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THE JOURNAL OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of
the Society, Third Series)
Volume IX.
1931
Glasgow: John Smith & Son (Glasgow,, Llmited
57-61 St. Vlncent Street
9^
/
1^. 9-/X
(Blaegow
Robert Andbrsoii & Sons, Ltd., 142 West Nile Street
1931
CONTENTS.
PAOK
Editorial Note. . - - 1-4
British Association ^Ieeting. Glasgow, 1928, - - - . 3
Paper —
Clyde Casuals, 1916-1928— Robert Griersou, - - - - 5-51
In Memoriam —
A. B. Motherwell, 52
Joseph Sommerville. - - - 52
Professor J. W. H. Trail. M.D., F.R.S., - . - - 52
Marcus Calder. M.D.. 52
J. J. Robertson, 52
James Rourke. ---------- 52
Richard M'Kay, - 53
Robert Dunlop, 54
Alec Steven. L.R.A.M., -------- 54
David Pearson. - - . - 54
Charles Kirk, 54
T. G. Bishop, - . . - 55
Dr. Robert Brown, F.L.S., ------- 55
John H. Gurney, F.L.S.. F.Z.S.. ------ 55
Mrs. S. Cairns Maclachlan, - - - - - - - 55
Rev. James E. Somerville, D.D., F.S.A.(Scot.), - - - 56
William R. Baxter, 56
Robert Kidston. LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., ----- 56
Andrew Adie Dalglish, F.E.S., 56
R. S. Wishart, M.A., 57
George Guthrie, M.A.. LL.B., ------- 57
James Mitchell, F.S.A.(Scot.), ------ 57
Nicholas G. R«id, 58
James Whitton, V.M.H., 58
Professor J. Fairlie Gemmill, M.D., F.R.S.. - - - 68
John Paterson. - - . . 59-60
D. A. Boyd, ---------- 60-62
J. Wyllie Nicol. M.B.. CM.. - 62
Thomas Gilmour, M.D., 62
Robert Grierson. ..------- 62-63
John Smith. 100
Proceedings —
Diving and Emergence of Manx Shearwater, Puffinv
angloTum (Temminck), - - 64
Small Mammals of the Western Isles, 65
New Clyde Records of Sponges, 65
Triogma trisulcata. Schum.. from Frankfield Loch. - - 66
Solix Myrsinites, L., from Beinn Chabhair, - - - - 66
Alpine Willows in Clyde Area. 66
^^ CONTENTS.
PjiocEEDmos—Continued.
Annual General Meeting, 1919, gy.gg-
GaleruceUa nijmphaeae, L. var. fergussoni, Fowl., from
Nethy Bridge and Bishop Loch, - 58
Additions to List of Clyde Coleoptera, ----- 68
SpadeUa cejihaloptera (Busch), from off Keppel Pier, - - 68
Trwiicra filipes, F., from Kilchattan, ----- 68
New Clyde Records of Infusoria, Hydrozoa, Polvzoa, and
Oirnpedia, ------.."! tq
Additions to List of Molluscan Fauna of Lanarkshire, - 69
Occurrence of Black Tern, Hydrochdidon nigra (L.), on
Kelvin, -----... cq
Hijpnum riparium, L. var. longifolium, Schp., from Kelvin 70
Congratulations to Mr. (later Sir) F. C. Gardiner on LL D
Degree, - - ■ ■ ^^
Eagles in Arran, - - ^n
Annual General Meeting, 1920, ------ 71
Senecio viscosus, L., from Whiting Bay, - - - - 71
Occurrence of Pintail Duck at Bardowie Loch and Summerston. 71
Birds of the Kilpatrick Hills, - - . . ... 71.73
SaUx purpurea, L. x viminalis, L., from Milton, Dunbarton-
shire, ----.. rji
Saltx nigricans, Sm. = ,S'. Andersoiiiana, Sm., from Loch
Humphrey Burn, - 73
Proposed Federation of Scottish Naturalists, - - - - 73 74
Annual General Meeting, 1921, - . - . . - ' 73
Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.), from Kilma^olm. 74
Uncommon Birds in Skipness District, - - - - . 74
Birds occurring in Summer Months, Loch Fyne, - - . 74
Occurrences of Flocks of Wax wing, Bomhycilla garrulvs
(L.), in " Clyde," -----..".. 74
Importation of Alien Alpine Flora to Scottish Hills, - - 74
Cat-Louse, Trichodectes subrostratus (Nitzsch), - - - 74
Representative on Council of Biological Section of the Royal
Philosophical Society of Glasgow, - - . . ' . 74
Waxwings from Calder District, 75
Economic Status of Some Dunbartonshire Birds, - - - 75
Bittern, Botmirus stellaris stellaris (L.), from Glassford, - 75
Congratulations to Professor T. H. Bryce on Election as
^•P^'S-' 75
Occurrence of Whooper Swan, Cygmis cygnuA (L.) at
Possil Marsh, - - - - '. . . . . . 75
Hypnum vernicosinii, Lindb., from Blae Loch, ... 75
Vegetation of the Tinto Hills, ------- 75
Piiiipindla Saxifraga, L. var. dissecta. With., from Kil-
patrick Hills, ---------- 75
Juniperns communis, L. var. intermedia, Nyman, from Ben
Vorlich, . - - . 75
Toothwort, Lathraea Squamaria, L., from Campsie Glen, - 76
Annual General Meeting, 1922, 75
CONTEXTS. V
Phoceedixgs — Contin ued. page
Forest-Insect Conditions in Ardgoil and Drimsynie, - - 76
Dri/ocaetes aiituijrapfiui, Ratzeb., from Lochgoilhead, - - 76
Sirex juvencus, L., from Glengarnock, 76
Variations in the Vegetation of the Lawers-Caulochan Schist, 76
Rookery at Lochgoilhead, 76
Geology of Ben Lawers, -------- 77
Congratulations to Mr. Barclay on M.B.E. Honour, - - 77
Occurrence of Gohius jxn/anellus, Gmelin, and Le.padognster
di'candoUei. Risso, and of Lejif's anatifera, L.. off Cumbra«. 77
Alpine Flora of Ben Lawers, - - 77
Leistus inontanus, Steph., from Catacol. - - - - 77
Rookeries at Kenmure and in Dunbartonshire, - - - 77
Nature Notes from Loch Goil, Spring, 1925, - - - - 77
Immature Stages of Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg., from near
Westerton Garden Suburb, ------- 77
Young of Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus urognUus, L., from
Killearn District, - -11
Annual General Meeting, 1923. - 78
Additions to Clyde List of Crane-Flies, - - - - 78
Additions to 1912 List of Birds of Fossil Marsh, - - 78
Larva of Dicmnota Giierini, Ztt., from We-^t Kilbride,- - 78
Birds and Mammals of Glenorchard District, - - - 78
-\nnual General Meeting, 1924. Report of Bird Sanctuaries
Committee. ---------- 78-79
Committee for Revision of Constitution, ----- 79
Order for Glasgow under Wild Birds Protection Acts, - 79
Tipula cheethami, Edw., from near Largs, - - - - 79
Larva of Prinnocpra trucico, F.. from Frankfield Loch, - - 79
Larva of Tonyptera atrata, L.. from Cochno. - - - 79-80
Collection of Humble-Bees of Bute, ----- 80
Suggestions for Further Research on Fauna of Clyde Area, - 80
Annual General Meeting, 1925, ------ 80
Liiiinaea stayiiaUs (L.) from Pond near Motherwell, - - 80
Approval of Revised Constitution of the Society, - - - 80
Bryiim roseum, Schreb., from Loch Fad, - - - - 80
Present State of Clyde List of Crane-Flies, - - - - 81
Adelphomyia nieUeni (Kuntze), from Dunbartonshire and
Ormo-^in uncinata (Mg.) Meij., 81
Larvae and pupae of CuJex piinens, L.. and CuUcilla
worsitans, Theob., from Bute, 81
Vihiirniini Opulus, L., Salix pf>it<, DC, from near Dun-
tocher, ------ 81
Congratulations to Dr. Patton on Election as F.R.S.E., - 81
Annual General Meeting, 1926, 81
COXTENTS.
Proceedings— Continued. p^^.^.
Occurrences of Red Admiral. Vanessa atalanta, L , in Clyde
Area in Autumn of 1926, - - - . - . . 82
Occurrence of Double Terminal Portion of Thumb in Suc-
cessive Generations, -------- 82
Possil Marsh— A Prospective Sanctuary. - - - - 82
Bird Life at Possil Marsh during 1926, ----- 82
Hormiscium pithyophilvm, Nees, from Rouken Glen, - - 82
Proposed Catalogue of Fauna and Flora of Clyde Area, - 82
Campylostelium saxicola, B. & S., from Torrance. East
Kilbride, - - - - - - . . . _ ■ _ go
Leptohryum pyriforme, Wils., from Ardencraig. Bute. - - 82
Saussurea alpina (L.) DC, from Beinn Narnahi, - - - 83
Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn.. and Scapania vmbrosa
Dum., from Glen Falloch, - - 83
Tetraplodon mnioides, B. & S., from Cairntable, - - - 83
Annual General Meeting, 1927. - - . - . . 33
Arcyria punicea, Pers., from Jordauhill, ----- 83
Occurrence of Whooper and Bewick's Swans at Possil
Marsh, - 83
Report on Meeting of British Association at Glasgow, - - 84
Radiola Radiola (L.) and Juncus hufonius, L. var . from
Bute. ---.-.. o/i
Annual General Meeting, 1928, Formation of Clyde Card
Catalogue
84-85
Appointment of Committee to confer with Representatives
of Andersonian Naturalists' Society aad Microscopical
Society of Glasgow regarding Amalgamation^ - - - 85
Birds of Possil Marsh, Additions to 1912 List, - - - 85
Dichodontium- pdliicidum, Schp. var. compact urn, Schp..
from Sandford and Stewarton, 85
Xeckera pumila, Hedw. var. PhiUppeana. Milde from
Mugdock, - - - - - 85
Petricola lithophaga (Forbes) from Troon. - - - - 85-86
CaUichroma sp., from Glasgow, ------ 86
Immature Gadwall Drake, Anas strepera. L., from Glen-
orchard, ----------- 86
Occurrence of Eeboidia hcmisphaerica. Raddi, in Clyde Area.
Exhibited from Campsie Glen, . . . _ . . 86
Report of Committee on Amalgamation, - - - - 86
Renfrewshire Plants, from David Gregorson's Collection. - 87
Barjjalejeunea ovata, Schiffn., and Aneiira latifrons. Lindb..
from Glen Falloch, - - - . . _ . . 87
Chickw©ed Winter-green, TrientaUs europaea. L., from Ben
Lomond. - - 87
Annual General Meeting, 1929. ---.,, 87
Election of Honorary Treasurer. 88
Bemhidinm quinquestriatum., Gyll.. from Newlands, - - 88
Report by Council on Amalgamation. 88
Transfer of Books to Mitchell Library approved, - - - 88
CONTENTS. VU
Proceedings — Continued. pagb
Botanical Ramble on Ben Lomond, ----- 88
Melolontha hippocastani, F.. from Auchincruive, - - - 88
Re-appointment, with certain changes, of Committ€e to
confer regarding -Amalgamation. ------ 89
Amalgamation Committee given power to add to its number, 89
Motion concerning Glen -\ffric. &c., carried,- - - - 89
Coleoptera from Ben Lomond, ------- 89
Society's Thanks to Mr. Grierson, 89
Observations on Cuckoo. Helensburgh. Records from Miln-
gavie and Possil Marsh, ------- 90
Final Meeting of Society. .--.--. 90-92
Report of Council (Amalgamation), 91
Report of Librarian (Transfer of Library), - - - - 92
Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop., from Tarbert, - - - - 92
Excursions —
" Clyde " Vice-Counties, - - - 93
West Kilbride to Fairlie (Flowering Plants), - - - - 94
Darvel and Lanfine (Red Admiral Butterfly), - - - - 94
West Kilbride and Portincross (Crane-Flies and Microfungi). 94
Blair, Dairy (Tree-Creeper. Trees, Myo?otis vfTsicolor. Sm.
var. pallida, Breb.), - 94
Hawkhead (Fungi), - 95
Finlayston (Trees and Fungi), - - 95
Kilmacolra and Blacketty Water (Stock-Dove). - - - 95
Gorge of Avon (Crane-Fly. Trees. Flowering Plants), - - 95
Banks of Kelvin (Moss). 95
Campsie Glen (Liverwort and Toothwort), - - - - 96
Duntreath (Slug and Stinking Groundsel), - - . - 96
Balmaha (Birds. Diptera. Trees), 96
Glen Falloch (Moss and Liverworts), 96
Troisgeach (Dwarf Cornel. Alpine Sawwort), - - - 96
Lochgoilhead (Birds). - - 96
Succoth Burn. Sour-Milk Burn, and Glen Croe (Flowering
Plants), -'.--------- 97
Glen Luss (Bugle Flowers), 97
Rhu to Helensburgh (Chiff chaff and Fungus), - - . 97
Luss and Sword Bum (Trees), 97
Glen Fruin and Shandon (Scale Fern), ----- 97
Ben Vorlich (Draba incano, L. var. confusa (Ehrh.), - - 97
Inch Lonaig (Quillwort). 97
Colintraive to Rothesay (Robin), 97
Inch Marnock (Crane Flies), 97
Possil ]NL\rsh Sanctu.^rt. - - - 98-99
Presidents, 101
Members, 102-105
Index. .... - 107-124
A
XLbc Glasgow IRatucalist
The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
OF Glasgow.
Vol. IX.] [1930.
Editorial Note.
This issue of " The Glasgow Xaturalist " appears after a very
long interval. The Journal has not yet recovered from the
effects of the delay in publication due primarily to the war.
Various causes made it impossible to overtake the leeway in
post-war issues and the last number, published in 1926,
carried the " Proceedings " only to the end of 1918. At this
rate of progress, it seemed hopeless to attempt to bring
"Transactions" and "Proceedings," reports of excursions,
and other features down to date on the old full scale. It
was therefore decided by the Publishing Committee to cover
the period to 19.30 in one issue, containing only a selection
of items deemed specially worthy of record. The present
number is the result. The new Volume — IX — is thereby
begun and completed in one number.
Necessarily much valuable material has been omitted
reluctantly. It is hoped, however, that by this violent method
the burden of the past will be removed and that the Society
can start afresh to publish with proper fulness and regularity.
One paper is published here. The value of Mr. Grierson's
records of plants which may be in process of naturalisation
is probably increased by the happening that, owing to the
exigencies already mentioned, there are brought into one
contribution many papers read to the Society and many
exhibits, and that the observations over a considerable pei-ioil
ai-e included together. We hope that the work of other
members in other fields will also lie preserved and collated
fiimilarly in new papers to be published in later issues.
For the " Proceedings " the principle of selection generally
followed in this number has been to publish matter dealing
only with " Clyde," and, in particular, to give new " Clyde "
and vice-county records. Digests are given of papers con-
cerned with the Clyde area, which, in normal circumstances,
would have been published in full as " Transactions."
A similar scheme has been adopted for the " Excursions."
Instead of the full list and the detailed descriptions by the
leaders, this section has been severely restricted to brief
notes on excursions in " Clyde " where new records were
made or notable species were seen.
Many new records, obtained at excursions of the Society
and/or described at its meetings, have been already published
in other scientific journals. " Clyde " records made by our
members have also been preserved in the Card Catalogue
mentioned below.
The " Memorial Notices," covering so long a period and
so many names, have also had to be reduced in number and
in individual length. The appreciation by the present
members is none the less sincere of those past workers in the
Society who ai»e mentioned and of the others who are
unmentioned.
It is with very keen regret that we find it necessary to
include among these obituaries one of Mr. John Paterson,
our immediate predecessor in office. The last issue was
produced by him and he had been editor of many others,
including some published in the time of the Society's greatest
difficulty. The death of Mr. Paterson, who combined this
editorial experience and wisdom with an exceptionally wide
and thorough knowledge of many branches of natural history,
meant an especial loss to " The Glasgow Naturalist.'"
The obituaries of the same year, 1928, contain the name of
Mr. D. A. Boyd, Avliose great and varied services to the
Society include his work for several years as joint-editor with
Mr. Paterson.
Alter the contents of the present issue had been prepared
for the press, including its chief contribution, that from Mr.
Grierson, the news of his death came as a particular shock.
The collection of casual and alien plants, the final results
of -which are seen in the following pages, had been to Mr.
Grierson a labour of love through many years.
The outstanding event in local natural history during the
period covered by this volume was the meeting of the British
Association in Glasgow in September, 1928. Unfortunately,
it was not found possible to gather the results of the work
done to record the fauna and flora of " Clyde " with the
.same fulness of detail as was presented at the previous
meeting of the Association in Glasgow in 1901. Short articles,
however, on the various groups of animals and plants were
included in the general handbook. " Glasgow. 1928." issued
in connection with the meeting. The editor was Professor
J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., one of our members, who himself
contributed the article on the Marine Biological Station at
Millport. The chapter on the local flora was edited by
Dr. Donald Patton. at the time president of the Natural
History Society, who also wrote the description of the
flowering plants and ferns. The articles on other groups of
plants were also by memlDers of our Society. Mr. Andrew
Barclay. M.B.E.. past president of our Society, edited the
chapter on the local fauna, and specialists from our member-
ship assisted him also.
The more detailed list of the records of fauna and flora
made by our members and others for the Clyde area since
1901. and thus the substitute for the " Handbook " of that
year, is provided by the " Clyde Card Catalogue." This
was prepared for the British Association meeting by a
Committee, the chairman of which was Professor L. A. L.
King. M.A.. F.R.S.E.. a vice-president of the Xatural
History Society. The conveners who were responsible for the
cataloguing of the records in the various groups and their
fellow-workers on the Committee were mostly m.embers of
•our Society.
Members of the Society have also co-opei'ated with repre-
sentatives of other societies in securing Possil Marsh as a
" sanctuary."
In the " Proceedings,'' under date 18th December, 1928,
and later, will be found references to the stages of a still
closer co-operation of the Natural History Society with other
local societies of somewhat similar aims : no less than an
amalgamation of our own with the Andersonian Naturalists'
Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow. The
publication of " Proceedings " is completed in this issue
with the final meeting of the Society in October, 1930, the
negotiations for amalgamation having been carried to a
successful conclusion. The present Number and Volume of
" The Glasgow Naturalist " is thus the last as the journal
of the Natural History Society of Glasgow as hitherto
constituted. The members, however, have firmly decided that
our Society in its new guise must remain a publishing one.
" The Glasgow Naturalist," whether it continue in its present
or in altered form, will, we hope, return to the publication
at frequent and regular intervals which it formerly enjoyed.
It will, we hope, record without delay the original work of
the members of the Society whose organ it will be. With
concentration on the wealth of material awaiting the student
in our own " Clyde," although not so confined exclusively,
it may be possible gradually to publish in more complete
and accessible form the information about the fauna and
flora now collected in the Clyde Card Catalogue of 1928, the
information which would, with ampler funds, have been
published in a " 1928 Handbook," as well as the information
which will assuredly have been added since 1928.
The editors would, in conclusion, express their hearty
thanks to the specialists of the Society for their help in
checking names and records and in other ways. All were
willing, but we gladly mention Mr. John R. Lee in particular,
because the amount of botanical material for insertion was
such that we made exceptionally large encroachment upon
his time in enlisting his services.
CLYDE CASUALS, 1916-1928.
Bv Robert Grierson.
This paper collates the information contained in the
following papers, notes, and exhibits contributed to the
Glasgow Natural History Society by the author. It also
includes information given by other members of the Society
and obtained from other sources.
24th May, 1918— Paper, "Our Alien Problem."
26th November, 1918 — Paper, " More Glasgow Aliens."
24th June, 1919— Exhibit.
30th September, 1919 — Paper, "Alien Plants in
Clydesdale."
27th January, 1920— Exhibit.
29th June, 1920— Exhibit.
28th September, 1920— Exhibit.
2oth January, 1921— Paper, " The Travels of Plants."
28th June, 1921— Exhibit.
27th December, 1921— Exhibit.
.30th May, 1922— Paper, " Aliens, 1921, Recorded for the
First Time."
26th September, 1922— Exhibit.
3Lst October, 1922— Exhibit.
26th June, 192-3— Exhibit.
25th September, 1923— Exhibit.
SOth September, 1924 — Exhibit.
29th September. 1925— Exhibit.
27th October, 1925— Exhibit.
27th April, 1926— Exhibit.
28th September, 1926 — Paper, " Some Recent Finds among
Mosses and Casuals."
30th November, 1926 — Note.
27th March, 1928— Paper, " Fresh Notes on the Alien Flora
of the Clyde."
30th October, 1928 — Paper, " Additions to the Local
Casual Flora, 1928."
Also various reports, especially of excursions of the Society.
My search for casuals or alien plants in this district was
begun about 1916 or a little earlier. About that time there
was a specially prolific coup between Possilpark. and Cowlairs,
which stimulated the search. The species given in this paper
have been chiefly found on coups, a few on waste ground.
The coups were the tips where rubbish, mainly ashes, had
been deposited. The localities of the coups are generally
given; but along the New Monkland Siding, near Coatbridge
and Airdrie, there have been at different times series of coups,
sometimes given as Monkland Sidings and sometimes by the
name of the particular farm on which the coup was placed :
Ryding. Brackenhirst, &c.
Beyond Gartoosh, on both sides of the main Stirling line
of the L.M.S. Railway, there is a large coup, which is hardly
used now, but where several species, Salvia verticillata,
Potentilla intermedia, P. norvegica, and Oenothera hiennis,
are naturalised in quantity, and Linaria Linurki (L.) Karst.
= //. vulgaris, Mill, grows in sheets. There is also a large
coup near Condorrat on the same line at Maryburgh Farm.
The Tollcross sand-pits and Bowling Distillery yielded many
plants and there used to be some at the grain store at
Dalmuir.
Most of the plants come from abroad ; but some are natives
of or established in the South of Britain, as shown by
Druce's " Hayward." A few come from Africa, one from
New Zealand, a couple of Docks from South America, and a
few may have arrived from Asia ; but the very great majority
came from South Europe and North America, probably from
the latter in particular, as there is so much commerce now
between us and the States and Canada.
Possibly in most instances these species were originally
South European; but it by no means follows that they came
here from South Europe. The official book on Canadian
weeds, in the Society's library, shows how many of the worst
Canadian weeds crossed there from this side, settled, and are
row coming back to Europe from America. There is «<^
much more commerce between this countrv and North America
than l^etween us and South Europe that we may be pretty
certain that most of these plants, though of South European
origin, arrive here from North America; but few seem to
establish themselves round Glasgow, possibly because we have
not a warmer summer. In several instances, such as
Sisymhrium altissimwm and Melilotus indica, they even are
plentiful and set their seeds well, yet, though they may recur
for a year or two, do not seem to have become established.
S. aliissimum seemed to have become established at the farthest
out Tollcross sandpit, but now requires the soil to be disturbed
for it to reappear.
A couple of species probably came from Siberia via North
America; they are Axyris Amarantoides and Motiolepis
trifida .
^^ hen this work was begun several flowers were gathered
which have never been named, as I was not in touch with
anyone able to do this, and these have never been noticed
since; but for about ten years past the plants found have
nearly all been named and identified either by Dr. G. C.
Druce, of Oxford, or at Kew Gardens. A few were named
by Mr. James Eraser, of Leith, who specialised in alien
plants. The naming of such alien species is specially difficult.
They may come from any quarter of the world, and are
not given, as a rule, in our native floras. We have no public
herbarium in Glasgow as in Edinburgh, and even no good
botanical library. The Mitchell Library has Britton and
Brown's " Flora of North America " and Coste's " Flore de
France," possibly two of the most useful books; but neither
can be borrowed out. Even Dr. Druce often sends critical
species to specialists.
The best season for the casuals or aliens is later than for
native plants. Little is found before our Glasgow Fair,
about the middle of July; September is the best month, and
finds have often been made in October. The best season for
casuals begins just as the best season for our alpine plants is
getting past.
8
It will be noticed how many of the plants associated with
damp localities appear on these dry ash heaps : not only
introduced plants, but many of our frequent native species,
such as Radicula /xilustris.
For some unknown reason, though possibly on account of
the nature of the season, certain species, not noticed before
and possibly not occurring again, w-ill appear more than
once in the same year and in widely separated districts.
Bunias Erucago occurred only in 1920, but then at both
Tollcross and Ruchill. Plants that some years ago were
frequent have either become much less common or have ceased
to appear. This applies specially to the species of Lepidium
of the virginicum type, to Axyris Amarantoides, Dracoce-
phalum porvifiorum, Vogelia paniculata, &c. In general the
number of new species met with has been growing less for
vsome years, and 1927 was much the worst season, Ruhus
nutkanus being the only new find.
There has been a great reduction in what might be called
searchable ground. The City is burning most of its refuse
now; possibly this is good for the public health, but it is
ruinous for my work.
Anyway, there was a distinct improvement in the finds in
1928, which has been the best season for some years. It was
both cold and late, .so late that several flowers which appear
regularly on our waste heaps, such as Carthamus tinctorius
and Guizofia ahyssinicM, were not noticed in bloom at all.
^et from a dozen to a score of new species or varieties were
found, and none of them was a mere garden casual. Most
are European or South European, but may have come via
North America. One grass is from the last, and one flower
is from Egypt. The finds mostly belonged to the crucifers,
Leguminosae, and the grasses. Some are not named yet.
One of the crucifers promised to be interesting. It recalled
Camelina sativa, but was more of a buff yellow. Its pods had
not set, but after a thorough search one was detected, small
and round like that of a minute Thlaspi arvense. It dropped
oS before being sent away for identification.
The chief lesson taught by those gatherings of 1928 was
liow careful one must be in one's observations. Most of
the plants obtained could have been easily passed over for
■commoner kinds; many set their pods badly here, and it
might be only the appearance of the pods that made it
vertain the plants were new.
Anyone else attempting this work i.< warne'l that acres oi
ii coup may be searched, yielding little that is rare, while a
small spot where a load of rubbish has been thrown may
yield several new or rare plants. Few of these plants endure.
It is only for the first or .second season after deposit of the
rubbish that new plants are likely to ]>e found. By the end
of that time the seeds in the rubbish will have germinated
and likely our native weeds, chenopods. Atriplex. etc.. will
have formed such a rank growiih as to kill out or hide any
newcomers, or the coups will be covered with earth and made
farm ground. Of all the foreign seed that comes in only a
small part can grow. The deposits of ashes, (fee. are usually
deep and only the seed near the surface has a chance of
germinating.
Ordinary cereal plants are common casuals, including a
little Buckwheat : but it is wonderful how much Rye appears
on the coups, considering how little it is used in the district.
Foreign cereals. Millet and Maize, iK-cur; but Maize at least
does not seem to set its grain here, though it sometimes
flowers.
Garden escapes, " hortal." are common and the least
interesting. Considering their opportunities, they naturalise
themselves but seldom. However, the Rose-Bay. the Monkey
Flower, and Clnytonia sihirica have become quite common
since Kennedy wrote. Many seeds come in with grain in spite
of the fact that most of our corn now comes from English-
speaking lands which are supposed to clean their corn with
special care. Many casuals come in no one can say how — in
packing or any other rubbish. The rock garden is a com-
paratively modern institution ; but plants from the rock
gardens seem much more likely to establish themselves with
us than ordinary garden species.
10
It must be kept in mind that our flora is being constantly
recruited from these introduced species, and it is desirable
to have a record of their first occurrence here. The approxi-
mate date of the first appearance of a species has been
generally noted. The most remarkable instance of a new
species making this island its own is that of Matricaria
suaveolens. Hayward and Druce, in their book on Tweedside
casuals, mention that its first appearance in Britain seems
to have been in 1878. I noticed it about Anniesland and
opposite Dawsholm gasholders about 1910, but did not get
its name for some years, and, when I drew attention to the
matter in one of the papers, it was found to have been with
us for some years, but overlooked on account of its general
likeness to a stunted, ray less form of M. inodora. It is now
common from the South of England — Sussex and Dartmoor — ■
to our extreme North and in Ireland.
Mosses hardly come within the scope of this paper, and in
any case there are few casual mosses. It may be worth while
mentioning, however, that when the Society visited our
Botanic Gardens in the spring of 1925 two mosses were
noticed growing on and under the Tree Ferns in the Kibble.
The mosses were exhibited at the meeting of the Society on
27th April, 1926. Both mosses fruited in the Kibble
eventually. One, which grew chiefly on the stems of the Tree
Ferns, proved to be a species of Pterygophyllum , which might
have come from either New Zealand or the southern part of
South America. The other, which grew on the stones below
the Tree Ferns, was a species of Hypo pterygium, apparently
not recognised before, and it could not be said whence it had
come. Mr. H. N. Dixon, to whom specimens were sent,
stated in " The Journal of Botany," December, 1928, pp.
350-351, that both mosses were clearly introductions, that
one agreed quite well with the variable Pterygophyllum
dentntum, H.f. (t W., and that he was unable to refer the
other to any described .species; he proposed for it the name,
Hypopterygiinn atrnthera. Dixon. The latter was exhibited
in fruit, 30th November, 1926.
11
List of Casuals.
Abbreviations, &c.
The nomenclature and arrangement followed are those of
Dr. Druce's " British Plant List," Second Edition, 1928.
Most of the plants recorded were observed by the author.
"Where others are responsible for the records, their names
are given.
"Henn." — Indicates that the plant is mentioned in
Hennedy's " The Clydesdale Flora," In Memoriam
Edition (1878).
"Brit. Ass.'' — Indicates that the plant is mentioned in
the British Association Handbook, " Fauna, Flora,
and Geology of the Clyde Area" (1901).
" H. & Dr."— "The Adventive Flora of Tweedside," by
Hayward and Druce.
" B.E.C." — Report of the Botanical Society and Exchange
Club of the British Isles for the year stated.
"First seen, 19 — " indicates the year in which the plant
was first seen in " Clyde " by the author.
" Excursion," followed by date, refers to excursion of
Natural History Society of Glasgow.
" Exhibited." followed by date, refers to meeting of the
same Society.
"Det." — Determined by (name following).
"B."— Brackenhirst.
" Md." — Monkland Sidings.
"Mh."— Maryburgh.
''R."_Ryding.
Watsonian and other Vice-Counties are indicated by
number as follows : —
" (75) "—Ayr.
" (76) "—Renfrew.
- (77) "—Lanark.
" (860) " — East Dumbarton, detached portion, comprisinsr
Parishes of Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch.
" (866) "—Stirling (Kelvin Basin).
12
"(86c)" — Stirling (Loch Lomond Basin).
" (98) "—Argyll (Main).
" (99) "—Dumbarton, excluding (86a).
" (100)"— Clyde Isles.
" (101) "—Argyll— Cantyre.
Raxuxculaceae.
Ranunculus arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. Henn. : " Very
rare." Brit. Ass. A native of Britain. Occurs
occasionally here as casual. Anniesland (77) (Cumming).
Exhibited, 29th June, 1920. Railway at Symington (77)
(Patton).
a. sardous, Cr. Hairy Crowfoot. Henn. as E. hirsutus, L. :
" Rare." Brit. Ass. Found a few times in 1923 on
coups in (77) and at Bowling (99), and in plenty at one
station on Flanders Moss in "Forth." Exhibited.
25th September, 1923. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923.
p. 165.
R. muricatus, L. R. (77), 1922. Det. Kew. Exhibited
26th September, 1922.
Nigella hispanica, L. Md. (77), 1925. B.E.C. 1925, p. 860.
Delphinium Aja^is. L. Field Larkspur. Near Glasgow.
Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 165.
B. orientale, J. Gay. Near Glasgow, 1918. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 719.
Aconitum anglicum, Stapf = J. Napellus, auct. br. Monks-
hood. Henn. : " Rare." Darnley Glen, naturalised,
excursion, 24th April. 1920.
Berberidaceae.
Epimedium alpinum, L. Alpine Barrenwort. Henn. :
" Very rare. ' About the ruins of the Old Castle of
Mugdock, abundantly, ffopk.' " Thought to grow no
longer there. Occasional casual (hortal).
Papaveraceae.
Papaver somniferuin, L. Opium Poppy. Occasional hortal
casual.
13
P. nudicaule, L. From Arctic Regions. R. (77). 1920. Det.
Druce.
Meconopsis camhrica (L.) Vig. Welsh Poppy. Brit. Ass. :
" not native.'' Occasional casual. Railway. Symington
(77) (Patton).
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Curt. Scarlet horned Poppy.
Gathered once or twice : Passil (77) and Robroyston (77).
First seen. 1918. Distinguished by its long hairy pod
and colour of flower. B.E.C. 1919. p. 719.
Eschscholzia Douglasn, Walp. Grain store. Dahuuir (99). and
in (77). 1917. Hortal or grain casual. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 719. and 1921. p. .371.
FUMARIACEAE.
Capnorrhis formosa (And.) Dr. = Dicentra formosa, Walp.
Below garden, in shade, where road crosses stream at
Slate Quarries, Luss (99). 1925. Several plant.s
established. B.E.C. 1925, p. 861.
€. eximia (DC.) Dw^ Dicentra eximia, Torr. Darnley Glen,
excursion, 24th April, 1920 : " apparently well
e.stablished, not near any house or garden."" B.E.C.
1920, p. 14r. Railway. Symington (77) (Patton).
Capnoides lutea (L.) Gaertn. =C'o/7/f/r/^/-s- luteo. DC. Yellow
Fumitory. Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." An occasional
casual. Seems inclined to establish itself and spread.
Cruciferae.
Mathioln sinuata, Br. Sea Stock. Anniesland (77"). 1922.
On coup, deteriorated from garden form. Det. Kew.
Radicida sylvestris (L.) Dr. = Nasturtium sylvestre, DC.
Brit. Ass. Now frequent, established at several stations,
and occurs as casual on dry coups.
R. amphibia (L.) I>r. =Nasturfium amphibium, Br. Water-
Rocket. Brit. Ass. Ordinarily grows in water : native
in Lanark Loch (Patton). Mh. (77), on dry coup, 192().
B.E.C. 1926. p. 104.
14
R. island ica (Oeder) D\\=R. pahistris, Moench — N asttirtium
islandicum (Oeder) = iV. terrestre, Br. ]\Iarsh Yellow-
Rocket. Henn. as native. Brit. Ass. : " Common " (as
Nasturtium palwstre, DC). Occurs as casual on dry
coups. Monstrous form with very small fruit, Bardowie
coup (866). B.E.C. 1919, pp. 637 and 720.
Barharea verna, Asch. = i5. pi-aecox, Br. American Cress. So
determined by Mr. Fraser and others; but, though the
plants seemed distinct from B. vulgar in, Br., none
answered well to the description of verna. Found
occasionally.
Arabis alpina, L. Alpine Rock Cress. First seen, 1922. This
alpine plant of Skye has occurred occasionally as a casual
on ash heaps, probably introduced through rock gardens.
Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1924, p. 555.
A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Henn. : " Very
rare." Ibrox (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. .371.
A. muralis, Bertol. Anniesland (77), 19 IS. B.E.C. 1919,
pp. 548 and 720.
A. caucasica, Willd.=-4. albida, Stev. Anniesland (77).
Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Mh. (77),
1923. Rohi-oyston (77), 1924. Det. Kew and Thellung.
One of the most interesting finds and believed to be new
to Britain. The flowers are white and inconspicuous,
pods wiry, at first erect, soon becoming reflexed.
Exhibited 30th September, 1924. B.E.C. 1924, p. 433.
Ahjssum maritimum. Lam. Sweet Alyssum. Frequent, hortal,
possibly establishing itself near the sea.
Draba muralis, L. Wall Rock Cress. Henn. Brit. Ass.
Helensburgh (99) (Guthrie), also in (77). Railway,
Abington (77) (Patton). Spreading.
WiWkia maritima, ^QO^.=Malcomia maritima, Br. Hortal,
appears often on our coups, but does not seem to have
been definitely recorded for the district till 1922. Mh.
(77), excursion, 30th September, 1922. B.E.C. 1928,
p. 724.
.Sisymbrium strictissimtim, L. Bowling (99), 1921. Det. Kew.
15
S. Sophia, L. Flixweed. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced."' B.E.C.
1919, p. 720. Frequent as casual and may reappear for
a few seasons.
S. altissijnum, L.=S. pannonicum, Jacq. Went from S.
Europe to X. America, where it became a troublesome
weed known as " Tumbling Mustard." First seen in
" Clyde ■' about 1910, opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77),
later at Girvan (75). As late as 1916 it was regarded
as something of a find. It is possibly the commonest
casual and appears in quantity each season, on occasion
covers acres, yet hardly establishes itself. For some years
it has been seen in the farthest-out Tollcross sand-pit
(77), but requires the ground to be disturbed. Darvel
(75), excursion, 26th September, 1921.
S. orientale, L. Also a common casual on coups throughout
the district. First noticed by the author about 1915, but
is in collection of late Mr. Peter Ewing earlier. Ayr and
Troon (75). Railway, Symington (77), abundant (Patton).
iS". Loeselii, L. Gartcosh (77), 1920, and once or twice since.
B.E.C. 1920, p. 111. Det. Kew.
jS. canescens, Xutt. X. America. Bowling (99), 1922.
Exhibited 26th September, 1922. Det. Kew.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. Treacle Mustard, Wormseed
Mustard. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Xot native but
well established and spreading. Bowling (99), Cambus-
lang Coup (77). Railway, Symington (77) (Patton).
E. repandum, L. Anniesland (77), 1917. B.E.C. 1919, p.
720. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton).
Cnnringia orientalis (L.) Diim.. — Erf/simmn perfoliatum, Cr.
Hare's-ear Treacle Mustard. Fairly frequent for many
- years; rather less so of late. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
Ca77ielina sativa, Crantz. Gold of Pleasure. Henn. Brit.
Ass. : " Introduced." Frequent as casual. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720. About Stevenston (75). Railway, Thankerton
(77), frequent and established (Patton).
•C. macrocarpa, Andrj. Md. (77), 192.3. Det. Thellung.
B.E.C. 1924, p. 556.
16
Brassica nigra, L. Black Mustard. Henn. : " Rare." A
fairly frequent casual at Bowling (99) and in (77).
B.E.C. 1923, p. 168. Railway, Symington, etc. (77)
(Patton).
B. alba (L.) Boiss. White Mustard. Henn.: "Rare."
Brit. Ass. : " Common." A fairly frequent casual,
especially at Mh. (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Railway,
Symington, &c. (77) (Patton).
B. juncea, Coss. Indian Mustard. A common casual on
coups, so closely resembling B. arvensis, Kuntze, as
generally to be confused with it ; but its awl-shaped
beak and narroAver, smoother leaves distinguish it.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1924, p. 557.
B. gallka (Willd.) Dr. =5. PoUichii (Sch. cV Spenn.). Dr.
Newlands and Mh. (77), Cxreenock (76), &c. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720.
B. incana (L.) F. Schultz = 5. adpressa, Boiss. Hoary
Mustard. R. (77), Bowling (99), &c., 1921. B.E.C. 1921,
p. 405, and 1926, p. 105.
Diplotaxis tenjdfolia (L.) DC. Brit. Ass. Troon (75) and in
(77).
D. muralis (L.) DC. Wall or Sand Rocket. Brit. Ass.
Gathered several times and seemed established at Toll-
cross (77) and Bowling (99), but was obliterated.
Ardrossan and Ayr (75). Giffnock (76). B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720.
Eruca Ernca (L.) Dr.=^. sativa, Mill. Rocket-Salad. Pod
like that of Bi-assica arvensis, Kuntze, but with a leafy
beak. Known as an occasional casual for many years.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
Coronopus didymus, '^vi\.=8enchiera didyvia, Pers. Lesser
Wart Cress. Brit. Ass. : " Ayr Harbour, Renfrew.
Introduced in these cases." Occasional casual for some
years back. Found established at Troon (75) about 1910,
later at Ardrossan (75) and Fairlie (75). B.E.C. 1919,
p. 640.
17
Lepidium Draba, L. Hoary Cress. First found about 1913
at Ayr (75). later at Millport (100). and in several places
round Glasgow (77) or in (99), well established.
Exhibited. 28th June, 1921.
Z. ruderale, L. Bowyer's Mustard. Used to be rather
common on coups, ttc, in the district, in (77) and at
Bowling (99). vfec, less so of late. Exhibited, 28th June.
1921. Some accounts say it has a fishy odour, but none
could be detected on any gathered about here.
L. campestre (L.) Br. Field Cress. Henn. : along with L.
Smithii, Hook, as rare; L. Smithii has become frequent,
L. campestre remains rare and has only been noticed as
a casual. Brit. Ass.
L. perfolicttitm, L. Easily distinguished. Mh. and Rob-
royston (77). 1920, found a few times. Exhibited, 28th
June, 1921.
L. sativum, L. Garden Cress. Brit. Ass.: "Introduced."'
Hortal. Fairly frequent. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921.
Railway, Symington (77) (Patton).
L. virginicum, L. Used to be rather common as casual, much
less so of late. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921.
L. densiflorum. Schrad. Occurs occasionally as casual.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405, and 1923, p. 170. Det. Thellung.
L. neglectum, Thell. Occurs occasionally as casual. B.E.C.
1920. p. 112, 1923, p. 170, and 1924, p. 558. Det.
Thellung. Exhibited. 28th June. 1921.
L. ramosissimum, A. Xels. Occurs occasionally as casual.
B.E.C. 1920, p. 112, and 1921, p. 405. Exhibited, 28th
June, 1921.
Note. — The last four species and L. ruderah stronglv
resemble one another and. except L. rvderah, are not
in most native floras, and require a specialist to name
them. In recent seasons they have all become less
common, and the reason of this is not known.
Biscutella anricvlata. L. Yellow flowers, winged pods, and
perfoliate leaves. Md. (77), 1925. the only find.
B.E.C. 1925, p. 765.
B
18
B. cichoriifolm, Loisel. Coup (IT). B.E.C. 1928, p. 6U9.
Thlaspi arvense, L. Penny Cress. Known in Canada as
" The Stink Plant," an appropriate name, though the
odour may not always ])e apparent. Henn. : " Very
rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Common here as
casual, but established at Dunure Mains (75) and
Railway, Abington (77) (Patton).
Iheris amara, L. Bitter Candytuft. Hortal. Henn. : " An
outcast from gardens." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced."
Only occurs still as a casual, though frequent. Railway.
Lamington (77) (Patton).
Vogelia pciniculata (L.) 'Rovwem.. = N eslia paniculata, Desv.
Known as " Ball Mustard " in Canada. Found in 1916,
used to be a frequent casual, less so of late. B.E.C.
1919, p. 720. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920.
Myagrum perfoUatum, L. Md. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928,
p. 726.
Bunias Erucago, L. Tollcross (77). Ruchill (77) (T. Hill).
Both finds same year, 1920. Set few pods. B.E.C. 1920,
p. 113.
B. orientalis, L. * Occasional casual and persistent where it
settles. Two or three patches at first railway bridge
east of Bishopbriggs. Sets few pods. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton).
Rapistrum orientale, Crantz. Found occasionally on coups
near Glasgow. First seen, 1916. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
In 1928 an unusual number of times. Sets its pods
badly with us.
H. rugosum. (L.) All. The double-jointed pods are distinctive.
Ardrossan (75), Md. (77). and Dumbarton (99). First
seen at Ardrossan about 1916. had been found on east
side of Scotland before. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1921,
p. 405.
Erucaria hispanica (L.) Dr. = ^. myagroides, Hal. Giffnock
(76), 1926. B.E.C. 1926, p. 106.
19
Resedaceae.
Beseda lutta, L. "Wild Mignonette. Henn. : " Very rare."
Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Frequent casual here,
seems established at Tollcross (77). Railway, Symington
(77; (Pattonj.
R. inodora. Reichb. Possil (77) only. Det. Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Garden. Several plants grew on the
Possil coup about 1916-1918. and continued there a
few years. B.E.C. 1919. p. 720, and 1920, p. 15.
R. odorata. L. Hortal. First found in 1920. Frequent
casual in district.
ViOLACEAE.
Viola odorata. L. Sweet Violet. Henn. : " Very rare."
Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." Naturalised occasionally.
A patch with double flowers has existed for many years
on the side of the upper road to East Kilbride where the
road frrmi Thorntonhall joins (77). Braidwood and
Tillietudlem (77) (Patton).
r. odorata var. durfietrjrum (Jord.). With white flower and
violet spur. At mouth of Doon (75). excursion. 5th
April. 1926. Det. Patton. B.E.C. 1926. p. 107.
C-^TOPHTLLACEAE .
Dianthus Caryophyllus, L. Clove Pink. Hortal. Tollcross
(77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405.
Gypsophila paniculata, L. Chalk Plant. Hortal. Occurs
occasionally as casual. Mh. (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921,
p. 405.
G. eJegans. M. Bieb. Found seldom. B.E.C. 1921. pp. 375
and 405, and 1923. p. 172.
Saponaria officinalis, L. Soapwort. Brit. Ass. Occasional
casual (77) and (99). Railway. Abington (77) (Patton).
S. Vaccaria, L. Cow Herb (U.S.A.). Frequent casual for
many years. B.E.C. 1919. p. 720.
20
Silene noctifiora. L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Henn.
(Appendix): "Very rare." Frequent, but only as
casual. (Mentioned as casual near Edinburgh about
end of 18th century.)
S. anglica, L. English Catchfly. Occurs rather often on
coups.
S. gallica. L. Gunpowder Weed. R. (77), &c., occasional.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 375.
S. dichotoma, Ehrh. Of occasional but repeated occurrence
for many years past. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720, and 1922, p. 720.
S. pendula, L. Mh. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 728.
S. Muscipiila, L. Viscid and warty. Ibrox (77), 1920, only
find. B.E.C. 1920, p. 115.
S. stricta, L. Mh. (77), 1921. Det. Kew. Exhibited, Slst
October, 1922. Found in district occasionally since.
At Kirkintilloch Sewage Works coup (77), 1926. B.E.C.
1921, p. 275 (where description is given), and 1923»
p. 172.
S. annulata, Fenzl. Mh. (77), 1921, only find. Det. Kew.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
S. fmhrinta, Sims. Ardrishaig (101), apparently firmly
established, 1929 (W. Rennie). Det. Miss Hayward.
Lychnis alba, MiW. x dioica, L. = Z. intermedia (Schur). At
Gartcosh (77), Sec.
Cerastium tomentosum , L. Snow-in-Summer. Hortal.
Bardowie (866), itc, rapidly naturalising itself and
spreading.
Stellaria aquatica. Scop. Great Chickweed. Ibrox (77), at
refuse-destructor on dry ashes, 1920.
PORTULACACEAE.
Claytonia sibirica, L. Spring Beauty. Henn.: "C.
ahinoides, Ph., is becoming naturalized in several
places." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced, but well established."
Frequent, established, and spreading. See "The-
21
Occurrence of Claytonia sibirica, L., in the Clyde Area,"
by Arch. Shanks. "The Glasgow Xaturalist," Vol.
VII, Xo. i, pp. 101-103. Near Gourock (76). By
Gareloch in several places and near Balloch (99).
Seamill (75), excursion, 2nd April, 1927. Stewarton
(75), excursion, Andersonian Naturalists' Society, 18th
August, 1928. Especially abundant along upper path
from Rothesay to Craigniora (100), excursion, 23rd May,
1927.
C. perfoliata, Donn. Henn. : " . . . occurred as a weed
in the Old Botanic Garden, Glasgow, in 1837; since that
time it has spread considerably." Established many
years ago in a wood, Craigmore (100); also for over
20 years between West Kilbride and Portincross (75) ;
seen at several excursions till the present time. Plant
is said to make a good winter salad : see B.E.C. 1923,
p. 31.
Malvaceae.
Lavatera olbia, L. B. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 730.
Malva pusilla, Sm. Small Mallow. First found, 1919. Seen
several times in (76), (77), and (99). B.E.C. 1923,
p. 174, 1924, p. 563, and 1925, p. 869.
M. Alcea, L. Xewlands (77), 1919. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
M. parviflora, L. See B.E.C. 1920, p. 16 (454), for details
of this and .1/. jjusilla. Seen several times, especially
at Bowling (99). Paisley (76) (D. Ferguson), and
Darnley (76) (Patton). B.E.C. 1923, p. 174, and 1924,
p. 563.
M. crispa, L. Mh. (77). Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924,
p. 563.
Geraniaceae.
Tropaeolu-m peregrinum, L. Hortal. Occasional casual.
B.E.C. 1922, p. 722.
Limnanthes Douglasii, Br. Hortal. Giffnock coup (76).
1924.
Oxalis florihiinda, Lehm. Helensburgh (99), 1921. B.E.C.
1921. p. 377.
RUTACEAE.
Citrus Aurantiiun, L. Orange seedlings are found
occasionally on coups, sometimes in plenty, as near
where marmalade is being made. A seedling two or
three inches in height was found at B. (77), 1926, with
a small flower on top, possibly cleistogamous. B.E.C.
1926, p. 110.
VlTACEAE.
Vitis vitiifeni, L. Vine seedlings are not uncommon on
coups and are sometimes in quantity. At IV>rox (77)
and Kilsyth (866) they were gathered as plants of six
inches long or more, and it seemed likely that they had
survived at least one season. B.E.C. 1926. p. 110.
Legumixosae.
Lahurnuni Laburnum (L.) = Z. vulgare. Presl = i. Ana-
gyroides, Med. The Laburnum has been introduced into
our hedges in several localities, and has been noted
seeding itself at Ayr (75), Carmunnock C77), &c.
Trigonella Foenum-graecum , L. Fenugreek. Has appeared.
1919. rarely as a casual on our coups. Pet. Kew.
B.E.C. 1919. p. 720.
T. M. procitmbens, Reichb. =7*. caerulea, Ser. Possil (77),
1917, only find (but frequent at Leith Docks). B.E.C.
1919. p. 720.
T. hamosa, L. Md. (77), 192.^. B.E.C. 1928. p. 731.
Medicago Falcata. L. Yellow Medick. Brit. Ass. Fairly
frequent casual: fir.st seen. 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405.
Sets its seed badly here.
M. Falcata var. tenuifoliolotn. Vuyck. Bowling (99). kc.
First seen. 1921. B.E.C. 1922, p. 723. and 1923, p. 177.
M. sativa, L. Alfalfa or Lucerne. Henn. Brit. Ass.
Cultivated. Occasional casual. Railway. Symington
(77) (Patton). See account in B.E.C. 1923. p. 32 (564).
Seldom sets its pods.
23
-¥. Iiispida, Gaertn. Toothed Medick. Brit. Ass. (as
.1/. denticulata. Willd.). Rather frequent casual in
district. Mh. (77). excursion. 30th September. 1922.
Exhibited. 31st October, 1922.
M. hispida var. apictdata (Willd.). Spines wanting or
abortive. Given as rare, but has occurred several times
in " Clyde." B.E.C. 1920, p. 118.
M. arabica, Huds.=-1/. maciderry. Fully naturalised now and frequent in the
district. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
Rubiaceae.
Galium tricorne, Stokes. First seen, 1920. Anniesland and
Ibrox (77), seen a few times. Railway, Roberton (77),
established (Patton).
Asperula arvensis, L. Robroyston (77). Det. Kew and
Druce. Flowers blue. Exhibited, a new record for
" Clyde," 25th September, 192-3. Next season found
flowering at Md. (77), with white flowers.
Vaeeriaxaceae.
Valeriana pyrenaica, L. Heart-leaved Valerian. Henn. :
" Rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Loudoun (75).
Lochwinnoch (76), excursion. 20th May, 1919. Near
Helensburgh (99), excursion, 13th May, 1922. Banks
of Glazert (866).
COMPOSITAE.
Solidago cavarfensis, L. Garden Golden Rod. North
America. Established and frequent.
BelJis perennis, L. forma. A form of the Common Daisy,
which had quilled ligules, was gathered at R. (77\ 192-1.
Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924, p. 574.
Aster novi-hehjii, L. First seen, 1922. Established and
frequent.
30
A. macrophi/Uus, L. Estaljlished at Lochside Station (76).
First seen, 1922. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1922, p. 609.
Exhibited, 26th Septeml^er, 1922.
XoTE. — Many Asters are naturalising themselves in
" Clyde," particularly from America.
Erigeron canadensis, L. Canadian Flea-bane, Horseweed.
First seen, 1917. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720.
E. bonariensis, h.=E. crispus, Pourr. Gift'nock coup (76),
1926. Det. Druce.
E. philadelphicus, L. Queen's Dock, Glasgow (77), 1912, and
for several years (T. Hill).
Anaphalis tnargaritncea, C. B. Clarke var. suhalpina,
A. Gvaj = Antennaria iiuu-gaiitacea, R. Br. Pearly
Everlasting. Rutherglen (77), 1920. Thornliebank (76),
1922.
Helichnjsum hractentum, Andr. Australia. Hortal. Gifinuck
coup (76), 1926. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926, p. 27.
Buphthalmum speciosmn (Schreb.) Dr. Hortal. GlasgOAV
(77). B.E.C. 1923, p. 38.
Ambrosia artemisifolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Xorth
America. Ibrox (77), several plants. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 720. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920.
A. trifida, L. Great Ragweed. First noticed between Kelvin
and Art Galleries, Glasgow (77). Found late in nearly
every season. Seems only a casual here.
A. trifda var. integrifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray. Found
several times at Mh. (77), Bowling (99), &c. B.E.C.
1919, p. 720, and 1924. p. 575.
Jianthium spinosum, L. Bathurst Burr (Australia). " One
of the worst weeds in Australasia " (H. & Dr.).
Cosmopolitan. Found twice at R. (77), 1922. Exhibited,
26th September, 1922. Never observed flowering. For
note on its occurrence in prehistoric times see B.E.C.
1923, p. 38 (1295).
.Heliopsis scabra, Dunal. Xewlands (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921,
p. 290.
31
Budheckia Inciniota. L. Xewlands (77). 1921. B.E.C. 1921,
p. 405.
HeUanthu-s annuu-^, L. North American Sunflower. Fossil
(77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. and 1921, p. 405.
If. dehilh. Xutt. Pos.>nger than a season. Railway,
Symington (77) (Patton).
38
SOLANACEAE.
Lycopersicon Lycopersicum (L.) Tomatoes are among the
commonest plants on our coups. They flower and some-
times produce fruit. At Ibrox (77), for instance, some
years back tomatoes of good size and well coloured were
gathered ; but they do not seem to have established them-
selves around Glasgow. Near Girvan (75) about 1917
many small plants were found in September, some of
which had produced fruit about the size of a cherry and
still green. They were said to be established on the shore,
having originated from the cargo of a wrecked ship.
They are stated to have endured for nearly ten years,
but not to have appeared in 1927 owing to a severe frost
in May of that year.
Solanwm nigrum, L. Black Nightshade. Henn. : " Very
rare." Brit. Ass. A fairly frequent casual here.
S. triflorum, Nuttall. Possil (77), 1916, when it set some
berries. R. (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
S. tuheroswm, L. The Potato is very common on coups, which
are sometimes dug up for the tubers ; but it does not
endure and has. never been noticed in fruit on a coup.
Lycium chinense, Mill. Tea Tree. Naturalised occasionally,
especially near sea.
Datura Stramonium, L. Thorn Apple. Appeared at Ruchill
(77) some years ago (W. Rennie).
Hyoscyamws niger, L. Henbane. Henn. : " Very rare."
Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Fairly frequent casual, but
no more. Bowling (99) (Patton).
Nicotiana Tahacum, L. {N . rustica, L. 1) Tobacco. At Giff-
nock coup (76) in 1926 there were several fine plants
with reddish or brick-coloured large flowers. Probably
hortal.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Verbascii/m Thapsus, L. Great ^luUein, Shepherd's Club.
Henn. Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." Balmaha (86c),
excursion, 19th Mav. 1924.
39
F. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Possil (77), 1916, &c.
V. nigrum, L. Black Mullein. Brit. x\ss. : " Bowling. On
ballast.'* Established at Bowling Distillery (99;,
Thornliebank (76). Railway, Abington (77). " used to
be common " (Patton).
Linaria purpurea. Mill. Purple Toadflax. Brit. Ass. :
" Bowling. On waste heaps." Established about
Bowling (99). Hortal, from Gardens, Dunglass Castle
(99).
L. repens (L.) Mill. Creeping Toadflax. Brit. Ass. :
" Introduced." At Gartcosh signal-box (77) for some
years past; first seen, 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). Exhibited from
Coulter (77), 28th February, 1922 (Dick).
L. minor (L.) Desf.=L. viscida, Moench. Least Toadflax.
Henn. : "Very rare." Brit. Ass.: "Introduced."
Established in district and spreading, on railway ballast
in particular. Craigendoran (99), Bardowie coup (866).
Fairlie coup (75) ; railway, Thankerton to Abington (77),
abundant (Patton).
L. tripartita, Willd. R. (77). Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923,
p. 202.
L. chalepensis (L.) Mill. var. cleisfogama. Thell. Ibrox.
(77). Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
Antirrhinum majus, L. Great Snapdragon. Henn. : " Very
rare." Hortal. Occasional casual. May endure.
Scrophul-aria vernalis, L. Yellow Figwort. Henn. : " Very
rare." Brit. Ass. : " Near gardens." Killallan (76).
S. aquafica L. Water Figwort. Henn. : " Rare." A plant
grew in 1916 and for a few years on the top of a rubbish-
heap opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77), but was dug up.
S. alata, Gilib.=.S^. Ehrharti. Stev.=5. umhrosa, Dum.
Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. Head of Loch
Long (98).
Mimidus guttatns, DC. =3/. Langsdorfii. Donn. Monkey
Flower. Brit. Ass. (as M. hiteus, L.). Has become very
40
commmi in wet places throughout the country and in this
district. To what special agency its dispersion is due
does not seem to be known. Gryfe (76), excursion,
2nd July, 1921. Dunti-eath (86c), excursion, 8th
September, 1923. Railway, Thankerton to Abington
(77), abundant (Patton). Spotted form gathered in
Kittoch Glen, near Busby (77).
Erinus alpinus, L. Well established at Strathblane Road,
near Duntreath, and on w-all at west approach to Strath-
blane Station (86c). An introduction on walls, Rhu and
Helensburgh (99), seen excursion, 13th May, 1922. By
upper path between Rothesay and Craigmore (100),
excursion, 23rd May, 1927. Abundant at water-works.
Milngavie (99) (Patton). B.E.C. 1919, p. 670.
Veronica lotiffifolm, L. Occasional hortal casual for many
years. B.E.C. 1924, p. 587.
Rhinanthus major, Ehrh. Great Corn Rattle. Possil (77),
1918, several plants, the only find. Det. J. R. Lee.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Labiatab.
Mentha longifoUa (L.) Huds. var. nemoinsa (Willd.),
Bowling (99), 1919.
M. verticillata (L.) = il7. sativa, L. Whorled Mint. Henn.
Brit. Ass. Shandon (99). See note as to form in
Watson Botanical Exchange Club Report, 1915-16, p. 548.
.1/. cardiaca. Baker. Hortal. Frequent casual in district.
Enduring. Det. Kew. Has strong, sweet smell; leaves
generally streaked with yellow.
M. arvensis, L. var. /jz-aecoa; (Sole) Sm. Shandon (99), 1925
(C. Bailey). B.E.C. 1926, p. 889.
Satureia Acinos (L.) Scheele. Basil Thyme. Henn. " Very
rare." Casual. Paisley (76) (D. Ferguson).
Salvia verticillata, L. Bowling Distillery (99). Well
established in quantity, Gartcosh coup (77). B.E.C.
1919, p. 721.
41
Nepeta Cataria, L. Catmint. Henn. : "Very rare."
Occasional casual and endures. Kilmarnock coup above
Barassie (75). Near Glasgow (77).
Dracocephalum parvi-fiorum , Nuttall. North America. First
seen on rubbish-heap opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77)
about 1910, seems to have been found in two places in
England the same year. A few years later it was noticed
several times at Gift'nock coup (76), Ibrox (77). «fec. Has
not been observed for several seasons. Det. Druce.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Sideritis montana, L. Possil (77). 1917. Det. Druce.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. R. (77). B.E.C. 1922. p. 743.
Marruhium vulgare, L. White Horehound. Brit. Ass. : " On
waste heaps." Rare. Ardrossan (75), 1916, kc.
Ballota nigra, L. Black Horehound. Henn. : "Very rare."
Brit. Ass. : " On waste heaps." Occasional casual.
Troon (75), &c.
Plantaginaceae.
Plantago media, L. Hoary Plantain. Henn. : " Very rare,
and only found as an introduced plant with grass seeds."
Brit. Ass. Rare. Waste ground near Glasgow Art
Galleries (77). Bothwell Castle (77) (Patton). Darvel
(75), excu)-sion, 26th September, 1921. Near .Johnstone
(76).
P. Psi/Iliiim, L. R. and Mh. (77), 1922. Exhibited, 26th
September, 1922.
AmARANT ACEAB .
A/narantus chlorostachi/s, Willd. R. (77), 1921.
A. chlorostachi/s var. aristulatus, Thell. Bowling (99), 1920.
A. quitensis, H.B.K. R. (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
A. retroflexus, L. Pigweed (of U.S.A.). Noticed fairly often.
Newlands (77), 1920, &c. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
A. Dinteri, Schinz var. uncinatus, Thell. Bowling (99), 1921.
Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
A. angustifolius, ham.— A. BUtum, L.p.p. Rare. 1920.
42
Chenopodiaceae.
Chenopodium rubrumi, L. Red Goosefoot. Henn. Brit. Ass.
Frequent, but hardly established.
C murale, L. Sowbane or Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Frequent
casual of recent years. Coups (77) and Bowling (99).
1920. B.E.C. 1920, p. U3.
C. album, L. var. paucidens (Murr) Dr. Glasgow (77), 1921.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 394.
C. leptophyllum (Nutt.) Brit. & Br. Has also been given as
variety of C. album, from which it is distinguished by
its narrower leaves. Fairly frequent. First seen, 1919.
B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
C. glati'cum, L. Seen once or twice. Md. and Mh. (77), 1924.
Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1924, p. 593, and 1926, p. 130.
C.ridvaria,h. Stinking Goosefoot. Smells like decayed fish.
I challenge anyone to produce a plant, at least a flowering
plant, belonging to this country with as bad an odour.
This pervades the whole plant. Found twice, Md. (77),.
1924: first record round Glasgow. Exhibited, 30th
September, 1924. B.E.C. 1925, p. 892.
C. pohjspennurn, L. Possil (77), 1918, and occasionally Md.
(77), &c., since. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
C. Ambrosioides, L. Mexican Tea. New Monkland (77), 1924.
A narrow-leaved state. B.E.C. 1924, .p. 593.
C. striatum (Krasan) Murr. B. (77), 1924.
C. lanceolatum, Muhl. Possil (77), 1918. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 721.
Monolepis NuttaUiana (R. & S.) Greene=..l/. irifda, Schrad
Possibly from Siberia via North America. Mh. (77),
1921. Md. (77), 1923. Bowling (99). Believed a rare
find. B.E.C. 1921, pp. 306, 405.
U. NuttaUiana var. minor (Moq.) Thell. Glasgow (77). Det.
Thellung. B.E.C. 1922, p. 745.
Beta vrdgaris, L. Common Beet. Cultivated. Occasional
casual.
43
B. maritima, L. var. annua, Aschers A: Gueibriere. \ ariety
not in Druce's " British Plant List." Found first at
Leith and det. from there at Kew. Like a dwarf or
stunted form. Md. (77). Exhibited. 26th September,
1922.
Spinacia oleracea, L. Spinach. Cultivated. Rather frequent
casual in more than one form.
Atriplex patula, L. var. erecta, Lange = ^. erecta, Huds.
Brit. Ass. : " Common." Occasional casual. Common
Mh. (77).
Axyris Amaixinioides, L. Believed to have come from Siberia
via North America. Rather frequent for a few years,
not observed for long now. Possil (77), 1916, eVc. B.E.C.
1919, p. 721.
Salsola Kali, L. var. teniiifoJia, Tausch. Leaves not spiny.
Found a few times as casual at Md. (77), 1921. B.E.C.
1921, p. 405.
POLTGOXACEAE.
Polygonum scabrum, Moench var. incanum (Lej. & Court.).
Possil (77). 1916. The variety seemed only a casual.
P. petecticale (Stokes) Dr.= IP. fomentosum, Schrank. Either
this plant or a form of P. scahrvm was found at Gart-
cosh (77) and Giffnock (76) recently, of abnormal size but
apparently not distinct. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
P. avictdare. L. var. agrestinum (Jord.). A distinct variety
of Knotgrass. Bowling Distillery (99) for some years.
P. equiseti forme. Sibth. & Sm. Md. (77). 1925 and 1928.
Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1925. p. 893. and 1928. p. 756.
P. cuspidatK^m. Sieb. k Zucc. Japanese Polygonum. A
common garden outcast.
P. sachalinense. Schmidt. Giffnock (76). 1926. itc.
[Other foreign species of Polygonum are naturalising
themselves in the Clyde Area.]
Fagopyrum Fagopyrwm {h.) = Polygonum Fagopyrum, L.
Buckwheat. Henn. Occurs as casual fairly often and
sometimes sets seed. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
44
F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Ibrox (11), the only plant. B.E.C.
1919, p. 721.
Rumex longif alius, T>C=R. nquaticus, auct. Henn. Probably
a native plant which has been overlooked; but occurring
also as a casual. Probably often mistaken for R. crispus.
Seems fairly common in district near Cumbernauld (86a),
beyond Polnoon (77), &c. Found in several places,
1922. Roadside near Mollinburn (77), excursion, 30th
September, 1922. Exhibited, 31st October, 1922.
R. crispus, L. var. trigranulatus, Syme. This variety of
Common or Curled Dock has tubercle on each sepal
instead of only one on upper sepal and has very dense
panicle. This is an example of a plant of which the
type is native, while the vai'iety is a mere casual. First
seen, 1916. Has occurred several times as casual, N.W.
shore of Arran (100), on shingle, 1928. B.E.C. 1928,
p. 757.
R. puJcher, L. Fiddle Dock. Henn. : "Very rare." Rather
frequent as casual on dry coups. Never noticed as
native, but will enduie more than one year.
R. maritimws, L. Golden Dock. A plant or two noticed
most seasons as casuals on coups (77).
R. saJicifolius, Weinm. Noticed in (76) and at Possil (77)
and Bowling (99) about 1916. Fairly frequent for some
years; less so latterly. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721, and 1920,
p. 146. Exhibited, 29th June, 1920.
R. bucephalophorus, L. Strongly resembles R. Acetosella,
L., from which it can be distinguished by dentate lip.
Once at Bishopton coup (76). Found before in quantity
at Leith Docks and identified there by Mr. Eraser.
R. ohovatus, Danser. First named " rientatus," then '' para-
yuayensis.'^ Found on coups in (77) and (76), 1920.
Seen fairly often since. Det. Turrill. B.E.C. 1920.
pp. 146 and 258-259; 1921, p. 307; 1922, pp. 621 and
746: 1923, pp. 60-62, 210; 1924, p. 595; and 1928.
p. 757.
45
R. magellanicu^, Griseb. Was established at Gartcosh (77),
but hardly any is left. Believed only find for Great
Britain. B.E.C. 1919, pp. 574 and 721.
EUPHORBIACEAE.
Euphorbia EsuJa, L. Leafy Spurge. Helensburgh (99), 1917.
Probably hortal.
E. Cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Cambuslang (77), 1917.
Ibrox (77). Railway, Abington (77) (Patton).
Riciniis communis, L. The Castor Oil Plant occurs
occasionally on Glasgow coups, but has not been observed
to flower well. First seen, 1919. Fine plants grew in
quantity at B. (77) in 1926. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Mercurialis annua, L. Brit. Ass. R. (77), 1922. B.E.C.
1923, p. 210.
Urticaceae.
Cannabis sativa, L. Hemp is a frequent casual and some-
times flowers. Probably largely due to bird-seed. B.E.C.
1919, p. 721.
Ficus Carica, L. A fine young Fig tree, a foot or more high,
occurred on Ferniegair coup, near Hamilton (77). about
1922.
Iridaceae
Sisyrinchium an gtisti folium, Mill. Blue-eyed Grass. A few
plants appeared for a year or two at one of the Giffnock
Quarries (76) about 1919. It is believed there have been
other records in the district.
Tritonia crocosmiflora, Nich. Montbretia. Helensburgh (99).
Arran (100), Tighnabruaich (98). A frequent and well
established casual by the Firth of Clyde. B.E.C. 1919,
p. 721, and 1921, p. 400.
Amaryllidaceae.
Galanthus nivalis, L. Snowdrop. Henn. Brit. Ass. :" Intro-
duced." Naturalised Auchinleck (75), seen excursion.
46
17th April, 1922. A great quantity of bulbs is said to
have been planted at Finlayston and Ardgowan (76) over
a century ago, and the Snowdrop is said to be well
naturalised there. See B.E.C. 1924, pp. 454-455.
LiLIACEAE.
Euscus aculeatus, L. Butcher's Broom. Henn. : " Very
rare." Rosneath woods (99), seen in flower, excursion,
17th May, 1924.
Asphodelus fistulosus, L. Asphodel. Once at Possil (77), 1917.
Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Allium triquetrum, L. Heads of Ayr (75), excursion, 5th
April, 1926.
A. paradoxum, G. Don. Near Braidwood (77). Det. Kew.
Torrance (86&).
Ornithogalum umheUntum, L. Star of Bethlehem. Henn. :
" Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Lanark (77).
Dunglass (99). Rosneath (99), excursion, 21st April,
1919, and other dates. Mount Stuart (100).
JUNCACEAE.
Juncus tenuis, Willd. Brit. Ass. Introduced into Clyde area
in modern times and first noticed not much before the
end of the nineteenth century. Frequent, but not so
abundant since the tarring of roads began (J. R. Lee).
Palmacbae.
Phoenix dactylifera, L. Date Palm seedlings are found on
our coups every year and sometimes in quantity. First
noticed at Ibrox (77) about 1919. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Ctperaceae.
Carex vulpina, L. var. nemorosa (Rebent.) Lej. Mh. (77),
1922. Det. Kew. The only sedge of interest seen as
casual.
Gramhstaceae.
Panicum mUiaccum, L. Red Millet appears as occasional
casual and seems even to set seed occasionally. B.E.C.
1921, p. 405.
47
P. laevifolium, Hack. Mh. (77). B.E.C. 1921, p. i02.
P. laevifolium var. amhoinense. Hack. Md. (77), 1926. Det.
Druce.
P. colonum, L. B. (77), 1926. B.E.C. 1926, p. 1.39.
P. Crus-galli, L. Barn-yard Grass (of North America).
Occurs occasionally as casual. Rutherglen and Md. (77),
&c.
P. Crtits-galli vsir. longisetum, Doll. =var. longiaristatum, Lej.
Also occurs occasionally as casual, but less often than
the type. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail (of U.S.A.). A
rather frequent casual for several years, but erratic in
its appearance.
S. glauca, Beauv. Possil, &c. (77). First found in several
places in 1921, at that time always growing with
S. viridis, since found by itself. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
Zea Mays, L. Maize appears on coups somewhat often and
occasionally flowers, as on the Fairlie coup (75),
excursion, 12th September, 1925. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721.
Ph-alaris mino?', Retz. Only a rare casual here. R. (77),
&c., 1920. Bowling (99). B.E.C. 1923, p. 220.
P. bulbosa, L.=P. tuherosa, L. Bowling (99). Det. Kew.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Airdrie (77). B.E.C. 1928,
p. 764.
P. aquatica, L.=P. caertilescens, Desf. Bowling (99),
Md. (77). B.E.C. 1921, p. 402, and 1925, p. 903. B. (77).
B.E.C. 1928, p. 764.
P. truncata, Guss. Bowling (99), 1921. Glasgow (77).
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405, and 1922, p. 752.
P. canariensis, L. Canary Grass. Henn. Brit. Ass. :
" Introduced." Very common. From bird-seed.
P. paradoxa, L. Rather more frequent here than P. minor.
Bowling (99), R. (77), &c., 1920. Det. Thellung.
B.E.C. 1924, p. 602. B. &c. (77). B.E.C. 1928. p. 764.
P. nngusta, Nees. Possil (77), iVc, rare. B.E.C. 1923,
p. 220.
48
Anthoxanthum odoi-atum, L. Vernal Grass. A new form
was found at Mh. (77), 1923. B.E.C. 1925, p. 791.
A. aristatum, Boi'SS.=^. Puelii, Lee. k Lam. Brit. Ass.:
" Recent introduction." Coups, Robroyston (77), 1928.
B.E.C. 1928, p. 764.
Phleum alpinum. L. Alpine Cat's-tail Grass. Mh. (77),
1925. Det. Kew. May be fairly common on coups, but
is difficult to distinguish from P. p7-afense, L. B.E.C.
1925, p. 903.
P. suhidatum, A. & G. In (77), 1923. Det. Thellung.
B.E.C. 1923, p. 220.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual Beard-grass.
Bowling (99) and Md. (77), &c., 1920. Exhibited 28th
September, 1920. B.E.C. 1920, p. 157. Known before.
About 1920-1921 rather frequent, less so recently.
Mh. (77), excursion, 30th September, 1922. Varies
greatly in size.
Gastridium ventricostini (Gouan) S. & T.—G. lendigerum.
Gaud. Nitgrass. Ibrox (77), 1921. Seen in district
before. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
Apera Spica-venti \L.) Beauv. Brit. Ass. : " Recent intro-
duction." One of our most beautiful grasses. Frequent
on coups, but never seems established.
Arena fatiin, L. Wild Oat. Henn. : " Very rare." Fairly
frequent on coups.
A. sterilis, L. Grain store, Dalmuir (99), 1921. Rare.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
A. strigom, Schreb. Henn. Rather frequent as casual.
Exhibited, 27th December, 1921.
Cynosurus echinatus, L. Rough Dog's-tail. Occasional
casual for many years. Anniesland and Robroyston
(77). B.E.C. 1926, p. 141.
Koeleria phleoides, Pers. Md. (77), 192G, the only tuft.
Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926. p. 141.
K. jianirea (Lain.) Domin. Md. (77), 1923. Det. Thellung.
B.E.C. 1923. p. 222.
49
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vig.-Lut. Mh. (77). 1920.
Poa palustris, L. Hayward gives this as growing in the
valleys of the Severn, Tay, and Boyne. It has been
common on dry ash-heaps here of recent years, and seems
to grow in the east of Scotland also in similar places.
Exhibited, 28th September. 1920. Mh. (77). excursion,
.30th September. 1922.
P. compressa, L. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. :
"Recent introduction." Frequent and well established
on dry waste ground round Glasgow and as casual on
coups. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920. Doonfoot (75)
(Patton).
Glyceina distans (L.) Wahl. Brit. Ass. Possil and R. (77),
1916.
Festuca Mi/uriis. L. Wall Fescue. Ibrox and Gartsherrie
(77), 1921. Rare and casual. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405.
F. setacea (Pari.) Gus.s. Md.. near Coatbridge (77), 1920.
Det. Eraser (Leith). Believed rare.
Bromus rigens, h.=B. maximus, T)esi.=B. rinosus, Forsk.
Mh. (77), &c., 1920 : has occurred a few times. Det. Kew.
B.E.C. 1921, p. 405.
B. tectorum, L. R. and Md. (77). 1926. The only finds.
but in some quantity. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926. p. 142.
B. tectorum var. glahratus, Spenn. Glasgow coup (77).
B.E.C. 1927. p. 322.
B. madritensis. L. B. (77). ttc. 1920. Has occurred
occasionally since. Mh. (77). excursion. 30th September,
1922. Exhibited, 31st October. 1922. Was seen in (77)
a few times in 1922. and was apparently becoming
commoner here. B.E.C. 1920. p. 160.
B. inermis, Leyss. Md.. near Coatbridge (77). 1920.
B. Unioloides, H.B.K. Possil (77). Arc. 1920. Frequent
casual. For description, see B.E.C. 1925, p. 793.
B. secnlinus, L. Rye Broiiie Grass. Henn. : " Rare." Brit.
Ass. : " Introduced with ballast." Fairly frequent
casual. Exhibited. 28th September, 1920.
D
50
B. secalinus var. submi/ticus (Reichb.). Awns shorter.
Xewlands (77), &c., 1921. Rare. A short-spikeletted
form. B.E.C. 1921, p. 403.
B. secalinus var. ijolyanthus. Beck. Xot in Druce's " British
Plant List." Particularly fine grass, with lanceolate
spikelets. Robroyston (77), 1928. As var. submuticus
in B.E.C. 1928, p. 767.
B. hordeaceus, L. var. leptostachys (Pers.) Beck. Det. Druce
and Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 223.
B. arvensis, L. Field Brome Grass. Henn. : "Very rare.''
B. (77). B.E.C. 1928. p. 767.
B. macrostachys, Desf. Md. (77). 1922, rare, and Paisley
(76) (D. Ferguson). Det. Druce and Thellung. B.E.C
1923, p. 223.
Lolium temulentum, L. Darnel : the Tares of the Parable
(see margin. Revised Version). Henn. : " Very rare."
Found each season, but only as casual. Exhibited, 28th
June, 1921.
L. temulentum var. arvense (With.). Coup near Glasgow
(77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 767.
L. multiflorum, Lam.' var. muticuni, DC. Glasgow coups and
Mh. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 767.
Agropyron repens, L. var. Leersianum, S. F. Gray. With
very long awns. Myrtle Park coup, Glasgow (77), 1928.
B.E.C. 1928, p. 768.
A. repens var. Vaillantianum (Schreb.) Schrank. With purple
anthers. Md. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 768.
A. repens var. lasiorachis, Hack. With hairy rachis. Md.
(77), 1925. May be not uncommon in district. B.E.C.
1925, p. 907.
Secale cereale, L. Rye is a very common casual in the
district and far more so than the amount used here
would lead one to expect.
Lepturus filiformu, Trin. Hard Grass. Brit. Ass. Md. (77),
1922. Found by D. A. Boyd earlier at Fairlie (75)
under natural conditions. B.E.C. 1922, p. 754.
51
Hordeum nodoium, 'L.=H. pratense. Huds. Meadow
Barley. Has occurred a few times at Mh. and Rob-
royston (77), &c. Exhibited, 26th September, 1922.
n. murinum. L. "Wall Barley. Brit. Ass. Not native in
west of Scotland, though it grows in east. Has occurred
several times in the district of late years and seems
established at one spot at Robroyston (77). B.E.C.
1919. p. 721. Exhibited, 28th June. 1921. GiSnock (76)
(Patton).
H. marinum, L. Sea Barley. Bowling Distillery (99), 1920.
H. jubatum. L. Squirrel-tail Grass (U.S.A.). Skunk-tail
Grass (Canada). Rather frequent casual for many years.
Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Exhibited, 28th
September, 1920. and 28th June, 1921.
3. trifurcatum, Jacq. Fossil. *tc. (77), 1921. Like a
diseased form of barley. Sent incidentally to Mr.
Eraser. Leith. He consulted a cereal specialist, who
determined the plant as Tartar Barley. B.E.C. 1921,
p. 405.
H. vulgare, L. Common Barley. Cultivated. Common on
coups.
EJymus Caput-Medusae, L. B. (77). 1928. B.E.C. 1928,
p. 768.
J:, sibincus. L. R. (77), 1925. The only find: believed rare.
Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1925, p. 907.
52
In Memoriam.
1918-1919.
Mr. A. B. Motherwell became a Member in 1900, served
on the Council, and was an authority for flowering-plants
on the Eesearch Committee. He exhibited both plants and
birds.
Mr. Joseph Sommerville was elected a Member in 187G and
served the Society over a long period of years on the Council,
as Vice-President and as Auditor. He also contributed
exhibits to the meetings.
Professor J. W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S., who occupied the
Chair of Botany in the University of Aberdeen with dis-
tinction, and whose name will also be remembered by field-
botanists for his work on the flora of the north-east of
Scotland, was elected a Corresponding Member in 1888 and
an Honorary Member in 19U1. He contributed to the
" Transactions " numerous papers on cryptogamic plants and
also supplied exhibits.
Mr. Marcus Calde^r, M.D., exhibited specimens in 1888.
at which time he was Secretary of the Greenock Natural
History Society. He did much botanical collecting in the
Greenock district and in Argyllshire, Bute, and Cumbrae.
He paid particular attention to lichens, and his herbarium
is in Greenock Museum. Dr. Calder joined our Society in
1894 while he was still resident in Greenock and, after an
interval of withdrawal, rejoined in 1915, when he had
removed to Glasgow.
Mr. J. J. Robertson, elected an Ordinary Member in 1895,
served on the Council and acted as Joint Hon. Secretary from
1899 till 1903, receiving the thanks of the Society on his
retirement.
1919-1920.
Mr. James Roui'ke joined as an Ordinary Member in 1916.
After a period as Superintendent of Glasgow Botanic Gardens,
he was promoted in 1915 to be Assistant Superintendent of
53
Parks, the tirst holder of that appointment. Not only did
Mr. Rourke assist the Society by arranging exhibits of plants
and conducting visits to the Gardens, but he was always
ready to put his wide knowledge at the service of the
individual student.
{From a Notice read hy Mr. John Paterson.)
Mr. Richard M'Kay, who died in his eighty-first year, had
l^een continuously in the employment of Messrs. Blackie »fe
Son, Publishers, for 66 years. He was early associated with
the Eastern Botanical Society, and, when the Glasgow Society
of Field Naturalists joined with this Society in li^79, he
came to us with them and brought a reputation already
established in botany. For 28 years thereafter he was
constantly identified with the activities of this Society. He
frequently held office as a member of Council and on com-
mittees. He exhibited botanical specimens, often as micro-
scopical preparations. Some of his numerous reports on
excursions contain remarkably long lists of plants observed,
even over 200 species. Mr. M'Kay's professional skill as
a reader and his experience of printing were unreservedly
placed at the service of the Society. The first five volumes
of the " Proceedings," referring to the years 1851-1883,
had been published without indices. The great labour of
remeilying this defect was undertaken voluntarily by Mr.
M'Kay, and an index, extending to 67 pages in double
column, was published in 1885. This great service was
continued over a number of volumes of the New Series of
" Proceedings and Transactions." It is to him the Society
for the most part owes the distinction of having publications
indexed with exceptional fulness and accuracy. Mr. M'Kay
compiled the lists of Phanerogamia, Filices, and Equisetaceae
of the Clyde Valley for the British Association meeting here
in 1876. With 'Sir. .John Renwick he collected data relating
to the remarkable trees of the Clyde area and published
numerous lists of these and their measurements in the 1001
British Association " Han%th October, 1920.
The Annual Report of the Council stated that the member-
ship now was: — Honorary Members, 12 j Corresponding
Members, 25: Ordinary Life Members, 18; Ordinary Annual
Members, 154 — a total of 209. There were also 5 Associates.
In September Mr. Ross had intimated his resignation of
the secretaryship. The Council had accepted it with deep
regret and unanimously expressed appreciation of Mr. Ross's
services during his long term of office. Mr. Renouf had been
asked to take on the duties of Hon. Secretary meantime.
The Hon. Editor, Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, reported that
" The Glasgow Naturalist,'' Vol. VIII, No. 4, had been issued.
He resigned office owing to lack of time for the duties.
New office-bearers were elected as follows : — President, Mr.
Alex. Ross, F.E.I. S. ; Vice-President, Mr. Andrew Barclay.
F.E.I.S.; Honorary Secretary, with Mr. Dick, Mr. L. P. W.
Renouf, B.A. ; Honorary Editors of Transactions, Mr. John
Paterson and Mr. E. J. A. Stewart, M.A.. B.Sc. ; Members
of Council for three years, Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S.,
Mr. D. Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Mrs. E. R. Ewing, and Mr.
D. Macdonald : for one year, Mr. John R. Lee.
30fA November, 1920.
Mr. J. Ballantyne exhibited specimens of the Stinking
Groundsel, Senecio viscosus, L., from Whiting Bay, Arran,
probably introduced there with coal. Messrs. Ross, Lee, and
Grierson recorded the finding of this plant at several other
stations.
2&th April. 1921.
Mr. Macdonald. for Mr. Charles Kirk, exhibited a specimen
of the Pintail Duck, and added notes on its occurrence at
Bardowie Loch and Summerston.
31sf May, 1921.
Mr. Alexander Cuthbertson read a paper, " Some Rare
Birds of the Kilpatrick Hills." After a description of the
lochs, reservoirs, crags, and moors which were the breediuir-
haunts of the birds, the author eave notes on various rare
species, with i-ecords of their occurrence taken from his
own observations and communicated by local keepers and
others. He knew of no authentic record of the breeding
of the Raven, Corvus corax corax, L., since 1880. The species
occurred only as an irregular visitor. Regarding the
Carrion-Crow, C. corone corone, L., landowner, keeper,
shepherd, sportsman, and naturalist all seemed to agree that
this species was becoming a little too common on the hills.
His own observations confirmed its evil reputation. He knew
of only three localities where the Jackdaw. CoJoeus nioneduln
spermologus (Vieill.), bred in the hills. The Long-eared
Owl, Asio otus otus (L.), was increasing on the Kilpatrick
Hills, probably owing to the decided change in the attitude
of keepers, farmers, and landowners, due to the work of the
persevering economic naturalists. The author had seen nests
with owlets in 1920 and 1921. The Tawny Owl, Syrnhtm
aluco (L.) = Strix aluco sylvatica, Shaw, he thought was
decreasing. Not nearly so many bred in the woods on the
hill-slopes as formerly. The Tawny Owl was, happily, the
most widely distributed of all the owls in the Kilpatrick
Hills. It was an early nester there, about the second week
of April. He had seldom found the eggs hatched before
27th April. He had examined many disgorged pellets, and
had found them to contain mostly bones of small rodents,
such as the Long-tailed Field Mouse, seldom of birds. The
author had seen the nests and eggs and young of the Stock-
Dove, Columba oenas, L. The Common Tern, Sterna hirundo
hirundo, L., had in recent years increased. Data were given
of the breeding of the species at more than one loch, and of
observations made on times of arrival and departure. The
numbers of the Black-headed OuU, Lnrua ridihtnidns
ridibimdus, L., breeding on the Kilpatrick Hills had been
greatly decreased, chiefly owing to raids by egg-collectors.
Both the Buzzard, Fairo Buteo, 1j.= Bnteo buteo hiiteo (L.).
and the Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrimus peregrinns.
Tunst., could be described only as irregular visitors to the
Kilpatrick Hills two years ago; now the latter species at least
could be described with certainty as a breeding falcon. It
.73
liad been seen quite frequently in 1919, late in autumn, and
in 1920 it appeared with a mate. A pair nested on a crag
and two eggg were seen in the second week of May. The
nest was raided. The Peregrine, however, was reported to
be nesting on the hills in 1921. Occurrences were mentioned
of the Golden Eagle. Aquila chrym'etus chrymUus (L.), in
1868, the Buzzard in 1872, the Rough-legged Buzzard, Falco
Lagopus, Br unmch = But eo lagopus lagopti^s (Brxinn.), in
1870, and the Oyster-Catcher, Haematopus ostralegus
ostralegus, L., in 1920.
2Sth June. 1921.
Mr. Lawrence Watt exhibited and described specimens of
plants, including Salix purpurea, h.xviminalis, L.=
S. rubra, Huds., grow'ing on damp ground at the west end
of Milton, Dunbartonshire. S. nigricans, Sm., from Loch
Humphrey Burn, Dunbartonshire, was described. The state-
ment was made that it had now been agreed to discard that
name and give the name S. Andersoniana, Sm.
A letter was read from Dr. J. Ritchie, Royal Scottish
Museum, Edinburgh, proposing " A Federation of Scottish
Naturalists." It was resolved to ask Mrs. Ewing to attend
a meeting of those interested to l)e held during the session
of the British Association in ?]dinburgh, and to report.
'27th September, 1921.
Mi-s. Ewing reported that no discussion had taken place
during the meeting of the British Association regarding the
proposed " Federation of Scottish Naturalists."
2oth October, 1921.
New oflSce-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President,
Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S. ; Honorary Secretary, in place
of Mr. Renouf (appointed Professor of Zoology in University
College, Cork), Mr. Alex. Cuthbertson ; Members of Council,
Mrs. Buchanan, Messrs. T. Hill, J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S.,
and W. J. M'Leod; Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. James
Jack, Mr. James Simpson, M.A.
74
On behalf of Mr. T. Thornton MacKeith, there was-
exhibited a Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.),
taken at Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, on 30th Xovember. 1920,
this being the latest known date for the presence of this bird
in Scotland.
Mr. R. F. Graham of Skipness, Argyll, contributed a note
on the occurrence of some uncommon bird visitors in that
district, including Crossbill, Snow Bunting. Pintail, Knot,
Greenshank, Arctic or Richardson's Skua.
Mr. Ross read a paper describing the couimon and rare
species of birds occurring in summer months about Tarbert,.
Loch Fyne.
29th November, 1921.
Occurrences in " Clyde " of flocks of the Waxwing,
Bombycilla gar?-uliis {L.) = Ampelis garrulvs, L., during the
recent exceptional immigration, November, 1921, were
recorded by Mr. William Robertson, Croy, Mr. Cuthbertson,
and Mr. Rennie.
It was unanimously resolved to take no part in the proposed
Union or Federation of Scottish Naturalists.
Mr. Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, drew attention to the
proposed extensive importation of alien alpine flora to
Scottish hills, and moved that the Secretary be instructed to
convey the strong feeling of indignation of the Society and
its protest against any such introduction. The motion was
adopted unanimously.
27 til December, 1921.
Mr. J. Duncan Leslie exhibited specimens of the Cat-Louse,
Tricfiodectes subrostratus (Nitzsch), and remarked on the
paucity of definite data on the Aptera of " Clyde."
31s^ Janiuiry, 1922.
Mr. Lee was elected representative of the Society on the
Council of the recently formed Biological Section of the Royai
Philosophical Society of Glasgow.
(0 ' •
Mr. D. W. Wotherspoon, on behalf of Mr. Charle.s Kirk,
exhibited specimens of the Waxwing from the Calder district.
Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper, " The Economic Status of
Some Dunbartonshire Birds," based on field observations and
the examination of stomach contents and excreta. These
emphasised the utility to agriculture and forestry of the
Lapwing. Curlew, Jackdaw. Magpie. Tawny Owl. Long-eared
Owl, Barn Owl, Tree-Creeper, Willow Warbler, Pipits, Stone-
chat, and Black-headed Gull. The Carrion-Crow, Lesser
Black-backed Gull, Sparrow-Hawk, Starling, and Sparrow,
which were distinctly injurious, were increasing in the area.
2Sth Fehrminj. 1922.
On behalf of Mr. Charles Kirk, a Bittern, Botaiirus
stellaris stellaris (L.), was exhibited from Glassford, Lanark-
shire, and remarks were made upon the specimen by Mr.
D. W. Wotherspoon.
Professor T. H. Bryce was congratulated ttpon his election
as F.R.S.
2^th March, 1922.
Mr. Rennie read a note on the occurrence of the Whooper
Swan, Cygnu? musicw?, Bechstein = C'3/^??M.? cygnus (L.). at
Possil Marsh. Two adults and two juveniles had been
observed in the spring of 1921 and four adults and one
juvenile in the spring of 1922.
loth April. 1922.
Mr. Lee exhibited the moss. Hy/j>nnn vernicosum, Lindb.,
from Blae Loch, Ayrshire.
Mr. Patton delivered a lecture, " The Vegetation of the
Tinto Hills."
30fh May, 1922.
Mr. Watt exhibited specimens of Pimpinella Saxifraga, L.
var. dissecta. With., from Kilpatrick Hills, and Jiiniperui
communis, L. var. intermedia, Nyman = /. {intermedia,
Nyman, from Ben Vorlich, Dunbartonshire.
76
Mr. Patton exhi'bited a specimen of Toothwort, Lathraea
Squamaria, L., parasitic on Elm, from Campsie Glen, Stirling-
shire (Vice-County 866).
^\st October, 1922.
The Annual Report of the Council stated that the member-
ship now was: — Honorary Members, 10; Corresponding
Members, 28; Life Members, 29; Annual Members, 179 — a
total of 246. There were also 8 Associates.
New office-ibearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President.
Mr. Lawrence Watt ; Honorary Secretary, in place of Mr.
Dick, who retired, Mrs. S. Cairns Maclachlan ; Honorary
Treasurer, Mr. R. Grierson; Members of Council for three
years, Messrs. J. Dick, M.A., W. Miller, J. MacAlpine, and
J. R. Lee; for one year, Messrs. Anderson Fergueson, F.E.S..
and C. S. M'Kinven ; Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. Lee,
Mr. Robert Henderson.
I^th November, 1922.
Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper, " A Preliminary Survey of
Forest-Insect Conditions in Ardgoil and Drimsynie, Argyll,
1922," with specimens showing the injuries done by various
species, among the rarer being the bark beetle, Dryocaetei-
autographus, Ratzeb., not recorded before from "Clyde."
Mr. Shanks exhibited two specimens of the Steel-Blue Wood-
Wasp, Sirex juvencus, L., from Glengarnock, Ayrshire,
emerged from wooden battens.
^Oth January, 1923.
Mr. Patton i-ead a paper, " Variations in the Vegetation
along the Outcrop of the Lawers-Canlochan Schist," this
forming the first of a series of papers on the Breadalbane
District of Perthshire.
Mr. Cuthbertson read notes on a newly established rookery
at Lochgoilhead, Argyllshire, probably a colony from the
main Strachur rookery. There appeared to be eight nests
in which young were reared.
77
2Tth February, 1923.
Professor Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., read a paper,
" The Geology of Ben Lawers," being the second paper in
the Breadalbane series.
21th March, 1923.
The meeting congratulated Mr. Barclay on receiving the
honour of M.B.E.
Mr. R. Elmhirst, F.L.S., contributed a note on the
occurrence off Cunibrae of two fishes, not previously recorded
for the Clyde Sea Area, Gohius paganellus, Gmelin, near
Crosshouse, and Leyadogaster decandollei, Risso, near Lion
Rock, and of the Ship's Barnacle, Lepas anatifera, L., near
Leek Pier, a species scarce in the area.
A third paper in the Breadalbane series, " The Alpine Flora
of Ben Lawers and the Adjacent Mountains," was read by
Mr. Lee.
2Uh April, 1923.
Mr. Fergusson exhibited the beetle, Leistas montanus,
Steph.. from Catacol, Arran, where it occurred among
shingle.
Mr. Rennie read notes on Kenmure rookery, Bishopbriggs,
Lanarkshire, and Mr. Cuthbertson on some Dunbartonshire
rookeries.
Mr. D. Macdonald presented " Nature Notes and Obser-
vations from Loch Goil, Spring, 1923," this being an area
which had not l>een well worked so far by ornithologists.
29th May, 1923.
Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the immature stages of the
crane-fly,. Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg., from near We.sterton
Garden Suburb, Dunbartonshii-e.
2eth June, 1923.
Mr. Ross exhibited the young of the Capercaillie, Tetrao
urogallus urogallus, L.. found at Auchinleck. in Killearn
district.
78
30th October, 1923.
New office-bearers were elected as follows : — President,
Mr. Andrew Barclay, M.B.E.. J. P., F.E.I. S. ; Vice-President,
Professor L. A. L. King, M.A. (^Cantab.) ; Honorary Secretary,
in place of the late Mrs. Cairns Maclachlan, Mr. H. Stuart
Girvan, B.L. ; Honorary Librarians, Messrs. W. Rennie and
C. S. M'Kinven; Members of Council for one year, Messrs.
J. M. Crosthwaite, Osbert Henderson, J. F. Milne, and
A. Ross, F.E.I. S.
Mr. Cuthbertson read a note on some additions to the
Clyde list of Crane-Flies, Tipulidae, which included
Dicranomyia halterella, Edw., D. rufiventris, Strobl.,
Molophilus occultus, de Meij., M. flavus, Goit., M. pttsillus,
Edw., Ormosia alhitihia. Edw., Pseudolimnophila lucorum,
Mg., Dicranota Guerini, Ztt., Tricyphona 1 ucidipennis , Edw.,
T. schummali, Edw., and Tanyptera atrata, L.
29th January, 1924.
Mr. Rennie read a paper, " Some Additions to the 1912
List of the Birds of Possil Marsh."
2^th March, 1924.
Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the larva of Dicranota Guerini,
Ztt., and read notes on its occurrence as observed at West
Kilbride, Ayrshire.
Mr. .James Bartholomew read a paper, " Birds and
Mammals of Glenorchard District, Stirlingshire."
28th October, 1924.
The report of the Bird Sanctuaries Committee stated that
the Society had approached Glasgow Corporation Parks
Committee with regard to the establishment of Bird Sanc-
tuaries in the Public Parks, and that the Corporation had
established sanctuaries in Dawsholm Park, Kelvingrove
Park, Queen's Park, Rouken Glen Park, Linn Park, and
Tollcross Park. In all these places feeding-tables and
nesting-boxes were being provided.
79
New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President,
:\lr. Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D.; Honorary
Lanternist, Mr.- W. Cousin; Members of Council for three
jears, Messrs. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., J. J. F.-X.
King, F.E.S., T. Thornton MacKeith, and Robert M'Lean,
M.A. ; for two years, Mr. Cousin; for one year, Messrs. James
Jack and George Lunam.
2oth November, 1924.
Motions affecting several Rules in the Constitution were
put forward by Mr. Crosthwaite. On the motion of Mr.
J. J. F.-X. King, a Committee was appointed to deal
with the complete revision of the Constitution. Messrs.
Crosthwaite, Ross, J. J. F.-X. King, and Rennie were elected
to this Committee.
23rd December, 1924.
A letter was read from Glasgow Corporation in reply to
"the Society's communication urging the necessity of an Order
for the County of the City of Glasgow prohibiting the taking
or killing of any wild bird or the taking or destroying of
its eggs throughout the whole year. The Corporation, the
reply stated, had made application to the Secretary for
Scotland for an Order under the Wild Birds Protection Acts.
1880-1908.
[The application was successful, and such an Order,
having this wide scope, covering all species, has been in
operation since 1925.]
24:th February, 1925.
Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the crane €y, Tipula cheethami.
Edw., found at Tourgill, near Largs, Ayrshire, on a moss-
covered log.
Zlst March, 1925.
Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the larvae of the ciane-flies.
Prionocera trucica, F., and Tanyptera atrata, L., the former
among aqiiatic mosses at Frankfield Loch, Lanarkshire, the
so
latter at Cochno, Duntocher. Dunbartonshire, in a beeeii
stump.
The Rev. J. M. M'William. B.A., exhibited a collection of
Humble-Bees of Bute, made by Dr. 0. H. Wild in 1924, one
species of which was new to science, as specialists considered
that it agreed with no published description.
A paper by Mr. M'William, " Some Suggestions for
Further Research on the Fauna of the Clyde Area," made
particular reference to the fauna of the Isles of the Firth,
and initiated a discussion, in which it was agreed that such
research was urgently required.
28^// A//ri/, 1925.
On the motion of Mr. Barclay, it was agreed to remit the
revision of the Constitution to the whole Council.
27 tk October, 1925.
New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President,
Mr. George Lunam; Members of Council, retiring 1928,
Messrs. James Bartholomew, John Cairns. William Pettigrew,
and Alex. Ross; retiring 192G, Mr. Arch. Shanks; Convener
of Photographical Section Committee, Mi-. T. Thornton
MacKeith.
Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited specimens of the pond-snail,
JAmnnen stnynali^ (L.)' fi'om a pond near Motherwell, Lanaik-
shire, where they were found floating on the surface among
leaves. When irritated they excrete a violet-coloured liquid
and drop to the bottom. The species is not common in the
Clyde Area.
2\th November, 1925.
The revi.sed Constitution of the Society was unanimously
approved, on the motion of Mr. Stuart Oirvan, seconded by
Mr. J. J. F.-X. King.
Mr. Grierson exhibited the moss, Bri/urn roseum, Schreb.
from Loch Fad, Isle of Bute. It is rare in "Clyde."
81
'2^th December. 1925.
Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper on the present state of the
Clyde list of Crane-Flies, Tipulidae. A total of 175 species
had been recorded, and he had seen 5 others in local
collections. Adelphomyia nieheni (Kuntze), from Dunbarton-
shire, new to Britain, and Ormosia uncinota (Mg.) Meij. were
exhibited.
2.3r(7 Fehruury. 1926.
Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited larvae and pupae of the gnats,
Culex pipiens. L.. and CuUcella morsitans, Theob.. from Bute.
Mr. Watt exhibited the Wild Guelder Rose, Viburnum
Opulus, L., Salix pentandra, L., Beiberis sp. with leaves dull,
and Beech, Fagus si/Ivatica. L., with leaves cut on one side
and normal on the other : all from Rossdhu policies. Dun-
bartonshire. The first two are new records for the Parish of
Luss. He also showed Ronuncidus acris, L. var. Boraeanu?
(Jord.') = ^. acer, L. var. multifidus, DC. from the base of
the Kilpatrick Hills, near Duntocher. Dunbartonshire.
nrd March. 1926.
The congratulations of the Members were offered to Dr.
Patton on his election as F.R.S.E.
26/A October, 1926.
Xew office-bearers were elected as follows : — President, Mr.
Donald Patton. M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.E.: Vice-President.
Mr. James Bartholomew : Honorary Secretary, in place of
Mr. Cuthl^ertson, who had received an appointment as
Entomologist in Africa. Mr. John W. Xicol. Jun. ; Honorary
Editors. Mr. E. J. A. Stewart and Mr. Alex. Ross, F.E.I.S.;
Members of Council, retiring 1929. Dr. J. W. Xicol and
Messrs. J. W. Crosthwaite. Anderson Fergusson, and Henry
Kesson, M.A. ; retiring 1928, Mr. J. Paterson and Mr.
Andrew Barclay. M.B.E. : retiring 1927, Mr. J. J. F.-X. King,
F.E.S.. and Mr. Thomas Wise: Honorary Auditor, in place
of Mr. R. Henderson, Mr. Dugald M'Intyre, C.A.
F
82
?jOth November, 1926.
Mr. John Paterson read a paper, " Some Occurrences of
the Red Admiral, Vanessa atahinta, L., in the Clyde Area in
the Autumn of 1926." 1926 had some claim to be considered
a " Red Admiral Year."
28th December, 1926.
Dr. J. W. Nicol described, as illustrating the influence of
heredity, the occurrence of a double terminal portion of the
thumb in three successive generations of a Glasgow family
and exhibited X-ray photographs of the phenomenon.
'22nd February, 1927.
Mr. Rennie read two papers, " Fossil Marsh — A. Prospective
Sanctuary" and "Bird Life at Possil Marsh during the
year 1926." He had observed 76 species of birds in the
course of 60 visits. He described the items of greatest interest
week by week more fully than in 1916 (" The Glasgow
Naturalist," Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 56-63).
Mr. Paterson exhibited the mould, Hormiscium pithy-
ophilum, Nees, from Rouken Glen Park, a new record for
Renfrewshire.
■ilst May, 1927.
On the motion of Dr. Patton, seconded by Mr. Ross, it
was unanimously agreed that a Sub-Committee should be
formed, consisting of the President, Vice-Presidents, Hon.
Secretaries, and Hon. Treasurer, with power to add to their
number, for the purpose of getting into touch with the other
local societies, with a view to the formation of a Catalogue
of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area, in readiness for
the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow in 1928.
Mr. Grierson exhibited specimens of the moss, Campylo-
steliwm saxicoJa, B. k S., from Torrance Glen, East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire, a new record for " Clyde." The only previous
record, from Perthshire, was stated to be extremely doubtful.
Mr. Grierson also exhibited the introduced moss, Leptobryum
pyriforme, Wils., from Ardencraig, Bute.
83
•21th September, 1927.
Mr. .J. W. Xicol, Jun., B.Sc, per Mr. Lee, exhibited
Saussurea alpina (L.) DC. in floM-er from Beinn Xarnain,
Argyllshire.
Mr. Lee exhibited two liverworts from Glen Falloch,
Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn., a new record for Vice-
County 87a, West Perth, in " Clyde," and Scapania umbrosa,
Dum.j of rare occurrence. Mr. Lee also exhibited on behalf
of Mr. D. A. Boyd the moss, Tetraplodon mnioides, B. k S.,
from Cairntable. a new record for Vice-County 75, Ayr.
•loth October, 1927.
The Annual Report of Council stated that the membership
roll now stood : — Life Members, 22; Ordinary Members, 115 —
a total of 137. There were also 4 Associates.
Xew office-ljearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President.
Mr. Robert M'Lean, M.A. : Honorary Librarian, in place of
Mr. M'Kinven, Mr. Thomas Lauder; Members of Council,
retiring 1930, Professor L. A. L. King, M.A., F.R.S.E., and
Messrs. Robert Mackechnie, B.Sc, John Sutherland, and
Lawrence "Watt: Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. Simpson,
Mr. J. R. Lee.
The Library Report stated that " The Glasgow Xaturalist,"
Vol. VIII, Xo. 6, had been issued during the session.
21th December, 1927.
Dr. Patton exhibited specimens of the fungus, Arcyria
ptmicea, Pers., found growing in the grounds of Jordanhill
Training College, Glassfow.
-o^'
Slst January, 1928.
Mr. Rennie described the occurrence of considerable
numbers of Whooper Swans at Possil Marsh during January.
On the 23rd, 38 swans were observed, of which 26 were
Whoopers and 8 Bewicks.
84
'loth Septe//ibei\ 1928.
Mrs. Ewing read a report on the meeting: of the British
Association at Glasgow in September, which she attended as
the Society's delegate. She suggested incidentally that the
Society should make an annual excursion to Benmore,
Argyll.
Mr. Lunam exhibited All-seed, Radiola linoides, Roth.=
E. Radiola (L.), and Toad Rush, Juncus hufonivs, L. var.,
from Bute, Vice-County 100.
?,Qth October, 1928.
The Annual Report of Council stated that the membership
roll noAv included : — Life Members, 22 ; Ordinary Members,
112 — a total of 134. There were also 4 Associates.
The Report stated : — " The Sub-Committee appointed to
further the proposal to form a permanent Catalogue of the
Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area, in co-operation with the
other local societies, duly held a meeting with the represen-
tatives from the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the
Microscopical Society of Glasgow to discuss the matter. This
meeting resulted in the formation of the Clyde Card Cata-
logue Committee, which Committee carried out the work of
producing and having on exhibit a Card Catalogue of the
additions to the Fauna and Flora of that Area since 1901."
[Representatives, not only of the societies named above,
but of other societies in the Clyde Area, took an active part
in the formation of this Catalogue.]
The Library Report stated that 81 books had been issued
to the members, as against 45 for the previous session, and
that greater use had been made for consultation without
withdrawal of books. This activity was almost solely due
to those interested in the compilation of the Clyde Card
Catalogue in connection with the visit of the British
Association, and once again demonstrated how valuable an
asset the library was to the Society.
85
New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President,
Mr. James Jack; Members of Council, retiring 1931, Mrs.
Ewing, Professor J. M. F. Drummond. B.A., F.L.S.,
F.R.S.E., and Messrs. J. R. Lee and John M'Queen; retiring
1929, Mr. D. J. N. M'Nab; Honorary Auditor, in place of
Mr. Lee, Mr. George Lunam.
ISth December, 1928.
The following motion, moved by Mr. Grierson and seconded
by Mr. John Sutherland, was carried unanimously: — "To
appoint a Committee of four to confer with representatives
of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical
Society of Glasgow with a view to discussing the question
of amalgamating with these Societies, and to report to a
subsequent meeting."
The following members were duly appointed to the Com-
mittee : — Dr. Patton and Messrs. Grierson, Barclay, and
Rennie.
Mr. Rennie read a pape)-, " The Birds of Possil Marsh.
Additions to the 1912 List." He stated that the total number
of species recorded for the Marsh was 132, of which 21 had
been added since 1912. Several birds which formerly occurred
but rarely had now become quite common, such as the Gold-
finch and Redstart and Whooper Swan. The Whooper, which
was first recorded in 1918, had greatly increased in numbers,
26 having been seen in January, 1928. Among other birds
seen were the Garganey, Pintail, Pied Flycatcher, Wood-
cock, Jack Snipe, and Greenland Wheatear.
Mr. Lee exhibited and described the mosses : Dichor/o7itium
peJIiiciduin, Schp. var. compactuni, Schp., from Sandford,
Lanarkshire, and Stewarton, Ayrshire, these being both new
Vice-County records; and NecJ>-era ]?umila, Hedw. var.
Philippeann, Milde, from Mugdock Castle, Stirlingshire,
Vice-County 866, a new recoi'd for " Clyde."
29th Jainiari/, 1929.
Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited specimens of Petn'mln
Uthophaga (Forbes), a very lare boring shell, collected at
86
Troon, Ayrshire, and a new record for " Clyde." It is
stated to have been found only once before in Scotland — on
the East Coast.
Mr. Thomas Lauder exhibited a specimen of one of the
longicorn beetles, Callichr-oma sp., found in a piece of
American cedar in a Glasgow timber yard.
26tJi February, 1929.
Mr. Bartholomew exhibited an immature specimen of the
Gadwall Drake, Anas strepera, L., which had been shot at
Glenorchard, Stirlingshire. There were only two other
records of the occurrence of this species in the Kelvin area.
26fA March, 1929.
Mr. Lee read a paper, " Notes on Rehoulia hemisphaerica,
Raddi, and its Occurrence in the Clyde Area." He had
found this rare liverwort at Campsie Glen, Vice-County 866,
on 9th March, 1929, this being a new record for Stirlingshire,
Vice-County 86. The species had previously been recorded,
in the Clyde Area, from Lochranza, Arran ; from Largs,
Ayrshire; and from Loch Humphrey Burn. Duntocher,
Dunbartonshire.
30/A April, 1929.
Mr. Grierson, on behalf of the Committee appointed to
confer with representatives of the Andersonian Naturalists'
Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow with a view
to discussing the question of amalgamating with these
Societies, delivered a Report. This stated that, in the opinion
of the Committee, amalgamation was desirable, provided
certain difficulties could be overcome. After discussion, it
was decided, on the motion of Mr. Nicol, seconded by Mr.
Fergusson. to remit the Report to the Council for further
consideration.
Mr. Lee exhibited a si>ecimen of Rehoulia heTnisphae?-ica,
collected at Campsie Glen, and mentioned at the previous
meeting.
'2ieen members of the Society. Their labours
were embodied in the long series of Transactions, a series
of which the Society had every right to be very proud. This
was not the termination of the Society. The activities for
Avhich it had stood during its long life would, they hoped..
91
be carried forward with renewed strength in the amalgama-
tion of the three societies) of GU\sgow.
Dr. Patton moved: — " That the meeting dispense with the
election of ofl&ce-bearers and proceed to consider amalgama-
tion, and that the present office-bearers remain in office until
amalgamation is complete.'" The motion was seconded by
Mr. Connell, and unanimously approved.
The Report of Council for 1929-1930 stated that the roll
now stood at' 15 Life Members, 109 Ordinary ^Ieuil)ers, and
three Associates.
The Report proceeded to relate the steps towards amalgama-
tion as follows : " The report of the Amalgamation Committee
which had been referred to the Council for consideration
was fully gone into. It appeared that one of the greatest
difficulties that lay in the way of an amalgamation was the
disposal of the Society's Library. This matter was taken up
by a special Sub-Committee. As a result of their negotiations,
the Mitchell Library agreed to house the collection under
the same conditions as applied to the Society's foreign Trans-
actions already kept there. At the January meeting, the
Amalgamation Committee was re-appointed to make the
amalgamation effective. Meetings were held with repre-
sentatives from the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the
Microscopical Society of Glasgow and, as a result, a draft
Constitution was drawn up which has been approved by all
three Societies. A joint-meeting of the Councils of the three
Societies has also been held, at which it was decided that
the first meeting of the new Society, the Glasgow and
Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society,
should be held in January. 19.31. in the Royal Technical
College. The Council has decided that, in view of the
amalgamation, the Octol-)er meeting of the Society shall be
the last to be held in the Rooms, and that thereafter, in
November and Deceml^er, the members shall attend the
meetings of the Andei-sonian Naturalists' Society as the
cuests of that Societv."
92
Mr, Rennie's Report cas Hon. Librarian stated that the
books were now housed in the Mitchell Library, where they
might be borrowed by the members on the production of
their receipt for subscription for the current session. The
Society's gratitude was due to the gentlemen who so
willingly sacrificed so much of their time to the preparation
for the removal of the books. Acknowledgment was made of
the keen interest with which Mr. Lauder devoted himself
to the Library during the session and to the supervision of
its removal.
Mr. Ross exhibited a fly, ChrysncMamys cuprea, Scop.,
taken in 1930 at Tarbert, Loch Fyne. This was a second
record for " Clyde," the first having been captured by Mr.
Ross at Hawkhead, Renfrewshire, in 1903.
93
Excursions.
1919-1930.
The excursions are arranged under the "Vice-Counties.''
To the name of each area is added its Watsonian Vice-County
number or the number and distinguishing letter as used for
certain " sub-areas " in the " Clyde Card Catalogue, 1928."
The portion of Stirlingshire in " Clyde " within the Kelvin
drainage area is indicated by " 866," the portion in the
Loch Lomond drainage area by " 86c." No excursions are
here included for " 86o," the eastern detached portion of
Dunbartonshire, or "Dumbarton in Stirling." The excursions
placed under " 99 " were held in the main or western portion
of Dunbartonshire. The only excursions in Perthshire here
included are those in the " Clyde " or Falloch drainage
area portion, " 87fl," of the Watsonian Vice-County, West
Perth, "87."
As explained in the Editorial Xote, considerations of space
have made it impossible to mention all the excursions held
during the period, far less to give in detail the reports on
these, in which nuich interesting matter is contained. So far
as possible, the excursions selected for mention are those
in " Clyde" at which some "Vice-County" or other record
was obtained or some notable or rare species was observed.
The confinement to " Clyde " excludes unfortunately such
valuable recording as that done in Perthshire. Vice-
County 88. The visit to Beinn Laoigh (Ben Lui) and the
valley of the Coninish on 17th and 19th Jxdy. 1920, yielded
193 species of Phanerogams and Ferns. As for Ben Lawers
and other haunts of the Society about Loch Tay. one hopes
to see the records of repeated visits brought together in
connected form and published later.
References to plants seen at some of the following excursions
and at others during the same period not mentioned here
will be found in Mr. Orierson's paper in this issue under
the species concerned.
94
Abbreviations.
(A) — Joint with Andeisonian Naturalists' Society.
l-^B) — .. ,, ,, „ „
(Botanical Section).
(B) — Joint with Bute Natural History Society.
(D) — ,, „ Dunbartonshire Natural History Society.
(H) — ,, ,, Hamilton Natural History Society.
(M) — ., ., Microscopical Society of Glasgow.
(P) — ., ,, Paisley Naturalists' Society.
(F.F.) — Fungus Foray.
Atr (75).
West Kilbride to Fairlie, 21st August, 1920.— Celery-
leaved Crowfoot. Ranunculus sceleratus, L., and Parsley
Water Dropwort, Oenanthe Lachenalii, C. Gmel. : these two
species occurred in only four Ayrshire parishes. Evergreen
Alkanet, Anchusa semperwirens, L.. was recorded only for
Dairy, Tarbolton. and Colmonell in Smith's " Botany of
Ayrshire."
Darvel and Lantine. 26th September, 1921 — (A, M). —
Constant presence of the Red Admiral butterfly, Vanessa
atalanta, L., in the Lanfine garden. Sometimes as many as
a dozen could be noted at one time among the flowers. This
was a "Red Admiral Year."
West Kilbride and Portincross, 18th August, 1923 — (A). —
The crane-flies, Pseudolimnophila lucorum, Mg., Tricyphona
straminea, M^.,TipuIa signata, Staeg., and Ormosia uncinata
(Mg.) Meij. Thirty-nine species of microfungi.
Blair. Dairy, 2nd July, 1927. — Holes scooped out by Tree-
Creeper in bark of some of the boles of Wellingtonia,
2-3 inches in diameter and H-2 inches deep : used as
roosting-places at night. Girthed Yew, 11 feet H inch.
(In 1895 it measured 9 feet 9 inches at a height of one foot.)
Myosotis versicolor, Sm. var. jxiUida, Breb., with white or
cream-coloured flowers.
95
Renfrew (76).
Hawkhead, 4th October, 1919 — (F.F.). — Agoricus fimi-
jnitris, Bull., and Coprinus niveus, Fr.
Finlayston. 17th September, 1921— (A. M) (F.F.).—
A Beech opposite the house had evidently been a grand tree;
but the top had been blasted away by lighting. The bole
girthed 12 feet 9^ inches at 5 feet and 13 feet 8 inches at
2 feet. The fungus, Polyporus giganteus, Fr., formed a
series of rosettes all round the tree. One cap measured
15 by 13 inches. A Tew opposite the house, an old tree.
Tvas just a series of forkings, and was 15 feet in circumference
at ground level. Also at the house was a Cedar, which forked
at 2 feet and gave two strong trunks and had a bole 10 feet
1 inch in circumference at 6 inches from the ground. At
a small enclosure, named " Paradise," Mr. Shanks also
measured three Yews at the narrowest part 1 foot 6 inches
from the ground, a female, 9 feet 9| inches; a male, 10 feet
7 inches : another male, 8 feet 9| inches.
Kilmacolm and Blacketty Water. 10th April, 1926— (A). —
Stock-Dove flushed from nesting-hole.
Lan-\iik (77).
Gorge of Avon, 13th September, 1919 — (H). — The crane-
fly, Amalopis straminea, Walker, was taken. It is veiv
local. In the British Association Handbook. 1901. "A. sp. ? "'
is recorded for Cadzow. stated by Mr. G. H. Verrall to be
the probable species mentioned above. Two of the younger
Oaks at the prehistoric fort and trench were girthed, 20 feet
and 21 feet respectively. At the foot of the walls of Chatel-
herault the Hop. Humulus Lupulns, L.. was growing, and
Evergreen Alkanet, Anchiim sempervirens, L., and Ivy-leaved
Toadflax. Linaria Cymhalaria (L.) Mill., features before the
•walls were pointed, were spreading again.
Banks of Kelvin. 9th June. 1920. — The moss, Ht/pninv
riparium, L. var. loixgifolium, Schp., on stones in the river;
a new record for " Clyde."
96
Stirling (Kelvin) (866).
Campsie Glen, 6th April, 1929. — The liverwort, Rehoidia
hemisphaerica, Raddi, in several localities. Toothwort,
Lathraea Squumaria, L. : three specimens found at its old
.station after absence of three years.
Stirling (Loch Lomond) (86c).
Duntreath, 8th September, 1923.— On a Poplar a slight
modification of the slug, Li/nax maximus, L. var. fervssaei
(Moq.). Stinking Groundsel, Senecio viscosus, L.
Balmaha, 19th May, 1924— (A).— Pair of Ravens. The
Diptera : Platyckirus scufatus, Mg., Myopa testacea, L.,
Homalomyia strohili. Stein, Borborus geniculatiis, Mcq.,
B. niger, Mg. Girthed Yew at Cashell, 13 feet 2 inches at
height of 4 feet, an increase of 12 inches since July, 1899
(see 1901 " Handbook "). Girthed Scots Pine, 77 feet high,
at Millarochy. 10 feet 7^ inches at 2 feet, and 10 feet 1 inch
at 5 feet.
West Perth (Falloch) (87a).
Glen Falloch, 16th July, 1927— (A).— The rare moss,
Leptodontium recurvifolium, Lindb.. still persisting. The
liverworts : Anewra latifrons, Lindb., a new record for
Vice-County 87, Scajxinia nmbrosa, Dum., Lejeimea patetis,
Lindb., Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn., and Eadtila
aquilegia, Tayl., the last two being new records for Vice-
County 87a.
Troisgeach, 18th July, 1927 — (A). — Dwarf Cornel, Cornus
suecica, L., at 2,000 feet in considerable abundance, some still
in flower. A new record for Vice-County 87a. Xot recorded
in " Clyde " since 1905 on Ben Vorlich, Vice-County 99
("Annals, Andersonian Naturalists' Society.'' Vol. Ill,
p. 101), the only previous record being the doubtful one
for Loch Long in the 1901 " Handbook." Alpine Sawwort,
Saussurea alpina (L.) DC.
(Main) Argyll (98).
Lochgoilhead, 25th September. 1922. — Peregrine Falcon.
Raven, Buzzard.
97
Succoth Burn, Sour-Milk Burn, and Glen Croe, 2nd April.
1923 — (A). — Purple Mountain-Saxifrage, Saxifraga opposi-
ti folia, L., in flower at Falls of Narnain, a sonaewhat low-
altitude for the plant in this district. Gipsv-wort, Lycopus
europaeus, L.
Dumbarton (99).
Glen Luss. 12th June, 1920— (AB).— Bugle. Ajuga
reptans, L., with pink flowei"S.
Row (now Bhu) to Helensburgh, 13th May. 1922— (D).—
Chifi'chaff in song, a scarce bird here, though annually
represented by one or two pairs. St. George's Fungus,
Agaricus gamhosus, Fr.. its English name due to its
appearance usually about St. George's Day, 23rd April;
rare in Scotland, but had occurred at Rhu for the past
three or four years.
Luss and Sword Burn. 10th June. 1922— (AB).— Girthed
Lime tree in front of hotel. 14 feet 10 inches at a height of
4 feet on west side; Silver Fir on roadside. 15 feet 2 inches
at 3 feet; Gean at Aldochlay. 10 feet 6 inches at 2 feet
6 inches on side next roadway.
Glen Fruin and Shandon, 6th June, 1925 — (A). — Scale
Fern. Ceterach Ceterach (L.) = C. o-fficinarum. Willd.
Ben Vorlich, loth July. 1927. — Draha incana, L. var.
confusa (Ehrh.). found by Mr. Xicol. and shown at the
Society's excursion to Glen Falloch on the following day.
Det. D. Patton.
Inch Lonaig, 2nd June. 1928 — (A). — Quillwort. Isoetes
lacustris, L.. in Loch Lomond, oft" the shore of the island.
Clyde Isles (100).
Colintraive to Rothesay. 22nd May, 1922— (A).— Robin at
Loch Fad, Bute, with tail wholly composed of white feathers.
Inch Marnock. 18th May. 1925— (B. P).— Crane-FIies :
Dicranomyia aiittimnalis, Staeg., Limnohia dihitior, Edw.,
Idiopfera trimaculaia, Ztt., Dicranota Gtierini, Ztt..
T). pavidn, Hal.. Ormosia uncinata, Meij.. and Dolichopeza
alb i pes, Strom.
o
98
Possil Marsh Sanctuary.
(We are indebted for the infunnation in the following
short history of the formation of Possil Marsh or Loch as a
sanctuary to Mr. William Rennie, who has revealed so much
of its wealth by his observations devotedly carried on there
at all seasons over many years and who has so enthusiastically
sought to guard the welfare of its wild inhabitants and
sojourners.)
Possil Marsh lies three miles from the Royal Exchange, on
the north side of Glasgow, within which it is included since
the extension of 1926. The area, comprising land and water,
is roughly 70 acres. The Marsh, by its richness of vegetation
and its great attraction for many species of birds, has long
l)een a haunt of local naturalists. Our Society was closely
associated with other kindred societies in the drawing-up of
the Bird Protection Order for the City of Glasgow, the
passing of which proved to be the saving grace for the birds
at the Marsh. Although, however, the taking of bird-life has
ceased, each succeeding year witnesses perhaps a heavier toll
of eggs than ever before. In 1930 very gratifying results
were attained through the efforts made by voluntary watchers
during the nesting .season.
The increasing number of buildings northwards at last
awakened a cry from those interested for either the acquire-
ment or protection of the Marsh. In 1927 a movement was
made by this Society, in conjunction with other societies,
with the Zoological and Botanical Departments of the
University, the Royal Technical College, and with others, to
acquire " Possil Loch " as a sanctuary. This necessitated
much labour and enquiry, most of which was ungrudgingly
undertaken by Mr. John M. Crosthwaite, Secretary of the
Scottish Society for the Protection of Wild Birds and
Convener of the Bird Sanctuaries Committee of our Society,
and his associates. Ultimately agreements were obtained
with the owners of the Loch. Two of them offered a long
gratuitous lease, whilst- the thii-d, who were acting as trustees,
offered their pai't for a very nominal figure. A committee
99
was formed to acquire the Loch, all the necessary details for
the sanctuary were drawn up, and forwarded to the Board
of Trade for approval.
In the latter part of 1930 a reply to the amended Memo-
randum and Articles of Association was received, giving
consent to the formation of the company for the acquirement
of Possil Loch as a " Company Limited by Guarantee." It
was registered at the l^eginning of November as " The
Scottish Wild Birds Sanctuaries Trust." Its objects are
given as : "To maintain and preserve places of natural
beauty in Scotland, and sanctuaries, re.serves, or retreats for
the preservation and protection of wild bird life and other
kinds of wild life in Scotland." The subscribers are :
Sir Robert Wilson, LL.D., D.L., J.P. ; Messrs. John M.
Crosthwaite. William Rennie (Convener of the Library
Committee of the Natural History Society), Anderson
Fergusson (President of our Society), George W. MacAllister,
and William Russell (President of the Andersoiiian
Naturalists' Society); Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S. —
all of Gla.sgow ; and Mr. .James Bartholomew, Glenorchard
(a Member of Council of our Society), who was to act as
president until the first ordinary general meeting.
It is to be hoped that the public in general will render
every assistance towards the maintenance of the sanctuarA-.
100
In Memoriam.
John Smith, whose work on both the botany and the geology
of Ayrshire is classic, died at Kilwinning on 30th November,
1930, in his 85th year. Born at Clarkston, near Airdrie,
he spent most of his life in Ayrshire, and came to \:>e faniou'4
in scientific circles as " John Smith, the Ayrshire Geologist,"
or as " John Smith of Ayrshire." He was trained as a civil
and mining engineer, and, like his father, l)ecaiue engaged
in the mining industry in Ayrshire. His later years were
devoted to science, especially to geology; but he had also
an intimate knoAvledge of botany and zoology. His " Botany
of Ayrshire" has been a valuable book of reference for our
workers. Mr. Smith joined the Geological Sociey of Glasgow
in 1865, and was elected an Honorary Member in 1909. Ta
its " Transactions " he contributed many papers, particularly
on glacial geology. In 1930 he received the ]\Iurchison award
of the Geological Society of London. He was made a
Corresponding Member of our own Society in 1879, and
contributed numerous papers, notes, and specimens to its
meetings. These are recorded in the " Transactions " and
"The Glasgow Naturalist" Dver a long term of years.
Fauna, flora, and geology of Scotland aie all represented, with
Ayrshire naturally most prominent. In the same county he
repeatedly conducted excursions of the Society, as well as
of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society. Of the latter he
became an Honorary Menil>er in 1892, and in its " Annals "
are several articles by him. In Vol. IV. No. 1, of " The
Glasgow Naturalist " there is a characteristic photograph of
Mr. Smith seated in fiont of a " remarkable example of
inosculation " in Great Maples or Sycamores at Monkredding.
The memory of Mr. Smith will be pleasantly recalled to our
naturalists each time they pass the blaes-bings of Dairy at
the season when the Viper's Bugloss. planted there by him, is'
redeeming their wastes with its blue.
101
PRESIDENTS.
William Gourlie, ...
James P. Fraser, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., ...
John Scouler, M.D., LL.D., F.L.S., ...
Hugh Colquhoun, M.D., ...
Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., ...
John Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S.,
James Stirton, M.D., F.L.S.,
David Robertson, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S..
Professor F. 0. Bower, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Professor Thomas King, ...
Robert Kidston, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Alexander Somerville. B.Sc, F.L.S., ...
Peter Ewing, F.L.S.,
D. A. Boyd,
John Paterson,
John R. Lee,
W. R. Baxter,
James F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D., D.Sc, F.R,
Mrs. E. R. Ewing, ...
Alexander Ross, F.E.LS.,
Andrew Barclay, M.B.E., F.E.LS., ...
Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S.,
S.,
E.,
1851-1854
1854
1867
1867-1869
1869-1882
1882-1883
1883-1887
1887-1890
1890-1893
1893-1896
1896-1899
1899-1902
1902-1905
1905-1908
1908-1911
1911-1914
1914-1917
1917-1919
1919-1920
1920-1923
1923-1926
1026-1929
1929-1930
102
LIST OF MEMBERS, 1930.
Honorary Member.
1928 J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S., 1 Athole Gardens Terrace,
Glasgow.
Corresponding Members.
1879 John Smith, Golconda Cottage, Kilwinning.
1885 J. T. Cunningham, M.A., A.L.S., 35 Wavedon Avenue,
Chiswick, London, W.4.
1887 Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., F.R.S., D.Litt.,
44 South Street, St. Andrews.
1888 Emeritus Professor William Carmichael M'Intosh,
M.D., F.R.S., LL.D., D.Sc, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.,
2 Abbotsford Crescent, St. Andrews.
1888 Edward Morell Holmes, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Ruthven,
15 Vine Court Road, Sevenoaks, Kent.
1889 James Edmund Harting, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
1891 Emeritus Professor R. J. Harvey-Gibson, C.B.E., M.A.,
D.Sc, F.R.S.E., 1 Newbold Terrace, East,
Leamington Spa, Warwickshire.
1895 Emeritus Professor Robert Broom, F.R.S., M.D., D.Sc,
C.M.Z.S., Douglas, South Africa.
1895 Frederick J. Hanbury, V.M.H., F.L.S., F.E.S.,
F.R.H.S., Brockhurst, East Grinstead, Sussex.
1895 Professor Edward E. Prince, LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.C,
206 O'Connor Street, Ottawa, Canada.
1900 Robert Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc, B.E., 19 Fitzwilliam
Square, Dublin.
Life Members.
1900 Allan, Claud, 121 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1920 Bow, James, Viewfield, Busby.
1917 Connacher, H. R. J., Harewood Road, Bridge of Weir.
1920 Ewing, Raymond, 6 Glenan Gardens, Helensburgh.
103
1920 Fergus, Freeland, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Ferny-
crag, Crichton Road, Rothesay.
1920 Galbraith, John, Lindsaylands, Biggar.
1920 Gardiner. William Guthrie. Moraig, Stirling.
1920 Gardiner, Sir Frederick C, K.B.E., D.L., LL.D., Old
Ballikinrain, Balfron.
1911 Gilmour, Colin C. B., M.A.. M.B.. Ch.B., Singapore.
1910 Jack, Professor James R., M.I.X.A., Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1921 M'Cutcheon, James, F.S.Sc, 30 Vancouver Road,
Glasgow.
1879 Ligat, David, Northbank Factory, Newmilns.
1899 Lindsay, John, M.A., M.D., 18 Burnbank Terrace,
Glasgow.
1895 Macfie, Johnstone, M.D., Langhouse, Inverkip.
1904 Wordie. William, 52 Cleveden Drive, Glasgow.
Ordinary Members.
1921 Aitkenhead, T. M., 398 Dumbarton Road, Dalmuir.
1924 Anderson, J. Alastair, 53 Waterloo Street, Glasgow,
and Tullichewan, Alexandria.
1924 Allan, James B.. Wemba, Prestwick.
1908 Ballantine, Arthur, 101 Buchanan Street, Glasgow.
1908 Barclay, Andrew, M.B.E., J. P., F.E.I. S., 4 Dungoyne
Gardens, Glasgow.
1906 Bartholomew, James, M.B.O.U., Glenorchard, Torrance
of Campsie.
1899 Bryce, Professor Thomas H., M.A.. M.D., F.R.S.,
2 The University, Glasgow.
1920 Buchanan, Mrs., 110 Hill Street. Garnethill, Glasgow.
1921 Buchanan, William, Linfairn, Bridge of Weir.
1924 Burns, William, 41 Midland Street, Glasgow.
1887 Cairns. Jr>hn, 23 Dunearn Street, Glasgow.
1928 Clark. James. M.A., D.Sc, A.R.C.S.. Rosehill. London
Road, Kilmarnock.
1920 Connticher. John, M.A.. 17 Baliol Street. Glasgow.
1908 Connell, John G., F.R.M.S., Training College, Jordan-
hill, Glasgow.
104
1909 Cousin, William, 192 West Princes Street, Glasgow.
1911 Crichton, Miss Jessie H., 2 Westbourne Gardens,
Glasgow.
1921 Crosthwaite, John M., 207 West George Street, Glasgow.
1907 Davidson, William Cameron, M.B., Ch.B., Avonleigh,
Acadia Road, Torquay.
1915 Davidson, William, 78 Southpark Avenue, Glasgow.
1924 Davidson, Mrs. William, 78 Southpaik Avenue,
(ilasgow.
1927 Drummond, Professor J. Montagu F., M.A.. F.L.S.,
F.R.S.E., The University, Manchester.
1904 Ellis, Professor David, D.Sc, Ph.D., Royal Technical
College, Glasgow.
1909 Elmhirst, Richard, F.L.S., Marine Biological Station,
Millport.
1895 Ewing, Mrs. E. R., G Glenan Gardens, Helensburgh.
1896 Fergusson, Anderson, F.E.S., 433 Kilmarnock Road,
Glasgow.
1929 Fergusson, Andrew G., 433 Kilmarnock Road, Glasgow.
1920 Eraser, Alexander Robert, High Craigton, Milngavie.
1920 Eraser, Mrs. Cecilia Jessie, High Craigton, Milngavie.
1921 Fraser, Andrew, 30 Falkland Mansions, Glasgow.
1921 Gardiner, William, 3 Leyden Gardens, Glasgow.
1899 Garry, Robert, B.Sc, Highfield, Fairlie.
1911 Gillies, William, LL.D., 23 TTniversity Gardens,
Glasgow.
1918 Girvan, H. Stuart, B.L., 252 West George Stieet,
Glasgow.
1911 Gladstone, Captain Hugh S., Capenoch, Th(u-nhill,
Dumfriesshire.
1918 Grierson, Robert, 65 Bath Street, Glasgow.
1927 Gronbeck, Miss Nancy H. C, 110 Hill Street, Garnet-
hill, Glasgow.
1921 Henderson, Osbert, 49 Gleneagles Cottages. Scotstoun,
Glasgow.
1899 Henderson, Rol:>ert, 15 Armadale Street, Glasgow.
1927 Hopkins, Nicol, 27 Rosebery Street, Glasgow.
1920 Horn, Robert Y., 217 New City Road, Glasgow.
105
191i Jack, James, Luggiebank, Cumbernauld Station.
1902 Kerr, Professor J. Graham, M.A., F.R.S., 9 The
University, Glasgow.
1906 King, Professor L. A. L., M.A., F.R.S.E., 19 Bank
Street, Glasgow.
189i Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., D.D., F.R.S.E.,
10 Billhead Street, Glasgow.
1904 Knight, James. M.A., D.Se., F.G.S., F.C.S., Ii:nterkin.
Douglas Gardens, Uddingston.
1920 Lamberton, H. A., Warnocks Thornton, Thorntonhall.
1927 Lauder, Thomas, 330 Springburn Road, Glasgow.
1896 Lee, John R., 96 Finlay Drive, Glasgow.
1920 Leslie, John Duncan, 29 Queen Margaret Drive,
Glasgow.
1908 Lunani, George, 287 Crow Road, (jlasgow.
1910 M'Cutcheon, William, 89 Argyle Road. Saltcoats.
1912 Macdonald, D., Auchengoil, Douglas Pier, by Greenock.
1921 M'Grouther, Thomas, Grange Lodge, Larbert.
1924 Macfarlane, Colonel P. C, Ballagan, Strathblane.
1926 M'Intyre, Dugald, C.A., 156 St. Vincent Street,
Glasgow.
1906 MacKeith. T. Thornton, Burndale, Kilmacolm.
1924 Mackechnie, Rol3ert, B.Sc, 9 Skirving Street, Glasgow.
1920 M'Kinven. Charles S., 11 Mavisbank Terrace, Paisley.
1900 M'Lean, Robert, M.A., Dunira, Cadzow Drive.
Cambuslang.
1909 M'Leofl, William J.. Glenelg, Muir Street. Coatbridge.
1904 MacLeod, Angus. 63 Westfield Drive, Glasgow.
1914 M 'Naught. John, 5 Wellincrton Street. Glasgow.
1927 M'Xab. David J. X., 41 Clouston Street, Glasgow.
1927 M'Queen, John, 160 Byres Road, Glasgow.
1910 Main, John, M.B.E., F.G.S., F.E.T.S.. 44 Victoria
Park Drive. South, Glasgow.
1914 Miller, William, Kirkwood, Orchard Street. Motherwell.
1920 Milne, James Fairweather. M.A., M.B.. Ph.B., 2 Glad-
stone Tei-race, Queen Street, Carnoustie, Angus.
1923 Xicol. John Wyllie, B.Sc, 24 Roxburgh Street, Glasgow.
1897 Pairman. Thomas, OM Manse. Busby.
106
1919 Patton, Donald, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., 15
Jordanhill Drive, Glasgow.
1909 Pettigrew, William M., 245 Saracen Street, Glasgow.
1927 Phillips, Major G. W., 69 Deanwood Avenue, Cathcart,.
Glasgow.
1929 Preston, Rev. David, B.D., F.Z.S., U Leslie Road.
Glasgow.
1S99 Patience, Alexander, 140 London Road, Glasgow.
1903 Rennie, William, 73 Grove Street, Glasgow.
1927 Robertson, John, 87 Henderson Street, Glasgow.
1894 Ross, Alexander, F.E.I.S., 409 Great Western Road,
Glasgow.
1915 Renouf, Professor Louis P. W., B.A.. The University,
Cork.
1880 Scott, John, 249 West George Street, Glasgow.
1888 Service, Thomas, 61 Clyde-Ferry Street. Glasgow.
1908 Shanks, Archibald, Templand, Dairy, Ayrshire.
1899 Shepherd, D. Arthur, 61 London Road, Kilmarnock.
1910 Simpson, James, M.A., Briar Villa, Viewmount Drive,.
Glasgow.
1919 Stewart, Edward J. A., M.A., B.Sc, 8 Manor Road,
Jordanhill, Glasgow.
1925 Stirling, Ernest J.. 33 Tassie Street, Glasgow.
1927 Strachan, William, M.A., Shields Road School, Glasgow.
1927 Sutherland, John, Dawsholm Park. North Temple,
Drumchapel.
1901 Thomson, J. R., 9 Baronald Drive, Glasgow.
1896 Watt. Lawrence. 35 Taylor Street, Whitecroft, Clyde-
bank.
1922 Wise. Thomas, Woodroyd, Barncluith Road, Hamilton.
1893 Wilkie. Robert. 142 West Nile Street. Glasgow.
107
INDEX.
Abington, 14. 18. 19, 25. 39. 40, 45
Achillea tanacetifolia, 31
Aconitum anglicum. 12
Napellus. 12
Adelphomyia nielseni, 81
" Advextive Flor.\ of Tweedside."
10, 11, 30, 32
Agaricus fimiputris, 95
gambosus, 97
Agiimonia Agrimonoides, 26
Agriolimax agrestis var. rufescens. 69
Agropyron repens var. lasiorachis. 50
var. Leersiauum. 50
var. Vaillantianum.
50
AiLs.\ Craig. 58
AlRDRIE, 6. 47
Ajuga reptans. 97
Aldochlat, 97
Alf.\lfa. 22
Alien Alpixe Flora. Protest agaixst
Importation. 74
Flora of Clyde. Fresh Notes. 5
Pl.^nts in Clydesdale. 5
Problem. 5. 63
Aliens. More Glasgow. 5
1921, 5
Alkanet. Common, 37
Evergreen. 37. 94. 95
Allium paradoxum. 46
triquetrum. 46
All-seed, 84
ALLT-A-CnriLiNN. 66. 67
Alpine Barrenwort. 12
C.at's-tail Grass. 48
Flora, Alien. Protest against
Importation. 74
Flora of Ben Lawers. 77
Flora of Ben Lomond. 88
Rock Cress. 14
Sawwort. 96
Willows in Clyde Area. 66
Alyssum maritimum. 14
Alyssum, Sweet. 14
Amalg.vmation of Societies. 4. 85. 86.
88. 89. 91
Araalopis straminea. 95
?p. ?. 95
Amaraxtaceae, 41
Amarantus angustifolius. 41
Blitum. 41
chlorostachys. 41
var. aristulatu?. 41
Dinteri var. uncinatu?. 41
quitensis, 41
retroflexus. 41
Am.\ryllid.\ceae. 45
Ambrosia artemisifolia. 30
trifida. 30, 35
var. integrifolia. 30
America. Flora of North. 7
American Cress, 14
Ammi ma jus. 28
Visnaga. 28
Ampelis garrulus. 74
Amsinckia Lycopsioide>. 35
Anacyclus clavatus. 31
officinarum. 31
radiatus. 31
valentinus. 31
Anagallis arvensis. 36
caerulea. 35
foemina. 36
Anaphalis margaritacea var. subalpina,
30
Aaas strepera. 86
An Caisteal. 67
Anchusa officinalis. 37
sempervirens. 37. 94, 95
Andersoxi.\x Natcralists' Society.
4, 21. 59. 84. 85. 86, 89. 91, 94. 99
Ann.\ls. 96
Androsace maximum, 35
Aneura latifrons. 87. 96
Axniesland. 10. 12-15. 24. 26. 29. 32.
34. 36. 37. 48
Annual Beard-grass. 48
ANNf.\L General Meetings. 67. 71.
73. 76. 78-81. 83-85. 87. 90
Antennaria margaritacea. 30
Anthemi.s altissima. 32
arvensis. 31
Cota. 32
Cotula. 31
ruthenica. 32
tinctoria. 31
Anthoxanthum aristatum. 48
odoratum. 48
Puelii. 48
Antirrhinum ma jus. 39
A]5era Spica-venti. 48
Apodemy.« hebridensis Cumbrae. 65
Fiolagan. 65
sylvaticus Butei. 65
Aptera. 74
Aquila chrysaetes chrysaetes. 73
Arabis albida. 14
alpina. 14
caucasica. 14
glabra. 14
muralis. 14
Araltaceae. 29
108
Aralia racemosa. 29
Arcyi'ia punicea, 83
Arctic Skua, 74
Ardbeg. 66
Aedencraig, 82
Ardgoil. Forest-Ixsects, 76
Ardgowan. 46
Ardnadam, 26
Ardrishaig, 20
Ardrossan. 16. 18, 34. 41
Argyllshire. 52
(Cantyre). 12
(Main-). 12
Excursions. 96
Arion ater. 69
var. nigrescens. 69
Arran. 44, 45, 65. 67. 71, 77. 86. 89
Eagles, 70
Arrochar. 26
Artemisia Abrotanum. 32
Absinthium. 32. 33
biennis, 33
Ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes. 33
Arvicola amphibius amphibius, 65
reta. 65
Ascoch\i;a Boydii, 61
AscoG Patch. 66
Asio otus otus, 72
Aspei'ugo procumbens. 36
Asperula arvensis. 29
Asphodel. 46
Asphodelus fistulosus. 46
A.st«r macrophyllus, 30
novi-belgii, 29
Asters. 30
Astragalus Cicer. 24
Astrantia major. 27
Atriplex, 9
erecta, 43
patula var. erecta, 43
Auchincruive. 88
Auchinleck, Ayrshire. 45
Stirlingshire. 77
Auk. 64
Avena fatua. 48
sterilis. 48
strigosa, 48
Avon. Gorge of, 37. 95
Axyris Amarantoides. 7. 8, 43
Ayr. 15-17. 22. 31, 33
Heads of. 46
Ayrshire. 11. 88
Botany of. Smith's. 94
Excursions, 94
Bailey. C, 40
Balderxock. 54
Ballantrae. 37
Ballaxtyne. J., 71
Ball Mustard, 18
Balloch, 21
Ballota nigra, 41
Balmaha. 38. 96
Balmichael. 70
Balmore Road. 32
Balsam. 31
Barassie. 36, 41
Barbarea praecox, 14
verna, 14
vulgaris. 14
Barclay, A.. 3. 58. 62. 71. 77. 78. 80,
81. 85
Bardowie. 14. 20. 39
Loch. 71
Bark beetle. 76
Barley. Common, 51
Meadow, 51
Sea. 51
Tartar. 51
Wall, 51
B.^rxacle, Ship's. 77
Barn Owl. 75
Barn-yard Grass. 47
Barrexwort. Alplxe. 12
Bartholomew. J.. 70. 78. 80. 81. 86,
87. 99
Basil Thyme. 40
Bathurst Burr. 30
Baxter. W. R.. Ix Memoriam. 56
Beard-grass. Axnual. 48
Bearsdex. 35
Beech. 80. 81. 95
Bees of Bute. 80
Beet. Commox. 42
Beetles. 55. 68. 76. 77. 86. 88. 89
Bein-n Bharrain. 70
Chabhair. 66. 67
Laoigh. 93
Narxaix. 83
Nms. 70
Beith. 23
Bell-flower. Creeping. 35
Xettle-leaved. 35
Peach-leaved, 35
Bellis perennis forma. 29
Bembidium quinque.«triatum. 88
Bex Lawers. 93
Alpine Flora. 77
Geology. 77
Ben Lomond. 87. 88
BoTAXicvL Ramble. 88
Coleoptera. 89
Ben Lui. 93
Bexmore. Argyll. 84
Bex Vorlich, 75. 87. 96. 97
Benthamia intermedia. 37
Lycopsioides. 36
]\renziesii. 37
Berberidaceae. 12
Berberis sp., 81
Beta maritima var. annua. 43
vulgaris, 42
109
Bewick" s Swax. 83
BiGGAR. 25
BiBDJ. 59. 60
DrxBAETONSHiRE. Ecososnc
Stati-s. 75
Glasgow. P.\eks Saxctuabizs.
58. 78
Glasgow. Pbotectiox Order.
79. 98
Glexorchard. 78
Kilpatrick Hills. 71-73
PossiL Marsh. 75. 78. 82. 83.
85. 90
Saxctuart. 4. 82. 98. 99
Saxctuaries Committee of
SociETT. 78. 98
Scottish Society for Protectiox
OF Wild. 98
.Skipxtiss. 74
Tarbert, 74
Biscutella auriculata. 17
cichoriifolia. 18
Bishop. T. G.. Ix Memori.\m. 55
BiSHOPBRIGGS. 18. 77
Bishop Loch. 68
Bishoptox'. 44
Bitter C.4x-DTTrFT. 18
Vetch, 25
Vetch. Wood. 24
Bitter X. 75
Black-backed Gull. Lesser. 75
Blackcap. 74
Blacketty Water. 95
Black-headed Gull. 72. 75
Black Hoeehouxd. 41
MrLLEix. 39
Mustard. 16
Nightshade. 38
Terx. 69
Blaeberry. 61
Bl.\e Loch. 75
Blair. 94
Bloomfield. Mr.. 66
BLrEBOTTLE. CORX. 34
Blue Bub. 36
Blue-eyed Grass. 45
Blue Pimpeextl. 36
Bombycilla garrulu?. 74
Borage. 37
Boeagixaceae. 36
Borai'o officinalis. 37
Borborus seniculatus. 96
ni^er. 96
BoTAXic Gaedex. Old. Glasgow. 21
EoY.\L. Edix-burgh. 19
Gaedexs. Glasgow. 10. 52
BOTAXICAL EXCHAXGE ClUB. WaTSOX.
Repoet. 40
Botaxic.\l Ramble on Bex Lomoxd.
I BoTAxic.\L Society axd Exchaxge
Club Repoet. 11
" BoT.\XY OF Ayrshire." 94
! Botaurus stellaris stellaris. 75
Bothwell Castle, 41
i BowLixG. 6. 12. 14-17. 21. 22. 24-26.
30-32. 36-44. 47. 48. 51
Bowyee's Mustaed. 17
Boyd. D. A.. 50. 83
Ix Memoelam. 2. 60
Boydia remuliformis, 61
Boyxt:. 49
Bb.\ckexhiest. 6. 11. 21-24. 27 37 ^9
45. 47. 49-51
Braidwood. 19. 46
Brassica adpressa. 16
alba. 16
arvensis. 16
gallica. 16
incana, 16
juncea. 16
nijra. 16
Pollichii. 16
Bre.\dalbax-e. 67. 76. 77
British Associatiox Haxdbook. 1901.
3. 11. 53. 56. 60. 61. 65. 87. 95. 96
1928. 3. 61
MeETIXG. EDIX-BrEGH. 73
Glasgow fl928). 3. 61. 82. 84
" British Pl.\xt List." 11. 33. 43. 50
Bbittox .\x-d Beowx. " Flora of
XoETH -\meeica." 7
Brodick. 26. 70
Broile Grass. Field. 50
Grass. Rye. 49
Bromus arvensis. 50
hordeaceus var. leptostachys. 50
inermis. 49
macrostachys. 50
madriten.sis. 49
maximus. 49
rigen.«. 49
secalinu.«. 49
var. polyanthus. 50
var. submuticuF. 50
tectorum. 49
var. glabratus. 49
L'nioloides. 49
villosus. 49
Beowx. G. A.. 68
Beowx. Dr. R.. Ix- Memorum. 55
Bryce. Prof. T. H.. 75
Bryum ro.«eum. 80
BrcHAXAX. Mrs.. 73
Buckwheat. 9. 43
Bugle. 97
Bunia.« Erucago. 8. 18
orientalis. 18
BrxTixG. Sxow. 74
Buphthalmum speciosum. 30
110
Biipleui'um Fontaiiesii, 28
lancifolium, 28
rotundifolium, 28
BuE. Blue. 35
Bur Parsley. 28
Parsley, Great, 28
Busby, 40
Butcher's Broom. 46
Bute. 52. 65. 68. 80-82. 84. 97
Humble-Bees. 80
Natural History Society. 94
Buteo buteo bnteo. 72
lagopus lagopus, 73
Butterfly. Red Admiral, 82, 94
Buzzard. 72. 73. 96
Rough-legged. 73
Cadzow. 95
Cairns. J.. 80
Cairntable. 83
Calder District, 75
Calder. Dr. M.. In Memoriam. 52
Calder, Rotten, 26
Calendula arvensis. 33
ofRcinali?. 33
Callichroma sp.. 86
Cambuslang. 15, 27. 45
Camelina macrocarpa, 15
sativa, 8. 15
Camomile, Corn. 31
Rayless, 32
Stinking, 31
Wild, 32
Yellow, 31
Campanulaceae. 35
Campanula persicifolia, 35
Rapunculoides. 35
Trachelium. 35
Campsie Glen. 76. 86, 96
Campylostelium .saxicola, 82
Canadian Flea-bane. 30
Weeds. 6
Canary Grass. 47
Cander Water Glen. 69
Candytuft. Bitter. 18
Canlochan Schist, Vegetation. 76
Cannabis sativa. 45
Capercaillie. 77
Capnoides lutea, 13
Capnoi-chis eximia. 13
formosa. 13
Caprifoliaceae. 29
Caraway. 28
Carboniferous Flora. 56
Card Catalogue. Clyde. 2. 3. 4. 61, 82,
84, 93
Carduus nutans, 33
Carex vulpina var. nemorosa, 46
Carmunnock, 22
Carrion-Crow, 72, 75
Cart, River, 29, 33
Carter, A. E. J., 66
Carthamus lanatus. 34
tinctorius. 8, 34
var. inermis. 34
Carum aromaticum, 28
Carvi. 28
copticum. 28
Caeyophyllaceae. 19
Cashell. 96
Castor Oil Plant, 45
Casu.al Flora. Additions, 1928, 5
Casuals. Clyde, 1916-1928, 5-51, 63
Recent Finds (1926). 5
Catacol. 77
Catalogue, Clyde Card. 2. 3. 4, 61, 82,
84. 93
of Native and Established .
Plants. Glasgow, 62
Catchfly. English. 20
Night-flowering, 20
Cathkin Braes. 24
Cat-Louse. 74
Catmint. 41
Cat's-tail Grass. Alpine. 48
Caucalis daucoi'des. 28
latifolia, 28
Ced.ar, 95
Celery-leaved Crowfoot, 94
Centaurea Calcitrapa. 34
Cvanus, 34
diffusa. 34
diluta. 34
melitensis. 34
montana, 34
nigra var, radiata, 33
salmantica, 34
Scabiosa. 34
Solstitialis. 34
Cerastium tomentosum, 20
Ceterach Ceterach. 97
officinarum. 97
Chaetognath. 68
Chalk Plant. 19
Chance. E.. 90
Chatelherault. 95
Chenopodiaceae. 42
Chenopodium album var.. 42
var, paucidens, 42
Ambrosioides. 42
glaucum. 42
lanceolatum. 42
leptophyllum. 42
murale. 42
polyspermum, 42
rub rum. 42
striatum. 42
Vulvaria. 42
Chenopods, 9
Chick Pea. 24
Chickweed. Great. 20
Chickweed Winter-green, 87
Ill
Chicory. 34
Chitfchaff. 97
Chlidonias niger niger, 69
Chrysanthemum coronarium. 32
maximum. 32
Myconis, 32
sinense, 32
Chrvsochlamvs cuprea. 92
Chthalamus stellatus. 69
Cicer arietinum. 24
Cichorium Intybus. 34
ClREIPEDIA. 69
Cirsium arvense var. setosum. 33
Citrus Aurantium. 22
Claytonia alsinoides. 20
perfoliata. 21
sibirica. 9. 20. 21
Cleghorn. 34
Clove Pink. 19
Cloves. Heart. 23
Strawberry. 24
" Clyde. ■■ 2. 4
Clyde. Alien Flora. Fresh Notes, 5
Clyde Area. Alpine Willows, 66
Fauna. Flora, and
Geology. 11
F.\una. Suggestions
FOR Research, 80
Faunistic Notes, 69
Clyde C.^rd Catalogue. 2. 3. 4. 61,
82. 84. 93
"Clyde Casuals. 1916-1928." 5-51. 63
Clyde Coleoptera. Additions, 68
Firth of. 45
Isles, 12. 65. 80
Excursions. 97
Sm.VLL MAJIilALS. 65
Clydesdale, Alien Plants. 5
" Clydesdale Flora." 11. 87
Clyde Sea Area. New Records, 69
Sponges, 65
Coatbridge, 6, 49
Coccomyce.s Boydii. 61
Cochno, 80
cockspur. 34
Coleoptera, 55. 68. 76. 77. 86. 88. 89
Ben Lomond. 89
Clyde, Additions. 68
Colintraive, 97
Coll, 65
Oollembola, 61
Collomia linearis, 36
COLMONELL, 94
Coloeus monedula spermologus. 72
Cololejeunea microscopica, 83, 96
Columba oenas. 72
Comfrey. Prickly. 37
Compass Plant. 35
composit.\e. 29
Condorrat, 6
Condylostoma patens, 69
Coninish. 93
CoNNELL, J. G.. 73. 87. 91
Conocephalus conicu.*. 61
i Conringia orientalis. 15
Constitution of Society, 79, 80
New Society. 91
Coprinus niveus. 95
Coriander. 28
Coriandrum sativum. 28
Corn Bluebottle. 34
Camomile. 31
Crowfoot, 12
Cornel, Dwarf. 96
Cornflower, 34
Perennial. 34
Corn Gromwell. 37
Rattle, Great. 40
Cornus suecica, 96
Coronilla varia, 24
Coronopus didymus. 16
Corvus corax corax. 72
corona corone. 72
Corydalis lut€a, 13
Coste. "Flore de France," 7
Coulter, 39
Council, Annual Reports, 67. 71, 75.
83, 84, 87, 91
Cousin. W., 79, 88, 89
Cow Herb, 19
Cowl airs. 6
Craigendoran. 39
Craigmore. 21. 26. 40
Crane-Flies, 66, 68. 77-79, 81. 94,
95, 97
Creeping Bell-flower. 35
Jenny, 35
Plume Thistle. 33
Toadflax, 39
Cress, Alpine Rock, 14
American. 14
Field, 17
Garden, 17
Hoary, 17
Lesser Wart, 16
Penny, 18
W.4LL Rock, 14
Crossbill, 74
Crossford, 26
Crosshouse, 77
Crosthwaite. J. M.. 78. 79. 81. 98. 99
Crow. Carrion-. 72. 75
Crowfoot. Celery-leaved. 94
Corn. 12
Hairy, 12
Croy, 74
Cruciferae, 13
Crucifers. 8
Crustacea, 66
Cryptogamic Society of Scotl.\nd, 61
Cuckoo, H.\bits. 90
Cucurbitaceae. 27
112
Cucurbita Pepo, 27
Culex pipiens. 81
Culicella morsitaas, 81
Cumbernauld. 11. 44
CuMBRAE, 52, 65. 68. 77
Gumming, H. G.. 12
Curled Dock. 44
Curlew. 75
Cuthbertson, a., 71, 73-79. 81
Cygnus cygnus, 75
musicus, 75
Cynosurus echinatus, 48
Cyperaceae. 46
Cypress Spurge, 45
Daisy, Common, form. 29
Shasta, 32
Dalglish, a. a., In Memoriam, 56
Dalmuir, 6, 13, 24, 31. 48
Dalry, 94
Dalserf, 26
Darnel, 50
Darnley, 21, 23
Glen, 12, 13. 26. 33
Darvel, 15, 41, 94
Date Palm, 46
Datura Stramonium. 38
Dawsholm, 10, 15. 32, 39. 41, 78
Delphinium Ajacis, 12
orientale, 12
Diantlius Caryophyllus. 19
Dicentra eximia. 13
formosa, 13
Dichndontium pellucidum var.
compactum, 85
Dick, J., 39, 68. 71. 76
Dicranomvia aiitumnalis. 97
halterella, 78
rufiventris. 78
Dicranota Guerini. 78. 97
pavida, 97
Diplotaxis nniralis. 16
tenuifolia. 16
DiPTERA. 66. 96
Dixon. H. N.. 10
Dock, Common. 44
Curled. 44
Fiddle. 44
Golden, 44
Docks, 6
Dog's-tail. Bou^h. 48
Dolichopeza albipes. 97
DOONFOOT, 49
DooN, Mouth. 19
Dougarie or Dougary. 70
Di'aba incana var. confusa, 97
muralis. 14
Dracocephalum parviflorum. 8. 41
Drimsynie. Forest-Tnsects, 76
Dropwort, 25
Parsley Water. 94
Druce, Dr. G. C, 7, 10, 13, 25, 26,
28-30, 32-34, 39. 41, 47-50
and I. M. Hayward, " Adventive
Flora of Tweedside," 10, 11,
30. 32
"British Plant List."' 11, 33,.
43, 50
Druce's " Hayward," 6, 49
Drummond, Prof. J. M. F., 85
Dryocaetes autographus, 76
Dubhgharadh, 70
Dumbarton, 18
Dunbartonshire (99). 12. 95
Birds. 71. 75
Excursions, 97
Rookeries. 77
E.AST (86a). 11, 93
Dunb-^rtonshire Natural History
Society, 94
dunglass, 39, 46
DuNLOP. R.. In Memoriam. 54
Dunoon. 35
Duntocher. 80. 81. 86
Duntreath. 40, 96
DUNURE. 24
M.MNS. 18
Dwarf Cornel. 96
Eagle. Golden. 70. 73
Eagles, Arran. 70
Eaglesham. 28
Eastern Bot.anical Society, 53
East Kilbride, 19, 26. 82
Economic St.atus of Dunbartonshire
Birds, 75
Edinburgh. 20, 73
Royal Botanic Garden. 19
Editorial Note. 1-4
Elder. Sc.\rlet-berried. 29
Elm, 76
Elmkirst. R.. 69. 77
Elymus Caput-Medusae. 51
sibiricus, 51
English Catchfly. 20
Epilobium nummularifolium, 27
Epimedium alpinum. 12
Equisetaceae. 53
Eragrostis cilianensis. 49
Erigeron bonariensis, 30
canadensis. 30
crisnus. 30
philadelphicns. 30
Erinu? alpinu.'s. 40
Eruca Eruca. 16
sativa. 16
Erucaria hispanica. 18
mvagroides. 18
Erysimum clieiranthoide?. 15
perfoliatum. 15
repandum, 15
Eschscholtzia Douglasii, 13
113
Esperella florea, 66
sp., 66
Esperiopsis cancricola, 66
sp., 66
sp. uov. ?, 66
Euotomys glareolus britannicus, 65
ErPHORBIACEAE, 45
Euphorbia Cyparissias, 45
Esula, 45
EvENTS'G Primrose, 27
Evergreen Alkanet, 37, 94, 95
EVERLASTUNG, Pe.'UILT. 30
Ewrs-G. Mrs. E. R., 26, 27, 67, 71, 73,
84, 85, 87
EwiNG, P., 15, 62
Excursions, 93-97
Fagopyrum Fagopyrum, 43
tataricum, 44
Fagus svlvatica, 81
Fairlie,' 16, 32,' 39, 47, 50, 94
Falco Buteo, 72
Lagopus, 73
peregrinus peregrinus, 72
Falcon, Peregrine, 72. 96
Falloch, Glen, 83, 87. 93, 96, 97
'■ Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the
Clyde Area," 11
Fauna of Clyde Area, Suggestions
FOR Research, 80
Faunistic Notes, Clyde Area, 69
Federation of Scottish Naturalists,
Proposed, 73, 74
Fennel, 28
Fenugreek, 22
Ferguson, D., 21, 25, 28, 31, 36, 40, 50
Fergusson, a., 55, 68, 76, 77, 79, 81,
86-90, 99
Fern, Sc.\le, 97
Tree, 10
Ferniegalr, 45
Fescue, Wall, 49
Festuca Myurus, 49
setacea, 49
Ficus Carica, 45
Fiddle Dock, 44
Field Brome Grass, 50
Cress, 17
L.4RKSPUR, 12
Melilot, 23
Mouse, Long-tailed, 65, 72
Pea, 25
Thistle, 33
Fig tree, 45
FiGWORT. Water, 39
Yellow, 39
FiLiCEs, 53
Final ]\Ieeting of Society, 4, 90
Fin Burn, 27
Flnlayston, 46, 95
Fir, Silver, 97
Firth of Clyde, 45
Fishes, 77
Flanders Moss, 12
Flea-b.\ne, Canadian, 50
Flies, 92
Fllxweed, 15
Flora, Carboniferous, 56
Clydesd.\le, 11, 87
" Flora of North America," 7
" Flora of Perthshire,' 67
■' Flore de France," 7
Flycatcher, Pied, 85
Foeniculum Foeniculum, 28
vulgare, 28
Forest — Insects, Ardgoil and
Drimsynie, 76
Fox, — ., 37
Foxtail, Green, 47
France, Flore de, 7
Frankfield Loch, 66, 79
Fraser, a., 70
Eraser, J,, 7, 14, 37, 44, 49, 51
Fumariaceae, 13
Fumitory, Yellow, 13
Fungi, 56, 61, 83, 94, 95, 97
Gadwall, 86
Galanthus nivalis, 45
Galega officinalis, 24
Galerucella nvmphaeae var. f ergussoni,
68 '
Galium tricorne, 29
Garden Cress, 17
Golden Rod, 29
Pea, 25
Gardiner, Sir F. C, 70
Gareloch, 21, 33
Garganey, 85
Garscadden, 26
Gartcosh, 6, 15, 20, 24, 26, 27, 33, 39,
40, 43, 45
Gartsherrie, 49
Gastridium lendigerum, 48
ventricosum, 48
Gavell, 33
Gean. 97
Gemmill, Prof. J. F.. 67
In Memori.\m. 58
Geology of Ben Lawers, 77
Geraniaceae, 21
German-Madwort, 36
Giffnock, 16, 18, 21. 24, 25. 30, 32. 33.
38, 41, 43. 45, 51
Gigha, 65
Gtlmour, Dr. T.. In ^Iemoriam, 62
Gipsy -wort. 97
Girvan, 15, 37, 38
Girvan, H. S., 78, 80
Glasgow, 3. 5-8, 10, 12-53, 55-58, 62,
63, 69, 75. 78, 79, 82-86, 88. 91, 92.
98. 99
114
" Glasgow and Andersonian Natural
History and Microscopical
Society," 91
" Glasgow Catalogue of Native and
Established Plants," 62
" Glasgow Naturalist," 4, 21, 59. 61,
67-71, 82, 83, 87
Glasgow Order, Wild Birds
Protection Acts, 79, 98
Glasgow Society of Field
Naturalists, 53, 55
Glasgow University, 55. 56. 98
" Glasgow, 1928," 3, 61
Glassford, 75
Glaucium corniculatum, 13
Glazert, 29
Glen Affric, 89
Cannich, 89
Cloy, 26, 70
Croe 97
Falloch, 83, 87, 93. 96. 97
Fruin, 97
Glengarnock. 28, 76
Glen Iorsa, 70
Luss, 97
Glenoran, 27
Glenorchard, 86
Birds and Mammals, 78
Glen Rosa, 70
Sannox, 70
Strathfarrar, 89
Glyceria distans, 49
Gnats, 81
Goat's PtUE, 24
Gobius paganellus, 77
Golden Dock. 44
Eagle, 70, 73
Rod, Garden, 29
Goldfinch, 85
Gold of Pleasure, 15
GoosEFOOT, Nettle-leaved, 42
Red, 42
Stinking, 42
Gorge of Avon, 37, 95
GOUROCK, 21
Graham, Richard, 90
Graham, R. F., 74
Graminaceae, 46
Grass, Alpine Cat's-tail, 48
Annual Beard — , 48
Barn-yard, 47
Blue-eyed, 45
Canary. 47
Field Brome. 50
Hard, 50
Rye Brome, 49
fc^KUNK-TAIL, 51
Squirrel-tail, 51
Vernal, 48
Grass Poly, 27
Grasses, 8
Great Bur Parsley, 28
Chickweed, 20
Corn Rattle, 40
Knapweed, 34
Mullein, 38
Ragweed, 30
Snapdragon, 39
Green Foxtail, 47
Greenland Wheatear, 85
Greenock, 16, 52, 87
Greenshank, 74
Gregorson, D., 87
Grierson, R., 1, 5, 68, 71. 76, 80, 82,
85, 86, 88, 89, 93
In Memoriam, 3, 62
Grim-the-Collier, 35
Gromwell, Corn, 37
Groundsel, Stinking, 71. 96
Gryfe, 40
Guelder Rose, Wild. 81
Guizotia abyssinica. 8. 31
Gull, Black-headed, 72, 75
Lesser Black-backed. 75
Gunpowder Weed, 20
GuRNEY, J. H., In Memoriam, 55
Guthrie, G, 14
In Memoriam, 57
Gypsophila elegans, 19
paniculata, 19
Haematopus ostralegns, 73
Hairy Crowfoot, 12
Halichondria sp.. 66
Hamilton, 45
Natural History Society, 94
Hamilton, W. B., 68
Hard Grass, 50
Hare's-ear, Common, 28
Hare's-ear Treacle Mustard, 15
Harpalejeunea ovata, 87
Hawkhead, 92, 95
Hawkweed, Orange. 35
Haynes. Mr., 26
" Hayward," Druce's. 6, 49
Hayward, I. M., 10. 20
Hayward and Druce. " Ada*entive
Flora of Tweedside." 10. 11. 30. 32
Heads of Ayr, 46
Heart Clover, 23
Heart-leaved Valerian, 29
Hebrides, 32, 65
Hedgehog, 65
Helensburgh, 14. 21. 26, 27, 29. 35.
37. 40. 45. 90. 97
Heliantlni.s annuus, 31
debilis, 31
diffiisus, 31
rigidus. 31
scaberrimus, 31
115
Helichi-ysuni bracteatuni, 30
Heliopsis scabra, 30
Heliotrope, Winter, 33
Helmiiithia echioides, 34
Helotium Marchantiae var. coiioce-
jjhali, 61
Hemizonia pungeus, 31
Hemp, 45
Henbane, 38
Henderson. 0., 78
Henderson. E.. 66. 68. 76, 81
Kennedy. R., 9
" Clydesdale Flora," 11, 87
Hieracium auiantiacum, 35
Highlands, 32
Hill. T.. 30. 73
Hoary Cress, 17
Mustard. 16
Plantain. 41
Holly, 61
Homalomyia strobili. 96
Hop. 95
Trefoil. Large. 24
Hordeum jubatum, 51
marinum. 51
murinum, 51
nodosum. 51
pratense, 51
trifui'catum. 51
vulgare, 51
Horehofnd, Bl.ack. 41
White, 41
Hormiscium pithyophiliim. 82
Horseweed, 30
Hosackia americana. 24
Humble-Bees of Bute. 80
Humulus Liipulus. 95
Hunterian Museum. 55, 56
Hybocodon prolifer. 69
Hydrochelidon nigra. 69
Hydrophyllaceae. 36
Hydrozoa. 69
Hymenoptera. 56
Hyoscyamus niger. 38
Hvpnum riparium var. longifolium.
70. 95
vernico.<5um. 75
Hypopterygiuni atrotheca. 10
Iberis amara. 18
Tbrox. 14. 20. 22. 24. 25. 28-30. 34. 58.
39. 41. 44-46. 48. 49
Idioptera trimaculata. 97
Inachu?; dorsettensis. 66
Inch Lonaig. 97
Marnock. 97
Indian Mustard. 16
Infusoria. 69
Inglis. J. C, 70
In Memoriam, 52-63
Insects. 56
Forest — , Ardgoil and Drimsynie,
76
Inverkip, 37
Inversnaid, 87
Iridaceae, 45
IsLAY. 62, 65
Isles, Clyde. 12. 65. 80
Excursions, 97
Western. Sm.all Mammals, 65
Isoetes lacustris, 97
Ivy-leaved Toadflax, 95
.Jackdaw, 72, 75
Jack, J., 73, 79, 85, 87
•Jack Snipe, 85
Jacob's Ladder, 36
Japanese Polygonum, 43
Johnstone. 41
Johnstone. R. B., 60
Jordanhill, 83
"Journal of Botany," 10
Juxcaceae, 46
•Jiincus tenuis, 46
bufonius var., 84
Juniperus communis var. intermedia, 75
intermedia, 75
Jura. 65
Kelvin Area. 86
Basin. 11, 93. 96
River, 30, 35, 69, 70. 95
Kelvingrove, 78
Kenmure. 77
Keppel Pier. 68
Kerr. Prof. J. Graham. 3. 99
Kesson. H., 81
Kew Gardens. 7. 12-15. 20. 22. 24-26,
28-31. 34. 40, 42. 43. 46-49. 51
Kidney Saxifrage. 27
KiDSTON. Dr. R.. In Memoriam. 56
Kilchattan. 68
KiLLALLAN. 39
KiLLEARN. 77
KiLLERMONT, 26
KiLMACOLM. 74. 95
KiLM-ARNocK Coup. 36. 41
KiLPATBiCK Hills. 75. 81
Rare Birds. 71-73
Kilsyth. 22. 33
King. J. J. F.-X.. 56. 57. 68. 71. 73,
79-81. 90
i King. Prof. L. A. L., 3. 68. 78. 83. 88
Kirk. C. 71. 75
In Memoriam. 54
Kirkintilloch. 11, 20
KiTTOCH Glen, 40
Knapweed. 33
Great. 34
Knight, Rev. Dr. G. A. Frank. 67,
71
Knot, 74
116
Knotgrass, 43
Koeleria panicea, 48
phleoides, 48
Labiatae, 40
Laburnum, 22
Laburnum Anagyroides, 22
Laburnum, 22
vulgare, 22
Lactuca muralis, 35
Serriola, 35
Laggan Bay, 66
Lambhill, 32, 88
Lamington, 18
Lanark, 46
Loch, 13
Lanarkshire, 11, 69
Excursions, 95
MoLLUscAN Fauna, Additions, 69
Lanfine, 94
Lankester, Sir E. Eay, 36
Lappula echinata, 36
Lappula, 36
Lapwing, 75
Large Hop Trefoil, 24
Largs, 79, 86
Larkhall, 69
Larkspur, Field, 12
Larus ridibundus ridibundus, 72
Lathraea Squamaria, 76, 96
Lathyrus Aphaca, 25
Cicera, 25
Clymenum, 25
odoratus, 25
sativus, 25
Lauder, T., 83, 86, 89, 92
Lavatera olbia, 21
Lawers, Ben, Alpine Flora, 77
Geology, 77
Lawers-Canlochan Schist.
Vegetation, 76
Leafy Spurge, 45
Least Toadflax, 39
Leck Pier, 77
Lee, J. R., 4, 20, 24, 26. 40. 46, 48, 51,
66, 70, 71, 74-77, 83, 85-87
Leguminosae, 8, 22
Leistus montanus, 77
Leith, 22, 43, 44
Lejeunea patens, 96
Lennoxtown, 33, 34
Lens culinare, 25
esculenta, 25
Lens, 25
Lentil, 25
Lepadogaster decandollei, 77
Lepas anatifera, 77
Lepidium campestre, 17
densiflorum. 17
Draba, 17
neglectum, 17
perfoliatum, 17
ramosissimum, 17
ruderale, 17
sativum, 17
Smithii, 17
virgin! cum, 8, 17
Lepidoptera, 56, 82, 94
Leptobryum pyriforme, 82
Leptodontium recurvifolium, 96
Lepturus filiformis, 50
Leslie, J. D., 74
Lesser Black-backed Gull, 75
Wart Cress, 16
Lettuce, Prickly, 35
Wall, 35
Leucosolenia complicata, 66
Library, Mitchell, 7, 88, 91, 92
Library of Society, Housing, 88, 91,
92
Reports, 83, 84. 92
Lichens, 52
LiGHTFOOT, J.. 87
Liliaceae, 46
Limax maximus var. cellaria, 69
var. ferussaei, 96
Lime tree, 97
Limnaea stagnalis, 80
Limnanthes Douglasii, 21
Limnobia dilutior, 97
Linaria chalepensis var. cleistogama,
39
Cymbalaria, 95
Linaria, 6
minor. 39
purpui'ea, 39
repens, 59
tripartita, 39
viscida. 39
vulgaris, 6
Linn Park, 78
Lion Rock, 77
Lithospermum arvense, 37
Little, Canon, 26
Liverworts, 61. 83. 86. 87, 96
Loch Fad, 80, 97
GoiL, Nature Notes, 77
Lochgoilhead, 76, 96
Loch Humphrey Burn, 75, 86
Loch Lomond, 97
Basin. 12. 93. 96
Loch Long, 39. 96
Lochranza. 86
Lochside Station, 30
Loch Striven, 66
Lochwinnoch. 29
Loch Tay. 23
Logan W.\ter. 54
Lolium multiflorum var. muticum, 50
temulentum, 50
var. arvense, 50
"Lomond" Province, 67
117
LoxDON PkidE; 26
loxg -eared uwl, 72, 75
longicorx beetle, 86
Long-tailed Field Mouse, 65, 72
Lotus tenuis, 24
Loudoun, 29
Loxosoma singulare, 69
Lucerne, 22
LuNAM, G., 79, 80, 84, 85
Lungwort, 37
Naerow-leaved, 37
Sea, 37
Luss, 13, 28, 81, 97
Lychnis alba x dioica, 20
intermedia. 20
Lycium chinense, 38
Lycopersicon Lycopersicum, 38
Lycopus europaeus, 97
Lysimachia Nummularia, 35
Ltthraceae, 27
Lythrum Graefferi, 27
Hyssopifolia, 27
meonanthum, 27
MacAllister, G. W., 99
MacAlpine, J., 76
Macdonald, D.. 64, 68, 69. 71. 77
M'Intyre, D., 81
M'Kay. E,.. In Memoriam, 53
Mackechnie, R., 83
MacKeith, T. Thornton. 74. 79. 80
M'Kenzie, J., 70
M'Kenzie. W., 70
M'Kinven. C. S.. 76, 78. 83
Maclachlan. Mrs. S. Cairns, 76, 78
In Memoriam. 55
M'Lean. R.. 79. 83. 88
M'Leod. W. J.. 73
M'Xab, D. J. N.. 85, 87
Macnair. Prof. P., 77
M'Queen, J.. 85
M' William, Rev. .J. M.. 80
Madia sativa. 31
Madwort. German-. 36
Magpie. 75
Main. J.. 58
Maize. 9. 47
Malcomia maritima, 14
Mallow, Small. 21
Malvaceae. 21
Malva Alcea. 21
crispa. 21
parviflora. 21
pusilla. 21
Mammals, Glenorchard. 78
Small. Western Isles. 65
Manx Shearwater. Diving and
Emergence. 64
Marigold. Pot. 33
Marine Biological Station, Millport.
3. 58
Marine worm, 68
Marrow, Vegetable, 27
Marrubium vulgare, 41
Marsh Yellow-Kocket, 14
Maryburgh, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19-
21, 23, 27, 28, 30-32, 36, 41-43, 46-51
Masterwort, 28
Mathiola sinuata, 13
Matricaria Chamomilla, 32
discoidea, 32
inodora, 10
Acre pleno, 32
suaveolens, 10, 32
Mayweed, Scentless, 32
Meadow Barley, 51
Meadow -pipit, 90
Meconopsis cambrica, 13
Medicago arabica, 23
denticulata, 23
falcata, 22
var. tenuifoliolata, 22
hispida, 23
var. apiculata, 23
indica. 23
lupulina var. Willdenowiana, 23
maculata, 23
Murex var. aculeata, 23
var. macrocarpa, 23
sativa, 22
sphaerocarpa, 23
tribuloides, 23
^Iedick. Spotted. 23
Toothed. 23
Yellow, 22
Melilot. Common. 23
Field, 23
Small, 23
White, 23
Melilotus alba, 23
altissima, 23
arvensis, 23
indica. 7. 23
officinalis. Lam., 23
officinalis. Desr. . 23
parviflora, 23
Petitpierreana. 23
Melolontha hippocastani. 88
ifentha arvensis var. praecox, 40
cardiaca. 40
longifolia var. nemorosa. 40
sativa. 40
verticillata. 40
Mercnrialis annua. 45
Mexican Tea, 42
MiCROFUNGI, 61. 94
Microscopical Society of Glasgow.
4. 84-86. 89. 91, 94
^licrotns agrestis exul. 65
neglectus, 65
Mignonette. Wild, 19
Millarocht, 96
118
Miller, W., 76
Millet, 9
Red, 46
MiLLPOET, 17
Marine Biological Station, 3, 58
Milne, J. F., 78
MiLNGAVIE, 40, 66, 90
Milton, 73
Mimulus guttatus, 39
Langsdorfii, 39
luteus, 39
Mint, Whorled, 40
]\Iitchell, J., In Memoriam, 57
Mitchell Library, 7, 88, 91, 92
Mole, 65
mollinburn, 44
Mollusc, 80, 85
MoLLuscAN Fauna, Lanarkshire,
Additions, 69
Molophilus flavus, 78
occultus, 78
pusillus, 78.
Money-wort, 27, 35
Monkey Flower, 9, 39
Monkland, 6, 11. 12, 15, 17, 18. 22, 25,
27-29, 31-33, 42, 43, 47-50
New, 6, 42
Monkshood, 12
Monolepis Nuttalliana, 42
var. minor, 42
trifida, 7, 42
Montbretia, 45
Mosses, 10, 63, 70, 75, 80, 82, 83, 85,
95, 96
Mosses and Casuals, Recent Finds
(1926), 5
Moth Mullein, 39
Motherwell, 80
Motherwell, A. B., In Memoriam, 52
Mould, 82
Mount Stuart, 46
Mouse, Long-tailed Field, 65, 72
Mugdock Castle, 12, 85
Mull, 65
Mullein, Black, 39
Great, 38
Moth, 39
Murchie, J., 70
Murdoch, Mr., 70
Musk Thistle, 33
Mustard, Ball, 18
Black. 16
Bowyer's. 17
Hare's-ear Treacle, 15
Hoary, 16
Indian, 16
Tower, 14
Treacle, 15
Tumbling, 15
White, 16
Wormseed, 15
Myagrum peifoliatum, 18
Myopa testacea, 96
Myosotis dissitiflora, 37
sylvatica, 37
versicolor var. pallida, 94
Myriopoda, 61
Myrtle Park, 50
Narnain, Falls, 97
Narrow leaved Lungwort, 37
Nasturtium amphibium, 13
islandicum, 14
palustre, 14
sylvestre, 13
terrestre, 14
Naturalists, Scottish Federation,
Proposed, 73, 74
Natural Woodlands. Preservation. 89
Nature Notes, Loch Goil, 77
Neckera pumila var. Philippeana. 85
Nemophila insignis, 36
Menziesii. 36
Neomys fodiens bicolor. 65
Nepeta Cataria, 41
Neslia paniculata, 18
Nethy Bridge. 68
Nettle-leaved Bell-flower, 35
goosefoot, 42
Newlands. 16, 21, 24, 29-31. 33. 34. 41,
50, 88
New Monkland, 6, 42
Newton Mearns, 33
NicoL, Dr. J. W., 81, 82
In Memoriam, 62
NicoL, J. W., JuN., 62, 81, 83. 85-88,
97
Nicotiana rustica?, 58
Tabacum, 38
Nigella hispanica, 12
Niger-seed, 31
Night-flowering Catchflt, 20
Nightshade, Black, 38
NiTGRASS, 48
North America, Flora of, 7
North American Sunflower, 31
Oaks, 95
Oat, Wild, 48
Oenauthe Lachenalii, 94
Oenothera biennis, 6. 27
Onagraceae, 27
Opium Poppy, 12
Orange, 22
Orange Hawkweed, 35
Orbilia Boydii, 61
marina, 61
Order, Glasgow, Wild Birds
Protection Acts, 79, 98
Ormosia albitibia, 78
uncinata, 81, 94, 97
Ornithogalum umbellatum, 46
Otter, 65
119
Owl, Barx, 75
LOXG-EARED, 72. 75
Tawxt. 72, 75
Oxalis floribunda, 21
Ox-ToxGrE. 54
OxsTER -Catcher, 73
P.usLEY, 21, 25, 28, 31. 36. 40. 50
Caxal, Old, 36
Xaturalists' Societt. 94
p.u.maceae. 46
P.U.M. Date. 46
Panicum colonum, 47
Crus-gaUi, 47
var. longiaristatum. 47
var. longisetum. 47
laevifolium, 47
var. amboinense. 47
miliaceum, 46
Papaverace.4E, 12
Papaver nudicaule, 13
soniniferum. 12
" Paradise." 95
Parsley, Bcr. 28
Great. 28
Parsley Water Dhopwort 94
Patersox. .J.. 26. 29, 53. 71. 81. 82
Ix :\lEMORiAir. 2. 59
Pattox. Dr. D.. 3. 12-19. 21-25. 27-29
o2-34. 57-41. 45. 49. 51. 56. 71. 74-76^
79, 81-83. 85. 87-89. 91. 97
Pea. Chick, 24
Field. 25
Gardex. 25
Peach-leaved Bell-flower. 35
Pearly Everla-stixg. 30
Pearsox. D.. Ix Memoriam. 54
Pexxy Cre.ss. 18
Peregrixt: Falcox. 72. 96
Perex-xx\l Corxtlower. 34
Perthshire. Flora of. 67
Falloch Area. 93
-D . : „ ExcuRsioxs. 96
Petasites albus. 33
fra grans. 33
Petricola lithophaea. 85
Pettigrew, W.. 80. 89
Peucedanum Ostruthium. 28
Phacelia tanacetifolia. 36
Phalaris angusta. 47
aquatica. 47
bulbosa. 47
caerulescens. 47
canariensis. 47
minor. 47
paradoxa. 47
ti-uncata. 47
tuberosa. 47
PHAXEROGAinA. 53
Phleum alpinum. 48
pratense, 48
subulatum, 48
Phoenix dactylifera, 46
Picris Echioides, 34
Hieracioides. 34
Pied Flycatcher, 85
Pigweed, 41
PiMPERXEL. Blue. 36
Pimpinella Saxifraga var. dissecta. 75
Pes-e. Scots. 96
Pix-E.iPPLE Weed. 32
Pixtail. 71, 74. 85
PrpiT. Meadow-. 90
Pipits. 75
Pisum arvense, 25
sativum. 25
Plaxtagixaceae. 41
Plantago media. 41
Psyllium. 41
Plaxtaix. Hoary. 41
Water. 61
Plaxts. Travels of. 5
PIatychiru.< scutatus. 96
Plfme Thistle. Creepixg. 33
Pneumaria maritima. 37
Poa compressa. 49
palustris, 49
Pocillon hyndmanni. 65
POLEMOXIACEAE. 36
Polemonium caeruleum. 36
PoLXoox. 44
POLYGOXACEAE. 43
Polygonum aviculare var. acre^tinum
43
cuspjdatum. 43
equisetiforme. 43
Fagopyrum. 43
Persicaria. 68
pet-ecticale, 43
sachalinen.se. 43
scabrum forma. 43
var. incanum. 43
tomentosum ?. 43
POLYGOXril. .J.\PAX-ESE. 43
Polypogon monspelie!isi.=:. 48
Pol}-porus dsanteup. 95
POLYZOA. 69 "
POX-D-SXAIL. 80
Poplar. 96
Poppy, Opirii. 12
Scarlet horxed. 13
Welsh. 13
Port Baxxatyx-e. 66
PORTIXCROSS. 21. 94
P0RTrL.\CACEAE. 20
^'f/^Z-.'^l-r^^- 22-25. 31. 34. 35. 38-44.
46. 47. 49. 51
PossiL M.^rsh. 4. 55. 69. 75 82 90
98. 99 ^•
Birds. 75. 78. 82. 83. 85. 90
SAxcTr.\RY. 4. 82. 98. 99
POSSILPARK. 6. 63
Potato. 38
120
Potentilla argentea, 26
arguta, 26
intermedia, 6, 26
norvegica, 6, 26
Poterium canadense, 26
Pot Maeigold, 33
Preservation of Natural Wood-
lands. 89
Prickly Comfrey, 37
Lettuce, 35
Primrose, Evening, 27
Primulaceae, 35
Prionocera trucica, 79
" Proceedings," 53, 57
Proceedings of Society, 64-92
Pseudolimnophila lucorum, 78, 94
Pterygophyllum dentatum, 10
Ptychoptera paludosa, 77
Puck's Glen, 27
Puffinus anglorum, 64
puffinus puffinus, 64
Pulmonaria angustifolia, 37
longifolia, 37
officinalis, 37
Purple Mountain- Saxifrage, 97
Toadflax, 39
Queen's Dock, 30
Queen's Park. 78
quillwort, 97
Radicula amphibia, 13
islandica, 14
palustris, 8, 14
sylvestris, 13
Radiola linoides, 84
Radiola, 84
Radula aquilegia, 96
Ragweed, Great. 30
Ranunculaceae, 12
Ranunculus acer var. multifidus, 81
acris var. Boraeanus, 81
arvensis, 12
hirsutus, 12
muricatus, 12
sardous, 12
.sceleratus, 94
Rapistrum orientale, 18
rugosum, 18
Raspalia virgultosa, 66
Rats, 63
Rattle, Great Corn, 40
Raven, 72, 96
Rayless Camomile, 32
Reboulia hemisphaerica, 86. 96
Red Admiral Butterfly, 82, 94
Red Goosefoot. 42
Millet. 46
Redstart. 85
Reid. N. G.. In Memoriam. 58
Renfrew, 16
Renfrewshire, 11
Excursions, 95
Plants, 87
Rennie, W.. 20, 38, 69, 74, 75. 77-79,
82, 85, 85, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99
Renouf, Prof. L. P. W., 65, 71. 73
Renwick, J., 53
Report, Botanical Society and
Exchange Club, 11
Watson Botanical Exchange
Club. 40
Research on Fauna of Clyde Area,
Suggestions, 80
Resedaceae. 19
Reseda inodora, 19
lutea, 19
odorata, 19
Reside, D., 70
Reversed Trefoil, 24
Rhinanthus major, 40
Rhu, 27, 35, 40, 97
Richardson's Skua, 74
Ricinus communis, 45
Ritchie. Dr. J., 73
Roberton. 29, 37
Robertson, J. J., In Memoriam. 52
Robertson, John (Ornithology). 69
Robertson. John, 87
Robertson, W., 74
Robin, 97
RoBROYSTON. 13, 14, 17, 25, 27-29. 32,
34. 48, 50, 51
Rock Cress, Alpine. 14
Wall. 14
Rocket, Marsh Yellow-, 14
Sand, 16
Wall, 16
Water-, 13
Rocket-Salad, 16
Roebuck, W. Denison. 69
Roman Wormwood, 30
Rookeries. 76. 77
rosaceae. 25
Rose-Bay. 9
rosneath, 37, 46
Ross, A.. 57. 59. 66, 70, 71, 74. 77-82,
88. 89, 92
ROSSDHU, 81
Rothesay, 21, 26, 33, 40, 97
Bay, 66
Rotten Calder, 26
Rouge, 34
Rough Dog's-tail, 48
Rough-legged Buzzard, 73
RouKEN Glen, 78. 82
Rourke, J., In Memoriam, 52
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
19
Royal Philosophical Society of
Glasgow, Biological Section. .74
121
Royal Technical College, Glasgow,
98
Rfbiaceae, 29
Rubus nutkanus, 8. 26
spectabilis, 26
RucHiLL. 8. 18, 38
Rudbeckia laciniata. 31
Rue, Goat's, 24
Rumex Acetosella, 44
aquaticus, 44
bucephalophorus, 44
crispus, 44
var. trigranulatus, 44
dentatus, 44
longifolius. 44
magellanicus, 45
maritimus, 44
obovatus, 44
paraguayensis, 44
pulcher. 44
salicifolius, 44
Ruscus aculeatus, 46
Rush, Toad, 84
Russell, W., 99
rutaceae, 22
Rutherglen. 30, 33. 47
Ryding. 6. 11-13. 16, 20. 24. 26, 28-32,
34, 38. 39. 41. 45, 47, 49, 51
Rye, 9, 50
Beome Grass, 49
Safflower, 34
Saffron, 34
St. Barnaby's Thistle, 34
St. George's Fungus, 97
Salix Andersoniana, 73
Arbuscula, 67
herbacea, 67
lanata, 67
lapponum, 67
Myrsinites, 66, 67
nigricans, 73
pentandra, 81
purpurea x viminalis, 73
reticulata, 67
rubra, 73
Salmon-Berry, 26
Salsola Kali var. tenuifolia, 43
Salvia verticillata, 6, 40
Sambucus racemosa, 29
Sanctuaries, 4, 82. 98, 99
Bird, 58. 78. 82. 98, 99
Sandford, 85
Sand Rocket, 16
Saponaria officinalis, 19
Vaccaria, 19
Satureia Acinos, 40
Saussurea alpina, 83, 88, 96
Saw WORT, Alpine, 96
Saxifragaceae, 26
Saxifraga Geum, 27
nivalis, 88
opposltifolia, 97
rotundifolia, 27
unibrosa, 26
Saxifrage, Kidney, 27
Purple Mountain-, 97
Scale Fern, 97
Scandix Pecten-veneris, 28
Scapania umbrosa, 83, 96
Scarlet-berried Elder, 29
Scarlet horned Poppy, 13
Scentless Mayweed, 32
Scorpion Spider-Crab, 66
Scots Pine, 96
" Scottish Naturalist," 68
Scottish Naturalists, Proposed
Federation, 73, 74
Scottish Society for the Protection
OF Wild Birds, 98
Scottish Wild Birds Sanctuaries
Trust, 99
Scrophulariaceae, 38
Scrophularia alata, 39
aquatica, 39
Ehrharti, 39
umbrosa, 39
vernalis, 39
Sea Area, Clyde, New Records, 65,
69
Sea Barley, 51
Lungwort, 37
Stock, 13
Seamill, 21
Seaweeds, 61, 69
Secale cereale, 50
Sedge, 46
Senebiera didyma, 16
Senecio tanguticus, 33
viscosus, 71, 96
Setaria glauca, 47
viridis, 47
Severn, 49
Scat Isle, 66
Shandon, 40, 97
Shanks, A., 21, 76, 80, 95
Shasta Daisy, 32
Shearwater, Manx, Diving and
Emergence, 64
Shepherd's Club, 38
Needle, 28
Ship's Barnacle, 77
Shrews, 65
Sideritis montana, 41
Silene anglica, 20
annulata, 20
dichotoma, 20
fimbriata, 20
gallica, 20
Muscipula, 20
noctiflora, 20
pendula, 20
stricta, 20
Silver Fir, 97
Simpson, J., 68, 73, 83
Sirex juvencus, 76
122
Sisymbrium altissimum, 7, 15
canescens, 15
Loeselii, 15
orientale, 15
pannonirum, 15
Sophia, 15
strictissimum, 14
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 45
Skipness, 74
Skua, Arctic or Eichardson's, 74
Skunk-tail Grass, 51 *
Skye, 14
Slug, 69, 96
Small Mallow, 21
Melilot, 23
Smith, J., 94
In Memoriam, 100
Smooth Tare, 25
Snail, pond-, 80
SnapdraCxON, Great, 39
Snipe, Jack, 85
Snowberry, 29
Snow Bunting, 74
Snowdrop, 45
Snow-in-Summer, 20
soapwort, 19
Solanaceae, 38
Solan Goose, 64
Solanum Dulcamara, 68
nigrum, 38
triflorum, 38
tuberosum, 38
Solidago canadensis, 29
Somerville, Rev. Dr. J. E., In
Memoriam, 56
Sommerville, Joseph, In Memoriam,
52
Sorex araneus castaneus, 65
minutus. 65
SouR-MiLK Burn, 97
Southernwood, 32
Sqwbane, 42
Spadella cephaloptera, 68
Sparrow, 75
Sparrow-Hawk, 75
Spider-Crab, Scorpion, 66
Spinach, 43
Spinacia oleracea, 43
Spiraea Filipendula, 25
Sponges, Clyde Sea Area, New
Records, 65
Spotted Medick, 23
Spring Beauty, 20
Spurge, Cypress. 45
Leafy, 45
Squirrel-tail Grass, 51
Starling, 75
Star of Bethlehem, 46
Starry Trefoil, 24
Star Thistle, 34
Yellow, 34
Steel-Blue Wood- Wasp, 76
Stellaria aquatica, 20
Sterna hirundo birundo, 72
Steven, A., 68
In Memoriam, 54
Stevenston, 15. 35
Stewart, E. J. A.. 71. 81. 89
Stewarton, 21. 85
Stinking Camomile. 31
goosefoot, 42
Groundsel, 71. 96
Stink Plant, 18
Stirlingshire (Kelvin Basin), 11, 93
Excursions, 96
(Loch Lomond Basin), 12, 93
Excursions, 96
Stoat, 65
Stock-Dove, 72, 95
Stock, Sea, 13
Stonechat, 75
Strachur, 76
Strathblane, 27, 40
Strawberry Clover. 24
Strix aluco sylvatica, 72
Stuckgown, 27
Succoth Burn, 97
summerston, 69, 71
Sunflower, North American, 31
Sutherland. J.. 85, 85
Swan, Bewick's, 83
Whooper, 75. 83. 85
Sweet Alyssum, 14
Violet, 19
Sword Burn. 97
Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla. 74
Symington, 12. 13. 15-19. 22, 24, 25, 28,
32, 34, 37. 39
Symphoricarpos racemosus, 29
Symphoricarpos, 29
Symphytum officinale, 37
peregrinum, 37
Syncoryne frutescens, 69
Syrnium aluco, 72
Tannock, J., 27, 36
Tanvptera atrata, 78, 79
Tarbert, 27, 74, 92
Tarbet, 27
Tarbolton, 94
Tares, 50
Tare, Smooth, 25
Tartar Barley, 51
Tarweed, 31
Tawny Owl, 72. 75
Tay, 49
Tea. Mexican, 42
Tea Tree, 38
Technical College. R.oyal. Glasgow,
98
Temple Gasworks, 32
Tern, 64
Black. 69
Common, 72
Tetrao urogallus urogallus. 77
i
123
Tetraplodon mnioides. 83
Than-kebton. 15. 39, 40
Thellung. a.. 12. 14. 15. 17, 21. 23.
27-29. 32. 34. 36. 37, 39. 41, 42. 47,
48. 50
Thelypodium lasiophyllum, 14
Thistle, Creepixg Plume. 33
Field. 33
MrsK, 33
St. Barn.\bt's. 34
Stab. 34
Yellow, 34
Thlaspi arvense. 8. 18
Thorx Apple. 38
Thohxliebank. 27. 30, 39
Thoentonhall, 19
Thumb, Double Terminal Portion, 82
Thyme. Basil. 40
Thtsaxura. 61
Tighnabrumch. 33. 45
Tillietudlem. 19. 37
Tinto Hills. Vegetation. 75
Tipiila cheethami, 79
lateralis. 66
signata. 94
Tipulid. 66. 68
TiPULiDAE. 66. 68. 77-79. 81, 94. 95. 97
Tiree. 65
Toadflax. Creeping. 39
ivy-leaved. 95
Least. 39
Purple. 39
Toad Rush, 84
Tobacco. 38
ToLLCEOss, 6-8, 15. 16. 18. 19, 23. 33.
35. 78
Tomatoes. 38
Toothed ^Iedick. 23
Toothwort. 76, 96
Torrance (Campsie). 46
Glen (East Kilbride). 82
tourgill. 79
Tower Mustard. 14
Trail. Prof. J. W. H.. In Memoriam,
52
" Transactions." 52. 53. 55. 56. 58. 59
Travels of Plants. 5
Treacle Mustard. 15
Hare's-ear, 15
Tree-Creeper. 75. 94
Tree Ferns. 10
Trees. 53
Trefoil, Large Hop, 24
Reversed. 24
Starry, 24
Trichodectes subrostratus. 74
Tricyphona lucidipennis, 78
schummali, 78
straminea. 94
Trientalis europaea, 87, 88
Trifolium agrarium, 24
fragiferum, 24
maritimura var. Bastardianum, 24
resupinatum. 24
stellatum. 24
tomentosum, 24
Trigonella caerulea, 22
Foenum-graecum. 22
hamosa, 22
M. procumbens. 22
Trimicra filipes. 68
Triogma trisulcata. 66
Tritonia crocosmiflora. 45
Troisgeach. 96
Troon. 15, 16, 23, 33, 37, 41, 86
Tropaeolum peregrinum, 21
Tumbling Must.\rd, 15
Turrill. — , 44
TwEEDsiDE. Adventive Flora, 10, 11
30. 32
Umbelllferaceae, 27
University. Glasgow, 55, 56, 98
Urticaceae, 45
Valerianaceae. 29
Valeriana pyrenaica. 29
Valerian. Heart-leaved, 29
Vanessa atalanta. 82. 94
Vegetable ^Marrow. 27
Vegetation of Tinto Hells. 75
of Lawers-Canlochan Schist, 76
Verbascum Blattaria, 39
nigrum. 39
Thapsus. 38
Vernal Grass. 48
Veronica longifolia. 40
Verrall. G. H.. 95
Vetch, Bitter. 25
Wood Bitter, 24
Yellow. 25
Viburnum Opulus, 81
Vice-Counties, Watsonian and other,
11. 93
Vicia bithynica, 25
gemella. 25
lutea. 25
monanthos. 25
Orobus. 24
tetrasperma, 25
villosa. 25
Vine. 22
Viol ace AE. 19
Viola odorata, 19
var. dumetorum, 19
Violet. Sweet, 19
VlTACEAE. 22
Vitis vinifera. 22
Vogelia paniculata, 8, 18
Voles. 65
124
Wall Barley, 51
Fescue, 69
Lettuce, 35
Rock Cress, 14
Rocket, 16
Warbler, Willow, 75, 90
Wart Cress, Lesser, 16
Water Figwort, 39
Plantain, 61
Water-Rocket, 13
Watson Botanical Exchange Club
Report, 40
Watsonian Vice-Counties. 11
Watt, L., 35, 73, 75, 76, 81. 83. 87
Waxwing, 74, 75
Weasel, 65
Wellingtonia, 94
Welsh Poppy, 13
Westerton Garden Suburb. 77
West Kilbride, 21, 37, 60, 61. 78. 94
Wheatear, Greenland, 85
White, Buchanan, "Flora of Perth-
shire," 67
White Horehound, 41
Melilot, 23
Mustard, 16
Whiting Bay, 71
Whitton, J., In Memoriam, 58
Whooper Swan, 75, 83, 85
Whorled Mint, 40
Whortle-leaved Willow, 66
Wilckia maritima, 14
Wild, Dr. 0. H., 80
Wild Camomile, 32
Mignonette, 19
Oat, 48
Willows, Alpine, Clyde Area, 66
Willow, Whortle-leaved, 66
Willow Warbler, 75, 90
Wilson, Sir R., 99
Winter-green, Chickweed, 87
Winter Heliotrope, 33
Wise, T., 80, 81. 85
Wishart, R. S., In Memoriam, 57
Wood Bitter Vetch, 24
Woodcock, 85
Woodlands, Preservation of
Natural, 89
Wood-Wasp, Steel-Blue, 76
Wormseed Mustard, 15
Wormwood, 32
Roman, 30
Wotherspoon, D. W., 75
Xanthium spinosum, 30
Yellow Camomile, 31
Figwort, 39
Fumitory, 13
Medick, 22
Rocket, Marsh, 14
Star Thistle, 34
Vetch, 25
Yew, 94-96
Zea Mays, 47
Cbe Glasgow
naturalist
THE JOURNAL OF THE
GLASGOW AND ANDERSONIAN NATURAL HISTORY
AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society)
Vol. X.
Part 1^7^
Edited by
ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s.
Published at the Society's Rooms,
Royal Technical College, George Street, Glasgow.
(Copies may be had from the Society's Librarian).
Price,
Two Shillings and Sixpence
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Opening Address — Anderson Fergnsson, F.E.S., - - 3
Aeration in the Bryophyta — John R. Lee, - - 8
Woodcock — James Bartholomew, - - - - 24
Proceedings of the Society, - - - - - 33
Professor W. C. M'Intosh — A Memorial Notice —
Professor L. A. L. King, - - - - - 39
John Robertson — A Memorial Notice — ^Alexander Ross, 41
X
THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.
lU Glasgow
/^
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
naturalist
THE JOURNAL OF THE
GLASGOW AND ANDERSOXIAN NATURAL HISTORY
AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society)
Volume X,
Edited by
ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s.
1932.
Published at the Societj^'s Rooms,
Roj-al Technical College, George Street, Glasgow.
Printed by
Robert Anderson & Sons, Limited,
142 West Nile Street,
Glasgow, C.l.
A.
V
CONTENTS.
In Memoriam —
Professor W. C. M'Intosh, ------- 39
John Robertson, --------- 41
Dr. R. M. Buchannan, - - 73
Papers —
Opening Address — Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., - - 3-7
Aeration of the Bryophji:e — John R. Lee, - - - - 8-23
Woodcock — James Bartholomew, ----- 24-32
The Sulphur Bacteria — Dr. David EUis, - - - - 45-55
Quantitative Studies between Tide Marks — Richard Elm-
hurst, F.L.S., -------- 56-62
Proceedings —
First Meeting of the Society, ------ 33
Business fleeting. Treasurer's Report and Election of
Office-Bearers, -------- 33-34
Delegates to Scottish Society for the Protection of Wild
Birds, ---------- 34
WiUiam Marr Legacy, ------- 34
Tertiary Fossils from New Zealand exhibited — Thos. Wise, 35
Additional WiUiam Marr Gift, ------ 35
Phosphotized FossU Corals exhibited — Thos. Wise, - - 35
Giants of the Vegetable Kingdom — -John Main, - - 36
Hierochloe borealis, R. & S., from the River Cart — John
R. Lee, --------- 36
Shells and Seaweed from the Antarctic — Thos. Wise, - 36
-Arrival of Suromer Migrants — Wm. Jamieson, - - 37
Lantern SUdes of some birds, nests, and young — -G.
M'AUister, - 38
Lathrcza squamaria, L., from Strathblane, and
Geranium phcBtim, L., from near Balfron — M. >L Barrd, 38
Acanthocinus cBdilus, L., from Granton-on-Spey — A.
Fergusson, --------- 38
Trientalis europoea, L., from East Dumbartonshire — J.
Jack, ---------- 38
Oils from Shale : A Stor>- of Scottish Enterprise — R. Gray, 63-64
Vl CONTEFtS.
Proceedings — Continued. page.
Investment under Heading, " William Marr Memorial," - 64
Life Membership and Reserve Account, - - - - 64
Plants from Skye, -------- 65
South African Lily — J. Conacher, ----- 65
Woodsia ilvensis, Br., from North Wales — J. R. Lee, - 65
Caii Plinii Naturalis Historise — J. Richardson, - - 65
Blechnum spicani, L. — W. Rennie,- ----- 65
The Charles Darwin Centenary — J. Richardson, . . 66
Excursions —
Edinburgh, ---------- 67
Arrochar, ---------- 67
Crossford, ---------- 68
Killin, ----------- 68
Coalburn, ---------- 70
Rosneath, ---------- 71
Glen Finart, .__-----. 72
Cbe Glasgow
:: naturalist
THE JOURNAL OF THE
GLASGOW AND ANDERSONIAN NATURAL HISTORY
AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY
(Including: the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society)
Edited by
ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s.
Published at the Society's Rooms,
Royal Technical College, George Street, Glasgow.
XLbc OlasGOW IRaturalist
The Journal of the
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History
AND Microscopical Society.
Vol X.] [1931.
OPENING ADDRESS.
By Anderson Fergusson. F.E.S.
This, as you are all aware, is the inaugural meeting of the
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical
Society, and m}^ first duty as interim President — a very
pleasant duty — is to welcome your presence here to-night for
the first time as members of the new Society. On behalf of the
Society I also extend a very cordial welcome to all those with
us to-night who were not formerly members of the three older
Societies.
As this is our first meeting, before we proceed to the business
of the evening, perhaps you will permit me to say a few words
regarding the amalgamation and also with regard to the future
of the new Society. The idea of amalgamation arose out of a
collective piece of work done by members of the three Societies
in connection with the visit of the British Association to
Glasgow in 1928. I refer to the compilation of the Card Cata-
logue of the Fauna and Flora of the Ch'de Area. The feeling
of certain of those engaged in that work was that, if individual
members of the respective Societies could collaborate as they
were doing for a special purpose, then there was no good
reason why the Societies themselves should not combine in
pursuit of their common object. Although a number of
people were concerned in the inception of the idea of amalgama-
tion I only mention one name. I refer to the late Robert
Grierson. Mr. Grierson was amongst those who took a very
active interest in the coming together of the three Societies in
its early stages, and as long as his health permitted, did his
utmost to further the scheme. We can only deplore the fact
that he was not spared to be with us to-night to see the cul-
mination of the amalgamation he had so much at heart.
The amalgamation was not carried out without a great deal
of anxious consideration by all the parties concerned. Man}'
things had to be considered by the Committees which were set
up by the three Societies and many difficulties had to be over-
come, but I think our presence here to-night is the best
evidence of how successful the preliminary negotiations have
been, and of how well an}' difficulties that cropped up have
been surmounted. I think also that I am right in saying that
throughout our discussions one idea was paramount in all our
minds, and that idea was that amalgamation of the three
Societies was going to be for the utmost benefit to the study
of Natural Science in the West of Scotland. After all, the
study of Natural History in all its branches was the avowed
object of each Society working separately, and our feeling was
that we were going to carry out that object more efficiently
working as one body.
What, then, are the benefits we have gained by coming
together as one Society? Some of them can be quite easily
stated. Perhaps the most important is that we are pooling
our scientific resources. By that I mean that instead of dis-
tributing or dissipating our scientific energy through the
medium of three Societies we are bringing it to a focus in one
Society which will be representative of the scientific mind of
the Git}' of Glasgow so far as the study of Natural History is
concerned. In saying this I am not forgetting our friends of
the Geological Society, but I am also remembering that our
new Society is going to have a strong Geological Section. One
result that should flow from this is that in future young people,
or for that matter older people, who are interested in Natural
History and wish to join a Society dealing with the subject,
instead of having to choose between three Societies, will
inevitably come to the one Society existing in the City, which.
of course, will be all to the benefit of the membership and of
the work of the new Society. Then we are pooling our finances
and so effecting a great economy. It is pretty obvious that
the cost of running one Society is going to be considerably less
than the cost of running three. One important result ought
to follow, and that is that the new Society should, and I hope
will, be in a position to carry out regular publication. A local
Natural History Society is judged amongst its compeers by
the quality and the regularity of its publication of the scientific
work done by its members. I am not afraid that there will
be any dearth of material for publication. As soon as you
guarantee a certain measure of regularity in the issue of your
Journal I think you will find plenty of material. Xor have I
the least fear regarding the quality of the material when I
consider the quality of the membership of the Society. Fur-
thermore, regularity of publication means that you keep up
your ex'changes with other Societies, and so keep your library
abreast of what is going on in scientific circles. In a word, by
amalgamation, or to use a term which is fashionable just now,
by rationalisation, we are concentrating our scientific and
financial energ}- , and it is obvious that better results are going
to follow in the tackling of our main object, which, according
to our Constitution, is to foster and encourage the study of
Natural History, and to stimulate research in the West of
Scotland.
So much for the amalgamation which has now been accom-
plished. What of the future of our new Society ? I was very
much struck by one passage in Mr. Lee's eloquent address to
the last meeting of the Andersonian Society. I mean the
passage in which he referred to the meeting at which that
Society was initiated forty-five years ago — a meeting at which
you will remember a small band of young men took part. In
the first place it reminded me of a similar meeting held in
Glasgow in 1851 — thirty-four years previously — at which the
Natural History Society of Glasgow was originated. There
would appear to be some virtue in small numbers, for that
meeting was composed of only nine young men, other three
members having joined a week later. I have, unfortunately,
no details of the origination of the Microscopical Society which
occurred about a year later than that of the Andersonian, but
I have no doubt that the same urge to get together for the
pursuit of their particular study was then present, as it had
been in the case of the older Societies. Well, when I heard
what Mr. Lee had to say about that first meeting of the
Andersonian Society, I just thought — What a picture of
enthusiasm ! Youthful enthusiasm if you like, but still, what
a spirit of enthusiasm ! That is the spirit we wish to recapture
at this the initial meeting of our new Society, and I feel that
with the coming together of the three Societies it can be
recaptured. Just compare the situation forty-five years ago
with our situation to-day. Then, these young men were
launching a new Society without a great deal of experience,
without a great deal of money, without any library, and with
only their teacher to guide them in the right direction. But
they had that spirit of enthusiasm which Mr. Lee has so well
described.
To-night we are also launching a new Society, but under
what different circumstances. We start with the traditions of
the three older Societies behind us, with the incentive to live
up to these traditions, with the accumulated experience of
the older members of these Societies, with, I hope, a sound
financial basis, with, thanks to the generosity of the Governors
of this College, a fine meeting place, and last but not least of
our assets, with an extensive and valuable library, properly
housed and easily accessible. With all these advantages are
we to lack the enthusiasm which brought the older Societies
into being and carried them on to their conclusion ? Well,
ladies and gentlemen, the answer to that question lies with
you, but I am certain that your answer will be an emphatic
No ! The older Societies leave behind them a fine record of
achievement in the realm of Natural History, but there still
remains for our new Society a vast field of important and
interesting work in the investigation of the various aspects of
animal and plant life in the Clyde Area, and with enthusiasm
and goodwill I am convinced that we can look forward to a
long, useful, and successful career.
At the last meeting of the Andersonian Society some
reference was made to a feeling of rivalry (I don't repeat the
stronger term that was used) between that Society and the
Natural History Society. All I can say about that is, if such
a feeling ever existed, surely it is now past and done with, and
I would ask you to remember, or rather I should say, we must
all remember, that we are now no longer members of the
Natural History Society, the Andersonian Society, or of the
Microscopical Society, but that we are members of the Glasgow
and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society,
and as such, that we intend to do our utmost for the success
of our new Society.
I have referred to the objects of the Society and to the work
which lies before it in the future, and I think it \vill be quite
clear that to carry on that work successfully in the j^ears to
come the Society requires the constant accession of young and
energetic members. If any of those present to-night who have
not been members of the older Societies have any interest,
however slight, in any branch of Natural History, or even if
they only think that they may take an interest in our work,
I appeal to them to join our membership, attend our meetings,
use our librar}^ and take part in our summer excursions. I
think I can safely promise every assistance from the present
members as a whole, and from the experts in the various
sections into which the Society will be divided.
AERATION IN THE BRYOPHYTA.
By John R. Lee.
{Read lOth March, 1931.)
The relation of land plants to the surrounding atmosphere is
a subject which, has from the dawn of scientific investigation
attracted attention. The superficial tissues of leaves and
young shoots were early recognised to be parts engaged directly
in the important functions of nutrition ; and the fact was soon
appreciated that their external surfaces are the seat of those
processes of interchange between the protoplasmic cell-
contents and the surrounding air which are essential features
of plant physiology. These activities of the outer tissues may
be said to be principally comprehensible under the two
categories of photo-synthesis and transpiration, to which we
may add a third — respiration— though that is common to all
parts of the plant organism. Photo-synthesis, or the formation
of organic substances by combination with the carbon derived
by decomposition of the atmospheric carbon-dioxide, takes
place wherever chlorophyll-containing cells are exposed to the
action of sunlight ; and is common to both land-plants and
those submerged in water, the latter obtaining the carbon-
dioxide from solution in the surrounding medium. Transpira-
tion, on the other hand, is a function peculiar to plants some
of whose nutritive cells are exposed to the air. It is upon this
process that the movement of liquid matter withm the plant-
body depends, that continuous stream of so-called " crude sap "
by which the necessary elements absorbed by the root-hairs
are carried in solution to the active chlorophyll-cells, there to
be built up into the various compounds necessary to the life
of the plant. The function of these outer tissues is therefore
twofold : (1) the absorption of carbon-dioxide and its reduction
under the influence of chlorophyll and sunlight into carbon and
oxygen, the latter being restored to the atmosphere ; and (2)
the removal of surplus water by evaporation into the air, so
as to promote what is known as the " transpiration current."
It is obvious that for both processes free access of air to these
tissues is essential. On the other hand, for both processes
there is a danger of too great activity. Exposure to an excess
of intense sunshine is knovvTi to cause exhaustion and perma-
nent injury to assimilating chlorophyll tissues ; and a too
rapid evaporation of water will inevitably reduce the condition
of turgor in cells which is essential to metabolism. It is neces-
sary, therefore, that some check be placed upon the activity
of the processes, and hence the need for some means of regulat-
ing them. The arrangements by which both sufficient aeration
and adequate protection are secured in the various forms of
land-plants constitute a subject of great interest to the student
of plant hfe ; and it happens that in the group of the Bryophyta
we are provided with material for its study both in connection
with the gametopMiie and the sporophyte generations.
Before we proceed to our subject proper, however, it ma3'
be well to recall the primar}^ facts regarding the relationship
of the two alternating generations. This is, of course, best
understood from the well-known life-history of the Ferns. In
this group the germination of the spore gives rise to the simple
" prothallus," consisting of a green scale-like body attached to
the ground by absorbent root-hairs or " radicles," and bearing
on its under surface the two kinds of sexual organs — antheridia
and archegonia. In its adult condition the gametophyte
remains small, and very simple in structure. On the other
hand, the sporophyte generation, which develops from the
fertilised oosphere, is a highly complex plant-body, familiar
to us as the " fern-plant," and consisting of root, stem, and
leaves, with a complicated vascular system, and often attaining
large size. In the mosses and liverworts (bryophyta) this
relation is reversed, the gametophyte becomes the more con-
spicuous generation, and is generally known as the " plant " ;
whereas the sporophyte remains small, and is throughout life
(at least partially) dependent upon the gametophyte as a
parasite. It is only in the br3'oph3^tes that we find any great
elaboration of the gametophyte generation adapted for life
on land ; and a study of that adaptation leads at once to our
subject of the modifications of the chloroph3'll tissues to meet
the varying needs of the plant-body. It is well to note here.
10
in passing, however, the one striking feature which is charac-
teristic of both Bryoph3'tes and Pteridophytes, and which
imposes a hmit of structural development such as renders them
incapable of complete adaptability to terrestrial conditions.
In both the mosses and liverworts on the one hand, and the
ferns and their allies on the other, the female organ is what is
termed an " archegonium," the form of which requires that
the act of fertilisation must be by means of motile spermato-
zoids, and can therefore only take place when liquid water is
present. These plants (the archegoniates) have in consequence
been aptly referred to as " amphibious." They are so, in the
sense that, at this critical point in their life-history, the func-
tion of the gametophyte demands the presence of external
water, in the liquid state, and in some quantity. The adoption
of heterospory, with the reduction to vanishing point of the
gametophyte generation, and combined with the " siphono-
gamic " mode of fertilisation by means of pollen-tubes, has
rendered the flowering plants independent of this awkward
need, and so enabled them to become the dominant class of
land vegetation. Up to this limit, however, the plant-body
of the gametophyte is capable of a fairly high degree of develop-
ment, as we shall see.
In a few cases there is little or no modification from the
simple flat scale-like or ribbon-like thallus. A good example
is the well-known Pellia or Aneura. In these hepatics there
is no great elaboration of form. In the case of Anetira the
plant is small in size, and the thallus is flattened and usually
lenticular in section, and the external cell-layer functions as
the chlorophyll tissue. It is obvious that no great increase
in size is possible here, unless there be some corresponding
change of form whereby the relative proportion of surface
may be enlarged. In our native species this is to some extent
secured by branching, but that is only to a limited degree
sufficient to compensate for the increase in size. In some
exotic species of Anetira the margin of the thallus is extended
as a wing, composed of a single layer of cells, thus giving a
more efficient increase of surface. This type of structure i-
more clearly developed in the genus Metzgeria, where the
11
central part of the thallus is reduced to a definite " midrib,"
and the flattened ribbon-Hke portion on either side becomes a
well-developed layer or plate of tissue, one cell in thickness.
In Pellia the ribbon-Hke form is adhered to, and the relatively
large thallus continues to be thin, and without any special
differentiation. It is apparent that the limit of physiological
efficiency must be quickly reached in a plant-body of this
form, and no great development is possible without some
further modification.
The differentiation of the plant bod}' into stem and leaf
may be looked upon as essentially an adaptation to meet this
contingency' ; and in its simpler forms this appears to be the
chief advantage of such a differentiation. A study of the
various forms assumed by the foHose hepatics soon reveals,
however, that, once the form of the leafy shoot has been
adopted, its possibilities of adaptation to various functions are
practically endless. From the simplest forms, in which no
advantage seems apparent beyond this increase in external
surface, to complex modifications of foliar structure such as
to make the study of this group one of most fascinating
interest, the leafy liverworts show a wealth of different forms
perhaps unrivalled in the plant kingdom. Between the com-
pletely differentiated leafy shoot and the simple thallus,
however, there exists a most interesting series of transitional
forms, the study of which would form a subject by itself.
We must pass, however, to a consideration of the higher forms
of the gametoph\te, as seen in the mosses. In this group we
meet with the greatest elaboration of the plant-body in the
gametoph\-te generation.
The general form of the adult shoot in mosses is that of a
comparatively slender stem with an abundant leaf develop-
ment. In the " acrocarpous " forms the stem is usualh* more
or less erect, and either unbranched or divided in a furcate or
caespitose manner. The leaves are crowded together and
spirally arranged, and take a variety of form, in many cases
bent in squarrose fashion, or sickle-shaped and turned to one
side (secund). The structure of the leaf is in general very
simple, being composed of a simple plate of cells in a single
12
layer, with, in the majority of cases, a " nerve " or midrib
composed of elongated cells forming a conductive tissue-
system. The physiological needs of the plant are thus met by
means of the relatively large surface presented to the air and
light by the abundant leafage. In the case of "pleurocarpous"
mosses the stem is usually copiously branched in pinnate
fashion, and the leaves are commonly spread out in a com-
planate manner. In the case of most mosses, therefore, the
required development of surface is attained by the leaves
being numerous, and having a large area with little internal
bulk. There is no great room for "storage" tissue, and
reserve materials are usually scanty, and are lodged in the
interior of the stem. As most mosses remain active at all
seasons there is no need for any great accumulation of reserves.
The chief drawback to this arrangement is the liability to
desiccation during periods of drought, due to the entire lack
of any special protective tissue-system, the active chlorophyll
cells being fully exposed to the air. This contingency is met
in mosses by a number of contrivances. In many cases the
cells themselves are so constructed that the walls contract
when water is partially withdrawn ; and a certain minimum
quantity is retained, and can be held for a considerable period.
Close imbrication and contortion of the leaves is also a verj^
common feature in mosses tending to afford protection from
loss of moisture.
In a few cases, however, there is a special development of
the chlorophyllose tissue which secures a much greater surface
in contact with the air. Some forms of the genus Tortula, for
example, develop filamentous outgrowths from the adaxial
leaf-surface, which, being abundantly supplied with chlorophyll,
function as efficient organs of assimilation. In the order
Polytrichacese, however, we find the highest development along
this line. It is, in fact, in the genus Polytrichum that the
gametophyte finds its most elaborate differentiation in the
plant kingdom. Here there is a well-developed conductive
system in the stem showing an approach, in rudimentary form
it is true, to the vascular tissues of the higher plants. " Leaf-
traces " can even be found extending to the foliar tissues, and
13
the latter are more variously developed than is the case in
most mosses. Along the face of the leaf, on the adaxial side,
there extend a series of vertical lamellae, forming thin plates
of cells, each of one layer, and running parallel with each other
and close together, longitudinally, from a little distance above
the base to near the apex of the leaf. The cells of these lamellae,
and thej^ alone, contain chlorophyll, and constitute the assimi-
latory tissue of the leaf. In cross-section the leaf resembles a
book ; and in the active condition, when light and moisture
are present in adequate amount, the " book " appears as if
half-opened, since the leaf is then fully expanded, and the
lamellae sHghtly separate from one another. In darkness, and
when water is withdrawn, a certain amount of protection is
afforded by the lamellae closing together ; and in some species
the free margin of the leaf, which forms a wing beyond the
lamellae, bends inwards over the exposed edges of the latter.
In other cases, where the margin is more rigid, the uppermost
cell-row of each lamella has the outer ceU-wall (forming the
edge) thickened or cuticularised in a variety of wsiys.
It will be seen, then, that the provision of an adequate
assimilating surface is attained in mosses by elaboration of
the exterior, without any special development of a protective
covering, beyond that afforded by mechanical movements of
parts. If we turn back again to the thalloid liverworts,
however, we may trace a development along another and quite
different line. Besides the simple thallose forms from which,
as already remarked, we can trace a series leading, to the
foliose hepatics, there are others of more complicated structure
where, without any differentiation into stem and leaf, there
is an elaboration of the tissue-systems resulting in anatomical
features of the most interesting character. It is, in fact, in
this group, the Marchantiales, that the most highly differen-
tiated form of the thallus occurs.
Marchantia itself, the genus from which the group is named,
is most often referred to and described in the text-books, and
has been, perhaps, the most extensively studied. It is, however,
in some respects, divergent from the others, and in any case
14
represents a more advanced and elaborate form of structure
than is seen in some of them. For our purpose, we may
conveniently take our first illustration from Rehoulia, where
the chlorophyll tissues may be very easily studied in detail.
The thallus of Rehoulia hemisphoerica is a flat ribbon-like one,
small in size, usually from one to two inches in length, and
about a quarter of an inch in average breadth, but somewhat
variable both in size and form, from its rather irregular
dichotomous branching. It forms patches upon the surface
of rocks in shady places, but usually avoiding those where
moisture is excessive. The colour is dull green on the upper
(dorsal) surface, often tinged with dark violet-purple on the
edges and especially on the ventral side, and there are two
imbricating rows of violet-coloured scales right and left of
the median line beneath. As in other genera of the group
two kinds of " root-hairs " or " rhizoids " occur in association
with the ventral scales ; short colourless ones which grow
vertically downwards and attach the plant to the substratum,
and very long ones, with curious peg-like ingrowths of the
cell- wall giving them a granular appearance, which extend
horizontally on the underside parallel with the middle of the
thallus. and act as carriers of water. Beneath the surface of
the thallus, on its dorsal side the cells for some depth are filled
with chlorophyll corpuscles, and are thin -walled, with the
exception of the outermost layer, which is nearly, but not quite
altogether, devoid of chlorophyll, and has the external cell-wall
somewhat thickened, especially at the angles. These chloro-
phyll-cells are not closely packed, but have considerable
" intercellular spaces," many of them of large size, in fact
forming irregular chambers which communicate with each
other, and are bounded by plates or filaments composed of
the chlorophyll tissue. The outer cell-layer is, however,
continuous, and without intercellular spaces, except for
numerous very regularly arranged pores of a definite form,
each of which opens into one of the subjacent chambers, and
thus gives communication with the atmosphere. In other
hepatics of this group the " air-chambers," as they are called,
are more definite in form and arrangement, and are restricted
to the region immediately beneath the surface, to which also
15
the chlorophyll cells are confined. In Reboulia the chlorophyll-
tissue extends to a relatively greater depth within the thallus.
It is sometimes stated that the irregularity of the chambers
here is due to the originally large spaces becoming divided up
by secondary growi:h from the adjacent cells, but this is not
quite certain. The degree of protection furnished by the
continuous external cell-layer, with its system of pore-openings,
suggests at once an analogy with the " epidermis " of the
higher plants ; and in fact this outer layer is often loosely
called an " epidermal layer." Apart, however, from its being
far less efficient physiologically, it has a quite different struc-
tural origin. At first the air-spaces which develop into
chambers are, in most cases at least, open to the external
atmosphere, being formed by separation of the cells in a
schizogenous manner, and the outer layer arises by subsequent
division of the outer cells by anticlinal walls, which grow
together and so close the chambers.
The structure of the pores by which communication with
the external air is maintained claims rather closer attention.
The orifice may be seen under a low power of the microscope
to be surrounded by several concentric rings composed of cells
elongated in the direction parallel to the margin of the opening,
those of each successive ring diminishing in lateral diameter
as they approach the opening. The structure becomes clear
from an examination of a vertical transverse section of the
thallus where it has passed medianly through a pore. It is
then seen that the concentric rings form an arch, rising slightly
above the general level of the surface of the thallus. The
whole structure is sometimes referred to as a " compound
stoma " ; but, as we shall see, it is very different from the true
" stomata " of the higher plants, which are never found in
the gametophyte generation. These air-pores of the hepaticae
are more elaborate, and far less efficient, as organs for con-
trolling the aeration of tissues, than are the true stomata.
If we glance for a moment at the female receptacle of
Reboulia, we find there a similar assimilatory tissue, agreeing
in all respects \vith that of the vegetative portion of the thallus,
except in the structure of the pore. In section it is seen that
16
the rings of cells bounding the orifice are superposed on each
other, and extend downwards into the cavity of the air-cham-
ber, and are so arranged that the opening is narrower at the
upper and lower extremities of the orifice than in its middle.
In fact the whole structure strongly resembles a miniature
barrel ; and his type of opening has been termed a
" barrel-shaped pore." It may be noted that these barrel-
shaped pores occur on the female receptacle or " carpocepha-
lum " of the Marchantiaceae generally ; but as they are also
to be found on the other parts of the thallus in some genera,
we shall refer to them in detail when we come to speak of those
forms.
A similar type of pore to that seen on the general thallus
of Reboulia may also be studied in the much more common
and better known Conocephalum. This very familiar plant
is one of the largest of our native frondose liverworts. It
forms large masses on the surface of wet rocks, the broad
ribbon-shaped thallus being of a bright green colour through-
out, and conspicuously marked on the dorsal surface by
hexagono-rhomboid areolae, each with a pore in its centre of
sufficient size to be quite visible as a light-coloured dot to the
naked eye. In section these areolae are seen to be large air-
chambers, each of definite form and bounded by walls formed
of several cell-layers of green cells. The internally limiting
" floor " of the chambers is formed by a single continuous
layer of chlorophyllose cells, beneath which the thallus is seen
to be made up of compact parenchyma without intercellular
spaces, the cells of which contain starch and other reserve
materials ; and there are also channels which contain an
abundance of a fragrant oil, by which this hepatic can always
be recognised. From the " floor " of the air-chambers arise
very numerous green filaments, composed of cells placed end
to end, each of which contains abundant chlorophyll, except
the uppermost one, which is of a peculiar flask-shaped form,
and is nearly or quite colourless. According to the best
authorities this end cell of the filament, with its attenuated
hyaline " beak," is a mucilage-secreting gland, and may
possibly act as an organ for preventing the chamber from
17
becoming water-logged should an excess of atmospheric
moisture cause the pore-opening to be over-charged. The
structure of the cell-rings surrounding the pore can be studied
more easily in this plant. The arch formed by these cells is
higher, and the enclosed air-space larger than in RehouUa,
but in essential features the two are very similar. The very
narrow cells forming the innermost ring can be seen to have
a rim of membrane on their free edge, which extends con-
tinuously round the orifice like a flange. It is stated by some
observers that this rim has some wax-like or resinous secretion
on its exterior surface by which water is prevented from
gaining access to the pore-opening. There would thus appear
to be a double protection against the danger of the air-chambers
becoming choked. If the pores be examined in surface view
under a low power, the ring-cells will be seen to bend outwards
giving an irregular wavy outline to the whole structure. If
water be partially withdrawn from the cells — say by treatment
with a saline solution — they will be seen to lose this wavy
outline and to assume a more regular shape, rendering the
pore-structure regularly circular or oval. As the diameter of
the orifice is, however, scarcely if at all diminished, it is pro-
bable that the partial lessening of the turgor of these cells
due to dry weather may result in a lowering of the arch, and
a consequent lessening of the area of air-space above the
chlorophyll tissue. The control exercisable by this type of
pore is thus probably sufficient for the needs of the plant, but
it cannot be regarded as a very efficient organ.
There are other two genera represented in the British Flora
which have this simple type of thallus-pore, viz. : Targionia
and Lunularia, the former a rare form, found on dry rocks in
basaltic and limestone districts, the latter common on walls
in damp places, and much resembling Conocephalus, but
smaller and at once distinguished by the practically constant
presence of gemma-cups, resembling those of Marchantia but
with the anterior lip wanting, so as to appear semilunar in
shape.
There are two British forms which exhibit the " barrel "
type of pore on the vegetative part of the thallus as well as on
B
18
the carpocephalum ; and we may now briefly glance at this
more highly advanced structure. For our purpose we may
examine the case of Preissia, a fairly common and well-known
hepatic. Marchantia, which has been more generally studied,
corresponds with it in all essential particulars, and being larger
in all its parts is perhaps more easily examined ; but it is less
common with us, and the material less available. Preissia
much resembles Rehotdia both in size and habit, and was b}' the
earlier botanists confused with it. The resemblance is, how-
ever, quite a superficial one ; there are many points of differ-
ence structurally, into which we need not enter here ; but for
rough-and-ready identification in the field it may be remarked
that if the female receptacle be present and in good condition
{as is usually the case) Preissia may be known at once by the
presence of a distinct cruciform protuberance on its upper
surface, which is quite absent in Rehoidia.
A section of the thallus shows a very considerable develop-
ment of the underlying storage tissue, in which, in this case,
there are embedded some fibrous cell-structures which prob-
ably act as a strengthening tissue, and are usually darker in
colour — another convenient distinguishing mark. It has also
been found that the cells near the ventral surface, on either
side of the median line, are frequently occupied by fungal
hyphae ; and this has been regarded as a probable case of
symbiosis, examples of which are now known to be so wide-
spread in the Vegetable kingdom. The chlorophyll tissue,
with which we are at present more immediately concerned, is
limited to a narrow layer along the dorsal surface, and is
constructed in much the same way as the corresponding tissue
in Conocephalus ; but here the air-chambers are relatively
smaller, and the filamentous upgrowths less regular. The
pore-opening, however, is the most distinctive feature. In
section it will be seen to be bounded by a wall composed of
superposed rings of cells, about six in number, of which the
lowermost is much the smallest in diameter. Although the
pores are quite easily discernible with a lens, they do not
project much above the surface of the thallus as is the case In
Conocephalus, and to a lesser extent in Marchantia. Superficial
19
examination with the microscope shows that the number of
cells forming the outermost ring may vary from four to six ;
but that the lowermost is always composed of four cells, which
are larger than the others, and differ in outline. The latter
are so arranged that the space enclosed by them is cruciate in
shape ; and by increase or decrease in the turgor of the cells
this space varies in such a way that the pore may be said to
be " open " or " closed " as the case may be, although the
orifice is never quite closed. It is evident that we have in this
form of pore an instrument for the regulation of transpiration
of a high degree of efficiency ; and, in fact, this represents the
most perfect type of aerating arrangement attained by the
gametophyte. It would appear, then, that we have in the
Bryophyta illustrations of progressive evolution along two
different lines in regard to the aeration of tissues in this
generation.
When we turn to the sporophyte, however, we find a very
different story. As we have seen, the spore-bearing generation
in mosses and liverworts appears as a mere appendage of the
gametophyte rather than as an independent organism.
Throughout life it remains attached to, and is nourished by,
the sexual plant, although in mosses at least its tissues
usually contain chloroph\dl, and are able in consequence to
manufacture part of the organic material from the air. In
hepatics generally the sporophyte consists of a globular or oval
" capsule," filled with spores and curious elastic bodies called
" elaters," and seated upon a slender hyaline stalk or " seta."
In mosses it is a much more complex structure ; but we need
not at present go into all its details. For our purpose we
merely note that here also it consists of " seta " and " capsule,"
but the interior tissues of the latter are not entirely trans-
formed into spores, and " elaters " are never present. There
is a definite cylindrical layer some distance beneath the
surface which alone gives rise to the mother-cells of the spores.
The tissues interior to this " sporogenous " layer remain
sterile and constitute a storehouse of reserve materials which
are used up in the development of the spores. Exterior to the
spore-forming layer the cells contain chlorophyll, and here.
20
in the active assimilating tissue we find large air-spaces — in
fact, a very remarkably perfect" type of " spongy " tissue,
recalling that of the mesophyll of the leaves in dicotyledons.
In many mosses there is at the base of the " capsule " a
swollen neck termed the " apophysis," of very variable form
and size, the interior of which shows a considerable develop-
ment of this chlorophyll tissue, with its intercellular spaces.
The most interesting feature of the assimilatory system in
the sporophyte of mosses, however, is the presence of true
stomata in the outer layer or " exothecium." These are in
all respects similar to those which occur in the higher plants,
and which have been so fully studied by botanists, and become
familiar to all students. As we know, the stoma is a very
perfect organ, and its action, influenced not only directty by
variations of turgor due to the transpiration current varjdng
in activity, but also indirectly by the action of light upon the
chlorophyll corpuscles in the " guard cells," has been the sub-
ject of research by many investigators. We are familiar \\-ith
its many variations in minor detail, such as its being sunk in
pits or depressions of the surface, its protection by overlapping
cells, and so on. Many of these features are found in mosses
also ; and in fact the observation of the occurrence of stomata,
their number, distribution upon the surface of the sporo-
gonium, size, form, &c., forms a most fascinating microscopical
study. In general, stomata are found most frequently at or
near the base of the capsule, and particularly upon the apo-
physis. In the genus Splachnum this structure is very greatly
developed, and becomes in fact the most conspicuous part of
the sporogonium, functioning at first as an organ of nutrition,
and later, when the spores are ripe, becoming variously
coloured, and (according to some authorities) serving to
attract insects, which assist in the distribution of the spores.
In this case the stomata are exceptionally large, and are
confined to the apophj'sis. In the genus Orthotrichum the
stomata occur on the capsule-wall itself, and are of two kinds
— superficial and " immersed " (covered partially by over-
lapping cells) — and these are of value in distinguishing closely
allied species in this group.
21
Sphagnum is of special interest in this connection. This
group of plants differs widely from the true mosses, and indeed
from all other plants, in the form and structure of its vegetative
parts ; the pecuHar hydraulic system formed by its hyaline
vesicles being quite unique. The sporogonium also is different
both in form and mode of development from that of the mosses ;
although it is more nearly related to them than to the hepatics,
which it superficially resembles. The most curious feature,
however, is the occurrence of abortive stomata upon the
capsule wall. The development of a stoma proceeds in the
usual wa3', up to the formation of the two guard-cells and then
stops, the pore never being formed. It is impossible to regard
these structures in Sphagnum as other than vestigial.
But the most astonishing case of all is that of the genus
Anthoceros. This is a small group of plants occupying a place
somewhat intermediate between the mosses and the hepatics,
but usually associated with the latter. In the structural
features of the gametophyte it closely resembles some of the
simplest forms of the latter ; the small green scale-like thallus
strongly recalling such forms as Blasia or Pellia. But in the
sporophyte characters it stands quite apart. The form of the
sporogonium is a narrow thread-Uke or cylindrical body, with
a bulbous " foot," the latter embedded in the tissues of the
gametophyte. Above the " foot," and between it and the
" capsule " or spore-bearing part, is a region of formative
" meristem " tissue, by which the continued growth of the
sporogonium is maintained for some time. In the upper part,
there is a central zone of sterile parenchyma which strongly
recalls the " columella " of the mosses, and is in fact usually
described by that term. It is surrounded b\' the spore-forming
layer which is, however, penetrated by a network of sterile
cells which form a continuous vital communication between
the central tissue and the exterior chlorophyllose region. The
cells of the latter have intercellular air-spaces, and the outermost
layer forms an epidermis with cuticularised external walls, and
\vith fully developed functional stomata. These latter are in
all respects similar to those of the higher plants, and of the
mosses.
This case of Anthoceros is of the utmost interest ; for upon
other grounds this genus can be shown to have approaches,
especially in the details of the embryology of the sporophyte,
with Sphagnum on the one hand, and with the Ptendophytes
on the other ; while there is also a suggestion of a relation to
the mosses in the sporogonial characters, and (through the
.most primitive of the hepatics) with some forms of the green
algae in those of the gametophyte. The resemblances, remote
though they be, between the moss sporogonium and that of
Anthoceros, are sufficiently suggestive to arrest attention ;
and, as it seems to me, the occurrence of true stomata in both
is a point of great importance. We cannot now go into the
details of the many questions of structure and morphology
involved ; but this one point of the practically universal
occurrence of a structure of such high physiological efficiency
throughout all forms of the sporophyte where any appreciable
degree of adaptation to independent nutrition is attained
appears to be one of the utmost significance. Especially from
the fact that, so far as science is aware, true stomata are
unknown in the gametophyte, their presence in the spore-
bearing generation of all the higher land-plants seems to point
to their being a feature common to all its forms from a very
early period, and suggests that we are here dealing with a
structural feature handed down from the most primitive forms
of land-plants.
In his search for the possible origin of the higher forms.
Bower, in his great work on " The Origin of a Land Flora,"
postulated a theory of the " strobilus," which envisaged a
form consisting of an axis with lateral spore-bearing organs,
which by successive sterilisation of parts of the structure to
meet the increasing need for independent nutrition may have
developed into the form of the leafy shoot, now established in
the higher groups. This view seemed to be corroborated by
the subsequent discovery of the earliest known fossil-plants
{Rhynia, &c.) in the Devonian rocks, in which, however, already
a vascular system of great complexity had been established.
In the case of the Pteridophyta, we possess very full evidence
in the fossil record, as to the geological history of the vascular
23
plants, extending right back to these early fossils. With the
Bryophyta the case is very different. Unfortunately their soft,
delicate structure, and the entire absence of anything like the
more enduring fibro-vascular tissues of the higher plants, has
made their preservation in the fossil state impossible ; and
the record of their geological history has in consequence been
so to speak, wiped out, so that we have to rely upon the
uncertain method of speculative surmise and inference
based on comparisons of structure and development, for any
theory as to their past existence. Two mutually exclusive
views are possible as to the geological history of the Br3'o-
phytes. We may regard the sporogonium as a primitive
structure, not very far removed from the form which, by the
initiation of leaf-like appendages, developed into the higher
forms ; in which case the capsule of Anthoceros at once suggests
itself to our minds as the possible link. Or we may, perhaps
supported by the balance of probability in the present state
of knowledge, regard it as a reduction from some form which
may have existed prior to any of the known phyla, when the
possibilities of life on land first initiated the need for structural
adjustments to the gaseous atmospheric medium, and led to
the formation of the first epidermal stomata.
The point I wish to make, however, is that whichever of
these two views we adopt, we are necessarily compelled to
assume the great antiquity of the Bryophytes ; and by
implication to believe that, however different in general
aspect and details the vegetation of the earth in early geolo-
gical time may have been, the main types as we know them
to-day must nevertheless have existed side by side since a
very remote epoch. The discovery of the " pteridosperms "
in the Carboniferous renders it even possible that the flowering
plants, generalh' allowed to be in at least most cases a late,
derivative type, may have had their origin much further back
than is supposed. In fact, the old idea of a " linear series "
in descent from the algae to the phanerogams is becoming less
and less tenable as a " working hypothesis," and we are led
to believe that the main lines of organic evolution have been
in fact laid down, and probably sketched out by the Divine
Creator from the beginning of things.
24
WOODCOCK.
By James Bartholomew.
{Read ^\st March, 1931.)
There is very much of interest in the Woodcock's waj^s and
structure. It is a soHtary bird ; only when it has a mate in
the spring and summer can you rely on finding two together.
Although 3'ou may raise quite a number out of a coppice or
bank covered with broom or gorse, during the winter months,
1 believe they only congregate there on account of the shelter,
or proximity to food, not because they seek the society of their
own kind.
It breeds in the British Isles ; in Europe, from Scandinavia
and North Russia to Pyrenees, Alps, and North Italy, Hungary,
and northern part of the Balkan peninsula ; in ^ladeira,
Canaries, and Azores ; in North Asia to Kashmir, and Hima-
layas, east to Japan. There is a distinct sub-species in South
Japan. In Saunders and Eagle Clarke's " Manual of British
Birds " the Woodcock is said to have appeared as a waif on
the Atlantic coast of the United States, also in Greenland and
Iceland, and in Witherb^^'s Handbook the distribution is given
as " Casual, Faeroes, Spitzbergen, Greenland and Eastern
U.S.A., from Newfoundland to Virginia."
In a book published in 1884 on " Sport with Gun and Rod
in America," there is an article on " The American Woodcock,
Philohela minor." In this article it says : "As compared with
the European cousin of the same name the American Woodcock
is a small bird weighing only from five to nine ounces." The
average wpight of Woodcock in this country is nine to thirteen
ounces. It is further stated that "he is found in Canada, in
Florida, and in Maine ; and in Kansas, New York, and New
Jersey may almost be considered as resident."
Woodcock are both residents in and migrants to this
country ; that is to say, some breed here and some leave this
country in spring to breed on the Continent, while considerable
25
numbers arrive in autumn from the Continent. The number
arri\'ing in autumn seem to var\- in districts each year. One
autumn they may be ver\- plentiful in Scotland, or at least in
parts of Scotland, and scarce in England, in another year this
may be reversed. I believe the wind which prevails at the time
they cross the North Sea has to do with this. A south-easterly
wind would be the most favourable for their landing in Scot-
land, and a north-easterly wind would cause them to land on
the English coast.
The advent of the \\'oodcock is eagerly awaited by sports-
men, and such is the eagerness among some to secure the birds
that in their excitement dangerous shots are fired. So much
is this the case that one man said that whenever he heard the
shout of " Woodcock " he threw himself flat on the ground and
lay there till the danger was past. Some people esteem the
edible quaHty of the Woodcock ver\- much, and the thigh,
which is of much Ughter coloured flesh than the breast, is the
" bonne bouche."
WTien there is a scarcity of Woodcock in this coimtry after
the autumn migration there is usualh- a report circulated that
large numbers have been drowned in the North Sea, ha\dng
faUen there exhausted, and in the autumn of 1929 this report
was again current. It was reported that on a part of the East
Coast of England three fishermen were said to have gathered
and sold 480 of the best of hundreds found floating dead in the
sea, on the ebb tide. A correspondent of mine. Major Portal,
had enquiry made there of all the fishing crews, and none had
seen or heard of any drowTied Woodcock. He also had enquiry
made from 240 skippers of the Trawling Company-, who work
the Hull, Iceland, and Arctic boats, and from the masters of
the Compan}' who run the Newcastle to Nor\vay boats, but no
drowned Woodcock had been seen. I wrote to the Leith and
Grangemouth shipping companies whose boats were regularly
crossing the North Sea, but the result of the enquiries they
most kindly made was that no Woodcock were seen in the
sea. I have no doubt that a few are drowned. Sir Ralph
Payne Gallwey mentions that one was found inside a large
26
Cod fish which was captured off the Yorkshire coast, but I have
now no faith in these reports of large numbers being drowned.
When the spring emigration from this country is in progress
they are safe in this country from gunners, as they are protected
under the Wild Birds' Protection Act, but they are shot in
large numbers when on the Continent, especially in Denmark.
However, if the wind at that season is from the south, they
do not remain long in Denmark, but proceed further north.
The numbers of Woodcock nesting in this country seem to
have increased very much in recent years. Perhaps this may
in some measure be due to the Wild Birds' Protection Act
which made it illegal to shoot Woodcock between 1st March
and 1st August ; and some County Councils have extended
this close time, making it from 1st February to 1st October.
" Thirty or forty years ago no sooner was a Woodcock
seen or reported," says Mr. Abel Chapman, " even in March
or April, than a gun was sent for and the foreigner shot
although probably nesting at the time, for in rustic reasoning
all foreigners, like buck niggers, were best dead."
No one seems to know what becomes of the Woodcock which
have bred here after the young are fledged. In August and
September they are not to be found in their usual haunts.
Major Seigne in " A Bird Watcher's Note Book" says: " In
Ireland, as in England, there 'is no doubt that these birds
disappear entirely for a short space in the autumn if these
nesting areas happen to be situated in congested or populated
districts." Major Seigne continues, " I think the majority of
Woodcock which leave nesting areas in the autumn return to
them in the winter months no matter where these happen to
be." In 1848 St. John, in " Natural Histor\^ and Sport in
Moray," said, " That those bred in the country migrate I have
no doubt, as they all invariabty disappear for two or three
months between summer and the first frosts of winter." I
have often heard keepers speak of the disappearance of Wood-
cock from their woods at this season, but none could say where
they had gone. In the Report on the Migration of Birds at
the Irish Light Stations from 1881 to 1897 there are only three
occurrences reported of Woodcocks during August and
September. There is a record of a Woodcock ringed in
Dumfriesshire in May 1913, and recovered at Elgin in Septem-
ber of the same year, and one ringed in Wigtownshire in May,
1913. was recovered in August 1914, at Moffat in Dumfriesshire.
This is all the evidence I have of migration during August and
September. Some people suggest that they go out to high
treeless ground where occasionally they are found b}^ deer-
stalkers at that season. The only way that their movements
can be traced is by ringing, and a good deal has been learned
about this, although some of the results are not quite what
one would expect. One would naturally look for the migration
in autumn to be towards the south-west and this is supported
by the recover}- during winter in France, Spain, and Portugal
of \^'oodcock ringed in Britain, and by the recovery in England
of a Woodcock ringed in Sweden. This south west movement
is also noticeable in the numbers of Woodcock recovered in
Ireland which have been ringed in Scotland and England. A
reverse movement in autumn is rather unexpected, but is
shown in a few cases, as in the Woodcock ringed in Ireland
and Northumberland as nestlings, and recovered in Inverness-
shire and Forfarshire respectively in October and November
of the year in which they were ringed.
Major Seigne tells an amusing stor\' in " Irish Bogs " about
a Woodcock which came on board a ship off the Coast of
China in an exhausted state and was caught by a Chinaman
who fed it on chopped raw meat. It lived on board for four
days, and then flew away much to the disappointment of the
Chinaman, who wanted to keep it "as with such a long bill
it ought to be able to sing well."
I believe that the \\'oodcock is one of the few birds which is
known to carry its young from one place to another. This is a
subject on which there has been much controversy, but I
think it is an indisputable fact, although there are still people
who will not believe it. Some years ago, I met a keeper who
had lived all his life in districts where Woodcock bred, and he
said that he had never seen a Woodcock carrying a young one,
although he had carefully watched for an instance. One of
28
his men said he had often seen this, so he was told to shoot the
first Woodcock he saw carrying a young one for proof. He
did so, but found no young one, and the head keeper explained
that at that season the Woodcock often flew away with their
tail spread out and depressed, giving the appearance that they
were carr\-ing a chick. A keeper told me that he saw a \A'ood-
cock, apparently carrying something, try to fly over a high
wall. It failed, and as it struck the wall something dropped
to the ground which proved to be a young one.
A point on which there is difference of opinion is, how the
young are held. Some say that the chick is held between the
top of the spread out toes and the breast ; others say it is held
between the bill and the breast. Again, some affirm that it is
held between the thighs with the assistance of the bill.
A reliable observer saw a Woodcock pick up a young one in
each claw and fly away, and then return in about five minutes
for a third young one which it also picked up in its claw.
Another observer, who saw a Woodcock Hfting a young one
from the ground, said that the biU was only used to get the
chick into a proper position before rismg. The same observer
says that he believes that Woodcock bring food to the young
for the first week or so, but afterwards, when the bills of the
young are strong enough to enable them to bore for their own
food, they carry them every evening to the feeding ground and
back at dawn to the resting place for the day time.
The Woodcock is a nocturnal feeder and it issues forth from
the wood in which it hides during daylight by the same
opening or gap, usuall}- just when it is beginning to get dark.
In spring, however, it does not proceed at once to the feeding
ground, but engages in some manoeuvres in the air. Major
Seigne has described these so aptly that I quote the following :
" If you wander about the lanes of a wood where Woodcock
nest, any fine evening in spring just at dusk, you will probably
see one of these birds flying up and down about the height of
the trees in a slow, uncertain way. Sometimes the bird will
pause and hover in the air for a few seconds, drop a few feet,
twist once or twice, and then go on again. Now and then it
29
will utter low croaking notes like a frog, usually in a series of
three, the first two pitched in a low level key, the last one
slightly higher. Occasionally three croaks or grunts are fol-
lowed by a squeaking noise like a bat, and ever\^ time this
occurs the bird flirts its tail. Often two birds join in these
flights, chasing each other and playing in the air."
Except in spring the Woodcock is a silent bird, but I once
heard one make a vocal noise when rising from the ground ; I
would not have seen it otherwise. I would describe the noise
as like that which a cock Pheasant makes, on a modified scale ;
in fact I thought it was a cock Pheasant till I saw the Woodcock.
Some sa}" that the Woodcock pairs for life, but there is no proof
of this.
While its bill may not be adapted for singing it is certainlv
a very sensitive member. The hexagonal nerv^e cells are
arranged in raised lines, while the cushion at the tip of the
upper mandible is most sensitive. This sensitiveness enables
the Woodcock to detect their food whenever the bill comes in
contact with it, although it is placed beyond the reach of sight.
Hard frost prevents the Woodcock from obtaining its food by
boring into the ground in marshy places, and forces it to shift
to milder quarters. The upper mandible of the Woodcock is
about a tenth of an inch longer than the lower, and a \\'oodcock
kept in captivity was observed to have much difficult^' in
picking a worm up off a level floor.
In " Birds from Moidart," Mrs. Blackburn tells of a Wood-
cock which was caught unhurt and given to her. She kept it
in a cage for a few days to observe its habits. She put some
earthworms in a tumbler with wet mud and it groped for them
with its long sensitive bill stamping meanwhile with its feet
on the floor of the cage with one foot at a time to induce the
worms to come up.
Their food is mainly earth worms, but insects and their
larvae are also eaten. In one instance grains of maize were
found in the stomach of a Woodcock, and they are said some-
times to eat mussels and small Crustacea. The upper mandible
30
is flexible, and a bird kept in confinement has been observed
to twist its bill round in the earth.
Perhaps the only external differences between the sexes are
that the bill of the female is said to be larger usually than that
of the male and that the body is larger. The plumage is
practically identical, but it was at one time believed that you
could tell the sex from the tooth-like markings on the outer
web of the outer primary. Investigation has shown that this
is not the case, as these are often absent in both sexes in old
birds. In an article on this question Mr. Ogilvie Grant said :
" though Gould (who wrote ' Birds of Great Britain ') did
not believe that there was any sexual distinction to be found
in the plumage, he implies that the Woodcock with tooth-like
markings on the outer web of the first long flight feather are
the young birds of the year, that these tooth markings gradu-
ally disappear with age — that is, at the second and subsequent
autumn moults when the flight feathers are shed — and that the
birds with a narrow whitish buff border to the outer web of
the first long flight feather are ' very old birds,' more than two
years old." This statement has been generally accepted as
correct, and has been copied by that most careful writer,
Howard Saunders, who writes, as follows : "In the young bird
the outer webs of all primaries show distinct fulvous notches ;
in the adult there are hardly any such markings on the first
and second webs". I dissected a good many one year, but as
they were nearly all females I could form no opinion.
At the extremity of the wing there is a little stiff feather
which used to be in demand by miniature painters, and game-
keepers used to collect them and sell them to these artists.
They do not seem to be used by them now, but Major Pollard
says that this pin or pen feather, as it is called, is, when
mounted on a penholder shaft, a perfect implement with which
to remove a fly or speck of grit out of somebody's eye.
There is said to be another way by which the sexes can be
told, that is, by the space between the pelvic bones. Mr. Hugh
Gladstone says : " If a Woodcock be laid on its back two little
points of bone, situated on either side of the vent, can be felt
31
among the feathers just below where the tail joins the body.
These two little points of bone are the free ends of the pubis
(which in most species are bowed inwards and broadened) and
serve, amongst other purposes, for the attachment of the
latri-ventral muscles of the tail. It is said that in the female
Woodcock these points of bone are farther apart than in the
male." I saw a letter recently from a taxidermist who said
that he had noticed this feature in Wild Ducks.
A peculiarity of the Woodcock is the position of its ear. It
is situated practically in front of the eye, as Mr. Abel Chapman
says in " The Borders and Beyond," that is, in the space
between the eye and the beak instead of being towards the
back of the skull where normally the ear is placed not only
in most other birds, but also in mammals, including ourselves.
The vertebrae of the neck are attached to the skull, so to speak,
imder the chin instead of the normal position at the posterior
base of the skull. The abnormal position of the ear was first
pointed out as recently as 1907 by Mr. Charles Whymper, the
well-known artist, but the second peculiarity remained unde-
tected till 1920, and the manner of its discovery came about
thus : Mr. Abel Chapm.an had found a Woodcock on a nest
with four eggs, and a little later he took a friend to see it. In
Mr. Chapman's words, " Alas, some vermin had forestalled us.
The eggs in act of chipping lay scattered, cold, deserted, and
all that remained of the parent was a bunch of breast feathers
and quiUs together with the naked skull lying a dozen \-ards
away. It was upon examining the latter that the extraordinary
position of the vertebral column struck us both." Further,
regarding the position of the ear, ]\Ir. Pycraft sa\-s : " This
curious shifting forward of the aperture is due apparently to
the shortening of the floor of the brain case." This position of
the ears of the Woodcock shows a certain amount of asvmmetry
That is to say, if the two sides of the head of any particular
bird be examined it will be found that the right and left
apertures differ not onh* in shape, but also in the degree of this
shifting, though this asymmetry is b\' no means so striking as
is the asymmetry to be observed in the ears of Owls. Another
pecuharity of the structure of the Woodcock is the corrugations
on the sternum. This is the bone on the breast like the keel of
32
a ship, and from this hkeness to a ship's keel birds with a
sternum of this description are called of the carinate type, from
Latin, carina, a keel.
The Woodcock is a very early breeder, nests with eggs being
found sometimes early in March, and young have been found
by the end of this month. The number of eggs is usually four,
but five, six. and eight have been found in a nest. The eggs
hatch in twenty to twenty-one days. Mr. C. V. A. Peel says
that Woodcock invariably sit back to wind. He once found
one squatting in a gale of wind in a peat bog. The head and
body of the bird were jammed tight into a V shaped cutting in
the peat. The entrance to this V shaped cutting was closed
by the Woodcock's tail spread out like a fan, which kept out
every breath of wind from the bird's head and body. Mr. Peel
caught this bird in his hand.
The last point of interest about Woodcock which I will
mention is the colour of the plumage. There are believed to
be two types of plumage — one of the usual type of a russet
colour, the other type of a greyish colour, and opinions differ
as to the difference of these types. Some say the grey type
are smaller birds than the russet type. In Major Seigne's book
he tells of an Irish gamekeeper who spoke of the home-bred
Woodcock as " them big reddy fellows " and of the winter
visitors as " the little grey fellows." Again some say the grey
type are the larger. In the Report on " Migration of Birds "
for 1883 by Messrs. Harvie Brown, Cordeaux, Barrington, and
More, there is the following statement : —
" Mr. Clubley, of Kilnsea near the Spurn, who during his
life has probably shot more Woodcock than anyone living on
the east coast, says that a south east wind always brings large
grey or light coloured Woodcocks, a north wind small and red
coloured birds — that is, Scandinavian birds."
A friend who was making enquiries this year for me at
Monte Carlo told me that he had met a farmer there who told
him that there were two flights of Woodcock there in the
autumn, the first of large russet birds and the second of small
grey coloured birds which they call " Corsais," but, he added,
thev do not come from Corsica.
33
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
20th January, 1931.
The first meeting of the First Session was held on this date,
the Interim President, Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., in the
chair.
Mr. Fergusson delivered an opening address on the union
of the Glasgow Natural History Society, the Andersonian
Naturalists' Society, and the Microscopical Society (p. 3).
The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition
of lantern slides deahng with various branches of natural
history and topography. Ornithological subjects were shown
by Mr. G. W. M'AlUster, M.A. ; autochromes by Messrs. R.
M'Lean, M.A., W. M. Pettigrew, and Dr. Stewart Barrie ;
and general subjects by Messrs. R. B. Johnstone, D. M.
Filshill, T. D. Scott, and Dr. D. Patton.
10th February, 1931.
The second and business meeting of the First Session was
held on this date, the Interim President, Mr. Anderson Fer-
gusson, F.E.S., in the chair.
The Treasurer's report, which showed a balance of £12 17s.,
was read and adopted.
The following office-bearers were elected : —
Mr. John R. Lees as President ; Mr. Anderson Fergusson,
F.E.S., Mrs. Peter Ewing, and Rev. D. Preston, B.D., as
Vice-Presidents ; Mr. George M. Carrie, 345 Shieldhall Road,
S.W.I, as Hon. Treasurer ; Messrs. James Anderson, Fauld-
house, Bothwell, and Louis Hamilton, M.A., 5 Hinshelwood
Drive, S.W.I, as Hon. Secretaries ; William Rennie and
Thomas Laurie, as Librarians ; Alexander Ross, F.E.I.S.,
as Editor of Transactions.
c
34
As members of Council for one 3^ear : — Messrs. Richard
Elmhirst, F.L.S., George Lunan, and Miss Gertrude M'Gahey ;
for two years, James Dunlop, M.B., CM., W. M. Pettigrew,
and Mrs. J. Robertson ; for three years, L. A. L. King, M.A.,
F.R.S.E., G. W. M'AUister, M.A., and R. M'Lean, M.A.
As Sectional Conveners : — Botanical, Dr. D. Patton ; Micro-
scopical, Wm. Cousin ; Entomological, Wm. Russell ; Geolo-
gical, G. A. Campbell ; Ornithological, Wm. Jamieson ;
Zoological, J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S. ; and Photographical,
J. Duncan Leslie.
Mrs. P. Ewing was appointed delegate to the Committee
of Corresponding Societies of the British Association, and
Mr. J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S., representative to the Committee
of the Scottish Biological Association.
Messrs. William Russell and E. J. A. Stewart, M.A., B.Sc,
were elected Trustees.
Messrs. Donald Dewar and Dugald Maclntyre, C.A., were
appointed Auditors.
The following new members were admitted : Dr. D. B.
Miller, Brownswood, Bishopbriggs, and Mr. James C. Thomson,
392 Kilmarnock Road.
lOth March, 1931.
The third meeting of the First Session was held on this
date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Mr. Wm. Jamieson and Rev. D. Preston were appointed
to attend a conference convened by the Scottish Society for
the Protection of Wild Birds.
A letter from Messrs. M'Kinnon, Bannatyne, & Hurd was
read intimating a gift of £50 free of legacy duty to the Micro-
scopical Society from the late William Marr, Douglas Street.
Messrs. Anderson and Cousin were authorised to receive
and bank the sum.
Mr. John R. Lee then delivered his presidential address
on " Aeration in the Bryoph3d;a " (p. 8).
35
Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited some Tertiary Fossils from
New Zealand, and described them shortly.
The following new members were admitted : Messrs.
John A. Stewart, 6 CHfton Place, C.3 ; Alex. Wright, 62
White Street, W.l ; and R. A. Staig, M.A., F.R.S.E., Zoology
Dept., University.
31st March, 1931.
The fourth meeting of the First Session was held on this
date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
An additional gift of £50 to the Andersonian NaturaHsts'
Society from the estate of the late William Marr was intimated.
Mr, James Bartholomew read a paper on " Woodcock "
(p. 24).
Mr. Thos. Wise then read a paper on " Phosphatized Fossil
Corals," with an exhibit from the island of Aruba, one of the
Antilles group of the West Indies.
These volcanic islands contain many varied strata, granite,
syenite, and metamorphosed rock being present, while there
also occur beds of coarse rock salt and large developments
of tertiary rocks.
The interesting feature of the exhibits lay in the fact that
the fossils had been changed from carbonate of lime to phos-
phate of lime. The chemical formation of phosphates as
found in the rocks in various parts of the world was specially
dealt with. The process in the case of the fossils shown was
summarised as foUows : — a volcanic spring containing sul-
phuric acid in solution flowed over a bed of phosphate, of
animal origin, decomposing it and thereby forming sulphate
of lime, and liberating phosphoric acid. In its progress the
water then came into contact with the bed of corraline lime-
stone which, in its turn, was attacked by the phosphoric
acid, phosphate of lime being produced and carbonic acid
hberated.
The following new members were admitted : Wm. Morgan,
21 Caldwell Avenue, Knightswood ; and Francis Middlemass,
M.A., 17 Arlington Street, C.3.
nth May, 1931.
The fifth meeting of the First Session of the Society was
held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The reports of excursions to Edinburgh and Arrochar
were read.
]Mr. John Main, F.G.S., F.E.I.S., delivered a lecture on
" Some Giants of the Vegetable Kingdom." The lecture
was illustrated by lantern slides and by specimens from
Castle Kennedy and Glasgow Botanic Gardens.
The President exhibited a specimen of the grass Hierochloe
borealis, R. and S., found growing at the side of the River
Cart near Blythswood. This is a very rare species in this
country, having been previously recorded from only two
British localities, verj^ far apart — Thurso and Kirkcudbright.
The plant is known as the " Holy Grass " from its having
been formerly used to strew the floors of the churches on
festival days. It has a short loose panicle of somewhat
pyramidal form. The spikelets are three-flowered, the two
lower florets being male only, with three stamens each, while
the uppermost one is bisexual, but with only two stamens.
The glumes are somewhat polished and shining, with a light
brown tinge. The species is an interesting addition to the
flora of the Clyde area.
Mr. Thos. Wise exhibited shells and seaweed which had
been brought from the Antarctic by the late James Murray,
a former member of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society.
The following new members were admitted : — Miss G. A.
Young, 5 Woodlands Terrace, C.3 ; Miss A. J. Clunie, 4
Glencairn Drive, Pollokshields ; and Mr. Kenneth H. Coch-
rane, B.Sc, Dunearn, 198 Hamilton Road, Mount Vernon.
37
8/A June, 1931.
The sixth meeting of the First Session was held this evening,
Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The report of the excursion to Crossford was read.
Professor L. A. L. King read a memorial notice of Dr.
MTntosh, Emeritus Professor of Zoolog}^ St. Andrews Uni-
versity (p. 39), and Mr. Alexander Ross one of Mr. John
Robertson, ex-President of the Andersonian NaturaHsts'
Society (p. 41).
Mr. Wm. Jamieson submitted a Ust of first arrivals of
summer birds in the Clyde Area in 1931, of which the follo\ving
are the earliest dates : —
Feby. 8. Lesser Black-backed Gull, Helensburgh.
Mar. 17. \\'Tiinchat, Girvan.
21. Wheatear, Portincross.
April 9. Com. Sandpiper, Helensburgh.
9. Chiffchaff, Dahy.
11. Sandmartin, Helensburgh.
11. Swallow, Summerston.
15. Wniow Wren, Helensburgh.
15. Treepipit, Helensburgh.
24. Cuckoo, Helensburgh.
25. Redstart, St. Xinian's Bay, Bute.
25. \Miite Wagtail, Lochwinnoch.
26. House Martin, Summerston.
27. Yellow Wagtail, Rutherglen.
May 1. Corncrake, Dalr\^
„ 2. Grasshopper Warbler, Helensburgh.
„ 2. Ring Ousel, Kilmacolm.
2. Sedge Warbler, Helensburgh.
,, 7. Com. Whitethroat, Helensburgh.
8. Wood Wren, Lanark.
,, 9. Garden Warbler, Helensburgh.
11. Com. Tern, Helensburgh.
,, 12. Spotted Flycatcher, Rouken Glen.
„ 13. Blackcap, Pollok.
,, 14. Nightjar, Helensburgh.
,, 17. Greenland Wheatear, MLlliken Park.
38
As compared with the average of first arrivals taken over
a period of twenty years, 9 are earlier, 3 on the average date,
and 14 later ; while, in comparison with last year, 12 were
earlier, 12 later, and one on the same date.
Mr. George M. M'Allister, M.A., showed lantern slides of
a number of birds and their nests, eggs and young. He gave
an interesting account of the character and habits of the
Kestrel, Peregrine, Merlin, Sparrow Hawk, Tawny and Barn
Owls, and several others as observed at close quarters from
a hide.
Specimens of the Toothwort [Lathrcea squamaria, L.) from
wood, Strathblane, and Dusky Cranesbill {Geranium phceiim,
L.), from near Balfron, were exhibited by Mr. Matthew M.
Baird, B.Sc.
Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., showed the Timberman
beetle {Acanthocinus aedilus, L.), taken by Mr. Harry Gumming
at Granton-on-Spey, and i\Ir. James Jack, the Chickweed
Wintergreen {Trientalis europcsa, L.) from East Dumbarton-
shire.
The following new members were admitted : Wm. R.
Murray, M.A., LL.B., 29 Partickhill Road, W. ; Robert
Allison, M.A., 48 Thornwood Terrace, Partick ; S. G. Jones,
D.Sc, Botany Dept., University.
39
In n^emoriam*
Emeritus Professor W. C. M'INTOSH, m.d., ll.d.,
f.r.s., f.r.s.e., f.l.s., l.r.c.s.e., c.m.z.s.
{Read 8th June, 1931.)
William Carmichael M'Intosh was born at St. Andrews
on 10th October, 1838.
Already as a boy he was attracted by the Natural History
of the sea, an attraction which influenced the course of his
work as a medical student at Edinburgh. He took the degree
of M.D. in 1860, and won a gold medal for a thesis on the
Physiology of the Shore Crab.
The influence of C. J. Allman at Edinburgh seems to have
turned him definitely to the researches that led to his well-
known monographs on the British Nemerteans and the British
Marine Annelids.
In 1882 he was appointed to the Chair of Natural History
in the University of St. Andrews. He established in 1884
the ^Marine Laborator3' which was converted into the Gatty
^larine Laboratory in 1896.
The personal connection of Professor MTntosh with the
Natural History Society of Glasgow was established in 1888,
when, along with another noted Marine Zoologist, Professor
W. A. Herdman of Liverpool, he was elected to the position
of a Corresponding Member.
In addition to his personal researches on the ^larine Fauna,
Professor MTntosh made notable contribution to the advance-
ment of the Science of the Sea by his criticism of the attitude
then of the Scottish Fishery Board towards the highly contro-
versial question of Trawling and its influence on Fisheries.
40
His book, " The Resources of the Sea," first published in
1899, contains a plea for the scientific observation of the
whole life of the sea as a necessary preliminary to any useful
interference by Government. That an enlightened Public
Opinion has begun to recognise the justice of this plea is illus-
trated by the increasing official recognition of the value of
Scottish Marine Research centred in our own area at the
Biological Station in Millport.
Professor MTntosh retired from the Chair at St. Andrews
in 1917, but continued his interest in Natural History, and
it will be remembered that he read a paper at the Glasgow
Meeting of the British Association in 1928 on " Variation
in the Teeth of the Rabbit."
It was in returning from a meeting of the Council of the
Ray Society in London in March of this year that he contracted
a chill to which he succumbed at St. Andrews on 1st April.
Thus the Society, which is now merged in the Glasgow and
Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society, has
lost a link with the great naturalists of the past, but can take
pride in having numbered in its roll
" William Carmichael M'Intosh."
L. A. L. K.
. 41
In inetiioriam*
JOHN ROBERTSON.
{Read 8th June, 1931.)
Since its last meeting our Society has become poorer by
the loss of one of its prominent members. Mr. John Robertson,
whose death we deplore, passed away on the 17th of last
month at a comparatively early age.
Mr. Robertson was a bom woodsman, a keen observer,
and a great lover of nature in all its moods. All his leisure
time was devoted to the stud3' of natural histor}-, his favourite
branch being Ornitholog}', in which he was one of the authori-
ties in our district. His valuable work on this subject is con-
tained in the pages of " The Transactions of the Natural
History Society of Glasgow," " The Annals of the Andersonian
Naturahsts' Society," and "The Scottish NaturaHst." His
work, however, was not confined to these periodicals, as we
find his name occurring as contributor to the books of various
authors who wrote of the ornithology of special parts of the
Clyde region.
He became a member of the Andersonian Naturalists'
Society in 1891, and, shortly after, in 1896, he joined the
Natural History Society of Glasgow. From the first days of
his membership he took part actively in the affairs of both
societies, and very soon was elected to the Council of each.
He distinguished himself as Convener of the Ornithological
Section of the Andersonian Naturalists' Societv, and in recog-
nition of the great services he had rendered in this office, and
in the general business of the Society, he was in due course
honoured by being elected its President.
42
Among the papers contributed by him and printed in the
Annals of the Society are : —
" The Birds of Rouken Glen Park ;"
" Records of the Excursions into Renfrewshire;" and
" Half a Century's Changes in the Avi-fauna of the Clyde
Area."
His reports of the arrival of the summer migrants were
eagerly watched for each year, and they form a valuable
collection of material for all Scottish ornithologists.
Mr. Robertson was for many years a member of Council
in the Glasgow Natural History Society, and latterly, before
his resignation of membership, he became one of its Vice-
Presidents. Among the papers he read to that Society are : —
" The Ruff {Machetes pugnax) in East Renfrew."
" The Spotted Redshank {Totanus fuscus) in East Renfrew
in summer and autumn,"
" Night notes on some Birds."
" The Birds of East Renfrew."
" Waders observed at Balgray Dam in autumn, 1911."
He also contributed many notes to the " Glasgow Naturalist,"
chiefly on the occurrence in East Renfrew of the Great Snipe,
the Bean Goose, the Curlew Sandpiper, the Greenshank,
the Black-tailed Godwit, the Bar-tailed Godwit, and the
Wood Sandpiper. The occurrence of the Dotterel in Bute
is the subject of one of his notes.
Mr. Robertson was also a frequent contributor to " The
Scottish Naturalist," where his notes on the bird life of our
district were warmly welcomed.
Among his other writing activities were his papers to the
" Glasgow Herald " and the " Evening Times." These were
not of the dry-as-dust or statistical order, but were such
that they could be read and enjoyed by the ordinary reader
as well as by the specialist.
43
His knowledge of the Chde area was amazing, and the roads
and paths in and around Glasgow over which he had not
tramped are very few indeed. In the Society excursions our
members fomid him a charming and informative companion
whose stores of knowledge — ^which required tapping, for he
was essentially a modest and unassuming man — made the
walks interesting and instructive.
Of late j-ears the state of his health prevented him from
leading the active life he had been accustomed to, but his
interest in natural histors^ never abated.
To those who knew him well his memory will remain ever
green.
A. R.
/
TTbe Glasgow Baturalist
The Journal of the
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History
AND Microscopical Society.
Vol X, Part 2.] [August, 1932.
THE SULPHUR BACTERIA.
By Professor David Ellis.
(Read 10th November, 1931.)
The term " Sulphur Bacteria " is applied to those organisms
of the class Bacteria that store sulphur in their cells. They
are not the only microbes that engage in the sulphur
metabolism, but they alone in their activities exhibit this
element in their cells. The term does not include the Thionic
acid Bacteria which act on Sodium Thiosuephate and change
it to the Tetra-thio-sulphate and the Sulphate; nor the
Sulphate-reducing bacteria which act on sulphates, or
sulphites, or thiosuephates, changing these compounds to
sulphuretted hydrogen. The Sulphur Bacteria use up
sulphuretted hydrogen, store sulphur in the cell, and liberate
sulphates. The importance of the change is obvious when
we reflect on the need of green plants for sulphates, without
which the protoplasmic molecule of such plants could not
be built, for there are not many green plants which are
able to obtain the necessary sulphur in any other way than
46
by the absorption of sulphates. The sulphur cycle in nature
may be schematically shown as follows : —
Dead organisms
amino-acids
sulphuretted hydrogen
1 green plants
sulphur
sulphate
Hence a break in the functions of this cycle of changes spells
a break in the function of all life, for all animals and all
plants not possessing chlorophyll are dependent on the green
plants for their being. This must necessarily be the case,
for such organisms are not capable of utilizing the energy
of the sun directly, and, directly or indirectly, depend for
their sustenance on food built up from simple inorganic
constituents by green plants.
Methods of Culture.
Two main classes of sulphur bacteria are distinguished : —
(a) Colourless Sulphur Bacteria.
(6) Coloured Sulphur Bacteria.
Both kinds have been cultivated artificially, and in both cases
also, pure cultures have been obtained. It must, however,
be stated that the pure cultures have not produced normal
forms, so that there is reason to suspect that the conditions
of metabolism are not yet known with sufficient exactness.
It is an easy matter to cultivate the sulphur bacteria in
a mixed medium along with other organisms. To obtain
mass cultures all that is necessary is to place bits of dead
47
decomposing organisms in water, and then expose to the
light. It is advisable to pour a thin film of oil on the
surface of some of the cultures, so that the supply of oxygen
may be diminished. Many, if not all, of the Sulphur
Bacteria flourish best when the supply of oxygen is very
small. A dead worm, or a snail, or a bit of crab, may be
used. Again, decomposing plants, such as Zostera (Sea
Wrack), have been successfully used.
Winogradsky adopted a method for making continuous
observations of the growth of the Sulphur Bacteria. The
material was placed between slide and coverslip, and kept
moist inside a bell jar in an atmosphere of sulphuretted
hydrogen. Pure cultures of the colourless Sulphur Bacteria
were first successfully accomplished by Keil, and of the
coloured Sulphur Bacteria by Bavendamm. In both cases
the procedures were essentially the same. Carbon was
.supplied from the CO, of the atmosphere, nitrogen from
ammonium compounds, and oxygen was allowed in very
dilute quantities. In addition, the organisms were allowed
access to sulphuretted hydrogen. It will be observed that
organic matter was entirely absent in such preparations. It
was the view of the experimenters that the Sulphur Bacteria
were entirely autotrophic; that is, that like the green plants
they build up protoplasmic matter from simple inorganic
salts.
Pleomorphism.
It is a vexed question whether species of the Sulphur
Bacteria may assume different shapes in the course of their
life-histories. The matter is evidently one of importance,
especially to systematists as, if the same species exists in
several forms, and this fact is not known, it will inevitably
follow that different forms of the same species will 1^ given
different specific and even different generic names. This has
happened in the investigations of the Sulphur Bacteria.
The writer found a new species of coloured Sulphur
Bacteria near the ^larine Biological StntioTi at Millport.
48
This was named Thioporphyra volutans, and was found on
investigation to show very marked pleomorphism. The
normal form is a large coccus of average thickness of 7^.
Under certain circumstances it forms bud-like projections,
somewhat of the nature of the buds formed in the Yeast
plant. Each individual contains a single sulphur globule,
and is about 1^ in thickness. It leads an entirely different
life, for it is entirely devoid of movement. Such forms
have been frequently observed by others and regarded as
independent organisms, under the name of Lamprocystis.
The Lamprocystis form is characteristic of several species,
and is developed under at present unknown conditions.
In the Epping Forest there is a pond which occasionally
becomes blood-red in appearance, due to the presence in it
of enormous numbers of Chromatium Linsbaueri. The
appearance of the organism is so characteristic that its
recognition is an easy matter, once its character has been
grasped. On one occasion a certain percentage of the forms
were found to have assumed the spiral shape.
In Bavendamm's pure cultures of a species of Chromatium.
changes in structure were observed, due obviously to the
unusual circumstances attendant upon cultivation in flasks
and the absence of competing organisms.
Other instances could be adduced, both from the other
Sulphur Bacteria and from the closely allied Iron-bacteria,
and the opinion is expressed that pleomorphism, whilst not
a normal feature in the life histories of these organisms, is
a phenomenon which sometimes follows a change in environ-
mental conditions.
Classification,
The writer has revised the classification of the Sulphur
Bacteria in the light of his researches. The detailed sub-
division into families, genera, and species is set forth in
the writer's book (" Sulphur Bacteria : A Monograph."
Longmans, Green Sc Co., 1932, 21s.). Two groups are
49
distinguished, viz., the Leuco-Thiobacteria and the Rhodo-
Thiobacteria, the former embracing the colourless and the
latter the coloured organisms. Among these two groups
eleven families are distinguished, and these again are further
subdivided into 22 genera. The number of species is not
very large, and several contain each only one species.
Beggiatoa alba (Vaucherj, Trevisan, is the best known of
the Leuco-Thiobacteria. It exists in shallow pools in which
organic matter is present in a state of decomposition. The
long motile colourless filaments, filled noi'mally with sulphur
globules, are very characteristic.
The phenomenon of Autolysis may readily be observed in
this species. The plants come to rest, divide into more or
less equal fragments, and, whilst still adhering in serial
formation, begin to swell at some fixed point on the thread.
The cell in which this has occurred swells up and assumes
the globular form. Whilst this is in progress the cells on
either side begin to swell, and a little lat^r, also the cells
on either side of these. The swelling movement spreads on
either side until every cell in the thread partakes in it. By
the time the last cells have begun to swell, the first cells
have swollen up and completely disappeared. In time, from
fifteen minutes to half-an-hour, the whole thread has com-
pletely disappeared.
There are variants in the process, but the above descrip-
tion is of the most typical method.
Thiothrix violacea (Ellis). — The writer found a new species
of the genus Thiothrix in Possil Marsh, near Glasgow. This
genus l^elongs to the Leuco-Thiobacteria, and is therefore
colourless. The new species, however, was coloured a violet
tint. In spite of its colour the species was assigned to the
genus Thiothrix, for in every other respect it conformed to
the characters of this genus. A sheath of mucilage is formed
round the filament of cells, and, as this hardens, the livinf^
parts of the organism are enclosed in serial formation, inside
50
a hollow mucilaginous sheath. Further growth results in the
topmost cells being thrust out of the sheath. The liberated
cells move or drift away, and finally become attached to some
object and grow to form fresh filaments. The presence of
colour in this otherwise typical Thiothrix suggests that the
main grouping of these bacteria according to the presence
or absence of colour is artificial rather than natural ; and
it is probable that the development of colouring matter is the
result of environmental conditions rather than an inherited
character. Too little is known at present to permit of
dogmatism on this question.
Among the Leuco-Thiobacteria the filamentous genera are
Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, and Thioploca all classed under the
family Beggiatoaceae. The species with round or ovoid,
motile or non-motile cells are brought under the family
Achromatiaceae. In this family are four genera, namely,
Achromatium, Thiophysa, Thiosphaerella, and Thiovulum.
The s.piral species are included in Thiospirillaceae, which
contains only one genus, Thiospirillum. The short-rod forms
are placed in the Thiobacillaceae, and it is made up of the
two genera Thiobacillus and Thiopseudomonas.
The Uhodo-TMohacteria are divided into seven classes, and
these in their turn are split up into twelve genera. By far
the best known of the genera in this group is Chromatium.
Mention has already been made of Chromatium Linsbaueri
which grows in a i)ond in the Epping Forest. At intervals,
chiefly in the autumn, this pond becomes coloured a deep
reddish-purple due to the growth of this species.
Near the Marine Biological Station at Millport, a new
genus of this groiip was discovered and its single species
named Thioporphyra volutans. This is a large coccus, purple
in colour, which moves with fair rapidity through the water
and is frequently full of sulphur globules. It multiplies by
fission and, under certain circumstances, by budding. When
the latter method is adopted, as is shown above, a pleomorphic
51
variety of the organism results Avhich is of a totally different
morphological character. On one occasion a formation of
what appeared to be endospores was observed, but no
opportunity was given for noting the germination of these
structures.
Thioporphyra volutans by reason of its bigness (average
about 7^), its motility, its purple colour, and its sulphur
inclusions, is a very conspicuous object under the microscope.
Motility is effected by the agitation of a single long powerful
cilium. So far it has been found only in sea-water, and it
is probable that growth takes place only in this habitat.
With the exception of one or two species of Chromatium,
and the new species which was found at Millport, namely,
Thioporphyra volutans, not a single species of the organisms
included in the Rhodo-Thiobacteria has been investigated with
any degree of completeness. In too many cases a specific and
a generic name have been assigned to what appears to be a
new organism, on the strength of observations on one phase
of its existence. No account has been taken of the pleomorphic
changes, which would probably have been observed during a
long investigation of one species.
The genus Lankesteron. — The writer has incorporated into
one genus the three organisms described respectively by
Lankester, Warming, and by Zopf. These were named
respectively by their investigators. Bacterium rubescens.
Bacterium sulfuratum, and Beggiatoa roseopersicina. All
three show the characters of highly pleomorphic and primitive
organisms, and are sufficiently closely related to merit the
formation of a new genus for their insertion. The term
Lankesteron was selected on account of the priority of
Lankester's investigation. The following characters suffice to
designate the genus. ''' Normally filamentous, but highly
pleomorphic, and may break up into rods, spirals, and
globular forms. Zoogloea formation occasionally observed.
Motile or non-motile."
52
The Phytogeny of the Stdphur Bacteria. — It is difficult to
trace the relationships of the members of a group which are
held together by a physiological connotation, but some
indications are given of the directions of their evolutionary
progress.
The most primitive of the Sulphur Bacteria are,
undoubtedly, the Lankesteron group, and from some such
primitive forms the main lines have sprung. In some form
of other this genus shows in its various phases of growth
the shape exhibited by almost every species of the Sulphur
Bacteria. It is conjectured that a fleeting phase of a
primitive organism of this kind has become stabilised under
the influence of a certain set of environmental conditions ;
and that this has occurred, not to one phase but to several
phases of a highly pleomorphic organism. The following
schematic representation gives the probable lines of
development : —
Primitive highly pleomorphic
organism may be found
as one of the following ^^^Beggiatoa alba
Thiothrix
Thiovolum
Thiophysa
Chromatium w j»\\
\
Filament
Thioporphyra^O^ or
Achromatium '^ 'Coccus
or
/ Rod form
/ or
Thiospirillum <—{- Spiral form
(Rhodo-thiospirillum)\ or
Thiosarcina
\Filament in
zoogloea condition
or
C!occus in
zoogloea condition
Thiobacillus
Thiopseudomonas
Thioploca
Rhodocapseae
Thiocapseae
Thiosphaerion
Rods in
zoogloea/ condition
, Thiobacillus
Bovistus
53
Physiological Characters of the Sulphur Bacteria.
The Metabolism of the Organisms. — The Sulphur Bacteria
absorb sulphuretted hydrogen greedily, but the use they
make of this substance is still doubtful. Although sulphur
is a constituent of protoplasmic matter, the acquisition of
this element for sustenance cannot be the biological reason,
for the amount absorbed is many hundred times greater than
is necessary for the protoplasmic supply. Again, it cannot
be the acquisition of energy, for the energy level of
sulphuretted hydrogen is lower than that of the sulphur
into which it is transformed. The writer has concluded
that the sulphide enters into the respiratory processes of the
organisms, and is, during the process, transformed into the
elementary form. At any rate, whatever the reason, the
sulphides in a medium in which the Sulphur Bacteria are
multiplying are changed into sulphur, which is deposited in
the cells and later appears in the surrounding medium in
the sulphate form.
Nitrogen is best absorbed in the form of ammonia com-
pounds, but these bacteria, or a large number of them, are
able to use the nitrogen contained in decomposing organic
matter.
The necessary carbon is obtained from the carbon dioxide
of the atmosphere. Hence, whilst they may grow best undei-
autotrophic conditions, there is no doubt that more than one
mode of life is available, so that the Sulphur Bacteria are
not only pleomorphic, but also what may be called pleo-
energic, a combination of circumstances which gives them a
great advantage in the struggle for existence.
Their relation to oxygen is rather a peculiar one, for,
whilst the access of this element at the normal pressure is
distinctly disadvantageous, if supplied in very dilute
quantities it is readily absorbed and utilized. It is, indeed,
doubtful whether, if this element is altogether denied to
them, they can continue to live in a healthy condition.
54
As with all organisms, a supply of various minerals is
essential, but the nature and amount of such minerals is
at present not known with certainty.
The Sulphur Bacteria thrive in nature between the values
pH 7-6 and 8-6. Their multiplication causes a reduction in
the acid content of the water in which the multiplication takes
place. The further supplies of acid are derived from the acid
decomposition of the organic remains of plants and animals,
through the agency of the saprophytic bact-eria.
Physiological Characters. — The coloured Sulphur Bacteria
are particularly sensitive to light. Engelmann experimented
with a species of what was probably Lankesteron, and found
that they were so sensitive to light that even the movement
of the hand between the light and the mirror of the microscope
affected the movements of the bacteria. They are influenced
by changes in the intensity, rather than in the direction of
the light. Also movements are altered by the passage from
light of one colour to that of another.
The photosynthetic effect of light has not been proved, but
it is probable that synthesis of carbohydrates takes place
through the agency of light. The facts are : — First, carbon
dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere. Secondly, the area
in the spectrum where the greatest absorption of energy takes
place is also the area where aerobic bacteria collect, signifying
that at this place the maximum amount of oxygen is to be
found. Thirdly, the coloured Sulphur Bacteria are not able
to live without light, and it is therefore difficult to explain
in what other way light is utilised except in some form of
photosynthesis. Fourthly, we have the fact that photo-
synthesis occurs in the green plants.
If photosynthesis occurs it is interesting to note that the
point of greatest absorption is in the infra red and not in
the visible part of the spectrum.
Considerable work has been done on the effect of various
chemical substances in influencing the movements of bacteria.
65
Some, like certain phosphates and peptone, attract the
bacteria; others, like weak hydrochloric acid exercise repulsion.
Again, different organisms react differently to the same
chemical substance.
Movement in many of these organisms is effected by means
of a single cilium, and the reaction to the effect of a stimulus
has its seat at the base of the cilium at the point where this
organ joins the main body. No change of movement takes
place as a result of a change in the intensity of the light until
this part of the microbe comes within the scope of the
influence. Thus an individual, moving with the cilium in
the posterior position from the light into the darkness, does
not react to the change in the intensity of the light until the
base of the cilium enters the dark area.
56
OUANTITATIYE STUDIES BETWEEN TIDE MARKS.
By Richard Elmhirst, Superinte/ulent of the Marine
Biological Station, Millport.
(Eead 8th December, 1931.)
General remarks on the abundance of organisms in the
inter-tidal area occur in most books dealing with the sea-
shore. Very often such remarks I'efer to the abundance of
species present without in any way indicating their actual
or relative frequency. In 1911, Professor Petersen began to
publish studies of the "Evaluation of the Sea" in the
reports of the Danish Biological Station. In Journal of
the Linnean Soc, Vol. 34, 1920, Professor Herdman wrote
" Notes on the Abundance of some Common Marine Animals
and a preliminary Quantitative Survey of their Occurrence,"
in which he recorded :
Per sq. yd.
A worm, Sabellaria, ... ... 28,000
A crustacean, Balanus, ... ... 2,940
A mollusc, Mytilus, 120,000
A tunicate, Styelopsis, ... ... 50,000
Figures for the occurrence of some Algoe and Zos'te?-a are
also given.
In parts of the Clyde Sea Area the acorn barnacle, Balanus
halanoides, is extraordinarily abundant. In late April the
cyprid larvae may occur 300 to the litre close inshore when
swarming in to settle down. These small larvae may then
crowd in at a rate of 200 per sq. inch or over ^ million per
sq. yard. A heavy mortality, due largely to the molluscs
Purpura and Littorina, ensues, so that by autumn they are
reduced to 15,000 per sq. yard. Later there are 2,500 adults
at 1^ years, a figure very near that given above. On Keppel
Pier mussels usually grow in masses, which numerically
compare closely with Professor Herdman's figure for them.
There, too, Metridium senile, the Plumose Anemone, grows in
luxuriance. There are some 60,000 of them on the piling of
the pier.
57
Elsewhere the Polyzoans, Membranipora and Alcyonidium,
grow in encrusting sheets or masses over the surface of sea-
weeds. The former covers so many thousands of square
feet of Laminaria that it has been estimated that in M.
memhranacea " round the shores of the Cumbrae there were
3^ tons of metallic calcium." [S.M.B.A., Ann. Rept., 1919,
p. 5.]
On some rocky shores Littorina and Purpura occur in
great numbers, but special factors such as food in the former
case and spawning aggregations in the latter are often the
causes of exceptional abundance in a particular place.
Recently over 6 tons of Littorina littorea have been collected
each winter from the ten miles of shore of the Cumbrae.
The tube worms, Spirorhis and Pomatoceros are sometimes
very plentiful. The latter has been known to crop on the
bottom of a boat at anchor during June to September to
the number of 450 per sq. foot. The striking question about
some of these abundant sedentary organisms is how do they
get the lime they require for tubes or shells?
Near high-water mark, in the drift, Ligia and Orchestia
are often very plentiful just as Gammarus marinus is about
high-water neaps ; all three species may occur in hundreds
under a stone of 1 sq. ft.
In 1926, Mr. A. C. Stephen and the writer began sieving
standard samples of \ sq. m. of sand dug out to a depth of
15 cm. through a 2 mm. mesh. This method immediately
revealed an unexpectedly high figure for the population of
Tellina tenuis, a small bivalve mollusc long known to be
plentiful in Karnes Bay.
The populat:
ton in September, 1926,
was : —
No. in
Per cent. Per cent.
J sq. m.
above 7 mm. below 7 mm.
H.W. Neaps, ...
... 132
76 24
J Tide,
... 473
35 65
L.W.S.,
... 872
11 89
These figures show a very rich population at low water, con-
sisting chiefly of small specimens, while the numerically small
population at high-water neaps consisted chiefly of large
High
Water.
Low
Water.
3 mm.
3 mm
9 „
7 „
L2 „
9 „
—
11 „
58
specimens. At one low-water station the extraordinarily high
figure of 7,588 per sq. m. was obtained. This line of work
was continued in Karnes Bay and elsewhere by Mr. Stephen,
and the growth and changes in the rich brood from 1926
followed by quarterly examinations. In 1930 it was found
that history had repeated itself, as in the autumn of that
year the low-water population was again very high, 2,136
per sq. m., and consisted chiefly of brood — '76 per cent. (1).
In the course of this work certain facts were ascertained : —
Growth rate, ... 0 year.
+ 1 „
+ 2 „
+ 3 „
Spat fall, June to July . . . (2)
Similar work elsewhere in the Clyde has shown that 1926
was also a vintage year for the Cockle, Cardium ednJe, and
that this species may occur on suitable ground in such high
numbers as 43 and 60 per \ sq. m. Serial samples have
brought out the fact that in the Clyde Sea Area this species
spats in summer, and during the year of birth attains an
average size of about 4 mm. This means that the first
conspicuous ring in a cockle shell at about 15 mm. is not
the first winter ring but the second - - . - (3)
Further work on these lines is in progress both between
tide marks and in shallow water. In the course of the
investigation already made evidence of the occurrence,
abundance, and distribution on the shore in varioiis localities
has been obtained for all the molluscs, crustaceans, and
worms which are retained by the sieves used (4, 5, and 6).
Several cases of nearly related species occurring in parallel
zones at different levels have come to light : —
e.g., Corophinm volutator, h.w. C. crassico7-ne, l.w.
Bathi/poreia pelagicn, h.w. B. giiilliamsomann, l.w.
Tellhia tenuis, tidal. T. fnhnln, sub-littoral.
In collaboration with Professor L. A. L. King on a survey
of Fairlie sands, it was found in August that some species
occurred in great abundance as in the case of Cockles already
59
given. Near h.w.m. Coropliium volutator was found 2,000
to 10,000 per sq. m. In the Zostera beds Littorina littorea
was creeping everywhere over 50 per sq. m. In the mats of
decaying Zostera roots an extraordinary fauna was found : —
P^stimation
Samples from
Two Stations. Per sq. m.
Nematodes, mainly Enoplus
communis and Oncholaimus
spp., 51 63 24,000 32,000
Oligochaetes, mainly Tuhifex
costatus and Peloscolex
henedeni, 97 40 48,000 20,000
PoLTCHAETES, almost exclusively
Amphicora fahricii, ... 12 16 6,000 8,000
In clean sand near l.w.m. off Southannan a standard
^ sq. m. cut produced an amazing catch of 1,607 crustaceans,
chiefly Amphipods, including 126 Am-pelisca Icevigata, 975
Corophium crassicorne, 370 Bathyporeia, and 87 Urothoe.
It would be interesting to discover what factors determine the
presence of such abundant fauna and cause certain species
to associate together.
Sampling between tide marks during the ebb tide period
is very interesting, but it is well to remember " that the real
life of the seashore happens while the tide is in — ebb time
is like night time in our own lives, a period of enforced quiet
almost devoid of activity." \^Life hy the Seashore, p-17.] It
is during flood time that the limpets prowl, barnacles feed,
and all the numerous littoral species become active, and not
only they for various "tidal migrants" come in with the
flood and take part in the activities then prevalent.
Samples were taken in order to find the effect of flood tide
on the sand-dwelling inhabitants of Kames Bay. The method
first adopted was to drag a medium mesh tow-net near the
water's edge for 100 yards. It was hoped in this way to find
if the species of Bathyporeia came out to swim, and if when
so doing they maintained their relative positions on the beach.
The first haul was taken on 1930-XII-5 at 5 p.m. at low
water, and caught 630 Schistomysis .<
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common. The last is perhaps the most numerous, the swallow
next, and the house martin least.
'^The Greenfinch, Chloris chloris chloris, (L.j. is common.
The Goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis britannica, (Hart.), is
comparatively rare. I have seen it near Bardowie Station,
and Mr. Bartholomew records two on high ground on 22nd
December. 1929.
The Siskin, Carduelis spinus, (L.). Mr. William Rennie
saw a small party at Cadder Wilderness, and Mr. Alexander
Ross has seen it at Bardowie and Allander Toll.
*The House Sparrow, Passer domesticus domesticus, (L.), is
common everywhere.
*The Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus montanus, (L.), occurs
as a nesting species at Glenorchard, and the late Mr.
M 'Donald recorded it at Torrance.
"^The Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs coelebs, L., is common.
24
The Bramhling, Fringilla montigringilla, L., is an irregular
winter visitor.
*The Linnet, Carduelis cannabina cannabina, (L.), is
recorded as nesting at Dawsholm Park. I have seen it near
Bardowie Station.
The Mealy Redpoll, Carduelis linaria linaria, (L.), is an
occasional winter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew reports having
seen one on 25th and 27th December, 1927.
*The Lesser^ Redpoll, Carduelis linaria cabaret, (P. L. S.
Miill.), is not common. It frequents Dawsholm Park. I have
seen it near Dougalston.
The Twite, Cai-duelis flavirostris flavirostris, (L.), is a rare
winter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew records one in February,
1912.
*The Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula nesa, Math, and Ired.,
is not common. Mr. Bartholomew records it as breeding in
Baldernock Parish.
The Crossbill, Loxia cur'virostra curvirostra, L., is a rare
visitor. One was seen at Glenorchard in mid January, 1927.
*The Corn Biinting, Eml>eriza calandra calandra, L., is
frequently met with and breeds in the area.
*The Yellow Bunting, Emberiza citrinella citrinella, L.,
is common along the hedgerows.
*The Reed Bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus, (L.),
may be described as a characteristic bird of the Kelvin,
especially where the land has relapsed to its original marshy
condition.
The Snow Bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis, (L.), is a rare
winter visitor.
*The Starling, Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris, L., is abundant
everywhere and at all seasons.
The Jay, Garrulus glandarius rufitergum, Hart., is evidently
spreading eastward from Loch Lomond. Some years ago
25
I saw one alive which had been caught in a pole-trap
in spring at Duntreath, Strathblane. Mr. Bartholomew
reports it as having occurred nearly every autinnn for several
years. He saw one on 25th March, 1932.
*The Magpie, Pica pica pica, (L.), is fairly common
throughout the district, as is also the *Jackdaw, Coloeus
monedula .spermologus (Vieill.).
The Raven, Corvus corax corax, L., is a rare visitor. Mr.
Nicol Hopkins records one which passed over Possil Marsh
on 21st February, 1932, flying towards the Campsie Fells.
Mr. Bartholomew, records it for Baldernock Parish. It has
occurred at Dawsholm Paik in two different years.
*The Carrion Crow, Corvus cor one corone, L., is fairly
common, especially on the uplands, where it nests. I have
seen its nest quite close to the river near Buckley Farm.
The Hooded Crow, Corvus cornix cornix, L., is an
occasional visitor. Mr. Bartholomew first saw it on 8th
March, 1924. One was trapped on 3rd May, 1924, and
another on 9th November, 1924.
^The Rook, Corvus frugilegus frugilegus. L., is abundant
throughout the valley. In some places superabundant.
*The Skylark, Alauda arvensis arvensis, L., is also
abundant, to which there can be no objection.
"^The Swift, Apus apus apus, (L.), is common, more
especially near the flooded flats where there seems to be an
abundance of insect life.
The Nightjar, Caprimulgus europoeus europoeus, L., has
been seen and heard at Summerston in recent yeai-s. There
are many likely spots where it might nest.
"^The Great-spotted Woodpecker, Dryobates major anglicus,
(Hart.), has nested in the area at Cadder Wilderness and at
Balmore. It has been noted at Dawsholm Park.
*The Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis ispida, L., is fairly common
on the Kelvin. It nests on the banks and has also nested
within the precincts of Dawsliolm Park.
26
^The Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus canorus, L., is common
throughout the area.
*The Barn Qui, Tyto alba alba, (Scop.), visits Dawshohn
Park and is a nesting species in the area.
"^The Long-eared Owl, Asio otus otus, (L.), also nests.
The Short-eared Owl, Asio flammeus flammeus, (Pontopp.),
is an occasional visitor.
^'The Tawny Owl, Strix aluco sylvatica, Shaw, is common.
It has l>een seen recently at Kelvingrove Park. It also visits
Dawsholm Park. I have seen it at Killermont, where it no
doubt nests, and Mr. Bartholomew records it as breeding in
Baldernock Parish.
American Hawk Owl, Surnia ulula caparoch, (Miill.). One
was shot at Maryhill, near Glasgow, in Deceml^er, 1863. This
specimen was recognizable at a glance as the American bird.
(Dresser, Birds of Europe, Vol. V, pp. 310, 311.)
Common Buzzard, Butes butes butes, (L.). An occasional
Avinter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew reports one accidentally
trapped on 2nd December, 1926.
"^The Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus nisus, (L.), is not rare.
It is a visitor to Dawsholm Park. I have seen it at Bardowie.
It breeds in Baldernock Parish and other districts in the
area.
The Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus peregrinus,
(Tunst.), is a rare visitor. One was seen several times during
the autumns of 1930 and 1931. I have seen a wood-pigeon at
Bardowie which I presumed was killed by a peregrine.
The Merlin, Falco coluuibarius asalon, Tunst. Mr.
Bartholomew reports having seen two during the past winter,
and Mr. Nicol Hopkins says that it has been fairly frequent
at Summerston during this last winter.
*r^e Kestrel, Falco tinnuneulus tinnunculus, L., is fairly
common. It is a visitor to Dawsholm Park, and is frequently
seen throughout the area. It breeds in Baldernock Parish.
The Osprey, Pandion halioetus halioetus, (L.). Mr.
Bartholomew records having seen one at Bardowie Loch in
May, 1917.
The Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, (L.), is an
occasional visitor. Some years ago a pair frequented Bar-
dowie Loch during the winter.
The Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis, (L.), is
another occasional visitor. Mr. Alastair Anderson says he
has seen it several times at Bardowie.
The Common Heron, Ardea cinerea einerea, L., may be
seen frequently at Sunmierston and Bardowie.
The Night Heron, Xycticorax nycticorax nycticorax, (L.).
An immature bird frequented the Botanic Gardens from early
in November till 13th December, 1926.
The Grey Lag Goose, Anser anser. (L.), is an occasional
visitor. Mr. Bartholomew records them at Balmore in
January, 1919, while seven were thei-e from 5th January till
1st April, 1932.
The Bean Goose, Anser fabalis fabalis, (Lath.), is a rare
visitor. I saw it at Bardowie over twenty years ago. Mr.
Bartholomew records it in December, 1918.
The Barnacle Goose, Branta leucopsis, (Bechst.), is rather
rare. It has been shot at Bardowie Loch.
The W hooper Swan, Cygnus cygnus, (L.).
Bewick^ s Swan, Cygnus bewickii bewickii, Yarr., are both
regular visitors during the floods in winter.
*The Mute Swan, Cygnus olor (Gm.), is common, a pair
usually occupying almost every loch, pond, or dam of any
extent during the nesting season, with a greater influx during
winter.
*The Mallard, Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha, L., is
common.
28
The Gad wall, Anas strepera, L., is a rare visitor. Mr.
Bartholomew records it on 7th January, 1918, and on 24:th
December, 1928, he shot one.
The Garganey, Anas querquedula, L. On 6th May, 1920,
Mr. Harry G. Gumming saw a pair (male and female) at
Summerston. This record (the first for the Clyde Area) was
reported in a note read to the Andersonian Naturalists'
Society on 14th June, 1920, and published in Part II, Vol. IV,
of the annals. Thi-ee birds were seen at Summerston on
1st and 2nd April, 1922, by the late Mr. John Robertson.
The Shoveller, Spatula clypeata, (L.), is a regular winter
visitor to Summerston and Bardowie. It has been seen
during the nesting season, so has probably nested. It was
seen at Summerston on 24th July, 1929, by Mr. Xicol
Hopkins.
The Pintail, Anas acuta acuta, L., is a winter visitor
which has been seen more frequently in recent years. In a
note read to the Andersonian Naturalists' Society on 14th
June, 1920. Mr. Thomas Hill reported the pi-esence of Pintail
at Summerston from 27th March till 18th April, 1920, in
numbers varying from a pair to six males and five females.
Mr. Nicol Hopkins records one pair on 16th April, 1929, at
Summerston, where they remained till at least the end of that
month. On 3rd March, 1930. he saw a pair which remained
during the month. On 9th April they had increased to three
pairs. He also saw one on 3rd September, 193U. Mr.
Alastair Anderson has seen as many as twelve together at
Bardowie.
*rAe Teal, Anas crecca crecca, L., is fairly common,
especially in winter.
The Wigeon, Anas penelope, L., is a regular winter visitor.
At Summerston and Bardowie it is often in numbers. It
has not been known to nest in the area, although it has done
so in the Kilpatrick Hills. It was seen at Summer.ston on
24th July, 1929, by Mr. Nicol Hopkins.
29
The Pochard, Xyioca ferina ferina. (L.), is also a regular
winter visitor.
The Scaup Du<:k, Xyrtica marila marila, (L.), is a rare
winter visitor. It has occurred at Bardowie.
*rAe Tufted Durk. Xyroca fuligula, (L.), is common. A
number usually frequent Summerston and Bardowie Locii.
Th€ Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula dangula, (L.), is an
occasional winter visitor.
The Lonij-tailed Duel-, Clangula hyemalis, (L.), is a rare
winter visitor. One was noted by Mr. Bartholomew on 1st
November, 1919.
The Common Scoter, Oidemia nigra nigra, (L.).
The Goosander, Mergus merganser merganser, L.
The Red-hreasted Merganser, Mergus serrator, L., are all
rare visitors in winter to the area.
The American Wigeon, Anas americana, (Gm.), is a greater
rarity. An adult male was seen at Bardowie on 1-tth
December, 1919, by Mr. Bartholomew and Mr. Anderson.
*The Ring Dove or Wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus
palumbus, L., is common.
*The Stock Dove, Columba oenas, (L.), nests in small
numbers at Craigmaddie Moor.
*The Capercaillie, Tetras urogallus urogallus, L., is
frequently seen in the Baldernock district and is resident
in a part of same.
*The Black Grouse, Lyrurus tetrix britannicus. With. Lonn.
*The Red Grouse, Lagopus scoticus scoticus, (Lath.), are
both breeding species on the higher ground at Craigmaddie
Moor.
*The Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus. L., is common in all
the wooded parts. I have seen a hen pheasant in Kelvingrove
Park. It nests in Dawsholm Park, Garscube, Killermont, and
other suitable places.
30
*The Partridge, Perdix perdix perdix, (L.), is also common
throughout the area.
"^The CorncraJce, Crex crex, (L.), is fairly common, but for
some years it has been steadily decreasing in numbers.
*The Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, L., frequents
Bardowie Loch, and, no doubt, some of the marshy tracts
bordering the Kelvin. Mr. Bartholomew reports having seen
it several times at Bardowie, and has also found dead birds
there on 15th December, 1927, 11th January, 1929, 19th
January, 1930, and 15th January, 1932.
*The Water Hen, Gallinula chloropus chloropus, (L.), is
common in the Kelvin and at Summerston and Bardowie.
"^The Commotv Coot, Fulica atra atra, L., is abundant, being
in numbers at Summerston, Bardowie Loch and other sheets
of water in the area.
The Ringed Plover, Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula, L.,
was seen at Summerston by Mr. Nicol Hopkins on 24th
August and 7th, 9th, and 16th September, 1931.
The Golden Plover, Charadrius apricarius apricarius, L.
Large flocks are usually to be seen in spring at Summerston
and throughout the area as birds of passage.
*The Lapwing, Vanellus vanellus, (L.), is abundant and
increasing.
The Oyster-catcher, Hoematopus ostralegus ostralegus, L.,
is occasionally seen on passage. Mr. Nicol Hopkins noted
two on 18th May, and two again in July, 1931, at which time
one would expect them to be at their nesting quarters.
"The Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola rusticola, L., has
occurred at Dawsholm Park. I have seen it in the nesting
season at Killermont, and it nests at other suitable places
throughout the area.
The Jack Snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus, (Brlinn.), is an
occasional winter visitor.
31
*The Common Snipe. Capella gallinago gallinago, (L.), is
plentiful throughout the marshy parts of the area.
The Dunlin. Calidris alpina schinzii, (Brehm.), is usually
to be seen in flocks in spring at Summerston, where their
trilling fills the air.
The Ruff. Philoniaehus pugnax, (L.), is an occasional winter
visitor. The late Mr. M'Donald recorded it at Summerston
some years ago. Mr. Bartholomew saw one on 9th September,
1924. and Mr. Xicol Hopkins, one on 9th September, 1931.
^The Common Sandpiper, Tringa hypoleucos, L., is common.
It has nested at Dawsholm Park, Killermont, Bardowie and
other parts of the Kelvin.
The Green Sandpiper, Tringa ochropus. L., is an occasional
winter visitor. It has been reported at different times by
the late Mr. M'Donald. the late Mr. John Robertson, and
Mr. Bartholomew. Mr. Xicol Hopkins saw three birds on
25th September. 1929.
*The Eedshanl-, Tringa totanus totanus. (L.). is abundant
along the course of the river in sununer. but practically
absent in winter.
The Greenshank, Tringa nebularia, (Gunn.), is frequently
seen as a bird of passage, usually in autumn, as shown by the
following records by Mr. Hopkins: — 27th August, 1928;
September. 1929; 21:th August. 1931; also one as late as 12th
November. 1930. He has also noted it in .spring, viz., 1st
April. 1928. and 29th March. 1931. The late Mr. Robertson
also saw it in April, 1922. at Summerston.
Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa limosa, (L.), is a rare
visitor to the Clyde Area and is usually seen in autumn.
Mr. Xicol Hopkins observed a male bird at Summerston on
21:th April. 1932, in breeiling plumage. The only other
spring record for Clyde was three birds seen at Gad Loch,
Lenzie, in May, 1907; also in breeding plumage. This almost
might be claimed as a Kelvin record.
32
*T1ie Common Curlew, Nuinenius arquata arquata, (L.), is
fairly common on the uplands, and comes down to the marshy
ti-acts bordering the river to feed.
The BlacTx Tern, Chlidonias niger niger, (L.), is a rare
visitor. One was shot at Torrance in the autumn of 1918,
and two were seen at Summerston on 4th and 6th May, 1920.
"^The Comvmon Tern, Sterna hirundo hirundo, (L.), is often
seen on passage. It has nested at Summerston.
The Little Gull, Larus minutus. Pall., is another rare
visitor. One was seen at Summerston from 16th to 21st May,
1916.
*The Blacli-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus ridibundus, L.,
is common. It nested at Summerston in 1930 and 1931. At
Craigmaddie Loch a few pairs have nested from time to time.
It also nests near Kilsyth.
The Common Gxdl, Larus canus canus, L., is an occawfonal
visitor. I have seen it mixing with the Black headed Gulls
in the fields at Summerston.
The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus argentatus, Pont., is
coixmion.
The Lesser Black-backed Gidl, Larus fuscus affinis, Reinh.,
is frequently to be seen at Summerston throughout spring
and summer.
The Kitfiwake Gtdl, Rissa tridactyla tridactyla, (L.), is a
rare visitor. Mr. Bartholomew found one dead on 20th
February, 1928.
The Arctic Skua, Stercorarius pai-asiticus, (L.), is an
occasional visitor. It has been seen at Bardowie Loch several
times.
The Common Guillemot, Uria aalge albionis, With., is
sometimes blown inland during stormy weather. Mr.
Bartholomew found one on 3rd April, 1909, and another on
18th September, 1916.
33
The Little Auk, Alle alle, (L.). The same applies to this
species, one having been found by Mr. Bartiiolomew on 1st
March, 1916, and another on 23rd November, 1916.
*The Great Created Grehe, Podiceps cristatus cristatus, (L.),
nests regularly at Bardowie Loch.
The Slavonian Grebe, Podiceps auritus, (L.), is an occasional
visitor. Single birds were recorded at Bardowie Loch on
8th March, 1916, and 28th November, 1916.
The Black-necked or Eared Grehe, Podiceps nigricollis
nigricollis, Brehm., is also an occasional visitor. One was
seen by Mr. Bartholomew on 8th March, 1917, and another
by Mr. Nicol Hopkins on 1st and 5th October, 1930.
"^The Little Grehe, Podiceps ruficollis ruficollis, (Pall.), is
common. It is usually to be seen at all the marshes at
Summerston and at Bardowie Loch.
The Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus pviffinus, (Briinn.).
One was found dead in Kelvingrove Park in August, 1896.
This gives a total of 146 species, of which 81 nest or have
nested. Those marked with an * have nested.
I am very much indebted to Wv. James Bartholomew,
Mr. Nicol Hopkins, Mr. Alastair Anderson, and others for
the records which they have contributed to this list.
34
THE GREY SQUIRREL.
By jAiiES Bartholomew.
[Read 11th October, 1932.]
The Grey Squirrel has coiue into prominence recently, and
there is good reason to fear that it may still become much
more prominent. Mr. A. D. Middleton of the Department
of Zoology at Oxford University has studied the Grey Squirrel
in this country very exhaustively, and the bulk of my
information is from his writings.
The Grey Squirrel, as we know it, is not a native of this
country, but is an importation from North America, where
it is a native of south-eastern Canada and the central United
States. There are apparently five recognised sub-species in
North America of the Grey Squirrel, " Sciurus carolinensis "
(Dr. Ritchie calls it Neosciurws carolinensis), and the sub-
species introduced into this country appears to be wholly
*' Sciurus carolinensis leiicotiis." There is, however, an
account of Grey Squirrels living in Wales over 100 years ago,
and another account of them near Canterbury about 70 years
ago. The first importations which are known to have been
released in this country were in 1876, when two pairs were
released in Cheshire. In 1889 a considerable number of Grey
Squirrels were brought from America and released that year
and the next. The first released in Scotland Avere two or three
brought from Ontario and released at Finnart on Loch Long
by Col. Marryat about 1892. The next introduction to
Scotland was in 1919. when some were released at
Dunfermline, and about that time some escaped from the
Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh. Some are stated to have
been released in Ayrshire in 1929. One Grey Squirrel which
Avas released in Buckinghamshire was brought from South
Africa, but tlie Grey Squirrels there were imported from
North America by the late Cecil Ehodes, and they have thriven
and multiplied to such an extent that they have become a
35
pest. Mr. Middleton's table of introductions of Grey
Squirrels to this country shows that nearly 350 have been
introduced. With few exceptions, they seem to have increased
in all districts where they were introduced.
As regards Scotland there does not seem to have been
much increase around Edinburgh. One w^as shot at Preston-
kirk in East Lothian about 20 miles east of Edinburgh in
May, 19.31, and it was believed that another was seen a week
later. I have not been able to obtain any further records
in that district.
The Loch Long colony, however, has multiplied very
much, and spread north and west over a considerable area.
In " The Glasgow Naturalist " it is mentioned that specimens
of the Grey Squirrel were exhibited at a meeting of the
Xatural History Society of Glasgow on 26th November, 1912,
and Mr. Charles Kirk stated that the first specimens he
received for preservation reached him in 1903 from Arrochar
and Tarbet. They have extended their range right up the
western shore of Loch Lomond, and I saw one some yeax'S
ago at Ardkinglas, near the head of Loch Fyne, but Mr. Page,
the Duke of Argyll's factor at Inveraray, told me recently
that he had not yet heard of their appearance on that estate.
They have worked round the south end of Loch Lomond and
up the east shore to Buchanan Castle. Lately there has been
evidence of a movement eastward from this colony. Mr.
M' Queen told me that a Grey Squirrel had been seen at
Lambhill Cemetery on 3rd October, 1931, and Mr. William
Rennie has kindly informed me that two days later two were
seen at Cadder Wilderness, one a little larger than the other.
About the middle of November, 1931, a Grey Squirrel was
trapped at Duntreath in the Blane Valley, and another one
was seen on the 30th of November.
The Dunferndine colony has also prospered and extended
its range west. In Mr. ^liddleton's book it is stated that it
" is now reported from several localities within a radius of
ten or fifteen miles from Dunfermline." From information.
36
however, which I have recently obtained, I find that they have
advanced westward considerably over twenty miles from
Dunfermline, and there seems to be evidence of connecting
links all the way. They have occurred at Solsgirth, Dollar,
at Alva House, at Airthrey, Bridge of Allan, at Keir, Bridge
of Allan, and at Blairdrummond, near Doune, from where
I expect there will in time be an extension up the valleys of
the Forth and Teith. An extension up the Forth would, in
due coui'se, reach the outposts of the Loch Lomond colony,
and possibly the infusion of new blood would cause a still
greater increase. They seem to be great travellers' as they
sometimes appear unaccountably far from districts where they
are resident, as in the case of two, one of which was shot,
which appeared at Alnwick in Northumberland, over 60 miles
from Darlington and over 70 miles from Edinburgh, the
nearest disti-icts where the Grey Squirrel was known to be
present.
I have no dovibt that they will make use of bridges for
crossing rivers like the Red Squirrel, which was not plentiful
in the east of Sutherland till after the railway bridge was
built at Invershin in 1869 ; also, like the Red Squirrel, they
will doubtless be able to swim if they desire.
So far they are most numerous in England along a line
from Chester to Dover and in the East Riding of York, with
small colonies around Exeter and Bournemouth.
There is only one colony in Ireland, but. as it is situated
in County Longford in the centre of Ireland, they have a
good chance of spreading. Mr. Middleton says that the
Grey Squirrel shows a marked tendency to extend its range
in a westerly direction, and his own theory is that in America
the squirrels main habitat is near the east coast, so that, if
they move, they have to go west, where there is a large area of
land and forests. Mr. Middleton also mentions that someone
made the suggestion that the Grey Squirrels did not like
the English and went west to try to get back to America.
In view of this habit of extending west, I am surprised that
37
the Grey Squirrels have not reached Inveraray. In Scotland
they have not yet reached such numbers as to do much harm,
but in England they seem to have become exceedingly
plentiful in districts. Mr. Middleton states that, in 1929, on
an area of 500 acres 1,011 were killed. In the " Hampshire
Chronicle" of 13th February there appeared a letter which
said that a dozen Grey Squirjels had been destroyed during
the past few months on an estate at Rotherfield, but, as they
began to annoy the gamekeeper at his pheasant pens, he
set traps and caught 118 in ten days. 70 of which were caught
in one wood.
In the "Field" of 30th July, 1932, the following
appears : — " In reference to the destruction of Grey Squirrels,
there have been killed on the Great Hampden and Little
Hampden Estates since January 1st last about 250 of these
pests. In the last two years quite 700 have been accounted
for. They are now scarce, but still too numerous. We have
evidence that they have not only killed many young birds
and destroyed many eggs of all kinds, but actually eaten their
Avay into ne^ing boxes placed in gardens adjoining the
woods."
In 1907, l,-428 Red Squirrels were killed on Beaufort,
Inverness, on 7,000 acres, so that 1,011 Grey Squirrels on
500 acres is a very much larger stock per acre. If they
populate Scotland in the same proportion, what will they
be like in the north, where in one year 4.727 Red Squirrels
were killed under the auspices of the Rossshire Squirrel
Club? HoAvever, they seem to increase and decrease in cycles,
and they seem sometimes to decrease from some cause which
is not always apparent, although a disease has manifested
itself in some areas. Apparently they are difficult to keep
in control. A gamekeeper in Buckinghamshire wrote to
" The Field " in October. 1931, " There are nine keepers
here and they are paid 3d. for every squirrel they kill, yet
I am sorry to say we can make no impression on them ; they
are certainly increa.sing." Mr. Middleton found that there
38
was a decrease in the winter of 1930-31, but he predicted
a rapid recovery and further spread.
The Grey Squirrel buihls its nest or drey usually in a
deciduous tree, beech and oak apparently being the ones
oftenest selected. It seems to be a distinction which can
easily be noticed between Grey Squirrels' nests and Red
Squirrel's nests that the Grey Squirrel builds with twigs
cut oft' in full leaf, while the Red Squirrel builds usually
with leafless twigs, and the Red Squirrel also prefers a
coniferous tree as the site for its nest. Mr. Middleton
mentions that the few Grey Squirrels' nests which he has seen
in coniferous trees have not been constructed of the twigs
and leaves of the conifers, but of twigs from neighbouring
oaks and beeches. Nests have been reported from Surrey
that were made in pine trees with shredded pine bark.
In winter the Grey Squirrels usually have their home in
a hollow tree, where several may be found together. In
America the Grey Squirrel has often six young in a litter,
but in this country there are usually from three to five.
Normally, they are born from the beginning of March to the
end of May. Occasionally there appears to be a second litter
and there may possibly be a third.
The young are blind and naked when they are born. After
they are grown up they sometimes leave their parents, and
some observers say that the old ones drive the young away,
and that it is difficult to ascertain whether the small colony
found in a hollow tree in winter are parents and family or
not. When I speak of these squirrels being found in a hollow
tree in winter, I do not mean that they hibernate there as a
hedgehog does in its nest of grass or leaves on the ground.
They only make use of this resort as a shelter, just as we do
our houses, and are out and about in the daytime all through
the winter months.
They spend a lot of their time on the ground, and when
disturbed in a wood will often run along the ground for a
39
considerable distance instead of climbing the nearest tree.
They will also go down rabbit burrows, and a gamekeeper
who used to be on an estate on Loch Loniondside told me
that he had trapped a good many when trapping rabbits.
I expect that they used the rabbit burrows as shelters, and
at certain seasons they may be in search of young rabbits,
as rabbit is given by Mr. Middleton as one of the things
they are said to eat. Apparently they are not particular
whether it is a live rabbit or a dead one that they tackle.
They are said to be able to run faster on the ground than
the Red Squirrel, and they appear to go much more out
into the open fields than the Red Squirrel; hence their
depredations are on a different scale from those of the Red
Squirrel. They seem to be able to eat almost anything
that can be eaten. Mr. Middleton gives a long list of things
which they have been found to eat, which includes buds
and shoots of our common trees (and, curiously, of the
Rhododendron), the bark of most trees. Plums, Cherries,
Peaches, Apples, Pears, Strawberries, Raspberries, Logan-
lierries. Gooseberries, Figs, Grapes, Tomatoes, Blackberries.
Hawthorn berries. Rowan berries, many different Nuts and
Seeds, Peas, Beans, Maize, Wheat growing or in stacks or
stores. Monkey Nuts, Bread, Fungi, Bulbs, Oak Galls,
practically all birds' eggs and young birds, including
domestic fowls' eggs and chickens, Rabbits in a fresh or
carrion state, and dead Fish. The list terminates with Honey
from beehives, so you will see that the Grey Squirrel has a
very wide range of food, and, unfortunately, the eating of this
food is almost entirely injurious to human interests. Of
course is is not yet proved that all Grey Squirrels eat all
these things; some will be unable to get them. I am afraid
though that there is too much truth in the accounts of their
depredations for these to be ignored, and that there is more
against them than the old antagonism which the late Di-.
Harvie Brown mentioned, " to all things which live and
move and have their beinu' which wear claws."
40
Speaking recently at a meeting of the College of Pestology
in London, the Duke of Sutherland said that the damage
caused by Grey Squirrels was estimated at £10,000 a year.
A bad feature of theirs is that they do not seem to be
satisfied to bite off, say, a pear and eat it. They will cut
off dozens, letting them drop to the ground, to which they
will eventually descend and take a bite out of some of them
and carry a few away to hide, leaving the rest to rot. They
also do not wait until the fruit is ripe, but attack it at any
time, and, of course, the uni-ipe fruit is of no use, even if
one does gather up what the squirrels have left untouched
on the ground. Mr. Middleton quotes a Bedfordshire farmer
who said that he had lost four acres of peas and a lot of
beans through the depredations of Grey Squirrels.
A Grey Squirrel was watched sucking pheasants' eggs out
of a nest, and it was believed to have eaten or destroyed
seven of the ten eggs in the nest. The egg was held upright
in the squirrel's forepaws and a little hole chipped with
its teeth in the more pointed end. A suitable hole having
been made, it proceeded to suck the egg by tilting it in
much the same manner as a human being drinking from a
bottle, pausing occasionally to lick its lips with evident
enjoyment.
As the Grey Squirrel seems to prefer woods of deciduous
trees to those composed of coniferous plants, it perhaps follows
that they do more damage to deciduous trees than to conifers.
Beech and Sycamore or Plane trees are most often damaged,
and Mr. Middleton says that trees from eight to twenty
years of age are the ones which are usually attacked, and
from these large patches of bark, sometimes right round the
stem or branch of the tree, are peeled off. The time of year
when this is done is when the sap is rising, from the end
of April to the end of July. They sometimes strip the bark
off branches of old trees, but they select young wood to
peel. The inner bark will be the tenderest and sweetest,
and in young wood the outer bark is very thin, so that
41
they may eat it along- with the inner bark. There does not
seem to have been any case reported of Grey Squirrels
peeling conifers for food, but, as I have mentioned, they
have been observed to .strip the bark from Scots Pines for
nesting purposes. However, although they do not seem to
peel conifers, -they occasionally bite off the tops and buds
of Larch and Spruce trees. It is to coniferous trees that
the Red Squirrel does most damage ; but I remember once
a Red Squirrel ate part of the stems of the flowers of a
Chestnut tree, so that the flowers all withered.
During the first three months of the year food for the
squirrels is scarce, and they have to depend principally on
tree seeds, fungi, and bulbs. They may also eat beetles,
caterpillars, and worms, but this is not proved yet. In
April the bark of trees begins to become palatable as the
sap rises, and there are also bird's nests with eggs to raid.
May, June, and July are months of plenty, and the squirrels
have no difficulty in finding food. In August and Septembe)-
nuts add to the menu, and wheat fields are raided and the ears
of wheat eaten. From October to December they mostly
depend upon nuts, seeds, bulbs, and fungi, and, as they have
made good use of their opportunities when food was plentiful.
they are»usually very fat at the commencement of wintei-.
Some which Mr. Middleton dissected in October and
November had a lining of fat all I'ound the inside of the
abdominal cavity of more than half-an-inch thick. This
supply of fat will keep them alive during severe weather,
and, although they are out during the winter, they are not
so active and do not require so much food as in spring.
Although they may make stores of nuts, ttc, in .such plaee-j
as hollow trees, there is no evidence of Grey or Red Squirrels
calling upon these stores in times of scarcity. They .seem
either to make the stores for fun or else forget where they aie.
Mr. Middleton quotes a case where a Grey Squirrel entered
a glass-house and conveyed tomatoes to some rough grass
outside, where it hid them in neat piles; and another case
where a poultry farmer was losing eggs on a large scale.
42
Suspecting rats he started hunting about with a dog, which
found and bolted a Grey Squirrel from beneath a fallen tree.
The farmer got a crowbar, and, on moving the tree, found
over 200 eggs hidden there. ^Yhile the evidence that the
squirrel was the thief is not conclusive, it strongly points
that way.
Strawberries and other fruit are gathered into little heaps
sometimes. Mr. Middleton remarks that the instinct is
perhaps to store up anything that is particularly pleasant ;
perhaps an instinct which is allied to that which is
responsible for the enormous series of eggs and butterflies
to be found in some collectors' cabinets.
We are told that when the (xrey Squirrel appears the Red
Squirrel disappears, and in nearly all districts where the
Grey Squirrel has been numerous for some years the Red
Squirrel has vanished, whether killed or hunted away by the
Grey Squirrel is not quite certain, but Grey Squirrels have
been known, several times, to kill Red Squirrels.
The following article appeared recently in the " Evening
Citizen " over initials R.G.S. : — " While walking along that
})eaceful district in the vicinity of Strathblane, where the
invasion of the Canadian Grey Squirrel has declared war
against the smaller and prettier native Red Squirrel, I saAv
a little Red Squirrel flying for his life in one of the woods.
It might have been a flying squirrel of Africa when making
one prodigious leap from tree-branch to tree-branch. As it
])assed over my head, I thought it was a bird. Hard on its
brush followed a Grey Squirrel, larger than the little red
fugitive, and an even more lissom, even more beautiful
animal, pursuing the other with such speed and fury as
suggested a murderous intent.
" The moment came when he leapt on to the back of the
little scared fugitive as he scudded along a branch, bore
him to the ground, and wori-ied the last breath out of his
nearly breathless body."
43
A gamekeeper told me that he saw several Red Squirrels
hurrying past him, and, in a little while, a Grey Squirrel
appeared going in the same direction.
I had an indirect enquiry lately from the Curator of the
Zoological Gardens in London for Red Squirrels for someone
who wants to reintroduce them where they have become
extinct.
There is a curious thing in connection with fleas on Giey
Squirrels which Mr. ^liddleton has discovered. The true
Grey Squirrel flea in America has, so far, only been found
in Hertfortshire and Buckihghamshire ; and the flea on Grey
Squirrels in other districts are Red Squirrel fleas, rabbit
fleas, and bird fleas.
From the evidence we have I am afraid that Grey Squirrels
will not be an acquisition to any district, and that, if they
spread over Scotland, they will become a serious plague.
Furriers do not seem to think that the furs of the Grey
Squirrels bred in this country can be as good as those from
colder countries, but Messrs. Fownes agreed to buy them
during last winter.
It is also said that Grey Squirrel is quite good to eat, and
I saw an article recommending it to be cooked en casserole
roasted or fried in egg or bread crumbs.
The Grey Squirrel is rather larger than the Red Squirrel,
as you will see fom the specimen I have here to-night, which
was obtained at Blair Drummond, and which Mr. Alexander
Martin, gunmaker in Stirling and Glasgow, has kindly lent
me to show to you.
If the (ii'ey Squirrel goes on increasing and spreading it
may be that concerted action will have to be taken to try
to keep him in check. In England there was a National
Anti Grey Squirrel Committee formed last year which is
trying to deal with the matter. A cage trap has been brought
out by them, and, in two of these traps last summer, 56 Grey
44
Squirrels were caujjrht in a eou])le of months — this, too, at a
time when food was plentiful and easily obtainable.
The Secretary of the National Anti (^rey Squirrel Com-
mittee, Mr. Laurance Swainson, in a repoit which I have
seen this week, mentions that, from information he has
received, it appears that where Grey Squirrels are regularly
fed they do not molest the birds, but that " there is also
abundant and incontrovertil^le proof that when food is as
scarce is it is almost everywhere in the early spring the
birds suffer terribly." He says further, " At the moment
the numbers of Grey Squirrels are definitely down. This
is partly due to trapping and partly to disease and normal
fluctuations. No effort, however, should be spared still further
to reduce their numbers, for it would be lamentable if,
through a mere temporary reduction, we were at any time
lulled into a false sense of security."
An Albino Grey Squirrel was shot last August in Surrey.*
It may be of interest to mention here that Harvie Brown
Ijelieved that Red Squirrels living in hard wood districts,
oak coppices, and the like had lighter coloured tails than
those frequenting pine woods.
(Copy of a letter from Mr. A. D. Middleton to Mr. Hugh
Boyd Watt, an old member of our Society.)
17th Nov., 1931.
Dear ^1r. Boyd Watt,
Regarding the Loch Long centre. As far as T can
make out some Grey Squiri-els were brought from Canada
by the late Col. Marryat of Finnart House; this information
is duplicated by W. Russell, Ard Luss, and C. F. Macfarlan.
*0n August 2nd an Albino Grey Squirrel was shot on this estate.
It was a full-grown male, rather above normal in size; the eyes were
pink, and the fur perfectly white all over. From the appearance of the
paws and the teeth I think the animal was at least a year old, and it is
rather remarkable that any thing so conspicuous should not have been
observed before. The probability, therefore, is that it travelled here
from some distance.— N. C. Cro'ft-Cohen, Haroldslea, Horley, Surrey.
45
Stronefjne, and Walter Colquhoun of Arden. These squirrels
were kept as pets for several years in captivity and then
released into the woodlands, the actual dates of their release
is a little uncertain, but several correspondents give it as
1892. I have also information from Mr. G. H. Clark, Seeds
Commissioner to the Canadian Department of Agriculture.
Ottawa, that when he was a boy he supplied two females and
one male to a Scottish gentleman and saw them shipped to
Glasgow. This took place in 1886 or 1887, and the squirrels
came from near Brantford, Ontario. In 1900 Mr. Clark was
in Scotland and made enquiries alx)ut the squirrels then to be
seen in Dunbartonshire : he was informed by Alexander Cross
& Co.. Glasgow, that they had been introduced by a gentleman
who had made several trips to Canada. Several people believe
that the late Sir Alan Colquhoun introduced them, but Mr.
W. Eussell tells me that he was staying with Sir Alan in
1898 when Grey Squirrels first appeared at Arrochar, and
Sir Alan told him they must have come from Col. Marryat's
collection on Loch Long.
(Signed) A. D. MIDDLETOX.
46
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF
CALANUS FINMARCHICUS.
By A. G. XiCHOi.LS. Ph.D., Assistant Naturalist,
Marine Station, Millport.
[Read 8th November, 1932.]
The animal -with who.se biohigy it is intended to deal in
this paper belongs to the large class known as the Crustacea.
These are characterized by having a body divided into a
number of segments each of which, in the simpler forms, bears
one pair of jointed appendages and the whole is covered with
a chitinous exoskeleton which gives strength and support to
the body. The shrimp, crab, and lobster are examples of
this group.
Calanus is one of the smaller members of the group and is
placed in the sub-class Copepoda. Its average length is
about 4 mm. (^ inch). It occurs in the sea in great numbers
in Arctic and temperate regions and forms an important part
of the food of the herring and other fish at certain times of
the year.
It is to be found throughout the Clyde Sea-Area, where the
annual variation in its distribution in numl^ers has been
studied, along with its breeding periods, length of life, time
taken to develop from e^^ to adult and so on. Its vertical
migrations have also been studied in winter and in summer.
Before describing these changes it will be necessary to show
how Calanus grows. Like most animals Calanus starts from
an egg. The fertilized eggs are passed freely into the sea
and each develops into a Nauplius larva. This is a small
animal with only three pairs of legs by means of which it
swims vigorously about and at the same time sweeps food into
its mouth. Now, as has already been mentioned, in this
class of animals the body is covered with a chitinous
exoskeleton which prevents growth, so that in order to grow
47
these animals have to throvr off the old skin periodically and
grow a new one. This happens about once a year in an adult
lobster, but in a young larval Calanus it occurs much more
frequently. About once in every 2i or -36 hours the Xauplius
throws off its old skin and enlarges quickly before its new
skin, already prepared underneath, has time to harden. This
it does six times after it has emerged from the ec^g and with
each " moult " it changes slightly. It elongates and the
hinder part of the body becomes bent at an angle to the front
end, while additional pairs of limbs appear.
Eleven days are pas.sed while it is still in the Xauplius
stages, but at the sixth moult an animal with a quite different
appearance emerges. It has grown considerably, has long
antennae in front, and a number of appendages along its
body, which is now clearly divisible into three regions, head,
thorax, and abdomen. This stage so closely resembles the
adult copepod that it is called a " copepodite."
In all there are five copepodite stages before it attains its
adult form, each growing out of the previous stage by
moulting, and each resembling the adult a little more closely.
Altogether there are fourteen different stages of Calanus
distinguishable in a haul taken from the sea at the right
time of year ; the egg. six nauplius and five copepodite stages,
and the adults, which can be separated into male and female.
All this has been known for many years (for a full
description see the work of Miss M. Y. Lebour, Journ. Mar.
Biol. Assoc, XI, 1916). but'it has not been known when the
eggs were laid, how many times a year they appeared, or
anything about the general distribution of stages throughout
the year, in the Clyde Sea-Area.
For twelve months visits were made at intervals of a
fortnight to different places in the Firth of Clyde and in
Loch Fyne, and hauls were taken with a silk net of very fine
mesh (about 200 strands to one inch), so that even the eggs
were taken. These hauls were taken bv letting: the net down
48
to the bottom and hauling it straight up to the surface at a
constant speed, so that a definite quantity of water was filtered
each time. By standardizing the methods as far as possible
catches were obtained which would be comparable with one
another when counted.
The catches were preserved immediately in weak formalin
and taken back to the laboratory where the Calanus were
counted in whatever stages they might be found. It was seen
that, during the autumn and winter, the Calanus present were
practically all Stage V copepodites, with a few Stage IV cope-
podites and a very few adults.
This continued until the early spring when these Stage V
copepodites began to moult into adults, and these adults
produced eggs. From these eggs adults were formed a month
later, and, after some time, these again produced eggs. This
happened three times during the course of the spring and
summer, but by August the number of eggs had fallen off
and only a very few were found. At this time, also, only a
very few of the copepodites moulted into adults, so that there
was an accumulation of Stage V copepodites once more to
form the winter stock, ready to moult again next spring.
The results of this work indicate that the life of a Calanus
is probably limited to three months in summer and about
five during the wintei-. It is probable, also, that Calanus
produces more than one brood of eggs, but the number of eggs
produced in each brood is not definitely known. There are
indications that it may be as high as seventy.
The vertical migrations of Calanus present an interesting
problem. It has been known for many years that various
plankton organisms which are found only in deep hauls-
during the day are obtained at or near the surface if the
hauls are taken during the night. Mr. F. S. Russell, of the
Laboratory at Plymouth, has been studying the diurnal
migrations of the plankton, and his results are to be found
in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association from
1925 onwards.
1
4S
The apparent explanation for this diurnal migration is
that there is for these animals a certain optimum intensity
of light which they tend to seek ; that as the light decreases
in the evening they move towards the surface returning to the
depths with the increase of light at sunrise.
To demonstrate this it is necessary to take hauls at different
depths from the bottom to the surface at intervals of a few
hours over a period of 24 hours. This was done on two
occasions in Loch Fyne. once in winter and again in summer.
Though the number of adults which were present in the
catch in winter was small they showed a very definite
migration towards the surface at night, returning to deeper
water again with the return of light. The Stage V cope-
podites, however, showed little or no tendency to migrate,
the bulk inhabiting the water from 25-65 fathoms all the
time. This indicates that the immature Calanus are not
affected by the stimulus, whatever it may be.
When this experiment was repeated six months later, all
stages of Calanus were present, but only the copepodites and
adults were counted. The latter were, again, comparatively
few in number, but showed diurnal migration very well.
Stage V copepodites as before showed verv little migration :
a small percentage came to the upper layers at nigfht, but
these were probably those Stage V which were approaching
maturity and would probably be affected by the same stimuli
as the adult-s.
The young stages have not, apparently, developed a
susceptibility to this stimulus, and remain in the upper
layers of the water, above 30 fathoms, all the time. This
may be related to their food which is more abundant near
the surface, but the cause is probably not one factor alone,
and further studies of the diurnal migrations of many
organisms will have to be made before the true solution is
obtained.
50
THE BLAEBERRY.
iyaccinium myrtiUus, L.)
By G. F. Scott Elliot, m.a., b.sc, f.r.g.s., f.l.s.
[Eead 13th Dec5ember, 1932.]
The Blaeberry is a far-ranging plant. It extends to as far
North as 71 °N. Lat. (Norway) and occupies the desolate
tundras of Asia, Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Iceland.
The whole genus Vaccinium appears to enjoy living on the
tops of mountains, though our Blaeberry (otherwise Bilberry,
Whortleberry, or Blackwort) is common enough in the
lowlands.
One finds Blaeberry in situations w^hich are extremely
wet and in others which are arid and dry. It is often a
characteristic plant of woods and forests, and it is not at
all particular as to the tree with which it associates. Thus
in the Pyrenees, in the French Alps and the Ofen district
(1,750 to 2,100 metres), it grows under the mountain Pine
(P. Montana) as well on dry and desolate precipices as on
w'et moorland.
In the Central Alps, Blaeberry associates with the Dwarf
Juniper, and in Herzegovina and Serbia with Juniperus
sabina. In the Alps, the other two Vacciniums, Clubmoss
(Lycopodium clavatum) and Reindeer-Moss are also found in
the same association. It also grows in chestnut woods
(Castanea).
In Britain and elsewhere, Blaeberry is a regular member
of the undergrowth in Scots Pine (P. silvestris) forests. So
also in Spruce woods, usually gloomy and monotonous,
boulders and precipices are occasionally covered with bright
green moss in which one finds Blaeberry, Woodsorrel,
Trientalis, Enchanter's nightshade, &c. Other usual habitats
are the dry Oak and Birch woods of Yorkshire,* rather
* As in Derbyshire (Linton).
51
open Oak woods in Scotland, and even Beech forest, at
least when the trees are so scattered that sunlight reaches the
ground.
Now at first sight, there does not seem to b§ any single
factor either of soil or of climate which is common to all
these diversified habitats. But let us examine its method of
living at the extreme limit of vegetation, as for example at
3,500 feet altitude in Perthshire. For weeks, it may be
covered by snow, or bathed in mist, drenched with rain, vexed
by storm, or perhaps for a few days exposed to blazing
sunshine. The earth is covered by a nearly continuous carpet
of hardy mosses or by the crusts and cushions of lichens.
Dr. Robert Smith found it among the sandstones of the
Highland summit flora, but Blaeberry and similar mosses
endeavour to cover granite fragments as at Killakee in
Ireland* or whinstones as in Galloway. It certainly dislikes
limestone, but it is hardly possible that the character of the
rock or of the soil is of much importance.!
Now all Northern Europe had to be reoccupied by vegeta-
tion after the destruction caused by the Ice Ages. One can
observe on any Highland or Lowland summit the very first
steps in the occupation of bare rock and sterile vmaltered
soil and the methods employed are no doubt those which were
required after the Ice Ages.
Three more or less distinct stages can be traced. First
there is a mere film of the lowest type of Algae (Blue
Algae). Then lichens begin to establish themselves; possibly
the earliest are just grey, brown, or slate-coloured crusts;
afterwards the Reindeer moss (Cladina rangiferina) establishes
itself. The third stage is the beginning of a carpet of moss,
especially of Polytrichum, Dicranum, and Rhacomitrium.
* Warming gives a full account of the colonisation of sub-glacial rock
floors. (" (Ecology.")
t Dr. Woodhead, in his well-known classical research on the Wood-
land Plants in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield, points out that it is
absent in the shales and clays of the Coal-measures. On such ground
occupation by more advanced associations would suppress the Pioneer
Blaeberry. Also Peak (Derbyshire), 1,650 feet; Whitecombe (Dumfries-
shire), 2^400 feet; Perthshire,' 3,900 feet.
5.2
By this time, the rock is more or less protected from frost
shattering. Rain, with all the atmospheric dust that it holds,
is absorbed by or flows over the cushions of moss. In the
course of time, the moss forms tufts perhaps three inches high.
If one examines such a tuft or cushion of moss, one finds
underneath it a small amount of dark or black powder. This
is in fact a thin layer of good and fertile soil ; insects, worms,
many minute organisms and also Protozoa and Bacteria live
within it.
The pioneer work of the Algte, Lichens, and Alpine mosses
have produced something in the way of earth, which is capable
of exploitation by higher plants. Vaccinium and especially
V. myrtillus can make use of the thin streak of black soil :
as soon as the moss carpet is pretty well established, the
creeping stems of the Blaeberry grow through the blackish
layer below the moss whilst its upright branches grow upwards
into the light.
Once estal>lished, the Blaeberry holds its own and its leaves
continually contribute more organic material. Mosses and
lichens still cover the roots and stem, but the bare rock is
now carrying an association of dwarf shrubs.
This occupation of the ground which one may observe on
a feAv square yards at the summit of a Highland hill is at
work over enormous areas of the Northern temperate zone.
The desolate tundra of North Russia and Si1>eria consists of
a similar carpet of moss or Reindeer lichen, and all over it
pioneei- Blaeberries are slowly establishing themselves.
Vaccinium myrtillus is not, of course, the only pioneer :
other Vacciniums, Dwarf Birch and possibly Arctic Willows
are also of importance.
The usual fate of frontiersmen or even of associations of
them is to be exploited and suppressed by more advanced
types of society. It is just the same with the Blaeberry, for
after it has established its footing and has developed some
53
inches of dark-brown or black peaty earth, it has to contend
with the formidable rivalry of the common Heather or Ling
(Calluna vulgaris), which is its not very distant cousin.
Below the Blaeberry summit flora, there are in Scotland
immense expanses of moor over which Grouse and Calluna
rule supreme. Heather is not quite so hardy as Vaccinium
and does not ascend to much above 3,000 feet in Perthshire,
but it is quicker in growth and forms more crowded and
taller thickets so that, under favourable conditions, the Blae-
berry cannot compete with it.
The soil in a heather moorland is a dark brown or black
peaty material* with an acid reaction : which grreedily
absorbs water from Ijelow and holds it strongly.
If there is any sort of free drainage for the water under-
neath the heather roots; if also pioneer birches or Scots Pine
are at hand, a heather moor under natural conditions would
soon be invaded by Betula alba; Birch woods and Pine
forests would then occupy the ground.
In Yorkshire or Scotland, the Grouse moor is not exactly
a natural association. It is grazed by sheep or cattle and
is regularly set on fire. This pi-events the growth of new
Birch or Scots Pine forests such as those which as Lewis has
shown once flourished on the slopes of the Merrick in
Galloway, and on Tweedsmuir.
These stages in the reconquest of Europe after the Ice
Age, namely — (1) Algae, (2) Lichens, (3) Mosses, (4) Dwarf
shrubs, such as Vaccinium, Betula nana. Heather, &c., (5)
Birch and Scots Fir, or some other Conifer, seem to have
-regularly followed one another everywhere in the extreme
North of Europe, Asia, and America.
The part played by Vaccinium myrtillus as a pioneer of
the Dwarf shrub society has been and is, therefore, of the
very first impoi'tance.
* It is often called raw humvis, i.e., imperfectly rotted leaf mould.
54
Provided that it has a thin layer of acid peaty humus or
a cushion of moss, any other peculiarity of climate or of soil
seems to be of no particular moment. It grows on arid
rocks, saturated tundras, in the blazing sunshine of the
Alps, through the long night of an Arctic winter, amongst
the shattered rocks of a Highland sununit, with a blizzard
at least once a week, or in the quiet windstill shelter by some
Lowland burn.
It is this power of establishing it«elf on raw peaty soil that
is all-important.
As in the case with all peat-plants it has a mycorhiza.
In every soil there are fungi of many different genera; it is
practically impossible either to disentangle or to name them
unless they happen to be in fruit.
A fungus-filament growing in soil will naturally cling to
any root that it meets; it will not be particular as to whether
the root happens to be alive, dying, or dead. Its business
is to do its best both to attach itself as closely as possible
and to absorb from that root whatevei' it can get in the
way of food. Most fungi are specialists in the destruction or
breaking up of roots and other vegetable matter. For
this useful undertaking, they have the power of excreting
just that particular ferment or enzyme which happens to be
most required. If there is sugar, cellulose, or woody matter,
then the enzyme given out by the fungus is one which can
dissolve that particular material.*
The mycorhiza-fungus which is found sometimes on and
sometimes within the I'oots of Blaeberry and of all Ericaceae
(indeed of all peat plants) is not exactly an enemy, but a sort
of friend. Perhaps one might best descril>e it as a " friend "
in the sense in whicli this word is used in business. It may
become a deadly parasite or it may be discarded as useless,
but wdien carefully controlled, it is of real use and even
necessary.
* Aspergillus can secrete seven, Coprinus fimetarius ten, and certain
Myxomycetes eight, all quite distinct and different enzymes as and
when required.
55
Now in the common Heather (Calluna), Miss Rayner
has found a fungus (Phoma sp.) which is probably a business
" friend." It occurs in the roots, stems, leaves, fruit and
indeed in every part of the plant. Xo Heather seedling
escapes, for the fungus enters the seed whilst it is still in its
mother's ovary. But the fungus is most useful for it appears
to extract nitrogen and other valuable material from peat
or moss-mould. Indeed the Heather seedling cannot form
any root at all if the fungus is absent.
But the fact that these two quite different forms of life,
the Phoma fungus and Heather, have succeeded in arriving
at business relations of mutual advantage is of very great
interest.
It is not certain whether, as some suppose, the mycorhiza-
fungus is able to make use of the free nitrogen of the
atmosphere, turning it into ammonia and then into nitrates,
which eventually enter into both fungus and plant, but there
can be no doubt that a large part of the absorptive work of
the roots is carried out by the fungus.
On the other hand the latter depends upon the Blaeberry
for sugar, &c.
It has been already shown that moss-mould and raw humus,
that is to say, the soil in which the roots develop is sour or
acid. Fungi can deal with this sort of material : they can
in fact attack freshly-fallen leaves which are acid. Hence it
is not surprising to find that such soils are used by the
Blaeberry.
Blaeberries will not grow on black, well-rotted oak leaf-
mould which has an alkaline, not an acid reaction. Perhaps
this is one reason why it is not found in the shade of Beech,
Maple, and Elm when these trees are closely planted (c/.
Woodhead).
We will now endeavour to describe the methods and
structure of the Blaeberry in so far as they explain how it
is specially suited to its pioneer work and how it is able to
endure all sorts of vicissitudes and viciousness in. climate.
56
Its elegant little drooping bell-like flowers are red,
especially on the sunny side (about 7 nun. by 6 mm.); there is
a small entrance protected by the little (1 mm.) back-turned
corolla lol>es.
As a rule there are five minute sepals (calyx teeth), five
united petals, ten stamens, and five carpels. But three per
cent, of the flowers have six petals; others may have parts
in fours.
In bud, the stigmatic surface, on the tip of the style, is
close against the petals with the anthers packed in below.
According to Kerner von Marilaun, the stigma has four to
five hours start, being ready to receive pollen before the
pollen is quite mature.
The stamens are peculiar ; the filament (or stalk) is short,
broad, rather flat and curved and appears to secrete honey
at its base : it carries two anthers : each of these last ends
above in a minute tube opening by a pore at the top, and
each has also a little projecting tail. When in full flower
the stigma is just a little outside the narrow entrance of
the corolla. A bee must, therefore, touch its viscid surface
before getting in its head. The proboscis of the insect will
touch and push apart the projecting tails of the anthers, and
in so doing shake a cloud of pollen out of the pores and on
to its head.
In ordinary weather, bumble bees will always be found
busily visiting the flowers which secrete plenty of honey.
Miiller specially mentions Bombus agrorum, B. terrestris,
and B. scrimshiranus. In Dumfriesshire. I found that B.
terrestris and B. muscorum were the regular visitors.*
One would think that the flower is well protected against
honey thieves, but in 21 per cent, of them neat round holes
at or near the base had been bitten by some insect marauder.
Bombus can make the.se holes.
* On one occasion I found numerous small Diptera within the flowers.
I regret to state that they seemed to be in an advanced stage of
intoxication.
57
For some time after the fall of the corolla, the ripening
fruit is difficult to see, for its upper part is of the same
green colour as the leaves, whilst the part underneath is much
paler in shade. Perhaps this camouflage makes it more
inconspicuous. When ripe, the berry becomes a rich blue-
black and has a distinct waxy bloom like that of the Sloe,
hence rain will not wet the berries and fungus spores will
not be able to germinate on their surface. The berries are
used for jams, jellies, etc., and contain a dyestufi which used,
long ago, to be of some practical importance.* " Wine." a
German wine, is also prepared from them.
The fruits are eaten by many kinds of birds. In Britain.
Grouse, Black Game. Ptarmigan, and Capercailzie are fond
of them, so also is the Willow Grouse which ranges over the
whole Northern cold-temperate zone. Various members of
the Grouse family (Tetrao) in British Columbia, the Rocky
Mountains, and California also live on the fruits of various
Vacciniums.f
There is no difficulty then in understanding how the Blae-
berry has been distributed all round the Northern World.
The passage through the birds' alimentary tract in no
wise injures the seed. Indeed, Dr. Guppy suggests that
" wild duck are to be regarded in the light of flying
germinators ! ' '
The main stem of Vaccinium myrtillus grows as we have
mentioned underneath the mosses or turf and so has the
advantage of whatever warmth there may be in the soil. The
little upright stems are really side branches. The young
branches in exposed places are bronze or reddish-yellow in
colour. The increase of the stem in thickness per annum is
extremely small. At considei-able altitudes in the Pyrenees.
Dr. Kanngieser found that the width of the ring of wood
* The fruits contain a glucoside and benzoic acid.
t Many other birds also eat the berries. A local goose (Bemicla
sandwicensis) feeds upon Vaccinium fruits in Hawaii. Species of
Geese, Gulls, &c., no doubt assist in their ditribution. Dr. Ridley.
" Dispersion of Seeds," mentions Wood-pigeons, Magpies, Blackbirds,
Thrushes, &c.
58
formed in a year was only -31 mm. That of ilie Heather
(Calluna) was -34 mm., of Juniperus nana -13 mm., and of
the Alpine Rose (Rhododendron ferrugineum) -29 mm.
The upright branches are curiously grooved : rain will flow
down these gutters to the bud and thence to the main stem
below. This arrangement may perhaps assist in a quick
drying-off of water. Every year the branch dies off in a
little hard sharp point: just below this is the bud which, in
the following season, will form a new shoot. The flower is
the first bud of this annual branch which may have three or
more leaves.
These latter appear in April or May and are not thrown
off until late in the autumn : the joint in the leaf stalk
ensures a quick and safe fall of the leaf : the scar, as is
almost always the case, is covered by cork.
The leaves are smooth, rather solidly built, and the five
pairs of veins are closely tied together by smaller branching
veinlets : the edge is crenate serrate ; in the minute hollows
are peculiar compound glandular hairs. It is quite probable
that these hairs are capable of absorbing water from the mist
or clouds which often cover its usual haunts (c/. Woodhead,
I.e.).
The leaves, as the same author has shown, are extremely
adaptable and in different situations, the microscope structure
changes. In shade the epidermis outer-wall is very thin as
indeed is the leaf itself. There is only a single layer of
palisade cells and many air spaces.
In exposed places, the leaf is more solid with a much
thickened epidermis-wall and has 2 or 3 layers of palisade
cells with very few intercellular spaces.
All these characteristics of the leaf explain the general
hardiness of the plant.
The buds are well protected : they are packed in the groove
of the stem or, as one might say, the bud has produced the
characteristic groove. The two outer scales fit against, almost
59
within, one another, covering the bud, and are thrown off
when it begins to grow. Altliough in bud the leaves look as
if they were opposite, they are in reality on the 2 /5th arrange-
ment, with the 6th leaf above the first.
As is usual wdth strong, hardy, widely-distributed plants,
hosts of enemies attack Vaccinium myrtillus.
A rust fungus (Thecopsora vacciniorum) forms clusters of
minute orange yellow spores on the leaf undersurface : later
on, as winter comes, brown spores with harder walls are
produced. These remain all winter on the fallen leaves and
germinate in spring, forming delicate threads ending in tiny
pale spores, which last are carried by the wind to the
unfolding leaves. A mildew (Podosphaera myrtillina) and the
Cranberry Gall fungus (Synchytrium vaccinii) are also
dangerous enemies.
But there are two of its parasites which are of quite
special interest.
The first (Exobasidium vaccinii), is one of the most ancient
of the Basidiomycetes to which Mushrooms, Agaricus, Puft'-
balls, ttc, belong. The leaves when attacked by it become
red and blistered, the twigs are thickened and twisted, and
the flowers are deformed. The fungus-threads grow between
the cells of the leaf and become crowded under the epidermis
(or between it and the cuticle). Then the surface of the leaf
becomes covered by long closely-set whitish-red fungus cells.
Some of the latter produce at the tip four tiny stalks, each
with a spore. This fungus (Exobasidium vaccinii) also
attacks Rhododendron, Andromeda, &:c.
- Then also one finds occasionally berries of the Blaeberry
which are not blue-black, but of a strange translucent
shimmering white. These were recorded for Scotland by
Lightfoot in 1778 on the authority of the Duke of Atholl.
The shoots are unnaturally bent and covered on the lower
side by whitish patches. The enemy in this case is
Sclerotinia baccarum.
60
The whitish diseased berries remain lying on the ground
all winter. In spring the fungus awakes and begins to form
a curved upright stalk which expands at the top into a small
cup-shaped surface. This upper surface is covered by the
spore-forming cells (asci). Each ascus contains eight spores :
when mature, a small opening appears at the tip of the ascus
and the spores are eventually squeezed out of it by the
contraction of the fungus tissue. If one of them alights upon
a blaeberry shoot it germinates, producing a delicate fungus-
filament which bores or rather digests its way into the stem
until it reaches the wood in the centre. These filaments
excrete a poison which kills the living cells of the stem : as
a result the branches bend over and become distorted.
As soon as the fungus is full-fed or has exhausted the food
available, it grows outward to the outside of the branch and
there forms the whitish patches. These last are a tangle of
fungus filaments, many of which divide off at the tip into
very minute and delicate spores. At; this stage it has a faint
scent and, according to Woronin (whose descriptions are
followed here) insects attracted by the fragrance carry off
the spores to the Blaeberry flower. If one of them is left on
a stigma it develops, germinating and growing like a pollen
tube; it then passes down the style and attacks the fruit,
which becomes white.
The fungus has in fact two distinct and different spores
which are distributed, the one by insects and the other by
contraction or squeezing out of the cup. Other species
of Sclerotinia attack other Vacciniums, Rhododendrons,
Ledum, &c.
Other fungi occur on the dry fallen leaves, and on the
withered tips of the branches which are also frequently
cropped by sheep and perhaps by deei' and rabbits.
In spite of these hosts of enemies, it is as we have seen a
common, wide-ranging plant.
61
As regards the history of the Blaeberry, I would like to
make some suggestions.
It is now possible to trace the history of Vaccinium
myrtillus, thanks to the work of Dr. and Mrs. Reid,
M. Depape, and other botanical geologists.
During late Cretaceous times, and through the Tertiary
period up to the middle or lat€ Pliocene, the whole north
temperate zone between 20° and 40° X. latitude was occupied
by a forest flora which was continuous right round the world.
A large number of our modern genera were even then in
existence. The genus Vaccinium was certainly one of that
venerable band of ancestors.
The climate appears to have resembled that of Florida or
the Canary Islands to-day. It was extremely suitable for
plant life, there were no extremes of cold, of heat, or of
drought.
Just as in Florida or the Canaries one finds a mixture of
plants which are usually confined to tropical, warm.
temperate, or even cold climates, so in that primaeval forest.
the ancestors of plants of all regions lived together. They
had not yet specialised or adapted themselves to particular
climatic habitats.
The late John Walter Gregory, whose unexpected death has
been a calamity for British Geology, has given a reliable
picture of the Tertiary world.
There was a landbridge from France (Bordeaux) to
Labrador, whilst land also stretched from British Columbia
to- Japan, and thence by Asia to Europe.
The cold water of the Arctic Ocean could only enter this
warm world-wide Mediterranean at one spot, namely, by a
narrow strait on the site of the Ural Mountains of to-day.
The distribution of land and water is well displayed by
Gregory and Barnett's map of the Eocene (Stratigraphia).
62
On the shores of this warm-water sea Vaccinium genus
flourish everywhere.
In America there were many species. Even to-day there is
in Florida a small tree Vaccinium arboreum. There are also
Rocky Mountain species. Others clearly pushed down south,
for some ten species of Vaccinium are known from the Andes
lietween 15° north and 15° south latitude which flourish at
high elevations. V. penaeoides at Illimani in Bolivia grows
at 16,720 feet altitude. There was another centre of
dispersion in the Malayan area.
In the South Seas, on any island where there is a mountain
of respectable height, peculiar species of Vaccinium are to
be found. In Samoa V. antipodum flourishes at 4,920 feet ;
V. cereum grows at 2,250 feet, that is almost on the very top
of Raratonga; and also at 2,600 feet in Tahiti; on Hawaii
another species, V. reticulatum, is found between 4,000 and
8,000 feet.
Dr. Stapf found near the summit of Mount Kinabalu in
Borneo a curious brushwood association of stunted, deformed,
and weather-beaten trees. They are exposed to violent
storms, for climatic conditions are extremely severe. The
bent or prostrate trunks and branches are covered with
bearded lichens or soft green moss, often several inches in
depth. One of these shrubs was Vaccinium myrtoides, which
has short thick branches closely set with dark green smooth
and shiny leaves. Other Vacciniums occur on Gunong Tahan
in Patang (5,000-6,000 feet) ; besides those scattered on the
mountains of the drowned Pacific Continent, there are five
or six species in Madagascar, one in East Africa, as well as
others in the Atlantic Oceanic Islands such as Madeira and
the Azores.
It was during the Miocene that the Xorth Pacific Continent
was wrecked and the Atlantic landbridge which formerly
united Eastern America with Western Europe disappeared.
Therefore the general ancestor of Vaccinium clearly existed
before that age of devastation.
63
There are even deposits of Oligocene Age in Alaska and
Kenai in Xorth America in which Vaccinium has been
discovered.
I think that the special ancestor of Vaccinium myrtillus
was one of these Alaska species.
Suppose that it had modified itself so as to be recognisable
as such by the beginning of the Pliocene period.
Then it is easy to understand how Vaccinium myrtillus
had reached both America and France by this period.
Thus it was ready for the blizzards and Ice Ages which
were to follow.
During those majestic advances and retreats of the
northern ice the Blaeberry followed, keeping well to the
south of the devastated area.
Thus it may have reached Corsica in the worst of the
Ice Ages (Riss).
As the mountains of the Alpine system were being thrust
upwards the Blaeberry established itself upon them.
It now grows along the whole length of the Pyrenees up
to 2,529 feet ; on the Bernese Oberland, 2.800 metres ;
Macedonian Alps, 4-5,000 feet ; on Mount Olympus and on the
Caucasus. 9.000 feet.
It has been in fact recorded in Schleswig Holstein for an
interglacial, probably the Riss Wurm interlude.
Probably, therefore, the lecord for Cow den Glen is correct.
You will see then the importance of the part played by
Vaccinium myrtillus both in the past and in the pre.sent,
and I recommend it to you for examination and further
investigation.
61
Proceedings of the Society.
19th JA^^T.\RT, 1932.
The first meeting of the second session was held on this date.
Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The Photographic Section gave an exhibition of lantern
slides dealing with various aspects of topical and natural
history subjects. Ornithological and general subjects were
shown by Mr. J. Thornton MacKeith; Autochromes, botanical
and general, by Mr. R. M'Lean, M.A. ; Dam and Salmon
Ladders in the Teith at Deanston, by Mr. J. G. Cree ; Land-
scapes and Seascapes, by Mr. Daniel Filshill ; Snow and Storm
Scenes, by Mr. William Cousin.
The following new uieiiiVjers were admitted : — Miss Mabel
G. Scott, M.A., B.Sc, 29 Thornhill Road, Shawlands, and
Dr. L. Woodside Price, Royal Cancer Hospital, Hill Street,
Glasgow.
9th February, 1932.
The Annual Business Meeting of the Society was held on
this date, Mr. John R. Lee. President, in the chair.
An obituary notice of the death of Mr. Donald MacDonald
was read by Mr. William Jamieson, and it was agreed that
a letter of condolence be sent to Mrs. MacDonald.
The Council's report was read and, on the motion of Mr.
Thomas Wise, was adopted. The Librarian's report was
submitted by Mr. William Rennie, the report of the Editor
of Transactions by Mr. Alexander Ross, and the Treasurer's
statement by Mr. George M. Carrie. The last showed a
balance of £274 7s. Id.
The Conveners of the various sections read reports, showing
the work done by their members during the session, while
the delegate to the Conference of Corresponding Societies
65
of the British Association and the repre^sentative of the
Scottish Marine Biological Association gave detailed account-s
of the business done at the meetings of these bodies.
The following office-bearers were then elected : — Rev. David
Preston, B.D., Vice-President; Mr. George M. Carrie, Hon.
Treasurer; Mr. James Anderson and Mr. William Jamieson,
Joint Hon. Secretaries; Mr. William Eennie and Mr. Thomas
Lauder, Joint Hon. Librarians; Mr. Alexander Ross, F.E.I.S.,
Editor of Transactions; Miss Gertrude M'Gahey, Mr. George
Lunam, and Mr. Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., members of
Council.
The Sectional Conveners were re-elected, and it was remitted
to the Council to appoint a Convener to the Ornithological
Section owing to the transference of Mr. Jamieson to the
Secretaryship.
Mrs. Ewing was re-elected delegate to the British Associa-
tion and Mr. Connell as representative to the Scottish Marine
Biological Association.
Mr. William Rennie was added to the British Association
Committee, and the Auditors and Trustees were re-elected.
A letter from the Scottish Society for the Preservation of
Wild Birds was read, asking the Society to send delegates
to a conference to be held on 19th February. Mr. John R.
Lee and Dr. James Dunlop were appointed representatives.
The report of the Constitution Committee was read by
Mr. Lee. and Mr. Anderson Fergtisson, F.E.S., gave notice
of motion that " the Constitution of the Society be amended
in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee
as these have been considered and advised bv the Council."
8th M-\rch. 1932.
The third meeting of the second session was held on the
above datei, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Draft copies of the Constitution as considered and
approved bv the Council having been sent to all the members,
E
66
Mr.^ A. Fergusson moved that—" The Constitution of the
Society be amended in accordance with the recommendations
of the Committee as these have been considered and revised
by the Council." This was seconded by Mr. William Rennie,
and there being no amendment the motion was declared
carried.
Professor L. A. L. King read a paper on " Some Insects
of the Clyde Area and their parasites" (p. 3). The paper
was illustrated by a number of specimens.
22xD March, 1932.
The fourth meeting of the second session was held on this
date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., exhibited a specimen of
Hystrichopsylla vulpae, Curt., from a mole's nest in the
vicinity of Possil, on 27th April, 1922.
Mr. James Richardson read a paper on " Siphonaptera,"
including Pnlex irritans, L., Ceratophyllus gallinae, Schrank.,
C. fasciatm, Bosc, Xenopsyce cheopis, Rothsch., CtenocepkaJu?
canis, Curt., Hystrichopsylla talpae. Curt., and the Tape
Worm. He described Puhn- irritans in minute detail as well
as its eggs and larvse. Other species of puUcidae were then
touched on. The various diseases of which the flea is a
carrier were next dealt with, and the history of the Bubonic
Plague was very fully given. The lecture was illustrated by
lantern slides, wall charts and wax models, the drawings and
models being Mr. Richardson's own work.
Mr. G. M. Knox, 20 Florence Drive, Giffnock, was admitted
a member of the Society.
25th April, 1932.
The fifth meeting of the second session was held on the
above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Reports of the excursions to Glenfinart and Calder Glen
were read.
67
Dr. Donald Patton delivered a lecture on " Plants and
their Food." At the outset reference was made to the
intimate relation between plant and animal life ; and the
interdependence of the members of both plant and animal
kingdoms was fittingly brought out as regards their food
supply by blackboard illustration representing the balance
of nature. Carnivorous animals cannot obtain their carbon
food supply from simple inorganic sources. Plants can
because they possess chlorophyll.
Some indication of the nature of the food supply of
vegetables may be obtained by considering the substances
which go to build up plant tissues. Take, for example, a
piece of wood. Heat it in a te.st tube out of contact with
air. Water vapour is given off and charcoal remains. This
charcoal, on being further heated in contact with air,
becomes an ash consisting of mineral matter remains, the
carbon having burned away forming carbon dioxide.
Thus a plant contains water carbon and mineral substances.
The chemical elements which are necessary for plant life
are : — Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phos-
phorus, potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium. A plant
may be grown in distilled water (which can be aerated)
provided all the above elements are present in suitable form.
If any one be omitted the plant will die. Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen go to form the cell walls in plants. Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus go to
form protoplasm. Iron is essential for the formation of
chlorophyll. Regarding the sources of these elements consider
the soil. A good soil consists of humus, clay, sand and
calcium carbonate.
The humus, because it is vegetable (and animal) remains,
contains all the elements necessary for plant life, unless the
humus is broken down into simple compounds by the action
of bacteria.
Clay, which is a hydrated silicate of aluminium, is formed
from minute particles of minerals, chiefly the feldpars and
68
the micas. These supply potassium, calcium, magnesium and
iron.
Sand, if in a sedimentary soil, will contain all these
elements of the clay; but, if the soil be an old and much
transported one, the sand will consist almost entirely of
silica (quartz grains) in which there is no plant food;
although the grasses and a few other plants (e.g., the horse
tails) make use of the silica for strengthening their skeleton.
Carbonate of Calcium : this substance, besides providing in
the soil a store of calcium, helps in sweetening the soil
(breaking down the acidity) and in flocculating the clay,
rendering the soil more porous and plant food more available.
The source of the carbon food of the plant is from the carbon
dioxide of the air. Rain sujiplies the hydrogen and some of
the oxygen.
Reference was made to the insectivorous plants, to the
nitrifying bacteria in the tubercules of the Leguminosfe, and
to the way in which farmers make up the deficiencies of
carbon food elements in the soil by the judicious use of
manures, natural and artificial.
Mr. John R. Lee exhibited Plagiochila punctata, Tayl.,
variety minuta, Breb., from Glenfinart.
Mr. Thomas Wise showed Zeolites and other minerals from
the Kilpatrick and Fereneze Hills. These included the
following : — Phrenite, Analcite, Laumonite, Stilbite, Heu-
landite, Natrolite, Thomsonite, Galactite, Saponite, Bowdingite,
White Cathkinite, Green Cathkinite, Dolerite, Teschinite,
coal and volcanic ash. Mr. Wise desci'ibed briefly how these
occur.
The following new members ^yere admitted : — David
M'Skimming, 29 Wall Street, C.l; James D. P. Graham,
4 Tudor Road, Scotstoun, W.4.
10th May, 1932.
The sixth meeting of the second session was held on the
above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
69
Mr. Andi'ew Barclay i-ead an obituary notice of the late
Mr. John Conacher, M.A.
Mr. Anderson Fergusson read a paper on " The Aquatic
Coleoptera of Possil Marsh '' (p. 9).
Mr. Thomas M'Growther exhibited the following plants: —
Clmjtonia perfoliata, Don, fiom Bonnybridge; Scrojyhularia
vernalis, Linn., from Dunipace; and Salix myrsinites, Linn.,
from Ben Lui.
This last was found, when a very small plant, growing on
Ben Lui LS years ago, and survives in a garden in Larbert,
where it flowers every yeai-. It now stands about four feet
high.
The following new members were admitted : — Miss Betsy
Currie, 67 Crags Avenue, Lochfield, Paisley; and Mr. William
C. Campbell. 122 Holland Street, C.2.
Villi June, 1932.
The seventh meeting of the second session was held on the
above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The report of the excursion to Rowardennan was read.
Appropriate refei-ence was made to the loss sustained by
the society in the death of Mr. Arch. Govan, one of its
members, and also to the death of Mr. Clelland, a former
member.
Mr. William Jamieson submitted a list of First Arrivals
of Summer Birds in Clyde in 1932, compiled from obser-
vations of members and other ornithologists in the Clyde area.
The earliest arrivals are as follows : —
Feb. 16.— White Wagtail, Largs.
20. — Lesser Black-back Gull, Helensburgh.
Mar. 28. — Sand Martin, Kilmacolm.
29. — Wheatear, Kilmun.
Apr. 15. — Swallow, Dairy.
15. — Conunon Sandpiper, Helensburgh.
70
Apr. 16.— Willow Wren, Bardowie.
16. — Ring Ousel, Kilniacolm.
20. — House Martin, Kilmacohu.
21 .— Chiffchaff, Helensburgh.
26.— Yellow Wagtail, Dairy.
27.— Tree Pipit, Pollok.
28. — Cuckoo, Endrick.
29. — Swift, Helensburgh.
29.— Whinchat, Carbeth, Blanefield.
May 1. — Redstart, Helensburgh.
2. — Sedge Warbler, Fossil.
2. — Common Whitethroat, Milngavie.
•3. — Corncrake, Balmore.
4. — Grasshopper Warbler, Helensburgh.
8. — Common Tern, Helensburgh.
14.— Spotted Flycatcher, Pollok.
15. — Garden Warbler, Helensburgh.
16.— Blackcap, Pollok.
As compared with last year, nine were earlier, fifteen later,
and one on the same date; the same applies as compared
with the average date.
Mr. Jamieson read also a paper on " The Birds of the
Kelvin "' (p. 19). The list of species for this district totals
145, and of these 79 have nested.
A note on the nesting of the Quail in Stirlingshire, contri-
buted by Mr. James Jack, was read.
I 9th Septembpjr, 1932.
The eighth meeting of the second session was held on this
date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Professor J. Graham Kerr, of Glasgow University, delivered
a lecture on " The Larva> of Animals and their bearing on
Evolution." He explained that the various types of animal.
71
whether man, bird, or reptile, began existence as a single
cell. It seemed no more complicated than the simplest
creature, amoeba, but yet within that simplicity it contained
the extraordinary complications which might lead to a
Xapoleon, a Shakespeare, or some poor imbecile or criminal.
Professor Kerr described how gradually the various com-
plexities, at first invisible in the cell, became separated out
and obvious, culminating eventually in the adult creature.
He also dealt with some of the more general principles which
govern this process of development of the individual, and
showed how, at times, it was clearly a repetition of
evolutionary history, while, at other times, this record was
hidden away and obscured under adaptations of the con-
ditions in which the young individual developed.
11th October, 1932.
The ninth meeting of the second .session was held on the
above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The President made sympathetic reference to the society's
loss in the death of Mr. Thomas Hill, and, on his motion, it
was agreed to send a letter of condolence to his daughter and
son.
Mr. John Main exhibited a specimen of Labradorite.
Mr. James Bartholomew read a paper on " The Grey
Squirrel, Sciurus caroUnensi^ " (p. 34).
Reports of excursions to Touch, Cleghorn. and Loch Fad
were read.
Mr. Bartholomew thereafter read a paper on " The Feet
and Wings of Birds." In this he described the various
adaptations of these in different species, and showed how they
were fitted for their habits and necessities in flying, perching,
running, climbing, and swimming.
It was intimated that there were still in hand some numbers
of the " Transactions of the Natural History Society of
Gla^ow," issued prior to the publication of the " Glasgow
Naturalist." Copies of these could be had free on appli-
cation in writing to the Hon. Librarian, Mr. William Rennie,
stating the parts wanted.
8th November, 1932.
The tenth meeting of the second session was held on this
date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
The report of the excursion to Benmore was submitted.
Dr. A. G. Nicholls read a paper on " The Biology of
Calanus," describing the research work that is being carried
on in the Marine Biological Section at Millport on this small
crustacean (p. 46).
Mr. R. B. Johnstone exhibited Polyporus schweinitzii, Fr.,
and Butia inyrafontis. He gave a brief description of these,
pointed out their mode of attacking certain trees, and the
methods of preventing or of curing the disease caused by
these attacks.
Mr. James M. Low, 18 Woodcroft Avenue, W.l, was
admitted to membership.
13th December, 1932.
The eleventh meeting of the second session was held on
the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair.
Professor G. F. Scott Elliot read a paper on " Vaccinium
myrtillus " (p. 50).
Mr. George A. Campbell exhibited some geological specimens
and also some flints per favour of Mr. Nicol Hopkins.
Mr. George M. Carrie showed a specimen of clay from
Kerr's Hill, Cardonald.
Excursions.
Glenfin-\rt, 25th to 31st March, 1932. (Conductor, Mr.
James Anderson.) This excursion was attended by twenty-
five members and friends, twelve of whom spent the week-end
"3
in the most comfortable quarters in Glenfinart House. The
grounds, gardens and surrounding district were explored,
and. though the date was early, much of interest was noted.
On the arrival of the party from Glasgow, the road through
the glen was taken and Loch Eck reached, the members of
the various sections pursuing their own line of study on the
way.
Mr. Lee furnished a list of 58 mosses and 21 lichens. Most
of these were very coumion, but the number gives some
indication of the richness of the locality. The only ones of
special value are the mosses Ulota hutchenmae, Hamm.,
Orthotrickum tendlutn, Bruch., Wehera elongata, Schwgr.,
and Hypnum crista-castrensu, Linn, and the hepatics
Plagiochila punctata, Tayl., var. minuta. and FruUanea
fragilifoUa, Tayl. Other botanical finds included the two
filmy ferns, HymenophyUum itnUaterale, Willd.. and H. tun-
hridgtn.se, Sm., the latter of which, usually regarded as rare,
was found in some abundance in two separate localities. Two
species of Lycopodium were seen : — L. davatum, L.. and
L. selago, L. The following plants were seen in flower : —
Wood anemone, lesser celandine, cuckoo flower, gorse, barren
strawberry, golden saxifrage, daisy, dandelion, primrose,
dog's mercury, wych elm, bog myrtle, alder, hazel, goat willow,
great wood-rush, and legser wood-rush.
Forty-one species of birds were observed by the party
which spent the week-end at Trlenfinart House. Of these
the most interesting were : — The Buzzard which was seen
rising and soaring in curves over the tops of the hills on
the side of the glen ; a pair of Ravens about the same place :
the Grey Wagtail in the glen and at Loch Eck : the Dipper
at the mouth of the burn ; a party of over 80 Oyster-catchers,
two Great Black-backed Gulls, a number of Redshank and
Ringed Plovers resting on a sandy spit in front of the house;
a male and two female Bullfinches in the house gardens where
these birds are said to be seen regularly. Strangely enough
the House Sparrow was not seen, or at anyrate was not
reported by any of the party. No summer migrants were
74
noted except that partial iiiigrants, the Lesser Black-backed
Gull.
Insects were, as might have been expected, scarce. One or
two humble bees {Bomhus lucorum, Sm.), a number of the
winter gnat (Trichocera regalationis), L., several species of
C'hiro-nomus, a few connnon dung flies, Scatophaga stercorariu,
L., and the following species of Coleoptera : Carahus granu-
latms, L., Leistus fulviharhis, Dej., Nehria brevicollis, F.,
Pterostichus niger, Schall., P. tiign'ta, ¥., and Au-. 3rd September, 1932. (Conductor, Mr. Thomas
Lauder.) Nothing of particular interest -was reported from
this excursion, with the exception of Nyctalis parasitica, Fr.,
growing on decayed JRussida nigricans, Fr.
Be>-more (Kilmtx), 26th September, 1932. (Conductor,
Mrs. P. Ewing.) On this date a small party visited the
Forestry Estate of Benmore, in the Cowal district of Argyll-
shire, which estate, it will be recalled, was gifted to the
Forestry Commission about five years ago by Mr. Harry G.
Younger.
The morning of the 26th broke in torrents of rain, and
perhaps the wonder was that even four members from Glasgow
braved the elements, travelling via Blairmore, which meant
that it was two o'clock before they reached the gates. Mr.
Lauder, who was joining the meeting of the Scottish Crypto-
gamic Society, which was to open next day, had arrived
earlier and met a contingent of four from Helensburgh, via
Dunoon, on the avenue, so that the number attending the
excursion was nine all told.
It may be said for the guidance of others wishing to visit
the estate, that Dunoon is the best point for reaching
Benmore, as buses run frequently to Puck's Glen and the
gates. Thus the party which came via Dunoon was over a
good part of the ground before the arrival of the others.
Mr. White, head gardener, conducted us over the gardens,
and later Mr. Watson, head of the Forestry School, joined us,
and to both these gentlemen, who devoted the entire after-
noon to our delectation, we owed an experience of exceptional
pleasure and profit.
The gardens were really past their best, but the evidences
of what they had been during the earlier part of the year
gave us some idea of what we had missed. However, the
shrubberies made up for it.
80
These occupy a part of the grounds chosen with the greatest
care by Mr. Harry G. Younger, the late proprietor, who, as
has already been mentioned, gave all this wonderful demesne,
to the Forestry Commission for behoof of the Nation.
Here, in a rather low-lying tract of land, well sheltered
by the semicircle of hills known of old time as " the farle
of cakes," and also by the thick hedges of rhododendron,
yew, privet, and other closely-woven shrubs, Mr. Younger
made his garden of delight, not in formal parterres, but just
Avhere each plant could best be secure of the conditions it
required.
The inhabitants of this " hortus inclusus," are mostly of
the kind our older botanists used to call "extra tropical."
They are natives of diverse countries: — China (which has
yielded very many specimens), India, Australia, Africa
(sparingly) and the great continent comprising North and
South America and Canada, and, one might add, all the
islands of the sea, as well as Europe.
It is no exaggeration to say that this enclosure literally
blazed with colour, and as the weather had cleared, and a
glorious afternoon followed the morning's storm, the
uuirvellous tints of this exotic display, seen against the back-
ground of tree-clad hills and shimmering waters " beggared
description " as has been said of another celebrated scene.
It would be quite impossible to give more than the most
superficial idea of the variety and rarity of this collection
of plants, many of which, flourishing and lusty here, are
considered scarcely hardy at Kew.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum, one of the plants which
attracted attention at once, is in its native Japan a tree of
the largest size, but cannot be considered here much more
than a large shrub; it looks, however, as though it would
soon be a good-sized tree. In Kew its leaves are said to
31
die off into jellow, but here it was a gloiy of scarlet and
gold.
Spiraea laevigata, a native of Siberia, distinct from other
Spiraeas in its foliage, which in the shape of the leaves was
more suggestive of a spurge. The colour of the out-spread
leaves was greyish-pink — very unusual.
Berberis gagnipaine B. Xepalensis, and B Beali, we are
familiar with as o;rowing .at Achnashie on the Gareloch,
Akebia quinata exists as a standard shrub. Another tree
rarely met with (but which also is still at Achnashie), Arbutus
Menziesii, was flourishing at Benniore. This is the Madrona
tree of the Spanish-Americano, a dweller on the Pacific slope
from California to Vancouver, greatly admired by travellers,
and haileil by Bret Harte as " Captain of the Western Wood."
Rhododendrons were everywhere. In the Sequoia avenue one
came on them in circles of seedlings — all named varieties
and distinguished members of the species.
It struck us as remarkable how many members of the
Ericaceae were included in the collection : — Arbutus. Azaleas,
Enkianthus. Clethra, Bryanthus (Gaultheria, Wintergreen),
(Gayluccasia, Huckleberry), Pieris, Zenobia, Leucothroe.
Many of these have been included at one time or another
under the specific name of Andromeda.
Nothofagus antarctica, the Antarctic beech, Tricuspidaria
lanceolata, Azara microphylla growing without the protection
of a wall ; Parrotia Persica, the yellow flowers of which with
crimson-tipped stamens appear in February, are all here
with many more.
Some criticism was expressed anent the forestry methods
of sixty or seventy years ago — that is, about the time the
great Sequoia avenue was planted, bnt all agreed that never
in this country, at least, would such a magnificent piece of
forestry work be attempted as that carried out by James
Duncan, of Benmore.
82
Mr. Lauder reports the following Fungi as noted at the
excursion : —
Htmenomy c e t e s .
Amanita
muscaria, (Linn.) Fr.
rubescens, (Pers.) Fr.
Amanitopsis
fulva, (Schieff.) W. G., Sm.
Armillaria
mellea, (Vahl.) Fr.
Tricholoma
saponaceum, Fr.
sejunctum, Quel.
Collybia
maculata, (A. and S.) Fr.
■ Laccaria
laccata (Scop.), var. amethystina,
(Vaill.) B. and Br.
Mycena
rugosa, Fr.
galericulata, (Scop.) Fr.
Pleurotus
porrigens, (Pers.) Fr.
Clitopilus
prunulus, (Scop.) Fr.
Pholiota
mutabilus, (Schaeff.) Fr.
Inocybe
hystrix, Kanst.
Hebeloma
sinipizans, Gill.
Hygrophorus
pratensis, (Pers.) Fr.
chlorophanus, Fr.
83
Galera
hypnoi-um, Fr.
Hypholoma
fasciculare, (Huds.) Fr.
dispersum, Quel.
Lactarius
bleniiius, Fr.
Tolemus, Fr.
mitissimus, Fr.
Russula
nigricans, (Bull.) Fr.
rosacea, (Pers.) Fr.
fragilis, (Pers.) Fr.
Coprinus
plicatilis, (Curt.) Fr.
Cortinarius
elatior, Fr.
cinnomomeus, (Linn.) Fr.
leucopus, Fr.
uraceus, Fr.
Cantharellus
cibarius, Fr.
tubaeformis, Fr.
Boletus
edulis, (Bull.) Fr.
elegans, (Schum.) Fr.
Polyporus
schweinitzii, Fr.
Irpex
obliquus, (Schard.) Fr.
Poria
vaporaria. (Pers.) Fr.
Clavaria
cinerea. Pers.
u
Corticium
sambuci, (Pers.) Fr.
Gastromycetbs.
Lycoperdon
perlatum, Pers.
Schleroderiiia
aurantia, Pers.
DlSCOMYCETES.
Coryne
sarcoides, (J acq.) Tul-
Peziza
aurantia, Qed.
Bulgaria
inquinans, Fr.
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86
INDEX
ACHNASHIE, 81
Acilius sulcatup. var. scoticus. 11. 13.
14, 16
Acilius faciatus, 13. 16
Accounts, Statement of, 85
Adephaga, 10
Adder, 76
Africa, 80
Agabus unguicularis. 13. 15
„ nebulosus. 13. 16
„ sturmi. 13. 15
bipustulatuj. 13. 15
„ paludosus. 15. 17
Agi-iotes obscnrus. 75
AlRTHREY. 36
Akebia quinata. 81
Albino Grey Squirrel, 34
Alder. 73
Alg.\e. Blue. 51
AUantus arcuatus, 7
Alnwick. 36
Alva House, 36
Amalopsis immaculata, 75
Amanita muscaria. 82
„ rubescens. 82
Amanitopsis fulva. 82
Amblyteles armatorius. 6
America. North. 80
South. 80
American Hawk Owl. 26
Wigeon. 29
Anacaena globulus. 13, 15
„ limbata. 13. 15
Anderson, A.. 33
Anderson, J.. 65
Andromeda. 81
Antarctic beech. 81
Apantele.s difficilis. 5. 8
glomeratus. 5. 8
Apocrita, Sub-order. 7
" Aquatic Coleoptera of Possil
Marsh." 9-18
Arbutus menziesii. 81
Arctic skua. 32
Armillaria mellea. 82
Arrochar. 35
A.«cia podagrica, 75
Aucbencruive, 5, 8
Auchomemus angusticollis. 74
Auk, Little. 33
Australia. 80
Ayrshire, 34
Azaleas. 81
Azara microphylla. 81
Balfour-Brown. Professor, 14
Balmuildy. 19
Barclay, A.. 69
Barn Owl. 26
Barnacle Goose. 27
Bartholomew. J.. 33. 34. 71
Bassides, Tribe. 6
Bean Goose, 27
Bees and the Blaeberry. 56
Ben Lomond. 75. 76
.. Lui. 69
,. More (Crianlarich). 76
.. More Burn. 76. 77
Benmore (Kilmun), 72. 79, 81
Berberis Beali, 81
gagnipaiue. 81
Napalensis. 81
Bewick's Swan. 27
Bibio marci. 3
,, pomonse. 3
Bignell, Mr.. 5
Bilberry. 50
"Biology of Calanus," 72
"Birds of the Kelvin." 19-33. 70
Bishop. T. G.. 11, 13
Blackbird. 20
Blackcap. 21. 70
Black Grouse. 29
Black-headed Gull. 32. 75
Black-necked Grebe, 33
Black-tailed Godwit, 31
Black Tern. 32
Blackwort. 50
"Blaeberry. The." 50-63
Bl.\eberry. Fruit. .\nd Birds. 57
Blairdrummond. 36
Blairmore. 79
Blue Algae, 51
Blue Titmouse. 22
Bog Myrtle. 73
Boletus edulis. 83
„ elegans, 83
Bombus lucorum, 74
Bonnybridge. 69
Borneo. 62
Bournemouth. 36
Boyd Watt. H.. 44
Bracken problem. 3
Braconidse. 4. 5. 8
Braid. Professor K. W.. 3
Braidwood. 6
Rrambling. 24
British Braconid.5:, Monograph of, 5
Coal Titmouse. 22
87
British Loxg-tailed Tit3iouse, 22
Bridge of All.\x. 36
Bryanthus, 81
BrcHAXAX, C. A.. 79
Buckinghamshire. 54. 37
Bulgaria inquiuan^. 84
BuLLFrs-CH. 24. 73
BrxTixG. CoRx. 24
Reed. 24
Sxow. 24
.. Yellow. 24
Butterflies. 3
Buzzard. 73
Cabbage Butterflies. 5
C.\DDER Wllderxess. 35
Calanus finmarchicus. 46
Calder Glex. 66. 74
Calluna vulgari.s. 53
Cameusbarrox. 78. 79
Camerox. p.. 11. 14
C.^pbell. G. a.. 72. 75
Campbell. W. C. 69
Caxada. 80
Caxterburt. 34
Cantharellu.? cibariu.s. 83
tubseformi.s. 83
Capercatllte. 29
Carabus catenulatu.«. 3
granulatus. 74
Carluke. 6. 7
C.\rrie. G. M., 64. 65. 72
Caeriox Ceow. 25
Castlecart. 19
Catalogue of the Coleopteea
scotlaxd. 11
Cextr.u. Alps, 50
Ceratophyllus gallinse. 66
fasciatus, 66
Cercidophyllum japonicum. 80
Cercyon melanocephalus. 75
Chaffinch. 23
Cheshux't Research Station. 7
Chester. 36
Cheshire, 34
Chiffchaff. 21. 70
Chilosia albitarsus. 7
Chtxa. 80
Chironomus, 74
Cladina raneiferina. 51
Clavaria cinerea. 83
Clavicorx-l\, 10
Cla\i:onia perfoliata. 69
Cleghorx. 71. 79
Clethra. 81
Clitopilus prunulu.e. 83
Clyde Se.\ Area. 46
Coelambus inaequali.«. 13. 16
,, novemlineatu.'. 75
COLEOPTERA, 3
CoUybia maculata. 82
COLQUHOUX. Dr., 11
Cohinbetes fuscus. 13, 16
CoiLMON Buzzard. 26
Coot, 30, 75
Curlew, 32
,. Guillemot. 32
Gull. 32
Heron, 27
„ Sandplper, 31. 69. 74
Scoter. 29
Sxt:pe. 31
Tern.' 32. 70
„ \^ hitethroat. 21, 70
Conacher, J.. 69
CooT, CoMiioN. 30. 75
COPEPODA, 47
Coprinus plicatilLs, 83
CORDICEPS fungi. 4
Corn Buntixg. 24
Corncrake, 30. 70. 75
Cormorant, 27, 75
Corticium sambuci. 84
Cortinarius cinnomomeus, 83
elator, 83
,, leucopu.«. 83
uraceus. 83
Cortmbites, 3
Coryne sarcoide.«. 84
CorNTT Longford, 36
Cousin, W., 6, 64
Cowal District. 79
CowDEN Glen. 63
Cran-berrt Gall Fungus. 59
Crea. J. G.. 64
Crlax-larich. 76. 77
Crossbill. 24
Crow, C.\rriox-, 25
„ Hooded. 25
CrYPTINJE, SuB-F.'iMILT. 4. 7
Cryptoh}-pnus riparius. 75
Ctenocephalus canis. 66
Cuckoo. 26, 70. 75
Cuckoo flower. 73
CuiiBRAE. Isle of, 5. 8
Curlew, Commox. 32
CuBRiE, Miss B.. 69
Cyclonotum orbicnlare. 13. 16
D.usY. 73
Daxt)eliox-. 73
Darlington. 36
Depape. M.. 61
Deronectus assimilis. 12. 16
12-punctulatus. 12. 16
Dipper. 22. 73
Deptera. 3
Discomycetes. 84
DocHART. Glen, 77
Dog's mercury, 73
Dollar, 36
Dor Beetle. 76
Dove Ring. 29
., Stock, 29
Dover, 36
DnuNE, 36
Drinker Moth. 3
dubh lochan, 76
Duck, Long-tailed, 29
.. Scaup, 29
Tufted. 29
Dumfries, 6. 7
Duncan, J., 81
Dunfermline, 34, 35, 36
Dunipace, 69
Dunlin, 31
DuNLOP, Dr. J.. 65
Dunoon, 79
Dwarf Juniper, 50
Dv'tiscus marginalis, 10. 13. 15
pnnctulatus. 11, 13. 14. 15
East Lothian, 35
East Eiding, York. 36
Eared Grebe, 33
Edinburgh, 34, 35. 36
Edmonstone, Sir Archibald, 19
Elliot, Professor G. F. Scott. 50. 72
Elmhirst. R.. 65
Emperor Moth, 3, 4
Encarsia formc'^a, 7
Enchanter's nightshade, 50
Enkianthus, 81
Erebia sethiops, 3
Ericace^, 81
Eriogaster rubi, 5, 8
EwiNG, Mrs., 65, 79
Exeter, 36
Exobasidium vaccinii, 59
Extract from " Evening Citizen" 42
Falcon Peregrine, 26
"Feet and Wings of Birds," 71
Ferriere. Dr. Ch., 4
Fergusson, a,, 9, 65, 66, 69, 74
" Field," 37
Fieldfare, 20
Field Naturalists, Society of, 11
Filshill, D., 64
Finnart, 34
Firth of Clyde, 47
Fleas on Grey Squirrel. 43
Flycatcher, Spotted. 23. 70
Food of Grey Squirrel. 39. 40. 41
Forestry Commission. 79. 80
Forth, River, 36
Fox Moth, 5
French Alps, 50
Frulleanea fragilifolia, 73
Gadwell 28
Galera hypnorum. 83
Garden Warbler, 21, 70
Garelochhead, 4. 7, 8
Garganey, 28
Gargunnock, 78
Gastromycetes, 84
Gaulteria, 81
Gayliiccasia, 81
Gerris lacu.stris, 76
Geotropes, 3
" Glasgow Naturalist." 35
Glasgow Society of Field
Naturalists, Transactions of, 11
Glazert, 19
Glen Calder, 66. 74
DoCHART. 77
;, FiNART, 66. 67, 72
„ Cowden, 63
Goat Willow. 73
GoDWiT, Black-tailed. 31
Golden-crested When, 21, 74
goldeneye. 29
Golden Plover, 30
„ saxifrage. 73
Goldfinch, 23
Goos.\nder. 29
Goose Barnacle, 27
Bean, 27
Grey Lag, 27
Gordon, T. H. M., 14
GoRSE, 73
Gov AN, A., 69
Graham. J. D. P., 68
Grasshopper Warbler. 70
Gray, J., and Somerville's List, 10,
11. 12. 14. 16
Great Crested Grebe, 33
., Hampden, 37
„ Spotted Woodpecker, 25
Titmouse, 22
„ Woodrush, 73
Grebe, Black-necked. 33
,. Eared, 33
,, Great Crested, 33
,, Little. 33
,. Slavonian, 33
Greenfinch. 23
Greenhouse White Fly, 7
Green Sandpiper, 31
„ Tiger Beetle, 76
Greenshank. 31
" Grey Squirrel, Sciurtts
carolinensis," 34-35
Grey Wagtail, 22
Grouse, Black, 29
89
Grouse. Red. 29
Guillemot. Common. 32
Gull. Black-headed, 32. 75
CoMirox. 32
,, Great Black-backed. 73
„ Herrixg. 32. 75
., Lesser Bl.ack-b.\cked. 32. 59,
74. 75
„ Little, 32
,. KiTTIWAKE, 32
Haliplus flavicollis. 15. 17
fulvus. 12. 15
,, lineatocollis. 15. 17
„ ruficollis. 15. 17
,, wehnckei. 12. 15
Halliday. a. H.. 4
Hampdex. Great, 37
Little, 37
Hampshire. 37
H.ARviB Brown, 39
Hawk. Sp.vrrow, 26
Hazel. 73
Heather Beetles. 3
Heather and Phoma Fungus, 55
Hebeloma sinipizans. 82
Hedge .Sp.\rrow, 22
Helexsburgh, 79
Helophoru.s aquaticus. 13. 15
,, brevipalpis. 16. 17
„ \nridicollis. 15. 17
., viridicollis. var.
.strigifrons. 16. 17
Herrixg Gull. 32. 75
Herox. Common. 27
Night. 27
Herzegovina. 50
Hepialus velleda. 3. 8
Highland Fault. 75
Hill. T.. 71
HiSLOP. R.. 11
Hooded Crow. 25
Homocidus tar.«atorius, 6, 7
Hopkins. N.. 33. 72
Horxtails. 6
House Marttn. 23. 70. 77
Huckleberry. 81
HuxTERiAX Museum. Glasgow
irXT:VERSITY. 12
Hydradephaga. 10. 11. 17
Hydrsena riparia. 16. 17
Hydrobiu.<= fuscipe?. 15. 17
fuscipes. var.
picicrus, 15. 17
Hydrocaxthart. 10
Hydrophilid.5:. 10. 17
Hydrophilus piceu.=. 10
Hydroporu.s angustatus. 12. 15
,, davisi, 13
Hydroporus discretus. 15. 17
erythrocephalus. 13. 15
,, gyllenhali. 13. 15
„ incognitus. 15. 17
lepidus. 12. 16
„ memnoniu.*. 15, 17
,, nigi'ita. 15. 17
„ palustris. 13. 15. 75
„ pictus. 12. 16
,, planus. 13. 15
„ pubescen.s. 13. 15
„ rivalis. 14
,, septentrionalis. 13
„ umbrosus. 12. 15
vittula. 13. 15, 75
Hygrophorus pratensis. 82
„ chlorophanup, 82
Hymenomycetes. 82
Hymexoptera. 4. 7
Hymexopterox p.arasite. 4. 6
H\Tneiiophyllum tunbridgense. 73
,, uuilaterale, 73
Hypholoma di.«persum, 83
„ fa.=:ciculare. 83
Hypnum crista-castrensis. 73
Hystrichopsylla talpae. 66
„ vulpae. 66
Ichxeumoxid.\e. 4
icieneumoxid parasite. 4
" ICHXEUMOXOLOGIA BrITAXXICA." 6
Ilybius fuligincsu.s. 13. 15
„ ater. 13. 15
Imperial Ixstitute of Entomology. 4
In-dia. 80
Inocybe hystrix, 82
Irpex obliquus, 83
J.\CK, J.. 70
Jack Snipe. 30
•Jamieson. W.. 19. 64. 65. 69
J.APAN. 80
■Lay. 24
JOHXSTOX-E. R. B.. 72
Juniper, Dwarf. 50
Juniperus .«abina. 50
K.AX'^XGiESKR. Dr.. 57
Kelvin. River. 19
Kerr. Profe., Mr. Joseph Sommerville, Mr. J. C. Christie,
F.G.S., and Mr. C. Fred Pollock, M.D., F.R.S.E. ;
Secretary, Mr. Robert Gill, 117 West George Street;
Treasurer, Mr. James Fraser, Jr., 480 Argyle Street. The
Rev. W. H. Dallinger was a noted microscopist in his day
and a well-known popular lecturer on Microscopic
Wonders, which he illustrated by beautifully painted
lantern-slides with ingenious mechanical effects producing
the appearance of life.
The object of the Society, defined in the Constitution, was
" to encourage practical microscopical work and investigat-
ion by meetings for the reading of papers, and demonstrat-
ions ; by exeiu'sions, and any other means that may recom-
mend themselves to the Society." On the back of the
printed Constitution as amended in 1800, it was stated, " This
Society is formed for the twofold purpose of poi)ularising
the use of the microscope as a recreation, and of affording
incentives to students of Nature to engage in original
research."'
The Society met on the third Tuesday of each month at
8 p.m.
On Monday, 20th October, 1890, the first meeting of a
Mounting Claee was held in Holton's Hotel, 28 Glassford
Street, under the direction of Mr. C. 0. Sonntag, one of the
two Secretaries, the other being Mr. Ballautyne of Rothesay.
This class, according to the Annual Report of the Society
for 1890-91, "became a school at which our own members
are now taught and educated in the rudiments of Micro-
scopy and are enabled afterwards to choose a special branch
of Science where the noble instrument can be practically
implied. "
48
On Wednesday, 2l8t January, 1891, the Society held its
iirst Conversazione. This included a musical programme
"for those interested in Music beside their microscopical
investigations and tor the benefit of the ladies."
On the 28th January of the same year the Members were
invited to attend the meeting of the Natm-al History Society
of Glasgow, at 207 Bath Street, to hear Professor Bower's
Presidential address.
During that month the Society lost, by death, an active
and distinguished member, Mr. Adolf Paul Schultze, a
business man and a microscopist, a correspondent of
Professor Abbe de Jena and a contributor of original work
to many scientific societies and journals. He was an
expert in photomicrography.
On Wednesday, 22nd April, 1891. the place of meeting
was transferred to the Religious Institution Rooms, situated
then at 177 Buchanan Street, later at 200 Buchanan Street.
In December, 1892, the Minutes record the loss of a
respected and esteemed Member by the death of the Rt.
Rev. Monsignor Muuro, D.D.
It was recorded in au issue of " The Polloksliaws News "
in 1895 that the Microscopical Society, with Professor
Thomas King as President, the Microscopical Section of the
Andersonian Naturalists under Mr. William Moir, Section
Convener, and several members of the Glasgow Ruskin
Society with Miss E. Raymond Burden, Poetess, visited
the water dams and settling ponds at Thornliebank and
remained "till darkness set in."
On the 19th November, 1895, the Society moved to the
Philosophical Society's rooms in Bath Street. There it
remained until, by the kindness of the Governors of the
Technical College, on the completion of the new buildings,
it once more f()und a home here, within a few yards of its
49
birthplace. This return has since proved to be a step
towards the amalgamation of kindred societies to which we
owe our present name.
Courtesies were exchanged between the Andersonian
Naturalists and the Microscopical Society on the occasions
of the Semi-Jubilee of the former on Saturday, 28th
January, 1911, and of the latter on Saturday, the 21st
October in the same year. Both celebrations were held in
this College.
After the War of 1914-1918 the Microscopical Society,
like many others, had difiBcult times to face, and twice in
1924 the question of " winding up " was discussed. On the
second occasion a deciding factor was the interest expressed
and the encouragement given, for the continuance of the
Society, by Professor J, Graham Kerr. Again in 1928, as
Local Secretary for the Glasgow Meeting of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, he called upon
us to take part in the combined action of the Clyde Card
Catalogue Committee, and the collaboration then established
did much to bring about that union which is now represented
by the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
50
A RARE SCOTTISH LIVERWORT.
Jubula Hutchinsite, Dum.
By John K. Lee.
[Eead 9th October, 1934.]
On 26th May of this year the Botanical Section of this
Society made an excursion to Ardgoil, crossing by motor-
boat from Portincaple to the Argyll side of Loch Long, and
landing at a point about half a mile north of the old ferry-
house at Mark. During the short time available I examined
some of the densely wooded, rocky banks of the streams
descending from the high hills above this point, finding many
features of botanical interest which, indeed, seemed to
indicate that the whole of this part of Ardgoil would be well
worth far more attention than it had hitherto received,
doubtless owing to the difficulty of access. The paper by
Mr. Thomas Nisbet in volume IV. of the Annals of the
Andersonian Naturalists' Society in 1910, and a subsequent
paper in 1911 by the same author in the Scottish
Geographical Magazine, both dealing with the phanerogamic
and pteridophytic flora of Ardgoil, are the only published
work, so far as I am aware, dealing specifically with the
natural vegetation of this area ; whilst the bryophytes and
lower cryptogams generally still await attention from
botanical field-workers. My brief search on this occasion
was rewarded by finding specimens of the rare Juhula
Hutchinsice. growing on moist, deeply shaded rocks beside
a small stream not very far from our landing place. The
find is not by any means an addition to the Clyde list : it
is not even a new county record ; but the previously
recorded occurrences within the Clyde area, and even in
Argyllshire, are sufficiently far away from the new locality
to render it specially interesting, and important enough to
51
warrant its being brought to the notice of the Society.
Apart from that, however, the plant itself is an interesting
one ; and I have thought it well to take advantage of the
opportunity to expand these notes a little, in order to call
attention to, and, if possible try to excite more interest in
the group to which the plant belongs — a group not over-
burdened with workers, and well worthy of more extensive
study than it has yet received.
Juhxila belongs to a well-defined section of foliose
hepatics a few of which are amongst the commonest
and most characteristic plants belonging to that great
group in our local flora. Its nearest relations is - with
the well-known genus Frullania, with which in fact our
species was at one time united ; and as some of the members
of that genus are among the most abundant of our hepatics,
I propose to begin by saying something about them. This
may seem rather elementary to those who have already
studied the hepatics, but I hope they will bear with me for
the sake of others who are not yet initiated in such study.
We may take as our example the very common and well-
marked Frullania Tamarisci, Dum. This plant may be
found in great abundance in all moist districts, both on
rocks and on the bark of old trees. It forms extensive
flat patches, often several inches across, and is usually of
a rich reddish-brown colour, with a shining polished surface.
The stems will be seen to branch copiously in bipinnate
fashion, all the branches lying in the same plane.
Examined with a good lens, the stems and branches will be
seen, when viewed from above, to be everywhere hidden
by the closely overlapping (imbricate) leaves, the forward
margin of each covering the hinder part of the leaf in front
of it (incubous arrangement) . The leaves are roundish or
reniform, and, as in all hepatics, arranged in two lateral or
52
antero-lateral rows right and left of the stem, and flattened
in the same i)lane. Viewed from the under side the appear-
ance is quite different. The stem is distinctly visible, and
it will be seen that there is a third row of leaves, inserted
along the median postical line of the stems and branches
of quite different shape and size from the lateral ones.
These " underleaves " (as they are called) are oblong in
shape, broadly truncate and more or less refuse at the apex,
and have their inargins narrowly revolute throughout, while
the base is decurrent. and usually somewhat crispate.
Attached to the posterior basal margin of the lateral
leaves, and forming two rows parallel Mith the stem are
wdiat look like little narrowly oblong sacs, closed and
rounded at the anterior end, and with their narrow mouth
open at the lower end — one to each leaf. This peculiar
structure is characteristic of the genus FruUania, and
affords a ready means of distinguishing it from all other
hepatics. Examined by means of a moderately high
power of the microscope, it can be readily seen that these
curious sac-like structures are in reality part of the leaf
itself; in fact, they are the highly modified "postical lobe"
which in many genera of hepatics takes a form different from
that of the " antical lobe," the difference in this particular
case being greatly accentuated. A feature which disting-
uishes FruUanin and is shared by Jiibnia is that the
division between the lobes is very deep, the attachment of
the sac-like body to the rest of the leaf being extremely
narrow. In this it is readily distinguished from Lejeunea
and its allies (closely related to FruUania) , in which the
variovisly shaped postical lobe is attached by a relatively
broad fold to the antical lobe. Another feature of the
common species we are referring to is that in all the smaller
branches, and often throughout the plant, there will be seen
53
in the middle of the antical lobe of each of the lateial
leaves a continuous (or almost continuous) line of slightly
enlarged and consijicuously deeply coloured cells. This
character forms a ready means of distinguishing the species,
F. Tamarisci, from others of the genus. The much rarer
F. ger/iiana, for example, which resembles it in most other
respects, is always entirely without these enlarged cells.
Another very common species F. dilatata is also without
them ; but here there are other distinctions : besides its
usually much smaller size, and the lack of the characteristic
lustre, the underleaves are of a different form, and their
margins are plane, not recurved, while the sac-like postical
lobes of the lateral leaves are spoon-shaped and broader
than long. In the only other common species of Frullania
{F. fragilifolia) the enlarged cells are scattered irregularly,
not forming a continuous line. These vegetative characters
are, in practice, sufficient to distinguish the species of
Frullanin from the other foliose hepatics ; but there are
some features of the fructification of these plants which
serve to place the whole group Juhidoided', or (as Dr.
Cavers in his great work on the Bryophyta called it)
Lejeuneacea, distinctly apart from all the other liverworts.
In fact the differences are of such importance as to have led
most of the older authorities to regard the group as forming
a distinct section or phylum. In the first place, the delicate
pedicel or seta which bears the capsule, in all cases remains
relatively short, projecting only a short distance beyond the
mouth of the perianth, and never elongating to any great
extent, as is commonly the case in other groups. The
capsule itself, which, like that of other hepatics, splits into
four valves at maturity, only does so for two thirds of its
length, the lower third being composed of a solid mass of
tissue. This basal portion is considered by some authorities
54
to be really a part of the seta which has become enlarged at
its apex, and to be comparable to the " apophysis " or
neck " of the capsule which is a feature of certain mosses.
In other hepatics this solid portion is absent, and the
capsule splits right to the base. The valves of the capsule,
in most hepatics, are marked on the inner face with regular
spiral or semi-annular thickened bands ; in the Lejeuneacece
these bands are irregular. The most marked difference,
however, is in the structure of the so-called "elaters."
These are elongated cell-structures which, in all hepatics
except the lowest thalloid forms, occur mixed with the
spores. In most genera they are narrowly fusiform in shape,
marked with two or more dark-coloured spiral bands, and
lie freely and irregularly scattered amongst the spores. In
the group we are considering they are more regularly
arranged, and are firmly and persistently attached by their
upper narrower end to the apical part of the capsule wall ;
the other end is broader and truncate, and is at first
attached to the basal portion of the capsule, but becomes
free when the capsule opens. A further distinctive character
is that these " fixed elaters " (as they have been called)
are marked with only one single spiral band.
While these definitive characters of the sporogonium are
of primary importance, however, they need not detain us
further at present, for not only is our plant Juhula a rare one,
but apparently it scarcely ever occurs in Scotland in the fertile
condition. We may therefore confine our attention to the
characters of stem and leaf, by which, fortunately, it is
readily distinguishable from Frullajtia. as well as from all
other plants.
In the first ])lace then, Jiihii/ti I/ufchiiisUf can be at once
known from any species of Fndlania , at any rate in our
flora, by the spinous-dentate antical lobe of the leaf. All
55
our species of FruUania have the margin of the antical lobe
quite entire. The shape, too, is different, for whereas in
FruUania the leaves have a nearly round antical lobe, that
of Jubula is obliquely and broadly ovate, and more or less
cuspidate or acuminate at the apex. On the under side, the
stem can be seen to bear the characteristic third row of
leaves, or " underleaves, " which in this case are round or
oval in outline, with decurrent base, and deeply cleft at
the apex into two acuminate lobes ; the margins flat (not
recurved) and usually (but not quite constantly) having
a few coarse spinous teeth. Here again are the curious
hollow sacs forming the postical lobes of the lateral leaves ;
but in this case they are helmet-shaped or "galeate," and
they have frequently, but by no means constantly, a narrow
appendage or spur projecting from the outer angle of the
mouth. A feature of this plant is that occasionally the
postical lobe is not completely rolled up in this way, but
remains more lobe-like (evolute) , in which case its form
is more or less lanceolate. This curious and instructive
modification occurs also, but much more rarely, in species
of FruUania.
These distinguishing characters of the two genera can be
made out, in a good light, even by means of a fairly power-
ful pocket lens in the field, but by means of a low power
of the microscope they can all be distinctly and easily
followed. There are other structural details which are
revealed by a high power. For example, the cell walls of
the leaf are thin and equal throughout in Juhula ; whereas
in most species of Fndlunia the cell walls are more or less
thickened at the angles where three cells meet.
Another feature of some interest is that in Jubula the leaf-
cells contain each from four to seven roundish oil -bodies
in addition to the chloroplasts. These more minute details,
56
however, are not necessary for identification.
The colour of the plant in Juhula is also distinctive. In
Frullania the plants are generally brown, or reddish brown,
except in a few rather rare varieties when they occasionally
take on a green tint. In Juhula the plant is a dark olive
green, and has, w^ien moist, and growing in its natural
habitat, a curious glistening appearance. It forms flat
patches upon very wet or dripping rocks, always in
sheltered places in deep shade, which last seems to be its
most essential requirement. Macvicar remarks that it is
sometimes difficult to detect when sparingly developed, as
in wet caves. It may be, therefore, that its apparent rarity
is to some extent due to its having been overlooked ; but it
is such a distinct plant that it is not likely to have
altogether escaped the attention of observers. It is
apparently confined to the West side of Great Britain, but
occurs more widely distributed in Ireland, and also in the
Isle of Man. Apparently it does not extend far on the
continent of Europe, though recorded from France, but
forms of what are perhaps the same, or at least closely allied,
species are found in both North and South America, and in
some of the Pacific Islands. There seems to be some
difference in the experience of authorities as regards its
occurrence in the fertile state. M. C. Cooke in his "Handbook
of British Hepaticte," published in 1894, quotes Dr. Spruce
as saying that "in various localities along the western
<*oasts of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland it grows
in some abundance and fruits freely," Macvicar, however,
in his great work on the Distribution of Hepaticne in
Scotland," says, with regard to its occurrence here at least,
that " sterile inflorescence, both male and female, is
common, but mature antheridia and fruit have not been
seen."
57
Considerable interest attaches to the name of our plant.
It was first discovered by Miss Hutchins, a young lady
botanist of the South of Ireland, in the beginning of last
century. She sent the plant to Sir Wm. J. Hooker, who in
1816 named it Jungermannia Hutchinsice in her honour, the
old name Jungermannia being at that time used to include
all, or nearly all, the foliose hepatics. The name Juhula was
introduced by Dumortier in 1822. Nees, in 1838 included
our plant in Frullania, a genus which had been constituted
by Raddi, as far back as 1818, under the name Frullania
Hutchinsice, and it was generally known by that name until
Spruce's revision in 1885, when he separated it from the
Frullanice, retaining for it Dumortier's genus Juhula.
Under Dumortier's name Juhula Hutchinsice it is now known
in all recent works on the Hepaticse.
With regard to its distribution within the British Isles,
it has been recorded for seven of the counties of Ireland,
two in the North (Down and Antrim) the others all in the
South and West. In Wales it occurs in four counties
Caermarthen, Cardigan, Merioneth, and Carnarvon, whilst
its English records are from Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset
in the South, and Western Yorkshire and Cumberland in the
Xorth. G. A. Holt recorded it from the Isle of Man.
The records of its occurrence in Scotland were given by
Macvicar in his monumental volume in 1910 as follows: —
Kintyre: Loch Caolisport (Ewing).
Clyde hlea: Sandstone fissure between Brodick and Corrie,
1847 (Lyon). Loch Eanza, in several caves
(Macvicar) . Lamlash (McAndrew) .
Argyll: Bulwood, Dunoon, 1846 (Gourlie). Cave at
Dunoon (Lyon).
West Inverness: Sunart, Resipol Burn, on wet rocks in a
ravine (Macvicar and W. H. Pearson).
58
South Inner Hebrides: Carrick Ford, Islay, on wet stones
in shady places (Gilmour) .
Macvicar adds that "it is more frequent in Arran than
elsewhere."
These were the only officially known and published records
in 1910. and the list remained unaltered until last year.
Towards the end of last summer I was asked by the officials
of the Paisley Naturalists' Society to revise the records of
Mosses and Hepatics for Renfrewshire, in view of their
intention to pviblish amended lists of certain groups of the
fauna and flora of the county. For this purpose Mr. E. S.
Houston, Curator of the Natural History Collections in
Paisley Museum supplied me with copies of the existing
lists of records in possession of the Society. Imagine the
surprise with which I found in the list of Hepaticae a record
of FniUaniti 11 utrhinxla ;is having been found at Gourock!
It '^i-ould of course have been most natural to suspect some
mistake: but the entry on the Paisley list bore, as its
recorder, the honoured name of Peter Ewing, almost in
itself a guarantee of accuracy. On inquiry, Mr. Houston
informed me that the record was further vouched by a
specimen in the Museum collection, and invited me to see
it. I found the plant, beautifully moun.ted on a card, and in
a sealed frame under glass, with locality and date " Gourock
14th May, 1882, '" and the initials "P.E." in my old friend's
well-known and uinnistakable handwriting. This discovery,
which of course meant an additional county record, besides-
adding a most interesting "Clyde " locality, seemed to mo
so important as to warrant its being sent to the proper
quarter in order to have it put on the official lists. Before
doing so, however, it was necessary for me to examine the
specimen under the microscope in order to be in a position
59
ro vouch for the identity of the phmt. This was unfortun-
ately not possible with the Paisley material, as it would
have meant destroying the mounted specimen. I therefore
communicated with Mrs. Ewing to find out if by any chance
she might have a duplicate of the original plant, but she
was unable to find one. Then I remembered that I had a
collection of hepatics put together by the late Mr. Ewing,
which Mrs. Ewing gave me some years ago, and which I had
laid aside awaiting that leisure which never seems to
materialise for their examination ; and on looking through
that collection, I found what I had sought — the duplicate
specimen from Gourock. Almost simultaneously with this
find came our discovery at Ardgoil this year, and I then
communicated with Mr. Albert Wilson, F.L.S., who edits
the "Census Catalogue" of hepatics for the British
Bryological Society, informing him of the facts, and asking
if he knew of any other records within our area beyond
those given by Macvicar. He replies in the negative, and
adds: " I congratulate you on finding it above Loch Long,
and thank you for the specimen from there. The record
for Gourock (v.c. 76) was not before known to me. As it
is vouched for by a specimen in the Paisley Museum, I will
insert it in the draft list for next Census Catalogue, but
in brackets. The plant most probably occurs there still,
but modern confirmation is desirable." With reference to
this last remark by Mr. Wilson, the question presents itself
as to why the Eenfrewshire occurrence should have remained
unrecorded. As Ewing's observations were communicated
by himself to Macvicar, it is difficult to understand how such
a scrupulously careful collector could have omitted it. Is
it possible that, with the extensive changes that occurred in
and around Gourock during the period from 1882 to 1910, the
station niav have been destroved. and that Ewins. knowini>-
60
this, deliberately refrained from including it? In any case,
its re-discovery anywhere in Renfrewshire, would be
exceptionally interesting.
61
KENMURE ROOKERY.
By William Eexxie.
[Read 12th March. 1935, revised December, 1936.]
Kenmure House. Bishopbriggs, standing as it does within
its own grounds and in such close proximity to Possil
Marsh, to the East of which it hes, uatiirally attracted my
attention at an early date. It was not, however, until 1912
that I began to make a systematic census of the rookery at
the nesting periods. This census has revealed fluctuations
which might have passed unrecorded, though they were
apparent to the casual observer. The Kenmure Eookery
being outwith the city bounds was not included in Hugh
Boyd Watt's " List of Glasgow Rookeries in 1900,"
although at that date it was a large and flourishing colony.
I have been told that years ago. when the district was
more densely wooded, Kenmure was used as a winter roost
but it is not so used now, mainly due, I believe, to the
lack of sufficient cover and freedom from molestation. In
the winter months, rooks frequent the fields in the district
in fair numbers but I suspect from their movements at
sunset and at dawn that several of the birds pass south-
wards to the Lanarkshire roosts.
During the period of years under observation, the resident
birds in the district have been numerically steady.
Occasional autumnal immigrations have been noted but
these pass onwards.
All my visits have been made towards the closing days
of March or the opening days of April and at these times, I
have experienced all kinds of climatic conditions and noted
their effect upon nest building.
The trees in that part of the plantation used by the rooks,
are mainly deciduous, but as I have always made mv early
62
observations before the unfolding of the leaves, I have been
able to observe whether the nests were old or new, or merely
in course of construction. I have thus been able to gain
-accurate data, for by the time the young birds are hatched,
the buds have expanded and the trees have become clothed
in their green drapery, effectively screening the birds and
their doings from the prying eyes of intruders.
During my visits, an outstanding feature has impressed
itself upon me — A Beech tree, though not always the same
tree, has carried the greatest number of nests. The number
of nests per tree has varied from six to thirty eight and the
number of trees used from seven to thirty six. Occasionally,
extra large nests, the accumulation of years, have been
noted but such nests have not occurred on that tree which
bore the greatest number of nests.
This perhaps is not an opportune time to speak of the
Folklore connected with the rook but I may be excused
one remark. As a result of my continuous observations over
a period of years, I am in a position to state that the nests
have always been on the same level. There is therefore, no
point in the adage that if "rooks build high, almost at the
top of the tree, the ensuing summer will be dry and pro-
tracted." My conclusion is that the climatic conditions are
not in any way foretold by the altitude of the nests.
It is somewhat difficult to account for the great fluctuation
in the number of nesting birds at Kenmure. Food is
certainly an important factor, for by its scarcity, or abun-
ance, the number of birds in any area is determined. It
may be added that Kenmure rookery is situated on the
border lands of open agricultural country, to the North and
East, the position thus being distinctly advantageous.
When I consider the enormous area in the immediate
surrounding district that has been built upon during the last
63
two decades, and try to appreciate the extent of the feeding
ground of which the rooks have been deprived, I am at a
loss to exphiin why they should have increased as a nesting
species at Kenmure. Possibly it is an example of the
tenacity of certain species of birds for their old homes.
Occasionally in the evenings during the nesting period, I
have witnessed on a small scale what Burns describes as the
Black Republic, " The black 'ning train o' craws to their
repose." During this period, however, the Kenmure rooks
do not appear to wander far from home.
Another factor, which may have influenced the numbers of
nesting birds, is the presence of Crows and Magpies, though
I am inclined to think that the injurious effect of these birds
has been but slight. When the Crow is seen in the district,
it is usually during the winter and spring. During the Great
War, crows were frequently observed. In 1920, I thought
that crows had visited the rookery at the nesting period,
for in that year the number of nests fell as low as 23 over
7 trees. The figures for the two previous years were also
low, in 1918, 26 nests over 13 trees and in 1919, 27 nests
over 8 trees.
Within the last decade, so far as my own observations,
go. Crows have received a drastic check in the surrounding
districts.
With respect to the Magpie, an increase of birds became
noticeable in the district in 1917. In 1918, I saw 8 Magpies.
In 1926, the birds were checked, yet on 4th April, 1927, 19
magpies were present in and around the grounds. Strangely
enough, there was in that year an increase in the number
of nests of Eooks, viz. 86 over 17 trees. The magpie after
years of strenuous resistance against the attacks of the
rooks, has now become a bird of everyday occurrence and
nests may be found within a very short distance from those
64
of the rooks, which no longer seem to resent the presence of
their attractive looking neighbours. Up to and including
1917, I had been in the habit of entering Kenmure through
the farm lands on the western side. In 1918, I entered
from Bishopbriggs via the long avenue to the house. On the
way I noted two or three nests of the rook at Cadder Parish
Church Hall on the Glasgow Koad. Prior to that year I had
been unaware of their presence. Since that year the number
of nests has remained fairly constant at 20 or so. In 1918,
old Mr. Fraser, an " orra " man about the grounds told me
that a decrease of rooks was quite apparent but he could
give no reason for the change as the birds had been in no
way disturbed for some years. The first breakaway from
the larger rookery may have occurred in 1918. Shortly after
that date, a further extension of the breeding range was
observed in and around Bishopbriggs, but several of the
sites were occupied for but a short time and it is impossible
to state whether the birds again joined the main body.
The only alteration in the grounds at the nesting site was
made in 1919, when some trimming and clearing of the
trees to the south side was carried out. Prior to that year,
the rooks nested in the trees around the house but since
then they have kept to the north side of the house, which
overlooks the Golf Course and the Canal and from which a
fine view of the Campsie Hills is obtained. In 1920, the
number of nests fell to its lowest, 23 over 7 trees. "Whether
the decline was due to the alteration within the grounds,
or as I have suggested, to the visits of crows, I am not
able to state.
Another interesting feature occurred in the year 1923, the
number of nests rising from 59 to 107. Mr. Stewart
reported a slight increase of nesting rooks throughout the
County (Lanarkshire) .
65
1925 was most remarkc^ble for the large number of nests
found in single trees, four of the fourteen trees carrying
70 nests in a total of 95 nests
1 Beech had 33 nests.
1 „ „ 14 ,,
1 >> )) 1^ ,,
1 Elm ,, 10 ,,
a striking contrast with the state of affairs five years
earlier, the number of nests then being 23 over 7 trees, the
highest number of nests on any one tree being 6.
During the period of 25 years in which my observations
at Kenmure have been taken, there has been a series of
rises and falls. 1936 gave the maximum mmiber of 184
nests; 1920, a minimum of 23 nests.
In the table below I have indicated (a) the date of my
visit ; (b) the total number of nests ; (c) the number of
trees used; (d) the greatest number of nests on one tree.
66
Census of thk Nksts at Kenmure Rookery,
Kenmure House, Bishopbriggs.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Date of Visit.
Nests.
Trees bearing
Nests.
Greatest Number
on Single Tree.
23—3—1912
135
32
14
29—3—1913
133
36
10
28—3—1914
90
23
10
27—3—1915
108
29
11
1_4_1916
47
15
7 5 yrs.
7_4_1917
53
18
9
30—3 — 1918
26
13
6
5-4-1919
27
8
9
5 — 4—1920
23
7
6
4_4— 1921
34
7
10 10 yrs.
3_4_1922
59
15
12
31—3—1923
107
23
22
10—4—1924
41
10
11
11—4—1925
95
14
33
5—4—1926
77
13
21 15 yrs.
1_4 — 1927
86
17
22
7—4—1928
106
22
20
6—4—1929
79
15
21
5—4-1930
81
14
19
4—4—1931
80
16
16 20 yrs.
28—3—1932
56
17
12
1—4-1933
103
23
16
2—4—1934
130
26
18
3—4—1935
140
28
24
6—4—1936
184
29
38 25 yrs.
Note : — The above fluctuations were illustrated by a large graph.
Papers of Reference: —
A census of Glasgow Rookeries by Hugh Boyd Watt,
29/5/1900, Glasgow Nat. His. Soc. Transactions Vol. VI.
pp. 21-24.
Roosting Habits of Lanarkshire Rooks by Walter Stewart.
The Scottish Naturalist. May-June, 1924.
The Rook in Lanarkshire by Walter Stewart. The
Scottish Naturalist. Jan. -Feb., 1930.
67
BOTANICAL NOTES OF A SHORT VISIT
TO ICELAND.
By JoHX R. Lee.
[Eead lOtli November, 1936.]
Stimulated by the announcement among the public
advertisements that, for the first time, a steamer sailing
direct from Glasgow would give facilities for short pleasure
trips of twelve days duration to Iceland and back, my
friend Mr. McLean and myself made up our minds to see
this curious land on the edge of the arctic zone, of which
most people have heard and read, but which few have seen.
The impressions gained from our trip, and from what we
were able to observe of the natural features of the country,
suggested to me that it might not be amiss to bring before
the Society a few notes regarding some of those impressions.
It is in the hope that these may prove interesting, and
may perhaps suggest that a study of the natiu"al history of
Iceland is after all not unimportant as having some bearing
upon that of our own flora and fauna, that I venture to give
these notes relating to our brief three or four days' sojourn
in that extraordinary country. An extraordinary country
indeed! — with its high ground biu-ied beneath perpetual
fields of ice and snow, some of the glaciers far larger than
any in the Alps of Europe, and descending in some parts
to sea-level, while from beneath its soil issue boiling springs,
of sufl&ciently high temperature and necessary volume to be
capable of use in heating the dwellings of the people ; its
climate rigorous enough to forbid the ripening of cereals,
but with valleys where the grass is ever green and pasture of
exceptional riclmess is available for sheep and cattle ; cold
mist and rain prevalent in places, whilst over other
large areas clear skies and sunshine prevail throughout the
68
greater part of the year. A land of contradictions, treeless
and desolate-looking over the enormous extent of its vast
plains and plateaus, vet with a wondrous beauty all its
own ; its whole extent built up of volcanic materials,
basaltic cliffs, lava and volcanic ash composing its structure,
and great volcanoes, mostly extinct but some still active,
forming its mountain masses ; yet withal pierced and
adorned by great rivers which are stocked with a wealth
of fish life, and which furnish examples of waterfalls some
of which take rank amongst the most beautiful in the world.
If the vegetation is scarce, compared with other lands, some
of its wild flowers are amongst the most attractive to be
seen anywhere, and are produced in wonderful profusion.
And if the natural features of the country are extraordinary,
its people are not less so. With an area considerably greater
than that of Ireland, or about half that of Great Britain,
it has a total population of 105,000, or about as many as
are gathered into a single community in some of the larger
towns of industrial Lancashire. Of these, about a fourtli
are inhabitants of the capital city, Reykjavik, which, for
its public buildings, up-to-date shops, well-laid streets, and
general efficiency, will compare quite favourably with most
of our own cities and towns. Consider the sj^arseness of
their numbers, the consequent shortage of man-power, and
the entire absence of any natural product for overseas
exchange except fish (over 80% of Iceland's exports con-
sists of fish or fish-products) , and the marvellous virility
and resource of this people begins to impress itself upon
one's mind. This is well illustrated in connection with the
construction of roads. It is only within the jDast few years
that the possibilities of travel to the interior have presented
themselves as a source of revenue to the country, made
desirable, if not indeed necessary, by the slump in overseas
69
trade, due to the world depression, from which Iceland, in
common with all other places was called upon to suffer.
To facilitate such travel, and so stimulate and encourage
the tourist traffic, roads suitable for motor transport became
a necessity. How undertake a task so enormous, in a
country where the surface presented exceptional difficulties
and with so few resources to draw upon, and labour so
scanty? Yet in a remarkably short space of time, roads
leading from the city in all directions have been constructed,
and for a few miles the road surfaces compare with the
finest in this country. Beyond that limit, however, roads of
a kind have been constructed wliich — \\ell, one's experiences
of long bus rides are not altogether of the pleasantest!
But, before we condemn the Iceland roads, it is well to
remember that they did not exist as such until within the
past few years ; and their existence at all, as even possible
for a petrol-driven vehicle, is eloquent of the labour and
determination of the Iceland government and people.
I shall say nothing of our voyage to and from the country
of our dreams, interesting though it was in many ways.
We quickly made the acquaintance of our fellow-joassengers
— some forty all told — amongst whom, — so small is the
world! — we discovered a lady member of the " Glasgow and
Andersonian," and by the time we reached Iceland we were
a very happy family. For the convenience and help of
visitors, there has been established, with headquarters in
Eeykjavik, a State Tourist Bureau, with a most capable
and efficient staff, in whose liands were all arrangements
for our entertainment and for our obtaining the maximum
benefit of our visit. Oiu' first day was spent in and around
Reykjavik, and a stroll to the outskirts of the town in the
evening gave one a good impression of its surroundings.
Next dav, under efficient guides we were taken into the
70
interior, and shown some of the most impressive sights of
the comitry. Our first stop was on a hill-side some 40-50
miles from the city, where a remarkable extinct crater
called Ker claimed attention. From the brow of the hill
near our stopping-place a wonderful view southward was
obtained across a vast plain extending to the coast some
twenty or more miles a\^"ay ; which gave some idea of the
marvellously clear atmosi^here which prevails. Our main
objective on this day's outing was the waterfall of Gullfoss,
on the Hvita, one of the largest rivers flowing towards the
south coast. This fall, said to be the most beautiful in
Iceland, and the second hirgest in volume, was pronovmced
to be "finer than Niagara " by one of our party from
Canada who has had repeated opportunities of studying that
most famous of waterfalls. Certainly it was far and away
the finest in my own limited experience — indeed the most
impressive piece of natural grandeur I can recall. This
spot, some seventy miles distant by road from Reykjavik,
was our turning point, and, after spending an hour or so
rambling about the cliffs, and viewing the beauties of the
waterfall from various angles, we were taken next to the
region of the geysirs or hot springs, where in the company
of scores of smaller centres of activity, Great Geysir sits
majestically dominating the scene, ready — at his own will
and in his own time — to give a display of his marvellous
energies. ^Ye were told that, given the necessary patience
to wait his pleasure, Geysir would be sure to oblige, and we
settled ourselves to fill in tlie time, some of us being
sceptical enough to doubt whether we would have the luck
to see the promised display, or, if we had, whether it would
prove worth waiting for. Nearly five hours passed some-
what wearily by, with a biting north wind from the icy
mountains adding to the discomfort ; during which time,
71
however, Mr. McLean and I received congratulations from
some of our friends as being very busily working whilst
others were " miemployed." As a matter of fact, we dis-
covered the rather desolate-looking moors around the Geysir
to be of exceptional interest botanically, and hence we had
no cause to weary. At last to our great delight, the Geysir
decided to " spout," and for about twenty minutes the
company stood enthralled, watching one of the most
marvellous and awe-inspiring phenomena — one of the
wonders of the world, in fact. It is unnecessary to
attempt a description: the eruption of Great Geysir
has been the theme of innumerable travellers to Iceland.^
and we have all read of it from our childhood's days.
Suffice it to say that, in spite of the cold and weary waiting,
the unanimous opinion was that the sight was well worth
waiting for. A journey of some further twenty miles to the
shores of a warm lake, where a welcome dinner awaited
us, and a return to the city in the dark, arriving in the
small hours of the morning, closed a day of wonders none
of us will soon forget.
Next came a visit to one of the most remarkable places
which even Iceland can afford. A vast plain, some eight
miles in breadth, flanked east and west by high cliffs form-
ing the edge of a lava plateau, and stretching northwards
towards a range of lofty mountains, whilst its southward
extension is occupied by the largest lake in the country
(Thingvallavatn), furnishes a landscape scene perhaps
unique, and of quite marvellous beauty. This is Thingvellir,
where for more than 8^ centuries the Icelandic Parliament,
or Althing, was held in the open. On the Western side a
remarkable gorge or chasm extends for two or three miles
along the foot of the boundary cliff, through part of which
flows the small river Oxara, after being precipitated from
72
the heights above by the Oxarafoss, a sheer fall of except-
ional beauty, though of no great volume. We stayed over-
night at a comfortable and well-appointed hotel, and were
able to explore at leisure what turned out to be a district
of exceptional interest, scenically, historically, geologically
and botanically.
Our final day was occupied with a visit to two places of
interest at a distance of only a few miles from the town.
Unfortunately a wet forenoon deprived us of our chance of
seeing to advantage a small township or village where the
main fishing industry of the country could have been
observed. But on the way back we had the opportunity
of seeing how the marvellous hot springs are being utilised.
Borings are in progress, by which the boiling water will be
brought into the city, and the homes of the people in
Keykjavik will be heated thereby. Meantime a large fruit
and flower garden has been established beside the hot
spring, and we were shown over the extensive greenhouses
where many delicate and even sub-tropical plants are being
cultivated, the temperature being regulated by utilising the
heat thus lavishly provided by Nature herself.
A passing visit of an hour or two on our homeward
voyage to one of the Westman Isles, a small archipelago
of rocky islets lying off the southern coast, completed our
brief sojourn in Icelandic regions.
It will be realised that our opportunities for natural
history observations were of the briefest ; for it was only
during the few hours, all told, when we were at liberty to
wander at will in the localities visited that anything in that
way could be done. However, we made the most of it, and
it is the result of these observations that I bring before you
now.
73
It is rather a pity that our party did not include an
ornithologist. According to accounts given by experts in
this line, the land species of birds in Iceland are not numer-
ous, but there is quite evidently a considerable variety of
aquatics, particularly sea birds. Various gulls, guillemots,
solan-geese and cormorants were abundant about the coast,
and a species of skua was particularly prominent among
the birds we noticed while approaching Iceland. One
occurrence particularly interested me. Standing on the deck
of the steamer while still a very long way from any land
(during the outward voyage), I was startled to hear a sweet
musical note, not unlike the " tweet " of the meadow-
pipit, and, looking up, I saw a small bird not much bigger
than a sparrow flying about the rigging. It was a storm-
petrel, that solitary wanderer of the ocean waste of which
I had often heard.
The only land birds of which we took note were the
raven, flying about the high cliff of the Almannagja near
Thingvellir ; and a species of wagtail which seemed
unfamiliar, which was seen in some numbers near the
hotel in the same locality.
With regard to the botany, I feel some diffidence in put-
ting forward these notes ; as it seems presumptuous in any
casual visitor to the country to say anything about the
flora of Iceland, after merely a hurried ramble of a few
hours, and that at a season of the year (mid- August) when
the flowering time of nearly all the plants was about
over. Particularly the grasses and sedges — the latter per-
haps the most interesting group in the Icelandic flora — were
all past and their withered stems useless for identification.
For indispensable information regarding the plants prior
to A-isiting the country I wish to acknowledge my indebted-
ness to a work on "The Flora of Iceland and the Fa'roes,"
74
by Ostenfeld and Grontved, jjublished in Copenhagen two
years ago. This excellent little book is in English, and is
of a hand}- size for carrying about ; and for anyone like our-
selves making casual observations upon the native plants
its guidance is invaluable.
A few general remarks upon the vegetation may serve to
give some indication of what one may expect to find.
There are no woodlands in the country. The only "trees "
are the birch and the rowan. The former is said to form a
kind of copse, dignified by the name of "woods," along
the course of some of the rivers, but of this we saw nothing.
The only specimens of the common birch which we noticed
were small isolated bushes not more than three or four
feet high. As for the rowan, we saw none of it wild ; but
it is the favourite tree in private gardens, and is much
planted in and around the town.
Speaking of the gardens, one is impressed by the success
of the efforts made by the people of Reykjavik to over-
come the natural obstacles to horticulture. In spite of the
high latitude and the poverty of the soil, a wonderful
variety of garden flowers is grown, and a high standard of
taste displayed. The only fruit crop which appears io
succeed in the open, however, is the red currant which
abounds everywhere. A few exotic trees and shrubs are to
be seen ; and we were specially astonished, during our first
stroll through the town, to see one healthy young specimen
of Eohhiia. In some vegetable gardens, among many of our
own well-known food-plants, we noticed an Umbellifer with
which we in this country are unfamiliar, the Archangelica
{A. officinalis, Hoffm) . It is said to be "not rare" as a
wild plant in Iceland, but we only saw it as a cultivated
one.
During our evening walk round the outskirts of Reykjavik
and along by the sea shore, we took note of all the wild plants
we obsei*ved, including the field and roadside weeds, which
gave the impression of a flora very similar to our own. The
total number of species was forty ; prominent among them
being the chiekweed, shepherd's purse, mayweed, buttercup,
white clover, autumnal hawkbit, dandelion, silverweed, and
knotgrass. Later acquaintance showed this to be the type
of flora commonly prevailing, as with ourselves, in the
vicinity of man's operations. In waste places the two plants
most in evidence were the scentless mayweed and the
shepherd's purse. The presence of the rayless mayweed
or "pine-apple weed" {Matricaria f:iiaveole?is, Buch.) was
noted with considerable interest. The most remarkable
feature of our list was perhaps the absence of the daisy. In
Iceland BelJis perennis does not occur except as an
accidental introduction, or as cultivated in gardens. An
interesting item in the list was the mare's tail (Hippiiris
vulgaris) found growing in a ditch by the roadside.
The most interesting plant found on the sea shore was
Mertensia maritima, Don., which we noticed in fair abund-
ance on the shingle.
Amongst the plants observed during this preliminary
stroll, almost at the sea-level, was Alrhernilla alpina, L.
the first indication of what was soon to impress itself upon
us as the most striking thing about our new acquaintance
with the plants of Iceland. This was the very large
proportion among the prevailing species of members of what
we in Scotland regard as our rarer "alpine " flora. Indeed
the impression, to a Scottish botanist, was pretty much
that of being surrounded by the vegetation of the high
crags of the richer mountains of Breadalbane or some
eimilarlv favoured hill-region, with the difference that the
76
rare treasures one visually has to hunt for most carefully
were here spread out in abundance on everv hand.
I have already remarked that we were far too late in the
season. Many of the most interesting plants were already
gone ; and of those remaining the majority were past
flowering, and either in fruit or with withered flower-stalks.
Consequently what we did see was only a very poor sample
of what must be a flora of quite exceptional interest to any-
one studying the composition and distribution of the plants
of the high latitudes of the north. Before starting I had
made out a list of about a hundred species either rare in the
British Isles or altogether wanting, which according to the
"Flora " we inight possibly find; but of these less than a
fifth were seen by us. Considering the conditions, however,
and the short time we had at our disposal our " finds "
may perhaps pass muster as a not unrespectable list.
One plant, of which we did not obtain a specimen, I
should like to mention specially. While standing on the
brink of the precipice admiring the wonders of the Gullfoss
waterfall, Mr. Mac-Lean and I saw a large crimson-purple
flower about two inches in diameter, which neither of us
knew. The plant was some distance away and was growing
in a crevice of the rock quite out of reach. There was only
the one flower to be seen ; but a few leafy stems of
apparently the same species were a little nearer to us,
though still too far away to get hold of. From these, however,
we were able to make out the character of the foliage — thick
sessile leaves, broadly lanceolate and entire, and very
glaucous. What the plant was we could not imagine ; and
it was very tantalising to be unable to get near enough to
the flower to make out its structure. Two days later,
however, we saw some plants in a garden in Reykjavik,
which appeared to be in all respects the same. In this case
one or two linear capsules, some two inches in length, with
a hairy surface, guided us to the order Onagraceje, and
putting our observations of the plants together, we were
able to identify it as Chdnnnieiium latifolitini, Spach
{=E pilohium latifoliviii , Ti.).
Among the first plants to arrest our attention was a
willow, one of only four species found in Iceland. It was
abundant everywhere on the heaths. It was the species
which in Britain is by far our rarest one. viz. : —
Salix lavdfa, L. Common everywhere on dry heaths and
rocky ground.
.S'o/;'.v phylici folia, L. In several places near streams.
Reported as " common both in the lowland and on the
slopes of the mountains."
Our common British Willows such as S. cinerea, S.
aurita, S. purpurea, S. repenx, kc.) are absent. The only
other British species recorded is Solix herbacea L. which
was observed in several places. Another willow occurs in
Iceland — Salix glanca, L., which is reported as " very
common," but was not seen. Two hybrid willows are also
recorded as having been found in various parts — .S'. ylauca
X phylici folia and .S'. herhacea x lanafrt.
Arcfof!taphyIo
Curlew, Golden Plover and Merlin.
Mr. William Jamieson submitted his list of first arrival
of Summer Birds in Clyde Area (Y. pgs. 140-141).
20th September, 1934.
Reports of excursions to Cardross and Corehouse were
read.
The following obituary notices were read: — ^Professor G.
F. Scott Eliott, by Miss Wanda Zamorska and by Dr. Elh's ;
John Main, by Dr. Whitehouse ; James Daly, by Mr. D. C.
Mcintosh.
Professor L. A. L. King delivered the first "Peter
Goodfellow " Lecture, taking as his subject a short history
of the Glasgow Microscopical Society (V. pg. 46-59) .
Mr. Joseph Watson exhibited some chromosomes under
the microscoi^e, also a grass snake from the Laurentian
mountains, Canada.
Mr. Geo. A. Campbell exhibited a specimen of Carboni-
cola acuta, and one of the Calamites.
9th October, 1934.
An obituary notice of Mr. A. W. Stewart was read by
Dr. Patton.
Mr. John E. Lee read a paper on " Jubula Hutchin-
sinsiae " (V. pg. 50-60).
Professor King, President, exhibited a specimen of the
Colorado Beetle and for comparison, one of the Lady Bird.
He also showed some insects destructive to trees and crops,
and a nest of the Leaf Cutter Bee.
107
13th November, 1934.
This meeting was devoted to a visit to the Botanv
Department of the Boyal Technical College, in which were
shown botanical teaching diagrams and living specimens.
Demonstrations of micro-slides were given through the
micro-projector.
Professor Ellis and his assistants were cordially thanked
for their courtesy and for the great trouble they had taken
to set out the exhibits in so interesting a manner.
11th December, 1934.
Obituary notices were read of Dr. Johnstone Macfie by
Mr. \Vm. Eussell, and of Mr. E. B. Johnstone by Rev.
Robert Barr.
Mr. John Williamson gave a lecture on " Wild Birds and
their nests."
Mr. James Richardson, F.E.E.S. read " Some notes in
the breeding of the Lesser House Fly."
Mr. William Eennie showed some botanical specimens
collected in the vicinity of Aberdeen, and Mr. William
McLean exhibited geological specimens.
8th January, 1935.
The first meeting of the fifth session was held, Professor
L. A. L. King, President, occupied the chair and 55
members were present.
The Photographic section gave the annual exhibition of
lantern slides.
Photomicrographs, Mr. John G. Cree ; Ornithological,
Mr. George W. MacAllister, M.A. ; Mountain Scenery, Miss
108
Barbara Macfarlane, M.A. ; Autochromes, Mr. Robert
McLean, M.A. ; Mr. J. R. Thomson showed some of the
M^ork of the late Mr. John Thomson and of the late Mr.
Wm. Baxter ; Norwegian Scenery, Mr. James Jack.
9th February, 1935.
The Annual Business Meeting took place. The usual
reports were read and approved.
Mr. J. R. Ijee raised the question of the late Peter
Goodfellow Bequest and it was agreed that the account in
connection with the same should be kept separate from the
General Account.
The following office-bearers were elected : — Vice-
President, Mr. John R. Lee ; Editor of Transactions, Mr.
George W. MacAllister, M.A. ; Members of Council, Rev.
David Preston, Messrs. Alex. Ross and George Campbell;
Convener of Publications Committee, Mr. George W.
MacAllister, M.A. ; The remaining office-bearers were
re-elected.
Mr. Wm. Rennie exhibited the flower of Aspidistra.
12th March, 1935.
Mr. Wm. Rennie read a paper on the Kenmure Rookery
(V. pg. 61-66).
Dr. Woodhouse Price showed the apparatus used in
photo-micrography and explained the operation. He also
showed a number of lantern slides of photo-micrographs of
sections of human tissue affected by disease.
109
ISth May, 1935.
Mr. James D. P. Graham, B.Sc, read a "A Census of
the Rookeries of Glasgow and the neighbourhood for 1935."
Editor's note: — It is hoped to have this fine paper
pubhshed in a hiter issue space being unavailable in this.
10th June, 1935.
The report of an excursion to Inchtavannach was read.
A communication was read from the Scottish Society for
the Protection of Wild Birds, drawing attention to the
ringing of birds by the German Bird Research Station at
Heligoland and Rossiter and asking that particulars of any
birds found with their rings attached should be sent at once
to the station named.
A letter from Mr. A. Hibbert Ware per Mr. Hugh Boyd
Watt relating to the Little Owl was also read as was a
communication requesting particulars about the occurrence
and habits of the Woodcock.
A list of the first arrivals of Summer Birds in the Clyde
area was submitted by Mr. Wm. Jamieson (V. pgs. 140-141) .
Mr. Richardson exhibited a House Spider which had
been kept in captivity since 15th April, 1933.
Mr. Jack exhibited "Rosa Arvensis " from Cumbernauld.
Mr. Carrie showed a siliceous fossil " Hemipneustus
radiatus " found by Mr. Wm. Prentice, 12 feet above high-
water mark at Crarae, Loch Fvne in 1934.
Professor King showed " Heterobostrychus (Sruuneus.'*
" Hylopertha picea " in Obechi timber from Lagos,
Pancheora viridis (Green Tree Cockroach) . Bombus
muscorum (Shetland Carder Bee). Ixodes ricinus (Sheep
tick) .
110
24th September, 1935.
An obituary notice of Rev. Wm. Steven, prej^ared by-
Rev. Robert Barr, was read by Professor L. A. L. King,
President.
A report of an excursion to Rottenburn Glen was also read.
Mr. James D. P. Graham read a paper on " Birds in
Shakespeare." He quoted many passages which showed
that the poet wrote from first hand knowledge and that he
had lived the life of a normal healthy country boy. In
other references, his knowledge had evidently been derived
from literature. There are 528 references to birds.
Heading the list numerically is the Turtle Dove with 47
references in 22 works, then come the Eagle with 38
references in 22 works, the Raven in 22, the Crow in 21,
the Owl in 19 and the Lark in 18. There are also references
to Domestic Species, e.g. the Goose, Fowl (Hen, Chicken,
etc.). Cock, (Cockerel, etc.), Turkey Cock and Guinea-
Fowl. Some of the most vivid poetic lines refer to Wildfowl
and to Wildgeese in particular.
Mr. Graham also read a paper on " Birds on Ailsa Craig
and on the Isle of Man."
Mr. A. G. Woodger exhibited the Spura Binocular
magnifiers per favour of Messrs. W. Watson & Sons, Ltd.
These fit on the nose like spectacles so that both hands are
free for manipulation.
Rev. David Preston exhibited the Teasel (Dipsacus
sylvestris) from Maxwell Park, Glasgow.
8tii October, 1935.
The report of an excursion to the Whangie was read.
The "Peter Goodf ellow " lecture was delivered by Mr.'
Peter Gray, B.Sc, Ph.D., Department of Zoology,
Ill
Edinburo;h University, on " Recent Advances in Monntins
Technique."
The lecturer divided his subject into the successive
operations of sh"de mounting. Collecting, he said, had made
few advances except for two invertebrate traps — an inkwell
trap for turbellaria and a coverslip trap for protozoa.
Among narcotics, " Stovaine " was useful as a cocaine
substitute, Cori's fluid as a general narcotic, Epsom salts
for marine forms and hydrogen peroxide for contractile
protozoa. Smith's fluid was the best general purpose
fixative known today, and as a substitute for expensive
absolute alcohol he warmly recommended ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether. Acetone was cheap but volatile and
shared with " Solvax " the disadvantage of not dissolving
aniline dyes. The lecture then briefly described his
"Rapid Technique" for the mounting of minute objects
and a system he had evolved for the preparation of many
fixatives from a few basal solutions ; a reprint containing
details of this was offered to the President for the Society's
library. Dr. Gray did not discuss complicated staining
techniques, on the ground that they were only of interest
to specialists, but advised Carrazzi's Glychaemalum both
for sections and whole mounts. For clearing the latter he
advised terpineol and warned members of the Society that
too much emphasis was to-day given to balsam mounts.
Fluid mounts were more realistic and the chief objection
to their preparation had been removed by the introduction
of lanolin-resin sealing compounds, which were applied hot
to the edges of the coverslip. For gelatine mounting he
advised arranging the object at the base of a convex drop
of mountant, allowing this to solidify and then pressing on
the coverslip with a heated cylinder of metal. In conclusion
he drew the attention of the meeting to gum chloral
112
mountants, such as Berlese and Imms, which permitted
living animals to be turned into mounts in one operation.
Questions. '
The President queried the lecturer's omission of Euparal
and inquired whether he knew a technique for the prepar-
ation of nematode worms. Dr. Gray replied that he
preferred to confine Euparal to cytological specimens and
advocated clearing delicate objects by evaporation from
weak dilutions of clove oil; Mayer's acid alcohol cochineal
was a useful stain in such circumstances. Miss Meikle
asked whether he could explain granulation in gum-chloral
mounts ; the lecturer suggested a lack of acetic acid in the
medium. Mr. Smith said that he had difficulty in
sealing liuid mounts and was advised to press the coverslip
down firmly with blotting paper and then to make a
temporary seal with Murrayite. Mr. Smith recommended
mounting in distilled water and sealing with Japan gold
size ; he had used the method with success for manv vears.
12th November, 1935.
Mr. Wm. Rennie read the report of his visit as represent-
ative to the Jubilee meeting of the Dublin Natural History
Society.
Mr. Carrie also gave an account of his visit to this
meeting.
Mr. Rennie exhibited some plants gathered in Ireland
and in the neighbourhood of Norwich.
Mr. James Richardson, F.R.E.S. read a paper on
" Biological Science and some of its problems in Britain
to-dav."
113
llTii December, 193o.
The President, Prof. L. A. L. King, intimated that a
letter had been received from Prof. Graham Kerr tendering
his resignation as a member on his election to Parliament
as Member for the Scottish Universities. The Council
decided to send him the congratulations of the Society and
to make him an Honorary Member.
The Jubilee Fund now amounted to £18 7s. 6d.
Professor J. Walton, M.A., D.Sc, delivered a lecture on
"The Lower Carboniferous Flora of the Kilpatrick Hills,
Dumbartonshire. ' '
He gave an account of the fossil plants which had been
discovered in the inter-trappean beds in the Kilpatrick Hills.
Some years ago Mr. Eobert Brown had discovered well
preserved fossil plants in nodules which he had dug out
of the stratified volcanic ash beds above Bowling. Mr.
Brown informed Professor Walton of his discovery and
together they had quarried out additional material in
Glenarbuck above Bowling and in the neighbourhood of
Loch Humphrey Burn.
These fossiliferous beds were recognised to belong to the
Cementstone Group of the Calciferous Sandstone Series,
judging from the nature of the fossils. Among the petrified
plant remains the following species had been identified: —
Botryopteris antiqua, Etapteris tubicaulis, Metaclepsy-
dropsis duplex, Lepidodendron sp. Stigmaria, Protocalamites
sp. Lyginorachis Taitiana, Lyginorachis Brownii, Calathiops
scotica M.S., Calathiops spp. and several other fructifi-
cations of various types.
Among the compressions the following types had been
identified: — Alcicomopteris convoluta, Ehacopteris robusta
F
114
B. inaequilatera, Aneimites acadia, Spathulopteris obovata,
Sphenopteridium sp., Sphenopteris spp., etc.
To these lists must be added Bilignea resinosa, B. solida,
Calamopitys radiata, petrified stems, which had previously
been recorded by Kidston.
After the lecture Mr. Robert Brown gave a demonstration
of the technical methods used in sectioning and examining
the fossils exhibited and described by Professor Walton.
He pointed out that the peel method of preparing sections
of fossil plants was devised some years ago by Professor
"Walton in collaboration with Dr. G. Koopmans of Utrecht.
It is invaluable to the amateur palaeo-botanist, who is not
usually fitted with the necessary tools of the lapidary for
rock sectioning. Sections of petrifactions can be made by
this method, which are quite equal to petrological slides
made by the lapidary and they cost much less. The sections
from the petrifactions from Glenarbuck were made by the
following method. The petrifaction, which was exhibited,
was ground in the plane in which the section was desired
by rubbing on a glass plate with various grades of carbor-
undum powder until a smooth surface was obtained. This
surface was then immersed in a bath of etching solution
of Hydrochloric acid for a limited period. The petrifaction
shewn was immersed for two minutes in a solution of one
part of Hydrochloric acid in sixty parts of water. The acid
dissolved a film of the ground surface and etched out the
plant remains, which then stood out in relief. The petri-
faction was then washed carefully in water, protected from
dust and dried slowly. A solution of equal parts of
tetrachlorethane and acetone was prepared and used as a
solvent to make a solution of cellulose acetate, which had
the consistency of syrup. Over the etched surface of
115
petrifaction there was poured first the liquid solution of
tetrachlorethane and acetone to prevent the formation of
air bubbles and the solution was applied to the surface. The
petrifaction was then laid aside to dry and hardeii slowly.
A tough film or peel was thus formed and when this was
quite hard was pulled off, which can be done easily as these
peels have considerable tensile strength. The plant remains,
wliich were etched out by the Hydrochloric acid are thus
lifted from the surface of the petrifaction and embedded
in the film or peel. A peel prepared in this way is then
washed in Hydrochloric acid and afterwards in water
(sometimes in Hydrofluoric acid to dissolve shale and clay
grains in the tissue) . It is then dried thoroughly and
immersed in Xylol to clear. The peel naay contain a variety
of plant remains and if it is desired to make a micro-slide
of a particular part, as the peel is quite tough and unbreak-
able, the part can be cut out with scissors and mounted
in Canada balsam in Xylol on a slide, under a cover glass.
Thinner sections can be made by this method than by the
petrological method and by successive rubbings of the
surface of the petrifaction with very fine carborundum
powder serial sections equal to those made from fresh
material by the microtone can be obtained. Other solutions
than that described here have been used by Professor
Walton, for instance Gelatine peels have been used in the
preparation of very large sections. A large section of a
fossil tree from Arran prepared by Professor Walton is
exhibited in the Hunterian Museum.
14th J.\xuary, 1936.
The first meeting of the sixth session was held.
An exhibition of lantern slides was given by members of
116
the Photographic Section, Mr. George W. MacAJlister,
M.A., and Mr. T. Thornton MacKeith showing Ornitho-
logical studies.
Mr. James Kirkwood read a paper on "Natural History
of Table Mountain, Soutli Africa," illustrated by lantern
slides.
11th February, 1936.
The Annual Business Meeting was held under the
Presidency of Professor L. A. L. King.
The Council's report was read and other reports were
submitted and adopted. These were from the Librarian,
the Treasurer, the Conveners of the various Sections, from
the Delegate to the British Association and from the
Eepresentative to the Scottish Marine Biological Association.
The following office-bearers were elected: — Vice-President,
Mr. George Lunam ; Treasurer, Mr. George Carrie ;
Secretaries, Messrs. Anderson and Jamieson ; Librarians,
Messrs. Kennie and J. D. P. Graham ; Members of Council,
Messrs. Wm. Eussell, Hugh Aitken and Robert McLean,
M.A. ; Conveners of Sections: — Botanical, Mr. John
McQueen ; Microscopical, Mr. Woodger ; Entomological,
Mr. Thomas Eussell ; Geological, Mr. Wm. McLean ;
Ornithological, Mr. James D. P. Graham ; Zoological, Mr.
James Bartholomew ; Photographical, Mr. J. D. Leslie ;
Publications,, Mr. George W. MacAllister, M.A. ; Delegate
to British Association, Mrs. Peter Ewing; Eepresentative to
Scottish Marine Biological Association, Mr. J. G. Connell.
The trustees were re-elected and Mr. Donald Dewar and
Mr. Wood, C.A., were elected auditors.
117
•22xD February, 1936.
A meeting to celebrate the Jubilee of the Andersonian
Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of
Glasgow was held in the Eoyal Technical College. An
informal reception of representatives from kindred societies,
guests and members, first took place. The following
Societies were represented: — Dumfriesshire Naturalists,
Paisley Naturalists, Greenock Philosophical Society (Natural
History Section), Kilmarnock Glenfiold Ramblers, Hamilton
Natural History Society, Ayr District Field Club, Buteshire
Natural History Society, Royal Philosophical Society
(Biological Section), Glasgow Geological Society, Scottish
Marine Biological Association, Scottish Aquarivim Society,
Scottish Society for the Protection of \Yild Birds, Workers'
Educational Association, Andersonian Chemists, Royal
Technical College Scientific Society, Astronomical Society
of Glasgow, Kelvingrove Museum, Qu&ett Microscoj^ical
Club, London, Royal Microscopical Society.
The meeting was thereafter .iddressed by Prof. L. A. L.
King, President, who gave a short historical account of the
Microscopical Society of Glasgow.
Sir Arthur J. C. Huddleston, C.M.G., O.B.E., Director
of the Royal Technical College, spoke of the development
of the College by the amalgamation of the Andersonian
University with other technical schools.
Addresses were given by Sir Robert Wilson, and Emeritus
Prof. Graham Kerr.
Mr. Watson gave some reminiscences of the early days
of the Microscopical Society.
Mr. John R. Lee related the story of the foundation
of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, illustrating this
by a display of lantern slides.
118
Thereafter tea was served and an exhibition relating to
the work of the various sections was held.
10th March, 1936.
An obituary notice of jMr. Andrew Barclay, M.B.E.,
F.E.I.S.. was read by Mr. Alexander Eoss.
Mr. John E. Lee read a paper on the "Leaf Structure
of Polytrichum." He said that the species of Polytrichum
of which ten or eleven are recognised as British are amongst
the most familiar mosses in our Flora. One or two rank
amongst the largest of the class and all are of a robust
habit and appearance which render them conspicuous and
easily recognised. Automatically, the order Polytrichaceae
of which Polytrichum is the type genus, is the most highly
developed group of the Bryophyta and as it is in the
bryophtes alone that the sexual generation or gametophyte
ever becomes differentiated to any extent as an elaborated
plant structure, it may be said that the group and especially
the genus Polytrichum presents us with the most highly
organised known form of the gametophytes. The lecturer
described the stem structure and leaf anatomy which mark
oS the genus and its allies from the great majority of the
true mosses.
The British species, eleven in all, may be quite naturally
arranged according to leaf structure in five groups.
(1) P. aloides, P. nanvmi.
(2) P. urnigerum, P. alpinum.
(3) P. sexangulare.
(4) P. gracile, P. formosum, P. commune.
(5) P. juniperinuni, P. strictuni, P. piliferum.
The different characteristics of all the above were
described.
119
In explanation of the curious leaf structure, one or two
physiological considerations were discussed. All mosses,
from the peculiar nature of their structure and habit were
liable to be endangered by a drying-up process. The total
absence of a true root system and anything in the way of
protective cortical tissue expose them to this danger from
the loss of water and correspondingly one finds in the
bryophytes a number of simple contrivances to meet this,
liability. Shrinkage of the leaf tissue and various modes;
of curling and twisting of the leaves are amongst the
commonest of such arrangements.
On the other hand, there is the dominant need for light
and air, access to which for purposes of assimilation is the
primary reason for the elaboration of stem and leaf. In
some adaptation to meet the need for an optimum amount
of illumination and an adequate surface exposure while
securing the plant against excessive desiccation, we may
probably find the reason for the elaboration of the leaf
structure in the Polvtrichaceae.
11th May, 1936.
The report of an excursion to the Gareloch was read.
Botanical exhibits comprising a large number of plants in
flower were shown. Mr. John R. Lee described the leaf
buds of several trees.
loTii June, 1936.
The President, Prof. L. A. L. King referred to the loss
sustained bv the death of Mr. John Cairns.
120
Mr. William Rennie intimated his resignation as
Librarian for reasons of health. Appreciation of services
rendered by Mr. Rennie was fittingly expressed by the
President.
Mr. Wm. Jamieson submitted a list of first arrival of
Summer Birds in 1936 (V. pgs. 140-141).
Mr. Hugh Boyd Watt contributed "Notes on the Wild
Goat in Scotland." He traced the history of the goat from
the time it was introduced by man as a " utility " animal.
Apparently it proved to be of little use and seems to have
been allowed to run wild. In many parts of the world
domesticated goats have reverted to a wild or semi -wild
state as at Bagofs Park, Staffordshire, the Hebrides,
Wales, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Ascension, St.
Helena and Juan Fernandez. The lecturer dealt with the
various localities in Scotland in which the wild goat has
been recorded: — Sutherland, Invernessshire, Perthshire, the
West Highlands, the Hebrides, Mull of Kintyre, Davaar,
Ailsa Craig, Holy Isle and Bute. In the South of Scotland
there were records from the neighbourhood of St. Mary's
Loch, Moffat and Cumloden, while Glenapp and Cairnhanon
■at one time harboured goats. Information as to the present
status is wanting. Galloway goats have been vaguely heard
oi but without particulars.
22nd September, 1936.
Mr. R. Gregory Absolom, M.Se., Ph.D., read a paper on
"Floral Zones in the Scottish Coal Measures." Just prior
to the war Continental geologists succeeded in establishing
a series of zones based upon assemblages of fossil plants,
by which the various horizons in the coalfields could be
correlated.
121
Recently Dr. E. Dix was able to trace the presence of
these zones in the South Wales Coalfield and draw up a
fairly complete list of the flora succession in the British
Coal Measures.
Fossil plants have been collected from various horizons
and localities in the main Scottish Coalfields and the
presence of the majority of these zones has been established.
The most important point emerging is that the boundary
Ijetween the two lowest zones C and D (Lanarkian and
Yorkian) appears to occiu' at the base of the Drumgray
Coals and their equivalents in the various coalfields. The
transition from Flora D to E appears to be determined by
the barren interval which in every coalfield separates the
coal-seams into a lower and upper workable series. During
this period there was a near approach to marine conditions
and a new flora had evolved on the resumption of swampy
conditions.
Thus it is now possible to link up the Scottish Coal
Measures with those of Yorkshire and Lancashire, South
Wales and the Continent.
13th October, 1936.
Mr. John E. Lee referred to the death of Professor
Edward Prince, B.A., F.L.S.
Reports of excursion to Tillicoultry, Tinto, Buchlyvie and
the Holy Isle w^ere read.
The report on the fungus forays was also read.
Mr. Wm. Russell read a paper on the Peacock Butterfly,
noting particularly certain occurrences in the South and
West of Scotland.
122
Mr. A. McLaiichlin explained his methods of rearing and
feeding butterflies and moths, and exhibited mounted
specimens.
Other exhibits were the Oleander Hawk Moth sent by
Mr. Archibald Shanks and a wasp's nest built into a bird's
nest by Mr. John G. Cree.
Gramophone records of Songs of Wild Birds by E. M.
Nicholson and Ludwig Koch were played by Mr. James
Anderson.
10th November, 1936.
Prof. L. A. L. King, who was in the chair, stated that
he had received an invitation from the Quikett Microscopical
Club, London, to send a representative and an exhibit to
their conversazione, held on October, 13th 1936. There
being no time to arrange for the attendance of a represent-
ative, some microscopical slides were sent as the Society's
contribution.
Mr. John R. Lee read a paper entitled "Botanical Notes
of a short visit to Iceland" (V. pg. 67-84).
Mr. Rennie exhibited specimens of plants gathered by
him while at Blackpool for the meetings of the British
Association.
8th December, 1936.
Mr. James Gillespie, B.Sc, delivered the " Goodf ellow "
Lecture. His subject was "The Plant Cell in Health and
Disease." (V. pg. 85-99).
1-23
IN MEMORIAM.
1933—1936.
(From a Notice by Mr. Alexander Ross).
James J. F. X. King, F.E.S. was a native of Glasgow
and received his early education in its schools. On leaving
school, he enrolled in the Glasgow School of Art where he
obtained distinction in various classes. He was particularly
sucessful in the design section in which one of his works
obtained the National Gold Medal of the Department of
Science and Art in London and was shown in exhibitions
both at home and abroad.
After being employed for some time as a designer in
the Saracen Foundry, Possilpark, he returned to the School
of Art as one of the teaching staff. There he remained,
latterly as librarian, till his retirement.
His true interest, however, — it was more than a hobby —
lay outside his professional duties. In order to get into
touch with authorities on the subject of insect life, he
became a member of the Natural History Society of
Glasgow, in 1872 when he was about 16 years of age.
Eighteen years later, in 1890, he joined the Andersonian
Naturalists' Society. In both societies, he was throughout
an active member and held various offices in their councils.
His studies embraced all forms of the Inseeta but he
specialised in Neuroptera. Mr. King's collection of insects
was famous not only in this country but throughout
Europe. Some years before his death he gifted his
cabinets and duplicate specimens to the University of
Glasgow. They are said to contain about half a million
insects of all orders. By his will he gifted to the
University his entomological library. These gifts form a
124
fitting monument to Mr. King's memory, for in them is
valuable material for the teaching of Entomology, the
importance of which is now generally recognised.
Whether in his professional labours or in his hobbies Mr.
King took his work earnestly and into it put his whole heart.
He possessed a fund of quiet humour and though in
repartee he could at times be sarcastic, he was always an
agreeable companion.
To the end of his life he remained what he had been
throughout it — a keen student.
(From a Notice by Mrs. Ewing) .
Peter Goodfellow was born in the Mile-End district of
Glasgow in 1857. At the time of his retiral over twenty
years ago he was Foreign Correspondent to the firm of
Peter Mackintosh, Stockw^ell Street. He joined the
Microscopical Society in 1886 and was twice Secretary,
■first from 1892 till 1895, and again in 1904.
One of the old order of field naturalists, he was yet highly
appreciative of the modern scientific methods of investigat-
ion and while the microscope was his favourite study, he
took a keen interest in all branches of Natural Science. He
made frequent exhibits, giving short descriptive notes.
Only one complete paper can be traced, one given in 1902,
on "The Microscope as an Optical Instrument." In
recognition of his work, the Microscopical Society of
Glasgow made him an Honorary Member when on his
retiral in 1913, he removed to Helensburgh. There he
soon found a sympathetic sphere, becoming one of the
fourteen original members of the Natural History Society
of Dunbartonshire, of which he was elected Vice-President.
His list of contributions to the society was a lengthy one.
125
Whether he chose for his subject "The Growth of a Tree"
or simply " A Leaf" he made it the peg on which to hang
an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, selected with
no little skill and discrimination. One of his best papers
was "The Role of the Microscope in Human Life."
He was a man who hid behind a retiring and diffident
disposition, a personality at once intense and genial with
more than a trace of quiet Scottish Humour.
His enthusiasm for natural science he retained up to his
death and by his will he bequeathed to the Society the
sum of One Hundred l*ounds (fi'ee of legacy duty) .
(From a Notice by ]\Ir. J. D. Leslie) .
James Robson was a native of Aberdeenshire and like
many other Scotsmen was of a quiet disposition, not given
to making himself prominent. He was not long in the
Society however, before his genial manner and obliging
disposition made him very popular with all the inembers.
Being in the Excise, he had to move from one district to
another in the execution of his duties and in this way
acquired much information regarding outlying country
places, which information was always at the disposal of
memibers contemplating a holiday off tlie beaten track.
For a number of years, Mr. Robson acted as Librarian
of the Microscopical Society and during his period of
office he overhauled the books and re-catalogued them.
On his removal to London, he retained' his interest in
microscopy and did good work as a member of the Qufl^ett
Microscopical Club.
Mr. Robson was also a great lover of Highland Music
and for many vears acted as Secretary to the Caledonian
126
Eeel and Strathspey Society of which he afterwards
became President. He was then instrumental in bringing
much pleasure into the lives of others and the great
enthusiasm of the audiences at the concerts showed how
much his work was appreciated.
(From a Notice by Mr. John R. Lee).
Dr. James Dunlop died at Durban, Natal, while on his
way home from a visit to his son in Hong Kong.
As a medical man, Dr. Dunlop was well-known and
greatly respected in the city, where for over forty years he
had practised in Dennistoun district. As a youth, he had
entered an architect's ofhce, with apparently no clear idea as
to his future. Along with a companion, he attended the
popular classes in anatomy and physiology in the old
Andersonian College, the predecessor, on the same site, of
the Royal Technical College. The two young men became
so interested in their studies that both determined to
devote themselves to medicine, and entered the University
for that purpose. Graduating in 1886, with honours in
surgery, Dr. Dunlop was for a time a resident physician
in the Western Infirmary, and afterwards a senior assistant
in the Royal Infirmary.
Always keenly interested in everything pertaining to the
life and welfare of the community in which he laboured,
the Doctor was asked to allow himself to be put forward as
a candidate for the representation of Dennistoun ward on
the City Council ; and in 1920 he was elected, and served
for eleven years, during which time he gave much attention
to the Health Committee of the Corporation. He was
made a Bailie in 1929.
127
A native of Catrine, Dr. Dunlop was always proud of
his Ayrshire counection, and took a great interest in the
traditions of that county. He had an extensive and intimate
knowledge of its topography, history, and folk-lore, and was
fond of telling stories and recounting incidents connected
with the life, past and present, of his native country-side.
He joined the membership of the Andersonian Natura-
lists' Society in 1926, and took an active part in its
activities from the start. He had always been much
interested in Natural History subjects, and often expressed
regret that his engagements as a medical man had left him
so little leisure to devote to the study of other things. His
special interests were botany and ornithology, but he could
nevertheless be said to be an all-round naturalist, and his
love for all created things became soon apparent to those
with whom he was associated. In our excursions he
showed himself a keen observer, and an enthusiastic field
worker. His was a bright, genial personality, and to those
most intimate with him he was ever a delightful companion,
and a sympathetic, warm personal friend.
(From a Notice by Mr. William Jamieson) .
Harry Grant Gumming, who died on the 25th September,
1933, was a native of Grantown-on-Spey and was educated
at the Grammar School there. He came to Glasgow in
1892 when he entered Skerry's College to prepare for the
examination for the Excise Department of the Civil
Service. Changing his mind, however, he specialised in
Bookkeeping and in 1894 was appointed teacher of the
subject in Skerry's College.
In 1907, he joined the Andersonian Naturalists' Society
and in 1911 he became secretarv, continuing in that office
128
until his retiral and withdrawal from Glasgow in 1926 by
reason of ill-health.
Although interested mainly in Botany, Mr. Gumming
had a good knowledge of Ornithology and Geology.
His contributions to the Society included " Some
flowering plants of Strathspey," and "Occurrence of the
Garganey in the Clyde Area."
Unassuming and modest by nature, he carried out bis
duties cheerfully and efficiently. Always eager to learn, he
was equally willing to teach, endearing himself to all who
knew him.
(From a Notice by Professor Ellis).
Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot was intimately associated with
this Society and interested in it long after he had left
Glasgow.
Scott Elliot belonged to a class of botanists which under
the advances of mechanical aids to travel is getting rarer
as the years advance. He was one of a band of
adventurers — using this term in its best sense — which
greatly enhanced British prestige in the latter part of the
last century by penetrating into the wild of uncivilized or
half civilized countries in the interests of Biology. After
graduating in Edinburgh and in Cambridge he straightway
travelled to South Africa, and miade valuable observations
on the fertilisation of flowers, and collected plants which
at that time were unknown or but little known to Science.
Later he travelled with an expedition into the wilds of
Tripoli and penetrated as far as the Second Cataract in
Egypt. He accomipanied the French and English Delimit-
ation Commission on the Sierra Leone Boundary ; and later
went on an expedition to Uganda, assisted by funds from
129
the Royal Geographical Society. It was after this period
that Glasgow got the benefit of the services of this ardent
spirit. From 1896 till 1904, he was lecturer in Botany at
the Royal Technical College, then known as the Glasgow
and West of Scotland Technical College, and in addition
he lectured in the same subject at the Glasgow Veterinary
College.
During this period whilst his contributions to the actual
advancement of knowledge were small, he fulfilled a
difiicult role in presenting the facts of Science to succeeding
classes of teachers in training whose knowledge of Botany was
small, and whose interest in the subject in most cases was
smaller still. He received a far greater meed of appreciation
from the members of the three Biological Societies of Glasgow
which had not then been amalgamated. By them, his
culture, his great experience as a traveller and his botanical
lore were hailed as great gifts and warmly appreciated.
His works during this period, and indeed, subsequently bore
the impression of a man who wished to make Botany a
vehicle for culture rather than for the conveyance of facts,
although, of course, the facts were not ignored. Among;
his works were: — "Naturalist in Mid-Africa," "Romance
of Early British Life," "Romance of Plant Life,"
"Botany of To-day," "Chile, its History, Development
and Natural Features," "The Flora of Dumfriesshire,"
"The Wonders of Plant Life."
After leaving Glasgow Mr. Scott Elliot began his travels
once again for a while and visited South America, but
showed signs of greater attachment to his native soil, for
we find him president of Dumfries and Galloway Natural
History and Antiquarian Society ; chairman of directors of
Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary ; and a member
of Terregles School Board. These activities were inter-
G
130
rupted by the War. Characteristically he offered his
services although well over the age limit, and finished up in
Egypt in 1917, with the award of the Order of the Nile.
It may be well to recall that his last visit to Glasgow was
on December 13th, 1932, for the purpose of reading a paper
on " Vaccinium myrtillus " to the members of this Society.
Shortly after this visit he was taken ill and operated on in
a Dumfries Nursing Home. It is pleasant to recall that
during his subsequent illness he expressed a wish to leave
books to this Society which he thought would be useful to
its members.
"With the death of Mr. Scott Elliot the country loses one
of those fervent souls, who ever strive to put their services
at the disposal of the community, without thought of
personal gain, or financial emolument. It is of such that
the greatness of the British Empire is built.
(From a Notice by the late Dr. Henrv Whitehouse).
Mr. John Main, M.B.E., F.G.S., F.E.I.S., was a
cheerful, happy, and most useful member of the community
of Partick and Greater Glasgow. Many will recall the
enthusiasm, love and regard which he inspired, some 40
years ago, in a very large evening class in Albert Eoad
Academy, Pollokshields. He was indeed guide, philosopher
and friend. Mr. Main lost no opportunity of lecturing
during many years to a large proportion of the community
on Natural History and Science, enlightened by Lantern
Lectures, Field Demonstrations, and visits to Astronomical
Observations and Museums.
He introduced many of the students to the Andersonian
Naturalists' Society and to the Astronomical Society. A
characteristic feature of the man is shown by the fact that
131
he never failed in the carrying out of a programme of
lectures or out-door excursions, never missed a train, never
disapix)inted a party.
This Society was indebted to him for many specimens of
great interest from far and near.
(From a Notice by Mr. Doxald C. McIxtosh) .
James Daly was born in 1878. On leaving school, he
entered the Post Office where he remained till the date of
his death. He had looked forward to the time when he
would be free to roam his beloved country-side, the Blane
Valley, without a thought of hurrying home on a summer
day to take up late attendance.
In 1928 he was elected to the Council of the Andersonian
Naturalists' Society, on which he served for two years, and
in the last years of the Society's separate existence he was
one of its Vice-Presidents.
Throughout the yeai's of his membership he was respons-
ible for a considerable increase in the membership, particu-
larly in 1926 when it had been found necessary to revise
somewhat drastically the membership roll.
It is perhaps for his connection with the Workers'
Educational Association that he will best be remembered.
At the time of his death he was in his third year of Chair-
manship of the Glasgow Branch. For many years he was
also responsible for the free Saturday afternoon lectures at
the University, and he had been since its inception a
member of the Glasgow University Extra Mural Education
Committee. While making no pretensions to scientific
attainment in any department of Natural History, he took
a keen interest in all the work of the Society, his special
leaning being to Botany. He was deeply interested in all
132
Youtli Movements and was often to be found at Auehen-
gillan Camp, surrounded by a group of eager Boy Scouts
listening to his instructions on the flowers of the district.
He was a member of the Youth Hostel Association and
never lost an opportunity of emphasising the value of
membership.
To our excursions, he invariably brought a book to be
passed round the company. In one of these, "Wind in the
Willows," he had specially marked these words, "For the
youthful and all those who wish to keep alive in them the
spirit of youth."
In private life he was a pleasant con:ipanion, a valuable
friend, with great force of character, yet modest and
courteous. His conversational powers were enhanced by a
keen sense of humour. In everything sincere and honour-
able, with a high sense of duty, he made his life a busy and
a useful one. Only his work now remains to remind us of
one of such genial presence and such sterling worth.
(From a Notice by Dr. Patton).
Alexander W. Stewart died on June the loth, 1934.
Although not a specialist in any one particular science, Mr.
Stewart was keenly interested in Natural History in all its
branches, and chiefly in the application of the Natural
Sciences to Topography. He was an ardent lover of
Scottish scenery and it was whilst on holiday in his beloved
Speyside that the end came. The records of Scottish
scenery are enriched by the pen of Mr. A. W. Stewart. By
the " Guides " which he compiled and b}' his numerous
articles descriptive of Highlands and Lowlands he has
13B
brought home to many, not only the beauties of Scotland
but also the urchiTological and general historic interest of
the places he knew so well. The Andersonian Naturalists,
and later the members of the Amalgamated Societies
benefitted from his travels.
Although Mr. Alexander W. Stewart did not contribute
to the published transactions of the Society, and although
he did not take any foremost part in the deliberations at
the meetings, his influence upon the members with whom
he came in contact was very great. He had a strong
personality ; and when he did voice his opinion at a
meeting it was always respected, for his advice was sound
and his judgment unbiased. His interests were wide; but
he always found time when not on his travels to attend the
meetings of the Society. During the many years that he
was a member he always occupied the same place in the
lecture room. We seem to look for him yet in his
accustomed chair.
But it was through his son that Mr. Alexander Stewart's
greatest work for the Society was manifest. They were
really one. Mr. Edward Stewart has inherited his father's
love for Nature and it was through the son that the father
did most of his practical work for the advancement of
Natural Science in our societies. This was not confined
to work in the field, but — a very important matter — was
seen in the editing of the Society's Transactions — a work
in which the father was an expert.
Mr. Alexander Stewart was always ready to put his wide
knowledge of his native land at the disposal of the
members ; and the kind and genial manner with which he
imparted it, made it all the more appreciated. We respect
his memorv. He was a true Andersonian and a Naturalist.
134
(From a Notice by Mr. William Eussell).
Dr. Johnstone Macfie who died on Wednesday 7th
November was a Life Member of the Natural History
Society of Glasgow and therefore of this Society. He was
the elder surviving son of Mr. Eobert Macfie, of Airds
and Oban.
He practised in Glasgow for a considerable number of
years and was well-known as an Ear and Eye Specialist.
On the death of his father he retired in 1900 and had since
resided at Langhouse, Inverkip. Unfortunately Dr. Macfie
was early afflicted with deafness and latterly became
completely deaf. He was a nature lover, and although it
is not known that he ever interested himself in any particu-
lar branch of natural history, it is known that he was
very fond of animals. He was particularly devoted to his
dogs of which he had always one or two. A confirmed
bachelor, he was often asked why he did not get married
and have a family on which to lavish his affection instead
of his dogs. His reply was that his dogs were better than
any family "They were just as loving and a great deal
more obedient."
To anyone who met him he was a very kindly old man
with a happy smile for everyone and the Society has lost
a member who, whilst little known to other members, was
interested in the work of the Society and an oddly
generous subscriber to the funds.
(From a Notice by Rev. R. Barr).
Mr. R. B. Johnstone who died in 1934 was born in
Australia in 1856, and came to England in 1863. Joining
the Andersonian Naturalists' Societv about 1894, he was
135
Honorary Secretary from 1899 to 1913, Vice-President in
1914 and 1915, and President in 1917 and 1918.
While interested in various departments of Natural
History, he concentrated his attention on Mycology :
devoting himself at first to the study of the larger Fungi,
and latterly, to that of the Pyrenomycetes, Busts, Smuts,
and Mildews.
He was in charge of our Fungus Forays for many years,
and furnished many annual reports. At the Forays he took
infinite pains in describing the characteristics of any
specimen brought to him for identification.
He collated the material for the Gastromycetes, for the
volume of the " Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area " in
connection with the visit of the British Association to
Glasgow in 1901. He also arranged the list of the larger
Fungi in the card index, bringing it up-to-date, in connection
with the Britisli Association's visit to Glasgow in 1928.
An enthusiastic member of tlie Cryptogamic Society of
Scotland, he served as their Treasurer for many years, and
during that time he prepared for publication the lists of
fungi gathered at their annual Conferences.
Mr. Johnstone willingly gave his assistance in the Photo-
graphic work of our Society; and, on several occasions, he
showed slides at the annual January exhibition. One of
the last occasions on which he addressed the Society was
on 8th November, 1932, when he exhibited specimens of
Polyporus Sehweinitzii and Bertia Moriformis. These had
been gathered at Benmore during the Conference of the
Cryptogamic Society of Scotland in the autumn of that year.
No one ever wearied in his company ; for he was a
delightful conversationist and raconteur. His presence and
helpfulness will be greatly missed by our members, and
especially by mycological members.
136
(From a Notice by Rev. R. Bark).
The Rev. William M. Steven died on 26th June, 1935.
Born at Renfrew on 3rd March, 1873, he received his early
education at the Blythswood Testimonial School in that
town. He afterwards became a student of the University
of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A., and B.D.
In 1902 he was ordained to the Parish of Possilpark,
from which, owing to failing health, he retired in 1933.
Mr. Steven found his chief recreation in the study of
Botany. To the mycological branch of that science he
specially devoted himself. While he was an expert in the
larger fungi, he was latterly engaged in the study of the
microfungi — ^the mildews, rusts, and smuts.
Among his fellow-mycologists he was recognised as an
authority on the Discomycetes.
Accomplished in the use of camera and microscope, and
an adept in the preparation of lantern and microscope
slides, he was ever ready to advise and help those who
were interested in these technicalities. Occasionally he
exhibited marine life and botanical slides at the January
meeting of the Andersonian Society. He was well versed
in the plants of Fossil Marsh where, from time to time, he
acted as guide to botanic parties.
For several years Mr. Steven was an active member of
the Cryptogamic Society of Scotland, rendering yeoman
service in assisting to compile, and in revising, the list of
finds at the annual three days' conference of that Society.
To all kinds of people he was easily approachable, always
affable, obliging, and helpful. His friendship and helpful-
ness will be greatly missed by his friends, and especially
by those who attend the autumn forays of our Society.
137
(From a Notice by Mr. Alexander Ross) .
Andrew Barclay, M.B.E., J.P., F.E.I.S. was one of the
very energetic members of this Society.
Though born in Bothwell Parish Mr. Barclay spent his
hfe in Maryhill, and for him Maryhill was the centre of the
earth. He was educated there in Eastpark School from
which he entered the Free Church Training College. On
leaving this, he became an assistant teacher in Possilpark
School. From this school he returned to Eastpark where
he was second master for eleven years. He left this to
become Headmaster of Possilpark School, and some years
after the anaalgamation of the Maryhill and Glasgow School
Boards he was transferred as Head Master of Abbotsford
Public School.
An unfortunate accident caused his retirement from this
charge. After a period of rest however he became as active
as ever, and took an immense interest in the affairs of all
the Societies of which ho was a member.
He held the office of President of the Natural History
Society of Glasgow for three years, was on the executive of
the Millport Marine Biological Association for many years
and was on the Council of the Andersonian Naturalists'
Society.
Apart from these intersts he took an active part in
educational affairs, and was elected member of the
Education Authority of Glasgow, a position which he held
till the Corporation took over the duty of attending to the
education of the young.
He was greatly interested in the "War Savings movement,
and lectured widely to school pupils. For his work on the
movement he was rewarded bv beinu made a Member of
138
the British Empire. In addition to this he engaged actively
in tlie work of the Conmninity Service Coinicil, and he
ap])roac]ied tliis society to help in organising excursions for
the unemployed in the Maryhill District. He was success-
ful in see\u*ing plots in Maryliill for many of these.
His principal recreation M'as Bowling in which game his
proficiency was such that he held a place in one of tlic
matches between Scotland and England.
Mr. Barclay had a good general knowledge of Natural
History but he rlevoted himself mainly to tlie lower forms
of Zoology.
He lectured often to the Natural History Society of
Glasgow and to the Andersonian Naturalists" Society, and
his lectures were always listened to with great enjoyment.
Much of his time was devoted to studying the life history
of Amoeba, and he brought the results of his researches
before the Society. Unfortunately the lecture, and the fine
drawings with which it was illustrated have not been
published.
He was a cheery and genial companion, and made many
an excursion pleasant by his humorous stories, of which he
had a great fund.
(From a Notice by Mr. Hugh Bovd Watt).
Professor Edward Ernest Prince, former Dominion
Commissioner of Fisheries, died at Ottawa, at the age of 78.
Professor Prince, who was a native of Leeds, Yorkshire,
occupied an eminent position in the field of marine and
fisheries research for many years both in the United
Kingdom and Canada,
l3U
He was Senior Assistant of Zoology at Edinburgli
University in 1884, and Naturalist at the Marine Laboratory
at St. Andrews in the following year.
He was President of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society
about 1900-190'2 while he was Professor of Zoology in St.
Mungo's College, Glasgow.
There is a paper by him in Vol. II. of the "Annals" of
the A.N.S. on "Curious Protective Features in the Young
of Vertebrates," pp. 110-17, read on 6th April, 1892.
Those who knew him have happy memories of a likeable
and enthusiastic personality.
1. Lesser Black-backed Gull
2. Wheatear ...
3. White Wagtail
4. Common Sandpiper
5. Swallow
6. Sand Martin
7. Ring Ousel ...
8. Grasshopper Warbler
9. Cuckoo
10. Willow Warbler ..
11. Greenland Wheateai
12. Whinchat
13. Corncrake ...
14. Common Whitethroat
15. Chiffchaff ...
16. Tree Pipit
17. House Martin
18. Common Tern
19. Redstart
20. Sedge Warbler
21. Wood Warbler
22. Yellow Wagtail
23. Swift
24. Garden Warbler
25. Nightjar
26. Spotted Flycatcher
0
RETURN OF SUMMER BIRDS Ti
Compiled b
1934.
Dec.
26, 1933,
Doonfoot
Marc
h 26, 1934,
Milngavie
April
do.
1
7,
do.
1st Week in
A pi
. Fossil Marsh
Apri
12,
Cambuslang
))
14,
Largs district
)»
14,
Howwood
))
14,
do.
J)
16,
Helensburgh
))
18,
Kilmacolm
'»
22
Helensburgh
))
22
Kilmacolm
>>
23,
do.
)i
29,
Helensburgh
))
29,
Arrochar
>>
29,
Helensburgh
,,
30,
Mount Si uart, Bi
May
2
Helensburgh
>i
2
Fossil Marsh
))
3,
Helensburgh
>)
7,
Summerston !
"
7,
do.
i )i
8,
Helensburgh
N.K.
winds
and
snow were prevalei
during the
migration period.
Ofth
e 2i species,
8 were earlier, 15 late
and 1 on tlie same date as for last year.
As oonipared
wii
.h the average date (
ear
iest arri
vals,
12 were earlier and 1
were later.
141
IE CLYDE AREA (1934, 1936, 1936)
(LLIAM JaMIESOX.
r. 11,
Renfrew
ril 2,
Dairy
ril 0.
Dairy
10,
Ron ken Gien
17,
Helensburgh
20,
Largs district
25,
Lochwinnoch
. 18.
Helensburgh
17,
PoUok
y 3,
Rutherglen
i-il 18,
Elderslie
y 1,
Po.ssil Mar.sh
ril 24,
Pullok
. li,
Helensburgh
, 19,
Helensburgh
, 15,
Dairy
, 28,
How wood
, 25,
Johnstone
y 0'
Possil Marsh
ril 21,
Johnstone
y 3,
Rutherglen
ril 28,
Johnstone
y 8.
Pollok
ril 28,
Helensburgh
y 18,
Helensburgh
view of
the fine spring, it was antici-
jated that the
arrival dates would have
)een earlier th
\n those of last year.
were ear
lier, 12
later, and 1 on same date.
compared with the average date of tlie
;arliest arrivalfa
over a period of 2U years,
1 3 were e
arlier,
8 later, and 1 on average
Iriie.
1936.
Mar. 15,
Richmond Park, Glasgow
„ 3l'.
Balm ore
April 27,
tSummerston
V K^
Darvel
„ 19,
Helensburgh
27
Sunimer.ston and Darvel
May 4,
Helensburgh
April 13,
South Bute
„ 20,
Helensburgh
May 1,
Helensburgh
„ 3,
Dairy
April 30,
Gourock
,, 3,
Helensburgh
May 1,
Helensburgh
April 27,
Summerston
May 5,
Helensburgh
April 2,
Darvel and Dairy
May 5,
Helensburgh
April 30,
Rutherglen
May 4,
Helensburgh
„ 6,
do.
.May 6, Darvel
As against last year, 7 were earlier and 14
later.
If the average of the earliest arrivals be
taken over the last '25 years, 6 sijecies
were earlier and 14 were later.
143
INDEX
Abbe pe Jena, Professor, 48
Abbey, Crossraguel, 27
Aberdeen, 107, 125
Arerfoyle, 101
ABSALOM, Dr. R. Gregory, paper
on "Floral Zones in the Scottish
Coalfields," 120, 121
Africa, 8, 13, 116, 128
Agrimony, Hemp, 7
Ailsa Craig, 105, 110
AlTKEN, H., 116
Alca Torda, 21
Alchemilla alpina, 75
Alcicomopteris convoliita, 113
Alcock, Mrs., 43
Allan DER, 25
Allium parafloxum, 29
Almannagja, 73
Alps, 67
Althing, 71
America, 8, 56, 86, 93. 95. 97
Amoeba proteus, 102, 138
Ancrum, 10
Anderson. J., 100. 103, 105. 116, 122
Andersonian Chemists, 117
Aneimites acadia, 114
Antrim, 57
Aplozia crenulata. 84
Aquilegra vulgari.s, 30
Arabis petraea, 82
Archangelica officinalis, 74
Arctostaphylos T"va-ursi, 77
Ardgoil, 50, 59
Ardnadam, 25
Arenaria rubella. 79
Argyll, 9. 50, 57, 101
Arran, 115
Arrochar, 140
Arum maculatum. 28
Ascanium, 120
Ashtead, 10
Asia Minor, 8
Asphodel, 80
Aspidistra, 108
Association, British. 101, 103, 116,
122. 135
,, Scottish Marine Bio
logical, 101, 116, 117. 137
Association, Workers' Educational
117, 131
,, Youth Hostel, 131
Astragalus danicus, 30
" giycyphyiios. 30
Atalanta, 4,' 12
auch»ncruive, 25. 27. 102
Axtchengillan. 131
102, 118, 137,
134. 136
103, 116
109
Auchmithie. 29, 30. 31
Australasia, 35, 134
vVuxiN, 89
Avebury, Lord. 105
Ayr, 25, 126
District Ignited Field Club,
117
Azores. 120
Balerno, 11
Balgray^ 25
Ballantyne, Mr., 47
Balmore. 24, 141
Barclay, A. 34, 100
138
Bardowie, 105
Barnett. E. p., 43
Barr, Rev. R., 34, 107
Barshaw Park, 11
Bartholomeav, J., 24.
Bary, de, 85. 86
Baxter, W., 108
Bearberry, 78
Bee, Leafcutter, 106
,, Shetland Carder,
Bee Fly, Greater, 28
Beetle, Colorado, 106
Bellis iJerennis. 75
Ben Lawers, 79, 80, 83
Benmore, 135
Bertia moriformis, 135
Berwick, 12, 13, 14
Betula nana, 78
Bilberry, 78
Bilignea resinosa, 114
,, solida, 114
Birch, 74, 78
BIRDS IN SHAKESPEARE, paper by
Mr. Jas. D. p. Graham, 110
Bishopbriggs, 61, 64, 66
Blackpool, 122
Blaeberry, 78
Blairquhan, 27
Bombilius major, 28
Bom bus muscorum, 109
Bothwell, 137
Botrychium Lunaria, 81
Botryopteris antiqua. 113
Bower, Professor, 48, 86
Fowling, 13
Brachythecium albicans. 84
Bracken, 35, 83, 102
Bragg, Sir William. 91
Bragg. Professor W.. 91
liRAiD, Professor, 34, 35, 102
Rreadalbane. 75, 80
144
BniDGE OF Frk, 44
Britain, 8, 13, 14, 36. 56, 68
Brodick, 57
Brown. J. I., 103
BROWN, ROBERT, Demonstration
OF Technktai, Methods of
Sectioning Fossils, 113, 114, 115
Buchanan. D., 104
BUCHI.YVIE.^ 101, 121
Buddleia, 7, 11
Bunting Corn, 31
Burden, E. R., 48
Bute, 24, 25, 120, 140, 141
Buttercup, 75
Butterfly Peacock, 121
C adder, 8, 64
Caermarthen, 57
CAIRNG0R:NtS, 83
Cairnhanon, 120
Cairns, J., 119
Caithness, 10
Calamites, 106
Calathrops scotica, 113
California, 97
Callnna vulgaris, 77
Cambridge, 128
Cambuslang, 140
Cameron, Mr.. 41
Campbell, G., 100, 101, 106, 108
Campion Red, 30
Campsie, 64. 103
Canada, 35. 70. 106. 138
Canty Bay, 10
Carbonicnla acuta, 106
C.\RDIGAN, 57
Cardium edule, 21
Cardonald, 11
Cardross, .11, 106
Carluke, 28
Carnarvon. 57
Carrie, G. M.. 28. 29, 100. 103. 109,
112, 116
Carter, A. E. J.. 101^
Castle, B alters an, 27
,, Clojcaird, 26
,, Craignethan, 28
Catrine, 126
Cavers, Dr., 53
Cedrus deodora, 26
Celandine. Greater, 28
Cerastium alpinum, 79
tetrandrum, 29
Chamaenerium latifoHum. 77
Cheiranthns clioiri. 29
Chelidonium majus. 28
Cheuopodium Bonns-Henricus, 30
Chestnut, Horse, 26
Spanish. 103
,, Sweet, 26
Chichester, 10
Chickweed, 75
Chiffchaff, 25, 28, 140
Chile, 129 ,
Christie, J. C, 46, 47
CHRYSOCHLAMYS CUPREA,
Notes on, by Mr. Alex. Ross, 101
Cloudberry, 102
Clova. 80
Clover, 75
Clyde, 9, 10, 21, 23, 28, 34, 50. 57,
58, 102, 128
Cockbubnspath, 14
Cockroach, Green Tree, 109
coldingham, 8, 9, 13
College, Andersonian, 46, 117, 126
,, Glasgow Veterin.\ry, 129
,, Royal Technic.\l College,
46, 48, 107, 117. 126, 129
Colquhoun, Sir Iain, 41
^luo<41a poUuoouo, lOi
Columbine, 30
colymbus, 22
Conium maculatum, 30
CoNNELL, J. G., 101. lie
Copenhagen, 74
corehouse, 106
Cormorant, 31, 73
Corncrake. 24, 25, 29, 140
Cornwall, 9, 11, 13, 15, 57
Corrie, 57
Corticum anceps, 43
Cosmocephalus, 20, 21
Cotoneaster, 7
Cott, H. B.. 103
CousinI. W., 101
Cree, J. G., 100, 107, 122
Creplin, 20
Crossford, 28, 29
Crow. 63, 64, 110
Crvptocotvle, 20, 21, 22
Cuckoo, 25, 29, 140
Cuckoo Pint, 28
Cumberl.\nd, 57
Cumbern.\uld, 109
cumloden, 120
Gumming. H. G., 34, 103, 127, 128
Curlew, 27, 106
Currant, 74
CuRRiE, Miss, 104
Cystopteris fragilis, 83
Dahlia, 7
Daisy. Michaelmas, 7
Dallinger, W. H., 47
Dalry. 11. 141
Daly. J.. 34. 106. 131
Dandelion. 75
Dannreuther, Capt., 14
Darvel. 24, 25. 141
Davaar. 120
Drnnistoun. 126
145
Deuber, 95
Devon, 11. 57
Dewak, D., 116
Dicranoweisia crispula, 84
Dipper, 27
Dipsacus sylvestris, 110
Dix, Dr., 121
Dogger Bank, 8
doonfoot, 140
Dorouicum, 29
Dove Turtle, 110
Down, Co., 57
Drumgk.\y, 121
Dryas octopetala, 78
Duck, Eider, 31
Dudgeon, East, 11
Dumbartonshire, 113
Dumfries, 10, 129
Dumortier, 57
Dunkeld. Mr., 41
DuNLOP. Dr., 34, 100, 103. 126, 127
DuNNET Head, 10
Dunoon, 57
DuNTOCHER, 8
Durban, 126
Eagle, 110
Eastbourne, 11
Echinostomum, 20, 21
Edinburgh, 10, 43, 128
Egypt, 128
Elderslie, 141
Ellis, Professor, 34, 106. 107, 128
Elm. Wych, 26
Elmhirst, R., 20, 105
Elodea, 93
England, 9, 10, 15, 36, 85, 134
Entomologist, The, 14, 15
Epilobium latifolium, 77
Eqnisetiim pratense, 81
variegatum, 81
Ericales, 77
Erigeron alpinus, 80
borealis, 80
Erskine, 24
Essex, 9
Etapteris tubicaulis, 113
Euphrasia frigida, 79
Europe. 8, 35. 56, 67
EwiNG. Mrs., 34. 59, 100, 101, 102.
116. 124
Falmouth, 9
^'Faroes, Flora of Icel.\nd and
the." 73
Fern, Brittle Bladder, 83
Fin Glen. 103
Fly, Lesser House, 107
Flycatcher. Spotted, 25, 140
Forfar. 9
Forsythia. 28
Foula, 42
France. 13, 14, 56
Eraser, J.. 47
Frullania, 51, 52, 54, 55. 56, 57, 58
,, dilatata, 53
fragilifolia, 53
,, germana, 53
Tamarisci, 51, 53
Fulmar, 31
Funaria h.vgrometrica, 84
Galium boreale, 80
,, sylvestre. 80
Galloway, 120
Gannet, 105
Gareloch, 119
Garelochhead, 9, 41, 42, 44
Garganey, 128
Gentian Violet, 87
Gentiana campestris, 82
,. islaudica. 82
., nivalis, 82
Germany, 22, 94
Geuni intermedium, 27
Gill, R., 47
Gillespie, J., 34, 85, 122
GiRVAN, 9, 26, 27
Glasgow, 9, iO, 11, 31, 43, 61, 67,
109, 110, 123, 124, 127, 128, 131,
141
Glenapp, 120
Glenarbcck, 113, 114
Glen Douglas, 103
GOAT, WILD, in Scotland, notes
by Hugh Boy'd Watt, 120
Goat. Moth-Caterpillar, 6
Goldilocks, 26
Golspie, 101
Goodfellow, Peter, 34, 46, 102.
106. 108, 110. 124, 125
"Good King Henry," 30
Gourlie. 57
GouROCK, 58, lO. 141
Graham, J. D. P.. 109, 110, 116
Mrs.. 103
Grantown, 127
GRAY, Dr., paper on "Recent
Advances, in ^Mounting Tech-
nique," 110, 111, 112
Great Geysir, 70, 71, 79, 80. 81. 84
Gregor, Mrs., 43
Grew, 85, 86. 99
Grimmia apocarpa, 84
torquata, 84
Grontved, 74
Guatemala, 8
Guillemot, Black, 105
Common, 31, 73
GuiLLERIE:»rOND, 94
Gull. 22, 73
Blackheaded, 21. 27, 106
146
Gull, Common, 31
„ Herring, 20. 21, 31, 140
,, Lesser Blackheaded, 25, 31,
140
GuLLFOSs, 70, 76
Habenaria hyperborea, 80
Haberlaiidt, 86
Haddington, 10
Haematopus ostralagus, 21
Hamilton, Mr., 41
Handbook of British Hepatic^, 56
Harrow, 9
Hawkbit, 75
Hayti, 8
Head, H. W.. 15
Heather, 7, 77
Hebrides, 58, 120
Helensburgh, 11, 25, 124, 140, 141
Heterobostrychus branneiis, 109
Helston, 9
Helianthemum vulgare, 30
Heligoland, 109
Hellisheidi, 77, 79
Helminths, 20
Hemipneustns radiatns, 109
; Hemlock, 30
Henderson, R., 101
Hepburn, J. B.. 104
\^ERALD, Glasgow, 105
Heterophyes, 22
Hioracinm, 82
Highlands, 120
Hippnris vulgaris, 75
Holland, 89
Holton's Hotel, 47
HooKE, 85, 99
Hooker, .Sir W. J.. 57
Hopkins. N., 24, 31, 100
Horsetail. 81
Houston, R. S., 58
HowwooD, 140. 141
Huddleston. Sir A., 117
HUMBER. 11, 13
Hutchins, Miss. 57
Hvrita, 70
Hyacinthus, 87
H-ylopertha pieea, 109
HypniuT) patientiae, 84
nncinatnm, 84
Hypoxylon coccinenm, 101
ICEL.\ND, 8, 67. 69. 70, 71, 73. 74, 75.
78. 79. 80. 81, 82, 83. 84
Inchtavannach. 109
Inverktp, 134
Inverness, 10. 57, 120
Ireland. 8, 9, 11. 13, 56, 57, 68. 112
Islands. Canary, 120
,, Pacific, 56
ISLAY, 58
Isle, Holy. 120, 121
,. of Man, 56, 57, 110
Isles, Westman, 72, 81, 83. 84
Italy, 85. 94
Ivy. 7
Ixodes ricinus, 109
Jack, J., 31, 108. 109
Jackdaw, 31
Jamieson, W., 23. 34. 100, 102, 103.
106. 109, 116. 119, 127, 140
Jedburgh, 8
Johnstone, 141
Johnstone, Dr., 8
Johnstone, R. B., 34, 107, 134, 1.35
Juan Fernandez, 120
Jubula Hutchinsiae, 50, 51, 52. 64,
55, 56, 57, 106
Jnbuloide3e, 53
Jungennannia, 57
Kenmure, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65. 66, 108
Kent, 15
Ker. 70, 79
Kerr, Professor J. Graham, 49, 113
117
Kestrel, 31
Kilbirnie, 102
Kilmacolm, 24. 140
Kilmarnock, Glenfield Ramblers.
117
KiLMUN, 25
KiLPATRicK Hills, 113
King, J. J. F. X., 34, 101, 123, 124
.. Professor L. A. L., 27, 34. 46,
101, 103, 104, 105. lOG, 107,
109, 110, 113, 116, 117, 119,
122
.. Professor T., 48
KiNTYRE, 57. 120
KiRBY, 5, 16
Kirk. C. 105
KirkmichXel, 25. 26, 102
KiRKWOOD. J., 116
KlTTIW.\KE, 3, 105
Knapweed, 7
Knotgrass. 75
Koenigia islandica, 81, 82
KbGL, Professor, 89
KooPMANS, Dr., 114
Lady Bird, 106
Lagos, 109
Lamlash, 67
Lanarkshire. 9, 61, 64, 66
Lancashire, 68, 121
Lapl.and, 82
Lapwing, 106
Larch, 26
Largs, 140, 141
Lark, 110
Larus argenlatns, 20. 21, 22
14'
J.aiMis capistrauus, 21
,, fuscus, 22
., marinus, 22
maximus, 21
lidibundus, 21
Lasswade. 11
Laudkr. T.._100
Lavexder, 7
Lebour. 21, 23
Lee. J. R., 30. 34. oO. 67. 100. 102.
103. 104. 106. 108. 117. 118, 119.
121. 122, 126
Lejeunea, 52
Lejeuneaceae, 53, 54
Lepidodendron, 113
Lepidoptera. 4. 19
Lesburv. Col., 101
Leslie. J. D.. 34. 102. 103. 104. 116.
125
Liebig. 96
Lilinm, 87. 92
Lime. Large-Leaved. 26
Linnet, 31
Linton. 22, 23
Liriodendron tnlipifera. 28
Littorina littorea. 21
LlZARO. 9. 11
Loch DricH. 24
.. Fvne. 109
Long. 50, 59
lochnagar. 12. 16
Loch Ranza. 57
Loch. .St. Mary's. 120
lochwinnoch. 141
London. 37, 102. 123
Lnbimenko, 95
Luke. 22. 23
LrNAM. G., 116
Lrss. 103
Liiznla spicata. 79
Lyginorachis Brownii. 113
Lyon, 57
MacAllister, G. W.. 33, 100, 107.
108. 116
^IAndrew. 57
Macbeth. A. L., 106
M'Crindle. .J.. 105
Macf.vrlane. B.. 108
Macfie, r>r.. 34, 107. 134
R., 134
MGrocther, ^fr.. 103
:MTntosh. D. C. 34. 100. 106. 1.31
MacKeith. T.. 24. 116
:\r\cKiE. :\ir., loo
:M'Lai-chlin, a.. 122
:M'Lean. R.. 67, 71, 76. 100. 104.
108. 116
M'Lean. W.. 105. 107. 116
M'Xair. p., 105
M-QuEEN. J.. 30. 100, 116
MacVicar, 56, 57. .58. 59
Mactra. 21
Magpie, 63
Main. J.. 34, 100, 106, 130
Malpaghi, 85. 99
Manchester, 86
Maplestone, p.. 21, 23
Marchantia, 93
Mare's Tail, 75
Marigold, 7
Mark, 50
Martin. House. 25. 31, 140
S.\ND. 25, 140
Maryhill. 137
Massachusetts. 22
Matricaria suaveolens, 75
Maybole, 25
Mayweed, Rayless, 75
., Scentless, 75
Meikle. Miss, 112
Menteith, Lake of. 103
Mergns senator, 21
^Ierioneth, 57
Merlin. 106
]\rertensia maritima, 75
Metaclepsvdropsis duplex, 113
:\rEYER, 91
Meyrick, 4
Miller, Hugh. 29
Millport, 20
^flLNGAVIE. 140
MiLROY, "W.. 100. 104
^limosa pndica. 28
^Iint, 7
Mitchell Library, 101
^Foffat. 44. 120
MoiR, W.. 48
MoLiN. 21. 23
^loONWORT. 81
Moss. Flander's, 37
Mosses. 84
Moth, Death's Head. 103
Oleander Hawk. 122
Munro, Rt. Rer. ^lonsignor. 48
AfuRRAY, ,Ja:mes. 105
Miss. 24
^lUSEUir, HUNTERIAN. 115
Kelvingrove. 117
Mva arenaria, 21
j Mvtilns ednle. 21
I Xaegeli. 85. 86
N.\RCissus, 92
Natural History. Lloyds. 16
Naturalist. The Scottish. 66
' Naturalists. Dumfriesshire. U'
Paisley. 117
I Nees. 57
Nettle. 7
Newman. L. "\V.. 15
New Zealand, 8. 35
' News, Pollokshaws. 48
148
Niagara, 70
NiCOLL, 20
Nightjar, 24, 25, 140
Niptus hololeucus, 101
NiSBET, T., 50
North Sea, 8
Nor WAV, 78, 82
Norwich, 112
Oban, 10, 134
Oddo, 94, 95
Onagracetc, 77
Orchidaceje, 80
ostenfeld, 74
Ottawa. 138
Ousel, Ring, 25, 140
Owl, 110
,, Little, 109
Oxara, 71
oxarafoss, 72
Oxford, 9. 88
Oyster Catcher, 21, 27
Painted Lady, 9
Paisley, 5, 8, 101
Pancheora viridis, 109
Paterson, J., 10
Patience, A., 105
Patton, Dr., 34, 106, 132
Pecan Tree, 97
Pearsall, 90
Pearson, W. A., 57
Pease Bridge, 8, 9, 13, 14
Periwinkle, 21
Greater, 26
Perthshire, 120
Pettigrew, W., 100
Phlox, 7
"Physiological Plant Anatomy,"'
86
Phytophthora infestaiis, 97
Pigeon Rock, 31
Pine, 27
" Pine.vpple Weed," 75
Pipit Meadow. 31, 105
., Tree, 25. 140
Pitlochry, 103
Plasmodiophora, 97
Plover, Golden, 106
Plymouth, 10
Pollacci, 94. 95
POLLOK, C. F., 47
PoLLOK Estate, ID, 11, 141
PolygonacGfc, 81
Polyi)oriis Schweintzii, 135
P0LYTRTCHr:\r. leaf STRUC-
Tl'RE OF. paper by John R. Lee,
118, 119
Polytriclinm alpininii, 84
Porphyry, .John, 101
Port Bannantyne, 24
portincaple, 50
PossiL, 9, 24, 61, 136, 140. 141
Potentilla Crantzii, 82
Prentice, W., 109
Preston, Rev. D., 108, 110
Price, Dr., 108
Priestley, 90
Prince, Professor, 34, 121, 138, 139
Pringsheim, 85
Protocalamites, 113
Protococcus, 26
Primus avium, 29
Puffin, 31. 105
Pyramis atalanta, 4, 14, 15
Pyrenees, 103
QuIkett Microscopical Club, 117,
122, 125
Raddi, 57
Ragwort, 7
Ranunculus auricomus. 29
,, peltatus, 30
Rat, Musk, 103
Raven, 73, 110
Razorbill, 31, 105
Reading, 10
Red Admiral, 3, 4, 6. 7, 8, 10, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 104
Redshank, Spotted, 25
Redstart, 25, 140
Reinhard, 94
Renfrew, 136. 141
Renfrewshire, 58, 59, 60
Rennie. W., 24, 34. 61, 100, 103. 107,
108, 112. 116, 119, 122
Reykjavik, 8. 68, 69. 70, 72. 74, 75,
76
Rhacomitrium canescens, 84
,, lanuginosum, 84
Rhacopteris inaequilatera, 114
,, robusta, 113
Rhingia campestris, 101
Rhizopns, 89
Rhododendrons, 26
RiCHARDIA, 92
RicH.^RDSON, J.. 101, 102, 103. 105,
107, 109, 112
Rissa tridactyla, 22
Robertson, J.. 28, 104
,, Mrs., 104
Robinia, 74
Robson, J., 34, 102, 105
Rook, 27, 61, 62. 63, 64, 66
Rosa arvensis, 109
Ross, A., 24, 34. 100. 101, 108, 118.
123. 137
Ross iter, 109
Rothesay. 47
Rottenburn Glen, 110
RouKEN Glen, 25. 141
Rowan, 74
149
ROXBUKGH, 10
Rubus chamaemorus, 102
Russell, T., 105, 116
W., 3, 34, 104, 107. 116.
121. 134
Russia, 95
rutherglen, 141
Sagina nodosa, 79
St. Helena. 120
Salix anrita, 77
,, cinerea, 77
,, glauca, 77
,, herbacea, 77
,, lanata, 77
,, phylicifolia, 77
,, purpurea, 77
repens, 77
Sandpu'er, 25, 140
Saxifraga groenlandia, 83
;, nivalis, 83
,, rivularis, 83
Saxifrage meadow, 30
Sc.vBious. 7
SCHLKIDEN, 85
SCIINACK, F.. 6
ScHULTZE, A. p.. 48
Scott, D. H.. 86
Scott Elliott, Professor, 34, 106,
128, 129, 130
Scottish Geographical Magazine,
50
SCOTL.AND, 9, 13, 35. 36. 42. 44,. 56.
57, 75, 78. 80, 83, 101, 120. 121
Sedum villosuni. 80
Selaginella selaginoides, 81
Selsey, 12
Skackleton. 105
Sh.\nks. a., 26, 28, 102, 122
Sheldon. W. G., 14, 15
Shepherd's Purse. 75
Shetland;;, 8
Shiplake, 10
Sierra Leone, 128
Silver Weed, 75
Siphonaptera, 103
Sisymbrium alliaria, 29
Skua, 73
Smith, Mr.. 112
Snow, Dr., 88, 89
Society. Andersonian Naturalists'
48, 49, 50. 104. 105, 117.
123. 127. 130, 131, 133, 134,
136, 137. 138, 139
,, Astronomical, Glasgow,
117, 130
,, Berwickshire Natural
History, 8
,, British Bryological, 59
,, Buteshire Natural His-
tory, 117
Society. Caledonian, Reel and
Strathspey, 12G
., Cryptogamic, 135. 136
,, Dublin Natural History,
112
,, Dumfries and Galloway
N.\TURAL History and
Antiquarian. 129
,, Dumbartonshire Natural
History, 124
,, Glasgow and Andersonian
Natural History and
Microscopical. 46, 49, 69
,, Glasgow Geological, 1"I7
,, Glasgow Microscopical,
46. 48, 49, 106, 117, 124,
125
,, Glasgow, Natural His-
tory, 10, 48, 104, 105. 123,
137, 138
,, Glasgow, Royal Philoso-
phical, 117
., Glasgow. Ruskin, 48
,, Greenock Philosophical,
117
,, Hamilton Natural His-
tory, 31, 117
Paisley Naturalists', 68
., Royal Geographical, 128
,, Royal Microscopical. 117
,, Royal Technical College
Scientific, 117
., Scottish Aquarium. 117
Scottish, for Protection
OF Birds, 109. 117
Solan Geese, 73
Solomon, Dr., 20. 104
somerville, j., 46, 47
sonntag. c. o.. 47
South, 4, 5, 6
Southampton. 10
Sparrow, Hedge, 31
,, House, 31, 73
Spathulopteris obovata, 114
Sphenopteridium. 114
Sphcnopteris. 114
Spider, House. 109
Spitzbergen, 105
Spruce, Dr.. 56, 57
Staffordshire, 120
St.mg, Dr. R. A., 102
Stainton, 8
Starling, 31
St.\rt Lighthouse, 10
Steffanson, 105
Sterna risoria, 21
Steven, Rev. W., 34, 104, 110, 13fi
Stewart, A. W.. 34, 106, 132. 133
E. J. A.. 25. 30, 104, 133
W., 64. 66
Stitchwort, 30
150
Stoddart, F. T., 41, 42
Stohm Petrel, 73
Straiton, 27
Strasburger, 85, 86
Strathblane, 11
Suffolk, 11
summerston, 25, 140, 141
Sunart, 57
Surrey, 10
Sutherland, 120
Swallow, 31, 140
Swift, 25, 31, 140
Tapes pnllastra, 21
Taylor George, 14
Teasel, 110
Tern, 22, 31
,, Common, 25, 140
Tetrabothriiis, 20, 22
Thalictrum alpinum, 82
Thingvallavatn, 71
Thingvellir, 71, 73, 77, 82, 83, 84
Thomson. J R., 108
J., 108
Thymus serpyllnm, 82
Tick, Sheep, 109
Tillicoultry, 121
Tillietudlem, 28
Tinto, 121
Tit, Blue, 103
Tofielda paliistris, 80
Tonbridge, 10
Tonge, 4
Tortula ruraliformis, 30
Tetanus hipoleucus, 21
,, macnlatus, 21
Trachurus, 22
Trentepohlia, 30
Trichostomnm nitidum, 30
Tripoli. 128
Troon, 8
Tulip Tree, 28
Twite, 31
Tt^ell, Dr., 105
Uganda, 128
Utrecht, 114
Vaccinium myrtillus, 78, 130
,, uliginosum, 78
Valerian, 7
Vanessa atalanta, 4
Van Mohl, 85
Veronica. 7
polita. 27, 29
^inca major,, 27
■'agtail. Grey. 27, 29
Pied, 27, 31
White, 25, 140
,, Yellow. 24, 25, 140
Wales, 57, 120, 121
Wallace, Mrs., 26
Walnut, 26
WALTON, Professor, Lecture on
"The Lower Carboniferous
Flora op the Kilpatrick Hills,''
113. 114, 115,
AVarbler, Garden, 25, 140
,, (Grasshopper, 25, 140
Sedge, 25, 140
WARBLER, Willow — Albino— note
on Occurrence, by Mrs. C. C.
Graham,
Ward, Marshall, 97
Ware, A. H., 109
Warrington, 97
Watson, J., 106
Watt. Hugh Boyd. 34, 61, 66. 109,
119. 138
" AVee Town Clock," 26
Weisia verticillata, 30
Wellingtonia, 28
AVest Kilbride, 25
AVexford, 9, 13
aa'^hangie, 110
AA'heatear, 24. 25, 140
Greenland. 25, 140
AA'^hinchat, 25, 140
AVhitehouse, Dr., 34, 106, 130
AVhiteinch, 25
AVhitethroat, Common, 25, 31, 140
Wick, 10
Wight, Isle of, 8
AA^ilkie, R. 1)., 104
AViLLIAMS, C. B., 14
AViLLIAMSON, 86
., ^ J., 107
Willow, 77
Wilson, A., 59
Sir Robert, 104, 117
Wimbledon Common, 6
Wise, Thomas, 31, 100. 101
WiTENBERG, 21. 22, 23
AVooD, Air.. 116
AVooDcocK, 27, 109
WOODGER, A. G., 110, 116
AVoodsia hyperborea, 83
,, ilvensis, 83
Wren. Common, 31
AViLLOW, 24, 25. 140
Wood, 24, 25, 140
Xanthonia parietina, 30
Yellowhammer, 31
A'ORKE. AV., 21. 23
YoRKS. 12. 13. 57, 121, 138
Zamorska, Miss. 106
Zirkle, 93
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