridg 681/01 2681/01 Z68T/0T Z6ST/OL c061/¢ LO6I/TI 8061/L 6681/F F061/6 £061/6 6061/F F061/6 4061/6 *(v) aq “ponursjuoj—Vaury-GOVNIVAC AGATE NI saHodtgY AO SLNGAWAYASVATY FO WIAV DAldNd "ADA ys ‘asnoy{ UoPUIOUT, S : “oq . 2 “oq z E “og . - ‘asnoy{ iie4g - - ,‘UOJ[BMOTG ‘gsnoy, Surpporyuoypy - “oq ‘oygseQ unopno'y {orgseg yoousy Sc we F - “od s . G ‘0d 2 - UR ITOATEY, “ALITVOOT 87 REN WICK—BEEcHEs IN THE CLYDE DRAINAGE-AREA. - 8LST LS x $68 Ol CF Ol 88: 91 noK 0G 69. $9. ¥9- SI 99- ¢ 66-1 &@ CL. c& cg 6L-T ! wes 86- 1G OL. 9-6 + 01 ZI 606I/E 8ST ¢.91 OL SI 606I/s 6-L ¢ #L GI 106I/€ L Gb 6 SI 0061/¢ L Gh %6 EI 006I/¢ 6SI ¢0OL 8 91 806I/s L GL9 #9 FI O06I/E re Gcl €L €I s06I/F 8 9 §&§ ZI so6lF LO6I 19 906 UAOP UMOTE } 8 ¢6 6 LI s06r/or ‘AUIHSNOLYVANNG "AVS SOUIVL “TI OPUWT ws SSI 9¢1 &¢ €6 OIL FI «8061/6 ‘ALAS oOo 1 © HH SH HH 1D 1D OD rica iio) an ec le) of al “SILT poqurid posoddng 0 &1 6681/9 0681/9 6061/6 S681/¢ €681/8 €681/8 S681/€ G6S1/TT 0681/6 C68T/F 0061/01 0061/01 0061/F OL8Tx ei “oq - ‘OSnoy JUOUTIOT [TY . asnoy aqnosaey) - - “ourequipiy “oq “oq ‘QSnoP, UOYSTRSNOG 2 : ‘u0ysteIg, . . : “od : - - fouys0n 2 “oq - ‘asnoy 1019%Q - ‘apyseg Yooryyd ‘asnoy JiengsyUNo fy THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. 88 668T ns FO6T tad 668T 668T *praidg pus JUS OL JO 078 "490, *peoidg 90T * Gal “‘VUS OH *‘panwuyjuoj—Vary -TOVNIVA(T GQdATO NI SHHOTAG AO SLNANAYOSVAYY £0 AIAV 8I ‘o[0G 86: L8 LL L-01 GL: GP S61 G6 G8: al 88- Or 09- Ol Lg. Or uy ‘SIV *(0) “uue tod 038 yY ‘UJI Ul esvetoU TAL Ut cs % st 668t/Z ‘AUIHSMUVNVT c%-8 #0 FI SO06I/F ce §9 SI 606I/ CLIl 8 St F06I/L GIT O11 St 6061/¢ eL.g ¢ §L so6t/s 9 OL OL 606T/E c1.¢ % II 606I/E “UT Cag Mb ‘qu —*(9) ee ‘WUIHSNOLUYVANW AG Sie | SOs Oe OT OS ROOK PS = VE) RD IK SOS i= ria So ae a) = Ono) econ ‘Ul WL ‘Ul ML 4V “UIED 0681/9 S681/F F681/9 FO6T/L c6st/¢ C68T/E 0681/6 0061/8 0061/8 F681/9 S681/F 668T/T 6681/T ‘(v) ayeq ‘osnoy loppreg ‘QTISeD T[EMyJOT ‘ap{sup UBMOYOU TNT, A “oq . “od > “oq - “HaASTYARIYS - cen ~ ‘kro sso ‘asnoy qyveusoy ; - ‘Sureyy “Of ‘OSNOFT JUOWOT[ IT “ALITVOOT 89 REN WICK—BeEEcHEs IN THE CLYDE DRAINAGE-AREA, S6ST 86ST 868I OOT sit Ill 0¢ Or 96- IZT = &- FOI 88. 8-FI éI IL. 8sT FPL FL. SSI ¢-6FI OL- LL = &- FL We LOSS Scul SL. LL G-08T G Il 46-6 L8- LLI 9ST Lo. IT & 98- LLI = G. €CT FS. UU 9 GL. LLY GL-8éT €L- LLT Ost cs. LLY &. TST 68. Il &6-F GG- 81 GF Oak wD or 40 IL nin SP) of Lal IZL1 LO61/8 6061/3 6061/3 6061/z 6061/% 6061/z 6061/E poyuryg Siar, 0 ¢ 0 ¢ 0 ¢ 0 ¢ G & 0 ¢ 0 ¢ 0 ¢ Q 4g OMS 0 ¢ € & fF OL FOL OL fe IT 6681/z €681/¢ 6061/2 6061/G S68I/E S681/$ 8681/8 S68I/E S68I/¢ 8681/8 S68I/¢ Z061/¢ 668T/T 1681/T - : ‘asnoy{ [91Z[¥q, ‘ ‘op 6 ‘0d ¢ ‘op “oq ‘ ‘op © ‘0d ‘ ‘op ‘ ‘od “op “od . ‘op “od ‘ ‘op “od “op “OG ‘OSLT qnoqe pojuryd ‘osnoy ermopyeqd ‘osnoy ueyjousnqurey) 66 ‘Ssoudop[L A, JeppepD 4 a ‘ ‘od THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. 90 SO6T O06 “peatdg pure PYSTOH jo o3uq OOT * EOI 4007 *praldg 68 “HI “QS LOTT = aC 88. “uy (0) “uue tod oye “YPILD UT osvelouy ¢061/¢ C6ST/¢ e6st/¢ €061/¢ 0061/6 0061/6 0061/6 0061/6 LO61/8 1061/8 (@) ae ‘AYUIHSMUVNVT a Oo O&O 6 ie x Vo oe i i no) nia fo © WwW HO or) =) —) QO” ‘S SiS — a €681/E S68T/¢ C68I/¢ 0681/9 0681/8 0061/¢ 0061/6 0061/6 0061/6 6881/E 6881/E 6881/¢ 6881/¢ €68T/¢ S681/¢ *(v) aye “‘PenUyjuoj—VAUY-ANVNIVUC, ACAI NI SHHOUAT AO SINTWAYASVAYY JO WIAVY, ‘o]S¥D OSPNeT z, “oq 5 “og “og = ‘o9T OUL, , TOMOT, WOLMIBY) “od “oq “oq “oq “od “oq ‘q20ddng-se[snog “od ‘asnoy [eIzleq “XALITVOOT sl RENWICK — BeEEcueEs IN THE CLYDE DRAINAGE-AREA. rasp CELT poquelg c. f8 ZI p06I/8 0 ¢ 8g BI 668I/a - - “od 6ST BELT poyuryg Sho) €9. 81 PO6L/S) = ue ve Sh eoetice 0 ae ‘asnoH AO sie Pe ze OS S1Siy GO6T/E> 4a =: “od es ue eS 0 ¢ oO &f 9061/6 - - - ‘peeyyaey re 9 cI LO6I/S 0 & #F BI 66SI/ZI - - ‘osnoy uoysAepUTZ t $8 9T SOBI/T 0 €& 8 FI S68I/g - - ‘osnoy oulysag a OS “9 Tie O06l/e = ee “od 6G £8 (St 006l/a “og Es a : 0 ¢ ITF O06t/e - - ‘osnoxy orss0pry 6 oe © FONT 0or/e. 2 = “or ee a : 9 + FI LOBI/G - - ‘osnoxy [Teqong ee - 0 ¢ 6 GI TO6I/IT - + ‘osnoy qavoyyeD ats 0 & % GI 6éesi/ZI = = 0G ae Me i 0 ¢ 01 FI 6681/4 - “asnoy poomsyydtg ‘AUTHSMAYVANAY "DEAN “ADA » ¢-9 L Ot ZO6I/9 OL 0 OL g6st/S - + “avqxoor]-woITTT THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. “peaidg pur YSOH Jo 070g “4991 proidy mG § “WUSIOH ‘OL CLI gI LS: G oF. 6-61 cs: 61 Il: L LS: 6e1 ce: 6-1 8s: 99T GP: 6: ul *sIvO TL *(2) “ue tod 098 yY “UJI UL OSBOLOUT el 01ST coel/I 0 9 #4 FI ra 3 es Oo) = UL s0r cut #8 I 6est/iT 3 » 49 TI eS ‘7 a 0) ae fall ‘CHUIHSYNITULLS 6G FIL Il POEI/s ¢ % 9 TI 3-01 SELT port Ch. TI Of 6681/2 ¢€ ¢ _ OT OT 3. SEI BELT poyrid cay 01 It FO6T/8 & & 9 TT C3. OFT BELT poyuryd Go eh Gl POGI/S 0 € 26 GI ‘Ul Ul Fu ‘Ul 4 “Ul “tu ‘UNED — °(Q) ow VW “UTD ‘AMIHSMAUANAY 1681/01 6681/1 LOST/Z 6681/1 Z6ST/¢ Z68I/E G6ST/E 6681/3 *(v) 048] ‘panuywojo—Varty -ANVNIVUC, AGAIN NI SaHOUE AO SEINGNUYOASVAYY O ATELY, ‘yqvorqun(y “oq “oq ToyUed. “od Sod “oq ‘asnoy{ YOT[Od “ALITVOOT WATT—Nores on OrcHIS ERICETORUM, LINTON. 93 Notes on Orchis ericetorum, Linton, and other Flowering Plants. By Laurence Wart. [Read 27th April, 1909.] Orchis ericetorum, Lintun.—In the tenth edition of the London Catalogue of Plants, this is put down as a separate species, and not as a variety of 0. maculata, Linn. The Rev. K. F. Linton, M.A., F.L.S., was the first to bring this, the spotted orchis, under notice, and in his Flora of Bowrnemouth he describes it as being more slender than the type, leaves narrower, more or less recurved, the lower cauline more or less acuminate and folded, spike one to two inches broadly pyramidal, flowers pale, scentless, with rose purple markings, ground commonly white or tinged with pink, the lower lip, instead of being three-lobed, is suborb. icular in outline, and crenate or torn on the edges. He further says these two plants have a wide distribution in Britain. The sub-species, ericetorum, Linton, has been noted from Caithness and Sutherland to the South of England, also from Co. Wicklow. In the spring ot 1907 Mr. Linton sent me a description of the Orchis, and asked if I could give him a few additional localities for it. I looked over the low grounds where the type is found, but saw no trace of it. Being in the north during my holidays, I spent a day on the Knock Hill, Banffshire, a hill that is very rich in that class of plants, but up to 500 feet it was always the typeI found. After passing 500 feet the sub-species, 0. ericetorwm, Linton, began to appear, and from that to 800 feet all the plants seen were of this sub-species. After passing that elevation the Orchis disappeared altogether. After returning to this district I went up the Old Kilpatrick Hills in search’ of it, as previously I had only gone over the low grounds, but up to 500 feet it was always the type I gathered. On the moor, at an elevation of 600 feet, I found O. ericetorwm, Linton, and from that up to 800 feet it was always the sub-species I gathered. After that eleva- tion the Orchis again disappeared. It seems strange that on those hills, so far apart—the Knock Hill, in Banffshire, and the Old Kilpatrick Hills, in Dumbarton— 0. ericetorum, Linton, should grow so plentifully, and at almost H 94 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. the same altitude. May it not be that this sub-species is the common orchis on the hills over 500 feet. and has remained unob- served, until noted and described by the Rev. E. F. Linton? The members of this society might look for it during the coming summer in the various localities they visit, and note the elevation it grows at. I submitted the plants gathered on the Knock Hill and Old Kilpatrick Hills to Mr. Linton, and he quite con- curred in my identifications. I show those gathered by Mr. Linton himself in Dorsetshire. Carex magellanica, Linn. — This beautiful little sedge, with its three drooping spikelets, is stated. in the JLondon Catalogue of Plants to be found in fifteen counties. The stations mentioned for it in Scotland in Babington’s Manual are Terregles, near Dumfries, and Ben Mime, near Loch Lomond. I think Ben Ime must be meant. In Dumbartonshire it has a considerable range, growing in spongy bogs at about the same altitude all over. The most easterly station for it is in a small loch, and partly a spongy bog, on the Old Kilpatrick Hills, before the hills dip down towards Craigton, east of Edinbarnet, at an elevation of 500 feet. It is found there in considerable numbers, pro- ceeding north-west to the low bog just east of the hill-farm of Edinbarnet, at an elevation of 600 feet. It is there in fine condition. Proceeding north-west to the moors between Cochno Loch and Duncomb, and from there to Loch Humphrey, it grows here and there sparingly. From Loch Humphrey I saw no trace of it on the moor west of that to the Long Craigs. Crossing over the Valley of the Leven to the Carman Moors, between Renton and Cardross, it grows there in the flat sphagnum bogs at the same elevation, say, from 500 to 600 feet. Over the hills to the west of that it is found on the moors above Helensburgh, opposite the reservoir, and this appears to be its westerly limit, as I have seen it nowhere else in the county. Thus, for over a distance of fifteen miles from east to west at varying intervals, this sedge is found at an elevation of from 500 to 800 feet. The Rev. E. S. Marshall records it from Mid-Perth. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Linn—In Volume VIII. (New Series) of this Society’s 7’ransactions (pp. 71-3) there is a paper by the late Mr. Somerville on Dr. Gilmour’s discovery of this WATT—Nores on OrncHIs ERICETORUM, LINTON. 95 species on the sea-coast of Islay, and there is a note from Professor Trail that it is also met with on the coast at Eastern Gamrie in Banffshire. It was to support that statement, and also to satisfy the members, that I thought an exhibition of the plant would be interesting. I was at Greenside, which is, however, west of Gamrie, the year previous to the paper quoted being read, and I was astonished at the number of plants that are to be found there. The rocks rise almost abruptly from the sea to a height of 200 feet, and are often washed with the spray from the Moray Firth. At the base of these rocks, and for a considerable distance along the shore, the pebbly beach is covered with the blue flowers of the oyster-plant (Meriensia maritima, Roth.), and on the sandy bank at the foot I gathered Zhalictrwm minus, Linn,, and the grasses Agropyron junceum, Beauv., and A. pungens, Roem. and Schult. On the rocks there and all along the coast Sedum rhodiola, DC., is plentiful. On the grassy slopes the Rock-rose (Helianthemum vulgare, Geert.), throws up its yellow flowers, and on the top of the clifis for a considerable distance, Keleria cristata, Pers., is the common grass. On a ridge of rock, sheltered from the sea and facing the west, I got Saaxifraga ompositifolia, Linn., fairly plentiful, though almost dried up, the seed-vessels being all that was left. I got my friend, Mr. Wm. Craib, who was with me at the time, to send me specimens the following spring. They are now exhibited, and you will see they were gathered on the 9th of April, while those I gathered on Ben Lomond are dated 26th May. The difference in altitude explains the difference in time of flowering between those growing at the sea- shore aud those gathered on Ben Lomond at 2,800 feet. The plants shown grow on the west side of the Ben, and it is well worth the climb to see them in flower. J never saw any trace of this plant on Ben Vorlich. Saussurea alpina, DC.—This isa new record for Dumbarton. I gathered the plants now shown on Ben Vorlich at an altitude of 2,800 feet. There were few plants, and they are very small compared with those got on Ben Lui, while both differ from those gathered in Canlochan, Forfarshire. The leaves of the plants from the last-named locality are whiter on the underside than those from Ben Lui and Ben Vorlich. I submit plants from the three localities for your inspection. 96 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Cerastium semidecandrum, Linn.—This is recorded from very few counties in the West of Scotland, being more of an east- coast plant. I gathered it at. Greenside, west of Gamrie, Banff- shire, but it was almost withered up. The plants shown were gathered by Mr. Wm. Craib, on the Links of Old Aberdeen. It is easily known by its half-membranaceous bracts. Myosotis collina, Hoffm.—This small forget-me-not is not recorded at all for the West of Scotland except 8. Ebudes, and, being small and flowering early, it may often be overlooked. The plants shown were gathered by Mr. Craib on the Links of Old Aberdeen. One notable distinction is the distance between the first and second flowers. Proceedings of the Society. THE sixth meeting of Session 1908-9 took place on 23rd February, 1909, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Before beginning the business of the evening the President made feeling reference to the loss the society had sustained in the death of two of its members, Miss Cathcart, of Auchendrane (pages 50-1), and the Rev. Alex. S. Wilson, M.A., B.Sc., of North Queensferry, a former vice-president of the society (pages 61-2). Mr. Paterson ~also referred to the death of Mr. Charles Berry, the Naturalist of Lendalfoot, whose paper on the Birds of Lendalfoot was read at a recent meeting (pages 5-23 and page 50). Dr. Thomas Beath Henderson exhibited several specimens of reptiles from Uganda. Among them was a skull of JSvtis gabonica (D. and B.), a reptile whose venom is very poisonous though the animal is not an aggressive one. The upper surface of the head of this species has a curious resemblance to a dead leaf. Other species exhibited were Atheris squamiger (Hallow), an active and fierce viper ; Boodon olivaceus (A. Dumeéril), a harmless colubrine snake ; Agama atricollis (A. Smith), the blue lizard of Uganda; and Rhampholeon peterkii (Peters), a species of chameleon which haunts the neighbourhood of swamps, where it is found on or near the ground feeding on the insects which abound in such situations. A series of drawings and paintings by Miss Dorothy Henderson served admirably to illustrate Dr. Heuderson’s remarks. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 97 The topographical features of Cadder Wilderness were next illustrated by a series of lantern-slides, to which Messrs. W. R. Baxter, George Herriot, N. G. Reid, Hugh Wilson, and Alexander Ross contributed. / Mr. John Renwick read a paper ‘“‘On the Beeches in the Clyde Drainage-Area ” (pages 73-92). A paper “On the Genus Phoxocephalus” was read by Mr. Alexander Patience. The seventh meeting of Session 1908-9 took place on 30th March, 1909, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Mr. Gavin T. Maclean, 100 Springkell Avenue, Maxwell Park, was admitted as an ordinary member. Mr. Alexander Patience exhibited some crustacea from the Merqui Archipelago and East Portuguese Africa which he had received from the University of Aberdeen for examination. Dr. T. Beath Henderson exhibited an adder (Pelius berus, Linn.) which Mr. Alexander Ross had found at West Loch Tarbert. When caught this specimen appeared of a bright shining-red colour. Dr. Henderson remarked that it was a female, of a distinctly copper colour. This colour is not common in adders, though by no means abnormal. When met with in adders of the usual size they are invariably females, while in the small red variety or species described by Dr. Leighton, both sexes are coloured similarly. Dr. Henderson made some remarks on colour variation in snakes, which were illustrated by coloured drawings by Miss Dorothy Henderson. Mr. John Smith sent for exhibition Peziza coccinea, Jacq., from Hindog Glen, Dalry (Ayr). In a note regarding this species, Mr. D. A. Boyd says, that although not the largest species of its genus, Peziza coccinea is by far the most beautiful ot the British cup-fungi. When full-grown, it sometimes extends to considerably over an inch in breadth. The brilliant red colour of the surface of the hymenium or cup, renders it a strikingly conspicuous object when seen in the woods, particularly as it occurs at a time when there is little else to vary the sombre tints of decaying leaves and withered herbage. The cups are developed in moist woods during the months of winter and spring, and are usually in their best condition about Christmas time or at the 98 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. New-Year. They are attached to fallen branches of hazel, particularly those which have become partially buried in the ‘soil. When seen glowing vividly amid a setting of bright-green moss, well-grown specimens of P. coccinea are so beautiful as to attract the admiring notice of even the careless passer by. This handsome species has been reported from many parts of Britain. In Scotland it appears to be most abundant in the west, where the prevailing mildness of the climate and moisture of the wooded glens along the coast seem to afford conditions very suitable for its development. Among the localities noted in the west are Hamilton Woods (Hopkirk), Finlaystone (King), Tnnellan (King), Largs, West Kilbride, and Bute. Several varieties, only differing from the type in the colour of the hymenium, have been reported from time to time. These include a white form (Science Gossip, vol. xxi., 1885, p. 67) and a form with cream-coloured dise (var. albida Mass., Brit. Fungus Flora, vol. iv., p. 378). To these may be added a form with the disc golden-yellow, occasional specimens of which have been observed in winter at Ardneil Bank Wood, near Portincross, Ayrshire, where the typical P. coccinea is abundant at that season. This stipitate yellow variety is not to be confounded with any form of P. aurantia Gid., which may be distinguished by its sessile habit, more widely-expanded cup, autumnal time of appearance, and different habitat, as well as by the different size and shape of the spores and paraphyses. It may be noted that certain other red-coloured fungi (e.g., Amanita muscaria (1.) (Fr.) occasionally vary to yellow. Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., exhibited on behalf of Mr. Daniel Fergusson, Lycopodium inundatum, Linn., from Caticol, Loch Ranza. This species seems fairly well distributed all over Northern Europe. In Britain it is reported from sixty-two vice- counties. It is recorded in Scotland from Ayr, Westerness, Dumbarton, West Ross, West Sutherland, and the Orkneys, but this is the first time it has been recorded from any of our western islands. Mr. Laurence Watt read a paper “ On some additions to the Flora of Dumbartonshire ” (pages 65-9). In a communication from Mr. Robert Kidston, F.G.S., regard- ing Mr. Robert Dunlop’s exhibit at the December meeting, he es Ne oy ie Resets, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 99 writes :—“ The fossil is Vewropteris gigantea, Sternb., as Mr. Dunlop mentioned. It is true that the genus Vewropteris belongs to the Pteridosforms (=Cycadofilices), but these possess many fern characters—as well as Cycadacean characters—and they cannot be either placed in one or other of these groups, but must, as far as we at present see, stand by themselves. Their fronds were filicinian, and the small remains on your specimen are pinnules, not leaves. The pinnules of many recent ferns are articulated to the rachis, and become shed when decay of the frond occurs. No better example could be mentioned than the common Royal Fern—the frona of which has a great superficial resemblance to Newropteris—though the two plants bear but little affinity to each other.” An exhibition of lantern slides from the ‘“ Paxton” series of remarkable trees was given during the meeting. The eighth meeting of Session 1908-9 took place on 27th April, 1909, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Messrs. Herbert D. Shields, Dunclutha, Da]muir, and Alex. Scrimgeour, 82 Finlay Drive, Glasgow, were elected as ordinary members. Reports of excursions to Strathleven, Calder Glen, and Orbiston were given. Mr. Jas. J. F. X. King, F.E.S., exhibited and described Vipula nodicornis, Hgg., from Aviemore and Forres. These are the first-recorded instances of the capture of this tipulid in Scotland. The President (Mr. John Paterson) exhibited some sections of willow bored and billed by a woodpecker, probably the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus major, Linn.), from Glen- orchard, near Glasgow, received from Mr. James Bartholomew. The sections of wood and portions of bark exhibited had been submitted to Mr. Robert H. Read, M.B.O.U., a corresponding member of the society, who declared the markings to be undouvtedly the work of a woodpecker. The wood was infested by the clear-wing moth (Sesia bembectformis). Mr. Paterson stated that since he had received these samples of wood, &c., he had found on examining similarly infested willows in Cadder Wilderness evidence of similar borings. Mr. G. A. Hardy stated 100 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. that two winters ago, he had seen a woodpecker in Cadder Wilderness which he believed to be the species suggested above. Through the kindness of Mr. Gib. Graham, the President exhibited a little crake (Porzana parva (Scop.)) which had been captured alive a month ago in a fishing boat in Girvan harbour. This is the first record of the occurrence of this species in the “Clyde” area, and there is but one earlier Scottish record (Thornton, banks of the Isla, 1852). An exhibition of lantern slides illustrating the remarkable trees of the Glasgow district was given by the President. Mr. Laurence Watt read some ‘‘ Notes on Orchis ericetorwm, Linton, and other flowering pane (pages 93-6), and exhibited the species referred to. A paper by Mr. Alex. Patience on “Some Clyde Crustacez ” was held as read. The President then read some preliminary notes on the appear- ance of summer-migrants in Clyde in 1909 (pages 70-3). Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper on the “ Occurrence in Ayrshire of Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, Schilb., the Fungus of Black-scab Potato Disease ” (pages 62-5). Notes. Gadwall (Anas strepera) at Bishop Loch.—On 25th April, 1909, in company with Mr. Alex. Ross, I saw a pair (¢ and 9) of Gadwalls at Bishop Loch. In 1876, when Mr. Gray wrote his account of the birds of Glasgow and its vicinity for the British Association Meeting, he had ‘not been able to detect the GADWALL as coming within the limits named,” 7.e, the ten-mile radius. In addition to the occurrence now reported, one was recently recorded as shot at Dougalston (Annals Scot. Nat. Hist., 1908, p. 119).—John Paterson. Golden Oriole (Qriolus galbula) at Port-Glasgow.—On 10th May, 1909, through Mr. Chas. Kirk’s kindness, I had the pleasure of handling, in the flesh. a Golden Oriole which had been found dead in a garden at Port-Glasgow. It was in perfect plumage, though somewhat emaciated. It bore no traces of con- finement whatever. There is only one old record for this bird for Clyde, one killed in Arran in 1807 (Fleming History of British Animals).—John Paterson. The Glasgow ‘Maturalist The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series). Vol. I., Part 4.] [September, 1909. The Stock-Dove (Columba cenas, Linn.) in the Clyde Area. By Rosert 8. and Hueco W. WILson. [Read 30th June, 1909.] So much is written at present regarding the decrease in numbers of various birds, that it is a pleasant duty to write of a species which is actually increasing, and spreading its range over districts in which, but a short time ago, it was unknown. Such a bird is the Stock-Dove, which forty years ago was known only as a mere straggler to Scotland. Mr. Robert Gray (Birds of the West of Scotland, 1871), mentions only two instances of its occurrence, 7.e., from localities so distant as Caithness and Orkney, both without the scope of his work. We may safely assume that these were the only records known to him for the whole of Scotland. Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown’s paper (“‘ The Stock-Dove in Scotland.’? Annals of Scot. Nat. Hrst., 1894, page 3) relates chiefly to the East Coast, where the spread of the species has been much more rapid, or at any rate earlier than it has been in the west, and no mention is made regarding the area at present under consideration. Before examining the various records, it may be advisable to consider, firstly, from what direction did it come? and secondly, is the bird after all a newcomer, or has it been overlooked? Regarding the first question, there can be little doubt that the Stock-Dove originally came from England, where a rapid increase has taken place in recent years (A Manual of British Birds, Howard Saunders, 1899). But did it come direct up the West I 102 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. > Coast through the Solway area to colonise ‘‘ Clyde,’’ or are our Clyde birds an overflow of the immigrants to the East Coast, spreading through the thirty miles of country lying between the Firths of Forth and Clyde? From the evidence we have collected there is nothing to show whence, thirty years ago, the Stock-Doves in the valleys of the Irvine and the Ayr came from. Mr. Robert Service (Vertebrate Zoology of Kirkeudorightshire, 7th edition, in Maxwell’s Guide Book to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbrightshire) heard of the first local Stock-Doves in the winter of 1876-7, and found his first nests in June, 1877. Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, speaking of 1883, mentions (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1894, page 4) ‘“ a very visible increase has since occurred from localities east of the central range of the Stirlingshire hills.’’ Between those widely separated localities and those mentioned in the following pages there are no intervening instances of its occurrence, and until such are forthcoming the question as to the direction from which it first came must remain unanswered. It is much to be regretted that more information is not forthcoming from Dumbartonshire, as this is the county most likely to have shared in the increase of this species, had such come from the adjoining county of Stirling. Regarding the second question, as to whether the Stock-Dove is really a newcomer or not, doubt has been cast on the theory of this species being a recent immigrant to “ Clyde,” based on very slender evidence, we think. In many parts of England Rock-Doves have been reported from inland districts, and when these reports were investigated by competent observers the so-called Rock-Doves have, without exception, been found to be the species at present under consideration. We know of no such reports from the ‘‘ Clyde ’’ area, save that of Ballochmyle, and this seems rather to show that the latter locality was the first in “‘ Clyde ’’ colonised by the Stock-Dove, more particularly as Mr. John Paterson’s Ballochmyle record was not an isolated one, followed by a long blank, as will be seen from the following pages. Pigeons are generally reckoned, by country people, to be destructive birds, and are shot on every possible occasion, in season and out of season, by sportsmen and farmers, and it is quite fair to suppose that, had the Stock-Dove been present WILSONS—Tue Srockx-Dove 1n tHE CLtypE AREA. 103 © in any numbers prior to the period in which it has become known as a local species, some at least would have come under the notice of ornithologists. If there can be any doubt on this head, there is no gainsaying the fact that there has been, during the last two decades, an increase in numbers and a spread in distribution of the Stock-Dove in the “‘ Clyde ”’ area. In a little glen amongst the Avondale moors we first saw the Stock-Dove, and we have never since ceased to regard it as a bird of the open country. The rocks by the shore, the bare, steep sides of the moorland glens down which the hill-burns flow, and the rocky gorges of the larger rivers, amply clad with vegetation, are its favourite nesting haunts in the Clyde area, but we have not yet heard of it frequenting the sandhills, which are often resorted to in other parts. Usually in some hole, we once saw a nest on the flat top of a large boulder, and open to the sky but for a dense bramble bush which helped to conceal the conspicuous white eggs from any passing crow or jackdaw. It is a very timid bird, and the slightest sound causes it to dart out from its nest, which otherwise would have been passed by. It has a more twisting flight than the Ring Dove, and its note, a peculiar grunting one, is quite different from the soft coo of that species. Like other pigeons, it is partial to grain, but it makes amends to the farmer by consuming a vast quantity of the seeds of noxious weeds. For convenience, we have grouped the various records under the different counties, beginning with Ayrshire. AYRSHIRE. What appears to be the earliest evidence of its presence in this county is furnished by Mr. John Paterson, who writes— ““Just thirty years ago and over I spent several holidays at Mauchline, and during these periods visited Haughholm Farm and the Haugh generally daily, sometimes several times daily. This is a couple of miles above the place where Miss Anderson showed me the Stock-Doves’ nesting place. On the steep wooded slope opposite Haughholm Farm, doves which I understood to be Rock-Doves were regularly seen by me. Of course, at that time I knew nothing about birds beyond the very commonest, 104 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. and I mention the matter for what it is worth.’’ This decidedly points to the Stock-Dove. Of course there is always the chance of them being domestic pigeons which had reverted to a wild state (a not uncommon fact), but then we have to consider that Miss Fanny Anderson informed several members of this society during the excursion to Barskimming, on June 3rd, 1905, that she had known the Stock-Dove as a bird of the rocky banks of the Ayr at Barskimming for nearly twenty years, and also the fact that it is quite common in that locality at the present day. On 6th March, 1897, Mr. John Robertson saw five or six at Goldenberry Head, between Fairlie and West Kilbride, but it appears to have established itself there some years previous to this date, for, on asking a former keeper at Hunterston, in 1904, if he knew the Stock-Dove as a local bird, he said he had known some small blue pigeons to have frequented the Goldenberry cliffs for at least ten years, and probably before that time for all he knew to the contrary. His description of them left no doubt on our minds as to their identity, and his name for them, ‘‘ the wee blue pigeon,’’ is the one by which they are now known to the wildfowlers in that locality. It is still increasing there, and during the early autumns of 1906 and 1907 it was quite abundant between Fairlie and West Kilbride, frequenting the shore in hot days from day-break, when they come down from the fields behind, along with the Ring-Doves. It remains there during the winter, and some can always be seen about, even in the most severe weather, when they have been observed going westward in company with skylarks, thrushes, &ce., during a severe snowstorm. The hilly country behind Fairlie and Largs seems quite suited to this species, but so far, probably from want of observation, it has not been reported from there save in one instance, when Mr. John Robertson heard their distinct note on July 18th, 1905, at the head of the Killing Craigs, behind Largs, and in the following year he saw a Stock-Dove at the same place. In the parish of Galston it is reported to have nested for the last three decades (Kilmarnock Glenfield Ramblers’ Annals, No. 5, page 11). Although no authority is given for this statement, when taken in conjunction with Mr. Paterson’s recollection of the doves at Mauchline, it goes far to show that the river-valleys of the Ayr WILSONS—TuHE Srockx-Dove In tHe CLtypE Argas. 105 and the Irvine have been colonised by this bird at a very earlr period of its history in the Clyde area, if indeed it has not been always there. Probably the statement about Galston refers to what is known as the “Glen” near Darvel, as we have heard reports of it being present there for some time. We have not observed it there, but on the opposite bank of the Irvine in the Chanque Burn, about a mile above where it joins the Irvine, we saw a nest of the Stock-Dove on 22nd May, 1902 (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1902). We often visited this place in previous years, but never saw any trace of this species until the above date, and since then have seen very few. Mr. John Paterson believes there were Stock-Doves on Bine Hill, near Girvan, in 1904, and also on the cliffs north of Dunure in the same season, while we have heard from Mr. John Robertson about them having been seen about the Heads of Ayr, but have no data. It is also recorded in the above-mentioned Glenfield Ramblers’ Annals, from Hareshaw- muir, near Fenwick, in 1904, and from Muirkirk in 1905. Mr. Charles Kirk has recently seen a Stock-Dove’s nest near the latter place, and tells us that Mr. Fairbairn, the keeper at Wellwood, had never observed the Stock-Dove at Muirkirk until that year (1905), and he has been keeper at Wellwood for 20 years. In 1907 Mr. John Craig, of Beith, told us of a Stock- Dove which had been shot at Hessilhead Castle, near Beith, on 8th April, and we have since seen this bird, which is now in the possession of Mr. R. Kennedy, Beith. In the same year one was shot at Lendalfoot, on 15th July, by the late Charles Berry. Since the above was written, Mr. Archibald Shanks, of Dalry, has sent us Stock-Doves’ eggs taken this season from Cubs Glen, Glenmore Water, Auchinleck Parish, and states (in. lit. 28/6/09) —‘‘ The nest was situated in a hole in the rocks. The boys told me it was the nest of the ‘ Rock Cushat,’ but I did not see the birds.’’ He goes on to say “‘ the Dalry station is ‘ Ravens Craig Glen, South Burn,’ and the keeper calls the bird ‘ Blue Rock.’ He shot one accidentally this year, and this also happened a year or two ago. Within half a mile of this, another [nesting] place is among the rocks, below Raeside Farm, Rye Water. I have seen the bird here, &e.” 106 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. BuveSsHIRE. The earliest record of this bird in the island-county of Bute is by Mr. Bruce Campbell, who observed a pair on the western side of Great Cumbrae, on August 18th, 1896, and believed them to be nesting there (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1897, page 44). This is an extremely interesting record, when we consider that the Great Cumbrae is only separated from the Ayrshire Coast, where the Stock-Dove was already known, by the narrow Fairlie Roads. In 1899 three birds were observed, on September 8th, between St. Ninian’s and Scalpsie Bays, Bute, by Mr. John Paterson and Mr. John Robertson, and on June 5th, 1900, eight were seen by the latter. Writing in 1903 (loc. cit., 1903, page 141), he describes it as ‘‘ not common. It nests in several localities in Bute.’’ He found his first nest on May 5th, 1902. By the year 1905 it had increased very much in numbers, and nowhere more so than on the sandstone rocks at Kerrytonlia Point, near Kilchattan Bay, where we saw six nests on 24th April, and came to the conclusion that at least fifteen pairs were nesting there at that date. It contimued to increase in numbers in 1906, and in 1907 it was pretty well distributed over almost the entire portion of the island south of a line drawn between Kerrytonlia Point and Stravannan Bay. They were frequenting chiefly the rocky coast line and the steep, broken sides of the little glens which abound in this portion of Bute. With such a species as the Stock-Dove, the nest of which is so remarkably easy to find, the number discovered about the same period is a very good indication as to its abundance or otherwise. in 1906 Mr. William Rennie tells us that he knew of twenty nests in Bute, and we have notes of other ten. At present we believe this bird is more abundant in the nesting season in the island of Bute than in any other locality in the Clyde area.* * From the adjoining island of Arran, information is remarkably scanty, chiefly we believe from want of observation, and we have to thank Mr. T. Thornton M‘Keith for the only records we know of. He writes (in lit., August 3rd, 1909), ‘‘ During the Fair Holidays (Mid July) I made a careful survey of the Doves nesting in the cliffs between Blackwaterfoot and Corriecravie. Along that stretch there are at least thirty pairs of Stock-Doves nesting. The ground is very suitable for them, being covered with bracken, ivy, and honeysuckle, and many other such plants. Rock- Doves in the caves, &c., were still more common,” WILSONS—Tue Srock-DovE In THE CLlypE AREA. 107 LANARKSHIRE. This county has also proved attractive to the bird under discussion, and the records relative thereto rather tend to show that here, as elsewhere in the Clyde area, if we except the Ballochmyle district, this dove is a newcomer, for it is hard to believe that it could have been overlooked in so many widely scattered districts, especially after it was known to occur in the area. But to consider the various records:—In the Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1897, pages 214-215, the Rev. J. D. W. Gibson, of Carmichael parish, writes—‘“‘ During the severe weather in January last a pair of doves, which appeared to belong to this species, flew round the Manse garden and rested for some time on a beech tree. Mr. D. Pringle informs me that there were two nests of this species this season [in Fiddlers’ Gill, near Braidwood] near to his house,’’ &c. Referring to this note, Mr. John Paterson remarks (1909), ‘‘ I have a photograph of the Stock-Doves’ haunt in the ‘Gill, taken by Mr. Robert M. Morton a dozen years ago, 2.e., in 1898.’ On 28th May, 1904, we put a Stock-Dove off its nest, which was situated under the exposed roots of a tree in the same gill, but did not see any others, and we do not think it was at all common there at the time of our visit. Returning to our chronological order, previous to the year 1901 we spent several days in different years in the moorland district at the head of the Avon in Avondale, on the borders of Ayr and Lanark, but it was not until the year mentioned that we saw a Stock-Dove there. On 22nd May, just where the Dipple joins the Avon, on the Lanarkshire side, we flushed a Stock-Dove from under a dense clump of heather, which proved, on examination, to shelter a Stock-Dove’s nest, the first we had ever seen (Fauna, Flora, &c., of the Clyde Area, page 116, 1901). The year 1903 added another locality in this county, for on May 9th we discovered it nesting in Cartland Crags, on the Mouse Water, near Lanark. This rocky gorge has long been a favourite resort of Glasgow naturalists, so that, had this bird taken up its residence before that date, it must have escaped their notice. It was still holding its own in 1906, despite the numerous Jackdaws which swarm there. In the Blantyre district it had also established itself. Mr. Walter Stewart records (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1909, 108 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. page 115) that, acting on information received in 1906 from an acquaintance about the Rock-Dove, he found two nests of the Stock-Dove in 1907, and found four pairs breeding in 1908. In the winter of 1908-9 it turned up in yet another locality, as we are informed by Mr. John Paterson, to whom we are indebted for the following note:—‘‘ Murdoch, Mr. Baird of Lochwood’s keeper at Bishop Loch, Gartcosh, tells me to-day [25th April, 1909], that there has been a number of Stock- Doves in his neighbourhood during the past winter—they have been both shot and captured. They were at the Pheasants’ feeding. At present they are still about a wood on his ground, a little south-west of Bishop Loch.’’ RENFREWSHIRE. With the exception of an isolated instance of its occurrence at Pollok (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1895, page 228), which refers to ‘‘a number of small doves, no doubt referable to this species,’’? trapped about twenty years ago by Cox, the keeper at Nether Pollok, nothing was known about the Stock-Dove as a Renfrewshire bird until 1905. In that year Mr. T. Thornton M‘Keith heard of a dove’s nest which had been found in a rocky bank on the farm of Braeface, a mile west of Neilston Pad, which, from its situation, we may safely assume belonged to the present species. It was next noticed in the immediate vicinity of Glasgow. On the White Cart, about Netherlee, within four miles from the centre of the city, the banks of the river are admirably suited to the requirements of the Stock-Dove, being rocky and precipitous, and amply clad with vegetation. On visiting this locality, long a favourite resort of ours, on the 25th April, 1908, we saw three Stock-Doves at different parts of the river. Two of them appeared to have nests close at hand, and to satisfy ourselves of this fact we returned again next morning in company with Mr. John Robertson, and were successful in seeing both nests. From subsequent observation we came to the conclusion that there were at least three pairs nesting in this stretch of the river that season, and this year (1909), a nest was seen below Netherlee, on 7th April, but they do not appear to have increased very much in numbers as yet. The Cart here- abouts forms the boundary between Lanark and Renfrew, so that WILSONS—Tue Srock-Dove in THE CLypr AREA, 109 « this information belongs to Lanark as well, but it is put under Renfrew for convenience. In West Renfrewshire we saw a Stock- Dove on 17th May, 1908, in Calder Glen, a very suitable haunt. In the present year (1909), on 18th April, a pair was observed building on the Craig of Carnock, between Mearns and Neilston. (Mr. George M‘Leod, in lit. to Mr. John Robertson). On May 2nd a nest was found on Mearns Moor, and on the morning of 13th June its very distinct note was heard in Mains Wood, Giffnock, by Mr. John Robertson. This completes the tale for Renfrewshire, a district the eastern part of which has been long familiar to Glasgow ornithologists. It will be interesting to watch the progress of the Stock-Dove in Renfrewshire, as there can be little doubt that its appearance there as a nesting species is very recent, and, if carefully watched, its increase or decrease, as the case may be, may afford an insight as to what has taken place in other localities. DUMBARTONSHIRE. Mr. W. R. Baxter put a Stock-Dove out of a rocky cliff on Douglas Moor, at the foot of the Kilpatrick Hills, in April, 1907, and again, on 3rd May, 1908, and believed them to be nesting there. In the present year, on 24th April, a nest of this bird was discovered by Mr. Herbert B. Shields, at Edinbarnet, close to, if indeed not at, the place where Mr. Baxter had previously observed it.* We have no information as to its occurrence in any other part of this county, and Mr. Charles Kark informed us that he has never seen it in the Loch Lomond district, a locality he was very familiar with up till seven years ago. Such a paucity of information from so favourable a tract of country as Dumbarton is very remarkable, and seems to point to a regrettable scarcity of observers, rather than the absence of the bird. ARGYLLSHIRE. Mr. Robert M. Buchanan believes that a pigeon he put out from the rocks at Ardlamont Point, some years ago, belonged to this species. * Mr. Herbert B. Shields (zm lit., 25th August, 1909), carries this date back to 1903 or 1904, when he found a nest at the same spot from which the young were successfully reared, and in the following year the site was again tenanted. Since then he has visited the locality annually, without result, until the present year as instanced above, 110 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. STIRLINGSHIRE. Our only record comes from Mr. John Paterson, who tells us of a nest which was discovered at Glenorchard, in April, 1908, by Mr. Bartholomew. We beg to tender our hearty thanks to all who have assisted in this enquiry, and trust that this attempt to gather together the information that exists relating to this bird in the Clyde area, will be the means of bringing forth additional records which may help to remove the mystery as to when and whence it came among us. Some Recent Additions to the Fungus-Flora of the Clyde Area. By D27A> Boyp: [Read 29th June, 1909. ] ALTHOUGH the last two or three years have in general proved comparatively unproductive of unusual forms of the Hymeno- mycetes and other large Fungi, it is satisfactory to note that a considerable number of the more minute species have, during that period, been added to the Scottish list. This was especially the case last year, when 54 species or varieties of Microfungi were recorded as new to Britain, and of these no fewer than 34 were reported from Scotland, 21 being from localities within the Clyde Area. The following are some of the most interesting species added to the Fungus-Flora of the Clyde Area during the period referred to. With the exception of Hrinella pommeranica, Ruhl., they have all come under my personal observation. A description of the species reported as new to science, or new to Britain, will be found in the 7’ransactions of the British Mycological Society, Vol. IIL., Parts F and 2: Odontia alliacea, Weinm.—On a fallen trunk ; Corsinkell Glen, Stevenston ; in October. New to Britain. Uromyces caryophyllinus, Schrét.—Uredospores forming rust- spots on living carnations in a greenhouse in the gardens BOY D—Funcus-FLorA oF THE CLYDE AREA. 1 at Finlaystone House, Renfrewshire; in August. New to Britain, Puccinia Schneidert, Schrot.—On stems of Thymus Serpyllum, which it causes to elongate in a remarkable manner ; Noddsdale Glen, Largs ; in September. P. millefolii, Fekl.—On Achillea Millefoliwm ; Ardeer Sands, Stevenston ; in August. Melampsora pustulata (Pers.) Wint.—As Uredo pustulata. Pers., on leaves of Hpilobiwm. in marshy places ; Possil Marsh and Dalmellington ; in autumn and winter. Physoderma heleocharidis, Schrot.— Producing reddish-brown swellings, which appear as dark patches on living culms of Scirpus palustris; Ardeer Sands; in August. Genus and species new to Britain. Synchytrium awreum, Schrét.—On living leaves of Prunella vulgaris in marshy places, Lochwinnoch, Largs, and West Kilbride; on Plantago lanceolata, Ardrossan and Stevens- ton; on Thymus Serpyllum, Glen Falloch ; in summer and autumn, Peronospora chrysosplenii, Fekl.—On Chrysosplentum alterni- Jfolium ; Hyndog Glen, Dalry; in May. New to Britain. Entyloma Henningsianum, Syd.—On living leaves of Samolus Valerandi, producing pale yellow spots which become brownish ; Dubh Loch, near Inverary ; in September. New to Britain. £. achiliee, P, Magn.—On living leaves of Achillea Millefolium, producing pale brownish bands or spots ; St. Blane’s Chapel, Island of Bute; in August. New to Britain. Ustilago flosculorum (D.C.) Wint.—In anthers of Scabiosa succisa ; Ardkinglas, Loch Fyne, and Largs ; in September. Urocystis Fischert, Korn.—On leaves of Carex ulauca; West Kilbride and Kilwinning ; in August. Ascomyces aureus (Fr.) Magnus.—On living leaves of Populus, producing golden spots or blisters; West Kilbride, Ardros- san, Helensburgh, and Kilchattan Bay; in summer and autumn, 112 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Lophodermium oxycocer, Karst.—On withered leaves of Vaccinium Oxycoccos ; Kilwinning and Knockewart Loch, Ardrossan ; in summer and autumn. New to Britain. Coceomyces Boydi, A. L. Sm.—On dead branches of Myrica Gale; found at two places in Glen Falloch; in July. New to science. C. quadratus (Schm.) Karst.—On dead twigs of Vaccinium Myrtillus ; Noddsdale Glen, Largs ; in September. Pseudophacidium Smithianum, Boud.—On dead leaves of Empetrum nigrum ; Kilbirnie, West Kilbride, Ardrossan (Ayrshire), Crawford and Symington (Lanarkshire); in summer and autumn. New to science. Pseudopexiza alismatis (Phil. & Trail) Sacc.—On withered spots on living leaves of Alisma Plantago; Dougalston and Ardrossan ; in summer. Mollisia petiolaris (A, & 8.) Sace.—On decaying petioles of Acer Pseudo-Platanus, SWilbirnie, Dalry, and Campsie Glen; in spring and early summer. Helotium marchantie (Berk.) Fr., var. conocephali, Boyd.—On the thallus of Conocephalus conicus, usually on somewhat pallid spots; West Kilbride, Dalry, Stevenston, &e. (Ayr- shire), and Corriegills (Arran) ; from late autumn to early summer. Variety new to science. This form has been previously reported by me from West Kilbride as Helotiwm marchantie, Berk., and formed the subject of a communica- tion to the Society.* Subsequent examination, however, has shown that the spores are somewhat larger in size than in the type as described by Berkeley, while the fungus occurs on a different host, and the cups are generally seated on a pallid or discoloured portion of the thallus. These circumstances seemed to warrant its description as a distinct variety. Erinella pommeranica, Ruhl.—Found by Mr. W. H. Wilkinson on bark of Pinus sylvestris ; Rothesay; in August. New *Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., Vol. II. (N.S.), p. 272; Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area (1901), p. 67. lhe BOY D—Funaus-FLorA oF THE CLYDE AREA. 113 to Britain. ‘“ Mr. Wilkinson likens the growing plant to a bird’s nest of white coral lined with gold.” Ephelina prunelle, Phil.—Developed on Asteroma prunelle, Purt., one of the Spheropsidex, on living leaves and stems of Prunella vulgaris ; Largs, West Kilbride (Ayrshire), and Corriegills (Arran); in spring. Described as new to science. Common in the undeveloped or Asteroma stage. Specimens with the cups fully expanded were obtained by me about twenty years ago, during a period of mild and rainy weather in spring, and were submitted to the late Mr. William Phillips, F.L.S., who pronounced them new to science, and named them Lphelina prunelle. He sent me drawings of the cups, asci, and spores, which I afterwards returned to him, but no description of the species was published during his hfetime. In April of last year, however, at the Society’s excursion to Brodick, I was successful in again obtaining specimens with expanded cups, and these were sent to Miss A. Lorrain Smith, F.L.8., who has recently published a description of them. The Ayrshire localities for this species have been reported in Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area (1901), p. 69. Orbilia marina (Phil.) Boyd.—On stranded and decaying fronds of Ascophylium, Fucus, and Halidrys ; Largs, West Kilbride, Ardrossan, Stevenston, Ayr (Ayrshire), Cumbrae, Arran, Ettrick Bay (Bute), and Ardkinglas, Loch Fyne (Argyll- shire) ; throughout most of the year. Like the last, specimens were submitted to Mr. Phillips, about twenty years ago, and were named by him Calloria marina, sp. nov. ‘The species remained undescribed, however, until this year, although as Orbilia marina it had been reported by me from time to time from various parts of the Clyde Area. Vibrissea truncorum (A. & 8.) Fr.—On a dead willow-trunk, Glen Falloch ; on dead branches of heather in very wet places, Glen Falloch and Glen Douglas; in summer. Vibrissea is remarkable for its attenuated spores, which, in the process of drying, are ejected from the ascus and remain for some time attached to it at one end, so as to 114 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. hang over the disc, when they present much the appearance of glistening threads of the finest white silk. V. Guernisaci, Crouan.—On branches of willow submerged in run- ning streams ; Glen Douglas, West Kilbride, and Ardrossan ; in summer. This appears to occur much more frequently than the last mentioned species, and to descend to a lower level. In the neighbourhood of Ardrossan it occurs at an altitude of less than 150 feet. It produces sessile ascophores of a dull greenish-yellow colour, which, when drying, have their spores ejected in the manner characteristic of the genus. Meliola Niessleana, Wint.—On living stems and under-surface of leaves of Vaccinium Vitis-ldea; Noddsdale Glen; in summer and autumn. The mycelium produces dark spots, consisting of minute hyph which spread in a radiating manner like a tiny spider’s web. The black perithecia are developed on the surface of the threads. This interesting fungus has for many years been known to occur on the hills above Largs, but the genus and species have only recently been described as British from specimens obtained by me in Perthshire. Curreyella aucuparie, A. L. Sm.—On dead twigs of Pyrus Aucuparia ; Auchentibber Moss, Kilwinning; in autumn. Recently described as new to science from specimens obtained in Perthshire. Pleospora equiseti, A. L, Sm.—On dead stalks of Lquisetum ; Kilwinning ; in January. New to science. Diaporthe detrusa, Fckl.—On dead branches of Lerberis vulgaris ; Dalmellington ; in August. New to Britain. Spherella polypodu, Fckl.—On fading pinne of fronds of Asple- nium Trichomanes; Inveraray; in September. New to Britain. Phyllosticta forsythie, Sace.—On living leaves of Vorsythia suspensa ; Seamill; in August. New to Britain. Produces conspicuous withered spots on the leaves, and these contain lenticular pyenidia with unicellular hyaline sporidia. Ascochyta piiladelphi, Sacc. and Speg.—On living leaves of Philadelphus coronarius; Seamill; in August. New to Britain. Produces spots and lenticular pycnidia similar to BOY D—Funeus Fiona oF THE CLYDE AREA. PPS those of the last-mentioned species, but the sporidia are two-celled. Sporonema obturatum (Fr.) Sace.—On dead leaves of Calluna vulgaris ; West Kilbride ; in December. Gleosporium salicis, West.—On living leaves of Salia Caprea and other species of willow; Beith and Kingarth. New to Britain. Sporidia unicellular. Septogleum salicinwm, Sace.—On living leaves of Salix viminalis ; roadside between Millhouse and Kilbride (par. of Kilfinan) ; in September. Genus and species new to Britain. Pro- ducing pustules similar to those caused by Glaosporiwm, but with 1-3-septate sporidia. Melanconium hedere, Preuss.—On dead twigs of Hedera Helix ; Largs, West Kilbride, &c.; throughout the year. This was formerly reported from Ayrshire as Coniothyriwm hedere (Desm.) Sace., with which it may possibly be identical, as is suggested by Saccardo. It is regarded by Miss Smith, however, as a true J/elanconium corresponding to J. hedere, Preuss, and, as such, is new to the British list. Pestalozzia funerea, Desm.—On dead leaves of Phormiwm tenax ; Hunterston (Ayrshire) ; in September. Ramularia viole, Trail—On living leaves of Viola Rwiniana ; Stevenston ; in August. R. ajuge (Niessl.) Sace.—On Ajuga reptans; Glen Falloch, Inveraray, and Rosneath ; in summer and autumn Vorula antennata, Pers.—On dead leaves of Phormium tenaz ; Hunterston ; in September. Hormiscium splendens, Kze.—On a mossy stump ; West Kilbride ; in August. Stilbum tomentosum, Schr.—Parasitic on T'richia ; Finlaystone, West Kilbride, and Stevenston ; in spring and autumn. I have to express my great indebtedness to Miss A. Lorrain Smith, F.L.S., South Kensington, and Mr. Carleton Rea, B.C.L., M.A., Worcester, for their kind aid in the identification of many species, particularly those which are here reported as new to the British Fungus-Flora. ; 116 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. On the genus Phoxocephalus. By ALEXANDER PATIENCE. 9 [Read 23rd February, 1909. | AMPHIPODA. GAMMARIDEA. Family, - . Phoxocephalidae. Genus, - Phoxocephalus. 1888. Phoxocephalus (nom. nov. vice. Phowus, Kroyer, 1842 preoccupied in Entomology) Stebbing, Rep. Voy. “Challenger, V. 29, p. 810. 1891. Phowocephalus, G. O. Sars. *‘Crustacea of Norway,” vol. 1, p. 145. 1891. Paraphoxus, G. O. Sars, “Crustacea of Norway, Vol. 1, p. 148. 1896. Metaphoxus, J. Bonnier, “Annales de lUniversité de Lyon,” Vol. 26, p. 630. 1900. Phoxocephalus, Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. 5, p. 333. 1906. Phowocephalus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda Gammaridea, p. 134. 1906. Paraphoxus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphipoda Gammaridea, p. 137. 1306. JMetaphowws. Stebbing, Das ‘Tierreich, Amphipoda Gammaridea, p. 138. The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing in his recent work on the Amphipoda.* has accepted Sars’ and Bonnier’s genera of Paraphoxus and Metaphoxus respectively. The genus Phoxocephalus, however, as Canon Norman points out, appears to be a natural one, and “attempts to divide it on very slight variations of the mandible break up that natural group. The allied Harpinia is a parallel case ; it might be split up on several trivial differences in the mandible (see Sars’ figures of mandible * Das Tierreich, Amphipoda Gammaridea, 1906, pp. 134-138. PATIENCE—Own THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 117 of H. plumosus, H. pectinata, and H, ecrenulata).”* The same argument might be applied to other genera with equal force. To take one other example: Pontocrates, Boeck. The molar expansion of P. arecticus, G. O. Sars (Fig. 1) is somewhat different in form and more strongly constructed than in that found in the allied species P. altamarinus (Bate & Westw.) (Fig. 2), and P. arenarius (Bate), at least in Firth of Clyde specimens. Fic. 1.—Mandibleof Lhe structure of the molar expansion in P. arcticus (after these shows an appreach to that of P. eo Sars). norvegicus (Boeck), as figured by J. 8. Schneidert (Fig. 3). If P. arenarius is identical with P. norvegicus, then the form of this part of the mandible shows an interesting variation in the Scottish and Norwegian examples, even of the same species, as P. arenarius is almost similar to P. aliamarinus in this respect. Schneider states: ‘‘ Der innere Molarhécker scheint schwach zu sein;” but adds: ‘“ wurde aber nicht gut wahrgenommen.”{ Sars states for this genus: ‘ Mandibles moderately strong, molar expansion of the usual character,”§ but gives no figures of the mandible for either P. norvegicus or P. AN Fic. 2.—Mandible of P. aliamarinus. altamarinus ; and Stebbing says, ‘* Mandible normal.” || Unless some more solid reasons therefore can be advanced for splitting up the genus Phoxocephalus, it should be re- Fic. 3.—Mandible of _ tained for the species described under Para- P.norveyicus(after »hovus and Metaphoxus respectivel J. S. Schneider). P z P Ie y * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. V., p. 333. + Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Amphipoden der Artischer Norwegens, pp. 13-20, Pl. I., Fig. 3. £ Op. cit., p. 15. § Crustacea of Norway, Vol. 1, p. 315. || Op. cit., p. 239. K 118 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. The chief purport of this paper is to advance two lines of argument :— (A) That Phoxocephalus fultoni (Scott) is but an immature stage of P. pectinatus (A. O. Walker), and (B) That Phoxocephalus simplex (Bate) should be referred to P. holbdlli (Kroyer). (A) Phoxocephalus pectinatus (A. O. Walker)=P. fultoni 1890, 1892. 1893. 1896. 1900. 1906. 1906, 1906. (Scott). REFERENCES UNDER P. fultoni (Scort). Phoxocephalus Fultoni, Scott, ‘‘ Additions to the Fauna of the Firth of Forth,” Zighth Ann. Rep. Fish. Board, Scotland, p. 237, Pl. XII., Figs. 10-12, Pl. XIIL., Figs. 13-19. Phoxocephalus Fulton, D. Robertson, “Second Contri. Isop. and Amphi. of Firth of Clyde.” Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, Vol. III. (N.8.), p. 13 (sep. copy). Phoxocephalus chelatus, A. Della Valle, “ Fauna and Flora Neapel,” Vol. XX., p. 742, t. 5, Fig. 10, t. 35, Figs. 29-35. Phoxocephalus fulioni, Calman, “On species of Phoxo- cephalus and Apherusa,” Trans. dioy. Irish Acad., Vol. 2a p. 743, Pl. XXXI., Figs. 1-2 (sep. copy). Phoxocephalus Fultoni, Norman, ‘‘On British Amphi- poda,” Annals and Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 7, Vol. V., p. 336. Phoxocephalus Fultoni, T. Scott, ‘‘ Crust. of River Forth and Est.,” Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinr., Vol. XVI., p. 148. Phoxocephalus Fultoni, Norman & Scott, ‘‘ Crust. of Devon and Cornwall,” p. 61. Phoxocephalus fulton, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphi. Gammaridea, p. 139. PATIENCE—On THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 119 ’ REFERENCES UNDER P. pectinatus (A. O. WALKER). 1896. Phoxocephalus pectinatus, A. O. Walker, ‘On Two new species of Amphipoda Gammar- ina,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, Vol. XVIL., p. 343, PI. XVL., Figs. 1-6, and Vol. XVIILI., p. 156. 1898. Jetaphoxus pectinatus, Chevreux, ‘“ Revis de l’Amphi. de la céte océan de France,” Assoc- Frang. pour advance. des Sciences, p. 477. 1906. Metaphoxus pectinatus, Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphi- poda Gammaridea, p. 137. While carrying out some investigations in Lamlash Bay, on board the yacht “Hilda” (belonging to Mr. J. Rennie, of Helensburgh), during the summer of 1906, I secured with the tow net, on two different occasions, a large number of Amphipoda belonging to the family Phowocephalide. At the time I dis- tinguished three forms which I tentatively set down as follows :— First, tow-netting between Lamlash Pier and King’s Cross— (1) Phoxocephalus pectinatus (A. O. Walker), 50 males; (2) P. fulton (Scott), 43 males ; (3) P. fultona (Scott), 4 immature males. Second, tow-netting off King’s Cross—(1) P. pectinatus, 53 males; (2) P. fulton, 67 males. Further, some years previously, I took, off Millport, in the same tow-netting, 14 specimens of P. fultonz, 12 males and 2 females (one of the latter carrying ova), and 6 specimens of P. pectinatus, male. It is only recently that I have found time to study these forms more critically, and, after dissecting many specimens and com- paring closely the various parts of the three forms, I have been led to the conclusion that P. fuléioni is but a stage in the develop- ment of P. pectinatus. In considering the question it must inevitably strike one as being somewhat significant that the two forms should be so intimately associated, and should turn up together in comparatively such large numbers upon three separate occasions, and in two of these in widely-separated parts of the Clyde sea area. Moreover, they were also taken together many years 120 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. before, by the late Dr. Robertson, of Millport. Mr. A. O. Walker observes in this connection “ . . . . I have also received a male (P. pectinatus) from Mr. J. T. Calman, University College, Dundee. who informs me that it was found with a few others among a number of male P. fultoni, Scott, received from Dr. Robertson, of Cumbrae, some years ago.”* In the two localities in Lamlash Bay above mentioned, the tow-net was dragged a short distance only—about 20-25 yards—and the probability is that these forms were captured while swimming closely together. All these tow-nettings were taken in the month of July and after sunset, the tow-net being about a fathom off the bottom. The difference between P. pectinatus and P. fultoni, lies mainly in the structure of the first and second gnathopods, and in them particularly in the form of the hands. In P. fulton the hands of the gnathopods have the hind margin running some distance parallel to the front, then diverging, end somewhat in advance of the front margin, so that the palm instead of, as usual, sloping up from the hinge of the finger, slopes down (see Figs. 3* and 4*). In other words, in P. fudtoni the palm forms an acute angle with the hind margin of the sixth joint, while in P. pectinatus it forms an obtuse angie, This structure is more accentuated in the jirst gnathopods than in the second. In almost all other respects the two forms are virtually identical, as a comparison of the various figures in the accompanying plates shows, the figures under » being taken from a mature male of P. pectinatws measuring about 3 mm., while those under * are from a male of P. fultoni measuring about 2°5 mm. It will be observed that even the peculiar spines on the distal half of the anterior margin of the fifth joint of the fifth perzeopods of the male, are common to the two forms. Calman states the number of these spines in P. fultoni to be three,j but in the majority of my specimens the number is four, just as in P. pectinatus. The facts which seem to point to P. fultoni—this applies particularly to the male—as not being fully adult are :— (1) Ald the specimens I secured are smaller than P. pectinatus, the largest measuring not more than 2:5 mm. * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, Vol. XVIL., p. 344. +t Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Vol. XXX., p. 746. PATIENCE—On THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 121 (2) The calceoli on the antenn, which, as a rule, indicate the sexual maturity of the male, appear, in comparison with those on P. pectinatus, not to be fully developed, none showing clearly the structure found in the latter form (Figs. 1*,, 1°,), and the two calceoli, which are prominent on the last joint of the peduncle of the first antenne in P. pectinatus, are absent in some, and only just indicated in others of P. fulton. (3) The branchial lamelle are also comparatively poorly developed, those attached to the second gnathopods and fourth pereeopods being most so, while, in the still more immature form of P. fultoni, this is even more accen- tuated (Figs. 5°, 5”). The first of these reasons taken alone may not appear to be of much importance, but, in conjunction with the whole circum- stances, especially of the intimate association of the two forms, its value as a part of the argument is at once obvious. The first, second, third, and fifth perzopods are practicaily identical, even to the disposition of the sete. Regarding the last perzopods, Walker states—‘‘In the male ee the third* joint has no plumose setz.”+ These have surely escaped his notice. The disposition and character of the sete in this joint is similar in both P. fultoni and P. pectinatus, and show, on the anterior margin, two bundles of three setz each, the two distal of which are plumose (see Figs. 3*,, 3°, Pl. IV.). The fourth pereopod, which is the longest, appears to show some difference in the comparative length, particularly of the last three joints. For example, in Fig. 2°, Pl. [V., which represents the fourth perxopod ot the adult male, the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints are of the same length. In Fig. 2°, Pl. IV., representing the fourth pereopod of the immature male, the /ifth joint is somewhat shorter than the fourth and the siath than the fifth, while the dactylus is also comparatively shorter than in the adult. Now I find, in comparing the fourth perzopod of the immature male of * Note. —Walker, in his terminology of the limbs, makes the basal joint the first, so that his ¢hird in this instance is really the fowrth in these notes, + Op. cit., p. 344, 122 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. P. holbdlli (Kr¢yer) with the fully adult, the same phenomena presented. The probability is that, in the growth of the organism, the last three joints are the last to attain their true proportion to the other joints of the limb, as is found in the fully adult specimen. The posterior edge of the basal joint is produced below into a rounded lobe, which reaches to the base of the fourth joint. Above this lobe. close to the base of the third joint, spring two longish plumose setze. Calman has correctly figured this in his figure of this limb in P. pectinatus, but does not show them in P. fultoni, although they are present even in female specimens. The side-plates 1-4 are practically identical in the two forms, although the distal margins of P. pectinatus bear one or two more sete each. In Calman’s figure of side-plate 1 of the latter, the anterior corner is produced into a somewhat acute point. In Walker’s figure it is rownded. In the Clyde specimens I have examined the form of the side-plate appears to be intermediate between these two, not so acute as Calman’s, nor as rounded as Walker’s. In both forms pleon-segment 5 carries three minute crenulations on the hind margin, while segment 4 in P. pectina- tus, which Stebbing states, carries one or two spinules on the dorsal tubercle has its counterpart in P. fu/toni, although on the latter of course the spinules are not so long, nor the dorsal tubercle so pronounced. When P. fultoni and P. pectinatus are viewed together under the microscope, with the gnathopods tucked away under the side- plates, it is practically impossible to distinguish the one from the other, except by the slight difference in size. But there is still a more immature male of P. fultoni to be considered. In this form the flagellum of the second antenne is considerably shorter, consists of fewer articulations, which are themselves shorter and more robust, and bears no calceoli. The fifth joint of the last perseopods does not possess the peculiar spines already referred to, and the third uropods bear one or two very minute plumose setz only, which can be made out only under a high power. On examining an immature male of P. holbélli I found the structure of the flagellum of the second antennze to be somewhat similar, while the rami of the third uropods bore no plumose set. In all probability these PATIENCE—Own THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 123 characters—the calceoli, the plumose sete on the third uropods, and the spines on the fifth joint of the last perseopod—are of sexual importance, and may arise simultaneously. In the figures of the second antenne and third uropods of Phoxus Kerguelent, Stebbing, the first is somewhat similar in character to the antenne of the immature males of /. fultoni and P. holbdlli, while the rami of the third uropods bear no plumose setx.* It is just possible that the author has figured and described the immature male. This third form agrees perfectly with the description and figures as given by Scott, only it seems to me that he has ascribed with some hesitation—to the wrong sex. It might be urged that as one of the specimens of P. fultont 1 captured was an ova-bearing female, it ought to be regarded as mature, and that the validity of the species should not be impugned. Too much weight, however, need not be placed upon this fact. Semper has shown that “sexwal maturity does not necessarily indicate the completion of individual growth.” ‘They may, no doubt,” he says, ‘coincide, but they need not; and instead of being surprised, as is frequently the case, at finding that larvee, 2.e., animals not yet fully grown, are sexually mature we outht rather to wonder that it is only quite Se ernly that such cases have been investigated and considered worthy of record.”{ This seems to me to be the case with the species under consideration, and even were the males of P. fultoni found having the calceoli and the branchial plates as highly developed as in P. pectinatus, it may not necessarily follow that the gnathopods will not eventually assume the form as found in P. pectinatus, those probably being the last to assume the fully adult form. That the modification of the hands of the second gnathopods takes place in certain species of Amphipoda during post-embryonic development is well known. Barrois has shown the wonderful change which takes place in this limb of the male of Z'alorchestia * Rep. Voy. Challenger, Vol. XXIX., p. 816, Pl. 55. t Highth Ann. Rep. Fish. Board, Scot., p. 237. t Animal Life, Int. Sci. Series, Vol. X XXI., pp. 125-126, 124 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. deshayesti (Audouin). The difference which exists in the hands of the young male of this species (Fig. 4) from that of the adult (Fig. 6) is so remarkable that one could scarcely credit that they belonged to the same species, unless one had watched the develop- ment under one’s own eyes. Barrois says—‘‘Le deuxiéme gnathopode subit des métamorphoses considérables, telles, qu’au début de mes recherches, n’ayant pas eu entre les mains des matériaux en nombre suflisant, javais cru rencontrer une espeéce nouvelle dans le stade représenté Fig. 10 ”* (Fig. 5). Fia. 4. — Talorchestia des- ae ss hayesii, 2nd gnathopod, ae Ist stage (after Barrois). Fic. 5.—T. deshayesii, 2nd gna- thopod, ¢ , intermediate stage (after Barrois). Fic. 6.—2nd gnathopod, ¢, T. deshayesii adult (after Barrois). There are two points in connection with these figures of the gnathopods of 7’. deshayestt which may be worthy of considera- * Note sur quelques points de la morphologie des Orchesties, p. 8. Lille, 1887, oe PATIENCE—ON THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 125 tion —( 1) the overwhelming importance of the fifth joint in the young male (Fig. 4) with its comparative insignificance in the fully adult individual (Fig. 6); and (2) the direction taken by the palm of the hand in the young male with that which it eventually assumes in the adult. These have their parailel in P. fulton, although, probably, in a less exaggerated degree. Fig. 5, gn. 1, pl. iv., represents the last four joints of the first gnathopod of a young male of P. fultoni measuring about 2.1 mm., and the wrist is obviously longer. in comparison with the length of the hand, than is found in a slightly larger specimen repre- sented by Fig. 3°, pl. 11. The hand also is somewhat longer in comparison to its breadth than in the just-named. Evidently, at each moult, there is a decrease in the size of the wrist, and an increase in the size of the hand, and also, as it were, a regular pushing in of the palm until the final form is fixed. Barrois has, of course, been able to show in 7’. deshayesii the various phases in the transformation of the hand, but was fortunate in the selection of the species, which is a shore-living form, the material for study being generally at hand when required. It is far otherwise with the species of Phoxocephalus, which, although inhabiting comparatively shallow depths, may not readily be found when wanted, for their habitation to-day may not be that for the morrow, and when one’s dredge is cast into the deep, it is usually by sheer good luck if the “spoor” is found. Consequently, to study such forms amidst their natural conditions is obviously a task beset with many difliculties. Looking to the whole circumstances, therefore, it seems to me, that one is compelled to regard P. fultoni as a stage in the development of P. pectinatus, and I venture to say that future researches will bear out the correctness of this view. (B) P. simplex (Barr) = Phoxocephalus holbélli (KRrpyEr). REFERENCES UNDER ?. simplex (BATE). 1857. Phowus simplex, Bate, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2 ser., Vol. XX., p. 525. 1861. Phoxus simplex, Bate and Westwood, “ Brit. Sess.-eyed Crust.,” Vol. 1., p. 140. 126 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. 1888. Phoxus simplex, Robertson, “First Contri. Isop. and Amphi., Firth of Clyde,” 7rans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Gias., Vol. TIT: (N.S.), p. 23 (sep. copy). 1896. Phoxocephalus simplex, Calman, “On species of Phoxo- cephalus and Apherusa,” Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Vol. XXV., p. 743. 1900. Phoxocephalus simplex, Norman, ‘‘On British Amphi- poda,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hst., ser. 7, Vol. 5. p. 335. 1906. Phoxocephalus simplex, Norman and Scott, ‘‘ Crust. of Devon and Cornwall,” p. 62. REFERENCES UNDER P. holbdlli (KRfYER). 1842. Phoxus holbdli, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. Vol. IV., plot: 1861. Phowus holbélli, Bate and Westwood, “ Brit. Sess-eyed Crust.” Vol. Ey p. 143: 1891. Phoxocephalus holbilli, G. O. Sars, “Crust. of Norway,” p. 144, Pl. XLIX. 1900. Phoxocephalus holbélli, Norman, “ British Amphipoda,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. V., p. 334. 1906. Phoxocephalus holbdlli. Norman and Scott, ‘ Crust. of Devon and Corneall,” p. 63. 1906. Phoxocephalus holbélli. Stebbing, Das Tierreich, Amphi. Gammaridea, p. 134. Dr. Calman, in describing the male ot Phoxocephalus pectinatus (A.O.W.), refers it to Phoxus simplex, Bate, but at the same time suggests that Bate’s figure represents an immature male. Upon the latter point I quite agree with him, but not when he seeks to identify it with Bate’s species. The whole figure, as drawn by Bate and Westwood, particularly of the lower antennz and the third uropod, which shows the rami of equal length, seems to indicate that the authors had under examination an immature male of Phoxocephalus holddll1 (Kroyer). I have already indicated the differences which exist between the wmmature PATIENCE—On THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 127 2 and the adu/t males of that species, which lie principally in the form of the lower antenne (Fig. P.H. a”) and third uropods, the latter bearing no plumose sete. picked out of about one hundred specimens of P. holbélli, which I had gathered in the Firth of Clyde from time to time, six immature males, and I find that each could quite reasonably be referred to Bate and Westwood’s figure of P. simplex, especially in regard to the form of the lower antennz and third uropods. Recently I have In the controversy which has taken place over the validity of the species P. pectinatus and P. simplex, the character of the upper antenne has figured somewhat largely as a disputable point. differences which exist between the two species, and cites in Walker, in replying to Calman, draws attention to the parallel columns the description of the upper antenne, given by Bate, of P. simplex and the character of this organ in P. pectinatus :— * P. simplex. Superior antennz having the extremity of the flagellum not reaching beyond the superior margin of the cephalon ; the flagellum short, —3-jointed, secondary appendage than the primary 4-jointed. longer P. pectinatus 9. Superior antenne having the extremity of the peduncle reaching to the anterior mar- gin of the cephalon ; flagellum 4 jointed, appen_ dage much shorter than the secondary primary 4-jointed.” * Later, however, Bate and Westwood state: “accessory appendage consists of but three articuli and is nearly as important as the primary, which is formed of tour,” + which is a modification of Bate’s former statement. Further, the Rev. Dr. Norman points out that a discrepancy exists between Bate and Westwood’s figure ot P. simplex and their written description. He says: ‘ 3rd— . As regards the antenne, the description of Bate and Westwood does not agree with the figure, where the rostrum is represented only as long as the peduncles of the upper antenne, and this is the case with the present species ; and although the figure in the Brit. Mus. Cat. does agree with the description, is it not more likely that the second figure is more correct than the first?” + * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. XVIII., p. 156. + Brit. sess-eyed Crust., Vol. I., p. 141. t{ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. V., pp. 383-336. 128 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. If Bate’s figure of P. simplex represents an immature male, and of this I think there can be no reasonable doubt, then it may not be altogether wise to lay too much weight upon seeming discrepancies which might be shown to exist in different deserip- tions of this organ, as in post-embryonic development, it is quite reasonable to suppose that some slight differences would be discernible at various stages of growth. In fact this does occur, as may be gleaned from a perusal of the following table, which gives the number of joints in the flagellum of the upper antenne in the six immature males of P. holbélli, already referred to, as well as the number of joints in the flagellum of the lower antennze :— Upper ANTENN 2. LOWER ANTENNZ. Number of | Number of Number of No. of joints in joints in joints in Specimen. primary. accessory. flagellum. IL 6 4 Ite 16 2. 7 4 2, 19 oe 6 4 a 14 4, 6 4 4, Ve 5). 6 4 ay ey Right ( 4 4 65. { x Ge 7 Left Hy) 4 In No. 6, which represents the smallest specimen, measuring about 4 mm., it will be observed that there is even a difference between the right and left flagellum of the upper antenne. In the right the primary and accessory have an equal number of joints, while the accessory is nearly as long. In this specimen the flagellum of the lower antenne has also the fewest number of joints, which are extremely short and robust, the tip of the last joint scarcely reaching to the posterior margin of the second side-plate. In specimen No. 2, which is the largest, measuring about 4:6 mm., the flagellum of the lower antennz reaches to about the middle of the basal joint of the fourth perzeopod. The objection which seems to me to be fatal in making P. pectinatus square with P. simplex, and which has also been urged by Walker, is found in the difference in the relative sizes of both these forms. The length of the adult male of the w™* PATIENCE—On THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 129 P. pectinatus, as given by Walker, is 3 mm. only, and this measure- ment agrees fairly well with the Clyde specimens, and even allowing for Norman’s especially fine specimens from Valentia, measuring 4 mm., we have still to account for the fact that the immature male of P. simplex also measures 4 mm., and if my contention regarding P. fulioni is right, then the zmmatwre male of P. pectinatus measures only about 2°5 mm., and if the still more immature stage—where it presents features like P. holbéllt in the structure of the lower antenne and third uropods—is considered only 2 mm., exactly one-half the size of P. simplex. The late Dr. Robertson of Millport has recorded ‘ Phoxus simplex, Bate” from the Clyde. He says, ‘‘ This species is very minute. In their description of the species Bate and Westwood appear not to have seen the eyes. These are small, round, and white, having a few red spots placed at regular distances near the circumference.” * It is quite reasonable to conclude that the words ‘‘very minute” were used in a comparative sense, probably to emphasise the difference in size between the species he had under consideration and the one he was next to deal with—P. holbélli (Krdyer). Be that as it may, Robertson’s short description of P. simplex would quite readily fit the female of P. pectinatus (the fultoni-stage). Moreover, Robertson was evidently unacquainted with the characters of P. fu/tonit when this statement was published, although he had, as a matter of fact, sent Dr. Norman specimens of this species under the name of P. holbélli. Under “ Phoxocephalus fultoni, Scott,” Dr. Norman writes, ‘“‘I consider that this is the Phoxus holbélli of Robertson’s ‘First Contributions,’ as he sent me at that time specimens taken in the tow-net under that name.” + And it is just as probable that he had missed the characters of P. fultoni when he recorded 2, simplex, as he had done on the occasion cited. - His identification of the species therefore, must be accepted with a considerable amount of reserve. Both Norman and Calman seem to think that the want of the eyes in P. swmplex may have been due to the specimens losing this organ in some special medium which Bate had employed. * Cat. Amphi. and Isop. Firth oi Clyde, p. 23. + Op. eit., p. 336. 130 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. This argument is, I fear, scarcely tenable. Robertson’s speci- mens, which lie in the Millport Museum, are now nearly twenty years old, and have evidently been preserved both in alcohol and formaline, but the eyes of all the specimens examined are as well preserved to-day as when newly caught. Again, the peculiar structure of the fifth joint of the last pereopod of the male is one which would inevitably attract attention when the limb is examined, and it is scarcely conceivable that so excellent a naturalist as Bate could have overlooked so obvious a character as the comb-like row of spines on the distal half of the anterior margin. Lastly, Bate’s specimen in the British Museum of Phowus simplex has been referred to Phoxo- cephalus holbélli by Mr. Walker. He says—‘ The single specimen is in bad condition, but the rostrum straight, and not curved downwards, as supposed by Beck. It appears to be an immature male of Phowocephalus hoibélii (Kroyer). The upper antenne is badly figured, the flagellum is wanting, but the accessory appendage remains, having four longish-joints.” And a careful consideration of all the circumstances goes, I think, to show that Walker’s view is the right one. Phoxocephalus oculatus (G. O. Sars). 1880. Phoxus oculatus, G. O. Sars, “‘ Crust. et Pyenog. in itin. 2 et 3 Exped. Norveg. inventa,” Archiv. for Mathem. og Naturvid., 1880, p. 441. 1885. Phoxus oculatus, G. O. Sars, Norske Nordhavs-Exped., V. 6, Crust. I., p. 154, t.13, Fig. 4 a-e. 1891. Paraphoxus oculatus, G. O. Sars, Crust. of Norway, Vol. lepat49, sbi oil: 1893. Phowxocephalus oculatus, A. Della Valle, 7. Fl. Neapel, p: 740," Pl. V.; Fic sae XXXV., Figs. 19-28. 1900. Phoxocephalus oculatus, Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. V., p. 334. 1906. Paraphoxus oculatus, Stebbing, Das Trerreich, Amphi. Gam., p. 137. +d il a a THe Giasacow Naturatist, VOL. I. PLaTe toe WHE ALEXANDER PATIENCE, del, PHOXOCEPHALUS ‘THE GLascow NATURALIST, VOL. I. PLaTE IV. _ ALEXANDER PATIENCE, del. crv PHOXOCEPHALUS . . PATIENCE—Own THE GENUS PHOXOCEPHALUS. 131 I have taken two female specimens of this species off Cumbrae. in 19 fathoms, a few years ago. It may be readily distinguished from P. holbélli by the somewhat longer dactyli of the anterior peropods and by the long and slender mandibular-palp which is usually seen projected when the specimen is laid on its side. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III. 1*,—Upper antenna of male of P. fulton. 28,—Lower 35 a x.—One of the calceoli, more highly magnified. 3*.—Ist gnathopod of male of P. fulton. 42, 9nd 55 4*x,—Branchial plate attached to 3 5°®,—Telson of male of P. fulton. 62,—3rd perzeopod Py, 1».—Upper antenna of P. pectinatus, 2>,—Lower =e ey x.—One oi the calceoli more highly magnified. 3,—Ist gnathopod of male of P. pectinarus. 4>,—2nd i 4>x,—Branchial plate attached to be) 2° 5>.—Telson oi male of P. pectinatus 6°.—3rd perxopod. _,, » 4*x and 4>x.—Magnified on a slightly higher scale. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. 18,—1st perzopod of male of P. fuliont. 2@,—4th a 3°.—Sth re) 3*x.—inner edge of do. more highly magnitied. +h) 9 4*,—3rd uropod of male of P. fuléont. 1»,—1st perzeopod of male of P. pectinatus. 2>,—4th 3>.—dth 4> —3rd uropod 5 gn. 1g.—Last four joints of Ist gnathopod of young male of P. fultoni. be) 99 99 99 > 9° P.H. a(2).—Lower antenna of immature male of P. holbélii. 5 gn. 1g.—is magnified on a higher scale than the rest of the figures. 132 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Mr. A. O. Walker, after perusing the above, writes as follows :— Metaphoxus Fultont (Scorr) and Metaphoxus Fultoni (7. Scorn) ” and I. pectinatus (WALKER. ) “ Mr. A. Patience has expressed the opinion that the above species are identical, pectinatus being only the mature form of the older species Fultont. He admits the difference of structure ‘in gnathopods 1 and 2 of the two forms, but holds that this might change at the final moult. He also admits that there are ‘ apparently adult (as well as immature) males and females with ova of Fultoni, but quotes Semper to the effect that “sexual maturity does not necessarily indicate the completion of indi- vidual growth.” This may be, and probably is, true as regards size, but I know of no evidence of a change of strwectwre subsequent to sexual maturity, certainly not in the Amphipoda. Mr. Patience has evidently been led to the above conclusion by the fact that he has taken a large number of males of both forms in association in the Firth of Clyde, viz. :—in all, 103 males of pectinatws, and 126 males and 2 females of Fuléoni. These were taken in the ‘ tow-net after sunset, and about a fathom from the bottom. Now it is well known that the males of many species of Crustacea swim near the surface after sunset, leaving their females at the bottom, and, as both species seem to be abundant in the Firth, it is not surprising that the winds and currents should mix them up ; an exploration of the bottom would probably show that the ** two species form separate colonies. . n ” T have taken the two species as follows :— M. Fultonit.—Menai Straits—7 females, 1 adult male, 1 immature male. M. pectinaius.—Guernsey—1 female, 1 male. M. pectinatus.—Valentia—3 females, 2 adult males, 1 imm. male, 2 young. “The young, which are less than 2 mm. long, have gnathopods like those of the adults, and consequently cannot be Fulton. All were taken on the bottom. “ As far as I know, JZ. pectinatus has never been taken in the “ Menai Straits or any part of Liverpool Bay, including the Isle of PATIENCE—Own THE Genus PHOXOCEPHALUS. 133 * Man; nor has M. Fultoni been recorded from the Channel ‘Islands or Valentia. This is remarkable, to say the least, if they “are only different stages of development of the same species. “ Tn conclusion, let me say that I heartily join in Canon A. M. “ Norman and Mr. Patience’s protest against the genera Para- “ phoxus and Metaphoxus. But, as they have been adopted by “ Mr. Stebbing in Das Tierreich, it is perhaps better to use them.” Mr. Walker evidently lays some weight upon the fact that there appears to be no evidence of a change of structure—at least in the Amphipoda—subsequent to sexual maturity. I do not think it can be held that scientific research has gone sufficiently far in studying the development of the Amphipoda to warrant the assumption that no such change takes place. In the higher order of the Isopoda, at least a case is cited on the authority of Mr. Stebbing, which shows that a change of structure happens after the female is sexually mature. In the Cryptoniscide ‘the adult female, without becoming unsymmetrical loses the characteristic shape of an Isopod and ali or most of its appendages. The Epicaridea in general pass, according to Giard and Bonnier, from the embryo, or first stage of their development, to a second or eryptoniscian stage, in which they resemble the males of this family. According to Dr. Fraisse, the free swimming Crypto- niscide have a quite peculiar smell, and the female becomes sexually mature betore adopting a parasitic life. Notwithstanding Professor Kossmann’s scepticism regarding the latter statement, I believe that it is correct. At all events, a minute specimen taken in the tropical Atlantic, retaining ail its appendages, and of the shape usual in the cryptoniscian stage appears to have ovaries crowded with eggs.’ (The italics are mine.) I have not been led to the conclusion advanced in these notes, as Mr. Walker evidently assumes, by the fact alone of the two forms being found in association, but by an _ impartial investigation of the whole circumstances. Through the courtesy of Mr. Elmhirst, the Director of the Marine Biological Station, Millport, I was able quite recently to examine a tube in the “ Robertson ” collection, labelled “ Phoxus holddili, Kroyer, 2,658s Cumbrae,” containing, however, not that species, but about one or two hundred specimens of the two forms /uléoni and pectinatus. L 134 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. There is no information given whether they were taken at the surface or at the bottom, but, in any event, it would certainly be a remarkable fact if the currents were found to be resporsible for the mixing up of the species in so methodical a manner, as an interval of about eighteen years has elapsed between Robertson’s gatherings and mine. The two forms dredged by me were not found at or near to the surface, but, I believe, not more than a fathom off the bottom. I was tow-netting in 10-12 fathoms. I have shown that transformation does take place as the male develops. In the first stage noticed the 3rd uropods have no plumose setie, the fifth joint of the last pereeopod does not bear the peculiar spines, and the flagellum of the lower antenne is quite different from that of the adult or nearly adult. The next is the fwltont stage, where the only difference is in the form of the gnathopods, and in them particularly of the fifth and sixth joints, and I have shown that these also undergo a certain amount of change in the shortening and broadening of the joints, and it requires only a very slight transformation to produce the hand of pectinatus, which probably happens at the final moult. Preliminary description of a new British Amphipod, Isaea elmhirsti, sp.n. By ALEXANDER PATIENCE. Genus, ISAEA, M. Edwards, 1830. Isaea elmhirsti,* sp.n. Lenern of adult male and female about 7 mm. Cotour of the living animal yellowish brown, speckled with dark spots. Eyes black and smaller than in 7. montagui, M.Edw. *In compliment to Mr. R. Elmhirst, Director of Marine Biological Station, Millport. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. lays: ANTENNE comparatively longer than in J. montagwi,; in antenne 2 ultimate joint of peduncle equal in length to pen- ultimate. MANDIBLE having 3rd joint of palp shorter than 2nd. GNATHOPODS comparatively stouter than in /. montagui; in gnathopod 2nd palm of 6th joint not so oblique, the margin being more precisely defined, especially in male. Preropops 1-5 comparatively shorter than in J. montagwi and not so spinose, the spines on the palm of 6th joint being less stoutly constructed. Pereopod 3 shorter than 4th and 5th, basal joint longer than broad. the distal two-thirds of posterior margin straight. PLEON-SEGMENT 3 with the lateral corners terminating in a short blunt point, posterior edge evenly curved and smooth. Firru oF Crypg, clinging to hairs on sternum of the common lobster, Astacus gammarus (Linn). Proceedings of the Society. Tue ninth meeting of Session 1908-9 took place on 25th May, 1909, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Mr. Thomas Morton, Mure Place, Newmilns, was elected as an ordinary member. Reports of excursions to Devol’s Glen (p. 142), Port-Glasgow, and Duncombe, Kilpatrick Hills (p. 145), were submitted. Mr. Robert Dunlop exhibited a dotterel (Hudromias morinellus) which had been picked up by him on 20th April, on the road near Bellshill, Lanarkshire. It had been newly killed by flying against a wire. In connection with the discussion at a recent meeting on colour variation among serpents, Mr. David Bruce showed a living specimen of a young reddish-brown adder (Pelius berus, Linn.), and two full-grown specimens (a black and a brown) preserved in spirit, all of which had been obtained in Caithness. Mr. Bruce believed that the reddish-brown varieties are not uncommon, and that closer observation will reveal a wide distribution. 136 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Dr. Thomas Beath Henderson exhibited a sloughed skin of a triton in an almost perfect condition, and made some remarks on sloughing in reptiles. Mr. Thomas Anderson showed a parasitic worm obtained from a minnow. The latter was taken from a small stream which flows into a reservoir near Loch Thom, Greenock, on 22nd April, and it died on 8th May. When dead it lay at the bottom of the aquarium in the position assumed when alive, viz., dorsal surface upwards. The pectoral fin was extended at right angles to the body. On making a slight cut on the ventral surface, the worm was found just under the skin. When alive, the minnow was very greedy, which is not to be wondered at, considering the size of its messmate, which measured over four inches in length, while its host was only two. Dr. J. F. Gemmill, to whom the specimen was sent, identified it as a “larva” of the cestode, commonly known as Ligula simplicissima. The Ligute or strap-worms infest the peritoneal cavities of the cyprinoid fishes, where they attain to almost their full size and complexity of structure. The short final stage of their life-history is passed within the food-canal of one or other of the water-birds. An allied genus (Schistocephalus) is found in the stickleback. Mr. D. A. Boyd exhibited bladder-wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol.) from Saltcoats, having the conceptacles or “pods” dotted over with the minute black perithecia of Mycospherella ascophylli, a parasitic pyrenomycete which has recently been described for the first time by Mr. A. D. Cotton, F.L.S., Kew. It is very abundant in the Ardrossan district, and will probably be found to be generally distributed around the shores of the Firth of Clyde. Mr. Boyd also showed specimens of Orbilha marina (Phil.) Boyd, a minute discomycete which grows on stranded and decaying fronds of various brown seaweeds at Stevenston. Through the kindness of Mr. Wm. Horton, Glasgow, Mr. Charles Kirk exhibited a specimen of the golden oriole (Oriolus galbuia). The bird (an immature male) was found dead in a garden at Port-Glasgow on 8th May (p. 100). Mr. P. Ewing, F.L.S., showed a fine series of lantern slides, illustrating alpine plants in situ, and described the conditions under which the various species occurred. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 137 Mr. James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, submitted a paper entitled ‘‘ Meteorological Notes and Remarks upon the Weather during the Year, 1908. with its General Effects upon Vegetation.” In comparing the records of 1908 with those of previous years, it was noted that the rainfall (33:58 inches), was below. the average, which in this district is about 39 inches. The wettest months were January (4°58 inches), March (4:01 inches), and September (4:17 inches.) The driest month was April, the rain- fall being only 1:06 inches. The range of atmospheric pressure was only 1°80 inches. The monthly averages of temperature were somewhat high. In comparing the notes on the weather conditions of 1908 with those of 1907, the only points of similarity are the absence of very severe frosts and an undue preponderance of easterly winds. ‘There was more sunshine and greater warmth, especially in the midsummer months. As the weather of the previous season was not conducive to thorough maturation of growth, there was not the tendency to early growth in the bulk of plants, even had the weather been favourable for early development. Excepting in the case of those plants which are easily excited to growth, and generally regarded as precocious subjects, there was, on account of the dry, cold weather in spring, a slow movement in growth, and until the third week in May vegetation was reckoned as being about ten days behind the usual time. With the improved weather conditions, however, after that period, there was a remarkable development in vegetation, and by the middle of July it was more forward than it was at the same time in 1907. Trees and shrubs did not come up to the average in flower, and the blooming was very erratic and short lived. The later development as to the growth of shoot and foliage was in every ' sense satisfactory, and as the weather conditions proved favour- able for the maturation of growth, trees and shrubs give every promise for a brilliant display in 1909. The tenth meeting of Session 1908-9 took place on 29th June, 1909, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Mr.. James L. Barnsley, 309 Golfhill Drive, Dennistoun ; Mr, William Cousin, 180 Sauchiehall Street; and Mr. Fred. 138 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. L. M‘Keever, Meadow Park, Burnside Road, Cambuslang, were elected as ordinary members. Reports on excursions to Cambusnethan (p. 143) and Inch- lonaig (p. 144) were submitted. Mr. John Muir sent for exhibition an interesting series of natural history specimens from Alabama, U.S.A. Mr. Alexander Ross exhibited specimens of Goniomyia schistacea, Schum., a tipulid from Inchlonaig, Loch Lomond, which is now recorded for the first time for the West of Scotland He also showed Letopus nebulosus, Linn., a longicorn beetle from Ineheaillach, Loch Lomond. This has been recorded only once before for the Clyde Area, v7z., at the meeting of the Society held on 23rd June, 1908. Mr. James J. F. X. King, F.E.S., showed other twe longicorn beetles, viz., Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G., now first recorded for the Clyde Area, and Rhagium indagator, Fabr., an insect seldom met with in our district. Both specimens were taken in the Gorge of Avon. Mr. John R. Lee exhibited Leptodontiwm recurvifolium, Lindb., from Glen Falloch. He described the distribution of this rare moss, and remarked that it had never been found in fruit in the Clyde Area. . The President exhibited Polyporus lucidus, Fr., a striking reddish coloured fungus, shining above as if lacquered, which was obtained on old yews on Inchlonaig by Mr. H. B. Shields. He stated that the only other local record is for Bothwell, and was published in G'revillea over thirty years ago. Mr. William Stewart showed YXylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev., obtained in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens, but not mentioned in the local Handbook for the British Association, published in 1901. Mr. D. A. Boyd exhibited a remarkably fasciated peduncle and flower-head of Pyrethrum rosewm hybridum, grown in the nurseries of Mr. John Gunson at Saltcoats. Mr. Johnston Shearer showed Vacciniwm Oxyccccos, Linn., from Inchlonaig, and Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn., from a wood at Cathcart. Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper entitled “Some Recent Additions to the Fungus-Flora of the Clyde Area” (p. 110). EXCURSIONS. 139 Messrs. Robert 8. and Hugh W. Wilson submitted a paper on “The Stock Dove (Columba enas, Linn.) in the Clyde Area” (p. 101). Mr. James Whitton contributed a note on the pugnacity of the water-hen (('allinula chloropus, Linn.). Early in June, in Tolleross Public Park, a water-hen and young were feeding at one of the food-troughs. A starling, desirous of a share in the feast, landed on the box. The parent water-hen, a male bird, rushed at the intruder, caught it by the neck, dragged it down to the water, and held it under till it was drowned (see p. 145). EXCURSIONS. (Continued from page 59.) ARDLAMONT (continued ).—Owing to a strong breeze, and to the wetness of herbage and foliage, insect captures were not numerous, About 39 species of microfungi were noted, including Puccinia calthe, Link., on Caltha palustris ; P. polygoni Pers., on Polygonum amphibium var. terrestre ; P. glomerata Grev., on Senecio Jacobea ; P. arenarie (Schum. ) Wint., on Sagina procumbens; P. annularis (Strauss) Wint.. on Teucriwm Scorodonia; Muilesia polypodii B. White, on Lomaria spicant; Geoglossum difforme, Fr.,,.on the grassy sea-shore between Ardlamont and Kames; Plowrightia ribesia (Pers.) Sace., on dead bark of Ribes rubrum ; Phyllosticta sambuct Desm., on Sambucus nigra ; Coniothyrium Boydeanwm A. L. Sm., on dead bark of Yuchsia ; Septoria stellarie Rob. and Desm., on Stellaria media ; 8. hydrocotyles Desm., on Hydrocotyle vulgaris; Phleospora ulmi (Fr.) Wallr., on leaves of Ulmus montana ; Gleosporium ribis Lib., on leaves of Aides rubrum ; Septogleum salicinum Sacc., on leaves of Salix viminalis ; Ramularia variabilis Fckl., on Digitalis purpurea, &e. ARDGOWAN and SHILFoRD Woop, on 19th September and 17th October, 1908.—Conductor, Mr. R. B. Johnstone. These excur- sions were arranged jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, and were duly carried out in fine weather. The attendance at the former was 25, and at the latter 19. In both 140 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. woods the larger fungi were scarce, probably, in some measure, on account of the timber being comparatively young. Among the Agarics, no remarkable finds fall to be recorded. Special mention may be made of Helvella crispa, Scop., unusually large specimens of which were found growing in considerable quantity under some trees by the roadside, just before Shilford Wood was entered. At Ardgowan, 35 species of Hymenomycetes were noted ; and at Shilford Wood, 26 Hymenomycetes, 3 Gastromycetes, and 3) Microfungi. Among the last mentioned were Vemacyclus niveus (Pers.) Sace., found on fallen fir-leaves; Sclerotinia baccarum (Schrot) Rehm., as sclerotium in dead berries of Vaccinium Myrtilius; Erinella apala (B. and Br.) Mass., on dead culms of Juncus communis; Phyllosticta sambuci, Desm., on leaves of Sambucus nigra; Gleosporium betule, Lib., on leaves of Getula alba; G. fagi, Desm. and Rob., on leaves of Fagus sylvatica; G. salicis, West., on living leaves of Salix fragilis ; and Isaria farinosa (Dicks.) Fr., on dead lepidopterous pupa. STRATHLEVEN, 27th March, 1909.—Mr. John Renwick, Conductor. The first excursion in 1909 took place to Strathleven, the property of Mr. Alex. Crum Ewing. Near the front of Strathleven Mansion-house is an’old ivy-covered holly tree, which the gardener said was brought from the former Glasgow residence of the family, which stood at the head of Queen Street. Glasgow, where the North British Railway Station is now. There are many fine trees at Strathleven. Near the River Leven is a curious old Oak. When we first saw it, in 1890, it measured 23 feet 5 inches at the narrowest part of a short trunk of 8 feet. On our next visit in 1895, the tree was decaying, and large pieces of the bark and wood falling off, so that the girth was reduced 42 inches. But in 1904, Mr. M‘Kay and I found that the old tree had apparently taken a new lease of life, and was growing vigorously, the girth having increased to 23 feet 7 inches. It is now 23 feet 10 inches. The hole caused by the decaying wood has been built up. Another Oak, near the highway, girths 21 feet at the narrowest part of a short bole of 6 feet. With both of these trees we took the tape round in an irregular line, in order EXCURSIONS. 141 to avoid knots that would have swelled the measurements considerably. Two Oaks growing together near the house measure in girth respectively 14 feet 24 inches and 14 feet 4} inches, at 5 feet, with fine boles of 20 feet, while another has a bole of 25 feet and a girth of 13 feet 10 inches. A Turkey Oak, in a field near the highway, measures in girth 8 feet 1 inch, bole 17 feet, and another in a strip of planting has a fine long trunk of about 50 feet, and a girth of 7 feet 44 inches. In the same plantation is a Gean with a bole of about 45 feet and girth 6 feet 34 inches. On the side of the approach to the house is a very fine Walnut with a girth of 11 feet 94 inches, at 3 feet bole 7 feet. We know of only a few Walnuts in “Clyde” about equal to this. Near the walnut is an oak, clasped by two thick stems of ivy, the larger of which measures, at the narrowest part, 2 feet S inches. In a field to the east of the house is a fine spreading ash, with a diameter of foliage in 1904 of 85} feet, girth in 1909, 15 feet 51 inches at 5 feet 8 inches, bole 11 feet. A tall wych-elm, with a bole of 30 feet, has a girth of 17 feet 2 inches, but this is not all good wood, the trunk being much swollen with excrescences. In the front of the house are many fine beeches, the largest with a girth of 16 feet 2 inches, and a height of about 90 feet. These beeches are very probably among the trees planted by William Cochrane, between 1670 and 1717. On the riverside is a black poplar, 89 feet high, 12 feet 94 inches girth. Strathleven estate comprises the lands of Murroch, on which is Murroch Glen, well known as showing splendid sections of the Ballagan series of rocks. Near Murroch Farm-house is a yew tree with a girth of 12 feet 6 inches at 3 feet, bole 8 inches in 1906. The estate is situated in the east side of the river Leven, in the parishes of Dumbarton and Bonhill. On the west side of the river are two pieces of low-lying haugh-land, one above, the other below the house, which, though apparently in Cardross parish, are shown in the map as in Dumbarton, and are said to still pay rates there. The river has evidently changed its course since the parish boundaries were laid out, and taken great sweeps to the east, adding more than a mile to its length. 142 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. CaLpER Guiry, Lochwinnoch, 3rd April, 1909.—Mr. D. A. Boyd, Conductor. This excursion took place during very un- favourable weather. In the Glen vegetation was found to have made considerable progress, and several of the early flowers were observed in bloom. These included Chrysosplenium oppositi- folium, C. alternifolium, Corylus Avellana, Alnus glutinosa, &e. Adoxa Moschatellina, Mercurialis perennis, and Ulmus montana were in bud and almost ready to open their flowers. Owing to the almost continuous rainfall and wet condition of the herbage and ground few cryptogams were noted, but the following species may be mentioned as seen :—Polyporus brumalis, on dead willow trees ; Botryospheria dothidea, on living branches of rose; Col- poma quercinum, on dead branches of oak. Orpiston Estate, 24th April, 1909.—Mr. J. Ballantyne, Con- ductor. This was a joint excursion with the Hamilton Natural History Society, and, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, there was a large turn-out of members, especially from Hamilton. Orbiston was the scene of a remarkable experiment on social and communistic lines by David Dale and Robert Owen, and ‘within the present mansion-house—which had no tenant at the time of our visit—Mr. Alex. Cullen, F.R.1.B.A., gave those present an admirable exposition of what led up to the experiment, and an account of its inception and collapse in 1827, after a brief career. The following plants, although not in flower, were noticed :—Anchusa sempervirens, Linn., of which there was a large number ; Zwlipa sylvestris, Linn. ; Arum maculatum, Linn., in great abundance, and also a few plants of Arum italicwm, Linn. Devot’s GLEN, 8th May, 1909.—Mr. Thomas Anderson, Conductor. This was a joint excursion with the Greenock Natural History Society. The weather was dry and warm. There were twenty-eight members and friends present. Devol’s Glen is a wild and rugged ravine, well wooded, with a small stream running its entire length. A good number of flowers was observed, but, owing to the recent cold weather, only about twenty species were in bloom. During the excursion thirty-seven species of birds were noted, amongst which were the Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea), the Wood Wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), and the Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla rair). =) EXCURSIONS. 143 Duncomp, 22nd May, 1909.—Mr. Lawrence Watt, Conductor. This was a most successful excursion. Over thirty members of the Geological and Natural History Societies met at Singer’s Station, Clydebank. The party proceeded up the hill to Hard- gate, near Duntocher, then up through Faifley to the filter ponds for Clydebank water supply. They inspected the new water pipes, which are made of concrete throughout instead of the cast- iron ones at present in general use. At this point the sandstone is left, and we come on to the trap rocks Owing to the late spring few plants were to be seen. Ranwn- culus Ficaria, Linn., and Caltha palustris, Linn., were gathered at Greenside reservoir, the elevation of which is 750 feet. Cryptogramme crispa, Br., grows plentifully at the base of Duncomb at 950 feet elevation. On the rocks, at 1,100 feet, we got Vacciniwm Vitis-Idea, Linn., and Hmpetrum nigrum, Linn., and Oxalis Acetosella, Linn., was in fine flower at 1.200 feet. All were on the top of the hill at 5.40 p.m., and a fine view was got of Loch Lomond and all the bens that form the outposts of Stirling, Perth, Argyll, and Dumbarton. CAMBUSNETHAN, 5th June, 1909.—The excursion to Cambus- nethan was a joint one with the Hamilton Natural History Society, and was well attended. The toothwort (Lathrea squamaria) which was found on the last visit of the Society was again discovered. The following trees were measured :— Great Maple (variegated), near gate into Glen, 7 feet 5} inches at 5 feet, bole 15 feet; Wych-Elm, near mansion-house, 11 feet 04 inches at 5 feet, bole 13 feet; English Elm, near gate into Glen, 10 feet 54 inches at 2 feet 2 inches, bole 5} feet, increase in girth in seven years 7°5 inches; Turkey Oak, in field, 9 feet 11 inches at 3 feet 6 inches, bole 7 feet, spread 86 feet ; another, 9 feet 24 inches at 5 feet, bole 9 feet ; Spanish Chesnut, 22 feet 84 inches at 5 feet 6 inches on high side, 3 feet 2 inches on low, bole 15 feet, height 70 feet, merease in girth in seven years 4 inches ; Beech, near house, 13 feet 3} inches at 5 feet. bole 20 feet, increase in girth in seven years 5°5 inches; another, the “bell” tree, 12 feet 7} inches at 5 feet, bole 20 feet ; Black Poplar, opposite offices, 11 feet 84 inches at 4 feet, height 102 feet; 144 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. Populus monilifera (sp. ?), at foot of burn, 10 feet 114 inches at 5 feet, height about 100 feet, increase in girth in seven years 4 inches. IncHitonaiG, Locn Lomonp, 19th June, 1909.—Mr. John Paterson, Conductor. Fine weather prevailed at this excursion, and it was much enjoyed by those present, fifteen in number. Inchlonaig, or the Yew Tree Isle, is distinguished by possessing the most remarkable collection of yew trees in Scotland. The western end of the island is said to have been replanted after the collection suffered from fire, but other causes have been at work, as in Johns’s ‘‘ The Forest Trees of Britain” (ed. 1886), there is a statement about Inchlonaig supplying 300 yews to the axe, evidently in comparatively recent times. There are, however, still a hundred or two left, which give us an adequate idea of this species as a forest tree. A few of them were measured by Mr. John Renwick. One between the keeper's house and an outhouse had a girth of 11 feet 25 inches, at 3 feet 7 inches ; one near outhouse, west of keeper’s house, 10 feet 1 inch, at 4 feet 7 inches, bole 6 feet; one on north shore, 6 feet 81 inches, at 5 feet, bole 9 feet ; on east side of a small valley on the north-east shore, one 12 feet 3 inches, at 2 feet 9 inches, bole 3 feet. There is apparently little alder now on the island, but about twenty years ago English clog makers were te be seen encamped there, working at this species. The coming tree is the birch—here as elsewhere—and this tree, with the yew, forms the chief sylvan feature of the island. Some of the birches attain a large size, and one was found to be 8 feet 9 inches, at 3 feet 6 inches, bole 10 feet, which is remarkable for this species. Two interesting fungi were got on the old yews, viz. :—Hormiscium pithyophilum, Nees, which has been seldom met with in the “Clyde” area; and Polyporus lucidus, Fr., which is new to its fungus-flora. Numenius arquata, 20, 48 | pheeopus, 20 Odontia alliacea, 110 . (Edemia fusea, 16 nigra, 16 (Edomyces leproides, 64 Orbilia marina, 113), 136 Orchis ericetorum, NotsEs on, 93, 100 maculata, 93 . Oriolus galbula, 100, 136 Oxalis Acetosella. 143 Paraphoxus, 116, 117, 130 Parus ater, 8 ceruleus, 8 major, 8 palustris, 8 Passer domesticus, 10 PATERSON, JOHN, 28, 38, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 70, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103} 104; 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 135, 137, 144, 145, 146 PATIENCE, ALEX., 97, 100, 116,. 134 << PAXTON ” SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS, 99 Pelius berus, 97, 135 Perdix cinerea, 17, 48 Peronospora alta, 5 chrysosplenii, 111 ficarize, 2, 4. baht grisea, 2, 4 Pestalozzia funerea, 115 Petroselinum sativum, 52 Peziza aurantia, 98 coccinea, 97, 98 v. albida, 98 Phalacrocorax carbo, 14 graculus, 14 Phalasopus folicarius, 19 Phasianus colchicus, 17, 58 Philadelphus coronarius, 114 Phleospora aceris, 52 . ulmi, 139 Pholiota caperata, 35 spectabilis, 35 PHORA, A DIVISION OF, Phora, 25, 26, 27 abbreviata, 27 i ( abdominalis, 27 concinna, 27 crassicornis, 27 ‘ florea, 27 uy Phormium tenax, 118 Phoxocephalide, 119 PHOXOCEPHALUS, ON THE Gaus; 97, 116 2453 } iy INDEX. 151 Phoxocephalus chelatus, 118 fultoni, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 129; 131, 133, 134 holbolli, 118, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, oculatus, 130 pectinatus, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134 simplex, 118, 126, 127, 128, 129 Phoxus holbélli, 126, 128, 129, 133 Kergueleni, 123 oculatus, 130 simplex, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130 Phyllacora junci, 3, 4 Phiylloscopus rufus, 7, 71, 72 sibilatrix, 71, 72, 145 trochilus, 7, 71, 72 Phyllosticta forsythie, 114 sambuci, 139, 140 tiliz, 52 Physoderma heleocharidis, 111 Phytophthora infestans, 63 Pica rustica, 11, 48 Pinguicula grandiflora, 58 Pinus abies, 52 sylvestris, 112 Pleospora equiseti, 114 Plectrophenax nivalis, 11 Plegadis falcinellus, 14 Pleurotus decorus, 35 Plantago lanceolata, 111 major, 5 Plasmopara nivea, 2 Plastophora, 24 Plowrightia ribesia, 139 Poa Chaixii, 51 Podicipes cristatus, 23 fluviatilis, 23 griseigena, 23 nigricollis, 23 Polygala oxyptera, 66 Polygonum amphibium v. terrestre, 139 Polyporus brumalis, 142 lucidus, 138, 144 schweinitzii, 35 umbellatus, 135 Pontocates -arcticus, 117 altamarinus, 117 arenarius, 117 norvegicus, 117 Populus, 111 monilifera (?), 144 Porzana parva, 100 Potato Disease, BLAcK-Scap, 62, 100 Potentilla reptans, 56 Pratincola rubicola, 7, 37 PRocEEDINGS OF SocrETY, 52-58, 96-100, © 135-9 Procellaria pelagica, 23 Protomyces macrosporus, 2 Prunella vulgaris, 33, 111 Psectra diptera, 56 Pseudopeziza alismatis, 112 cerastiorum, 33 Pseudophacidium Smithianum, 3, 7, 111 Puccinia annularis, 139 arenariz, 33, 139 calthe, 139 glomerata, 139 malvacearum, 52 millefolii, 111 polygoni, 139 Schneideri, 111 Puffinus anglorum, 23 gravis, 23 PYRENEES, NOTES OF VISIT TO WESTERN, 58 Pyrethrum, FASCIATED, 138 Pyrrhocorax graculus, 11 Pyrrhula europa, 11] Pyrus Aucuparia, 114 Quercus Robur, 52 Rallus, aquaticus, 17 Ramularia ajugee, 115 variabilis, 139 viol, 115 Ranunculus Ficaria, 143 repens, 2, 4 Reap, Ropert H., 99 Rei, N. G., 97 Regulus cristatus, 7 RENNIE, WILLIAM, 54, 106 RENWICK, JOHN, 54, 73, 140 Reptiles from Uganda, 96. Reseda luteola. 56 Rhagium indagator, 138 Rhampholeon peterkii, 96 Ribes rubrum, 139 Rissa tridactyla, 21 RoBERTSON, JoHN, 104, 105, 106, 108 109, 110, 146 Rosa glauca, v. Reuteri, 67 Ross, A., 53, 54, 97, 100, 138 Rubus chamemorus, 4 podophyllus, 67 Ruticilla phoenicurus, 7, 71, 72. Sagina apetala, 66 procumbens, 33, 139 maritima. 66 Reuteri, 66 152 THE GLASGOW Salix caprea, 52, 1115 nigricans, 68 phylicifolia, 68 viminalis, 115, 139 Sambucus nigra, 139, 140 Samolus Valerandi, 111 Saussurea alpina, 95 Saxicola cenanthe, 6, 70, 72 rubetra, 6, 71, 72 Saxifraga hirsuta, 58 oppositifolia, 94, 95 umbrosa, 58 Scabiosa succisa, 111] Schistocephalus, 136 Scilla verna, 58 Scirpus palustris, 57, 111 Sclerotinia baccarum, 140 Scolopax rusticula, 19, 48 ScrimGkEouR, ALEX., 99 Sedum Rhodiola, 95 Senecio elegans, 52 Jacobea, 139 Septoglceum salicinum, 115, 139 Septoria hydrocotyles, 139 petroseline. 52 stachydes, 52 stellarize, 139 Sesia bembeciformis, 99 = SHANKS, ARCHIBALD, 56, 105 SHEARER, JOHNSTONE, 53, 138 SHIELDS, HERBERT B., 99, 109 Smiru, Joun, 54, 56, 97 Solanum Lycopersicum, 52 nigrum, 53, 57 Somateria mollissima, 15 SOMERVILLE, JOSEPH, 54 Sparassis crispa, 35 laminosa, 35 Spathularia clavata, 33 Spatula clypeata, 15 Spherella polypodii, 114 Spheerella vaccinii, 3 Sphzrotheca mors-uve, 34 Spiniphora, 25, 26 Bergenstammi, 26 bohemanni, 27 chlorogastra, 27 domestica, 26 dorsalis, 26 erythronata, 26 excisa, 27 maculata, 26 unicalearata, 27 Sporonema obturatum, 115 Squatarola helvetica, 18, 44 Stachys sylvatica, 52 Stellaria media, 139 Stewart, Wm., 54 NATURALIST. Strepsilas interpres, 18 Stenophora, 25, 27, 28 autumnalis, 27 nudipa!pis, 27 pubericornis, 27 unispinosa, 27 Stercorarius crepidatus, 21 pomatorhinus, 21 Sterna cantiaca, 20 fluviatilis, 20, 71 Stilbum tomentosum, 115 Strix flammea, 13 Sturnus vulgaris, 11 Sula bassana, 14, 58 atricapilla, 71 Sylvia cinerea, 7, 71, 73, 142 hortensis, 71, 73 Symphytum officinale, 68 Synchytrium taraxaci, 2 aureum, 111 Syrnium aluco, 13 Tadorna cornuta, 15 Talorchestia deshayesii, 123-4 Taraxacum officinale, 2 Tetrao tetrix, 16 Teucrium Scorodonia, 139 Thalictrum minus, 95 Thymus Serpyllum, 111 Tilia, 52 Torula antennata, 115 Tipula nodicornis, 99 Totanus hypoleucus, 20, 71, 72 ealidris, 20 canescens, 20 fuseus, 146 Trametes radiciperda, 33 rubescens, 52 TREES AND Brrps, BurNs on, 38-4 TREES, MEASUREMENTS OF, 73-92, 140-1, 143-4 Trichia, 115 Tricholoma, 33 equestris, 35 Tringa alpina, 19 canutus, 19 minuta, 19 striata, 19 subarquata, 19 TRITON, SLOUGHED SKIN OF, 136 Troglodytes parvulus, § Tropidonotus viperinus, 56 Trupheoneura, 25, 27 intermedia, 27 lugubris, 27 luteifemorata, 27 opaca, 27 palposa, 27 ee ee en ee Trupheoneura perennis, 27 sublugubris, 27 trinervis, 27 vitrea, 27 Tulipa sylvestris, 142 Turdus iliacus, 6 merula, 6, 35, 37, 47 musicus, 6, 35, 48 pilaris, 6 torquatus, 6, 71, 72 viscivorus, 6 Turtur communis, 16 Ulmus montana, 139, 142 Uncinula acéris, 52 Upupa epops, 145 Uredo pustulata, 111 Uria grylle, 22 troile, 22 Urocystis Fischeri, 111 Uromyces alchemille, 5 caryophyllinus, 110 Urtica dioica, 4 Ustilago floseulorum, 111 Vaccinium Myrtillus, 3, 4, 5, 112, 140 oxycoccos, 112, 138 Vitis-Idea, 4, 114, 143 uliginosum, 67 INDEX. 153 Vanellus vulgaris, 18, 48 Veronica serpyllifolia 2, 4 peregrina, 53 Vibrissea Guernisaci, 114 truncorum, 113 Vicia augustifolia, 67 var. Bobartil, 67 pyrenaica, 58. Viola cornuta, 58 Riviniana, 115 Water-HEN, PuGNacity oF, 139, 145 Watt, LAURENCE, 65, 93, 98, 10, 143 Wuitton, JAMEs, 137, 139, 145 Witson, Hue, 97, 101, 139 Witson, THomas H., 54 Ropert, 101, 139 Witson, Rev. A. S., Oprtuary NOTICE, 61, 62, 96 Winpsor, Harry, 56 Woodia, 25, 26, 28 gracilis, 28 Worm, nematode, 54 Xylaria polymorpha, 138 Yucea, 52 tls! STAY \ es) ie) a ie QH The Glasgow naturalist PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY reer eer a si - hte G ; : Sis ETS 3