'.'1. -;;;"!:?.• f^im Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/glasgownaturalis09ande 5t Cbc Glasgow :: naturalist THE JOURNAL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series) Volume IX. 1931 Glasgow: John Smith & Son (Glasgow,, Llmited 57-61 St. Vlncent Street 9^ / 1^. 9-/X (Blaegow Robert Andbrsoii & Sons, Ltd., 142 West Nile Street 1931 CONTENTS. PAOK Editorial Note. . - - 1-4 British Association ^Ieeting. Glasgow, 1928, - - - . 3 Paper — Clyde Casuals, 1916-1928— Robert Griersou, - - - - 5-51 In Memoriam — A. B. Motherwell, 52 Joseph Sommerville. - - - 52 Professor J. W. H. Trail. M.D., F.R.S., - . - - 52 Marcus Calder. M.D.. 52 J. J. Robertson, 52 James Rourke. ---------- 52 Richard M'Kay, - 53 Robert Dunlop, 54 Alec Steven. L.R.A.M., -------- 54 David Pearson. - - . - 54 Charles Kirk, 54 T. G. Bishop, - . . - 55 Dr. Robert Brown, F.L.S., ------- 55 John H. Gurney, F.L.S.. F.Z.S.. ------ 55 Mrs. S. Cairns Maclachlan, - - - - - - - 55 Rev. James E. Somerville, D.D., F.S.A.(Scot.), - - - 56 William R. Baxter, 56 Robert Kidston. LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., ----- 56 Andrew Adie Dalglish, F.E.S., 56 R. S. Wishart, M.A., 57 George Guthrie, M.A.. LL.B., ------- 57 James Mitchell, F.S.A.(Scot.), ------ 57 Nicholas G. R«id, 58 James Whitton, V.M.H., 58 Professor J. Fairlie Gemmill, M.D., F.R.S.. - - - 68 John Paterson. - - . . 59-60 D. A. Boyd, ---------- 60-62 J. Wyllie Nicol. M.B.. CM.. - 62 Thomas Gilmour, M.D., 62 Robert Grierson. ..------- 62-63 John Smith. 100 Proceedings — Diving and Emergence of Manx Shearwater, Puffinv angloTum (Temminck), - - 64 Small Mammals of the Western Isles, 65 New Clyde Records of Sponges, 65 Triogma trisulcata. Schum.. from Frankfield Loch. - - 66 Solix Myrsinites, L., from Beinn Chabhair, - - - - 66 Alpine Willows in Clyde Area. 66 ^^ CONTENTS. PjiocEEDmos—Continued. Annual General Meeting, 1919, gy.gg- GaleruceUa nijmphaeae, L. var. fergussoni, Fowl., from Nethy Bridge and Bishop Loch, - 58 Additions to List of Clyde Coleoptera, ----- 68 SpadeUa cejihaloptera (Busch), from off Keppel Pier, - - 68 Trwiicra filipes, F., from Kilchattan, ----- 68 New Clyde Records of Infusoria, Hydrozoa, Polvzoa, and Oirnpedia, ------.."! tq Additions to List of Molluscan Fauna of Lanarkshire, - 69 Occurrence of Black Tern, Hydrochdidon nigra (L.), on Kelvin, -----... cq Hijpnum riparium, L. var. longifolium, Schp., from Kelvin 70 Congratulations to Mr. (later Sir) F. C. Gardiner on LL D Degree, - - ■ ■ ^^ Eagles in Arran, - - ^n Annual General Meeting, 1920, ------ 71 Senecio viscosus, L., from Whiting Bay, - - - - 71 Occurrence of Pintail Duck at Bardowie Loch and Summerston. 71 Birds of the Kilpatrick Hills, - - . . ... 71.73 SaUx purpurea, L. x viminalis, L., from Milton, Dunbarton- shire, ----.. rji Saltx nigricans, Sm. = ,S'. Andersoiiiana, Sm., from Loch Humphrey Burn, - 73 Proposed Federation of Scottish Naturalists, - - - - 73 74 Annual General Meeting, 1921, - . - . . - ' 73 Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.), from Kilma^olm. 74 Uncommon Birds in Skipness District, - - - - . 74 Birds occurring in Summer Months, Loch Fyne, - - . 74 Occurrences of Flocks of Wax wing, Bomhycilla garrulvs (L.), in " Clyde," -----..".. 74 Importation of Alien Alpine Flora to Scottish Hills, - - 74 Cat-Louse, Trichodectes subrostratus (Nitzsch), - - - 74 Representative on Council of Biological Section of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, - - . . ' . 74 Waxwings from Calder District, 75 Economic Status of Some Dunbartonshire Birds, - - - 75 Bittern, Botmirus stellaris stellaris (L.), from Glassford, - 75 Congratulations to Professor T. H. Bryce on Election as ^•P^'S-' 75 Occurrence of Whooper Swan, Cygmis cygnuA (L.) at Possil Marsh, - - - - '. . . . . . 75 Hypnum vernicosinii, Lindb., from Blae Loch, ... 75 Vegetation of the Tinto Hills, ------- 75 Piiiipindla Saxifraga, L. var. dissecta. With., from Kil- patrick Hills, ---------- 75 Juniperns communis, L. var. intermedia, Nyman, from Ben Vorlich, . - - . 75 Toothwort, Lathraea Squamaria, L., from Campsie Glen, - 76 Annual General Meeting, 1922, 75 CONTEXTS. V Phoceedixgs — Contin ued. page Forest-Insect Conditions in Ardgoil and Drimsynie, - - 76 Dri/ocaetes aiituijrapfiui, Ratzeb., from Lochgoilhead, - - 76 Sirex juvencus, L., from Glengarnock, 76 Variations in the Vegetation of the Lawers-Caulochan Schist, 76 Rookery at Lochgoilhead, 76 Geology of Ben Lawers, -------- 77 Congratulations to Mr. Barclay on M.B.E. Honour, - - 77 Occurrence of Gohius jxn/anellus, Gmelin, and Le.padognster di'candoUei. Risso, and of Lejif's anatifera, L.. off Cumbra«. 77 Alpine Flora of Ben Lawers, - - 77 Leistus inontanus, Steph., from Catacol. - - - - 77 Rookeries at Kenmure and in Dunbartonshire, - - - 77 Nature Notes from Loch Goil, Spring, 1925, - - - - 77 Immature Stages of Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg., from near Westerton Garden Suburb, ------- 77 Young of Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus urognUus, L., from Killearn District, - -11 Annual General Meeting, 1923. - 78 Additions to Clyde List of Crane-Flies, - - - - 78 Additions to 1912 List of Birds of Fossil Marsh, - - 78 Larva of Dicmnota Giierini, Ztt., from We-^t Kilbride,- - 78 Birds and Mammals of Glenorchard District, - - - 78 -\nnual General Meeting, 1924. Report of Bird Sanctuaries Committee. ---------- 78-79 Committee for Revision of Constitution, ----- 79 Order for Glasgow under Wild Birds Protection Acts, - 79 Tipula cheethami, Edw., from near Largs, - - - - 79 Larva of Prinnocpra trucico, F.. from Frankfield Loch, - - 79 Larva of Tonyptera atrata, L.. from Cochno. - - - 79-80 Collection of Humble-Bees of Bute, ----- 80 Suggestions for Further Research on Fauna of Clyde Area, - 80 Annual General Meeting, 1925, ------ 80 Liiiinaea stayiiaUs (L.) from Pond near Motherwell, - - 80 Approval of Revised Constitution of the Society, - - - 80 Bryiim roseum, Schreb., from Loch Fad, - - - - 80 Present State of Clyde List of Crane-Flies, - - - - 81 Adelphomyia nieUeni (Kuntze), from Dunbartonshire and Ormo-^in uncinata (Mg.) Meij., 81 Larvae and pupae of CuJex piinens, L.. and CuUcilla worsitans, Theob., from Bute, 81 Vihiirniini Opulus, L., Salix pf>it<, DC, from near Dun- tocher, ------ 81 Congratulations to Dr. Patton on Election as F.R.S.E., - 81 Annual General Meeting, 1926, 81 COXTENTS. Proceedings— Continued. p^^.^. Occurrences of Red Admiral. Vanessa atalanta, L , in Clyde Area in Autumn of 1926, - - - . - . . 82 Occurrence of Double Terminal Portion of Thumb in Suc- cessive Generations, -------- 82 Possil Marsh— A Prospective Sanctuary. - - - - 82 Bird Life at Possil Marsh during 1926, ----- 82 Hormiscium pithyophilvm, Nees, from Rouken Glen, - - 82 Proposed Catalogue of Fauna and Flora of Clyde Area, - 82 Campylostelium saxicola, B. & S., from Torrance. East Kilbride, - - - - - - . . . _ ■ _ go Leptohryum pyriforme, Wils., from Ardencraig. Bute. - - 82 Saussurea alpina (L.) DC, from Beinn Narnahi, - - - 83 Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn.. and Scapania vmbrosa Dum., from Glen Falloch, - - 83 Tetraplodon mnioides, B. & S., from Cairntable, - - - 83 Annual General Meeting, 1927. - - . - . . 33 Arcyria punicea, Pers., from Jordauhill, ----- 83 Occurrence of Whooper and Bewick's Swans at Possil Marsh, - 83 Report on Meeting of British Association at Glasgow, - - 84 Radiola Radiola (L.) and Juncus hufonius, L. var . from Bute. ---.-.. o/i Annual General Meeting, 1928, Formation of Clyde Card Catalogue 84-85 Appointment of Committee to confer with Representatives of Andersonian Naturalists' Society aad Microscopical Society of Glasgow regarding Amalgamation^ - - - 85 Birds of Possil Marsh, Additions to 1912 List, - - - 85 Dichodontium- pdliicidum, Schp. var. compact urn, Schp.. from Sandford and Stewarton, 85 Xeckera pumila, Hedw. var. PhiUppeana. Milde from Mugdock, - - - - - 85 Petricola lithophaga (Forbes) from Troon. - - - - 85-86 CaUichroma sp., from Glasgow, ------ 86 Immature Gadwall Drake, Anas strepera. L., from Glen- orchard, ----------- 86 Occurrence of Eeboidia hcmisphaerica. Raddi, in Clyde Area. Exhibited from Campsie Glen, . . . _ . . 86 Report of Committee on Amalgamation, - - - - 86 Renfrewshire Plants, from David Gregorson's Collection. - 87 Barjjalejeunea ovata, Schiffn., and Aneiira latifrons. Lindb.. from Glen Falloch, - - - . . _ . . 87 Chickw©ed Winter-green, TrientaUs europaea. L., from Ben Lomond. - - 87 Annual General Meeting, 1929. ---.,, 87 Election of Honorary Treasurer. 88 Bemhidinm quinquestriatum., Gyll.. from Newlands, - - 88 Report by Council on Amalgamation. 88 Transfer of Books to Mitchell Library approved, - - - 88 CONTENTS. VU Proceedings — Continued. pagb Botanical Ramble on Ben Lomond, ----- 88 Melolontha hippocastani, F.. from Auchincruive, - - - 88 Re-appointment, with certain changes, of Committ€e to confer regarding -Amalgamation. ------ 89 Amalgamation Committee given power to add to its number, 89 Motion concerning Glen -\ffric. &c., carried,- - - - 89 Coleoptera from Ben Lomond, ------- 89 Society's Thanks to Mr. Grierson, 89 Observations on Cuckoo. Helensburgh. Records from Miln- gavie and Possil Marsh, ------- 90 Final Meeting of Society. .--.--. 90-92 Report of Council (Amalgamation), 91 Report of Librarian (Transfer of Library), - - - - 92 Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop., from Tarbert, - - - - 92 Excursions — " Clyde " Vice-Counties, - - - 93 West Kilbride to Fairlie (Flowering Plants), - - - - 94 Darvel and Lanfine (Red Admiral Butterfly), - - - - 94 West Kilbride and Portincross (Crane-Flies and Microfungi). 94 Blair, Dairy (Tree-Creeper. Trees, Myo?otis vfTsicolor. Sm. var. pallida, Breb.), - 94 Hawkhead (Fungi), - 95 Finlayston (Trees and Fungi), - - 95 Kilmacolra and Blacketty Water (Stock-Dove). - - - 95 Gorge of Avon (Crane-Fly. Trees. Flowering Plants), - - 95 Banks of Kelvin (Moss). 95 Campsie Glen (Liverwort and Toothwort), - - - - 96 Duntreath (Slug and Stinking Groundsel), - - . - 96 Balmaha (Birds. Diptera. Trees), 96 Glen Falloch (Moss and Liverworts), 96 Troisgeach (Dwarf Cornel. Alpine Sawwort), - - - 96 Lochgoilhead (Birds). - - 96 Succoth Burn. Sour-Milk Burn, and Glen Croe (Flowering Plants), -'.--------- 97 Glen Luss (Bugle Flowers), 97 Rhu to Helensburgh (Chiff chaff and Fungus), - - . 97 Luss and Sword Bum (Trees), 97 Glen Fruin and Shandon (Scale Fern), ----- 97 Ben Vorlich (Draba incano, L. var. confusa (Ehrh.), - - 97 Inch Lonaig (Quillwort). 97 Colintraive to Rothesay (Robin), 97 Inch Marnock (Crane Flies), 97 Possil ]NL\rsh Sanctu.^rt. - - - 98-99 Presidents, 101 Members, 102-105 Index. .... - 107-124 A XLbc Glasgow IRatucalist The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF Glasgow. Vol. IX.] [1930. Editorial Note. This issue of " The Glasgow Xaturalist " appears after a very long interval. The Journal has not yet recovered from the effects of the delay in publication due primarily to the war. Various causes made it impossible to overtake the leeway in post-war issues and the last number, published in 1926, carried the " Proceedings " only to the end of 1918. At this rate of progress, it seemed hopeless to attempt to bring "Transactions" and "Proceedings," reports of excursions, and other features down to date on the old full scale. It was therefore decided by the Publishing Committee to cover the period to 19.30 in one issue, containing only a selection of items deemed specially worthy of record. The present number is the result. The new Volume — IX — is thereby begun and completed in one number. Necessarily much valuable material has been omitted reluctantly. It is hoped, however, that by this violent method the burden of the past will be removed and that the Society can start afresh to publish with proper fulness and regularity. One paper is published here. The value of Mr. Grierson's records of plants which may be in process of naturalisation is probably increased by the happening that, owing to the exigencies already mentioned, there are brought into one contribution many papers read to the Society and many exhibits, and that the observations over a considerable pei-ioil ai-e included together. We hope that the work of other members in other fields will also lie preserved and collated fiimilarly in new papers to be published in later issues. For the " Proceedings " the principle of selection generally followed in this number has been to publish matter dealing only with " Clyde," and, in particular, to give new " Clyde " and vice-county records. Digests are given of papers con- cerned with the Clyde area, which, in normal circumstances, would have been published in full as " Transactions." A similar scheme has been adopted for the " Excursions." Instead of the full list and the detailed descriptions by the leaders, this section has been severely restricted to brief notes on excursions in " Clyde " where new records were made or notable species were seen. Many new records, obtained at excursions of the Society and/or described at its meetings, have been already published in other scientific journals. " Clyde " records made by our members have also been preserved in the Card Catalogue mentioned below. The " Memorial Notices," covering so long a period and so many names, have also had to be reduced in number and in individual length. The appreciation by the present members is none the less sincere of those past workers in the Society who ai»e mentioned and of the others who are unmentioned. It is with very keen regret that we find it necessary to include among these obituaries one of Mr. John Paterson, our immediate predecessor in office. The last issue was produced by him and he had been editor of many others, including some published in the time of the Society's greatest difficulty. The death of Mr. Paterson, who combined this editorial experience and wisdom with an exceptionally wide and thorough knowledge of many branches of natural history, meant an especial loss to " The Glasgow Naturalist.'" The obituaries of the same year, 1928, contain the name of Mr. D. A. Boyd, Avliose great and varied services to the Society include his work for several years as joint-editor with Mr. Paterson. Alter the contents of the present issue had been prepared for the press, including its chief contribution, that from Mr. Grierson, the news of his death came as a particular shock. The collection of casual and alien plants, the final results of -which are seen in the following pages, had been to Mr. Grierson a labour of love through many years. The outstanding event in local natural history during the period covered by this volume was the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow in September, 1928. Unfortunately, it was not found possible to gather the results of the work done to record the fauna and flora of " Clyde " with the .same fulness of detail as was presented at the previous meeting of the Association in Glasgow in 1901. Short articles, however, on the various groups of animals and plants were included in the general handbook. " Glasgow. 1928." issued in connection with the meeting. The editor was Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., one of our members, who himself contributed the article on the Marine Biological Station at Millport. The chapter on the local flora was edited by Dr. Donald Patton. at the time president of the Natural History Society, who also wrote the description of the flowering plants and ferns. The articles on other groups of plants were also by memlDers of our Society. Mr. Andrew Barclay. M.B.E.. past president of our Society, edited the chapter on the local fauna, and specialists from our member- ship assisted him also. The more detailed list of the records of fauna and flora made by our members and others for the Clyde area since 1901. and thus the substitute for the " Handbook " of that year, is provided by the " Clyde Card Catalogue." This was prepared for the British Association meeting by a Committee, the chairman of which was Professor L. A. L. King. M.A.. F.R.S.E.. a vice-president of the Xatural History Society. The conveners who were responsible for the cataloguing of the records in the various groups and their fellow-workers on the Committee were mostly m.embers of •our Society. Members of the Society have also co-opei'ated with repre- sentatives of other societies in securing Possil Marsh as a " sanctuary." In the " Proceedings,'' under date 18th December, 1928, and later, will be found references to the stages of a still closer co-operation of the Natural History Society with other local societies of somewhat similar aims : no less than an amalgamation of our own with the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow. The publication of " Proceedings " is completed in this issue with the final meeting of the Society in October, 1930, the negotiations for amalgamation having been carried to a successful conclusion. The present Number and Volume of " The Glasgow Naturalist " is thus the last as the journal of the Natural History Society of Glasgow as hitherto constituted. The members, however, have firmly decided that our Society in its new guise must remain a publishing one. " The Glasgow Naturalist," whether it continue in its present or in altered form, will, we hope, return to the publication at frequent and regular intervals which it formerly enjoyed. It will, we hope, record without delay the original work of the members of the Society whose organ it will be. With concentration on the wealth of material awaiting the student in our own " Clyde," although not so confined exclusively, it may be possible gradually to publish in more complete and accessible form the information about the fauna and flora now collected in the Clyde Card Catalogue of 1928, the information which would, with ampler funds, have been published in a " 1928 Handbook," as well as the information which will assuredly have been added since 1928. The editors would, in conclusion, express their hearty thanks to the specialists of the Society for their help in checking names and records and in other ways. All were willing, but we gladly mention Mr. John R. Lee in particular, because the amount of botanical material for insertion was such that we made exceptionally large encroachment upon his time in enlisting his services. CLYDE CASUALS, 1916-1928. Bv Robert Grierson. This paper collates the information contained in the following papers, notes, and exhibits contributed to the Glasgow Natural History Society by the author. It also includes information given by other members of the Society and obtained from other sources. 24th May, 1918— Paper, "Our Alien Problem." 26th November, 1918 — Paper, " More Glasgow Aliens." 24th June, 1919— Exhibit. 30th September, 1919 — Paper, "Alien Plants in Clydesdale." 27th January, 1920— Exhibit. 29th June, 1920— Exhibit. 28th September, 1920— Exhibit. 2oth January, 1921— Paper, " The Travels of Plants." 28th June, 1921— Exhibit. 27th December, 1921— Exhibit. .30th May, 1922— Paper, " Aliens, 1921, Recorded for the First Time." 26th September, 1922— Exhibit. 3Lst October, 1922— Exhibit. 26th June, 192-3— Exhibit. 25th September, 1923— Exhibit. SOth September, 1924 — Exhibit. 29th September. 1925— Exhibit. 27th October, 1925— Exhibit. 27th April, 1926— Exhibit. 28th September, 1926 — Paper, " Some Recent Finds among Mosses and Casuals." 30th November, 1926 — Note. 27th March, 1928— Paper, " Fresh Notes on the Alien Flora of the Clyde." 30th October, 1928 — Paper, " Additions to the Local Casual Flora, 1928." Also various reports, especially of excursions of the Society. My search for casuals or alien plants in this district was begun about 1916 or a little earlier. About that time there was a specially prolific coup between Possilpark. and Cowlairs, which stimulated the search. The species given in this paper have been chiefly found on coups, a few on waste ground. The coups were the tips where rubbish, mainly ashes, had been deposited. The localities of the coups are generally given; but along the New Monkland Siding, near Coatbridge and Airdrie, there have been at different times series of coups, sometimes given as Monkland Sidings and sometimes by the name of the particular farm on which the coup was placed : Ryding. Brackenhirst, &c. Beyond Gartoosh, on both sides of the main Stirling line of the L.M.S. Railway, there is a large coup, which is hardly used now, but where several species, Salvia verticillata, Potentilla intermedia, P. norvegica, and Oenothera hiennis, are naturalised in quantity, and Linaria Linurki (L.) Karst. = //. vulgaris, Mill, grows in sheets. There is also a large coup near Condorrat on the same line at Maryburgh Farm. The Tollcross sand-pits and Bowling Distillery yielded many plants and there used to be some at the grain store at Dalmuir. Most of the plants come from abroad ; but some are natives of or established in the South of Britain, as shown by Druce's " Hayward." A few come from Africa, one from New Zealand, a couple of Docks from South America, and a few may have arrived from Asia ; but the very great majority came from South Europe and North America, probably from the latter in particular, as there is so much commerce now between us and the States and Canada. Possibly in most instances these species were originally South European; but it by no means follows that they came here from South Europe. The official book on Canadian weeds, in the Society's library, shows how many of the worst Canadian weeds crossed there from this side, settled, and are row coming back to Europe from America. There is «<^ much more commerce between this countrv and North America than l^etween us and South Europe that we may be pretty certain that most of these plants, though of South European origin, arrive here from North America; but few seem to establish themselves round Glasgow, possibly because we have not a warmer summer. In several instances, such as Sisymhrium altissimwm and Melilotus indica, they even are plentiful and set their seeds well, yet, though they may recur for a year or two, do not seem to have become established. S. aliissimum seemed to have become established at the farthest out Tollcross sandpit, but now requires the soil to be disturbed for it to reappear. A couple of species probably came from Siberia via North America; they are Axyris Amarantoides and Motiolepis trifida . ^^ hen this work was begun several flowers were gathered which have never been named, as I was not in touch with anyone able to do this, and these have never been noticed since; but for about ten years past the plants found have nearly all been named and identified either by Dr. G. C. Druce, of Oxford, or at Kew Gardens. A few were named by Mr. James Eraser, of Leith, who specialised in alien plants. The naming of such alien species is specially difficult. They may come from any quarter of the world, and are not given, as a rule, in our native floras. We have no public herbarium in Glasgow as in Edinburgh, and even no good botanical library. The Mitchell Library has Britton and Brown's " Flora of North America " and Coste's " Flore de France," possibly two of the most useful books; but neither can be borrowed out. Even Dr. Druce often sends critical species to specialists. The best season for the casuals or aliens is later than for native plants. Little is found before our Glasgow Fair, about the middle of July; September is the best month, and finds have often been made in October. The best season for casuals begins just as the best season for our alpine plants is getting past. 8 It will be noticed how many of the plants associated with damp localities appear on these dry ash heaps : not only introduced plants, but many of our frequent native species, such as Radicula /xilustris. For some unknown reason, though possibly on account of the nature of the season, certain species, not noticed before and possibly not occurring again, w-ill appear more than once in the same year and in widely separated districts. Bunias Erucago occurred only in 1920, but then at both Tollcross and Ruchill. Plants that some years ago were frequent have either become much less common or have ceased to appear. This applies specially to the species of Lepidium of the virginicum type, to Axyris Amarantoides, Dracoce- phalum porvifiorum, Vogelia paniculata, &c. In general the number of new species met with has been growing less for vsome years, and 1927 was much the worst season, Ruhus nutkanus being the only new find. There has been a great reduction in what might be called searchable ground. The City is burning most of its refuse now; possibly this is good for the public health, but it is ruinous for my work. Anyway, there was a distinct improvement in the finds in 1928, which has been the best season for some years. It was both cold and late, .so late that several flowers which appear regularly on our waste heaps, such as Carthamus tinctorius and Guizofia ahyssinicM, were not noticed in bloom at all. ^et from a dozen to a score of new species or varieties were found, and none of them was a mere garden casual. Most are European or South European, but may have come via North America. One grass is from the last, and one flower is from Egypt. The finds mostly belonged to the crucifers, Leguminosae, and the grasses. Some are not named yet. One of the crucifers promised to be interesting. It recalled Camelina sativa, but was more of a buff yellow. Its pods had not set, but after a thorough search one was detected, small and round like that of a minute Thlaspi arvense. It dropped oS before being sent away for identification. The chief lesson taught by those gatherings of 1928 was liow careful one must be in one's observations. Most of the plants obtained could have been easily passed over for ■commoner kinds; many set their pods badly here, and it might be only the appearance of the pods that made it vertain the plants were new. Anyone else attempting this work i.< warne'l that acres oi ii coup may be searched, yielding little that is rare, while a small spot where a load of rubbish has been thrown may yield several new or rare plants. Few of these plants endure. It is only for the first or .second season after deposit of the rubbish that new plants are likely to ]>e found. By the end of that time the seeds in the rubbish will have germinated and likely our native weeds, chenopods. Atriplex. etc.. will have formed such a rank growiih as to kill out or hide any newcomers, or the coups will be covered with earth and made farm ground. Of all the foreign seed that comes in only a small part can grow. The deposits of ashes, (fee. are usually deep and only the seed near the surface has a chance of germinating. Ordinary cereal plants are common casuals, including a little Buckwheat : but it is wonderful how much Rye appears on the coups, considering how little it is used in the district. Foreign cereals. Millet and Maize, iK-cur; but Maize at least does not seem to set its grain here, though it sometimes flowers. Garden escapes, " hortal." are common and the least interesting. Considering their opportunities, they naturalise themselves but seldom. However, the Rose-Bay. the Monkey Flower, and Clnytonia sihirica have become quite common since Kennedy wrote. Many seeds come in with grain in spite of the fact that most of our corn now comes from English- speaking lands which are supposed to clean their corn with special care. Many casuals come in no one can say how — in packing or any other rubbish. The rock garden is a com- paratively modern institution ; but plants from the rock gardens seem much more likely to establish themselves with us than ordinary garden species. 10 It must be kept in mind that our flora is being constantly recruited from these introduced species, and it is desirable to have a record of their first occurrence here. The approxi- mate date of the first appearance of a species has been generally noted. The most remarkable instance of a new species making this island its own is that of Matricaria suaveolens. Hayward and Druce, in their book on Tweedside casuals, mention that its first appearance in Britain seems to have been in 1878. I noticed it about Anniesland and opposite Dawsholm gasholders about 1910, but did not get its name for some years, and, when I drew attention to the matter in one of the papers, it was found to have been with us for some years, but overlooked on account of its general likeness to a stunted, ray less form of M. inodora. It is now common from the South of England — Sussex and Dartmoor — ■ to our extreme North and in Ireland. Mosses hardly come within the scope of this paper, and in any case there are few casual mosses. It may be worth while mentioning, however, that when the Society visited our Botanic Gardens in the spring of 1925 two mosses were noticed growing on and under the Tree Ferns in the Kibble. The mosses were exhibited at the meeting of the Society on 27th April, 1926. Both mosses fruited in the Kibble eventually. One, which grew chiefly on the stems of the Tree Ferns, proved to be a species of Pterygophyllum , which might have come from either New Zealand or the southern part of South America. The other, which grew on the stones below the Tree Ferns, was a species of Hypo pterygium, apparently not recognised before, and it could not be said whence it had come. Mr. H. N. Dixon, to whom specimens were sent, stated in " The Journal of Botany," December, 1928, pp. 350-351, that both mosses were clearly introductions, that one agreed quite well with the variable Pterygophyllum dentntum, H.f. (t W., and that he was unable to refer the other to any described .species; he proposed for it the name, Hypopterygiinn atrnthera. Dixon. The latter was exhibited in fruit, 30th November, 1926. 11 List of Casuals. Abbreviations, &c. The nomenclature and arrangement followed are those of Dr. Druce's " British Plant List," Second Edition, 1928. Most of the plants recorded were observed by the author. "Where others are responsible for the records, their names are given. "Henn." — Indicates that the plant is mentioned in Hennedy's " The Clydesdale Flora," In Memoriam Edition (1878). "Brit. Ass.'' — Indicates that the plant is mentioned in the British Association Handbook, " Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the Clyde Area" (1901). " H. & Dr."— "The Adventive Flora of Tweedside," by Hayward and Druce. " B.E.C." — Report of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles for the year stated. "First seen, 19 — " indicates the year in which the plant was first seen in " Clyde " by the author. " Excursion," followed by date, refers to excursion of Natural History Society of Glasgow. " Exhibited." followed by date, refers to meeting of the same Society. "Det." — Determined by (name following). "B."— Brackenhirst. " Md." — Monkland Sidings. "Mh."— Maryburgh. ''R."_Ryding. Watsonian and other Vice-Counties are indicated by number as follows : — " (75) "—Ayr. " (76) "—Renfrew. - (77) "—Lanark. " (860) " — East Dumbarton, detached portion, comprisinsr Parishes of Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch. " (866) "—Stirling (Kelvin Basin). 12 "(86c)" — Stirling (Loch Lomond Basin). " (98) "—Argyll (Main). " (99) "—Dumbarton, excluding (86a). " (100)"— Clyde Isles. " (101) "—Argyll— Cantyre. Raxuxculaceae. Ranunculus arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. A native of Britain. Occurs occasionally here as casual. Anniesland (77) (Cumming). Exhibited, 29th June, 1920. Railway at Symington (77) (Patton). a. sardous, Cr. Hairy Crowfoot. Henn. as E. hirsutus, L. : " Rare." Brit. Ass. Found a few times in 1923 on coups in (77) and at Bowling (99), and in plenty at one station on Flanders Moss in "Forth." Exhibited. 25th September, 1923. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923. p. 165. R. muricatus, L. R. (77), 1922. Det. Kew. Exhibited 26th September, 1922. Nigella hispanica, L. Md. (77), 1925. B.E.C. 1925, p. 860. Delphinium Aja^is. L. Field Larkspur. Near Glasgow. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 165. B. orientale, J. Gay. Near Glasgow, 1918. B.E.C. 1919, p. 719. Aconitum anglicum, Stapf = J. Napellus, auct. br. Monks- hood. Henn. : " Rare." Darnley Glen, naturalised, excursion, 24th April. 1920. Berberidaceae. Epimedium alpinum, L. Alpine Barrenwort. Henn. : " Very rare. ' About the ruins of the Old Castle of Mugdock, abundantly, ffopk.' " Thought to grow no longer there. Occasional casual (hortal). Papaveraceae. Papaver somniferuin, L. Opium Poppy. Occasional hortal casual. 13 P. nudicaule, L. From Arctic Regions. R. (77). 1920. Det. Druce. Meconopsis camhrica (L.) Vig. Welsh Poppy. Brit. Ass. : " not native.'' Occasional casual. Railway. Symington (77) (Patton). Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Curt. Scarlet horned Poppy. Gathered once or twice : Passil (77) and Robroyston (77). First seen. 1918. Distinguished by its long hairy pod and colour of flower. B.E.C. 1919. p. 719. Eschscholzia Douglasn, Walp. Grain store. Dahuuir (99). and in (77). 1917. Hortal or grain casual. B.E.C. 1919, p. 719. and 1921. p. .371. FUMARIACEAE. Capnorrhis formosa (And.) Dr. = Dicentra formosa, Walp. Below garden, in shade, where road crosses stream at Slate Quarries, Luss (99). 1925. Several plant.s established. B.E.C. 1925, p. 861. €. eximia (DC.) Dw^ Dicentra eximia, Torr. Darnley Glen, excursion, 24th April, 1920 : " apparently well e.stablished, not near any house or garden."" B.E.C. 1920, p. 14r. Railway. Symington (77) (Patton). Capnoides lutea (L.) Gaertn. =C'o/7/f/r/^/-s- luteo. DC. Yellow Fumitory. Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." An occasional casual. Seems inclined to establish itself and spread. Cruciferae. Mathioln sinuata, Br. Sea Stock. Anniesland (77"). 1922. On coup, deteriorated from garden form. Det. Kew. Radicida sylvestris (L.) Dr. = Nasturtium sylvestre, DC. Brit. Ass. Now frequent, established at several stations, and occurs as casual on dry coups. R. amphibia (L.) I>r. =Nasturfium amphibium, Br. Water- Rocket. Brit. Ass. Ordinarily grows in water : native in Lanark Loch (Patton). Mh. (77), on dry coup, 192(). B.E.C. 1926. p. 104. 14 R. island ica (Oeder) D\\=R. pahistris, Moench — N asttirtium islandicum (Oeder) = iV. terrestre, Br. ]\Iarsh Yellow- Rocket. Henn. as native. Brit. Ass. : " Common " (as Nasturtium palwstre, DC). Occurs as casual on dry coups. Monstrous form with very small fruit, Bardowie coup (866). B.E.C. 1919, pp. 637 and 720. Barharea verna, Asch. = i5. pi-aecox, Br. American Cress. So determined by Mr. Fraser and others; but, though the plants seemed distinct from B. vulgar in, Br., none answered well to the description of verna. Found occasionally. Arabis alpina, L. Alpine Rock Cress. First seen, 1922. This alpine plant of Skye has occurred occasionally as a casual on ash heaps, probably introduced through rock gardens. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1924, p. 555. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Henn. : " Very rare." Ibrox (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. .371. A. muralis, Bertol. Anniesland (77), 19 IS. B.E.C. 1919, pp. 548 and 720. A. caucasica, Willd.=-4. albida, Stev. Anniesland (77). Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Mh. (77), 1923. Rohi-oyston (77), 1924. Det. Kew and Thellung. One of the most interesting finds and believed to be new to Britain. The flowers are white and inconspicuous, pods wiry, at first erect, soon becoming reflexed. Exhibited 30th September, 1924. B.E.C. 1924, p. 433. Ahjssum maritimum. Lam. Sweet Alyssum. Frequent, hortal, possibly establishing itself near the sea. Draba muralis, L. Wall Rock Cress. Henn. Brit. Ass. Helensburgh (99) (Guthrie), also in (77). Railway, Abington (77) (Patton). Spreading. WiWkia maritima, ^QO^.=Malcomia maritima, Br. Hortal, appears often on our coups, but does not seem to have been definitely recorded for the district till 1922. Mh. (77), excursion, 30th September, 1922. B.E.C. 1928, p. 724. .Sisymbrium strictissimtim, L. Bowling (99), 1921. Det. Kew. 15 S. Sophia, L. Flixweed. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced."' B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Frequent as casual and may reappear for a few seasons. S. altissijnum, L.=S. pannonicum, Jacq. Went from S. Europe to X. America, where it became a troublesome weed known as " Tumbling Mustard." First seen in " Clyde ■' about 1910, opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77), later at Girvan (75). As late as 1916 it was regarded as something of a find. It is possibly the commonest casual and appears in quantity each season, on occasion covers acres, yet hardly establishes itself. For some years it has been seen in the farthest-out Tollcross sand-pit (77), but requires the ground to be disturbed. Darvel (75), excursion, 26th September, 1921. S. orientale, L. Also a common casual on coups throughout the district. First noticed by the author about 1915, but is in collection of late Mr. Peter Ewing earlier. Ayr and Troon (75). Railway, Symington (77), abundant (Patton). iS". Loeselii, L. Gartcosh (77), 1920, and once or twice since. B.E.C. 1920, p. 111. Det. Kew. jS. canescens, Xutt. X. America. Bowling (99), 1922. Exhibited 26th September, 1922. Det. Kew. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. Treacle Mustard, Wormseed Mustard. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Xot native but well established and spreading. Bowling (99), Cambus- lang Coup (77). Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). E. repandum, L. Anniesland (77), 1917. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). Cnnringia orientalis (L.) Diim.. — Erf/simmn perfoliatum, Cr. Hare's-ear Treacle Mustard. Fairly frequent for many - years; rather less so of late. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Ca77ielina sativa, Crantz. Gold of Pleasure. Henn. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Frequent as casual. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. About Stevenston (75). Railway, Thankerton (77), frequent and established (Patton). •C. macrocarpa, Andrj. Md. (77), 192.3. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924, p. 556. 16 Brassica nigra, L. Black Mustard. Henn. : " Rare." A fairly frequent casual at Bowling (99) and in (77). B.E.C. 1923, p. 168. Railway, Symington, etc. (77) (Patton). B. alba (L.) Boiss. White Mustard. Henn.: "Rare." Brit. Ass. : " Common." A fairly frequent casual, especially at Mh. (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Railway, Symington, &c. (77) (Patton). B. juncea, Coss. Indian Mustard. A common casual on coups, so closely resembling B. arvensis, Kuntze, as generally to be confused with it ; but its awl-shaped beak and narroAver, smoother leaves distinguish it. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1924, p. 557. B. gallka (Willd.) Dr. =5. PoUichii (Sch. cV Spenn.). Dr. Newlands and Mh. (77), Cxreenock (76), &c. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. B. incana (L.) F. Schultz = 5. adpressa, Boiss. Hoary Mustard. R. (77), Bowling (99), &c., 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405, and 1926, p. 105. Diplotaxis tenjdfolia (L.) DC. Brit. Ass. Troon (75) and in (77). D. muralis (L.) DC. Wall or Sand Rocket. Brit. Ass. Gathered several times and seemed established at Toll- cross (77) and Bowling (99), but was obliterated. Ardrossan and Ayr (75). Giffnock (76). B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Eruca Ernca (L.) Dr.=^. sativa, Mill. Rocket-Salad. Pod like that of Bi-assica arvensis, Kuntze, but with a leafy beak. Known as an occasional casual for many years. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Coronopus didymus, '^vi\.=8enchiera didyvia, Pers. Lesser Wart Cress. Brit. Ass. : " Ayr Harbour, Renfrew. Introduced in these cases." Occasional casual for some years back. Found established at Troon (75) about 1910, later at Ardrossan (75) and Fairlie (75). B.E.C. 1919, p. 640. 17 Lepidium Draba, L. Hoary Cress. First found about 1913 at Ayr (75). later at Millport (100). and in several places round Glasgow (77) or in (99), well established. Exhibited. 28th June, 1921. Z. ruderale, L. Bowyer's Mustard. Used to be rather common on coups, ttc, in the district, in (77) and at Bowling (99). vfec, less so of late. Exhibited, 28th June. 1921. Some accounts say it has a fishy odour, but none could be detected on any gathered about here. L. campestre (L.) Br. Field Cress. Henn. : along with L. Smithii, Hook, as rare; L. Smithii has become frequent, L. campestre remains rare and has only been noticed as a casual. Brit. Ass. L. perfolicttitm, L. Easily distinguished. Mh. and Rob- royston (77). 1920, found a few times. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921. L. sativum, L. Garden Cress. Brit. Ass.: "Introduced."' Hortal. Fairly frequent. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). L. virginicum, L. Used to be rather common as casual, much less so of late. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921. L. densiflorum. Schrad. Occurs occasionally as casual. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405, and 1923, p. 170. Det. Thellung. L. neglectum, Thell. Occurs occasionally as casual. B.E.C. 1920. p. 112, 1923, p. 170, and 1924, p. 558. Det. Thellung. Exhibited. 28th June. 1921. L. ramosissimum, A. Xels. Occurs occasionally as casual. B.E.C. 1920, p. 112, and 1921, p. 405. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921. Note. — The last four species and L. ruderah stronglv resemble one another and. except L. rvderah, are not in most native floras, and require a specialist to name them. In recent seasons they have all become less common, and the reason of this is not known. Biscutella anricvlata. L. Yellow flowers, winged pods, and perfoliate leaves. Md. (77), 1925. the only find. B.E.C. 1925, p. 765. B 18 B. cichoriifolm, Loisel. Coup (IT). B.E.C. 1928, p. 6U9. Thlaspi arvense, L. Penny Cress. Known in Canada as " The Stink Plant," an appropriate name, though the odour may not always ])e apparent. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Common here as casual, but established at Dunure Mains (75) and Railway, Abington (77) (Patton). Iheris amara, L. Bitter Candytuft. Hortal. Henn. : " An outcast from gardens." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Only occurs still as a casual, though frequent. Railway. Lamington (77) (Patton). Vogelia pciniculata (L.) 'Rovwem.. = N eslia paniculata, Desv. Known as " Ball Mustard " in Canada. Found in 1916, used to be a frequent casual, less so of late. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920. Myagrum perfoUatum, L. Md. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 726. Bunias Erucago, L. Tollcross (77). Ruchill (77) (T. Hill). Both finds same year, 1920. Set few pods. B.E.C. 1920, p. 113. B. orientalis, L. * Occasional casual and persistent where it settles. Two or three patches at first railway bridge east of Bishopbriggs. Sets few pods. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). Rapistrum orientale, Crantz. Found occasionally on coups near Glasgow. First seen, 1916. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. In 1928 an unusual number of times. Sets its pods badly with us. H. rugosum. (L.) All. The double-jointed pods are distinctive. Ardrossan (75), Md. (77). and Dumbarton (99). First seen at Ardrossan about 1916. had been found on east side of Scotland before. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1921, p. 405. Erucaria hispanica (L.) Dr. = ^. myagroides, Hal. Giffnock (76), 1926. B.E.C. 1926, p. 106. 19 Resedaceae. Beseda lutta, L. "Wild Mignonette. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Frequent casual here, seems established at Tollcross (77). Railway, Symington (77; (Pattonj. R. inodora. Reichb. Possil (77) only. Det. Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. Several plants grew on the Possil coup about 1916-1918. and continued there a few years. B.E.C. 1919. p. 720, and 1920, p. 15. R. odorata. L. Hortal. First found in 1920. Frequent casual in district. ViOLACEAE. Viola odorata. L. Sweet Violet. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." Naturalised occasionally. A patch with double flowers has existed for many years on the side of the upper road to East Kilbride where the road frrmi Thorntonhall joins (77). Braidwood and Tillietudlem (77) (Patton). r. odorata var. durfietrjrum (Jord.). With white flower and violet spur. At mouth of Doon (75). excursion. 5th April. 1926. Det. Patton. B.E.C. 1926. p. 107. C-^TOPHTLLACEAE . Dianthus Caryophyllus, L. Clove Pink. Hortal. Tollcross (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405. Gypsophila paniculata, L. Chalk Plant. Hortal. Occurs occasionally as casual. Mh. (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. G. eJegans. M. Bieb. Found seldom. B.E.C. 1921. pp. 375 and 405, and 1923. p. 172. Saponaria officinalis, L. Soapwort. Brit. Ass. Occasional casual (77) and (99). Railway. Abington (77) (Patton). S. Vaccaria, L. Cow Herb (U.S.A.). Frequent casual for many years. B.E.C. 1919. p. 720. 20 Silene noctifiora. L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Henn. (Appendix): "Very rare." Frequent, but only as casual. (Mentioned as casual near Edinburgh about end of 18th century.) S. anglica, L. English Catchfly. Occurs rather often on coups. S. gallica. L. Gunpowder Weed. R. (77), &c., occasional. B.E.C. 1921, p. 375. S. dichotoma, Ehrh. Of occasional but repeated occurrence for many years past. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1922, p. 720. S. pendula, L. Mh. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 728. S. Muscipiila, L. Viscid and warty. Ibrox (77), 1920, only find. B.E.C. 1920, p. 115. S. stricta, L. Mh. (77), 1921. Det. Kew. Exhibited, Slst October, 1922. Found in district occasionally since. At Kirkintilloch Sewage Works coup (77), 1926. B.E.C. 1921, p. 275 (where description is given), and 1923» p. 172. S. annulata, Fenzl. Mh. (77), 1921, only find. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. S. fmhrinta, Sims. Ardrishaig (101), apparently firmly established, 1929 (W. Rennie). Det. Miss Hayward. Lychnis alba, MiW. x dioica, L. = Z. intermedia (Schur). At Gartcosh (77), Sec. Cerastium tomentosum , L. Snow-in-Summer. Hortal. Bardowie (866), itc, rapidly naturalising itself and spreading. Stellaria aquatica. Scop. Great Chickweed. Ibrox (77), at refuse-destructor on dry ashes, 1920. PORTULACACEAE. Claytonia sibirica, L. Spring Beauty. Henn.: "C. ahinoides, Ph., is becoming naturalized in several places." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced, but well established." Frequent, established, and spreading. See "The- 21 Occurrence of Claytonia sibirica, L., in the Clyde Area," by Arch. Shanks. "The Glasgow Xaturalist," Vol. VII, Xo. i, pp. 101-103. Near Gourock (76). By Gareloch in several places and near Balloch (99). Seamill (75), excursion, 2nd April, 1927. Stewarton (75), excursion, Andersonian Naturalists' Society, 18th August, 1928. Especially abundant along upper path from Rothesay to Craigniora (100), excursion, 23rd May, 1927. C. perfoliata, Donn. Henn. : " . . . occurred as a weed in the Old Botanic Garden, Glasgow, in 1837; since that time it has spread considerably." Established many years ago in a wood, Craigmore (100); also for over 20 years between West Kilbride and Portincross (75) ; seen at several excursions till the present time. Plant is said to make a good winter salad : see B.E.C. 1923, p. 31. Malvaceae. Lavatera olbia, L. B. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 730. Malva pusilla, Sm. Small Mallow. First found, 1919. Seen several times in (76), (77), and (99). B.E.C. 1923, p. 174, 1924, p. 563, and 1925, p. 869. M. Alcea, L. Xewlands (77), 1919. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. M. parviflora, L. See B.E.C. 1920, p. 16 (454), for details of this and .1/. jjusilla. Seen several times, especially at Bowling (99). Paisley (76) (D. Ferguson), and Darnley (76) (Patton). B.E.C. 1923, p. 174, and 1924, p. 563. M. crispa, L. Mh. (77). Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924, p. 563. Geraniaceae. Tropaeolu-m peregrinum, L. Hortal. Occasional casual. B.E.C. 1922, p. 722. Limnanthes Douglasii, Br. Hortal. Giffnock coup (76). 1924. Oxalis florihiinda, Lehm. Helensburgh (99), 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. 377. RUTACEAE. Citrus Aurantiiun, L. Orange seedlings are found occasionally on coups, sometimes in plenty, as near where marmalade is being made. A seedling two or three inches in height was found at B. (77), 1926, with a small flower on top, possibly cleistogamous. B.E.C. 1926, p. 110. VlTACEAE. Vitis vitiifeni, L. Vine seedlings are not uncommon on coups and are sometimes in quantity. At IV>rox (77) and Kilsyth (866) they were gathered as plants of six inches long or more, and it seemed likely that they had survived at least one season. B.E.C. 1926. p. 110. Legumixosae. Lahurnuni Laburnum (L.) = Z. vulgare. Presl = i. Ana- gyroides, Med. The Laburnum has been introduced into our hedges in several localities, and has been noted seeding itself at Ayr (75), Carmunnock C77), &c. Trigonella Foenum-graecum , L. Fenugreek. Has appeared. 1919. rarely as a casual on our coups. Pet. Kew. B.E.C. 1919. p. 720. T. M. procitmbens, Reichb. =7*. caerulea, Ser. Possil (77), 1917, only find (but frequent at Leith Docks). B.E.C. 1919. p. 720. T. hamosa, L. Md. (77), 192.^. B.E.C. 1928. p. 731. Medicago Falcata. L. Yellow Medick. Brit. Ass. Fairly frequent casual: fir.st seen. 1921. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405. Sets its seed badly here. M. Falcata var. tenuifoliolotn. Vuyck. Bowling (99). kc. First seen. 1921. B.E.C. 1922, p. 723. and 1923, p. 177. M. sativa, L. Alfalfa or Lucerne. Henn. Brit. Ass. Cultivated. Occasional casual. Railway. Symington (77) (Patton). See account in B.E.C. 1923. p. 32 (564). Seldom sets its pods. 23 -¥. Iiispida, Gaertn. Toothed Medick. Brit. Ass. (as .1/. denticulata. Willd.). Rather frequent casual in district. Mh. (77). excursion. 30th September. 1922. Exhibited. 31st October, 1922. M. hispida var. apictdata (Willd.). Spines wanting or abortive. Given as rare, but has occurred several times in " Clyde." B.E.C. 1920, p. 118. M. arabica, Huds.=-1/. maciderry. Fully naturalised now and frequent in the district. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Rubiaceae. Galium tricorne, Stokes. First seen, 1920. Anniesland and Ibrox (77), seen a few times. Railway, Roberton (77), established (Patton). Asperula arvensis, L. Robroyston (77). Det. Kew and Druce. Flowers blue. Exhibited, a new record for " Clyde," 25th September, 192-3. Next season found flowering at Md. (77), with white flowers. Vaeeriaxaceae. Valeriana pyrenaica, L. Heart-leaved Valerian. Henn. : " Rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Loudoun (75). Lochwinnoch (76), excursion. 20th May, 1919. Near Helensburgh (99), excursion, 13th May, 1922. Banks of Glazert (866). COMPOSITAE. Solidago cavarfensis, L. Garden Golden Rod. North America. Established and frequent. BelJis perennis, L. forma. A form of the Common Daisy, which had quilled ligules, was gathered at R. (77\ 192-1. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924, p. 574. Aster novi-hehjii, L. First seen, 1922. Established and frequent. 30 A. macrophi/Uus, L. Estaljlished at Lochside Station (76). First seen, 1922. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1922, p. 609. Exhibited, 26th Septeml^er, 1922. XoTE. — Many Asters are naturalising themselves in " Clyde," particularly from America. Erigeron canadensis, L. Canadian Flea-bane, Horseweed. First seen, 1917. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. E. bonariensis, h.=E. crispus, Pourr. Gift'nock coup (76), 1926. Det. Druce. E. philadelphicus, L. Queen's Dock, Glasgow (77), 1912, and for several years (T. Hill). Anaphalis tnargaritncea, C. B. Clarke var. suhalpina, A. Gvaj = Antennaria iiuu-gaiitacea, R. Br. Pearly Everlasting. Rutherglen (77), 1920. Thornliebank (76), 1922. Helichnjsum hractentum, Andr. Australia. Hortal. Gifinuck coup (76), 1926. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926, p. 27. Buphthalmum speciosmn (Schreb.) Dr. Hortal. GlasgOAV (77). B.E.C. 1923, p. 38. Ambrosia artemisifolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Xorth America. Ibrox (77), several plants. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920. A. trifida, L. Great Ragweed. First noticed between Kelvin and Art Galleries, Glasgow (77). Found late in nearly every season. Seems only a casual here. A. trifda var. integrifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray. Found several times at Mh. (77), Bowling (99), &c. B.E.C. 1919, p. 720, and 1924. p. 575. Jianthium spinosum, L. Bathurst Burr (Australia). " One of the worst weeds in Australasia " (H. & Dr.). Cosmopolitan. Found twice at R. (77), 1922. Exhibited, 26th September, 1922. Never observed flowering. For note on its occurrence in prehistoric times see B.E.C. 1923, p. 38 (1295). .Heliopsis scabra, Dunal. Xewlands (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 290. 31 Budheckia Inciniota. L. Xewlands (77). 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. HeUanthu-s annuu-^, L. North American Sunflower. Fossil (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 720. and 1921, p. 405. If. dehilh. Xutt. Pos.>nger than a season. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). 38 SOLANACEAE. Lycopersicon Lycopersicum (L.) Tomatoes are among the commonest plants on our coups. They flower and some- times produce fruit. At Ibrox (77), for instance, some years back tomatoes of good size and well coloured were gathered ; but they do not seem to have established them- selves around Glasgow. Near Girvan (75) about 1917 many small plants were found in September, some of which had produced fruit about the size of a cherry and still green. They were said to be established on the shore, having originated from the cargo of a wrecked ship. They are stated to have endured for nearly ten years, but not to have appeared in 1927 owing to a severe frost in May of that year. Solanwm nigrum, L. Black Nightshade. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. A fairly frequent casual here. S. triflorum, Nuttall. Possil (77), 1916, when it set some berries. R. (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. S. tuheroswm, L. The Potato is very common on coups, which are sometimes dug up for the tubers ; but it does not endure and has. never been noticed in fruit on a coup. Lycium chinense, Mill. Tea Tree. Naturalised occasionally, especially near sea. Datura Stramonium, L. Thorn Apple. Appeared at Ruchill (77) some years ago (W. Rennie). Hyoscyamws niger, L. Henbane. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Fairly frequent casual, but no more. Bowling (99) (Patton). Nicotiana Tahacum, L. {N . rustica, L. 1) Tobacco. At Giff- nock coup (76) in 1926 there were several fine plants with reddish or brick-coloured large flowers. Probably hortal. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Verbascii/m Thapsus, L. Great ^luUein, Shepherd's Club. Henn. Brit. Ass. : " Garden escape." Balmaha (86c), excursion, 19th Mav. 1924. 39 F. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Possil (77), 1916, &c. V. nigrum, L. Black Mullein. Brit. x\ss. : " Bowling. On ballast.'* Established at Bowling Distillery (99;, Thornliebank (76). Railway, Abington (77). " used to be common " (Patton). Linaria purpurea. Mill. Purple Toadflax. Brit. Ass. : " Bowling. On waste heaps." Established about Bowling (99). Hortal, from Gardens, Dunglass Castle (99). L. repens (L.) Mill. Creeping Toadflax. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." At Gartcosh signal-box (77) for some years past; first seen, 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Railway, Symington (77) (Patton). Exhibited from Coulter (77), 28th February, 1922 (Dick). L. minor (L.) Desf.=L. viscida, Moench. Least Toadflax. Henn. : "Very rare." Brit. Ass.: "Introduced." Established in district and spreading, on railway ballast in particular. Craigendoran (99), Bardowie coup (866). Fairlie coup (75) ; railway, Thankerton to Abington (77), abundant (Patton). L. tripartita, Willd. R. (77). Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 202. L. chalepensis (L.) Mill. var. cleisfogama. Thell. Ibrox. (77). Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Antirrhinum majus, L. Great Snapdragon. Henn. : " Very rare." Hortal. Occasional casual. May endure. Scrophul-aria vernalis, L. Yellow Figwort. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Near gardens." Killallan (76). S. aquafica L. Water Figwort. Henn. : " Rare." A plant grew in 1916 and for a few years on the top of a rubbish- heap opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77), but was dug up. S. alata, Gilib.=.S^. Ehrharti. Stev.=5. umhrosa, Dum. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. Head of Loch Long (98). Mimidus guttatns, DC. =3/. Langsdorfii. Donn. Monkey Flower. Brit. Ass. (as M. hiteus, L.). Has become very 40 commmi in wet places throughout the country and in this district. To what special agency its dispersion is due does not seem to be known. Gryfe (76), excursion, 2nd July, 1921. Dunti-eath (86c), excursion, 8th September, 1923. Railway, Thankerton to Abington (77), abundant (Patton). Spotted form gathered in Kittoch Glen, near Busby (77). Erinus alpinus, L. Well established at Strathblane Road, near Duntreath, and on w-all at west approach to Strath- blane Station (86c). An introduction on walls, Rhu and Helensburgh (99), seen excursion, 13th May, 1922. By upper path between Rothesay and Craigmore (100), excursion, 23rd May, 1927. Abundant at water-works. Milngavie (99) (Patton). B.E.C. 1919, p. 670. Veronica lotiffifolm, L. Occasional hortal casual for many years. B.E.C. 1924, p. 587. Rhinanthus major, Ehrh. Great Corn Rattle. Possil (77), 1918, several plants, the only find. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Labiatab. Mentha longifoUa (L.) Huds. var. nemoinsa (Willd.), Bowling (99), 1919. M. verticillata (L.) = il7. sativa, L. Whorled Mint. Henn. Brit. Ass. Shandon (99). See note as to form in Watson Botanical Exchange Club Report, 1915-16, p. 548. .1/. cardiaca. Baker. Hortal. Frequent casual in district. Enduring. Det. Kew. Has strong, sweet smell; leaves generally streaked with yellow. M. arvensis, L. var. /jz-aecoa; (Sole) Sm. Shandon (99), 1925 (C. Bailey). B.E.C. 1926, p. 889. Satureia Acinos (L.) Scheele. Basil Thyme. Henn. " Very rare." Casual. Paisley (76) (D. Ferguson). Salvia verticillata, L. Bowling Distillery (99). Well established in quantity, Gartcosh coup (77). B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. 41 Nepeta Cataria, L. Catmint. Henn. : "Very rare." Occasional casual and endures. Kilmarnock coup above Barassie (75). Near Glasgow (77). Dracocephalum parvi-fiorum , Nuttall. North America. First seen on rubbish-heap opposite Dawsholm gasholders (77) about 1910, seems to have been found in two places in England the same year. A few years later it was noticed several times at Gift'nock coup (76), Ibrox (77). «fec. Has not been observed for several seasons. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Sideritis montana, L. Possil (77). 1917. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. R. (77). B.E.C. 1922. p. 743. Marruhium vulgare, L. White Horehound. Brit. Ass. : " On waste heaps." Rare. Ardrossan (75), 1916, kc. Ballota nigra, L. Black Horehound. Henn. : "Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " On waste heaps." Occasional casual. Troon (75), &c. Plantaginaceae. Plantago media, L. Hoary Plantain. Henn. : " Very rare, and only found as an introduced plant with grass seeds." Brit. Ass. Rare. Waste ground near Glasgow Art Galleries (77). Bothwell Castle (77) (Patton). Darvel (75), excu)-sion, 26th September, 1921. Near .Johnstone (76). P. Psi/Iliiim, L. R. and Mh. (77), 1922. Exhibited, 26th September, 1922. AmARANT ACEAB . A/narantus chlorostachi/s, Willd. R. (77), 1921. A. chlorostachi/s var. aristulatus, Thell. Bowling (99), 1920. A. quitensis, H.B.K. R. (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. A. retroflexus, L. Pigweed (of U.S.A.). Noticed fairly often. Newlands (77), 1920, &c. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. A. Dinteri, Schinz var. uncinatus, Thell. Bowling (99), 1921. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. A. angustifolius, ham.— A. BUtum, L.p.p. Rare. 1920. 42 Chenopodiaceae. Chenopodium rubrumi, L. Red Goosefoot. Henn. Brit. Ass. Frequent, but hardly established. C murale, L. Sowbane or Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Frequent casual of recent years. Coups (77) and Bowling (99). 1920. B.E.C. 1920, p. U3. C. album, L. var. paucidens (Murr) Dr. Glasgow (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 394. C. leptophyllum (Nutt.) Brit. & Br. Has also been given as variety of C. album, from which it is distinguished by its narrower leaves. Fairly frequent. First seen, 1919. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. C. glati'cum, L. Seen once or twice. Md. and Mh. (77), 1924. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1924, p. 593, and 1926, p. 130. C.ridvaria,h. Stinking Goosefoot. Smells like decayed fish. I challenge anyone to produce a plant, at least a flowering plant, belonging to this country with as bad an odour. This pervades the whole plant. Found twice, Md. (77),. 1924: first record round Glasgow. Exhibited, 30th September, 1924. B.E.C. 1925, p. 892. C. pohjspennurn, L. Possil (77), 1918, and occasionally Md. (77), &c., since. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. C. Ambrosioides, L. Mexican Tea. New Monkland (77), 1924. A narrow-leaved state. B.E.C. 1924, .p. 593. C. striatum (Krasan) Murr. B. (77), 1924. C. lanceolatum, Muhl. Possil (77), 1918. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Monolepis NuttaUiana (R. & S.) Greene=..l/. irifda, Schrad Possibly from Siberia via North America. Mh. (77), 1921. Md. (77), 1923. Bowling (99). Believed a rare find. B.E.C. 1921, pp. 306, 405. U. NuttaUiana var. minor (Moq.) Thell. Glasgow (77). Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1922, p. 745. Beta vrdgaris, L. Common Beet. Cultivated. Occasional casual. 43 B. maritima, L. var. annua, Aschers A: Gueibriere. \ ariety not in Druce's " British Plant List." Found first at Leith and det. from there at Kew. Like a dwarf or stunted form. Md. (77). Exhibited. 26th September, 1922. Spinacia oleracea, L. Spinach. Cultivated. Rather frequent casual in more than one form. Atriplex patula, L. var. erecta, Lange = ^. erecta, Huds. Brit. Ass. : " Common." Occasional casual. Common Mh. (77). Axyris Amaixinioides, L. Believed to have come from Siberia via North America. Rather frequent for a few years, not observed for long now. Possil (77), 1916, eVc. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Salsola Kali, L. var. teniiifoJia, Tausch. Leaves not spiny. Found a few times as casual at Md. (77), 1921. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. POLTGOXACEAE. Polygonum scabrum, Moench var. incanum (Lej. & Court.). Possil (77). 1916. The variety seemed only a casual. P. petecticale (Stokes) Dr.= IP. fomentosum, Schrank. Either this plant or a form of P. scahrvm was found at Gart- cosh (77) and Giffnock (76) recently, of abnormal size but apparently not distinct. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. P. avictdare. L. var. agrestinum (Jord.). A distinct variety of Knotgrass. Bowling Distillery (99) for some years. P. equiseti forme. Sibth. & Sm. Md. (77). 1925 and 1928. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1925. p. 893. and 1928. p. 756. P. cuspidatK^m. Sieb. k Zucc. Japanese Polygonum. A common garden outcast. P. sachalinense. Schmidt. Giffnock (76). 1926. itc. [Other foreign species of Polygonum are naturalising themselves in the Clyde Area.] Fagopyrum Fagopyrwm {h.) = Polygonum Fagopyrum, L. Buckwheat. Henn. Occurs as casual fairly often and sometimes sets seed. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. 44 F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Ibrox (11), the only plant. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Rumex longif alius, T>C=R. nquaticus, auct. Henn. Probably a native plant which has been overlooked; but occurring also as a casual. Probably often mistaken for R. crispus. Seems fairly common in district near Cumbernauld (86a), beyond Polnoon (77), &c. Found in several places, 1922. Roadside near Mollinburn (77), excursion, 30th September, 1922. Exhibited, 31st October, 1922. R. crispus, L. var. trigranulatus, Syme. This variety of Common or Curled Dock has tubercle on each sepal instead of only one on upper sepal and has very dense panicle. This is an example of a plant of which the type is native, while the vai'iety is a mere casual. First seen, 1916. Has occurred several times as casual, N.W. shore of Arran (100), on shingle, 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 757. R. puJcher, L. Fiddle Dock. Henn. : "Very rare." Rather frequent as casual on dry coups. Never noticed as native, but will enduie more than one year. R. maritimws, L. Golden Dock. A plant or two noticed most seasons as casuals on coups (77). R. saJicifolius, Weinm. Noticed in (76) and at Possil (77) and Bowling (99) about 1916. Fairly frequent for some years; less so latterly. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721, and 1920, p. 146. Exhibited, 29th June, 1920. R. bucephalophorus, L. Strongly resembles R. Acetosella, L., from which it can be distinguished by dentate lip. Once at Bishopton coup (76). Found before in quantity at Leith Docks and identified there by Mr. Eraser. R. ohovatus, Danser. First named " rientatus," then '' para- yuayensis.'^ Found on coups in (77) and (76), 1920. Seen fairly often since. Det. Turrill. B.E.C. 1920. pp. 146 and 258-259; 1921, p. 307; 1922, pp. 621 and 746: 1923, pp. 60-62, 210; 1924, p. 595; and 1928. p. 757. 45 R. magellanicu^, Griseb. Was established at Gartcosh (77), but hardly any is left. Believed only find for Great Britain. B.E.C. 1919, pp. 574 and 721. EUPHORBIACEAE. Euphorbia EsuJa, L. Leafy Spurge. Helensburgh (99), 1917. Probably hortal. E. Cyparissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Cambuslang (77), 1917. Ibrox (77). Railway, Abington (77) (Patton). Riciniis communis, L. The Castor Oil Plant occurs occasionally on Glasgow coups, but has not been observed to flower well. First seen, 1919. Fine plants grew in quantity at B. (77) in 1926. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Mercurialis annua, L. Brit. Ass. R. (77), 1922. B.E.C. 1923, p. 210. Urticaceae. Cannabis sativa, L. Hemp is a frequent casual and some- times flowers. Probably largely due to bird-seed. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Ficus Carica, L. A fine young Fig tree, a foot or more high, occurred on Ferniegair coup, near Hamilton (77). about 1922. Iridaceae Sisyrinchium an gtisti folium, Mill. Blue-eyed Grass. A few plants appeared for a year or two at one of the Giffnock Quarries (76) about 1919. It is believed there have been other records in the district. Tritonia crocosmiflora, Nich. Montbretia. Helensburgh (99). Arran (100), Tighnabruaich (98). A frequent and well established casual by the Firth of Clyde. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721, and 1921, p. 400. Amaryllidaceae. Galanthus nivalis, L. Snowdrop. Henn. Brit. Ass. :" Intro- duced." Naturalised Auchinleck (75), seen excursion. 46 17th April, 1922. A great quantity of bulbs is said to have been planted at Finlayston and Ardgowan (76) over a century ago, and the Snowdrop is said to be well naturalised there. See B.E.C. 1924, pp. 454-455. LiLIACEAE. Euscus aculeatus, L. Butcher's Broom. Henn. : " Very rare." Rosneath woods (99), seen in flower, excursion, 17th May, 1924. Asphodelus fistulosus, L. Asphodel. Once at Possil (77), 1917. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Allium triquetrum, L. Heads of Ayr (75), excursion, 5th April, 1926. A. paradoxum, G. Don. Near Braidwood (77). Det. Kew. Torrance (86&). Ornithogalum umheUntum, L. Star of Bethlehem. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Lanark (77). Dunglass (99). Rosneath (99), excursion, 21st April, 1919, and other dates. Mount Stuart (100). JUNCACEAE. Juncus tenuis, Willd. Brit. Ass. Introduced into Clyde area in modern times and first noticed not much before the end of the nineteenth century. Frequent, but not so abundant since the tarring of roads began (J. R. Lee). Palmacbae. Phoenix dactylifera, L. Date Palm seedlings are found on our coups every year and sometimes in quantity. First noticed at Ibrox (77) about 1919. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Ctperaceae. Carex vulpina, L. var. nemorosa (Rebent.) Lej. Mh. (77), 1922. Det. Kew. The only sedge of interest seen as casual. Gramhstaceae. Panicum mUiaccum, L. Red Millet appears as occasional casual and seems even to set seed occasionally. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. 47 P. laevifolium, Hack. Mh. (77). B.E.C. 1921, p. i02. P. laevifolium var. amhoinense. Hack. Md. (77), 1926. Det. Druce. P. colonum, L. B. (77), 1926. B.E.C. 1926, p. 1.39. P. Crus-galli, L. Barn-yard Grass (of North America). Occurs occasionally as casual. Rutherglen and Md. (77), &c. P. Crtits-galli vsir. longisetum, Doll. =var. longiaristatum, Lej. Also occurs occasionally as casual, but less often than the type. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail (of U.S.A.). A rather frequent casual for several years, but erratic in its appearance. S. glauca, Beauv. Possil, &c. (77). First found in several places in 1921, at that time always growing with S. viridis, since found by itself. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Zea Mays, L. Maize appears on coups somewhat often and occasionally flowers, as on the Fairlie coup (75), excursion, 12th September, 1925. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Ph-alaris mino?', Retz. Only a rare casual here. R. (77), &c., 1920. Bowling (99). B.E.C. 1923, p. 220. P. bulbosa, L.=P. tuherosa, L. Bowling (99). Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Airdrie (77). B.E.C. 1928, p. 764. P. aquatica, L.=P. caertilescens, Desf. Bowling (99), Md. (77). B.E.C. 1921, p. 402, and 1925, p. 903. B. (77). B.E.C. 1928, p. 764. P. truncata, Guss. Bowling (99), 1921. Glasgow (77). B.E.C. 1921, p. 405, and 1922, p. 752. P. canariensis, L. Canary Grass. Henn. Brit. Ass. : " Introduced." Very common. From bird-seed. P. paradoxa, L. Rather more frequent here than P. minor. Bowling (99), R. (77), &c., 1920. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1924, p. 602. B. &c. (77). B.E.C. 1928. p. 764. P. nngusta, Nees. Possil (77), iVc, rare. B.E.C. 1923, p. 220. 48 Anthoxanthum odoi-atum, L. Vernal Grass. A new form was found at Mh. (77), 1923. B.E.C. 1925, p. 791. A. aristatum, Boi'SS.=^. Puelii, Lee. k Lam. Brit. Ass.: " Recent introduction." Coups, Robroyston (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 764. Phleum alpinum. L. Alpine Cat's-tail Grass. Mh. (77), 1925. Det. Kew. May be fairly common on coups, but is difficult to distinguish from P. p7-afense, L. B.E.C. 1925, p. 903. P. suhidatum, A. & G. In (77), 1923. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 220. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual Beard-grass. Bowling (99) and Md. (77), &c., 1920. Exhibited 28th September, 1920. B.E.C. 1920, p. 157. Known before. About 1920-1921 rather frequent, less so recently. Mh. (77), excursion, 30th September, 1922. Varies greatly in size. Gastridium ventricostini (Gouan) S. & T.—G. lendigerum. Gaud. Nitgrass. Ibrox (77), 1921. Seen in district before. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. Apera Spica-venti \L.) Beauv. Brit. Ass. : " Recent intro- duction." One of our most beautiful grasses. Frequent on coups, but never seems established. Arena fatiin, L. Wild Oat. Henn. : " Very rare." Fairly frequent on coups. A. sterilis, L. Grain store, Dalmuir (99), 1921. Rare. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. A. strigom, Schreb. Henn. Rather frequent as casual. Exhibited, 27th December, 1921. Cynosurus echinatus, L. Rough Dog's-tail. Occasional casual for many years. Anniesland and Robroyston (77). B.E.C. 1926, p. 141. Koeleria phleoides, Pers. Md. (77), 192G, the only tuft. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926. p. 141. K. jianirea (Lain.) Domin. Md. (77), 1923. Det. Thellung. B.E.C. 1923. p. 222. 49 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vig.-Lut. Mh. (77). 1920. Poa palustris, L. Hayward gives this as growing in the valleys of the Severn, Tay, and Boyne. It has been common on dry ash-heaps here of recent years, and seems to grow in the east of Scotland also in similar places. Exhibited, 28th September. 1920. Mh. (77). excursion, .30th September. 1922. P. compressa, L. Henn. : " Very rare." Brit. Ass. : "Recent introduction." Frequent and well established on dry waste ground round Glasgow and as casual on coups. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920. Doonfoot (75) (Patton). Glyceina distans (L.) Wahl. Brit. Ass. Possil and R. (77), 1916. Festuca Mi/uriis. L. Wall Fescue. Ibrox and Gartsherrie (77), 1921. Rare and casual. B.E.C. 1921. p. 405. F. setacea (Pari.) Gus.s. Md.. near Coatbridge (77), 1920. Det. Eraser (Leith). Believed rare. Bromus rigens, h.=B. maximus, T)esi.=B. rinosus, Forsk. Mh. (77), &c., 1920 : has occurred a few times. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. B. tectorum, L. R. and Md. (77). 1926. The only finds. but in some quantity. Det. Druce. B.E.C. 1926. p. 142. B. tectorum var. glahratus, Spenn. Glasgow coup (77). B.E.C. 1927. p. 322. B. madritensis. L. B. (77). ttc. 1920. Has occurred occasionally since. Mh. (77). excursion. 30th September, 1922. Exhibited, 31st October. 1922. Was seen in (77) a few times in 1922. and was apparently becoming commoner here. B.E.C. 1920. p. 160. B. inermis, Leyss. Md.. near Coatbridge (77). 1920. B. Unioloides, H.B.K. Possil (77). Arc. 1920. Frequent casual. For description, see B.E.C. 1925, p. 793. B. secnlinus, L. Rye Broiiie Grass. Henn. : " Rare." Brit. Ass. : " Introduced with ballast." Fairly frequent casual. Exhibited. 28th September, 1920. D 50 B. secalinus var. submi/ticus (Reichb.). Awns shorter. Xewlands (77), &c., 1921. Rare. A short-spikeletted form. B.E.C. 1921, p. 403. B. secalinus var. ijolyanthus. Beck. Xot in Druce's " British Plant List." Particularly fine grass, with lanceolate spikelets. Robroyston (77), 1928. As var. submuticus in B.E.C. 1928, p. 767. B. hordeaceus, L. var. leptostachys (Pers.) Beck. Det. Druce and Thellung. B.E.C. 1923, p. 223. B. arvensis, L. Field Brome Grass. Henn. : "Very rare.'' B. (77). B.E.C. 1928. p. 767. B. macrostachys, Desf. Md. (77). 1922, rare, and Paisley (76) (D. Ferguson). Det. Druce and Thellung. B.E.C 1923, p. 223. Lolium temulentum, L. Darnel : the Tares of the Parable (see margin. Revised Version). Henn. : " Very rare." Found each season, but only as casual. Exhibited, 28th June, 1921. L. temulentum var. arvense (With.). Coup near Glasgow (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 767. L. multiflorum, Lam.' var. muticuni, DC. Glasgow coups and Mh. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 767. Agropyron repens, L. var. Leersianum, S. F. Gray. With very long awns. Myrtle Park coup, Glasgow (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 768. A. repens var. Vaillantianum (Schreb.) Schrank. With purple anthers. Md. (77), 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 768. A. repens var. lasiorachis, Hack. With hairy rachis. Md. (77), 1925. May be not uncommon in district. B.E.C. 1925, p. 907. Secale cereale, L. Rye is a very common casual in the district and far more so than the amount used here would lead one to expect. Lepturus filiformu, Trin. Hard Grass. Brit. Ass. Md. (77), 1922. Found by D. A. Boyd earlier at Fairlie (75) under natural conditions. B.E.C. 1922, p. 754. 51 Hordeum nodoium, 'L.=H. pratense. Huds. Meadow Barley. Has occurred a few times at Mh. and Rob- royston (77), &c. Exhibited, 26th September, 1922. n. murinum. L. "Wall Barley. Brit. Ass. Not native in west of Scotland, though it grows in east. Has occurred several times in the district of late years and seems established at one spot at Robroyston (77). B.E.C. 1919. p. 721. Exhibited, 28th June. 1921. GiSnock (76) (Patton). H. marinum, L. Sea Barley. Bowling Distillery (99), 1920. H. jubatum. L. Squirrel-tail Grass (U.S.A.). Skunk-tail Grass (Canada). Rather frequent casual for many years. Det. J. R. Lee. B.E.C. 1919, p. 721. Exhibited, 28th September, 1920. and 28th June, 1921. 3. trifurcatum, Jacq. Fossil. *tc. (77), 1921. Like a diseased form of barley. Sent incidentally to Mr. Eraser. Leith. He consulted a cereal specialist, who determined the plant as Tartar Barley. B.E.C. 1921, p. 405. H. vulgare, L. Common Barley. Cultivated. Common on coups. EJymus Caput-Medusae, L. B. (77). 1928. B.E.C. 1928, p. 768. J:, sibincus. L. R. (77), 1925. The only find: believed rare. Det. Kew. B.E.C. 1925, p. 907. 52 In Memoriam. 1918-1919. Mr. A. B. Motherwell became a Member in 1900, served on the Council, and was an authority for flowering-plants on the Eesearch Committee. He exhibited both plants and birds. Mr. Joseph Sommerville was elected a Member in 187G and served the Society over a long period of years on the Council, as Vice-President and as Auditor. He also contributed exhibits to the meetings. Professor J. W. H. Trail, M.D., F.R.S., who occupied the Chair of Botany in the University of Aberdeen with dis- tinction, and whose name will also be remembered by field- botanists for his work on the flora of the north-east of Scotland, was elected a Corresponding Member in 1888 and an Honorary Member in 19U1. He contributed to the " Transactions " numerous papers on cryptogamic plants and also supplied exhibits. Mr. Marcus Calde^r, M.D., exhibited specimens in 1888. at which time he was Secretary of the Greenock Natural History Society. He did much botanical collecting in the Greenock district and in Argyllshire, Bute, and Cumbrae. He paid particular attention to lichens, and his herbarium is in Greenock Museum. Dr. Calder joined our Society in 1894 while he was still resident in Greenock and, after an interval of withdrawal, rejoined in 1915, when he had removed to Glasgow. Mr. J. J. Robertson, elected an Ordinary Member in 1895, served on the Council and acted as Joint Hon. Secretary from 1899 till 1903, receiving the thanks of the Society on his retirement. 1919-1920. Mr. James Roui'ke joined as an Ordinary Member in 1916. After a period as Superintendent of Glasgow Botanic Gardens, he was promoted in 1915 to be Assistant Superintendent of 53 Parks, the tirst holder of that appointment. Not only did Mr. Rourke assist the Society by arranging exhibits of plants and conducting visits to the Gardens, but he was always ready to put his wide knowledge at the service of the individual student. {From a Notice read hy Mr. John Paterson.) Mr. Richard M'Kay, who died in his eighty-first year, had l^een continuously in the employment of Messrs. Blackie »fe Son, Publishers, for 66 years. He was early associated with the Eastern Botanical Society, and, when the Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists joined with this Society in li^79, he came to us with them and brought a reputation already established in botany. For 28 years thereafter he was constantly identified with the activities of this Society. He frequently held office as a member of Council and on com- mittees. He exhibited botanical specimens, often as micro- scopical preparations. Some of his numerous reports on excursions contain remarkably long lists of plants observed, even over 200 species. Mr. M'Kay's professional skill as a reader and his experience of printing were unreservedly placed at the service of the Society. The first five volumes of the " Proceedings," referring to the years 1851-1883, had been published without indices. The great labour of remeilying this defect was undertaken voluntarily by Mr. M'Kay, and an index, extending to 67 pages in double column, was published in 1885. This great service was continued over a number of volumes of the New Series of " Proceedings and Transactions." It is to him the Society for the most part owes the distinction of having publications indexed with exceptional fulness and accuracy. Mr. M'Kay compiled the lists of Phanerogamia, Filices, and Equisetaceae of the Clyde Valley for the British Association meeting here in 1876. With 'Sir. .John Renwick he collected data relating to the remarkable trees of the Clyde area and published numerous lists of these and their measurements in the 1001 British Association " Han%th October, 1920. The Annual Report of the Council stated that the member- ship now was: — Honorary Members, 12 j Corresponding Members, 25: Ordinary Life Members, 18; Ordinary Annual Members, 154 — a total of 209. There were also 5 Associates. In September Mr. Ross had intimated his resignation of the secretaryship. The Council had accepted it with deep regret and unanimously expressed appreciation of Mr. Ross's services during his long term of office. Mr. Renouf had been asked to take on the duties of Hon. Secretary meantime. The Hon. Editor, Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, reported that " The Glasgow Naturalist,'' Vol. VIII, No. 4, had been issued. He resigned office owing to lack of time for the duties. New office-bearers were elected as follows : — President, Mr. Alex. Ross, F.E.I. S. ; Vice-President, Mr. Andrew Barclay. F.E.I.S.; Honorary Secretary, with Mr. Dick, Mr. L. P. W. Renouf, B.A. ; Honorary Editors of Transactions, Mr. John Paterson and Mr. E. J. A. Stewart, M.A.. B.Sc. ; Members of Council for three years, Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S., Mr. D. Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Mrs. E. R. Ewing, and Mr. D. Macdonald : for one year, Mr. John R. Lee. 30fA November, 1920. Mr. J. Ballantyne exhibited specimens of the Stinking Groundsel, Senecio viscosus, L., from Whiting Bay, Arran, probably introduced there with coal. Messrs. Ross, Lee, and Grierson recorded the finding of this plant at several other stations. 2&th April. 1921. Mr. Macdonald. for Mr. Charles Kirk, exhibited a specimen of the Pintail Duck, and added notes on its occurrence at Bardowie Loch and Summerston. 31sf May, 1921. Mr. Alexander Cuthbertson read a paper, " Some Rare Birds of the Kilpatrick Hills." After a description of the lochs, reservoirs, crags, and moors which were the breediuir- haunts of the birds, the author eave notes on various rare species, with i-ecords of their occurrence taken from his own observations and communicated by local keepers and others. He knew of no authentic record of the breeding of the Raven, Corvus corax corax, L., since 1880. The species occurred only as an irregular visitor. Regarding the Carrion-Crow, C. corone corone, L., landowner, keeper, shepherd, sportsman, and naturalist all seemed to agree that this species was becoming a little too common on the hills. His own observations confirmed its evil reputation. He knew of only three localities where the Jackdaw. CoJoeus nioneduln spermologus (Vieill.), bred in the hills. The Long-eared Owl, Asio otus otus (L.), was increasing on the Kilpatrick Hills, probably owing to the decided change in the attitude of keepers, farmers, and landowners, due to the work of the persevering economic naturalists. The author had seen nests with owlets in 1920 and 1921. The Tawny Owl, Syrnhtm aluco (L.) = Strix aluco sylvatica, Shaw, he thought was decreasing. Not nearly so many bred in the woods on the hill-slopes as formerly. The Tawny Owl was, happily, the most widely distributed of all the owls in the Kilpatrick Hills. It was an early nester there, about the second week of April. He had seldom found the eggs hatched before 27th April. He had examined many disgorged pellets, and had found them to contain mostly bones of small rodents, such as the Long-tailed Field Mouse, seldom of birds. The author had seen the nests and eggs and young of the Stock- Dove, Columba oenas, L. The Common Tern, Sterna hirundo hirundo, L., had in recent years increased. Data were given of the breeding of the species at more than one loch, and of observations made on times of arrival and departure. The numbers of the Black-headed OuU, Lnrua ridihtnidns ridibimdus, L., breeding on the Kilpatrick Hills had been greatly decreased, chiefly owing to raids by egg-collectors. Both the Buzzard, Fairo Buteo, 1j.= Bnteo buteo hiiteo (L.). and the Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrimus peregrinns. Tunst., could be described only as irregular visitors to the Kilpatrick Hills two years ago; now the latter species at least could be described with certainty as a breeding falcon. It .73 liad been seen quite frequently in 1919, late in autumn, and in 1920 it appeared with a mate. A pair nested on a crag and two eggg were seen in the second week of May. The nest was raided. The Peregrine, however, was reported to be nesting on the hills in 1921. Occurrences were mentioned of the Golden Eagle. Aquila chrym'etus chrymUus (L.), in 1868, the Buzzard in 1872, the Rough-legged Buzzard, Falco Lagopus, Br unmch = But eo lagopus lagopti^s (Brxinn.), in 1870, and the Oyster-Catcher, Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus, L., in 1920. 2Sth June. 1921. Mr. Lawrence Watt exhibited and described specimens of plants, including Salix purpurea, h.xviminalis, L.= S. rubra, Huds., grow'ing on damp ground at the west end of Milton, Dunbartonshire. S. nigricans, Sm., from Loch Humphrey Burn, Dunbartonshire, was described. The state- ment was made that it had now been agreed to discard that name and give the name S. Andersoniana, Sm. A letter was read from Dr. J. Ritchie, Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, proposing " A Federation of Scottish Naturalists." It was resolved to ask Mrs. Ewing to attend a meeting of those interested to l)e held during the session of the British Association in ?]dinburgh, and to report. '27th September, 1921. Mi-s. Ewing reported that no discussion had taken place during the meeting of the British Association regarding the proposed " Federation of Scottish Naturalists." 2oth October, 1921. New oflSce-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President, Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S. ; Honorary Secretary, in place of Mr. Renouf (appointed Professor of Zoology in University College, Cork), Mr. Alex. Cuthbertson ; Members of Council, Mrs. Buchanan, Messrs. T. Hill, J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S., and W. J. M'Leod; Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. James Jack, Mr. James Simpson, M.A. 74 On behalf of Mr. T. Thornton MacKeith, there was- exhibited a Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.), taken at Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, on 30th Xovember. 1920, this being the latest known date for the presence of this bird in Scotland. Mr. R. F. Graham of Skipness, Argyll, contributed a note on the occurrence of some uncommon bird visitors in that district, including Crossbill, Snow Bunting. Pintail, Knot, Greenshank, Arctic or Richardson's Skua. Mr. Ross read a paper describing the couimon and rare species of birds occurring in summer months about Tarbert,. Loch Fyne. 29th November, 1921. Occurrences in " Clyde " of flocks of the Waxwing, Bombycilla gar?-uliis {L.) = Ampelis garrulvs, L., during the recent exceptional immigration, November, 1921, were recorded by Mr. William Robertson, Croy, Mr. Cuthbertson, and Mr. Rennie. It was unanimously resolved to take no part in the proposed Union or Federation of Scottish Naturalists. Mr. Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, drew attention to the proposed extensive importation of alien alpine flora to Scottish hills, and moved that the Secretary be instructed to convey the strong feeling of indignation of the Society and its protest against any such introduction. The motion was adopted unanimously. 27 til December, 1921. Mr. J. Duncan Leslie exhibited specimens of the Cat-Louse, Tricfiodectes subrostratus (Nitzsch), and remarked on the paucity of definite data on the Aptera of " Clyde." 31s^ Janiuiry, 1922. Mr. Lee was elected representative of the Society on the Council of the recently formed Biological Section of the Royai Philosophical Society of Glasgow. (0 ' • Mr. D. W. Wotherspoon, on behalf of Mr. Charle.s Kirk, exhibited specimens of the Waxwing from the Calder district. Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper, " The Economic Status of Some Dunbartonshire Birds," based on field observations and the examination of stomach contents and excreta. These emphasised the utility to agriculture and forestry of the Lapwing. Curlew, Jackdaw. Magpie. Tawny Owl. Long-eared Owl, Barn Owl, Tree-Creeper, Willow Warbler, Pipits, Stone- chat, and Black-headed Gull. The Carrion-Crow, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Sparrow-Hawk, Starling, and Sparrow, which were distinctly injurious, were increasing in the area. 2Sth Fehrminj. 1922. On behalf of Mr. Charles Kirk, a Bittern, Botaiirus stellaris stellaris (L.), was exhibited from Glassford, Lanark- shire, and remarks were made upon the specimen by Mr. D. W. Wotherspoon. Professor T. H. Bryce was congratulated ttpon his election as F.R.S. 2^th March, 1922. Mr. Rennie read a note on the occurrence of the Whooper Swan, Cygnu? musicw?, Bechstein = C'3/^??M.? cygnus (L.). at Possil Marsh. Two adults and two juveniles had been observed in the spring of 1921 and four adults and one juvenile in the spring of 1922. loth April. 1922. Mr. Lee exhibited the moss. Hy/j>nnn vernicosum, Lindb., from Blae Loch, Ayrshire. Mr. Patton delivered a lecture, " The Vegetation of the Tinto Hills." 30fh May, 1922. Mr. Watt exhibited specimens of Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. var. dissecta. With., from Kilpatrick Hills, and Jiiniperui communis, L. var. intermedia, Nyman = /. {intermedia, Nyman, from Ben Vorlich, Dunbartonshire. 76 Mr. Patton exhi'bited a specimen of Toothwort, Lathraea Squamaria, L., parasitic on Elm, from Campsie Glen, Stirling- shire (Vice-County 866). ^\st October, 1922. The Annual Report of the Council stated that the member- ship now was: — Honorary Members, 10; Corresponding Members, 28; Life Members, 29; Annual Members, 179 — a total of 246. There were also 8 Associates. New office-ibearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President. Mr. Lawrence Watt ; Honorary Secretary, in place of Mr. Dick, who retired, Mrs. S. Cairns Maclachlan ; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. R. Grierson; Members of Council for three years, Messrs. J. Dick, M.A., W. Miller, J. MacAlpine, and J. R. Lee; for one year, Messrs. Anderson Fergueson, F.E.S.. and C. S. M'Kinven ; Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. Lee, Mr. Robert Henderson. I^th November, 1922. Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper, " A Preliminary Survey of Forest-Insect Conditions in Ardgoil and Drimsynie, Argyll, 1922," with specimens showing the injuries done by various species, among the rarer being the bark beetle, Dryocaetei- autographus, Ratzeb., not recorded before from "Clyde." Mr. Shanks exhibited two specimens of the Steel-Blue Wood- Wasp, Sirex juvencus, L., from Glengarnock, Ayrshire, emerged from wooden battens. ^Oth January, 1923. Mr. Patton i-ead a paper, " Variations in the Vegetation along the Outcrop of the Lawers-Canlochan Schist," this forming the first of a series of papers on the Breadalbane District of Perthshire. Mr. Cuthbertson read notes on a newly established rookery at Lochgoilhead, Argyllshire, probably a colony from the main Strachur rookery. There appeared to be eight nests in which young were reared. 77 2Tth February, 1923. Professor Peter Macnair, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., read a paper, " The Geology of Ben Lawers," being the second paper in the Breadalbane series. 21th March, 1923. The meeting congratulated Mr. Barclay on receiving the honour of M.B.E. Mr. R. Elmhirst, F.L.S., contributed a note on the occurrence off Cunibrae of two fishes, not previously recorded for the Clyde Sea Area, Gohius paganellus, Gmelin, near Crosshouse, and Leyadogaster decandollei, Risso, near Lion Rock, and of the Ship's Barnacle, Lepas anatifera, L., near Leek Pier, a species scarce in the area. A third paper in the Breadalbane series, " The Alpine Flora of Ben Lawers and the Adjacent Mountains," was read by Mr. Lee. 2Uh April, 1923. Mr. Fergusson exhibited the beetle, Leistas montanus, Steph.. from Catacol, Arran, where it occurred among shingle. Mr. Rennie read notes on Kenmure rookery, Bishopbriggs, Lanarkshire, and Mr. Cuthbertson on some Dunbartonshire rookeries. Mr. D. Macdonald presented " Nature Notes and Obser- vations from Loch Goil, Spring, 1923," this being an area which had not l>een well worked so far by ornithologists. 29th May, 1923. Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the immature stages of the crane-fly,. Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg., from near We.sterton Garden Suburb, Dunbartonshii-e. 2eth June, 1923. Mr. Ross exhibited the young of the Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus urogallus, L.. found at Auchinleck. in Killearn district. 78 30th October, 1923. New office-bearers were elected as follows : — President, Mr. Andrew Barclay, M.B.E.. J. P., F.E.I. S. ; Vice-President, Professor L. A. L. King, M.A. (^Cantab.) ; Honorary Secretary, in place of the late Mrs. Cairns Maclachlan, Mr. H. Stuart Girvan, B.L. ; Honorary Librarians, Messrs. W. Rennie and C. S. M'Kinven; Members of Council for one year, Messrs. J. M. Crosthwaite, Osbert Henderson, J. F. Milne, and A. Ross, F.E.I. S. Mr. Cuthbertson read a note on some additions to the Clyde list of Crane-Flies, Tipulidae, which included Dicranomyia halterella, Edw., D. rufiventris, Strobl., Molophilus occultus, de Meij., M. flavus, Goit., M. pttsillus, Edw., Ormosia alhitihia. Edw., Pseudolimnophila lucorum, Mg., Dicranota Guerini, Ztt., Tricyphona 1 ucidipennis , Edw., T. schummali, Edw., and Tanyptera atrata, L. 29th January, 1924. Mr. Rennie read a paper, " Some Additions to the 1912 List of the Birds of Possil Marsh." 2^th March, 1924. Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the larva of Dicranota Guerini, Ztt., and read notes on its occurrence as observed at West Kilbride, Ayrshire. Mr. .James Bartholomew read a paper, " Birds and Mammals of Glenorchard District, Stirlingshire." 28th October, 1924. The report of the Bird Sanctuaries Committee stated that the Society had approached Glasgow Corporation Parks Committee with regard to the establishment of Bird Sanc- tuaries in the Public Parks, and that the Corporation had established sanctuaries in Dawsholm Park, Kelvingrove Park, Queen's Park, Rouken Glen Park, Linn Park, and Tollcross Park. In all these places feeding-tables and nesting-boxes were being provided. 79 New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President, :\lr. Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D.; Honorary Lanternist, Mr.- W. Cousin; Members of Council for three jears, Messrs. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S., T. Thornton MacKeith, and Robert M'Lean, M.A. ; for two years, Mr. Cousin; for one year, Messrs. James Jack and George Lunam. 2oth November, 1924. Motions affecting several Rules in the Constitution were put forward by Mr. Crosthwaite. On the motion of Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, a Committee was appointed to deal with the complete revision of the Constitution. Messrs. Crosthwaite, Ross, J. J. F.-X. King, and Rennie were elected to this Committee. 23rd December, 1924. A letter was read from Glasgow Corporation in reply to "the Society's communication urging the necessity of an Order for the County of the City of Glasgow prohibiting the taking or killing of any wild bird or the taking or destroying of its eggs throughout the whole year. The Corporation, the reply stated, had made application to the Secretary for Scotland for an Order under the Wild Birds Protection Acts. 1880-1908. [The application was successful, and such an Order, having this wide scope, covering all species, has been in operation since 1925.] 24:th February, 1925. Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the crane €y, Tipula cheethami. Edw., found at Tourgill, near Largs, Ayrshire, on a moss- covered log. Zlst March, 1925. Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited the larvae of the ciane-flies. Prionocera trucica, F., and Tanyptera atrata, L., the former among aqiiatic mosses at Frankfield Loch, Lanarkshire, the so latter at Cochno, Duntocher. Dunbartonshire, in a beeeii stump. The Rev. J. M. M'William. B.A., exhibited a collection of Humble-Bees of Bute, made by Dr. 0. H. Wild in 1924, one species of which was new to science, as specialists considered that it agreed with no published description. A paper by Mr. M'William, " Some Suggestions for Further Research on the Fauna of the Clyde Area," made particular reference to the fauna of the Isles of the Firth, and initiated a discussion, in which it was agreed that such research was urgently required. 28^// A//ri/, 1925. On the motion of Mr. Barclay, it was agreed to remit the revision of the Constitution to the whole Council. 27 tk October, 1925. New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President, Mr. George Lunam; Members of Council, retiring 1928, Messrs. James Bartholomew, John Cairns. William Pettigrew, and Alex. Ross; retiring 192G, Mr. Arch. Shanks; Convener of Photographical Section Committee, Mi-. T. Thornton MacKeith. Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited specimens of the pond-snail, JAmnnen stnynali^ (L.)' fi'om a pond near Motherwell, Lanaik- shire, where they were found floating on the surface among leaves. When irritated they excrete a violet-coloured liquid and drop to the bottom. The species is not common in the Clyde Area. 2\th November, 1925. The revi.sed Constitution of the Society was unanimously approved, on the motion of Mr. Stuart Oirvan, seconded by Mr. J. J. F.-X. King. Mr. Grierson exhibited the moss, Bri/urn roseum, Schreb. from Loch Fad, Isle of Bute. It is rare in "Clyde." 81 '2^th December. 1925. Mr. Cuthbertson read a paper on the present state of the Clyde list of Crane-Flies, Tipulidae. A total of 175 species had been recorded, and he had seen 5 others in local collections. Adelphomyia nieheni (Kuntze), from Dunbarton- shire, new to Britain, and Ormosia uncinota (Mg.) Meij. were exhibited. 2.3r(7 Fehruury. 1926. Mr. Cuthbertson exhibited larvae and pupae of the gnats, Culex pipiens. L.. and CuUcella morsitans, Theob.. from Bute. Mr. Watt exhibited the Wild Guelder Rose, Viburnum Opulus, L., Salix pentandra, L., Beiberis sp. with leaves dull, and Beech, Fagus si/Ivatica. L., with leaves cut on one side and normal on the other : all from Rossdhu policies. Dun- bartonshire. The first two are new records for the Parish of Luss. He also showed Ronuncidus acris, L. var. Boraeanu? (Jord.') = ^. acer, L. var. multifidus, DC. from the base of the Kilpatrick Hills, near Duntocher. Dunbartonshire. nrd March. 1926. The congratulations of the Members were offered to Dr. Patton on his election as F.R.S.E. 26/A October, 1926. Xew office-bearers were elected as follows : — President, Mr. Donald Patton. M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.E.: Vice-President. Mr. James Bartholomew : Honorary Secretary, in place of Mr. Cuthl^ertson, who had received an appointment as Entomologist in Africa. Mr. John W. Xicol. Jun. ; Honorary Editors. Mr. E. J. A. Stewart and Mr. Alex. Ross, F.E.I.S.; Members of Council, retiring 1929. Dr. J. W. Xicol and Messrs. J. W. Crosthwaite. Anderson Fergusson, and Henry Kesson, M.A. ; retiring 1928, Mr. J. Paterson and Mr. Andrew Barclay. M.B.E. : retiring 1927, Mr. J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S.. and Mr. Thomas Wise: Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. R. Henderson, Mr. Dugald M'Intyre, C.A. F 82 ?jOth November, 1926. Mr. John Paterson read a paper, " Some Occurrences of the Red Admiral, Vanessa atahinta, L., in the Clyde Area in the Autumn of 1926." 1926 had some claim to be considered a " Red Admiral Year." 28th December, 1926. Dr. J. W. Nicol described, as illustrating the influence of heredity, the occurrence of a double terminal portion of the thumb in three successive generations of a Glasgow family and exhibited X-ray photographs of the phenomenon. '22nd February, 1927. Mr. Rennie read two papers, " Fossil Marsh — A. Prospective Sanctuary" and "Bird Life at Possil Marsh during the year 1926." He had observed 76 species of birds in the course of 60 visits. He described the items of greatest interest week by week more fully than in 1916 (" The Glasgow Naturalist," Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 56-63). Mr. Paterson exhibited the mould, Hormiscium pithy- ophilum, Nees, from Rouken Glen Park, a new record for Renfrewshire. ■ilst May, 1927. On the motion of Dr. Patton, seconded by Mr. Ross, it was unanimously agreed that a Sub-Committee should be formed, consisting of the President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Secretaries, and Hon. Treasurer, with power to add to their number, for the purpose of getting into touch with the other local societies, with a view to the formation of a Catalogue of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area, in readiness for the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow in 1928. Mr. Grierson exhibited specimens of the moss, Campylo- steliwm saxicoJa, B. k S., from Torrance Glen, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, a new record for " Clyde." The only previous record, from Perthshire, was stated to be extremely doubtful. Mr. Grierson also exhibited the introduced moss, Leptobryum pyriforme, Wils., from Ardencraig, Bute. 83 •21th September, 1927. Mr. .J. W. Xicol, Jun., B.Sc, per Mr. Lee, exhibited Saussurea alpina (L.) DC. in floM-er from Beinn Xarnain, Argyllshire. Mr. Lee exhibited two liverworts from Glen Falloch, Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn., a new record for Vice- County 87a, West Perth, in " Clyde," and Scapania umbrosa, Dum.j of rare occurrence. Mr. Lee also exhibited on behalf of Mr. D. A. Boyd the moss, Tetraplodon mnioides, B. k S., from Cairntable. a new record for Vice-County 75, Ayr. •loth October, 1927. The Annual Report of Council stated that the membership roll now stood : — Life Members, 22; Ordinary Members, 115 — a total of 137. There were also 4 Associates. Xew office-ljearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President. Mr. Robert M'Lean, M.A. : Honorary Librarian, in place of Mr. M'Kinven, Mr. Thomas Lauder; Members of Council, retiring 1930, Professor L. A. L. King, M.A., F.R.S.E., and Messrs. Robert Mackechnie, B.Sc, John Sutherland, and Lawrence "Watt: Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. Simpson, Mr. J. R. Lee. The Library Report stated that " The Glasgow Xaturalist," Vol. VIII, Xo. 6, had been issued during the session. 21th December, 1927. Dr. Patton exhibited specimens of the fungus, Arcyria ptmicea, Pers., found growing in the grounds of Jordanhill Training College, Glassfow. -o^' Slst January, 1928. Mr. Rennie described the occurrence of considerable numbers of Whooper Swans at Possil Marsh during January. On the 23rd, 38 swans were observed, of which 26 were Whoopers and 8 Bewicks. 84 'loth Septe//ibei\ 1928. Mrs. Ewing read a report on the meeting: of the British Association at Glasgow in September, which she attended as the Society's delegate. She suggested incidentally that the Society should make an annual excursion to Benmore, Argyll. Mr. Lunam exhibited All-seed, Radiola linoides, Roth.= E. Radiola (L.), and Toad Rush, Juncus hufonivs, L. var., from Bute, Vice-County 100. ?,Qth October, 1928. The Annual Report of Council stated that the membership roll noAv included : — Life Members, 22 ; Ordinary Members, 112 — a total of 134. There were also 4 Associates. The Report stated : — " The Sub-Committee appointed to further the proposal to form a permanent Catalogue of the Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area, in co-operation with the other local societies, duly held a meeting with the represen- tatives from the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow to discuss the matter. This meeting resulted in the formation of the Clyde Card Cata- logue Committee, which Committee carried out the work of producing and having on exhibit a Card Catalogue of the additions to the Fauna and Flora of that Area since 1901." [Representatives, not only of the societies named above, but of other societies in the Clyde Area, took an active part in the formation of this Catalogue.] The Library Report stated that 81 books had been issued to the members, as against 45 for the previous session, and that greater use had been made for consultation without withdrawal of books. This activity was almost solely due to those interested in the compilation of the Clyde Card Catalogue in connection with the visit of the British Association, and once again demonstrated how valuable an asset the library was to the Society. 85 New office-bearers were elected as follows : — Vice-President, Mr. James Jack; Members of Council, retiring 1931, Mrs. Ewing, Professor J. M. F. Drummond. B.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.E., and Messrs. J. R. Lee and John M'Queen; retiring 1929, Mr. D. J. N. M'Nab; Honorary Auditor, in place of Mr. Lee, Mr. George Lunam. ISth December, 1928. The following motion, moved by Mr. Grierson and seconded by Mr. John Sutherland, was carried unanimously: — "To appoint a Committee of four to confer with representatives of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow with a view to discussing the question of amalgamating with these Societies, and to report to a subsequent meeting." The following members were duly appointed to the Com- mittee : — Dr. Patton and Messrs. Grierson, Barclay, and Rennie. Mr. Rennie read a pape)-, " The Birds of Possil Marsh. Additions to the 1912 List." He stated that the total number of species recorded for the Marsh was 132, of which 21 had been added since 1912. Several birds which formerly occurred but rarely had now become quite common, such as the Gold- finch and Redstart and Whooper Swan. The Whooper, which was first recorded in 1918, had greatly increased in numbers, 26 having been seen in January, 1928. Among other birds seen were the Garganey, Pintail, Pied Flycatcher, Wood- cock, Jack Snipe, and Greenland Wheatear. Mr. Lee exhibited and described the mosses : Dichor/o7itium peJIiiciduin, Schp. var. compactuni, Schp., from Sandford, Lanarkshire, and Stewarton, Ayrshire, these being both new Vice-County records; and NecJ>-era ]?umila, Hedw. var. Philippeann, Milde, from Mugdock Castle, Stirlingshire, Vice-County 866, a new recoi'd for " Clyde." 29th Jainiari/, 1929. Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited specimens of Petn'mln Uthophaga (Forbes), a very lare boring shell, collected at 86 Troon, Ayrshire, and a new record for " Clyde." It is stated to have been found only once before in Scotland — on the East Coast. Mr. Thomas Lauder exhibited a specimen of one of the longicorn beetles, Callichr-oma sp., found in a piece of American cedar in a Glasgow timber yard. 26tJi February, 1929. Mr. Bartholomew exhibited an immature specimen of the Gadwall Drake, Anas strepera, L., which had been shot at Glenorchard, Stirlingshire. There were only two other records of the occurrence of this species in the Kelvin area. 26fA March, 1929. Mr. Lee read a paper, " Notes on Rehoulia hemisphaerica, Raddi, and its Occurrence in the Clyde Area." He had found this rare liverwort at Campsie Glen, Vice-County 866, on 9th March, 1929, this being a new record for Stirlingshire, Vice-County 86. The species had previously been recorded, in the Clyde Area, from Lochranza, Arran ; from Largs, Ayrshire; and from Loch Humphrey Burn. Duntocher, Dunbartonshire. 30/A April, 1929. Mr. Grierson, on behalf of the Committee appointed to confer with representatives of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow with a view to discussing the question of amalgamating with these Societies, delivered a Report. This stated that, in the opinion of the Committee, amalgamation was desirable, provided certain difficulties could be overcome. After discussion, it was decided, on the motion of Mr. Nicol, seconded by Mr. Fergusson. to remit the Report to the Council for further consideration. Mr. Lee exhibited a si>ecimen of Rehoulia heTnisphae?-ica, collected at Campsie Glen, and mentioned at the previous meeting. '2ieen members of the Society. Their labours were embodied in the long series of Transactions, a series of which the Society had every right to be very proud. This was not the termination of the Society. The activities for Avhich it had stood during its long life would, they hoped.. 91 be carried forward with renewed strength in the amalgama- tion of the three societies) of GU\sgow. Dr. Patton moved: — " That the meeting dispense with the election of ofl&ce-bearers and proceed to consider amalgama- tion, and that the present office-bearers remain in office until amalgamation is complete.'" The motion was seconded by Mr. Connell, and unanimously approved. The Report of Council for 1929-1930 stated that the roll now stood at' 15 Life Members, 109 Ordinary ^Ieuil)ers, and three Associates. The Report proceeded to relate the steps towards amalgama- tion as follows : " The report of the Amalgamation Committee which had been referred to the Council for consideration was fully gone into. It appeared that one of the greatest difficulties that lay in the way of an amalgamation was the disposal of the Society's Library. This matter was taken up by a special Sub-Committee. As a result of their negotiations, the Mitchell Library agreed to house the collection under the same conditions as applied to the Society's foreign Trans- actions already kept there. At the January meeting, the Amalgamation Committee was re-appointed to make the amalgamation effective. Meetings were held with repre- sentatives from the Andersonian Naturalists' Society and the Microscopical Society of Glasgow and, as a result, a draft Constitution was drawn up which has been approved by all three Societies. A joint-meeting of the Councils of the three Societies has also been held, at which it was decided that the first meeting of the new Society, the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society, should be held in January. 19.31. in the Royal Technical College. The Council has decided that, in view of the amalgamation, the Octol-)er meeting of the Society shall be the last to be held in the Rooms, and that thereafter, in November and Deceml^er, the members shall attend the meetings of the Andei-sonian Naturalists' Society as the cuests of that Societv." 92 Mr, Rennie's Report cas Hon. Librarian stated that the books were now housed in the Mitchell Library, where they might be borrowed by the members on the production of their receipt for subscription for the current session. The Society's gratitude was due to the gentlemen who so willingly sacrificed so much of their time to the preparation for the removal of the books. Acknowledgment was made of the keen interest with which Mr. Lauder devoted himself to the Library during the session and to the supervision of its removal. Mr. Ross exhibited a fly, ChrysncMamys cuprea, Scop., taken in 1930 at Tarbert, Loch Fyne. This was a second record for " Clyde," the first having been captured by Mr. Ross at Hawkhead, Renfrewshire, in 1903. 93 Excursions. 1919-1930. The excursions are arranged under the "Vice-Counties.'' To the name of each area is added its Watsonian Vice-County number or the number and distinguishing letter as used for certain " sub-areas " in the " Clyde Card Catalogue, 1928." The portion of Stirlingshire in " Clyde " within the Kelvin drainage area is indicated by " 866," the portion in the Loch Lomond drainage area by " 86c." No excursions are here included for " 86o," the eastern detached portion of Dunbartonshire, or "Dumbarton in Stirling." The excursions placed under " 99 " were held in the main or western portion of Dunbartonshire. The only excursions in Perthshire here included are those in the " Clyde " or Falloch drainage area portion, " 87fl," of the Watsonian Vice-County, West Perth, "87." As explained in the Editorial Xote, considerations of space have made it impossible to mention all the excursions held during the period, far less to give in detail the reports on these, in which nuich interesting matter is contained. So far as possible, the excursions selected for mention are those in " Clyde" at which some "Vice-County" or other record was obtained or some notable or rare species was observed. The confinement to " Clyde " excludes unfortunately such valuable recording as that done in Perthshire. Vice- County 88. The visit to Beinn Laoigh (Ben Lui) and the valley of the Coninish on 17th and 19th Jxdy. 1920, yielded 193 species of Phanerogams and Ferns. As for Ben Lawers and other haunts of the Society about Loch Tay. one hopes to see the records of repeated visits brought together in connected form and published later. References to plants seen at some of the following excursions and at others during the same period not mentioned here will be found in Mr. Orierson's paper in this issue under the species concerned. 94 Abbreviations. (A) — Joint with Andeisonian Naturalists' Society. l-^B) — .. ,, ,, „ „ (Botanical Section). (B) — Joint with Bute Natural History Society. (D) — ,, „ Dunbartonshire Natural History Society. (H) — ,, ,, Hamilton Natural History Society. (M) — ., ., Microscopical Society of Glasgow. (P) — ., ,, Paisley Naturalists' Society. (F.F.) — Fungus Foray. Atr (75). West Kilbride to Fairlie, 21st August, 1920.— Celery- leaved Crowfoot. Ranunculus sceleratus, L., and Parsley Water Dropwort, Oenanthe Lachenalii, C. Gmel. : these two species occurred in only four Ayrshire parishes. Evergreen Alkanet, Anchusa semperwirens, L.. was recorded only for Dairy, Tarbolton. and Colmonell in Smith's " Botany of Ayrshire." Darvel and Lantine. 26th September, 1921 — (A, M). — Constant presence of the Red Admiral butterfly, Vanessa atalanta, L., in the Lanfine garden. Sometimes as many as a dozen could be noted at one time among the flowers. This was a "Red Admiral Year." West Kilbride and Portincross, 18th August, 1923 — (A). — The crane-flies, Pseudolimnophila lucorum, Mg., Tricyphona straminea, M^.,TipuIa signata, Staeg., and Ormosia uncinata (Mg.) Meij. Thirty-nine species of microfungi. Blair. Dairy, 2nd July, 1927. — Holes scooped out by Tree- Creeper in bark of some of the boles of Wellingtonia, 2-3 inches in diameter and H-2 inches deep : used as roosting-places at night. Girthed Yew, 11 feet H inch. (In 1895 it measured 9 feet 9 inches at a height of one foot.) Myosotis versicolor, Sm. var. jxiUida, Breb., with white or cream-coloured flowers. 95 Renfrew (76). Hawkhead, 4th October, 1919 — (F.F.). — Agoricus fimi- jnitris, Bull., and Coprinus niveus, Fr. Finlayston. 17th September, 1921— (A. M) (F.F.).— A Beech opposite the house had evidently been a grand tree; but the top had been blasted away by lighting. The bole girthed 12 feet 9^ inches at 5 feet and 13 feet 8 inches at 2 feet. The fungus, Polyporus giganteus, Fr., formed a series of rosettes all round the tree. One cap measured 15 by 13 inches. A Tew opposite the house, an old tree. Tvas just a series of forkings, and was 15 feet in circumference at ground level. Also at the house was a Cedar, which forked at 2 feet and gave two strong trunks and had a bole 10 feet 1 inch in circumference at 6 inches from the ground. At a small enclosure, named " Paradise," Mr. Shanks also measured three Yews at the narrowest part 1 foot 6 inches from the ground, a female, 9 feet 9| inches; a male, 10 feet 7 inches : another male, 8 feet 9| inches. Kilmacolm and Blacketty Water. 10th April, 1926— (A). — Stock-Dove flushed from nesting-hole. Lan-\iik (77). Gorge of Avon, 13th September, 1919 — (H). — The crane- fly, Amalopis straminea, Walker, was taken. It is veiv local. In the British Association Handbook. 1901. "A. sp. ? "' is recorded for Cadzow. stated by Mr. G. H. Verrall to be the probable species mentioned above. Two of the younger Oaks at the prehistoric fort and trench were girthed, 20 feet and 21 feet respectively. At the foot of the walls of Chatel- herault the Hop. Humulus Lupulns, L.. was growing, and Evergreen Alkanet, Anchiim sempervirens, L., and Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Linaria Cymhalaria (L.) Mill., features before the •walls were pointed, were spreading again. Banks of Kelvin. 9th June. 1920. — The moss, Ht/pninv riparium, L. var. loixgifolium, Schp., on stones in the river; a new record for " Clyde." 96 Stirling (Kelvin) (866). Campsie Glen, 6th April, 1929. — The liverwort, Rehoidia hemisphaerica, Raddi, in several localities. Toothwort, Lathraea Squumaria, L. : three specimens found at its old .station after absence of three years. Stirling (Loch Lomond) (86c). Duntreath, 8th September, 1923.— On a Poplar a slight modification of the slug, Li/nax maximus, L. var. fervssaei (Moq.). Stinking Groundsel, Senecio viscosus, L. Balmaha, 19th May, 1924— (A).— Pair of Ravens. The Diptera : Platyckirus scufatus, Mg., Myopa testacea, L., Homalomyia strohili. Stein, Borborus geniculatiis, Mcq., B. niger, Mg. Girthed Yew at Cashell, 13 feet 2 inches at height of 4 feet, an increase of 12 inches since July, 1899 (see 1901 " Handbook "). Girthed Scots Pine, 77 feet high, at Millarochy. 10 feet 7^ inches at 2 feet, and 10 feet 1 inch at 5 feet. West Perth (Falloch) (87a). Glen Falloch, 16th July, 1927— (A).— The rare moss, Leptodontium recurvifolium, Lindb.. still persisting. The liverworts : Anewra latifrons, Lindb., a new record for Vice-County 87, Scajxinia nmbrosa, Dum., Lejeimea patetis, Lindb., Cololejeunea microscopica, Schiffn., and Eadtila aquilegia, Tayl., the last two being new records for Vice- County 87a. Troisgeach, 18th July, 1927 — (A). — Dwarf Cornel, Cornus suecica, L., at 2,000 feet in considerable abundance, some still in flower. A new record for Vice-County 87a. Xot recorded in " Clyde " since 1905 on Ben Vorlich, Vice-County 99 ("Annals, Andersonian Naturalists' Society.'' Vol. Ill, p. 101), the only previous record being the doubtful one for Loch Long in the 1901 " Handbook." Alpine Sawwort, Saussurea alpina (L.) DC. (Main) Argyll (98). Lochgoilhead, 25th September. 1922. — Peregrine Falcon. Raven, Buzzard. 97 Succoth Burn, Sour-Milk Burn, and Glen Croe, 2nd April. 1923 — (A). — Purple Mountain-Saxifrage, Saxifraga opposi- ti folia, L., in flower at Falls of Narnain, a sonaewhat low- altitude for the plant in this district. Gipsv-wort, Lycopus europaeus, L. Dumbarton (99). Glen Luss. 12th June, 1920— (AB).— Bugle. Ajuga reptans, L., with pink flowei"S. Row (now Bhu) to Helensburgh, 13th May. 1922— (D).— Chifi'chaff in song, a scarce bird here, though annually represented by one or two pairs. St. George's Fungus, Agaricus gamhosus, Fr.. its English name due to its appearance usually about St. George's Day, 23rd April; rare in Scotland, but had occurred at Rhu for the past three or four years. Luss and Sword Burn. 10th June. 1922— (AB).— Girthed Lime tree in front of hotel. 14 feet 10 inches at a height of 4 feet on west side; Silver Fir on roadside. 15 feet 2 inches at 3 feet; Gean at Aldochlay. 10 feet 6 inches at 2 feet 6 inches on side next roadway. Glen Fruin and Shandon, 6th June, 1925 — (A). — Scale Fern. Ceterach Ceterach (L.) = C. o-fficinarum. Willd. Ben Vorlich, loth July. 1927. — Draha incana, L. var. confusa (Ehrh.). found by Mr. Xicol. and shown at the Society's excursion to Glen Falloch on the following day. Det. D. Patton. Inch Lonaig, 2nd June. 1928 — (A). — Quillwort. Isoetes lacustris, L.. in Loch Lomond, oft" the shore of the island. Clyde Isles (100). Colintraive to Rothesay. 22nd May, 1922— (A).— Robin at Loch Fad, Bute, with tail wholly composed of white feathers. Inch Marnock. 18th May. 1925— (B. P).— Crane-FIies : Dicranomyia aiittimnalis, Staeg., Limnohia dihitior, Edw., Idiopfera trimaculaia, Ztt., Dicranota Gtierini, Ztt.. T). pavidn, Hal.. Ormosia uncinata, Meij.. and Dolichopeza alb i pes, Strom. o 98 Possil Marsh Sanctuary. (We are indebted for the infunnation in the following short history of the formation of Possil Marsh or Loch as a sanctuary to Mr. William Rennie, who has revealed so much of its wealth by his observations devotedly carried on there at all seasons over many years and who has so enthusiastically sought to guard the welfare of its wild inhabitants and sojourners.) Possil Marsh lies three miles from the Royal Exchange, on the north side of Glasgow, within which it is included since the extension of 1926. The area, comprising land and water, is roughly 70 acres. The Marsh, by its richness of vegetation and its great attraction for many species of birds, has long l)een a haunt of local naturalists. Our Society was closely associated with other kindred societies in the drawing-up of the Bird Protection Order for the City of Glasgow, the passing of which proved to be the saving grace for the birds at the Marsh. Although, however, the taking of bird-life has ceased, each succeeding year witnesses perhaps a heavier toll of eggs than ever before. In 1930 very gratifying results were attained through the efforts made by voluntary watchers during the nesting .season. The increasing number of buildings northwards at last awakened a cry from those interested for either the acquire- ment or protection of the Marsh. In 1927 a movement was made by this Society, in conjunction with other societies, with the Zoological and Botanical Departments of the University, the Royal Technical College, and with others, to acquire " Possil Loch " as a sanctuary. This necessitated much labour and enquiry, most of which was ungrudgingly undertaken by Mr. John M. Crosthwaite, Secretary of the Scottish Society for the Protection of Wild Birds and Convener of the Bird Sanctuaries Committee of our Society, and his associates. Ultimately agreements were obtained with the owners of the Loch. Two of them offered a long gratuitous lease, whilst- the thii-d, who were acting as trustees, offered their pai't for a very nominal figure. A committee 99 was formed to acquire the Loch, all the necessary details for the sanctuary were drawn up, and forwarded to the Board of Trade for approval. In the latter part of 1930 a reply to the amended Memo- randum and Articles of Association was received, giving consent to the formation of the company for the acquirement of Possil Loch as a " Company Limited by Guarantee." It was registered at the l^eginning of November as " The Scottish Wild Birds Sanctuaries Trust." Its objects are given as : "To maintain and preserve places of natural beauty in Scotland, and sanctuaries, re.serves, or retreats for the preservation and protection of wild bird life and other kinds of wild life in Scotland." The subscribers are : Sir Robert Wilson, LL.D., D.L., J.P. ; Messrs. John M. Crosthwaite. William Rennie (Convener of the Library Committee of the Natural History Society), Anderson Fergusson (President of our Society), George W. MacAllister, and William Russell (President of the Andersoiiian Naturalists' Society); Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S. — all of Gla.sgow ; and Mr. .James Bartholomew, Glenorchard (a Member of Council of our Society), who was to act as president until the first ordinary general meeting. It is to be hoped that the public in general will render every assistance towards the maintenance of the sanctuarA-. 100 In Memoriam. John Smith, whose work on both the botany and the geology of Ayrshire is classic, died at Kilwinning on 30th November, 1930, in his 85th year. Born at Clarkston, near Airdrie, he spent most of his life in Ayrshire, and came to \:>e faniou'4 in scientific circles as " John Smith, the Ayrshire Geologist," or as " John Smith of Ayrshire." He was trained as a civil and mining engineer, and, like his father, l)ecaiue engaged in the mining industry in Ayrshire. His later years were devoted to science, especially to geology; but he had also an intimate knoAvledge of botany and zoology. His " Botany of Ayrshire" has been a valuable book of reference for our workers. Mr. Smith joined the Geological Sociey of Glasgow in 1865, and was elected an Honorary Member in 1909. Ta its " Transactions " he contributed many papers, particularly on glacial geology. In 1930 he received the ]\Iurchison award of the Geological Society of London. He was made a Corresponding Member of our own Society in 1879, and contributed numerous papers, notes, and specimens to its meetings. These are recorded in the " Transactions " and "The Glasgow Naturalist" Dver a long term of years. Fauna, flora, and geology of Scotland aie all represented, with Ayrshire naturally most prominent. In the same county he repeatedly conducted excursions of the Society, as well as of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society. Of the latter he became an Honorary Menil>er in 1892, and in its " Annals " are several articles by him. In Vol. IV. No. 1, of " The Glasgow Naturalist " there is a characteristic photograph of Mr. Smith seated in fiont of a " remarkable example of inosculation " in Great Maples or Sycamores at Monkredding. The memory of Mr. Smith will be pleasantly recalled to our naturalists each time they pass the blaes-bings of Dairy at the season when the Viper's Bugloss. planted there by him, is' redeeming their wastes with its blue. 101 PRESIDENTS. William Gourlie, ... James P. Fraser, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., ... John Scouler, M.D., LL.D., F.L.S., ... Hugh Colquhoun, M.D., ... Professor John Young, M.D., F.G.S., ... John Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., James Stirton, M.D., F.L.S., David Robertson, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S.. Professor F. 0. Bower, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor Thomas King, ... Robert Kidston, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Alexander Somerville. B.Sc, F.L.S., ... Peter Ewing, F.L.S., D. A. Boyd, John Paterson, John R. Lee, W. R. Baxter, James F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D., D.Sc, F.R, Mrs. E. R. Ewing, ... Alexander Ross, F.E.LS., Andrew Barclay, M.B.E., F.E.LS., ... Donald Patton, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., S., E., 1851-1854 1854 1867 1867-1869 1869-1882 1882-1883 1883-1887 1887-1890 1890-1893 1893-1896 1896-1899 1899-1902 1902-1905 1905-1908 1908-1911 1911-1914 1914-1917 1917-1919 1919-1920 1920-1923 1923-1926 1026-1929 1929-1930 102 LIST OF MEMBERS, 1930. Honorary Member. 1928 J. J. F.-X. King, F.E.S., 1 Athole Gardens Terrace, Glasgow. Corresponding Members. 1879 John Smith, Golconda Cottage, Kilwinning. 1885 J. T. Cunningham, M.A., A.L.S., 35 Wavedon Avenue, Chiswick, London, W.4. 1887 Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., F.R.S., D.Litt., 44 South Street, St. Andrews. 1888 Emeritus Professor William Carmichael M'Intosh, M.D., F.R.S., LL.D., D.Sc, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St. Andrews. 1888 Edward Morell Holmes, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Ruthven, 15 Vine Court Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. 1889 James Edmund Harting, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 1891 Emeritus Professor R. J. Harvey-Gibson, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., 1 Newbold Terrace, East, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. 1895 Emeritus Professor Robert Broom, F.R.S., M.D., D.Sc, C.M.Z.S., Douglas, South Africa. 1895 Frederick J. Hanbury, V.M.H., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.H.S., Brockhurst, East Grinstead, Sussex. 1895 Professor Edward E. Prince, LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.C, 206 O'Connor Street, Ottawa, Canada. 1900 Robert Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc, B.E., 19 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin. Life Members. 1900 Allan, Claud, 121 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 1920 Bow, James, Viewfield, Busby. 1917 Connacher, H. R. J., Harewood Road, Bridge of Weir. 1920 Ewing, Raymond, 6 Glenan Gardens, Helensburgh. 103 1920 Fergus, Freeland, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Ferny- crag, Crichton Road, Rothesay. 1920 Galbraith, John, Lindsaylands, Biggar. 1920 Gardiner. William Guthrie. Moraig, Stirling. 1920 Gardiner, Sir Frederick C, K.B.E., D.L., LL.D., Old Ballikinrain, Balfron. 1911 Gilmour, Colin C. B., M.A.. M.B.. Ch.B., Singapore. 1910 Jack, Professor James R., M.I.X.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 1921 M'Cutcheon, James, F.S.Sc, 30 Vancouver Road, Glasgow. 1879 Ligat, David, Northbank Factory, Newmilns. 1899 Lindsay, John, M.A., M.D., 18 Burnbank Terrace, Glasgow. 1895 Macfie, Johnstone, M.D., Langhouse, Inverkip. 1904 Wordie. William, 52 Cleveden Drive, Glasgow. Ordinary Members. 1921 Aitkenhead, T. M., 398 Dumbarton Road, Dalmuir. 1924 Anderson, J. Alastair, 53 Waterloo Street, Glasgow, and Tullichewan, Alexandria. 1924 Allan, James B.. Wemba, Prestwick. 1908 Ballantine, Arthur, 101 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. 1908 Barclay, Andrew, M.B.E., J. P., F.E.I. S., 4 Dungoyne Gardens, Glasgow. 1906 Bartholomew, James, M.B.O.U., Glenorchard, Torrance of Campsie. 1899 Bryce, Professor Thomas H., M.A.. M.D., F.R.S., 2 The University, Glasgow. 1920 Buchanan, Mrs., 110 Hill Street. Garnethill, Glasgow. 1921 Buchanan, William, Linfairn, Bridge of Weir. 1924 Burns, William, 41 Midland Street, Glasgow. 1887 Cairns. Jr>hn, 23 Dunearn Street, Glasgow. 1928 Clark. James. M.A., D.Sc, A.R.C.S.. Rosehill. London Road, Kilmarnock. 1920 Connticher. John, M.A.. 17 Baliol Street. Glasgow. 1908 Connell, John G., F.R.M.S., Training College, Jordan- hill, Glasgow. 104 1909 Cousin, William, 192 West Princes Street, Glasgow. 1911 Crichton, Miss Jessie H., 2 Westbourne Gardens, Glasgow. 1921 Crosthwaite, John M., 207 West George Street, Glasgow. 1907 Davidson, William Cameron, M.B., Ch.B., Avonleigh, Acadia Road, Torquay. 1915 Davidson, William, 78 Southpark Avenue, Glasgow. 1924 Davidson, Mrs. William, 78 Southpaik Avenue, (ilasgow. 1927 Drummond, Professor J. Montagu F., M.A.. F.L.S., F.R.S.E., The University, Manchester. 1904 Ellis, Professor David, D.Sc, Ph.D., Royal Technical College, Glasgow. 1909 Elmhirst, Richard, F.L.S., Marine Biological Station, Millport. 1895 Ewing, Mrs. E. R., G Glenan Gardens, Helensburgh. 1896 Fergusson, Anderson, F.E.S., 433 Kilmarnock Road, Glasgow. 1929 Fergusson, Andrew G., 433 Kilmarnock Road, Glasgow. 1920 Eraser, Alexander Robert, High Craigton, Milngavie. 1920 Eraser, Mrs. Cecilia Jessie, High Craigton, Milngavie. 1921 Fraser, Andrew, 30 Falkland Mansions, Glasgow. 1921 Gardiner, William, 3 Leyden Gardens, Glasgow. 1899 Garry, Robert, B.Sc, Highfield, Fairlie. 1911 Gillies, William, LL.D., 23 TTniversity Gardens, Glasgow. 1918 Girvan, H. Stuart, B.L., 252 West George Stieet, Glasgow. 1911 Gladstone, Captain Hugh S., Capenoch, Th(u-nhill, Dumfriesshire. 1918 Grierson, Robert, 65 Bath Street, Glasgow. 1927 Gronbeck, Miss Nancy H. C, 110 Hill Street, Garnet- hill, Glasgow. 1921 Henderson, Osbert, 49 Gleneagles Cottages. Scotstoun, Glasgow. 1899 Henderson, Rol:>ert, 15 Armadale Street, Glasgow. 1927 Hopkins, Nicol, 27 Rosebery Street, Glasgow. 1920 Horn, Robert Y., 217 New City Road, Glasgow. 105 191i Jack, James, Luggiebank, Cumbernauld Station. 1902 Kerr, Professor J. Graham, M.A., F.R.S., 9 The University, Glasgow. 1906 King, Professor L. A. L., M.A., F.R.S.E., 19 Bank Street, Glasgow. 189i Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., D.D., F.R.S.E., 10 Billhead Street, Glasgow. 1904 Knight, James. M.A., D.Se., F.G.S., F.C.S., Ii:nterkin. Douglas Gardens, Uddingston. 1920 Lamberton, H. A., Warnocks Thornton, Thorntonhall. 1927 Lauder, Thomas, 330 Springburn Road, Glasgow. 1896 Lee, John R., 96 Finlay Drive, Glasgow. 1920 Leslie, John Duncan, 29 Queen Margaret Drive, Glasgow. 1908 Lunani, George, 287 Crow Road, (jlasgow. 1910 M'Cutcheon, William, 89 Argyle Road. Saltcoats. 1912 Macdonald, D., Auchengoil, Douglas Pier, by Greenock. 1921 M'Grouther, Thomas, Grange Lodge, Larbert. 1924 Macfarlane, Colonel P. C, Ballagan, Strathblane. 1926 M'Intyre, Dugald, C.A., 156 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 1906 MacKeith. T. Thornton, Burndale, Kilmacolm. 1924 Mackechnie, Rol3ert, B.Sc, 9 Skirving Street, Glasgow. 1920 M'Kinven. Charles S., 11 Mavisbank Terrace, Paisley. 1900 M'Lean, Robert, M.A., Dunira, Cadzow Drive. Cambuslang. 1909 M'Leofl, William J.. Glenelg, Muir Street. Coatbridge. 1904 MacLeod, Angus. 63 Westfield Drive, Glasgow. 1914 M 'Naught. John, 5 Wellincrton Street. Glasgow. 1927 M'Xab. David J. X., 41 Clouston Street, Glasgow. 1927 M'Queen, John, 160 Byres Road, Glasgow. 1910 Main, John, M.B.E., F.G.S., F.E.T.S.. 44 Victoria Park Drive. South, Glasgow. 1914 Miller, William, Kirkwood, Orchard Street. Motherwell. 1920 Milne, James Fairweather. M.A., M.B.. Ph.B., 2 Glad- stone Tei-race, Queen Street, Carnoustie, Angus. 1923 Xicol. John Wyllie, B.Sc, 24 Roxburgh Street, Glasgow. 1897 Pairman. Thomas, OM Manse. Busby. 106 1919 Patton, Donald, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., 15 Jordanhill Drive, Glasgow. 1909 Pettigrew, William M., 245 Saracen Street, Glasgow. 1927 Phillips, Major G. W., 69 Deanwood Avenue, Cathcart,. Glasgow. 1929 Preston, Rev. David, B.D., F.Z.S., U Leslie Road. Glasgow. 1S99 Patience, Alexander, 140 London Road, Glasgow. 1903 Rennie, William, 73 Grove Street, Glasgow. 1927 Robertson, John, 87 Henderson Street, Glasgow. 1894 Ross, Alexander, F.E.I.S., 409 Great Western Road, Glasgow. 1915 Renouf, Professor Louis P. W., B.A.. The University, Cork. 1880 Scott, John, 249 West George Street, Glasgow. 1888 Service, Thomas, 61 Clyde-Ferry Street. Glasgow. 1908 Shanks, Archibald, Templand, Dairy, Ayrshire. 1899 Shepherd, D. Arthur, 61 London Road, Kilmarnock. 1910 Simpson, James, M.A., Briar Villa, Viewmount Drive,. Glasgow. 1919 Stewart, Edward J. A., M.A., B.Sc, 8 Manor Road, Jordanhill, Glasgow. 1925 Stirling, Ernest J.. 33 Tassie Street, Glasgow. 1927 Strachan, William, M.A., Shields Road School, Glasgow. 1927 Sutherland, John, Dawsholm Park. North Temple, Drumchapel. 1901 Thomson, J. R., 9 Baronald Drive, Glasgow. 1896 Watt. Lawrence. 35 Taylor Street, Whitecroft, Clyde- bank. 1922 Wise. Thomas, Woodroyd, Barncluith Road, Hamilton. 1893 Wilkie. Robert. 142 West Nile Street. Glasgow. 107 INDEX. Abington, 14. 18. 19, 25. 39. 40, 45 Achillea tanacetifolia, 31 Aconitum anglicum. 12 Napellus. 12 Adelphomyia nielseni, 81 " Advextive Flor.\ of Tweedside." 10, 11, 30, 32 Agaricus fimiputris, 95 gambosus, 97 Agiimonia Agrimonoides, 26 Agriolimax agrestis var. rufescens. 69 Agropyron repens var. lasiorachis. 50 var. Leersiauum. 50 var. Vaillantianum. 50 AiLs.\ Craig. 58 AlRDRIE, 6. 47 Ajuga reptans. 97 Aldochlat, 97 Alf.\lfa. 22 Alien Alpixe Flora. Protest agaixst Importation. 74 Flora of Clyde. Fresh Notes. 5 Pl.^nts in Clydesdale. 5 Problem. 5. 63 Aliens. More Glasgow. 5 1921, 5 Alkanet. Common, 37 Evergreen. 37. 94. 95 Allium paradoxum. 46 triquetrum. 46 All-seed, 84 ALLT-A-CnriLiNN. 66. 67 Alpine Barrenwort. 12 C.at's-tail Grass. 48 Flora, Alien. Protest against Importation. 74 Flora of Ben Lawers. 77 Flora of Ben Lomond. 88 Rock Cress. 14 Sawwort. 96 Willows in Clyde Area. 66 Alyssum maritimum. 14 Alyssum, Sweet. 14 Amalg.vmation of Societies. 4. 85. 86. 88. 89. 91 Araalopis straminea. 95 ?p. ?. 95 Amaraxtaceae, 41 Amarantus angustifolius. 41 Blitum. 41 chlorostachys. 41 var. aristulatu?. 41 Dinteri var. uncinatu?. 41 quitensis, 41 retroflexus. 41 Am.\ryllid.\ceae. 45 Ambrosia artemisifolia. 30 trifida. 30, 35 var. integrifolia. 30 America. Flora of North. 7 American Cress, 14 Ammi ma jus. 28 Visnaga. 28 Ampelis garrulus. 74 Amsinckia Lycopsioide>. 35 Anacyclus clavatus. 31 officinarum. 31 radiatus. 31 valentinus. 31 Anagallis arvensis. 36 caerulea. 35 foemina. 36 Anaphalis margaritacea var. subalpina, 30 Aaas strepera. 86 An Caisteal. 67 Anchusa officinalis. 37 sempervirens. 37. 94, 95 Andersoxi.\x Natcralists' Society. 4, 21. 59. 84. 85. 86, 89. 91, 94. 99 Ann.\ls. 96 Androsace maximum, 35 Aneura latifrons. 87. 96 Axniesland. 10. 12-15. 24. 26. 29. 32. 34. 36. 37. 48 Annual Beard-grass. 48 ANNf.\L General Meetings. 67. 71. 73. 76. 78-81. 83-85. 87. 90 Antennaria margaritacea. 30 Anthemi.s altissima. 32 arvensis. 31 Cota. 32 Cotula. 31 ruthenica. 32 tinctoria. 31 Anthoxanthum aristatum. 48 odoratum. 48 Puelii. 48 Antirrhinum ma jus. 39 A]5era Spica-venti. 48 Apodemy.« hebridensis Cumbrae. 65 Fiolagan. 65 sylvaticus Butei. 65 Aptera. 74 Aquila chrysaetes chrysaetes. 73 Arabis albida. 14 alpina. 14 caucasica. 14 glabra. 14 muralis. 14 Araltaceae. 29 108 Aralia racemosa. 29 Arcyi'ia punicea, 83 Arctic Skua, 74 Ardbeg. 66 Aedencraig, 82 Ardgoil. Forest-Ixsects, 76 Ardgowan. 46 Ardnadam, 26 Ardrishaig, 20 Ardrossan. 16. 18, 34. 41 Argyllshire. 52 (Cantyre). 12 (Main-). 12 Excursions. 96 Arion ater. 69 var. nigrescens. 69 Arran. 44, 45, 65. 67. 71, 77. 86. 89 Eagles, 70 Arrochar. 26 Artemisia Abrotanum. 32 Absinthium. 32. 33 biennis, 33 Ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes. 33 Arvicola amphibius amphibius, 65 reta. 65 Ascoch\i;a Boydii, 61 AscoG Patch. 66 Asio otus otus, 72 Aspei'ugo procumbens. 36 Asperula arvensis. 29 Asphodel. 46 Asphodelus fistulosus. 46 A.st«r macrophyllus, 30 novi-belgii, 29 Asters. 30 Astragalus Cicer. 24 Astrantia major. 27 Atriplex, 9 erecta, 43 patula var. erecta, 43 Auchincruive. 88 Auchinleck, Ayrshire. 45 Stirlingshire. 77 Auk. 64 Avena fatua. 48 sterilis. 48 strigosa, 48 Avon. Gorge of, 37. 95 Axyris Amarantoides. 7. 8, 43 Ayr. 15-17. 22. 31, 33 Heads of. 46 Ayrshire. 11. 88 Botany of. Smith's. 94 Excursions, 94 Bailey. C, 40 Balderxock. 54 Ballantrae. 37 Ballaxtyne. J., 71 Ball Mustard, 18 Balloch, 21 Ballota nigra, 41 Balmaha. 38. 96 Balmichael. 70 Balmore Road. 32 Balsam. 31 Barassie. 36, 41 Barbarea praecox, 14 verna, 14 vulgaris. 14 Barclay, A.. 3. 58. 62. 71. 77. 78. 80, 81. 85 Bardowie. 14. 20. 39 Loch. 71 Bark beetle. 76 Barley. Common, 51 Meadow, 51 Sea. 51 Tartar. 51 Wall, 51 B.^rxacle, Ship's. 77 Barn Owl. 75 Barn-yard Grass. 47 Barrexwort. Alplxe. 12 Bartholomew. J.. 70. 78. 80. 81. 86, 87. 99 Basil Thyme. 40 Bathurst Burr. 30 Baxter. W. R.. Ix Memoriam. 56 Beard-grass. Axnual. 48 Bearsdex. 35 Beech. 80. 81. 95 Bees of Bute. 80 Beet. Commox. 42 Beetles. 55. 68. 76. 77. 86. 88. 89 Bein-n Bharrain. 70 Chabhair. 66. 67 Laoigh. 93 Narxaix. 83 Nms. 70 Beith. 23 Bell-flower. Creeping. 35 Xettle-leaved. 35 Peach-leaved, 35 Bellis perennis forma. 29 Bembidium quinque.«triatum. 88 Bex Lawers. 93 Alpine Flora. 77 Geology. 77 Ben Lomond. 87. 88 BoTAXicvL Ramble. 88 Coleoptera. 89 Ben Lui. 93 Bexmore. Argyll. 84 Bex Vorlich, 75. 87. 96. 97 Benthamia intermedia. 37 Lycopsioides. 36 ]\renziesii. 37 Berberidaceae. 12 Berberis sp., 81 Beta maritima var. annua. 43 vulgaris, 42 109 Bewick" s Swax. 83 BiGGAR. 25 BiBDJ. 59. 60 DrxBAETONSHiRE. Ecososnc Stati-s. 75 Glasgow. P.\eks Saxctuabizs. 58. 78 Glasgow. Pbotectiox Order. 79. 98 Glexorchard. 78 Kilpatrick Hills. 71-73 PossiL Marsh. 75. 78. 82. 83. 85. 90 Saxctuart. 4. 82. 98. 99 Saxctuaries Committee of SociETT. 78. 98 Scottish Society for Protectiox OF Wild. 98 .Skipxtiss. 74 Tarbert, 74 Biscutella auriculata. 17 cichoriifolia. 18 Bishop. T. G.. Ix Memori.\m. 55 BiSHOPBRIGGS. 18. 77 Bishop Loch. 68 Bishoptox'. 44 Bitter C.4x-DTTrFT. 18 Vetch, 25 Vetch. Wood. 24 Bitter X. 75 Black-backed Gull. Lesser. 75 Blackcap. 74 Blacketty Water. 95 Black-headed Gull. 72. 75 Black Hoeehouxd. 41 MrLLEix. 39 Mustard. 16 Nightshade. 38 Terx. 69 Blaeberry. 61 Bl.\e Loch. 75 Blair. 94 Bloomfield. Mr.. 66 BLrEBOTTLE. CORX. 34 Blue Bub. 36 Blue-eyed Grass. 45 Blue Pimpeextl. 36 Bombycilla garrulu?. 74 Borage. 37 Boeagixaceae. 36 Borai'o officinalis. 37 Borborus seniculatus. 96 ni^er. 96 BoTAXic Gaedex. Old. Glasgow. 21 EoY.\L. Edix-burgh. 19 Gaedexs. Glasgow. 10. 52 BOTAXICAL EXCHAXGE ClUB. WaTSOX. Repoet. 40 Botaxic.\l Ramble on Bex Lomoxd. I BoTAxic.\L Society axd Exchaxge Club Repoet. 11 " BoT.\XY OF Ayrshire." 94 ! Botaurus stellaris stellaris. 75 Bothwell Castle, 41 i BowLixG. 6. 12. 14-17. 21. 22. 24-26. 30-32. 36-44. 47. 48. 51 Bowyee's Mustaed. 17 Boyd. D. A.. 50. 83 Ix Memoelam. 2. 60 Boydia remuliformis, 61 Boyxt:. 49 Bb.\ckexhiest. 6. 11. 21-24. 27 37 ^9 45. 47. 49-51 Braidwood. 19. 46 Brassica adpressa. 16 alba. 16 arvensis. 16 gallica. 16 incana, 16 juncea. 16 nijra. 16 Pollichii. 16 Bre.\dalbax-e. 67. 76. 77 British Associatiox Haxdbook. 1901. 3. 11. 53. 56. 60. 61. 65. 87. 95. 96 1928. 3. 61 MeETIXG. EDIX-BrEGH. 73 Glasgow fl928). 3. 61. 82. 84 " British Pl.\xt List." 11. 33. 43. 50 Bbittox .\x-d Beowx. " Flora of XoETH -\meeica." 7 Brodick. 26. 70 Broile Grass. Field. 50 Grass. Rye. 49 Bromus arvensis. 50 hordeaceus var. leptostachys. 50 inermis. 49 macrostachys. 50 madriten.sis. 49 maximus. 49 rigen.«. 49 secalinu.«. 49 var. polyanthus. 50 var. submuticuF. 50 tectorum. 49 var. glabratus. 49 L'nioloides. 49 villosus. 49 Beowx. G. A.. 68 Beowx. Dr. R.. Ix- Memorum. 55 Bryce. Prof. T. H.. 75 Bryum ro.«eum. 80 BrcHAXAX. Mrs.. 73 Buckwheat. 9. 43 Bugle. 97 Bunia.« Erucago. 8. 18 orientalis. 18 BrxTixG. Sxow. 74 Buphthalmum speciosum. 30 110 Biipleui'um Fontaiiesii, 28 lancifolium, 28 rotundifolium, 28 BuE. Blue. 35 Bur Parsley. 28 Parsley, Great, 28 Busby, 40 Butcher's Broom. 46 Bute. 52. 65. 68. 80-82. 84. 97 Humble-Bees. 80 Natural History Society. 94 Buteo buteo bnteo. 72 lagopus lagopus, 73 Butterfly. Red Admiral, 82, 94 Buzzard. 72. 73. 96 Rough-legged. 73 Cadzow. 95 Cairns. J.. 80 Cairntable. 83 Calder District, 75 Calder. Dr. M.. In Memoriam. 52 Calder, Rotten, 26 Calendula arvensis. 33 ofRcinali?. 33 Callichroma sp.. 86 Cambuslang. 15, 27. 45 Camelina macrocarpa, 15 sativa, 8. 15 Camomile, Corn. 31 Rayless, 32 Stinking, 31 Wild, 32 Yellow, 31 Campanulaceae. 35 Campanula persicifolia, 35 Rapunculoides. 35 Trachelium. 35 Campsie Glen. 76. 86, 96 Campylostelium .saxicola, 82 Canadian Flea-bane. 30 Weeds. 6 Canary Grass. 47 Cander Water Glen. 69 Candytuft. Bitter. 18 Canlochan Schist, Vegetation. 76 Cannabis sativa. 45 Capercaillie. 77 Capnoides lutea, 13 Capnoi-chis eximia. 13 formosa. 13 Caprifoliaceae. 29 Caraway. 28 Carboniferous Flora. 56 Card Catalogue. Clyde. 2. 3. 4. 61, 82, 84, 93 Carduus nutans, 33 Carex vulpina var. nemorosa, 46 Carmunnock, 22 Carrion-Crow, 72, 75 Cart, River, 29, 33 Carter, A. E. J., 66 Carthamus lanatus. 34 tinctorius. 8, 34 var. inermis. 34 Carum aromaticum, 28 Carvi. 28 copticum. 28 Caeyophyllaceae. 19 Cashell. 96 Castor Oil Plant, 45 Casu.al Flora. Additions, 1928, 5 Casuals. Clyde, 1916-1928, 5-51, 63 Recent Finds (1926). 5 Catacol. 77 Catalogue, Clyde Card. 2. 3. 4, 61, 82, 84. 93 of Native and Established . Plants. Glasgow, 62 Catchfly. English. 20 Night-flowering, 20 Cathkin Braes. 24 Cat-Louse. 74 Catmint. 41 Cat's-tail Grass. Alpine. 48 Caucalis daucoi'des. 28 latifolia, 28 Ced.ar, 95 Celery-leaved Crowfoot, 94 Centaurea Calcitrapa. 34 Cvanus, 34 diffusa. 34 diluta. 34 melitensis. 34 montana, 34 nigra var, radiata, 33 salmantica, 34 Scabiosa. 34 Solstitialis. 34 Cerastium tomentosum, 20 Ceterach Ceterach. 97 officinarum. 97 Chaetognath. 68 Chalk Plant. 19 Chance. E.. 90 Chatelherault. 95 Chenopodiaceae. 42 Chenopodium album var.. 42 var, paucidens, 42 Ambrosioides. 42 glaucum. 42 lanceolatum. 42 leptophyllum. 42 murale. 42 polyspermum, 42 rub rum. 42 striatum. 42 Vulvaria. 42 Chenopods, 9 Chick Pea. 24 Chickweed. Great. 20 Chickweed Winter-green, 87 Ill Chicory. 34 Chitfchaff. 97 Chlidonias niger niger, 69 Chrysanthemum coronarium. 32 maximum. 32 Myconis, 32 sinense, 32 Chrvsochlamvs cuprea. 92 Chthalamus stellatus. 69 Cicer arietinum. 24 Cichorium Intybus. 34 ClREIPEDIA. 69 Cirsium arvense var. setosum. 33 Citrus Aurantium. 22 Claytonia alsinoides. 20 perfoliata. 21 sibirica. 9. 20. 21 Cleghorn. 34 Clove Pink. 19 Cloves. Heart. 23 Strawberry. 24 " Clyde. ■■ 2. 4 Clyde. Alien Flora. Fresh Notes, 5 Clyde Area. Alpine Willows, 66 Fauna. Flora, and Geology. 11 F.\una. Suggestions FOR Research, 80 Faunistic Notes, 69 Clyde C.^rd Catalogue. 2. 3. 4. 61, 82. 84. 93 "Clyde Casuals. 1916-1928." 5-51. 63 Clyde Coleoptera. Additions, 68 Firth of. 45 Isles, 12. 65. 80 Excursions. 97 Sm.VLL MAJIilALS. 65 Clydesdale, Alien Plants. 5 " Clydesdale Flora." 11. 87 Clyde Sea Area. New Records, 69 Sponges, 65 Coatbridge, 6, 49 Coccomyce.s Boydii. 61 Cochno, 80 cockspur. 34 Coleoptera, 55. 68. 76. 77. 86. 88. 89 Ben Lomond. 89 Clyde, Additions. 68 Colintraive, 97 Coll, 65 Oollembola, 61 Collomia linearis, 36 COLMONELL, 94 Coloeus monedula spermologus. 72 Cololejeunea microscopica, 83, 96 Columba oenas. 72 Comfrey. Prickly. 37 Compass Plant. 35 composit.\e. 29 Condorrat, 6 Condylostoma patens, 69 Coninish. 93 CoNNELL, J. G.. 73. 87. 91 Conocephalus conicu.*. 61 i Conringia orientalis. 15 Constitution of Society, 79, 80 New Society. 91 Coprinus niveus. 95 Coriander. 28 Coriandrum sativum. 28 Corn Bluebottle. 34 Camomile. 31 Crowfoot, 12 Cornel, Dwarf. 96 Cornflower, 34 Perennial. 34 Corn Gromwell. 37 Rattle, Great. 40 Cornus suecica, 96 Coronilla varia, 24 Coronopus didymus. 16 Corvus corax corax. 72 corona corone. 72 Corydalis lut€a, 13 Coste. "Flore de France," 7 Coulter, 39 Council, Annual Reports, 67. 71, 75. 83, 84, 87, 91 Cousin. W., 79, 88, 89 Cow Herb, 19 Cowl airs. 6 Craigendoran. 39 Craigmore. 21. 26. 40 Crane-Flies, 66, 68. 77-79, 81. 94, 95, 97 Creeping Bell-flower. 35 Jenny, 35 Plume Thistle. 33 Toadflax, 39 Cress, Alpine Rock, 14 American. 14 Field, 17 Garden, 17 Hoary, 17 Lesser Wart, 16 Penny, 18 W.4LL Rock, 14 Crossbill, 74 Crossford, 26 Crosshouse, 77 Crosthwaite. J. M.. 78. 79. 81. 98. 99 Crow. Carrion-. 72. 75 Crowfoot. Celery-leaved. 94 Corn. 12 Hairy, 12 Croy, 74 Cruciferae, 13 Crucifers. 8 Crustacea, 66 Cryptogamic Society of Scotl.\nd, 61 Cuckoo, H.\bits. 90 Cucurbitaceae. 27 112 Cucurbita Pepo, 27 Culex pipiens. 81 Culicella morsitaas, 81 Cumbernauld. 11. 44 CuMBRAE, 52, 65. 68. 77 Gumming, H. G.. 12 Curled Dock. 44 Curlew. 75 Cuthbertson, a., 71, 73-79. 81 Cygnus cygnus, 75 musicus, 75 Cynosurus echinatus, 48 Cyperaceae. 46 Cypress Spurge, 45 Daisy, Common, form. 29 Shasta, 32 Dalglish, a. a., In Memoriam, 56 Dalmuir, 6, 13, 24, 31. 48 Dalry, 94 Dalserf, 26 Darnel, 50 Darnley, 21, 23 Glen, 12, 13. 26. 33 Darvel, 15, 41, 94 Date Palm, 46 Datura Stramonium. 38 Dawsholm, 10, 15. 32, 39. 41, 78 Delphinium Ajacis, 12 orientale, 12 Diantlius Caryophyllus. 19 Dicentra eximia. 13 formosa, 13 Dichndontium pellucidum var. compactum, 85 Dick, J., 39, 68. 71. 76 Dicranomvia aiitumnalis. 97 halterella, 78 rufiventris. 78 Dicranota Guerini. 78. 97 pavida, 97 Diplotaxis nniralis. 16 tenuifolia. 16 DiPTERA. 66. 96 Dixon. H. N.. 10 Dock, Common. 44 Curled. 44 Fiddle. 44 Golden, 44 Docks, 6 Dog's-tail. Bou^h. 48 Dolichopeza albipes. 97 DOONFOOT, 49 DooN, Mouth. 19 Dougarie or Dougary. 70 Di'aba incana var. confusa, 97 muralis. 14 Dracocephalum parviflorum. 8. 41 Drimsynie. Forest-Tnsects, 76 Dropwort, 25 Parsley Water. 94 Druce, Dr. G. C, 7, 10, 13, 25, 26, 28-30, 32-34, 39. 41, 47-50 and I. M. Hayward, " Adventive Flora of Tweedside," 10, 11, 30. 32 "British Plant List."' 11, 33,. 43, 50 Druce's " Hayward," 6, 49 Drummond, Prof. J. M. F., 85 Dryocaetes autographus, 76 Dubhgharadh, 70 Dumbarton, 18 Dunbartonshire (99). 12. 95 Birds. 71. 75 Excursions, 97 Rookeries. 77 E.AST (86a). 11, 93 Dunb-^rtonshire Natural History Society, 94 dunglass, 39, 46 DuNLOP. R.. In Memoriam. 54 Dunoon. 35 Duntocher. 80. 81. 86 Duntreath. 40, 96 DUNURE. 24 M.MNS. 18 Dwarf Cornel. 96 Eagle. Golden. 70. 73 Eagles, Arran. 70 Eaglesham. 28 Eastern Bot.anical Society, 53 East Kilbride, 19, 26. 82 Economic St.atus of Dunbartonshire Birds, 75 Edinburgh. 20, 73 Royal Botanic Garden. 19 Editorial Note. 1-4 Elder. Sc.\rlet-berried. 29 Elm, 76 Elmkirst. R.. 69. 77 Elymus Caput-Medusae. 51 sibiricus, 51 English Catchfly. 20 Epilobium nummularifolium, 27 Epimedium alpinum. 12 Equisetaceae. 53 Eragrostis cilianensis. 49 Erigeron bonariensis, 30 canadensis. 30 crisnus. 30 philadelphicns. 30 Erinu? alpinu.'s. 40 Eruca Eruca. 16 sativa. 16 Erucaria hispanica. 18 mvagroides. 18 Erysimum clieiranthoide?. 15 perfoliatum. 15 repandum, 15 Eschscholtzia Douglasii, 13 113 Esperella florea, 66 sp., 66 Esperiopsis cancricola, 66 sp., 66 sp. uov. ?, 66 Euotomys glareolus britannicus, 65 ErPHORBIACEAE, 45 Euphorbia Cyparissias, 45 Esula, 45 EvENTS'G Primrose, 27 Evergreen Alkanet, 37, 94, 95 EVERLASTUNG, Pe.'UILT. 30 Ewrs-G. Mrs. E. R., 26, 27, 67, 71, 73, 84, 85, 87 EwiNG, P., 15, 62 Excursions, 93-97 Fagopyrum Fagopyrum, 43 tataricum, 44 Fagus svlvatica, 81 Fairlie,' 16, 32,' 39, 47, 50, 94 Falco Buteo, 72 Lagopus, 73 peregrinus peregrinus, 72 Falcon, Peregrine, 72. 96 Falloch, Glen, 83, 87. 93, 96, 97 '■ Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the Clyde Area," 11 Fauna of Clyde Area, Suggestions FOR Research, 80 Faunistic Notes, Clyde Area, 69 Federation of Scottish Naturalists, Proposed, 73, 74 Fennel, 28 Fenugreek, 22 Ferguson, D., 21, 25, 28, 31, 36, 40, 50 Fergusson, a., 55, 68, 76, 77, 79, 81, 86-90, 99 Fern, Sc.\le, 97 Tree, 10 Ferniegalr, 45 Fescue, Wall, 49 Festuca Myurus, 49 setacea, 49 Ficus Carica, 45 Fiddle Dock, 44 Field Brome Grass, 50 Cress, 17 L.4RKSPUR, 12 Melilot, 23 Mouse, Long-tailed, 65, 72 Pea, 25 Thistle, 33 Fig tree, 45 FiGWORT. Water, 39 Yellow, 39 FiLiCEs, 53 Final ]\Ieeting of Society, 4, 90 Fin Burn, 27 Flnlayston, 46, 95 Fir, Silver, 97 Firth of Clyde, 45 Fishes, 77 Flanders Moss, 12 Flea-b.\ne, Canadian, 50 Flies, 92 Fllxweed, 15 Flora, Carboniferous, 56 Clydesd.\le, 11, 87 " Flora of North America," 7 " Flora of Perthshire,' 67 ■' Flore de France," 7 Flycatcher, Pied, 85 Foeniculum Foeniculum, 28 vulgare, 28 Forest — Insects, Ardgoil and Drimsynie, 76 Fox, — ., 37 Foxtail, Green, 47 France, Flore de, 7 Frankfield Loch, 66, 79 Fraser, a., 70 Eraser, J,, 7, 14, 37, 44, 49, 51 Fumariaceae, 13 Fumitory, Yellow, 13 Fungi, 56, 61, 83, 94, 95, 97 Gadwall, 86 Galanthus nivalis, 45 Galega officinalis, 24 Galerucella nvmphaeae var. f ergussoni, 68 ' Galium tricorne, 29 Garden Cress, 17 Golden Rod, 29 Pea, 25 Gardiner, Sir F. C, 70 Gareloch, 21, 33 Garganey, 85 Garscadden, 26 Gartcosh, 6, 15, 20, 24, 26, 27, 33, 39, 40, 43, 45 Gartsherrie, 49 Gastridium lendigerum, 48 ventricosum, 48 Gavell, 33 Gean. 97 Gemmill, Prof. J. F.. 67 In Memori.\m. 58 Geology of Ben Lawers, 77 Geraniaceae, 21 German-Madwort, 36 Giffnock, 16, 18, 21. 24, 25. 30, 32. 33. 38, 41, 43. 45, 51 Gigha, 65 Gtlmour, Dr. T.. In ^Iemoriam, 62 Gipsy -wort. 97 Girvan, 15, 37, 38 Girvan, H. S., 78, 80 Glasgow, 3. 5-8, 10, 12-53, 55-58, 62, 63, 69, 75. 78, 79, 82-86, 88. 91, 92. 98. 99 114 " Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society," 91 " Glasgow Catalogue of Native and Established Plants," 62 " Glasgow Naturalist," 4, 21, 59. 61, 67-71, 82, 83, 87 Glasgow Order, Wild Birds Protection Acts, 79, 98 Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists, 53, 55 Glasgow University, 55. 56. 98 " Glasgow, 1928," 3, 61 Glassford, 75 Glaucium corniculatum, 13 Glazert, 29 Glen Affric, 89 Cannich, 89 Cloy, 26, 70 Croe 97 Falloch, 83, 87, 93. 96. 97 Fruin, 97 Glengarnock. 28, 76 Glen Iorsa, 70 Luss, 97 Glenoran, 27 Glenorchard, 86 Birds and Mammals, 78 Glen Rosa, 70 Sannox, 70 Strathfarrar, 89 Glyceria distans, 49 Gnats, 81 Goat's PtUE, 24 Gobius paganellus, 77 Golden Dock. 44 Eagle, 70, 73 Rod, Garden, 29 Goldfinch, 85 Gold of Pleasure, 15 GoosEFOOT, Nettle-leaved, 42 Red, 42 Stinking, 42 Gorge of Avon, 37, 95 GOUROCK, 21 Graham, Richard, 90 Graham, R. F., 74 Graminaceae, 46 Grass, Alpine Cat's-tail, 48 Annual Beard — , 48 Barn-yard, 47 Blue-eyed, 45 Canary. 47 Field Brome. 50 Hard, 50 Rye Brome, 49 fc^KUNK-TAIL, 51 Squirrel-tail, 51 Vernal, 48 Grass Poly, 27 Grasses, 8 Great Bur Parsley, 28 Chickweed, 20 Corn Rattle, 40 Knapweed, 34 Mullein, 38 Ragweed, 30 Snapdragon, 39 Green Foxtail, 47 Greenland Wheatear, 85 Greenock, 16, 52, 87 Greenshank, 74 Gregorson, D., 87 Grierson, R., 1, 5, 68, 71. 76, 80, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 93 In Memoriam, 3, 62 Grim-the-Collier, 35 Gromwell, Corn, 37 Groundsel, Stinking, 71. 96 Gryfe, 40 Guelder Rose, Wild. 81 Guizotia abyssinica. 8. 31 Gull, Black-headed, 72, 75 Lesser Black-backed. 75 Gunpowder Weed, 20 GuRNEY, J. H., In Memoriam, 55 Guthrie, G, 14 In Memoriam, 57 Gypsophila elegans, 19 paniculata, 19 Haematopus ostralegns, 73 Hairy Crowfoot, 12 Halichondria sp.. 66 Hamilton, 45 Natural History Society, 94 Hamilton, W. B., 68 Hard Grass, 50 Hare's-ear, Common, 28 Hare's-ear Treacle Mustard, 15 Harpalejeunea ovata, 87 Hawkhead, 92, 95 Hawkweed, Orange. 35 Haynes. Mr., 26 " Hayward," Druce's. 6, 49 Hayward, I. M., 10. 20 Hayward and Druce. " Ada*entive Flora of Tweedside." 10. 11. 30. 32 Heads of Ayr, 46 Heart Clover, 23 Heart-leaved Valerian, 29 Hebrides, 32, 65 Hedgehog, 65 Helensburgh, 14. 21. 26, 27, 29. 35. 37. 40. 45. 90. 97 Heliantlni.s annuus, 31 debilis, 31 diffiisus, 31 rigidus. 31 scaberrimus, 31 115 Helichi-ysuni bracteatuni, 30 Heliopsis scabra, 30 Heliotrope, Winter, 33 Helmiiithia echioides, 34 Helotium Marchantiae var. coiioce- jjhali, 61 Hemizonia pungeus, 31 Hemp, 45 Henbane, 38 Henderson. 0., 78 Henderson. E.. 66. 68. 76, 81 Kennedy. R., 9 " Clydesdale Flora," 11, 87 Hieracium auiantiacum, 35 Highlands, 32 Hill. T.. 30. 73 Hoary Cress, 17 Mustard. 16 Plantain. 41 Holly, 61 Homalomyia strobili. 96 Hop. 95 Trefoil. Large. 24 Hordeum jubatum, 51 marinum. 51 murinum, 51 nodosum. 51 pratense, 51 trifui'catum. 51 vulgare, 51 Horehofnd, Bl.ack. 41 White, 41 Hormiscium pithyophiliim. 82 Horseweed, 30 Hosackia americana. 24 Humble-Bees of Bute. 80 Humulus Liipulus. 95 Hunterian Museum. 55, 56 Hybocodon prolifer. 69 Hydrochelidon nigra. 69 Hydrophyllaceae. 36 Hydrozoa. 69 Hymenoptera. 56 Hyoscyamus niger. 38 Hvpnum riparium var. longifolium. 70. 95 vernico.<5um. 75 Hypopterygiuni atrotheca. 10 Iberis amara. 18 Tbrox. 14. 20. 22. 24. 25. 28-30. 34. 58. 39. 41. 44-46. 48. 49 Idioptera trimaculata. 97 Inachu?; dorsettensis. 66 Inch Lonaig. 97 Marnock. 97 Indian Mustard. 16 Infusoria. 69 Inglis. J. C, 70 In Memoriam, 52-63 Insects. 56 Forest — , Ardgoil and Drimsynie, 76 Inverkip, 37 Inversnaid, 87 Iridaceae, 45 IsLAY. 62, 65 Isles, Clyde. 12. 65. 80 Excursions, 97 Western. Sm.all Mammals, 65 Isoetes lacustris, 97 Ivy-leaved Toadflax, 95 .Jackdaw, 72, 75 Jack, J., 73, 79, 85, 87 •Jack Snipe, 85 Jacob's Ladder, 36 Japanese Polygonum, 43 Johnstone. 41 Johnstone. R. B., 60 Jordanhill, 83 "Journal of Botany," 10 Juxcaceae, 46 •Jiincus tenuis, 46 bufonius var., 84 Juniperus communis var. intermedia, 75 intermedia, 75 Jura. 65 Kelvin Area. 86 Basin. 11, 93. 96 River, 30, 35, 69, 70. 95 Kelvingrove, 78 Kenmure. 77 Keppel Pier. 68 Kerr. Prof. J. Graham. 3. 99 Kesson. H., 81 Kew Gardens. 7. 12-15. 20. 22. 24-26, 28-31. 34. 40, 42. 43. 46-49. 51 Kidney Saxifrage. 27 KiDSTON. Dr. R.. In Memoriam. 56 Kilchattan. 68 KiLLALLAN. 39 KiLLEARN. 77 KiLLERMONT, 26 KiLMACOLM. 74. 95 KiLM-ARNocK Coup. 36. 41 KiLPATBiCK Hills. 75. 81 Rare Birds. 71-73 Kilsyth. 22. 33 King. J. J. F.-X.. 56. 57. 68. 71. 73, 79-81. 90 i King. Prof. L. A. L., 3. 68. 78. 83. 88 Kirk. C. 71. 75 In Memoriam. 54 Kirkintilloch. 11, 20 KiTTOCH Glen, 40 Knapweed. 33 Great. 34 Knight, Rev. Dr. G. A. Frank. 67, 71 Knot, 74 116 Knotgrass, 43 Koeleria panicea, 48 phleoides, 48 Labiatae, 40 Laburnum, 22 Laburnum Anagyroides, 22 Laburnum, 22 vulgare, 22 Lactuca muralis, 35 Serriola, 35 Laggan Bay, 66 Lambhill, 32, 88 Lamington, 18 Lanark, 46 Loch, 13 Lanarkshire, 11, 69 Excursions, 95 MoLLUscAN Fauna, Additions, 69 Lanfine, 94 Lankester, Sir E. Eay, 36 Lappula echinata, 36 Lappula, 36 Lapwing, 75 Large Hop Trefoil, 24 Largs, 79, 86 Larkhall, 69 Larkspur, Field, 12 Larus ridibundus ridibundus, 72 Lathraea Squamaria, 76, 96 Lathyrus Aphaca, 25 Cicera, 25 Clymenum, 25 odoratus, 25 sativus, 25 Lauder, T., 83, 86, 89, 92 Lavatera olbia, 21 Lawers, Ben, Alpine Flora, 77 Geology, 77 Lawers-Canlochan Schist. Vegetation, 76 Leafy Spurge, 45 Least Toadflax, 39 Leck Pier, 77 Lee, J. R., 4, 20, 24, 26. 40. 46, 48, 51, 66, 70, 71, 74-77, 83, 85-87 Leguminosae, 8, 22 Leistus montanus, 77 Leith, 22, 43, 44 Lejeunea patens, 96 Lennoxtown, 33, 34 Lens culinare, 25 esculenta, 25 Lens, 25 Lentil, 25 Lepadogaster decandollei, 77 Lepas anatifera, 77 Lepidium campestre, 17 densiflorum. 17 Draba, 17 neglectum, 17 perfoliatum, 17 ramosissimum, 17 ruderale, 17 sativum, 17 Smithii, 17 virgin! cum, 8, 17 Lepidoptera, 56, 82, 94 Leptobryum pyriforme, 82 Leptodontium recurvifolium, 96 Lepturus filiformis, 50 Leslie, J. D., 74 Lesser Black-backed Gull, 75 Wart Cress, 16 Lettuce, Prickly, 35 Wall, 35 Leucosolenia complicata, 66 Library, Mitchell, 7, 88, 91, 92 Library of Society, Housing, 88, 91, 92 Reports, 83, 84. 92 Lichens, 52 LiGHTFOOT, J.. 87 Liliaceae, 46 Limax maximus var. cellaria, 69 var. ferussaei, 96 Lime tree, 97 Limnaea stagnalis, 80 Limnanthes Douglasii, 21 Limnobia dilutior, 97 Linaria chalepensis var. cleistogama, 39 Cymbalaria, 95 Linaria, 6 minor. 39 purpui'ea, 39 repens, 59 tripartita, 39 viscida. 39 vulgaris, 6 Linn Park, 78 Lion Rock, 77 Lithospermum arvense, 37 Little, Canon, 26 Liverworts, 61. 83. 86. 87, 96 Loch Fad, 80, 97 GoiL, Nature Notes, 77 Lochgoilhead, 76, 96 Loch Humphrey Burn, 75, 86 Loch Lomond, 97 Basin. 12. 93. 96 Loch Long, 39. 96 Lochranza. 86 Lochside Station, 30 Loch Striven, 66 Lochwinnoch. 29 Loch Tay. 23 Logan W.\ter. 54 Lolium multiflorum var. muticum, 50 temulentum, 50 var. arvense, 50 "Lomond" Province, 67 117 LoxDON PkidE; 26 loxg -eared uwl, 72, 75 longicorx beetle, 86 Long-tailed Field Mouse, 65, 72 Lotus tenuis, 24 Loudoun, 29 Loxosoma singulare, 69 Lucerne, 22 LuNAM, G., 79, 80, 84, 85 Lungwort, 37 Naerow-leaved, 37 Sea, 37 Luss, 13, 28, 81, 97 Lychnis alba x dioica, 20 intermedia. 20 Lycium chinense, 38 Lycopersicon Lycopersicum, 38 Lycopus europaeus, 97 Lysimachia Nummularia, 35 Ltthraceae, 27 Lythrum Graefferi, 27 Hyssopifolia, 27 meonanthum, 27 MacAllister, G. W., 99 MacAlpine, J., 76 Macdonald, D.. 64, 68, 69. 71. 77 M'Intyre, D., 81 M'Kay. E,.. In Memoriam, 53 Mackechnie, R., 83 MacKeith, T. Thornton. 74. 79. 80 M'Kenzie, J., 70 M'Kenzie. W., 70 M'Kinven. C. S.. 76, 78. 83 Maclachlan. Mrs. S. Cairns, 76, 78 In Memoriam. 55 M'Lean. R.. 79. 83. 88 M'Leod. W. J.. 73 M'Xab, D. J. N.. 85, 87 Macnair. Prof. P., 77 M'Queen, J.. 85 M' William, Rev. .J. M.. 80 Madia sativa. 31 Madwort. German-. 36 Magpie. 75 Main. J.. 58 Maize. 9. 47 Malcomia maritima, 14 Mallow, Small. 21 Malvaceae. 21 Malva Alcea. 21 crispa. 21 parviflora. 21 pusilla. 21 Mammals, Glenorchard. 78 Small. Western Isles. 65 Manx Shearwater. Diving and Emergence. 64 Marigold. Pot. 33 Marine Biological Station, Millport. 3. 58 Marine worm, 68 Marrow, Vegetable, 27 Marrubium vulgare, 41 Marsh Yellow-Kocket, 14 Maryburgh, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19- 21, 23, 27, 28, 30-32, 36, 41-43, 46-51 Masterwort, 28 Mathiola sinuata, 13 Matricaria Chamomilla, 32 discoidea, 32 inodora, 10 Acre pleno, 32 suaveolens, 10, 32 Mayweed, Scentless, 32 Meadow Barley, 51 Meadow -pipit, 90 Meconopsis cambrica, 13 Medicago arabica, 23 denticulata, 23 falcata, 22 var. tenuifoliolata, 22 hispida, 23 var. apiculata, 23 indica. 23 lupulina var. Willdenowiana, 23 maculata, 23 Murex var. aculeata, 23 var. macrocarpa, 23 sativa, 22 sphaerocarpa, 23 tribuloides, 23 ^Iedick. Spotted. 23 Toothed. 23 Yellow, 22 Melilot. Common. 23 Field, 23 Small, 23 White, 23 Melilotus alba, 23 altissima, 23 arvensis, 23 indica. 7. 23 officinalis. Lam., 23 officinalis. Desr. . 23 parviflora, 23 Petitpierreana. 23 Melolontha hippocastani. 88 ifentha arvensis var. praecox, 40 cardiaca. 40 longifolia var. nemorosa. 40 sativa. 40 verticillata. 40 Mercnrialis annua. 45 Mexican Tea, 42 MiCROFUNGI, 61. 94 Microscopical Society of Glasgow. 4. 84-86. 89. 91, 94 ^licrotns agrestis exul. 65 neglectus, 65 Mignonette. Wild, 19 Millarocht, 96 118 Miller, W., 76 Millet, 9 Red, 46 MiLLPOET, 17 Marine Biological Station, 3, 58 Milne, J. F., 78 MiLNGAVIE, 40, 66, 90 Milton, 73 Mimulus guttatus, 39 Langsdorfii, 39 luteus, 39 Mint, Whorled, 40 ]\Iitchell, J., In Memoriam, 57 Mitchell Library, 7, 88, 91, 92 Mole, 65 mollinburn, 44 Mollusc, 80, 85 MoLLuscAN Fauna, Lanarkshire, Additions, 69 Molophilus flavus, 78 occultus, 78 pusillus, 78. Money-wort, 27, 35 Monkey Flower, 9, 39 Monkland, 6, 11. 12, 15, 17, 18. 22, 25, 27-29, 31-33, 42, 43, 47-50 New, 6, 42 Monkshood, 12 Monolepis Nuttalliana, 42 var. minor, 42 trifida, 7, 42 Montbretia, 45 Mosses, 10, 63, 70, 75, 80, 82, 83, 85, 95, 96 Mosses and Casuals, Recent Finds (1926), 5 Moth Mullein, 39 Motherwell, 80 Motherwell, A. B., In Memoriam, 52 Mould, 82 Mount Stuart, 46 Mouse, Long-tailed Field, 65, 72 Mugdock Castle, 12, 85 Mull, 65 Mullein, Black, 39 Great, 38 Moth, 39 Murchie, J., 70 Murdoch, Mr., 70 Musk Thistle, 33 Mustard, Ball, 18 Black. 16 Bowyer's. 17 Hare's-ear Treacle, 15 Hoary, 16 Indian, 16 Tower, 14 Treacle, 15 Tumbling, 15 White, 16 Wormseed, 15 Myagrum peifoliatum, 18 Myopa testacea, 96 Myosotis dissitiflora, 37 sylvatica, 37 versicolor var. pallida, 94 Myriopoda, 61 Myrtle Park, 50 Narnain, Falls, 97 Narrow leaved Lungwort, 37 Nasturtium amphibium, 13 islandicum, 14 palustre, 14 sylvestre, 13 terrestre, 14 Naturalists, Scottish Federation, Proposed, 73, 74 Natural Woodlands. Preservation. 89 Nature Notes, Loch Goil, 77 Neckera pumila var. Philippeana. 85 Nemophila insignis, 36 Menziesii. 36 Neomys fodiens bicolor. 65 Nepeta Cataria, 41 Neslia paniculata, 18 Nethy Bridge. 68 Nettle-leaved Bell-flower, 35 goosefoot, 42 Newlands. 16, 21, 24, 29-31. 33. 34. 41, 50, 88 New Monkland, 6, 42 Newton Mearns, 33 NicoL, Dr. J. W., 81, 82 In Memoriam, 62 NicoL, J. W., JuN., 62, 81, 83. 85-88, 97 Nicotiana rustica?, 58 Tabacum, 38 Nigella hispanica, 12 Niger-seed, 31 Night-flowering Catchflt, 20 Nightshade, Black, 38 NiTGRASS, 48 North America, Flora of, 7 North American Sunflower, 31 Oaks, 95 Oat, Wild, 48 Oenauthe Lachenalii, 94 Oenothera biennis, 6. 27 Onagraceae, 27 Opium Poppy, 12 Orange, 22 Orange Hawkweed, 35 Orbilia Boydii, 61 marina, 61 Order, Glasgow, Wild Birds Protection Acts, 79, 98 Ormosia albitibia, 78 uncinata, 81, 94, 97 Ornithogalum umbellatum, 46 Otter, 65 119 Owl, Barx, 75 LOXG-EARED, 72. 75 Tawxt. 72, 75 Oxalis floribunda, 21 Ox-ToxGrE. 54 OxsTER -Catcher, 73 P.usLEY, 21, 25, 28, 31. 36. 40. 50 Caxal, Old, 36 Xaturalists' Societt. 94 p.u.maceae. 46 P.U.M. Date. 46 Panicum colonum, 47 Crus-gaUi, 47 var. longiaristatum. 47 var. longisetum. 47 laevifolium, 47 var. amboinense. 47 miliaceum, 46 Papaverace.4E, 12 Papaver nudicaule, 13 soniniferum. 12 " Paradise." 95 Parsley, Bcr. 28 Great. 28 Parsley Water Dhopwort 94 Patersox. .J.. 26. 29, 53. 71. 81. 82 Ix :\lEMORiAir. 2. 59 Pattox. Dr. D.. 3. 12-19. 21-25. 27-29 o2-34. 57-41. 45. 49. 51. 56. 71. 74-76^ 79, 81-83. 85. 87-89. 91. 97 Pea. Chick, 24 Field. 25 Gardex. 25 Peach-leaved Bell-flower. 35 Pearly Everla-stixg. 30 Pearsox. D.. Ix Memoriam. 54 Pexxy Cre.ss. 18 Peregrixt: Falcox. 72. 96 Perex-xx\l Corxtlower. 34 Perthshire. Flora of. 67 Falloch Area. 93 -D . : „ ExcuRsioxs. 96 Petasites albus. 33 fra grans. 33 Petricola lithophaea. 85 Pettigrew, W.. 80. 89 Peucedanum Ostruthium. 28 Phacelia tanacetifolia. 36 Phalaris angusta. 47 aquatica. 47 bulbosa. 47 caerulescens. 47 canariensis. 47 minor. 47 paradoxa. 47 ti-uncata. 47 tuberosa. 47 PHAXEROGAinA. 53 Phleum alpinum. 48 pratense, 48 subulatum, 48 Phoenix dactylifera, 46 Picris Echioides, 34 Hieracioides. 34 Pied Flycatcher, 85 Pigweed, 41 PiMPERXEL. Blue. 36 Pimpinella Saxifraga var. dissecta. 75 Pes-e. Scots. 96 Pix-E.iPPLE Weed. 32 Pixtail. 71, 74. 85 PrpiT. Meadow-. 90 Pipits. 75 Pisum arvense, 25 sativum. 25 Plaxtagixaceae. 41 Plantago media. 41 Psyllium. 41 Plaxtaix. Hoary. 41 Water. 61 Plaxts. Travels of. 5 PIatychiru.< scutatus. 96 Plfme Thistle. Creepixg. 33 Pneumaria maritima. 37 Poa compressa. 49 palustris, 49 Pocillon hyndmanni. 65 POLEMOXIACEAE. 36 Polemonium caeruleum. 36 PoLXoox. 44 POLYGOXACEAE. 43 Polygonum aviculare var. acre^tinum 43 cuspjdatum. 43 equisetiforme. 43 Fagopyrum. 43 Persicaria. 68 pet-ecticale, 43 sachalinen.se. 43 scabrum forma. 43 var. incanum. 43 tomentosum ?. 43 POLYGOXril. .J.\PAX-ESE. 43 Polypogon monspelie!isi.=:. 48 Pol}-porus dsanteup. 95 POLYZOA. 69 " POX-D-SXAIL. 80 Poplar. 96 Poppy, Opirii. 12 Scarlet horxed. 13 Welsh. 13 Port Baxxatyx-e. 66 PORTIXCROSS. 21. 94 P0RTrL.\CACEAE. 20 ^'f/^Z-.'^l-r^^- 22-25. 31. 34. 35. 38-44. 46. 47. 49. 51 PossiL M.^rsh. 4. 55. 69. 75 82 90 98. 99 ^• Birds. 75. 78. 82. 83. 85. 90 SAxcTr.\RY. 4. 82. 98. 99 POSSILPARK. 6. 63 Potato. 38 120 Potentilla argentea, 26 arguta, 26 intermedia, 6, 26 norvegica, 6, 26 Poterium canadense, 26 Pot Maeigold, 33 Preservation of Natural Wood- lands. 89 Prickly Comfrey, 37 Lettuce, 35 Primrose, Evening, 27 Primulaceae, 35 Prionocera trucica, 79 " Proceedings," 53, 57 Proceedings of Society, 64-92 Pseudolimnophila lucorum, 78, 94 Pterygophyllum dentatum, 10 Ptychoptera paludosa, 77 Puck's Glen, 27 Puffinus anglorum, 64 puffinus puffinus, 64 Pulmonaria angustifolia, 37 longifolia, 37 officinalis, 37 Purple Mountain- Saxifrage, 97 Toadflax, 39 Queen's Dock, 30 Queen's Park. 78 quillwort, 97 Radicula amphibia, 13 islandica, 14 palustris, 8, 14 sylvestris, 13 Radiola linoides, 84 Radiola, 84 Radula aquilegia, 96 Ragweed, Great. 30 Ranunculaceae, 12 Ranunculus acer var. multifidus, 81 acris var. Boraeanus, 81 arvensis, 12 hirsutus, 12 muricatus, 12 sardous, 12 .sceleratus, 94 Rapistrum orientale, 18 rugosum, 18 Raspalia virgultosa, 66 Rats, 63 Rattle, Great Corn, 40 Raven, 72, 96 Rayless Camomile, 32 Reboulia hemisphaerica, 86. 96 Red Admiral Butterfly, 82, 94 Red Goosefoot. 42 Millet. 46 Redstart. 85 Reid. N. G.. In Memoriam. 58 Renfrew, 16 Renfrewshire, 11 Excursions, 95 Plants, 87 Rennie, W.. 20, 38, 69, 74, 75. 77-79, 82, 85, 85, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99 Renouf, Prof. L. P. W., 65, 71. 73 Renwick, J., 53 Report, Botanical Society and Exchange Club, 11 Watson Botanical Exchange Club. 40 Research on Fauna of Clyde Area, Suggestions, 80 Resedaceae. 19 Reseda inodora, 19 lutea, 19 odorata, 19 Reside, D., 70 Reversed Trefoil, 24 Rhinanthus major, 40 Rhu, 27, 35, 40, 97 Richardson's Skua, 74 Ricinus communis, 45 Ritchie. Dr. J., 73 Roberton. 29, 37 Robertson, J. J., In Memoriam. 52 Robertson, John (Ornithology). 69 Robertson. John, 87 Robertson, W., 74 Robin, 97 RoBROYSTON. 13, 14, 17, 25, 27-29. 32, 34. 48, 50, 51 Rock Cress, Alpine. 14 Wall. 14 Rocket, Marsh Yellow-, 14 Sand, 16 Wall, 16 Water-, 13 Rocket-Salad, 16 Roebuck, W. Denison. 69 Roman Wormwood, 30 Rookeries. 76. 77 rosaceae. 25 Rose-Bay. 9 rosneath, 37, 46 Ross, A.. 57. 59. 66, 70, 71, 74. 77-82, 88. 89, 92 ROSSDHU, 81 Rothesay, 21, 26, 33, 40, 97 Bay, 66 Rotten Calder, 26 Rouge, 34 Rough Dog's-tail, 48 Rough-legged Buzzard, 73 RouKEN Glen, 78. 82 Rourke, J., In Memoriam, 52 Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 19 Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Biological Section. .74 121 Royal Technical College, Glasgow, 98 Rfbiaceae, 29 Rubus nutkanus, 8. 26 spectabilis, 26 RucHiLL. 8. 18, 38 Rudbeckia laciniata. 31 Rue, Goat's, 24 Rumex Acetosella, 44 aquaticus, 44 bucephalophorus, 44 crispus, 44 var. trigranulatus, 44 dentatus, 44 longifolius. 44 magellanicus, 45 maritimus, 44 obovatus, 44 paraguayensis, 44 pulcher. 44 salicifolius, 44 Ruscus aculeatus, 46 Rush, Toad, 84 Russell, W., 99 rutaceae, 22 Rutherglen. 30, 33. 47 Ryding. 6. 11-13. 16, 20. 24. 26, 28-32, 34, 38. 39. 41. 45, 47, 49, 51 Rye, 9, 50 Beome Grass, 49 Safflower, 34 Saffron, 34 St. Barnaby's Thistle, 34 St. George's Fungus, 97 Salix Andersoniana, 73 Arbuscula, 67 herbacea, 67 lanata, 67 lapponum, 67 Myrsinites, 66, 67 nigricans, 73 pentandra, 81 purpurea x viminalis, 73 reticulata, 67 rubra, 73 Salmon-Berry, 26 Salsola Kali var. tenuifolia, 43 Salvia verticillata, 6, 40 Sambucus racemosa, 29 Sanctuaries, 4, 82. 98, 99 Bird, 58. 78. 82. 98, 99 Sandford, 85 Sand Rocket, 16 Saponaria officinalis, 19 Vaccaria, 19 Satureia Acinos, 40 Saussurea alpina, 83, 88, 96 Saw WORT, Alpine, 96 Saxifragaceae, 26 Saxifraga Geum, 27 nivalis, 88 opposltifolia, 97 rotundifolia, 27 unibrosa, 26 Saxifrage, Kidney, 27 Purple Mountain-, 97 Scale Fern, 97 Scandix Pecten-veneris, 28 Scapania umbrosa, 83, 96 Scarlet-berried Elder, 29 Scarlet horned Poppy, 13 Scentless Mayweed, 32 Scorpion Spider-Crab, 66 Scots Pine, 96 " Scottish Naturalist," 68 Scottish Naturalists, Proposed Federation, 73, 74 Scottish Society for the Protection OF Wild Birds, 98 Scottish Wild Birds Sanctuaries Trust, 99 Scrophulariaceae, 38 Scrophularia alata, 39 aquatica, 39 Ehrharti, 39 umbrosa, 39 vernalis, 39 Sea Area, Clyde, New Records, 65, 69 Sea Barley, 51 Lungwort, 37 Stock, 13 Seamill, 21 Seaweeds, 61, 69 Secale cereale, 50 Sedge, 46 Senebiera didyma, 16 Senecio tanguticus, 33 viscosus, 71, 96 Setaria glauca, 47 viridis, 47 Severn, 49 Scat Isle, 66 Shandon, 40, 97 Shanks, A., 21, 76, 80, 95 Shasta Daisy, 32 Shearwater, Manx, Diving and Emergence, 64 Shepherd's Club, 38 Needle, 28 Ship's Barnacle, 77 Shrews, 65 Sideritis montana, 41 Silene anglica, 20 annulata, 20 dichotoma, 20 fimbriata, 20 gallica, 20 Muscipula, 20 noctiflora, 20 pendula, 20 stricta, 20 Silver Fir, 97 Simpson, J., 68, 73, 83 Sirex juvencus, 76 122 Sisymbrium altissimum, 7, 15 canescens, 15 Loeselii, 15 orientale, 15 pannonirum, 15 Sophia, 15 strictissimum, 14 Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 45 Skipness, 74 Skua, Arctic or Eichardson's, 74 Skunk-tail Grass, 51 * Skye, 14 Slug, 69, 96 Small Mallow, 21 Melilot, 23 Smith, J., 94 In Memoriam, 100 Smooth Tare, 25 Snail, pond-, 80 SnapdraCxON, Great, 39 Snipe, Jack, 85 Snowberry, 29 Snow Bunting, 74 Snowdrop, 45 Snow-in-Summer, 20 soapwort, 19 Solanaceae, 38 Solan Goose, 64 Solanum Dulcamara, 68 nigrum, 38 triflorum, 38 tuberosum, 38 Solidago canadensis, 29 Somerville, Rev. Dr. J. E., In Memoriam, 56 Sommerville, Joseph, In Memoriam, 52 Sorex araneus castaneus, 65 minutus. 65 SouR-MiLK Burn, 97 Southernwood, 32 Sqwbane, 42 Spadella cephaloptera, 68 Sparrow, 75 Sparrow-Hawk, 75 Spider-Crab, Scorpion, 66 Spinach, 43 Spinacia oleracea, 43 Spiraea Filipendula, 25 Sponges, Clyde Sea Area, New Records, 65 Spotted Medick, 23 Spring Beauty, 20 Spurge, Cypress. 45 Leafy, 45 Squirrel-tail Grass, 51 Starling, 75 Star of Bethlehem, 46 Starry Trefoil, 24 Star Thistle, 34 Yellow, 34 Steel-Blue Wood- Wasp, 76 Stellaria aquatica, 20 Sterna hirundo birundo, 72 Steven, A., 68 In Memoriam, 54 Stevenston, 15. 35 Stewart, E. J. A.. 71. 81. 89 Stewarton, 21. 85 Stinking Camomile. 31 goosefoot, 42 Groundsel, 71. 96 Stink Plant, 18 Stirlingshire (Kelvin Basin), 11, 93 Excursions, 96 (Loch Lomond Basin), 12, 93 Excursions, 96 Stoat, 65 Stock-Dove, 72, 95 Stock, Sea, 13 Stonechat, 75 Strachur, 76 Strathblane, 27, 40 Strawberry Clover. 24 Strix aluco sylvatica, 72 Stuckgown, 27 Succoth Burn, 97 summerston, 69, 71 Sunflower, North American, 31 Sutherland. J.. 85, 85 Swan, Bewick's, 83 Whooper, 75. 83. 85 Sweet Alyssum, 14 Violet, 19 Sword Burn. 97 Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla. 74 Symington, 12. 13. 15-19. 22, 24, 25, 28, 32, 34, 37. 39 Symphoricarpos racemosus, 29 Symphoricarpos, 29 Symphytum officinale, 37 peregrinum, 37 Syncoryne frutescens, 69 Syrnium aluco, 72 Tannock, J., 27, 36 Tanvptera atrata, 78, 79 Tarbert, 27, 74, 92 Tarbet, 27 Tarbolton, 94 Tares, 50 Tare, Smooth, 25 Tartar Barley, 51 Tarweed, 31 Tawny Owl, 72. 75 Tay, 49 Tea. Mexican, 42 Tea Tree, 38 Technical College. R.oyal. Glasgow, 98 Temple Gasworks, 32 Tern, 64 Black. 69 Common, 72 Tetrao urogallus urogallus. 77 i 123 Tetraplodon mnioides. 83 Than-kebton. 15. 39, 40 Thellung. a.. 12. 14. 15. 17, 21. 23. 27-29. 32. 34. 36. 37, 39. 41, 42. 47, 48. 50 Thelypodium lasiophyllum, 14 Thistle, Creepixg Plume. 33 Field. 33 MrsK, 33 St. Barn.\bt's. 34 Stab. 34 Yellow, 34 Thlaspi arvense. 8. 18 Thorx Apple. 38 Thohxliebank. 27. 30, 39 Thoentonhall, 19 Thumb, Double Terminal Portion, 82 Thyme. Basil. 40 Thtsaxura. 61 Tighnabrumch. 33. 45 Tillietudlem. 19. 37 Tinto Hills. Vegetation. 75 Tipiila cheethami, 79 lateralis. 66 signata. 94 Tipulid. 66. 68 TiPULiDAE. 66. 68. 77-79. 81, 94. 95. 97 Tiree. 65 Toadflax. Creeping. 39 ivy-leaved. 95 Least. 39 Purple. 39 Toad Rush, 84 Tobacco. 38 ToLLCEOss, 6-8, 15. 16. 18. 19, 23. 33. 35. 78 Tomatoes. 38 Toothed ^Iedick. 23 Toothwort. 76, 96 Torrance (Campsie). 46 Glen (East Kilbride). 82 tourgill. 79 Tower Mustard. 14 Trail. Prof. J. W. H.. In Memoriam, 52 " Transactions." 52. 53. 55. 56. 58. 59 Travels of Plants. 5 Treacle Mustard. 15 Hare's-ear, 15 Tree-Creeper. 75. 94 Tree Ferns. 10 Trees. 53 Trefoil, Large Hop, 24 Reversed. 24 Starry, 24 Trichodectes subrostratus. 74 Tricyphona lucidipennis, 78 schummali, 78 straminea. 94 Trientalis europaea, 87, 88 Trifolium agrarium, 24 fragiferum, 24 maritimura var. Bastardianum, 24 resupinatum. 24 stellatum. 24 tomentosum, 24 Trigonella caerulea, 22 Foenum-graecum. 22 hamosa, 22 M. procumbens. 22 Trimicra filipes. 68 Triogma trisulcata. 66 Tritonia crocosmiflora. 45 Troisgeach. 96 Troon. 15, 16, 23, 33, 37, 41, 86 Tropaeolum peregrinum, 21 Tumbling Must.\rd, 15 Turrill. — , 44 TwEEDsiDE. Adventive Flora, 10, 11 30. 32 Umbelllferaceae, 27 University. Glasgow, 55, 56, 98 Urticaceae, 45 Valerianaceae. 29 Valeriana pyrenaica. 29 Valerian. Heart-leaved, 29 Vanessa atalanta. 82. 94 Vegetable ^Marrow. 27 Vegetation of Tinto Hells. 75 of Lawers-Canlochan Schist, 76 Verbascum Blattaria, 39 nigrum. 39 Thapsus. 38 Vernal Grass. 48 Veronica longifolia. 40 Verrall. G. H.. 95 Vetch, Bitter. 25 Wood Bitter, 24 Yellow. 25 Viburnum Opulus, 81 Vice-Counties, Watsonian and other, 11. 93 Vicia bithynica, 25 gemella. 25 lutea. 25 monanthos. 25 Orobus. 24 tetrasperma, 25 villosa. 25 Vine. 22 Viol ace AE. 19 Viola odorata, 19 var. dumetorum, 19 Violet. Sweet, 19 VlTACEAE. 22 Vitis vinifera. 22 Vogelia paniculata, 8, 18 Voles. 65 124 Wall Barley, 51 Fescue, 69 Lettuce, 35 Rock Cress, 14 Rocket, 16 Warbler, Willow, 75, 90 Wart Cress, Lesser, 16 Water Figwort, 39 Plantain, 61 Water-Rocket, 13 Watson Botanical Exchange Club Report, 40 Watsonian Vice-Counties. 11 Watt, L., 35, 73, 75, 76, 81. 83. 87 Waxwing, 74, 75 Weasel, 65 Wellingtonia, 94 Welsh Poppy, 13 Westerton Garden Suburb. 77 West Kilbride, 21, 37, 60, 61. 78. 94 Wheatear, Greenland, 85 White, Buchanan, "Flora of Perth- shire," 67 White Horehound, 41 Melilot, 23 Mustard, 16 Whiting Bay, 71 Whitton, J., In Memoriam, 58 Whooper Swan, 75, 83, 85 Whorled Mint, 40 Whortle-leaved Willow, 66 Wilckia maritima, 14 Wild, Dr. 0. H., 80 Wild Camomile, 32 Mignonette, 19 Oat, 48 Willows, Alpine, Clyde Area, 66 Willow, Whortle-leaved, 66 Willow Warbler, 75, 90 Wilson, Sir R., 99 Winter-green, Chickweed, 87 Winter Heliotrope, 33 Wise, T., 80, 81. 85 Wishart, R. S., In Memoriam, 57 Wood Bitter Vetch, 24 Woodcock, 85 Woodlands, Preservation of Natural, 89 Wood-Wasp, Steel-Blue, 76 Wormseed Mustard, 15 Wormwood, 32 Roman, 30 Wotherspoon, D. W., 75 Xanthium spinosum, 30 Yellow Camomile, 31 Figwort, 39 Fumitory, 13 Medick, 22 Rocket, Marsh, 14 Star Thistle, 34 Vetch, 25 Yew, 94-96 Zea Mays, 47 Cbe Glasgow naturalist THE JOURNAL OF THE GLASGOW AND ANDERSONIAN NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society) Vol. X. Part 1^7^ Edited by ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s. Published at the Society's Rooms, Royal Technical College, George Street, Glasgow. (Copies may be had from the Society's Librarian). Price, Two Shillings and Sixpence CONTENTS. PAGE Opening Address — Anderson Fergnsson, F.E.S., - - 3 Aeration in the Bryophyta — John R. Lee, - - 8 Woodcock — James Bartholomew, - - - - 24 Proceedings of the Society, - - - - - 33 Professor W. C. M'Intosh — A Memorial Notice — Professor L. A. L. King, - - - - - 39 John Robertson — A Memorial Notice — ^Alexander Ross, 41 X THE GLASGOW NATURALIST. lU Glasgow /^ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ naturalist THE JOURNAL OF THE GLASGOW AND ANDERSOXIAN NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY (Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society) Volume X, Edited by ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s. 1932. Published at the Societj^'s Rooms, Roj-al Technical College, George Street, Glasgow. Printed by Robert Anderson & Sons, Limited, 142 West Nile Street, Glasgow, C.l. A. V CONTENTS. In Memoriam — Professor W. C. M'Intosh, ------- 39 John Robertson, --------- 41 Dr. R. M. Buchannan, - - 73 Papers — Opening Address — Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., - - 3-7 Aeration of the Bryophji:e — John R. Lee, - - - - 8-23 Woodcock — James Bartholomew, ----- 24-32 The Sulphur Bacteria — Dr. David EUis, - - - - 45-55 Quantitative Studies between Tide Marks — Richard Elm- hurst, F.L.S., -------- 56-62 Proceedings — First Meeting of the Society, ------ 33 Business fleeting. Treasurer's Report and Election of Office-Bearers, -------- 33-34 Delegates to Scottish Society for the Protection of Wild Birds, ---------- 34 WiUiam Marr Legacy, ------- 34 Tertiary Fossils from New Zealand exhibited — Thos. Wise, 35 Additional WiUiam Marr Gift, ------ 35 Phosphotized FossU Corals exhibited — Thos. Wise, - - 35 Giants of the Vegetable Kingdom — -John Main, - - 36 Hierochloe borealis, R. & S., from the River Cart — John R. Lee, --------- 36 Shells and Seaweed from the Antarctic — Thos. Wise, - 36 -Arrival of Suromer Migrants — Wm. Jamieson, - - 37 Lantern SUdes of some birds, nests, and young — -G. M'AUister, - 38 Lathrcza squamaria, L., from Strathblane, and Geranium phcBtim, L., from near Balfron — M. >L Barrd, 38 Acanthocinus cBdilus, L., from Granton-on-Spey — A. Fergusson, --------- 38 Trientalis europoea, L., from East Dumbartonshire — J. Jack, ---------- 38 Oils from Shale : A Stor>- of Scottish Enterprise — R. Gray, 63-64 Vl CONTEFtS. Proceedings — Continued. page. Investment under Heading, " William Marr Memorial," - 64 Life Membership and Reserve Account, - - - - 64 Plants from Skye, -------- 65 South African Lily — J. Conacher, ----- 65 Woodsia ilvensis, Br., from North Wales — J. R. Lee, - 65 Caii Plinii Naturalis Historise — J. Richardson, - - 65 Blechnum spicani, L. — W. Rennie,- ----- 65 The Charles Darwin Centenary — J. Richardson, . . 66 Excursions — Edinburgh, ---------- 67 Arrochar, ---------- 67 Crossford, ---------- 68 Killin, ----------- 68 Coalburn, ---------- 70 Rosneath, ---------- 71 Glen Finart, .__-----. 72 Cbe Glasgow :: naturalist THE JOURNAL OF THE GLASGOW AND ANDERSONIAN NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY (Including: the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society) Edited by ALEXANDER ROSS, f.e.i.s. Published at the Society's Rooms, Royal Technical College, George Street, Glasgow. XLbc OlasGOW IRaturalist The Journal of the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History AND Microscopical Society. Vol X.] [1931. OPENING ADDRESS. By Anderson Fergusson. F.E.S. This, as you are all aware, is the inaugural meeting of the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society, and m}^ first duty as interim President — a very pleasant duty — is to welcome your presence here to-night for the first time as members of the new Society. On behalf of the Society I also extend a very cordial welcome to all those with us to-night who were not formerly members of the three older Societies. As this is our first meeting, before we proceed to the business of the evening, perhaps you will permit me to say a few words regarding the amalgamation and also with regard to the future of the new Society. The idea of amalgamation arose out of a collective piece of work done by members of the three Societies in connection with the visit of the British Association to Glasgow in 1928. I refer to the compilation of the Card Cata- logue of the Fauna and Flora of the Ch'de Area. The feeling of certain of those engaged in that work was that, if individual members of the respective Societies could collaborate as they were doing for a special purpose, then there was no good reason why the Societies themselves should not combine in pursuit of their common object. Although a number of people were concerned in the inception of the idea of amalgama- tion I only mention one name. I refer to the late Robert Grierson. Mr. Grierson was amongst those who took a very active interest in the coming together of the three Societies in its early stages, and as long as his health permitted, did his utmost to further the scheme. We can only deplore the fact that he was not spared to be with us to-night to see the cul- mination of the amalgamation he had so much at heart. The amalgamation was not carried out without a great deal of anxious consideration by all the parties concerned. Man}' things had to be considered by the Committees which were set up by the three Societies and many difficulties had to be over- come, but I think our presence here to-night is the best evidence of how successful the preliminary negotiations have been, and of how well an}' difficulties that cropped up have been surmounted. I think also that I am right in saying that throughout our discussions one idea was paramount in all our minds, and that idea was that amalgamation of the three Societies was going to be for the utmost benefit to the study of Natural Science in the West of Scotland. After all, the study of Natural History in all its branches was the avowed object of each Society working separately, and our feeling was that we were going to carry out that object more efficiently working as one body. What, then, are the benefits we have gained by coming together as one Society? Some of them can be quite easily stated. Perhaps the most important is that we are pooling our scientific resources. By that I mean that instead of dis- tributing or dissipating our scientific energy through the medium of three Societies we are bringing it to a focus in one Society which will be representative of the scientific mind of the Git}' of Glasgow so far as the study of Natural History is concerned. In saying this I am not forgetting our friends of the Geological Society, but I am also remembering that our new Society is going to have a strong Geological Section. One result that should flow from this is that in future young people, or for that matter older people, who are interested in Natural History and wish to join a Society dealing with the subject, instead of having to choose between three Societies, will inevitably come to the one Society existing in the City, which. of course, will be all to the benefit of the membership and of the work of the new Society. Then we are pooling our finances and so effecting a great economy. It is pretty obvious that the cost of running one Society is going to be considerably less than the cost of running three. One important result ought to follow, and that is that the new Society should, and I hope will, be in a position to carry out regular publication. A local Natural History Society is judged amongst its compeers by the quality and the regularity of its publication of the scientific work done by its members. I am not afraid that there will be any dearth of material for publication. As soon as you guarantee a certain measure of regularity in the issue of your Journal I think you will find plenty of material. Xor have I the least fear regarding the quality of the material when I consider the quality of the membership of the Society. Fur- thermore, regularity of publication means that you keep up your ex'changes with other Societies, and so keep your library abreast of what is going on in scientific circles. In a word, by amalgamation, or to use a term which is fashionable just now, by rationalisation, we are concentrating our scientific and financial energ}- , and it is obvious that better results are going to follow in the tackling of our main object, which, according to our Constitution, is to foster and encourage the study of Natural History, and to stimulate research in the West of Scotland. So much for the amalgamation which has now been accom- plished. What of the future of our new Society ? I was very much struck by one passage in Mr. Lee's eloquent address to the last meeting of the Andersonian Society. I mean the passage in which he referred to the meeting at which that Society was initiated forty-five years ago — a meeting at which you will remember a small band of young men took part. In the first place it reminded me of a similar meeting held in Glasgow in 1851 — thirty-four years previously — at which the Natural History Society of Glasgow was originated. There would appear to be some virtue in small numbers, for that meeting was composed of only nine young men, other three members having joined a week later. I have, unfortunately, no details of the origination of the Microscopical Society which occurred about a year later than that of the Andersonian, but I have no doubt that the same urge to get together for the pursuit of their particular study was then present, as it had been in the case of the older Societies. Well, when I heard what Mr. Lee had to say about that first meeting of the Andersonian Society, I just thought — What a picture of enthusiasm ! Youthful enthusiasm if you like, but still, what a spirit of enthusiasm ! That is the spirit we wish to recapture at this the initial meeting of our new Society, and I feel that with the coming together of the three Societies it can be recaptured. Just compare the situation forty-five years ago with our situation to-day. Then, these young men were launching a new Society without a great deal of experience, without a great deal of money, without any library, and with only their teacher to guide them in the right direction. But they had that spirit of enthusiasm which Mr. Lee has so well described. To-night we are also launching a new Society, but under what different circumstances. We start with the traditions of the three older Societies behind us, with the incentive to live up to these traditions, with the accumulated experience of the older members of these Societies, with, I hope, a sound financial basis, with, thanks to the generosity of the Governors of this College, a fine meeting place, and last but not least of our assets, with an extensive and valuable library, properly housed and easily accessible. With all these advantages are we to lack the enthusiasm which brought the older Societies into being and carried them on to their conclusion ? Well, ladies and gentlemen, the answer to that question lies with you, but I am certain that your answer will be an emphatic No ! The older Societies leave behind them a fine record of achievement in the realm of Natural History, but there still remains for our new Society a vast field of important and interesting work in the investigation of the various aspects of animal and plant life in the Clyde Area, and with enthusiasm and goodwill I am convinced that we can look forward to a long, useful, and successful career. At the last meeting of the Andersonian Society some reference was made to a feeling of rivalry (I don't repeat the stronger term that was used) between that Society and the Natural History Society. All I can say about that is, if such a feeling ever existed, surely it is now past and done with, and I would ask you to remember, or rather I should say, we must all remember, that we are now no longer members of the Natural History Society, the Andersonian Society, or of the Microscopical Society, but that we are members of the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society, and as such, that we intend to do our utmost for the success of our new Society. I have referred to the objects of the Society and to the work which lies before it in the future, and I think it \vill be quite clear that to carry on that work successfully in the j^ears to come the Society requires the constant accession of young and energetic members. If any of those present to-night who have not been members of the older Societies have any interest, however slight, in any branch of Natural History, or even if they only think that they may take an interest in our work, I appeal to them to join our membership, attend our meetings, use our librar}^ and take part in our summer excursions. I think I can safely promise every assistance from the present members as a whole, and from the experts in the various sections into which the Society will be divided. AERATION IN THE BRYOPHYTA. By John R. Lee. {Read lOth March, 1931.) The relation of land plants to the surrounding atmosphere is a subject which, has from the dawn of scientific investigation attracted attention. The superficial tissues of leaves and young shoots were early recognised to be parts engaged directly in the important functions of nutrition ; and the fact was soon appreciated that their external surfaces are the seat of those processes of interchange between the protoplasmic cell- contents and the surrounding air which are essential features of plant physiology. These activities of the outer tissues may be said to be principally comprehensible under the two categories of photo-synthesis and transpiration, to which we may add a third — respiration— though that is common to all parts of the plant organism. Photo-synthesis, or the formation of organic substances by combination with the carbon derived by decomposition of the atmospheric carbon-dioxide, takes place wherever chlorophyll-containing cells are exposed to the action of sunlight ; and is common to both land-plants and those submerged in water, the latter obtaining the carbon- dioxide from solution in the surrounding medium. Transpira- tion, on the other hand, is a function peculiar to plants some of whose nutritive cells are exposed to the air. It is upon this process that the movement of liquid matter withm the plant- body depends, that continuous stream of so-called " crude sap " by which the necessary elements absorbed by the root-hairs are carried in solution to the active chlorophyll-cells, there to be built up into the various compounds necessary to the life of the plant. The function of these outer tissues is therefore twofold : (1) the absorption of carbon-dioxide and its reduction under the influence of chlorophyll and sunlight into carbon and oxygen, the latter being restored to the atmosphere ; and (2) the removal of surplus water by evaporation into the air, so as to promote what is known as the " transpiration current." It is obvious that for both processes free access of air to these tissues is essential. On the other hand, for both processes there is a danger of too great activity. Exposure to an excess of intense sunshine is knovvTi to cause exhaustion and perma- nent injury to assimilating chlorophyll tissues ; and a too rapid evaporation of water will inevitably reduce the condition of turgor in cells which is essential to metabolism. It is neces- sary, therefore, that some check be placed upon the activity of the processes, and hence the need for some means of regulat- ing them. The arrangements by which both sufficient aeration and adequate protection are secured in the various forms of land-plants constitute a subject of great interest to the student of plant hfe ; and it happens that in the group of the Bryophyta we are provided with material for its study both in connection with the gametopMiie and the sporophyte generations. Before we proceed to our subject proper, however, it ma3' be well to recall the primar}^ facts regarding the relationship of the two alternating generations. This is, of course, best understood from the well-known life-history of the Ferns. In this group the germination of the spore gives rise to the simple " prothallus," consisting of a green scale-like body attached to the ground by absorbent root-hairs or " radicles," and bearing on its under surface the two kinds of sexual organs — antheridia and archegonia. In its adult condition the gametophyte remains small, and very simple in structure. On the other hand, the sporophyte generation, which develops from the fertilised oosphere, is a highly complex plant-body, familiar to us as the " fern-plant," and consisting of root, stem, and leaves, with a complicated vascular system, and often attaining large size. In the mosses and liverworts (bryophyta) this relation is reversed, the gametophyte becomes the more con- spicuous generation, and is generally known as the " plant " ; whereas the sporophyte remains small, and is throughout life (at least partially) dependent upon the gametophyte as a parasite. It is only in the br3'oph3^tes that we find any great elaboration of the gametophyte generation adapted for life on land ; and a study of that adaptation leads at once to our subject of the modifications of the chloroph3'll tissues to meet the varying needs of the plant-body. It is well to note here. 10 in passing, however, the one striking feature which is charac- teristic of both Bryoph3'tes and Pteridophytes, and which imposes a hmit of structural development such as renders them incapable of complete adaptability to terrestrial conditions. In both the mosses and liverworts on the one hand, and the ferns and their allies on the other, the female organ is what is termed an " archegonium," the form of which requires that the act of fertilisation must be by means of motile spermato- zoids, and can therefore only take place when liquid water is present. These plants (the archegoniates) have in consequence been aptly referred to as " amphibious." They are so, in the sense that, at this critical point in their life-history, the func- tion of the gametophyte demands the presence of external water, in the liquid state, and in some quantity. The adoption of heterospory, with the reduction to vanishing point of the gametophyte generation, and combined with the " siphono- gamic " mode of fertilisation by means of pollen-tubes, has rendered the flowering plants independent of this awkward need, and so enabled them to become the dominant class of land vegetation. Up to this limit, however, the plant-body of the gametophyte is capable of a fairly high degree of develop- ment, as we shall see. In a few cases there is little or no modification from the simple flat scale-like or ribbon-like thallus. A good example is the well-known Pellia or Aneura. In these hepatics there is no great elaboration of form. In the case of Anetira the plant is small in size, and the thallus is flattened and usually lenticular in section, and the external cell-layer functions as the chlorophyll tissue. It is obvious that no great increase in size is possible here, unless there be some corresponding change of form whereby the relative proportion of surface may be enlarged. In our native species this is to some extent secured by branching, but that is only to a limited degree sufficient to compensate for the increase in size. In some exotic species of Anetira the margin of the thallus is extended as a wing, composed of a single layer of cells, thus giving a more efficient increase of surface. This type of structure i- more clearly developed in the genus Metzgeria, where the 11 central part of the thallus is reduced to a definite " midrib," and the flattened ribbon-Hke portion on either side becomes a well-developed layer or plate of tissue, one cell in thickness. In Pellia the ribbon-Hke form is adhered to, and the relatively large thallus continues to be thin, and without any special differentiation. It is apparent that the limit of physiological efficiency must be quickly reached in a plant-body of this form, and no great development is possible without some further modification. The differentiation of the plant bod}' into stem and leaf may be looked upon as essentially an adaptation to meet this contingency' ; and in its simpler forms this appears to be the chief advantage of such a differentiation. A study of the various forms assumed by the foHose hepatics soon reveals, however, that, once the form of the leafy shoot has been adopted, its possibilities of adaptation to various functions are practically endless. From the simplest forms, in which no advantage seems apparent beyond this increase in external surface, to complex modifications of foliar structure such as to make the study of this group one of most fascinating interest, the leafy liverworts show a wealth of different forms perhaps unrivalled in the plant kingdom. Between the com- pletely differentiated leafy shoot and the simple thallus, however, there exists a most interesting series of transitional forms, the study of which would form a subject by itself. We must pass, however, to a consideration of the higher forms of the gametoph\te, as seen in the mosses. In this group we meet with the greatest elaboration of the plant-body in the gametoph\-te generation. The general form of the adult shoot in mosses is that of a comparatively slender stem with an abundant leaf develop- ment. In the " acrocarpous " forms the stem is usualh* more or less erect, and either unbranched or divided in a furcate or caespitose manner. The leaves are crowded together and spirally arranged, and take a variety of form, in many cases bent in squarrose fashion, or sickle-shaped and turned to one side (secund). The structure of the leaf is in general very simple, being composed of a simple plate of cells in a single 12 layer, with, in the majority of cases, a " nerve " or midrib composed of elongated cells forming a conductive tissue- system. The physiological needs of the plant are thus met by means of the relatively large surface presented to the air and light by the abundant leafage. In the case of "pleurocarpous" mosses the stem is usually copiously branched in pinnate fashion, and the leaves are commonly spread out in a com- planate manner. In the case of most mosses, therefore, the required development of surface is attained by the leaves being numerous, and having a large area with little internal bulk. There is no great room for "storage" tissue, and reserve materials are usually scanty, and are lodged in the interior of the stem. As most mosses remain active at all seasons there is no need for any great accumulation of reserves. The chief drawback to this arrangement is the liability to desiccation during periods of drought, due to the entire lack of any special protective tissue-system, the active chlorophyll cells being fully exposed to the air. This contingency is met in mosses by a number of contrivances. In many cases the cells themselves are so constructed that the walls contract when water is partially withdrawn ; and a certain minimum quantity is retained, and can be held for a considerable period. Close imbrication and contortion of the leaves is also a verj^ common feature in mosses tending to afford protection from loss of moisture. In a few cases, however, there is a special development of the chlorophyllose tissue which secures a much greater surface in contact with the air. Some forms of the genus Tortula, for example, develop filamentous outgrowths from the adaxial leaf-surface, which, being abundantly supplied with chlorophyll, function as efficient organs of assimilation. In the order Polytrichacese, however, we find the highest development along this line. It is, in fact, in the genus Polytrichum that the gametophyte finds its most elaborate differentiation in the plant kingdom. Here there is a well-developed conductive system in the stem showing an approach, in rudimentary form it is true, to the vascular tissues of the higher plants. " Leaf- traces " can even be found extending to the foliar tissues, and 13 the latter are more variously developed than is the case in most mosses. Along the face of the leaf, on the adaxial side, there extend a series of vertical lamellae, forming thin plates of cells, each of one layer, and running parallel with each other and close together, longitudinally, from a little distance above the base to near the apex of the leaf. The cells of these lamellae, and thej^ alone, contain chlorophyll, and constitute the assimi- latory tissue of the leaf. In cross-section the leaf resembles a book ; and in the active condition, when light and moisture are present in adequate amount, the " book " appears as if half-opened, since the leaf is then fully expanded, and the lamellae sHghtly separate from one another. In darkness, and when water is withdrawn, a certain amount of protection is afforded by the lamellae closing together ; and in some species the free margin of the leaf, which forms a wing beyond the lamellae, bends inwards over the exposed edges of the latter. In other cases, where the margin is more rigid, the uppermost cell-row of each lamella has the outer ceU-wall (forming the edge) thickened or cuticularised in a variety of wsiys. It will be seen, then, that the provision of an adequate assimilating surface is attained in mosses by elaboration of the exterior, without any special development of a protective covering, beyond that afforded by mechanical movements of parts. If we turn back again to the thalloid liverworts, however, we may trace a development along another and quite different line. Besides the simple thallose forms from which, as already remarked, we can trace a series leading, to the foliose hepatics, there are others of more complicated structure where, without any differentiation into stem and leaf, there is an elaboration of the tissue-systems resulting in anatomical features of the most interesting character. It is, in fact, in this group, the Marchantiales, that the most highly differen- tiated form of the thallus occurs. Marchantia itself, the genus from which the group is named, is most often referred to and described in the text-books, and has been, perhaps, the most extensively studied. It is, however, in some respects, divergent from the others, and in any case 14 represents a more advanced and elaborate form of structure than is seen in some of them. For our purpose, we may conveniently take our first illustration from Rehoulia, where the chlorophyll tissues may be very easily studied in detail. The thallus of Rehoulia hemisphoerica is a flat ribbon-like one, small in size, usually from one to two inches in length, and about a quarter of an inch in average breadth, but somewhat variable both in size and form, from its rather irregular dichotomous branching. It forms patches upon the surface of rocks in shady places, but usually avoiding those where moisture is excessive. The colour is dull green on the upper (dorsal) surface, often tinged with dark violet-purple on the edges and especially on the ventral side, and there are two imbricating rows of violet-coloured scales right and left of the median line beneath. As in other genera of the group two kinds of " root-hairs " or " rhizoids " occur in association with the ventral scales ; short colourless ones which grow vertically downwards and attach the plant to the substratum, and very long ones, with curious peg-like ingrowths of the cell- wall giving them a granular appearance, which extend horizontally on the underside parallel with the middle of the thallus. and act as carriers of water. Beneath the surface of the thallus, on its dorsal side the cells for some depth are filled with chlorophyll corpuscles, and are thin -walled, with the exception of the outermost layer, which is nearly, but not quite altogether, devoid of chlorophyll, and has the external cell-wall somewhat thickened, especially at the angles. These chloro- phyll-cells are not closely packed, but have considerable " intercellular spaces," many of them of large size, in fact forming irregular chambers which communicate with each other, and are bounded by plates or filaments composed of the chlorophyll tissue. The outer cell-layer is, however, continuous, and without intercellular spaces, except for numerous very regularly arranged pores of a definite form, each of which opens into one of the subjacent chambers, and thus gives communication with the atmosphere. In other hepatics of this group the " air-chambers," as they are called, are more definite in form and arrangement, and are restricted to the region immediately beneath the surface, to which also 15 the chlorophyll cells are confined. In Reboulia the chlorophyll- tissue extends to a relatively greater depth within the thallus. It is sometimes stated that the irregularity of the chambers here is due to the originally large spaces becoming divided up by secondary growi:h from the adjacent cells, but this is not quite certain. The degree of protection furnished by the continuous external cell-layer, with its system of pore-openings, suggests at once an analogy with the " epidermis " of the higher plants ; and in fact this outer layer is often loosely called an " epidermal layer." Apart, however, from its being far less efficient physiologically, it has a quite different struc- tural origin. At first the air-spaces which develop into chambers are, in most cases at least, open to the external atmosphere, being formed by separation of the cells in a schizogenous manner, and the outer layer arises by subsequent division of the outer cells by anticlinal walls, which grow together and so close the chambers. The structure of the pores by which communication with the external air is maintained claims rather closer attention. The orifice may be seen under a low power of the microscope to be surrounded by several concentric rings composed of cells elongated in the direction parallel to the margin of the opening, those of each successive ring diminishing in lateral diameter as they approach the opening. The structure becomes clear from an examination of a vertical transverse section of the thallus where it has passed medianly through a pore. It is then seen that the concentric rings form an arch, rising slightly above the general level of the surface of the thallus. The whole structure is sometimes referred to as a " compound stoma " ; but, as we shall see, it is very different from the true " stomata " of the higher plants, which are never found in the gametophyte generation. These air-pores of the hepaticae are more elaborate, and far less efficient, as organs for con- trolling the aeration of tissues, than are the true stomata. If we glance for a moment at the female receptacle of Reboulia, we find there a similar assimilatory tissue, agreeing in all respects \vith that of the vegetative portion of the thallus, except in the structure of the pore. In section it is seen that 16 the rings of cells bounding the orifice are superposed on each other, and extend downwards into the cavity of the air-cham- ber, and are so arranged that the opening is narrower at the upper and lower extremities of the orifice than in its middle. In fact the whole structure strongly resembles a miniature barrel ; and his type of opening has been termed a " barrel-shaped pore." It may be noted that these barrel- shaped pores occur on the female receptacle or " carpocepha- lum " of the Marchantiaceae generally ; but as they are also to be found on the other parts of the thallus in some genera, we shall refer to them in detail when we come to speak of those forms. A similar type of pore to that seen on the general thallus of Reboulia may also be studied in the much more common and better known Conocephalum. This very familiar plant is one of the largest of our native frondose liverworts. It forms large masses on the surface of wet rocks, the broad ribbon-shaped thallus being of a bright green colour through- out, and conspicuously marked on the dorsal surface by hexagono-rhomboid areolae, each with a pore in its centre of sufficient size to be quite visible as a light-coloured dot to the naked eye. In section these areolae are seen to be large air- chambers, each of definite form and bounded by walls formed of several cell-layers of green cells. The internally limiting " floor " of the chambers is formed by a single continuous layer of chlorophyllose cells, beneath which the thallus is seen to be made up of compact parenchyma without intercellular spaces, the cells of which contain starch and other reserve materials ; and there are also channels which contain an abundance of a fragrant oil, by which this hepatic can always be recognised. From the " floor " of the air-chambers arise very numerous green filaments, composed of cells placed end to end, each of which contains abundant chlorophyll, except the uppermost one, which is of a peculiar flask-shaped form, and is nearly or quite colourless. According to the best authorities this end cell of the filament, with its attenuated hyaline " beak," is a mucilage-secreting gland, and may possibly act as an organ for preventing the chamber from 17 becoming water-logged should an excess of atmospheric moisture cause the pore-opening to be over-charged. The structure of the cell-rings surrounding the pore can be studied more easily in this plant. The arch formed by these cells is higher, and the enclosed air-space larger than in RehouUa, but in essential features the two are very similar. The very narrow cells forming the innermost ring can be seen to have a rim of membrane on their free edge, which extends con- tinuously round the orifice like a flange. It is stated by some observers that this rim has some wax-like or resinous secretion on its exterior surface by which water is prevented from gaining access to the pore-opening. There would thus appear to be a double protection against the danger of the air-chambers becoming choked. If the pores be examined in surface view under a low power, the ring-cells will be seen to bend outwards giving an irregular wavy outline to the whole structure. If water be partially withdrawn from the cells — say by treatment with a saline solution — they will be seen to lose this wavy outline and to assume a more regular shape, rendering the pore-structure regularly circular or oval. As the diameter of the orifice is, however, scarcely if at all diminished, it is pro- bable that the partial lessening of the turgor of these cells due to dry weather may result in a lowering of the arch, and a consequent lessening of the area of air-space above the chlorophyll tissue. The control exercisable by this type of pore is thus probably sufficient for the needs of the plant, but it cannot be regarded as a very efficient organ. There are other two genera represented in the British Flora which have this simple type of thallus-pore, viz. : Targionia and Lunularia, the former a rare form, found on dry rocks in basaltic and limestone districts, the latter common on walls in damp places, and much resembling Conocephalus, but smaller and at once distinguished by the practically constant presence of gemma-cups, resembling those of Marchantia but with the anterior lip wanting, so as to appear semilunar in shape. There are two British forms which exhibit the " barrel " type of pore on the vegetative part of the thallus as well as on B 18 the carpocephalum ; and we may now briefly glance at this more highly advanced structure. For our purpose we may examine the case of Preissia, a fairly common and well-known hepatic. Marchantia, which has been more generally studied, corresponds with it in all essential particulars, and being larger in all its parts is perhaps more easily examined ; but it is less common with us, and the material less available. Preissia much resembles Rehotdia both in size and habit, and was b}' the earlier botanists confused with it. The resemblance is, how- ever, quite a superficial one ; there are many points of differ- ence structurally, into which we need not enter here ; but for rough-and-ready identification in the field it may be remarked that if the female receptacle be present and in good condition {as is usually the case) Preissia may be known at once by the presence of a distinct cruciform protuberance on its upper surface, which is quite absent in Rehoidia. A section of the thallus shows a very considerable develop- ment of the underlying storage tissue, in which, in this case, there are embedded some fibrous cell-structures which prob- ably act as a strengthening tissue, and are usually darker in colour — another convenient distinguishing mark. It has also been found that the cells near the ventral surface, on either side of the median line, are frequently occupied by fungal hyphae ; and this has been regarded as a probable case of symbiosis, examples of which are now known to be so wide- spread in the Vegetable kingdom. The chlorophyll tissue, with which we are at present more immediately concerned, is limited to a narrow layer along the dorsal surface, and is constructed in much the same way as the corresponding tissue in Conocephalus ; but here the air-chambers are relatively smaller, and the filamentous upgrowths less regular. The pore-opening, however, is the most distinctive feature. In section it will be seen to be bounded by a wall composed of superposed rings of cells, about six in number, of which the lowermost is much the smallest in diameter. Although the pores are quite easily discernible with a lens, they do not project much above the surface of the thallus as is the case In Conocephalus, and to a lesser extent in Marchantia. Superficial 19 examination with the microscope shows that the number of cells forming the outermost ring may vary from four to six ; but that the lowermost is always composed of four cells, which are larger than the others, and differ in outline. The latter are so arranged that the space enclosed by them is cruciate in shape ; and by increase or decrease in the turgor of the cells this space varies in such a way that the pore may be said to be " open " or " closed " as the case may be, although the orifice is never quite closed. It is evident that we have in this form of pore an instrument for the regulation of transpiration of a high degree of efficiency ; and, in fact, this represents the most perfect type of aerating arrangement attained by the gametophyte. It would appear, then, that we have in the Bryophyta illustrations of progressive evolution along two different lines in regard to the aeration of tissues in this generation. When we turn to the sporophyte, however, we find a very different story. As we have seen, the spore-bearing generation in mosses and liverworts appears as a mere appendage of the gametophyte rather than as an independent organism. Throughout life it remains attached to, and is nourished by, the sexual plant, although in mosses at least its tissues usually contain chloroph\dl, and are able in consequence to manufacture part of the organic material from the air. In hepatics generally the sporophyte consists of a globular or oval " capsule," filled with spores and curious elastic bodies called " elaters," and seated upon a slender hyaline stalk or " seta." In mosses it is a much more complex structure ; but we need not at present go into all its details. For our purpose we merely note that here also it consists of " seta " and " capsule," but the interior tissues of the latter are not entirely trans- formed into spores, and " elaters " are never present. There is a definite cylindrical layer some distance beneath the surface which alone gives rise to the mother-cells of the spores. The tissues interior to this " sporogenous " layer remain sterile and constitute a storehouse of reserve materials which are used up in the development of the spores. Exterior to the spore-forming layer the cells contain chlorophyll, and here. 20 in the active assimilating tissue we find large air-spaces — in fact, a very remarkably perfect" type of " spongy " tissue, recalling that of the mesophyll of the leaves in dicotyledons. In many mosses there is at the base of the " capsule " a swollen neck termed the " apophysis," of very variable form and size, the interior of which shows a considerable develop- ment of this chlorophyll tissue, with its intercellular spaces. The most interesting feature of the assimilatory system in the sporophyte of mosses, however, is the presence of true stomata in the outer layer or " exothecium." These are in all respects similar to those which occur in the higher plants, and which have been so fully studied by botanists, and become familiar to all students. As we know, the stoma is a very perfect organ, and its action, influenced not only directty by variations of turgor due to the transpiration current varjdng in activity, but also indirectly by the action of light upon the chlorophyll corpuscles in the " guard cells," has been the sub- ject of research by many investigators. We are familiar \\-ith its many variations in minor detail, such as its being sunk in pits or depressions of the surface, its protection by overlapping cells, and so on. Many of these features are found in mosses also ; and in fact the observation of the occurrence of stomata, their number, distribution upon the surface of the sporo- gonium, size, form, &c., forms a most fascinating microscopical study. In general, stomata are found most frequently at or near the base of the capsule, and particularly upon the apo- physis. In the genus Splachnum this structure is very greatly developed, and becomes in fact the most conspicuous part of the sporogonium, functioning at first as an organ of nutrition, and later, when the spores are ripe, becoming variously coloured, and (according to some authorities) serving to attract insects, which assist in the distribution of the spores. In this case the stomata are exceptionally large, and are confined to the apophj'sis. In the genus Orthotrichum the stomata occur on the capsule-wall itself, and are of two kinds — superficial and " immersed " (covered partially by over- lapping cells) — and these are of value in distinguishing closely allied species in this group. 21 Sphagnum is of special interest in this connection. This group of plants differs widely from the true mosses, and indeed from all other plants, in the form and structure of its vegetative parts ; the pecuHar hydraulic system formed by its hyaline vesicles being quite unique. The sporogonium also is different both in form and mode of development from that of the mosses ; although it is more nearly related to them than to the hepatics, which it superficially resembles. The most curious feature, however, is the occurrence of abortive stomata upon the capsule wall. The development of a stoma proceeds in the usual wa3', up to the formation of the two guard-cells and then stops, the pore never being formed. It is impossible to regard these structures in Sphagnum as other than vestigial. But the most astonishing case of all is that of the genus Anthoceros. This is a small group of plants occupying a place somewhat intermediate between the mosses and the hepatics, but usually associated with the latter. In the structural features of the gametophyte it closely resembles some of the simplest forms of the latter ; the small green scale-like thallus strongly recalling such forms as Blasia or Pellia. But in the sporophyte characters it stands quite apart. The form of the sporogonium is a narrow thread-Uke or cylindrical body, with a bulbous " foot," the latter embedded in the tissues of the gametophyte. Above the " foot," and between it and the " capsule " or spore-bearing part, is a region of formative " meristem " tissue, by which the continued growth of the sporogonium is maintained for some time. In the upper part, there is a central zone of sterile parenchyma which strongly recalls the " columella " of the mosses, and is in fact usually described by that term. It is surrounded b\' the spore-forming layer which is, however, penetrated by a network of sterile cells which form a continuous vital communication between the central tissue and the exterior chlorophyllose region. The cells of the latter have intercellular air-spaces, and the outermost layer forms an epidermis with cuticularised external walls, and \vith fully developed functional stomata. These latter are in all respects similar to those of the higher plants, and of the mosses. This case of Anthoceros is of the utmost interest ; for upon other grounds this genus can be shown to have approaches, especially in the details of the embryology of the sporophyte, with Sphagnum on the one hand, and with the Ptendophytes on the other ; while there is also a suggestion of a relation to the mosses in the sporogonial characters, and (through the .most primitive of the hepatics) with some forms of the green algae in those of the gametophyte. The resemblances, remote though they be, between the moss sporogonium and that of Anthoceros, are sufficiently suggestive to arrest attention ; and, as it seems to me, the occurrence of true stomata in both is a point of great importance. We cannot now go into the details of the many questions of structure and morphology involved ; but this one point of the practically universal occurrence of a structure of such high physiological efficiency throughout all forms of the sporophyte where any appreciable degree of adaptation to independent nutrition is attained appears to be one of the utmost significance. Especially from the fact that, so far as science is aware, true stomata are unknown in the gametophyte, their presence in the spore- bearing generation of all the higher land-plants seems to point to their being a feature common to all its forms from a very early period, and suggests that we are here dealing with a structural feature handed down from the most primitive forms of land-plants. In his search for the possible origin of the higher forms. Bower, in his great work on " The Origin of a Land Flora," postulated a theory of the " strobilus," which envisaged a form consisting of an axis with lateral spore-bearing organs, which by successive sterilisation of parts of the structure to meet the increasing need for independent nutrition may have developed into the form of the leafy shoot, now established in the higher groups. This view seemed to be corroborated by the subsequent discovery of the earliest known fossil-plants {Rhynia, &c.) in the Devonian rocks, in which, however, already a vascular system of great complexity had been established. In the case of the Pteridophyta, we possess very full evidence in the fossil record, as to the geological history of the vascular 23 plants, extending right back to these early fossils. With the Bryophyta the case is very different. Unfortunately their soft, delicate structure, and the entire absence of anything like the more enduring fibro-vascular tissues of the higher plants, has made their preservation in the fossil state impossible ; and the record of their geological history has in consequence been so to speak, wiped out, so that we have to rely upon the uncertain method of speculative surmise and inference based on comparisons of structure and development, for any theory as to their past existence. Two mutually exclusive views are possible as to the geological history of the Br3'o- phytes. We may regard the sporogonium as a primitive structure, not very far removed from the form which, by the initiation of leaf-like appendages, developed into the higher forms ; in which case the capsule of Anthoceros at once suggests itself to our minds as the possible link. Or we may, perhaps supported by the balance of probability in the present state of knowledge, regard it as a reduction from some form which may have existed prior to any of the known phyla, when the possibilities of life on land first initiated the need for structural adjustments to the gaseous atmospheric medium, and led to the formation of the first epidermal stomata. The point I wish to make, however, is that whichever of these two views we adopt, we are necessarily compelled to assume the great antiquity of the Bryophytes ; and by implication to believe that, however different in general aspect and details the vegetation of the earth in early geolo- gical time may have been, the main types as we know them to-day must nevertheless have existed side by side since a very remote epoch. The discovery of the " pteridosperms " in the Carboniferous renders it even possible that the flowering plants, generalh' allowed to be in at least most cases a late, derivative type, may have had their origin much further back than is supposed. In fact, the old idea of a " linear series " in descent from the algae to the phanerogams is becoming less and less tenable as a " working hypothesis," and we are led to believe that the main lines of organic evolution have been in fact laid down, and probably sketched out by the Divine Creator from the beginning of things. 24 WOODCOCK. By James Bartholomew. {Read ^\st March, 1931.) There is very much of interest in the Woodcock's waj^s and structure. It is a soHtary bird ; only when it has a mate in the spring and summer can you rely on finding two together. Although 3'ou may raise quite a number out of a coppice or bank covered with broom or gorse, during the winter months, 1 believe they only congregate there on account of the shelter, or proximity to food, not because they seek the society of their own kind. It breeds in the British Isles ; in Europe, from Scandinavia and North Russia to Pyrenees, Alps, and North Italy, Hungary, and northern part of the Balkan peninsula ; in ^ladeira, Canaries, and Azores ; in North Asia to Kashmir, and Hima- layas, east to Japan. There is a distinct sub-species in South Japan. In Saunders and Eagle Clarke's " Manual of British Birds " the Woodcock is said to have appeared as a waif on the Atlantic coast of the United States, also in Greenland and Iceland, and in Witherb^^'s Handbook the distribution is given as " Casual, Faeroes, Spitzbergen, Greenland and Eastern U.S.A., from Newfoundland to Virginia." In a book published in 1884 on " Sport with Gun and Rod in America," there is an article on " The American Woodcock, Philohela minor." In this article it says : "As compared with the European cousin of the same name the American Woodcock is a small bird weighing only from five to nine ounces." The average wpight of Woodcock in this country is nine to thirteen ounces. It is further stated that "he is found in Canada, in Florida, and in Maine ; and in Kansas, New York, and New Jersey may almost be considered as resident." Woodcock are both residents in and migrants to this country ; that is to say, some breed here and some leave this country in spring to breed on the Continent, while considerable 25 numbers arrive in autumn from the Continent. The number arri\'ing in autumn seem to var\- in districts each year. One autumn they may be ver\- plentiful in Scotland, or at least in parts of Scotland, and scarce in England, in another year this may be reversed. I believe the wind which prevails at the time they cross the North Sea has to do with this. A south-easterly wind would be the most favourable for their landing in Scot- land, and a north-easterly wind would cause them to land on the English coast. The advent of the \\'oodcock is eagerly awaited by sports- men, and such is the eagerness among some to secure the birds that in their excitement dangerous shots are fired. So much is this the case that one man said that whenever he heard the shout of " Woodcock " he threw himself flat on the ground and lay there till the danger was past. Some people esteem the edible quaHty of the Woodcock ver\- much, and the thigh, which is of much Ughter coloured flesh than the breast, is the " bonne bouche." WTien there is a scarcity of Woodcock in this coimtry after the autumn migration there is usualh- a report circulated that large numbers have been drowned in the North Sea, ha\dng faUen there exhausted, and in the autumn of 1929 this report was again current. It was reported that on a part of the East Coast of England three fishermen were said to have gathered and sold 480 of the best of hundreds found floating dead in the sea, on the ebb tide. A correspondent of mine. Major Portal, had enquiry made there of all the fishing crews, and none had seen or heard of any drowTied Woodcock. He also had enquiry made from 240 skippers of the Trawling Company-, who work the Hull, Iceland, and Arctic boats, and from the masters of the Compan}' who run the Newcastle to Nor\vay boats, but no drowned Woodcock had been seen. I wrote to the Leith and Grangemouth shipping companies whose boats were regularly crossing the North Sea, but the result of the enquiries they most kindly made was that no Woodcock were seen in the sea. I have no doubt that a few are drowned. Sir Ralph Payne Gallwey mentions that one was found inside a large 26 Cod fish which was captured off the Yorkshire coast, but I have now no faith in these reports of large numbers being drowned. When the spring emigration from this country is in progress they are safe in this country from gunners, as they are protected under the Wild Birds' Protection Act, but they are shot in large numbers when on the Continent, especially in Denmark. However, if the wind at that season is from the south, they do not remain long in Denmark, but proceed further north. The numbers of Woodcock nesting in this country seem to have increased very much in recent years. Perhaps this may in some measure be due to the Wild Birds' Protection Act which made it illegal to shoot Woodcock between 1st March and 1st August ; and some County Councils have extended this close time, making it from 1st February to 1st October. " Thirty or forty years ago no sooner was a Woodcock seen or reported," says Mr. Abel Chapman, " even in March or April, than a gun was sent for and the foreigner shot although probably nesting at the time, for in rustic reasoning all foreigners, like buck niggers, were best dead." No one seems to know what becomes of the Woodcock which have bred here after the young are fledged. In August and September they are not to be found in their usual haunts. Major Seigne in " A Bird Watcher's Note Book" says: " In Ireland, as in England, there 'is no doubt that these birds disappear entirely for a short space in the autumn if these nesting areas happen to be situated in congested or populated districts." Major Seigne continues, " I think the majority of Woodcock which leave nesting areas in the autumn return to them in the winter months no matter where these happen to be." In 1848 St. John, in " Natural Histor\^ and Sport in Moray," said, " That those bred in the country migrate I have no doubt, as they all invariabty disappear for two or three months between summer and the first frosts of winter." I have often heard keepers speak of the disappearance of Wood- cock from their woods at this season, but none could say where they had gone. In the Report on the Migration of Birds at the Irish Light Stations from 1881 to 1897 there are only three occurrences reported of Woodcocks during August and September. There is a record of a Woodcock ringed in Dumfriesshire in May 1913, and recovered at Elgin in Septem- ber of the same year, and one ringed in Wigtownshire in May, 1913. was recovered in August 1914, at Moffat in Dumfriesshire. This is all the evidence I have of migration during August and September. Some people suggest that they go out to high treeless ground where occasionally they are found b}^ deer- stalkers at that season. The only way that their movements can be traced is by ringing, and a good deal has been learned about this, although some of the results are not quite what one would expect. One would naturally look for the migration in autumn to be towards the south-west and this is supported by the recover}- during winter in France, Spain, and Portugal of \^'oodcock ringed in Britain, and by the recovery in England of a Woodcock ringed in Sweden. This south west movement is also noticeable in the numbers of Woodcock recovered in Ireland which have been ringed in Scotland and England. A reverse movement in autumn is rather unexpected, but is shown in a few cases, as in the Woodcock ringed in Ireland and Northumberland as nestlings, and recovered in Inverness- shire and Forfarshire respectively in October and November of the year in which they were ringed. Major Seigne tells an amusing stor\' in " Irish Bogs " about a Woodcock which came on board a ship off the Coast of China in an exhausted state and was caught by a Chinaman who fed it on chopped raw meat. It lived on board for four days, and then flew away much to the disappointment of the Chinaman, who wanted to keep it "as with such a long bill it ought to be able to sing well." I believe that the \\'oodcock is one of the few birds which is known to carry its young from one place to another. This is a subject on which there has been much controversy, but I think it is an indisputable fact, although there are still people who will not believe it. Some years ago, I met a keeper who had lived all his life in districts where Woodcock bred, and he said that he had never seen a Woodcock carrying a young one, although he had carefully watched for an instance. One of 28 his men said he had often seen this, so he was told to shoot the first Woodcock he saw carrying a young one for proof. He did so, but found no young one, and the head keeper explained that at that season the Woodcock often flew away with their tail spread out and depressed, giving the appearance that they were carr\-ing a chick. A keeper told me that he saw a \A'ood- cock, apparently carrying something, try to fly over a high wall. It failed, and as it struck the wall something dropped to the ground which proved to be a young one. A point on which there is difference of opinion is, how the young are held. Some say that the chick is held between the top of the spread out toes and the breast ; others say it is held between the bill and the breast. Again, some affirm that it is held between the thighs with the assistance of the bill. A reliable observer saw a Woodcock pick up a young one in each claw and fly away, and then return in about five minutes for a third young one which it also picked up in its claw. Another observer, who saw a Woodcock Hfting a young one from the ground, said that the biU was only used to get the chick into a proper position before rismg. The same observer says that he believes that Woodcock bring food to the young for the first week or so, but afterwards, when the bills of the young are strong enough to enable them to bore for their own food, they carry them every evening to the feeding ground and back at dawn to the resting place for the day time. The Woodcock is a nocturnal feeder and it issues forth from the wood in which it hides during daylight by the same opening or gap, usuall}- just when it is beginning to get dark. In spring, however, it does not proceed at once to the feeding ground, but engages in some manoeuvres in the air. Major Seigne has described these so aptly that I quote the following : " If you wander about the lanes of a wood where Woodcock nest, any fine evening in spring just at dusk, you will probably see one of these birds flying up and down about the height of the trees in a slow, uncertain way. Sometimes the bird will pause and hover in the air for a few seconds, drop a few feet, twist once or twice, and then go on again. Now and then it 29 will utter low croaking notes like a frog, usually in a series of three, the first two pitched in a low level key, the last one slightly higher. Occasionally three croaks or grunts are fol- lowed by a squeaking noise like a bat, and ever\^ time this occurs the bird flirts its tail. Often two birds join in these flights, chasing each other and playing in the air." Except in spring the Woodcock is a silent bird, but I once heard one make a vocal noise when rising from the ground ; I would not have seen it otherwise. I would describe the noise as like that which a cock Pheasant makes, on a modified scale ; in fact I thought it was a cock Pheasant till I saw the Woodcock. Some sa}" that the Woodcock pairs for life, but there is no proof of this. While its bill may not be adapted for singing it is certainlv a very sensitive member. The hexagonal nerv^e cells are arranged in raised lines, while the cushion at the tip of the upper mandible is most sensitive. This sensitiveness enables the Woodcock to detect their food whenever the bill comes in contact with it, although it is placed beyond the reach of sight. Hard frost prevents the Woodcock from obtaining its food by boring into the ground in marshy places, and forces it to shift to milder quarters. The upper mandible of the Woodcock is about a tenth of an inch longer than the lower, and a \\'oodcock kept in captivity was observed to have much difficult^' in picking a worm up off a level floor. In " Birds from Moidart," Mrs. Blackburn tells of a Wood- cock which was caught unhurt and given to her. She kept it in a cage for a few days to observe its habits. She put some earthworms in a tumbler with wet mud and it groped for them with its long sensitive bill stamping meanwhile with its feet on the floor of the cage with one foot at a time to induce the worms to come up. Their food is mainly earth worms, but insects and their larvae are also eaten. In one instance grains of maize were found in the stomach of a Woodcock, and they are said some- times to eat mussels and small Crustacea. The upper mandible 30 is flexible, and a bird kept in confinement has been observed to twist its bill round in the earth. Perhaps the only external differences between the sexes are that the bill of the female is said to be larger usually than that of the male and that the body is larger. The plumage is practically identical, but it was at one time believed that you could tell the sex from the tooth-like markings on the outer web of the outer primary. Investigation has shown that this is not the case, as these are often absent in both sexes in old birds. In an article on this question Mr. Ogilvie Grant said : " though Gould (who wrote ' Birds of Great Britain ') did not believe that there was any sexual distinction to be found in the plumage, he implies that the Woodcock with tooth-like markings on the outer web of the first long flight feather are the young birds of the year, that these tooth markings gradu- ally disappear with age — that is, at the second and subsequent autumn moults when the flight feathers are shed — and that the birds with a narrow whitish buff border to the outer web of the first long flight feather are ' very old birds,' more than two years old." This statement has been generally accepted as correct, and has been copied by that most careful writer, Howard Saunders, who writes, as follows : "In the young bird the outer webs of all primaries show distinct fulvous notches ; in the adult there are hardly any such markings on the first and second webs". I dissected a good many one year, but as they were nearly all females I could form no opinion. At the extremity of the wing there is a little stiff feather which used to be in demand by miniature painters, and game- keepers used to collect them and sell them to these artists. They do not seem to be used by them now, but Major Pollard says that this pin or pen feather, as it is called, is, when mounted on a penholder shaft, a perfect implement with which to remove a fly or speck of grit out of somebody's eye. There is said to be another way by which the sexes can be told, that is, by the space between the pelvic bones. Mr. Hugh Gladstone says : " If a Woodcock be laid on its back two little points of bone, situated on either side of the vent, can be felt 31 among the feathers just below where the tail joins the body. These two little points of bone are the free ends of the pubis (which in most species are bowed inwards and broadened) and serve, amongst other purposes, for the attachment of the latri-ventral muscles of the tail. It is said that in the female Woodcock these points of bone are farther apart than in the male." I saw a letter recently from a taxidermist who said that he had noticed this feature in Wild Ducks. A peculiarity of the Woodcock is the position of its ear. It is situated practically in front of the eye, as Mr. Abel Chapman says in " The Borders and Beyond," that is, in the space between the eye and the beak instead of being towards the back of the skull where normally the ear is placed not only in most other birds, but also in mammals, including ourselves. The vertebrae of the neck are attached to the skull, so to speak, imder the chin instead of the normal position at the posterior base of the skull. The abnormal position of the ear was first pointed out as recently as 1907 by Mr. Charles Whymper, the well-known artist, but the second peculiarity remained unde- tected till 1920, and the manner of its discovery came about thus : Mr. Abel Chapm.an had found a Woodcock on a nest with four eggs, and a little later he took a friend to see it. In Mr. Chapman's words, " Alas, some vermin had forestalled us. The eggs in act of chipping lay scattered, cold, deserted, and all that remained of the parent was a bunch of breast feathers and quiUs together with the naked skull lying a dozen \-ards away. It was upon examining the latter that the extraordinary position of the vertebral column struck us both." Further, regarding the position of the ear, ]\Ir. Pycraft sa\-s : " This curious shifting forward of the aperture is due apparently to the shortening of the floor of the brain case." This position of the ears of the Woodcock shows a certain amount of asvmmetry That is to say, if the two sides of the head of any particular bird be examined it will be found that the right and left apertures differ not onh* in shape, but also in the degree of this shifting, though this asymmetry is b\' no means so striking as is the asymmetry to be observed in the ears of Owls. Another pecuharity of the structure of the Woodcock is the corrugations on the sternum. This is the bone on the breast like the keel of 32 a ship, and from this hkeness to a ship's keel birds with a sternum of this description are called of the carinate type, from Latin, carina, a keel. The Woodcock is a very early breeder, nests with eggs being found sometimes early in March, and young have been found by the end of this month. The number of eggs is usually four, but five, six. and eight have been found in a nest. The eggs hatch in twenty to twenty-one days. Mr. C. V. A. Peel says that Woodcock invariably sit back to wind. He once found one squatting in a gale of wind in a peat bog. The head and body of the bird were jammed tight into a V shaped cutting in the peat. The entrance to this V shaped cutting was closed by the Woodcock's tail spread out like a fan, which kept out every breath of wind from the bird's head and body. Mr. Peel caught this bird in his hand. The last point of interest about Woodcock which I will mention is the colour of the plumage. There are believed to be two types of plumage — one of the usual type of a russet colour, the other type of a greyish colour, and opinions differ as to the difference of these types. Some say the grey type are smaller birds than the russet type. In Major Seigne's book he tells of an Irish gamekeeper who spoke of the home-bred Woodcock as " them big reddy fellows " and of the winter visitors as " the little grey fellows." Again some say the grey type are the larger. In the Report on " Migration of Birds " for 1883 by Messrs. Harvie Brown, Cordeaux, Barrington, and More, there is the following statement : — " Mr. Clubley, of Kilnsea near the Spurn, who during his life has probably shot more Woodcock than anyone living on the east coast, says that a south east wind always brings large grey or light coloured Woodcocks, a north wind small and red coloured birds — that is, Scandinavian birds." A friend who was making enquiries this year for me at Monte Carlo told me that he had met a farmer there who told him that there were two flights of Woodcock there in the autumn, the first of large russet birds and the second of small grey coloured birds which they call " Corsais," but, he added, thev do not come from Corsica. 33 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 20th January, 1931. The first meeting of the First Session was held on this date, the Interim President, Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., in the chair. Mr. Fergusson delivered an opening address on the union of the Glasgow Natural History Society, the Andersonian Naturalists' Society, and the Microscopical Society (p. 3). The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of lantern slides deahng with various branches of natural history and topography. Ornithological subjects were shown by Mr. G. W. M'AlUster, M.A. ; autochromes by Messrs. R. M'Lean, M.A., W. M. Pettigrew, and Dr. Stewart Barrie ; and general subjects by Messrs. R. B. Johnstone, D. M. Filshill, T. D. Scott, and Dr. D. Patton. 10th February, 1931. The second and business meeting of the First Session was held on this date, the Interim President, Mr. Anderson Fer- gusson, F.E.S., in the chair. The Treasurer's report, which showed a balance of £12 17s., was read and adopted. The following office-bearers were elected : — Mr. John R. Lees as President ; Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., Mrs. Peter Ewing, and Rev. D. Preston, B.D., as Vice-Presidents ; Mr. George M. Carrie, 345 Shieldhall Road, S.W.I, as Hon. Treasurer ; Messrs. James Anderson, Fauld- house, Bothwell, and Louis Hamilton, M.A., 5 Hinshelwood Drive, S.W.I, as Hon. Secretaries ; William Rennie and Thomas Laurie, as Librarians ; Alexander Ross, F.E.I.S., as Editor of Transactions. c 34 As members of Council for one 3^ear : — Messrs. Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., George Lunan, and Miss Gertrude M'Gahey ; for two years, James Dunlop, M.B., CM., W. M. Pettigrew, and Mrs. J. Robertson ; for three years, L. A. L. King, M.A., F.R.S.E., G. W. M'AUister, M.A., and R. M'Lean, M.A. As Sectional Conveners : — Botanical, Dr. D. Patton ; Micro- scopical, Wm. Cousin ; Entomological, Wm. Russell ; Geolo- gical, G. A. Campbell ; Ornithological, Wm. Jamieson ; Zoological, J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S. ; and Photographical, J. Duncan Leslie. Mrs. P. Ewing was appointed delegate to the Committee of Corresponding Societies of the British Association, and Mr. J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S., representative to the Committee of the Scottish Biological Association. Messrs. William Russell and E. J. A. Stewart, M.A., B.Sc, were elected Trustees. Messrs. Donald Dewar and Dugald Maclntyre, C.A., were appointed Auditors. The following new members were admitted : Dr. D. B. Miller, Brownswood, Bishopbriggs, and Mr. James C. Thomson, 392 Kilmarnock Road. lOth March, 1931. The third meeting of the First Session was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Mr. Wm. Jamieson and Rev. D. Preston were appointed to attend a conference convened by the Scottish Society for the Protection of Wild Birds. A letter from Messrs. M'Kinnon, Bannatyne, & Hurd was read intimating a gift of £50 free of legacy duty to the Micro- scopical Society from the late William Marr, Douglas Street. Messrs. Anderson and Cousin were authorised to receive and bank the sum. Mr. John R. Lee then delivered his presidential address on " Aeration in the Bryoph3d;a " (p. 8). 35 Mr. Thomas Wise exhibited some Tertiary Fossils from New Zealand, and described them shortly. The following new members were admitted : Messrs. John A. Stewart, 6 CHfton Place, C.3 ; Alex. Wright, 62 White Street, W.l ; and R. A. Staig, M.A., F.R.S.E., Zoology Dept., University. 31st March, 1931. The fourth meeting of the First Session was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. An additional gift of £50 to the Andersonian NaturaHsts' Society from the estate of the late William Marr was intimated. Mr, James Bartholomew read a paper on " Woodcock " (p. 24). Mr. Thos. Wise then read a paper on " Phosphatized Fossil Corals," with an exhibit from the island of Aruba, one of the Antilles group of the West Indies. These volcanic islands contain many varied strata, granite, syenite, and metamorphosed rock being present, while there also occur beds of coarse rock salt and large developments of tertiary rocks. The interesting feature of the exhibits lay in the fact that the fossils had been changed from carbonate of lime to phos- phate of lime. The chemical formation of phosphates as found in the rocks in various parts of the world was specially dealt with. The process in the case of the fossils shown was summarised as foUows : — a volcanic spring containing sul- phuric acid in solution flowed over a bed of phosphate, of animal origin, decomposing it and thereby forming sulphate of lime, and liberating phosphoric acid. In its progress the water then came into contact with the bed of corraline lime- stone which, in its turn, was attacked by the phosphoric acid, phosphate of lime being produced and carbonic acid hberated. The following new members were admitted : Wm. Morgan, 21 Caldwell Avenue, Knightswood ; and Francis Middlemass, M.A., 17 Arlington Street, C.3. nth May, 1931. The fifth meeting of the First Session of the Society was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The reports of excursions to Edinburgh and Arrochar were read. ]Mr. John Main, F.G.S., F.E.I.S., delivered a lecture on " Some Giants of the Vegetable Kingdom." The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and by specimens from Castle Kennedy and Glasgow Botanic Gardens. The President exhibited a specimen of the grass Hierochloe borealis, R. and S., found growing at the side of the River Cart near Blythswood. This is a very rare species in this country, having been previously recorded from only two British localities, verj^ far apart — Thurso and Kirkcudbright. The plant is known as the " Holy Grass " from its having been formerly used to strew the floors of the churches on festival days. It has a short loose panicle of somewhat pyramidal form. The spikelets are three-flowered, the two lower florets being male only, with three stamens each, while the uppermost one is bisexual, but with only two stamens. The glumes are somewhat polished and shining, with a light brown tinge. The species is an interesting addition to the flora of the Clyde area. Mr. Thos. Wise exhibited shells and seaweed which had been brought from the Antarctic by the late James Murray, a former member of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society. The following new members were admitted : — Miss G. A. Young, 5 Woodlands Terrace, C.3 ; Miss A. J. Clunie, 4 Glencairn Drive, Pollokshields ; and Mr. Kenneth H. Coch- rane, B.Sc, Dunearn, 198 Hamilton Road, Mount Vernon. 37 8/A June, 1931. The sixth meeting of the First Session was held this evening, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The report of the excursion to Crossford was read. Professor L. A. L. King read a memorial notice of Dr. MTntosh, Emeritus Professor of Zoolog}^ St. Andrews Uni- versity (p. 39), and Mr. Alexander Ross one of Mr. John Robertson, ex-President of the Andersonian NaturaHsts' Society (p. 41). Mr. Wm. Jamieson submitted a Ust of first arrivals of summer birds in the Clyde Area in 1931, of which the follo\ving are the earliest dates : — Feby. 8. Lesser Black-backed Gull, Helensburgh. Mar. 17. \\'Tiinchat, Girvan. 21. Wheatear, Portincross. April 9. Com. Sandpiper, Helensburgh. 9. Chiffchaff, Dahy. 11. Sandmartin, Helensburgh. 11. Swallow, Summerston. 15. Wniow Wren, Helensburgh. 15. Treepipit, Helensburgh. 24. Cuckoo, Helensburgh. 25. Redstart, St. Xinian's Bay, Bute. 25. \Miite Wagtail, Lochwinnoch. 26. House Martin, Summerston. 27. Yellow Wagtail, Rutherglen. May 1. Corncrake, Dalr\^ „ 2. Grasshopper Warbler, Helensburgh. „ 2. Ring Ousel, Kilmacolm. 2. Sedge Warbler, Helensburgh. ,, 7. Com. Whitethroat, Helensburgh. 8. Wood Wren, Lanark. ,, 9. Garden Warbler, Helensburgh. 11. Com. Tern, Helensburgh. ,, 12. Spotted Flycatcher, Rouken Glen. „ 13. Blackcap, Pollok. ,, 14. Nightjar, Helensburgh. ,, 17. Greenland Wheatear, MLlliken Park. 38 As compared with the average of first arrivals taken over a period of twenty years, 9 are earlier, 3 on the average date, and 14 later ; while, in comparison with last year, 12 were earlier, 12 later, and one on the same date. Mr. George M. M'Allister, M.A., showed lantern slides of a number of birds and their nests, eggs and young. He gave an interesting account of the character and habits of the Kestrel, Peregrine, Merlin, Sparrow Hawk, Tawny and Barn Owls, and several others as observed at close quarters from a hide. Specimens of the Toothwort [Lathrcea squamaria, L.) from wood, Strathblane, and Dusky Cranesbill {Geranium phceiim, L.), from near Balfron, were exhibited by Mr. Matthew M. Baird, B.Sc. Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., showed the Timberman beetle {Acanthocinus aedilus, L.), taken by Mr. Harry Gumming at Granton-on-Spey, and i\Ir. James Jack, the Chickweed Wintergreen {Trientalis europcsa, L.) from East Dumbarton- shire. The following new members were admitted : Wm. R. Murray, M.A., LL.B., 29 Partickhill Road, W. ; Robert Allison, M.A., 48 Thornwood Terrace, Partick ; S. G. Jones, D.Sc, Botany Dept., University. 39 In n^emoriam* Emeritus Professor W. C. M'INTOSH, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s., f.r.s.e., f.l.s., l.r.c.s.e., c.m.z.s. {Read 8th June, 1931.) William Carmichael M'Intosh was born at St. Andrews on 10th October, 1838. Already as a boy he was attracted by the Natural History of the sea, an attraction which influenced the course of his work as a medical student at Edinburgh. He took the degree of M.D. in 1860, and won a gold medal for a thesis on the Physiology of the Shore Crab. The influence of C. J. Allman at Edinburgh seems to have turned him definitely to the researches that led to his well- known monographs on the British Nemerteans and the British Marine Annelids. In 1882 he was appointed to the Chair of Natural History in the University of St. Andrews. He established in 1884 the ^Marine Laborator3' which was converted into the Gatty ^larine Laboratory in 1896. The personal connection of Professor MTntosh with the Natural History Society of Glasgow was established in 1888, when, along with another noted Marine Zoologist, Professor W. A. Herdman of Liverpool, he was elected to the position of a Corresponding Member. In addition to his personal researches on the ^larine Fauna, Professor MTntosh made notable contribution to the advance- ment of the Science of the Sea by his criticism of the attitude then of the Scottish Fishery Board towards the highly contro- versial question of Trawling and its influence on Fisheries. 40 His book, " The Resources of the Sea," first published in 1899, contains a plea for the scientific observation of the whole life of the sea as a necessary preliminary to any useful interference by Government. That an enlightened Public Opinion has begun to recognise the justice of this plea is illus- trated by the increasing official recognition of the value of Scottish Marine Research centred in our own area at the Biological Station in Millport. Professor MTntosh retired from the Chair at St. Andrews in 1917, but continued his interest in Natural History, and it will be remembered that he read a paper at the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in 1928 on " Variation in the Teeth of the Rabbit." It was in returning from a meeting of the Council of the Ray Society in London in March of this year that he contracted a chill to which he succumbed at St. Andrews on 1st April. Thus the Society, which is now merged in the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and Microscopical Society, has lost a link with the great naturalists of the past, but can take pride in having numbered in its roll " William Carmichael M'Intosh." L. A. L. K. . 41 In inetiioriam* JOHN ROBERTSON. {Read 8th June, 1931.) Since its last meeting our Society has become poorer by the loss of one of its prominent members. Mr. John Robertson, whose death we deplore, passed away on the 17th of last month at a comparatively early age. Mr. Robertson was a bom woodsman, a keen observer, and a great lover of nature in all its moods. All his leisure time was devoted to the stud3' of natural histor}-, his favourite branch being Ornitholog}', in which he was one of the authori- ties in our district. His valuable work on this subject is con- tained in the pages of " The Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow," " The Annals of the Andersonian Naturahsts' Society," and "The Scottish NaturaHst." His work, however, was not confined to these periodicals, as we find his name occurring as contributor to the books of various authors who wrote of the ornithology of special parts of the Clyde region. He became a member of the Andersonian Naturalists' Society in 1891, and, shortly after, in 1896, he joined the Natural History Society of Glasgow. From the first days of his membership he took part actively in the affairs of both societies, and very soon was elected to the Council of each. He distinguished himself as Convener of the Ornithological Section of the Andersonian Naturalists' Societv, and in recog- nition of the great services he had rendered in this office, and in the general business of the Society, he was in due course honoured by being elected its President. 42 Among the papers contributed by him and printed in the Annals of the Society are : — " The Birds of Rouken Glen Park ;" " Records of the Excursions into Renfrewshire;" and " Half a Century's Changes in the Avi-fauna of the Clyde Area." His reports of the arrival of the summer migrants were eagerly watched for each year, and they form a valuable collection of material for all Scottish ornithologists. Mr. Robertson was for many years a member of Council in the Glasgow Natural History Society, and latterly, before his resignation of membership, he became one of its Vice- Presidents. Among the papers he read to that Society are : — " The Ruff {Machetes pugnax) in East Renfrew." " The Spotted Redshank {Totanus fuscus) in East Renfrew in summer and autumn," " Night notes on some Birds." " The Birds of East Renfrew." " Waders observed at Balgray Dam in autumn, 1911." He also contributed many notes to the " Glasgow Naturalist," chiefly on the occurrence in East Renfrew of the Great Snipe, the Bean Goose, the Curlew Sandpiper, the Greenshank, the Black-tailed Godwit, the Bar-tailed Godwit, and the Wood Sandpiper. The occurrence of the Dotterel in Bute is the subject of one of his notes. Mr. Robertson was also a frequent contributor to " The Scottish Naturalist," where his notes on the bird life of our district were warmly welcomed. Among his other writing activities were his papers to the " Glasgow Herald " and the " Evening Times." These were not of the dry-as-dust or statistical order, but were such that they could be read and enjoyed by the ordinary reader as well as by the specialist. 43 His knowledge of the Chde area was amazing, and the roads and paths in and around Glasgow over which he had not tramped are very few indeed. In the Society excursions our members fomid him a charming and informative companion whose stores of knowledge — ^which required tapping, for he was essentially a modest and unassuming man — made the walks interesting and instructive. Of late j-ears the state of his health prevented him from leading the active life he had been accustomed to, but his interest in natural histors^ never abated. To those who knew him well his memory will remain ever green. A. R. / TTbe Glasgow Baturalist The Journal of the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History AND Microscopical Society. Vol X, Part 2.] [August, 1932. THE SULPHUR BACTERIA. By Professor David Ellis. (Read 10th November, 1931.) The term " Sulphur Bacteria " is applied to those organisms of the class Bacteria that store sulphur in their cells. They are not the only microbes that engage in the sulphur metabolism, but they alone in their activities exhibit this element in their cells. The term does not include the Thionic acid Bacteria which act on Sodium Thiosuephate and change it to the Tetra-thio-sulphate and the Sulphate; nor the Sulphate-reducing bacteria which act on sulphates, or sulphites, or thiosuephates, changing these compounds to sulphuretted hydrogen. The Sulphur Bacteria use up sulphuretted hydrogen, store sulphur in the cell, and liberate sulphates. The importance of the change is obvious when we reflect on the need of green plants for sulphates, without which the protoplasmic molecule of such plants could not be built, for there are not many green plants which are able to obtain the necessary sulphur in any other way than 46 by the absorption of sulphates. The sulphur cycle in nature may be schematically shown as follows : — Dead organisms amino-acids sulphuretted hydrogen 1 green plants sulphur sulphate Hence a break in the functions of this cycle of changes spells a break in the function of all life, for all animals and all plants not possessing chlorophyll are dependent on the green plants for their being. This must necessarily be the case, for such organisms are not capable of utilizing the energy of the sun directly, and, directly or indirectly, depend for their sustenance on food built up from simple inorganic constituents by green plants. Methods of Culture. Two main classes of sulphur bacteria are distinguished : — (a) Colourless Sulphur Bacteria. (6) Coloured Sulphur Bacteria. Both kinds have been cultivated artificially, and in both cases also, pure cultures have been obtained. It must, however, be stated that the pure cultures have not produced normal forms, so that there is reason to suspect that the conditions of metabolism are not yet known with sufficient exactness. It is an easy matter to cultivate the sulphur bacteria in a mixed medium along with other organisms. To obtain mass cultures all that is necessary is to place bits of dead 47 decomposing organisms in water, and then expose to the light. It is advisable to pour a thin film of oil on the surface of some of the cultures, so that the supply of oxygen may be diminished. Many, if not all, of the Sulphur Bacteria flourish best when the supply of oxygen is very small. A dead worm, or a snail, or a bit of crab, may be used. Again, decomposing plants, such as Zostera (Sea Wrack), have been successfully used. Winogradsky adopted a method for making continuous observations of the growth of the Sulphur Bacteria. The material was placed between slide and coverslip, and kept moist inside a bell jar in an atmosphere of sulphuretted hydrogen. Pure cultures of the colourless Sulphur Bacteria were first successfully accomplished by Keil, and of the coloured Sulphur Bacteria by Bavendamm. In both cases the procedures were essentially the same. Carbon was .supplied from the CO, of the atmosphere, nitrogen from ammonium compounds, and oxygen was allowed in very dilute quantities. In addition, the organisms were allowed access to sulphuretted hydrogen. It will be observed that organic matter was entirely absent in such preparations. It was the view of the experimenters that the Sulphur Bacteria were entirely autotrophic; that is, that like the green plants they build up protoplasmic matter from simple inorganic salts. Pleomorphism. It is a vexed question whether species of the Sulphur Bacteria may assume different shapes in the course of their life-histories. The matter is evidently one of importance, especially to systematists as, if the same species exists in several forms, and this fact is not known, it will inevitably follow that different forms of the same species will 1^ given different specific and even different generic names. This has happened in the investigations of the Sulphur Bacteria. The writer found a new species of coloured Sulphur Bacteria near the ^larine Biological StntioTi at Millport. 48 This was named Thioporphyra volutans, and was found on investigation to show very marked pleomorphism. The normal form is a large coccus of average thickness of 7^. Under certain circumstances it forms bud-like projections, somewhat of the nature of the buds formed in the Yeast plant. Each individual contains a single sulphur globule, and is about 1^ in thickness. It leads an entirely different life, for it is entirely devoid of movement. Such forms have been frequently observed by others and regarded as independent organisms, under the name of Lamprocystis. The Lamprocystis form is characteristic of several species, and is developed under at present unknown conditions. In the Epping Forest there is a pond which occasionally becomes blood-red in appearance, due to the presence in it of enormous numbers of Chromatium Linsbaueri. The appearance of the organism is so characteristic that its recognition is an easy matter, once its character has been grasped. On one occasion a certain percentage of the forms were found to have assumed the spiral shape. In Bavendamm's pure cultures of a species of Chromatium. changes in structure were observed, due obviously to the unusual circumstances attendant upon cultivation in flasks and the absence of competing organisms. Other instances could be adduced, both from the other Sulphur Bacteria and from the closely allied Iron-bacteria, and the opinion is expressed that pleomorphism, whilst not a normal feature in the life histories of these organisms, is a phenomenon which sometimes follows a change in environ- mental conditions. Classification, The writer has revised the classification of the Sulphur Bacteria in the light of his researches. The detailed sub- division into families, genera, and species is set forth in the writer's book (" Sulphur Bacteria : A Monograph." Longmans, Green Sc Co., 1932, 21s.). Two groups are 49 distinguished, viz., the Leuco-Thiobacteria and the Rhodo- Thiobacteria, the former embracing the colourless and the latter the coloured organisms. Among these two groups eleven families are distinguished, and these again are further subdivided into 22 genera. The number of species is not very large, and several contain each only one species. Beggiatoa alba (Vaucherj, Trevisan, is the best known of the Leuco-Thiobacteria. It exists in shallow pools in which organic matter is present in a state of decomposition. The long motile colourless filaments, filled noi'mally with sulphur globules, are very characteristic. The phenomenon of Autolysis may readily be observed in this species. The plants come to rest, divide into more or less equal fragments, and, whilst still adhering in serial formation, begin to swell at some fixed point on the thread. The cell in which this has occurred swells up and assumes the globular form. Whilst this is in progress the cells on either side begin to swell, and a little lat^r, also the cells on either side of these. The swelling movement spreads on either side until every cell in the thread partakes in it. By the time the last cells have begun to swell, the first cells have swollen up and completely disappeared. In time, from fifteen minutes to half-an-hour, the whole thread has com- pletely disappeared. There are variants in the process, but the above descrip- tion is of the most typical method. Thiothrix violacea (Ellis). — The writer found a new species of the genus Thiothrix in Possil Marsh, near Glasgow. This genus l^elongs to the Leuco-Thiobacteria, and is therefore colourless. The new species, however, was coloured a violet tint. In spite of its colour the species was assigned to the genus Thiothrix, for in every other respect it conformed to the characters of this genus. A sheath of mucilage is formed round the filament of cells, and, as this hardens, the livinf^ parts of the organism are enclosed in serial formation, inside 50 a hollow mucilaginous sheath. Further growth results in the topmost cells being thrust out of the sheath. The liberated cells move or drift away, and finally become attached to some object and grow to form fresh filaments. The presence of colour in this otherwise typical Thiothrix suggests that the main grouping of these bacteria according to the presence or absence of colour is artificial rather than natural ; and it is probable that the development of colouring matter is the result of environmental conditions rather than an inherited character. Too little is known at present to permit of dogmatism on this question. Among the Leuco-Thiobacteria the filamentous genera are Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, and Thioploca all classed under the family Beggiatoaceae. The species with round or ovoid, motile or non-motile cells are brought under the family Achromatiaceae. In this family are four genera, namely, Achromatium, Thiophysa, Thiosphaerella, and Thiovulum. The s.piral species are included in Thiospirillaceae, which contains only one genus, Thiospirillum. The short-rod forms are placed in the Thiobacillaceae, and it is made up of the two genera Thiobacillus and Thiopseudomonas. The Uhodo-TMohacteria are divided into seven classes, and these in their turn are split up into twelve genera. By far the best known of the genera in this group is Chromatium. Mention has already been made of Chromatium Linsbaueri which grows in a i)ond in the Epping Forest. At intervals, chiefly in the autumn, this pond becomes coloured a deep reddish-purple due to the growth of this species. Near the Marine Biological Station at Millport, a new genus of this groiip was discovered and its single species named Thioporphyra volutans. This is a large coccus, purple in colour, which moves with fair rapidity through the water and is frequently full of sulphur globules. It multiplies by fission and, under certain circumstances, by budding. When the latter method is adopted, as is shown above, a pleomorphic 51 variety of the organism results Avhich is of a totally different morphological character. On one occasion a formation of what appeared to be endospores was observed, but no opportunity was given for noting the germination of these structures. Thioporphyra volutans by reason of its bigness (average about 7^), its motility, its purple colour, and its sulphur inclusions, is a very conspicuous object under the microscope. Motility is effected by the agitation of a single long powerful cilium. So far it has been found only in sea-water, and it is probable that growth takes place only in this habitat. With the exception of one or two species of Chromatium, and the new species which was found at Millport, namely, Thioporphyra volutans, not a single species of the organisms included in the Rhodo-Thiobacteria has been investigated with any degree of completeness. In too many cases a specific and a generic name have been assigned to what appears to be a new organism, on the strength of observations on one phase of its existence. No account has been taken of the pleomorphic changes, which would probably have been observed during a long investigation of one species. The genus Lankesteron. — The writer has incorporated into one genus the three organisms described respectively by Lankester, Warming, and by Zopf. These were named respectively by their investigators. Bacterium rubescens. Bacterium sulfuratum, and Beggiatoa roseopersicina. All three show the characters of highly pleomorphic and primitive organisms, and are sufficiently closely related to merit the formation of a new genus for their insertion. The term Lankesteron was selected on account of the priority of Lankester's investigation. The following characters suffice to designate the genus. ''' Normally filamentous, but highly pleomorphic, and may break up into rods, spirals, and globular forms. Zoogloea formation occasionally observed. Motile or non-motile." 52 The Phytogeny of the Stdphur Bacteria. — It is difficult to trace the relationships of the members of a group which are held together by a physiological connotation, but some indications are given of the directions of their evolutionary progress. The most primitive of the Sulphur Bacteria are, undoubtedly, the Lankesteron group, and from some such primitive forms the main lines have sprung. In some form of other this genus shows in its various phases of growth the shape exhibited by almost every species of the Sulphur Bacteria. It is conjectured that a fleeting phase of a primitive organism of this kind has become stabilised under the influence of a certain set of environmental conditions ; and that this has occurred, not to one phase but to several phases of a highly pleomorphic organism. The following schematic representation gives the probable lines of development : — Primitive highly pleomorphic organism may be found as one of the following ^^^Beggiatoa alba Thiothrix Thiovolum Thiophysa Chromatium w j»\\ \ Filament Thioporphyra^O^ or Achromatium '^ 'Coccus or / Rod form / or Thiospirillum <—{- Spiral form (Rhodo-thiospirillum)\ or Thiosarcina \Filament in zoogloea condition or C!occus in zoogloea condition Thiobacillus Thiopseudomonas Thioploca Rhodocapseae Thiocapseae Thiosphaerion Rods in zoogloea/ condition , Thiobacillus Bovistus 53 Physiological Characters of the Sulphur Bacteria. The Metabolism of the Organisms. — The Sulphur Bacteria absorb sulphuretted hydrogen greedily, but the use they make of this substance is still doubtful. Although sulphur is a constituent of protoplasmic matter, the acquisition of this element for sustenance cannot be the biological reason, for the amount absorbed is many hundred times greater than is necessary for the protoplasmic supply. Again, it cannot be the acquisition of energy, for the energy level of sulphuretted hydrogen is lower than that of the sulphur into which it is transformed. The writer has concluded that the sulphide enters into the respiratory processes of the organisms, and is, during the process, transformed into the elementary form. At any rate, whatever the reason, the sulphides in a medium in which the Sulphur Bacteria are multiplying are changed into sulphur, which is deposited in the cells and later appears in the surrounding medium in the sulphate form. Nitrogen is best absorbed in the form of ammonia com- pounds, but these bacteria, or a large number of them, are able to use the nitrogen contained in decomposing organic matter. The necessary carbon is obtained from the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. Hence, whilst they may grow best undei- autotrophic conditions, there is no doubt that more than one mode of life is available, so that the Sulphur Bacteria are not only pleomorphic, but also what may be called pleo- energic, a combination of circumstances which gives them a great advantage in the struggle for existence. Their relation to oxygen is rather a peculiar one, for, whilst the access of this element at the normal pressure is distinctly disadvantageous, if supplied in very dilute quantities it is readily absorbed and utilized. It is, indeed, doubtful whether, if this element is altogether denied to them, they can continue to live in a healthy condition. 54 As with all organisms, a supply of various minerals is essential, but the nature and amount of such minerals is at present not known with certainty. The Sulphur Bacteria thrive in nature between the values pH 7-6 and 8-6. Their multiplication causes a reduction in the acid content of the water in which the multiplication takes place. The further supplies of acid are derived from the acid decomposition of the organic remains of plants and animals, through the agency of the saprophytic bact-eria. Physiological Characters. — The coloured Sulphur Bacteria are particularly sensitive to light. Engelmann experimented with a species of what was probably Lankesteron, and found that they were so sensitive to light that even the movement of the hand between the light and the mirror of the microscope affected the movements of the bacteria. They are influenced by changes in the intensity, rather than in the direction of the light. Also movements are altered by the passage from light of one colour to that of another. The photosynthetic effect of light has not been proved, but it is probable that synthesis of carbohydrates takes place through the agency of light. The facts are : — First, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere. Secondly, the area in the spectrum where the greatest absorption of energy takes place is also the area where aerobic bacteria collect, signifying that at this place the maximum amount of oxygen is to be found. Thirdly, the coloured Sulphur Bacteria are not able to live without light, and it is therefore difficult to explain in what other way light is utilised except in some form of photosynthesis. Fourthly, we have the fact that photo- synthesis occurs in the green plants. If photosynthesis occurs it is interesting to note that the point of greatest absorption is in the infra red and not in the visible part of the spectrum. Considerable work has been done on the effect of various chemical substances in influencing the movements of bacteria. 65 Some, like certain phosphates and peptone, attract the bacteria; others, like weak hydrochloric acid exercise repulsion. Again, different organisms react differently to the same chemical substance. Movement in many of these organisms is effected by means of a single cilium, and the reaction to the effect of a stimulus has its seat at the base of the cilium at the point where this organ joins the main body. No change of movement takes place as a result of a change in the intensity of the light until this part of the microbe comes within the scope of the influence. Thus an individual, moving with the cilium in the posterior position from the light into the darkness, does not react to the change in the intensity of the light until the base of the cilium enters the dark area. 56 OUANTITATIYE STUDIES BETWEEN TIDE MARKS. By Richard Elmhirst, Superinte/ulent of the Marine Biological Station, Millport. (Eead 8th December, 1931.) General remarks on the abundance of organisms in the inter-tidal area occur in most books dealing with the sea- shore. Very often such remarks I'efer to the abundance of species present without in any way indicating their actual or relative frequency. In 1911, Professor Petersen began to publish studies of the "Evaluation of the Sea" in the reports of the Danish Biological Station. In Journal of the Linnean Soc, Vol. 34, 1920, Professor Herdman wrote " Notes on the Abundance of some Common Marine Animals and a preliminary Quantitative Survey of their Occurrence," in which he recorded : Per sq. yd. A worm, Sabellaria, ... ... 28,000 A crustacean, Balanus, ... ... 2,940 A mollusc, Mytilus, 120,000 A tunicate, Styelopsis, ... ... 50,000 Figures for the occurrence of some Algoe and Zos'te?-a are also given. In parts of the Clyde Sea Area the acorn barnacle, Balanus halanoides, is extraordinarily abundant. In late April the cyprid larvae may occur 300 to the litre close inshore when swarming in to settle down. These small larvae may then crowd in at a rate of 200 per sq. inch or over ^ million per sq. yard. A heavy mortality, due largely to the molluscs Purpura and Littorina, ensues, so that by autumn they are reduced to 15,000 per sq. yard. Later there are 2,500 adults at 1^ years, a figure very near that given above. On Keppel Pier mussels usually grow in masses, which numerically compare closely with Professor Herdman's figure for them. There, too, Metridium senile, the Plumose Anemone, grows in luxuriance. There are some 60,000 of them on the piling of the pier. 57 Elsewhere the Polyzoans, Membranipora and Alcyonidium, grow in encrusting sheets or masses over the surface of sea- weeds. The former covers so many thousands of square feet of Laminaria that it has been estimated that in M. memhranacea " round the shores of the Cumbrae there were 3^ tons of metallic calcium." [S.M.B.A., Ann. Rept., 1919, p. 5.] On some rocky shores Littorina and Purpura occur in great numbers, but special factors such as food in the former case and spawning aggregations in the latter are often the causes of exceptional abundance in a particular place. Recently over 6 tons of Littorina littorea have been collected each winter from the ten miles of shore of the Cumbrae. The tube worms, Spirorhis and Pomatoceros are sometimes very plentiful. The latter has been known to crop on the bottom of a boat at anchor during June to September to the number of 450 per sq. foot. The striking question about some of these abundant sedentary organisms is how do they get the lime they require for tubes or shells? Near high-water mark, in the drift, Ligia and Orchestia are often very plentiful just as Gammarus marinus is about high-water neaps ; all three species may occur in hundreds under a stone of 1 sq. ft. In 1926, Mr. A. C. Stephen and the writer began sieving standard samples of \ sq. m. of sand dug out to a depth of 15 cm. through a 2 mm. mesh. This method immediately revealed an unexpectedly high figure for the population of Tellina tenuis, a small bivalve mollusc long known to be plentiful in Karnes Bay. The populat: ton in September, 1926, was : — No. in Per cent. Per cent. J sq. m. above 7 mm. below 7 mm. H.W. Neaps, ... ... 132 76 24 J Tide, ... 473 35 65 L.W.S., ... 872 11 89 These figures show a very rich population at low water, con- sisting chiefly of small specimens, while the numerically small population at high-water neaps consisted chiefly of large High Water. Low Water. 3 mm. 3 mm 9 „ 7 „ L2 „ 9 „ — 11 „ 58 specimens. At one low-water station the extraordinarily high figure of 7,588 per sq. m. was obtained. This line of work was continued in Karnes Bay and elsewhere by Mr. Stephen, and the growth and changes in the rich brood from 1926 followed by quarterly examinations. In 1930 it was found that history had repeated itself, as in the autumn of that year the low-water population was again very high, 2,136 per sq. m., and consisted chiefly of brood — '76 per cent. (1). In the course of this work certain facts were ascertained : — Growth rate, ... 0 year. + 1 „ + 2 „ + 3 „ Spat fall, June to July . . . (2) Similar work elsewhere in the Clyde has shown that 1926 was also a vintage year for the Cockle, Cardium ednJe, and that this species may occur on suitable ground in such high numbers as 43 and 60 per \ sq. m. Serial samples have brought out the fact that in the Clyde Sea Area this species spats in summer, and during the year of birth attains an average size of about 4 mm. This means that the first conspicuous ring in a cockle shell at about 15 mm. is not the first winter ring but the second - - . - (3) Further work on these lines is in progress both between tide marks and in shallow water. In the course of the investigation already made evidence of the occurrence, abundance, and distribution on the shore in varioiis localities has been obtained for all the molluscs, crustaceans, and worms which are retained by the sieves used (4, 5, and 6). Several cases of nearly related species occurring in parallel zones at different levels have come to light : — e.g., Corophinm volutator, h.w. C. crassico7-ne, l.w. Bathi/poreia pelagicn, h.w. B. giiilliamsomann, l.w. Tellhia tenuis, tidal. T. fnhnln, sub-littoral. In collaboration with Professor L. A. L. King on a survey of Fairlie sands, it was found in August that some species occurred in great abundance as in the case of Cockles already 59 given. Near h.w.m. Coropliium volutator was found 2,000 to 10,000 per sq. m. In the Zostera beds Littorina littorea was creeping everywhere over 50 per sq. m. In the mats of decaying Zostera roots an extraordinary fauna was found : — P^stimation Samples from Two Stations. Per sq. m. Nematodes, mainly Enoplus communis and Oncholaimus spp., 51 63 24,000 32,000 Oligochaetes, mainly Tuhifex costatus and Peloscolex henedeni, 97 40 48,000 20,000 PoLTCHAETES, almost exclusively Amphicora fahricii, ... 12 16 6,000 8,000 In clean sand near l.w.m. off Southannan a standard ^ sq. m. cut produced an amazing catch of 1,607 crustaceans, chiefly Amphipods, including 126 Am-pelisca Icevigata, 975 Corophium crassicorne, 370 Bathyporeia, and 87 Urothoe. It would be interesting to discover what factors determine the presence of such abundant fauna and cause certain species to associate together. Sampling between tide marks during the ebb tide period is very interesting, but it is well to remember " that the real life of the seashore happens while the tide is in — ebb time is like night time in our own lives, a period of enforced quiet almost devoid of activity." \^Life hy the Seashore, p-17.] It is during flood time that the limpets prowl, barnacles feed, and all the numerous littoral species become active, and not only they for various "tidal migrants" come in with the flood and take part in the activities then prevalent. Samples were taken in order to find the effect of flood tide on the sand-dwelling inhabitants of Kames Bay. The method first adopted was to drag a medium mesh tow-net near the water's edge for 100 yards. It was hoped in this way to find if the species of Bathyporeia came out to swim, and if when so doing they maintained their relative positions on the beach. The first haul was taken on 1930-XII-5 at 5 p.m. at low water, and caught 630 Schistomysis .< •qoBag; (M - S 1 o 1-H o -*l -^ m 1 '^ t^ lO o o O 1— d ■niJS CO CO 1 ^ CI Cl M lO CO 00 o 00 ri^ CO r-H , CO d •qoBag ""■ -r CI CO c» ■aoBjing 1 iJO o o o -* t^ o -* --0 CO .-H C<1 00 ^ o s ■™js eo -^ o CI «o ^ ^ o -<* CO CD 73 CO CI I— 1 CI S 00 C— 1 ^ ,-1 CO .— < t^ —1 o •qoBag t— 1 CI O CO CO '^ S •aoBjjng ^ CI - CO 00 t^ CO t^ ^ Ol t- lO »o ^ CO o -* -* P< ■raj 5 o o CI ^* r-> .-1 05 ^ -* OS •qo'Baa a.^ 00 CO ^ ^ o »o ^ CO CI 1—1 •aoTjpns •rajo CO 00 CI - s 04 to •qotsag r-H CI -f^ o 'y a> f. o -7^ o Ci 2 -g o 'o <^ i: a S a ^ s t: a tH C t- c u a cS 5 rf E3 ^ d rt s =S 0 c3 S c3 ;3 ce =! S^ ^^ :^^ S^ ^^ :^^ 1^^ ^^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 to 1 s § ^^® ^^^ common. The last is perhaps the most numerous, the swallow next, and the house martin least. '^The Greenfinch, Chloris chloris chloris, (L.j. is common. The Goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis britannica, (Hart.), is comparatively rare. I have seen it near Bardowie Station, and Mr. Bartholomew records two on high ground on 22nd December. 1929. The Siskin, Carduelis spinus, (L.). Mr. William Rennie saw a small party at Cadder Wilderness, and Mr. Alexander Ross has seen it at Bardowie and Allander Toll. *The House Sparrow, Passer domesticus domesticus, (L.), is common everywhere. *The Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus montanus, (L.), occurs as a nesting species at Glenorchard, and the late Mr. M 'Donald recorded it at Torrance. "^The Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs coelebs, L., is common. 24 The Bramhling, Fringilla montigringilla, L., is an irregular winter visitor. *The Linnet, Carduelis cannabina cannabina, (L.), is recorded as nesting at Dawsholm Park. I have seen it near Bardowie Station. The Mealy Redpoll, Carduelis linaria linaria, (L.), is an occasional winter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew reports having seen one on 25th and 27th December, 1927. *The Lesser^ Redpoll, Carduelis linaria cabaret, (P. L. S. Miill.), is not common. It frequents Dawsholm Park. I have seen it near Dougalston. The Twite, Cai-duelis flavirostris flavirostris, (L.), is a rare winter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew records one in February, 1912. *The Bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula nesa, Math, and Ired., is not common. Mr. Bartholomew records it as breeding in Baldernock Parish. The Crossbill, Loxia cur'virostra curvirostra, L., is a rare visitor. One was seen at Glenorchard in mid January, 1927. *The Corn Biinting, Eml>eriza calandra calandra, L., is frequently met with and breeds in the area. *The Yellow Bunting, Emberiza citrinella citrinella, L., is common along the hedgerows. *The Reed Bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus, (L.), may be described as a characteristic bird of the Kelvin, especially where the land has relapsed to its original marshy condition. The Snow Bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis, (L.), is a rare winter visitor. *The Starling, Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris, L., is abundant everywhere and at all seasons. The Jay, Garrulus glandarius rufitergum, Hart., is evidently spreading eastward from Loch Lomond. Some years ago 25 I saw one alive which had been caught in a pole-trap in spring at Duntreath, Strathblane. Mr. Bartholomew reports it as having occurred nearly every autinnn for several years. He saw one on 25th March, 1932. *The Magpie, Pica pica pica, (L.), is fairly common throughout the district, as is also the *Jackdaw, Coloeus monedula .spermologus (Vieill.). The Raven, Corvus corax corax, L., is a rare visitor. Mr. Nicol Hopkins records one which passed over Possil Marsh on 21st February, 1932, flying towards the Campsie Fells. Mr. Bartholomew, records it for Baldernock Parish. It has occurred at Dawsholm Paik in two different years. *The Carrion Crow, Corvus cor one corone, L., is fairly common, especially on the uplands, where it nests. I have seen its nest quite close to the river near Buckley Farm. The Hooded Crow, Corvus cornix cornix, L., is an occasional visitor. Mr. Bartholomew first saw it on 8th March, 1924. One was trapped on 3rd May, 1924, and another on 9th November, 1924. ^The Rook, Corvus frugilegus frugilegus. L., is abundant throughout the valley. In some places superabundant. *The Skylark, Alauda arvensis arvensis, L., is also abundant, to which there can be no objection. "^The Swift, Apus apus apus, (L.), is common, more especially near the flooded flats where there seems to be an abundance of insect life. The Nightjar, Caprimulgus europoeus europoeus, L., has been seen and heard at Summerston in recent yeai-s. There are many likely spots where it might nest. "^The Great-spotted Woodpecker, Dryobates major anglicus, (Hart.), has nested in the area at Cadder Wilderness and at Balmore. It has been noted at Dawsholm Park. *The Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis ispida, L., is fairly common on the Kelvin. It nests on the banks and has also nested within the precincts of Dawsliolm Park. 26 ^The Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus canorus, L., is common throughout the area. *The Barn Qui, Tyto alba alba, (Scop.), visits Dawshohn Park and is a nesting species in the area. "^The Long-eared Owl, Asio otus otus, (L.), also nests. The Short-eared Owl, Asio flammeus flammeus, (Pontopp.), is an occasional visitor. ^'The Tawny Owl, Strix aluco sylvatica, Shaw, is common. It has l>een seen recently at Kelvingrove Park. It also visits Dawsholm Park. I have seen it at Killermont, where it no doubt nests, and Mr. Bartholomew records it as breeding in Baldernock Parish. American Hawk Owl, Surnia ulula caparoch, (Miill.). One was shot at Maryhill, near Glasgow, in Deceml^er, 1863. This specimen was recognizable at a glance as the American bird. (Dresser, Birds of Europe, Vol. V, pp. 310, 311.) Common Buzzard, Butes butes butes, (L.). An occasional Avinter visitor. Mr. Bartholomew reports one accidentally trapped on 2nd December, 1926. "^The Sparrow Hawk, Accipiter nisus nisus, (L.), is not rare. It is a visitor to Dawsholm Park. I have seen it at Bardowie. It breeds in Baldernock Parish and other districts in the area. The Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus peregrinus, (Tunst.), is a rare visitor. One was seen several times during the autumns of 1930 and 1931. I have seen a wood-pigeon at Bardowie which I presumed was killed by a peregrine. The Merlin, Falco coluuibarius asalon, Tunst. Mr. Bartholomew reports having seen two during the past winter, and Mr. Nicol Hopkins says that it has been fairly frequent at Summerston during this last winter. *r^e Kestrel, Falco tinnuneulus tinnunculus, L., is fairly common. It is a visitor to Dawsholm Park, and is frequently seen throughout the area. It breeds in Baldernock Parish. The Osprey, Pandion halioetus halioetus, (L.). Mr. Bartholomew records having seen one at Bardowie Loch in May, 1917. The Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, (L.), is an occasional visitor. Some years ago a pair frequented Bar- dowie Loch during the winter. The Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis, (L.), is another occasional visitor. Mr. Alastair Anderson says he has seen it several times at Bardowie. The Common Heron, Ardea cinerea einerea, L., may be seen frequently at Sunmierston and Bardowie. The Night Heron, Xycticorax nycticorax nycticorax, (L.). An immature bird frequented the Botanic Gardens from early in November till 13th December, 1926. The Grey Lag Goose, Anser anser. (L.), is an occasional visitor. Mr. Bartholomew records them at Balmore in January, 1919, while seven were thei-e from 5th January till 1st April, 1932. The Bean Goose, Anser fabalis fabalis, (Lath.), is a rare visitor. I saw it at Bardowie over twenty years ago. Mr. Bartholomew records it in December, 1918. The Barnacle Goose, Branta leucopsis, (Bechst.), is rather rare. It has been shot at Bardowie Loch. The W hooper Swan, Cygnus cygnus, (L.). Bewick^ s Swan, Cygnus bewickii bewickii, Yarr., are both regular visitors during the floods in winter. *The Mute Swan, Cygnus olor (Gm.), is common, a pair usually occupying almost every loch, pond, or dam of any extent during the nesting season, with a greater influx during winter. *The Mallard, Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha, L., is common. 28 The Gad wall, Anas strepera, L., is a rare visitor. Mr. Bartholomew records it on 7th January, 1918, and on 24:th December, 1928, he shot one. The Garganey, Anas querquedula, L. On 6th May, 1920, Mr. Harry G. Gumming saw a pair (male and female) at Summerston. This record (the first for the Clyde Area) was reported in a note read to the Andersonian Naturalists' Society on 14th June, 1920, and published in Part II, Vol. IV, of the annals. Thi-ee birds were seen at Summerston on 1st and 2nd April, 1922, by the late Mr. John Robertson. The Shoveller, Spatula clypeata, (L.), is a regular winter visitor to Summerston and Bardowie. It has been seen during the nesting season, so has probably nested. It was seen at Summerston on 24th July, 1929, by Mr. Xicol Hopkins. The Pintail, Anas acuta acuta, L., is a winter visitor which has been seen more frequently in recent years. In a note read to the Andersonian Naturalists' Society on 14th June, 1920. Mr. Thomas Hill reported the pi-esence of Pintail at Summerston from 27th March till 18th April, 1920, in numbers varying from a pair to six males and five females. Mr. Nicol Hopkins records one pair on 16th April, 1929, at Summerston, where they remained till at least the end of that month. On 3rd March, 1930. he saw a pair which remained during the month. On 9th April they had increased to three pairs. He also saw one on 3rd September, 193U. Mr. Alastair Anderson has seen as many as twelve together at Bardowie. *rAe Teal, Anas crecca crecca, L., is fairly common, especially in winter. The Wigeon, Anas penelope, L., is a regular winter visitor. At Summerston and Bardowie it is often in numbers. It has not been known to nest in the area, although it has done so in the Kilpatrick Hills. It was seen at Summer.ston on 24th July, 1929, by Mr. Nicol Hopkins. 29 The Pochard, Xyioca ferina ferina. (L.), is also a regular winter visitor. The Scaup Du<:k, Xyrtica marila marila, (L.), is a rare winter visitor. It has occurred at Bardowie. *rAe Tufted Durk. Xyroca fuligula, (L.), is common. A number usually frequent Summerston and Bardowie Locii. Th€ Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula dangula, (L.), is an occasional winter visitor. The Lonij-tailed Duel-, Clangula hyemalis, (L.), is a rare winter visitor. One was noted by Mr. Bartholomew on 1st November, 1919. The Common Scoter, Oidemia nigra nigra, (L.). The Goosander, Mergus merganser merganser, L. The Red-hreasted Merganser, Mergus serrator, L., are all rare visitors in winter to the area. The American Wigeon, Anas americana, (Gm.), is a greater rarity. An adult male was seen at Bardowie on 1-tth December, 1919, by Mr. Bartholomew and Mr. Anderson. *The Ring Dove or Wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus palumbus, L., is common. *The Stock Dove, Columba oenas, (L.), nests in small numbers at Craigmaddie Moor. *The Capercaillie, Tetras urogallus urogallus, L., is frequently seen in the Baldernock district and is resident in a part of same. *The Black Grouse, Lyrurus tetrix britannicus. With. Lonn. *The Red Grouse, Lagopus scoticus scoticus, (Lath.), are both breeding species on the higher ground at Craigmaddie Moor. *The Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus. L., is common in all the wooded parts. I have seen a hen pheasant in Kelvingrove Park. It nests in Dawsholm Park, Garscube, Killermont, and other suitable places. 30 *The Partridge, Perdix perdix perdix, (L.), is also common throughout the area. "^The CorncraJce, Crex crex, (L.), is fairly common, but for some years it has been steadily decreasing in numbers. *The Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, L., frequents Bardowie Loch, and, no doubt, some of the marshy tracts bordering the Kelvin. Mr. Bartholomew reports having seen it several times at Bardowie, and has also found dead birds there on 15th December, 1927, 11th January, 1929, 19th January, 1930, and 15th January, 1932. *The Water Hen, Gallinula chloropus chloropus, (L.), is common in the Kelvin and at Summerston and Bardowie. "^The Commotv Coot, Fulica atra atra, L., is abundant, being in numbers at Summerston, Bardowie Loch and other sheets of water in the area. The Ringed Plover, Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula, L., was seen at Summerston by Mr. Nicol Hopkins on 24th August and 7th, 9th, and 16th September, 1931. The Golden Plover, Charadrius apricarius apricarius, L. Large flocks are usually to be seen in spring at Summerston and throughout the area as birds of passage. *The Lapwing, Vanellus vanellus, (L.), is abundant and increasing. The Oyster-catcher, Hoematopus ostralegus ostralegus, L., is occasionally seen on passage. Mr. Nicol Hopkins noted two on 18th May, and two again in July, 1931, at which time one would expect them to be at their nesting quarters. "The Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola rusticola, L., has occurred at Dawsholm Park. I have seen it in the nesting season at Killermont, and it nests at other suitable places throughout the area. The Jack Snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus, (Brlinn.), is an occasional winter visitor. 31 *The Common Snipe. Capella gallinago gallinago, (L.), is plentiful throughout the marshy parts of the area. The Dunlin. Calidris alpina schinzii, (Brehm.), is usually to be seen in flocks in spring at Summerston, where their trilling fills the air. The Ruff. Philoniaehus pugnax, (L.), is an occasional winter visitor. The late Mr. M'Donald recorded it at Summerston some years ago. Mr. Bartholomew saw one on 9th September, 1924. and Mr. Xicol Hopkins, one on 9th September, 1931. ^The Common Sandpiper, Tringa hypoleucos, L., is common. It has nested at Dawsholm Park, Killermont, Bardowie and other parts of the Kelvin. The Green Sandpiper, Tringa ochropus. L., is an occasional winter visitor. It has been reported at different times by the late Mr. M'Donald. the late Mr. John Robertson, and Mr. Bartholomew. Mr. Xicol Hopkins saw three birds on 25th September. 1929. *The Eedshanl-, Tringa totanus totanus. (L.). is abundant along the course of the river in sununer. but practically absent in winter. The Greenshank, Tringa nebularia, (Gunn.), is frequently seen as a bird of passage, usually in autumn, as shown by the following records by Mr. Hopkins: — 27th August, 1928; September. 1929; 21:th August. 1931; also one as late as 12th November. 1930. He has also noted it in .spring, viz., 1st April. 1928. and 29th March. 1931. The late Mr. Robertson also saw it in April, 1922. at Summerston. Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa limosa, (L.), is a rare visitor to the Clyde Area and is usually seen in autumn. Mr. Xicol Hopkins observed a male bird at Summerston on 21:th April. 1932, in breeiling plumage. The only other spring record for Clyde was three birds seen at Gad Loch, Lenzie, in May, 1907; also in breeding plumage. This almost might be claimed as a Kelvin record. 32 *T1ie Common Curlew, Nuinenius arquata arquata, (L.), is fairly common on the uplands, and comes down to the marshy ti-acts bordering the river to feed. The BlacTx Tern, Chlidonias niger niger, (L.), is a rare visitor. One was shot at Torrance in the autumn of 1918, and two were seen at Summerston on 4th and 6th May, 1920. "^The Comvmon Tern, Sterna hirundo hirundo, (L.), is often seen on passage. It has nested at Summerston. The Little Gull, Larus minutus. Pall., is another rare visitor. One was seen at Summerston from 16th to 21st May, 1916. *The Blacli-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus ridibundus, L., is common. It nested at Summerston in 1930 and 1931. At Craigmaddie Loch a few pairs have nested from time to time. It also nests near Kilsyth. The Common Gxdl, Larus canus canus, L., is an occawfonal visitor. I have seen it mixing with the Black headed Gulls in the fields at Summerston. The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus argentatus, Pont., is coixmion. The Lesser Black-backed Gidl, Larus fuscus affinis, Reinh., is frequently to be seen at Summerston throughout spring and summer. The Kitfiwake Gtdl, Rissa tridactyla tridactyla, (L.), is a rare visitor. Mr. Bartholomew found one dead on 20th February, 1928. The Arctic Skua, Stercorarius pai-asiticus, (L.), is an occasional visitor. It has been seen at Bardowie Loch several times. The Common Guillemot, Uria aalge albionis, With., is sometimes blown inland during stormy weather. Mr. Bartholomew found one on 3rd April, 1909, and another on 18th September, 1916. 33 The Little Auk, Alle alle, (L.). The same applies to this species, one having been found by Mr. Bartiiolomew on 1st March, 1916, and another on 23rd November, 1916. *The Great Created Grehe, Podiceps cristatus cristatus, (L.), nests regularly at Bardowie Loch. The Slavonian Grebe, Podiceps auritus, (L.), is an occasional visitor. Single birds were recorded at Bardowie Loch on 8th March, 1916, and 28th November, 1916. The Black-necked or Eared Grehe, Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis, Brehm., is also an occasional visitor. One was seen by Mr. Bartholomew on 8th March, 1917, and another by Mr. Nicol Hopkins on 1st and 5th October, 1930. "^The Little Grehe, Podiceps ruficollis ruficollis, (Pall.), is common. It is usually to be seen at all the marshes at Summerston and at Bardowie Loch. The Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus pviffinus, (Briinn.). One was found dead in Kelvingrove Park in August, 1896. This gives a total of 146 species, of which 81 nest or have nested. Those marked with an * have nested. I am very much indebted to Wv. James Bartholomew, Mr. Nicol Hopkins, Mr. Alastair Anderson, and others for the records which they have contributed to this list. 34 THE GREY SQUIRREL. By jAiiES Bartholomew. [Read 11th October, 1932.] The Grey Squirrel has coiue into prominence recently, and there is good reason to fear that it may still become much more prominent. Mr. A. D. Middleton of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University has studied the Grey Squirrel in this country very exhaustively, and the bulk of my information is from his writings. The Grey Squirrel, as we know it, is not a native of this country, but is an importation from North America, where it is a native of south-eastern Canada and the central United States. There are apparently five recognised sub-species in North America of the Grey Squirrel, " Sciurus carolinensis " (Dr. Ritchie calls it Neosciurws carolinensis), and the sub- species introduced into this country appears to be wholly *' Sciurus carolinensis leiicotiis." There is, however, an account of Grey Squirrels living in Wales over 100 years ago, and another account of them near Canterbury about 70 years ago. The first importations which are known to have been released in this country were in 1876, when two pairs were released in Cheshire. In 1889 a considerable number of Grey Squirrels were brought from America and released that year and the next. The first released in Scotland Avere two or three brought from Ontario and released at Finnart on Loch Long by Col. Marryat about 1892. The next introduction to Scotland was in 1919. when some were released at Dunfermline, and about that time some escaped from the Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh. Some are stated to have been released in Ayrshire in 1929. One Grey Squirrel which Avas released in Buckinghamshire was brought from South Africa, but tlie Grey Squirrels there were imported from North America by the late Cecil Ehodes, and they have thriven and multiplied to such an extent that they have become a 35 pest. Mr. Middleton's table of introductions of Grey Squirrels to this country shows that nearly 350 have been introduced. With few exceptions, they seem to have increased in all districts where they were introduced. As regards Scotland there does not seem to have been much increase around Edinburgh. One w^as shot at Preston- kirk in East Lothian about 20 miles east of Edinburgh in May, 19.31, and it was believed that another was seen a week later. I have not been able to obtain any further records in that district. The Loch Long colony, however, has multiplied very much, and spread north and west over a considerable area. In " The Glasgow Naturalist " it is mentioned that specimens of the Grey Squirrel were exhibited at a meeting of the Xatural History Society of Glasgow on 26th November, 1912, and Mr. Charles Kirk stated that the first specimens he received for preservation reached him in 1903 from Arrochar and Tarbet. They have extended their range right up the western shore of Loch Lomond, and I saw one some yeax'S ago at Ardkinglas, near the head of Loch Fyne, but Mr. Page, the Duke of Argyll's factor at Inveraray, told me recently that he had not yet heard of their appearance on that estate. They have worked round the south end of Loch Lomond and up the east shore to Buchanan Castle. Lately there has been evidence of a movement eastward from this colony. Mr. M' Queen told me that a Grey Squirrel had been seen at Lambhill Cemetery on 3rd October, 1931, and Mr. William Rennie has kindly informed me that two days later two were seen at Cadder Wilderness, one a little larger than the other. About the middle of November, 1931, a Grey Squirrel was trapped at Duntreath in the Blane Valley, and another one was seen on the 30th of November. The Dunferndine colony has also prospered and extended its range west. In Mr. ^liddleton's book it is stated that it " is now reported from several localities within a radius of ten or fifteen miles from Dunfermline." From information. 36 however, which I have recently obtained, I find that they have advanced westward considerably over twenty miles from Dunfermline, and there seems to be evidence of connecting links all the way. They have occurred at Solsgirth, Dollar, at Alva House, at Airthrey, Bridge of Allan, at Keir, Bridge of Allan, and at Blairdrummond, near Doune, from where I expect there will in time be an extension up the valleys of the Forth and Teith. An extension up the Forth would, in due coui'se, reach the outposts of the Loch Lomond colony, and possibly the infusion of new blood would cause a still greater increase. They seem to be great travellers' as they sometimes appear unaccountably far from districts where they are resident, as in the case of two, one of which was shot, which appeared at Alnwick in Northumberland, over 60 miles from Darlington and over 70 miles from Edinburgh, the nearest disti-icts where the Grey Squirrel was known to be present. I have no dovibt that they will make use of bridges for crossing rivers like the Red Squirrel, which was not plentiful in the east of Sutherland till after the railway bridge was built at Invershin in 1869 ; also, like the Red Squirrel, they will doubtless be able to swim if they desire. So far they are most numerous in England along a line from Chester to Dover and in the East Riding of York, with small colonies around Exeter and Bournemouth. There is only one colony in Ireland, but. as it is situated in County Longford in the centre of Ireland, they have a good chance of spreading. Mr. Middleton says that the Grey Squirrel shows a marked tendency to extend its range in a westerly direction, and his own theory is that in America the squirrels main habitat is near the east coast, so that, if they move, they have to go west, where there is a large area of land and forests. Mr. Middleton also mentions that someone made the suggestion that the Grey Squirrels did not like the English and went west to try to get back to America. In view of this habit of extending west, I am surprised that 37 the Grey Squirrels have not reached Inveraray. In Scotland they have not yet reached such numbers as to do much harm, but in England they seem to have become exceedingly plentiful in districts. Mr. Middleton states that, in 1929, on an area of 500 acres 1,011 were killed. In the " Hampshire Chronicle" of 13th February there appeared a letter which said that a dozen Grey Squirjels had been destroyed during the past few months on an estate at Rotherfield, but, as they began to annoy the gamekeeper at his pheasant pens, he set traps and caught 118 in ten days. 70 of which were caught in one wood. In the "Field" of 30th July, 1932, the following appears : — " In reference to the destruction of Grey Squirrels, there have been killed on the Great Hampden and Little Hampden Estates since January 1st last about 250 of these pests. In the last two years quite 700 have been accounted for. They are now scarce, but still too numerous. We have evidence that they have not only killed many young birds and destroyed many eggs of all kinds, but actually eaten their Avay into ne^ing boxes placed in gardens adjoining the woods." In 1907, l,-428 Red Squirrels were killed on Beaufort, Inverness, on 7,000 acres, so that 1,011 Grey Squirrels on 500 acres is a very much larger stock per acre. If they populate Scotland in the same proportion, what will they be like in the north, where in one year 4.727 Red Squirrels were killed under the auspices of the Rossshire Squirrel Club? HoAvever, they seem to increase and decrease in cycles, and they seem sometimes to decrease from some cause which is not always apparent, although a disease has manifested itself in some areas. Apparently they are difficult to keep in control. A gamekeeper in Buckinghamshire wrote to " The Field " in October. 1931, " There are nine keepers here and they are paid 3d. for every squirrel they kill, yet I am sorry to say we can make no impression on them ; they are certainly increa.sing." Mr. Middleton found that there 38 was a decrease in the winter of 1930-31, but he predicted a rapid recovery and further spread. The Grey Squirrel buihls its nest or drey usually in a deciduous tree, beech and oak apparently being the ones oftenest selected. It seems to be a distinction which can easily be noticed between Grey Squirrels' nests and Red Squirrel's nests that the Grey Squirrel builds with twigs cut oft' in full leaf, while the Red Squirrel builds usually with leafless twigs, and the Red Squirrel also prefers a coniferous tree as the site for its nest. Mr. Middleton mentions that the few Grey Squirrels' nests which he has seen in coniferous trees have not been constructed of the twigs and leaves of the conifers, but of twigs from neighbouring oaks and beeches. Nests have been reported from Surrey that were made in pine trees with shredded pine bark. In winter the Grey Squirrels usually have their home in a hollow tree, where several may be found together. In America the Grey Squirrel has often six young in a litter, but in this country there are usually from three to five. Normally, they are born from the beginning of March to the end of May. Occasionally there appears to be a second litter and there may possibly be a third. The young are blind and naked when they are born. After they are grown up they sometimes leave their parents, and some observers say that the old ones drive the young away, and that it is difficult to ascertain whether the small colony found in a hollow tree in winter are parents and family or not. When I speak of these squirrels being found in a hollow tree in winter, I do not mean that they hibernate there as a hedgehog does in its nest of grass or leaves on the ground. They only make use of this resort as a shelter, just as we do our houses, and are out and about in the daytime all through the winter months. They spend a lot of their time on the ground, and when disturbed in a wood will often run along the ground for a 39 considerable distance instead of climbing the nearest tree. They will also go down rabbit burrows, and a gamekeeper who used to be on an estate on Loch Loniondside told me that he had trapped a good many when trapping rabbits. I expect that they used the rabbit burrows as shelters, and at certain seasons they may be in search of young rabbits, as rabbit is given by Mr. Middleton as one of the things they are said to eat. Apparently they are not particular whether it is a live rabbit or a dead one that they tackle. They are said to be able to run faster on the ground than the Red Squirrel, and they appear to go much more out into the open fields than the Red Squirrel; hence their depredations are on a different scale from those of the Red Squirrel. They seem to be able to eat almost anything that can be eaten. Mr. Middleton gives a long list of things which they have been found to eat, which includes buds and shoots of our common trees (and, curiously, of the Rhododendron), the bark of most trees. Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apples, Pears, Strawberries, Raspberries, Logan- lierries. Gooseberries, Figs, Grapes, Tomatoes, Blackberries. Hawthorn berries. Rowan berries, many different Nuts and Seeds, Peas, Beans, Maize, Wheat growing or in stacks or stores. Monkey Nuts, Bread, Fungi, Bulbs, Oak Galls, practically all birds' eggs and young birds, including domestic fowls' eggs and chickens, Rabbits in a fresh or carrion state, and dead Fish. The list terminates with Honey from beehives, so you will see that the Grey Squirrel has a very wide range of food, and, unfortunately, the eating of this food is almost entirely injurious to human interests. Of course is is not yet proved that all Grey Squirrels eat all these things; some will be unable to get them. I am afraid though that there is too much truth in the accounts of their depredations for these to be ignored, and that there is more against them than the old antagonism which the late Di-. Harvie Brown mentioned, " to all things which live and move and have their beinu' which wear claws." 40 Speaking recently at a meeting of the College of Pestology in London, the Duke of Sutherland said that the damage caused by Grey Squirrels was estimated at £10,000 a year. A bad feature of theirs is that they do not seem to be satisfied to bite off, say, a pear and eat it. They will cut off dozens, letting them drop to the ground, to which they will eventually descend and take a bite out of some of them and carry a few away to hide, leaving the rest to rot. They also do not wait until the fruit is ripe, but attack it at any time, and, of course, the uni-ipe fruit is of no use, even if one does gather up what the squirrels have left untouched on the ground. Mr. Middleton quotes a Bedfordshire farmer who said that he had lost four acres of peas and a lot of beans through the depredations of Grey Squirrels. A Grey Squirrel was watched sucking pheasants' eggs out of a nest, and it was believed to have eaten or destroyed seven of the ten eggs in the nest. The egg was held upright in the squirrel's forepaws and a little hole chipped with its teeth in the more pointed end. A suitable hole having been made, it proceeded to suck the egg by tilting it in much the same manner as a human being drinking from a bottle, pausing occasionally to lick its lips with evident enjoyment. As the Grey Squirrel seems to prefer woods of deciduous trees to those composed of coniferous plants, it perhaps follows that they do more damage to deciduous trees than to conifers. Beech and Sycamore or Plane trees are most often damaged, and Mr. Middleton says that trees from eight to twenty years of age are the ones which are usually attacked, and from these large patches of bark, sometimes right round the stem or branch of the tree, are peeled off. The time of year when this is done is when the sap is rising, from the end of April to the end of July. They sometimes strip the bark off branches of old trees, but they select young wood to peel. The inner bark will be the tenderest and sweetest, and in young wood the outer bark is very thin, so that 41 they may eat it along- with the inner bark. There does not seem to have been any case reported of Grey Squirrels peeling conifers for food, but, as I have mentioned, they have been observed to .strip the bark from Scots Pines for nesting purposes. However, although they do not seem to peel conifers, -they occasionally bite off the tops and buds of Larch and Spruce trees. It is to coniferous trees that the Red Squirrel does most damage ; but I remember once a Red Squirrel ate part of the stems of the flowers of a Chestnut tree, so that the flowers all withered. During the first three months of the year food for the squirrels is scarce, and they have to depend principally on tree seeds, fungi, and bulbs. They may also eat beetles, caterpillars, and worms, but this is not proved yet. In April the bark of trees begins to become palatable as the sap rises, and there are also bird's nests with eggs to raid. May, June, and July are months of plenty, and the squirrels have no difficulty in finding food. In August and Septembe)- nuts add to the menu, and wheat fields are raided and the ears of wheat eaten. From October to December they mostly depend upon nuts, seeds, bulbs, and fungi, and, as they have made good use of their opportunities when food was plentiful. they are»usually very fat at the commencement of wintei-. Some which Mr. Middleton dissected in October and November had a lining of fat all I'ound the inside of the abdominal cavity of more than half-an-inch thick. This supply of fat will keep them alive during severe weather, and, although they are out during the winter, they are not so active and do not require so much food as in spring. Although they may make stores of nuts, ttc, in .such plaee-j as hollow trees, there is no evidence of Grey or Red Squirrels calling upon these stores in times of scarcity. They .seem either to make the stores for fun or else forget where they aie. Mr. Middleton quotes a case where a Grey Squirrel entered a glass-house and conveyed tomatoes to some rough grass outside, where it hid them in neat piles; and another case where a poultry farmer was losing eggs on a large scale. 42 Suspecting rats he started hunting about with a dog, which found and bolted a Grey Squirrel from beneath a fallen tree. The farmer got a crowbar, and, on moving the tree, found over 200 eggs hidden there. ^Yhile the evidence that the squirrel was the thief is not conclusive, it strongly points that way. Strawberries and other fruit are gathered into little heaps sometimes. Mr. Middleton remarks that the instinct is perhaps to store up anything that is particularly pleasant ; perhaps an instinct which is allied to that which is responsible for the enormous series of eggs and butterflies to be found in some collectors' cabinets. We are told that when the (xrey Squirrel appears the Red Squirrel disappears, and in nearly all districts where the Grey Squirrel has been numerous for some years the Red Squirrel has vanished, whether killed or hunted away by the Grey Squirrel is not quite certain, but Grey Squirrels have been known, several times, to kill Red Squirrels. The following article appeared recently in the " Evening Citizen " over initials R.G.S. : — " While walking along that })eaceful district in the vicinity of Strathblane, where the invasion of the Canadian Grey Squirrel has declared war against the smaller and prettier native Red Squirrel, I saAv a little Red Squirrel flying for his life in one of the woods. It might have been a flying squirrel of Africa when making one prodigious leap from tree-branch to tree-branch. As it ])assed over my head, I thought it was a bird. Hard on its brush followed a Grey Squirrel, larger than the little red fugitive, and an even more lissom, even more beautiful animal, pursuing the other with such speed and fury as suggested a murderous intent. " The moment came when he leapt on to the back of the little scared fugitive as he scudded along a branch, bore him to the ground, and wori-ied the last breath out of his nearly breathless body." 43 A gamekeeper told me that he saw several Red Squirrels hurrying past him, and, in a little while, a Grey Squirrel appeared going in the same direction. I had an indirect enquiry lately from the Curator of the Zoological Gardens in London for Red Squirrels for someone who wants to reintroduce them where they have become extinct. There is a curious thing in connection with fleas on Giey Squirrels which Mr. ^liddleton has discovered. The true Grey Squirrel flea in America has, so far, only been found in Hertfortshire and Buckihghamshire ; and the flea on Grey Squirrels in other districts are Red Squirrel fleas, rabbit fleas, and bird fleas. From the evidence we have I am afraid that Grey Squirrels will not be an acquisition to any district, and that, if they spread over Scotland, they will become a serious plague. Furriers do not seem to think that the furs of the Grey Squirrels bred in this country can be as good as those from colder countries, but Messrs. Fownes agreed to buy them during last winter. It is also said that Grey Squirrel is quite good to eat, and I saw an article recommending it to be cooked en casserole roasted or fried in egg or bread crumbs. The Grey Squirrel is rather larger than the Red Squirrel, as you will see fom the specimen I have here to-night, which was obtained at Blair Drummond, and which Mr. Alexander Martin, gunmaker in Stirling and Glasgow, has kindly lent me to show to you. If the (ii'ey Squirrel goes on increasing and spreading it may be that concerted action will have to be taken to try to keep him in check. In England there was a National Anti Grey Squirrel Committee formed last year which is trying to deal with the matter. A cage trap has been brought out by them, and, in two of these traps last summer, 56 Grey 44 Squirrels were caujjrht in a eou])le of months — this, too, at a time when food was plentiful and easily obtainable. The Secretary of the National Anti (^rey Squirrel Com- mittee, Mr. Laurance Swainson, in a repoit which I have seen this week, mentions that, from information he has received, it appears that where Grey Squirrels are regularly fed they do not molest the birds, but that " there is also abundant and incontrovertil^le proof that when food is as scarce is it is almost everywhere in the early spring the birds suffer terribly." He says further, " At the moment the numbers of Grey Squirrels are definitely down. This is partly due to trapping and partly to disease and normal fluctuations. No effort, however, should be spared still further to reduce their numbers, for it would be lamentable if, through a mere temporary reduction, we were at any time lulled into a false sense of security." An Albino Grey Squirrel was shot last August in Surrey.* It may be of interest to mention here that Harvie Brown Ijelieved that Red Squirrels living in hard wood districts, oak coppices, and the like had lighter coloured tails than those frequenting pine woods. (Copy of a letter from Mr. A. D. Middleton to Mr. Hugh Boyd Watt, an old member of our Society.) 17th Nov., 1931. Dear ^1r. Boyd Watt, Regarding the Loch Long centre. As far as T can make out some Grey Squiri-els were brought from Canada by the late Col. Marryat of Finnart House; this information is duplicated by W. Russell, Ard Luss, and C. F. Macfarlan. *0n August 2nd an Albino Grey Squirrel was shot on this estate. It was a full-grown male, rather above normal in size; the eyes were pink, and the fur perfectly white all over. From the appearance of the paws and the teeth I think the animal was at least a year old, and it is rather remarkable that any thing so conspicuous should not have been observed before. The probability, therefore, is that it travelled here from some distance.— N. C. Cro'ft-Cohen, Haroldslea, Horley, Surrey. 45 Stronefjne, and Walter Colquhoun of Arden. These squirrels were kept as pets for several years in captivity and then released into the woodlands, the actual dates of their release is a little uncertain, but several correspondents give it as 1892. I have also information from Mr. G. H. Clark, Seeds Commissioner to the Canadian Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, that when he was a boy he supplied two females and one male to a Scottish gentleman and saw them shipped to Glasgow. This took place in 1886 or 1887, and the squirrels came from near Brantford, Ontario. In 1900 Mr. Clark was in Scotland and made enquiries alx)ut the squirrels then to be seen in Dunbartonshire : he was informed by Alexander Cross & Co.. Glasgow, that they had been introduced by a gentleman who had made several trips to Canada. Several people believe that the late Sir Alan Colquhoun introduced them, but Mr. W. Eussell tells me that he was staying with Sir Alan in 1898 when Grey Squirrels first appeared at Arrochar, and Sir Alan told him they must have come from Col. Marryat's collection on Loch Long. (Signed) A. D. MIDDLETOX. 46 SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF CALANUS FINMARCHICUS. By A. G. XiCHOi.LS. Ph.D., Assistant Naturalist, Marine Station, Millport. [Read 8th November, 1932.] The animal -with who.se biohigy it is intended to deal in this paper belongs to the large class known as the Crustacea. These are characterized by having a body divided into a number of segments each of which, in the simpler forms, bears one pair of jointed appendages and the whole is covered with a chitinous exoskeleton which gives strength and support to the body. The shrimp, crab, and lobster are examples of this group. Calanus is one of the smaller members of the group and is placed in the sub-class Copepoda. Its average length is about 4 mm. (^ inch). It occurs in the sea in great numbers in Arctic and temperate regions and forms an important part of the food of the herring and other fish at certain times of the year. It is to be found throughout the Clyde Sea-Area, where the annual variation in its distribution in numl^ers has been studied, along with its breeding periods, length of life, time taken to develop from e^^ to adult and so on. Its vertical migrations have also been studied in winter and in summer. Before describing these changes it will be necessary to show how Calanus grows. Like most animals Calanus starts from an egg. The fertilized eggs are passed freely into the sea and each develops into a Nauplius larva. This is a small animal with only three pairs of legs by means of which it swims vigorously about and at the same time sweeps food into its mouth. Now, as has already been mentioned, in this class of animals the body is covered with a chitinous exoskeleton which prevents growth, so that in order to grow 47 these animals have to throvr off the old skin periodically and grow a new one. This happens about once a year in an adult lobster, but in a young larval Calanus it occurs much more frequently. About once in every 2i or -36 hours the Xauplius throws off its old skin and enlarges quickly before its new skin, already prepared underneath, has time to harden. This it does six times after it has emerged from the ec^g and with each " moult " it changes slightly. It elongates and the hinder part of the body becomes bent at an angle to the front end, while additional pairs of limbs appear. Eleven days are pas.sed while it is still in the Xauplius stages, but at the sixth moult an animal with a quite different appearance emerges. It has grown considerably, has long antennae in front, and a number of appendages along its body, which is now clearly divisible into three regions, head, thorax, and abdomen. This stage so closely resembles the adult copepod that it is called a " copepodite." In all there are five copepodite stages before it attains its adult form, each growing out of the previous stage by moulting, and each resembling the adult a little more closely. Altogether there are fourteen different stages of Calanus distinguishable in a haul taken from the sea at the right time of year ; the egg. six nauplius and five copepodite stages, and the adults, which can be separated into male and female. All this has been known for many years (for a full description see the work of Miss M. Y. Lebour, Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc, XI, 1916). but'it has not been known when the eggs were laid, how many times a year they appeared, or anything about the general distribution of stages throughout the year, in the Clyde Sea-Area. For twelve months visits were made at intervals of a fortnight to different places in the Firth of Clyde and in Loch Fyne, and hauls were taken with a silk net of very fine mesh (about 200 strands to one inch), so that even the eggs were taken. These hauls were taken bv letting: the net down 48 to the bottom and hauling it straight up to the surface at a constant speed, so that a definite quantity of water was filtered each time. By standardizing the methods as far as possible catches were obtained which would be comparable with one another when counted. The catches were preserved immediately in weak formalin and taken back to the laboratory where the Calanus were counted in whatever stages they might be found. It was seen that, during the autumn and winter, the Calanus present were practically all Stage V copepodites, with a few Stage IV cope- podites and a very few adults. This continued until the early spring when these Stage V copepodites began to moult into adults, and these adults produced eggs. From these eggs adults were formed a month later, and, after some time, these again produced eggs. This happened three times during the course of the spring and summer, but by August the number of eggs had fallen off and only a very few were found. At this time, also, only a very few of the copepodites moulted into adults, so that there was an accumulation of Stage V copepodites once more to form the winter stock, ready to moult again next spring. The results of this work indicate that the life of a Calanus is probably limited to three months in summer and about five during the wintei-. It is probable, also, that Calanus produces more than one brood of eggs, but the number of eggs produced in each brood is not definitely known. There are indications that it may be as high as seventy. The vertical migrations of Calanus present an interesting problem. It has been known for many years that various plankton organisms which are found only in deep hauls- during the day are obtained at or near the surface if the hauls are taken during the night. Mr. F. S. Russell, of the Laboratory at Plymouth, has been studying the diurnal migrations of the plankton, and his results are to be found in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association from 1925 onwards. 1 4S The apparent explanation for this diurnal migration is that there is for these animals a certain optimum intensity of light which they tend to seek ; that as the light decreases in the evening they move towards the surface returning to the depths with the increase of light at sunrise. To demonstrate this it is necessary to take hauls at different depths from the bottom to the surface at intervals of a few hours over a period of 24 hours. This was done on two occasions in Loch Fyne. once in winter and again in summer. Though the number of adults which were present in the catch in winter was small they showed a very definite migration towards the surface at night, returning to deeper water again with the return of light. The Stage V cope- podites, however, showed little or no tendency to migrate, the bulk inhabiting the water from 25-65 fathoms all the time. This indicates that the immature Calanus are not affected by the stimulus, whatever it may be. When this experiment was repeated six months later, all stages of Calanus were present, but only the copepodites and adults were counted. The latter were, again, comparatively few in number, but showed diurnal migration very well. Stage V copepodites as before showed verv little migration : a small percentage came to the upper layers at nigfht, but these were probably those Stage V which were approaching maturity and would probably be affected by the same stimuli as the adult-s. The young stages have not, apparently, developed a susceptibility to this stimulus, and remain in the upper layers of the water, above 30 fathoms, all the time. This may be related to their food which is more abundant near the surface, but the cause is probably not one factor alone, and further studies of the diurnal migrations of many organisms will have to be made before the true solution is obtained. 50 THE BLAEBERRY. iyaccinium myrtiUus, L.) By G. F. Scott Elliot, m.a., b.sc, f.r.g.s., f.l.s. [Eead 13th Dec5ember, 1932.] The Blaeberry is a far-ranging plant. It extends to as far North as 71 °N. Lat. (Norway) and occupies the desolate tundras of Asia, Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Iceland. The whole genus Vaccinium appears to enjoy living on the tops of mountains, though our Blaeberry (otherwise Bilberry, Whortleberry, or Blackwort) is common enough in the lowlands. One finds Blaeberry in situations w^hich are extremely wet and in others which are arid and dry. It is often a characteristic plant of woods and forests, and it is not at all particular as to the tree with which it associates. Thus in the Pyrenees, in the French Alps and the Ofen district (1,750 to 2,100 metres), it grows under the mountain Pine (P. Montana) as well on dry and desolate precipices as on w'et moorland. In the Central Alps, Blaeberry associates with the Dwarf Juniper, and in Herzegovina and Serbia with Juniperus sabina. In the Alps, the other two Vacciniums, Clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) and Reindeer-Moss are also found in the same association. It also grows in chestnut woods (Castanea). In Britain and elsewhere, Blaeberry is a regular member of the undergrowth in Scots Pine (P. silvestris) forests. So also in Spruce woods, usually gloomy and monotonous, boulders and precipices are occasionally covered with bright green moss in which one finds Blaeberry, Woodsorrel, Trientalis, Enchanter's nightshade, &c. Other usual habitats are the dry Oak and Birch woods of Yorkshire,* rather * As in Derbyshire (Linton). 51 open Oak woods in Scotland, and even Beech forest, at least when the trees are so scattered that sunlight reaches the ground. Now at first sight, there does not seem to b§ any single factor either of soil or of climate which is common to all these diversified habitats. But let us examine its method of living at the extreme limit of vegetation, as for example at 3,500 feet altitude in Perthshire. For weeks, it may be covered by snow, or bathed in mist, drenched with rain, vexed by storm, or perhaps for a few days exposed to blazing sunshine. The earth is covered by a nearly continuous carpet of hardy mosses or by the crusts and cushions of lichens. Dr. Robert Smith found it among the sandstones of the Highland summit flora, but Blaeberry and similar mosses endeavour to cover granite fragments as at Killakee in Ireland* or whinstones as in Galloway. It certainly dislikes limestone, but it is hardly possible that the character of the rock or of the soil is of much importance.! Now all Northern Europe had to be reoccupied by vegeta- tion after the destruction caused by the Ice Ages. One can observe on any Highland or Lowland summit the very first steps in the occupation of bare rock and sterile vmaltered soil and the methods employed are no doubt those which were required after the Ice Ages. Three more or less distinct stages can be traced. First there is a mere film of the lowest type of Algae (Blue Algae). Then lichens begin to establish themselves; possibly the earliest are just grey, brown, or slate-coloured crusts; afterwards the Reindeer moss (Cladina rangiferina) establishes itself. The third stage is the beginning of a carpet of moss, especially of Polytrichum, Dicranum, and Rhacomitrium. * Warming gives a full account of the colonisation of sub-glacial rock floors. (" (Ecology.") t Dr. Woodhead, in his well-known classical research on the Wood- land Plants in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield, points out that it is absent in the shales and clays of the Coal-measures. On such ground occupation by more advanced associations would suppress the Pioneer Blaeberry. Also Peak (Derbyshire), 1,650 feet; Whitecombe (Dumfries- shire), 2^400 feet; Perthshire,' 3,900 feet. 5.2 By this time, the rock is more or less protected from frost shattering. Rain, with all the atmospheric dust that it holds, is absorbed by or flows over the cushions of moss. In the course of time, the moss forms tufts perhaps three inches high. If one examines such a tuft or cushion of moss, one finds underneath it a small amount of dark or black powder. This is in fact a thin layer of good and fertile soil ; insects, worms, many minute organisms and also Protozoa and Bacteria live within it. The pioneer work of the Algte, Lichens, and Alpine mosses have produced something in the way of earth, which is capable of exploitation by higher plants. Vaccinium and especially V. myrtillus can make use of the thin streak of black soil : as soon as the moss carpet is pretty well established, the creeping stems of the Blaeberry grow through the blackish layer below the moss whilst its upright branches grow upwards into the light. Once estal>lished, the Blaeberry holds its own and its leaves continually contribute more organic material. Mosses and lichens still cover the roots and stem, but the bare rock is now carrying an association of dwarf shrubs. This occupation of the ground which one may observe on a feAv square yards at the summit of a Highland hill is at work over enormous areas of the Northern temperate zone. The desolate tundra of North Russia and Si1>eria consists of a similar carpet of moss or Reindeer lichen, and all over it pioneei- Blaeberries are slowly establishing themselves. Vaccinium myrtillus is not, of course, the only pioneer : other Vacciniums, Dwarf Birch and possibly Arctic Willows are also of importance. The usual fate of frontiersmen or even of associations of them is to be exploited and suppressed by more advanced types of society. It is just the same with the Blaeberry, for after it has established its footing and has developed some 53 inches of dark-brown or black peaty earth, it has to contend with the formidable rivalry of the common Heather or Ling (Calluna vulgaris), which is its not very distant cousin. Below the Blaeberry summit flora, there are in Scotland immense expanses of moor over which Grouse and Calluna rule supreme. Heather is not quite so hardy as Vaccinium and does not ascend to much above 3,000 feet in Perthshire, but it is quicker in growth and forms more crowded and taller thickets so that, under favourable conditions, the Blae- berry cannot compete with it. The soil in a heather moorland is a dark brown or black peaty material* with an acid reaction : which grreedily absorbs water from Ijelow and holds it strongly. If there is any sort of free drainage for the water under- neath the heather roots; if also pioneer birches or Scots Pine are at hand, a heather moor under natural conditions would soon be invaded by Betula alba; Birch woods and Pine forests would then occupy the ground. In Yorkshire or Scotland, the Grouse moor is not exactly a natural association. It is grazed by sheep or cattle and is regularly set on fire. This pi-events the growth of new Birch or Scots Pine forests such as those which as Lewis has shown once flourished on the slopes of the Merrick in Galloway, and on Tweedsmuir. These stages in the reconquest of Europe after the Ice Age, namely — (1) Algae, (2) Lichens, (3) Mosses, (4) Dwarf shrubs, such as Vaccinium, Betula nana. Heather, &c., (5) Birch and Scots Fir, or some other Conifer, seem to have -regularly followed one another everywhere in the extreme North of Europe, Asia, and America. The part played by Vaccinium myrtillus as a pioneer of the Dwarf shrub society has been and is, therefore, of the very first impoi'tance. * It is often called raw humvis, i.e., imperfectly rotted leaf mould. 54 Provided that it has a thin layer of acid peaty humus or a cushion of moss, any other peculiarity of climate or of soil seems to be of no particular moment. It grows on arid rocks, saturated tundras, in the blazing sunshine of the Alps, through the long night of an Arctic winter, amongst the shattered rocks of a Highland sununit, with a blizzard at least once a week, or in the quiet windstill shelter by some Lowland burn. It is this power of establishing it«elf on raw peaty soil that is all-important. As in the case with all peat-plants it has a mycorhiza. In every soil there are fungi of many different genera; it is practically impossible either to disentangle or to name them unless they happen to be in fruit. A fungus-filament growing in soil will naturally cling to any root that it meets; it will not be particular as to whether the root happens to be alive, dying, or dead. Its business is to do its best both to attach itself as closely as possible and to absorb from that root whatevei' it can get in the way of food. Most fungi are specialists in the destruction or breaking up of roots and other vegetable matter. For this useful undertaking, they have the power of excreting just that particular ferment or enzyme which happens to be most required. If there is sugar, cellulose, or woody matter, then the enzyme given out by the fungus is one which can dissolve that particular material.* The mycorhiza-fungus which is found sometimes on and sometimes within the I'oots of Blaeberry and of all Ericaceae (indeed of all peat plants) is not exactly an enemy, but a sort of friend. Perhaps one might best descril>e it as a " friend " in the sense in whicli this word is used in business. It may become a deadly parasite or it may be discarded as useless, but wdien carefully controlled, it is of real use and even necessary. * Aspergillus can secrete seven, Coprinus fimetarius ten, and certain Myxomycetes eight, all quite distinct and different enzymes as and when required. 55 Now in the common Heather (Calluna), Miss Rayner has found a fungus (Phoma sp.) which is probably a business " friend." It occurs in the roots, stems, leaves, fruit and indeed in every part of the plant. Xo Heather seedling escapes, for the fungus enters the seed whilst it is still in its mother's ovary. But the fungus is most useful for it appears to extract nitrogen and other valuable material from peat or moss-mould. Indeed the Heather seedling cannot form any root at all if the fungus is absent. But the fact that these two quite different forms of life, the Phoma fungus and Heather, have succeeded in arriving at business relations of mutual advantage is of very great interest. It is not certain whether, as some suppose, the mycorhiza- fungus is able to make use of the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, turning it into ammonia and then into nitrates, which eventually enter into both fungus and plant, but there can be no doubt that a large part of the absorptive work of the roots is carried out by the fungus. On the other hand the latter depends upon the Blaeberry for sugar, &c. It has been already shown that moss-mould and raw humus, that is to say, the soil in which the roots develop is sour or acid. Fungi can deal with this sort of material : they can in fact attack freshly-fallen leaves which are acid. Hence it is not surprising to find that such soils are used by the Blaeberry. Blaeberries will not grow on black, well-rotted oak leaf- mould which has an alkaline, not an acid reaction. Perhaps this is one reason why it is not found in the shade of Beech, Maple, and Elm when these trees are closely planted (c/. Woodhead). We will now endeavour to describe the methods and structure of the Blaeberry in so far as they explain how it is specially suited to its pioneer work and how it is able to endure all sorts of vicissitudes and viciousness in. climate. 56 Its elegant little drooping bell-like flowers are red, especially on the sunny side (about 7 nun. by 6 mm.); there is a small entrance protected by the little (1 mm.) back-turned corolla lol>es. As a rule there are five minute sepals (calyx teeth), five united petals, ten stamens, and five carpels. But three per cent, of the flowers have six petals; others may have parts in fours. In bud, the stigmatic surface, on the tip of the style, is close against the petals with the anthers packed in below. According to Kerner von Marilaun, the stigma has four to five hours start, being ready to receive pollen before the pollen is quite mature. The stamens are peculiar ; the filament (or stalk) is short, broad, rather flat and curved and appears to secrete honey at its base : it carries two anthers : each of these last ends above in a minute tube opening by a pore at the top, and each has also a little projecting tail. When in full flower the stigma is just a little outside the narrow entrance of the corolla. A bee must, therefore, touch its viscid surface before getting in its head. The proboscis of the insect will touch and push apart the projecting tails of the anthers, and in so doing shake a cloud of pollen out of the pores and on to its head. In ordinary weather, bumble bees will always be found busily visiting the flowers which secrete plenty of honey. Miiller specially mentions Bombus agrorum, B. terrestris, and B. scrimshiranus. In Dumfriesshire. I found that B. terrestris and B. muscorum were the regular visitors.* One would think that the flower is well protected against honey thieves, but in 21 per cent, of them neat round holes at or near the base had been bitten by some insect marauder. Bombus can make the.se holes. * On one occasion I found numerous small Diptera within the flowers. I regret to state that they seemed to be in an advanced stage of intoxication. 57 For some time after the fall of the corolla, the ripening fruit is difficult to see, for its upper part is of the same green colour as the leaves, whilst the part underneath is much paler in shade. Perhaps this camouflage makes it more inconspicuous. When ripe, the berry becomes a rich blue- black and has a distinct waxy bloom like that of the Sloe, hence rain will not wet the berries and fungus spores will not be able to germinate on their surface. The berries are used for jams, jellies, etc., and contain a dyestufi which used, long ago, to be of some practical importance.* " Wine." a German wine, is also prepared from them. The fruits are eaten by many kinds of birds. In Britain. Grouse, Black Game. Ptarmigan, and Capercailzie are fond of them, so also is the Willow Grouse which ranges over the whole Northern cold-temperate zone. Various members of the Grouse family (Tetrao) in British Columbia, the Rocky Mountains, and California also live on the fruits of various Vacciniums.f There is no difficulty then in understanding how the Blae- berry has been distributed all round the Northern World. The passage through the birds' alimentary tract in no wise injures the seed. Indeed, Dr. Guppy suggests that " wild duck are to be regarded in the light of flying germinators ! ' ' The main stem of Vaccinium myrtillus grows as we have mentioned underneath the mosses or turf and so has the advantage of whatever warmth there may be in the soil. The little upright stems are really side branches. The young branches in exposed places are bronze or reddish-yellow in colour. The increase of the stem in thickness per annum is extremely small. At considei-able altitudes in the Pyrenees. Dr. Kanngieser found that the width of the ring of wood * The fruits contain a glucoside and benzoic acid. t Many other birds also eat the berries. A local goose (Bemicla sandwicensis) feeds upon Vaccinium fruits in Hawaii. Species of Geese, Gulls, &c., no doubt assist in their ditribution. Dr. Ridley. " Dispersion of Seeds," mentions Wood-pigeons, Magpies, Blackbirds, Thrushes, &c. 58 formed in a year was only -31 mm. That of ilie Heather (Calluna) was -34 mm., of Juniperus nana -13 mm., and of the Alpine Rose (Rhododendron ferrugineum) -29 mm. The upright branches are curiously grooved : rain will flow down these gutters to the bud and thence to the main stem below. This arrangement may perhaps assist in a quick drying-off of water. Every year the branch dies off in a little hard sharp point: just below this is the bud which, in the following season, will form a new shoot. The flower is the first bud of this annual branch which may have three or more leaves. These latter appear in April or May and are not thrown off until late in the autumn : the joint in the leaf stalk ensures a quick and safe fall of the leaf : the scar, as is almost always the case, is covered by cork. The leaves are smooth, rather solidly built, and the five pairs of veins are closely tied together by smaller branching veinlets : the edge is crenate serrate ; in the minute hollows are peculiar compound glandular hairs. It is quite probable that these hairs are capable of absorbing water from the mist or clouds which often cover its usual haunts (c/. Woodhead, I.e.). The leaves, as the same author has shown, are extremely adaptable and in different situations, the microscope structure changes. In shade the epidermis outer-wall is very thin as indeed is the leaf itself. There is only a single layer of palisade cells and many air spaces. In exposed places, the leaf is more solid with a much thickened epidermis-wall and has 2 or 3 layers of palisade cells with very few intercellular spaces. All these characteristics of the leaf explain the general hardiness of the plant. The buds are well protected : they are packed in the groove of the stem or, as one might say, the bud has produced the characteristic groove. The two outer scales fit against, almost 59 within, one another, covering the bud, and are thrown off when it begins to grow. Altliough in bud the leaves look as if they were opposite, they are in reality on the 2 /5th arrange- ment, with the 6th leaf above the first. As is usual wdth strong, hardy, widely-distributed plants, hosts of enemies attack Vaccinium myrtillus. A rust fungus (Thecopsora vacciniorum) forms clusters of minute orange yellow spores on the leaf undersurface : later on, as winter comes, brown spores with harder walls are produced. These remain all winter on the fallen leaves and germinate in spring, forming delicate threads ending in tiny pale spores, which last are carried by the wind to the unfolding leaves. A mildew (Podosphaera myrtillina) and the Cranberry Gall fungus (Synchytrium vaccinii) are also dangerous enemies. But there are two of its parasites which are of quite special interest. The first (Exobasidium vaccinii), is one of the most ancient of the Basidiomycetes to which Mushrooms, Agaricus, Puft'- balls, ttc, belong. The leaves when attacked by it become red and blistered, the twigs are thickened and twisted, and the flowers are deformed. The fungus-threads grow between the cells of the leaf and become crowded under the epidermis (or between it and the cuticle). Then the surface of the leaf becomes covered by long closely-set whitish-red fungus cells. Some of the latter produce at the tip four tiny stalks, each with a spore. This fungus (Exobasidium vaccinii) also attacks Rhododendron, Andromeda, &:c. - Then also one finds occasionally berries of the Blaeberry which are not blue-black, but of a strange translucent shimmering white. These were recorded for Scotland by Lightfoot in 1778 on the authority of the Duke of Atholl. The shoots are unnaturally bent and covered on the lower side by whitish patches. The enemy in this case is Sclerotinia baccarum. 60 The whitish diseased berries remain lying on the ground all winter. In spring the fungus awakes and begins to form a curved upright stalk which expands at the top into a small cup-shaped surface. This upper surface is covered by the spore-forming cells (asci). Each ascus contains eight spores : when mature, a small opening appears at the tip of the ascus and the spores are eventually squeezed out of it by the contraction of the fungus tissue. If one of them alights upon a blaeberry shoot it germinates, producing a delicate fungus- filament which bores or rather digests its way into the stem until it reaches the wood in the centre. These filaments excrete a poison which kills the living cells of the stem : as a result the branches bend over and become distorted. As soon as the fungus is full-fed or has exhausted the food available, it grows outward to the outside of the branch and there forms the whitish patches. These last are a tangle of fungus filaments, many of which divide off at the tip into very minute and delicate spores. At; this stage it has a faint scent and, according to Woronin (whose descriptions are followed here) insects attracted by the fragrance carry off the spores to the Blaeberry flower. If one of them is left on a stigma it develops, germinating and growing like a pollen tube; it then passes down the style and attacks the fruit, which becomes white. The fungus has in fact two distinct and different spores which are distributed, the one by insects and the other by contraction or squeezing out of the cup. Other species of Sclerotinia attack other Vacciniums, Rhododendrons, Ledum, &c. Other fungi occur on the dry fallen leaves, and on the withered tips of the branches which are also frequently cropped by sheep and perhaps by deei' and rabbits. In spite of these hosts of enemies, it is as we have seen a common, wide-ranging plant. 61 As regards the history of the Blaeberry, I would like to make some suggestions. It is now possible to trace the history of Vaccinium myrtillus, thanks to the work of Dr. and Mrs. Reid, M. Depape, and other botanical geologists. During late Cretaceous times, and through the Tertiary period up to the middle or lat€ Pliocene, the whole north temperate zone between 20° and 40° X. latitude was occupied by a forest flora which was continuous right round the world. A large number of our modern genera were even then in existence. The genus Vaccinium was certainly one of that venerable band of ancestors. The climate appears to have resembled that of Florida or the Canary Islands to-day. It was extremely suitable for plant life, there were no extremes of cold, of heat, or of drought. Just as in Florida or the Canaries one finds a mixture of plants which are usually confined to tropical, warm. temperate, or even cold climates, so in that primaeval forest. the ancestors of plants of all regions lived together. They had not yet specialised or adapted themselves to particular climatic habitats. The late John Walter Gregory, whose unexpected death has been a calamity for British Geology, has given a reliable picture of the Tertiary world. There was a landbridge from France (Bordeaux) to Labrador, whilst land also stretched from British Columbia to- Japan, and thence by Asia to Europe. The cold water of the Arctic Ocean could only enter this warm world-wide Mediterranean at one spot, namely, by a narrow strait on the site of the Ural Mountains of to-day. The distribution of land and water is well displayed by Gregory and Barnett's map of the Eocene (Stratigraphia). 62 On the shores of this warm-water sea Vaccinium genus flourish everywhere. In America there were many species. Even to-day there is in Florida a small tree Vaccinium arboreum. There are also Rocky Mountain species. Others clearly pushed down south, for some ten species of Vaccinium are known from the Andes lietween 15° north and 15° south latitude which flourish at high elevations. V. penaeoides at Illimani in Bolivia grows at 16,720 feet altitude. There was another centre of dispersion in the Malayan area. In the South Seas, on any island where there is a mountain of respectable height, peculiar species of Vaccinium are to be found. In Samoa V. antipodum flourishes at 4,920 feet ; V. cereum grows at 2,250 feet, that is almost on the very top of Raratonga; and also at 2,600 feet in Tahiti; on Hawaii another species, V. reticulatum, is found between 4,000 and 8,000 feet. Dr. Stapf found near the summit of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo a curious brushwood association of stunted, deformed, and weather-beaten trees. They are exposed to violent storms, for climatic conditions are extremely severe. The bent or prostrate trunks and branches are covered with bearded lichens or soft green moss, often several inches in depth. One of these shrubs was Vaccinium myrtoides, which has short thick branches closely set with dark green smooth and shiny leaves. Other Vacciniums occur on Gunong Tahan in Patang (5,000-6,000 feet) ; besides those scattered on the mountains of the drowned Pacific Continent, there are five or six species in Madagascar, one in East Africa, as well as others in the Atlantic Oceanic Islands such as Madeira and the Azores. It was during the Miocene that the Xorth Pacific Continent was wrecked and the Atlantic landbridge which formerly united Eastern America with Western Europe disappeared. Therefore the general ancestor of Vaccinium clearly existed before that age of devastation. 63 There are even deposits of Oligocene Age in Alaska and Kenai in Xorth America in which Vaccinium has been discovered. I think that the special ancestor of Vaccinium myrtillus was one of these Alaska species. Suppose that it had modified itself so as to be recognisable as such by the beginning of the Pliocene period. Then it is easy to understand how Vaccinium myrtillus had reached both America and France by this period. Thus it was ready for the blizzards and Ice Ages which were to follow. During those majestic advances and retreats of the northern ice the Blaeberry followed, keeping well to the south of the devastated area. Thus it may have reached Corsica in the worst of the Ice Ages (Riss). As the mountains of the Alpine system were being thrust upwards the Blaeberry established itself upon them. It now grows along the whole length of the Pyrenees up to 2,529 feet ; on the Bernese Oberland, 2.800 metres ; Macedonian Alps, 4-5,000 feet ; on Mount Olympus and on the Caucasus. 9.000 feet. It has been in fact recorded in Schleswig Holstein for an interglacial, probably the Riss Wurm interlude. Probably, therefore, the lecord for Cow den Glen is correct. You will see then the importance of the part played by Vaccinium myrtillus both in the past and in the pre.sent, and I recommend it to you for examination and further investigation. 61 Proceedings of the Society. 19th JA^^T.\RT, 1932. The first meeting of the second session was held on this date. Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The Photographic Section gave an exhibition of lantern slides dealing with various aspects of topical and natural history subjects. Ornithological and general subjects were shown by Mr. J. Thornton MacKeith; Autochromes, botanical and general, by Mr. R. M'Lean, M.A. ; Dam and Salmon Ladders in the Teith at Deanston, by Mr. J. G. Cree ; Land- scapes and Seascapes, by Mr. Daniel Filshill ; Snow and Storm Scenes, by Mr. William Cousin. The following new uieiiiVjers were admitted : — Miss Mabel G. Scott, M.A., B.Sc, 29 Thornhill Road, Shawlands, and Dr. L. Woodside Price, Royal Cancer Hospital, Hill Street, Glasgow. 9th February, 1932. The Annual Business Meeting of the Society was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee. President, in the chair. An obituary notice of the death of Mr. Donald MacDonald was read by Mr. William Jamieson, and it was agreed that a letter of condolence be sent to Mrs. MacDonald. The Council's report was read and, on the motion of Mr. Thomas Wise, was adopted. The Librarian's report was submitted by Mr. William Rennie, the report of the Editor of Transactions by Mr. Alexander Ross, and the Treasurer's statement by Mr. George M. Carrie. The last showed a balance of £274 7s. Id. The Conveners of the various sections read reports, showing the work done by their members during the session, while the delegate to the Conference of Corresponding Societies 65 of the British Association and the repre^sentative of the Scottish Marine Biological Association gave detailed account-s of the business done at the meetings of these bodies. The following office-bearers were then elected : — Rev. David Preston, B.D., Vice-President; Mr. George M. Carrie, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. James Anderson and Mr. William Jamieson, Joint Hon. Secretaries; Mr. William Eennie and Mr. Thomas Lauder, Joint Hon. Librarians; Mr. Alexander Ross, F.E.I.S., Editor of Transactions; Miss Gertrude M'Gahey, Mr. George Lunam, and Mr. Richard Elmhirst, F.L.S., members of Council. The Sectional Conveners were re-elected, and it was remitted to the Council to appoint a Convener to the Ornithological Section owing to the transference of Mr. Jamieson to the Secretaryship. Mrs. Ewing was re-elected delegate to the British Associa- tion and Mr. Connell as representative to the Scottish Marine Biological Association. Mr. William Rennie was added to the British Association Committee, and the Auditors and Trustees were re-elected. A letter from the Scottish Society for the Preservation of Wild Birds was read, asking the Society to send delegates to a conference to be held on 19th February. Mr. John R. Lee and Dr. James Dunlop were appointed representatives. The report of the Constitution Committee was read by Mr. Lee. and Mr. Anderson Fergtisson, F.E.S., gave notice of motion that " the Constitution of the Society be amended in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee as these have been considered and advised bv the Council." 8th M-\rch. 1932. The third meeting of the second session was held on the above datei, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Draft copies of the Constitution as considered and approved bv the Council having been sent to all the members, E 66 Mr.^ A. Fergusson moved that—" The Constitution of the Society be amended in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee as these have been considered and revised by the Council." This was seconded by Mr. William Rennie, and there being no amendment the motion was declared carried. Professor L. A. L. King read a paper on " Some Insects of the Clyde Area and their parasites" (p. 3). The paper was illustrated by a number of specimens. 22xD March, 1932. The fourth meeting of the second session was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Mr. Anderson Fergusson, F.E.S., exhibited a specimen of Hystrichopsylla vulpae, Curt., from a mole's nest in the vicinity of Possil, on 27th April, 1922. Mr. James Richardson read a paper on " Siphonaptera," including Pnlex irritans, L., Ceratophyllus gallinae, Schrank., C. fasciatm, Bosc, Xenopsyce cheopis, Rothsch., CtenocepkaJu? canis, Curt., Hystrichopsylla talpae. Curt., and the Tape Worm. He described Puhn- irritans in minute detail as well as its eggs and larvse. Other species of puUcidae were then touched on. The various diseases of which the flea is a carrier were next dealt with, and the history of the Bubonic Plague was very fully given. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, wall charts and wax models, the drawings and models being Mr. Richardson's own work. Mr. G. M. Knox, 20 Florence Drive, Giffnock, was admitted a member of the Society. 25th April, 1932. The fifth meeting of the second session was held on the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Reports of the excursions to Glenfinart and Calder Glen were read. 67 Dr. Donald Patton delivered a lecture on " Plants and their Food." At the outset reference was made to the intimate relation between plant and animal life ; and the interdependence of the members of both plant and animal kingdoms was fittingly brought out as regards their food supply by blackboard illustration representing the balance of nature. Carnivorous animals cannot obtain their carbon food supply from simple inorganic sources. Plants can because they possess chlorophyll. Some indication of the nature of the food supply of vegetables may be obtained by considering the substances which go to build up plant tissues. Take, for example, a piece of wood. Heat it in a te.st tube out of contact with air. Water vapour is given off and charcoal remains. This charcoal, on being further heated in contact with air, becomes an ash consisting of mineral matter remains, the carbon having burned away forming carbon dioxide. Thus a plant contains water carbon and mineral substances. The chemical elements which are necessary for plant life are : — Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phos- phorus, potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium. A plant may be grown in distilled water (which can be aerated) provided all the above elements are present in suitable form. If any one be omitted the plant will die. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen go to form the cell walls in plants. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus go to form protoplasm. Iron is essential for the formation of chlorophyll. Regarding the sources of these elements consider the soil. A good soil consists of humus, clay, sand and calcium carbonate. The humus, because it is vegetable (and animal) remains, contains all the elements necessary for plant life, unless the humus is broken down into simple compounds by the action of bacteria. Clay, which is a hydrated silicate of aluminium, is formed from minute particles of minerals, chiefly the feldpars and 68 the micas. These supply potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. Sand, if in a sedimentary soil, will contain all these elements of the clay; but, if the soil be an old and much transported one, the sand will consist almost entirely of silica (quartz grains) in which there is no plant food; although the grasses and a few other plants (e.g., the horse tails) make use of the silica for strengthening their skeleton. Carbonate of Calcium : this substance, besides providing in the soil a store of calcium, helps in sweetening the soil (breaking down the acidity) and in flocculating the clay, rendering the soil more porous and plant food more available. The source of the carbon food of the plant is from the carbon dioxide of the air. Rain sujiplies the hydrogen and some of the oxygen. Reference was made to the insectivorous plants, to the nitrifying bacteria in the tubercules of the Leguminosfe, and to the way in which farmers make up the deficiencies of carbon food elements in the soil by the judicious use of manures, natural and artificial. Mr. John R. Lee exhibited Plagiochila punctata, Tayl., variety minuta, Breb., from Glenfinart. Mr. Thomas Wise showed Zeolites and other minerals from the Kilpatrick and Fereneze Hills. These included the following : — Phrenite, Analcite, Laumonite, Stilbite, Heu- landite, Natrolite, Thomsonite, Galactite, Saponite, Bowdingite, White Cathkinite, Green Cathkinite, Dolerite, Teschinite, coal and volcanic ash. Mr. Wise desci'ibed briefly how these occur. The following new members ^yere admitted : — David M'Skimming, 29 Wall Street, C.l; James D. P. Graham, 4 Tudor Road, Scotstoun, W.4. 10th May, 1932. The sixth meeting of the second session was held on the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. 69 Mr. Andi'ew Barclay i-ead an obituary notice of the late Mr. John Conacher, M.A. Mr. Anderson Fergusson read a paper on " The Aquatic Coleoptera of Possil Marsh '' (p. 9). Mr. Thomas M'Growther exhibited the following plants: — Clmjtonia perfoliata, Don, fiom Bonnybridge; Scrojyhularia vernalis, Linn., from Dunipace; and Salix myrsinites, Linn., from Ben Lui. This last was found, when a very small plant, growing on Ben Lui LS years ago, and survives in a garden in Larbert, where it flowers every yeai-. It now stands about four feet high. The following new members were admitted : — Miss Betsy Currie, 67 Crags Avenue, Lochfield, Paisley; and Mr. William C. Campbell. 122 Holland Street, C.2. Villi June, 1932. The seventh meeting of the second session was held on the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The report of the excursion to Rowardennan was read. Appropriate refei-ence was made to the loss sustained by the society in the death of Mr. Arch. Govan, one of its members, and also to the death of Mr. Clelland, a former member. Mr. William Jamieson submitted a list of First Arrivals of Summer Birds in Clyde in 1932, compiled from obser- vations of members and other ornithologists in the Clyde area. The earliest arrivals are as follows : — Feb. 16.— White Wagtail, Largs. 20. — Lesser Black-back Gull, Helensburgh. Mar. 28. — Sand Martin, Kilmacolm. 29. — Wheatear, Kilmun. Apr. 15. — Swallow, Dairy. 15. — Conunon Sandpiper, Helensburgh. 70 Apr. 16.— Willow Wren, Bardowie. 16. — Ring Ousel, Kilniacolm. 20. — House Martin, Kilmacohu. 21 .— Chiffchaff, Helensburgh. 26.— Yellow Wagtail, Dairy. 27.— Tree Pipit, Pollok. 28. — Cuckoo, Endrick. 29. — Swift, Helensburgh. 29.— Whinchat, Carbeth, Blanefield. May 1. — Redstart, Helensburgh. 2. — Sedge Warbler, Fossil. 2. — Common Whitethroat, Milngavie. •3. — Corncrake, Balmore. 4. — Grasshopper Warbler, Helensburgh. 8. — Common Tern, Helensburgh. 14.— Spotted Flycatcher, Pollok. 15. — Garden Warbler, Helensburgh. 16.— Blackcap, Pollok. As compared with last year, nine were earlier, fifteen later, and one on the same date; the same applies as compared with the average date. Mr. Jamieson read also a paper on " The Birds of the Kelvin "' (p. 19). The list of species for this district totals 145, and of these 79 have nested. A note on the nesting of the Quail in Stirlingshire, contri- buted by Mr. James Jack, was read. I 9th Septembpjr, 1932. The eighth meeting of the second session was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Professor J. Graham Kerr, of Glasgow University, delivered a lecture on " The Larva> of Animals and their bearing on Evolution." He explained that the various types of animal. 71 whether man, bird, or reptile, began existence as a single cell. It seemed no more complicated than the simplest creature, amoeba, but yet within that simplicity it contained the extraordinary complications which might lead to a Xapoleon, a Shakespeare, or some poor imbecile or criminal. Professor Kerr described how gradually the various com- plexities, at first invisible in the cell, became separated out and obvious, culminating eventually in the adult creature. He also dealt with some of the more general principles which govern this process of development of the individual, and showed how, at times, it was clearly a repetition of evolutionary history, while, at other times, this record was hidden away and obscured under adaptations of the con- ditions in which the young individual developed. 11th October, 1932. The ninth meeting of the second .session was held on the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The President made sympathetic reference to the society's loss in the death of Mr. Thomas Hill, and, on his motion, it was agreed to send a letter of condolence to his daughter and son. Mr. John Main exhibited a specimen of Labradorite. Mr. James Bartholomew read a paper on " The Grey Squirrel, Sciurus caroUnensi^ " (p. 34). Reports of excursions to Touch, Cleghorn. and Loch Fad were read. Mr. Bartholomew thereafter read a paper on " The Feet and Wings of Birds." In this he described the various adaptations of these in different species, and showed how they were fitted for their habits and necessities in flying, perching, running, climbing, and swimming. It was intimated that there were still in hand some numbers of the " Transactions of the Natural History Society of Gla^ow," issued prior to the publication of the " Glasgow Naturalist." Copies of these could be had free on appli- cation in writing to the Hon. Librarian, Mr. William Rennie, stating the parts wanted. 8th November, 1932. The tenth meeting of the second session was held on this date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. The report of the excursion to Benmore was submitted. Dr. A. G. Nicholls read a paper on " The Biology of Calanus," describing the research work that is being carried on in the Marine Biological Section at Millport on this small crustacean (p. 46). Mr. R. B. Johnstone exhibited Polyporus schweinitzii, Fr., and Butia inyrafontis. He gave a brief description of these, pointed out their mode of attacking certain trees, and the methods of preventing or of curing the disease caused by these attacks. Mr. James M. Low, 18 Woodcroft Avenue, W.l, was admitted to membership. 13th December, 1932. The eleventh meeting of the second session was held on the above date, Mr. John R. Lee, President, in the chair. Professor G. F. Scott Elliot read a paper on " Vaccinium myrtillus " (p. 50). Mr. George A. Campbell exhibited some geological specimens and also some flints per favour of Mr. Nicol Hopkins. Mr. George M. Carrie showed a specimen of clay from Kerr's Hill, Cardonald. Excursions. Glenfin-\rt, 25th to 31st March, 1932. (Conductor, Mr. James Anderson.) This excursion was attended by twenty- five members and friends, twelve of whom spent the week-end "3 in the most comfortable quarters in Glenfinart House. The grounds, gardens and surrounding district were explored, and. though the date was early, much of interest was noted. On the arrival of the party from Glasgow, the road through the glen was taken and Loch Eck reached, the members of the various sections pursuing their own line of study on the way. Mr. Lee furnished a list of 58 mosses and 21 lichens. Most of these were very coumion, but the number gives some indication of the richness of the locality. The only ones of special value are the mosses Ulota hutchenmae, Hamm., Orthotrickum tendlutn, Bruch., Wehera elongata, Schwgr., and Hypnum crista-castrensu, Linn, and the hepatics Plagiochila punctata, Tayl., var. minuta. and FruUanea fragilifoUa, Tayl. Other botanical finds included the two filmy ferns, HymenophyUum itnUaterale, Willd.. and H. tun- hridgtn.se, Sm., the latter of which, usually regarded as rare, was found in some abundance in two separate localities. Two species of Lycopodium were seen : — L. davatum, L.. and L. selago, L. The following plants were seen in flower : — Wood anemone, lesser celandine, cuckoo flower, gorse, barren strawberry, golden saxifrage, daisy, dandelion, primrose, dog's mercury, wych elm, bog myrtle, alder, hazel, goat willow, great wood-rush, and legser wood-rush. Forty-one species of birds were observed by the party which spent the week-end at Trlenfinart House. Of these the most interesting were : — The Buzzard which was seen rising and soaring in curves over the tops of the hills on the side of the glen ; a pair of Ravens about the same place : the Grey Wagtail in the glen and at Loch Eck : the Dipper at the mouth of the burn ; a party of over 80 Oyster-catchers, two Great Black-backed Gulls, a number of Redshank and Ringed Plovers resting on a sandy spit in front of the house; a male and two female Bullfinches in the house gardens where these birds are said to be seen regularly. Strangely enough the House Sparrow was not seen, or at anyrate was not reported by any of the party. No summer migrants were 74 noted except that partial iiiigrants, the Lesser Black-backed Gull. Insects were, as might have been expected, scarce. One or two humble bees {Bomhus lucorum, Sm.), a number of the winter gnat (Trichocera regalationis), L., several species of C'hiro-nomus, a few connnon dung flies, Scatophaga stercorariu, L., and the following species of Coleoptera : Carahus granu- latms, L., Leistus fulviharhis, Dej., Nehria brevicollis, F., Pterostichus niger, Schall., P. tiign'ta, ¥., and Au-. 3rd September, 1932. (Conductor, Mr. Thomas Lauder.) Nothing of particular interest -was reported from this excursion, with the exception of Nyctalis parasitica, Fr., growing on decayed JRussida nigricans, Fr. Be>-more (Kilmtx), 26th September, 1932. (Conductor, Mrs. P. Ewing.) On this date a small party visited the Forestry Estate of Benmore, in the Cowal district of Argyll- shire, which estate, it will be recalled, was gifted to the Forestry Commission about five years ago by Mr. Harry G. Younger. The morning of the 26th broke in torrents of rain, and perhaps the wonder was that even four members from Glasgow braved the elements, travelling via Blairmore, which meant that it was two o'clock before they reached the gates. Mr. Lauder, who was joining the meeting of the Scottish Crypto- gamic Society, which was to open next day, had arrived earlier and met a contingent of four from Helensburgh, via Dunoon, on the avenue, so that the number attending the excursion was nine all told. It may be said for the guidance of others wishing to visit the estate, that Dunoon is the best point for reaching Benmore, as buses run frequently to Puck's Glen and the gates. Thus the party which came via Dunoon was over a good part of the ground before the arrival of the others. Mr. White, head gardener, conducted us over the gardens, and later Mr. Watson, head of the Forestry School, joined us, and to both these gentlemen, who devoted the entire after- noon to our delectation, we owed an experience of exceptional pleasure and profit. The gardens were really past their best, but the evidences of what they had been during the earlier part of the year gave us some idea of what we had missed. However, the shrubberies made up for it. 80 These occupy a part of the grounds chosen with the greatest care by Mr. Harry G. Younger, the late proprietor, who, as has already been mentioned, gave all this wonderful demesne, to the Forestry Commission for behoof of the Nation. Here, in a rather low-lying tract of land, well sheltered by the semicircle of hills known of old time as " the farle of cakes," and also by the thick hedges of rhododendron, yew, privet, and other closely-woven shrubs, Mr. Younger made his garden of delight, not in formal parterres, but just Avhere each plant could best be secure of the conditions it required. The inhabitants of this " hortus inclusus," are mostly of the kind our older botanists used to call "extra tropical." They are natives of diverse countries: — China (which has yielded very many specimens), India, Australia, Africa (sparingly) and the great continent comprising North and South America and Canada, and, one might add, all the islands of the sea, as well as Europe. It is no exaggeration to say that this enclosure literally blazed with colour, and as the weather had cleared, and a glorious afternoon followed the morning's storm, the uuirvellous tints of this exotic display, seen against the back- ground of tree-clad hills and shimmering waters " beggared description " as has been said of another celebrated scene. It would be quite impossible to give more than the most superficial idea of the variety and rarity of this collection of plants, many of which, flourishing and lusty here, are considered scarcely hardy at Kew. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, one of the plants which attracted attention at once, is in its native Japan a tree of the largest size, but cannot be considered here much more than a large shrub; it looks, however, as though it would soon be a good-sized tree. In Kew its leaves are said to 31 die off into jellow, but here it was a gloiy of scarlet and gold. Spiraea laevigata, a native of Siberia, distinct from other Spiraeas in its foliage, which in the shape of the leaves was more suggestive of a spurge. The colour of the out-spread leaves was greyish-pink — very unusual. Berberis gagnipaine B. Xepalensis, and B Beali, we are familiar with as o;rowing .at Achnashie on the Gareloch, Akebia quinata exists as a standard shrub. Another tree rarely met with (but which also is still at Achnashie), Arbutus Menziesii, was flourishing at Benniore. This is the Madrona tree of the Spanish-Americano, a dweller on the Pacific slope from California to Vancouver, greatly admired by travellers, and haileil by Bret Harte as " Captain of the Western Wood." Rhododendrons were everywhere. In the Sequoia avenue one came on them in circles of seedlings — all named varieties and distinguished members of the species. It struck us as remarkable how many members of the Ericaceae were included in the collection : — Arbutus. Azaleas, Enkianthus. Clethra, Bryanthus (Gaultheria, Wintergreen), (Gayluccasia, Huckleberry), Pieris, Zenobia, Leucothroe. Many of these have been included at one time or another under the specific name of Andromeda. Nothofagus antarctica, the Antarctic beech, Tricuspidaria lanceolata, Azara microphylla growing without the protection of a wall ; Parrotia Persica, the yellow flowers of which with crimson-tipped stamens appear in February, are all here with many more. Some criticism was expressed anent the forestry methods of sixty or seventy years ago — that is, about the time the great Sequoia avenue was planted, bnt all agreed that never in this country, at least, would such a magnificent piece of forestry work be attempted as that carried out by James Duncan, of Benmore. 82 Mr. Lauder reports the following Fungi as noted at the excursion : — Htmenomy c e t e s . Amanita muscaria, (Linn.) Fr. rubescens, (Pers.) Fr. Amanitopsis fulva, (Schieff.) W. G., Sm. Armillaria mellea, (Vahl.) Fr. Tricholoma saponaceum, Fr. sejunctum, Quel. Collybia maculata, (A. and S.) Fr. ■ Laccaria laccata (Scop.), var. amethystina, (Vaill.) B. and Br. Mycena rugosa, Fr. galericulata, (Scop.) Fr. Pleurotus porrigens, (Pers.) Fr. Clitopilus prunulus, (Scop.) Fr. Pholiota mutabilus, (Schaeff.) Fr. Inocybe hystrix, Kanst. Hebeloma sinipizans, Gill. Hygrophorus pratensis, (Pers.) Fr. chlorophanus, Fr. 83 Galera hypnoi-um, Fr. Hypholoma fasciculare, (Huds.) Fr. dispersum, Quel. Lactarius bleniiius, Fr. Tolemus, Fr. mitissimus, Fr. Russula nigricans, (Bull.) Fr. rosacea, (Pers.) Fr. fragilis, (Pers.) Fr. Coprinus plicatilis, (Curt.) Fr. Cortinarius elatior, Fr. cinnomomeus, (Linn.) Fr. leucopus, Fr. uraceus, Fr. Cantharellus cibarius, Fr. tubaeformis, Fr. Boletus edulis, (Bull.) Fr. elegans, (Schum.) Fr. Polyporus schweinitzii, Fr. Irpex obliquus, (Schard.) Fr. Poria vaporaria. (Pers.) Fr. Clavaria cinerea. Pers. u Corticium sambuci, (Pers.) Fr. Gastromycetbs. Lycoperdon perlatum, Pers. Schleroderiiia aurantia, Pers. DlSCOMYCETES. Coryne sarcoides, (J acq.) Tul- Peziza aurantia, Qed. Bulgaria inquinans, Fr. ro 1— ( 0 ^000 0 0 iH LO '— 1 1-1 OK3 LO f- ^ LO 0 O) T r- K3 ' 1—1 rH i-i W 1-1 1-1 CO L-oodca lO K) "d- CO 1 iJl-H 0 t~ 1-1 i-H (M ^ 1 ^ 1 vOO T— 1 • ^ • 000 iH O) i-< 0 0 OJC- 0 1-H LO ro rr 0 t~ 0 0 1-1 sc 1-1 1-1 QQ roco • c3 • i-H(M to 1-1 *H 'd- 0 0 •N CO 1 'i " ^ ^ t- 0 0 7] I- W I— 1 1-1 Qfi i^ "0 : : .5^ 0 0 "o it a D ^ .2 _^ ~ 0 :S 3 s 0 :X : X 03 0 a 3 0 0 0 3H tT — 1 0 "? „ 8^ 1 < G > 3 0 0 tJC 3 X '2 < a - 1 == » •• 2 5' a a. a: X >i 0 cS .2-S til XD i) 00 a X a 0 0 4^' a PQ .g CO a 0 "5 pq ea If —^ > _ S a XI 0 3 a'c lis a =« UO p ^. , ^ ^ ,> r „ LO >^ 0 c: 0 ^ "" 1 "d- 00 iH 0 0 &> ro 1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1 m LO 1-1 0 0 LO 00 ' lO "^ 0 1^ ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ "o 0 0 vO ° 1 G ^ 1-1 a> CO lO uO 0 1 -2 0 0 LO 1^ S 1—1 i-H 1-H 1-1 3 fO Oi en 1—1 i-H 0 i "^ 0 0 Kl 03 t-^ w oa , 0 0 £3 10 la !+i 09 "3 :i © CO 1 3 J. .2 '3 0 0 c3 1-1 iH (14 2 =y lO ro *r^ ?"• "i & 0 ; •3c >> --- 0 : a X 3 . .2 > G '3 o X 13 0 >< f ■/3 0 s - »> :3 '3 'a, L4 a 5H 0 <^ "^ ^ ^ 0 a K =- X cc J 1 2 £ CO M at 00 Si 1e ^ 1 tJC C 0-30 0 ^PQ '3 3 a < 0 0 00 a 5 03 a tJD 1 3? (U 0 0 ;^ 0 a 1— 1 0 „ „ -N ^ ^ H *" 1 86 INDEX ACHNASHIE, 81 Acilius sulcatup. var. scoticus. 11. 13. 14, 16 Acilius faciatus, 13. 16 Accounts, Statement of, 85 Adephaga, 10 Adder, 76 Africa, 80 Agabus unguicularis. 13. 15 „ nebulosus. 13. 16 „ sturmi. 13. 15 bipustulatuj. 13. 15 „ paludosus. 15. 17 Agi-iotes obscnrus. 75 AlRTHREY. 36 Akebia quinata. 81 Albino Grey Squirrel, 34 Alder. 73 Alg.\e. Blue. 51 AUantus arcuatus, 7 Alnwick. 36 Alva House, 36 Amalopsis immaculata, 75 Amanita muscaria. 82 „ rubescens. 82 Amanitopsis fulva. 82 Amblyteles armatorius. 6 America. North. 80 South. 80 American Hawk Owl. 26 Wigeon. 29 Anacaena globulus. 13, 15 „ limbata. 13. 15 Anderson, A.. 33 Anderson, J.. 65 Andromeda. 81 Antarctic beech. 81 Apantele.s difficilis. 5. 8 glomeratus. 5. 8 Apocrita, Sub-order. 7 " Aquatic Coleoptera of Possil Marsh." 9-18 Arbutus menziesii. 81 Arctic skua. 32 Armillaria mellea. 82 Arrochar. 35 A.«cia podagrica, 75 Aucbencruive, 5, 8 Auchomemus angusticollis. 74 Auk, Little. 33 Australia. 80 Ayrshire, 34 Azaleas. 81 Azara microphylla. 81 Balfour-Brown. Professor, 14 Balmuildy. 19 Barclay, A.. 69 Barn Owl. 26 Barnacle Goose. 27 Bartholomew. J.. 33. 34. 71 Bassides, Tribe. 6 Bean Goose, 27 Bees and the Blaeberry. 56 Ben Lomond. 75. 76 .. Lui. 69 ,. More (Crianlarich). 76 .. More Burn. 76. 77 Benmore (Kilmun), 72. 79, 81 Berberis Beali, 81 gagnipaiue. 81 Napalensis. 81 Bewick's Swan. 27 Bibio marci. 3 ,, pomonse. 3 Bignell, Mr.. 5 Bilberry. 50 "Biology of Calanus," 72 "Birds of the Kelvin." 19-33. 70 Bishop. T. G.. 11, 13 Blackbird. 20 Blackcap. 21. 70 Black Grouse. 29 Black-headed Gull. 32. 75 Black-necked Grebe, 33 Black-tailed Godwit, 31 Black Tern. 32 Blackwort. 50 "Blaeberry. The." 50-63 Bl.\eberry. Fruit. .\nd Birds. 57 Blairdrummond. 36 Blairmore. 79 Blue Algae, 51 Blue Titmouse. 22 Bog Myrtle. 73 Boletus edulis. 83 „ elegans, 83 Bombus lucorum, 74 Bonnybridge. 69 Borneo. 62 Bournemouth. 36 Boyd Watt. H.. 44 Bracken problem. 3 Braconidse. 4. 5. 8 Braid. Professor K. W.. 3 Braidwood. 6 Rrambling. 24 British Braconid.5:, Monograph of, 5 Coal Titmouse. 22 87 British Loxg-tailed Tit3iouse, 22 Bridge of All.\x. 36 Bryanthus, 81 BrcHAXAX, C. A.. 79 Buckinghamshire. 54. 37 Bulgaria inquiuan^. 84 BuLLFrs-CH. 24. 73 BrxTixG. CoRx. 24 Reed. 24 Sxow. 24 .. Yellow. 24 Butterflies. 3 Buzzard. 73 Cabbage Butterflies. 5 C.\DDER Wllderxess. 35 Calanus finmarchicus. 46 Calder Glex. 66. 74 Calluna vulgari.s. 53 Cameusbarrox. 78. 79 Camerox. p.. 11. 14 C.^pbell. G. a.. 72. 75 Campbell. W. C. 69 Caxada. 80 Caxterburt. 34 Cantharellu.? cibariu.s. 83 tubseformi.s. 83 Capercatllte. 29 Carabus catenulatu.«. 3 granulatus. 74 Carluke. 6. 7 C.\rrie. G. M., 64. 65. 72 Caeriox Ceow. 25 Castlecart. 19 Catalogue of the Coleopteea scotlaxd. 11 Cextr.u. Alps, 50 Ceratophyllus gallinse. 66 fasciatus, 66 Cercidophyllum japonicum. 80 Cercyon melanocephalus. 75 Chaffinch. 23 Cheshux't Research Station. 7 Chester. 36 Cheshire, 34 Chiffchaff. 21. 70 Chilosia albitarsus. 7 Chtxa. 80 Chironomus, 74 Cladina raneiferina. 51 Clavaria cinerea. 83 Clavicorx-l\, 10 Cla\i:onia perfoliata. 69 Cleghorx. 71. 79 Clethra. 81 Clitopilus prunulu.e. 83 Clyde Se.\ Area. 46 Coelambus inaequali.«. 13. 16 ,, novemlineatu.'. 75 COLEOPTERA, 3 CoUybia maculata. 82 COLQUHOUX. Dr., 11 Cohinbetes fuscus. 13, 16 CoiLMON Buzzard. 26 Coot, 30, 75 Curlew, 32 ,. Guillemot. 32 Gull. 32 Heron, 27 „ Sandplper, 31. 69. 74 Scoter. 29 Sxt:pe. 31 Tern.' 32. 70 „ \^ hitethroat. 21, 70 Conacher, J.. 69 CooT, CoMiioN. 30. 75 COPEPODA, 47 Coprinus plicatilLs, 83 CORDICEPS fungi. 4 Corn Buntixg. 24 Corncrake, 30. 70. 75 Cormorant, 27, 75 Corticium sambuci. 84 Cortinarius cinnomomeus, 83 elator, 83 ,, leucopu.«. 83 uraceus. 83 Cortmbites, 3 Coryne sarcoide.«. 84 CorNTT Longford, 36 Cousin, W., 6, 64 Cowal District. 79 CowDEN Glen. 63 Cran-berrt Gall Fungus. 59 Crea. J. G.. 64 Crlax-larich. 76. 77 Crossbill. 24 Crow, C.\rriox-, 25 „ Hooded. 25 CrYPTINJE, SuB-F.'iMILT. 4. 7 Cryptoh}-pnus riparius. 75 Ctenocephalus canis. 66 Cuckoo. 26, 70. 75 Cuckoo flower. 73 CuiiBRAE. Isle of, 5. 8 Curlew, Commox. 32 CuBRiE, Miss B.. 69 Cyclonotum orbicnlare. 13. 16 D.usY. 73 Daxt)eliox-. 73 Darlington. 36 Depape. M.. 61 Deronectus assimilis. 12. 16 12-punctulatus. 12. 16 Dipper. 22. 73 Deptera. 3 Discomycetes. 84 DocHART. Glen, 77 Dog's mercury, 73 Dollar, 36 Dor Beetle. 76 Dove Ring. 29 ., Stock, 29 Dover, 36 DnuNE, 36 Drinker Moth. 3 dubh lochan, 76 Duck, Long-tailed, 29 .. Scaup, 29 Tufted. 29 Dumfries, 6. 7 Duncan, J., 81 Dunfermline, 34, 35, 36 Dunipace, 69 Dunlin, 31 DuNLOP, Dr. J.. 65 Dunoon, 79 Dwarf Juniper, 50 Dv'tiscus marginalis, 10. 13. 15 pnnctulatus. 11, 13. 14. 15 East Lothian, 35 East Eiding, York. 36 Eared Grebe, 33 Edinburgh, 34, 35. 36 Edmonstone, Sir Archibald, 19 Elliot, Professor G. F. Scott. 50. 72 Elmhirst. R.. 65 Emperor Moth, 3, 4 Encarsia formc'^a, 7 Enchanter's nightshade, 50 Enkianthus, 81 Erebia sethiops, 3 Ericace^, 81 Eriogaster rubi, 5, 8 EwiNG, Mrs., 65, 79 Exeter, 36 Exobasidium vaccinii, 59 Extract from " Evening Citizen" 42 Falcon Peregrine, 26 "Feet and Wings of Birds," 71 Ferriere. Dr. Ch., 4 Fergusson, a,, 9, 65, 66, 69, 74 " Field," 37 Fieldfare, 20 Field Naturalists, Society of, 11 Filshill, D., 64 Finnart, 34 Firth of Clyde, 47 Fleas on Grey Squirrel. 43 Flycatcher, Spotted. 23. 70 Food of Grey Squirrel. 39. 40. 41 Forestry Commission. 79. 80 Forth, River, 36 Fox Moth, 5 French Alps, 50 Frulleanea fragilifolia, 73 Gadwell 28 Galera hypnorum. 83 Garden Warbler, 21, 70 Garelochhead, 4. 7, 8 Garganey, 28 Gargunnock, 78 Gastromycetes, 84 Gaulteria, 81 Gayliiccasia, 81 Gerris lacu.stris, 76 Geotropes, 3 " Glasgow Naturalist." 35 Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists, Transactions of, 11 Glazert, 19 Glen Calder, 66. 74 DoCHART. 77 ;, FiNART, 66. 67, 72 „ Cowden, 63 Goat Willow. 73 GoDWiT, Black-tailed. 31 Golden-crested When, 21, 74 goldeneye. 29 Golden Plover, 30 „ saxifrage. 73 Goldfinch, 23 Goos.\nder. 29 Goose Barnacle, 27 Bean, 27 Grey Lag, 27 Gordon, T. H. M., 14 GoRSE, 73 Gov AN, A., 69 Graham. J. D. P., 68 Grasshopper Warbler. 70 Gray, J., and Somerville's List, 10, 11. 12. 14. 16 Great Crested Grebe, 33 ., Hampden, 37 „ Spotted Woodpecker, 25 Titmouse, 22 „ Woodrush, 73 Grebe, Black-necked. 33 ,. Eared, 33 ,, Great Crested, 33 ,, Little. 33 ,. Slavonian, 33 Greenfinch. 23 Greenhouse White Fly, 7 Green Sandpiper, 31 „ Tiger Beetle, 76 Greenshank. 31 " Grey Squirrel, Sciurtts carolinensis," 34-35 Grey Wagtail, 22 Grouse, Black, 29 89 Grouse. Red. 29 Guillemot. Common. 32 Gull. Black-headed, 32. 75 CoMirox. 32 ,, Great Black-backed. 73 „ Herrixg. 32. 75 ., Lesser Bl.ack-b.\cked. 32. 59, 74. 75 „ Little, 32 ,. KiTTIWAKE, 32 Haliplus flavicollis. 15. 17 fulvus. 12. 15 ,, lineatocollis. 15. 17 „ ruficollis. 15. 17 ,, wehnckei. 12. 15 Halliday. a. H.. 4 Hampdex. Great, 37 Little, 37 Hampshire. 37 H.ARviB Brown, 39 Hawk. Sp.vrrow, 26 Hazel. 73 Heather Beetles. 3 Heather and Phoma Fungus, 55 Hebeloma sinipizans. 82 Hedge .Sp.\rrow, 22 Helexsburgh, 79 Helophoru.s aquaticus. 13. 15 ,, brevipalpis. 16. 17 „ \nridicollis. 15. 17 ., viridicollis. var. .strigifrons. 16. 17 Herrixg Gull. 32. 75 Herox. Common. 27 Night. 27 Herzegovina. 50 Hepialus velleda. 3. 8 Highland Fault. 75 Hill. T.. 71 HiSLOP. R.. 11 Hooded Crow. 25 Homocidus tar.«atorius, 6, 7 Hopkins. N.. 33. 72 Horxtails. 6 House Marttn. 23. 70. 77 Huckleberry. 81 HuxTERiAX Museum. Glasgow irXT:VERSITY. 12 Hydradephaga. 10. 11. 17 Hydrsena riparia. 16. 17 Hydrobiu.<= fuscipe?. 15. 17 fuscipes. var. picicrus, 15. 17 Hydrocaxthart. 10 Hydrophilid.5:. 10. 17 Hydrophilus piceu.=. 10 Hydroporu.s angustatus. 12. 15 ,, davisi, 13 Hydroporus discretus. 15. 17 erythrocephalus. 13. 15 ,, gyllenhali. 13. 15 „ incognitus. 15. 17 lepidus. 12. 16 „ memnoniu.*. 15, 17 ,, nigi'ita. 15. 17 „ palustris. 13. 15. 75 „ pictus. 12. 16 ,, planus. 13. 15 „ pubescen.s. 13. 15 „ rivalis. 14 ,, septentrionalis. 13 „ umbrosus. 12. 15 vittula. 13. 15, 75 Hygrophorus pratensis. 82 „ chlorophanup, 82 Hymenomycetes. 82 Hymexoptera. 4. 7 Hymexopterox p.arasite. 4. 6 H\Tneiiophyllum tunbridgense. 73 ,, uuilaterale, 73 Hypholoma di.«persum, 83 „ fa.=:ciculare. 83 Hypnum crista-castrensis. 73 Hystrichopsylla talpae. 66 „ vulpae. 66 Ichxeumoxid.\e. 4 icieneumoxid parasite. 4 " ICHXEUMOXOLOGIA BrITAXXICA." 6 Ilybius fuligincsu.s. 13. 15 „ ater. 13. 15 Imperial Ixstitute of Entomology. 4 In-dia. 80 Inocybe hystrix, 82 Irpex obliquus, 83 J.\CK, J.. 70 Jack Snipe. 30 •Jamieson. W.. 19. 64. 65. 69 J.APAN. 80 ■Lay. 24 JOHXSTOX-E. R. B.. 72 Juniper, Dwarf. 50 Juniperus .«abina. 50 K.AX'^XGiESKR. Dr.. 57 Kelvin. River. 19 Kerr. Profe.