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ENTERED AT THE POSTOPFICE, MEDINA. OHIO, AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.

GLEAJMi^G^ i^' BEE CULTUiiE.

.A-ID^VEI^XISEIvIEnsrTS.

We require that eveiy advertiser satisfy us of re-
sponsibility and intention to do all that he agrees,
and that his ^oods are really worth the price asked
for them. Patent-medicine advertisements, and
others of a like nature, can not be inserted at any
price.

Rates for Advertisements.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of

20 cents per line, Nonpareil space, each insertion;

la lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch. Discounts

will be made as follows:

On 10 lines and upward, 3 insertions, 5 percent; 6
insertions, 10 per cent; 9 insertions, 15 per cent;
13 insertions, 20 per cent; 24 insertions, 25 per cent.

On 50 lines (li column) and upward, 1 insertion, 5 per
cent; 3 insertions, 10 per cent; 6 insertions, 15 per
cent; 9 insertions, 20 per cent; 12 insertions, 25 per
cent; 24 insertions, 33^^ per cent.

On 100 lines {whole column) and upward, 1 insertion,
10 per cent; 3 insertions, 15 per cent; 6 insertions,
20 per cent; 9 insertions, 25 percent; 12 insertions,
333^^ per cent; 24 insertions, 40 per cent.

On 200 lines (whole page), 1 insertion, 15 per cent; 3
insertions, 20 per cent; 6 insertions, 25 per cent; 9
insertions, 30 per cent; 12 insertions, 40 per cfent;
24 insei-tions, 50 per cent.

An additional discount of 10 per cent, where electro-
types are furnished. A. I. Root.

We will send Gleanings—

With the American Bee-Journal, W'y (Sl.OO) .S1.75

With the Bee-keepers' Magazine, ( 25) 1.25

With the Canadian Bee Journal, W'y (1.00) 1.80

With all of the above journals, 3.25

With American Agriculturist,

With American Apiculturist,

With American Garden,

With the British Bee-Journal,

The Bee Hive,

With Prairie Farmer,

With Rural New-Yorker,

With Scientific American,

With Ohio Farmer,

With Popular Gardening,

With U. S. Official Postal Guide,

With Sunday-School Times, weekly,

\_Ahove Rates include all Postanein U. S.

(*1.50)

2 25

(fl.OO)

1.75

($2.00)

2.25

(2.00)

2.90

( 30)

1.20

(1.50)

2.35

(2.00)

2.90

(3.20)

3.50

(1.00)

1.90

(1.00)

1.T5

(1.50)

2.25

(2.00)

2.25

and Canada.^

Untested Queens Ready to Mail

ALL •WTllTTER LOITG.

I have now on band untested queens ready to
send out by first mail. In regard to my responsi-
bility, I would refer you to A. I. Root, with whom I
received instruction in bee culture. The friends
who order these queens during the winter time are
expected to have sufficient experience to take care
of them when they ai*e received at the postoffice.
In the Southern States, where the winters are so
mild the bees can fly almost all winter long, of
course there will be little more difficulty in receiv-
ing them in the winter months than at any other
time. N. ABAMS,

Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

A Complete Business Outfit.

I have for sale two 8x12 printing-presses— one of
them foot-power; .50 fonts of type, many of them
full printer's fonts; regular cases, leads, furniture,
etc., sufficient to do a large .iob-printing business.
Cost me about $300. I otter the whole for $125, hav-
ing other business to take my time.

W. KARL.C: OASS,
21-ld Roselaiitl, Ekmcx C'u., N. J.

FliAT - BOTTOJtt COMB FOUNDATION.

^^-^ High side-walls, 4 to 14 square feet to
the pound. Circular and samples free.

J. VAN DEUSEN &SONS.

5tf d Sole Manufacturers,

SPROUT BROOK, MONT. CO., N. Y.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 20 cents each insertion, or $2.00 per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inserted in this department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatient of such delay as may be unavoidable.

Bear in miinl, that he who sends the best queens,
put up m().st neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notif j' us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. 19tfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. 19tfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 19tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. 19tfd

*B. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. 19tfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

19tfd Par La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd

*E. Burke, Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind. 3-1

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. 15tfd

Bloomington, 111. 1.5tfd

J. B. Hains, Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., O. 15tfd

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 15tfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
R. B. Leahy, Higginsville, Laf . Co., Mo. 15tf d

E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 15tfd
C. P. Bish, St. Joe Station, Butler Co., Pa. 19-23

FOK SALE.— Seed from Echinops Sphteroceph-
alus, commonly called Chapman Honey-
Plant. Price per M oz.,'r5cts.; 1 oz., $1.50; 2
oz., $2.50. Warranted Genuine. Manufacturer of
Bee-Keepers' Supplies of all kinds; sole right for
Shuck hive in Canada. Address
24-1 E. L. GOULD & CO., Brantford, Canada.

FREE. A Niagara vine free to all who purchase
vines to the am't of $2.00, up to March 1st. Cata-
logue of grapevines free.
24-l-2-3-4d L. L. Esenhoweb & Co., Reading, Pa.

WRITE fO^JOHN CALLAM & CO.T^

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOlt PRICES ON —

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices.
24-lldb

Good Work.

DADAMT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Contents of this Number.

A. F. Moon, in Mcmorium. . . 27

Agents in Geiu'i'al 18

Andrews, T. P., Apiary H

Bees Balling Queens 36

Bees vs. Beavers 1»

Bees, Old. as Nurses 26

Bees, Driving 25

Bee-Keepers' Union 11

Benson, I' 84

Blacks Ahead 28

Box-Hive Men 27

Bugs, To I>estrov 26

Bumlilo Hc-i-sS«annintr .... 26

Carp vs. suiitisli ■>(,

Chapin.in IMmit, K.pi.rt . . . :!2
(Jheslnut \s. Bitti r Hone.v.. 'iT)

Cotton, Mrs 8

Dress for the Apiary 30

Editorials S3

Foul Brnoil -.1. A. Green. .10, U

Foundation (IV Not 9

Fran<-i-.in Silling Honey 15

Grapes, Haj.'ging 20

Hats for .\piary 30

Hive, Kingslev s 16

Hone.\, Hitter 25

Honev, .Sell'ng 27

Honey, M.ii kiting Kxfil .. 15

Honev-Cakr 20

HoneV Column 6

Uonev Market -Heddon .... 21

Hybrids, in Favor of 8

Lamp and Lantern Light... 25

Legisl.ition, Bee 17, 23

Miller's Book 33

Myself and Neighbors 28

Nectar Changed in Bees 33

Notes aiicH.ineries 27

Our ()\\ n Apiarv 30

riienol for Fo\d Hrood 11

I'ostaue Sl.nnps Sticking... 27

licport fioni Wliitaker 22

Kcporls Knrouratiing 28

l!ooin Meeded for Brood.... :£i
Room Needed for Pollen — 23

Root, L. C, Report 13

Salicylic Acid It

Sealing Jelly-Tumblers 10

Sections, Open or Closed 24

Separators 7

Sharks 15

Smoker Fuel 26, 27

Stings, Nev\- Office 19

Sunshine for Horses 26

Underwear in Apiarv 30

Water for Bees 26

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The next meeting of the Sheboygan Co.. Wis., Bee-Keepers'
Society, will be heki at Hingham. .Tan. 13, 1887. Mrs. H. Hii.i.s.

The bee-keepers of the western part of Ontario, Canada, will
hold a convention at Tilbur.v Center, Ja"n. 12 and 13,1887. All
are invited to attend. N.Smith, Sec.

The Annual Convention of the Vermont Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation will beheld at the Van Ness House, Burlington, Vt., on
.January 13th and 14th, 1887. A cordial invitation is extended
to all, lioth ladies and gentlemen.

R. H. HoLMKS, Sec, Shoreham, Vt.

The 1 )hio Bee-Keepers' .\ssociation y\ill hold their annual
convention .lanuary II, 12, and 13, 1887, in the parlors of the
Farmers' Hotel at Columlms, Ohio, where good accouimorla-
tions can be bad at SMK) per day. You are requested to be on
hand. C. M. Kingsburv, Sec.

The Nebraska State Bee-Keepers' Union will hold their next
.Vnnual Convention at the Red Ribbon Hall, Lincoln, Neb.,
commencing January 12th, 1887, at 1:30 p. M. , and continue
three days. All persons interested in the cultuie of bees and
.sale of liionev are requested to be pi-esent. For full particu-
lars aridress ' H. N. P.yTTEKSO,\. Sec. , Humboldt, Neb.

The Northeastern Ohio, Northern Pennsylvania, and West-
ern New York Bee-Keepers" Association w ill liold its eighth an-
nual convention in Chapman's Opera llousc, Andover, Ohio,
on Wednesday and Thursday, January mili and '-'Oth, 1887. First-
I'lass hotel accommodations at SI. 00 per day to those attending
the convention. A general invitation is extended to all.

M . K. M.\soN. Andover, O., C. H. CoOK, New Lyme, O.,

■VctingSec. Pres.

Tire IStli Annual Convention of the New York State Bee-
Keepers' Association (formerly the Northeastern), yiill be
held at Agricultmal Hall, Albany, N. Y.. January 11, 12, and 13,
1887 Gko. H. Kxickkrbockkr, Sec.

PKOGKAMME.

FIRST DAY.— TuKSD.w, J.yNU.yRY llTH.

Called to order at 2 P. M.— Reading the minutes of last meet-
ing.—Receiving members and collecting dues.— Reports of Sec-
retary. Treasurer, and Standing Committees.

DISCUSSION.— ANike Clover as a Honey-plant, and its Rela-
tive V.ilue to ( itlicr Clovers as Feed for Stock: Led by C. M.
Goodspeed, Thoi n Hill, N. Y. -DISCOURSE on the Chapman
Honey Plant, tiy H. Chapman. Versailles, N. Y.
evening session, 7 P. M.

DISCUSSION Rendering Old Comb into Wax: Led by Ira

Barber.- ESSAYS. -EXTR.iCTEl) Honey, its Relative Valiic to

ConibH onev, bv Dadant & Son, Hamilton. 111. -The Middleman

in the Wholesale Market, by C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.

SECOND DAY.— Wednesday, Jani ary 12th.

C illed to order at 9 x. M.— Rei^eiving Members. -Appointment
of Committees.

DISCUSSIONS:— 1. Cause of the Late Depression of the Hon-
ey-Market: I.-d by L. C. Root, Mohawk, N. Y.— 2. Bee-keeping
by Women, as an Occup.ation; Led liy Mrs. L. M. Thomas, Ta-
con.y. Pa.— 3. Bee-Journals and the .Supply Trade: Led by John
Aspinwall. Barrytown, N. Y.

.VKTKRNOON session, 1 P. M.

Receiving New Members.— Election of Orticers.— President's
Annual Address.

DISCUSSIONS. 1. Scientific Ventilation of Bees in Winter
Repositories: Led bv P. H. Ellwood, Starkville, N. Y.— 2. Over-
stocking the Honey ilarket: Led by Capt. J. E. Hetherington,
Cherrv Valley, N. 'if .— Disirussion of questions from C^uestion-
Box.

evening SKSSIoN, 7 p. M.

DlSCL'SSIONS.-l. The Outlook of Bee-Keeping in the Fu
ture: Led by A. E. Manum, Bristol, Vt.— 2. Foreign Honey for
North America: Led bv S. T. Pettit, of Canada.— Diiscussion of
special questions handed in by members.

THIRD DAY.— Thursday, Janoart 13th.

MORNING session, 9 A. M.

DISCUSSIONS.— 1 Conventions as a Means of Promoting the
Financial Welfare of the Bee-keepers: Led by essay from Jan.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.-^. Separators: Led by N. N. Bet-
singer, Marcellus, N. Y,— 3. Bee keeping as a Science: Led by
Arthur Todd, Phiia.. Pa.- Answering questions from the Box.'
AKTERNOON SESSION, 1 P.M.

DISCUSSIONS.— 1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Patent^Rights to Bee-keepers: Led by G. M. Doolittle, Borodino,
N. Y.— 2. The Bee-hive for the Future: Led by R. F. Holter-
mann, of Canada.

Reports of Committees.— Miscellaneous Business.— Adjourn-
ment.

The Headquarters of the Convention will be at the (ilobe
Hotel, Slate St., Corner Pearl. Board $2.00 per day.— Board at
the Kimball House, No. 69 Washinton Ave., *1.00 per day.

Persons desiring to secure board will please write to John
.\spiuwall, Barrytown, N. Y., who has the matter in charge.

EXCHAITGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines yvill cost .you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended onl.y for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange for cash, or good horses
and mules, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Off, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

I HAVE about 5 lbs. of spider-plant seed. I will
exchange the same for different kinds of flower-
seed or plants of any sort that are useful and or-
namental. J. W. Ross,
23-24-I-3d Phair, Brazoria Co., Texas.

WANTED.— A foundation-mill, or offers, for a
flrst-class incubator— been used three seasons.
23tfdb D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange 8 vols. "Campaigns of
the Civil War" (new) for a good bracket saw or
turning-lathe. J. S. Mason, Medina, O.

TTTANTED.— To exchange nursery stock of all
VV kinds (evergreens a specialty) for pure Italian
bees, queens, 3 or 3 frame nuclei, fdn., apiary sup-
plies of all kinds, seedling basswood-trees, a trio of
White Leghorn fowls, alsike clover seed. When
making inquiries, please give price of your goods.
My price list free on application. R. A. Lewis,

Cherokee, lowa^

THOROUGHBRED fowls. Brown Leghorns, S. S.
Hamburgs, W. C. B. Polish. P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes, Bonney's, Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox &Fultz'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswax. Price list free.
18-19tfd A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED to exchange or sell, a Given fdn. press,
3 tanks, and '2 doz. dipping-boards.
Itfdb J. Swallow, 2816 Mo. Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED to exchange, S. B. Leghorns and S. S.
Hamburg cocks for comb foundation, or S'l.OO
cash ; $3.00 per pair. Address
l-2d L. C. Calvert, Poplar Flat, Lewis Co., Ky.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my tree
bee and supplv circular. IStfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon. Linn Co., Iowa.

IMPORTED QUEENSr

In April. . - - - 11 francs in gold.

Ma.v and June, - - - 10 " " "

July and August, - - g »» " "

September and October, - . -r " " "

No orders received for less than 8 queens. Queens
which die in transit will be replaced only if sent
back in a letter. Charles Biancontini & Co.,
1-lld Bologna, Italy.

DADANT'S POTOBATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisemeat in another column.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

Seeds for the Garden and Greenhouse for 1887.

As a number of the friends in the South are now sending in their orders for seeds, it re-
minds us that it is tiaie to indicate our preferences, and to let you know wliat we feel like
advising and offering for sale the coming year.

PRICE 5 GTS. PER PAPER; 10 PAPERS, 40 GTS.; 100 PAPERS, $3.50.

(Seeds of new or rare vegetables and novelties, we include at the uniform price of J cents
per package ; but, of course, ice are obliged to put a smaller number of seeds into such packages.
This will he noticed with the White-Plume Celery and Snowball (Jaidifloiver, etc. Aou", these
5-cent jxtpers are all sent by mail postpaid ; but wlien you order seeds by the ounce or pot^jstd,
you must pay 2c extra for postage and packing on each and ever^ ounce, and 18c extra for post-
age and packing on each and every pound of seeds ordered. Tou will notice from this, that llie
FIVE-CENT PACKETS, POSTPAID JBY MAIL, never contain a full ounce of any thing.

BEANS,
liandrctli's First in tlie Marlcet. Ft. 30c; pk.

$3.00. The earliest shell beans.
Dwarl Oerinan AVax, or Butter Beans. Pt.

10c; pk. ^1.50. The earliest snap-short variety.
Ciolden Wax. Pt. 10c; pk. $1.50.

A staple siiiip-shoit bean.

Soutliern Prolific. Pt. 1.5c; pk. $3.35.

The best snap-sliort pole bean, maturing in 70 days

Large Lima. Pt. I5c; pk. $3.oo.

The ahove heans will he furnished in 5-cent packages;
but where they eire to qo by mail, postpaid, of course
the above packages will have to be quite small. If
wanted by mail, add loc per pint for postage.

BEETS.
Eclipse. Oz. lOc; lb. 75c.

This gave us Die liest satisfartioii last season of anj- thing
we ever raised in the waved' brets. They are a very quick
grower, of exri-llent iiuality, and the appearance of the
bright smooth scarlet bulbs is fully equal to any thing that
has been pictured in the colored plates of our catalogues.
In order to get a fancy price for them, start them in tlie
greenhouse, and transplant when of the size of peas, or a
little larger. They bear transplanting well, and are exceed-
ingly hardy.

Pliiladelpliia Turnip. Oz. 5c; lb. 50c.

This is .1 little later and larger than the above, and is a nov
elty because of its alternate rings of dark and light pink.

liong Blood Red. Oz. 5c; lb. .50c.

An old standard variety.

CABBAGE.

Select, Very Early Jersey Wakefield.

Oz. 35c; lb. $3.00.

Our cabbage seed this year is raised by Francis Brill. At
the Experimental College Farm, at Columbus. C, they give
his cabbage seed the preference over that raised by any other
seedsman, and they have tested nearly all of them. They all
say that the Early .Jersey Wakefield, of their best selected
strain, is fully as early as any other cabbage known, and
greatly superior in quality. We sold single heads last sea-
son at retail at 30c each, raised from plants started in the
greenhouse in February.

Henderson'!* Early Siiimuer. Oz. 3.5c; lb. $3.00.

This comes next In the .li-iscy Wakefield; and although it
is an early cal>li;i,!4c, uiulcr very favorable conditions it pro-
lUices large heads of most excellent quality.

Winuiui^'stadt. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.50.

Much like the .Jersey Waketleld, but later and larger. The
heads are lound. and some of them are so hard as to seem al-
most like bullets Our customers of last season greatly pre-
ferred these and Hcnder.son's Early Summer cabbage to the
later flat cabbages.

Flat Dutch. Oz. lOc; lb. $1.50.

This is a standard late cabbage, for winter.

Stonemason. Oz. 15c; lb. $3.25.

Another standard varictv, but, as its name implies, it pro-
duces harder heads than the Flat Dutch.

Perfection Druniliead Savoy. Oz. lOe; lb. $1.50.

The Savoy rahliage is handsome in appearance, and richer
and finer iii quality, than any of the other varieties. In
taste it nearly a|jproaihes the caulillower.

Iiar^e Red Drumhead. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.50.

This is a red (cabbage for pickling. The bright red, by way
of contrast, will maKe a load or lot of cabbages attract at-
tention, and tlici'c is always more or less demand for red cab-
bage for pickles.

<'\RROTS.

Orange Danvers, Half-Long. Oz. 5c; lb. 60c.

CAULIFLOWER.

Brill's Early Snowball. K^ oz. $1.00; oz. $3.00.

Nice specimen. - (de.irlv eaiiiillnwer often bring extravagant

prices, and it i^ays ivell t'> start tliem in the greenliouse.and

use hand-glasses lo foruard them befort the hot weather

pomes on,

CELERY.
Henderson's W^liite Plume, '.t oz. 15c; oz. 50.

We place this at the head of the list, and especially for ear-
ly celery. During the past season we had fine stalks on the
market in July, and it sold readily at 10c each. We are plan-
ning to have celery this year in the market in the month of
.June. The seed was started in the greenhouse about the
middle of December. On account of its self-bleaching quali-
ties it is better fitted for early celery than any other.

Golden Dwarf. Oz. 30c; lb. $3.50.

One of the standard sorts for a later crop. The golden tint
of the head stalks makes it a very handsome vegetable.

Boston Market. Oz. 30c; lb. $3..50.

An old standard variet3- in and around Boston, and raised
largely throughout the land.

Major Clark's Pink. Oz. 3.5c; lb. $3.a).

While the Wliite Plume is the earliest and finest in appeai-
ance, we regard the above as the richest and most toothsome
of all the celeries. It also, under favorable circumstances,
makes exceedingly rapid growth. Plants set in September,
the past season, made stalks weighing 2 lbs. each, by the mid-
dle of November.

lunt of ils excel-

CORN (FOR TABLE USE)
Ford's Early Sweet.

We put this at the head of the list on
lent quality and exceeding earliness.

Crosby's Extra Early.

This isagreat yielder, with .soil suitable, although it I'omes
a little later than Ford's.

Extra Early Minnesota.

One of the standard sorts.
Late Maiiiiiiolli Sugar.

This is excellent in quality, and gives ears of mammoth
size, and is .i wonderful yielder. Our trade has been so large
in this kind ol corn for eight or ten years past, that we have
now thirty or forty bushels dried on the husks by steam heat.

Corn we sell ats cents for a half -pint package; but
at this price purchasers must paxj the postage, which
is 7 cents for each half-pint. If wanted in larger
quantities tM price willbe$l.iM per peck, or $3.!i() per
bushel.

CRESS, OR PEPPER fiR.4SS.

Extra Curled. Oz. ."ic; lb. .50c.

CUCUMBER.
Early Frame. Oz. 5c; lb. .^Oc.

The earliest cucumber.

Rawson's Improved Early W^liite Spine.

Oz.30c; lb. .53.0(1.

This is the kinil he u^es for raising in l.i . !.:reen!i'ouse,aud
the cucumbers bring M to i5 cents each, even whe' c he raises
them by the thousands. Fine specimens are wonderfully
handsome, and taking, and they sometimes grow to a great

size without gctlin.j yellow.

Short Prolific Pickle. Oz 10c; Ih. $1.00.

This is is the kind generall.v used for r.iising pi -kles tor
market.

KOHLBABL
W^hite Vienna. Oz. 30c; lb. $3,50.

This is a nuic-k-growing vegetable, half way between tur-
nip and calibage. If the plants are started in the greenhouse,
the vegetable may be put on the market at the same time
with the very earliest cabbages; and where people once get
a taste of it, it is pretty sure to meet with a rajiid sale at good
prices.

LETTUCE.
Landreth's Forcing. Oz. 40c; lb. $5.00.

Excellent for hot-beds and <old-frames; exceedingly early.
The heads are small, and may be .sent to the table in their en-
tire fcjrm, on the root.

Boston Market. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.50.

The best variety for greenhouse culture, an the heads are
small, but compact and handsome.

Bloomsdale Early Summer. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.50.
Second earlv; sometimcj called, bv tht Souttieni friemj«,
" Creole."

ias7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Hender^on^s New York. Oz. 40c; lb. 15.00.

f)ne of the largest and most beautiful varieties of lettuce
known. When urown to perfection on good soil, the inside
of tliu head is white, lilce a eahbage, and wonderfully- crisp
and refrcshiiiir

Deacon lieHiu-f. Oz. 4(k-; Ih. .$.').00.

The variut.\ is liiurhlv recommi^ndcd by the Ohio Experiment-
al Station, and s,> liardytli.il we have had irood heads of it
^rowinfc in thr upen ),'rounil as latr as the niidillc of Novem-
ber. It promises to be a ureat acquisition.

HaiiKoii. Oz. 10c: Ih. *1..tO.

An old sfandard V nicty, produciun heads that sometimes
weigrh as much as _' lbs.

Brown Diitcli. Oz. 10; lb. $1.50.

A variety t'l i* iihva . s attracts attention, and always sells
on a-coniit of tin- r^ I or bronze colors of the greater i)art of
its I'oliatjc. It is a >cry old variety, and the siffht of it often
finds .n p\iichasi'r, l)c'caM-i- it rirnitids tliem so vividly of the
daysid -liddliood out mi tlic old farm.

MELONS, MUSK.
Bxtru ICarly ritron. Oz. liie; lb. *1..50.

.•\hv,i\ ... protitablc bee luse of its t'.xtreiiie earliness.

<'a«Ki«la)> or Persian ITIiisknir-lon. O/.. .')c;

lb. tilkv
A standard laiuc varict.v .

Pine Apple. Oz. ."c; lb. liO.

Kxccllcnt ill quality, and only medium in sine.

Banana. Oz. 2(ic: lb. $:i.OO.

I consider this Ihi' best muskmeloii it lias ever been my
fortune to taste, iiidfiiim from spiM'iuiciis we had last season.
They are lout.- like a rail, or like a baiiaria. if you .■hoose; but
the color is strikiimlv like a banana, and, wliat is more won-
derful still, it has an .'.ilor also like the b.mana. If it should
prove true to the spci-iiiieiis we have lasted, I pronounce it a
great acquisition.

MELONS, WATER.
Extra Early. Oz. .5c: lb. 60c.

The ([iiality is very u'ood. but the size is not very large.

Landrett's Boss. Oz. .5c; lb. 60.

.\ melon that seems to combine more of the good qualities
for a larKe late watermelon than any other.

ONION.

Extra Early Red. Oz. a)c; lb. *-'.5b.

Medium size, red. and an <'.xcellent keeper.

Silverskin, or White. Oz. -tOc; lb. f 4.00.

Yellow Danvers. Oz.30c: Ih. $3..50.

A standard yellow varicly.

ONION SETS.

We have tlio.se of Yellow Danvers and Silverskin.

Prices, 10c per pint; $1.50 per peck, or $5.00 per
hiiiihel. Large-size sets (often used for pickles), one-
hiilf the above prices.

PARSNIP.

Bloomsdale. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.

This is the only kind we have, but we consider it equal to

PARSLEY.
Fine Curled or Double. Oz. .5c: lb. 7.5c.

PEAS.
Laudreth's Extra Early. '2 pt. 5c; pk. $1.50.

We lonsider this equal to any tor the first peas of the sea-
son.

American Wonder, 'jpt. 5o; pk. $1.50.

This is a eross between the Champion and the Little Gem.
The vine grows from 6 to 8 inches high. It is the first to rip-
en aniimg the green wrinkled sorts. On account of its dwarf
habits it can be grown very easily under glass.

Stratagem. Pt. 30c; pk. $3.00.

Thi-; has made its way rapidly in public favor. It is not on-
ly (d rare excellence in quality, but the pods and peas are so
larfcr- and tine looking they cill attention at once from any
thinr ••lsi. in the market. It has given us excellent satisfae-
ti'iii.

Yorkshire Hero. '2 pt. 5o; pk. $1.50.

.V hardy v.ii iety ; eonsidered by many to be better than the
t 'hampion.

Champion of England. Vi pt. -50; pk. $1.00:
bushel, $3..50.

So well known as to need no recommend here.

PEPPERS.
Large Siireet Spanish, Bell Shape. Oz. 2.5c;

11). .?3.0ii. Laro:c red variety for pickles.
BuUnose. Oz. 2.5e; lb. $3.00.

-V lai'gci variety than the above, but in every other respect
the same.

Cayenne Pepper. Oz. 25c; lb. $3.00.
Slueh called for, for seasoning soups, pickles, •tv.

Spanish Pepper. Oz. 25c.; lb. $3.00.

.\ m» varity, so targe that the natives of warm oliinates
slice them up and fry. as an article of food.

RADISHES.
W^hite-tipped Scarlet Turnip. Oz. .5c; lb. 60c

A fancy variety .if the scarlet bulb with white bottom;
very showy.

Scarlet Tnrnip-rooted. Oz. .5c. ; lb. 60c.

Larger and later than the preceding.

Lady Finger. Oz. IDc; lb. $1.00.

I >ni- of the standard long radishes. Sometimes it grows as
large as a jiarsnip, and yet is of excellent quality.

Becker's Chartier Radish. Oz. 15c.; lb. $1.50.

.\ novelty, and on.- that has i;iM-ji us the greatest satisfai-
tion; (d' rapid growth and trood size, both at the bottom and
top, In favor.abh' soil it will grow to a large size, and still be
excellent in quality. The Chartier radish has been to us an
acquisition during the past year. They are remarkably cer
tain to make a good bulb.

SALSIFY, OR OYSTE.i PLANT.

SPINACH.
Bloomsdale Extra Cnrled. Oz. 5c; lb. ,50c.

It combines as many of the y'ood qualities as any other.

SQUASH.

SU.MMEK VARIETIES.

Early White Bush, or Patty Pan. Oz. 5c. ;

lb. CUc.

Not surpassed by th (4olden Summer ('rookneiTk. One of
the old staples.

Golden Summer Crookneck. Oz. .5c; lb. ,50c.

The standard summer squash.

WINTER VARIETIES,

Perfect Gem. Oz. .5c; lb. 50c.

A round squash, about B inches in dianieter. The quality
is excellent, and it will keep till spring.

Kubbard. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.00.

Tocp well known to need comment.

Boston Marrofv. Oz. .5c; lb. 7.5c.

An old standard staple, especially in and around Boston.

TOMATO.
Mikado. Oz. 25c; lb. $3.50.

This tomato is so distinct from the ordinary sorts that it
has a different - shaped foliage that can be recognized at
once. The tomatoes are of immense size, and the greater
part of them smooth; besides, they are about as early as any
thing we have. Some of the first last season sold at 8 cent*
apiece, and it does not take many such to fill a basket.

Acme. Oz. 30c; lb. $3.00c.

Too well known to need comment.

Trophy. Oz. 30c; $2..50.

A companion to the Acme.

Livingston's Beauty. Oz. 3.5c; lb. $3.-50.

This is a proilm-tion of the saineLivingston who brought out
the .\iiiic. Tropliy, Favorite, and Perfection; but he pro-
nounces this siijierior to them all. The specmens at the
Ohio State Fair Last season were certainly all that could be
desired in the tomato.

Pear-Sliaped Tomatoes. Oz. 20c: $3.00.

These are handsome for pickles and preserves. We have
them of two colors— red and yellow. They are immense
bearers, and of good quiilit.v.

TURNIP.
Early Bloomsdale Red Top. Oz. .5c; lb. 60c.

Oiii- of the best for the first turnip in the market.

"White Egg. Oz. 5c; lb. 50e.

Very showy and handsome, as well as quite early. Last
season they sold readily for a dollar a bushel in our market
as fast as we could get hold of them.

Yellow Aberdeen. Oz. 5c; lb. 50c.

We consider this the best table turnip grown. When cook-
ed it is so yellow that it ^vill sometimes be mistaken for
squash.

Bloomsdale Swede. Oz. .5c; lb. 50c.

Perhaps the best of the Rutabaga varieties.

CUTTINGS FOR CONCORD GRAPEVINES.

In triimuing' our g'rapevines we had a great num-
ber of nice well-ripened woods which we cut up in-
to cuttings with two or more strong- buds on each.
These arc packed in damp sawdust, so as to keep
nicely for spring planting. We can send them for
5 c. for 10, 40 c. per 100, or $2..50 per 1000. If wanted
by mail, add 16 cts. per 100 extra for postage. Full
instructions for planting them will be furnished
with each package. With proper care they will, in
two years, furnish such grapevines as we sell for
$6.50 per 100. A. I. ROOT, :nedina, O.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

J16NEY C6MJIN.

CITT MARKETS.

Philadklphia. — Honey. — White clover, fancy,
15@.l6e; fair white-clover, 13(fl'Uc: eomraon white-
clover, 10(g)12. Buckwheat, ifell. Becsivax, white,
36(§;27c: yellow, 33>a!24c; dark, 30@31.

Dec. 24, 1886, Pancoast & Grtifiths,

242 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

St. Louis. — Honei/.— There is no improvement in
the honey-market. Some inquiry from outside
parties for round lots, but at lower prices than
holders seem willing to accept. Comb honey, 10@13,
as to quality and size of package. Extracted, clover,
5®fi, fair to choice. Southern strained, SfnAM.

Beeswax, better demand, 21@22, as runs; 22(a;25 se-
lected. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Dec. 24, 1886. 108 and 110 Market Street.

Boston.— Honey.— No change in prices; demand
fair. Blake & Ripley,

Dec. 34, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cincinnati.— Honejy.— There is a quiet tone pre-
vailing, although demand is fair for choice comb
and extracted honey in small packages; manufac-
turers buy sparingihgly only. Our city has large
supplies of all kinds of honey from both sides of
the Rocky Mountains, and still lower prices may be
expected just as soon as commission merchants are
obliged to reaHze. The range of prices for extract-
ed honey Ts 3(gjTc on arrival. Choice comb honey
brings 13(&l,5c in a jobbing way.

Dec. 31, 1686. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago.— Hodci/.— Dull; offerings continue to in-
crease, and, in consequence, prices are easy; sales
ai-e made in a small way at 10@13c for good comb;
12@l3c for selections. Extracted, without sales to
quote from. Beeswax, 23@2.5c.

Dec. 23. 1686. R. A. Burnett,

161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— HoHcj/. —The honey in sight is being
gradually reduced; still there is a large supply on
hand, with no change in prices. Sales of extracted
very slow. B^csuii/.r, 33c. M. H. Hunt.

Dec. 24, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

Philadelphia.— J/onf?/.—This is a poor market,
.owing to the competition of glucose mixtures.
White clover sells at 12;o 14c in glass cases. Beeswax,
if choice, is worth 34T/25c. Sam'l S. Daniels,

Dec. '^2, 1SS6. Philadelphia. Pa.

Cleveland.— Ho/iety.— The market is unchanged;
choice 1-lb. sections of white sells slowly at 13c;
3-lbs. white, IKnlSc. Second quality, lOfTrll. Ex-
tracted, 6c. Beeswax, 35.

Dec. 23. 1886. A. C. Kendel,

11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

For Sale. — .5 kegs (of about 180 lbs. each) of
white-clover honey at 8c; also 400 lbs. basswood
honey in bbl., at 7c, f. o. b. cars here. Honey is No.
1, and well ripened; packages free.

W. D. WuiGHT, Knowersville, Alb. Co., N. Y.

For SaTjE Che.\p.— 4500 lbs. choice white-clover
honey in 10 and 25 gal. kegs and in 48-gal. bbls. ; also
2500 lbs. very fine Spanish-needle honey in 25-gal.
kegs and 48-gal. bbls. Will send samples on receipt
of 2-cent postage-stamp for each.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale.— I have about 1600 lbs. of nice bass-
wood honey that I should like to sell between this
and first of next month. Part of it is in molasses
bbls.; 1 bbl. of 31 gallons. How much am I offered?
Amos Blank, Woodville, Sandusky Co., Ohio.

FOR SALE.

(Jno Barnes combined scroll and
circular saw. Has fourteen cir-
cular and ten scroll saws, one cutter-head, two man-
drels, three gauges, one sawset, one emery wheel,
all in running order; will sell for f35.00, which is
about half cost. Address E. C. APPLBGATE,
l-2d Poplar Flat, Lewis Co., Ky.

The "Boss" ONE-PIECE SECTIONS.

Patented June 28, 1881.
IITHILE attending the North-American Bee-Keep-
Vt ers' Convention at Indianapolis, we learned
there was a rumor afloat that the Patent on the
ONE-PIECE SECTION had been set aside— circulat-
ed by unprincipled parties, to mislead bee-keepers.
"We would say in regard to this, that such is not the
case. It is now before the LT. S. Supreme Court, at
Washington, and will probably be decided before a
great while, when we will notify all through the
Bee Journal. Until then pay no attention to ru-
mors.

Before ordering write us for prices. We will fur-
nish you sections as cheap as the cheapest. Let us
hear from vou before you order. Address

J. FORNCROOK &, CO.,

Jan. 1, 1887. Watertown, Wis.

KALER'S

Swarming -Box.

No more CUTTING LIMBS ! No
more AB300OTING SWAEMS ! No
more OLUSTEEIilG of TWO SWAEMS
TOGETHEE 1 No more HARD WOEE
to HIVE SWAEMS ! EASILY done,
QUICKLY done, and WELL done,
with EALEE'S SWARMING - BOS I
Made of GOOD MATEEIAL ! EEADY
for USE, at $1.00 each.

Made to SUIT ANY SISE OF
FEAME, bv

"W. S. KAI.ER,
Andersonville, Indiana.

Send postal for description.
In ordering Box, give name of
hive and size of frame used.

TJE CHflPliniEYllT.

Having expended
thousands of dol-
lars in bringing be-
fore the people one
of the most won-
derful honey-pro-
d u c i n g plants
known in the Unit-
ed States, or even
in the world, and
testing it honestly
and fairly, I wish
to say, through
Gleanings, that
the seed contains
so much oil that
nothing but fresh
seed will grow for
this reason ; and by
,-1. V "^ wx the advice of many

£m -^1 r^wW i prominent bee-

Wu ^^y -^3 Jb^ keepers I have de-

Tj^ "jIb^B '-mjt . cided to sell the

' ""^ '' ■ -^^^ limited amount of

seed I have raised
this season, at the
following prices. I
will send to those
who have already
ordered the amount
of seed due them
at this low price:
V% ounce, 50 cts.; 1
ounce, Sl.OO; 3
ounces, fb.'iO; 4 ounces, $3.00; 8 ounces, .f3.00;
1 pound, J<5.00. One ounce contains from 1600
to 1800 seeds. The seed should be sown in early
spring, and general directions for cultivation will
be given on each package. Write all orders plainly,
and give your postoffice in full.

H. CHAPMAN,
Versailles, ('att««raui$iiH <'o., !N. V.

Vol. XV.

JAN. 1, 1887.

No. 1.

TKliMStSlOOPKRANNUM, IN ADVANCE;! Ti^ ,,+ r^ 'Ul n nin n /I -i -vt 1 Q 'Y ^ ^ Clubs to differentpostoffices.NOTLKtf
l Copies for Si. 90; :< tor §2. 75: 5 for 84.00; | HifiViXiULLo lHyLli Liv ±0 / O • \ thanQOets. each. Sent postpaid, in the

10 or more, 7.i cti. each. Single Number
5 cts. .ilditions to clubs maybe made
at club rates. Above are all to be sent

TO ONEPOSTOFKICE.

PUBLISHED SE5II-MONTHLY BT

I

j A. I. BOOT, MEDINA, OHIO. [fh^^u'.V.If.^Ilcpe^yTa^eTr'^:

U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c
I peryenr extra. To all countries- not

SEPARATORS.

FRIENU HUTCHINSON TELI.S US OF THE REASONS

WHY THERE ARE SO MANY DIVERSE OPINIONS

IN REGARD TO THEIR NECESSITY.

rS\ ECAT'SE T am adopting Mr. Heddon's new
wL ^^^'^' •^'- Doolittle very naturally supposes
'f^ that I am also adopting- separators. Such is
•*^ not the case.i 1 was so well satisfied of the
advantages of Mr. Heddon's new nive that I
adopted it at once, except the surplus-apartment.
I was well satisfied with Mr. Heddon's old style of
surplus case (and am yet), and I did not think it
advisable to throw aside the 32.t cases that I had
on hand, and make those of the new style until I
had decided that the latter possessed sulBcicnt ad-
vantages to warrant the change. It was one of
those instances in which there are advantages on
both sides, and the ijuestion was, which had the
most and greatest? While I have about .^O colonies
in the new hive, ] have used only 10 of the new
style fif super; so Mr. Doolittle will see that, in-
stead of leaving that "better method" and "going
back to separators," I am only e.vperimenting with
a style of super that allows the use of separators,
and that about 97' of my crop is yet secured with-
out separators. And right here 1 hope Mr, Doolittle
will excuse me if 1 take him to task a little for his
disposition to "pick up" a man if he advocates any
views that he once condemned. There can be no
progression without change, and it will be readily
seen that new developments may lead a man to
adopt views that he formerly rejected.

As to which style of ease I shall eventually adopt.
1 can not say. If I had a <|uantity nf either style I
should not throw them away for the sake of adopt-

ing the other style. I certainly should not adopt
The new st.yle simpl.v because it allows the use of
separators; but if I used it I would then use separa-
tors; not so much for the sake of getting straight
combs, but rather because, with wide frames, sepa-
rators are a convenience.

If sections are to be glassed, separators must be
used; but the indications are that this practice will
not long be in vogue. If Mr. Doolittle can not
abandon separators, and yet secure cratable sec-
tions, without entailing extra labor, then his hive,
fixtures, or system, is such as will not profitably
admit of discarding separators, and it would be
folly for him to change either, simpl.v to be able to
dispense with separators. There should be weightier
reasons; and if he can do no better than he reports,
he is wise to retain separators.

I must take issue with him, however, in regard to
the advantage gained by putting on only a small
amount of surplus room at first, and very gradual-
ly increasing it. I would not be understood as ad-
vising the putting-on of an unusuaUu large amount
of surplus room at one time. The putting-on of a
section or two at a time, or even a wide frame or
two of sections at a time, involves too much labor.
In the production of honey there is no factor so ex-
pensive as labor, with proper fixtures, and there
never was and never will be anything gained by
putting on or taking ofl* less than a case of sections
at a time. The point made by Mr. Doolittle in re-
gard to getting off' sections before they are soiled
by the bees is a good one; and where the honey is
finished in proximity to the brood-nest it may be
necessary to remove it a section at a time, and then,
of course, separators are a necessity; but with the
tiering-up method, no combe arc scaled mcir the

G^LEAJyiiNGS iN BEE CULTURK.

Jan.

broodrtiest, and the upper case can be left on until
the sections are finished, with no danger of the
combs becoming' trav^elstained.

With Mr. Doolittle's hives and fixtures, separators
are undoubtedly a necessity. In fact, I fail to see
how he could, as he claims to have done, given the
non-separator business a fair trial; becau.se it is
only upon the tiering'-up plan that separatoi's can
be abandoned with any hopes of success; and I be-
lieve that Mr. Doolittle's hives do not admit of this
function.

I heartily agree with Mr. D., that we should do all
we can to maintain decent prices for honey; and if
any one can not secure straight combs without sep-
arators, by all means use them.

Rogersville, Mich. W. Z. Hutchinson.

ANOTHER REPORT IN FAVOR OF HY-
BRIDS.

T COMMENCED last spring with 38 Rood swarms
^ and 7 lig-ht ones, making 4.5 in all. 1 had to
^l transfer 31 of those into movable-frame hives.
■^ After this was done I built them up so when
white clover came in bloom they were all in
good condition, and ready for business.

I commenced extracting about the 10th of June, I
believe, and closed, or stopped the extractor, .iust
after basswood-bloom. During- July and August I
increased, by artificial swarming, to 91 swarms, with
the exception of 7 or S that I got by natural swarm-
ing. I got, during the season, 4774 lbs. of extracted
honey, and 250 lbs. of comb honey in one- pound sec-
tions. I sold the entire lot in my home market,
with the exception of one barrel shipped to Mil-
waukee, besides buying SJa barrels of my brother,
M. M. Rice, in order to supply my ti-ade. I have i-e-
ceived, on an average's cts. per lb. for the extracted
honey, and 1.5 cts. for the comb honey.

It will be five years next fall since I commenced
keeping- bees, and all I have to regret is that I did
not commence 30 years before. My stock of bees is
well-mixed Italians, hybrids, and blacks (and they
are black too). I have been trying to find out
which are the best workers for all kinds of work
(laying all argument aside). I had rather have good
hybrids for all work than any Italian bee I ever
saw, and I have some as yellow-banded as any one
else. My queens are from A. I. Root. I have a
number of them. I have one very large swarm
of hybrids that gave me by weight, this season, 385
lbs. of honey, besides 3 good swarms of bees. If
any one should offer me flO.OO for that hybrid
queen I should be obliged to say no, for there was
no end to her laj'ing propensities. Whenever I
want a lot of foundation drawn out quickly, I am
sure to put it into a hive where there are hybrids or
blacks.

During- the last two years I have received more
stings from my Italian bees than from the blacks.
I will admit, that the blacks and hybrids are more
irritable, and will run and leave the combs more
than the Italians will, and it is harder to find their
queens; for instance, when you want to clip their
wings, or supersede them. But, putting up with
all this trouble, I know the blacks and hybrids will
make more comb honey, draw out more foundation,

PROM 38 TO 91, AND 4774 LBS. OF EXTRACTPJD, AND
250 LBS. OF COMB HONEY.

do less swarming- (by my own experiments) than all
the Italians I have got. B. E. Rice.

Boscobel, Grant Co., Wis., Dec, 1886.

Friend li., this question in regard to hy-
brids vs. pure Italians came up at tlie Mich-
igan State Convention ; and when I told
them I had for a long time been fearing we
were making a mistake in getting out every
trace of black lilood, it made something of a
sensation ; and more still when I added that
we were ready to furnisli hybrid queens
whenever our customers asked for them. It
has many times given me pain to see a bee-
keeper destroy a queen that was a magnifi-
cent one in every respect, because her bees
were not all three-banded. Perhaps it will
be necessary for us to start another apiary
to furnish a choice strain of hybrids ; and I
begin to think that such an arrangement
will meet the wants of a great many. The
price of (lueens reared from our best hybrid
honey-gathering stocks will be the same as
untested (jueens reared from our best im-
ported mothers. We shall be glad to have
orders early in the season, so we may know
what preparations to make. I have before
mentioned that we have a few customers
who order hybrids every season ; and if we
happen to be short, and send untested Ital-
ians in their stead, they sometimes object.

MRS. COTTON.

HER CIRCULAR FOR 1S«7.

E are very much pleased to note the
great improvement in the above cir-
cular, and in Mrs. Cotton's mode of
doing business in general. Our read-
ers will remember that we have pub-
lished several favorable reports from those
using her hive and fixtures. We are very
glad to do this ; but in justice we can not
refuse to publish the unfavorable ones as
well. We have, however, consented to for-
ward them to Mrs. Cotton before publishing
them, in order that she may have an oppor-
tunity of making satisfactory any mistakes
or misunderstandings.

Mrs. Cotton still recommends feeding
sugar syrup to bees just before the harvest
opens, and, indeed, to such an extent that
they store some of this syrup in the surplus-
boxes. She says this feed, when stored in
the combs by the bees, can not be distin-
guished from the best wliite-clover honey
by the most delicate taste. Now, while it is
true that a great many might not notice a
little sugar syrup mixed in with some clover
honey, I think she is gixatly mistaken in put-
ting it so strongly as this :*

The feed I use costs only about seven cents a lb.,
and, when stored in the combs by the bees, can not
be distinguished from white-clover honey by the
most delicate taste.

Again, on page 8, she says :

Under my system of management, I, by a simple
process, su'bdvie the anger of the bees, so that they
can be handled without the least danger of stings.

And further along :

The members of ray family are seldom stung- by
the bees (not one case in a year), notwithstanding-
I sometimes have fifty hives or more where we pass
within twenty feet of them many times every day,
while the bees are fl.ying in thousands about each
hire.

1887

GLEA^l^GS IN BEi^l CULTURE.

Now, while the above may be true, I be-
lieve almost every bee-keeper in our land,
including those who have nothing but full-
blood Italians, would say the statement is
very much stronger than any thing ever
ought to go into print in regard to bee-stings.
On page 4 we lind the following :

Swiirminj^ is t-oiitrolleci as completely aiui with iis
iiinch certaintj- as the incroase of cattle, sheep, or
swine. If swarms are desired, we arranffo in early
spring- to have them issue any week in the swarm-
ing- season that will best suit our convenience, and
they will swarm at the time desig-natod.

Now, I am not positively sure that Mrs.
Cotton can not do this; but if she can malie
her bees swarm or not swarm, as she choos-
es, she has gone beyond any of the veterans
or experts in bee culture, at least so far as I
am informed. She still charges $4.00 for
drawings and illustrations ; but to modify
it she oft'ers to deduct the S4.00 paid, fro ni
the first order for bees or hives. Her prices
are still away beyond those of any other
dealer in bees or supplies ; but if her cus-
tomers are pleased and satisfied, I do not
know that we have any right to object.
Perhaps the reason why her customers are
satisfied, is because they are not posted in
regard to the usual prices of such goods ; if
so, it behooves supply-dealers to let people
know wliat other people charge for swarms
of bees, both black and Italians, and other
commodities.

Mrs. Cotton now furnishes her Controllable
hives in the flat, to be shipped by freight.
This is a very great advanceover her former
method of doing business. Mrs. C.,in a
private letter, expresses the wish to hear
from every customer who is in any way dis-
satistied with any dealing they have with
her ; and if she carries out this plan, I do
not know ^hy slie should not have a place
among the supply-dealers of our land.

FOUNDATION OR NO FOUNDATION.

Shall it be Used in the Brood-nest "When
Securing Comb Honey ?

ALSO SOME FT'ItTHEU KEMAUKS IN FAVOR OF
BLACK BEES FOR COMB HONEY.

fHE last number of Gleanings is full of good
articles as usual, and I derive much plea-
sure and pro tit from reading- them. 1 think
Mr. Hutchinson is honest in his ideas and
oyiinions reg-arding the use of foundation in
brood-chamber, but I am sure that rules laid down
for the same in his location will not do tor (his lo-
cality, where we have a long slow .season for surplus
honey. The first honey of importance is fi-om
locust, from May loth to 30th; then poplar about
May 25th. White clover and blue thistle blossom
at the same time, June 1st to 10th. These two
latter sources give us most of our surplus. Blue
thistle gives us a s-teady flow of honey to the first
of September, if not too dry.

After repeated experiments the past four years,
we have decided that only full sheets of fdn,, put
in on wire by the Given press, will do for us.
Swarms hived on starters in brood-frames will not
do any thing in sections until the brood-chamber is
full, clear to the bottom, unless the swarm be a
double one, tn which case they are pushed to work

In sections for -want of room. Swarms hived on
starters about one inch wide usually give us from 10
to 20 pounds of honey in sections, while those hived
on full frames of fdn. give us an iiverage of 40 lbs.
of comb honey. I do not doubt that, by using
division-boards, and confining swarms to one-half
of the brood-chamber, they would bo forced to com-
mence work in sections at once, and thereby store
more surplus honey; but then we should be obliged
to feed sugar to them to make up the necessary
amount of stores for winter— a practice which we
do not believe in. Next season we will make a
moi-c careful report on the advantages derived
from the use of fdn. in brood-frames as regards
amount of section honey stored.

As regards the amount of drone comb built, we
think an advantage fully as great is gained by the
use of full sheets of foundation; for unless we do
it, some swarms will fill nearly one-third the space
in brood-frames with drone comb.

We transfer a great many box hives every spring
to frames; and after thi-owing out all drone comb
and other poor comb, we do not have nearly
enough to fill all the brood-frames, so we make up
the deficienc.v with full frames of foundation, as we
know bj' experience that transferred colonies in
the spring will iininediately fill the extra frames
given them with one-half, at least, of drone coml>,
when furnished with starters only.

We are glad to see Mr. France, Heddon, and oth-
er prominent bee-keepers say a good word for the
black, or native bees of this country. We, too, give
them a flecided preference, and would feel sick if
all our comb honey were made by the Italians.
We have tried queens from Alley, Thomas, Shaw,
and other breeders, but have never yet seen any
thing that will make any more honey, and as nice
honej-, as the native bees of Virginia. The native
bees do not use one-half the propolis about the hive
that the Italians do, and they are not so ready to
follow the bee-keeper from one hive to another
while operating, and pitch into what belongs to
another. I have noticed, the past season, that
nine-tenths of the bees entering the house and
honey-house are the yellow ones, and we have only
four or five stands of them out of 80 in our home
apiai-.y. The only thing I can say in favor of them
is, that thej' defend themselves better against rob-
bers, and are a little nicer for timid people to
handle.

Our demand for honey has been good this season,
and we have disposed of two-thirds of it at a good
fair price, and we think that a good article, neatly
put up, will continue to bring a fair price.

Front Royal, Va., Dec. 23, 1886. H. W. Bass.

Friend B., I am not sufficiently well post-
ed in this matter of Hutchinson's way of
working to say just where you have failed to
follow his plan of management ; but at the
Michigan Convention the matter was talked
over so thoroughly that I became convinced
that anybody will succeed as friend Hutch-
inson dbes. by observing all the conditions.
These conditions have all been given at dif-
ferent times tlirough the various journals ;
but the matter is more complex than one
might imagine, and I would suggest that
friend H. carefully prepare an exhaustive
article, taking in all the points necessary to
secure all nice honey in the surplus-arrange-
ments. I think the whole would make a nice

10

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

little tract or pamphlet, and I should be very
glad indeed to offer it for sale. Now, friend
W. Z. H., roll up your sleeves and give us
this little book. You can do it nicely, we
all know. Let us have it before commencing
another season's work.

FOUL BROOD.

STARVATION THE CAUSE.

T NOTICE on page 947, 1886, where one T. F. Mc-
^ Camant says, in his report under date of Oct.
^i 18, 1886, that, " Early in the season foul bi'ood

•*■ made its appearance, and, so far as I have
heard, there is no one who has not suflered
more or less loss." Now, friend Root, allow me,
in all justice, to enter a protest. I am living in the
same section of country as friend McCamant, and
have been corresponding- with some leading bee-
keepers living both east and west of San Antonio,
and a good deal nearer to San Antonio than I do
(and 1 am only 60 miles), and I have never heard
one single intelligent bee-keeper state that he had
had one case of foul brood; Ijut I did hear one old
box-hive man say that he bad lost some colonies
with foul brood; and when a man would come
along and say his hives smelied bad, this same old
bee-quack (who has been in the business 30 years,
to my knowledge), would at once tell him he had
foul brood, and no mistake. Now, friend R.. what
do you think this terrible disease was? Why,
simply starvation. I examined a number of col-
onies which liad died in this way, and I found that
they had starved to death and fallen to the bottom
of the hive, and, of course, smelied bad, like any
other decaying mass. My friend in San Antonio
evidently has not come fi-om the field of battle, but
has taken his information second hand. If friend
McCamant will kindly furnish me the name and
address of the leading bee-keeper who has lost ^o
many colonies, I will sift the matter to the bottom,
if it takes a trip to San Antonio to do it. I have
written to friend McC. about the matter; and if
the thing is a slander I will run it down, as it may
injure us bee-keepers if it is not corrected. All
this started last spring when bees were starving all
over the counti-y. so the story is not new to me;
but I had hoped that it would not get into the pa-
pers, so I explained to all in my locality that foul
brood is a disease of the brood, and not of the
mature bees. M. Broers.

Gonzales, Tex.. Dec. 13, 1886.

Friend 13., you are right ; but perhaps you
need a little more charity. Is it not possible
that friend McCamant intended to men-
tion only his immediate neighborhood —
say three or four miles from his home ? In
regard to the false alarm, I am sure there is
a good deal of it. At the Michigan Conven-
tion one young man was telling how terribly
frightened he was to find foul brood in his
apiary. When we asked him how he knew
it was real foul brood, he said he recognized
it by the taste of the lioney and by the looks
of the capped combs. When some of us smiled
at this test he said he would send a piece
of the honey to Prof. Cook, and see if Prof.
C would not pronounce it foul brood at first
sight.

SEALING JELLY-TUMBLERS WITH
MELTED WAX.

HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.

f^ HERE, friend Root. I've found it. I knew I
W" liad seen it somewhere, and I was pretty
< sure it was in the Canadian Bee Journal. I
am not apt to say a thing is so till I can
prove it. Well, perhaps you want to know
what I am getting at. It is this: On page 974 of
Gleanings you speak of sealing honey-tumblers
Avith wax, and say you " feel like giving an Indian
war-whoop of exultation " when Mr. Cutting told
how to do it, at the recent Michigan Convention at
Ypsilanti; but he gave me the credit of the inven-
tion. I thought I had seen the suggestion either in
Gleanings or the C. B. J., but yourself and "our
genial friend McPherson " denied the "soft im-
peachment; " and that shows that nU editors don't
remember every tiling, any more than we "com-
mon mortals."

Now, " Render unto Cesar the things that are
Cesar's," as you say, by calling attention to or
quoting from the bottom of the first and top of the
second columns on page :J8r>, ('. B. .T. for 1886. We
read as follows:

SEALING .lELLV-TlNS.

Here is a new way to seal jelly-glasses, witb tin
tops. Have a dish with hot wax; the wax maybe
kept at the proper temperature by allowing dishes
containing the wax, to float in iioiling water.
Then take the jelly-glasses, invert them, holding
them inverted, and dip them into the wax, just
down to the rim, about J4 of an inch; the wax coats
the outside and top of glasses, but not the inside,
for the reason that the air prevents it; besides, if it
is held in the wax a short time the heat expands the
air, causing the wax to settle down in the center
under the glass, so a hollow may be seen in the wax
under the glass; the lid is then warmed and pressed
on. It not only makes it air tight at the sides, but
the wax on the rim of the glass fits tight against
the lid, thus sealing it nicely. Try it and see if it
does not please you. These packages are becom-
ing so popular we find them in great demand.

Vou speak of warming the tumblers. It seems
to me it is better not to warm them, for two rea-
sons: If warm, there will not so much wax remain
on them, and they will have to be held longer to let
the wax cool on them, but the covers should be
made quite warm. If you could have seen Mr.
Cutting and myself waxing and filling, and put the
covers on a lot of glass tin-top jelly-tumblers at
the Michigan State Pair at Jackson, last September,
you would have seen a very interesting as well as
instructive tableau. Friend Cutting was melting
wax in a basin, over one of friend Hutchinson's oil-
stoves, and I sat on a small box in front of a honey-
extractor, filling the tumblers with honey, and
W. Z. H. was leisurely walking about, enjoying the
Interesting scene, and, with Mr. Cutting, frequent-
ly warning as well as commanding me to be care-
ful and not get any of the honey on the edges of
the tumblers, or on my clothes. Cautious, weren't
they? They hated to lose any honey, you see.

Auburndale, O., Dec. 3.5, 1886. A. B. Mason.

Friend M., we own up and beg pardon.
The joke comes on friend McPherson, after
all. The point to it is, that it was on the
first page of the C. B. J. for July 7, under
the head of Our Own Apiary. Why didn't
you keej) still, old friend, "and carry the
credit V At any rate, we shall give you the
honor of bringing the matter prominently
before the public.

1887

GLEANINGS LN HEE CULTUKE.

11

THE BEE-KEEPERS' UNION.

MRS. HARRISON GIVES US SOME GOOD IDEAS ON
THE iMATTER.

DO not know but I'm a little off on the subject
of the ■■ Bee-keepers' T'nion." It apears to me
a little like this: A j'ounjr man from one of the
remote Dutch settlements in Pennsylvania went
to college, and then stvitlied medicine. On his
leturn to the place of his nativity, the neig-hbors
looked up to him as a very wise and learned man,
and were always sending for him to prescribe for
them. In revolving- the matter over in his own
mind he said, " Why is it that there is so much more
sickness now, than when I was a boy '?" He threw
up his practice and built a tanyard, and people
would come to his mill and tell him of their ail-
ments. All the answer this wise man would give
was, " Do different; do different."

Since the organization of the Bee-keepers' Union,
lawsuits and neighborhood quarrels are more fre-
quent. If 1 should be put upon the witness-stand,
and sworn to tell the " truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth." my testimony might be
more damaging to the bees than many of my fel-
low-apiarists would like. It is true, that bees going
to and from their hives in pursuit of honey, molest
no one; but how is it when they have been roughly
handled, such as is sometimes the case, when honey
is being extracted ?

I was at one time w<irk!ngwith my bees, oblivious
of every thing, except what I had undertaken to ac-
complish, and did not notice that I had angered the
bees, as I was well protected against their stings.
At the same time, a number of teams were em-
ployed in grading the street in front of the apiary,
and I afterward learned that the drivers had great
dilHcuHy in niamiging them, as the bees stung them
until they were almost frantic.

This fall, after the frost had killed the tlowers, I
was removing the surplus, and the bees were very
cross. A widow owns a span of horses and a
sprinkling-cart. She lives across the alley from our
apiary. I almost trembled when I saw her team
driven home at noon, but, fortunately, they were
put in the stable without an accident. If these
horses had been stung, and had run away and de-
stroyed this woman's property, would I not have
tieen morally responsible for her loss ?

Bees are stock that we can not. at all times con-
trol. If I could, I would keep them away from my
neighbors' pumps. I aim to have fresh drinking-
water at all times in the apiary; but it does not sat-
isfy them. Oecasionallj' a person or child is stung
l)y pinching them accidentallj-. Some of my neigh-
bors keep geese, and let them run at large, in direct
violation of a city ordinance. These geese rest in
the shade of trees upon our sidewalk, and make it
foul. If I should complain to the police about
these geese, how long would it be before their own-
ers would find out that our bees were a dangerous
nuisance ?

Many of our Western towns have their business
houses facing a public sq\iare, and the square has
wells of water and hitching-posts for the accommo-
dation of farmers and the public generally. I know
a bee-keeper who has an apiary facing such a
square, and is an injury to the trade of that town,
for people are afraid to take their teams there, and
so go somewhere else. I suppose if the authorities

should try to compel their removal he would call on
the Union to defend his rights.

The Canadian bee-keepers are at present greatly
agitated because one of their number is openly ac-
cused, by a neighboring blacksmith, of maintaining
a nuisance, and are ])rofuse in their ott'ers of assist-
ance to defend him. 1t appeal's to me that the bee-
keeper is at fault, as he first complained of the
blacksmith keeping a nuisance, in the shape of a
bad-smelling pig-sty— a mere neighborhood quarrel,
in which bee-keepers should have no interest.

Peoria, 111. Mrs. Lucinda Harrison.

My good friend Mrs. IT., I am very glad
indeed to have you take up the defense on
the other side. Your point ahout the geese
is an excellent one. One of our neighbors
keeps a large lot of chickens that have for
two or three years made themselves very
much at home, and apparently quite comfort-
able, whenever our great luscious Sharpless
strawberries were in bearing. We chased
the chickens home for quite a while before
my wife suggested making complaint. I
told her the result would be, probably, that
somebody would complain about our keeping
so many bees, and I thought the l)est way
would be to fence the chickens out. This
we did with poultry-netting, and the poul-
try-netting fence looks so pretty that I am
well satistied with the investment. It also
prevents loose cattle and sheep from getting
into our strawberry grounds. All these
things should be taken into consideration
before having differences with a neighbor;
and if the Bee-keepers' Union is going to be
used for tlie purpose of backing up one par-
ty in a neighborhood quarrel, it will cer-
tainly be a very l)ad thing all round. I have
several times seriously questioned the pro-
priety or right— that is, the moral right— of
keeping a considerable -sized apiary very
close to stores, groceries, or a public square.
Perhaps if the apiary contained only a dozen
or twenty colonies, and it were surrounded
with close-growing trees— evergreens, for in-
stance—so as to start the bees straight up in
the air. it might not be an annoyance. Re-
member PauPs suggestion in regard to mat-
ters of this kind— "If meat make my brother
to offend, I will eat no flesh while tlie world
standeth.''

FOUL BROOD.

PRIENU .J. A. GREEN GIVES US HIS EXPERIENCE
IN THE USE OF SAiaCYLIC ACID AND FHEN()I>.

fHIS subject has been so much written on
during the past few months in Gi-eanings
that perhaps it is getting to be an old story
to many of its readers. The reports of
cures are so various that the person who
discovers the presence of foul brood in his apiary
is apt to be y)uz/.led to know what method of cure
to adopt.

The disease is so contagious in its character that
promptness in its treatment is all-important, and it
behooves everj- bee-keeper to not on.y acquire a
thorough knowledge of its chai-acter and appear-
ance, but to decide on the best method of cure,
and be prepared to apply that cure without delay.

I have had to deal with nearly a hundred cases of
foul brood of the genuine virulent type. I have

12

GLEAJ^^INGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

observed and worked with the disease from early
spring to winter, during times of scarcit}' and
abundance. I have tried all the remedies that
seemed to me to be based on reason. I believe I
am through with it now, and the hope that my ex-
perience may prove of value to others is wliat leads
me to write this.

It seems to me that many of those who have
written on the subject in our magazines have had
erroneous ideas as to the nature of the disease.
These ideas may be correct, as applied to their lim-
ited experience, but the method of cure adapted to
one time and set of circumstances may utterly fail
among other environments. I know that I have
been led astray by methods that seemed plausible,
and I am afraid that some of the theories lately
propounded have not a very solid foundation on
fact.

There are some points which need to be cleared
up to the popular mind, if the disease is to be suc-
cessfully combated. The usual descriptions of the
appearance of the diseased brood are, for the most
part, correct, but I will recapitulate.

In most cases the larva is attacked when nearly
ready to seal up. It turns slightly yellow, or gray-
ish spots appear on it. It then seems to soften,
settles down in the bottom of the cell, in a shape-
less mass, at tlrst white, yellow, or grayish in color,
soon changing to brown. At this stage it becomes
glutinous and ropy; then, after a varying length of
time, owing to the weather, it dries up into a dark
coffee-colored mass. Usually the bees make no
attempt to clean out infected cells, and they will
sometimes till them with honey, covering up this
dried foul -brood matter at the bottom.

Sometimes the larva^ do not die until sealed over.
We have been told that such may be easily detects
ed by a sunken capping perforated by a " pinhole."
This is by no means invariably the case. Such
larvse will often dry up entirely, without the cap
becoming perforated or perceptibly sunken, al-
though it usually becomes darker in color than
those covering healthy larva".

The most fatal misapprehension has been in re-
gard to the smell of the disease. In its first stages
there is no perceptible smell, and it is not until the
disease has made considerable progress that any
unusual smell would be noticed by most persons.
In the last stages, when sometimes half or more of
the cells in a hive are filled with rotten brood, the
odor becomes sufficiently pronounced, but the
nose is not to be relied on to decide whether a col-
ony has foul brood or not. Long before it can be
detected by the sense of smell, the colony is in a
condition to communicate the disease to others.

The eye alone can be depended on, and it must
be a sharp and trained eye too, if any headway is
to be made in curing the disease.

MY EXPERIENCE WITH FOUL BROOD.

When I first discovered the pi-esence of foul
brood in my apiary I knew of only two eases. 1
immediately introduced new queens to them, as
I had had some experience with a form of diseased
brood which was readily cured by the introduction
of a new queen. This disease is not at all conta-
gious, and I believe will generally if not always
cure itself if let alone. 1 have no doubt that many
of the so-called cures for foul brood have arisen
from experience with this disease, or with brood
which has been starved, chilled, or smothered.

Finding that this did not cure them, 1 resolved to

destroy them. All surplus combs and part of the
hives were burned. The hives were then tightly
closed, and at night a pan of burning brimstone
was i)laced over the frames. In the morning I
found that this had gone out without accomplish-
ing its purpose. While waiting for nightfall to try
it again I made a thorough examination of the
apiary, and found eight or nine others with the
disease. Some of these 1 had extracted honey
from only a few days before, and there seemed no
doubt that the disease would sprea(^as it did.

I now determined to try to cure them. Salicylic
acid was most recommended then, and the Ber-
trand method of fumigation seemed to me the best
way of applying it. All affected colonies were
therefore arranged so they could be fumigated
without handling combs or opening the hivea.
This seemed to arrest the progress of the disease
somewhat; but after faithfully carrying it out for
nearly two months I despaired of effecting a com-
plete cure.

now determined to be thorough in my treat-
ment, so ] Combined the Jones, or starvation plan,
with Muth's plan of feeding salicylic acid; and aft-
er starving the bees until all their honey was ex-
hausted 1 put them in a clean hive on full sheets
of foundation, or on empty combs, and then fed
them salicylated syrup. This method was entirely
successful; but winter was now at hand, and I still
had several diseased colonies. After waiting until
rather late in the season— all brood had been gone
for some time— I extracted their honey and fed a
part of them on salicylated syrup, and a part on
syrup with 1-7 'i' of carbolic acid. All of these died
during the winter except one, and that had foul
brood in the spring. This spring a weak colony
was robbed. An examination showed that it had
foul brood, and the disease was thus scattered
broadcast again.

I now tried the Cheshire plan of feeding carbol-
ated syru)). Some were cured by it, ai:d I now
thought I had found a practical and' simple cure;
but before all were cured, the honey-flow began
and the bees refused to take the feed.

I now returned to the starvation method without
feed. I found that, when the bees were hived on
foundation, they were cured; but when hived on
empty combs they often developed the disease
again. When hived on full sheets of foundation
without starving, the disease generally returned,
although a neighboring apiarist reported success
by this plan with the addition of caging the queen
for forty-eight hours.

A few colonies in which the disease was just
starting, and only a few diseased cells were to be
found, were cured by scooping out the dead larvae,
washing out the cells thoroughly with an atomizer,
and spraying the surrounding comb with a two-per-
cent solution of carbolic acid.

Several colonies, in which foul brood was un-
mistakably present, conquered the disease without
assistance.

This was during a heavy honey-flow. I shall
have something more to say in regard to the bear-
ing this has on the case.

I now discovered that the colonies that had un-
dergone the starvation process were far behind
those similarly situated, except that they had not
been starved. I then tried feeding them during
their confinement, with phenolated syrup, and
found it a great improvement over starvation.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

18

By this time the fall yield of honey had come,
and 1 still bad some cases of foul brood. T shook
these from their combs into a new hive with a set
of sections tilied with foundation above, separated
by a gueen-excluding- honey-board from a contract-
ed brood-chamber haviiijj;- only narrow starters of
foundation— in short, Hutchinson's plan of hiving
swarms. All these colonies not only went actively
t<i work, filling- brood-chamber and 38 sections in a
very short time, but none of them showed any
traces of foul brood. This was in accordance with
the theory I liad formed on the subject. Investiga-
tion showed that Quiiiby used a plan embodying
the same principles, .50 years ago, and which Doolittlc
has more than once recommended in our journals.

Meantime a number of nuclei used in queen-
rearing were attacked by the disease almost
simultaneously. T overlooked them carefully,
washing out all affected cells with an atomizer,
then sprayed bees and combs with thin syrup con-
taining one-seventh per cent of carbolic acid.
This ended the disease.

It is not at all impossible that foul brood may
reappear in my apiary, but I feel that, with the
knowledge I have gained of the disease, I shall be
able to speedily conquer and finally e.\terminate it.

With the permission of the editor I shall have
something more to say on this subject in the next
number of Gleanings, detailing what I consider
the best methods of cure according to varying cir-
cumstances, with reasons therefor, and giving the
exact steps so that a novice may not err.

Dayton. 111., Dec. 10, 18bfi. J. A. Gkeen.

I Hill very, very glad, friend G.,to have
you indorse father (Juinby's sensible views
of so many years ago ; and it is not very
much to our credit that we have discussed
the matter all this time without even think-
ing of looking into our old standard text-
books. I am glad to know, also, that you
find carbolic acid, or phenol, at least a par-
tial remedy. Let us have your best methods
of cure.

REPORT FROM L. C. ROOT.

Something in Regard to his Honey Yields
For the Past Twelve Years.

THE POSSIBILITIES BEFORE AN INTELLIGENT AND
SKILLFUL apiarist: 410.5 LBS. OF LINDEN HON-
EY FROM 40 COLONIES IN ONLY 7 DAYS.

iW EVERAL years ago, after having spent five
^' years with father Quinby, I decided to com-
i^ mence bee-keeping by myself. With the ben-
■^ eflt of our combined experience I located
here, considering it the best location we
eoulil select, with all the experience we had gained
in purchasing bees, honey, etc., during the years
that had passed. In order to locate just where, and
as I desired, I purchased the land without build-
ings, and arranged all with especial reference to
conducting this business. The facts are, this is a
very fine location, and it is a rare chance for some
one who desires to take advantage of it. Under the
advice of a physician. I am to remove to a salt-
water location. I have purchased a place at Stam-
ford, Ct., on Long-Island Sound. I am quite anx-
ious to dispose of my property soon, as I have pos-
session of my place in Connecticut Feb. 1.

L. C. Root.
After receiving the above from friend

Eoot. I wrote him that a report of his woik
for the past twelve years would be exceed-
ingly interesting to the readers of Glean-
ings ; and although this report may favor
him in securing a customer for his place, we
are glad to get it nevertheless, for it is sel-
dom that friend Root has been induced to
write on bees for any other journal than the
American Agriculturist :

both sides.

Tu answer to yours of Dec. C, I would say that I
have not repoi-ted my yields of honey of late, for
two reasons. First, because many people who are
in less favorable locations will not ci-edit such re-
ports; and, second, because reports of such yields
often cause the inexperienced to engage in bee-
keeping, with the anticipation of unwarranted re-
sults. Let me say, then, first, that such yields as I
have secured can be gained only in very favorable
locations, and with much practical experience. Be-
ginners should not expect such results. During
my first five years in keeping bees as an exclusive
business, while associated with the late M. Quinby,
he would frequently remark, when I made mistakes,
that I was paying for my license. This we must all
do before we shall attain success in any calling. I
shall not only give some facts in regard to the best
yields of honey I have taken, but also some of the
reverses.

My first season, 1869, was a most disastrous one.
There seemed to be absolutely no nectar in the
blossoms, and nearly all stocks had to be fed for
winter. The following year was a correspondingly
good one, and we obtained what seemed to be an
incredible yield. Some stocks gave us over 200 lbs.
of box honey, and from one stock we extracted 3fil
lbs.

In 1874 I came from St. Johnsville to my present
home. I selected this location because it offered
more advantages than any other which I had seen
during several years of experience in purchasing
bees and honey. I commenced here with 100 colo-
nies, in but medium condition. The first part of
the season afforded me just honey enough to in-
duce breeding, as a result of which I was able to
make my stocks very populous. My first surplus
was taken July 20, when linden came into bloom.
During the next 40 days I secured 10.271 lbs., about
one-third of which was comb honey. Since that
time I have averaged good yields until the present
season, which has been the poorest since 1869. Had
it not been for experiences gained during that year
I should not have been able to secure even the 6000
lbs. that I did from 100 stocks. If we do not become
discouraged during such reverses, experiences may
be gained which we can not get in any other way.

In referring to some of my best yields during the
time mentioned, I do so in the belief that it may en-
courage some to investigate the methods by which
such results may be attained. My largest average
yield from an entire apiary was 9727 lbs. from 40
stocks. The largest in a given time was taken a
year ago last summer, when I ecured from 40
stocks 4103 lbs., all gathered in just seven days.
This was gathci-ed from linden. It is little wonder
that this source of honey should fail the present
season, following as it did one of such extreme
abundance. This entire failure of linden honey
has furnished us a great opportunity for testing
some of the other sources of honey.
I have never been so thoroughly conviaced of the

u

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

valiio of alsike clover as at present. Tlie quality of
the honey can hardly be surpassed. As you are
aware, the past season also g-avo us g-reat advan-
tages for testing- the merits of the "Chapman hon-
ey-plant," which seems to otter great promise for
the future. Such a season also shows the wisdom
of the present agitation of the subject of supplying
forage for our bees, so that the sources may be
greater and more certain. L. C. Root.

Mohawk, N. Y., Dec. ti, 1880.

There are three points iu the above, to
which I wish to call attention. First, the
wonderful capabilities of basswood. and
that we are almost all of us destroying this
beautiful tree in making honey-sections,
about as fast as we can do it. How many
l)ee-keepers are planting basswoods for the

for instance? Ere long we are going to test
the matter witli our 4U0(i young basswoods ;
and -4000 large trees in full bloom would
probably keep 40 colonies busy, say for the
greater part of two or three times seven
days.

SKETCH OF THE HOME AND APIARY
OF T. P. ANDRE-WS, FARINA, ILL.

GLIMPSE OF THE IT^ACE WHEUE
SPENDS HIS TIME.

FKIEND A.

y way of an explanation of the engraving I
will state that only about two-thirds of the
hives are shown in the cut. The small build-
ing at the left is the honey-house, where the
exti'acting- is done, where the honey is kept.

APIAUY AND RESIDENCE OF T. P. ANDREWS, FAKINA, UA..

rising generation? Second, I want to em-
phasize what friend Root says in regard to
the value of honey from alsike clover. I
have been able to secure about two dozen
jars from the lot I have mentioned, exhibit-
ed at our Ohio State Fair. I paid about 3.5
cts. per jar for these, for samples. It any-
body wants one before they are gone, they
can have these for 40 cents. This beautiful
liquid amber honey has not candied a parti-
cle at the present writing, although we have
had weather below zero. Third, forty colo-
nies may gather, in one location, overlf lbs.
a day each, on an average, for 7 days in suc-
cession. Whicli one of us has even a glimpse
of wliat the future of the honey-business
may be, in favorable locations— an apiary
located in the midst of a i)asswood orchard.

and where the surplus coml)S, taken from the up-
per stories of the hives, are stored away for winter.
The larger building is my workshop, and is fitted up
with machinery for cutting out lii\ e material antl
other fixtures.

Our honey in tliis \icinity is gatliered mainly from
coreopsis. This plant, often miscalled " Spanisli
needle," i.s very abundant in this locality, covering-
many of the fields after harvest with a solid mass
of bright yellow blossoms. The honey gathered
from this bloom has an exceptionally rich and pleas-
ant flavor. The superior qualiti' of this coreopsis
honey is so well described by a correspondent in a
I'ecent number of the Amciicaii Bee Jonriinl, that
T will quote his words:

" The honej lu-oduced by this plant is fast cominff
into pubh'c fa\-oi-. Its rich, beautiful golden color,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lo

ox(iuisitu fragrance anrt taste, with heavy rich
liody, weigliing- about Iw lbs. to the {iaiioii, iiuike it a
favorite among- epicures, and is sought lor in our
home markets above all others."

During- the past 17 years bee-keeping- has been
my principal business, ha\ing' now ;!0() colonies.

Karina, III. T. P. Andrews.

We are sorry that friend A. did not take
time to explain a little more. That honey-
house with the wire cloth over the window
fronting the audience— we want to know
what is inside of it. Also that big wlieel-
barrow with two hives loaded on it. and
with very great big whopping wheels that
look like palm-leaf hats. IIo'w do you like
the arrangement, friend A.? llow far apart
are the hives? and don't the bees get in the
wrong hives more or less, when you have
them' so close togetlier. and such long rows?
I think you can tell us a little more about it
in our next issue.

MARKETING EXTRACTED HONEY.

Something About the Right Man Eor Selling
Honey.

EXCELLENT SUGGESTIONS FROM E. FRANCE.

^\ AlSIN(i large quantities of extracted honey is

Of one thing; but when it comes to sell, and get

'Ek paying- prices for the hone}', I confess we are

\ not master of the situation. Still, we manage

to get rid of all the honey we raise, although

we have HO barrels yet of this year's crop on hand.

Until the year 18S4 our home market took all we
had, except a little sold to a fCAV neighboring- towns.
In 1884 we secured 31,27(5 lbs. of honey. The ques-
tion was, whether we could sell all that honey. To
make the matter still worse, three other honey-
producers had sprung up, with an aggregate
amount of 1.5,000 lbs. of honey to sell, and they were
all looking to our home market to dispose of their
crops. This would take a big slice off from my
home trade. AN'e were, in consequence, compelled
to look up some other market. Wo put an adver-
tisement in Gleanings, which brought an order
from Messrs. Thurber, Whyland & Co., of New York.
We sold them 21 barrels, and obtained cash for it,
at SVi cents. We got several other customers, some
of whom are still buying of us, to sell again.
sharks, and what to do avith them.

We also had an (n-der for 12 barrels, from f!. W.
House, of Manlius, N. Y. We sent him the honey,
and he cheated us oiU of our pay. liut we got rid
of the honey all the same. My the way, I have
learned we are not the only ones whom he cheated
out of their honey. Still, he has no propertj — poor
fellow! I am very sorry for him. He is worse off
than most of the parties who sold him their honey,
and I should think that, by this time, he has learn-
ed that gambling and bad whisky are a bad combi-
nation. Now, the upshot of this is, when one of
our number gets caught we ought to " squeal " loud
enough so that every honey-producer in the coun-
try can hear it. Then the rest of us will lookout
and not get caught.

I bought a lOOit-mile ticket on theBt. Paul railroad,
and took a trip out through Iowa, stopping over at
almost e\ery village. T sold honey to grocerymeu,
hotel-keepers, and others, to use and sell again. In
that way we managed to w<n-k off the crop, besides

starting a trade with several pai-tics who are still
dealing with us.

In 1885we had something o\er;!0,(K)U lbs. of honei ;
l)ut with the trade that we had worked up the year
before, we worked it off without much trouble.

This year, 188t), we secured 42,489 lbs. of honf-i-,
with prices fully one cent lower than last year.
But we have the honey, and have to take the mar-
ket, so 1 purchased another lOUOmile ticket; took
another trip west through Wisconsin out into Min-
nesota, stoi)iiing along- as before, and selling in al-
most all the towns 1 visited. I went out to St. Paul
and Minneapolis, and on as far as St. Cloud, Minn.,
then returned over another road. I was gone about
four weeks. I sold a good deal of honey, but still we
have 30 barrels yet to sell, and there is quite a long
time yet before another crop will be harvested. I
think we can work it off by that time.

selling honey, and how to do it; the rh;ht
man to sell.

We have sold a large quantity of honey to grocery-
men and store-keepers, to sell again; but we find
that the grocery men are not the best men to sell
honey— that is, extracted honey— in kegs and bar-
rels. Thej' won't push the sale of it. There are
very few of them who will keep it in sight, or make
much effort to sell. If their customei's call for it
they will sell. We find that, if some good honest
person, one who is respected by his own town-folks,
and who can take time to make a special business
of selling- honey, will go to every house, show the
honej', either by sample or sell it as he goes, and
work up a trade, supply everybody who will buj', he
is the man to sell honey. INIany small bee-keepers
who don't raise enough to supi)ly their own home
market are good men to sell honey, as their town-
folks will look to them for honey. There are a
great many towns which do not, as a rule, use hon-
ey to any extent, but would use thousands of
pounds every year if we could find the right kind of
a man living in the town to sell the honey. I be-
lieve nearly every town or village of any impor-
tance has the right man or person to make a good
salesman, and one covild build up a good ti-adein
honey, make money for themselves, and help to
work off' our big crops. Ikit the trouble is to find
the one to do the selling; and when they are found,
they are not store-keepers, as a rule, although the
store-keeper is better than no one.

1 have a little story to tell, to illustrate this point:
I have been in the habit for some years of going
once a year around a circuit that took two or three
days, and would strike Ave or six fine villages, to
sell honey, selling mostly to store-keepers at whole-
sale rates, and they retail at a profit. The flrst
year they would make some effort to sell, and
would sell considerable. The next year their sales
would be less, and less every year. About half way
round my circuit was the town of S., of about 2.t00
population. The first year my man thci-e (a store-
keeper) sold 8(HI lbs., and sold less every year, until
last year he sold only loo lbs. Now. I made up my
mind that I could do better. My wife wanted to
take a ride out through the country, and so we
loaded up 1000 lbs. of honey in our big spring cover-
ed wagon, and started out to go around the circuit,
and do our own retailing. The first day we worked
two small towns and sohl 70(1 lbs., and drove to the
town of S. We got there just at dark, too late to do
any peddling, so we put up for the night at a hotel.

16

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

I had a chance to talk houey to some that night. I
told them I should retail the honey myself, in the
morning-, at 10 cts. per lb. The merchant who had
been selling, charged 15 cents, he giving me 8 cents,
and was not satisfied with his profits at that. In the
morning I hitched up to peddle houey over the
town. My wife went along to hold the horses and
see the town; but just as I was hitching on my
•wagon, a young man about 20 years old came to me
and proposed to me to go along and help me sell
honey. He said he was a carpenter s son, and that
they lived in that house, pointing to a big new house
on a little hill. His business haa leeu, going to
school and raising berries to sell in town. He knew
everybody in town, and they aU knew him. I told
him, " AU right, come on." So I left my wife at the
hotel. The young man ran home to change his
clothes a little; and while he was gone I inquired
about his standing lor honesty, and found him first
class. All whom I asked about him said he was
honest. He was soon back, and we started out. I
gave him the lines and told him to choose his own
customei'S. He drove to the doctor's house first;
sold some honey; then to the houses of merchants
and lawyers. Everybody knew and respected him.
In a very short time our 300 lbs. of houey was gone.
I saved a 5-lb. pailful of honey and gave it to him.
I told him to go over the whole town and take or-
ders with the sample, and I would send him by rail
all the honey he could sell. He was to sell at 10
cents, and pay me 7, and send me my part of the
money when the honey was sold. He was also to
send me back the empty barrels. He agreed to that
and I left him. Then the good wife and I drove
home. In two days 1 got an order from him for a
barrel of honey. I sent it (370 lbs.). In less than a
week he sent the money, and ordered another bar-
rel, one 100-lb. keg and two 50-lb. kegs. We sent the
honey as ordered. In about another week he sent
pay, and ordered another barrel. He said he had
the town pretty well sweetened up, and was going
to sell to the farmers. He soon sent cash for all he
had and ordered his fourth barrel, which we sent
him. Now to sum up: This young man sold over
1300 lbs. of honey in about 3 weeks. His commission
was over $36.00, and that in the same town where
the merchant sold last year only 100 lbs., and growl-
ed like a dog with a sore head about there being no
profit in selling honey.

We have a man in a lai-ge western town who be-
gan to buy of us in 1S84. He sold the first year, four
or five barrels; last j'ear he sold 18 barrels, which he
bought of us. This year he expects to sell 20 or
35 barrels of honey. He has already had 13 barrels,
and we are holding as much more subject to his
orders. He is a bee-keeper too. Several other reg-
ular customers are buying less quantities to sell,
and the most of them are increasing their sales.
We find no trouble to sell all our best grades of hon-
ey, third and fourth extracting. Of the best grades
wo never have enough. But our dark grades, first
and second extracting, which we have always had a
good trade in for manufacturing purposes, goes
slow this j-ear. There has been a flood of dark hon-
ey-dew honey this year, and it is so poor that it has
played the mischief with the dark - honey trade.
Some of it has been sold, I am told, as low as 3 cents
a pound. We have no honey-dew honey, and I am
glad of it. We have some dark honey, gathered iu
the spring from dandelions and fruit - blossoms,
which we have been selling at 5 and 6 cents by the

barrel. We never sold our darkest honey for less
than 6 cents before this year. Next year perhaps
we shall be asked to give the honey, paj- freight,
and throw in barrels. Houey is getting lower every
year— poor time for beginners to set in now.
Platteville, Wis. K. Fkanuk.

Friend F., the facts you give us in tlie
above are very valuable, and no doubt
hundreds of our readers will i>iolit by them.
The point yon strike on, that so many gro-
cerymen never show goods till people in-
quire for them, is a sad fact. Even in our
ov/n lunch-room, over and over again I find
certain articles I supposed would have a
good sale, put under the counters, or upon
the shelves, comparatively out of sight.
When I inquire about them I <im told there
has not been any call for tliem. Now. I
don't suppose there would be a call for
strawberries, or, at least, not very much, if
the groceryman should put them under the
counter as soon as they are brought in. I
suppose, however, we should endeavor to
make the best of humanity we can, and not
grumble or find fault. Your twenty-year-
old lad who learned his trade by peddling
honey is the sort of chap we want. Why.
it just makes me feel happy to come across
one of these young fellows who love work
of this kind. The fact that he knew every-
body in tlie town was greatly in his favor.
—Friend F., I want to take you to task a
little for your concluding words. You
have no cause to complain--that is, if you
are complaining. I think you may thank
God also, for giving you a" queen of your
household who enjoys going with you on a
peddling-trip. No wonder you are a big
bee-man. Don't worry about low prices.
God has always provided for us. and I am
sure he will to the end.

A SIMPLICITY HIVE MTITH BOTTOM-
BAR SHORTEK THAN TOP-BAR.

THF, ADVANTAGES OF .i HIVE MADE TO HOLD SUCH
A FR.\ME.

fHREE years ago I invented a bee-hive which
• I then thought was "the hive for the South."
After three years of thorough test I am now
prepared to explain the hive and its merits.
It is nothing more than the standard Sim-
plicity with but a little simple change, and yet this
little change makes a wonderful improvement in
its manipulations and usefulness. The whole thing
is easily described. The little simple change re-
ferred to consists in shortening the bottom-bar of
the frame so that the hive in which the frame is to
fit will be just 141.1 inches square at the bottom, in-
side measure, while the top of the hive and frame
remains the same size as the Simplicity. The
frame is shaped thus:

/

ITS ADVANTAOES.

Any one who has ever kept bees in the South
knows something about the trouble caused by the
combs melting down, even with wired frames. It
was to obviate this that I constructed the new
hive; and any one will see at a glance, that it is
practically a great improvement, as, when the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

17

combs start to sag, it only tightens them, the bot-
tom of the frame being smaller than the top.

Another great advantage is, that the frames are
always movable. Vou will notice that the least nj)-
ward motion of the frame will loosen any part
where the bees may have filled in with comb or
propolis, and the more you lift the frame up the
looser it becomes. You can really hold the frame
down in the hive when you shake the bees off, thus
keeping them from flying so much. It is the frame
for Iransferring, as you will notice the comb, when
cut to fit tight in the frame, will rather lie against
the end-bar of the frame, and thus obviate the ne-
cessity of tjing the combs in. The frame gi\"ps
something like a comb of a natural shape, thus do-
ing away, to a great extent, with the lower empty
corner nearly always found in the ordinary S(juare
frame. Again, this hive gives a large space on top
ne.xt to the surplus bo.x or case— not larger than the
Simplicity, but larger in proportion to the rest of
the hive. 1 have noticed it as a fact, that the bees
go mori' readily into the surplus-boxes. Vou will
see from the peculiar shape of the hive that it will
economize the warmth in winter. There are a
great many other advantages to be had in using
this hive, but experience will teach better than the
pen can tell. The greatest objection is, that the
hive is more difficult to make than others.

Benton, La., Dec. IT, 1886. ("hakles King.sley.

Friend K., the hive you mention is not
new ; in fact, our friends across the water
both used and described the same thing by
drawings quite a number of years ago. One
of the difficulties is. that you can not tier the
hives up. one above another; and while we
admit the advantages in lifting the frames,
I believe it has been generally decided that
this advantage does not overbalance the dis-
advantages. Heddon's reversible frame has
the end-bars that go only part way down,
made wedge-shaped— thus accomplishing in
a measure the same thing that you do. I
believe your reasons for preferring such a
frame are all of them sound ones ; and per-
haps some of our readers may prefer to use
hives made in this way ; but why so great a
reduction as from 174 to 14i V

BEE-LEGISLATION.

UR. .MILIiER STtliL DEFENDS HIS POSlTll)N.

Up S I read the remarks of Z. T. Hawk, p. 944,
^Mk. and the queries of A. F. Stauffer on page

j^K 947, Gleanings, 1886, I see plainly that there
■*^ is an entire misapprehension as to the scope
and bearing of bee-legislation. Bro. Stauf-
fer asks, " Why should there be a monopoly of bee-
keeping, any more than of any thing else V " I do
not think there should be any more monopoly of
bee-keeping than of farming. Bro. Hawk objects
to class legislation. In the sense in which I think
he use.>i it, 1 do not want class legislation. I want
just tlie same legislation for bee-keepers that he
wants for farmers, and that farmers have had ever
since the settlement of this country.

It is possibly a little unfortunate that the word
"legislation " has been used, for nowadays there is
so much of jobbing and dishonesty in much of the
legislation that whenever any thing is not fully un-
derstood, some hidden dishonesty is suspected.
Yet, do away with all legislation, and nothing but

anarchy is left, for which we are not yet ready.
For my own part I believe I desire no legislation
except that which shall promote the greatest good
of the greatest number. Let me briefly state the
basis upon which such legislation may be asked.
The successful pj-osccution of bee-keeping maybe
made a source of wealth to the country, hence is
for the general good. To be successfully prosecut-
ed, it is necessary that those who embaik in the
business shall be reasonably secure that any out-
lay of time, thought, or money, shall inure to a fair
extent to their own benefit. This can hardly be,
unless the bee-keeper can have a certain territory
secured to his own use; and as laws now stand, he
can have no assurance of this, hence the need of a
new law.

The editor of Gleanings offers a solutiou of the
difficulty, p. 94.5, which, under certain circumstan-
ces, would be very satisfactory. It is, to use the
spirit that actuated father Abraham in his division
of the land with Lot. But, admitting that there
may be an Abraham in each case, can he be sure
of a Lot to deal wichV It would do away with the
necessity for law in nearly all, if not all cases, if
everybody wanted to do exactly right. It is just
because they do not want to do right, that laws are
necessary. If every one were like Abraham, or
even like Lot, no one would steal; but under exist-
ing circumstances would you, brother Hoot, advise
the abrogation of the laws against stealing? More-
over, the cases are not parallel. Abraham and Lot
jointly occupied the same teri'itory; and when the
territory became overstocked an amicable divi-
sion was made. To make the case parallel to the
one in question, suppose that Lot, a year after the
division, had brought his flocks and herds, and
planted himself right by Abraham, and occupied
Abraham's territory, would the old patriarch have
quietly submitted to this encroachment? I trow
not.

Friend Hawk says, " If the professional bee-keep-
er is to be protected by law against the amateur,"
etc. The protection I ask for is for any profession-
al or amateur, as against any other professional or
amateur who may be unwise «r dishonest enough
to encroach upon him, the same as the law protects
the professional or amateur farmer from any en-
croachment upon his territory. Friend Hawk
thinks no grocer should have exclusive right in
any given territory. Neither do I. I think a farm-
er should, and friend H. thinks so most emphatical-
ly, as he says, '* I certainly should resent any law
that would sell to him any right whatever in re-
gard to my farm." Why should the farmer have
what he is pleased to call class legislation, and not
the grocer? Because the grocer can carry on his
business to his entire satisfaction with the ground
covered only by his building. Limit him to a lot
30 feet square, and he may do a business of $.500
or f .50(1.000 per year, dependent entirely upon other
things than the ground he occupies. Plant right
beside him another grocer, with the same territory,
and even the same capital, and one may do ten
times as much business as the other, and this com-
petition is really a necessary thing for the general
good. With the farmer (as with the bee-keeper>
the case is different. Take from him the exclusive
control of a definite territory, and he ceases farm-
ing. His business can not be carried on without
the control of that territory, and competition In
his case comes in when his products are put upon

18

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

the market. Friend Hawk, don't you see that the
case of the bee-keeper is like that of the farmer,
and not the grocer?

Friend Stauffer, p. 947, asks if 1 would prevent,
by law, farmers from keeping bees on their own
land. T know that this will present itself as a diffi-
culty to the minds of many. In general, the farm-
er has a right to do as he jilcases with and on his
own land; but that right must always yield to the
general good, if necessary. A farmer may object
to a railroad passing through his land, but if it is
thought best for the general good, the railroad
goes through in spite of bis wishes. Hetween my
home and the village a man erected a slaughter-
house. It was on his own land, where he had a
right to do as he pleased, but the slaughter-house
in that location was deemed not best for the gener-
al good, and in spite of his own wishes be was
obliged to take it down. I may think I can keep
what plants I please on my own land ; tut if I at-
tempt to raise a crop of Canada thistles I find my-
self mistaken. So if it be for the general good that
there be encouragement to have all the nectar
gathered, and to have the benefit of the bees in
the fertilization of flowers, it may be the right
thing to re-district the land for bee-keepers, some-
what as it was districted for farmers.

Marengo, 111., Dec. 1.5, 1886. C. C. Miller.

BOOK AGENTS, AND AGENTS IN GEN-
ERAL.

HAS GLEANINGS BEEN TOO SEVERE ON THIS CLASS
OF PEOPLE?

T THINK you are too severe on book agents. I
jd^ think and know they may often do a great deal
^r of good— are real missionaries. Many people,
"*■ especially farmers, would buy but few books,
except they were brought to their homes and
offered for sale. Sometimes they are pressed to
buy. The book is bought; and if a good one, it is a
lifelong treasure to that family. I can see no rea-
son why a book agent may not be a gentleman or a
lady as well in that^calling as elsewhere, or why it
is any worse to sell a book than to sell honej'. Our
Bible Society sends out agents.

Sarah J. W. Axtell.
Roseville, Ills., Dec. V, 1886.

To begin with, 1 am a reader of and subscriber to
Gleanings. I should not like to be without it; but
when 1 tell you I am, have been, and always expect
to be, a " book agent," Ernest will feel like bump-
ing a hive of hybrids to get rid of me, and you, Mr.
Root, will feel like turning the "moral" in Mahala
B. Chaddock's article (page 940, Dec. 1), with full
force against me. Hut, as Mrs. Chaddock says,
" there is lots of human nature in folks." 1 find,
also, there may be lots of selfishness in folks. Now,
let us e-vamiue a few articles in Gleanings that re-
late to agents.

On page 917, Nov. 1."), A. I. Root throws out some
very strong inducements for an agent for Glean-
ings at even/ postoffice. That is good so far, as I
think that, if cvcryhody i-ead Gleanings we should
not have to contend with so much ignorance in get-
ting rid of our honey; besides, people would be
benefited in many other ways.

But Ernest, on page 91.5 of same issue, takes some
steps in advance of his father (which boys are like-
ly to in these days), and tells us how to get rid of

any kind of agents. Now, suppose I should take the
above number of Gleanings and go to one man of
one postoffice, and, after trying to show him that
the work was of special benefit to him. and failed,
I should turn to page 915 and tell him there was an
article that was worth a year's subscription. What
would the man think? He would certainly be led to
think an agent was something that niiisf be got rid
of, even if deception had to be resorted to. Now,
Mr. Root, is it a moral fact that book agents are not
needed in any community? If so. what a needless
amount of time, means, and talents are expended
by Bible (book) agents, and those who support them !
Now, I will ask a few questions: What harm is there
in taking a good book on anj- legitimate business,
and trying to sell it to those who will be benefited
by it? Is there any tnore harm in my taking the
Story of the Bible to a person, and try to show him
that his family will be bettered by having that book
and reading it, than there is in your telling them so
through Gleanings, as well as of the 95 other books
you seem to be agent for?

I admit there are dishonenl book agents; and what
calling in life is there that does not have dishonest
agents? Why are the American people so intelli-
gent on so many subjects? Is it not because they
read? How could some of our ver3' best books be
got before the people if it were not for traveling
agents? Christ says the children of this world have
become wiser in their generation than the children
of light. The powers of darkness are flooding the
world with their pernicious and soul - destroying
books and papers; and shall the children of light
(or children who ought to be children of light)
quietly sit down and tell people how to get rid of
book agents? or shall we try to present to the peo-
ple the true light and work in a Christian manner
with Christian spirit, with perseverance to do so?
3— T. D. Waller, 37—83.

Port Andrew, Wis., Dec. 5, 1886.

Many thanks, deav friends, for your kind
rebuke, and especially for the way in which
it is given. There is, however, justice and
truth on both sides of this question ; but I
see now that I have been altogether too
sweeping, and I beg pardon. I did not
mean, however, in my remarks to object to
having anybody go to a neighbor's or ac-
quaintance's. I am always glad to see a
Medina man wilh any thing he may have to
sell, provided he excuses me when I pleas-
antly tell him I don't want what he has for
sale ; and when I speak of having some one
in every neighborhood act as agent for
Gleanings I took it for granted he would
go to only those with whom he is ac-
quainted, and who would regnrd him asja
neighbor. Most people will be quite willing
to stop and listen to one with whom they
are somewhat acquainted, wlien they would
not feel pleasantly at all to be interrupted
by an entii'e stranger, such as those who
travel from house to house must necessarily
be. The bee-keepers who get mail at one
postoffice are almost invariably more or less
acquainted with each other. The same
would apply in regard to selling honey ; and
if I thouglit thatany thing that has ever
been said in ({leanings in legard to devel-
oping your liome market meant that you
should, "by importunity and such behavior as
we often meet in hoak agents, induce any-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

19

l)ody to buy honey they did not want, I
shoiihl l)y all means object. There are,
without doubt, two sides to this matter ; but
the wrong I had in mind is indeed a griev-
ous one, and many tan bear me out in say-
ing so. I mean, overpersuading people
against their better judgment. In our es-
tablishment, younger people who have not
judgment and discretion have l)een persuad-
ed again and again into buying books at
extravagant prices wlien they hadn't the
wherewith to pay their honest debts. A
young married man was induced to buy the
Life of Grant, when he ought not to liave
bought it. Tlie same agent wanted to sell
liim another book, but I objected, because
the young man was out in the lield woiking
on riu/ time. Tlie young man told me after-
ward that he was very glad I did so, for he
was so much in need of money that he very
much regretted having made the foi-mer
purchase. Books sold by agents, so far as I
know% are sold at extravagant prices, and at
extravagant profits. Those who sell books,
or take subscriptions for bee-journals, are
satisfied with a profit of from 10 to 25 per
cent ; but book agents often make lUO per
cent or more. In regard to religious books
sold by colporteurs, I think this is indeed
praiseworthy, and they ouglit to be encour-
aged ; but the profits in this business are so
small that a scheming and unprincipled
man would never think of going into it.

The waste of time that it takes to listen
to a book agent, when you don't want wliat
he has to sell, is, to my mind, one of the
greatest objections. However, you have a
right to stop and listen, if you choose— that
is, when you are working on your own time ;
but if you arew^orking by the hour for some-
body else, I do not think you liave a right to
stop your work and look at a book. In our
establishment we have had to make very
stringent rules, because of this kind of work.
One lady book agent argued the matter with
me quite at length. When I told her that
the proper place to see our people was at
their homes, outside of working hours, she
replied. " But just think how much trouble
it w^ould make me to go around to all of
them at their homes, compared with seeing
them all together here at once." I did not
tell her about the boys and the frogs, but it
seemed to me that what was rare fun for
her was death to— my poeket-bo;)k. If you
want to sell honey, get subscriptions for
Gleanings, or sell A B (' books, don't. I
beg of you, go to people who are working by
the hour for somebody else, and inteirupt
them during their work. What Ernest put
in in reference to the insurance agent w as
intended as a joke: but I am free to confess
now, that I felt somewhat pained when I
found it in print. A bee sting is, to many
people, a serious matter, and we have no
right to give pain to any one, especially any
thing that is so excruciating as the pain of a
bee-sting, either in jest or earnest. I now
remember that several jokes of this kind
have appeared in Gleaninos. and I thank
friend "\Valler for calling my attention to it.
One who professes to follow Clu'ist should
never perpetrate jokes, nor have fun wlien it
will give pajn to a fe]lo\v-being. even if this

fellow-being has been importunate to the
extent of l)eing troublesome. There is noth-
ing in this world that is so much to be ad-
mired as simple, frank honesty and sinceri-
ty in all our deal and in all our differences.

Friend W. strikes on another point in his
remarks. I Avould not advise anybody to
undertake to exhort a man in regard to his
soul's salvation, even (without the employ-
er's sanction), while he is employed by some
one else, and while this some one else
has bought and paid for his undivided
time and attention. 1 think the cause of
Christ would be furthered, many times, by
remembering things of this kind. Choose
a proper time and fitting oi)portunity, and
don't say too much, remem])ering that the
Scripture says, '■ Words fitly spoken are like
ap]>les of gold set in pictures of silver."

BEES vs. BEAVERS.

A New Office lor the Bee-Sting, from the
Scientifle American.

F. CLAHKE'S NEW THEORV OF THE

Cl'StfED.

STING l>IS-

N order that our readers may better un-
derstand the purport of the following
article from J). F. Savage, we clip from
the Scievtiiic American, under date of
Dec. -i, page 0.33, the item to which our
friend takes exceptions. The waiter ques-
tions the scientific accuracy in such a pleas-
ant manner that we feel that our old friend.
W. F. Clarke, will not take it unkindly.

A ucw champion has arisen to defend the honey-
bee from the obloquy under which it has always
rested. Mr. Wm. F.'Plarke, of Canada, claims to
have discovered, I'rora repeated observations, that
the most important function of the bee's sting- is
not sting-ing-. In a recent article he says:

My observations and retiections have convinced
me that the most important office of the bee-sting
is that which is performed in doing the artistic cell
work, capping the comb, and infusing the fornii<!
acid by means of which honej' receives its keeping
qualities. As I said at Detroit, the sting is really a
skillfully contrived little trowel, with which the bee
finishes off and caps the cells when thei' are filled
brimful of honey. This explains why honey ex-
tracted before it is capped over does not keep well.
The formic acid has not been injected into it. This
is done in the very act of putting the last touches
on the cell work. As the little pliant trowel is
worked to and fro with such dexterity, the darts,
of which there are two, pierce the plastic cell sur-
face, and leave the nectar beneath its tiny drops of
the fluid which makes it keep well. This is the "art
preservative" of honey. A most wonderful pro-
vision of nature, truly! Herein we see that the
sting ajid the poison-bag, with which so many of us
v.ould like to dispense, are essential to the storage
of our coveted product, and that without them the
beautiful comb honey of commerce would be a
thing unknown.

MK. savage's comments ON THE SAME.

Here is a strange theory of the uses of the sting
of bees in slicking otf the cappiugs of cells, and in-
jecting therein a p(n'lion of formic acid, so that the
honey may keep the better. The idea seems to be
I>ut forth in all seriousness, that the most important
function of the sting is e.vercised within the hive,
and that its occasional employment outside is only
an incident or an accident. I find it in the Sciottitir
Ameiicaii. purporting to be the substance of an
article by Wm. F. Clarke, of Canada, who, it ap-
pears, made some statements on the subject at De-
troit. Now, I wish to know whether any company

20

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

of bee-keeppi-s would receive, without question,
such speculations. If Bro. Clarke merely supposes
that the bees deliberately, and in cold blood, use
their stings in this way, we suppose that they do
nothing- of the sort, and one supposition is as good
as another — perhaps better. He, however, claims
to have come to this conclusion by repeated ob-
servations. Hut has he really seen the bees doing-
that? Does the bee, like the bea\er, use the tail for
a trowel? Is the latter end indeed the " business
end"? There are several implements at the other
end, far better adapted for smoothing and finishing-
off their work. I have many times witnessed,
thi-ough the glass of my observing hive, the process
of storing- honey in cells, and capping the same
with mandibles and tongue. It'seems to be done in
a quiet, leisurely, happy way, with no trace of
anger or excitement such as invariably accom-
panies the darting-forth of the sting with a tiny
drop of poison on the barb; for the least knock or
Jar is answered by a sharp yelp of resentment, and
many bees are seen to spread their banners, and
thrust out their weapons; but those engaged in
feeding larva- or storing honey, or comb-building,
and those just coming in laden with pollen and nec-
tar, take little notice of the disturbance, and their
stings ' are not unsheathed. No doubt, at such a
time of alarm some poison is scattered on the
combs and into the honey, as Laugstroth and others
have remarked ; and if a hive is often disturbed the
honey may become very highly seasoned. We have
always supposed that the unsealed honey would
I'eceivc this sprinkling, not that which was sealed
or nearly so. Now, Ernest, look up the authorities
and see what they say concerning formic acid in
honey — whether all honey contains it originally;
whether it is added unconsciously while the honey
is in the honey-sack, or as it is deposited in the cell,
or whether it is designedly and barbarouslj' infused
at the end by the bees in order to give their plun-
derers the stomach-ache when they eat the stolen
sweets. Does sealed honey contain much formic
acid, or more than unsealed or evaporated or ex-
tracted honey? Is it the presence of the acid or the
absence of air that preserves the honey? The
scientists have studied these subjects, but I know
not how far their conclusions will go to support the
theory of Bro. Clarke; nor does it matter, unless
he has really seen the thing done, as he would have
us believe. In that case he has made a wonderful
discovei-y indeed, ot something wholly out of har-
mony with all that we have been taught and have
observed concerning the habits and constitution of
the bee, and the mechanism of its sting. The val-
iant warrior's poisoned lance has become the peace-
ful laborer's implement; spears are pruning-hooks,
swords are plowshares, poniards are pitchforks,
tomahawks are trowels. Truly, the millennium is
nigh.

It would Ik' (litlieult to remove the impressions
that most of us have concerning the sweet satisfac-
tion and exceeding joy of the bees in all their un-
molested avocations at home and abroad; tlieii- re-
luctance to (|uarrel when honey Is plentiful and
they are full; their whole denieauoi-, so different
from the irascibility disj>layed at other times.
Friend Clarke, in his closing paragraph, discourses
finely of their natural (juietness. industry, and
peaeeableness, and in a strain that seems incon-
sistent Willi his idea that aninslrnment so "skillful-
ly contrived " for offense and defense, yet general-

ly kept out of sight, but prompt to appear on slight
disturbance, and that, too, with astonishing im-
mediate effects on the community, the mere taint of
the venom on the^skin or clothing, or' even in the
air, being sufficient to awaken instant enmity and
provoke a swift attack from multitudes —that such
apparatus, with the feelings of disijleasure, resent-
ment, and wild fury that are inseparable from its
use out of doors, should be plied so placidly and
constantly within the hive.

It ill becomes a bee-keeper of prominence to add
to the wild vagaries that prevailed in the former
days of ignorance, and that still are held by many
otherwise intelligent people. Most of the readers
of such a paper as the Scientiflc American, no doubt,
still suppose that bees are simply a si)iteful and
dangerous nuisance; and though the article re-
ferred to may enlighten and comfort them on that
point, will it not create a fresh terror and panic in
the minds of those who have always been hasty to
believe that all bee-keepers and honey -dealers
wickedly adulterate their products, and who now
behold a more dangerous evil brought to light, not
by an ignoramus, but by a bee-master who ought
to know, the fact that honey is evermore unsafe,
since it is poisoned by the bees themselves at the
fountain-head. D. F. S,\v.\ge.

Casky, Ky., Dec. H, ma.

Friend Clarke says the sting is " a skill-
fully contrived little trowel." My research-
es with the microscope, however, during
past years lead me to different conclusions.
All the stings I liave ever examined re-
semble a miniature awl, made up of three
smaller ones, two of which are barbed. The
three are held together by grooves, " skill-
fully contrived '" so as to pierce the skin by
a sort t)f pumping motion. A sting may be
so mounted on a glass slide in balsam as to
appear a little Hat. Other specimens are in
danger of being perverted from their natu-
ral sluipe after being mounted, I find ; but a
sting in its normal condition, before being
mounted (unless my Bausch & Lomb ob-
jective and Coddington lens are very much
at fault) is simply a fine-pointed instrument
like a cambric needle. As to the office of the
sting curing honey or capping the cells, I
have nothing to say, either pro or con.

Eknest

HCW TO HAVE GRAPES CONVENIENT
FOR BAGGING.

ALSO HOW TO GET EAHI.IER AND BETTEK GK.iPES
ON THE MAUKET THAN ANYBODY ELSE.

SHEADING your article on covering bunches of

Qr grapes with paper, reminded me of what I

|\ learned about raising- grapes fifteen years

"*■ V ago. I had in view, changing my business

and trying what I could do with bees and

grapes. I thought that T nndei-stood bees well

enough, but was not (juite so sure on grapes. So

I made a tri|> of observation, starting at Kelley's

Island, and then down the coast of Lake Erie to

Buffalo. Not finding any thing new I went on to

Geneva, N. Y.; and on the east shore of Seneca

Lake T there found the first man who knew

more than I did about the business. Then J found

a vineyard of Catawba grapes ripe enough to go to

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

21

market; and right over a stone fence, on the same
kind of soil, the g-rapes were at least ten days later.
What I wanted to learn was, how this was In'ouMht
about. Going- to the house I inquiri^d for the pro-
prietor, and was informed that he had gone to the
lake with a load of grapes for Now Vork city. I
was invited to take a seat, or, if I preferred, go in-
to the vineyard and look around. .Vs this suited
me best, I went out and tt)ok a look at the grai)cs.
At that time I thought it the grandest sight I had
ever seen. The vines were all healthy, and of uni-
form growth. Every bunch of grapes hung free
and clear from any obstruction. All were good
fair-sized bunches— not a small bunch in the vine-
yard. If he had desired to use paper bags, every
bunch in the yard could have been covered.

I went back to the house and met the man, just
returned from the lake, and told him I had come
all the way from Michigan to learn how to raise
grapes. He said he was always glad to see anj- one
who was willing to learn. He had tried to teach
his neighbors, but found they thought they knew
as much (or more) than he did, so he went his own
way, but year after year sold his grapes for live or
six times as much as his neighbors. He had call
for all he could raise, at from 2.5 to 30 cts. a pound,
while they sold for from ^li to 44. He averaged
as many pounds per acre as they did. All the ad-
ditional expense he had more than they was in
picking off all the small bunches soon after they
had set, and freeing each bunch from all obstruc-
tion, so that it would grow in the most graceful
gbape.

He commenced in the spring to cultivate the soil
once in ten days with a weighted cultivator, going
as deep as he could, and going less deep as the sea-
son advanced, until the first of August, when cul-
tivation ceased, except to pull up any weeds that
made their appearance. The summer pruning
consisted mostly in seeing that three or four vigor-
ous canes were grown, on which to raise the ne.xt
year's crop. In the fall, after frost, the vines were
trimmed, and the canes left for fruiting were left
to lie on the ground until spring. As soon as
warm weather commenced in the spring, the vines
were tied to the trellis, and cultivation commenced.

The point he most emphasized was, to raise all
the fruit on large and vigorous canes, as the fruit
would be larger and earlier than on weak canes;
then the early and constant culti\atioii until about
a month before ripening, and picking off all the
small bunches, and straightening out all that re-
mained, so that they would grow in the best shape
for market. When placed in market the grapes
sold themselves. His motto was, "Have the best
that can be raised, and a few days before somebody
else gets them." L. ('. Whiting.

East Saginaw, Mich.

Friend W.,your communication is a most
excellent one, not only for bee-keepers, but
for grape-growers also. 1 really believe the
plan you give will work almost every time,
from what experience I have had with
grapes. Bagging such clusters as you men-
tion would be but a small job comparatively,
and it would end the troubles among the
bee-men and grape-men. The grapes around
our bee-hives have improved just in propt)r-
tion to the attention we have given them,
and it is right in the line of your sugges-
tions.

OUK HONEY- MARKET.

If'HIliNI) UKDDON'S views IN KEaA.RU TO HONEV
BECOMING A ST.\PLE PRODUCT.

T AM glad to note friend Dadaut's kind and en-
1^1' couraging article on page 981— none the less so
W because he (controverts ideas of which I am
"^ convicted, especially when it is one I do not
cherish. 1 would that friend 1). were right,
and I wrong; but even after reading his article J
can not see it that way.

For 28 years have we been producing and intro-
ducing e-xtracted lu)ney, and during all this time
friend D. and his class have been talking about its
becoming a staple when we get it fairly intro-
duced, and the price becomes a little lower. Well,
it is now so low that those less fitted to survive at
the business are " freezing out," and those best tit-
ted to survi\e, culling for organized effort to stop
any further slaughter in prices by all known meth-
ods, outside of the general influence of supply and
demand. After all this "introducing," don't you
think our people and our product ought to be
somewhat acquainted with each other? Fifteen
years ago I said, and to-day repeat, that it is my
opinion that honey will never becoine a staple com-
modity, nor even a staple luxury, like oysters, etc.
Cane-sugar syrup is a staple, or standard sweet,
and at the same price would many times outsell
hone}', for the following reasons: First, it is two or
three fold sweeter, increasing its worth for sweet-
ening purposes precisely in the same ratio. Sec-
ond, it possesses uniformity of chaiacter— a feature
which enables creamery butter to command a price
double that of the best roll butter, equally good.
Third, I doubt if there is any honey of any c61or.
flavor, or consistency that "wears" with the human
appetite as does cane syrup. ] am sorry 1 can not,
but I fht not believe that friend Muth nor any one
else can work up any lasting or increasing demand
for honey for purposes of cookery.

I know there are " many children who have ne\er
tasted honey," and that, too, children of those
who have money enough to, and do, indulge in
every lu.xury, notwithstanding the commodity is so
very, very ancient. These children would have
tasted it long ago, and many times, had it been an>
thing like a staple with their parents. There are
too many well-to-do people who do not wish to eat
it, at any price.

Ves, we have 14 grocery-stores, every one of
which is well stocked with honey, 10 of which keep
none CAcept my own. This isn't all: I attend to it
that they keep the jars and crates conspicuously in
sight— as a rule, right ou the counter. I have
found, by so doing, sales are increased about three-
fold. This is the strongest evidence that the article
is a luxurious luxury, being as far from a " staple "
as can be. It shows that, among people w ho are
able to buy it at almost any price, they think of it
rarely, except when they see it. We have cut the
price in two in the middle, once, since I have been
in the business, and we don't sell any more now
than we did before; and if to-morrow morning we
should cut it in two again, and thoroughly adver-
tise the cut, people would say. ••Did you rrn- .'" and
for a little time sales would be lively at these ruin-
ous luiees, and finally we should hear exclamations
likethis: "Well, T declare! after all I don't believe I
like honey any better, if as well, as that nice golden
syrup, and I know I don't on buckwheat cakes."

(iLEAJSflNGS IN BKE CULTURE.

Jan.

\V(> should then Hud that wo had caused a large
number of jjeoplc to conceive, lor the first time,
that they had many times pui-chased honey in pref-
erence to syrnp, from no other cause than that it
cost more.

I am sorry, but this is just what I believe. You
told us years ag-o, that when honey came down to
the present price there would he no end to the de-
mand. I told you, no; nothing- would stop the
downward tendency of prices except lessening- the
production, which would come of necessity, when
the weakest of ns began to starve out. Well, we
have reached the point, and no more honey is con-
sumed in Dowagiac than was consumed fifteen
years ago, and producers are going to hold a con-
vention to do all that united eflort can do to hold
up prices, the satne as is done by other classes of
manufacturers.

Nearly every article of manufacture in a hard-
ware store is sold at prices fixed by a pool. Go to
your hardware store and inquire, and take a hint in
time. True, honey i° >a product; but the method we
employ to gather it and our processes in prepar-
ing it for market, rightfully class us as manufac-
turers, not producers.

No, no one has worked harder than I to create
local demand, and Prof. McLain or any one else, ac-
quainted with the facts, will tell you that no honey
excels ours in this northern climate, and under our
care of production, and we never retail any but the
white, A No. 1 grades.

1 agree with friend Dadant, that the specialist in
bee-keeping will be hardly more apt to quit his call-
ing than the farmer. But the way the small ones
will drop out in the near future will, I think, be
highly worthy of his notice. One peculiar fact
about the farm is. that it makes a home, and sup-
plies the greater part of a living; in fact, the whole
of a possible living, whether there is any such
thing as money or not, to say nothing about
"prices." I have more than $ijOOO invested in hon-
ey-producing, and I could not exchage it even, for
any $3000 farm in this county. I presume that the
farmer whom friend Root mentions in his foot-
notes had been dabbling -with bees or some other
side issue.

I think friend Dadant is mistaken in saying 1 fol-
low his methods in producing extracted honey. So
far as they are laid down in his excellent little
pamphlet, many of them coincide with the methods
I first adopted, sixteen years ago; but he is mistak-
en, and you were also, in your foot-notes to my
last communication, in thinking that I continue
tiering, and do not extract till the close of the sur-
plus season. My bees gather too much honey for
that, and we keep our clover, basswood, and amber
grades separate.

I believe Mr. Dadant has not yet learned the val-
ue of the slatted, break-joint honey-board, shorn of
which I would feel like giving up the production of
both comb and extracted honey. It is against ray
wishes and likewise my interest in some directions,
to state my convictions as above; but when drawn
out upon any subject, I mean to stand by my old
rule of making such statements in " the now," as
I think will be verified in the future.

In closing this article I feel it an obligation and
pleasure to thank friends Hutchinson and Harmon
Smith for their able and instructive articles in last
issue. I feel that I have in-oflted much by both.

Dowagiac, Mich. James Heddon.

Friend H., I agree with you to a certain
fxteiit in most of your statements, but 1
hope you will excuse me for saying I think
you putit a little too strongly throughout al-
most all of your article. As an illustration, I
know that many of the articles in hardware
stores are sold at a regular and uniform price,
while other things, and things which are sta-
ple, are sold at prices that differ very widely
by different manufacturers. It is true, the
I vox Age publishes regularly an alphabetical
list of the staple hardware goods; and it
also gives the prevailing discount; and this
discount applies to factories north, south,
east, and west. Associations are formed,
but they are being constantly broken. The
combination on tinware stood, I think, three
or four years at one time ; but in their anx-
iety to get orders, certain manufacturers be-
gan cutting under on the sly, and pretty
soon the combination went to pieces. I still
think O'ar best way of keeping prices up on
honey is to buy out the smairproducers be-
fore they have had a chance to run their pro-
duct on to the market. It may be true, that
no more honey is sold now with the present
low prices than was sold before, when prices
were high. But the times demand low
prices on almost every thing; and what is
true of honey is also true of almost all farm
and rural products. Cane-sugar syrup is
some sweeter than honey, if I am correctly
informed, but not two or three fold sweeter.
Suppose Prof. Cook straighten us out on
this. And granting that it is sweeter, is it
worth so much more for food ? A pound of
sugar may be cheaper than a pound of straw-
berries; but who is going to take the sugar,
even if it is sweeter ? Perhaps you do not
call strawberries a staple ; but with the tre-
mendous trade that seems to be constantly
increasing in them, I should call them a
magnificent staple. Let us not waste time
in arguing, when we simply have a different
understanding of a certain word. The point
before us is to understand how to get the
most money out of the products of our
industry.

AN ABC SCHOLAR'S REPORT.

A farmer's view of the question— legisla-
tion FOR bee-keepers.

y UNE 38, 1884, found me in possession of a newly
hived swarm of bees. They were a present

to me. That swarm gathered 49 lbs. of surplus
that year, and had ample stores for winter.
The spi-ing of 188.") found them in moderately
weak condition. 1 lifted the frames and bees out of
their hive, and put them in a new clean one;
and during the process I found the queen, the
first I had ever seen. Being a beginner, I of course
felt proud of this.

On the 9th of last .June I traded a hive filled with
comb, containing considei-able honey, for a first
swarm of bees. This swarm I call No. 3. My old
swarm I call No. 1. On the 13th of June it cast a
large swarm, which I call No. 3. I waited V 2 days
after this swarm issued, and then cut all queen-
cells from No. 1, as per Doolittle in his review of
your ABC book. It was my first exjierience, and
proved a success. I had n('\-er e\en seen a (|Uoen-
cell before.

18S7

GLEA^UNGS IN i3EE CULTURE.

No. 1 produced Im sections. No. ~ produced S4
lbs. ill boxes. No. 3 produced 1*5 sections.

The sections were part 1^4 inch and part 1 "» inch
wide, and T use separators, so they lall considera-
bly short of 1 lb. each in weight. Hut reclconing
them at ^ lb. each, they make an ayfjrejrate of ;!(X)
lbs. for the thi-ee swarms.

LEGISLATION FOK FAUMKHS.

I am a farmer, and have undertaken to keep bees
for honey for home use; but what am I to do with
it all, when the bees pile it up like this ? There has
been some complaint about the farmer sellinfr hon-
ey so low that the market of the a|)larist is being-
demoralized. Some have intimated that legislation
in favor of the bee-keeper is needed. I for one
would be very willing to give up my bees, could we
farmers have a little legislation in our favor that
would enable us to get prices, say about double
what we are now getting for our farm produce. I
think it quite probable that the lowest price at
which any farmer ever sold honej- is no lower in
proportion than those at which he is obliged to sell
his horses, cattle, hogs, gi-ain, potatoes, etc. I
plead guilty to having parted with lOi lbs. net hon-
ey at 12!2 cts. per lb., cash, and 60 sections at 11 cts.
each In trade, and it was no easy matter to dispose
of it, even at these figures. E. H. Whitaker.

Peru, 111., Nov. 3T, 1886.

HOW MUCH ROOM DO THE BEES NEED
FOR BROOD AND POLLEN?

IF CROWDED, IS THERE DANGER OF PUSHING THE
POLLEN INTO THE SURPLUS RECEPTACLES?

R, ROOT:— On page 94, Gleanings for 188.5,
Mr. Doolittle says: "I use six (Jallup
frames of comb (equal to .5 L. frames) for
the veiy largest swarms, while others have
but 4 or .5," etc. In an Oct. No. of the
American Runtl Home, of 1886, he also says:
" Queens, as a rule, will not occupy more than 800
square inches of comb with brood, for any length
of time," and, further along, " In order not to get
any pollen in our boxes, we will allow 200 square
inches of comb for that, and the little honey they
always have in the upper corners of the frames,
above the 800 the queen occupies." If it requires
800 to hold the brood, where will the i)ollen go to,
when we hive our very largest swarms on t> Gallup
(or 5 L.) frames, which give but 72.5 square inches of
comb'/ Is there no danger of the queen entering
the sections, where side storing is practiced ? or if
we use dummies to contract the brood-nest, will
they not swarm as soon as the queen tills the combs
with brood? In hiving swarms on empty frames,
according to W. Z. Hutchinson, Avhere will the
pollen go to that some of the bees of the swarm are
carrying, at the time of hiving? As there are no
cells below in which to jilace it, will it not be left in
the sections, if they are supplied with full sheets of
foundation or comb? I think there is pollen
enough carried thus in one swarm to spoil a large
number of sections, if it is put in them. How
many pound sections should be given a large
swarm, hived on 5 L. empty frames, or frames of
comb in a good honey-flow? A little explanation of
this subject would prove acceptable to me, at least.
Ogden, N. Y. M. E. Gkidley.

.\N explanation by g. .m. dooi-ittle.
Some of the readers of Gleanings do not seem

to understand why it is that I should recommend
a hive holding 1000 scjuare inches of comb surface,
as the right size for a brood-chamber, and then
hive swarms in a hive so contracted that there is
only enough room for less than TOO square inches
of comb surface in it. To best explain, I will gi\e
the reader a little view of brood-rearing as I find it
in this localitj', after careful experiments which I
have conducted for .years. One queen lays all the;
eggs which are to become the future bees for lion-
ey or otherwise. These eggs hatch in three days,
so that a small larva takes the place of the egg;
this larva is fed on chyme tor six days, during
which it has grown from a mere speck so as to
nearly fill the cell, at which time the cell is capped
over. During the next twelve days this larva pass-
es through the transformation process " from cat-
erpillar to butterfly," and at the end of that time
comes out of the cell a perfect bee, making a peri-
od of 21 days in all from the time the queen lays the
Qgg till the bee bites off the covering to its cell.
Very warm weather hastens the process of devel-
opment during all the stages, and steady cool
weather i-etards it, so that I have known the period
to be shortened to about 18 days and lengthened to
nearly 24, but 21 is the rule. Now, the Creator of
all things designed that bees should " multiply and
replenish the earth," the same as all animated
things, so gave them as strong instinct to prepare
for swarming as we see manifested in birds to
build nests wherein to lay their eggs and rear their
young. This instinct causes the queen to greatly
enlarge the circle of the brood during May and
June, so that, when the height of her ambition is
reached (from June 10th to 20th), she lays from
3000 to 3000 eggs daily.

From experiments conducted along another line
I find that, at this season of the year, some of the
worker-bees, in a colony being in a normal condi-
tion, exceed 45 days as to length of life; so as the
time, 21 days (from the egg to the perfect bee) is
4.5 days (the life of the bee at this season) we can
find the reason for swarming, through the crowd-
ing of the hive. It will be seen that the queen can
get 2 1-7 generations Of bees on the stage of action,
to where one dies off; hence comes swarming, with
both bees and queen bending every energy in that
direction. Swarming accomplished, the same in-
stinct that causes the Ijirds in midsummer to cease
building nests, and prepare for a journey south in
early fall, seizes hold of both bees and queen, the
bees bending every energy toward getting a su])ply
of food sufficient to carry them over winter, while
the queen keeps " pace " by laying only enough
eggs to koej) good the population of the hive.

From this understanding of the inside workings
of the hive I drew these conclusions: First, that up
to time of swarming I desired a brood-chamber of
the size occujiied by the average queen, plus the
pollen room necessary for the brood. Careful ex-
periments gave this as 1000 square inches of comb,
or!) Gallup frames. Second, desire for swarming
gratified; two-thirds of the room needed before is
now amplj' sulticient to keep the population of the
hive good, and care for the less amount of pollen
now required. Besides, with the desire for less
brood, pollen is gathered in far less quantities, so
it is a rare thing for me to find half as much pollen
in the combs surrounding the brood at this season
of the year as I do in May; hence it is not often I
get any pollen in sections. Again, the bees gather

2A

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JAN.

no pollen, as I conclude, from hasswood, which
gives us our main hone3--cTop; for 1 have watched
for hours at basswood-trees to find a bee with pol-
len on its legs. When white clover gives the main
crop of surplus honey, this contraction system may
give some pollen in the sections; yet I think that,
if used on the above plan, not enough to do much
damage. What we all should strive after, if we
would be successful, is to let the bees carry out
their natural instincts as much as possible, and at
the same time turn those instincts to the best possi-
ble advantage for ourselves. In the above I think
I have made it plain how it can be done. Herein,
also, lies one of the reasons why T prefer the Italian
bee to any of the others. All know that, after
swarming, they show a greater desire to retrench
In brood-rearing- than any other race of bees, and
at the same time gather unlimited quantities of
honey. With the above management I throw all
the early honey into the sections, while later,
when the honey is of inferior color, T get enough
stored in this ''i-sized brood-chamber for winter.

One other item: Some seem to suppose that the
bees seen in a swarm having pollen on their legs
are bound to store this in the hive somewhere, and
that, if treated " la Hutchinson, by using empty
frames below, said pollen must go into the sections.
This, [ think, is a mistake; for as far as my experi-
ence goes it is " scuffed off " and thrown out at the
entrance. I know it is, where the swarm is hived
in an entirely empty hive, for the bees have no
place to put it till comb is built, and no use for it
during the first three days in any event, unless a
frame of brood is inserted by the apiarist.

Roi-odino, N. Y. G. M. Doot.itti.k.

OPEN OR CLOSED TOP SECTIONS.

IS THERE ANY PARTIfTLAK NEED OF MAKING
THEM WITH CI-OSEn TOPS.

TNASMUCH as considerable discussion
M and some hard feelings have resulted
if because we have sometimes sent open
'^ sections when our customers wanted
those with closed tops, '• but forgot to
my so,'" we have thought best to copy the
i following from the -1. B. J. It gives the
opinion of many of our prominent lioney-
producers :

Query No. ."iSL-'A ))ep-keepei- in Iowa prefers elosed-top seo
tion.s; but ill tiering up he uses open-top seetions. Is it an ad-
vantage to liave the first ense and the one on top made thus ?
and will the comlis (of course they can not be inverted) be as
straight wifli elosed-top sections r- Augrnsta, Iowa.

I see no advantage in closed-top sections any-
where.—W. Z. Hl'TCniNSON.

It is a disadvantage to have two sorts of sections
on the same hive.— .7. P. H. Brown.

We should prefer open-top sections for every
purpose.— D.\1)Ant & Son.

The combs will be just as straight with closed top
as open, if you use full sheets of foundation or sep-
arators. 1 prefer an open-top section, as I want to
" tier up. "—H. T). Cutting.

I use open-top sections, and can see no advantage
in those having closed tops.— G. M. Doolitti-e.

I should not expect combs to bo quite as straight
with closed -top sections, but I have never tried
them.— C C. Miller.

I should always prefer the open-top sections.
This permits tiering up, and enables one to see just
what is going on.— A. J. Cook.

Closed-top sections are no advantage, as they can
be made closer with a cloth spread over the top of
the case or rack. The open-top sections are neces-
sary to the tiering-up system, and the latter is
accessary for the best results.- G. W. Demaree.

Never use both kinds on the same hive, or in the
same apiary; in fact, never use closed-top sections
at all. They are not good about getting straight
combs, tiering up, handling in and out of shipping-
crates, seeing the condition of the super, and so
bad that they are almost totally abandoned.—
James Heddon.

The combs will be built as straight with closed-
top sections as with open-top ones, but the former
have no advantages over the latter. I prefer a thin
board with a bee-space beneath to cover the sec-
tions. Many use enameled cloth.— G. L. Tinker.

I do not think there is any advantage in using
closed-top sections in any case. Open-top sections
can be easily closed, but closed-top sections can not
be used in " tiering up." I prefer the open-all-
around sections.— .1. E. Pond, ,1r.

Several times, right in the height of the
honey season, we have had customers who
have declared they could not or would not
use open tops. I suggested they cover the
openings with wood, or some equivalent,
and some of them refused to do even that.
If there is another side to the question, we
shall be glad to hear it; but some of the
evidence must be quite conclusive.

OUR p. BENSON LETTER.

Introductory Chapter.
bee-keepin in the hiest stile.

IINEVlTABEli accumpennyment of troo grate-
ness is modesty. That'b why I am so moddest.
Bein the gratest of all livin or ded apearists, mi
extreme raoddesty prevents mi alloodin to it,
hents I never say enny thing about it. But
moddest as T am I feel it mi dooty to instruck the
risin Jcnnyration in the toppick of keepin bees. If
they cood all cum to me it wood be better, for I
cood lern them how to keep bees in ti short lessons
without a master. It wood be much to their advan-
tige to take lessons from the greatest sighentist in
apiculturistical bee-keepin, whitch I am him. But
1 ken giv mutch valyouable gnawledge throo in-
struxion in a bee jearnal. The bee is divided in 3
parts: drones workers and kings. The drones lays
the egs. The workers makes the hunny under the
direxion of the Kings whitch bosses the whole job.
Layin egs is very exostive, on whitch ackount the
drones doant last long and generlly giv out sum
time in the ottem or fall of the year. When the
drones dy off, the workers stop makin hunny and
then eat up all the hunny by next spring. If the
drones diddent dy off in ottem, the wurkers wood
maik hunny all winter. T am gitting up a breed of
a noo strain, whitch thair drones doant dy off so
soon, and these will be moast prolifflck hunny mak-
ers. Orders filled in rotashen. Satisfaxion garn-
teed to enn.y reezenable extent, and if ennybuddy
issent satisflde he ken return the munny to me.

The bee is a soshel community and never lives
seppereight, 1 in a place. Some peaple is gilty of
this, but not bees. A bee ollwaze lives in a hive and
sum times in a hollough tree. A sqnrl allso lives In
a hollough tree but his tale is much more ornamen-
than the bee. The bee hezzcnt got enny tale, oanly
just a sting. The sting is very pennytrativ in kar-
rickter. Moastly it gits sore whair the sting penny-
trates. The bee is a verry ackomodating little
brute, for when it stings it ollwaze leaves its sting-
er in, soze to mark the place soze yule kno whair to
scratch. P. Benson A. B. S.

(whitch the A. B. S. it stands for Apiculturistical
Beekeepin Sighentist.)

iSHi

GLI^ANINGS il^ 13EE CULTURE.

26

We are pleased to tell our readers that we
have made an engagement with Mr. P. Ben-
son for a seiies of articles on l^ee culture.
Mr. Benson has, for many years, been rest-
ing from his arduous labors : but some of
our older readers may have heard of him as
a teacher of music. Since he has deter-
mined to direct his powerful intellect in the
direction of bee culture, we may expect
something bewildering and astonishing be-
fore he gets through.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

HONEY, BITTER, FROM CHESTNUT-BIyOOM.

T HAN'E read in Gleanings several times about
,||f bitter honey. I will tell your readers the trouble
]li I had with bitter honey, and from where it was
■*• g-atherfed, in the summer of 188.5. I found that
my bees were storing some vei-y dark honey,
and I found, on tasting it. that it had a very bitter
taste; so the next day I sallied out to find out what
they were working on. I followed the direction
they flew, and found them working hard on chest-
nut-blossoms. I broke off a bunch, and found they
soielled like the new honey, and tasted like that
which the bees had stored in the hive. Then I
knew it was chestnut honey T was getting in the
sections. Tt is vei-y dark. I got that year over 68
lbs. in the sections, i thought may be by age it
would come all right, but it never was eata1)le— al-
waj's a rank smell and bitter taste. I accordingly
uncapped nearly all of it and placed the sections
on top of the frames, and let the bees carry it below
for winter stores, as they wei-e short in the fall of
1885. They wintered all right. The cause of their
storing so much chestnut honey was because the
winter of 1884 killed all the white clover, and the
bees had nothing but chestnut honey to gather.
This year I could not see a bee working on the
chestnut-bloom, so I got no bitter honey— not even a
smell. I am of the opinion that this is the matter
with Mr. W. H. Dickinson's honey. i>age 947— all
chestnut honey. Josiah Eastburn.

Fallsington, Bucks Co., Pa., Dec. », 1886.

HONEV, bitter, from CHESTNUT-BI.OSSOM.S.

In answer to Mr. Dickinson's in(iuiry in last issue
about bitter honey, I will say it is probably caused
by chestnut-blossoms. Chestnuts are vei-y uneven
honey-)iroducers, and sometimes, for years in
succession, give no yield; but when they do, the
yield is invariably bitter— at least here in New
Kngland. Mr. Dickinson has probably these trees
in his neighborhood. Remedy, keep extracted
close, and save the chestnut honey to feed, or to
sell to A. I. Root for medicinal purposes at an ad-
vanced price. J. C. Greenleaf.

Greenleaf, Mass., Dec. 6, 1886.

WORKING BY I-AMP AND LANTERN LIGHT.

When Ernest works bees by moonlight or lamp-
light, I wonder if he uses the smoker as by day-
light, andjdont the.bees fly in the Vhimney of the
lamp, and crawl over him ? 1 tried it once, but
want to know hnw, better, befoi-e I do it again.

Maria L.Deming.

Watertown. Washington Co., O.. Nov. 24, 1886.

A smoker is a help when working by lan-

tern light, but T managed to get along with-
out it ; that is. I made the lantern answer
somewliat the same purpose. When the hive
is opened, set tlie lantern right on top of the
frames. If any bees liy up they will strike
against the glol)t'. but receive no injury, nor
will tlit'y as a rule get on to your peisl)!!, as
the light is a strong counter-attraction. I
do not like a lamp so well— bees are too apt
to get down the chimney, and burn to death.
Besides, the lamp is affected by any light
wind. 'Ernest.

While at the Michigan State Convention
1 mentioned how Ernest worked by the
light of a lantern, and a good many of the
friends thought it astonishing. When I got
home and questioned Ernest about it, he ex-
plained as above, that the Tempest lantern
was placed right on top of the frames, and
kept there. Its construction is such that a
bee can not possibly harm himself by it.
The bees handled were all Italians, and very
gentle. When the lantern w^as taken away
it was done so quietly that none of the bees
followed it. When I worked by the light of
a lamp, several years ago, I placed the lamp
a rod or so distant, on one of the posts form-
ing a grapevine trellis. I have had consid-
erable experience in trying to work with
bees after it Avas so late in the evening that
neither the bees nor myself could see, and
under such circumstances I have had them
get on my clothing, and buzz all over me, so
that it was (|uite a task to hunt up the little
rascals. With the light of a lamp, however,
or the Tempest lantern, the matter is very
simple and easy when you once "get the
hang of it.''

HOW DOKS MH. HEDDON DRIVE BHES INTO HIS
HIVINO-BO.X WHEN TR ANSh-ERIUNG V

I have tried transferring from our box hi\e, but
can hardly tell how much of a success it will be;
but 1 have fully decided to have all Simplicity hives
for another year. Don't you think it sets bees to
robliing or flghting, to piU broken combs into hives ?
I wish you would telll me how Mr. Heddon con-
trives to drive the old queen and a ma.iority of the
bees into his hiving-box from the old box hi\-e. 1
can't see how it can be done without takiug the old
hive all to pieces (I refer to his letter, ]>age 369, A B
C book). If you can tell me, I shall be greatly
obliged. Mrs. W. K. Nickt^y.

Mitchell Creek, Tioga Co., Pa.

My friend, it certainly does set bees to
robbing, and very often" to fighting, to put
broken combs into the hives, unless you put
them in just at nightfall, and put in' only so
much as they will cl^an up entirely, and go
into their combs over night. I presume
friend Heddon drives the bees out by the
drumming process. If you put an empty box
over any bee-hive, close all the openings,
then drum on the hives with sticks occasion-
ally, for 15 or 20 minutes, the greater part of
the l)ees Avill ascend into the upper box. We
have not recommended drunniiingin the A B
C book, because we have always found it
much slower than the plan I gave. See our
brief references to the matter on the oppo-
site page of the A B C book from the one
you quote.

26

GLEA^i^GS lA BEE CULTU'UE.

Jan.

UO BUMBLE-BEES SWAKM ?

Will you be kind enough to tell us how the colo-
nies ol' bumble-bees increase? Do they swarm as the
honey-bees do. or not ? And hornets also.

KECIPE POR HARD HONEV-C'AKE.

It is first rate; improves as it g-ets older: ti lbs.
flour; ;S lbs. honey; r/2 lbs. sugar; lu lbs. butter;
•/2 do/,, egg's; '» oz. saleratus; ginger if you like it.
Roll out in cards. E. D. Howell.

New Hampton, N. V.

I think Prof. Cook will be tlie best man to
tell US about bumble-bees. Ff I mistake not,
he lias already given us something on the
subject, but we want something plain and
clear, and covering the whole ground. As
the nuitter of different races of foreign bees,
including the stingless, is now prominently
before us, a brief history of their methods of
propagation would also be interesting. Can
we not have it soon, friend Cook V

WHY BEES B.iLL QUEENS.

C. C. Miller asks, on page 938, " Is it not possible
that, in this case, the bees ball their queen for the
sake of protecting her? " I have thought of this
very point. Such might be the case, but 1 no lon-
ger think it possihlc. The act of bees " balling a
queen " is not one of protection, but one of ag-
gression on the part of the bees. That they do in
some instances kill the queen, even if we do nt once
shut up the hive and leave them alone, is another
fact that goes to show it is aggression. In most
cases, as the doctor says, if the hive is at once
closed when we find the bees balling their queen,
and they are left alone for a few days, she is uftuaUy
released, and we find her in no way apparently
damaged, e.Kcept the wings are ragged fi-om being-
gnawed by the bees.

4— Abbott L. Swinson, 71—70.

(ioldsboro, Wayne Co., N. C, Dec. 13, llSSti.

CAR p.

I want to ask you if you are sure the small fish in
the carp-pond are carp. Here a species of sunfish
get in all our ponds, and many persons are deceived
by the little fellows, and some have sold them for
car}) before learning their mistake.

OLD BEES AS NURSES.

The question is asked, "Can old bees act as nurs-
es?" Eaj-ly last spring I moved 12 colonies about 7.')
yards, and enough bees returned to fairly cover two
Simplicity frames. They were furnished brood for
queen-raising, and raised one; but she was lost,
probably on her wedding-ttight. Afterward they
raised another, bvit they then had young bees from
a comb of hatching bi-ood Daniel E. Kobbins.

Pason, 111., Nov. 2."), 188fi.

Friend 11., our small carp may be suntish,
but I hardly think they are. Our pond has
no communication with any stream contain-
ing lish of any kind. — I have been satisfied
for a good while that old bees could act as
nurses.

HINTS TO GARDENERS.

To destroy the striped bugs on cucumbers and
other vines, fill a bucket two-thirds full of the con-
tents of the henhouse, then fill up with water; ap-
ply the water after it has soaked a while, to the
vines.

If you want to plant cabbage-plants when the
groiHid is dry, dig a hole abnut H or 4 inches deep.

with a lu)e. Pour in a pint of watei". press the roots
down in the mud, and pack the loose dirt on top.

If you want to keep cabbage from bursting, pull
up on them till the main roots crack. This might
also work with lettuce.

Should you not be heavy enough to pull, put a
2r)-lb. rock in your right and left coat pocket.

Pleasant Valley. la. C. H. Ehlehs.

Friend E., I am very much in favor of such
remedies as the one you mention for striped
bugs ; for if it does not hurt the bugs it will
make the cucumbers boom until they out-
strip the bugs. Your suggestion in regard
to transplanting in dry time is a good one,
but it takes a good deal of time. — We have
tried the plan you recommend, for keeping
cabbage-heads' from bursting, but it always
seemed to me like locking the stable after
the horse was stolen. Our cabbages some-
times burst with a pop, even while holding
them in the hands. iSTow, then, if anybody
can tell when a cabbage-head is liable to'
pop, he is a smarter man in that respect
than I am.

FUEL FOR SMOKEKS; DO BEES REQUIRE WATER
WHILE IN THE CELLAR ?

My wife wishes me to ask you one more question;
and that is, what kind of sawdust, or what materi-
al do you use in your smoker ?

Do bees require water in winter when in the
cellar? Can bees be moved a mile or two safely
at this season of the year ? F. F. Hill.

Barton, Vt., Oct. 26, 1886.

The sawdust used in our Clark smoker is
bass wood, of a rather stringy nature. It
must not be too fine. For further particu-
lars in regard to fuel for smokers, see back
issues in the department of Our Own Apia-
ry, particulai'ly page s,S;j.

The question in regard to Avater for bees
while wintering in a cellar has been fully
discussed in our back volumes. Prof. Cook
tried giving half of his bees water, and the
other half no water ; and while those that
had water seemed to want it, and took it up
readily when offered, the result was that
they did not winter as well as those that had
no water at all.

SUNSHINE FOR HORSES.

That barn— yes, that barn that so many judges
have pronounced the most convenient barn and
stable that ever was— oh, where can the free sun-
light of heaven get into those stables? They should
be so arranged that the sun could shine in to purify
the air and warm the stock. You built your hen-
house so as to give them plenty of sunlight, and
your horses and cows none (if I understand the
plan as shown in Gleanings). It would save feed,
and your stock would be in better health if confined
to the barn much in winter. G. M. Horton.

Smithboro, N. Y., Nov. 27, UXi.

Friend II., our horses are out almost every
day in the year, winter as well as summer ;
and while" it is true that there are no win-
dows that give them the sun, the doors are
quite often left open when the weather is
mild, so that the afternoon sun comes right
into their faces. The largest doors of the
tool-house, where the manure - spreadei- is
kept, are seldom closed unless the weather
is cold or stormy. Then there is a pretty

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE.

27

^ood-sized door in front of the passageway
in front of the mangers. Wlien this is open
the sun in the winter time shines right in
their faces. F tiiink I have heard it stated,
that stables should not liave too much di-
rect sunlight. Will friend Terry tell us
what he knows in regard to the matter?

IN MEMORIAM OF OUR OLD FRIEND A. K. MOON.

A {food many of your readers will remember tlie
late A. F. Moon, the veteran bee-keeper who de-
parted this lite in Rome. Ga., some three years ago.

Mr. Moon, for many years, was a bee-keeper at
Rome, Ga., having some two hundred hives con-
stantly under his supervision. He made a business
of raising- cjueens mostly, and his product was sold
all over the United States and Australia. From
this, as well as the cultivation of tiowers, which
was as pleasant to him as the honey-bee, he derived
a meager support; l)ut among all his trials he was
always the genial gentleman, who always welcom-
ed visitors, a^d liked to "talk bees." To say that
Mr. Moon was one of nature's nobleman is not to
say too much. He was a gentleman in every re-
spect, and the veteran bee-keeper of the South.
At our Southern fairs he was nearly always on
hand to transfer, for the amusement and instruc-
tion of the attendants, and he had learned to trans-
fer so well and so quicklj' that he could complete
the job in 17 minutes from the word " go."

At one of our fairs he accidentally broke his leg;
and the first amputation which was necessary, be-
ing incompletely done, or done in an unskilltul
manner, led In after years to a second amputation
from which he never recovered. He died, regretted
by the entire inhabitants of Rome, among whom
he had made his home for a lung number of j'ears.

Genial and warm-hearted in life, he died like
'• one who wraps the drai^erj- of his couch about
him and lies down to pleasant dreams." In the
great hereafter, where he has gone before, may we
meet again some summer day. T. E. Hanbury.

.\tlanta, Ga.. Dec. 9, 1886.

SELLING HONEY IN NEVADA.

I have been prettj- busy putting up honey in
those little glass pails, and packing my sections for
market. I put 'ZO lbs. in a box, which I have made
on purpose for them, compact and close, and each
wrapped in blue paper, so when they get to their
destination thej- are in good condition. T feel satis-
tied, when I hear the remarks of the parties to
whom they were shipped; as, for instance, "Hid
you ever in your life see honey packed as nicely as
this?" I tell you, I feel proud of it (but not envi-
ous) to know that all parties are satisfied. Well,
now, in regard to those pails, there were two dozen
broken (out of i(M)), but otherwise all right. If they
could only make the mouth of them a little smooth-
er it would be a great advantage to all parties.
My honey is going off at good prices. For the
finest of it I get 2.t cts. per section in San F'raneisco,
as well as in the adjacent counties. There is plen-
ty of honey here that can be bought for 12 cts., but
it is not so attractive, and, of course, does not sell
as well as mine. I have found out that honej', as
well as any thing else that is put up in proper
shape, provided the quality is good, will sell, and it
will pay, too, if you only take a little pains with it.
That is my experience; and I know that, if we all
take a little care, we can all do well.

Keno, Nevada, Nov. 26, 188tt. E. A. Moohk.

BOX-HIVE MEN IN KENTUCKY.

Of the 6074 subscribers you report in Deo. I, No.,
it occurs to nic that but few if any are taken on the
line of my recent trip across this State and into
three small towns in Kentucky. The country
abounds in natural resources and box gums, but
few frame hives. I saw some at only one place,
and the>- appeared to have been neglected. Many
would get movable frames if, as they say, they
knew enough aViout bees and the management of
the hi\ es. When they fovuid out I had no interest
in patent hives and clap-traps, none to sell, but,
like them, kept bees for the pleasure and profit
they gave, 1 had eager listeners for what I had to
say, and many were the questions asked, and
genuine and pressing the invitations to stay all
night 01' spend the day. They get marvelous quan-
tities of honey in an old-fashioned, awkward sort
of way. That Mississippi bottom is a great place
for bees, fish, and game, and— big graveyards.

W. P. Henderson.

Murfreesboro, Tenu., Dec. 4, 1886.

jMewEf^ n]iB QaE^iEg.

GREAT DROUGHT.

T SOU) my bees down to 67 colonies to com-
m[ mence the season with — about 50 good eolo-
^t nies, the rest below par. The fore part of the
"*• season was very good; the honey gathered
was e.xtra, on account of being heavy, caused
by hot dry weather; but the season closed with the
most severe drought experienced in this section
since 1871, the fall of the great Chicago fire. 1
made 4000 lbs. of white-clover honey in ]-lli. sec-
tions, and about 2000 lbs. of extracted. L increased
to 130 colonies, which are all in the cellar in splen-
did condition. I had to feed only a few pounds.
North Prairie, Wis. W. Addenbrook.

How shall we make labels stick on tin >
Wheatland, Mich. Joel V. Mmerriman.

[Several recipes have been given in our back vol-
umes. Briefly, put some honey with your paste, or
sandpaper the tin a little, or rub the tin with salei--
atus water. Lastly, use the Royal glue found on
our 10-cent counter.]

OLD hope for smoker FUEL.

Among all the smoker fuels mentioned in
Glean tNOS, I had not seen old ropes spoken of. 1
tie them in knots, then cut the knots apart, and
they make a good and durable fuel when used with
rotton wood. etc. Rukdette H.\s.«!ett.

Howard Center. Iowa. Dec. 10, 1886.

how to kkep postage-stamps fro.m sticking to
letters.

If j'ou will tell customers, when sending stamps,
to rub them on their hair in its natural state it will
prevent sticking together, and not injure the
stamps in the least. T. D. Waller.

Port Andrew. Wis., Dec. .'», 18H(i.

[Thanks, friend W., forgiving us one solution, at
least, to the postage-stamp trouble. The only ob-
jection I can think of is, that if you use hair-oil you
might get the stamp so greasy it would not stick
when it was necessary. The other is, that "t'other
fellow" might lick his tongue on his stamp after
it had been rubbed on your greasy hair. But even
this would be better than having them stuck fast to
letters, so far as we are concerned— begging pardon
if we seem selfish.]

28

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Jak.

A QUEEN AND '2 I'B. OK BEES.

fS^ HE season has closed, and has been a good
^ one all together. Hut little fall honey, ex-
< cept buclivvheat. We started with i colo-
nies, and increased l)y natural swarms to T,
besides losing: two fine swarms. I boug'ht a
qiieen and '2 lb. of l)ees of A. I. Hoot, received
May 28. From these we have a fine colony that
g-ave us some surplus. We have 400 lbs. of honey
for our work. It is selling at only 10 cts. We hope
to make even a better record ne.xt year.
Philo, 111., Nov. 37, 18Stl. M. L. Bkewf.u.

.SUM TOTAL.

My crop of surplus for 1884 was i:J,.">00 lbs.: lor 1885
was l^jm; for 188(i was 1:5,45(1. A. B. Cheney.

Sparta, Kent Co., Mich., Nov. 8, 188t).

skven colonies.
This year 1 have got 800 lbs. of honey in one-
pound boxes from seven colonies of bees.
Orangeville, O., Dec. 1, 188K. P. Mover.

TOO LBS. per colony WITH BLACK BEES.

We beg-an this season with T good colonies and
;j poor ones; increased to Ut, one of which abscond-
ed. We extracted about 3235 lbs. of honey, but
fed back about 75 lbs.; 16 of our colonies are
Germans, the other 3 arc hybrids. Supposing our
;{ weak colonies to have given 135 lbs. of honey
(which estimate may be rather low), the other
yielded TOO lbs. to the hive. If you have heard of
any man in Ontario who has beaten us with Ital-
ian bees, you can let us hear of it through Glean-
iNOS. J. Fennell.

Shelburne, Out., Can., Nov. 3(;, l«8(i.

SWINSON'S REPORT FOR 1886.

1 began the season with 66 colonies, separated in
four different apiaries. I ran all for queens and
increase. I bred American-Albino-Italians, Syri-
ans, and Carniolans. 1 sold 33 nucleus colonies, 238
queens. Received from sales of bees and queens
for the season, :|?375. I increased to 71 colonies, in-
clusive of sales. Nine-tenths of the ordei's were
for Italian queens. During May, and up to June
30th, ordei'S were plentiful; after that date I sold
but few riueens and no bees; 95 per cent of orders
were for untested queens. Honey-flow was poor.
All in fine order for winter.

Abbott L. Swinson, 71—70.

(Joldsboro, N. C, Nov. 35, 1886.

•'NEVER OBLIGED TO REPORT A FAILURE;" 1S7

LBS. EXTRACTED HONEY, AVERAGE, PER

COLONY.

1 commenced the season with 175 colonies in tour
apiaries, from three to six miles apart. Of these,
95 colonies were run for comb honey in 1-ib. sec-
tions; the average yield was 105 IVts., and increase
of bees to 145 colonies. The remaining 80 colonies
were run for extracting. The average per colony
from these was 187 lbs. In all, 175 colonies increas-
ed to 3TO; surplus honey, 35,000 lbs. Bees are all in
g'ood co7idition for winter; most of them have more
honey than is necessary.

I have been engaged in bee-keeping for the past
eleven years in different localities in this State;
and although some seasons have been excessively
wet and cold, and others right the reverse, yet
I have never been obliged to report a failure.

MaustoD, Wis., Nov. 17, 1886. F. McNay.

BLACK BEES AHEAD.

I packed my bees on summer stands last winter,
and left the packing around them until near swarm-
ing time, to prevent spring dwindling. The bees
began to swarm in May, and got nearly through by
the time my neighbor's bees commenced, which had
been in the cellar. A pai t of my bees are Italians,
which I got of friend Root; a part hybrids, the rest
blacks. The blacks and hybrids led off in swarming,
the blacks a little ahead, but not tnuch; but when
the Italians got at it they did not know when to stop.

Now for the honey: The Italians were a long
way behind the others in the amount of honey gath-
ered, but tliey are much nicer to handle. 1 have
taken our frames of Italians several times with the
queen on it, and she kept right along laying as
though nothing had happeiK d. I used Root's 1-lb.
one-piece sections, and I don't want any other kind.
When filled with basswood hf)ney they are hard to
heat. I secured about 3300 lbs. of comb honey.

.1. IJ. Whiton, 46— .50.

Ithaca. Gratiot Co., .Mich., Sept. 38, 188fi.

J)jY;SEIiK WD MY Ps[EI6JIB0R^.

Their feet are swift to shed blood. There is no
fear of God before their eyes.— R<m. 3:15, 18.

1^ N tlie night of Dec. 2i' (just after the
'Kl shortest day of the year had gone) I
^ was awakened about lialf-past four in
^^ the morning by the sound of fire-bells.
Now, ever since the burning of our
M'arehouse last March, the sound of bells in
the night starts me itistantly until T regain
consciousness enough to recognize that it is
not a tire-alarni. Tiiis time, however, it was
the lire-;i1arni for sure, l)ut there was not
any lire. 'Die cause of it was something as
follows ;

About one o'clock, as the night-watchman
was passing along his beat on one of oui-
principal streets, two individuals approached
him. Tie supposed they were boys out late
at night, and accosted them pleasantly.
When close to him one of them quickly
swung a revolver up before his eyes while
the other held a club over his head, and
threatened to kill him if he moved or made a
sound. He was tlien l)ound and gagged, his
overcoat was tied over his head, and he was
led to the court-house, M'here about $40,000
was deposited in the safe of the county
treasury — the taxes that had been collected
preparaitory to being forwarded to Colum-
bus. There were live men all togteher. Three
worked at the safe while the two others kept
watch. Tliey were prepared with safe-
breaking tools, and i)lenty of dynamite; but
our safe was too well made for them to get
through in three hours' time. One of the
sentinels announced, somewhere about four,
that people were stirring, and so they were
compelled to give up the job. Our marshal
released himself in lifleen or twenty min-
utes, and gave the alarm, as before men-
tioned. The thieves escaped with horses
and buggies taken from our citizens. The
horses and buggies have been secured, but
the robbers are at large.

I have often told you of talking to crimi-
nals, and men guilty of crimes of various

1887

GLEA.Ni^GS IJN BEE CULTL Hh;.

•2»

kinds, as I met them in our county jail. In
all the cases that I remember, or nearly all,
thei'e were some extenuating- circnmstanccs.
A good many o! tiie crimes were committed
while under the inlliience of strong drink,
and sometimes 1 i'elt satisfied that the crime
in question was committed when the party
did not know what he was doing. Generally
the criminals have repented of the act about
the time 1 talked with them, or, at least,
claimed to be iienitent. 1 have never yet
talked with a man w ho was on the eve of
committing a ciime. I have sometimes
wished I could do so. in order to study more
perfectly the phases of the hiunan heart, es-
pecially of a human heart wholly given over
to Satan. 1 have met many men who re-
jected the Bible ; 1 have met some who re-
jected the golden rule, claiming that it is
every man's business to look out for Xo. 1.
I have talke(,l with tramps who very honest-
ly owned up that they did not propose to
work for a living; and I have found a few
who seemed so callous and hardened, that,
when I asked them if they were content
to have poor, weak, hard-working women
cook and prepare their food while they did
nothing, would, when pressed hard, saythey
did not care. Such individuals, however,
seem hardly human, and I have sometimes
been tempted to think they were about half
way between the brute creation and human-
ity, and right in the midst of civilization
too. It seems to me that Darwin might
have accepted these phases as his " connect-
ing link." These live men of whom I have
been speaking, however, without (piestion
deliberately and Avith premeditation not only
rejected God and the Bible, but they reject-
ed Christ and his teachings; they "rejected
the golden rule, and they declared by their
actions that they did not care whose money
it was, nor what "it cost to get it. They were
willing to sacrifice every thing— the chances
of being shot themselves, and the probability
of committing murder themselves, for a few
paltry dollars. These dollars M-ere the hard,
scraped-up earnings of the farmers of Me-
dina Comity. These five men were probably
aware of the fact that farmers have had "a
terribly hard row to hoe in raising wheat at
75 or so cents a bushel, corn for 20 or 25. and
other things in proportion. They recog-
nized how hard it has been for many of the
farmers to scrape up enough money to pay
their taxes; and yet they would, without
scruple, appropriate the hoarded earnings
of our county. In the language of our text,
•' There is no fear of God before their eyes."
They had sold themselves to the evil one ;
and when I w ant to be reminded that Satan
is actually at present finding a lodging-place
in the hearts of men in this nineteenth cen-
tury, I have only to think of the state of
these men's hearts. Some of us are begin-
ning to think that stories of highwaymen are
getting to be a thing of the past. Alas, my
friends, they are not a thing of the past. In
spite of our scliools and churches, and the
progress we as a nation are making in civili-
zation and Christianity, our papers contain
accounts like these continually. Woe be-
tide us if we sit down and fold our hands,
thinking the victory is won. If we banish

saloons from our land, it may have the effect
of somewhat lessening this sort of work ;
but 1 am afraid that not all of these men
can plead the poor excuse of being hard
drinkers. I have been told there are men
of this class to be found who are never
intoxicated at all. Suppose it were jiossible
to sit down and have a talk with such as
they while the piu'pose was in their hearts
of committing these crimes, what sort of
defense would they make V Every rational
human being is, as a rule, prepared to de-
fend his course. A great many commit
crimes through revenge ; and I have heard
men admit that they would risk death itself
for the sake of indulging their passion to
pay back somebody who had wronged them.
Men sometimes connnit mni'der because of
dwelling on fancied or real injuries, and let
Satan into their heart in this way. These
robbers, however, of whom I speak, had no
revenge in their hearts; they had no ill will
toward the marshal, whom they threatened
to kill. When they started away, one of
them took the overcoat from off the mar-
shal's head and folded it up for a pillow for
him to lie on, indicating that there was a
.^pdik of humanity of one kind in their
hearts yet. They had no disposition to do
him harm, oidy so far as it was necessary to
get the money." In view of this, what, then,
is the remedy V Simply Christ Jesus. This
class of men are as far away from the Bible
and Bible teachings as it is possible for any
thing to be. The Bible is at one side, and
they are far away olf on the other side. A
great gulf lies between them and Christ's
spirit and his teachings. They were pre-
pared to commit deliberate murder— yes,
even to murder those who had never wrong-
ed them nor injured them. We call a man
heroic when he gives his life for his friends.
Christ gave his life to save his enemies.
Does it not seem almost hopeless to try to
put the ditfea'ence on paper, between Christ's
spirit, or even that of a Christian man in
whom Christ's spirit has found a lodging-
place, and these men in whose hearts Satan
has found a lodging-place '? I wonder if
they know any thing of the teachings of the
Bible ; I wonder if they have ever at any
time in their lives thought of becoming
Christians. My mind follows them, dear
readers, because they are my neighbors. It
is true, they do not live in Medina— at least,
I hope they do not ; V)ut the spirit that actu-
ates them"^ is finding a lodging-place, to a
greater ov lessei- extent, in the hearts of hu-
manity ail round about us. These events
have this effect upon myself : They make me
love the Bible more than I ever loved it be-
fore, and tiiey make me love good, lionest,
God-fearing inen more than I ever loved
them before ; and I turn with renewed joy
and thankfulness to that promise in the ser-
mon on the mount — '• Blessed are the meek,
for they shall iidierit the earth." Through
Christ this evil spirit is to be con(iuered and
driven out ; and upon Clnistian people rests
the burden and responsibility. It rests with
such as we are. sinful and imperfect, to
hasten the time when God's kingdom shall
come and ('hrist's will be done in earth as it
is in heaveii.

30

GLJEAKINGS tN BEE CULTURE.

JAiJ.

dim 0WN Jiinnwi'

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST B. BOOT.

SUITABL,E DRESS FOR AVORK7NG AMONG THE
BEES.

Conveniences for the Apiary — Continued.

to work among the bees to the best ad-
vantage dining hot weather. I deem
it highly essential that the apiarist
pay Hue attention to the matter of
dress. He should be so attired that
he can work with comfort as ^\ell as conven-
ience, burning hot though the sun may be.
His clothing should be rather cheap, and not
easily injui ed by honey dripping.

Coiistitutionsare so widely different that
what will be applicable to one will not be
to another. Some will be easily affected by
the sun's heat, others from piofuse sweat-
ing. In the face of these ciicumstances I
am not sure that I can recommend a dress
suitable for all. But I fancy that many of
my readers are constituted like myself.

I once thouglit I w^as not adapted to sum-
mer work out in the ai>iary. The sun's heat
completely " played me out."" as I was wont
to express it. But 1 wore no underwear. In
fact, I was attiied in about the same dress
that Dr. Miller says he wears ; * namely,
" One straw hat and veil, one cotton shirt,
one pair of cotton overalls, one pair of cot-
ton socks, and one pair of shoes. "" He fur-
ther states, that about noon he sponges him-
self off and puts on dry clothing in place of
that which is wet with sweat. The latter
is put out to dry, to be used the next day.

Unlike Dr. Millei', 1 never could sweat
enough to keep sufficiently moist to counter-
act the burning rays of the sun. The single
thickness of cotton cloth of one shirt was not
enough to ])revent my back from blistering.
The heat on such occasions, wdien I was at-
tired thus, seemed unbearable, and I had a
burning desire to get to some cool shady
nook. Not only this, but the sun's rays
made me feel dizzy at times, and a sort of
sickness, which I thought savored of sun-
stroke, came over me.

The next summer, in addition to the cot-
ton shirt. I wore an undershirt - the latter
not heavy, part cotton and part woolen. I
was aware of the fact that many wear their
underwear the year round, claiming that it
protects them, not only from cold, but from
extremes of heat. I* likewise noticed, in
works on health and hygiene, that under-
wear is recommended, ihlluenced by this, I
decided that, at the a])i»roach of warm w^ea-
ther, I would not cast aside my underwear
as usual. The following summer in the api-
ary attested the wisdom of this decision, and
I nevermore experienced any incoiivenience
when working in the hottestsun. The wool-
en not only proved a great protection, but
stojjped the si)eedy eva])()ration of perspira-
tion — what little I do have. The moist
woolen, for me, has a delightful coolness
whi(ii is indeed refreshing. I have gone di-
rectly from the hot sun in the aviary to the
office. The latter place seemed oppressive-
ly hot, w hile in tlie open air I felt very com-

* A Year Among- the Bees, p. 64.

fortable. Mind you, it was right the re-
verse wiien I formerly worked among the
bees with but one thickness of cotton cloth
over my back.

My experience may be a little singular ;
but, fellow-apiarists, if you are troubled
much by the heat of the "sun, try light un-
derwear the coming summer. l' feel sure
that some of you will find it a decided ad-
vantage, w^hile others may be so constituted
as to i)refer the dress recommended by Dr.
Miller. 1 don't know, but it seems to me a
light underwear for our friend the doctor
might prevent such in'ofuse sweating ; but
it may be that experience has taught iiim to
the contrary.

A SUITABLE HAT KOR THE APIARY.

Reasoning from the foregoing, my readers
might naturally suppose that I would rec-
ommend a heavy hat. Not so. I prefer a
light hat — the lighter in weight the better.
That you may get a 1 letter idea of the one I
prefer. I will ask the reader to turn back to
the cut on page 1001, last issue. The ac-
companying engraving shows the same hat,
but not so closely. Tlie covering is cloth, and
of a light drab color. The brim is lield out
in position by a light steel hoop. The crowm
on the inside is so made tliat it will fit any
head. This is accomplished by means of a
light rubber band sewn into the cloth crowii.
The lower side of the Inim is covered with
green cloth. When it is on the head, one is
scarcely aware that he has any head-cover-
ing, so "very light and easy is it^. The broad
brim, with" the green on the under side, has
a softening eff'ect on the eyes, and com-
pletely shades them iroui the glare of the
summer sun. When the latter is very hot I
pull a couple of large plantain-leaves, or,
better still, a large grapevine-leaf, and place
it in the top of the hat.

'"Why isn't a broad-brim palm - leaf or
straw liat as good ? " you ask. In the first
place, they ai'e much heavier, and warp into
shapes that are outlandish, to say the least,
after a little iise. The average farmer will
go about with a thing on his head that looks
more savage than civilized. Again, in a hot
burning- sun I can not bear to have a hat
pinch tightly aroiuid my head — it gives me
the headache. The cloth one I have just
described is entirely free from this latter
ol)jection, and, on the contrary, is so con-
structed as to give a comparativelv free cir-
culation of air about the forehead. I have
used this style of hat four or five summers,
and therefore take jileasure in recommend-
it. In a future number I will tell how
well this hat is adapted for holding a veil.

Before leaving this subject of hats, I wish
to s.iy that I think. u]H)n inquiry, they can
l)e purchased in their season at most of the
clothing-stores. They retail at 25 cts. each.
In the "meantime wewill see what we can
do in the way of furnishing them for next
season's use, should there be a call for them.

STRAAV CUFFS TO PROTECT THE W^RISTS
FROM STINGS, AND Tf) PREVENT SOIL-
ING} THE SHIHT-SLEEVES.

My readers will please take a look at the
cut on p. 1001, last issue, as well as the one
opposite, for a view of the cuffs. You ob-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTIKK

SI

serve that they are made of straw, closely
knit, and large enoii,2;h to cover the sleeve
half way to tlie elbow.

When workino- among the bees I always
like to have my shirt-sleeves draw up a lit-
tle from the wrist. They arc held uj) by coil-
ed wire garters. This diuws the sleeve tight-
ly about the wrist, and prevents, to a great
extent, bees crawling up. I'ut whether tlie
sleeves are drawn up or not, the l)ees are lia-
ble to sting the exposed i)arts of the wrist,
which, when stung, with me, the pain is ex-
ceedingly sharji. To protect myself during
past seasons T wore the straw cnfts. You
notice they drop down close to the hands, so
that, when a bee crawls n|) the latter, being
unable to walk under, he crawls ui) the cuff.

In autumn weather, during fall feeding,
for instance, when it is comfortable to wear

ducking, tlie ordinary m;ilerial. Those
made of lin(Mi arc in general a better tit.
The ordinary overalls are so ill fitting and
baggy that I am afraid I should be ashamed
to be introduced to visitors when attired
thus, especially if father should come out
(as he is liable to do) and say, '• Mr. .Jones,
this is my son. He will take great pleasure
in showing you about."

In warm weather I prefer low shoes and
light cotton socks. If the grass is wet with
dew in the morning, as is often the case, I
slip on rubbers. Lately, however, I have
found something that I "like a little better
than rubbers; i. e., light rubber boots de-
signed for ladies. I think 1 shall prefer the
latter, for the reason that they keep the l)ot-
tom of my pnnts dry. which rubbers some-
times fail to do.

THE .\P1ARIST AT WOltK OVBH A H I \ K ; \>,

■ himvim; (?is m vnnkk Or iiiit;.-.-^.

a coat, the sleeves of the latter may be tuck-
ed into the cuffs, and thus prevent the bees
crawling up the mouth of the sleeve, which
always seems especially Inviting to a bee,
especially if hybrid or black. As stated in
the heading, the cuffs are useful in another
respect; namely, keeping the coat or shirt
sleeves clean from honey or wax. Our boys
have, therefore, found them invaluable
when transferring, or in any other job where
one is liable to get his fingers sticky.

OVEIt.VLLS.

If I intend to work for any length of time
among the bees, I invariably don a pair of
overalls as you see. The kind I use are
made of a fine quality of -blue linen — not

Having now for tlie present disposed of
this matter of dress, perhaps you in(iuire
what the fellow in the picture is doing. 1
intended, among other things, to illustrate
how I use the Simplicity-hive t.-over for a
stool. 1 sit down to a hive thus, w^hen I be-
come tired of stooping when on my feet,
and. as you see. the cover answers admira-
bly. Indeed, I think it is a far better sub-
stitute than a tool-box. which has to be lug-
ged about. The stool is always ready as you
see.

I had intended to mention one or two oth-
er items in this connection, but as the " boss
printer '' says my room is limited. I will de-
fer them until next issue.

82

(^LEANING8 IN BEE CULTUUE.

Jan.

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE
CHAPMAN HONEY-PLANT.

WRITTEN OUT BY PHOF. MCI.AIN.

T|--' iS considerable space lias already been
i|]bi given to reports in regard to this plant,

j^' we thouglit it hardly worth while to
■^^ go over the ground again ; l)ut as
Friend Cliapman particularly wishes a
full report from all the meml)er.s comprising
said committee, we subjoin the following :

The committee appointt^d by the North-American
Bee-Keepers' Society, at the "auiiual meeting- held
in Detroit, Mich., December, 1885, to investigate
the merits ol a honey-bearing- plant now being- cul-
tivated h^■ Mr. Hiram Chapman, of Versailles, N. Y.,
met at that place July 28, 1886. One member of the
committee, Mr. Manum, of Bristol, Vt., was not able
to be present; but as each member of your com-
mittee was furnished with a sufflcient number of
plants to affoi-d opportunity for observing their
growth and habits, and also to gain some informa-
tion concerning the value of the ]>lant as a honey-
producer, a letter from Mr. Manum, in which he
gives the result of his experience and observ-ation,
is herewith appended. This plant, which Dr. Beal,
of the Michigan State Agricultural College, and Mr.
Scribner, Asst. Botanist of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, tell us is Erliinops Sph(vriicii}h(tlit!<, is
an imported perennial, native in Central France,
and, like all of the family to which it belongs, verj-
rich in honey.

This plant will probably be popularly known in
this country as the "Chapman honey-plant," so
named on account of Mr. Chapman being tirst to cul-
tivate it, and being first to bring it to the notice of
liee-keeperg. We found three acres of the plant in
bloom. The height of the mature plant is from
;5 to 4^2 feet, and each root bears from 5 to 15 round
balls, or heads, from one inch to l'« inches in diam-
eter. These heads stand upright, and the entire
surface is covered with small white Howers having
bluish stamens.

The stalks and leaves so nearly resemble those of
the common thistle, that, were it not for the head,
the difference would not be easily noticed. There
is, however, in this particular, a vei'y marked differ-
ence, the appearance of the head being aptly de-
scribed by its botanical name, which signifies round-
headed, and in appearance like a hedgehog. The
flowerets on top of the head open fii-st, then they
open later along the sides of the ball, continuing
in the order of nature around the entire surface of
the sphere. Near to the stem the last flowerets
open after the blossoms on the tops of the heads
have disappeai'ed, and the seed-capsules of the first
blossoms have hardened.

Unlike the thistle, the seeds are provided with no
balloon by which they may be borne by the wind.
The seed is, in weight' and appearance, very much
like a small grain of rye; is inclosed in a capsule,
and falls directly to the ground, if not seasonably
gathered, not spreading more than oats, if left to
fall without harvesting.

From the time of the aijpearance of the bloom
upon the tops of individual heads until the fading
of the last blossoms upon the lower part of the
head near to the stalk, is about eight days; the con-
tinuance of the blooming depending upon the na-
ture of the soil and the season; but the heads, or
buds sentoutfrom each individual shoot, and form-
ing each individual cluster, vary in degree and size,
so that the natural term of blooming and honey-
bearing may safely be reckoned at from ~0 to 30
days. The term of blooming may also be prolonged
to a considerable extent by cutting liack a i)ortion
of the plants, and the facility with which the honey-
harvest may thus be prolonged constitutes an im-
portant feature when estimating the value of this
plant. The plant is hardy, easilj' propagated, peren-
nial, and appears to fiourish in all kinds of soil, and
there is no danger of its becoming a pest or a nox-
ious weed. It does not bloom until the second sea-
son; and as it does not spresJd in seeding, its extir-
pation would be easily accomplished. Its seed may
be scattered in waste places, or it may be sown in
drills or hills, like onion seed. It seems to be char-
acteristic of the plant to root out all other vegeta-
tion, and take possession of the soil. No weeds, and
but very little grass, was seengTOwing in the three-

acre plot observed. A ten-acre field, sown broad-
east and harrowed in like rye, has also made a vig-
orous growth, and seems to be taking possession of
the soil, in opposition to ijuack-grass and weeds.
As to the value of the plant to the honey-producer,
there appears to be no room for doubt, whether
quantity or quality, or both, be considered.

Within reach of Mr. Chapman's apiary, no other
resources were accessible for honey-gathering.
The severe and prolonged drought destroyed all
other honey -yielding blossoms, and yet in some in-
stances the liees were making an excellent showing
in the hives. No definite conclusion could be reach-
ed as to the probalile returns in pounds of honey
from a given area. That the returns would be sat-
isfactory, was evidenced by the fact that the entire
area was " alive with bees," and they visited the
flowers from daylight until dark, and sometimes
eight or ten bees were ujton a single head at one
time. Mr. Hubbard, who cultivated some of these
plants obtained from Mr. Chapman, represented
that he had counted the number of visits made by
bees to a single head from 5 a. m. to 7 r. m. He re-
ported the number as being 2135, actual count. In
order that the committee might have some idea of
the quantity of- nectar secreted in the flowers of
a single head, the daj' before ovir arrival Mr. Chap-
man had wrapped a thin paper about a head, the
half of which was in full bloom, and tied the paper
around the stem with tape, thus preventing the
bees from appropriating the nectar for 34 hours.
Upon removing the paper on the forenoon of the
day of our visit, the flowerets were found to be
dripping with nectar, and the drops sjiarkled in the
morning sun. Each of us have made similar tests
with like results since that time. We cheerfully
and confidently recommend this plant to the bee-
keepers of North America as a most valuable ac-
qr.isition to the list of bee-forage plants.

We believe that a trial of the plant will, better
than any further words of approval from us, pub-
lish its own commendation.

Rt'spectfnlbi submitted.

N. W. McLain.

A. I. KooT.
L. C. Root.

The following is a report in regard to the
plant, from Mr. Manum, who was absent at
the time the other members of the commit-
tee asseml)led at Mr. Chai)man"s:

L. C. Root, ChairiiKitt of Committee on the Chap-
man Homy-Plant— Dear Sir;— As I failed to put in
an appearance when the committee met at Mr.
Chapman's, in July last, it is not only due you, but
to Mr. Chapman aiid the convention as well, that I
make a short report of my experience with the
Chapman honey-plant, 50 roots of which Mr. Chap-
man so kindly sent me last spring-. The plants
thrived well through the summer, under moderate
cultivation, and planted on light sandy soil. I did
not take extra pains with them, as I wished to test
their hardiness. The plants commenced to bloom
July 14, and contiinied to bloom until Aug. 21,
making 39 days that they continued in bloom; and
from the first day of their blooming until the last,
the little flowei--balls were covered with bees every
day from early morning until dark, rain or shine
(we had no very heavy rains during this period),
the bees constantly going and coming. I have
counted 16 bees on one ball at one time, all sucking
the sweet nectar from the richly laden flowers of
the Chapman honey-plant. At Mr. Chapman's re-
((uest I covei-ed 8 of the balls with tissue paper, and
2 with muslin. On the following day there were
several bee-keepers here. I removed the paper
fi-oin the balls, and. lo and behold! the flowers were
filled— ies, covered, as it were, with honey. We
found, by holding the hand under one of the balls,
and jarring it, the honey dropped in the hand
enough to make sevi;ral dn^ps. In a moment a bee
alighted on one of the uncovered balls, and never
mo\-ed until its sacK was filled, when it flew iiv\iiy.
On timing them I found that five bees filled them-
selves and flew away in two minutes and twenty
seconds fi-om the time the fir?t bee alighted on the
plant. The two balls that were covered with mus-
lin were now uncovered; but the honey seemeil to
have evaporated, as there was but little visible,
although 1 had noticed bees alight on the muslin,
and try to suck honey through the cloth. This fact
was conclusive to me that the bees could smell the
honey through the cloth. I find ;that, by cutting-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

33

back the plants in June, they will bloom later in
the season. This would be of advantag-e, perhaps,
to those who are favored with an abundance of
buckwheat for their bees to work on during- Au-
gust, as, by cutting it back, it would then com-
mence to bioom the last of August, thereby afford-
ing good pasturage for bees in September.

In conclusion, I must say that I am well pleased
with the plant, judging from this first year's trial;
and T venture to say, that the time is not far dis-
tant when it will be extensively cultivated for its
honey-producing qualities. I e.xpeet to plant an
acre ne.\t spring. Were it possible for me to meet
with you at the convention, I would move a vote of
thanks to Mr. Chapman for having introduced this
valuable plant. It is valuable, not only to bee-
keepers, but to the florist as well, because it is a
very beautiful plant, and so very rare withal.

I remain yours truly, A. E. Manum.

Bristol, Vt., Oct. 7, 188ii.

Gleanimcs in Bee Culture,

Published Semi-3Ionthly.

.A.. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clntbing Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

And (xod said, Behcild I hfive uivt-n yuti evtrv herb hearinj;
seed, which is upon the face of the earth.— (iEX. 1 :•».

THE AMERICAN APICULTUKIST FOK .lANUAKY.

We congratulate friend Alley on having given us
another number containing so many good things.
I am especially pleased with his remarks in regard
to procuring good (lueen-cells, on page 34.

the bee-hive.
The above is the title of a vei-y pretty and well-
gotten-up little bee-journal, for the small sum of
:W cts. per year; and commencing with the April
number it will be hereafter published once a month
instead of only once every other month. The printing
and general get-up of the whole does much credit
to friend Cook. We can furnish it with (Jleanings
for only f 1.30 a yeat\

difference in charges between E.XPKESS AND

freight.
A great many times, heavy and bulky goods are
ordered by express. When we feel quite certain the
party who made the order was thoughtless or not
posted, we take the liberty of sending by freight.
The following illustrates it:

The yoods you shipped nie on the 2tith of November were re-
ceived to-dav, nil in jjood shai)e. 1 am pleased with them;
freight was '80 cents, or ?2.00 less tlian b.v express. Thev are
heavier than I thought they would be. G. L. Honkvwei.l.

Carr's Creek. N. Y., Pec. 8, 1886.

You will notice, the goods were 13 days on the
way. Perhaps they might have gone in less than
half that time by express, but our friend saved
$3. (to by waiting a few days longer.

ATTENDING STATE AND COUNTY FAIRS.

SEVER.it, of the brethren have taken me to task
because I, a professing Christian, recommend other
professing Christians to mi.v in with those usually
found at such places. If it were a horse-race or
a beer-garden, or even a skating-rink, I should be
very slow in advising our boys and g-irU to go.

Our fairs, however, are instituted for educational
purposes, and teaching rural and mechanical in-
dustries—a sort of education I begin to feel is of
just about as mu(!h importance as that to be re-
ceived at schools; therefore 1 recommend that all
Christians should be on hand every time if possible,
and by their weight and influence hold on and en-
courage the gooii, and crowd out the evil. A part
of our Savior's prayer for his disciples was, "' 1 pray
not that thou shouldst take them out of the world,
but that thou shouldst keep them from the evil."

DU. (. C. MII-r.ERS BOOK, "A YEAR AMON<i TH!',
BEES."

I SH.VLL have to confess I never got time to read
this little book thoroughly until while on the cars
on Hiy way to the Michigan Con\ention. I put it in
my overcoat pocket, and I found it in more ways
than one a blessing. It is extremely tiresome for
me to be obliged to sit in a car-seat while riding
evenings, hour after hour. In the day time I can
look out among the homes scattered along the line
of travel. Well, I read friend M.'s little book clear
through, and I am so very much pleased with if
that I wish, during the coming year, to make a re-
view of it through the pages of Gleanincjs, illus-
trating every point I think worth illustrating, bj
appropriate cuts. When friend M. reads this edito-
rial he must understand that, if he has any objec-
tions to make against my so doing, he must speak
quick, ur he may get into print more than he ex-
pects, and before he knows it.

is THE NECTAR OK THE FLOWERS .MATEK1.\1.LV
CH.VNGED BY IIKING GATHERED BY THE BEES V

My attention has been called to the fact that on
page 881, Nov. 1.5 issue, where I say sugar syrup
fed to the bees will be sugar syrup still, I am in ap-
parent contradiction with what Prof. Cook says in
his Manual in regard to the same matter. My reply
is this: Prof. Cook does say theie is a slight differ-
ence in sugar syrup, or nectar of the flowers, after
having passed through the honey-gathering appa-
ratus of the bee. I insist, however, that this dilfei-
ence is so slight that my remarks are iu geni'ral
true. I have fed bees sugar syrup, and made them
fill sections. The product was beautiful to look up-
on, but everybody pronounced it sugar as soon as
they tasted it. I have also by accident fed syrup a
little burnt. Now, even though it remained in the
hives six months, the burnt taste was just the same
as when the syrup was made. Furthermore. I have
melted candied honey, and fed it to the bees to fin-
ish out unfilled sections. Now, this melted candy
honey, even though perfectly sealed up iu the
combs, candied again almost at once, so that you
could tell at a glance the honey gathered directly
from the fields Irom that which had been fed to the
bees to finish out the sections. I could mention
many more experiments that indicate that the arti-
cle fed to the bees passes in and out of their boney-
gatbering apparatus without any change, practic-
ally speaking; therefore neither Mrs. Cotton nor
anybody else can feed bees sugar so as to induce
them to make honey; and those who have tried
feeding bees glucose, have found simply glucose
stored in the combs, and nothing else, so far as
taste is concerned. In some cases there may be a
slight acid taste i)erceptible after nectar has been
gathered by the bees from the flowers, but not
enough to be worthy of much cotnmont. in ray
opinion.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

The number of subscribers up to date numbers

607«.

mysetjF and my neighbors.

As you will notice, this department is to be here-
after in the first issue of the month, in order to
di\ide up mj- friendly talks to you a little more.

MATTER FOR GLEANINGS.

As usual at this season of the year, a g-reat amount
has accumulated. We hope the friends will be pa-
tient, therefore, if their communications should
not be presented for three or four issues after they
have been sent in.

THE CONVENTION AT ALBANY.

I EXPECT to be on liand some time during- Tues-
day, the 11th, and to be present during the three
days' session. As this will take me so near the city
of New York, I shall probably make a call there,
and try to write up such items of interest as 1 may
find for the readers of Gleanings. As the lo-
cality is a central one for manj' of our veterans in
bee culture, we hope to see a large attendance.

DATING bee-keepers' CONVENTIONS.

It seems a little unfortunate that the Ohio Con-
vention should be exactly on the three same days
as the fon\ention in York State, which so many of
us have been proposing- to attend. Can't our friends
who have these matters in charge have au under-
standing-, so wo may avoid having- them come on
the same day'/ Surely our winters are long enough.
My engagement to attend at Albany will, of course,
prevent my being at Columbus, but Ernest will be
there even if it is bad lor us to be both away at once.

KIND WORDS.

It seems as if the kind words from tlje readers of
(tLKAnings this year exceeded any thing we ever
recei\ cd during any former year. Over and over
again have I thought this or that g-ood friend must
certainly have such an answer as he deserves,
forthwith; but when so many of them came it be-
gan to be out of the question; and when I talked
with the subscription clerks about it, they said it
was all they could possibly do, even by working
over hoHi-s, to get the names on the list, let alone
replying to letters. And now I want to say to you
all, may God bless you all and reward youl These
words of friendship and encouragement are not
forgotten; and if I can not get time to reply to each
(me of you personally, I can remember you in my
prayers. May he send a happy New Year to you all.

SHIPPING VUEKNS FROM THE SOUTH DURING

winter months.
In response to an advertisement of Miss Nellie
Adams, seen in another column, we sent for a
queen, partly to test her ability in mailing queens
during cold weather, and partly because we desired
a queen for a queenless colony in an observatory
hive. We are glad to announce to our friends that
the queen shipped from Florida arrived in Medina
in good condition, and only one bee dead. This,
too, was when we had quite a cold snap of weather
—so cold, indeed, that on opening the cage the
queen and her attendants were stitfeued with
cold. They soon revived, however, on exposure to
warmth. It is an interesting question how long a
few bees may remain stiffened during- shipment,
and yet be revived on arrival at their destination.
We are glad tomake this announcement in favor
(•four friend Miss Adams, even if it does savor a
little of free advertising.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

We will pay UO cts. each for May Gleanings, 1875.
Kemember, 1875, and not 1876.

discounts for .lANUARY.

Kemember our discount for this mouth will be
4%; and we have decided to let this apply to all
goods of whatever nature. Please remember to
have your orders in before the month is gone, If
you wish to avail yourselves of this offer.

CHANGE IN PRICE.

Since E. L. Gould's advertisement was printed
on page 2, we have received from him the follow-
ing card, taking the place of the advertisement.

The price for Chapman honey-plant seed is as follows: K oz.,
40e; 1 oz., 80c; 2 oz., SI..''": 4 oz. ,*2.00; 8 oz., 53.(10. F,. L. GOOLB.

Brantford, Can.

BOSTON MARKET LETTUCE-PLANTS.

We have a beautiful stand of nice little plants now
in our greenhouse; and in order to test the matter
of sending them safely by mail, we will send 10
I plants for 5 cts.; 100 plants for 10 cts.; and if they
I don't reach you in good order there will be no
j charge. These plants are from seeds from selected
' heads of our own raising

HOW TO ORDKH SEEDS WITHOUT WRITING A
LETTER.

We can furnish, on application, a sheet of paper
containing the matter on pages 1 and 5. Take
this sheet, and with a pencil mark around the
seeds you want. Inclose the cash to correspond,
and we will know just what to do, and you need
not write a word unless you choose, except your
name and address. Our complete catalogue of
seeds and implements will be out in a few weeks.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. Sbtfd

"BEE-KEEPERS' ADVANCE "

Is a monthly journal of 10 pages, 35 cts. per year
Clubbed with Gleanings for *1.15. Sample copy
sent free with our illustrated catalogue of supplies.
Don't forget to send name and address on a postal
to JAMES B. MASON & SONS,
Id Mechanic Falls, Maine.

IN order that I may pay off my debts, and devote
my whole time to preaching the gospel, I offer
my entire apiaries, consisting of about 90 colo-
nies of Italian and hybrid bees, 60 empty hives, 3
extractors, and other bee supplies, for sale at a
great sacrifice. Persons wishing to buy would do
well to correspond with me immediately. I must
sell. JAS.' ERWIN,

Sltfd Smith's Grove. Warren Co., Ky.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

&c., of Root's Manufacture, Shipped

from Iiere at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34db

ATTEND THE CONVENTION

And see the Stanley Automatic Extractor. But if
you can not do this, please mail a postal, asking for
circular for 1887, with testimonials from those us-
ing the machines. Address at once,

G. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

i88^

GLEAirtN^GS IN

BEE CULTUKE. ' C - 39/ >

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

THRKE-CENT COUNTER.

I PLATE, 6-IN., g-lass, crystal or colored | 28 | a GO

A little beauty, aiui hrtiidy for many purposes.
3 I SHOE AND OLOVE BUTTONEE | 28 | 2 50

B..th i.Ti :i kev lint;-. All for 3 cents.

2 I BEASSFEEULES lor tool-handles | 25 | 2 40

Dozen pksfs, .■> 16. 6 Ifi. and 7 10. You may have a dozen as-
sorted or :ill of one size.

2 I PATTY-PANS, EOTOD, 5-IN | 20 | 1 80

Just right for small pies or maple-sugar cakes.

3 I PENCIL, LEAD, with rubber cap; 20 cts.

per dozen | 17 | 1 50

This IS a plain cedar pencil, with an inserted rubber cap.

2 I SLATE-BOOK, 6 pages and pencil | 25 | 2 40

Much smaller t^an the 5-cent ones, but very handy.

FIVE - CENT COUNTER.
I SENSATION PIOELE-DISH, colored glass I 48 | 4 %

This is a bcMUtv. The pattern is nmch like "polka dot."

6 I SENSATION SALT OR PEPPER BOTTLE | 46 i 4 .50

With nickel top; same iiMttirn as the pickle-dish, and col-
ored glass. The lo|i hciii^;- nickeled, it will not tarnish.

2 I SLATE-BOOK, *i iiages and a slate-pencil | 40 | 3 80

Very handv for taking notes.

3 I PEOPELLINa-PENCIL 1 36 | 3 60

This is a very handsome lead-pencil, black-Bnameled, and

nickel ends. The point of the lead may be protected, or a new
one inserted, when the first is worn out; 6 extra leads in a
neat wooden box, for double above prices.

2 I BRASS FERULES for tool-handles | 40 | 3 80

Dozen pkgs.; \,. 11-16. and ^. We have obtained some more
of these that are stronger and nicer, and you may have a doz-
en assorted, or one size. Just as you choose.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

A BARNES foot-power saw at half price. For par-
" ticulars, address J. A. ROE, Union City, Ind.

rOR EXCHANGE.— Section-machine and cutter-
' head, for making- the one-piece section; Root's
make. Used but little; in good order. Will take
$60.00 for both. Sent from Jefferson, la. Also other
machinery for hive-making. Write me at Trenton,
Hitchcock Co., Neb. E. Y. PERKINS.

Contents of this Number.

Apiary Near Railroad 50

Apiary, Andrews' 41

Bears and Honey 69

Bee Legislation 53

Bees in Honey-House 47

Bees, Working Qualities ... 50

Bees Strange Death 66

Bee-Keepers' I'nion bi

Beeswax, Pre ducing 49

Bingham's Visit U

Blacks. Report from 63

Brood, Spreading in Spring 63

Brood, Frozen 66

BumbleBees 42

Class Legislation 66

Comb Between Brood and

Entrance 51

Comb,Worker, Without Fdn 51
Comb, Drone, in Brood-
Chamber. 51

Comb Honey, Best 46

Convention at Albany 45

Editorials 75

Eggs, Making Hatch 42

Granulation. Preventing... 43

Frames, to Handle 73

Fotindation, its Use 51

Fdn.. Full Sheets 43

Heads of Grain 64

Hive, Heddon's 48

Hive, Glass on the Back ... 68
Hive, Empty, Under Brood-
Nest 51

Hives, Shallow 44

Honey at Fairs 64

Honey Column 40

Honey from Heather 65

Honev. Price of 66

Hone'v. Milkweed 63

Hone">, E.Ktiacted ." 45

Honey-Tumblers. Sealing. . . 64

Hutchinson's Pamphlet .54

Introducing, Hints on 65

Italians. Big Record 52

Lanterns and Bees 69

Manipulating Frames 46

Miller's Legislation 54

Ohio State Convention 43

Our Own Api.irv 73

Positions at Work 73

Queen 5 Years old 68

Queens, Crami>ing of 50

Queen-cell Protector 52

Queen's Head Wrong Way . 68

Raspberries and Bees 63

Reports Encouraging 74

Scotland....: 65

Separators or Not 48

Special Notices 76

Sweet Melissa 66

Toad Getting Stung 65

Tobacco Column 70

Trap, Alley, Not New 65

Vinegar. Honey 64

Water for Stings 68

Woman. What one can Do. . 43

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Northeastern Mich. Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its
fifth anntial meeting. Wednesday. Feb. 2, in the Common-
Council Rooms of Bav City. W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

The Wisconsin State Bee-Keepers' .Association will meet in
the Capitol, at Madison, on Thursday, Feb. 3, at 9 a. m. I think
no ai-gument is needed to show that these conventions, well
attended and properly conducted, will be a source of profit to
tlie bee-keeping fraternity, and pleasure to those who attend.

The State Agricultural Convention will be in session at the
some place from Feb. 1st to the 4th in<hisive, with a very in-
tei-esting programme. The pajn-rs and discussions of this con-
vention wiil be of interest to everybody.

Hotel ar( i.mmodations abundant, at any price from one to
thtee dollais per day, and return tickets over the principal
roads at reduced rates.

We especially desire the attendance of those bee-keepers
who have learned it all as teachers; we more es]iecially desire
the presence of those who have not learned it all. tor they
make the best of pupils. F. Wilcc >x, Sec.

C. M. aOODSPEED,

THORN HILL, ONONDAGA CO., N. Y.,

Furnishes any newspaper to single subscribers,
away below the usual club rates. Our list compris-
es ail the leading papers, and is the lowest-priced
list in the field. Alsike, bees, queens, poultry, and
small fruit. Write for 2(3-page catalogue. Mention
this paper.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

><IIJARE GI..ASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c., Ac.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

A BARGAIN FOR 30 DAYS ONLY.

Any one sending ifl.oO can have one pair of white
Rabbits, or one pair Brown Leghorns, or one pair
Plj-mouth Rocks, or 2 sittings of Langshan eggs,
booked for April or May delivery. Say which you
want. Yours for promptness and satisfaction,

O. 1.. COVER, Covington, O.

ALSIKE.

Write for prices of pure seed before buying, and
save money. C. M. COODSPEED,
Thorn Hill, N. Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

Sf B? i^^> Tested, sure to grow. 130 kinds*
t EL L/ W "f POTATOES, all the new
^«-j«t-^j^ .«=- ~- Berry Plants. Superior Stock.
Prices low.. Catalogue free. Itwill pavtogetit.
FRANK FORD <& SONS, Ravenna, O.

What Mr. Beyer says:,;:^r-.

I ihanl.3 1 .1- the epleniliil s^eds received ii'uia your firnt.
iLwoukll jaratberlcnu'tljy li -tif I should name all, but
viillsjiy thatainoiigstS'Sflrst, find .3 second premiums
awarded me at our fairs iu Northern Indiana and
Southern Michigan, 28 tirst premiums were for vege-
tables r.used from your seeds. MTiat firm can beat
tbi.«-. ? " ArorsT Bki-er, So. Bend, Ind.

Seed of this quality I am now ready to Bell to every one
who tills a farm or plants a garden, sending them FREE my
egetable aud Flower Seed Catalogue, for 1SS7. Old customers
need not write for it. I catalogue this season the native wild
potato. J.\8. J. H. GREGORY, Seed Grower, Marblehead, Mass

40

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Jan.

peNEY CeMMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Detroit.— Honej/. — The market continues dull,
with no change in prices. Best white comb, 12! i;
Bucl£wheat and tall flowers, 10@11. Extracted otter-
ed at 6@8. Beeswax, 23o. M. H. Hunt,

Jan. 10, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

Philadelphia. — Honey. — White clover, fine,
14@15; white clover, fair, 12@.13; buckwheat, flue,
11@12; same, fair, 9@10; one and two pound glass
sections. Extracted, 6@8, as to quality. Becawax,
20@23, as to quality.

Jan. 10, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths,

243 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

St. Louis.— i?o»iei/.— Market is dull; choice comb,
white cloven 1-lb. sections, 12@13. Other grades in
sections, lOCgjll. Broken comb, 6@8; white clover,
extracted, in cans, 5V2®6. Southern in bbls., 3@5.
California extracted, in cans, -tJiSS, for dark, or
amber; 5!4, choice white sage. Beesicax, 21(5^22, as
runs; 25, selected. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Jan. 10, 1887. 108 and 110 Market Street.

Cleveland.— HoJiey.-This market has been very
dull the past two weeks. Prices are unchanged;
best white 1-lb. sections sell at 13c; 2d quality, 10.
Best white 2-lbs., 11@12; 2d, 8@9. Extracted is very
dull at 6c. Beeswax, 2.5.

Jan. 10, 1887. A. C. Kendel,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Cincinnati. — Houejy. — Nothing new of impor-
tance since last report. Demand is very slow for
all kinds of honey since Christmas, and occasional
concessions have to be made to effect a sale of comb
honey.

Quotations have to be made as heretofoi-e; 3fc"7
cents for extracted honey on arrival, and 12@15 for
best comb honey, in a jobbing way.

Beeswax.— Demand is good for beeswax, which
brings 20@-22c on arrival for good to choice yellow.

Jan. 11, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston.— flojiey.— Demand very light since the
holidays, and we quote: Best 1-lb. white clover,
13((ftU; same, 2-1 b. sections, ll(a 12; California comb
honey, 10(gl2. Extracted, .5@,7. Beeswax, 24c.
Blake & Ripely,

Jan. 10, 1887. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago. — Ho»jej/.— Dullness prevails in the hon-
ey-market; no change in values since last quota-
tions. K. A. Burnett,

Jan. 10, 1887. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.— Honey.— There is no change to note
in our honey market. The demand is limited, and
prices remain unchanged. The finer grades of
white honey are getting exhausted, but there is any
amount of the poorer grades yet to be disposed of.

Jan. 10, 1887. Thurber, Whyland & Co.,

New York, N. Y.

For Sale Cheap. — 4.500 lbs. choice white-clover
honey in 10 and 25 gal. kegs and in 48-gal. bbls. ; also
2500 lbs. very flue Spanish-needle honey in 25-g;al.
kegs and 48-gal. bbls. Will send samples on receipt
of 2-cent postage-stamp for each.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale.— 2000 lbs. best clover honey in Root's
"raised-cDver pails." One set, 30'/2 lbs., $2..50; 4 sets,
122 lbs., %9:ih. Boxed, they ship same as bbls.

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

ATTENTION I

SECTIONS, BEE-HIVES, HONEY-BOXES,
FKAIWES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. <i. B. L.EWIS A: CO.,
Itfdb Watertovru, Wis.

TKE BEE -KEEPERS' ^DY^^CE

is a monthly journal of 16 pages.
We want every reader of Gleanings to send their
name and address on a postal card, as we wish to
send them a sample copy of the ADVANCE. It
will cost you but one cent, and we guarantee that
all will get their money's worth. Address
The BEE-KEEiPERS' ADVANCE,

Mechanic Falls, Me.

GIVEN AWAY.

We will send free by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearly sub-
scriber for the AMERICAN APICULTVRIST.
Price 11.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

24tfdb Wenham, Mass.

THE CANAOSAN BEE JOURNAL

WEEKLY, $1.00 PER YEAR.

JOITES, MCFHEBS017& CO., Publishers, Beeton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 8.S3 pajres. Stfh

WONDERFUL!

Owing to the reduction in subscription price
to 25 Cents, on and after Jan. 1, 1887, we are
able to make the following wonderful offer.
"We w^ill send

BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE

—and-

GLEANINGS

Oxxo "SToa-r for $X.10.

For only 10 cts. more than Gleanings you can
obtain the BEE-KEEPEES' MAGAZINE, whose price this
year was *1.00. Send for sample, and see what a
splendid magazine we publish. Sample free.

Address BEE'KEEPERS' MAGAZINE,

22tfdb DARRYTOWN, N. Y.

Headquarters in the South.

FACTORY OF BEE-HIVES, ETC.

EARLY NUCLEI, ITALIAN QUEENS.

NINTH ANNUAL
CATALOGUE FOR 1887 NOW READY.

p. li. VIAL.LON, Bayou Goiila, La.

FOR ^Al F One Barnes combined scroll and
run OnLbi circvilar saw. Has fourteen cir-
cular and ten scroll saws, one cutter-head, two man-
drels, three gauges, one sawset, one emery wheel,
all in running order; will sell for $35.00, which is
about half cost. Address E. C. APPLEGATE,
l-2d Poplar Flat, Lewis Co., Ky.

TERMS: $1.00 Per A NNTM. IN Advance; I I7',,7-^ 7,7," „ 7> ^ ^ -,"-,^ 7 O ly a

2CopiesforS1.90; 3tor$2.75;6for.M.OO; I i!(ACtt'C't't'6/t'e>U' VTl lO/O.

Pl!RLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

10 01- more, 75 cts. eaoh. Single num-
ber. 5 ct.s. Additions to clubs may be

Ift^r^M'l^r^Sl.o^^r^'.^'''' '''''-'] A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

Clubs to different postoflSces, not less
tlian 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries
NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

Vol XV.

JAN. 15, 1887.

No. 2.

T. P. ANDKEWS' APIAKY.

A FURTHER DESCRIPTION OF THF, SAME.

fKlEND ROOT:— Replying to your request fox-
fuller information in regard to the cut of my
apiary in Gi>eanings, I would say that the
photograph from which the cut was made
was taken with a lens not adapted to this
kind of work, as it considerably diminished the ap-
parent size of objects in the background, thus exag-
gerating their apparent distance. In reality, those
rows of hives that look so long are only about ^V^
rods long. The apiary is laid off in squares, by
streets eight feet wide, crossing each other at right
angles. The one broad irregular street shown in
the cut running from east to west is an error of the
engraver. The squares between the streets are one
rod square, and contain sixteen hives— four rows of
hives each way. This puts the hives a little more
than five feet from center to center. I have not
found that the bees mistake their hives to any ap-
preciable extent.

The honey-house is 14 by 18 feet. The south side
is seen in the picture. The northwest corner of this
building is occupied by a honey-tank holding 5000
pounds. It is securely made of 2-inch pine planks;
is lined with tin, and rests on a strong frame, high
enough to draw off the honey into barrels or cans.
At the south side of this tank stauds a four-frame
Stanley honey-extractor. The pail in which the
honey is carried from the extractor to the tank,
stands in a deep rectangular tin pan, which 1 made
several years ago, to use in making tdn. from
plaster-of -Paris casts. This pan is to catch any ac-
cidental overtiow from the honey-pail, and stauds

between the extractor and tank. A piece of oil
cloth, hanging from the upper edge of the tank,
reaches down into this pan, to catch any drip from
the pail while being emptied.

A much more convenient honey-house could be
built on a side hill by placing the honey-tank on a
lower floor, as does friend Christie, of Iowa.

For convenience in getting the full combs to the
extractor, and the empty ones away, I have made
two openings in the south side of the honey-house,
about six feet apart, and one foot above the floor.
I also made two sets of rolls, each about eight feet
long. They are like ladders with rollers instead of
rounds. These ladders are placed so as to project
out through the side of the building about two feet,
far enough to set a hive on before sliding it in on
the rolls. My comb-boxes are simply hive-bodies
with a thin bottom nailed on, and covered with a
piece of cloth, one edge of which is tacked to one
side of the hive, the other edge being tacked to a
slender stick which keeps the cloth straight, and
holds down the edge. Three of these comb-boxes
are placed side by side in the cart, which 1 will de-
scribe at another time, and are drawn out to the
hives, and filled with combs. These are taken back
to the honey-house, and shoved in on the first set of
rolls. The cart is then drawn forward to the next
opening, where three boxes of empty combs are
rolled out to fill the cart for a second trip to the
hives. T. P. Andrews.

Farina, 111., Jan. 7, 1H87.

Many thanks, friend A. You certainly
have things very conveniently arranged.
We should he glad to have you describe
more fully your hive-cart.— In "regard to the
distance of hives, ours are 7 ft. from center

42

GLEANLNGS LN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

to center. Besides this, the entrances are
turned to all points of the compass. Yet we
find that bees in early spring and late in the
fall are very often confused as to the exact
location of their hives.

BUMBLE-BEES.

SOME OF THEIR PECULIARITIES.

fS^ HE question of E. D. Howell, in Gleanings
I)"- for January 1, page 26, brought to my mind
< the fact that we have in Hilliard, 0., an in-
telligent young man who, about seven years
ago, during one season, had several colonies
of bumble-bees. His first colony was secured early
in the spring, and consisted of a queen and one oth-
er bee, seemingly just hatched, and a small bit of
comb, not more than three cells, and these contain-
ed no eggs or brood, as he now remembers. The
nest, bees and all, was placed in a box about eight
by twelve inches, turned upside down on a board
about two feet from the ground. The entrance was
about one-half by two inches. He knew nothing of
the inside of this nest-box until late in the fall; and
when he opened it, he found neither honey, brood,
nor bees, either dead or alive, but one beautiful
comb, nearly round, and measuring about seven
inches in diameter. The queen was long and yellow,
while the workers were much smaller and quite
dark. There was a middle class, which seemed idle,
and he thinks they were drones. The other colonies
were secured later, and seemed to be more or less
demoralized all the season, doing their work in an
Inferior manner, though this may have been their
normal conduct and skill, as they were a different
bee from the others, being much smaller and much
more inclined to sting. Their nests were also empty
when opened in the fall.

My young friend gave me many interesting facts
about his bumble-bees and about bumble-bees in
general. He has never detected the least symptom
that they have the swarming habit, and gives it as
his opinion that they never swarm. In early spring-
he usually finds each colony composed of a single
bee— the queen— and usually about a dozen eggs,
the eggs being something smaller than hemp seed.
His colonies kept their houses very clean and tidy;
and the fact that they would invariably walk to the
edge of the bottom-board, and, with a quick right-
about movement, dump their excrement beyond
the board on the ground, was a very prominent
characteristic; and the queen was no exception in
this particular. They also appreciated kind treat-
ment, for while they never molested him in the
least, they would not allow his younger brother,
who would tease them by throwing chips at them,
to stay in the neighborhood of their box homes;
they would follow him for rods, that they might
sting him, and they sometimes got in good work on
the young rogue. They always kept a guard at the
door, and in the evening this guard would close up,
with grass, the entire entrance, except one little
place, where she would sit and look out. In the
morning this grass would ail be taken away, but
was replaced again each night. In very hot weath-
er the queen and many of the bees, perhaps all of
them, would sit on the bottom-board, outside of the
hive. In his first colony he counted at one time as
high as nineteen sitting outside at one time; but he
had no means of knowing whether they were all the

colony. One day be moved one of the boxes about
eight inches to one sido, and a bee that came in from
the fields tried for about fifteen minutes to find its
home, but could not, so he helped it into the hive.
Hilliard, O., Jan. 8, 1887. J. S. Ricketts.

Many thanks for the interesting facts you
have given us in regard to these bees. We
have frequently had them under old bottom-
boards in our apiary ; and while we pursued
our regular work, minding our own business,
they gave ns no trouble ; and, as you may
have read in October 1st issue, we could han-
dle them, or pull apart their nest, without
their making even a show of resistance or
attack. Not so did they behave toward the
small boy. equipped with a paddle and a
pole to poke their nest up.

MAKING EGGS HATCH WHEN TAKEN
FROM THE BEES.

transformation from the egg to the larva.

jn^DITOR GLEANINGS:— When first reading
"^^j your ABC, when I came to that part relat-
iKr ing to " Bees," you say that you have " never
■^™ been able to get eggs to hatch when taken
away from the bees," although the tempera-
ture was carefully preserved. At that time I had
had but little expeineuce in matters of that kind;
but being of an inquisitive turn of mind I decided
to make some experiments in this direction. How-
ever, I put the matter oft' from year to year until
the summer of 1884, when the following experiment
was carefully conducted: I placed a sheet of foun-
dation in the center of the brood-nest, and left it
there until it was filled with eggs, and a small area of
larvse had appeared on either side. I then removed
the comb, and with the point of a pin I drew a line
carefully dividing the larvaj from the surrounding
eggs; the comb was then placed in the nursery, and
left over night. An examination the next morning
showed that no additional larvse had been hatched.
I then marked half a dozen cells containing eggs
next to or joining the little patch of larvas. With a
little spoon I dipped out the milky food from the
cells containing larva". I placed this food over and
around the half-dozen eggs that were marked. I
then replaced the comb in the nursery. Two hours
later I made an examination with a gla^s, and
found that, in each of the cells thus treated, larvae
were present, but no development was discovered
in cells not treated with the milky food. These ex-
periments were successfully carried on immediately
ai-ound the patch of larvte previously formed, for a
period of 48 hours, after which no development
could be had. I then treated a like number of cells
near the outside limit of the field occupied by eggs,
and had the satisfaction of seeing perfect larvre in
80 minutes after supplying the milky food.

Another point worthy of note was the disappear-
ance of the tissue inclosing the larvae after the ac-
tion of the milky fluid. From these experiments
it would seem, first, that bees' eggs do not hatch,
but are liberated by the action of the acid contained
iu the food for young bees, the larvas having no
means of biting or breaking his way out of the pris-
ou wall that surrounds him. Second, the disappear-
ance of these tissues results from the neutralizing
or destructive action of the acid upon the same.
Third, that larvfe will stand 48 hours of confine-

1887

GLEANLNGS LN BEE CULTURE.

4;^

ment, without physical development. This fact will
perhaps account for the discrepancy of time in the
hatching' of queens being from 16 to 18 days.

Siam. la., Dec. 25, lH8fi. K. B. Robbins.

Your experiments in making the queen's
eggs hatch are very interesting. I liave care-
fully looked through Cheshire's book, "Bees
and Bee-keeping," upon this matter, but
can not discover that he touches upon the
point you bring out. If your experiments
were carefully conducted it would seem that
the egg, in oi-der to hatch, requires the
milky food ; but as to whether this food ab-
sorbs" the shell, or covering, of the egg, I
must confess that I feel a little uncertain
yet. Perhaps Prof. Cook, or Prof. J. Com-
stock can give us some light upon this mat-
ter.

A FE-W POINTERS FROM THE OHIO
STATE CONVENTION.

A FEW NOTES FROM ERNEST.

(TAN. 14. I have just arrived home from
cJr the State Convention, held at Colum-
■^1 bus, Jan. 11, ]2, and 13. As we are
^ about to go to press with this issue, I
will throw out a few hints which I
gathered there, in advance of the regular de-
tailed report which will be sent in for next
issue by the secretary.

PREVEIS^TING THE GRANULATION OF LIQ-
UID HONEY.

Our readers will remember that we have
once or twice had occasion to refer to the
liquid honey sent us by Mr. Goodrich. This
honey still retains its beautiful transparen-
cy, although it has been subjected to vary-
ing temperatures. Mr. Goodrich, the pro-
ducer of said honey, was at the convention.
By request he gave his manner of keeping
his honey, which, in brief, is essentially as
follows :

The honey is extracted, and drawn into
sap-pails where it is temporarily covered
with cloth. To prevent its granulation he
heats the honey in the pails to a tempera-
ture of about 120 or 130 degrees. This he
does by placing a number of said pails, filled
with honey, in a vat or tin trough of hot
water, heated to the proper temperature.
There is thus no danger of overheating the
honey. While the honey is being heated it
is stin-ed, so that every portion may be heat-
ed alike. He ascertains the proper tempera-
ture by inserting a thermometer in the hon-
ey itself, and not in the water, as we should
naturally suppose. The honey is then put
in Math's 2-lb. bottles.

Of course, the idea of heating honey
to prevent gi^anulation is not new ; but the
manner of doing it will, I think, be valuable
to some of our readers. Heating honey is
apt to takeaway some of that delicate flavor;
but I think all who taste the Goodrich honey
will acknowledge that it is as fine as the
finest.

FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDATION, VERSUS
STARTERS OR EMPTY FRA3IES.

I was surprised to see how many reported
favorably in regard to frames with starters

only. I then explained the Hutchinson
plan, and a number thought it seemed rea-
sonal)le. No less authority than our good
friend Mrs. Jennie Culp favored full sheets
of foundation, notwithstanding, and she
was backed by Mr. A. S. Goodrich.

WHAT A WOMAN CAN DO.

As you may guess, Mrs. Culp, of Ililliard,
O., was at the convention, and I hardly need
say that we all enjoyed hearing her tell of
her experiences with the bees. Her kind
face, and pleasant manner of speaking,
make her one of the welcome members of
the convention. Indeed, 1 think it is not
too much to say in her favor, that I doubt
if there are many bee-keepers among the
sterner sex who are her peers as honey-pro-
ducers, even though she is nothing but a lit-
tle woman. Let us see : She took about
8000 lbs. of honey last season, and increased
from 40 to 65 colonies. Her average per col-
ony was, as you see, 200 lbs. She did all
this work unassisted, with the exception
that she got her pupil, J. S. Ricketts, to
help her a few hours on one or two days.
Finally, in the midst of the honey-flow,
when she discovered that her strength was
not equal t(5 her energy, she left the apiary
and went to camp-meeting to recruit up.
One of the members of the convention then
asked her why she did not get some one to
help her, and thus have secured a very large
average per colony.

" Why," said "she, " I couldn't get any-
body to help me, either for love or money ;
what could I do?"

She then stated, that, if she had not had
the " light wheelbarrow sold by Bro. Root,"
she never could have handled those heavy
crates as she did. Her honey has been sell-
ing for 16c for extracted, and 18c for comb
honey. She mentioned one instance which
I will relate here :

She had taken so much honey from one
particular colony (nearly three hundred
pounds) that she" marked "on one side of the
hive, "I shall not expect any thing more
from you this season." This was toward the
close "of the honey-flow, and she feared to
drain it too closely. She had, however,
left the surplus-receptacles on the hive. " A
few days after," said she, "I thought I
would just peep in and see what they were
doing." She found it full of honey. On
taking off and weighing, the scales showed
95 lbs. of honey.

These facts were not told us by the lady
with any spirit of boasting— in fact, it was
with some difficulty that we were able to get
her to tell how much honey she had secured
from the bees the past season. She has
a good ^locality for bees, l)ut I believe her
management has a great deal to do with her
success.

There are many other things that [ should
like to speak of; for instance, Mr. J. W.
Newlove's manner of preventing, to a large
extent, the swarming fever; Mr. Frank A.
Eaton's method of inducing bees to go into
sections, etc. ; but I fear I should be en-
croaching upon the secretary's report. I
believe, however, I have enlarged upon some
things of which the nature of a report would
not permit.

44

GLEAJSIINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

MR. T. F. BINGHAM.

His Visit at The Home of the Honey -Bees.

SMOKERS, SHALLOW HIVES, ETC.

R. T. F. BINGHAM, of smoker fame,
on his way to the convention at Al-
bany, stopped off at Medina, partly
on business and partly for a visit. I
will say, at the outset, that whenever
one of the old veterans in bee-keeping finds
it convenient to visit the Home of the Hon-
ey-Bees, so-called, 1 regard it as a special
privilege to show him about, and ask him all
the questions I can. Whether he be a sup-
ply-dealer or not, he is at liberty to appropri-
ate any idea he may find useful to himself,
even if he should intend to use said idea at
future date in competition to our business.
This has always been our policy ; and while
we may sometimes have suffered in conse-
quence of this kind of competition, taking
into consideration the little hints and ideas
we gain in return— we never lose.

Mr. Bingham and ourselves, for a number
of years back, have made and sold smokers,
and, as a matter of course, our goods have
come more or less into competition. As was
to be expected, in our conversation yester-
day we freely discussed the relative mer-
its of the Clark and the Bingham smok-
ers. The inventor of the latter, after noting
the manner in which we made the Clark,
kindly offered suggestions, or, if you please,
" short cuts,'" in its manner of construction ;
and while we may use said suggestions, we
shall respect the" principle of his smoker,
which, indeed, Mr. Bingham gives us the
credit of doing. When we were discussing
this smoker question I inquired what he
thought of the shaving fuel which Mr. Hed-
don recommended in his book, and which
had been talked of lately in the journals.

"Well," said he, "t prefer hard-wood
chunks to any thing else."

He then explained that the shavings were
too apt to cause sparks, and, besides, woidd
not last as long as the hard wood. He stat-
ed that it was a prevalent opinion among
bee-keepers that rotten wood is the fuel for
smokers. This opinion he regards as a
great mistake. The rotten wood will not
only burn out too quickly, but is open to
the objection of shavings ; namely, a too
frequent cause of sparks.

While no doubt friend Bingham is correct
as regards the proper fuel for his own smok-
er, yet with the Clark the difficulty with
sparks from rotten wood and shavings is to
a great extent obviated, I think, by virtue of
the cold-blast principle. Of course, I am
not forgetful of the fact that the Bingham
possesses good features which the Clark has
not. I will not, however, take space to dis-
cuss it here, but defer it until next summer,
when T propose trying both smokers side by
side, and, T hope, letting them stand solely
on their own merits.

I asked Mr. Bingham how long he could
make his smoker last, without going out,
charged with the hard wood. If I am cor-
rect, his reply was tliat it would last all day
without refilling, and that it would give hirh
smoke just when he wanted it. This, surely,
is about all that could be desired. But it

seems that Mr. Heddon, his "friend," Dr.
Miller, and others, prefer the shavings.
Perhaps, however, these latter gentlemen
have not acquired the knack of burning
hard wood.

SHALLOW HIVES.

Knowing that our friend Bingham for so
many years back has used, and very suc-
cessfully, too, the shallow closed-end frame
(6iX23 inches), I took the opportunity to
question him in regard to the working and
merits of such a frame, with which he says
he has had an experience of nearly 20 years.
A few facts from him will be of interest just
now, when the discussion of shallow frames
is before bee-keepers.

Mr. Bingham's frame is ()4x28 in., as al-
ready given, with closed end-bars 1* inches
wide. This frame has no bottom-bar. The
top-bar is a stick, I inch square. At each
end of this is nailed the closed end-bars, the
stick being so nailed that one of the corners
will form a comb-guide.

One would naturally suppose that a frame
of this description would hardly be secure
enough, and that the end-bars, on account of
the absence of the bottom-bar, would be
easily knocked out of "whack," as the ex-
pression runs ; but Mr. B. assured me that
such was not the case. Eight of these shal-
low frames, or any other number as conven-
ience may requireif^are held securely together
by compression. This is effected by a well-
known principle ; namely, a wire loop, or
link, each end of which "is hooked over a
screw-head. A little stick, equally distant
from each screw-head, is made to spread the
wire taut.

It did not seem to me that such a contriv-
ance would hold securely enough ; but Mr.
Bingham assured me that he had used it a
good many years. To satisfy myself more
fully I took seven shallow-depth closed-end
frames which we happened to have on hand,
and looped them together, as described
above. I dropped the seven, as thus secured,
on the floor, and scuffled tliem about with
my feet, and yet they held together.

Mr. Bingham told me he could invert his
brood-chamber if he chose to do so, but that
he did not find it necessary. If I remember
correctly, I believe he said he did not even
alternate the sections of his hive, although
it could easily be done. I tlien asked if,
from his experience, it were practicable to
handle these shallow liives instead of frames.
He replied, that it was possible to a very
large extent. He told me he had not handled
the frames of some hives for several years ;
that he could perform many of the needed
opei-ations by simply handling hives. By
grasping one of his shallow sections, and
holding it up to the light, lie could hunt out
the queen-cells on the several frames at
once. He, said, that in a shallow|brood-nest,
the exact location of the (jueen can often be
determined by the peculiar commotion of
the bees toward a common center. Then, if
he chooses to catch or view her majesty, he
loosens and spreads apart the frames, and
selects the one whereon she is to be found.
He can also, when occasion requires, shake a
large part of the bees from whole sections at
once. In short, our readers will see that

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

45

Mr. Bingham verifies Mr. Heddon's state-
ment as to the possibility of handling /mw
instead of /rame,s.

Although the construction of the Bing-
ham hive differs in detail from the Ileddon,
yet, in a few of its fundamental principles,
the former is similar; as, for instance,
closed-end shallow frames, held together by
comiiression ; and the possibility of hand-
ling hives ijistead of frames.

I hope 1 am not trespassing on any of Mr.
Heddon's claims, as I am sure Mr. Bingham
concedes to Mr. Heddon the right of liis in-
vention. Mr. B. has told me that he is glad
that Mr. H. has brouglit out his invention.

In conclusion, I desire to say that all who
shall be so fortunate as to make Mr. Bing-
ham's acquaintnnce will find him a pleasant
conversationalist — in short, a gentleman.
While he has a keen sense of justice, and his
ow^n rights, they will, I think, find him dis-
posed to be fair.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

quire tiering' up to dry it out— very much more so
than among- the hills here. Bee-keepers living- in a
hilly locality extract often, and there is no talk of
unripe honey. I know there is no use of so much
fussing- here to get flrst-class ripe honey.

Platteville, Wis. E. France.

Thanks, friend France. I think it is
quite likely, as you suggest in your last par-
agraph, that the differeuce in locality has
much to do with the matter of ripening
honey.

E. FRANCE'S VS. HEDDON'S METHOD.

fT AVING read Mr. Heddon's article in Glean-
1 iNGS, Dec. 1, entitled, " Extracted Houey,"
1 etc., I arise to make a few remarks on his
^ system as he has it laid out. I understand
he works to a large extent for comb honey
and considerable extracted honey. Now, as I am in
the extracted-honey business quite largely, I study
carefully every thing I can get on the subject, es-
pecially from as good authority as Mr. H. ; but I
don't see how it is possible for me to wait until the
honey-season is over, and then do our extracting.
We possiblj' could work our home yard in that way,
but I don't see how we can work our five yards,
away from home, by his plan, as we have nothing
but a tent to work in, and that we carry with us.
We extract four and sometimes five times at eacli
yard, taking out from 1500 to over 2000 pounds each
time from each yard. Now, to tier up combs to
hold the honey, we should need to have combs to
hold 9000 pounds of honey in each yard. As about
2000 pounds of honey would be required to winter
each yard, we should have spare combs in each yard
to hold 7000 pounds of honey, or, for the six yards,
spare combs to hold 42,000 pounds (which was our
surplus for the year 1886). As we have no place
away from home to store the spare" combs where
they would be safe, they would all have to be hauled
home; and what a time we should have with rob-
ber-bees, extracting and fussing with all those spare
combs after the honey season is over, which closes
with us from the 5th to the 30th of July !

As for the quality of the honey, judging from the
reports of my customers, many of them dealers of
long standing in the honey-trade, I am led to be-
lieve that our honey is A No. 1, and I believe our
location has very much to do with it. We are locat-
ed among the bluflfs of the Mississippi, still away
from the river, where the hills are dry; and the
honey, as a rule, is thick when gathered. Often the
honey in^nowjcombs is so gummy that it is impossi-
ble to extract it and.save the comb.

I don't know any thing>bout Mr. Heddon's local-
ity; but judging from his place on the 'map he is
near the lake, and I should expect the country to
be flat, and more or less wet, and the honey may re-

CONVENTION AT ALBANY.

NOTES BY THE WAY.

TT is now Monday morning, Jan. 10, and
M I am waiting for the train. I have got
W some postal cards, addressed to myself,
-■■ in my pocket, and whatever I find of in-
terest I propose to send back to the
printers, and have them give you the latest
intelligence up to the moment of going to
press.

I am now at Cleveland, Ohio. I find that
friend Kendel, of the Cleveland Seed
Store, seems to be doing a fair business in
comb honey. One - pound sections, best,
bring loc ; second quality, from 10 to lie.
A lot that looked very fine, he says don't sell,
because customers have found the sections
inside do not turn out so nice as those packed
next to the glass. Do you see how it works,
friends? Glassed sections do not sell well
in Cleveland, unless at a season w^hen
no other is to be found in the market.

Mr. K. has an ingenious method of his
own invention for testing seeds. A coil of
gas-pipe is placed in the fire-box of the base-
burning stove that warms the store. Proper
attachments carry the pipe under benches
near the window. On these benches, small
pots containing seed are placed, each pot
containing 25 seeds. By counting the num-
ber that vegetates, the percentage can easily
be estimated. The same coil of pipe warms
a tank of German carp that seem lively
enough, even in the depth of winter. This
arrangement seems to answer every purpose
of a regular hot-water warming apparatus ;
but altogether it did not cost over SI 0.00,
aside from the cost of the pipes, which was
about S40.00. A sort of " stand pipe." with
which the ends of the coil are connected, al-
lows room for the expansion of the water. By
means of such an apparatus, any part of a
building may be warmed, and the consump-
tion of coal is but little more than what is
ordinarily needed.

1 found lettuce from Cincinnati already
on the Cleveland market. It is a small vari-
ety, that does not make a head. It is very
crisp and tender, and seems to suit this mar-
ket best. I succeeded in selling the crop of
Boston Market in our greenhouse at home.
I was pleased to find at friend KendeFs the
seed or this Cincinnati lettuce, and a pack-
age was mailed back home to be sown in the
greenhouse at once.

At the office of the Ohio Fai'mer I was
pleased to make the acquaintance of the ed-
itor, M. J. Lawrence. Their circulation has
now become" so large they keep two large
Campbell presses running constantly. Quite

46

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTUEE.

Jan.

a goodly company, both of men and women,
assist friend L. iii getting out weekly one of
our best agricultural journals.

I am now writing on the cars, en route for
Albany.

These fast trains do not stop for supper,
and the dining-room car is therefore the
only chance. A dollar for supper seems
even worse than a dollar for a dinner ; for
who wants to eat a " dollar's worth," or any
thing like it, just before going to bed?
However, as I am employed by the readers
of Gleanings to travel and take notes, I
thought I would see if I couldn't get some-
thing out of even a "• dollar supper '' for
their benefit, and I got it. What do you
think it was? Why, this : I found on the
bill of fare, " Beefsteak and Mushrooms;"
and as I had noticed in the eastern market
reports mushrooms at $1.50 per lb., I have
been getting the mushroom fever. They
are to be raised in winter in a warm cellar
or cave. Mammoth Cave is said to answer
nicely. But suppose I get some raised how
shall I know when they are just right, and
fit for market? Why, if they are just like
those T had on the dining-room car, to be
sure they are right.

Well, it is after supper, and mushrooms
are tiptop. They taste a good deal like those
that grow in the fields in summer time. I
believe there is money in them, gi'own in
winter. " Gardening for Profit " tells all
about growing them.

A farmhouse is on fire this bitter cold
night. The roof is just falling in as we rush
by. The family doubtless fired up the stoves
strong to keep out the frost, and this is the
resu*lt. Home, and all its contents gone.
Take warning, friends ; look to your flues
and chimneys. When the weather is severe,
and you are firing heavy, keep watch of
things. Fathers and mothers, look after your
homes and little ones.

Continued, next issue.

PIRST-CLASS COMB HONEY.

THAT WHICH HAS REMAINED I.ONG ON THE HIVE,
THE BEST.

T HAVE just been reading what friend Heddon
(^ says, on page 883, about extracted honey. I be-
^l lieve he is cori-ect, and also that what he says
-*■ in reg-ard to extracted is equally true of comb
honey.
Friend Root, on page 77 of the ABC book you
say, " Very white new comb honey is seldom of the
fine, pure, sweet flavor of honey that has been a
long time capped over, such as is found in the dark-
looking comb." You also tell us about that honey
which you left on the hives until winter, and then
cut out of the frames, which wag the nicest, richest
honey you ever saw or tasted. You don't get much
of such honey now. No, the most of our comb'
honey now is taken from the hives as soon as finish-
ed, to prevent its being soiled; and the consequence
is, a large part of the honey found in our markets
is Very white and nice-looking; but when it is eat-
en it doesn't give satisfaction. The fact is, it is
nothing more nor less than green honey. If you
were buying for your own use, you would not buy
such honey. I think you would get that which is
much better, except in looks, for from 3 to 5 cents

per pound less. I could not help thinking of this
when you spoke of that " snowy white " honey, in
Gleanings recently, which you were selling for 18
cents. Such honey will sell well, but it will not sell
next year's crop. With such honey it would be
difficult to develop a market in villages and country
places; people will buy it for awhile, but will soon
get sick of it, and " stop short off"," as friend Martin
says. I think there never will be an overproduc-
tion of first-class honey, either comb or extracted.
The trouble is, only a small part of the honey pro-
duced at the present day is first-class in ev^ery re-
spect.

I believe this is an important matter, and I think
that, if the brethren would all take hold and " pull
together," instead of sitting down and crying over-
production, we should soon see an improvement
in the honey-market. O. G. Russell.

Afton, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1886.

Thanks, friend R. While I think you are
correct in the main, I can not think that
nice wliite honey that has been taken from
the hive as soon as capped is " green " or
unripe honey. We have been selling just
this class of honey, and it has always given
good satisfaction. I believe, however, as
stated in the ABC, that honey long capped
over has generally a little finer flavor; but
whether it were better to sacrifice the snowy
whiteness of our market honey for this
slight improvement in flavor, I have my
doubts.

MANIPULATING FRAMES.

pond's METHOD.

Jf E. POND, Jr., has got hold of a correct
„ ip principle in handling frames for the pro-
•^1 duction of comb honey. What is the use
*^ ' of having movable combs if we do not
take every advantage of so great a prin-
ciple? I am pretty sure that another season
will demonstrate the fact to the satisfaction of
every one who will take the trouble to experiment.
To illustrate his plan: I will state my practical ap-
plication of it by describing my hive. I use the
ten-frame Gallup hiv^e, frames 11 'j in. square.
Hives inside, measure 13 x 13'/i and 15 inches long;
the frames hang crosswise; and the 10 frames, spac-
ed lYi inches, just fill the 15 inches. Now, in the
opening of the clover in the spring, I just shove the
ten frames up and put in a wide (3 in.) frame at
one end, filled with i sections and fdn. Then I
have ten brood-frames in the space of 13 inches.
This, 1 think, is about right. At the proper time T
set on top my case of pound sections, and so work
for pound section honey till the close of the season,
or about the last of July. I then take off and put
away all top cases of 1-lb. sections. I now open
the brood-nest, take out the wide frame at the end,
and I find four l'/2-lb. frames of nice clover honey
—six pounds or more. No. 1 clover honey. I now
proceed to pull back or spread the ten brood-frames
on the 15 inches, which puis them 1| inches from
center to center, and they will find enough during
the fall tlowers to build out and fill up for winter.
We never get any surplus here in Southern Missou-
ri in the fall, but they get enough in September to
winter well. I should like to hear others report
on this plan. W. H. Ritter,

North Springfield, Mo.

188?

ULEAMINGS 12^ HKE CULTURE.

47

A CHAPTER FROM REAL LIFE.

KOUGETTING TO CLOSE THE DOOR OF THE HON-
EY-HOl'SK, AND THE CONSEQUENCE.

TN the bill of goods I ordered of you were a lot of
I'M nest pails. I ordered them for the purpose
W of extract in>r honey. There was but little call
■*■ for the \argo pails, while I supposed they
would soil the best. I could not dispose of
them for wh-Jt they cost me, consequently I have
(lulte a number on hand. I found that quart pails
with 3 lbs. of honey sold by far the most readily,
and I ordered a gross of them from Fort Wayne.
They cost a little less than 5 cts. apiece, including
freight, and in them I sold the remainder of my
extracted honey very readily for 30 cts. each, in-
cluding pail.

I had a ton of honey, including section and ex-
tracted. I commenced selling sections at 14 cts.,
but most of them for a shilling, and the dark, or
fall honey, for 10 cts. I had 34 swarms in the
spring, and put .54 in winter quarters. Though
they apparently had honey enough for winter
stores, they were dying badly, and some were
atfeeted with dysentery.

I was compelled to move my bees to keep good
friends with my neighbor who owned land but a
few rods from where they were, and I would not
have a quarrel with my kind neighbor for the
worth of the bees.

IT.\r.,l.\NS, BLACKS, OR HYBRIDS— WHICH ?

I have Italians, hybrids, and blacks, in my apiary.
.\s lioucy-gatherei'S, I know no difference. Some
(it I lie blacks are the most docile bees 1 have, while
(.ihcrsof the Italians and hybrids are too vindic-
ii\ (■ to handle without a quantity of smoke. T have
had hut one swarm ruined by worms in many
>('ars, arid those were blacks. After filling nearly
I.i:i sfoiions, they took to swarming, till but few
b('<'S were left; then the robbers ruined them, and
the worms made a clean sweep of them. I would
n:it care for Italians, if I did not hate to hunt black
queens so badly.

.lUST HOW I GOT CAUGHT.

It has been a very busy season with me, putting
up and repaix-ing buildings, with an abundance of
>vork on the farm ; and being of a nervous tempera-
ment (some like friend Boot) I often get in a hurry,
and from a fast walk I would get into a run. I had
lieeii taking off sections, and, for want of time to
put them on the shelves, I packed them helter-
skelter on the floor of the honey-house till a more
"convenient season " to put them away. It was
near the close of the honey season, and bees got
crazy at the slightest smell of honey. In my great
hurry one day I went into the honey-house for
something; and when I went out I slammed the
tloor after me, not thinking but it was fast, and
went about my business. After awhile, wife called
me, and said ] had better look and see what the
bees were doing. I did look, and, sure enough,
there were bees enough to make two good swarms,
in the house, on the windows, and piled on the
sections; and when 1 went in they " piled " on mr
too. If ever a fellow was stumped, I was. But
necessity always had been the mother of inven-
tion; and If it failed this time it would be the first
with me. 1 said, "Wife! I'll kill them with sul-
phur," and at it I went, and made smoke enough,
as I thought, to kill any thing. I closed the door,
and left them to their fate. In half an hour I came

back and found but few dead. I thought best to
renew the sulphur smoke. I did so, but it almost
choked me, and I slammed the door after me, and
left them a second time to their fate. After awhile
I went back and found the door standing wide
open, and such piles of bees I never saw piled into
one room. I said, " What shall I doV what ahall I
do?" and what would you have done, friend Root ?

I have read somewhere, that, if at first you don't
succeed, try, try again. I said, " Wife, 1 have got
to kill all my bees " (57 swarms). But another
thought struck me. I had seen bees smoked to
death, so I put in kettles and iron dishes, after
making fires in them, and piling them full of trash,
just as we used to smoke mosquitoes when it was
all woods around us, and I was careful to shut
the door this time. The house was made tight, in-
tended to keep out the moths and millers, and the
smoke soon began to tell seriously on the bees, but
I let them sweat till not one could fly, and 1 could
not stand it longer than 1 could hold my breath.
I let in what air I could through the window-screen,
occasionally opening the door; and when the
smoke cleared away so I could move the sections
into the closet, brushing off the dead bees, it was
a fearful-looking place.

I said, " Wife, I have conquered at last." She
said, " You look as if you were about conquered
too."

You had better believe I was happy. Now you
will ask what about the honey (for there was the
best part of a ton). Was it not ruined by the
smoke? Of course, I supposed it was. At first,
for a week or two it smelled too smoky to be sal-
able, but it gradually wore away by giving it all
the air I could, till that which was nicely capped
had no taste of smoke; but all that was uncapped
retained the smoky flavor a long time; but it is all
disposed of, except what we need for our family
use. 1 have always been particularly fond of see-
ing and handling bees; but I pray that I maybe
excused from handling any more in a honey-house.

La Otto, Ind., Dec, 1886. E. S. Hanson.

Friend H. wants to know what I would
have done under the circumstances. Well,
I would not have killed my bees, whatever
I did. You say you were happy after you
got them all killed. Now, the thought of
tliose murdered bees would not have let me
sleep nights had I been in your place ; how-
ever, there is no use wasting words on that
part of it, for they are gone now. I have
been throiigli just abotit the same experi-
ence a good many times, and I will tell you
how I manage, i^f course, the tirst thing is
to shut the door; and, by the way, the
latches to the door of the bee-house ought
to be so arranged that they shut easily and
securely every time. I have often thought
that a spring" to the door, such as we have
on our screen-doors, would be a good in-
vestment, then have the catch so it will
fasten the door, no matter wliere or how
the door may be left. Prevention is better
than cure, you know. But if the bees do go in
because of the door l)eing fastened open. Or
something of that sort, shut all the doors
and windows securely, so that no more can
get in. When the bees collect in a large
quantity on one of the windows, raise the
window, and with a brush broom, or some-
tliing similar, get out as many as possible.

48

GLEAN li^^GSs iJS JiEE OLILTUUE.

3 AH.

When another lot collects, let them out in
the same way, and in a very little time yuu
can have every bee out of "your room. In
view of su(;h occurrences 1 would have a

food wide shelf just below the window, and
eep this shelf clear of rubbish. Then at
any time, by raising the window a little you
can easily brush out all the bees that have
dropped down, so as to keep your house
tidy and neat. Where there are only a few
sections that the bees can work on I woulil
put them in a tight box or cupboard. Sim-
plicity hives piled up will hold frames of
comb or sections of honey very well tem-
noi'arily. Now, if yon want to cure yom-
bees of hanging around the honey-house
doors oi- windows, just let them go in the
room and out at pleasure, until they are
satistied there is not a drop of honey to be
obtained. If it is during a season when
they rob l)adly. Simplicity hives piled up
may be a rather bad arrangement, for bees
smell the lioney through the cracks. In
such a case, cover the pile of hives with a
large sheet, or, better still, an oil cloth,
such as is used to spread over wagons ; or
if your room is not large enough, open
your bee-tent, and spread that o\er it.
Surplus comb honey ought to l)e very secure
indeed, to prevent bees from scenting it.
Friend Ileddon aiid some others have rec-
ommended double sheets of wire cloth, with
a space between them. 'ITiis prevents bees
on the inside from passing Money througli
to those on the outside ; but whatever way
yoii take to make it secure, don't have any
"mistakes about it, or you may h;ive such
scenes as our friend describes' so graph ic-
allv in the above article.

SEPAHATOKS OB NO SEPARATORS,

lliHO SOMETHING IN REGARD TO THE WORKING
OF HEnnON'S NEW HIVE.

ENTIRELY agree with G. M. Doolittle, on page
f 939, that we have been making- a move in the
wrong' direction in reg^ard to separators. Un-
til three or four years ag-o I thinli it was prettj-
well settled that comb honey could not be sat-
isfactorily produced without separators. About
this time a number of comb-honey cases appeared,
designed to be used without separators. Some of
these were very convenient to use, and, aside from
the non-separator feature, were much better than
the old systems. These were " boomed " by those
favoring them; and from being written and talked
about so much it became fashionable to do without
separators, and many who really preferred them
were ashamed to admit that they could not do with-
out them. Everybody followed his neighbor.

One of the most characteristic traits of the Amer-
ican people is their tendency to popular crazes, a
tendency to take up every thing that is new and
attractive, and carry it to extremes. Never more
Strikingly shown than in their amusements— as,
for instance, roller-skating and progressive eucher
—this tendency has its intluence in every depart-
ment of life. Any l)U8iness that is more than ordi-
narily profitable is rushed into, and almost imme-
diately overdone. Bee-keeping is suffering now
from just such an inundation on a small scale.
But this is a digression.

With all the hue and cry against separatoi-s,
everybody seemed to think that everybody else
was giving them ui>, iiiid that he must fall into line
or be left behind. How the movement against sep-
aratoi-s was for\varde(l, may be learned from the
way the subject was handled at one of our conven-
tions. After some talk in which the anti-separator
men aired their views, while those who favored
separators for the most part stood back and listen-
ed, the subject was put to vote, and all who could
secure marketable honey without the use of sep-
arators were asked to stand up. Of course, the
most of those who voted at all stood up. Almost
any one can produce marketable honey without
separators. That is not the question. The report
of that convention, stating that three-fourths of
its members could get ak)ng without separators,
was, to a ceitain extent, misleading, as giving the
impression that they were in favor of doing with-
out them. I do not think this was the sentiment
of the convention. 1 think most of them were in
favor of se|)arators, and continued to use them,
and believe in them to-day. But their half-unwlU-
ing admission, that they could get along without
separators, no doulit had its influence in inducing
otiiers to try the non-separator case, who, finding
themselves reasonably successful with it, became
loud in its praise.

I can produce comb honey without separatcjrs.
I have done so successfully. This season I had
over 200(1 lbs. of honey made without separators.
There may have been 2.5 sections that could not
well be crated. Perhaps 30(i required a little extra
care in crating, while the rest could be put togeth-
er anyhow without the combs touching. Stiil. 1
know that, without extraordinary care, 1 should
not obtain as good results every season; and as 1
can see no very important benefit to l>e derived
from dispensing with separators, I shall continue
their use, and shall ^jrobably make no more cases
to be used without them. I can certainly get as
much honey by using separators as without them.
When they are not used there is constant annoy-
ance from the uuflnished sections at the sides, and
particularly in the corners of the case, unless the
easels left on until all are finished; and no one
who expects to produce the best honey can afl:'ord
i to do this. With separators the work of the honey-
I producer goes on much more smoothly and satis-
1 factorily, and the marketaliility of the honey is not
] so dependent on chance.

The wide-frame sj-stem is, in my opinion, the
' best way of using separators, but they should not
j hold over one tier of seetif)ns, and should be so
i arranged that thej' can be tiered up to any desired
I height. Kxpansibility and contractibility are both
! valuable features in any hive. A hive should be
i so made that its capacity may be readily and quick-
; ly enlarged or contracted, to suit the extreme re-
, quirements of any colony, and so that these chang-
es may be made gradually.
This brings us naturally to a discussion of the
• Heddon hive, of which more, perhaps, has been
i claimed in this direction than of any other hive.
I have used a number of them during the past sea-
I son, some of them since early spring. I am thus
. enabled to form a tolerably correct idea as to the
merits of the hive. I had formed a very favoi-able
opinion of it before 1 had ever seen it, and I must
' say that, in practice, it nearly fulfilled my highest
expectations. There were some drawbacks, how-

1887

GLEA^IJSGS IN BEE UULTUKE.

49

over, which I think oug-ht to be mentioned. ' You
have all heard of its advantag-ee, so I will not dwell
on them, but only refer to what 1 consider Its weak
points, and its failures to do what has been claimed
tor it.

The tlrst shock that was given to my good opinion
of the hive was when a too ambitious queen found
her waj' upstairs and filled nearly every section in
one case witli hrood. This, of course, can easily be
prevento<i by u (|ueen-excluding honey-board.

A more serio\is trouble came when dry weather
caused the end-bars to shrink so that the sot-screws
no longer held theiu tightly enough; and in hives
that had been inverted, the frames slipped down
until thej rested on the bottom-board, almost clos-
ing the entrance. Then rains came, and the sides
of the hive and the wooden screws swelled so much
that I could not turn said screws; and colonies
that I particularly wanted to examine might al-
most as well have been in box hixes for all T could
do with them. The hives, I may say, were well
painted, and the screws had been soaked in linseed
oil.

The frames are not nearly so movable as ordina-
ry frames, even when they are new; and T am
afraid that, with time and use, propolis will find its
way between the frames and the ends of the hive.
The heat of summer will melt this propolis, and
stick hive and frame so tightly together that, in
time, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to re-
move frames from the hives. This is a very serious
objection to the hive. I do not think we can afford
to abandon movable-frame hives.

"Why do you want to handle the frames V" I
think I heai' someone say. Because foul brood is
abroad in the land, and an experience with it that
has cost me se\eral hundred dollars has taught me
that it i.s next to useless to attempt to get rid of
the disease unless it can be detected in its early
stages, and that this can not be done except by
fre<iuent and thorough examinations of the brood-
combs.

1 would most willingly adopt the principle of
handling hives instead of frames if it were not for
foul brood; but with this dread disease threatening
me I am afraid to adopt a hive and frame that will
make it any more difficult to detect and subdue it.

My next count against the hive is, that it has
utterly failed, with me, in one of the strongest
points claimed in its favor. We have been told
that, by its use, we could secure all the honey in
sections, leaving the brood-chamber empty. I
found, though, that, as the end of the fall yield
approached, the brood-chamber was steadily filled
with honey until, at its close, the combs were
hea\-y with honey, to the almost entire exclusion of
brood. This was the case with all colonies, blacks
as well as Italians, in which the brood-chamber had
been closely contracted, although no hives or
frames had l)een reversed during the fall yield. 1
J have about .35 colonies, which were in Heddon
hives, or contracted to five Simplicity frames,
which I am afraid will not winter well. They are
in excellent wintering condition otherwise, but the
colonies are much smaller than 1 should like.

Oayton. 111., Dec. ->:!, 1886. J. A. Green.

Friend G., I think yon have hit it exactly
in what you liave to say about "popular
crazes." Just now. sliding down hill on a
toboggan seems to he the craze in many of
our cities : and riding liehind a fast voling

horse in the daintiest-got-up cutter is not
to be compared to sliding down hill and go-
ing ])ack on foot, pulling your toboggan aft-
er you. As the latter course gives outdoor
exercise to some who might not get it oth-
erwise, I guess we had better say amen to
it, and not grumble. I have been greatly
rejoiced to see Caddie and Connie and
cousin Mabel — yes, and Huber too, when
the weather is not too cold, exercise their
hmgs and muscles in sliding down hill, al-
most from morning till night, in a M'ay
they never did before. Dress the children
up warmly, and encourage them in rough
and tumbles out in the snowdrifts. When
our whole nation shall get a craze in that
direction, we can thank God for it.— I have
felt a good deal as you do, all along, and I
am inclined to think Heddon agrees w ith
you, from the fact that he has turned about
and adopted wide frames and separators.
I think all the difficulties, or nearly all, can
be readily remedied. Have the set-screws
made of galvanized iron, which may be
turned out and dipped in oil occasionally,
and I think you can turn them with your
fingers. I was surprised when I saw old-
fashioned screws on one of friend Heddon's
sample hives. The very minute I saw that
Heddon recommended a frame almost tight
fitting in the body of the hive, I decided at
once they would not be very long movable
in our locality, on account of t)ropolis. The
same arrangement was exhibited at the
Northern Ohio State Fair, in Cleveland,
years ago, and I afterward saw some hives
wherp the frames had been pushed in when
the propolis was soft from the heat of the
summer sun. They were about as securely
cemented in as you could do it with melted
rosin.— In regard to the foul-brood part,
friend G., I should say that a bee-keeper
has no business having foul brood in liis
apiarv, and therefore need not calculate on
it. If the above does hit us, no matter.
—Perhaps Heddon, bv a different arrange-
ment, will be able to "keep the honey out of
his brood-chambers.— 1 think the progeny
of certain queens are more disposed to till
up solid all around the brood-nest, than
others are.

PRODUCING BEESA^AX FOR THE MAR
KET, INSTEAD OF HONEY.

Can We Not do it Now, Since Honey ii«
so Low P

SOME THOUGHTS .\ND 6UQ0KST10NS GKOWINO

OUT OF AND PERTAININO TO THE ABOVE

.MATTER.

fRJEND ROOT:— This question of wax secretion
is really one of the apicultural problems of
the day. I have been reading all that I can
find upon the subject; I have also been cor-
responding with some bee-keepers who have
been experimenting in something the same line
as I have. I have thought about it in the day time,
and lain awake nights, and pondered; and it is my
^mi conviction that we have been losing a big
thing in not utilizing the natural wax secretion
that is going on more or less all through the work-
ing season. I am aware, that when wax is needed
for eomb-bullding, the wax sacretlon is tfieatly in-

.50

(iLEA^^NLNGrS LN i$H}E CULTUJiK

Jan.

creased; but at the low price at which honey is sold,
is it not possible that it would be profitable to enciMi-
agc wax secretion and natural comb-building-V To
what extent, when, where, how, in what manner,
and under what circumstances, it would be advisa-
ble to have natural comb built instead of using-
fdn., will probably take some time to decide; but
if we will only start out with this object in view,
and M'or7f, we can find out. In my locality, and
with my management, 1 know that the use of fdn.
in the brood-nest, when hiving- swarms, is unprofit-
able; but I do not think the matter stops here. I
think there are still more advantages to be g-ained
by utilizing- the natural secretion of wax, but just
how it is to be done 1 do not know, and 1 don't
know hut T am glad I do not, as there is now be-
fore me the pleasure of flnding out. I have not a
particle of doubt that there are times, places, and
conditions, when the use of fdn. is very profitable;
and what we need to learn is, how to use it benefi-
cially.

1 sometimes feel Impelled to write an article up-
on this subject, but its magnitude appalls me, as
there are so many things to be considered, so many
ifs and ands, that 1 fear 1 could not do it justice.

Rogersville, Mich. W. z. Hutchinson.

Our friends will remember that this has
been broiij^ht ni) at different times thi-ong-h
our j)ast volumes. Friends Hasty and
Viallon have given tis the most light'on the
subject. Imt we are still a ^'ood deal in the
dark. The above lettei- from W. Z.
Hutchinson was not intended IVu- i»riid, btd
it comes in so well with several other sug-
gestions that I have taken tlie liberty of
giving it just as he gave it to me, and I
think he will not object.

VARIOUS MATTERS.

APIAUY NEAR RAILROAD.

TT. CO RRESPONDENT wishes to know (p. 171, J><8.5)
2£|K i^ it will be a damage to an apiary, if located
^^K\ within ten rods of a railroad. As a rule, I
"^^ should say not; yet if the bees are to be win-
tered in a cellaror underground cave, the jar
from the trains might cause trouble. I have little ex-
perience along this line, as I live eight miles from
any railroad; but a friend of mine who lived within
six rods of the Auburn branch of the N. Y. C. R. R.
told me that he believed very much of his loss during
winter was owing to the disturbance of his bees
caused by this raih'oad. While there one day he in-
vited me to go into his bee-cave, or special under-
ground repository in which he wintered his bees,
about train time, to see what I thought about the
matter. The repository was as nice a one as I ever
saw, as the sides and bottom were of clean white
sand, and kept at a uniform temperature of from
43 to 46°. If 1 recollect aright it was in December
when I was there; and when we went into the cave
all was as quiet as I ever knew a bee-cellar. No
light was yet made, for he wished me to note the ef-
fect of the train on the bees, the same as it would
be every time a train passed. Soon we began to
feel a slight jar to the ground, and in a moment
more the bees began to buzz, or show signs of be-
ing disturbed, which increased as the train neared;
and as it went by, the trembling of the earth in this
dark place was bo g-reat that it was any thing but

pleasant to me, and I did not wcnder that the bees
became so woke u\) that they came to the en-
trance of their hives and ran wildly about to see
what the trouble was. He told mo thiit this dis-
quietude lasted them from ten to fifteen minutes
after the passing of every train; while toward
spring they did not get settled down between the
passing of the trains. He never was successful in
wintering bees in this jilace, and soon sold out and
moved away. Since then I have thought I should
prefer some other jilace for cellar wintering of bees
besides one near a railroad.

WORKING (QUALITIES OK BEES.

Another correspondent writes (p. 430, 188')) that he
thinks that Italian bees work best on basswood and
thistle: the blacks on raspbei-ry and buckwheat,
and wants m.y opinion in the matter. After the
most close watching of these two varieties of bees
during a period of ten years, up to three or four
years ago I failed to find a single instance when, or
a single plant or tree upon which, the blacks ex-
ceeded the Italians in the least as to honey-gather-
ing, while at many times the Italians were actually
making a gain while the others consumed their
stores. F(ji- this reason T discarded the blacks en-
tirelj', since which, of course, 1 have had no oppor-
tunity to test them. To be sure I was right, I sent
and got (lueens of the isaid to be) hirge hrount bees,
and of the industrious gray bee; but a thorough
trial of both only proved, as I expected, that each
was not different from the black bee of our fathers'
time. Next 1 tried the much-praised hybrids, pro-
duced by the famed breeder of Apin Americana, and
found them not a whit ahead of the hybrids which I
had had for years; at last, the profit made from my
sales of honej' from my Italians forced me to part
with all other varieties of bees. I know that black
bees will store more dark or buckwheat honej-
than the Italians; but my experience is, that, at the
same time this is being done, the Italians are stor-
ing more white honey from red clover, whiteweed,
and selendine, than the others get from buckwheat.
When this white honey is not obtainable, then the
Italians store of dark honey an etiual amount with
the blacks.

CRAMPING OF yUEENS.

When queens are caught by the wings they often
double up and appear to have a cramp, the death of
a queen having been reeorded from this supposed
cause (p. 532, 188.')). For a long time I supposed this
doubling up was caused b.\- a real cramp; but after
a little I learned what the trouble was. 1 caught a
queen to clip her wings, when she doubled upas
has been described. I thought to let her go as I had
always done before when they had thus cramped,
but I hesitated, as she was ashyl)ody; and I had
had several times of hunting for her before I foiuid
her. I soon concluded to clip her, even if she died,
rather than hunt for her again; sol lowered my
hands very close to the top of the frames and clip-
ped off all the wings as I usually do. She lay on the
top-bar of a frame, apparently lifeless, so it gave
me a good opportunity to examine her closely,
when I soon saw that she had one of her front feet
tightly clamjjcd in the opening from which the
sting extrudes. In a moment more she began to
kick about (as the bees hovered around her, so she
saw she was in her own home), when the foot was
loosed liy the opening parting, and she crawled
down among the bees unharmed. Since then 1
have closely watched scores of queens when thus

' 1887

G-LEANIJ^iGS IN BEE CLLTURE.

51

doubling- up, only to witness the same operation.
The queen strugg-les to get hold of something, so as
to liberate herself if ])()ssible. atul in these strugg-'es
curves her abdomen and partly thrusts out her
sting'. Wliile in this shape one of tlie front feet
catches hold of this apparently' secure foothold,
upon which the opening is closed from the sensa-
tion caused by the foot, holding the foot as in a vise,
thus keeijing the queen in her doublcd-up condition
as long as the foot is thus held. I have known
queens to remain thus for several minutes, when
not returned to the bees. The death reported must
have i-esulti'd from tliefoot being stung accidentally
while held in this shape. G. M. Doomtti.e.

Borodino, N. Y., .Ian. 1. 1SK7.

I should think it quite likely that a bee-
cellar within six rods of the track miglit be
objectionable, as you say; however, our bees
are. the nearest or thera. tifteen rods from
tlie^track. and aie, of course, located out of
doors ; and as we have been exceedingly
successful in wintering, we can not think a
railroad at this distance is any detriment.
There is, however, comparatively little trav-
el on our road, and no lightning express
trains, as you have on the great thorough-
fares. I can imagine these would be more
objectionable than the slow-running coal-
trains that comprise the greater p;irt of the
business on our road. — Your experience with
V)lack bees compared with Italians is sur-
prisingly like our own. althougli we have
never' tested the brown and gray bee, so
much talked of in some localities. T have
always been of the opinion, however, that
they were common bees, and nothing else.—
Yoiir discovery of the cramping of queens is
quite new ; and until I verify it I can hardly
Ijelieve it possible that the cases that have
come under m\ observation were all caused
in the way yoii suggest. The queens I have
seen seemed absolutely dead, and doubled
up exactly as if they had been stung. I
have looked them over carefidly. to see, if I
could, any thing the matter; aiid when they
finally straightened out and walked off, I
have been tempted to think they were either
frightened out of their little wits, or that
they had been •■ pla> ing "possum."" Hereaft-
er we will all of us watch :nid try to verify.

FOUNDATION, VERSUS ITS NON OK
LIMITED USE.

WINTKKING BEKS WITH AN EMPTY HIVE UNDER
THE BROOD-NEST.

"Wp COLONY that had been worked for extracted
^Vlh honey was found, in the early partof the win-
^^r ter of 1S8.">, to have taken up winter-quarters
■^^ in the upper storj- of the hive; and as they
seemed to have plenty of honey I concluded
to let them remain there. However. 1 carefully
lifted the upper story and i-emoved the frames
from the lower story, that I might see how the bees
would winter when so arranged. This was a single-
walled hive with glass in the lower part, which gave
an opportunity to see how matters went on. This
colony came through in good condition, and kept
the lead throughout the season. As the honey-sea-
son drew on, and the bees e\inced a desire to build
comb, the lower story was filled with frames having
starters only of worker foundation. These frames

were soon filled with nice worker comb, and occu-
pied with brood. The queen being' kept busy filling
the new combs with eggs, had' left the upper story
for the storage of honey. So energetically did this
colony work under the stimulus of tilling the space
between the entrance and the upper combs, they
were quite as far on at the first extracting as were
other colonies that ha<l been given a full set of
combs to begin with.

M.VKINO BEES BUIIJ) COMB BETWEEN THEIR
BROOD .\ND THE ENTRANCE.

By this experiment 1 concluded that I had made
two important discoveries — first, that bees are
greatly stimulated and led on to the greatest de-
gree of exertion and activity when induced to go
into a '■ good big contract of comb-building'," and
that they will begin sooner and work more energ:et-
ically when building comb to fill the intervening'
space between their brood-nest and the entrance,
than to build comb above the brood-nest. Second,
that when building comb beneath their brood, and
with a view to extend that brood, they naturally in-
cline to build less drone or store comb. That you
may be satisfied with the desirability of this plan
for securing nice all-worker combs, you wotild do
well to test it by setting aside, the coming season,
some colonies to build combs below, and others to
build above their brood-nest. After the trial I think
all of the fraternity would read the reports with in-
terest.

HOW TO GET NE-A-RliV .\I,I. WORKER COMB WITHOUT
USING FOUND.XTION, ETC.

it is my opinion, that a clear gain of a full set of
combs will be found, resulting from having the
combs built beloWtthe brood-nest, with much less
drone-comb and a less disposition to swarm. Of
course, in any case less drone comb will be built
where the queen is young and prolific. As I must
have a full set of combs built for extracting pui--
poses the coming season, and must have them
worker comb, I " hedged " in my bees a little last
summer and fall by superseding every queen I
had over one year old.

WHAT TO DO WITH DRONE COMB WHEN BUlI/r
IN THE BROOD-CHAMBER.

While this question of how to get rid of drone-
comb building is before the " house," 1 want to re-
late an experience I had summer before last. A
large swarm was hived on ten L. frames, no starters
used. At the end of one week the frames were
pretty well filled down with comb— one-third, or
nearly so, drone or store comb. This was all cut out,
and, a few days later, on examining 1 found the
frames full and but little drone combs; but what
had been built was again removed. E.xamining a
few days later, I found nothing but worker comb in
the hive. The drone comb thus obtained was then
cut up and waxed into sections, put into a case, and
given to the swarm for completion. They were
soon finished— the finest lot of 4ti one-pound sections
I ever saw. Here we have an illustration of how to
manage Independently of foundation. For any
who may have more money than time to invest in
the business, 1 say, buy all thefoiuidation you wish.
I onlj- mention this to show that those who will may
get on as well without foundation as with it.

John A. Buchanan.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va.. Dec. ~'T, 188ti.

Friend B., you have struck upon some
very important points. First, having a
large empty space beneath the brood-combs

52

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

for winter, on the plans recommended by
Bingham, Doolittle, Boardman, and others ;
second, having bees build comb between the
brood and the entrance. This is an idea
that was strongly advocated by Gallup and
Adair, as much as 15 years ago. It was
given in connection with what they called
the "New Idea" hive. Third and last,
cutting out drone comb from the brood-nest,
and putting in surplus boxes. Mr. W. B.
House made a very large crop of comb hon-
ey by this means, some years ago. He took
both drone and worker comb, however, as
fast as the bees built it in the brood-cham-
ber, cut out the pieces, and put it in surplus-
boxes. The greatest objection to this
course would be the trouble and time.

A BETTEK RECORD FOR THE ITAL-
IANS.

AVERAGE YIELD PEH COLONY, 3H1 LBS.", LABOEST
YIELD FROM ONE COLONY, 660 LBS.

fN pag-e 977, Gleanings, 1886, Mr. E. France,
after g-iving " The Record of Two Students "
for the year just closed, concludes as follows:
"It seems to me T hear you say, ' They must
have been a strain of pure Italians, or some
other fancy breed." Well, they were a pure race of
blacks, or brown liees, as you ohouse to call them —
those fellows that some writers say live from hand to
mouth— poor despised blacks;. They are not so poor
a bee after all. Who has got 49 colonics of any other
race that has done any better (take a whoi<' apiary
through), not pick out 49 of the bestV" Well, Mr.
France, I have an apiary, not of 49, but of 41 colo-
nies, that did much better than that of your stu-
dent. They were about as pure Italians, too, as are
to be found in this country, several of them eon-
tainiog imported queens. Here is the record: In
April, 1883, I took 41;colonies in rotation, without se-
lection as to strength, from my home apiary at
Nauvoo, 111., to a small prairie village five miles
east of me. The spring was cold and backward,
and the whole season unusually wet. No tim-
ber was within three miles. 8orae fruit and a
few black-locusts were the only floM'ers they had to
work on before white clover;' and although the col-
onies were in good average condition, with a great
plenty of stores, when removed I was compelled to
feed them the last week in May and the first two
weeks in .June, to prevent starvation, one colony
being almost starved before [ discovered that they
were short. But such a mass of bees ! I never saw
the like before, nor have I seen it since. The ten
large Qulnby frames were.falmost a solid mass of
brood, and the hive and surplus t)ox were overtiow-
ing with bees. The removal seems to have stimu-
lated them to excessive breeding. The white-clover
honey-flow began about the middle of June, and
lasted all through July, followed by buckwheat and
heart'8-ease in August, and ending with Spanish
needle, wild artichoke, goldenrod, etc., September
30. The total yield from the 41 colonies was 11,.550
lbs. of extracted honey, or an average of 281 lbs.
per colony. Greatest yield of any one colony, .560
lbs. I had no swarms— at least, none were seen.
I followed the tiering-up plan, always being watch-
ful that each colony had plenty of room for storing
honey.
T began the season with 63 surplus boxes, with

frames full of empty comb. I ended the season
with 95. I used full sheets of foundation built out
in frames. My plan was, as soon as the first box
was about half full, to raise it up and put an empty
one under it. They continued to woi-k mainly in the
upper box ; and when the combs wore about three-
fourths sealed we extracted them and placed the
box with the extracted combs below again, next to
the brood-chamber. During the first 24 days of July,
each 14 colonies gave us one barrel of honey (3,50
lbs. net) every eight days. This aj)iary is located on
the premises of Mr. William Thornbur, Powelton,
Hancock Co., 111. Mr. Thornbur received one-fifth
of the honey as his share, for location, etc.

1 have had large yields from some of my other
apiaries, but none have ever equaled this one. 1
have had considerable experience with the Italians,
the black (or brown), and the Cyprian bees, and I
can truly say that T would not have either of the
latter breeds as a g-ift, for the productiou of ex-
tracted honey, conditioned that 1 must not Italian-
ize them, although 1 much prefer the Cyprians to
the blacks. 1 find but one fault with the Cyprians
—their unconquerable crossness. Were it not for
this I should prefer them to the Italians, as I find the
former equal to the latter in every other respect,
and much more prolific— one <if the best qualities of
a profitable race of bees. Emil J. Baxter.

Nauvoo, 111.

Friend B., we are very much obliged to
you for coming forward in defense of the
Italians. Other ctrciimstances, however,
may have had something to do with your
enormous product. Five hundred and six-
ty pounds from one colony, in one season,
is one of the greatest reports ever put on
record. The locality must be excellent, and
the season was probably very favorable.

DOOLITTIiB'S QUEEN - CELL PRO-
TECTOR.

ALSO SOMETHING

FROM AWAY
AFRICA.

OFF IN SOtTTH

§OME months ago I wrote you a few items about
bees and honey in this vicinity, and my own
experience in changing from vicious hybrids
to Italians. Before the work was finished,
Mr. G. M. Doolittle gave us the description
of his wire-cloth cell-protector, and that " Yankee
notion " was worth more to me than the cost of
your journal, for it settled three colonies that had
previously destroyed queens and cells most provok-
ingly. So much time was lost by rearing and intro-
ducing (jueens, when the boney-tiow was best, that
my increase was only from i:! to •M\ colonies, and
my honey-crop only twenty - seven fj'iillons; but it
seems that, in at least one part of the world, that
passes for fabulous success. I reportt^d it to a lady
who was once a member of my household, but has
been some years a missionary in ("ape Colony. Yoti
may be interested in an extract from a reply re-
ceived a few days ago:

" What a nice lot of honey t(j gel fi-oni 13 stands!
and that reminds me that we are reveling*' in honey
just now. We had fine i-ains this spring, sf) the
bees found plenty to work on, and the honey is very
delicious. The honey-plant is evidently a variety of
what we call caudy-tul't. 1 1 grows i n great profu-
sion in the fields, spring! njr up after every slight
•hower. The honey is whiter than our white-clover,

1887

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

53

though I do not think it so fine in tiavor. The bees
are all native stocli. and very vicious, I hear.

"The honey is taken in the ffood old way, killing-
two-thirds uf the bees hy .smoking: the 'sum,' and
so stupefying- the others that they hardly recover.
1 think nearly ail to wliom I have described our way
of handling? bees and honey have looked upon it as
a bin cram. I mentioned to somc^ of ray teachers
last night the amount of honey .^■oll had taken, and
descrilied the operation of the extractor; but they
seemed III! lo think it Jnst an .Vmeriean yarn. If I
had tdid theiji you had met a ;ksluist in some of your
wanderings the\ would have believed it. I rather
think we sliall have sometliing- to talk alioiit wlien
we meet."

It will reinforce this lady's reputation for veraci-
ty, and may possibly introduce your wares to a new
and needy region, if you will send a copy of your
catalogue, and a specimen number of Gt^KA.v-
INGS. to Miss 'I'. M. Campbell, Rockland Seminary,
Cradock. Cape Colony. British South Afiiea. I send
you stamps enougli to pay the postage, if the parcel
does not exceed four ounces. Daviiv Stkano.

Lincoln, Tenn.. Dee. .'W, IHK»>.

My good friend 8.. when you want us to
send price lists or sample eopies of (Clean-
ings anywhere on the face of th(^ earth, do
not, we heg of you. take the tronl)le to send
tis stamps. We are just watching for
chances to get (TLEANiN<is away off into the
remotest corners of the earth, and it does
not make any difference how many stamps
it takes to get it there. We are very much
pleased to get the good news fiohi your
friend, and we take the liberty of sending
her Gleanings for a year ; for, be it known
to yon and all other friends of the mission-
arv work, that it has for years been our es-
tablished custom to send Gleanixgs free
of charge to any or all missionaries on the
face of the earth, so long as they care to
read it : so, give us the names of those
among your friends who are laboring in
missionary tields. We want modern bee
culture taught wherever civilization extends.
— In regard to the queen-cell protector, some
time ago friend Doolittle mailed us a sam-
ple, and told us we were at liberty to make
and sell as many as we jileased. The price
will be :> cents each ; \o cents for 10. or SI. 00
Iter KW. If wanted by mail, add :-! cents for
10, or 20 Cents per lOO" for postage. .Vnd in
order to start on the right basis, 1 think we
will place S-l.OO to friend Doolittle's credit
for what he has done toward giving them to
the public.

BEE LEGISLATION, AGAIN.

MUS. H.\RRISON S VIKWS.

K. EDITOR:—! am very sorry to see such a
covetous and selfish spirit numifested
amoiiir Itee-keepers as to favor legislation
that would deprive any one, so disposed,
of the pleasure of keeping bees. They
must be looking at the question from their own
standpoint, and not from the other side. I Avell
remember the time when I aspired to be a t)ee-
keeper. There were two persons engaged in the
business quite extensively, within the city limits,
at that time. Both of them kindly assisted me in

every way. One came and divided my two colonies
the first season, charging nothing for his services;
he lent ine books, and gave me sound advloe.
Honey at that time sold here for 30 and 35 cents
per pound. Bj the time I was firmly established
in the business, they wore out of it. One of them
was a doctor, and he couldn't buy the pi-i\ilege of
doctoring the city, and many frisky pi-actltioners
came here and boldly hung out their signs, so he
folded his tent like an Arab, and stole away. His
bees were scattered around tiie city, and soon they
had emigrated west. The other man had a large
lumber business, which increased to such an ex-
tent that his bees were neglected, and soon died
out. At the present time there is no one person
who has as many bees here as we have.

.-V very pleasant old (iernuin, whose beaming face
I'eminds me of friend Muth, comes here occasional-
ly TO talk- about bees. I asked him lately if he liked
bees. His countenance lighted up as he replied,
"Oh, yesl I like 'em." This man is too feeble to
do heavy farm work; has abundant means, and
keeps a few bees for the love of it.

.\n old lady of this city, past her threescore and
ten, has a little ap'ary of six or eight colonies, and.
takes a great deal of pleasure in caring fer them.
.\n old man past fourscore has 2.5 or iWi colonies.
Now, I can claim priority of location over these old
people, but I don't want to take the cup of pleasure
from their trembling- hands. Brother Root, you
would like to purchase the privilege of keeping all
the bees in a certain district, and also wouldn't
you like to sell all the bee-keepers' supplies in the
United States'/ Thomas H. Newman could have
done a big business in Chicago, in selling supplies,
if it hadn't been for your mill in Ohio, and tlie
cheap labor obtained there. Was there anybody
raising peas, lettuce, beets, and cabbages, in Medi-
na, before you '/or selling kites or jack-knives'/ Would
not your business be better if you could do all the
selling in Medina or the I'nited States';"

I attended a bee-convention at Monmouth, 111.,
where one of the members complained bitterly be-
cause some others, living four or five miles from
town, brought their honey there, and injured his
market. He said, "They might take it somewhere
else." This same man brought honey to Peoria,
and injured munuirhet. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

Mrs. H., 1 fear you are a little uncharita-
ble in your opening remarks, although I do
feel a good deal as you do about the matter
as you put it. I think, however, that all of
us who know Dr. C. C. Miller know he is
not looking at the matter from any selfish
standpoint, but, on the contrary, is con-
stantly considering the greatest good to the
greatest number. Yon are mistaken, my
friend— I do not w ant the privilege of sell-
ing all the bee-supplles in the United
States. A great part of our business is
htting out supply-dealers with machinery'
and apjtliances, and we always invite them
to look over 01 u- works, take "dimensions of
every thing, and we are glad to have them
copy our plans. The saving of freight
alone in making liives and ejection boxes is a
very great argument in favor of having sup-
ply-dealers located at central points all over
oiir country. We may be thoughtless in
some of oiir remarks and_ suggestions, my

54

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Jan.

good friend, but I am sure we are not,
many of us, so narrow-minded as the man
who thought his neighbors might take their
honey somexchere else.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' UNION.

FRIEND HEDDON'S IDEAS UPON THE SAME.

«FTER reading our hig-hlj- respected sister
Harrison's talk about the Bee-Keepers' Un-
ion, and j'our foot-notes on page 11, I, being
the founder of the organization, or, perhaps,
I might better say, originator of the same,
and am now serving the second year as president of
the same, and to-day, as ever, believe with Prof.
Cook and many other intelligent and honest bee-
keepers, that, if properly supported and managed,
it will prove a great success and blessing, it may
not displease you by my suggesting a few thoughts
contrary to Mrs. Harrison's article. I believe that
neither Mrs. Harrison nor yourself have looked at
this question from the right standpoint. Ask your-
self, first, Is bee-keeping, in the nature of things, a
legitimate and useful business? Certainly you will
say, " Yes." Now, admitting that we may follow it
as a business, are we not entitled to the same rights,
vs. the rights of others, that other lines of legiti-
mate business are entitled to'/ A railrond cuts
through a farm because it can not run under it nor
afford to go around it. The odor of horse-stables
is allowed to waft out upon the breeze, because
it is impracticably expensive to absorb it in the
barn, and horse-keeping is a legitimate business.
When bees are kept so close to land not owned
by the keeper that persons traversing that land are
liable to be stung by the bees in defense of their
hives, I hold that keeper responsible, because he
can prosecute the business successfully without
keeping such bees in such manner and in such
places that any one need be stung by them in de-
fense of their homes, unless the person stung is
trespassing upon the land of the bee-keeper, in
which case said person will be held by law and rea-
son to abide by the consequences. I have surveyed
the ground many times, and firmly believe that any
rights less than those mapped out above will re-
duce our business to an uncertain "child's play,"
alike damaging to producers and consumers, and
tending to keep us in constant litigation. For 13
years I kept from 16 to IHO colonies within 30 feet of
our house, and the same distance from a neighbor's
house, in the most thickly settled portion of the
town, and in all that time no person, outside of the
yard, was stung by one of my bees in defense of
their homes. A small boy was stung in the foot by
stepping on a bee at work while on white clover.
This took place about 40 rods from the apiary. His
father, a Jewish clothier, asked me if I ought not to
remove the bees from the town. I told him that I
might move them when he would move from his
barn a stock of rat, mink, and skunk skins whijh
he kept constantly in stock, and which were as con-
stantly wafting their odor into our doors and win-
dows, which were about 12 rods distant. He replied,
"Oh! that's all right; 1 didn't expect you to re-
move your bees unless you wanted to."

You see, the reason why we are overreached in
our natural rights is because the people attach no
more dignity oi' importance to honey-producing

now than when the product was produced in fence-
corners in " skeps," and was a dripping mixture
of bee-bread and honey.

In ray first letter upon the sub.ieet of our Tnion,
anticipating its possible tendency to create trouble.
I guarded against it by particularizing that any
member asking aid of the Union must be able to
show that no trouble was brewing at the time he
became a member, it being the duty of directors to
look into this matter in every case when asking tlie
Union for aid. 1 believe this important feature has
been omitted from the by-laws. With this added,
and the already healthy arrangement that the
Union shall not bear all of the expense (and, I
should like to add, except where the defendant is
poor), but about two-thirds of it, I think Mr. New-
man tells us, I see no danger from any of the bad
results depicted by Mrs. Harrison. The Union pro-
poseSjto defend nothing but evident rights; and its
board of directors, after carefully examing the law
and the facts, will surely be able judges and hon-
est exponents of the merits of the case. I feel that
you, friend Root, are not saying as much in ra\-orof
our interests as simple justice warrants.

FRIEND MILLER'S LE(ilSLATI ON.

1 have been opposingDr. Miller's proposed " legis-
lation for bee-keepers," through the ^4. B. ./., and J
want to say that I agree with him fully in nearly ev-
ery point he makes on page 17 of your last issue, ex-
cept that I believe it can and will be brought about
by the law of "the survival of the fittest," and in no
other way. I know that the results of this natural
law are sometimes not in harmony with our highest
conception of right; but in this case 1 think they
are, and that by it, is the best and only possible waj'
to bring about the ends desired by friend Miller.
Any way, he is to be congratulated for the candid,
clear, and concise style in which he has vaiKiuished
his opponents. To my mind, he never wrote a bet-
ter article for our journals. We have held conven-
tion after convention, and written essay after essay
devoted exclusively to "getting on" in the produc-
tion of honey, and now we begin to feel how pover-
ty-stricken we are, regarding our Knowledge and
works which enable us to add Hmincial success to
that of successful producing. 1 trust that, before
next swarming-time— in this latitude— we may hold
a convention devoted exclusi\'el.>- to a \'e\v very im-
portant subjects, closely relating to our f-uccess,
but not in the line of product ion. There is much
else to look after.

THE HUTCHINSON I' A i\t I'H LKT.

I have seen yours and friend Uuss' call lo friend
Hutchinson to give us a pamphlet on the subject of
the non-use of Idn. in biood-ehiiniliers. ^^•llich.is as
imjjortant as it is original. Our lieaiiy thanks and
profoundest honors are due to liicnd H. for his work
in this direction, which has been as diligent and suc-
cessful as novel. Who among us can write a terser.
more vigorous, or clearer treatise on tli's orany oth-
er apicultural subject, than friend H.'r The i.ddition
of other subjects, with its conse(iMent enlargement
of the pamphlet, I am sure \v(Mild be pnzcd bj- us
all. We have none too many books ilevoted to oui'
chosen pursuit, particularlj from such men as
W. Z. H., who possesses in so high a degree success-
ful, practical knowledge, and the ability to clearlj'
Impart it to others through the medium of the press.
I am confident I should profit by it.

Dowagiac, Mich. ,Iamks Hkdho.n.

18H7

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTURE.

.55

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOINC IT.

Continued f)
CIIAl'TEH

Thr jmsturcs are flothed witli Itocks; the \!ille>s a
they also sintr.— Psai,m 05: lo.

Wliat a jrlorious piomise. fiieiicls, is the
little verse above I and how well it comes in
with our talks tlirouiih the previous chap-
ters ! I Jut it we would receive these piom-
ises we must set about it and do our part,
even though it be the middle of .lanuary.
and in the deyttli of winter. The question is
sometimes ;isked. what we can do in tlie
winter time. A young friend is just now
visiting me. who is greatly taken up witli
the idea of earniug a livelihood for himself,
wife, and a l)aby fifteen months old. on his
farm of twelve and a half acres. He has
Just taken home with him a lot of books and
papers to read; but from the talk 1 liave
had with him. I am afraid lie is reading too
much and working too little. 1 don't be-
lieve it is best for a farmer or gaidener to
s))end much time in reading during day-
light, in tlie winter time. As soon as it is
light enough to see outdoors, we ought to
be hard at work with brain and muscle at
something, and do our reading before day-
light in the morning oi' during the long win-
ter evenings; and one of tlie things to be
done is to look after the manure in the winter
time: and this brings me to the subject of

PUEV-MilNG AND APPLYING .MAXUKK.

In Chapter XIX. we talked about different
methods of procuring or making manure at
home on the farm, or on our ten-acre farm,
if you choose. Let us now consider the
matter of getting oui- manure in shape to
apply it to the ground, and of api)lying it.
If your manure is i»iled uj) in a heap it will
get hot, and burn itself up; and this must.
under no circimistances. be allowed. It
wants forking over and stirring up : in fact,
it wants hri'iikimj up. In all of our books on
gardening and farming, we hear this matter
recommeiuled over and over again. In the
excellent little work entitled, '(iardening
for Y'oung and (^Id." by -losepli Harris (au-
thor of •■ Walks and Talks on the Farm,"
etc.), he goes over the matter again and
again in his directions for producing almost
every croi>. and says that the manure must
be pounded up and broken up before it is
mixed in with the soil. 1 was especially
struck with his directions for raising a nice
crop of celeiy. First, we are to roll ;ind
plow and harrow, and roll and jdow and
harrow again, until the ground is light and

mn Ike. L'l.
.\X\III.

so are eovoved vvav with com; thoyslioiit lor Joy,

fine. Then you plow furrows,- using the dou-
ble-mold board jilow, or, if you have not one,
go down and back with a common plow, and
then the manure is spread in these furrows.
For celery, it needs to be old, thoroughly
rotted manure. Then he says, "Spread it
evenly, knock it to pieces with a hoe or po-
tato-hook, mixing more or less soil with it.
and get it at any rate well broken to pieces.''
We have tried the plan, and it certainly
gives good results ; but the labor of break-
ing the manure to pieces is rather expensive.
As soon as we commenced at it I began to
wonder if there was not some better way.
I have suggested, in some former chapter,
giving it to the pigs, and inducing them to
root it over and break it up.

A few days ago 1 struck upon another plan
for fining manure. \Vc brought in quite a
(luantity and put it under the benches of the
greenhouse, preparatory to tilling our boxes
for transplanting celery, cabbage-plants, etc.
The manure was good, but it was in lumps
and chunks; and as it was rather damp it
was quite a task to break it up with rakes
and sieves. Our brood of chickens that were
raised to catch green dies in the greenhouse
got too big for the purpose: and as they
show^ed great dexterity in scratching when-
ever they were permitted to get on the let-
tuce-beds. I took the hint and confined them
with wire-cloth poultry-netting under the
benches. .V little wheat scattered among it
did the business. A hen and chickens can
break up dirt or manure, probably better
than ;tny machine ever invented. As they
oftentimes " work for nothing and board
themselves," why not turn their wonderful
talents in that direction into some useful
channel V Our poultry-journals have had a
good deal to say, and keep talking constantly
to us, altout providing employment for the
fowls in winter, (iather forest-leaves, or
provide cut stiaw : then scatter your grain
among this and let them scratch it out.
Now. it would cost me money to gather for-
est-leaves at this time of the year, and it
would cost me money, also, to provide cut
straw; but our manure-heap under the shed
(l)ictured in Chapter XXXI.) is right handy
to the poultry. They had Iteen digging it
over some, and I took down a rake, jtrovided
myself with corn and wheat-screeniiigs. and

56

(:^LEANJN(;S L^' BEE Cl'LTURE.

Jan.

very soon had the grain scattered through
the coarse manure. Why, it just made a
"picnic'' among the Brahmas that had been
standing idle, tirst on one foot and then on
the other; and this morning I heard a cho-
rus of cackles that pretty surely indicates
that eggs are not far in the future, even if it
is only the tirst week in January. Now,
friends, instead of being annoyed by the
scratching of the poultry, can we not turn
this scratching into a useful channel, so that
the more scratching they do the more we
feel happy ? Terry tried to arrange his
work, you remember, so that he felt liappy
when it rained on his potatoes ; but if it did
not rain, he felt happy because it gave him
a chance to get in his clover. There may be
other domestic animals that can be employed
to break up, fine, turn over, and prevent
from heating, our accumulations of manure-
heaps, but I have not discovered them.
While on the subject, I might add, that, if
the manure from the poultry-house is placed
on the manure-heap, and worked over in the
way I have suggested. I think it will be the
easiest method of applyiu'? it to our ground,
and I think it will also do the most good.
Now, although you may keep a very large
flock of fowls, it is hardly probable that they
can work all your manure up that is to be
used on your grounds. Is there any thing
in the way of machinery to do this work ?
In my former chapters I have several times
alluded to the manure-spreader, but I have
only now got ready to consider the machine
fully. We give a picture of the hitest im-
provements in this line, so fai- ;)s 1 know,
below.

up the manure by revolving so rapidly that
it breaks and tears manure of any descrip-
tion, as the machine moves along. Instead
of having a man to throw it otf in lorksful.
without breaking it up. the machine throws
it oft', scatters it more evenly ttian could
possibly be done liy hand, and at the same
time tears it to pieces and breaks it up line,
in away that no sort of handwoik could
possibly do. The great objection to these
machines has been their cost, which used to
be from $125 to .^loU. They are now. how-
ever, reduced to al)out an even hundred,
and that for the very best machines made.
so far as I know. Notwithstiinding the large
price, the manufacturers who produce the
machine shown above had, in 1884. sold
nearly 1000 machines in different parts of
the United States. They furnish a list of
parties using them, so those wlio wnnt to
buy can ordinarily see the machines at work,
without going a very great distance from
home. Of course, it would iiot pay one to
invest in such a machine unless he has a
good many loads of manure to spread. Let
us figure it this way: The interest on the
money would ordinarily be 3^6.00 a year. If
the machine is carefully housed and inoper-
ly used, it would probably last fifteen or
twenty years, so you might say that the
wear and tear of the machine would be j)er-
haps as much more as the interest; there-
fore, unless the machine can be made to be
worth ten or fifteen dollars a year, it would
hardly pay to buy one. In view, however,
of the fact that it puts all the manure on
the ground in so much better shape than
can be done without it, as well ;is in saving

-MANrRE-Sl'KKADEU AT WORK, BKOADCASTING.

Vou will notice the cylinder, with spikes
in its circumference, something like the cyl-
inder of a thrashing-machine. This tears

of time, it might be best to make the i)ur~
chase, even if the time saved does not
amount to more than ten or twelve dollars

1887

GLEANIJ^^GS 1-N BEE CULTURE.

oT

a year. 1 believe it takes about 20 or 30
minutes for a good stout man to scatter a
load of manure. A spreader will do it as
(luick as a team can go from one end of the
lot to the other. In fact, we have our heaps
of manure at each end of the lot, so that we
throw a load on at one end, drive across,
load up again, go back, and so on. Our
best authorities on market-gardening rec-
ommend from tifty to one hundred loads of
manure per acre, every season ; suppose,
however, we say 2.). A man with 10 acres
of land to be manured each year would have
2.50 loads to spread. If the labor saved by
the use of the spreader amounts to only 10
cts. a load, we sliould have $25.00, and I
think it would pay well, under the above
circumstances, to purchase a spreader. In
view, howevei'. of the better results to be ob-
taiued, we miglit say it would pay with only

joining farmers had from 12 to 15. There is much
manure hauled out and put in piles that is a waste.
C. H. MrdTM.ouoH.
Troy, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1886.

The point made in the above is, I think,
an excellent one. I know that about all the
leading authorities on agriculture are now-
recommending that manure be not put on
the ground until either just before the crop
is put in, or even after the seed is put in, as
above ; and some advise that half of the
manure be put on at the time the crop is put
in the ground, and the other half to be put
between the rows when the croj) is partly
grown. Peter Henderson emy>hatically ad-
vises, in his recent writings, that the ma-
nure be finely spread on the top of the
ground, after the ground is all properly fit-
ted, instead of being plowed under.

The best machine for working the manure
into the ground after it is spread by the ma-

five

THE ACMl:; C

acres to be manured every season. In

regard tn this latter point, J submit a letter
from Olio ul' our Ohio men, that the manu-
facturers of tile manure-spreader sent me
some time ago :

.V/ex.s7s. Kim^iA Burpo Mfg. Co., Syracuse, A'. 1'. :—
I thought 1 would send you a line in regard to my
manure-spreader. I have been using it about three
yeai-s, hauling oiu from 200 to 300 loads per year,
an<l have had no occasion for repairs of our own
breaking. [ have been hauling pure cow-dung to-
day that we could not have spread off a wagon with
forks. I would not take $200 for mine and be with-
out it. T can unload quicker than four men can
load it. When I loan it out I charge $1.00 per day
for It. A word in regard to its use on my wheat
gi-ound. 1 sow my wheat, then go over it with the
spreader, putting on about 1.5 loads to the acre.
This vear I had 27 bushels to the acre, while the ad-

ULTIVATOR.

nure-spreader, is the Acme harrow, de-
scribed and illustrated in Chapter XXYI.
Where the manure is spread over the
ground after the crop is partly up, of course
the full-sized Acme can not be used ; but the
manufacturers have lately brought out what
they call the Acme cultivator, figured above.
This works the manure in beautifully,
and is the best cultivator I have got hold of
for breaking the crust on the ground, work-
ing it up fine, and leaving the ground level
after it is passed over. We have used it
during the past season, with the greatest
satisfaction, between the rows of celery, un-
til the plants were large enough to need a
little earthing-up. A neighbor has also
used it for cultivating corn ; and although

58

G1^EAN1J>JG8 IN BEECULTUKK.

Jan.

he has a two-horse cMltivator, he used this.
saying it did tlie best work in the cornfield
of any thing they ever had a horse hitched to.
I liave said so much in favor of the ma-
nure-spreader, I will now mention its disad-
vantages, so far as 1 can. after having used
it part of one season and the whole of anotli-
er. First, it needs a good stout team to work
it, especially if you have manure in solid
hard chunks, or cow-manure, as mentioned
above ; and even with a good stout team it
is not advisable to puton as lieavy a load as the
same team would ordinarily draw on a wagon.
There may be some difference of opinion in
regard to this matter, but we have tested it
pretty tlioroughly. \Ve buy our manure all
over the town, and buy it at so much a load;
tlierefore it is desirable to get about as much
as the horses can draw conveniently. ( )f
course, we have a good team : but if we put
on as much as the horses can di-aw. it is a
pretty severe strain on the machinery. We
at first tried tramping the manure down,
but this will not answer, for two reasons :
It gets two much weight on the machinery
when the maniu-e is heavy, and the strain is
much more severe on the cyliiuler that picks
it up. On a recent visit llirough adjoining
counties I noticed that those using manure-
spreaders drew their manure to the fields in
wagons, and threw it down in heaps at each
end of the field, as I have described. The
machine was then set so as to spread a load
in going once across.* This necessitates, of
course, pitching tlie manure on to the ground,
and then frcmi the ground on to the spreader.
1 remonstrated at this, calling it a waste of
time : but they told me J would find it again
in the end, and our experience has proved
them to be correct. To have the manure
spread nicely and rapidl.\ . it must not be
packed in the spreader at all. Let it lie just
as lightly as you can throw it in ; and al-
though you can work it when i)iled above
the sitles of the box, especially when the ma-
nure is very light, as a rule the stopping ne-
cessitated by so doing to run the box forward
and pitch the maniu'e back on to the empty
space takes more time thaii to throw in jiist
what will spread without stopping. Better
follow the printed directions the manufac-
turers send out with the machines. We
have had some repairs to pay for in conse-
quence of trying methods of our own. Our
friend in the letter above speaks of loaning

♦Where two teams are accessible, one may draw
the manure to the lot, and pitch it directly from the
wagon to the spreader, some extra piles being- plac-
ed In advance on the g-round, to keep the sprender
g-oiiig- until the team g-ets hack.

the machine to neighbors. It depends upon
who the neighbors are. On one occasion a
neighbor set his hired man at work with it,
and it was run without oil until two of the
wheels were cut so as to be worthless. It
seems to me the Inciter way would be to liave
the man, who is accustomed to work with
the machine, go with it. foi- it is necessarily,
in some respects, a rather complicated piece
of machinery; and. as friend Terry says, it
must be housed or it will prove to be an ex-
pensive piece of machinei-y.

SPREADING ASHES, LIME, PI.ASTEU, SAW-
nrST, KTC, AVITTI A MANURE-SPKEAOEU.

I believe it is generally agreed, that ashes
are a benefit on almost any soil ; but lime
and plaster may be needed only in certain
localites; but as they are used quite exten-
sively in some places. I presume there is no
(luestiou as to their utility. When 1 was a
boy, riding a horse for cultivating corn,
even to my l)oyish eyes there was a plain
difference in the corn that had received a
table-spoonful of plaster scattered on the
hill, from that which had received none, and
it was put on certain rows and not on oth-
I ers, so there could be no mistake about it.
j This was on sandy soil, however. I have
i never seen this tried on clay land. In regaid
I to sawdnst. there seems to be a great differ-
ence of opinion. I presume, however, the
Hnd of sawdust has very much to do with it.
Sawdust from hard wood, such as is found
in many of our country sawmills, is, without
doubt, valuable when it is old and well rot-
ted. We fre(iuently get such sawdust in our
vicinity as has been so long in the ice-house
that it needs replacing. Two years ago we
were offered a lot of this kind for hauling it
away. We put it around some of onr
strawberries for mulching. The plants thus
mulched made a much better growth, and
made larger fruit in great abundance ; but
as the sawdust was put around the plants by
hand, the labor of putting it on cost more
than the benefit accruing was worth —unless,
indeed, the benefit shall continue for a num-
ber of years, which is not unlikely. When
applied, the vines were covered with green
fruit, and it was therefore necessary to hold
up the fruit-stems and put the sawdust up
under the foliage. The labor cost me about
$2.00 for covering only a few rods. Now,
had this been done with a manure-spreader
at the proper season, the whole would not
have cost over .50 cents. It is well to look
out about going into any speculation that is
going to take such an amount of expensive
handwork as the al)o\e. I did it, piincipally

1S87

(;J.h:ANtN(j8 IN HEi: ciii/ruiiK.

to satisfy myself as to tlie benellt of old I'ot- ;
ten sawdust. On our stiff clay soils, this
old sawdust seems to have a very beuelieial
effect; but I presume swamp muck would
answer just as well, and may be better, for
both of them are decayed vejjetable matter.
I liave been under the impression that saw-
dust is particularly benelicial to raspberries
and strawberries. Who has not noticed the
exceedingly line fj;rowth and line fruit of the ;
raspberry and strawberry, when growing |
near decayed stumps, or old rotten logs? I
Xow. with the manure-spreader we can put
on just as big a load of sawdust as we have
a mind to, and the nuu-hinc will spread it
over the ground most beautifully, throwing
it down between the foliage, and breaking
lip tine every lump there mny be in it.* If
yonr strawbeiries are put in rows the right
distance apart, the manure-spreader can be
run through them at almost any season of
the year, to spread sawdust, muck, ashes, or
even stable-mamire ; and if stable-manure
can be thus spread among the plants, just
before a good heavy shower, it seems to do
more good than any other way in which I
have applied it. The machine can be set so
as to spread at three different rates of speed ;
and where you wisli to imt only a ^■ery thin
sprinkling of lime. ;ishes. or plaster, over
your gronnd, the ijuantity you have maybe
spread over a still larger area by having the
box of the manure-spreader only half full or
less. J^et any one take a load of ashes, and
try to spread it evenly by hand over a piece
of gn)und, and then see the manure-spread-
er do it. and he will be satisfied of the mer-
its of the machine.

Perhaps some of the friends may think it
a little strange that I should say so much in
praise of so expensive a piece of machinery
for the simple purpose of spreading manure,
and nothing else, in a book that is written
purposely to tell those out of emi)loyment
what to d<i. To which I rejtly, that people
who own property are very often in want of
something to do. as well as those who have
nothing in this world. If I can suggest to a
farmer or gardener a way of finding work
on his own premises, instead of besieging
our mills and factories foi- employment, I
think I am doing him a service ; and in no
way that I know of can we succeed in mak-

* ir the sawdust is spread in the spring- or fall, the
strawberries will shoot rig-ht up throug-h it, and it
wouldn't do any hurt if the foliage and crowns were
e()\eri'd slightly-, sa.v half an inch or less: if, how-
ever, it is put oil after g^rowth has started in the
spring-, or while the plants are growing, the saw-
dust should lie shaken off by "-athering up the
leaves and lifting them up to the light.

ing a man so permanently happy and satis-
lied, as by encouraging or inducing him to
lind employment on his own premises. Tiie
enjoyment resulting from working the ground
is in having good crops ; and without plenty
of good manure. proi>erly applied to the soil,
there can lie no satisfactory returns. Some
years ago the matter of getting honey from
the gooseberry and currant was discussed
in one of oui- bee-journals. One brother
mentioned that the (mly time he ever saw
bees gather honey and build comb in real
earnest from gooseberry and currant blossoms
was when he gave his whole enrrant-patcli a
tremendous manuring. Ilis wife iiad been
teasing for a lot of nice currants, and, to
please her, he just covered the whole grouiul
with manure. The bushes, of course, made
a corresi)Oudingly luxuriant growth, and the
year after they not only had currants by the
bushel, but they had tiner currants than any
one ever saw or heard of before arounil there.
[ Xow, it is so with almost all kinds of fruit.
, It is not, however, the amount of maimre
I which is put on. but it is the way it is ap-
! plied. If you use yoiu- eyes carefully you
I can see how it is that plants take the ma-
nure and work it into luxuriant growth. The
manure needs to be applicnl in such a way
that, after a warm summei- showci-. the
: dark-colored liipiid that comes from tiie ma-
; nme shall go directly to the roots of the
I plants. Xow. many of the roots are much
I nearer the surface of tlie ground than luost
people imagine. The roots of the strawber-
I ry and celery are close to the surface of tiie
I ground. Why. we know, without telling.
I that this dark-colored manure-water, seen
I on the surface of the ground around tlie
I plants after a heavy shower. \\ ill surel>
bring the rich dark-green leaves, pushing up
and bursting forth so rapidly that they al-
I most seem to move. The tinest growth of
I celery I ever saw in m> life was on a little
piece of ground close to a line fence between
myself and a neighlior. Ilis manure was
I on higher ground than the celery plants,
i and after a hea\y rain the water ran down
: from the manure-heap all over m> idants in
such a way as to leave inky puddles for sev-
' eral rods. The celery w'as the last put out
of the season, and it consisted of the rem-
nants of a l)ed which I had not intended to
make an> use of. Before 1 knew it these
plants had shot up so that they fell over and
lay sprawling on the surface of the ground.
We went at it and earthed them up in the
most approved manner: but in a week tliey
were sprawling around again, ^^'e banked

60

ULKA.NINGS 1 .\ HEK ClLTl^KK.

Jan.

them as high ns we could, and then set
boards on top of the ridge, and banked them
a foot higher. The celery was still growing
when frost came, and the (jnalit} is so crisp
that every bit of the plants is edible— there
is no hard stalk about it. They are so crisp
that, unless great care is exercised in han-
dling it, it snaps up like pipe-stems. Now,
then, to raise almost any kind of a plant, we
want the ground underdrained and then
Worked up mellow and line. Now work into
the surface of this mellow ground a good lot
of line manure, put on just as the manure-
spreader does it ; then sow^ jour seeds or set
out yoiu' plants, and put on another thin cov-
ering of manure. If there should be a dry
time after this last coat of manure is spread
over the surface, there may be some of the
manure lost by drying up— at least, some
farmers think there is, but I do not feel sure
of it. When a shower does come so as to
wet the surface of the ground, there is ma-
nure enough to make the rain water look
dark-colored : and this dark-colored water
around the seeds and roots of the plants is
what brings the crop. Manure plowed un-
der may make a crop, it is true; biit my
opinion is, that it takes more, and does not
act so quickly, as the plan given. A very
little manure will color or darken a very
large quantity of rain water. While I was
attending the Ohio State Fair, one of my
men discovered that a manure-heap was
heating. He therefore turned the hose from
the stables, near by, on the heap, and left it
while he did something else. He let the
water run rather longer than he intended, 1
presume. On my arrival home, the first thing
I did was to take a look over the grounds.
Imagine my surprise to see the water of the
creek darkened as if somel)ody had been
pouring coffee into it. I followed the coffee-
colored streak at one side of the stream un-
til it came to the outlet of an underdrain.
Sure enough, the dark-colored liquid was
slowly trickling from the tiles. I followed the
drain until 1 came to the manure-heap. and.
digging down into it. I saw that it was wet.
I hunted up my man. but he insisted that

there could not have been water enough put
on the heap to make any great waste. Xow,
very likely one load of good manure would col-
or a stream of w^ater for a mile; but my expe-
rience indicates that, wlienever the water is
colored so as to be perceptible to the eye, it
will make plants grow. The question has
often been asked, if the system of under-
draining commonly in vogue does not in
this way sometimes carr> off the strength of
the manure. I have watched the matter close-
ly ; and although I have seen it do it to some
extent, after ver> heavy rains, I believe the
loss is very small where the underdraining
and spreading of the manure was done as it
should be. If the underdrains are down
fully three feet in de|>th, and your ground is
worked up fine and soft before the manure
is spread on the surface, this fine soft ground
filters every thing valual)le from the water
before it reaches the underdrains. If, how-
ever, yoiu* manure is plowed under, so as to
lie on the bottom of a hard ftirrow, and your
underdrains are filled with hard lumps, of
course the first rain carries the strength of
the manure off to the roadside or to the out-
let of your underdrain. This should be care-
fully guarded against ; and the Acme har-
row, such as I have described, and manure-
spreader, are the things to do it.

In regard to the expense of these ma-
chines, you can test the matter for yourself.
Make a bed in the garden, with a spading-
fork and rake. Tut on the manure with the
wheelbarrow, and rake it in by hand. Mea-
sure the area you have worked, and see how
much it costs per acre to do it. Xow tit an acre
Avith modern tools, and figure again the cost
of team, interest on money invested in tools,
and see which is the cheapest. I do not
mean to discourage working with fork and
rake ; for small patches for early vegetables
must oftentimes be got ready in this way ;
and the extra price leceived for the crop will
pay for so doing. But just as soon as cir-
cumstances will permit, we should let horse-
pow'er take the place of hand-power— not
only in getting the ground ready, but in
spreading and working the manure.

(11 AFTER XXXIV

Whosoevei' sliall u.vall liimsolt' shall l)c abased;
Matt. 3.'i: 12.

Thus far in our book our talk has been
principally about " What to Do," ami but
little has been said about the latter part of
the title—'- How to be Happy," etc. I think
our happiness, to a great extent, depends

and he that shall hiitiililp liiiiiselt sliall he e.valled.—

upon our surroundings. We are also happy
when our plans succeed. Most of us are
planning and working with l)usy brain.
Even during the night time we lay out our
work and contrive ways and means to ac-

1887

(;i.kamn(tS liN HKK (U i;j ri.'i-;

61

complish certain results. If, when we come
to put this in practict', and the result equals
or exceeds our expectations, we, as a rule,
feel happy over it. I liave seen a great many
young people made unhappy by putting their
expectations too liigh, and I liave been
through a good deal of this experience my-
self. I liave always been in the habit of
working ninreoi' less with tools. But one sad
thing about uiy work, and one source of
great uidiappiness. has been that 1 planned
too much in rainbow colors. Kspecially was
this the case when I was a boy. I would de-
cide to build some implement or some i»iece
of furniture ; and as I was short of means I
concluded to do the work myself. When
the aiticle was finished it almost invariably
took more time and money than I had lig-
ured on, and. with few exceptions, it did not
work as well, nor look as well, as I had pic-
tured it in my imagination. A good many
times it had to be abandoned, and it was
often laid aside, or allowed to stay where T
last used it. an eyesore and a cause of un-
happiness every time my eye rested upon it.
I remember one day. when father and I were
planting corn. I had seen a liand corn-plant-
er, and I told him I thought I could make
one. He objected, on the ground that my
machines didn't work, and that T would be
wasting nails and lumber. I told him, how-
ever, that if it did not work 1 would i)ay for
the lumber, and I would draw the nails all
out and put them back in their places. Un-
der these conditions he consented. It did
not work, and, witli a sad heart, I pulled it
to pieces, put the nails away, and cleared
every thing up out of sight, as if no corn-
planter had ever been made. It was a use-
ful lesson to me. The next time I wanted
to indulge my inventive faculties I remem-
bered the corn-planter, and was saved some
unhappiness by not going into it. Al)out
this time I began to discover I was not a
good mechanic— at least, that I was not a
good cari»enter and joiner. The principal
reason was, I never took time to do my work
nicely, and this oftentimes occasioned fail-
ure. Besides, where a machine succeeded
it looked so unsightly that I was ashamed to
have it seen. I concluded to have my line
of work, and work at it ; and when I wanted
to have carpenter work or blacksmith work
done, get a carpenter or blacksmith to do it.
I find the same disposition among many of
the young friends wlio are at work here. A
young man thought he could make a corn-
marker; his employer told him he could not—
he had not had the experience. But the boy

had quite an opinion of his mechanical abili-
ties, and so he went to work without per-
mission. It took him three times as long as
it would have taken an experienced man,
and it kept giving out in one place and then
another until it was quite a source of un-
happiness all round. The young man who
has charge of our greenhouse has become
quite skillful in making seeds and plants
grow, but he makes terribly poor work when
he attempts to put up shelves or ben(;hes. I
have had hard work to convince him that he
is not a good carpenter; and. furthermore,
that it would not pay him to learn to lio
good carpenter work. 1 told him I was (luite
satisfied that he could, by serving an aj)-
prenticeship. learn to do nice carpenter
work, and do it quickly ; but as he had chos-
en to work with seeds and plants, he couM
earn much more money l)y sticking to his
business than to try to put up shelves and
benches. Une of his fellow-workmen, wlio
receives the same pay he does, would do the
work nicely and quickly, without any show-
ing or educating. Xow. although I most
heartily advise havijig a shop and some car-
penter tools on every farm, or around every
home. 1 think it quite important to beware
of undertaking work you can not do profita-
bly. If a farmer or gardener has spare time
during the winter, or during evenings, he
may ynactice using carpenter tools ; but
when he has something else to do in his own
line of work, for which he can earn wages
enough to pay a carpenter or blacksmith, 1
would say. " By all means do it."'

I have now given you some sources of un-
happiness, the moral to which would l)e this :
If you want to be happy, and enjoy your
work, be careful about putting your expecta-
tions too high. If you have attempted a good
many things, and failed, let these failures
teach you a lesson ; and the lesson is, that
you do not overvcdr your own (i.bilitkfi. I
have now in mind a very good i)erson, whose
life has almost been made a failure because
he constantly insists that he is capable of
directing others how to do work ; but the
truth is. he has never first proved his alnlily.
by making a success in small things. The
fact that his life has been a series of failures
does not seem to have taught him humility
at all. In contrast with his disposition I re-
member a young man who asked me for work ;
and when the subject of wages came up lie
said. '■ Mr. Hoot, give me exactly what ijou
think I am w(nth. and I shall be happy
and satisfied." lie is now receiving a thou-
sand dollars a year. I do not mean to say

62

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

that this plan will answer under all circum- ! figures too high. Make up your mind to

stances ; but in this case it has always kept
a very pleasant feeling between himself and
myself. Instead of complaining that he
does not get what he deserves, or that he
does not get credit for all he has done, he is
constantly striving to see liowgood a record,
or show ing, he can make each year, and that
record, or sliowiug. pleads for him. The
action lakes the iilace of words. lie has
nevei- said, " Mr. Hoot, don't you think I am
earning a little more tlian you pay meV' But
(lie nsnlft< of his eiforts with brain and mus-
cle often say to me, '■ Mr. Hoot, that man
is doing splendidly, and it begins to look as
if he is really worth more money than he is
receiving."

Right in line with this talk is one of the
greatest sources of happiness. You may
build air- castles in your own mind, my
young friends, but do not tell them out loud,
aufl do not get your expectations up too
high. The young relative of whom I spoke
in a former chapter is going to try poultry
on his 12' acres. lie said he believed he
could make every hen earn him a dollar a
yrar. I think lie is putting his expectations
too high. I should much rathei' have him
give an accurate statement of what he Iian
done with hens, than to hear him tell wliat
he is (joiny to do. lie has an excellent local-
ity for fowls, and he can easily make a nice
room for them in the side of a gravelly hill
adjoining his barn and stables. One of the
l)Oultry-journals states that it will cost 10
cents a mojith to keep a hen, where you are
so situated as to be obliged to buy every
thing. If you raise it, it will cost pretty
nearly as much ; that is, what you raise
ought to be worth the market price. If he
keei)s only about -30 fowls on an average,
tliey will prol)ably get their own living on
liis 12i acres, six months in the year. This
will reduce the expense to (50 cts. If they
lay 100 eggs apiece in a year, I think they
Avill do pretty well ; and I tiiink he will do
pretty well if lie makes his hens pay a clear
))i()lit of .".(lets. each. If lie makes this his
estimate, and then does still better, he will
enjoy keeping poultry. If. liowcvf r. he fixes
his figures at a dollar each, clear profit, and
gets only oO cts., he may feel somewhat like
grnmbling; and if his poultry should cost
hini more cash right out than lie gets back
in a year, there caiTt be very nincli happi-
ness of any kind about it.

Now, boys, in view of this, ddu't set your

put in an earnest, hard day's work every
day in tiie year, with brain and muscle, and
then decide to thank (4od. the great Giver
of all good, for whatever he gives you. In
these remarks I would not think of discour-
aging a young man from trying his hand
with tools — especially, sirnplf tools belonging
toalmost any trade or industry: but I woiiitl
discourage the habit of having a great lot of
tools about him that he can not use enough
to pay the interest on the money; and es-
pecially would I dissuade him from think-
ing he is smart enough to do any thing ijutt
aw/ mechanic can do, with his years of ex-
perience and skill. One of the rising sins
of Young America is a disposition to tliink
he is smart enough to earn good wages at
almost any calling, without learning a
trade. .Vlmost every day, nice - looking
youny; men are coming to me. liegging for a
place. Sometimes I ask them if they have
any trade, or what they have been accus-
tomed to work at. The reply comes, almost
every time. '' I have not woi'ked at any thing
but odd jobs; but I guess I can do almost
any thing you want done." We are just
now in want of a printer ; but I have not
asked any of these young men if they could
set type. I am <|uite siu-e they would think
they could, and no doubt they would go to
work without a bit of trouble, provide<l 1
would pay them 10 or 12 cts. an hour while
they are learning how. and they would
think they ought to have this, even if it took
an expensive and skilled man to teach them,
and even thougli they were a good deal
more trouble than they were worth.

Do you see where we are tending, friends?
Thousands upon thousands are wanting
something to do. and yet, when wanted the>
do not know how to do it. Do you ask what
I advise right here V I advise you to do ex-
actly as the boy did who is now eai'iiing a
thousand dollars a year; yes. even though
you do not earn enough toi)ay youi- board, for
you had better work for notliing and board
yourself than to remain idle. If you can't
get a chance to do even that, get sonic type,
and go to work at home by yourself. Take
good, well-printed liooks for your guide; and
when you can do some nice printing, take
a sample of it to some printing- ofiice. and
tell them >()U have <j,'ot f.u' enoiifili to do
woi'k like your specimen. I tliink yon w ill
soon find a place where you can get < n ri/
cent i/nii an irnylh.

To be continued Feb. 15, }<^S7.

1887

{TI.KANl^'UtS 1^ i3EE CLJ/nKlv

63

SPBEADING BROOD IN THE SPRING.

THK UANGBHS AHI8IN(i FUO.M TIIK l'l{ ACTl ( K.

fHE discussion at the liuliaim|)olis ('(iiivi'iition
that intercstPd mo most was that ox-er the
above subject. I ached to ventilate some of
my own views on the sul).)eet, but could not
get the floor -because I am so small in stat-
ure, I suppose. If the editor of Gleanings will
allow me the floor in this great informal conven-
tion of bee-keeiKTS, my thoughts may come in g-ood
play, as spring- will not be \-ery long' in approaching'.
I take the g'round, that inserting a frame of hon-
ey in the center of the brood-nest, to stimulate
brood-raising in early spring, is generally unneces-
sary, and often injurious. Tt is a reasonable theory,
which I think I have proven bj' observation, that
the instinct of a good queen is to fill about six L.
frames as rapidly as conditions will permit. If she
is a poor one, no amount of coaxing will make the
matter much better. Now. what are right con-
ditions ? They are, a sutticient rjuantity of i)roper
stores, either in the hive or coming in, favoral)le
weather, and healthy bees enough to take care of
the "babies." The place to secure good food and
healthy bees is not shade. My experience says that
there is scarcely any thing worse for bees in spring
than that. A flat, damp site may be perhaps as bad
as a shady one; liut it is no worse, sshade is an ex-
cellent harbor for dampness, and lor wet, moldy
hives and diluted honey. The latter will breed more
or less disease.

Healthfulness is a more important factor than is
generally supposed. 1 have known a form of dysen-
tery, as it seemed, to cling to a ec.lony in a shade, or a
flat, until along in April, and they would dwindle in
spite of all the brood and bees 1 might give them. If
there is any case w hen one may safely and advantage-
ously spread the brood of a colony with from only
two to four frames containing brood in each in earlj-
spring, it is when the hive sits I'ight out in the sun.
Fnhealthy conditions make Ijees puny, and expos-
ure and hard work weai' them out. Why should thej-
not '; Right here, it appeared to me that those wise
heads at Indianapolis foraged all around a point of
great importance. Se\'eral objected to spreading
brood, because it would so often become chilled in
the operation. Have they never thought about the
poor bees V While the system may. with care, be
sometimes practiced to advantage, I have reached
the conclusion that spreading brood is unprofitable,
not so much that it is death to the brood, as because
it is death to the bees.

Prof. Cook names, as one advantage of sugar-
feeding in early spring, that it largely obviates the
necessity of bees going out after water in unfavora-
ble weather. Within the hive, the additional labor
imposed upon the workers, scanty in numbers or
puny in health, by the process of forcing (consum-
ing and feeding, and in protecting such (luantities
of brood), is wearing upon them. When the.\- must
go out on those cold, cloudy days to get water from
those irhillitig. mucky pools, many of them become
numbed and never return. I have known a colony
to lose in numbers very perceptibly in one week's
time, under this kind of treatment. Our wet, back-
ward seasons arc one of the most unfavorable con-
ditions, and forcing rather augments than over-
comes the evil. When weather and other essentials

favor it, the instincts of both bees and gueen are
to multiply.

Hut 1 am inclined to think that, by the time about
si.\ frames become well tilled with brood, and well
covered with bees, that the case becomes altered.
Heyond this number the queen is not nearly so apt
to reach out and Hll up the outside frames. Then
bees are hatching rapidly, ami the weather has gen-
erally become warmer; while one can at the same
time insert a frame of honey and have the queen
till it with eggs, without making the same draft up-
on the energies of the bees, as if there were only
enough to cover four frames well instead of six.

Whatever may be the wisdom and \alne of the
above conclusions, I am certain that, if we woiilil
practice stimuhition in eai-lj' spring, we ninsl |in>
ceed very cautiously, and be sure that conditions
are favorable. .)— (lUo. F. Koiiiii \s. '.»;!— (il.

Mechanicsburg'. 111., Dec. 22, 18v«.

RED RASPBERRIES AND BLACK BEKfi.

.MILKWEED HONEY.

ip LTHOLIGH white clover is indigenous lo i.m-
jg^ locality, it is quite a rare thing for lie< .- i"
V wiM'k very hard on it. Indeed, in sonic scie
*^ sons when it blooms profusely they will not
work on it at all. The reason for this <lisi'c-
gard of clover is the abundance of a much Ixtier
honey-producing plant— the wild red raspberry.

This section has been timbered largely with hem-
lock which has been cut off, leaving a mass of biu.^h
ready to catch tire. Almost iinariably after these
tracts burn over, the red raspberry springs up.
There are hundreds of acres of this plant within
range of our bees. Us period of bloom is identical
with that of white clover. Hy its color and consis-
tency, its honey can not be distinguished from the
white clover honey, but it is fai' superior to it in
richness and delicacy of flavor.

Basswood is also quite abumlant here, and we oc-
casionally obtain large croi)s of honey from it. lii-
less, liowev-er, the weather is just right it yields little
or no honey with us. During the last two seasons
we have not obtained an ounce of surplus hont'y
Irom it. Both these years the weather has lieen
cold and rainy while it was in bloom.

Milkweed furnishes iiuite a large quantity ol hon-
ey, blooming just after raspberries, and just before
basswood. ^This year my ti2 colonies gathered a little
over a ton of its beautiful, thick, amber honey, in si.v
or seven days. This makes an average of about H\e
pounds per day per colony. 1 have been great l.\-
surprised at the complaints of the little appendages
which entangle the bees' feet. 1 have watched
closely, and have never seen a bee entangled.

A KEPORT PHOM IJi'iACK BEKS.

I started last spring with 61 colonies, three of
which were very weak, and made no surplus honey,
but built up into strong swarms by the time the
honey-season was over. This report is. therefore,
actually from •')« colonies. I received tillL' lbs. of
honey, of which 1213 is comb, the rest extracted
About :5.')tHt lbs. of this is li-oin raspberr.v . with per-
haps a little white clover mixed with it. about 20()il
lbs. from milkweed, and the rest, mid or tidii lbs., from
buckwheat, goldenrod, etc. I have 87 colonies pack-
ed away in cliall lilvis. all in goo.l condition at the
present writing.

Mv bees are ail lilaeks. I ha\e ne\ er had an\ e.\-

64

(I J. H: a N I N (; S I N B H E C ULT UE K

Jak.

perience with Italians, and can not, therefore, Intel-
lij^'futly coniparo the two races. I have never had
any tronltle with moths, but liavc to wateh tlie bees
very carefully to guard ag'ainst robbing'. A neigh-
bor, about .«i.v niile.« distant, who has two apiaries
c()ntaining' over a luindred colonies, nearly all Ital-
ians, told nie he has obtained a little oxer ;{00(1 lbs.
of e.viMicted honey. ti— Wn.i.is K Mil, v, til -ST.

Sherniiin, Pa., .Ian. 4, 188T.

MAKING HONEY VINEGAR

SO.VIK \KIM IMI'Olil VNT Sl'GG KS'I' I () -NS I .N KK-
(iAUO TO THK .M.\TTKU.

'K make several barrels of vineg'ar every
year, and sell it to the folks in town, at
:.'.") ets. per gallon, and have had no trouble
so far to sell all we had The demand is
increasing- exery year, selling to some of
(Mir nierehants" families wlio are s.lling vinegar at
their stores, which they buy of the trade in Chica-
go. I asked one merchant's wife why she tioiight
my vinegar. '"Oh: "she said, "the store \inegar
eats up my pickles." It takes two pounds of honey
to make a gallon of \inegar, and two jears' time
In make. We maki' the most of ours out of refuse
hf>ney. or honey that we can not use for any other
purpose, and would otherwise be lost oi' wasted.
We retail a large (luantity of honey; and when the
honey is candied there will hu considerable left
sticking- l<j the sides of the barrels. W'e always
wash out all the barrels we expect to use again.
The tirst washing- that takes otl' the hone.\ , wi- put
In the vinegar. It is clean; it is nothing- but honey
and water. Then, again, when we are oxtracting-
honey we have a box with a wire-cloth bottom
whi(!h we set over a barrel tliat has the upper head
out. Int<i this box we put what cappings we have
to drain out the honey. In 'H hours we empty
those cappings into a barrel that has some water
in it, to soak out what honey remains, straining
I hem once or twice a da.v. The barrel will hold
what cappings we get in a week. .Vbout once a
week we strain out the water and luit it in the
vinegar and melt the cappings into wax, so there is
nothing lost. I don't like to see any thing- thrown
away that we can use. Again, there is always
more or less honey that can be made into g-ood
vinegar that is not just fit to sell for nice honey.
In that way it is saved.

To know when the water is sweet enough for
vinegar, put in a good fresh egg, and make the
water sweet enough to fioat the egg so there will
be a patch of the shell out of the water about as
bigasasilver lu-cent idece; then it is about right.
We keep ours standing in barrels, with one head
out, to give it air; for air it must have to make vin-
eg-ar. Tie a scjuare yard of cheese-cloth over the
top of the barrel, to keep out dirt and tiles, and
other insects. Keep under cover out of the rain,
in a warm dry airy place. We keep ours standing
in one corner of our shop through the summer,
and put it down in the cellar through the winter,
and take it u|i again when spring comes. When we
are changing either in the fall or 8i)ring, we tlnd
some that is tit for sale. We take it into our dwell-
ing-house cellar and put it into our retailing bar-
rels, which we keep there for that purpose. I have
t)een thinking of late whether it would not be a
good plan to make up all our chea)> honey into

vinegar; but I don't know how much it oould be
sold for at wholesale. I must look this matter up.
It may b«' that we can do something- in this direc-
tion to i-elieve the market of our low-priced honey.
Honey is getting- to be .so plentiful and cheap that
we must turn it into every channel that will lake it.
Platteville, Wis. E. Fk.\x<.;k.

Friend F., your suggestions are exactly
what we have wanted for a long time, and
we are especially glad to have you give us
the full details of the matter. The (luestion
has been asked over and over again. '' How
much honey is needed for a certain quantity
of water ? "" Now . as honey varies so great-
ly in density, it has been" very difficull to
giA e any positi\ e formula ; but your i)lan
of trying it with an egg tills the hill e.vactly :
also in regard to the temperature of the
place it is kept, and the amount of air to
give it. I think every one of our readers
can go to work and make vinegar, with such
directions. Good cider vinegar is worth
here from Id to 12 ets. per gallon by the
barrel.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

HONEY EXHIBITS .^^T KAIKS.

tm^ LEANINGS of Dee. 1st at hand, containing
Y ' <'Ut of my exhibit at our county fair. 1 feel
It^ greatly indebted to you, and thank yon for
^^ your very able notice. Your remarks echo
my sentiments pret^isely. in regard to the
advancement of bee culture, and I know of no
better place that we can come before the people
and show and explain the rapid strides that this
important branch of agriciiltni-e has taken, than
at our respective county fairs. At present our
fair officials do not notice this branch as they should,
but it rests with us to make them as attractive as
we possibly can, and iittnictiDHs please the mana-
gers, and then no doubt we shall be classed and
made permanent as attractions now are. "To ed-
ucate the people " should be our aim at the pres-
ent, and we can ill afford to hide our candle under
a bushel in this advancing age. B. R. Nkwcomb.
Pleasant Valley. N. Y., Dec. ti, 188(5.

SE.VI^lNr. GliASS HONEV-TUMBLEKS ; KKIENU
.J. A. ABBOTT'S PliAX.

I notice in your last number an article on sealing
honey-tumblers, etc. This reminds me of a plan 1
devised and exhibited at our Loudon show a few
years ago, and for which I was awarded a special
prize. Instead of warming- the glass I .just gave
the edge a rub on a stone sprinkled with sharp
sand, which almost immediately gave it a "tooth "
to hold the wax. The edge was then dipped in a
mixture of equal parts of wax and rosin. I found
this mixture much better than wax alone, as it
stuck much tighter and never cracked. 1 prepared
some sheets of nice thin pai)er by dipping- them
into hot pure beeswa.v. thoiigh sometimes 1 coxcr-
ed one side only by tloating the .•^lit.-eis on I he wax.
When uold, these sheets were tl.ved on lop <d' the
,iars by about the same process as .x ou often use
to fix foundation in supers, but much less rubbing
is required. Just passing the handle of the knife
over once xvas suflicient. The sharp edge of the
blade was then run round, and the air-tight and

1887

GJ.KANIJS'GS IN HEK CLILTURI':

66

natural honey-seal iujr wa8 complete. It' the jjlass
was not roug-hent'd a littlo, Iho wax wag liable to
leave it atter a little while, luit the wax oAj^e and
the paper tuner icirled stftcr tlu\\- had onec met.
It Is possitdc yoiii' concsiKtiideiit, l)i-. Mason. iini>-
have read soiue description of tliiR plan, which I
fancy was descrihcd in ilic lirilisli IS(i: JimriKil.

.1. A. AllllDTT.

Heeton, Ontario, (an . Kce. :i<.i, IHSG.

A KKW MOKK !•< > 1 N I' K KS ON 1 XTK< )l)l(' I N(J .

There arc a few points ationt inti-oducinj;' (incens
that Ernest did not jiive in coiuiection witli this
sub,iect in a late issue of (JI/Kaninos, which T
should like to know. I. Is it l)est to introduce a
queen, that has had a trip in the mails, iinniediate-
\y on her arrival, or wait a f«'w hours, or tintil the
next day? 2. Tf you wish to oxohanji'c queens in a
hive, do you i)iit in the new one at the time of
takitiy the old on(M)ut,or do yon prefer to leave them
queen less awhile? If so. how long? 3. Do yon put
the attendant bees in with the new queen always?
A. A. Fradknkitho.

Port Washing-ton. O., Dec. 2:1, 18KK.

1. Put the queen, iininediately after her
arrival, directly into the liive. In tact. F
think it will he iniich better than to wait
aAvhile, as yon sti.<i«icst.

2. Vej-y treqnentl\ we tal<e out aiidcajie a
queen, and introdncc anothtn" one in her
place, at one and tlie same tiiae. We once
thought it better to allow the hive to re-
main (lueenless lad'ore caging another
qneen ; hut hy the Feet process of intro-
ducing we have lately found no tvont)le in
introtlncing a (|iHHqi at once. We keep only
Italians, and I am not sure yon could do
this with hybrids, yyri;ins. or ('yprians.

3. If yon tind attendant bees in a Peet
cage, as yon i)r.>bably will in a great majori-
ty of cases, cage llnqn and the queen to-
gether on the comb. I do not know that it
will make any diffcrtMicc to us whether the
qneen is cagetl on a comli. with or without
attendant bees.— Hinht here [ will say to
otar readers, if an\ of \oii iiavc a desire to
ask questions on sonn^ tonics connected
witli our own apiarv . on winch I have not
fully enlarged, l>c iVcc [■< write us. and yotn'
questions will V»e answered cither in (Jleax-
TNGS or by private letter. KiiNEsr.

THE PKINCIPI.K OF THK AI.LK.V 'IKAI' NOT NKW.

Alle.v's drone-trap may work very well, but it is
not new. T do not know who invented the first
drone-trap; but in the year IHUa were different
drone-traps in Germany in the market. I bought
one of them in 18»)7 from (J. Dathe, Eystrup. Ger-
many. This trail was constructed on the same
principle as the Alley trap. It had two ditfercnt
chambers— the first one, in connection with the
alighting-hole, had a series of holes large enough
for the worker-bees, but too small for the drones.
A prolonged canal opened into the second cham-
ber, made of wire screen, through which no drones,
hut worker-bees, could pass. This canal is for the
same purpose as the wire cones of Alle.v's trap,
but it was closed by a small piece of light cotton
stuff which easil.y opened into the second chamber,
but closed the entrance to th«' Hrst one.

This wire screen could exclude the drones. l>ut
the (jueen could not t)e e.xchided with certainty.
The screen was not e.xact enough, and the wires

did not stay in place all the time. About 1876 was
the perforated zinc in use in Germany; and since
that time (ironc-tra|>s were nuide out of perforated
zinc. 'I'lie idea of catching a queen is not new
either. W. Vogcl, /Ji(7;(/u< l'/(i/i(/, ISSd, [i. M), talks
about one, but onl.^ in a sliort wa.\ .
Selma, Texas, ilec. !$, 188tt. L. Stachki.u AtrsEX.

A I.KTTKIt KUOM S<;OTI,ANI) ; ukatuku honkv.

We don't have so severe winters or warm sum-
mers as you have, neither have we such large
yields of hoticy; hut for all that we have managed
to raise enough to bring it to one-third the price it
was 4 years ago. .Vt that time white-clover honey
in 1-lb. sections brought :!0 to 'M cents; now it
scarcel.v sells at all. 'I'Ik ri' is some iiKpiirx for
heather honey. I d<j not know whether you Inn e
any heather in America or not. I never saw It
even mentioned in Gt-I'IANi .\(is. It is\ei-.\ dark in
color, not so beautiful as clo\er honey; neitlier, to
my taste, is it as tine. H. Aiii.ioN.

<)vertown, Dyce, Aberdeenshire. Scotland.

REPORT IN RHYMi:.

I ha

' -m ill

11 iirder l» lix
Oiil Miv rc'pi.rt for 1X8G.
1 hcj;:in in tlic fall i.r '8.5
Witli all iii\ i-i.loiiii's iiiih tivi'.
I got all tliiii;;^ naily, 1 tiust.
And paikrd tlniii awav in (jiiod sawdust
All arouiicl, jusl iiji to tlio caves.
And tillrd Ihc crates witli forest-leaves.
So I tid them ui) viT.v strong:,
Kor voii know the winter is quite loutr.

So 1 Vave them an ahinidani f feed

To kei'|i them Iroiii eoniiiiK to want or need

I wailed till llie elm and maple hloomed.

And other • aiiv Mou.rs, with theii- perfume.

Were with sweetness lillint.' Ilie land.

llelore I sel them on their summer stand.

Whieh. after 1 did it ^v as IruU alaiiniug

II, o'. soon tlie\f;o( r.ad\ t.ir suarmiiifr.

Aliout the lime 1 ^^as plant iiit; mv corn

I wrote to a hee-m.in, Thomas Horn.

Kor a ptire-hloodeil Italian i£iieen.

Anil reeeived as line as e\er was sei'ti.

So I worked e\erv day liki- a man.

But I at onei- adopted the H.-ddoii plan:

For on having no after-swarms 1 was bent.

1 say it will win k all ritrht and prevent:

Kor eaeh ooloiiv inereased hu( one.

And to take tlnir honr-> "as only fun.

Korjust as sure as I'm alive.

They made surplus ponnds 28'i.

K\it I had nearly lorgotteii to tell

I reared several quteiis to sell.

.\nd T have now fully re:ilized

What it is to have niy liees Italianized.

They do not alway- appear to be so cross;

But iust volt i-onie up and he boss.

Thev will let you take from them their store

Witliout stinKim.--, and tro cheerfully after mor«.

Thus any )ieisun i:in plainly see.

Kor honev and yenthnes^ thev are the hee

Th.it evei\\ lover of biis should keep.

Who wishes to piddiiie jrood honey cheap.

1 weighed the stores of all my bees with oare.

.\nd found they had pientv and to spare.

On such stoles 1 think tin y "ill thrive.

.\nd all come out in the sprintr alive.

So, now, to you I must all confess

To whom 1 owe so nuieh success.

Doolittle, Heddon, Chaddock; and A. I. Boot.

Thonich named last, dms not stand toot—

Of Hutchinson. C. C. Miller, and all the rest,

I can not sav who is tust.

Hut I have read Roofs work, his .V B C

\]\ the way from A to /,.

.\nd Gi.ii.vxiMis is the thinvc for ine

To study whih- « orkintr av itii the hon<-y-l>ee.

So 1 have .all my hees packed ajjain this year.

-Viid will end my sloiy ri^ht here.

.So 1 will build a happy goodnight,

Kntil Sluing- reveals my jtrospects to UkIH.

Pearson, Ohio. E. B. Hauorkv, ."i 10.

MOW HIS WORSHIP, THE TOAD, WAS STCNfi.

'I'wo neighbors (brothers!, formerl.v tieighbors and
seholiirs of Di-. Dzierzon. old beekeepers, relate
the following, to whieh they were eye-witness: .\
large toad, which the.\ had often seen among their
hives, came one afternoon out of his retreat, a
snnill marshy place bchiiKl their tipiary. He stop-
ped in front of a hive, catching some incoming
tiees, when all at oii(;e he got stung on his tongue,
which swelled up so ipiii-k I hat he could not with-

66

GJ.H:AMN(i,S IJS' BEE CLLTI'HK

Jan.

draw it, but huuK swelled out of its mouth, look-
ing very comical. He withdrew, not to be seen
ajfain. Vou know taxidermists sUin and stuff toads
sometimes. Although tliey have a thick skin, the
moment you put a little common salt on their back
they liecome very sensitive. F. J. M. Otto.

Sandusky, ()., Nov. H, 1886.

KOUI! (Ol.OMES UKAD .iLRE.VU^' ; W».\T KILLKU
THEM y

Out of IS colonies, 4 are noiv dead, they dying
during- this cold spell. The weather was only twice
below zero, the first morning 1°; and the morning
after, 9". My bees are all in single-walled hives.
All have honey enough. We had about (i in. of snow.
I didn't remove the snow from the entrances.
When I discovered that they were dead I opened
two of them. T found them clustered naturally,
also all the cells in the cluster full of bees. It
looked to me a.s though they were killed instantly,
without warning or time to change position. They
had honey in their sacks, so you see they didn't
starve. According to Dec. 1st Glkanings they
didn't smother on account of snow. I haven't med-
dled with them since cool weather began. I can't
Had an J' other l)ees dead in the neighborhood. I
wish to know what killed them so early in the sea-
son. T may lose all I have before spring, il some-
body doesn't tell me what to do. F. P. Hish.

Henton, Shelby Co., 111., Dec. 9, 1886.

Fiieiid II.. it is very unusual for bees to
die in tlie maimer you "describe, especially if
they had sealed stores all round the cluster.
The fact that you fouiid honey in their sacks,
is not sutticient. When bees get so nearly
out of stores that they have nothing l)ut un-
sealed honey, and cells containing some
honey and some pollen, they often die some-
thing in the way you describe. There needs
to be plenty of good sealed stores on all sides
of the cluster, so that every inmate of the
hive can have access to it easily. I do not
know that I evei- saw a colony die under the
above circumstances, unless" it was where
the stores were evidently of so poor a quality
that dysentery set in. It may be. however,
that your bees gathered something ]ioison-
ous; but I should hardly think you would
find them dead as you describe, even then.
I do not know how to suggest any remedy
for such a state of affairs in the winter time.

A NEW HONEY-PLANT.

I inclose a package of sweet-melissa seed. See
description of same by T. J. Burrill, in .4. B. J.. Oct.
13, 1886, page 651. My bees, the past season, worked
from morning till night on melissa growing by the
side of spider-plants, only occasionally gathering
honey from the latter. In hot dry weather they
worked lively on melissa in preference to all other
flowers, of which we have (juite a lart;e \ ariety. If
my bees do not work better on spider-plants next
season than they did this 1 shall raise no more for
them.

Carpenter's square, or tigwort, which grows in
small timber near the creek, is more attractive to
them.

Melissa imparts a citron-like tlavur to honey,
which our people consider delicious. 1 have grown
melissa since 1881, but have kept bees only two
years, commencing with one (-olony as an experi-
ment. I increased to 15 good stands with about 5(i

lbs. of honey to each hive, excepting three, which
have fully 100 lbs. each.

1 have not lost a colony yet. and I winter tlieiii In
a cellar which is not very warm. I have had ap|ill-
cations for seeds, from ditferent portions of the
U. S. and Canada. 1 believe there is nothing better;
and if it succeeds as well in every locality as here, I
shall be amply repaid for my trouble in introducing
it. Please give the seed a fair trial, and report to
me in due season. A. C. Tvkkki,.

Madison. Neb., Dec. 4, 1886.

(I, ASS r-Eoisr,.\.Tiox.

<icjil MiniU' mail.

Ami man loves money.
Hod iiKulc bees,

.\iiil lines c'lt houev.
(lixl iiinde the earth",

Tlie earth raises flowers;
We do not iirodnee tliem.

So they are not ours.

Thei'iudncls ,,r the mine.

The l.-md. ivnd tile sea,
Should all 1,1 (iod's children

Kor everlie free
Tti take and use as the}- may have need.

Leaving- the rest their brothers to feed.

The iron, the eopiiiT,

The coal, anil the zinc.
Are the t;ift of hisliand;

But who. do you think.
Would allow you to dig some.

In case you should wish
To make you a tire,

.\ shovel, or dish;

Now, Brother Miller,

I'lay tell, if you can.
Why for Ood's gifts

\Vc' ]>,iy tribute to man.
\Vh.-,t is this that we hear

Alioul class legislation,
( 'lUiteiitioii. and strife.

All over this nation

About cntdo\viis and lockouts,

Bovi-otfs. and strikes,
<ioul(l ami Vandi'i-bilt,

Htisscll Sage, and the lilic'
What makes those be calleil

I'hc kings of the nation;
Kcho savs what.

If not (dass legislation;

Michigan City, Ind., Jan. ;5, 1887. W. W. Mai.thv.

KUOZKN BUO(jn.

1 am satisfied that there is more than one phasi'
of foul brood as described in the convention at
Indianapolis. I have had brood die in the cell, and
dry up. and it created a stench almost unbearable.
Still, I gave those dead-brood combs to strong col-
onies of bees, and the.v cleaned them up and all
went along nicel.\-. No more foul bVood there. I
am satisfied that it was not foul brood as .you
have it, but some at the convention described it as
foul brood in the dry state. I never saw foul brood
in the pus form, as you gave the description at
the Indianapolis convention, and also others. I
have been troubled three times this way each time
in the spring, after a hard cold winter. I claim it
is frozen brood, and nothing else.

MartinsvMUe. 111. W:m. St. MAiiTZ.

HKiH VEKSL'S THE l,()W 1>|{UK Ob' HONEY.

I have .inst read Dadant's article about the sale
of honey, page 981. The trouble is. that the people
who eat iKJuey do (i(>< tliid it cheap. 1 sometimes
buy hoiie\ , MS rii.\ own hfis arc some distjiiiee in
the eouiilr.v. I have mI\vm\s Ikui in pa., i.i a ast :id
cents pel' III. I am inclined to think, that, il i" opie
who like honey could get it for 10 ci iits per in. i.i-
less, the eoiisumption wnuld be doubled or trebled.
1 speak of Cincinnati jirices. I li\-e there.

Thomas Hint.

('oiiway Springs, Kan., l)e(^ ;-'l, 1886.

1887

GL EARNINGS IN KEK Cl/LTHKE.

H?

Kvery boy or girl, under 15
years of age, who writes a
■ this department, containing
SOME VAI.VABLE FACT, NOT OENBRALLY
KNOWN ON UKES OR OTHER MATTERS,
will receive one of l);iVid Cook's excel-
lent five - cent Sunday - school books.
Many of these boolis cimtain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school books
costing from SI. 00 to Ifl.UO. If you have had
one or more tiooks, pive us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Oft, The liiant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Uoom. We have also Our Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiar*', taken a great many years
ago. In it is a pictiire of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictiires
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

COXDrCTED BY ERNEST H. ROOT.

,3

THE boys' amateur BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

' RELIEVE I have not told you yet much
about Jimmie"s playmate. Sam. The
w two boys, as you may guess, were fast
-*■ friends. Their likes and dislikes were
much the same. Tliey botli were of a
mechanical turn (if mind— at least you would
think so if you were to take a look at Mr.
Green's barn and fences— little toy windmills
here and there, which they had made with
their knives. Besides these they whittled,
out of blocks of wood, boats that they were
wont to sail in a tub of water. Such waves
as those boats would standi The boy wdio
made a craft which would stand the most
sea (tub-waves) was the best fellow. Then
there was a great variety of other things
which they made, such as only tlie genius of
a boy can evolve, aided by his inseparable,
ever-ready companion, njacl'-knife.

Mr. (Tieen, noticing the bent of their
minds, and desiring to encourage it as well
as to put it to some profitable use, entered
into a contract with old Santa Clans. The
terms of said contract, as drawn up by the
lover of little l)oys and girls, ran in thiswise:

--OFFICE OF--

SANTA CLAUS.
-#PRESENTS:rFO»YS:^(SIGIRLS.#^

Terms ...ic. I, r.,u. oy^ o^^^ J _ .T^^ ^. |Q^ |3gg_

oFor 111 c .^ u 1 1 1 of' $6. 30, t V.' cc i cc ^, ol av3 re c I'c
^cfiuci ill Hic iiio£iiinc| oj^^'^Toc. 23, I Cil. ^ll.,
ctt Itie tii^pocli uc bolMc.^ o|-'cacfi oF tl'ic bou.^
5>aniitcl <^)toc n ciii^ ^^ciiiic^ o^Jjoilmi, a cftc-^t
cj'' to..-<l^, .^ai^ »:t'ic.>l' to coiiiciiii ci joiiipfctc
ci.>>oi tiuo III oF t^c be^t tool.N.

(5)iqiteb) ^v.Tiita *2faii^.

Old Santa, even if he is old, you see writes
plainly enougli, even yet, for boys and girls
to read. .Jimmie's parents were too poor to
enter into any such contract witli Santa
("laus in favor of their son. Sam's father,
however, tliougiit he could afford a chest for
his neighbor's son. both as a reward for reg-
ular attendance at Sunday-school, and be-
cause Jimmic Avas a boon companion of his
own son.

I need hardly add, that the contract was
duly fulfilled at the day and hour, and that
the boys were re.ioiced— •' Just what we
wanted." tliey said.

" "Where shall we have our shop?" said
they, on Christmas morning when they had
got together. " Oh! I know," said Sam ;
'' our old barn- loft will be just the thing."

Thither the boys repaired, lugging along
their chests of tools. The loft had been
used for the storage of stray pieces of lum-
ber, stove-pipes, boots, etc. On 'their arri-
val they found cobwebs and a general litter.
Spurred by the thought of what a grand
place this" would be for a shop, the boys
soon had it cleaned up, — rubbish thrown oiit,
and the pieces of boards packedneatlyaway.

When Jimmie was putting the last board
upon the pile in the corner, he exclaimed,

" M> I whafs yer pa goin' to do with all
them boards':' Did lie say you might have
>mV"

'• He hasn't said any thing about them yet.
They wei-e some that wei'e left from the
corn-cril), and we put them up here about a
year ago. Fll go and see if we can have
them."

So saying, Sam clambered down the ladder
just in time to see his father, who was just
starting for town.

•■ Say, pa, did you have any particular use
for those boards in the barn-loft?"

" I declare, I had forgotten about those
boards. If Santa Clans did not say so, T be-
lieve he intended that they should be the
property of you boys," said Mr. Green, with
a twinkle in his eyes that Sam understood.
Sam needed no further hint, but hastened
back to the loft.

'' Did yer pa say we might have 'em'?"

" He did not say so in just so manv words,
but—"

"•Good!" exclaimed Jimmie, who took in
the situation. •Won't we just have a picnic?
We'll make carts and windmills— big ones I
mean: l)y cracky! yes. and bee-hives!''

During the early part of the afternoon,
with .Mr. (Jreen's assistance, the boys made
a work-bench. When it was finished it was
discovered that they had no vise.

I tell you. boys, said Mr. (ireen. at the
Home of the IIoney-Hees, Medina, Ohio,
they sell a very pretty little implement of
this description for only 15 cents. Hut how
can you get the money to purchase each of
you a vise? I liave a pile of wood which you
can put in the wood-shed, nights and morn-
ings, after school. If you will pile it all
nicely in the shed I will advance you the
money now. and you can send for the vises
to-day.

' Let's do it now. and have the job off our
hands." said Jimmie.

"We shall hardly have time," said Sam.

68

GLJ^ANiNGS IN KKK CI LTUKE.

Jan.

"■Oh, yesi both of us can do it if we work a
little after dark. It's only ;-! o"cl((ck.""

Sam looked at the pile of wood with some
misgivings. He " never did like piling up
wood.""

When, liowever, Jimmie commenced to
load up with an armful. Sam followed his
example. Ere long the ]>ile diminished very
appreciably. When it came supper time,
the boys were Ixith loath to give up the ,iob.
They thought it " just fun." Sam could not
tell just why he enjoyed it. After supper
the boys worked more energetically than
ever, meavitime talking and planning what
things they would make and do, whetlier
they could make bee-hives, etc. As it grew
dark soon, they worked by — the lightOf a
lantern which Sam"s sister "had thoughtfully
hung up. When the work w as done, noth-
ing would do but those boys must send for
the vises before the> went to bed. Sam's
mother produced writing-materials ; stamps
were inclosed, and the order sent.

To be continued.

]m\ifiiM li^nm-B^X.

' A cliiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit. "

THE KiTE, AND HOW IT I'LIEH.

The kite you sent, we think !i beauty. It came
safely. Mr. Maoo j)iit it toKethet- Tor me, and
helped me to sail it. It went \ip like a thing- ol

lilt^. COHA Uli-VNTHAUI).

Ml. Hope. Morris Co., N. .1., Nov. :«!, )«8ti.

Hl\ KS MADE BV HOUSK-PO WEH.

I am a little girl. Pa had ii swarms this spring-,
urul they increased to 15 this summer. He g-ot
ahout riM lbs. of honey. Pa has a shop where be
saws his lumber out. and makes his bee-hixes. He
runs the machinery with the horse.

Lizzie J. Dottekker.

Newtown .Mills, Forest Co., Pa., Dee. 14, IHSti.

A HIVE WITH OI.ASS OX THE BACK, ANI> WHAT THE
SUN DID.

My father g-ave me a hive of bees, if I would watch
/ks bees, and hive them xvhen they came out. There
was a piece of g-lass on the back of my hive, and the
sun shone throug-h and melted two of the combs
down. Papa took the honey out, and the bees built
it up again. Next year 1 will put the hive in the
shade. IJen.i. F. Stout.

A QUEENS HEAD THE WRONU W.W IN THE CELI^.

My pa had 45 stands of bees, and I have one. Pa
did not ^et much honey last season. The bees are
in good condition for winter. Fa and I were look-
ing- at the bees, and we found some queen cells,
and pa did not want them, so I pulled off one of
them, and the queen's head was turned the wrong-
way. , KUOENE Wii.ias.

•lonah, Texas, Nov. 3(5, 1886.

AN ITALIAN QUEEN EIVE YEARS OLD.

Pa has between .50 and 60 colonies of bees. They
have been dojng very well this summer. He had
an Italian queen which was five years old. Last
spring she died. T read Gleanings, and find it

very interesting. We keep the Brown Leghorn
chickens. We find they are good layers. I have
a pet pigeon named Charley Boy.
Cold Spring, Ky. Lillib Ldrkek.

EDWARD'S SWARM OF BEES.

One day I was going out to work, and 1 saw a
swarm of bees. They were on a maple-tree, and
father gave it to me. He said if I would take care
of It I could have all the honey that they would
make. I got about a quart of honey. It was a
small swarm, and that is why 1 did not get much
honey. I have them in the cellar now. I am going
to try to do better next year. Edward Stout.

Urightcm, Iowa. Dec. 37, 1886.

SAWINO OFF A LIMB ON WHKH WAS CLUSTER-
ED A SWARM OF BEES ; RESULTS.

1 am a bo.\ II .\ ears old. My pa keeps bees. As
he w((r-ks in Vienna I have to tend to the bees. We
live on a farm. The bees nearly stung me to death
last bummei'. The bees swarmed and settled in the
top of an apple-ti-ee. and I climbed the tree and saw-
ed'otf the limb, and the bees gfit after me and ran
me through ilie <'<;rnftfli| I lia\.' lots of fun skat-
ing. Fr<ED Uellemey.

Vienna, 111.. Dec .-.'.s, l.sSti.

Yours is not the lirst instance we have
had of the unpleasant results of sawing oflf
a limb lu>lding a swarm of bees. Always
be careful about jarring the limb while saw-
ing; and when tiie limb is nearly off, let it
down easily with a pitch-fork, or, better
still if you ("111. leacli it with your hands.

COliD WATER FOR STINOS, ETC.

My pa's bees are in tin- cellai-. He built a stone
wall around his bee-eellai- last summer, and made
a cement tlooi-. 1 wish I could come and see Hulter.
and blow the whistle too. Ma reads the letters to
me, and I want to hear some more about Jimmy and
Ted. When I step on a bee, 1 put my foot in water.
One day last summer a bee stung- me in my face;
and when I told ma I was stung she said. "Well,
run and i)ut your foot in water;" and then 1 told
her it was my face. ' • Charlie Palmer.

Hart, Oceana Co., Mich.. Nov. 39. 1886.

Yes, if you come to Metlina we will give
you a chance to l)low that big whistle. — Cold
water for stings, 1 know , makes the place
affected feel better, but I am not sure but
that you would get along about as fast if
you did nothing.— 1 haven't seen Ted for
some little time. I suspect that Jimmie, al-
though I haven't heard him say, does not
care to have Ted tag him into' their new
sho]!.

SWAR.Ml.NG, .\ND WHAT THE BOYS DID.

One (lay when my brother came in from the field
for dinner we were sitting- on the well-bed, and my
brother walked around toward the bees, and he hal-
looed out, " Oh I the bees are swarming I I was
bareheaded, and my father was working in the tile-
factory. 1 jumped up and ran all the way to the
tile-factory and told my father. 1 started right
back and ran all the way, and my father came, and
then they began to settle in the garden on the peas
and on the ground. Father took the smoker and
drove them into the hive which he had set close by.
It was very hot, and we cut some bushes and laid
them on the hive to keep the sun off, and they
stayed in the hive. Willie Hunt, age 12.

Dodson, Montgomery Co.. C, Dec. 21, 1886.

1S87

GLEAM IN G8 IN BKE CULTURE.

69

A LITTI.E GIHL TEI^LS HOW SHE PEKFOKMEI) THE

FEAT OF TAkiNO A SWAUM FlKtM THE

•' TOI'EST " BKANCH OK A TKHE.

In spring my father had 19 colonics, ami increas-
ed to W. He sold in\v this fall, 'nioy arc all in
good condition. He has them niostl.\ in chafl'
hives. We sold i)\ er HOO Ihs. of honey. I help pa
souK'tinies when the bees swarm, and when he
takes the lionoj- from them. I hived hut one
swarm this summer, and that was on Sunday, when
pa wasn't at home. The swarm scot on the " top-
est" stem of the highest tree. 1 did not know what
Ut do. I called my sistei'. 'I'lu-re was a wagon
standing below. 1 clindied np the tree and sawed
iiU' the stem. The bees all fell on the tongue of the
wagon. After I got down the tn<! we stood the ]
hive beside the tongue and brushed the bees in the !
hive. We got them ill nicely, but I got. stung, and i
my sister too. 1 was stung •• pretty " many times, j
but not as many as my sistcM-. Her face swelled so !
hai-d that she didn't see an.\ more in one eye. '

DiNA Bn'.MEH, age i;{.

Koanoke, 111.. Dee. :J3. IBHti. i

Yoii certaiiil) performed tiiiite a feat in
netting !i swanii from the lushest tree. I
wonder liow many boys conld liave done it.
\'on deserve a chromo for tiiat ; and if your
lather didn't give you that swarm 1 think
lie ought to have done so. I will tell one of
the clerks to i>i('k otit a large panel chromo |
and send it.

THE HEK, AND WHAT IT IS.

The bee is a very busy creature. 'I'here are two \
kinds of bees— the black and Italians. They put ]
the l)ees in hives, !im<1 when the hives get so full of
bees they will swarm, and sometimes they will
swarm twice a year. We had a hive of liees, and
other bees came and took all theii- honey. 1 and
papa saw a bee in a tree, and I goi stung on my !
lip. It swelled up one inch. The bees make honey '
in summer, and they live on honey in winter.
Some folks have two dozen hives of bees. The bee
honej- is good. When I was down at my
gi'andma's I got as sick as a dog on honej'. The
bee has a stinger. I ought to know, for 1 got stung
with them. 1 don't know how many times 1 got
stung. I conld not tell or count how many times.
The bee has si.\ legs and two wings. The bee has
two eyes. I df)n't know what the colors are of the
e>es. Its back is yellow; not all tlie back either.
\t the end of the stinger it is black. 1 don't know
where they carr>- the honey. Chestku Ti'Rner.
Brookviile, Ohio.

Yotir notes on the bee are not all of them
correct, but I suppose enough so for all
]>ractical i>urposes for the little folks. It
would be hard to tell just what is the color
of a bees eye. Throngli a microscope they
look a.s clear as ciystal. but without any
microscope they look brown. Perhaps you
know that those big eyrs arc compound.
For a fuller talk to the "little folks on this
subject, 1 would refer vou to p. 42. in the
year 18So.

THE EOM.V or STAMMNCJ IN THE WAV OK EI.VINfJ
BEES.

Papa has 12 colonies Of bees. In the winter time
he puts on an outside shell, much larger than the
hive, and tills the cavity between that and the hive
with sawdust or dry chaff.

1 will tell you something that happened once

which seemed fuiuiy to me, but 1 presume it did
not seem so to pajja at the time. There was a storm
came up, and the bees hurried home, angry as could
be at being interrupted at their work. Papa hap-
pened to be standing in their way, and they all
rushed up on him and stung him badly.
Frankfort. Mich. Loha M.vhih-e, age 11.

It is not wise to stand in front of the en-
trance, or where you would be liable to
obstruct the llight of the bees. A coming
storm will start the bees home in great
di'oves, but I hardly think the bees you
speak of were angry because the storm
interrupted them, but because your papa
stood right in the way. When I am in a
great hurry to get on the train it makes me
clear out of ])atience to have some great big
heedless man block the only passage to the
car- steps.

\V()J<KIN() WITH HEES».\ETE1{ D.\KK, UV MEANS
OF A I).\KK-I.-\.NTERN.

Tell Krnest to try one of those dark-lanterna for
working with bees after night. They are the best.
I hold one foi' pa when he works with his bees after
night, and the bees don't fly after It. 1 1 is so
bright it hurts their eyes. I help pa find the
queens. He has IIH) stands of bees. We have two
carp-ponds. The little tlsh will eat out of my
hand. 1 ha\o two nice big cats that catch the mice
in the bee-yard for pa. Annie M. Haines.

Moons, ().. .Ian. .5, 188«.

"W'liy, Annie, you haxc given ns (|iiite a
valuable item as to the value of a dark-lan-
tern. I can imagine nothing nicer, when
working with bees after dark, than to have
a bright little girl " shoot "" the rays of light
from the bull's-eye lantern right on the
combs, or wherever else it may be needed.
1 will try it the coming season, and try to
report on it. 1 will teil the clerks to send
yon a panel chromo.

THE KEAKS AND THE HONEV.

I inclose a piece of poetry which I copied from
one of papa's books. "A Grammar of Six Ditferent
Languages." I think we had better not do as the
bears did.

As two .vdiiiit,' licMrs 111 wanton iiiociil.
Korlh is.siiiiiy- tinni ii iieiK-hlioring wood.
Canir wliciT 111!' MLdii.-itrious bees li:id stor,.d
III .Trtl'nl rclls tlirii- lusriou.s hoard.

I riT,iiiv..(l ilic.v Nflzrd Willi oa^ei- hnsif ,
I.M\ui ioii.s iin thilr liidi icpiisf.
\hiriiii-d .-il llii<, I he little erew

Vhoul tlieiv..|ir~. vliidii-tivf ti..« .
Tin- hciists. iiiMlili' to sustain
Tile mil <|imI I'oiiili.'it. iiuit the plain
Hall Idiiid with ra;;r. .inrl mad with iiaui.
riieir Mat ive .slirlti r the\ regain.
There sit. and now disereeter grow n.
Too late their r.isliniss they bemoan:
.Villi this by dear evperieiiee pain.
Thai plens'iive's ever boiipht with pain.
So when the trolden baits of vice
Are plaeeil before onr lonfrinp eves.
With tir.edv hast,- wo snateh our fill
Uld swallow down tile latent ill.
Hilt w hell e\|ieriellei' opes our ives
Awa.i- the f.ineied pleasure flies.
It Hies— but oh I too late «e find

II leaves a r«'nl stinu behind.

Sonora, Ohio. Bertha .Jones, age 11.

Thank you. Bertha; your little selecti<niof
poetry is real good. There are too many of
us — yes. and little boys and girls, who be-
have ourselves very much like the two young
bears. But we folks don't always itrotit by
our experience, bitter and full of stings
though it may be.

70

(iJ.EANiNGs i.\ iii-;K (•( i;rrkK.

Jajj.

T0B^CC0 06MMN-

SOMETHING FROM THE ,ST. I.OUIS -lOUKNAL OF
AORICULTURE ON THE TOBACCO QTESTION.

FRIEND ROOT:-l don't know whether I am
taking- a liberty in thus familiarly address-
ing-you; but the good turns you have un-
consciously done me in furnishing- in Glean-
1N(5S the bee-lore 1 have found so necessary
to my purposes h'lve certainly constituted you my
friend. I write a brief line to couiniend your good
work in flg-hting- the use of tobacco. I was very
much struck with the facts related in the Dec. l.')th
No., by T. U. Terry (the picture of whom, by the
way, is a g-ood one, though a little too solemn-look-
ing-); certainly the considerations ottered by Mr.
Terry oug-ht to bo sufficient to induce every
mmried man, if not everti man, to give up the to-
bacco habit. But, unfort\jnately, to g-ive up the
confirmed use of tobacco is a most ditticult thing to
do. It is true, that I had the nerve to do so, some
thirteen years ago, when I found that the use of
it was exceeding-i.\- disagreeable to my then sweet-
heai-t, now my wife. Hut 1 think it must have
been easier for me to do than for most people. I
have known men to make honest endeavors to g-ive
up tobacco, and suffer so much that they conclud-
ed that the use of it was the lesser evil.

Now, since this is the truth, that the tobacco hab-
it once formed is one that is exceedingly ditticult to
break, ought we not all to make a g-reater effort
l>y individual precept as well as example to dis-
courage the use of it by children? Mr. Terry's sug-
gestion, to have a national law, is hardly feasible
however desirable. There is but little disposition
to enact sumptuary laws, whether relating- to to-
bacco or whisk}- ;T)Ut if every father of boys did
all he could personally to prevent the tobacco hab-
it being formed by his sons before they become of
age, it is hardly likely that, on arriving- at years of
discretion, they -would begin it. As for myself,
1 have tried to impress upon my big boy that it is
a wretchedly poor specimen of manhood that re-
(luires to be bolstered up by either smoking or
chewing. That, of course. Is the temptation to
boys. The boy's greatest ambition is to be a man,
and appear manly. In his ignorance he is apt to
mistake for manly things the swagger and loud-
ness and disgusting habits of roughs and bullies,
especially if any of these habits are indorsed by
the example of his own father. Let us all do what
we can to teach boys that the best and most cour-
ageous manliness is that which is founded on
virtue, not on vice.

The case of fatal poisoning- by tobacco, mention-
ed by Mr. Terry, is terrible, but no such extreme
case ought to be necessary to make every man
who has a decent consideration lor others to leave
off a disgusting practice. As disgusting as is to
me the nicotine-laden breath of men with whom I
have onl>' business relations, how much more have
I thougtit would mine be to my wife and my little
daughter, when they offer the kisses of att'ection
from their clean, sweet lips! There has been no
time in my more than twelve years of married life
when I thought the solace ottered by tobacco
could be worth the one-hundreth part of such evi-
dences of affection; and since 1 should very surely
refuse to kiss my wife or daughter if she used
tobacco, I should find no justification for expecting-

any thing else from them if I did. As a fighter
against tobacco and whisky, you may count me
a niembei' of your band alwa.\ s.
St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 2(1, 188(). (iEO. B. Morton.

Many thanks, lirotlu^r, for your hearty
(•()(')l)erati()n in tliis work that lies before
lis; anil may we h ijie to tiiul every now
and then a simihir stirring' exhortation in
yonr own journal. And, by the way, why
caiTt yon and other brothers of the press
start in vour own journals something like
thisV

"Any reader of the Jok ma I of Agriculture
who will give up tobacco because of what
has appeared in tlu^se pages in regard to the
matter, may have the jourmd one j'ear free,
he to give us ii written jtromise to pay ns
for the journal whenever he shall yield to
the temptation, and touch tobacco again in
an> form.""

Tlie letters from those who give it up are
to be published as f;ist as received, for the
encouragenu'ut of (tthers. The objection
has been made. Iliai Ihis is iiiring people to
do right; but the am i:iil in tjuestion is so
small it is usuall.\ takeu uu)re as a piece of
pleasantry, and ii ,;eems to have the effect
of api^ealiug in just tlie right way to get a
good many to get up and shake themselves,
and start out in sometliing they have for
years known ought to be done. As the
resolution ami iiromise come out in a i)ul)-
lic journal, it is pretty well pulilished and
niuierstood in au> neighborhood, and few
men will care lo be seen using tobacco aft-
er tiiey have in this public way announced
the determiuatiou to give i.t up. It is like
giving testimony in i)rayer-meeting' — it
sti'engtlicus and encourages others all along
the line.

I ha\e stopped smoking, and will promise you
not to do so again. If you will send me one of
j'our smokers, and 1 commence using the weed
again, I will send you the price of it.

Phila., Pa., Oct. 18, 18s6. .los. B. Creaoer.

I see in Gleanings that you said anyone who
(luits the use of tobacco would receive a smoker.
Please send me one; and if I use tobacco again I
will pay you for the same. Mattie Soheiern.

Wayland. Mich., Oct. II, 18SH.

C1-E.\RS HIS CONSCIENCE.

I have broken my pledge. I quit using tobacco
on bees, but still smoke once in a while. When T
came to rake up mj- conscience I found that I owe
you ')() cts. lor the smoker you sent, although It
was worn out long ago. Vou sent it with other
goods. .) T. Fletcher.'

Clarion, Pa.

HAS USED the WEED AI,I. HIS LIKE.

1 have been using tobacco in various forms all
my life initil the past si.v months. 1 have now
abandoned the weed altogether. Seeing your offer
in Gleanings, 1 write to know if 1 am entitled to
a smoker. I am very willing to pay the price of
the smoker should I ever use tobacco again. I
have .5 stands of bees. K. B. Johnson.

Manatee, Fla., Nov. 18, 1886.

1887

GLEANINGS IN iJEE CULTUKE.

71

dn^ JlefiEg.

And if any man will sue thee at the law, and talie
away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. And
whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with
him twain. — Matt. 5: 40, 41.

^ AST iSuiulay afternoon I found another
1^ added to my class in our county jail.
^J He was a stout, ruddy-faced young
^^ man perhaps twenty years of age. His
face flushed when I spoke to him, and
I saw that he was quite bashful ; but in a
little time we got to talking like old friends.
Robert's story was something like this : He
came from England about two years ago,
and had been traveling about here and there,
trying to find work wherever it was to be
found. His last job was on the railroad ;
and on account of reducing the number of
hands in winter, he was thrown out of work,
and had been vainly trying to find something
to do in one of our neighboring towns. A
few evenings ago, the man with whom he
boards came home somewhat intoxicated.
He seemed to be in a quarrelsome, fault-
finding mood, and, among other things, he
inquired of his wife where Robert was. She
told him Robert had gone somewhere to help
somebody deliver some goods. He then in-
quired if Robert had found any work yet ;
and when told he had not, he broke out with
something like the following :

" Well, he is a lazy, good-for-nothing shift-
less fellow. He certainly could get work if
he half tried.''

More remarks followed, not very compli-
mentary to Robert. Now, the truth was,
Robert had come home unknown to the
folks, and was at that time in bed ; but as
only a thin board partition separated him
from the family, he heard every word that
had been spoken, and up he jumped and
confronted the man who was speaking ill of
him behind his back. I presume some hard
and loud words ensued ; and finally the in-
toxicated man drew a pistol. At this, Rob-
ert put his hands on the man's shoulder and
pushed him away. This gave an opportuni-
ty of making a plea of assault and battery,
and the boarding-house keeper went for a
constable. The constable at once told him
he was intoxicated, and refused to make
any arrest. The man then went to another
officer of the law, who was not quite so par-
ticular, and Robert was arrested, and called
upon to pay a fine of $6.40. Robert had not
any money, so he could not pay it, and that
is why I found him in jail that Sunday after-
noon. You may perhaps notice that the
above statement is Robert's story for it. I
have not heard the other side at all, and, in
fact, we do not care any thing about the
Other side just now. When I find these boys
in jail, I endeavor to get the full facts in the
case, so far as I can, from their own lips,
and then I endeavor to show them that, ac-
cording to Bible teaching, they are con-
demned by their own words. Robert claim-
ed, as alcQOst all do who get into jail, that
he was entirely innocent, and had done
nothing. Wheii I had questioned him fully
on all the points of the case, I began talking
with him somewhat as follows :
'' Robert, why did you not stay in bed,

since you had once retired in good order,
and thus have saved all this trouble and ex-
pense?"

" Why, Mr. Root, do you suppose a man is
going to keep still in bed when he hears
somebody calling him a good-for-nothing
shiftless fellow, and going on in that way be-
hind his back?"

" To be sure, I do expect a man to do just
that very thing, Robert."

By this time my fingers were on the Bible,
and I opened to the fifth chapter of Mat-
thew, and read :

But I say unto you, Love your enemies; bless
them that curse you, and do good to them that hate
you.

Again I read :

But whosoever shall smite thee on the right cheek,
turn to him the other also.

Robert previously said that he was a mem-
ber of the Church of p]ngland before he
came over to America , and therefore 1 ex-
pected to have him at least respect these
words of the Savior, that seemed so espe-
cially calculated to help us to keep from get-
ting" into quarrels or dissensions. To my
surprise, however, he promptly rejected all
such teachings, saying, '" If that is Bible. I
don't want any of it around me."

I appealed to one of the other inmates,
with whom I had had many long talks, and
I expected, of course, he would say that the
best thing Robert could have done was to
have kept still and let it go. I turned to
him. "■ Mr. Brant, if you lieard somebody
talking about you in the way Robert has
mentioned, after you had retired for the
night, would you not have kept still and let
it all pass?"

'' To be sure, I would not^ Mr. Root. I
would get up and teach him manners."

'• Even if it resulted in bringing you to
jail?" suggested I.

" Yes, even if it brought me to jail. I
don't allow any man to abuse me when I am
around to hear it."

I labored with them long and earnestly. I
even went so far as to tell them I feared
they would be in jail all their lives ; but
they decided they would take the jail, rather
than submit to being " run over." as they
termed it. Finally, however, I did succeed
in getting them to admit, that, if a man could
submit to be snubbed and abused, without
saying a word back, or doing any thing, it
would probably save trouble in the general
machinery of human life.

" But, "Robert,"" said I, " after the deci-
sion had been made, that you were to pay
Si). 40 for laying your hands on a man before
he touched you, why did you not pay it and
have it done with?"'

"■ Why, Mr. Tioot, I have already told you
that I hadn't any money. You know I have
not had any work all winter.'"

'" But, it is a sad thing to get into Jail, and
have it hanging over you all your life after-
ward. Had you not an overcoat or watch,
or something you could leave with some
friend in order to keep you from going to
jail?""

He finally admitted that he had a watch,
and that it was worth $6.40 a good many
times over ; but when crowded, he replied,—

72

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Jan.

" But, Mr. Root, / was not guilty. There
was no assault and battery about it, and I
won't pay it, and tliat is the long and the
short of it."

I looked at my Bible quickly and read the
following :

If any man will sue thee at the law, and take
away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also; and
whosoever shall compel thee to go with him a mile,
g-o with him twain.

Robert said, as before, that he did not pro-
pose to come down to any sucli course of
action. He fairly and squarely, when press-
ed, rejected the words of the Savior. This,
in fact, was exactly what I wished him to
do ; or, in other words, I wished to have
him confess that the reason why he was
brought to jail was because he rejected
Christ; and in rejecting Christ he had re-
jected and defied the laws of our land.

In presenting the subject to others as I
have presented it to you, dear friends, I
have been pained and startled to hear so
many decide that Robert had done right —
that is, if the facts were exactly as he stated
them. 1 am afraid people are thoughtless,
many times, in deliberately deciding to re-
fuse to obey our laws. When I told the story
at the noon service, and submitted the ques-
tion to those gathered there, those who an-
swered first, every one of them, thought that
Robert did right in refusing to pay the fine
imposed upon him. After a little more
thought an-d reflection, finally several sug-
gested that it was better to pay the fine than
to go to jail, even though the fine was unjust,
and the party innocent.

We now come to the point of considering
the laws of our land. No doubt they are im-
perfect, and, many times, through false rep-
resentations of evil men, the fines imposed
are unjust ; shall we therefore refuse to abide
by the decision of the law ? God forbid !
Perhaps I have, at different times in my life,
counseled disobedience to the law; but I am
beginning to think I made a mistake. Are
we not, dear friends, in danger of arraying
ourselves with rebels and anarchists when
we thoughtlessly counsel disobedience to the
laws we have ? I told the boys 1 would have
paid the fine, even if I had had nothing to
do with the matter whatever, but that I
would have done it under protest, and so in-
formed the officers, and declare I would have
redress, if it were possible to do so ; but that,
for the sake of preserving the majesty of the
law, I would 'submit to whatever it might
decree. I think, dear friends, this is safe
and sound doctrine.

I did not tell Robert at the time, that T felt
quite certain, if his life had been just what
it ought to be, he would not have been fined
nor taken to jail, but I asked him if he had
been in the habit of attending church while
here in America. He admitted that he had
not very much. I asked him if it was not
true that he was sometimes in the habit of
drinking intoxicants, as well as the man he
boarded with. He admitted that he was in
the habit of drinking beer ; and although I
may be mistaken, his face seemed to indicate
that he was given, at least somewhat, to such
habits.

Now I want to say to the young friends
who may be reading this, that there is very

little danger that any of them will ever get
into trouble such as I have described, if they
are in the habit of associating with Christian
people, attending church, Sunday-school,
and the yoimg people's prayer-meetings,
wherever they happen to be located, and de-
porting themselves in a decent and respecta-
ble way, such as young Christians are almost
sure to do. When 1 asked Robert if he could
not get $6.40 to save him from jail, he said
he had no friends at all. It seems to me a
young man is at fault in having no friends,
even if he has lived only one winter in a cer-
tain locality. In our town there are good
men and women — yes, young men and young
ladies, who make it their business to look up
strangers, and invite them to our meetings,
and who try to call them in wisdom's ways.
The trouble is, I fear, that those who com-
plain that they have iio friends are seeking
ways of darkness rather than light.

Now a word to those who are not in jail
and not in trouble ; that is, not any such
trouble as Robert has found. Yes, and I
think I may ask for a word to professors of
religion, and those who are members of our
churches. Have you faithfully followed the
words the Savior gave us in our opening
text, in your own walks and life ':* If an en-
emy should undertake to sue us at the law,
and take away a coat, what would be our at-
titude':* How many of us are there who
would be willing to give the cloak also, for
the sake of peace, unless, indeed, our atten-
tion had been called to it by these words V
Of course, I do not refer, nor do I think our
Savior meant to have reference to highway
robbers, such as I spoke to you about in our
last issue ; but these w^ords were spoken to a
class of people who were for the most part,
at least, friends and neighbors — those who
had permanent places of abode, and were
considered respectable citizens. Why should
such go to law? Why should we have diffi-
culties and hard feelings with our friends
and neighbors ? Why s]iould we waste time
and money enough on some little unimpor-
tant matter to have bought a dozen coats, be-
fore the thought even occurred to us of let-
ting the cloak go too, for the sake of peace ?
If we are compelled to go a mile out of our
way to do somebody a service, are we not
more apt to grumble than we are to show a
readiness to go two miles '? The Sfivior's in-
junctions seem to be to the effect that, if we
are to be his followers, it is our duty to do a
little more than just what we agree to do, or
a little more than what we are in duty and
justice bound to do. Sometimes I am told
that a man would never get along in the
world if he should undertake to get a living
in that way; but such replies have always
made me feel sad. Those who have read
Gleanings a good many years, especially
those real good friends who have been send-
ing me such good kind cheering words dur-
ing the past few weeks, know that 1 have
tested these teachings just a little. Occa-
sionally, when the spirit seems to be on me,
I have done a little more than I was asked to
do. I have given smokers to those who have
stopped using tobacco, etc. Now, of course,
you know I do not say this boastingly ; but
I mention it because i wish to prove to you

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

73

that a man will not get poor in following
Christ's teachings. I have been many times
surprised myself to see how ([uickly these
things swing around and shape themselves.
The one who follows Chrisfs teachings, and
who tries to do it in the real spirit in which
Christ gave it, seems to have strange streaks
of luck, as it were. It hits people a little un-
expectedly ; and by some strange law that
is past divining by our feeble intellects, the
evil spirit is driven away— the enemy is dis-
armed, and hostilities are at an end. You
just try it some time when you get into a
discussion in regard to a small matter about
the justice of a thing. When you see your
opponent is honest, but mistaken, good-
naturedly give up to him, or give him twice
what he asks, if necessary, for peace and
hai'mony. If he insists on your going a mile
out of your way, say, "Why, yes, my friend,
come to think of it, I will go two miles. I do
it gladly, too, because it is according to the
Savior's teachings.'' A certain class may
laugh at you, and call you a fool. They
may tell you that, if you undertake to go
through life following out that plan, you will
get into the poorhouse, and such like talk.
But I tell you, yoii will not do any thing of
the kind. There is a text in the fortieth
chapter of Isaiah, that hits the point. It
reads thus :

But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew
their strength; they shall mount up with wings as
eag-les; they shall run, and not be weary; and they
shall walk and not faint.

&n^ 0WN ^?inw.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST

POSITIONS AVHEN AT WORK OVER HIVES.

a ID you, dear reader, ever have the back-
ache when at work over the hives,
lifting heavy combs, in a position some-
what cramped ? Did you not some-
times indulge in a good stretch of the
body to its fullest height ? I have wished
once or twice that the hives were on stilts,
so that I could work at the hives when
standing erect. If I remember correctly, W.
Z. Hutchinson, when 1 visited him, did have
his nucleus hives elevated. Our readers will
also remember that some years ago we illus-
trated Dr. O. M. Blanton's apiary. A nota-
ble feature about it was that his hives stood
on stilts. I believe, however, the majority
of the bee-keepers prefer to have their hives
on the ground, for reasons vvhich I will not
take space to enumerate here.

I sometimes examine, or " go through,"
1-50 colonies per day. To accomplish the
work as easily as possible, and at the same
time relieve myself of the tedium of one pos-
ture when at work over the hive, I have re-
course to a frequent change of position. The
one I usually prefer is the one illustrated on
page 31, last issue. Perhaps you think that
such a seat as a liive-cover would hardly be
stable enough. .Just as much, and more so,
than the ordinary milk-stool. You will see,
by referring back to the cut, that it permits
of an erect posture of the back. When it is
desirable to get at or lift out a frame on the

outside of the hive, an inclination of the
body, together with the hive-cover, puts the
operator within easy reach of said frame.
As far as possible, I aim to avoid any curv-
ing of the back, or the stooping-over of the
shoulders. The inclination of the hive-cover
one way or the other, as you will see, regu-
lates the distance to any desired frame with-
out the necessity of bending the back. A
regular tool-box, or stool of four legs, will
not permit this rocking motion, as you will
notice.

When I feel as if I should like a change of
posture I kneel in the soft grass (if not wet),
my knees almost touching the side of the
hive. After I have taken out a frame I drop
back on my heels, if 1 desire to examine the
frame for any length of time. About half
the hives in bur apiary are chalf hives. I
can work over these best in a standing pos-
ture. As the chalf hive is two stories high,
it is rather inconvenient to work with it
while sitting or kneeling. However, I do
sometimes sit on the edge of a chaff-hive
cover ; but as the rims of the latter are made
of only I stuff, I generally stand.

Perhaps some one of my readers will say,
'' I can't afford to sit down when at work
among my bees." I reply, that it depends
upon what kind of work in the apiary you
are doing. If you are running for honey,
then I think I can agree with you for the
most part ; but if your apiary is' devoted to
queen-rearing, as is ours, then it becomes
necessary to spend some little time over a
hive ; as, for instance, hunting for a virgin
queen, cutting out choice queen-cells, etc.
In any event, we ought to avoid curving the
back "any more than is necessary, whether
sitting or standing. I believe the instruc-
tion of the writing-teacher to his pupil, to
" hold the body erect," is equally applicable
to the bee-keeper engaged in rearing queens.

HOAV TO HANDLE FRAMES.

To look at one side and then the other of a
comb, becomes almost a necessity in queen-
rearing. To revolve by the corners a frame
full of honey, requires some little strength of
the wrists— that is, if the top-bar as the
axis of revolution remain horizontal. By
turning the top-bar to the perpendicular, the
frame may then be easily revolved. I throw
out this hint for the benefit of beginners.
The veteran bee-keeper will in all probabil-
ity have acquired the knack intuitively from
his long experience. The engraving on page
31 shows the operator in the act of revolving
the frame. He is hunting for a queen which
had been introduced a few days before.
Having loosened the cage, wherein the queen
was confined before the bees gnawed to her,
he has thrown it upon the ground, which
striking with some little force has jarred out
a few bees that always collect inside. The
bees thus shaken uj) take wing and return to
the hive. Desirous of noting how well
the queen has laid, he is in the act of revolv-
ing the frame, as I have before described,
that he may see whether the queen has filled
the other side of the comb with eggs also.

OUR OWN APIARY AT THIS DATE.

At this writing we have had a week or ten
days of steady cold weather, the mercury

74

GLEAN i:NG8 IN BEE CULTUKE.

Jan.

dropping frequently to zero, and several
times six or eight degrees below. If this
weather continues much longer I am fearful
of the results among our bees. As I stated
in Nov. 1st Gleanings. I did not then en-
tertain a very hopeful view of the situation
— foul brood having reduced our bees. If we
had colonies instead of nuclei, I should have
no serious apprehensions, even if the weath-
er did continue to be cold.

FROM 68 TO 96, AND 2400 LBS. OF HONEY.

T COMMENCED the season with 68 stands; in-
m creased to 96, and took 2400 lbs. of comb honey,
]jl nearly all white, which is a trifle over 35 lbs.
■*■ per colony. This encourages me, as I see
Doolittle did no better than I. They are all
packed on their summer stands, with nearly one-
half under the snow, out of sight, where T shall
let them remain, as I know from experience that
they are all right, for they drift under in the same
way each winter, and always come out as bright
as a dollar. M. T. Williamson.
Covert, N. Y.

A GOOD REPORT FROM ONE OF THE PIONEERS.

I have sold over 11,000 lbs. of box honey from 80
hives last spring. Gain R. Smith.

Victor, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1886.

108 GALLONS OP HONEY FROM 20 COLONIES.

I have 20 stands of bees, all in good condition. I
did very well last summer. This summer I secured
108 gallons of extracted honey. Albert Carter.

CarroUton, Mo., Dec. 11, 1886.

AVERAGE OF 190 LBS. PER COLONY.

My bees gave me an average, this season, of 190
lbs. each, spring count; had no increase; the best
season for honey I ever had, and I could have done
better had I been prepared for the honey-flow.

Carbondale, Pa. J. Rutherford.

600 LBS. FROM 15 COLONIES.

I have had a pretty good harvest of honey— about
600 lbs., in pound boxes, from 15 hives. I took 98
lbs. from one swarm, and it swarmed 3 times this
summer. I increased them to 40 swarms. Inclos-
ed find one dollar for Gleanings. I have found
that the monej' expended for it has been a profita-
ble investment. Jacob Richard.

Elmwood, 111., Jan. 4, 1887.

HYBRIDS AHEAD.

I began the season with 8 colonies, increased to
21, and took 945 lbs. of comb honey. My bees are
mostly hybrids, and they gather almost 2 lbs. of
honey to the Italians one. I have one hive of the
yellowest bees I ever saw, and they gather almost
nothing in the sections, although they will fill a
brood-frame quicker than any other bees I have.

Stark, Mich., Dec. 1.5, 1886. Benj. Passage, 8-21.

FROM ONE TO FIVE, AND OVER 3.50 LBS. OF
HONEY.

My first swarm was pure Italians, purchased
July 17, 1885. They gathered enough for winter
stores, and I wintered them in a chaff hive of my
own make after your pattern. They came out in
fine condition In the spring. This season I increas-

ed them from one to five, by dividing, and one
natural swarm, which came out late in September.
The surplus stores amounted to from 3.50 to 400 lbs.,
besides leaving 10 full frames of honey in the low-
er stories, and 8 lbs. in the upper story, all in chaff
hives. Frank Ferris.

Mt. Clemens, Mich.

FROM 125 TO 208, AND 13,000 LBS. OF COMB
HONEY.

My report for 1886 is as follows: I began the sea-
son with 125 colonies in fair condition; increased by
natural swarming to 208, and have taken in nil,
13,000 lbs. of comb honey, all in 1 and 2 lb. sections.
The past season has been one of the best I have
known in my 14 years' experience in the business.

Cambridge, 111. J. V. Caldwell, 125—208.

AN AVERAGE OF OVER 200 LBS. PER COLONY,
AND BLACK BEES TOO.

I commenced bee-keeping last spring. I bought
50 swarms, one of which deserted when let out of
the hive, after being taken ofl:' of the cars, leaving
me 49 when the honey season opened. I com-
menced extracting May 29, and stopped July 6,
after extracting 9839 lbs. of honey, which was
mostly from white clover. I increased to 81
swarms. The average per swarm was 200?^ lbs.
When they went into winter quarters they had 30
lbs. apiece. My bees are all blacks. They are in
quadruple chafi' hives. About the first of Novem-
ber I moved them about a mile. I had three
teams, and two extra men, besides myself and horse,
and it was all that six of us could do to lift them on
the wagon. We moved them in half a day. They
had a good fly the 11th and 12th of th.s month.

Brodhead, Wis., Dec. 20, 1886. P. H. Fellows.

ENCOURAGING WORDS FOR ALSIKE AND BUCK-
WHEAT.

I commenced the season with 60 colonies, spring
count; increased to 100 colonies; got 2000 lbs. of
honey in one-pound sections, and 500 lbs. of ex-
tracted, about half white and half dark. I worked
some bees for my neighbors. I brought home my
share of the increase, 15 colonies, making me 115
colonies to winter; .50 are packed in dry sawdust in
chaff hives on summer stands; 65 are in the cellar.
All are heavy with natural stores. The season
commenced very early, but clover did not last long,
on account of dry weather. Basswood did not
bloom at all.

ALSIKE.

I had 16 acres of alsike clover. Bees worked on it
early and late until the drought. It makes very
nice hay for all kinds of farm stock. I sowed
16 acres this year, mixed with timothy. I sowed
the silverhull buckwheat so as to fill up the gaps
between other bloom as much as possible. 1 sowed
one acre in August. Bees worked on it the most I
ever saw" bees on buckwheat. We cut it in the
afternoon, and the next morning uncle Tom Frost
had killed every thing so that the bees did not work
any more. We drew the buckwheat into the barn,
and thrashed it, and had 25V2 bushels. This was
getting three crops from the same ground in one
season, as we cut about two tons of hay off before
we plowed it for buckwheat. We think we got as
many pounds of honey as we had of buckwheat
from that ground. Taking the season together,
it was very poor tor honey, W. T. Roe,

Candro, N. Y.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEh: CULTURE.

75

Gleanincs in Bee Cdlture,

Published Semi- Monthly .

u?L.. I- I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

for Clnbting Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

Unto every one that hath shall be Riven, and he shall have
abundance; but from him that hath not shall be taken away
even that which he hath.— Matt. 25; 29.

New names and renewals are coming in at a rap-
id rate. Thanks, friends, for your l«ind suppoi't.

FLAT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION.

We have just succeeded in malting' some beauti-
ful flat-bottomed foundation send for; samples and
prices. In weight, we believe it comes as near the
natural foundation made by the bees as any thing
we ever turned out. Mr. T. F. Bingham said he
preferred the flat-bottomed foundation for sections.

CLOSED-TOP SECTIONS.

At the Ohio Convention, when an opinion was
called for, not one of the members present favored
the use of closed-top sections, because it would not
permit tiering up. Our readers will please take
note, that this confirms the opinions expressed
lately in the answers of our prominent apiarists,
to the question-box department in a late issue of
The A.B.J.

FOUL BROOD, AND FALSE ALARM IN REGARD TO IT.

On page 10 of our last issue, friend Broers pro-
tests against a statement made in a former issue by
one of our contributors, that foul brood was in
the neighborhood. From a letter just received
from friend McCamant. it seems the whole matter
was only a hearsay. Their bees died, it is true, but
probably from starvation, as friend B. suggests,
and they guessed it must have been foul brood.

will see that' some one does give you the proper
attention. Wc have many visitors to our place
every season, Ijut we never have had too many.

HAVING A SPACE BELOW THE BROOD-COMBS FOR
WINTERING.

In my remarks at the foot of friend Doolittle's ar-
ticle, page 976, Dec. 1.5, I omitted to mention that
Mr. H. R. Boardman, East Townsend, O., has for
years been a vehement advocate of this idea. Our
readers will perhaps recollect him when I mention
that T gave his portrait as "the man who winters
bees without loss;" and, if lam correct, he has
continued to winter his bees almost without the
loss of a colony, year after year, although he counts
his stocks by the hundreds.

VISITING THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES DUR-
ING THE BUSY SEASON.

A NUMBER at the Ohio Convention expressed to
us their desire to visit, at some future date, the
Rome of the Honey-Bees, but that they would pre-
fer to come and see us when we are in " full blast,"
and that, if they came during this time, they feared
they would be unwelcome. To be sure, you would
be welcome, dear friends. Come at anytime; and
if we are too busy to show you about ourselves, we

GOING WEST.

Mrs. Jennie Gulp, before leaving the conven-
tion, informed us that she would probably not be
able to attend anothtr.^Ohio State Convention; that
she proposed selling^her farm, apiary and fixtures,
with a view of going west with her boys. She stat-
ed, that, after selling, she proljably would not do
much with bees. As the work in the apiary has
now gone beyond her strength, and as she is not
obliged to work for a living, she has so decided.
It is with some degree of regret that we give this
intelligence to the friends; but we hope that, when
she is located in her new field, we may again hear
from her through the columns of Gleanings.

MANUFACTURING COMB HONEY.

The people who stick to the falsehood about
manufactured comb honey have finally found a
place in Chicago where a man could be seen seal-
ing up the combs with a hot iron. C They never saw
him making the combs out of paraffine, but he was
simply sealing them up. Our enterprising friends
of the A. B. J., when notified, made haste to see
the sight. QWhat; do you suppose they found? A
Chinaman near a window, ironing collars and cuffs
with a flat-iron! Did j'ou ever? Ernest suggests
that I have foi-gotten to state that the innocent-
looking laundryman had a cake of heeswax by his
side, with which to polish his flat-iron.

SENDING DELEGATES TO THE OHIO STATE BEE-
KEEPERS' CONVENTION.

A MOTION was carried at the Ohio State Conven-
tion, mentioned in another column, that we in\Tte,
through the columns of Gleanings, the county and
district bee-keepers' 'conventions to appoint and
send delegates to the State Convention to be held
at Columbus, about a year from date. The object
of this is to put the county and district associations
into direct communication with the State associa-
tion. We therefore eai-nestly request that the sec-
retaries will see that this matter is brought proper-
ly before their respective bodies, and that the mem-
bers may act upon it. We give you notice thus
early, that all arrangements may be completed in
time.

bee-keepers' price lists.
Our facilities lor turning out first-class price
lists and general job work were never 'more com-
plete than now. If you have any thing in this line,
write us for prices "and samples. Remember, we
have a very large stock of wood cuts, especially for
price-list work. The following have been printed
at this office: A 22-page price list, apiarian imple-
ments and bees and queens, for P .L.Viallon, Bayou
Gou la. La; a 4-page large-size list of bee-keepers'
supplies for J. D. Rusk, Milwaukee, Oregon. The
following have been sent to this office:

The first comes from C. M. Goodspeed, Thorn Hill. Onondaga
Co., N. v., Specialty, the leading papers and magazines; also
Italian bees and queens' raspberry and strawberrj' plants, al-
sike clover, poultry, etc.

A VERY neat 36-page circular has been sent us by .Tames Hed-
don, giving nice drawings of his new shallow hive, and much
impoHant and valuable matter on various subjects. He also
offers honey in attractive packages at very low prices.

A .'i4-page circular comes to hand from C. F. Muth &Son.
Specialties, honey and apiarian supplies.

From E. T. Flanigan, Belleville, III., an 8 page list of bees,
hives, fdn., small fruit, etc.

From G. W. Stanley. AVyoming. N. Y.. a 12-page list.

76

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

JAN.

gPECIjqii ]^0TICEg.

DISCOUNTS UNTIL FEBRUARY 1.

Remember, we allow 4 per cent discount on all
purchases of whatever nature, made between now
and the first of February.

SIMPLICITY HIVES.

We have been making some changes in our table
of prices; and while it does not affect the price of a
complete hive, we have been compelled to advance
the price of bodies only, without rims or covers.
Our boys have just made the discovery that we
have been selling bodies only, for less than cost.

MAPLE SYRUP.

In view of the crop soon to come, we offer the re-
mainder of the lot mentioned on page 1002, Dec. 15
issue, at 80 cts. per gallon, or 90 cts. with package in-
cluded to ship it in. The new crop will be in mar-
ket probably about March 1.

COPPER BATH-TUBS.

We have found the manufacturers of the copper
bath-tubs, referred to on page 884, Gleanings for
Dec. 1, and are prepared to furnish a tub of 10-oz.
copper, 5, 5'/2, or 6 ft. long, at an even $12.00, f. o. b.
in New York. The regular price is *13.75. They
are made in a neat wooden bo.x, ready for use, and
they can be set in the corner of your bath-room.
They are furnished with a brass plug in the bottom,
to let the water off.

THE ABBOTT HONEY-KNIFE.

We have just had a very pleasant visit from Mr.
T. F. Bingham himself, resulting in an arrange-
ment (paying him a royalty) in regard to the honey-
knife, whereby we can sell them as we proposed,
and have it satisfactory to all parties. We are sat-
isfied, after having carefully examined the steel in
friend Bingham's honey-knife, and in friend Ab-
bott's foreign copy of it, that the Bingham honey-
knife is greatly superior in the quality of steel.
The Abbott knife, however, is a very good one for
the money.

reduction IN THE PRICE OF HONEY-EXTRACTORS.

[n view of the close prices on almost all staples,
we have reduced the price of our Langstroth honey-
extractors to $6.00 instead of $7.00; and all sizes
from No. 1 to No. Swill be $6.00. All numbers above
5 have been correspondingly reduced. Send for new
price list. We have also "made an important re-
duction in circular-saw mandrels. Our $10.00 man-
drel for holding a gang of 9 saws is now reduced to
$7.50; the $6.50 mandrel to $5.00; the $4.00 mandrel
to $3.50; and the $2.50 mandrel to $2.25. Our man-
drels were never better made than now, and are the
same we are using every day in our wood-working
department.

PERFORATED ZINC TO DEALERS.

As perforated zinc is proving itself a necessity to
the best results in securing large crops of honey,
and as the perforations in the zinc of our make are
just right, according to the opinion of the Michigan
Bee Convention, we have determined to offer deal-
ers who advertise our zinc in their catalogues, a
special discount. Our prices are as follows: 1
sheet, 28X96 in. {18% sq. ft.), $1.50; 2 or more sheets,
5 per cent off; 10 or more sheets, 10 per cent off;
less than a sheet, 10 cts. per sq. ft. Ten honey-
boards, 14X19!8 for Simplicity or chaff hive, $1.50;
100 or more, 10 per cent off'; less than 10, 16 cts. each.
These honey-boards have a margin of unperforated
zinc all round, and have proven easier to remove
from the hive than those with a tin binding. Zinc
strips, % in. wide and 18 or 19U in. long, with one
row of holes, to be used in the slatted wood-and-
zinc honey-board, $1.00 per 100; 1000 or more, 10 per
cent off. To dealers who advertise our zinc we will
give a discount of 25 per cent, the same as we do on
extractors and metal corners. Write for prices on
odd sizes of honej'-boards. For 14 in. and under in
width, and 19J>« in. and under in length, in lots of 20
or more, the price will be the same as the regular
boards; but over those measurements the price will
be much higher, on account of waste.

HIVES IN THE FLAT.

We have revised our prices of Simplicity and
Portico hives in the flat. There is little if any
change in the prices of hives taken as a whole; but
where bodies or covers are taken alone there is a
marked change. We have also given prominence
to "Ten crates," as we call them, in the hope that
you will save yourself and us much trouble by
ordering regular packages instead of an odd num-
ber of hives. We have these regular packages all
put up ahead; and when you send us an order we
can very often get it off with more dispatch if you
order regular packages than if you order odd num-
bers of hives. Please read the following on page 18
of our price list, instead of the tables of prices of
hives in the flat given there. The cuts referred to
in the following, you will find on pages 17 and 18 of
our price list. If you have lost or mislaid your
pi-ice list, drop us a postal and we will send you an-
other.

SIMPLICITY HIVES IN THE FLAT (KNOCKED DOWN).

Also Portico Hives and a combination of the two.

See cuts on this and the preceding page. Hives
in the flat consist of the material all shaped, ready
to nail together. These include metal rabbets for
the frames to rest on, but nothing else— no frames,
sections, or inside furniture of any kind included
at these prices. For brood-frames, see page 14. For
sections and wide frames for holding the same, see
page 25; comb fdn., page 8, and enamel-cloth sheets,
page 10.

The Simp, hives are packed in what we call "Ten
crates;" i. e., 10 Simp, bodies, 5 covers, and 5 bot-
toms, are packed in a crate. This makes five 2-story
Simp, hives; but the bottoms and covers are made
just alike, and interchangeable, except that the
cover is a better board than the bottom, or has a
sheet of tin on it to prevent its leaking. Thus you
can use the bottoms for covers, making 10 one-
story hives by supplying home-made bottoms.

The bottom is used the same side up as the cover,
and stands on four half-bricks. The entrance is
made by sliding the hive forward a little on the bot-
tom-hoard. The alighting-board shown on page 3
is a valuable addition. With it the entrance can be
contracted or enlarged as necessity demands, in
different seasons of the year. Some prefer to
make their own bottoms, and want 10 all good cov-
ers in their "Ten crates," and no bottoms. Others,
again, prefer the '/i-story cover shown on the Por-
tico hive on this page.

Again, there are people that will have a hive with
the old-fashioned Langstroth portico, and a perma-
nent bottom-board, which the Simplicity hive has
not. There are some very good reasons for such
a preference, where hives are to be moved much;
as into the cellar and out, or when they are to be
shipped and sold. For these reasons and others, we
make and keep in stock the Portico hive shown
above. Some want the Portico hive for the lower
story and a Simp, upper story with flat cover, like
the one shown above. Others want Y^-dejiXh bodies
for tiering up. Others, still, want their hives made
of better lumber than that we ordinarily use,
which is No. 2 stock boards. We desire to meet
all these wants; and as a help to you as well as oui'-
selves, we have devised the following table, giving
the price of each piece in lots of 10.

Ten bodies must be taken to get the 10-rate, but 5
covers and 5 bottoms entitle you to 10-rate on each.
You may order any combination that suits your
taste and purpose, calling the articles wanted by
the names given in sm.\ll caps, and giving the
price.

TABLE OF PRICES.

Those who oi-der less than 10 must add one-flfth
to these prices to pay the extra expense of packing.

Price of 10 in flat.

SIMPLICITY BOTTOM-BO.\RDS - - - - - $1 00

" " WITH ALIGHTING-BOARD - - 1 50

SIMPLICITY COVBRS - - - - - - 2 00

J^-STORV COVERS - • - - - - - 2 50

K-DEPTH BODIES ■ - - - - - 2 00

SIMP. BODY, NO. 2 STOCK BOARDS - - - - 3 00

•■ •' 1 " '■ - . - 4 00

PORTICO HIVES, with permanent bottom, no fover - - 4 00

" " without the bottom ■ - - - 3 60

TEN CRATE NO. 1, Contains 10 Simp, bodies, 5 Simp, bottoms,
and 5 Simp, covers, malcing five 2-story hives, in flat. . .H 50

TEN CRATE NO. 2, contains 10 Simp, bodies and 10 Simp cov-
ers, no bottoms. Price of crate 6 00

TEN CRATE NO. 3, contains 10 Simp, bodies and 10 J^-story
covers, no bottoms. Price of crate 5 60

TEN CRATE NO. 4, contains 10 Portico hives, with perma-
nent bottom-board and ten }<j-story covers 6 50

By combining ten crate No . 2 ^nd 10 Portico hives, no cov-
ers, at $4.00, you get ten Portico hives with Simp, up-
per story • W

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

77

We can make any other combination you desire,
in the same way, because all are made interchange-
able.

■r8 ten crates detluct 0 per ct.
■ 10 •' " '• 7 " "

•20 '• •• '• 8 '• "

, 5^ .. ., .. 3 .. ..

For 100 ten crates you may litiliict 10 per cent.

Please order in regular pkgs. of 10 for even if you
don't need the extra ones at the time, you soon will.

COVERS.
There are some very great advantiyes in having a cover llat
on lop. and plain aiul simple, made ol a sinyie lioaril. like the
Simplicity cover. It can l>c used intcrcliantrealiiy as a boltoni-
board; it permits the hives t.i he iiiled np like scpiare biixes id
merchandise; they can be sliippid at less rates, because there
are no projections'and corners to be kieicked otr. etc. The di.s-
ad vantages are tliat it is too sh allow U>i- w interint,'. without an
upper story, or for a tier of surplus boxes; it u-ives little or no
chance for ventilation; it can not be r;iised with one hand easi-
ly. As one cover can nut well please everybody, and combine
all these advantages, we furnish the one shown above. This
cover is made with the thin roof-boaids screwed against the
under side of the ri(l!j;c-bi):ii-d, and the holes thus left in the
gable ends are covered with wiie clotli, ;inil serve as ventila-
tors. It is of sutticient <hptli to cover a .■r;ite of 28 1-lb. section
boxes, or a good-sized chatf cushion for wintering, and can
easily be raised w ilh one hand by the ridge-board, because, ex-
cept this ridge board, it is all made of K-inch stuff.

CHEAP! CHEAPER! CHEAPEST!
BEE-HIVES

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS, CKATES, SHIP-
PING - CASES, FDN., EXTRACTORS,
UNCAPPING-KNIVES, BEE-FEED-
ERS, WIRE NAILiS, AN1>
ITIETAL CORNERS.
Please send your Ordcig Early Before the Rush Comes.

243 4d B. J. MILLER 8c CO.,

Send for Price List. Nappanee, lud.

FREE. A Niagara vine free to all who purchase
vines to the am't of f2.(J0, up to March 1st. Cata-
logue of grapevines free.
24-l-2-3-4d L. L. Esenhower & Co., Reading, Pa.

BE^ SU RE

To send a postal card lor our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN KLr'S-'Sl! SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOWEST PRICES.

XTJL.XjXJi^3<T QTlTEEIsTS Ji^l>TT> BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2 tfd Hartford, Washington Co., W^is.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETATT/. See advertisemenl in another column.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. .I.Miller & Co.. Nappanee,
Ind,; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Frecburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Di.\on, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas: J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Phikideli)hia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Bai-ton, Forsgai-d & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Te.xas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown, Wis., and
numerous other dealers.

Write for sampleK free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Conipllnientary and unso-
licited testimoyiials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. (T'r guarantee every inch of emr foundation eqiiaJ
to xainplr i)i every respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

IX PAYS

To Order Goods Early.

Send in your name and get our new catalogue of
HIVES, SMOKEES, SECTIONS, COMB FOUNDATION, Sc, and
see our discounts on goods for January, 188T. I tell
you, it pays to order early. Address
24-l-2-3d R. B. LEAHY, Higginsville, Mo.

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOI! PRICES ON —

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

Ant) General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices. Good Work.
24-lldb

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price oc. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supiilv circular. 18tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Liun Co., Iowa.

A PIAR I ANi SUPPLIES

MANUFACTURED BY

W, T, FALCONER

JAMESTOWN, N, Y

Are unsurpassed for QUAEiITV and fine WORK.^.VNSHIP. A specialty made of all styles of the
SOIPliICITY HIVE. The "FALCON" CH.IFF HIVE with Movable Upper Story Continues to
Receive the Highest Recommendations as Regards its Superior Advantages for Wintering and Handling-
Bees at all Seasons. Also manufacturer of

ii

FALCON" BRAND FOUNDATION-

Will pav highest price offered in Glennings from month to month for Beeswar delivered at depot here.

DEALER IN A FUIiIi LIKJE OF BEE-KEEFERS' SUFFLXES.

Four per cent discount in January. ""^^^ '''*\VAYo''gi e^fok iss? free.

78

gLeakings In bee culture.

Jan.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 6 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange for good horses
and mules, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

1HAVE about 5 lbs. of spider-plant seed. I will
exchange the same for different kinds of flower-
seed or plants of any sort that are useful and or-
namental. J. W. Ross.
23-24-l-2d Phair, Brazoria Co., Texas.

WANTED.— A foundation-mill, or offers, for a
flrst-class incubator — been used three seasons.
33tfdb D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock of all
kinds (evergreens a specialty) for pure Italian
bees, queeus, 2 or 3 frame nuclei, fdn., apiary sup-
plies of all kinds, seedling basswood-trees, a trio of
White Leghorn fowls, alsike clover seed. When
making inquiries, please give price of your goods.
My price list free on application. R. A. Lewis,
Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED to exchange or sell, a Given fdn. press,
3 tanks, and M doz. dipping-boards.
Itfdb J. Swallow, 2816 Mo. Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED to exchange, S. B. Leghorns and S. S.
Hamburg cocks for comb foundation.
l-2d L. C. Calvert, Poplar Flat, Lewis Co., Ky.

WANTED.— To exchange a " Big Giant" Chopper,
nearly new, for bees or apiarian supplies, a
foundation mill, or an incubator, or any full-blooded
stock of any kind. John Kerr, 2d

Greensburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange McLoughlin type-writer,
almost new, for a good wax-extractor, or of-
fers. W. S. POUDER,
2d ^ Groesbeck, Ohio.

WANTED.— Barnes scroll and circular saw; a
honey-extractor, or offers, for a Challenge or
an American incubator. Both in good condition
(200 eggs), and used but one season. We shall here-
after use a larger one. Illinois, Indiana, Pennsyl-
vania, or Ohio exchanges preferred. Address
2d J. J. ruLTZ,'"Mt. Vernon, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange a good Excelsior ex-
tractor, uncapping-can, honey-knife, a lot of
Simplicity hives, brood-frames, etc., for comb honey
at 5c per lb., delivered here. Address 2d

A. M. Morrill, Box 473, Ft. Scott, Kansas.

WANTED.— To exchange for a self-inking print-
ing-press (not less than 10X12-inch chase), or
offers, one German-silver B-flat cornet, used but
little, one novelty printing-press, 614 x 10 inch, and a
lot of Simplicity bee-hives. Address 2-3d

Cyrus McQueen, Baltic, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange chaff hives or surplus
crates for bees next spring. Illustrated price
list on application. Geo. E. Hilton,

2-3-4-.'J-6d Fremont, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange a double-barrel breech-
loading shotgun, cost $.5.5.00, used two years,
for a Barnes foot-power saw. Must be in good or-
der as new. C. E. Price,
2d Smithtown Branch, Suffolk Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange one farm wagon, new
Dand complete, made Fby the Harrison Wagon-
Works, Grand Rapids, Mich., for bees. Address

P"JoHN Cadwallader, North Indianapolis, Ind.
2-3-4d

WANTED.— To exchange pure Italian bees for
supplies or chaff hives in flat. Make offers.
For particulars, address S. F. Reed,
2- tfd N. Dorchester, N.:H.

WANTED.— To exchange for queens in July or
Vl Aug., 60 two-qt. and 30 one-qt. raised-top tin
P&ils. C. B. Thwing, Evanston, 111. 2d

ALSIKE seed for 30 days, at $6.50 per bushel, pure
and clean. C. M. Ooodspeed, Thorn Hill, N. T.

MddonW

— ISST —

CIECULAE

NOW READY.

ADDRESS JAMES HEDDON,
la DQWACIIAC, MICH.

PDI|Dfll)TE(S I) THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 33tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.
FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3db

ON 30 DAYS' TROALo

T H I S N E W

lELASTIO TRUSS

'Has a I'ad ditterent from ajl
others, is cup shape, with Self-
adjusting Ball in center,adaptj ,
itself to all pesitions of the
body while the ball in the cup

* presses back the intes-
tines just as a person

does with the finger. With lightpressure tlieHei
nia is held securely *iy and nifrht, and a radical cure
certain. It is easv, durable and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. ■ EtiGLESTON TRCS9 CO., Chicago, Ul.

DADAKT'S FOU^SATIOK FACtOB7, WHOLESALE and SETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

8;^

Contents of this Number.

Advertisintj, Hints on 91

Alsike for the South 99

Alslke for Pasture 103

Alsike, Value of 85

Apiary near Water 103

Bee, Appeal to 101

Benson's Letter 107

Chapni.xn I'lant 104

Chirk Siiioktr, Cleaning 110

Comb Without Filn 97

Couiniittoe oil Estimates... 90

Convention at Albany 108

Conventional Columbus... 87

Doolittle at Work 101

Kditorials Ill

Feeders, Doolittle's 94

Feeders, To Use 95

Foundation or Not 99

Foundation and Fo)il BroodlOl

Foundation, Non-use 93

Heads of Grain 99

Hard Maple and Honey ..102

Honey from Willow 96

Honey as a .Staple 91

Honey-cupboard 101

Honey sack, to Empty 99

Honey, Extracted 96

Honey, Profits on 100

Honey, Cost of 102

Honey, Peddling 93

Israel's Report 90

Kind Words 113

Martin's Exhibit 88

Martin's Chromo 112

Milk Paint 102

Missouri 101

Moth, Removing 103

Notes and Queries J03

Our Own Ajnar.y 110

Paint. Milk 102

Queens, Delivery of 100

Queens, Introducing 103

Reports Discouraging 101

Sabbath, Plea for 100

Saws, ISarius 103. 104

Sections, Width of 8,5

Seed to Plant 112

Separators, Omitting 103

Solar Wax-Extractor 90

Special Notices 112

Stamps, Licking 103

Subsc. for Gleanings Ill

Sunlight and Moths 103

Super, Miller's T 85

Sweet Clover a Tree 102

Teasels 92

Thomas Horn Ill

Ventilator.s 110

Warming Houses 97

Willows 96

Wint'g. Tenement Plan 103

Wire for Separators 104

Who Shall be Greatest Ill

Wheat or Oat Chaff 110

A^WHITE^GRAPEYINE4-FREE*T0^ALL.

For this month only. Send 10c. to pay postage.
Catalogue free. L. L. ESENHOWER & CO.,

3-4d. Reading, Pa.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb. ; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 4.5c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and 20c. per lb. lo;{. discount on all orders received
before the 15th of April.

3-tfdb

Sil2^PZ.SS FREE.

F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

Send for my new and enlarged Price List for 1887,
now ready, of

APIAEIAIT SUPPLIES,

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS.

All untested queens warranted purely mated. Al-
so three varieties of

HIGH-CLASS POULTRY.

3d. C. M. DIXON, Parrish, 111.

1 am now ready to take orders for

Basswood and Hard-Maple Trees

AND RASPBERRY-PLANTS.

Please write lor prices. Address H. WIRTH,
3-5d. Borodino, Onon. Co., N. Y.

-A complete apiary of 140 colo-
onies of fine premium bees in a
iiever-failiug locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first premium at
the late St. Louis Fair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once, L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111. M

1^ 1 < M < KEEPERS' GUIDE, Memoranda, and lUus-
^^XdXd trated catalogue, for 188T, FREE. Reduc-

FOR SALE.

ed prices.

Address JOS. NYSEWANDEE, Des Moines, Iowa.
3tfdb

For Sale,

exchange for Western land, 90
colonies of bees and apiarian fix-
tures, siUHcicnt to increase colonies to 100 double
hives— Simplicity hives. An excellent opportunity
for a live apiarian. Plenty of white clover and bass-
wood, besides abundance of fruit-bloom. Inventory
sent on application. Must be sold soon.
3d Address S. W. LAKIN. Eureka, 111.

DASAKT'S FOUHIIATIOK FACT0B7, WHOLESALE andSETAIL.
See advertisement in another column . 3tfbd

200 COLONIES OF

GiioiGG Italian & lii Bbcs

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. COITtB
FOUNDATION from cboice >«elect yellowr
beeswax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 37th Annual Catalogue
before purchasing.

3tfdb ^''"^'^ WM. W. GARY,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

MAKE YOUR

-iPRICE LIST STICK.i-

Common circulars are often thrown away with
only a passing thought, and soon forgotten. But
our beautiful, instructive, amusing

-|hCHR0M04^CARD#-

Will stick. When the articles upon it are explain-
ed, the story will be repeated many times. Bees,
flowers, children, implements, brilliantly

PRINTED IN EIGHT COLORS.

Give it to a customer for honey or supplies, and
you will not be forgotten.

Sample package, 10 cts. One sample and price
list of cards, queens, foundation, and other things
useful, sent free. Address J. H. MARTIN,
3-8db. Hartford, Wash Co., N. Y.

FOUR-PIECE ONE-POUND DOVETAILED

SECTI03:TS,

Smoothed on one side, made of white basswood,

*2.2.5 per 1000. Sample free. M. A. LOHR,

3d. Vermontvllle, Eaton Co., Mich.

SAMPLES FREE.

OF MY ONE-PIECE

V-Groove Basswood. Section.

They are splendid, and I sell them for from $2.50
to $.3.75 per 1000. I keep a full line of supplies, which
I sell at bottom prices. Address EZRA BAER,
3tfd Dixon, Lee Co., 111.

In this Glorious Eve of the 19th
Century, the watchword is

«<"EUER.ONWARD.">o

I BELIEVE

-HcNO BEE-HIVE3}e^

Now before the public contains as many practical
points for the profitable production of honej* as

Shirley's ContractilDle Hive.

It admits of the use of from 1 to 10 frames, without
extra fixtures. The most complete reversible
frames, etc. Price S2.1X). Satisfaction guaranteed,
or money refunded. For further information, ad-
dress W. H. SHIRLEY,
3-4-.5-6-7-8d. Mill Grove, Allegan Co., Mich.

84

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

J*EB.

pe^EY C@MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Honey.— Since Christmas the comb-
honey market has been very inactive, and sales
slow; but it has shown more life the past week.
Stock of comb on this market is large, and prices
rule accordingly. We quote as follows:

White, 1-lb. sections, 10® 12; white, 3-lb. sections,
9@10: off grades l@3c per lb. less. Buckwheat, 1-lb.
sections, 8@8V4 ; same in 2-lb. sections, l&'ili; Cal-
ifornia extracted, 5@5i4. Buckwheat, extracted,

4®4»/4. MCCaUL & HiLDRETH BROS.,

Jan. 21. 34 Hudson St., Cor. Duane St., New York.

Philadelphia. — Honey.— Dull and neglected.
Fancy white clover, in glass sections, 13c; same,
fair to good, 1-lb. and 3-lb., fair to fancy, 10@11.
Buckwheat, 8@10 as to quality, etc.

Bees loai;.— Good demand, and firm. White choice,
S7@28; yellow choice, 23(5)24 ; yellow dark, 20@22.

Jan. 22, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths,

242 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cincinnati.— Honey.— There is no change worthy
of note since our last. Demand is slow for comb
honey and extracted honey in square glass jars,
since Christmas; but our sales to manufacturers
are very satisfactory for the last two weeks. We
quote choice comb honey, 12@15c in a jobbing way.
Occasional concessions have to be made, however,
to effect sales. Extracted honey, 4@7 on arrival,
according to quality.

Beeswax is in good jobbing demand, and brings
20@22c for good to choice on arrival.

Jan. 22, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago. — Ho?i6y.— Honey sells slowly in a single-
case way from the commission merchants' hands.
Choice to fancy white, one-pound sections 12rt'j]3c
Good in one-pound sections - - - 10@llc
Dark in " " - . - . 7(r/ 8c

Extracted, white clover, - . . . gc

" dark, 4@5c

Beeswax, 23@25. R. A. Burnett,

Jan. 21. 1887. 161 So Water St., Chicago, III.

Detroit.— Honey.— The supply of comb honey
still continues large, with no change in prices since
last quotations. Considerable old honey will be
carried over until another season. Beeswax, firm
at 23c. M.H.Hunt,

Jan. 23, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

St. Louis.— Honey.— There has been no improve-
ment in the honey market since our last report.
Chice white-clover honey in 1-lb. sections, ]2@13.
Good fair stock, 10(a>ll. Extracted, tin cans, 5(gi6c ;
bbls., 4®4;i. California comb in sections, 10(5ill.
White sage, extracted, i^W^Vi- In cans and bbls.,
4@4Hc.

Beeswax. — In good demand; as it runs, 21(S.22c.
Selected yellow, 24(5i2.5. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Jan. 22, 1887. 108 and 110 Market St.

Milwaukee.— Honey.— Honey is in good supply,
and the demand is not very active. I think that
lower values will necessarily be accepted, to sell.
Present quotations are, for white 1-lb. sections,
12@12y3; white 2-lb. sections, 11@12. Dark not
wanted. Extracted, white, in bbls. and kegs, 6@6'/2 ;
extracted, white, in small packages, 7@8; dark in
barrels and kegs, .5@6',4. Beeswax.— 2rtc.

Jan. 19, 1887. A. V. Bishop,

142 W. Water Street.

New York.— HoTiej/.— There seems to be a slight
improvement in our honey market, and we notice a
better demand for the past two weeks. The finer
grades of white comb honey are getting scarce, yet
we have a large stock of the lower grades of white
and buckwheat on hand, and in jobbing lots we are
obliged to shade prices in order to make sales. Cal-
ifornia extracted is in good demand at .")@.5J4C.

Beeswax.— Light receipts and limited demand
21@23, according to quality.

Jan. 22, 1887. Thurber, Whyland & Co.,

Reade and Hudson Sts., New York.

Cleveland. — Honey. — There is no material
change in the market. Sales are very slow, demand
light, but prices unchanged. Best white 1-lb. sell at
13; dark 1-lb., 10. Best white, 2-lbs., 11®12. Extract-
ed is dull at 6c. Beeswax, 3.'5c. A. C. Kendel,

Jan. 21, 1887. 116 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The demand is light, and
stocks of all grades are large.

1-lb. white clover, 12

1-lb. dark 8@10

2-lb. white clover, 10@11

2-lb. dark, - - 7@9

Extracted, white clover, 6; dark, 4@5; white sage,
5(5i.5'/2 ; amber, 4;4@5. Beeswax, 20@23.

Jan. 23, 1887. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth and Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

For Sale.— 2000 lbs. best clover honey in Boot's
" raised-covcr pails." One set, SOVj lbs., 12.50; 1 set,
122 lbs.. $9.35. Boxed, they ship same as bbls.

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

For Sale.— 1 bbl. of 5.50 lbs. net, and 5 kegs of 115
lbs. net each, all of which is No. 1 white-clover
hoaey, well ripened. Will take 6i-4c per lb. for bbl.
and 7c for kegs. Sample sent for 2-cent stamp.
R. J. Barber, 818 E. Washington St.,

Bloomington, 111.

For Sale.— I have 10 bbls. of choice clover honey
on hand yet; will take tic at depot here.

H. W. Funk, Box 11.56, Bloomington, 111.

For Sale —1.50 lbs. of goldenrod honey at 13c per
lb., and the purchaser to pay Root's price for cases.
I will deliver it on board cars at Grand Junction,
Mich. C. H. Martin, Lee, Allegan Co., Mich.

For Sale. -Eight 48-lb. crates of white-clover
comb honey, in 1-lb. sections. Crates and all de-
livered at depot tor an even $5.00 apiece.

G. S. Pox, Mitchellville, Polk Co., Iowa.

For Sale.— 2500 lbs. of buckwheat honey, for 5i4c
per lb. It is in V2 bbls. J. H. Martin,

Hartford, N. Y.

For Sale.— Three new oaken eight-iron-hooped
barrels of white-clover honey, at 7^20 per lb., de-
livered on board of cars here. Weight of each,
.590 lbs. Gross weight of barrel, 60 lbs. Net, about
530 lbs. Honej' is solid candied, and very fine and
white. A. L. Klar, Pana, Christian Co., 111.

Boston.— Honey.— Honey la selling a little slow,
and no change in price. Blakb & Ripley,

Jan. 21, 1887. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

CHEAP ENOUGH!

JUST THINK OF IT!

Jl Complete 2 -Story Langs troth Hive
in the Flat, for 80 cts.

We have a large stock of the above that has sold
heretofore for $1.25 per hive. In order to reduce
the stock we will sell them for 80 cts. per hive. They
take the L. frame, 9iaX17?8, and are made of No. 1
pine. Write for delivered prices.

Jtenit'iiiher, we are offei'ing great inducements to
dealers and large consumers on our one-piece sec-
tions. Price list of supplies free.

3tfd

SM/TH <S SM/m

KENTON, OHIO.

AUTOMATIC HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

The only self-reversing honey-extractor known.

The Automatic took all of the honors, and had a
lively sale, at Albany, during the convention just
held! Send in your orders early, before the rush of
spring trade. Send for new cii'cular and list of tes-
timonials from those who have used the machine.

Address at once, C.W.STANLEY,

3d Wyoming, N. Y.

Vol. XV.

FEB. 1, 1887.

No. 3.

TERMS : $1.00 Per ANNUM, IN ADVANCK-,] J? i}+ riJ-.! -J n'L n rl i Tl 1 ^ T '^

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single mim-
ber, 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be
made at club rates. Above are all
be sent to one postoffick.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLT BT

\A.L ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

f Clubs to different postofBces. not less
than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

.1 U. S. and Caiiadas. To all other coun-

1 tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries

L NOT Of the U. P. U., 12 cts. per year extra.

DK. MILLER'S "T" SUPER, AND ITS USE.

DISCU.^SED BY TWO OF OUK LARQK HONKY-
PRODUCER8.

R. EDITOR:— I inclose herewith a letter from
one of the veterans, M. M. Baldridge. I
think so interesting a letter should be giv-
en to the fraternity at large, and for their
benefit I will also append my reply.

C. C. MlI^LER.

Friend Miller:— The "spirit" moves me to
write you a few lines about your " Year Among the
Bees." I have read the book through recently, and
some parts of it two or more times. Many things
you say interest me exceedingly; and let me sa3'
hci-e, but not by way of flattery, that you have writ-
ten a very good work on bees. I have also read with
especial interest what you say about the J. super.
1 have made them since 1883, but not exactly as de-
scribed by you. 1 use uo iron pieces nor loose J.
tins. I siniply saw through each side-piece 3 times,
and then insert the wide edge of the tins, and drive
two =8 wire nails through both sides of each end.
This holds the tins ill place at all times. But you
have the upright edge of tins only '4 inch deep, and
find =8 Uut deep, as it holds the separator too high. I
have not used the super enough to know how that
is; but others tell me that the separator needs to be
on\y 'Z^'i inches wide, when of tin, for the iKi-inch
section; that is, a sheet of tin, 14 by 20, will make 5
separators, quite wide enough for the pound sec-
tion; therefore for the nailed section I get the tins
out 1 inch wide, and have the upright part % inch
high, as the top and bottom pieces of the section are
% inch thick. This gives an open space of i4 inch
at both top and bottom.

I also notice, that, with the J_ super, you prefer
wood separators to any other material. Now, I wish
you to tell me where you get the wood separators
you use; what is their exact width, also thickness,
for 16 sections, and what do they cost per 1000 ?

THE WIDTH OF SECTIONS.

I see also that you prefer two widths for sections.

I rather think I should prefer one width (IJi inch),
and use separators between all, as I have no troulile
to make bees go to work in them at will when in
right condition. I like the slatted honey-board very
much. I can, however, keep the queen, or brood
and bee-bread, out of the sections, even when none
is used. But how to do it is the " secret," and is
known only to a few.

REPORT.

I have been up in Wisconsin the past season, keep-
ing bees on shares, and i-eturned only a few weeks
ago. I had 178 hives in May to begin with— 150 good
ones, but the rest were weak. I closed the season
with 230 good ones and 11,000 9>s. of honey— 8(t00 ft)s.
being in the comb, in Muth's sections, holding IVJ
lbs. each. These VA-fb. sections were on hand when
1 went up there, in May last, and so I used them;
but hereafter 1 shall use nothing but 1-lb. sections.
Our hives in Wisconsin had 3 boxes each, holding
10 sections each, with no honey-board. We took 10
full boxes from some hives, and should have taken
1.') to 20 thousand pounds of comb honey from all, if T
had found things there as represented.

THE VALUE OF ALSIKE.

1 had a deal of honey from alsike. The present
owners of the bees sowed 90 acres of alsike, in Sep-
tember, by my directions, and I rather think they
will have "lots" of honey next year. Alsike is the
best honey-plant, all things considered, I know of;
and when folks learn how to raise it properly they
will quit fooling with other plants. Marvin has a
"heap" of alsike growing a few miles west of this
city, all secured by following my directions. There
should be a thousand acres— yes, 10,000 acres— of it
in the U. S. where there is but one now. 1 saw Mar-
vin a few days ago. He says he would have had but
little honey this year had it not been for alsike.

By the by, as you must have seen Betsinger's
wire-cloth separators at Indianapolis, what do you
think of the idea, when expense and all things are
duly considered? Why would it it not be a good idea
to have one-fourth-inch holes made through the
wood separators, the same as open bottoms for

86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURK.

Feb.

chairs ? Still, this may be ot little consequence, as
1 can/orce all the honey up stairs at will, anyway.
With the Muth box it would be too much bother to
use separators. I can g-et very good combs without
separators; still, I think it will pay me to use them
hereafter. Again, I have by no means given up the
idea that moving bees in car lots from South to
North, in the spring, and back again in the tall, is a
paying project; nor shall I abandon the idea until
the matter has been properly tried. No one has
ever yet tried the plan properly. I have now 1.50
hives at Yazoo City, Miss., which I intend to have
filled with bees next spring. In May I shall move
them up here somewhere for the white-honey crop.
The latter part of July I shall take them to Wiscon-
sin, where there is plenty to do on buckwheat and
goldenrod during August and September. By this
means I should secure 3 good honey crops in one
season. What T shall do with the bees at the close
of the season in October I do not know yet.

My hives at Yazoo City have two stories, with 10
frames in each— only 7 inches deep inside of frames.
When ready for box honey I use but one set of
frames, and use the top sets for new swarms or ex-
tracting. The hives were got up expressly for ship-
ping bees from South to North and back again each
year, so you see T have had plenty of faith in the
project, and still have. The cost of getting a car-
load of bees from Yazoo City or New Orleans to
Chicago is about SlOO; and as 200 stocks in 7-inch
hives can be safely brought up in one car, the cost,
you see, is only 50 cts. per colony, or S51.00 both
ways, there being no danger of any loss down South
during winter; and the bees being able to double
their number of colonies, or to gather a good crop
of honey before May. I can see no good reason why
they should not, while South, pay the entire expense
of shipping both ways.

George Grimm has left our ranks. He writes me
that the bee-business does not pay well enough to
suit him, and is practicing law, having a good busi-
ness. T am told that he was elected to the Legisla-
tui-e this month. M. M. Bai.dkidge.

St. Charles, Ills., Nov. liS. 1S86.

DR. MIDLER'S REPIjY T(J MH. BALDRIDGE.

Your plan of making J. supers has advantages
and disadvantages. It is no more work than my way,
possibly less; it has the convenience of having the
tins always in the right place in the supers, without
the trouble of placing them ever3' time and having
them slip out of place, sometimes when putting sec-
tions In the super. The loose tins on the other hand,
as I use them, admit of taking out the whole super
full of sections CO Hio.'^sr, and I can hardly imagine
any way by which the sections can so easily be taken
out with the fixed tins. Moreover, in putting the
sections in the supers with loose tins, the tins ad-
just themselves to their places; and when the whole
super is filled, the tins can not fail to be in exactly
the right place. ]f the tins are fixed, it will require
very exact workmanship to make the spaces be-
tween the tins exactly the same in every case.

You say, " Others tell me that the separator needs
to be only %% inches wide, when of tin, for the 4J4,-
inch section." I hardly believe it can make any dif-
ference as to width, whether the separator be of
wood or of tin. In actual practice, I have found ex-
actly the same difficulty with each, when too nar-
row. Whoever found 2i?4 inches sufficient, can hard-
ly have a very extended experience, or else must
have had such careful management that separators
might have been dispensed with altogether. Now,
we know that some succeed quite well without sep-
arators; and in case where two sections are built
perfectly true without a separator between them,
I think the intervention of a separator M'ould make
no difference, whether 2 or 4 inches wide. What I
want a separator for is to force the bees, under any
and all circumstances, to build the combs in sections
so true that there will not be the least difficulty in
packing. With the separator coming within Vi inch
of the top or bottom of the section, this is accom-

plished; but an eighth of an inch more than this
gives different results. You see, that ]» inch differ-
ence makes just one-third more open space than if
'/2 inch is allowed, for the wood of the section occu-
pies ^8 inch, leaving ^g-inch open space. When this
?8-inch open space is allowed, you can count on an
unpleasant number of sections being built so as to
project under the separator wherever a section has
progressed much in advance of its neighbor, or in
any case when work is going on very slowly. If the
little projection were all, it would be a matter of
less consequence; but this projection is pretty sure
to be attached to the separator, and, when detach-
ed, the section " bleeds," and this has occurred with
me. equally with wood or tin. So, for the 4^4X4^4
sections I want S'j-inch separators, so placed as to
make the space alike at top and bottom. Wood sep-
arators of this width I get of poplar wood from the
Berlin Fruit-Box Co.

I think, if you look again, you will not find that I
prefer two widths lor sections. On page 43 I say,
" I have used a mixed arrangement with some de-
gree of satisfaction," but I have more satisfaction
in using only one kind.

I do not use the slatted honey-board to keep the
queen out of sections, as I had no trouble in that
direction before I used the slatted honey-board.
Its great value is in preventing the bees from build-
ing bridges of comb between the brood-frames and
the sections.

I believe alsike to be a valuable plant; but I have
qwit fooling with it, because I have found too great
difficulty in getting a good stand. Probably better
knowledge on my part would secure better results.
Jt is open to the objection, that, with ordinary treat-
ment, it blooms at the same time as white clover.
Still, I am glad to see that some of the farmers about
me are beginning to " fool " with it, and I shall be
glad if they are more successful with it than I have
been.

Without having tried them, the Betsinger sepa-
rators strike me as a good thing, if not too expen-
sive. I do not know what it costs to get them up.
If the material is not so expensive as to prohibit their
use, by manufacturing in large quantities he could
make them so as to sell for less than any one else
could get them up in small quantities, and still
make a nice sum.

Your South-and-North project will be looked upon
with much interest; and if you make a success of it
I think you may claim to be the pioneer among the
successful ones, for I take it that others will follow
if you succeed. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

In regard to the widtli of separators, I
think I am prepared to say, from actual ex-
periment, that 21 inches "will not answer
for the Simplicity section. As 14 inches is
the common width of tin plates, we are in
the habit of dividing this 14 inches into 4
parts, giving a separator 81 inches in width.
Now, it is possible that something a little
narrower would be safe, and it may be well
to go over this matter again, especially if we
are going to use the exceedingly expensive
material, wire cloth. Friend Betsinger said,
at the Albany Convention, that 8 cents per
square foot was as low as it could be fur-
nished ; and, if I am correct, he charges the
same, whether a large or small quantity is
used. The same kind of wire cloth has been
in our price list for some time, for use in

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

87

carp ponds, drying fruit, etc.; and we find
the price he has fixed is about as low as it
can be figured. It is possible, however,
that, if the manufacturers could be given a
very large order, to be worked at their lei-
sure, a little better figure might be obtained.
We will ascertain in regard to the miitter.

THE OHIO STATE BEE-KEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION.

HELD AT COLUMBUS, O., JAN. 11, 12, 13, 1887.

fHE meeting was a very interesting one, con-
sidering the small attendance, which was
owing to the neglect of one of the officers
in not giving proper announcement before-
hand.

FIRST DAY.

On account of the small number present, an in-
formal meeting was held.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

Convention called to order with Dr. H. Besse in
the chair. Minutes of previous meeting were read
and approved. Treasurer's report i-eceived. The elec-
tion of officers, being next in order, resulted as
follows: Pres., Ernest R. Root, of Medina, Medina
Co. ; Sec. and Treas., Frank A. Eaton, of Bluffton,
Allen Co. Other matters of business having been
disposed of, by request of the association Pres.
Root gave a talk on foul brood as it appeared in
the " Home of the Honey-Bees." In brief, the ad-
dress was as follows: The disease first broke out
about the first of last July. He was not cei-tain as
to how it originated, but thought it was started by
robber bees gaining access to a few kegs of honey
which had been purchased some time before. The
incipiency of the disease was difficult to describe.
A few afl:'ected cells appear in its early stages, and
the larvae have a light coffee color; as the disease
advances, the larva changes to a darker coffee col-
or, like the coffee-berry, and finally dries up in one
side of the cell. If a toothpick be inserted into an
affected cell in its first stages, the diseased matter
will adhere, forming a sort of string. The speaker
stated, that during the past , season they had had
sixty cases. Each, as soon as discovered, was
treated as follows: All the combs of the affected
hives, after the bees were shaken off into a clean
new hive, were consigned to the boiler- furnace.
He thought it cheaper to give the bees a set of new
clean frames filled with foundation, than to ex-
tract the old diseased combs, render out the wax,
and boil the frames for use again. The diseased
hives were then scalded out with steam. He was
not sure hut that the disease might appear again
the coming year, but in no colonies so treated did
the disease reappear.

After the speaker closed. Dr. Besse said he did
not think it necessary to go to the great waste or
expense of burning up the frames, combs, and
honey. Why not extract the honey, render the
wax, and boil the frames, and in that way save
that which would otherwise be wasted?

Pres. Root thought there would be a good deal of
risk attending such a practice— that robbers might
gain access to the diseased honey and wax, while
80 working.

In this connection the advisability of purchasing
honey to feed, instead of sugar, was opened for
discussion. It was argued, that, as the former

might contain the germs of foul brood, it were
better to feed sugar.

Mr. Goodrich.— Feed your own honey that you
know is all right.

Secretary.— Suppose you haven't any honey to
feed?

Dr. Besse.— Purchase your honey, and boil it.
If 213° will kill the germs, I can see no danger.

Mr. Cole.— I think the practice of buying sugar to
feed, is damaging to our trade. When people see
you buying sugar they won't believe but that you
intend putting it upon the market again in the
form of honey.

After further discussion, in which the members
of the convention were divided in their opinions,
the convention adjourned till 1 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The convention was called to order, with Pres.
Root in the chair. A list of questions was handed
in by S. R. Morris, and discussed in the following
order:

1. How should a house be constructed to keep
honey best, both in winter and summer?

Dr. Besse.— I keep it best in a dry house that does
not reach either extreme of hot or cold.

Secretary.— Keep it in a honey-house that gets
quite warm in summer and fall, then remove to
some room in the house where the temperature
does not go down to freezing.

E. Cole. —Do not keep it— sell it.

2. Is comb honey injured or made unsalable by
freezing?

After some discussion it was generally agreed
that the quality .was not injured by freezing, but
the combs are cracked by freezing, and thawing
would cause the honey to drip.

3. Which is the best mode to control or prevent
Swarming?

J. W. Newlove.— I use single-tier crates, and give
the bees plenty of room by tiering up. Put a crate
upon the hive about ten days before the honey-
flow starts. When the bees are thoroughly at
work, and have filled the sections about half, raise
the crate and put under it an empty one, and so on,
gi\ing plenty lof room. 1 recommend this plan
to my customers who are farmers. I find by this
plan that bees seldom swarm.

Secretary.— It is an easy matter to control
swarming when running for extracted honey, as
a liberal use of the extractor will greatly control ;
but the difficuIty;conie8 in when working for comb
honey. I have practiced, very successfully, ex-
tracting from the side combs^in brood-chamber,
placing them in the center. If the colony is very
populous, remove one comb, placing an empty
frame with but a starter in the center, thereby
giving the queen plenty of room, at the same time
putting on one tier of sections, then tiering up as
fast as the honey-flow will warrant.

4. Will the drone progeny of an Italian queen
be pure Italian, provided she mated with a hybrid
drone?

No one present had any occasion to doubt the
well-founded principles of | Dzierzon and other
writersion thistsubject.

5. Which is most profitable- to give a newjs'warm
full frames of foundation, or>lonly starters?

Dr. Besse.— I use starters only,
Pres. Root gave W. Z. Hutchinson's plan.
J. G. Ricketts said that Mrs. Jennie Culp used
full sheets, and much preferred them.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Feb.

MORNING SESSION— THIRD DAY.

After the convention was called to order by the
President, C. B. Jones g-ave a very interesting ad-
dress on the production of fine comb honey. His
address was, in brief as follows: I do not want a
colony too strong- with bees. I prefer 6 or 7 frames
only. Don't put the sections on too early; wait un-
til white clover is fairly started; give starters only,
in sections, placing the sections the same way as
the frames. I recommend removing the sections
early. I do not aim to secure the most honey, but
the best looking and most salable.

N. Hutches.— Does it pay to feed back partly filled
sections, to finish others with ?

It was not considered profitable.

Pres. Root gave a detailed description of the Hed-
don hive, its management, and its good and bad
features. There was considerable discussion on the
same, the majority not favoring it.

Mrs. Gulp expressed herself somewhat as follows:
I do not think it profitable to change an apiary of
40 or 60 colonies for any new improvements in
hives, discarding old ones.

To show what could be done with the old L. hives
and fixtures, she gave an Interesting account of her
management of an apiary, how she handled an
apiary of 40 colonies without help. She uses a mod-
ification of the L. hive, and keeps her queens' wings
clipped. Her report for the past season was 5600
lbs. of comb honey, for which she received 18 cts.
per H). ; 2400 ft>s. of extracted, at 15 cts. Her bees are
hybrids. She prefers them for honey to any others.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

After the convention was called to order, the sub-
ject of honey adulteration was opened for discussion.

Mr. Nathan Hutches. — A young man of polished
manners— a college graduate, as he said— informed
me that he had seen, in the city of New York, comb
honey manufactured; that he had seen them make
the comb, fill it with the abominable stuff, and cap
it over with thin wax by means of a " rocking con-
cern."

President.— Didn't the fellow see them fastening
foundation into wired frames with a foundation-
fastener ?

Mr. Hutches.— No, sir. He appeared to be a
straightforward sort of fellow. He said he had no
object one way or the other in stating these facts.
Mr. Earle Cllckinger heard the same storj'.

When the latter gentleman, a honey commission-
merchant, was called upon, he verified what the
previous speaker had said. He stated that he be-
lieved that the young man who had given these
facts was still in the city. Upon motion of the con-
vention, Mr. Hutches was instructed to call upon
the fellow at his place of business, bring him to ihe
convention rooms, and let him tell his story. After
a lapse of.a short time, Mr. H. returned and report-
ed to the convention that the college fellow had
"gone west." The convention then instructed Mr.
H., that, if he ever saw the polished young man
again, to inform him of A. I. Root's offer of $1000 to
any one who should prove that comb honey could
be manufactured.

C. E. Jones.— I think that comb honey is often
taken for adulterated when it is made of honey-dew,
or some kind not usually gathered.

After further discussing this matter, the follow-
ing question was propounded: Does the queen de-
termine the>ex of her progeny at will ?

Mr. Miller.^I have been taught, that the sex of

the bee is determined by compression, owing to the
size of the cell.

C. B. Jones.— I think she has the free power of de-
terming the sex.

Secretary.— I have seen the queen lay eggs In
queen-cells only slightly started; also in foundation
that was-not drawn out more than ^g of an inch.
How does the compression theory account for this ?

Mr. J. L. Mock gave a new use of wide frames for
division-boards. Nail thin boards on each side, fill-
ing the space with dry sawdust, forest-leaves, or
some light material. They are good for winter or
summer use.

As many were desirous of getting off. on the after-
noon train, the convention proceeded to matters of
business. It was moved and seconded that a com-
mittee of one be appointed to prepare a question-
box for next meeting. The chair appointed S. R.
Morris. The committee on exhibits reported as fol-
lows: Frank A. Eaton, section case and skeleton
honey-board combined, adapted to the tierlng-up
system, and removing sections with ease. Mr. Earl
Cllckinger exhibited a section crate, a case of fine
comb honey; jars of extracted honey; Bingham
smoker and honey-knife and Eaton feeder. J. W.
Newlove, combined shipping and honey crate; also
well adapted for tiering up.

Bluffton, Ohio. Frank A. Eaton, Sec.

HONEY EXHIBITS AT FAIKS.

THE advantages OF ADVERTISING IT THAT WAY.

MNOWING that you like to see novel things
In bee culture, I herewith send you a photo
of my exhibit at our county fair. The
boxes in front show for themselves what
they are— honey-cakes and Todd's honey-
candles, with an observatory hive on the left. On
the right is a log cabin, made entirely of different
styles of honey cans and pails, with sections of
comb honey for windows and doors. The roof is
covered with strips of foundation, and the appro-
priate name of " Home. Sweet Home." over the
door.

The next structure bears upon the banner the
title," Beeswax Pavilion," after the Grecian models.
This is a hexagonal framework of wood, covered
entirely with foundation. The narrow spirals up-
on the columns are of colored wax, one coluinii
covered with green spiral, the next with red; the
bands of foundation around the upper part were
also of different colors, all surmounted with a Hag-
staff and a banner. In the center of the pavilion
was a small pyramid of beeswax surmounteil witii
a bouquet of wax flowers.

The next object is an exhibit of comb Imiiey, in
the form of a double arch, each section glassed. In
the center was also a pile of comb hciu^v. This
double arch was finished out with a fine bouquet of
natural flowers, scarcely discernible in the picture.
On the left of the comb honey is a jiyramid of ex-
tracted honey in tin and glass cans.

This exhibit attracted a great deal of alttMilioii.
and called forth expressions of "Isn't it beauti-
ful?" from scores, and I was kept quite busy ans-
wering questions, and giving information general-
ly. This exhibit was shown at three county fairs-
Warren, Saratoga, and Washington. At Ballston,
Saratoga Co., we had a fine display. Mr. Tarent

!z! m

90

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

was upon my right with four observatory hives,
and a quantity of honey and implements. Mr.
Smith was on my left, with three observatory
hives, also honey, etc. Such displays, with the dis-
tribution of circulars and cards, and sale of honey,
does much to instruct people.

I find, that if honey is sold cheap enough any
quantity can be sold. A very nice package that
goes ofif quite rapidly is a 5-lb. pail for 50 cts. Leaf-
lets and cards are good things to distribute. I send
herewith The Facts, that I am circulating.

My crop of honey this season is about 10,000 lbs.
—7000 clover, 3000 dark. A good share of the clover,
which is of excellent quality, will be disposed of in
the home market, and earlier in the season than I
ever sold before, and at much better prices than I
can g-et when sending on commission.

Hartford, N. Y. J. H. Martin.

The above makes a very beautiful exhibit,
friend M.; but may I venture the suggestion,
that there may be an extreme in going to
more expense in time and money than is
warrantable V Where one has a large crop
of honey to sell, however, and deals in sup-
plies largely, the advertisement it furnishes
may make it a good investment, and perhaps
yoiir exhibit has been the means of selling
your large crop of honey so early in the sea-
son. Your " Facts about Honey" are so good
I should be glad to give place to them, did
space permit. I think I may say to our
readers, however, that you will be glad to
mail them to any one on application.

THAT ESTIMATING COMMITTEE.

FIXING THE PRICE OF HONEY.

T DO not think that a honey-producers' association
^ will ever be able to control the price of honey.
'Il It may be able to advance prices a cent or two,
"*■ or prevent lower prices, in the large centers;
but producers will ever be harrassed by low
prices. A few years ago, when wire nails were in-
troduced they were quite expensive, and the manu-
facturers made large profits. Competition was light.
Soon other firms commenced making them, and bet-
ter methods of manufacture were necessary. To-day
large factories, with expensive and ingenious ma-
chinery, employing hundreds of men, with division
of labor brought down to perfection, make them at
a profit of a very small fraction of a cent a pound.
Does any one think they will ever be made at a larg-
er profit to the makers ? Only a scarcity of iron can
advance their price. So only a scarcity of nectar
will appreciably advance the price of honey. Dar-
win's " survival of the fittest" comes inhere. He
who can produce honey the cheapest is the fittest.
He who sells too cheaply will go down, as will he
who produces at too much cost.

An estimating committee can only estimate the
yield. I do not believe they can fix the price; how-
ever, they can estimate that too. But the bee-keeper,
knowing the estimated yield, can " fix " the price of
his own honey. However, let us have an estimating
committee, composed of two or more of the largest
honey-producers in each State of the Union, where
honey is produced; and let us have some sort of an
association for the purpose. J. H. Labrabee.

Larrabee's Pt., Vt.

Very good, friend L. But there is another

thing to be done still, although the estimat-
ing committee may not be the ones to do it ;
and that is, to introduce the honey to every-
body, and make them understand the very
low price at which it is now offered to the
consumer. The point you make, that he
who sells too cheaply, as well as he who
produces at too much cost, must fail amid
the brisk competition that is coming, is
worthy of consideration.

FROM 113 COLONIES, 13,000 LBS. OF
HONEY, SPRING COUNT,

AN INTERESTING LETTER FROM OUR OLD
FRIEND J. P. ISRAEL.

]^* EES have done tolerably well this season. I
pi sold over 19,000 lbs. of comb honey, and had
^^ several cases of extracted. We had 113 col-
■*^ onies to start with in the spring. We wound
up the season with 375 stands. If we get
through the dry season with 335, and reach the
black-sage bloom with that number, T shall be sat-
isfied. My brother and I have dissolved, but I ad-
vised him not to move his half of the bees away un-
til that bloom comes.

OIL FOR IGNITING FUEL IN SMOKERS.

I see you have a new kink, using oil for smokers.
It is not new, by aay means. I have used dry
horse-manure and oil for 4' 2 years. I blew up my
smoker the other day— too much oil. I have often
had it jump and kick, but this time it fairly blew
up— blew out of my hand, turned a summersault,
and split wide open in the bottom.

THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR IN USE FOR 35
YEARS.

I see by the Oct. 15th No. that you say the credit
of the invention of the solar wax-e.\tractor belongs
to O. O. Poppleton. I can prove that it has been
used in San Diego and Sacramento Counties, this
State, for 35 years. I can likewise prove that there
is now, on the next farm below me, an extractor
which has been in use on that farm for 15 years.
It is made as complete and perfect as any of the
present day. It is 10 feet long, 3 feet wide at top,
and tapering to nothing at the bottom. These ex-
tractors are, and have been, used entirely for melt-
ing comb honey, and thus separating the honey
and the wax. It was the only way they had to
make "strained" honey. Many large apiarists
have them 16 feet long, 4 to 6 feet wide, and cover-
ed with hinged sash, made on purpose for them.
Only one thickness of glass is \ised.

The only way here to keep combs is to put them
in the top stories of the hives; then you may calcu-
late on losing from one-fourth to one-third of them.
They dump these combs, frames and all, into the
solar extractor. The next morning (or that eve-
ning) they can take out their frames, perfectly
clean. For these two purposes the solar wax-ex-
tractor has been used in California for many years.
I used it for another purpose, and tried to say so,
but you did not appear to seethe point. I take a
large flat pan and fill it with the wax thus obtain-
ed, or even old dirty comb. Set it high up next to
the glass. Put in a pan, the shape you want your
wax for market; have a spout in the upper pan; let
it drip into the lower one. There your wax is,
ready for market. J. P. Israel,

Encinitos, San Diego Co., Cal., Dec. 14, 1886.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

91

ADVERTISING W^HAT YOU HAVE
FOB SALE.

nOKS IT PAY .■'

AND SOME OKNERAI. HINTS TO AD-
VERTISERS.

TN the office, I believe it is generally con-
M sidered that the advertising clerk has
W one of tlie most difficult and responsible
^ places of any of the girls in that room.
It seems that, in spite of any precaution
we have been enabled to take, there is almost '
continually some degree of dissatisfaction.
The most comes, however, from taking out
an advertisement, or from leaving it out,
when our customer wanted it in. In view
of this I have told the clerk to be sure to
have the mistake come by getting in an ad-
vertisement when it was not wanted, rather
than to leave it out when it was wanted.
Advertisers, like many other people, are
sometimes in a great hurry, and they hurry
off the notice at the last moment, as it were,
omitting or forgetting to say how many
times the notice is to be inserted, the length
of space they wish to have it cover, and fre-
quently do not say whether they want it in i
every issue, or only the issues of the hrst of
the month. Let us take an illustration, for
instance. Tlie following is the contents of ,
a postal card :

Please put undei" the department, " Queens for i
sale," we have for sale 6 very good tested Italian i
queens, 1 Hybrid, at $1.00 each, or $6.00 for the 7.
Hybrids, 3"c. Send S1.02 to return your money if
queens are sold before your order comes.

Model Bee-Hive Co.

W. Phira., Pa., Aug-. 23, 1886.

You will notice in the above, that our
friend does not say a word about what issue
he wislies it to appear in, nor does he say
how many times. Under the circumstances,
on receipt of such an order the advertising
clerk sends back by first mail a printed letter i
which reads as follows :

Friend

Your favor of inclosing $ re-
ceived with an advertisement, which we will insert in

7mmhers, as you request, or until otherwise ordered.
As you do not mention the amount of space, or the
numlicr of lines you wish it to occupy, or give any in-
>iti-ucti<m as to display lines, we will set it ujj so as to
make such an appearance as we thi7ili it ought to
present. We will send hills after each insei-tion, for
the space occupied. If the above is not satisfactoi-y,
pleMse reply hy return mail, on inclosed card, giving us
coi-rect instructions. According to our advertising
rates, given helow, we will credit you with the discount
at the expiration of the time you wish it to run.

Yours respectfully, A. I. ROOT, Per

You will notice, that, in with this printed
letter, we inclose a postal card directed to
ourselves, so that our customer may take a
pencil out of his pocket and tell us what to
do, even while he stands in the postoffice, if
he chooses. We prefer to pay for these pos-
tal cards, and to pay the postage on the let-
ter we send them in, so that our bee-friends
may have no excuse for failing to inform us
immediately, if our proposal is not satisfac-
tory. We do this, because it is so very dif-
ficult a matter to get people to write and tell

us what they do want. Now, after we have
done this, our advertising clerk has instruc-
tions to insert the advertisement until we
get some kind of notice from the advertiser,
saying that he does not wish it continued
any longer. It seems to me, that almost any
sensible man will say, if there is any thing
wrong it (;ertainly is liot our fault. A good
many troubles have come up, notwithstand-
ing these precautions. Quite a number of
pretty good men— that is, we have always
considered them to be sucli— have.(aefused to
pay their advertising bills, giving, as a rea-
son, that they ordered the advertisement
stopped. Now, after we have very kindly
explained to them that their letter ordering
it stopped did not reach us until the journal
had gone to press, they still object. In one
or two cases where advertisements have been
ordered out, the order was written within
three days of the last of the month ; and yet
the advertiser claimed he was under no ob-
ligation to pay.

Now, in regard to the postal card we have
given above. The advertising clerk inserted
the advertisement four times, at a cost of a
dollar each insertion, before we got a word
from the Model Bee-hive Co. Then he
claimed it was ordered in for only one inser-
tion, in the first place. He writes in regard
to it as follows :

We wrote to you, saying to put said advt. in Sept.
No. of Gleanings. We left home shortly after the
first of Sept., and just returned home last night,
and, to our surprise, you had continued said advt.
(on examining Gleanings), and sent two or three
postals, stating amount due you. We wanted said
advt. only in Sept. No. If we had wanted it in any
other numbers we would have told you so.

Model Bee-Hive Co.

West Phll'a., Pa., Oct. 27, 1886.

As we have published every letter and fig-
ure on his order, one can readily see that our
friend is greatly mistaken ; and the adver-
tising clerk and book-keeper, without bring-
ing tiie matter to me, wrote him that they
could return Ids order if he wished, to show
him that he didn't say a word about putting
it in the September issue ; therefore that we
should expect him to pay for his neglect in
not notifying us. On my return from the
Albany Convention, the card below was
handed me, which was sent us, I presume,
in answer to a statement in regard to the
remaining $3.00.

We wrote you some time ago, Oct. 27, thinking
that you were charging us for running our advt.
which we did not oi-der. If you will look up our let-
ter, which will tell you all about it, we do not care to
repeat it here. However, of all the advertising we
ever did in Gleanings, it never paid us ^i of our
advertising money back. Make a note of this, and
publish it in GiiEANiNGS, as you never say any
thing about those that write you about advertising
not paying— only those that say that their advts.
paid. Come out with both sides of it, and oblige
Respectfully, Model Bee-Hive Co.

West Phll'a., Pa., .Tan. 14, 1887.

I read it over in a little surprise, and ask-
ed for the whole of the correspondence in the
matter. Now, the advertising clerk, the
book-keeper, and. in fact, almost everybody,
would say that our friends of the Model Bee-

92

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTLRfc:.

Feb.

hive Co. are entirely at fault. If they per-
mitted the advertisement to run through
neglect, or even through absence from home,
there was no one at fault at all except them-
selves, therefore they should pay the bill.
Very likely tlie above course Avould be jus-
tice ; but you know, dear friends, I have been
talking to >ou a good deal, not only for
months, but even years back, in regard to
doing a little more tlian justice by our fellow-
men. " If a man compel thee to go with him
a mile, go with him twain." T lead a little
more carefully the letter of protest made by
our friend when he received a bill for $4.00
for advertising, and in it I found the follow-
ing:

The queens were offered for $HJKJ, and you send
bill in for $4.U()! Not much profit. Besides, the
queens remain unsold. 1 did not geto/ie offer; we did
certainly not expect t<j advertise them to their full
value, or else we might as well have sold you the
queens for tivu dollars. Besides, it looks bad to ad-
vertise 6' queens -^ times. It does not look as if we
were sellinji- queens fast. I think common sense or
judgment would have told you, or any one else, that
we could not offer queens so low. and then spend-
ing' all the amount for advertising them, to sell
them. MODEr. FJee-Hive Co.

West Phil'a., Pa., Oct. S7, 1886.

Now, there may be differences of opinion
here. A good many will say, " Although it
does look very bad to pay out $4.00 for adver-
tising $6.00 worth of queens, it was eutirely
the fault of the advertiser for not saying liow
many times he wished the advertisement put
in.'' It was mainly his fault. I agree; but I
think, dear friends, he is right in saying that
common sense or ordinary good judgment
ought to have decided that no man in his
senses would wish to pay $4.00 for the chance
of selling $6.00 worth of goods. Who is at
fault, then ? The editor of Gleanings ?
You may say, "The editor of Gleanings,
with his multitude of cares, can not go into
every little matter like this, without break-
ing himself down, mentally and physically."'
The advertising clerk is also burdened with
so many cares and so much business that it
is pretty hard for iier to stop to inquire
whether a man knows what lie is talking
about or not, when he sends in an advertise-
ment. To avoid similar cases I have asked
F]rnest to examine every advertisement, and
be sure that it makes good sense before it is
allowed to go into print, and I think he has
done his work pretty faithfully. In review-
ing the above advertisement of late, he
would say at once that it was all straight and
consisteiit. If somebody had asked him,
however, if it was probable that this man
wished such an advertisement continued, he
would at once have decided not ; but he is
already pretty severely burdened with a mul-
titude of cares in his work on Gleanings.
The proof-reader made sure it read accord-
ing to copy, and that ended his part of it.

Let us now consider the latter half of com-
munication No. 8. He says, in substance,
that the advertisements he has put in Glean-
ings never brought him athirdoi the money
he paid to have them inserted. This is a
pretty bad showing for Gleanings, dear
friends. 1 am well aware, that a good many

advertisements do not pay the friends who
send them. Quite a number have refused to
pay for advertising, on the ground that it did
not do them any good, and I have been ask-
ed to excuse them from paying an advertis-
ing bill because the advertisement profited
them nothing. I have refused to excuse, on
the ground that it was no fault of mine.
Sometimes, it is true, I am asked if I think a
certain advertisement will pay ; and I re-
member that I have, a good many times, re-
plied back that I felt pretty sure that it
woidd not pay. Yes, I have sometimes writ-
ten to friends who wanted certain things ad-
vertised, that I felt sure it would not pay.
even before my opinion was asked. I have
been pretty roundly abused once or twice for
making similar suggestions. Knowing the
supply of queens there was in the market in
September, I could have told the Model Bee-
hive Co. beforehand, that their advertisement
would protiably do them no good — had my
opinion been asked. Now the question be-
gins to assume something of this shape —
" Am I my brother's keeper '?" To which I
reply, '• Yes, sir. 1. for one. am my brother's
keeper." I want (iod to hold me responsible,
not only for my brother's spiritual welfare,
but for his financial welfare ; and my de-
cision is, that, under the circumstances, we
ought not to ask pay for the three last inser-
tions. If my mental strength does not per-
mit me to take a brotherly review of all the
advertisements sent in to us, it is mj; busi-
ness to employ somebody who can intelli-
gently advise our bee-friends in regard to in-
serting advertisements. And the moral to
this whole long story is, to ask you all,* in
sending in advertisements, //' you feel inclin-
ed, to ask our opinion in regard to the ad-
visabilit.N of inserting said advertisement.
We will advise the best we know how, and
without charge. This advice. 1 presume,
will cut down part of our advertising patron-
age, but I shall be glad to cut it down, be-
cause I know that agoodh part of it has not
been profitable to our hard-working and
close-scraping bee-friends, many of them.
After having given this advice, you are to
act as you see proper, and we can" not be re-
sponsible for tlie profitableness of the trans-
action any further.

TEASELS, AGAIN.

SOME (;<>OU ONES FROM THE PACIFIC CO.\ST.

§INCE the appearance of a series of articles on
the teasel-plant and its culture in one of our
local papers, and two or three short articles
in Gi.,EANiNGS from which extracts were
made by the N. Y. Tribune and other leading
papers, it has been ascertained that teasels of good
quality are grown in Oregon. That fact alone has
set our dealers at work, and the result is, that sev-
eral carloads have already been shipped here and
held at our railroad station for inspection and i-e-
shipment to factories. That they are of good size
and good quality, there is no mistake; and, for

*0f course, the veterans in advertising, who have
had sufficient experience to know whether it is im-
portant for them to advertise or not, and how much,
would hnrdly care for my opinion in the matter.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

93

aught I could see. &re fully equal to our own grow-
ing-. I intend, when I write on any subject, to be
accurate, and keep myself posted; but it was this
very writing- that unearthed the existence of that
French colony away out on^the Pacific coast, quiet-
ly growing their teasels and supplying their neigh-
boring mills. 11 the quality is good in Oregon and
here, I believe there are many other places, when
found, that will prove to be adapted to the growing
of this crop. I had also supposed that the expense
of shipping and then reshipping would be too great
to warrant any one in raising them if they were
far from a market. What I mean by a market is
a middle-man, or dealer.

Now, you will ask me why the grower can not
ship direct to the factories. We will suppose that
the first factoiy that saw fit to order of you made
a specialty of woolen blankets. Of course, for
that coarse work they would want "kings," and
you would not have enough in your whole crop, of
the right size to fill their first order; and your next
sale would be as likely to be kings as any thing.
Without carrying this comparison further, you can
seethat.inordertodealdirect, one must carry a stock
of a good many thousand dollars' worth; and, fur-
ther, the handling, sorting, and packing, is a trade of
itself. But if our dealers at present prices (6 cts.
per lb.) can pay freight from Oregon, and then
compete with us, I think some of my good bee-
friends haii better look into the matter.

T will answer any question through Gleanings
that its editor may see fit to ask, but I can not un-
dertake to answer by private letter.

Thorn Hill, Onon. Co., N. Y. C. M. Goodspeed.

THE NON-USE OF FOUNDATION.

I.'KPOKT tROM W. Z. HUTCHINSON'S OWN
NEIGHBORHOOD.

tPrER reading the articles on the non-use of
foundation which have appeared from time
to time in the bee-papers, I think the " oth-
er side " should have the benefit of the
following:

Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson has a neighbor, Mr. C. D.
Doane, living about two miles distant. In the
spring of 1886, Mr. Doane purchased 350 of Mr.
Hutchinson's discarded combs. That season Mr.
Doane produced 6.500 lbs. of honey from 50 colonies,
spring count— an average of 130 lbs. per colony. If
1 am not mistaken, Mr. Hutchinson had 6700 lbs. of
honey from .5.5 colonies, spring count — an average
of 121 9-11 pounds per colony. At the close of the
Season, Mr. Doane's bees had an average amount
of .SO lbs. of honey— natural stores— to winter upon,
while Mr. Hutchinson's bees had to be fed sugar
syrup. Mr. Doane attributes his larger honey
product to the combs purchased from Mr. Hutch-
inson. Mr. Doane's bees increased to 125 colonies.
Mr. Hutchinson's increase 1 do not know. 1 think
the amount of increase would be likely to affect
the general result somewhat.

I have Mr. Doane's figures from that gentleman
himself, but am not so fortunate with those of Mr.
Hutchinson, but I think them correct.

Flint, Mich., Jan. 17, 1S87. M. S. West.

We are very much obliged indeed, friend
W., for your "communication, for it proves
this if nothing more : That friend Hutchin-
son has an exceedingly good locality— or, at

least, it has proved so during the season
that is past. If Mr. Doane increased .50 col-
onies to 125, and secured over 130 lbs. per
colony, he certainly did exceedingly well.

PEDDLING HONEY.

FRIEND COLTON RELATES HIS EXPERIENCE.

XIl is very pleasant and agreeable to me to read
/^ the reports of those who have been successful
^l in marketing their honey. I have not yet read
■*■ a report of a failure in peddling honey. This
strikes me as somewhat remarkable, as my
experience has been quite different from that of
those who have reported their success in Glean-
ings. Evidently, those who found peddling honey
a poor business thought their report would not tend
to the " encouragement of bee culture." There is a
short time after our busiest time with the bees is
over, and before cold weather has caught us, that
we can profitably market honey as peddlers. We
can then draw It off from a barrel without the
necessity of charging our customers for a tin pail
or jar, which, when added to a small purchase,
raises the price above the price of comb honey.
If you peddle near home you can call for your
pails after the honey is used ; but peddling near
home will not suit the grocerymen who are selling
your honey.

A bee-keeper from a town near me told me he
had disposed of about 7000 lbs. of extracted honey
by peddling it out at 9 and even 8 cts. per pound.
He had canvassed, I think he said, nearly every
town within one hundred miles of home. In many
towns, bee-keepers are trying to keep the price of
honey up to something above the cost of produc-
tion ; and when the honey-peddler strikes a town
where he can undersell those engaged in the pro-
duction of honey, his sales are apt to be quite sat-
isfactory. Somehow I can't get very happy and
enthusiastic over the honey-peddling scheme. Few
beekeepers will make themselves so notoriously
honest, and their honey so perfect, as to be above
suspicion for any great distance from home.
Brother Root, we do not all have the faculty and
experience in advertising that you have, even if
we controlled a publication like Gleanings, which
circulates to a certain extent through all our States
and Territories. I rigged out a wagon for peddling,
and spent about a week at the business. I aver-
aged a sale of about fifty pounds per day. When I
could not sell a pail, 1 dug out, of a large can, gran-
ulated honey, but, of course, found this tedious,
as cold weather was gradually setting in. I intend
to rig up a sleigh of some kind and continue the
fight, even if it takes all winter, and I have no
doubt it will. There is no other way left for me to
dispose of my crop of honey. I tried, in the latter
part of last winter, to get something out- of what
honey I could not sell at home, by sending it to St.
Louis, to be sold by a commission merchant. I re-
alized for the honey, after deducting cost of pails,
freight, and all charges, a trifle over two cents per
pound. Said honey was weD-ripened clover and
basswood, but a portion was produced the year
before, and kept over, as I could not get rid of it.
I got honey in all of the stores near home I could,
and they offered it at ten cents per pound. I hope
you will publish this, and some one who has had
more experience than myself in peddling honey

94

GLEAICTNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

will show where I have erred in my conclusions on
this plan of peddling honey. The point is, can we
increase the consumption of honey more by ped-
dling than by leaving it at the groceries? I do not
wish the mistake made, that, because we get a fair
sale by peddling honey at a price lower than our
brother bee-keepers who are already selling low
enough, that this policy will be wise in the long
run. Our rivals in the business will be compelled
to come down also; and when the price gets so low
that you can not undersell, peddling will fail to
relieve us of the problem of disposing of our hon-
ey. J. B. COLTON.

Waverly, la.

WILL HONEY EVEK BECOME A
STAPLE?

SHALL. WE ORGANIZE TO KEEP UP PRICES ?

T HAVE disposed of much the largest share of
/a? my fifth and largest crop of honey; and al-
]ll though I have not been in the business nearly
"*■ so long as Heddon or Dadant, I have neverthe-
less followed it long enough, and at just the
right time, to suffer from the most sweeping de-
cline in prices that any natural product has per-
haps ever known.

The year 1883 was a good one in this locality, and
honey wholesaled at 20 and 35 cts. per lb. 1 do not
like to tell what I have obtained for the bulk of my
comb honey this year. Every year since the first
one, I have been laboring to develop a market at
aud near home, and I think I have obtained a pretty
fair idea how nearly honey is likely to become a
great staple. T am certain of two things; viz., that
honey will never become a universal staple, and
that lower prices do greatly increase consumption.
I can give items of experience which go far to dem-
onstrate these propositions. It is a matter of con-
tinual surprise and wonder to me that the majority
of folks do not like honey. Not one out of ten
whom I tackle on the subject cares any thing for
it. I eat over half the honey used in our house;
and I find among many of my best customers, that
about one of the family is all who takes it. I have
pretty much learned whom it is worth while to
approach around home.

Springfield takes the largest share of my honey.

I tried an experiment this year, which has taught
me much of the lesson I have been steadily learn-
ing for four years. With a large crop, overstocked
markets, and low prices ; with more honey than mon-
ey, I resolved to try how near I could make the for-
mer take the place of the latter. I had some building
to do, and I canvassed the city with a view to trad-
ing honey for materials, so far as I could. I would
patronize him who would patronize me. I found
just one lumber-dealer in the place who would
ti'ade that way. He would have— how much do you
suppose? Three pounds! After visiting half a
dozen paint-shops I found one man who would
do somewhat better. He ordered enough to pay
for paints and brush. I canvassed the hardware-
stores, without avail. Dry-goods stores and shoe-
stores were tried unsuccessfully. I sold lOH lbs. to
one hatter. Almost the unvarying note was, " We
do not like honey." It looks like small business at
the start, and it turned out so small that I shall not
work very much in that line.

As I had a few apples and potatoes to sell, I re-

solved to try the women at their homes. I had had
some experience in selling fruit and vegetables
some years before, and I had learned that that was
the way to make trucking profitable. Women like
to have living necessaries brought to their doors.
There were fruit and vegetable wagons on every
street, while I, almost alone, ofi'ered honey. Yet I
could make six sales of either one of the other
products to one of honey. They never interfered
with a honey sale either. In the light of my expe-
rience, how Mr. France succeeds so well in ped-
dling honey is a riddle to me. Yet I say, that lower
prices will greatly increase consumption. The vol-
ume of business has vastly grown around here, and
I believe it will continue to grow. That this
growth is largely due to the fact that the business
has been worked up, is no doubt true; but I know
very well that a great deal that has been sold this
year would have remained unsold at higher prices.
For example, Mr. W. sells comb honey at 13^4 to 15
cents, and a number of customers, somewhat like
one he mentioned, a day laborer, buy considerable
at the former price, who purchased but little when it
cost more. In 1882 Mr. W. sold about 100 lbs. forme at
33 to 35 cts. In 1883 the price fell to 15 cts., and he
sold about 350 lbs. The next two yeai-s the crop
was short, with prices higher and sales less. In
1885 he retailed at 18 cts., and sold perhaps 250 lbs.
for me. This year he has sold lower than ever be-
fore; and what is the result? He has already dis-
posed of over 400 lbs., about 130 lbs. being extract-
ed, and I am to deliver him about 1.50 lbs. of the two
kinds this week.

Said Mr. W. to me, " I can see that it cuts into the
syrup trade like every thing."

You see, at such prices honey becomes a com-
petitor with other commodities. Four years ago,
only a few of the principal stores offered honey
for sale; but now the stock in trade of none but a
few suburban grocers is complete without it.

Prices will not continue to decline as they have
been doing. We shall reach rock-bottom pretty
soon. I am very willing that honey should be put
within the reach of the poorest. We owe this to
humanity. A honey-pool is a chimera. One hun-
di-ed manufacturers of an article may combine and
control the market; but tens of thousands of hog-
raisers or honey-producers can not. But if they
could, I do not want them to do so. I am opposed
to great or petty monopolies, as all such combina-
tions tend to become. We should, instead of try-
ing to keep up the price of honey, do our best to
make our industry profitable by producing at the
lowest possible cost. Geo. F. Bobbins, 93—61.

Mechanicsburg, 111., Jan. 10, 1887.

FEEDEES.

HOW TO MAKE THEM.

u

N times of peace prepare for war," is an old

saying. While I hope we in this country

^i may never be called upon to prepare for

''• another war with swords and musketry,

yet there is always i?i this life a need of a

warfare, and a preparation for the same, if we

would be successful in the undertakings of life; and

as in battle the army is most likely to be successful

which has been thoroughly prepared in "times of

peace," so the person who uses his leisure hours In

getting prepared for the "heat and burden " of the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

95

harvest time is the one most sure of success. In
nothing is this more true than in bee-keeping; and
yet the majority of bee-keepers while away the win-
ter days and months, not seeming to think that an-
other season of heat and toil is coming until the
season is upon them. To the truth of this, nearly
every supply-dealer can testify ; for in spite of dis-
counts ottered, and entreaties published and other-
wise made during winter, all know that the great
rush comes in May, June, and July. These thoughts
were brought up by a friend desiring to know how
1 made my bee-feeders, and saj'ing, " I want to get
every thing in readiness this winter for another
summer." I predict for that young man a success-
ful life, health and strength being given him. As I
have just finished making a lot of feeders I thought
it might not be amiss to answer his question through
Gleanings; for after trying nearly all the feeders
ever advertised, I like the best of any the one about
to be described, so I have discarded all the others.
The idea of such a feeder I got out of some of the
bee-papers; but when and where,! do not know.
This feeder I call a division-board feeder, yet it is
different from any such feeder which 1 have ever
seen described.

To make, get out one piece ?B of an inch square,
and the same length as the bottom-bar to your
frame, providing the end-pieces to your frame are
nailed to the end of the bottom-bar. Otherwise
make this piece as much shorter as the two end-
pieces of your frame are thick; for it is to hang in
the hive the same as any frame. Also the end-bars
and top-bar are to be only ?8 wide, as a feeder of
that width keeps the bees from drowning without a
float, while, if wider, a float is necessary. Besides
these four pieces spoken of above, you want two
very thin boards (I make them 3-33 of an inch thick),
the same size as the outside dimensions of j'our
frame, less % of an inch at the top, it being suppos-
able that the top-bar to your frame is only \i thick.
In any event there is to be a •/i-inch space between
the under side of the top-bar and the upper edge of
the thio boards, for an entrance to the feeder.

Next, get some white lead and thin it with boiled
linseed oil till of the consistency of thin cream; for
all the joints of the feeder are to be fl.xed so there
can be no possibility of leaking. Now with a small
marking-brush put some of the thick paint on the
end of the % bottom-bar, and also on the lower end
of the end-bar, where it is to be nailed to the bot-
tom-bar, and nail together, preparing the other side
the same. Next lay down your frame, which is com-
plete, except the top-bar, and paint the sides which
are up, and also around the edges of three sides of
the under side of the thin board where they are to
come in contact with the frame. Place the board
so it comes even with the bottom and outside of the
frame, and nail on, using ?4-inch wire nails, and
driving the nails from !4 to U inch apart, when the
other side is to be treated the same way. Now take
the end-bar of a frame and saw it off short enough
so it will come up within V4 of an inch of the top of
the inside of the feeder, when it is to have three ?«
holes bored in it near the bottom, the bottom one
cutting out just a little at the end. Slip this down
in the center of the feeder, and nail each side to It.
This piece is to keep the thin sides of the feeder
from bulging out when the feeder is filled, and the
holes in the bottom of the stick are to allow the
feed to run through from one side to the other, or
it will be filled only from'one side.;

There is nothing more to be done with it at pres-
ent, except to paint the outside with two good coats
of paint, when it is to be set away for two or three
months, to have the paint thoroughly dry in the
joints. When thus drj% melt five or six pounds of
beeswax or paralhne (the latter preferred), heating-
it quite hot, and pour into the feeder till full, when
it is to be poured out again in a moment or two, us-
ing it for another feeder, and so on till all are coat-
ed with wax on the inside. If the wax is quite hot
and the feeder well warmed, it will penetrate the
wood to the depth of I-lti of an inch, which is a
double preventive against leaking, while the main
object is the keeping of the wood from taking up
the feed by soaking, in which case the feeder soon
becomes sour, and will sour the feed ever after-
ward, unless at once taken up by the bees.

We are now ready for the top-bar, which, after
having a hole bored in it near one end for the point
of a funnel to enter, is nailed on. Our feeder is
now complete; and, barring accidents, it will last a
lifetime.

HOW TO USE.

To use it, hang it in the hive the same as a frame;
and if the colony is at all weak, put it at the side of
the hive the furthest from the entrance. In fact, I
always use it at one side of the hive: for in that
case the slit which is cut in the quilt over the hole
through which the funnel is inserted is always in
the right place, while otherwise it would not be.
Having the feeder in place, and the slit cut in the
quilt, insert the funnel, pour in the feed and remove
the funnel, when the slit will close up so no bees
can get out or in the way. Twenty cubic inches of
ordinary honey will weigh one pound, so it is easy
to tell how many pounds your feeder will hold.
Mine, made to fit the Gallup frame, holds nearly 5
lbs., so I am sure not to run it over, if I feed 45^ ft>s.
at a time. If I wish to feed more at a time I use
two or more feeders; if less— well, I will tell you just
how Ido, even if it does make this article a little long.

To carry feed, I use a common watei'ing-pot with
the rose, or sprinkler, taken oft'. This watering-pot
is set on the scales, and feed poured in till one pound
is registered. I now, with the point of mj^ knife,
scratch the tin a little at the top of the feed in three
different places, about equal distances apart; pour
in another pound and mark again, and so on till the
vessel is as full as I can carry it, which is generally
about 1.5 ttis. I now pour out the feed, and wash and
dry the watering-pot, when I touch a little paint,
made of red lead, on each of the places scratched
with the knife, and by the side of them I place fig-
ures, made with the same paint, from 1 up to 15.
When this paint becomes dry I always have a scale
of pounds with me which tells me at once how much
feed I have, and just what I am doing, as soon as 1
hold the watering-pot level, and glance down into it.

Now just a word as to why I like these feeders.
Placed where I put them, they become a part of the
side of the hive; and by knowing that the cluster of
bees is next to them (as a few minutes' preparation
will always make them), they will take the feed at
any time of year if the feed is a little more than
blood-warm when fed, so there is no danger of feed
not being taken in cool or cold weather. Second.
These feeders require no storage room, as they can
be left in the hive when not in use, if it is wished so
to do; and at such times they can be used as a
division-board. Third. The weakest nucleus can
be fed with no danger of robbing, when used as 1

96

GLEANINGS IN BEE nULTURE.

Feb.

have directed. Fourth. They are always handy,
and no bees are in the way to bother while filling.
Fifth. No float is required, as is the case with many
of the feedei'S. Reader, make one or two for trial,
during your leisure hours, and see if you do not
agree with all I say. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Jan., 1887.

Friend D., you have given us some impor-
tant suggestions in regard to the tise of
what has been called a division-board feed-
er; but why not cut into a solid piece of
board with a circular saw, instead of having
so much trouble to nail it up. and wax and
paint it V The solid piece of board would
probably hardly hold Ave pounds of honey ;
but it seems to me it would be much cheap-
er and more substantial. There are two or
three patterns in our museum that have
l)een sent in at different times. One great
objection to these feeders with us was the
running-over while filling; but this matter
you have very ingeniously remedied.

HOAV LONG HAS EXTRACTED HONEY
BEEN ON THE MARKET ?

FRIEND DADANT'S COMMENTS IN REGARD TO THE
STATEMENTS ON PAGE 31, .JAN. 1.

fKIEND Heddon, are you not making yourself
older than you really are? Did you say 28
years since we have been producing extracted
honey? and " during all this time friend D.
and his class .... etc."? lam trying to
believe that it is a typographical error, and that
you meant 18 years. But even that won't do, as I
will show.

Friend Heddon, you have a historical record in
the old A. B. J. that you ought to refer to once in a
while. Let me give a few reminiscences:

In 186.5, 22 years ago, the honey-extractor was in-
vented.

In 1868 it was first described in the A. B. J., Vol. 3,
page 189.

In 18T0, A. B. .7., Vol. 6, page 118, friend Heddon
reported .523 lbs. of hox honey from 6 colonies, and
stated that he had as yet no " empt.ying machine."
So it is just sixteen years, not 28, since Heddon has
been using the " extractor," and producing and in-
troducing extracted honey.

But Mr. Heddon did as we did, and as you did, Mr.
Editor; he began by extracting unripe honey. Then
came adulteration, which we fought together for
6 or 8 years. Now, adulteration is about scared ofl",
both by our denouncing and by low prices. The
principal adulterators even went so far as to pub-
lish circulars to announce that tho> had stopped the
practice. But honej' has been ct'c)/ plentiful for only
about three years; and, as I said before, it Is iiat
even now as cheap at retail as the wholesale prices
would justify. In sugar.- and syrups, there is but a
fraction of a cent between the wholesale and the
retail price.

Friend H. talks about " all this introducing!" In-
deed, a little progress has been made. It took about
ten years for us to obtain of the Boards of Trade
the special quotaiion of " extracted " honey, which
was going, and is still going, in many places, as
"strained" honey. Why tell us that extracted
honey will never be a staple, when its introduction
is so new that not one person in a hundred knows
the difference between strained and extracted?

The people who like honey better than syrup
" only because if, costs more," are the same ones who
want strawberries in January and fresh oysters in
July. Luckily we do not rely on this class for the
sale of our extracted honey, for they will buy only
the whitest comb honey, even if it is horsemint hon-
ey, taste being no object.

Friend Heddon says that the specialist alone will
continue bee-keeping, and the small ones will drop
out in the near future. Does not this prospect
scare you, friend Root? More than two-thirds of
your readers are either farmers, doctors, clergy-
men, etc., not specialists, and you arc going to lose
them I In answer, let me cite the woi-ds of Mr. G.
H. Beard, a well-to-do farmer of Winchester, Mo , a
bee-keeper, not specialist :

" I find more difficulty in selling honey than in
raising it, or wintering my bees; but with all that,
it is my honey that pays the expenses of my
farm in these hard times."

To sum up: Honey is good, better than syrups.
It can be produced as cheaply as cheap syrups, and
must become a staple, sooner or later. We are too
eager, too anxious, when we expect a radical change
to take place in so short a time as that which has
elapsed since we have found that we could produce
it largely. Let us not become discouraged; let us
sell loiv, and around home, and create a market for
coming years. C. P. Dadant.

Hamilton, 111.

Perhaps, friend D., I should beg pardon
for not having noticed the part referring to
28 years. I recall to mind now, thinking it
could not be so long a time, but I did not
know wliere to find the figures readily. I
believe I produced the first ton of extracted
honey put upon the American market. Mr.
Langstroth had made a rude extractor, and
tested the sale of the new liquid honey by
putting several jars full on the market. I
believe a record of all this was given in the
A. B. /., although I have not taken the time
to look it up. If I have made no mistake,
the honey-extractor was described in a bee-
journal started in New York just a little be-
fore the A . B. J. resumed— somewhere about
20 years ago. The matter is of no practical
moment, only it may be interesting to know
just how long we have been teaching the
people to use liquid honey, and I think
friend Dadant's CMOsing paragraph is pretty
near the truth.

HONEY FROM THE "WILLOWS, ETC.

HONEY-DEW ON THE BANKS OF THE MISSOURI.

JT may be interesting to you to know what the
bees are doing on the banks of the Missouri at
Bluftton, Mo. We commenced with 6 colonies,
two of which were in Simplicity hives, the
other four being in box \\\\\ .«. They com-
menced gathering pollen from ih" willows. The
latter cover the islands here in the Missoini River,
and are about the tiist thing lo Mooni liere. On
this they built up quite rsipidly, and by the time
fruit bloomed they were guile stmii}'-. when we
transferred those in the box hive into Simplicities.
It was our first attempt; but by following instruc-
tions in the ABC of Bee Culture we got through
with it pretty well.

Bees commenced swarming earlier than usual,
and did not seem to know when to quit. One could

1887

GLEA.N1NGS IN BEE CULTURE.

97

see a swarm passing over almost any day; how-
ever, we did not lose any that we know of, neither
did we allow ours to swarm more than once.

The white-clover and basswood yield was rather
short. Basswood yielded honey only a few days.
All the white honey we secured was about 100 lbs.

About the 28th of .June we had one of the heavi-
est rains seen here for years; and after that we had
none to amount to any thing for two months. This
cut our honey-flow from flowers very short, as it set
in very liot and dry just after the rain; but. fortu-
nately, the honey-dew came in abundance, and the
bees lost no time in taking advantage of the situa-
tion. They would be out at daylight, and from that
until al)Out 10 o'clock they seemed almost wild; but
during the warm part of the day they would take a
rest. This, we suppose, was due to the honey-dew
being too thick when the water had evaporated.
As nearly as we can estimate we e.\tracted about
4.50 lbs., and procured about a.") lbs. in 1-lb. sections.
We do not know exactly how much we extracted, as
we have supplied father's house with honey since
our first extracting; and being a family of seven,
all of whom like honey, you may know that no
small amount was consumed. Neither can we esti-
mate just what it net us per pound, as we have not
yet received returns for the greater part of it, but
think it will be about 6 cts. per lb. We increased
from 6 to 12, and bought three colonies from our
brother, who promises to stay out of the bee-busi-
ness in the future, so we count 15 colonies in Sim-
plicity hives, not in the very best condition for win-
ter, but trust they will come through all right, as
they are sheltered from the northwesters by a bluff
—something which we consider a great advantage
to an apiary.

We almost forgot to mention, that our own bees
gathered some honey from a tall white flower that
grows along the roadside, the name of which we do
not know. We consider it equal to any honey we
ever tasted. It is of a golden color.

If a hive is opened while the bees are gathering
this honey, one can detect the scent of this flower
at some distance from the hive. It is a very com-
mon weed here, but we consider it a splendid thing
for bee-keepers, as it commences flowering in the
latter part of August, and continues until frost.

Mn,LER Bros.

BluflFton, Montgomery Co., Mo., Dec. 31, 1886.

HOTV OUR FATHERS DID.

HOW Tf) SECURE WORKER COMB WITHOUT FOUN-
DATION.

ip CCORDING to the conclusions of several
^. writers who tried to get perfect worker comb
P without the use of full sheets of foundation,
'^ as practiced by Mr. Hutchinson, it would
seem as if there had never been any good
set of combs before we had foundation. I wonder
whether they have nevernoticedgood combs among
a lot of box hives to transfer. Wherever such are
found it can safely be said that they are built by
after-swarras. There may not be many so found,
but more regular results can be obtained; and a
review of old-time bee-keeping will make it more
plain. As stated before, we then kept our bees in
straw hives, cone-shaped, and others consisting of
rings piled up with flat covers, all wide enough to
hold 8 to 9 combs. We put a piece of guide-comb

in the center, and made them build straight. As
the hives were all round, it will be seen that the
center cruubs were the longest, and the extreme
sides about the size of a hand. In order to get
good stocks, with all worker cells, we put in early
strong second swarms, natural or driven, and I do
not remember of failing to get all worker comb,
with the exception that one or at times both of
these small side combs were biiilt drone comb, sim-
ply enough needed by e\'ei-y colony. I say needed,
because, if no drone com!) be allowed them they
will disfigure other combs or go into the sections
for that purpose. In first swarms we expected more
drone comb, especiallj- where the queen was older
than one year. Ifmay therefore be best to give the
latter foundation where new combs have to be
built. I used to trim down the lower edges of too
tough old comb, aftei- swarming, which would he
renewed, as soon as the young queen would he
pressed for rooin, with worker comb. If such was
practiced before swarming, more or less drone
comb would be the result, and that for immediate
use. Ever since I have used frames I do the same
as I did in straw hi^•es to get worker comb. I put
strong swarms with young queens on 7 to 9 frames,
12x 10*2, and seldom see more drone comb than a
little on one side. I so treated several last sea-
son, some of which are in L. frames. In the latter
it is much harder to get full frames, on account of
their large size and shape. It is necessary that such
swarms be put in early, so that they fill the frames
thoroughly: for if left for the next season they are
almost sure to be finished with drone comb, unless
the hive be inverted to have them finished above,
and then there might be some, if they are in need
of it.

To what extent foundation can be used profitably
depends much on circumstances; what it costs one,
whether he makes it himself, what his time is worth,
etc. Foundation pays in all cases where no good
results can be obtained without it, as in filling out
the spaces in transferred colonies, building up of
nuclei, late swarms, and adding frames, in in-
creasing generally, where it is hard to get perfect
worker combs built. As to moving surplus-cases
with new swarms, 1 have also always v^racticed it;
and as I work mainly for box honey I find it the
best way to get even with bees that persist in
swai'ming. It was also Mr. H. who remarked, some
time ago, that as much comb as extracted honey
could be obtained. Among the few believers in this
I am one. C. H. Luttgens.

Hammonton, N. J., Jan. 9, 1887.

"WARMING OUR HOMES.

FRIEND TERRY GIVES US A LITTLE TALK ON THE
SUBJECT.

fRIEND ROOT: — Some weeks ago I received
two letters, thanking me for some things
said in Gleanings, and asking me to tell how
we warm our home. I am always glad to get
and answer such letters, for then I know 1
am writing something that some one wants to know
about. Like every other family. I presume, wife
and I have our particular notions. For example,
we do not like a furnace. Having been brought
up around wood fires in stoves and fireplaces, we
do not feel quite warm and all right, some way,
unless we can see the fire. Then, again, a furnace

98

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

would make our cellar too warm to keep vegetables
nicely. We want to keep the temperature there
at about 34° during the winter. At that tempera-
ture apples do not rot nor potatoes shrink and
sprout. Therefore we decided against a furnace.
Then came the question, " Shall we have grates ? "
They are very pleasant and cheerful, and ventilate
the rooms well, but they burn a large amount of
fuel. In other words, a large part of the heat goes
to waste. Then the3' are expensive, and it is a good
deal of work to take care of them, and, really, in
cold weather one wants to have the house warmed
in some other waj', when he has a grate to sit by.
About the time we were thinking over this ques-
tion of how to warm our house, after it was built,
a gentleman who had just put in a grate, and was
loud in its praise, asked me to go home with him
one evening and see for myself how cheerful and
comfortable it was. I went, and there sat the wife
with a heavy shawl around her shoulders, and her
feet to the grate. One glance told the story— com-
fort on one side. Well, wife and I, full partners, as
Prof. Cook says, determined to warm our home so it
would be comfortable, cheerful, and healthful, hav-
ing due regard for economy and cleanliness, and so
it should be as little trouble as possible to take care
of the Are. For the latter purpose we determined
that one lai-ge stove should warm the three main
rooms below, and that it should be a base-burner
anthracite -coal stove. To make it healthful we
would not live in one room, but in two or three
large ones, thus having lots of air-space, and then
we would arrange for plenty of ventilation. We
looked for a stove where we could see the Are burn-
ing all around, so that it would be just as cheerful
as a grate. As for comfort, after quite a trial (this
is the fourth winter) we think we have found a
pretty good supply of it.

Parlor.

niii

Dininn-rovm.

Bedroom.

Before going further, please notice the ariange-
ment of the main rooms below, as shown in the ac-
companying plan. This plan merely gives the out-
lines of the body of the house, without showing
porches, bay window, pantry, kitchen, etc. This is
sufficient for the point 1 am trying to bring out in
this letter. You will notice, that from the dining-
room into the bedroom, and also into the parlor, or
li\'lng-room, there is a wide double door. These
doors are eight feet high, so that, when open, the
three rooms are practically one. The stove shovvn
is in a position so central that it radiates heat read-
ily into all the rooms. The doors may be closed
so as to warm the dining-room, and either of the
other rooms, or the dining-room alone. Ten or fif-
teen minutes' work will take care of the fire for 34
hours. Directly over the stove is a register opening

into the hall above. From this hall are doors into
five bedrooms. The chill can be taken off in these
bedrooms, if desired, although a stove upstairs in
the writer's office generally answers this purpose.
The double doors opening into the bedroom open
back into that room, one on each side. Of those
opening into the parlor, one is hung on the other,
and they fold around in front of the chimney.

As I have written before, our kitchen was built
for work. It is just the same size as Prof Cook's.
We eat and live in the hest of the /(ou.sf— perhaps I
should say in the body of the house, as the kitchen
is just as nice and pleasant as any other room. I
pity those poor people who live almost exclusively
in the kitchen, or a rear dining-room, perhaps, and
open up the main body of their house (not home)
only when they have company. I am happy to say,
that my wife thinks her husband and children are
just as good as any other company. How I dislike
to visit where they have to go and build a lire in the
best part of the house, and be thrown all out of the
regular order of things by my arrival !

As we use it, our stove burns about 4i4 to 5 tons
of coal between, say, Sept. 15 and May 15. I paid
last summer f 3.5.00 for 5 tons— not a very large sum
for the comfort. The fire, of course, never goes
out. To keep the entire house warm, upstairs and
down, would probably take 8 tons. As to healthf ul-
ness, as we use it we consider it all right; but a
base-burner in a single room, poorly ventilated,
would be another matter. When the children have
company in the evening we give them the house
below, and wife and 1 go to our large room (my of-
fice, 16x18) upstairs. The floor of this room is
deadened, so we hardly notice any racket that may
be going on below. The bedroom below is used for
company.

I have written to you in favor of sunshine in our
homes. There are 9 large windows and 3 glass
doors in the three rooms. Our room (wife and I)
upstairs has 4 large windows, and in a bright day
in winter the sun will almost warm it.

I should, perhaps, call attention to the fact, that,
with a large (a little too large rather than too small)
base-burner, properly managed, a gentle, uniform
heat can be kept. The stove never becomes redhot,
thus burning up the air. One can avoid being too
hot one hour and too cold the next, as is often the
case with wood-stoves or cheap soft-coal stoves. It
is partly on this account, 1 think, that we have not
had more than one-fourth as many colds in our
family for the last three winters as we used to
have; in fact, they are almost unknown.

Hudson, O. T. B. Terrv.

I believe, friend T., that I ngree with you
in the main. I suppose you aie aware, that
your base-burner could be arranged so as to
take pure air directly from outdoors, without
very much more expense. AV^ith the large
number of rooms you have communicating
with each other, however, I do not believe
I would advise this. It takes very much
more fuel, especially during zero weather,
where all the air we require is brought by a
cold-air pipe from outdoors. We have test-
ed, at different times, ahuost all arrange-
ments and appliances for heating. I do not
like a furnace in the cellar, because there is
always more or less liability of leakage that
will permit coal gas to come into the rooms.
Xew furnaces often work without this
trouble for two or three years ; but when

1S87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CrLTlRE.

9»

they get old there is great liability of trouble
of this kind. Where circumstances are fa-
vorable, steam does the business nicely, and
the heat may be distributed and made to
come exactly wliere you want it, and no heat
where you prefer none. By the way, 1 pre-
sume you meant you would like to keep your
potatoes at a temperature of about 84 ; and
that whenever the weather is cold enough
you keep it pretty nearly there. To keep it
at all times at or about 34 would require the
very best modern appliances for cold storage.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

FOUNDATION OR NO FOUNDATION.

■R. BASS objects to empty brood-nests, when
hiving swarms, on the ground that, in his
locality, the yield is slow. At the Indian-
apolis Convention, Mr. Poppleton sug-
gested that my success might be attributa-
ble to the same reason; viz., a long, slow flow. I
do not think the success of my plan would be ma-
terially affected by either. It the flow is abundant,
the bees are furnished all the fdn. they can draw
out in the supers; while if it is slow the bees cer-
tainly have abundant" time in which to draw out
fdn. in the supers. If they can only be started,
at the outset, to working with a " boom " in the
sections, there will be no crowding of the queen,
nor building of drone comb, unless the queen is
about to be superseded. Mr. Bass made the mis-
take of using too large a brood-apartment.

I guess you are right, friend Root; the matter is
more complex than it appears upon the surface,
and the publication of a few short articles scatter-
ed through the various journals does not present
the subject in the best possible manner; and I am
going to thankfully accept your suggestion and
"roll up my sleeves," mentally, clear up to my
shoulders, and write a little book covering the
whole subject of comb-honey production, as I prac-
tice it, and have it published in time for use next
spring. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Mich., Jan. 7, 1887.

CAN BEES FROM TWO DIFFERENT QUEENS WORK
HARMONIOUSLY IN THE SURPLUS-BOXES?

I have received the first three numbers of Glean-
ings, and must say that I am well pleased with it,
as an exponent of advanced apiculture. 1 wish to
ask two questions. First, if I make my hive long
enough to hold 16 frames (Gallup), and put a solid
division-board in the center, with perforated zinc
honey-board over all, and two entrances, one on
the south and one on the east, the queens being
thus confined to their respective chambers, would
the bees work agreeably in the upper story of the
hive? If so, would there be any advantage in such
procedure? Second, are bees moi-e liable to store
pollen in sections IVo inches thick than they are in
thicker ones? J. M. Cruickshank.

Lyons, Ontario, Canada.

The plan you give will not work with any
certainty for any length of time, friend C.
During the rush of the honey-season, bees
from different hives may mix up indiscrimi-
fiately ; but as soon as the honey-flow is

over, one of the queens will be balled, and
you will eventually have but one swarm of
bees. The matter has been thoroughly gone
over by having division-boards that shrink,
and letting the bees pass through or over
them. I think likely the queen would be
more apt to go into the sections where the
latter were so much nearer the thickness of
an ordinary brood-comb, although I have
not tested the nintter from experience. Can
any of the friends inform usV

ALSIKE clover for THE SOUTH.

1 see in Gleanings that you advise Southern
bee-keepers to plant alsike clover to better the
quality of Southern honey. Will the clover do well
here ? Will the Chapman honey-plant do ? My
place is on the Brazos River, subject to overflow
occasionally. Will the clover stand it ? I saw Dr.
O. M. Blanton's report (Gle.\nings for Nov. 1), and
he says cypress barrels are the best that he has ever
used. Won't the honej' taste of the cypress, and ruin
the sale of it— it there is any ? Dr. B. is an old bee-
keeper, and should know. Won't iron hoops do on
the cj'press barrels, as well as Avood ? C. F. Muth's
price for oak barrels is $2.00, without any inside
coating or paint. They cost here about S^S.OO— too
much. I find that people don't want to pay for bar-
rels or any other vessel. I receive letters wanting
me to ship honey to them on commission, one from
Chicago; at the present prices the freight would
cost more than the honey would sell for. Some of
the parties writing don't give references.

J. W. Park.

Columbia, Brazos Co., Tex., Dec. 24, IS86.

Friend P., I can not tell you whether al-
sike clover will do well with you or not. It
can be settled only by experiment. But 1
think you can be sure of this, any way : It
can be- raised in any locality where red or
white clover will grow\— The supposition is,
that the Cliapman honey-plant will grow
anywhere— or, at least, I should feel safe in
saying in anyplace where thistles will grow.
—I am not acquainted with cypress for bar-
rels. Will Dr. Blanton tell us about itV— Be
very careful about shipping honey — not only
to lohom you ship, but ascertain beforeliand,
as near as possible, whether the transaction
promises to be a paying one. I understand
it is not very unusual for commission-men
to sell goods for only enough to pay freight,
cartage, and commission ; and I have known
of some commission-men who were very cool
about such transactions. It seems to 'me a
fearful way to do liusiness ; and if any com-
mission-man has any regard for his patrons,
it seems to me he should manage in some
way to avoid having goods shipped him, to
meet such a fate as this.

HOW TO EMPTY THE HONEY-SACK, WITHOUT IN-
.JURV TO THE BEE.

I have often noticed, by writers in bee-journals,
and some, again, quite lately, in Oct. Gle.\nings,
as well as one number of the A. B. J., where bees
are dissected for the simple purpose of getting
their honey. As this is not only a tedious and un-
necessary operation, and, for that purpose, imper-
fect. I beg leave to inform the readers of Glean-
ings of a better and more simple way, and one,
also, which will spare the bee from any harm.
Take the bee the usual way. with both wings be-

100

(ILKANINGS IN liKE Clll/ri'lil-:.

Feb.

tween the thumb and first linger of the right hand.
The bee will then put out its sting. Now press the
sting gently against something hard — wood or
glass: keep on pressing, and keep her as straight as
possible. Her extremity is thus made to press
against the honey-sack, which compels her to force
up to her mouth whatever she has. honey or water,
and show you the drop, large or small, between her
mandibles. This can then be taken from her with
the head of a pin or a pen-knife point, in the left
hand, for examination, and the boe left to go for
more. If I want to only see the honey or water, I
press lier against my left thumb-nail, let her swallow
it back, and let her go. Several bees can be exam-
ined in a minute, as they come dropping on the
alighting-board, if desired. C. H. Luttgbns.

Hammonton, N. .T., Dec. 21, 1886.

If we understand you, friend Jj., your
plan is something like the closing-up of a
telescope. The abdomen of the bee is con-
tracted lengthwise, producing a pressure
upon the honey-sack, causing its contents
to be forced out. The idea is certainly an
ingenious one, and the bee-keepers owe yon a
vote of thanks, especially since it helps us
to preserve the lives of our little pets. I
have seeii men take up their beautifully
marked Italians as they came in laden fiom
the fields, and coolly disembowel them ; but
I confess, my opinion of a man who does
this falls a notch or two, in spite of myself.
I have many times been very anxious to
know what the bees were gathering, but I
did not like to kill a bee to find out. Once,
after I had watched nearly half an hour to
satisfy myself, 1 saw a bee alight with mud-
dy feet, and then I guessed they were carry-
ing water, and I traced them directly to the
brook. By means of your invention I could
have satisfied myself in an instant.

A PLEA FOR THE SABBATH; HOW TO MAKE SITN-
D.4Y SWARMS COME OUT ON SATURDAY.

Several years ago, when I first began keeping
bees, 1 was too ignorant of their habits to make
artificial swarming a success, and knew no other
way to care for natural swarming than to watch
them " through thick and thin," Sundays and all
days. Later on, 1 began to watch only at such times
as colonies were about sealing their queen cells.
After two or three years ray stupid brain took in
the situation, and since then I have not stayed at
home on Sunday to watch bees. Bees swarm with
the sealing of the cells or first cell. Knowing this I
keep cells built, during swarming time, from my
best queen in a manner costing no e.xtra time or
queenlessness of stocks — always, however, being
cai'ef ul to keep the dates, so as to know when a cell
will hatch. In order to prevent swarming on Sun-
day, 1 look the bees over on Friday a! out noon.
The experienced eye will detect at once'siich colo-
nies as will be ready to cast swavms in 2 to 4 days.
To such give a sealed queen-cell, slipping it between
the frames, and on Saturday you may exjiect, al-
most with certainty, a swarm from that hive. T
give this for those who, like myself, are obliged or
prefer to have aday to themselves occasionally, and
leave the apiary alone. This method is quick and
effectual, Italianizing from your best queen at the
same time; and last, but not least, having the Sab-
bath to yourself. This plan is original with me,

yet I doubt not others have thought it out as well;
yet T have never seen it in print. I usually clip my
queens' wings. C. M. Goodspbbd.

Thorn Hill, N. Y., Jan., 1887.

Your idea of obliging swarms to come out
when you wish to have them do so is not
entirely new, friend G. I know it will
sometimes work as you say ; but it is my
impression, that a good many times it will
not. We shall be glad to hear from others
who have tested it.

QUEENS BY SPECIAL DELIVERY.

As the delivery system has been extended to all
mail matter as well as to all postofiices, it occurs to
me that it will be a good thing for queen-rearers
as well as for the purchasers. When any one or-
ders a queen, he, of course, wants her as soon as
possible. Now, by sending ten cents in addition to
the price of the queen he would get her just as
soon as she can possibly come through the mails;
and if he lives within the delivery of a nj' free-de-
livery postofflce, or within one mile of any post-
office, it will be delivered to him at once by a spe-
cial messenger (see " Notice to Public," from P. M.
General, posted in all postofflces). There are some
whom this would not benefit very much; viz., those
that receive only weekly or semi-weekly mail; but
1 think the majority of the purchasers would be
benefited by it. Ordinary fourth-class matter is
not attended to in the mails until the first-class has
been disposed of, therefore it is more liable to mis-
carry; but fourth-class matter bearing a special-
delivery stamp will be disposed of before ordinary
first-class matter, thereby going through with the
greatest possible dispatch.

What do you think of it, Mr. Root? Why not say,
in your catalogue, that, if ten cents in addition to
the price of the queen is sent, you will send her
by special delivery? As the queen-trade is over
for this year it may come good next year, pro-
vided you approve of the suggestion.

S. E. Miller, P. M.

Bluffton, Mo., Dec. 4. 1886.

Friend M., this matter has been suggest-
ed before ; but before putting it in the price
list, let us have some experiments to see
just how it works. No doubt it will many
times prove quite a convenience.

does the BUSINESS OF HONEY-PRODUCING PAY ?

I wish to ask a question or two concerning bee
culture.

1. Is it your candid opinion that the bee-business,
when strictly confined to the production of honey at
present prices, can be made a success financially ?

2. How many colonies of bees will the flora of any
one locality support profitably, where there is con-
siderable woodland, and where the white clover
abounds in its season ? 1 see there is considerable
controversy on this subject, some maintaining that
less than 100 will sufliciently'stock a district bounded
by the distance of flight of the bees from any given
place in the working season, while others claim (hat
many more may be profitably kept. I think that,
with your experience, you will be able to answer
the questions satisfactorily. Richard L. Oleoo.

Peoria, Union Co., O , Dec. 20, 1886.

Friend C, 1 do not know how it is possi-
ble to answer such questions as yours. Tt
is just like asking if the strawberry business
pays. The answer would be, with some

1887

Ui.EANlNGS TM BEE CULTURE.

101

people, that it pays splendidly ; but with a
great many, perhaps it does not pay expens-
es. Agaiii, no one can tell what a locality
will do nntil it has been tested, and this
applies both to soil and climate. By read-
ing the reports given in every number, you
will see that the bee-business pays some peo-
ple. We also try to have reports in every
number, from those who do not make it
pay. In regard to the number of stocks in
any one locality, it is rarely profitable to
keep more than 100 in a place ; yet very good
results have been made from 150 and some-
times 200 on one spot. 1 am of the opinion,
however, that 50 colonies will gather more
honey per colony than will a larger number.

AN APPEAL TO THE HONEY-BEE.
Pretty little busy bee,
Don't you make yourselves so free.
Raising eane aiuonp your neighbors
With your tiny pumps anil sabers;
Going into people's iKUises.
Cra\vling up the lens nf trousers,
Getting your protectors lilamert—
I should tliink you'd be ashamed,
Stealing sweets from clioiuest fruits-
Better stop, you little brutes.
Better spend your leisure hours
Pumping nectar from the flowers —
See what a rumpus you are raising
By your everlasting hazing.
Now can't you look this matter over
And get your ueetar from the clover?
There's lots of room in fields and glen-
Go there and get your honey, then,
And don't be putting on such style-
Quit buzzing people all the while,
rll try you ]ust another season.
And see if you have any reason;
But if yoTi've not, I'll not abhor you ,
But have a little reason for you.

J. K. Swipes.

PHENOL .\N effective CUBE FOR FOUL BROOD.

If you feed your bees in the early spring, to pro-
mote breeding, or even if you do not, make candy
as per the ABC book; and when making it, add to
it the proper proportion (I use 1 in TOO) of phenol, as
given by Frank Cheshire. Place the same on top
of frames at the proper time, and note the results.
In my experience every vestige of the disease will
have disappeared unless the colony was too far
gone. Please try it, and report for the benefit of
others. When I first took up bee-keeping I was
very enthusiastic, and wrote considerably for the
bee-papers. Well, my friend, let me tell you that,
though I have had considerable e.xperience since
then, I don't know as much now as I thought I did
then; and, though I am learning every day, yet I
don't feel so much like rushing off to print it as
I did. A Bee-Keeper.

A PUMPKIN BEE-HIVE.

We take the following from the Santa
Maria (Cal). Times :

One day this week Mr. Shu man, who resides a few
miles west of town on the Guadaloupe road, was
gathering his pumpkins. He placed one on the
wagon, from which he noticed bees issuing. E.xam-
ination revealed the fact that the interior of the
pumpkin was full of honey; in fact, it was a verita-
ble bee-hive. The bees had gained access through
a crack in one side of the vegetable, and had taken
up permanent quarters. Mr. Shu man took out
eight pounds of tine honey. Is there any other land
under the sun where the farmer can raise his own
pumpkins and honey on the same vine 'i*

Perhaps some of our older readers remem-
ber this matter is not new, after all. Some
years ngo the matter of having bee-hives
made from th'^ sugar-trough gourd was dis-
cussed. Surplushoii.-^v receptacles were to
be made of small g mrds stuck to the side of
the larger one. at the proper point. We
should then have, not " sugar in a gourd."'

but honey in a gourd. Probably gourd bee-
hives can be produced cheaper than any
thing else— that is, if we were going to dis-
card movable frames.

\ COLONY OF BEES IN THE OPEN AIR, WITH THEIR
COMBS FASTENED TO GRASS AND WEEDS.

Inclosed, a dollar you will see.

For which send Gleaninss here to nu>.

By experience. I have found

It is useful, the year around.

In winter, siiring, and summer too,

It will tell us what to do.

It also tells us where to tlnd

Queens aiul supplies of every kind.

In the August No. we read a short but interesting
account of " How Bees Work in the Open Air in
California." It reminds me of the work of a colony
in Northern Indiana during the past season. In-
stead of building their comb.s to the limb of a tree,
they made their house in the tall grass and weeds.
The combs were attached to and suspended by only
grass and weeds, and the outer ones were built so
as to partially protect the inner ones from rain, etc.
Of course, this answered very well for summer, but
I am afraid they are not provided with very good
winter quarters.

DOES COLOR IN CLOTHING ANGER BEESV

A few years ago. when I first caught the bee-
fever I visited the apiary of a German bee-keeper
at Valparaiso, Ind. He had in the yard at the time,
90 strong colonies, mostly hybrids, and I thought
them about the Grossest bees I had ever met. I
had hardly stepped out aiflong them befoi-e they
commenced operations on me; and as they went at
me in force it is hai'dly necessary to say I retreated.
My friend dropped a hint then which I have never
seen expressed in a bee-journal; but from experi-
ence since, I believe it to be true. He said, " Didn't
you know dat bees shust hate black clothes?" He
always wears a light-colored suit while working in
the apiary, and gets fewer stings in consequence.

Westville, Ind. E. L. Reynolds.

G. M. DOOLITTLE, and HOW DOES HE WORK OVER
THE HIVES?

Inclosed find $1M, for which please send Glean-
ings for 1887, as I can not get along without it. I
like the picture so well in Gleanings, "The Apia-
rist at Work," that I can not help asking Mr. Doo-
little to send bis picture and a cut of his apiary,
with him sitting on his work-bench. Any way, I
should like to see 280 lbs. at work.

Bees have, so far, done well on their summer
stands. They are snowed under at present, but I
hope they will come out all right. J. V. Mishleh.

Ligonier, Noble Co., Ind., Jan. 6, 18S7.

If friend Doolittle will comply, we will
have an engra\ing made to satisfy friend
M. and others of our readers.

FROM NORTHWEST MISSOURI.

I commenced the season with 48 colonies, two of
them queenless, •'> or 6 weak, the lest frOm medium
to good. I increased to 7.5, and obtained .5600 lbs. of
honey— 150 lbs. of which was in sections. I have
about 3.50 lbs. on hand yet. The rest is sold nr an
average of 10 cents a pound. My bees are well sup-
plied with natural stores. I never feed sugar unless
ms' bees are short of natural stores. We have a
very good country here for bees, and bee-men are
scarce. I know of some very good locations in this
part, and cheap, compared with most places in the
North. L. G. Purvis.

Forest City, Mo.

102

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

SWEET CLOVER AS A TREE IN TEXAS.

Editor Gleanings:— Yon doubtless remember a
note I sent you in October, about a plant which
grows along the cliffs and rocky lands of our coun-
try. 1 also sent with the note a branch and blos-
som of the plant, or tree, you might call it, and
asked you to name it, but you seemed to be sur-
prised that I didn't know it was nothing but com-
mon sweet clover. Well, it's true that I never saw
any sweet clover to know it, but supposed it was a
weed or grain. For fear you might have made a
mistake, or that you did not take much time to
examine the branch sent you before, I send you a
block of wood sawed from one of the branches, and
I ask you to reconsider the matter, and see if you
can find a name for it. Tt grows from six to ten
feet high, and is sometimes large enough to make
fence-rails out of. The timber is very hard and
durable. The shoots are very straight, and often,
while out hunting, I have used them for ramrods
for my ritle. J. P. Caldwell.

San Marcos, Tex., Dec. 6, 1886.

Ill reply, I wrote friend C. as follows :
I never saw any sweet clover with a stalk
as hard as the sample you send ; but as it
has the very familiar taste of the plant, I
think there is no question but that it is the
same thing we have here. With us, how-
ever, it always dies down in the winter.
Do you mean to say that with you the same
stalk grows year aftei' year like" trees ?

Certainly, the plant grows year after year, like
any other tree or bush. The blossom is vei-y fra-
grant, and the mountains are strewn with its de-
licious flavor twice a year. J. P. Caldwell.

San Marcos, Tex.

From the above it seems there is no ques-
tion but that sweet clover, in climates suf-
ficiently mild, changes its habit to that of
a hard woody tree. I presume the leaves, of
course, drop in the winter time. The next
question will be. Is it still a good honey-
plant V If I am correct, with us it fre-
quently produces two sets of blossoms in a
season, especially where a severe drought
causes it to drop its leaves and dry up.

HONEY FROM HARD MAPLE.

The honey I sent, I think no doubt was obtained
from hard maple, a part of it. I had no honey-dew
honey— never have had in this State. I get some
of the same kind every warm May. The largest
colonies get it— the small ones, never. This year I
extracted the first of it the fore part of June.
Next year ] will watch and make assurance doubly
sure.

We have much maple timber near us, and we
have large colonies early enough to gather it, and
I think we fail only when the weather is too cool
for bees to work, or the colonies are too small to
get it. All my bees wintered in the cellar, and
were not brought out till April 15. 1 failed to get
any to show. Their brood probably used up all
they obtained.

We regard our last season's experience as 10 lbs.
per colony in favor of outdoor wintering, on ac-
count of this early gathering. Another spring
may not so prove, but we shall see; 80 colonies are
now in the cellar, as nice as can be— have been in
just a month; 11.5 are outdoors, which had a nice
fly Dec. 11. I have no doubt my outdoor bees will

surpass my cellar bees in early honey by more than
10 lbs. next year. T. F. Bingham.

Abronia, Mich., Dec. 30, 1S86.

The subject of hard maple came up at the
Michigan Convention, and I asked friend B.
to send me a sample of the hard -maple
honey. I thought perhaps it might be
something like maple molasses ; however, it
tasted to me more like honey-dew; hence
my suggestion, and the above is friend B.'s
reply.

HOW TO MAKE MILK PAINT FOR COVERING
HIVES, ETC.

I have been reading part first of Our Homes, and
have commenced making drains, foot-paths, and
cisterns, as per your directions. I should like to
know just how you make the milk paint that stands
so well; also directions how to make the very best
kind of cistern for greenhouses. I have only one
colony of bees left. I lost all the others by foul
brood. 1 am very busy now with the greenhouses
—no time for bees, but expect to try them in a
cucumber-house before long. E. Grainger.

Toronto, Ont., Nov. 33, 1886.

Friend ii., milk paint is made by stirring
water lime, such as is used for cisterns, in
skimmed milk. If you can not get skimmed
milk, use sweet milk. It will be much
cheaper then than paint ; and if put on new
rough boards it will stand for years. If the
boards are old, and have commenced to de-
cay on the surface, it will peel ofl:, taking
the old surface with it. — I should enjoy
hugely taking a peep at your cucumber
greenhouses.

THE LOW PRICE OF HONEY, AND ITS COST OF
PRODUCTION.

I can not forbear letting you know how well I
like Gleanings. T take several very interesting
papers; but when I get Gleanings they all have to
wait until that is read, even to the advertisements,
for 1 am always anxious to know all that is going
on in the bee-world, even to who has got some-
thing to sell, and what it is.

I should like to say a few words on a subject that
is being ablj' discussed by several of our leading
bee-masters; namely, the low price of honey. In
the years gone by, bee-keeping has been highly
profitable where any effort was made to make it so,
and wbyV Simply because it was not very much
of a business in those days. There were but few
specialists then in the business; the farmers pi'o-
duced the most of the honey-crop, and but a com-
paratively small amount was then placed on the
market, and it brought fancy pi-ices. Now the
large numbers of specialists engaged in the busi-
ness are placing so many thousand tons of honey
on the market that bee-keeping is being forced
down to a business basis, and I do not think it is
quite down yet. In the near future I expect to
sell a nice article of comb honey for 10 cents per
lb., perhaps for eight; but if I can get to winter my
bees successfully, I am satisfied that I can raise it
for that at a profit. G. E. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich.

May I caution you a little in regard to be-
ing in too great hurry to get the price of
honey down f It will get down fast enough
without any such suggestions as you make.
I think you will find it close enough work to
produce" comb honey at 12^ cts. wholesale, to

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

103

say nothing of 8 and 10 cts. Enthusiasm is
a good thing, but it does not always pay
debts and get us out of cramped places.

GETTING THE MOTH OUT OF COMBS BY MEANS
OF SUN HEAT.

Moth worms may not trouble you any, but here
they are very troublesome as soon as the combs
are away from the bees. Picking- them up with a
pin is a long- job, and sulphur fumes are not al-
ways handy. As there may be some who, once in a
while, will ha\e combs with worms in, I will g-ive
you my way of killing them.

When the sun shines bright and warm! take my
combs, two or more at a time— this depends on how
warm the sun is, and set them where it will shine
directly in the cells. In a short time the worms
will begin to hunt the shady side, when I turn the
combs over and repeat the operation till the worms
have all left, or are dead. By being- careful, not a
cell will be injured, even if the sun is warm enough
to melt the comb entirely, if left a few minutes too
long. Aug. Leyvraz.

Francis, Fla., Dec. 24, 1886.

I have noticed, that when combs were set
out in the sun, the worms crawled out of
the cells, but it never occurred to me before
that it was the heat of the sun that made
them vacate. If your plan will scare them
all out, it is certainly quite an item, espe-
cially where black bees are kept.

tenement plan of wintering.

When spring opened last season, we had 58 colo-
nies with which to begin the season. Fifty of the
number were in gooil condition to gather honey.
Our crop, 3000 lbs. of comb honey in one-pound sec-
tions, and 1.500- lbs. of e.vtracted, was of extra qual-
ity.

Twenty-three colonies were wintered in chaff
bee-houses, nmde to winter four and eight. They
came out in fine condition. I think this plan of
outdoor wintering is one of the cheapest and safest
plans known, and one of the most convenient.
As they are made adjustable, all bulkiness of
hives in the summer time is avoided, and they are
also a great protection in spring, against the cold
wind. Mj' apiary of 123 stands will be arranged on
this plan in fours, two facingjjthe east and two
facing the west.

We have tried to see how much honey we could
sell here at home, and I think we did well, consid-
ering that the number of inhabitants is less than
one thousand. When we began to sell honey we
held ours at 15 cents. In a short time the farmers
began to bring in honey, selling it at 10 cents in
the comb, but we have managed to get 10 cents on
an average for it, and have sold 1.500 lbs. at home,
and expect to sell more. W. S. Dokman, .58—133.

Mechanicsville, la., Jan. 12, 1887.

LICKING stamps.

See here, friend Root; don't object to people rub-
bing postage-stamps on their hair, as Mr. Waller
suggests at the bottom of page 27 of Gleanings for
Jan. 1, to prevent their sticking together. Your
objection is, that if hair-oil is used the stamps will
be greasy, and won't stick, and that " t'other fel-
low " might " lick his tongue on the stamp after it
had been rubbed on greasy hair." Now, a better
way is to not have that " t'other fellow " nor any
one else " lick " postage-stamps at all. Sometimes

they get licked too much and don't stick well, and
get lost from the letter or package. Just let them,
that is, that " t'other fellow," and everybody else,
lick, or wet the corner of the envelope, and then
place on the stamp without " licking " it. If one
has lots of letters or circulars to stamp, just lap a
lot of them, leaving room for stamps uncovered,
and, with a small wet sponge or cloth, wet all at
once, and then put on a large number of stamps in
a twinkling. A.B.Mason.

Auburndale, O., Jan. 3, 1887.

]\[0¥EP -ft^iJ) QaERIEg.

WILL BASSWOOD GROW FROM CUTTINGS ?

ILL linden (basswood) grow from cuttings?
If so, when should they be cut, when plant-
ed, and how should they be treated, from
beginning to end? Will they grow as fast
as Cottonwood? U. H. Walker.

Sabetha, Kan., Jan. 10, 1887.

[They will grow from cuttings, but it requires an
experienced hand to do it. The subject is fully
treated in our back numbers. I think they will
grow fully as fast as cottonw-ood. The cuttings re-
quire a special treatment that makes it somewhat
expensive; nnd as seedlings are offered for SIO.OO
per 1000 or less, the decision was that it would not
pay to grow cuttings.]

ALSIKE FOR PASTURAGE.

Alsike makes splendid bee-pasture. It is hard to
beat for hay for horses or cattle. They prefer It
to any other hay. S. H. F. Schoulte.

National, Iowa, Dec. 29, 1886.

AN APIARY NEAR WATER.

If an apiary is located near a river or lake, <>r
on an island of 1 0 acres, would many of the bees
be drowned? Chas. F. Clark.

Cokeville, Wyo.

[Unless there are high winds or stormy weather,
we think there will be very few bees lost, under
the circumstances you mention; in fact, a few col-
onies have been kept under similar cii-cumstances,
with very good results.]

OMITTING separators, ETC.

Please let me know if the criticisms of some
friends against the practice of omitting separators
between section boxes are well founded when the
boxes are notched all around, as lately suggested,
and I believe practiced, by friend Foster.

Knoxville, Tenn., Dec. 7, 1886. Adrian Getaz.

[My iiiii>i-essi()ii is, f ricnil G., that even with friend
Foster's jilan of woikiuti-. we can not afford to omit
the sepsinitors. if we want to have real nice straight
honey.]

A REPORT IN REGARD TO BARNES BROTHERS'
FOOT-POWER BUZZ-SAW.

I bought a new combined Barnes machine, with
treadle, and a crank attachment. It was the
fourth machine I have bought of their make. It
is very much better than the old combined. I have
used both. G. M. Morton.

Smithboro, N. 1'., Nov. 27, 1886.

I should like to ask Ernest if he introduces virgin
queens to nuclei in the same way as described on
page 1000, Dec. 15. Geo. W. Cook.

Spring Hill, Johnson Co., Kan., Dec. 22, 18S6.

[[ have never tried inti-oducing virgin queens by
the Peet process, as described in Dec. 1.5th issue, but I
presume that it could be done. D. A. Jones claims
to do it successfully; and if it can be done at all. I
believe that the Peet cage will do it successfully.]

104

GlEAi^lNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

THE CHAPMAN HOJS EY-PLANT.

We find the following paragraph in the Briti>(?i
Bee Journal for Jan. 6 :

We may here mention, tliat Mr. Cowan informs
us that he has grown Echinops Sph«?rooephalus for
eight or nine years, and classes it high as a bee-plant.

CAN FOUNDATION GIVE FOUI- BROOD 'i

Don't yon thinli foul brood can be spread from
foundation made from diseased comb?

Chas. H. Van Vechtin.
Victor, N. Y., Nov. 23, 1886. ,

[I do not believe it possible, friend V., for foul
brood to be communicated in the way you mention.
In making foundation we always melt "the wax, and
the temperature of melted wax is death to any fun-
goid or animal life.]

HOW *3.7.5 INCIiEASED TO fl.5.00.

I want to tell you about my bees. This summer,
the last of .Tune, I bought 1 lb. of bees and a queen,
and put them on 10 frames of old comb, and they
are a nice large swarm, now worth $15.00, and they
cost me only $3.75 for bees, queen, expressage, $1.00
worth of sugar, and my time. Pretty good, isn't it ?

Jackson, Mich. Clarence W. Bond.

THE BARNES SAWS.

I write you in regard to the Barnes foot-power
saws. Do you think I could saw four-piece sections
with it? White poplar is what I intend to use. I
am a rather stout man. W. D. Soper.

Jackson, Mich., Dec. «, 1886.

[Yes, friend S., you can saw four-piece sections
with the Barnes foot-power saw; but I think that,
even if you ai-e a stout man, you would begin to
think of an engine before you had sawed many
thousand, especially if you try to produce them ait
the figure they are now advertised. If you think
best to try it, we should like to have a report from
you in regard to the matter.]

FINE WIRE FOR SEPARATORS.

Have you ever tried fine wire stretched on your
broad frames, about ^4, of an inch apart, for separa-
tors? I can't see why it would not answer, and be
no hindrance whatever to bees passing in any
direction through the openings in the sections.

D. S. Benedict.

Ludington, Mason Co., Mich., Dec. 20, 1886.

[We have never tried flue wire, friend B., al-
though the matter has been suggested before in
our back volumps. The difficulty of putting them
on and keeping each one of them stretched tight
is what deterred me from testing it. Besides, after
we got them on, unless the wide frames were han-
dled very carefully they would be very easily in-
jured. If any of our readers have ever tried it, we
should be glad of a report.]

A honey-cupboard— HOW TO MAKE.

Will you please infoi'm me how to inclose a honey-
cupboard ? I am making one to hold about 1000 lbs.
of comb honey. A show-case will form the toj) to
hold sections or prize boxes. Would you inclose the
lower part with wire screen, to keep air to the hon-
ey, or with lumber ? F. S. Thorington.

Chillicothe, Mo., Dec. 2, 1886.

[Friend T., I believe it is not usual to keep such a
quantity of honey in a cupboard; and before we
can tell whether it had better be inclosed In a wire
screen or lumber, we should like to know some-
thing about the room that contains it. If the room
is one where it does not freeze, and the air is com-
paratively dry the year round, wire cloth would
perhaps be best; but if there is danger of frost
enough to make a precipitate of moisture on the
surface of the honey, you had better shut it up as
tight as you can, with hoards.]

^EP6^¥? Dl?C0ai^^6IN6.

the honey season of 1886 ON THE LOWER
MISSISSIPPI.

R. EDITOR: — The honey season of 1886 Is
past, and for this locality I have to record
an almost absolute failure. I began the
season with 125 colonies, very strong.
A cold spell in April struck the apiary,
and all of the strongest colonies were left with
chilled bi-ood. I lost over 20 colonies from this
cause. Those hives had from nine to thirteen combs
filled with brood, and did not have bees sufficient to
cover the combs during the cold spell, and the brood
died from cold; hence I had not one fair-sized swarm
during the entire season. The cold, late, and wet
spring hung on so late that I got only two barrels of
white-clover honey, of a very dark color, with my
125 hives, compared with the ll'/i barrels of fine
white-clover honey from my 67 hives the previous
year. The bad weather hung on all season. The
weather was so cool and damp that honey secretion
was almost entirely suspended. My bees nearly
starved during August, and only the strongest were
enabled to raise brood enough to carry themselves
over winter. Those deficient in brood late in the
fall are dying off very fast, owing principallj' to the
warm winter weather we have had so far. The bees
will tly out and get chilled and are lost, thus deplet-
ing the hive of the bees so necessary in spring.
Where this dwindling is going to stop, I can't say
yet. 1 have carried in, so far, 15 empty hives. Al-
most all have plenty of honey, and none are in need,
but the bees would be so few that they could not
hold out, and died, in some hives, with honey all
around them.

I put by, for winter, 85 colonies, left from the 135.
I began the season with 70, and have that many now,
some of which are verj' good, and many very weak.
The warm winters are a great drawback to bee-
keeping here, if it would get cold enough to com-
pel the bees to stay in the hives till spring, one
would have full hives of bees to begin business
with; but the warm days allow the bees to fly out
and get lost, and to wear themselves out with exer-
cise in the hives; and, as a result, only the strongest
hives, with an abundance of late-hatched bees, will
be strong in the spring. How many more colonies
will die out before March, is a question I can't an-
swer. They don't want feeding, as they have plenty
of honey, but many of them do want bees.

My yield last season was .35 lbs. of extracted honey
per hive. This, with a loss of .55 colonies, and New
York and Milwaukee for my markets, and a net
price for my honey of a little over 4 cts. per pound,
does not conduce to make me liable to lose my mind
in my enthusiasm over bee-keeping in Louisiana—
at present, at least. When I read of Dr. O. M. Blan-
ton's little report of 70 Bbs. per colony and 60 barrels,
I felt he ought to be ashamed to complain. What
would he do with only 35 lbs. per colony? I have
tried to look somewhere for the traditional ever-
present silver lining, but I haven't seen it yet. It
may yet come from behind the plainly visible, low-
ering, dark-gray storm-cloud gathering in the west;
and when that passes by I may look again upon
pleasant sunshiny weather with my bees. In the
meantime, I'll wait and see.
Hahnville, La. 3— C. M. HiGGiNS, 125—70.

I88t

G^LEANI:^^GS iK bee culture.

105

And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy
brother's eye, but considorest not the beam that is
in thine own eye?— Matt. T: 3.

TT was at the close of the Sunday evening
M prayer - meeting, and my sister was
jt speaking about the revival lield at one
■^ of tlie other cluuches in our town. She
said the pastor of that church had won-
dered 1 liad not been present, for lie suppos-
ed, from what he knew of me, I ct)uld not
stay away when a revival was going forward.
As it was near church time 1 passed along
witli the crowd and was soon seated right in
front of the pulpit, the usher probably
thinking that there was where I ought to be.
The revival work was conducted by a lady.
I had heard her speak once before on tem-
perance, and I was not very favorably im-
pressed with her abilities. As an illustra-
tion, among other points she made she call-
ed attention to the fact that farmers have
much more trouble in getting their corn to
come up in the spring, of late years, than
they used to have. I am well aware of this,
and our agricultural papers have discussed
it. But the speaker gave as a reason , that
it was (rod's judgment on the farmers for
selling their corn to the distillers. As she
stood l)efore me that evening my mind re-
verted to the incident above, and 1 could not
or did not have very much faith in her abil-
ity to lead souls to the cross. As I looked
about among the people that were gathered
before me, without hardly knowing it I was
encouraging a disposition to criticise the
friends and neighbors around me in the
same way. The large church soon became
very much crowded, and seats were placed
on the platform, close up to the pulpit, so
that many faces were before me, and a grand
opportunity was afforded for studying hu-
manity. I profess to have much charity,
and love for unity among the churches, and
I have often exhorted toward this same
charity and love for our neighbors among
the various churches of our town. But this
evening it was very natural to see faults,
not only among those of my own sex who
had gathered there in their Sunday best, but
even among the young people of the oppo-
site sex. I have before alluded to this
temptation of mine ; and as it comes up
every now and then, I presume it must be
one of Satan's strong points with my poor
self.

During the tirst half of the sermon I found
fault with most that was said. The text
was '' Eternity,'' and the speaker pictured
hell in horrible colors. She said eternity is
so great, that, if a bird could fly from the
sun to the earth, and take a grain of soil in
its bill and fly back again it would, in the
process of time, carry this whole earth to
the sun ; but this great period of time would
be as nothing compared with eternity. The
thought was, that everlasting punishment
would be ages and ages longer than the
lapse of time illustrated by the above figure.
I want to say here by way of parenthesis,
that, to my ivay of thinking, such illustrations
are not wise or in good taste. It seems to

me we are transgressing on the domain of
the Almighty when we use tigures of this
kind ; and very likely I shall always think so,
even though it is a fact that ministers of
various denominations are in the habit of
using Such figures quite often.

She changed her theme toward the close,
and her talk fell in with my line of w'ork.
She spoke of visiting the jails and prisons,
and finally I so heartily indorsed the grand
points she made that I should have felt
guilty had I kept silent. I added emphasis
to one of her remarks by an earnest
" Amen." Now, please have charity for me
when I tell you that, heretofore during the
sermon, I had, much of the time, turned my
eyes away from the speaker. I disliked her.
and her face was not pleasant to me. After
that indorsement by the amen, I began to
fsee something different in her expression-
something that was pleasant and attractive.
Christ's spirit seemed to shine forth from
her countenance. Soon after 1 caught a
glimpse of some of the faces near her. How'
strange ! Christ's spirit seemed to shine
forth now, from those faces also ; and as I
looked about me the whole audience had
been transformed. Instead of narrow-mind-
ed people, and people whose faces showed a
lack of intelligence, I beheld humanity in
the likeness of God the creator. Had they
changed under the influences of the earnest
preaching? Why, bless you, no, dear read-
er ; my own heart had changed, and the peo-
ple and the speaker were exactly as they
had been. Christ's spirit had finally found
a lodging-place in my own heart; and is it
at all wonderful that 1 loved everybody?
Their faults and imperfections had faded
away off in the distance, and the charity and
love in my own heart enabled me to
see their lovable traits, and the God-like
part in them all.

The services lasted a good while, and it
was late when I got home ; but for all that,
as I told my wife about the meeting, and
knelt by our bedside, I prayed that this bet-
ter spirit might go with me through the
coming week. That prayer was answered.
Are not such prayers always answered?

I want to stop a minute, however, before
considering that coming week. Others may
have felt like criticising our public speakers
and evangelists in the same way I have
mentioned. Well, suppose our sister did
say that it was selling corn to the distillers
that caused the trouble with the seed corn ;
and suppose, too, she did picture etenial
punishment in such awful colors as to
frighten the youngsters, who shall say her
figure was overdrawn? Ask our best think-
ers of the day how terrible are the conse-
quences of choosing evil rather than good.
I have seen men deliberately decide to fol-
low Satan. I have seen them go down step
by step. I do not know where the end will
be, but I think it very likely that neither
human tongue nor human imagination would
be able to picture the terrible consequences
of such a choice. Why, then, should I find
fault with the speaker?

Among the thirty or forty that gathered
to the anxious-seat at the close of the meet-
ing, there were a good many children. There

106

GLEAXINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

Feb.

was one boy who used to swear on the
streets so fearfully that the neighbors all
felt troubled about him. There he stood
right before me with penitential tears in his
eyes ; aud when the speaker, in motherly
tones, gave him Christian counsel and en-
couragement, I inwardly prayed that God
might spare and bless her even more abun-
dantly. When I saw the teachers from our
public schools join in the work, and come
forward to the anxious-seat to exhort and
encourage their pupils whom they found
there, I said in my heart as did Jacob,
" Surely the Lord is in this place."

I felt the influence of that meeting during
the whole week. During the first day of the
convention at Albany, the low price of hon-
ey was discussed, and several of the honey-
producers felt as many of our farmers do
now, a little sore about the price they were
receiving for their products, and they very
naturally felt like blaming somebody. One
speaker made some remarks in regard to the
middle-men and commission-men. Another
suggested that the latter were a useless
class, for they get all the profit while we do
all the hard work. A third condemned them
as a whole, and some of the terms he
used were not very complimentary. I began
to feel that they were getting into the same
spirit I was when I first sat down in that
revival meeting, and it seemed to me as if
God called on me to enter a mild protest.
They readily gave me the floor, aud I asked
if it were not probable that there are good
men and bad men among honey-dealers as
well as among honey -producers.

" Dear friends," said 1, " let us be careful
how we condemn indiscriminately any class
of people ; and, above all, let us not say un-
kind things of any brother behind his back.
If a bee-keeper has plenty of time, and with
it the ability to retail his honey, or to fur-
nish it in any way directly to the consumer,
by all means let him do "so ; but if he has
other business that pays him fair wages,
and if, like many of us, he has discovered
that he has no talent for peddling and selling
in little dribs, by all means let him employ
somebody who has this talent, and then
every thing will be pleasant and there will
be harmony. If a middle-man pays him so
little that he can not afford to eniploy him,
it is his privilege to trade some other way.
If the commission-man he selects fails in
selling the honey at the price wanted, try
some other man or some other way; but
through it all, let us have charity."

There was another thought I did not give
then, because I did not wish to take up so
much time, but I will give it here. At the
convention, middle-men were accused of
doubling on the honey, when they buy, and
sell at wholesale. This may be true iii some
instances, but 1 think not often. Middle-
men often have many vexatious losses as
well as ourselves. A. C Kendel, of the
Cleveland Seed Store, invested several thou-
sand dollars in a cold-storage room of the
most approved construction. The very first
year he tried it he lost $2000 clean cash ; he
lost it, too, I verily believe, in trying to
help farmers and producers, by taking pro-
duce when the market was glutted, rather

than have it a total loss to the producer.
During the present winter, however, with
the benefit of the experience of the year be-
fore, be has succeeded so finely that he has
already pretty nearly or quite made up
for the losses of a year ago. At the Forest City
House, where we took dinner, grapes and
other fruit were on the table, from his cold-
storage room. They were as fine in the
middle of January as any fruit I ever ate at
any season of the year. Now, friends, I
have no doubt l)ut that Mr. Kendel is get-
ting twice as much for those grapes as he
paid for them ; and one who has no concep-
tion of the care and anxiety, as well as mon-
ey it cost to enable him to do this might
say, "Just look at it 1 he paid us only 4 cts.
a pound for those very grapes that he is
now selling for 10 and 12 cts." The above
figures are given at random, only by way of
illustration. One thing I do know, and that
is, that middle-men are often obliged to sell
honey as well as fi'uit at a great loss •, they
take risks where they buy things of this
kind out of season, and they must have
their profits. In my remarks" I suggested,
if I am not mistaken, that we should invite
the honey-dealers to be present at our con-
ventions, that we might hear both sides of
the question. About this time our good
friend L. C. Root suggested that one eve-
ning be devoted to the consideration of the
honey-market, and that middle-men, com-
mission-men, honey dealers and consumers,
be invited to Ije present and give us their
views. Accordingly an evening was ap-
pointed ; and as the invitation was given
through the press, a large number were pres-
ent— perhaps 200 oi- more. During the
midst of our talk a fine-looking young man
came up hurriedly to the platform, and
threw off his overcoat with an air that seem-
ed to imply that he was squaring himself
for a fight. His first words were something
like this : " Ladies and gentlemen, I am a
middle-man ; " and then he gave us one of
the finest talks in regard to the sale of hon-
ey I have ever heard in my life. Some one
had doubtless repeated to him the unkind
words that were uttered the day before, as
seemed evident from some of his remarks.
His name is Mr. Henry R. Wright, and his
place of business is 328 Broadway, Albany,
N. Y. I extract the following report from
his talk as given in one of the Albany daily
papers:

"I sell honey; I am not a producer. I consider
honey a staple, not an article of luxury. I think
the low prices due to over-production. I should
like to see a uniform style of comb adopted, some-
thing- like this. [The speaker exhibited an unglaz-
ed frame which would contain a comb and about 11
ounces of honey.] Two-thirds of the honey pro-
duced is buckwheat. I sell 100 cases of buckwheat
to 10 of the others. I sell from f 10,000 to $30,000
worth of honey a year, and I don't make a specialty
of it either. [Applause. 1 My experience shows
that an ung-lazed package of about 10 or 11 ounces
that will sell for 10 cents is the most popular, and if
a uniform package of that size could be adopted it
would increase the sales of honey, and be of benefit
to the producers."

The speaker had a number of the frames of the
size shown by him disjointed, and he said any one
who wanted one could have it. There was a scram-
ble among' the members, and the frames soon dis-
appeared.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

107

The little frames he exhibited were about
the width of oiir one-i)ouiid section — per-
haps a little narrower. They were oblon.u',
something the shape of a testament, per-
haps. He prefers tliem oblong-, because, as
he expressed it, it made moi'e of a show of
surface of comb honey. Tlie reason lie pre-
ferred Ituckwlieat to basswood or clover was
because it enables us to give consumers a
bigger chunk for a dime. Ills whole enter-
prise is based on the idea of selling the hon-
ey at 10 cts. a cake. I replied to him, and
suggested that we use the ordinary Simplici-
ty section, 4i x -li in., making "it thinner
instead of smaller or different in size. But
his experience had been entirely with the
oblong section. As buckwheat is so rarely
in sections in the West, we should jtrobably
need to make ours so as to hold a little less
than 10 ounces — say 8 or 9 ounces. Mr.
Wright told us he had sold from $15,000 to
$20,000 worth of hone} in the city of Albany
during the last year, all put up in the kind
of sections recommended. He said the sup-
ply had been out for some time, and he
would be glad to coutiact for a large
amount of this honey for another season. I
do not know whether he is prepared to ans-
wer inquiries in regard to this matter or
not ; but I do believe the coming honej^-
package is something that can be retailed
for an even dime. One of the strong points
he made on it was, that any average family
will eat it all up and '"clean" up the platter;''
there will be none of it left to set away to
daub the dishes and draw the flies. Be-
sides, a great part of the laboring popula-
tion are in the habit of buying their sup-
plies for the table, 10 cents" worth at a
time. If you will tell them the price is 12
cents or lo cents, they won't buy it. If it is
only a dime, olf it. goes. Mr. Wright does
not retail at all. He furnishes grocers and
retail dealers. I do not remember how
many of these 10-cent sections were in a
crate, but I suppose it does not matter ma-
terially— anywhere from 12 to 24, perhaps.
He takes the honey all on commission.
Two-thirds of the value is paid in cash to
the producer when the honey is laid down,
and the remainder when sold. He buys by
weight, but the consumer purchases, as 1
have said, by the piece. In view of this it is
desirable that the sections of honey should
weigh as nearly alike as possible ; and to do
this we shall have to use separators. Xow,
then, friends, all these valuable points were
brought out by a pleasant and friendly talk
with one of our much-abused veighhors ; and
the moral to my little story to-day would be
this: Maybe the neighbor whom you are
abusing and calling names is this minute
both able and willing to help you very ma-
terially if you will treat him as you should
always treat every neighbor.

Since the above was written I have talk-
ed with our foreman about this dime sec-
tion ; and as it is very near the dimensions
of the sections we make and keep in stock,
known as six to the L. frame, perhaps this
will be the most desiral)le size, ;is it will fit
all of our hives and packages. If we are to
sell clover and basswood honey for 10 cts. a
section, we can not have it contain more

than 8 or 9 ounces ; and to do this, the sec-
tion mentioned above, six to the L. frame,
will need to be about an inch in thickness ; if
separators are used, may be \k inch. Have
any of our readers ever' experimented on a
section of this size ? The comb, you will
notice, will be al)out of the thickness of an or-
dinary brood-comb. It will l)ea little card of
honey for 10 cts. Mr. A. A. Rice, of Seville,
O., has sold sections quite similar to the
above. He gets tliem filled by putting
them in an ordinary brood -frame in the
lower story or the brood-apartment.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

HOOOS FOR SWAKMIN BEES.

BEES has to be swarmed evrj- summer.
Thay cum out to be swarmed of thair oau
ackord. Moastly on a hot day.
Hwen thay cum out, poot on a overcoat-
fur is best. Thay like to feel the soft fur and
will role over and over in it. forgittin to sting-. Poot
on thii;k woolen mittens and ty a string around the
rists. Also ty up the ankels. Poot on a son bunnet
and ty it tite around the neck. This will maik you
middlin warm.

p. BENSON, A. B. S.. KEDDY FEK STINGS.

Then go out and look if the swarm is still thair.
Git three (3) vales and ty over yure son bunnet. If
you lied oanly one (1) vale the bees mite chaw throo
it. This will maik you a little warmer.

Tell yure wife to look you all over kind o careful
like and see if thair izzent a bole ennywhair whair
a bee mite break throo. Then go and git a hive. If
you hevvent got enny, that will be better. You ken
go over to the nabers to borough 1, & it will amoose
the naber's ehildern to see you drest vip so cumfert-
able like. You woont ken git enny to the nabers
so you ken cum home on a run and maik 1 out of a
old box or nail keg. This will herp to warm j"Ou. I
forgought to say that hooever 1st sees the swarm
cum out must yell for the rest, & all hands must
kommens to keep up a noise. The oald wooman
ken pound on a tin pale with a piiU dipper, aniitber
ken l)lo a horn, and 1 ken jinggel a cow bell, and 1
ken hammer on a tin pan, and I ken hammer on
anuther tin pan, & all ken holler, exseptin the horn.

108

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

he kant holler. Keep the noise & racket agoln
steddy. If thay is enny nabers thay cood bring
sum moar tin pales & things & maik sum moar
racket.

After you git yure box or nale keg reddy, rub on
sum tanzy tea. This will help to charm the bees,
but I cood sell you a bottel of P. Benson's Bee Hive
Elickser that is shure evry time. Anuther time I
will tell you whot els to doo, but kepe up the racket
till then. P. Ben.son, A. B. S.

P. S.— Printer poot in that A. B. S. stans for Api-
culturistical Beekeepin Sighentist.

THE CONVENTION AT ALBANY, N. Y.

CONTINUED FROiM PAGE 46, LAST ISSUE.

fHIS convention was one of tbe best and
most profitable tbat it bas ever been
my good fortune to attend. To give
in detail an account of all the valuable
things that came up and were discuss-
ed, would make quite a book in itself, there-
fore I shall have to notice briefly the most
important points.

The question as to what to do with our
honey was the most absorbing topic, and
there was some considerable complaint of
overproduction, but not quite the customary
amount of censure because somebody else
had done or had not done so and so. Blam-
ing editors of bee-journals for urging every-
body to go into the business, occupied a por-
tion of the time. Then came the question,
are there too many already in the business V
and is it best for some of us to give it up ?
Mr. L. C. Root, son-in-law of "Father Quin-
by," as he is called in York State, was one
of the bright spirits of the occasion, and I
understand he has been one of the old wheel-
horses in the convention ever since its start.
I learn, also, that Father Quinby was found-
er of this same convention ; that he had met
and taken part in its deliberations on the
very floors of Agricultural Hall, which we
were then occupying. I hope my two good
friends. Prof. Cook and L. C. Root, will ex-
cuse me for saying that L. C Root seems to
be to the bee-keepers of York State just
about what Prof. Cook is to the bee-keepers
of Michigan ; and I think the inhabitants of
these two States may fervently thank God
for two such men— men so devoted to the
best interests of the youth of our nation ;
and men, too. who are laboring so earnestly
to have godliness and righteousness prevail.
Among other good things brought out by L.
C. Root was a little talk which he prefaced
with the following, in his own words, as near-
ly as I can recollect.

IS OUR PURSUIT A WORTHY ONE V

" Now, friends, before going very far in
this matter of giving up the business because
it does not pay, let us look at it a little. Is
bee culture a worthy pursuit ? Is the indus-
try one we may be proud of ? When a young
man starts out in any sort of business, if he
does not he certainly should inquire, ' Is this
kind of work laudable, and will the world be
benefited by it V Is it a respectable calling T
I am glad to be able to point to you the
words of Holy Writ where it says :

Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know
to refuse the evil, and choose the good.

"Now, friends, there is more in this little
verse, perhaps, than the world has evei-
brought out. The production of butter and
honey was especially pointed out as worthy
and laudable, in the Bible ; and whatever is
in the Bible will bear following. Many peo-
ple find themselves greatly benefited by a
diet of milk and honey ; and in the text I
have quoted, butter and milk amount to
pretty much the same thing ; that is, the in-
dustry that affords butter, of course affords
milk. A great deal has been said here about
the overproduction of honey. We are pro-
ducing too much of it, hence the low prices.
I want to say, there is no overproduction, if
it were properly placed before the people,
and they had an opportunity of using it.
There are enough children in our land alone
to take every pound of honey we can pro-
duce, and not have half enough to go around,
even then. [Applause.] Instances have been
mentioned during this convention, of cases
where people had no sort of knowledge that
good honey could be offered at retail for 8 or
10 cents per pound in its liquid state, and
from 12 to 15 cents in comb. [Louder ap-
plause, etc.] We have produced immense
quantities of honey. At one time the ship-
ment of a ton of honey to New York created
quite a sensation ; but now, carload after
carload may be unloaded at our commission-
stores, and no note or comment is made of
it. We are consuming immense quantities,
but the world is by no means supplied yet.
What is the trouble V One of the troubles,
to my mind, lies right here, and it certainly
is a very great trouble. The industries of
our land are not all worthy and laudable.
The Bible indorses and approves of the milk
and honey industries ; but does it anywhere
say that beer and whisky shall ye drink, that
ye may know to choose the evil from the
good? [Loud applause.] Do you wish to
know what the beer and whisky business
has to do with the low price of honey V Just
this, my friends : The money that should
pay for milk and honey for the children, now
pays for beer and whisky every Saturday
night, and the children go without these
things that would be so conducive to their
health and Avell-being. [More applause.]
You have all heard of the immense sums of
money that go into the dram-shops. Now,
a great part of these immense sums are made
up of the money that is needed for the grow-
ing children ; and 1 hardly need allude to
the fact that a mere fraction of the money
that goes for intoxicating liquors would take
all the honey that we can produce, at good
prices, and the honey would benefit, while
strong drink is a curse."'

I wish it were possible for me to give a
good many more similar talks furnished us
by friend Root ; but I am afraid that a good
deal that I have quoted above may be so far
from his words that some of the Ijiends may
think 1 have not done him justice ; but I
have given the idea, and it is a grand one fi-r
the encouragement of the bee-keepers of the
world.

Some very pleasant words were said in re-
gard to reviews of the past. Friend Root

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

109

spoke of the progress we had been making
in the matter of charity for each other.
Said he, " Why, I remember tlie time when
this convention spent nearly one whole day
in censuring and finding fault with the edit-
or of Gleanings and the editor of the A.
B. J. The principal complaint made of our
friend A. I. Root was his one-pound section.
I am glad he is here to-day, however, and I
am glad that the one-pound section is now
the standard the world over. We complain-
ed then because of the smaller package he
recommended. What shall we say now,
when a dime package of comb honey seems
to be the coming package ?"

The subject of supply-dealers came in, of
course, during the deliberations, and friend
Root said he had urged the importance of
bee-journals not connected with the supply-
business, and he still felt that it would be
very desirable, it it were possible, to have a
bee-journal in no way connected or interest-
ed in the sale of supplies. He added, how-
ever, that, if experience seemed to indicate
it best, all things considered, to have the ed-
itors deal in supplies, he was willing to give
way and let the matter drop. He emphasiz-
ed, however, a point which I wish to notice
a little. It was this : That one who deals
in supplies, and has no interest in any jour-
nal, does not stand a particle of chance of
competing with the proprietor of said jour-
nal, on account of the editor's facilities for
constant advertising. At that time I want-
ed to put in a word ; but as so much was be-
fore the convention, and as it seemed a little
like pleading for my side of the question, I
let it drop. I will, however, give it here :
Admitting that a bee-journal is a wonderful
help to a dealer in bee-keepers' supplies, be-
cause of the reasons given, there is, notwith-
standing, a far better way of advertising
than through any bee-journal; and this bet-
ter way is open to all and every one in any
business of any kind. Shall I tell you the
secret ? It is, my friends, simply to surprise
every customer you get, by giving him the
goods he has paid for, before he expects
them ; and surprise every one who writes
you a letter, by getting some sort of an an-
swer to him before he supposes an answer
could possibly have had time to reach him.

Had there been an opportunity for me to
say this before the convention, I suppose it
would have brought down the house with
applause, for they applauded me for many
things with far less truth in them than the
above. Now, the above few words are of so
very much importance to the thousands who
are just embarking in business, that I want
to digress right here in my report of the Al-
bany Convention, long enough to explain a
little how you may all avail yourselves of
this wonderful means of advertising. If you
are some distance from the postoffice, and
go after the mail yourself, put some postal
cards in your pocket. , Open your mail at the
oflBce, and acknowledge the receipt of letters
of importance right on the spot. It is a very
great advantage to be located near a post-
olBce and express office ; and if you are go-
ing to build up much of a business of sup-
plies, or sending goods by express or freight,
you had better get a location that will admit

of promptness. When an order comes with
money, start back a postal card, telling your
patron what to expect ; then bend your en-
ergies to the fulfillment of the order in such
a way as to make friends with your custom-
ers. Now, then, get up early mornings, or
be out a little after dark, if need be, to get
the goods on an early train ;■ and if you lose
money by the time it takes to be prompt, on
a single transaction, you are laying up mon-
ey by building a reputation, and you are
building on a solid rock.

After the convention was over, among the
great numbers who wanted to shake hands
with " Brother Root ■■ was a young man of
fine appearance and pleasing address. By
the way, 1 have begun to think several times
lately t was really falling in love with the
boys of our land— with good boys — boys who
do not swear nor drink, nor use tobacco —
boys who love bees and outdoor pursuits-
boys who love godliness and righteousness.
Well, right before me was a model boy. He
might have been 25 years old, but he was
one of America's boys for all that. He v. us
a schoolteacher ; and it just now occurs to
me that I love schoolteachers. May God
help us in choosing teachers for our youth,
who are upright in life and pure in heart.
After talking with him a little I found oiit
that his father was somewhat of a market-
gardenei", and that he himself was in love
witli intelligent agriculture. Need I tell
you that we became fast friends very fastf
When we got down to the Globe Hotel he
applied for a room, and was told that the
bee men had filled the house completely—
there was notroom for another one. " Why,
look here," said I to my friend, "if it meets
your approval, room with me, and then we
can talk bees and gardening.''

He seemed to be very much pleased with
the arrangement, and we had some big talks,
I tell you. Next month I will give you the
outcome of some of these talks ; but I want
to make only one point now. He, with
many others, spoke of our wonderful
promptness at the Home of the Honey-Bees,
and, by way of contrast, he mentioned the
following :

Early in the spring his father sent for sec-
tion boxes, etc., for the coming harvest. He
sent the exact amount of money, for he had
previously received an estimate. The esti-
mate came promptly ; but after they had
sent the money it was almost impossible to
get a word from the supply-dealer. I do not
know whether they even acknowledged the
receipt of the money or not, but tney did
not send the goods, and did not tell when
they would send them. The bees began
gathering honey. As our friends could get
no answer they asked to have the goods sent
at once, or the money refunded ; and in any
case to let them know what to depend on,
without a moment's delay. After nearly or
quite two Aveeks had passed, our young
friend, in desperation, went across the coun-
try with horse and wagon, and succeeded in
getting some sections that were not at all
what he wanted, although they cost much
more than tiiose that were ordered and paid
for. After they got home with their rdd-
sized sections, and got p;irt of them in the

no

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

hives, the goods that had been waiting for
weeks and months put in appearance. But
even then no word of apology, no letter of
explanation, came. After the rush was over,
came a very handsome letter of apology. I
do not remember whether there was a pro-
posal to pay the damages or not, but there
ought to have been. My young friend stat-
ed, that a simple postal card, telling them
just what they could depend upon, would
have been worth more than ten dollars in
cash. Now, then, do you see clearly the se-
cret I have been telling you of — a secret that
is worth for advertising purposes more than
all the bee-journals put togetherf

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

HOW THE BEES HAVE WINTERED UP TO
DATE.

TN my last, you remember I felt some-
m what apprehensive as to whether the
W large number of nuclei with their val-
"^ uable queens would survive the contin-
ued zero weather we were then having.
Since this time we have had a day or two
of beautiful spring weather, during which
our bees all had a good fly. I am glad to in-
form our readers, that, at this writing, not
one of our colonies, either large or small, has
died. I opened, or peered into about 25 of
the doubtful ones— the weakest and the
strongest. The fcn-mer I feared might per-
ish from the cold, on account of the small
cluster ; the latter, because they might have
consumed their stores. All were in excel-
lent condition, and well supplied with
stores. As the bees were flying from the
entrances of all the rest of the hives (about
17o), from which bees ought to l)e flying if
alive, we decided not to open them up and
disturb their winter nest. The colonies all
had a great abundance of stores the previ-
ous fall, and we took it for granted they
would hardly be needy by this time. In a
month or so, when a w arm day permits, we
will examine all thoroughly, aiid all such as
may be running short we will supply with
combs of sealed stores. These latter we
have stowed away for this purpose, in our
honey-house.

While it is encouraging thus far, the bees
have yet to encounter the changeable weath-
er of spring, and I may yet realize what I at
first feared.

VENTILATION.

For two seasons back, my attention has
been attracted particularly to the fact that
all colonies packed in chaff liives cluster
close to tlie front side of the hive (providing
they have stores in that quarter) just over
the entrance. In pulling back the chaff,
and lifting the burlap in the colonies that I
examined recently, I found that the bees
were invariably clustered over the entrance.
Why do they do this ? I believe it is wliolly
on account of l)etter ventilation which they
get in that quarter of the hive. Hence I
think the wisdom of giving bees the full
width of the entrance.

WHEAT OR OAT CHAFF.

Onp of our colonies was, by mistake, pack-
ed with oat chaff instead of wheat chalf , as
the rest were packed. The chaff in this
hive was wet and moldy, and even partly
rotted. The wheat chaff, on the contrary,
was nice and dry. I threw out the' wet
chaff and put some dry in its place.

CLEANING THE CLARK SMOKER FROM THE
VALVE.

In order to obtain the best results, the
Clark should be cleaned daily. Heretofore
we have been obliged to clean from the
nozzle, passing the wire cleaner through the
blast-tube : but as tlie latter is not easily
accessible through the nozzle of the smoker,
C. C. Miller and others have suggested that
the valve he made removable so as to per-
mit tlie cleaning-wire to enter through the
bellows into the blast-tube. Mr. J. T. Cal-
vert, one of our co-workers, as you may
know, and a brother-in-law of the writer,
has struck upon the plan illustrated below.

THE CLARK SMOKER, WITH THE VALVE
SO CONSTRUCTED AS TO FACILI-
TATE CLEANING.

The engraving shows the smoker in the
act of raking out tlie sooty accumulation,
the wire passing through the valve into the
blast-tube. You oliserve that the valve-
hole, instead of being located where the
small staple is now, is placed directly op-
posite the blast-tube. The arrangement for
permitting the closing and opening of the
valve is simply a screw cap of a suitable
size. The leather is punched to receive tne
rim of the cap, and is glued fast. When the
cap is screwed on we have a valve that w^orks
as before. If it is desired to clean the blast-
tube, the cap is unscrewed. As the new
arrangement of the valve adds but a trifle
to the original cost of the smoker, we will
furnish the smokers at the same price as
l)efore. There is only one defect in this
valve. After the accumulation of soot
has collected in the cap, it is sometimes dif-
ficult to unscrew it. But one with a pair of
stout fingers ought to be able to loosen it.
The bellows must l)e tightly closed, other-
wise tlie unscrewing of the cap will loosen
the valve.

This improvement greatly facilitates
cleaning, as well as making a better job of
it. The soot, instead of being pushed in
the bellows, as in the old wiiy, is, by tlie
plan above, shoved ont through the valve-
hole.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ill

Gleanihcs in Bee Culture,

Published Seini-MontUly.

Jk.. I. Z^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

for Clnbtise Sates, See First Page of Beiding Uatter.

If. when ,Vf do well, ami suffer for il. ye take it patiently.
thi.< is ueceptiible with God— I. Pet. 2: 20.

Thk (lepartnient of Circulars Received is crowded
out tliis issue by advertisements.

The total number of new names received during
the past mouth, exclusive of renewals, was 528;
ordered out, 190. Total number up to date, 6424.

PROF. COOK'S NEW BOOK ON THE MAPLE-SUGAR
INDUSTRY.

The title of the above book is, "Maple Sugar and
the Sugar-bush." It will be a book of about 50 pages,
profusely illustrated, and we hope to have it ready
to mail by the 15th of this month. Price 40 cts. by
mail, postpaid. If ordered with other goods, by ex-
press or freight, 35 cts.

THE BEE-KEEPERS' ADVANCE.

The above is the name of a new journal, or rath-
er, perhaps, the name of the Maine Bee-Journal,
commencing with the new year. It is now in the
hands of our good friend .1. B. Mason; and as he
has been a good straight honest man heretofore, we
suppose he will be a better one since he has become
an editor. The January number is at hand, and
full of good things; but if I were in friend Mason's
place I don't believe I would have my price list of
supplies bound together with the journal. I know
there are other journals that do the same thing;
but as we have, as a class, been accused of running
our bee-journals solely to advertise our supply bus-
iness, will it not be better to shun even the appear-
ance of evily

EXTENDING THE TERRITORY TO THOSE WHO ARE
SOLICITING SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR GLE.4NINGS.

Several have asked us if they could not take
names at adjoining postoflices as well as at their
own, and we have decided that you may get sub-
scriptions anywhere you choose, provided you see
the parties personally, and do not. in any circular
or elsewhere, make any printed announcements
that you will i-eceive subscriptions for less than
il.OO each— our established price. The principal
Idea is, friends, to have Gleanings presented to
the class ol' individuals who would not know any
thing about it unless their attention was called to
the matter bj- some one in their neighborhood.
Our subscriptit>n-list is evidently going higher this
year than it has ever done before, and we think it
is principally owing to this matter of personal work
for it. If you do not get the subscription, be sure
to send in the name, in order that we may send
the party a price list^

THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST.

ONE'reason why we value this standard agricultur-
al periodical is because of its numerous engravings
of household and farm conveniences that appear in

every issue. As an illustration: A few days ago
we were talking about an arrangement of pulleys
whereby our teamster could lift the box Irom the
wagon himself, and put it on again, having the box
overhead in the tool-house, entirely out of the way.
In glancing over the Agriculturist for February, I
saw a picture of an arrangement not only very
much better than the pulleys, but cheaper, and I
presume that this one picture saved me much more
than the price of the journal for a year It saved a
good deal of thought and study, and gave me a bet-
ter machine than it is at all likely I should have got
hold of without its help. The regular price of the
journal is $1.50 per year, but we can furnish it to
our subscribers for $1.25.

i\lR. THOMAS HORN.

After considerable correspondence, Mr. Horn
has finally consented to have me collect all the
claims against him; and to end all controversy and
long letters, he proposes to give his note for all in-
debtedness. These notes are to be payable in two
years, but he is going to try to pay them up this
season. Ten per cent is to be added for the use of
the money. Now, then, write me just how much
Mr. Horn is owing you; and when the amounts are
ascertained to be correct, I will forward you his
note. Please do not write long letters about it, if
it can possibly be avoided. When we get every
thing settled, Mr. Horn is to advertise again, and
make the attempt to get back the reputation he has
temporarily lost. We presume most of his custom-
ers will consent to receive bees or queens this sea-
son, instead of asking for the cash back again; but
the note is to be held until the account is settled
satisfactorily. Let us make it as easy as we can foi-
him to geton his feet again, for you know there is
joy even in heaven over every sinner that repenteth.

WHO SHALL BE GREATEST ?

In the issue of the British Bee Journal for Jan. 6,
we notice some retlections on the American people
for having copied the inventions of our British
friends, without giving credit, and it is stated that
the one-piece section was made in England at least
one season before it was made in America. No
doubt this may be so, but I do not believe it will
benefit any of us to spend very much time in look-
ing it up. Let us by all means be careful to give
credit whenever we get an idea from any one.
With the multitudes on both sides of the water who
are now contributing to our inventions and bee-lit-
erature, it may be. however, sometimes quite Incon-
venient to acknowledge every suggestion by which
we have profited. Let us remember the Savior's
words to his followers when he found them disput-
ing among themselves as to who should be greatest.
Quite frequently I find my inventions used and de-
scribed, without any credit whatever to the source.
Sometimes articles are copied, or portions of them,
without credit. This species of plagiarism is not
confined to this side of the Atlantic, however; for
on page 385 of the Bulletin d' Apiculture de la Suisse
Romande, one of our ablest French exchanges, edit-
ed by Ed. Bertrand, at Nyon, Switzerland, we read:
We are pained at times by the custom that some
journals have of reproducing articles from ourBe-
'view, without giving credit, or simply giving the
name of the writer of the article, without paying
any attention to the law of literary propriety, which
demands that the name of the proprietor— that is to
say. the name of the jouinal, be indicated. This is
a convenient way of obtaining the work of our co-

112

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

workers. Another method consists in taking the
text and changing- the lines a little.

As for myself, I do not see that it matters very
much, after all. If the public are benefited, does it
make any great difference " who is the greatest " ?

ARTIFICIAI., COMB HONEY — SOMETHING MORE
ABOUT IT.

A SHORT item appeared in the Pitt burgh West-End
Bulletin, to the effect that there was an establish-
ment in Pittsburgh making comb honey, etc. Our
good friend W. H. Ferguson, of Bloonisdale, O.,
while in the above city, took the pains to follow It
up. The editor of the paper declared there was no
mistake about it, and gave the street and number.
When our friend got there they said it was a fact,
but that it was off somewhere else, up three flights
of stairs, and so on. What do you think they
found V Why, a man who makes cement and seal-
ing-wax; and it happened that this worthy trades-
man also put up very neat little cakes of wax for
the sewing-table— just that, and nothing more. As
he is said to be both honest and industrious, we
give his address to the friends who may want little
cakes of wax— postofflce box 15.5, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Now, then, who comes next ?

gPECI^Ii ]S[05^ICE^.

MAPLE SYRUP.

In view of the crop soon to come, we offer the
remainder of the lot mentioned on page 1003, Dec.
15th issue, at 75c per gallon; or 8.5c per gallon with
package included to ship it in.

DISCOUNTS ON GOODS FOR THE MONTH OF FEB-
RUARY.

As before announced, we shall make an extra
discount of 3 per cent on all goods of whatever na-
ture, mentioned in our price list, for orders receiv-
ed during this month. The object is, to prevent the
rush and crowd that comes a little later on.

THAT LOT OF GLASSED COMB HONEY.

In order to close this out before the new season
opens, we have decided to offer it at an even 10c
per lb., in lots of 10 cases; less than 10 cases, 10V4c
per lb. For weights of cases and further descrip-
tion, see page 339, April 15, 1886. if you have not
the above number we will mail one on application.

FRENCH BEE-.JOURNALS.

We have on hand a large lot of nearly all the
standard French bee-journals published. We will
mail any number, as long as they last, to all who
can read them, for 3 cts. per copy. So far as possi-
ble they will come in regular order. At this rate
we can not promise to select any particular num-
ber.

FRIEND MARTIN'S CHROMO.

As a general thing, it will not do for us to make
editorial mention of the things offered for sale in
our advertising columns. Friend Martin has, how-
ever, gotten up a chromo of such exceeding beauty
that we do not feel as if it would be right to pass it
by. The figures of the bees and queen stand out
like life. The Chapman honey-plant is wonderful-
ly true to nature, even to the colors. The same is
true with the alsike clover and other honey-plants.
Even Heddon's hive is a thing of beauty, as the
chromo shows it. The idea is, to have your price
list printed on the back of these cards. For con-
venience In this latter respect, we will fui'nish
them here at his prices. The cost of the printing
on the back side will depend on the amount of
matter. The size is about that of a common postal
card. One feels, in looking at this, as he does in
looking at many of the seed-catalogues nowadays—
the pictures are a good deal nicer, many times,
than the thing Itself.

WHAT KIND OF SEED SHALL "WE
PLANT?

SOME EXCEEDINGLY Klblb WORDS FROM FRIEND

GREEN, OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION,

COLUMBUS, O.

fRIEND ROOT:— I am much pleased with your
catalogue of seeds. Many might think, that,
because your list is so short, you do not have
the best to be had; but my reason for being
pleased is the fact that you have the best and
about all the best, varieties known to the
trade, and have put the matter in such shape
that even a novice can select. You have con-
densed a voluminous catalogue to two pages, and
have left out hardly a single valuable thing; or, to
use a very commoTi figure of speech, you have
given us the " cream " of the catalogues. The list
is not yet quite so short as I would have made it,
and I would put in a few varieties not found there;
but it is near enough to niy ideal to meet my hearty
api)roval.

I know that one's success in gardening depends
largely upon a good selection of varieties; and I
know, also, that the majority of people do not
know what the best varieties are. The ordinary
seed-catalogues are so voluminous as to be confus-
ing toalle.\cept the experienced gardener, and he
is often misled by a flaming list of novelties. Hav-
ing tried almost evei-y thing, and found so few
varieties that are really good, I can readily see how
serious losses and vexatious might come because
of these bad habits that our seedsmen have fallen
into. I have really taken the matter quite to heart,
and have ardently desired to see a reform inaugu-
rated. I have not blamed seedsmen, at least none
in particular, for the evil has grown so gradually,
and apparently in such an innocent manner, that
the blame can be attached to no one alone. Fur-
thermore, I had come to think, with many seedsmen,
that a short condensed list would carry no weight,
and bring but few customers. I hope, Mr. Root,
that you will not hesitate to tell us the results as
nearly as you may be able. If others know as well
as I know that you have not only selected the best
varieties, but have bought your seeds of the most
reliable growers, they would not hesitate to order
of you. You might have bought seeds that would
not have cost you half the money, nor that much,
indeed, in the case of many articles; but you have
selected the best, and I earnestly hope that you
will be rewarded; bvit I really fear that your re-
ward will be almost wholly that which comes from
having a good conscience, which every man ought
to have, but he is entitled to something more also,
if he is diligent.

One thing further I should be glad to see done; but
if it is done at all it must be done in a convention of
seedsmen. That is, to reform the nomenclature of
vegetables. At present every one has his own way
of writing names. One writes Early Wakefleld,
another puts in the Jersey, and another prefixes
Very. An old English pea is cal'ed, by some, Early
Philadelphia, while others, like Landreth and Hen-
derson, prefix their own names. Thus it gets out
under a dozen or more aliases. So on through the
list, almost every thing having several names. If
this does any one any good, I am u nable to see how ;
and I am not ignorant of the arguments in favor of
it. That it does harm, there can be no doubt; for it
is a stumblingblock in the way of thousands who
buy seeds. Suppose that some one concludes to
give you, an order, but fails to find in your list
what he wants. It is altogether probable that it is
there, but under another name, or, what is still
worse, the same name is often used for entirely
different things; and even the most careful may
thus get deceived in buying. Fruit-growers have
had the same trouble, but they have brought about
a reform, and seedsmen ought to do the same. I can
not believe that things are so disjointed in this
world that it pays to perpetuate a wrong. Every
seedsman who aids in keeping up this Babel of
names is doing his customers an injustice, and 1 do
not believe that such a course is consistent, nor in
accord with business principles. It surely Is not
honest for a seedsman to prefix his name to a thing,
or rename it in any way, and then send it out at a
high price as something new, when every seedsman
has It; and I do not believe that such a course pays
in the long run. It is, however, done frequently,
and a large share of the surplus names come in that
way. I do not object to an improved sort being

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

113

called "Improved," or in some way designated,
and let the iniijrover have the credit, liut we want
short names, and honest names, and 1 ht)i)e the time
may come when we shall have them.
Columbus, Ohio, Jan, 4. W. J. Green.

After reading the above I wrote immedi-
ately to friend Green, saying that I would
gladly pay him for the time and troul)le re-
quired to cross out and add in such garden
vegetables as he thought advisable. I also
desired him to direct me in regard to aspara-
gus, potatoes, and a few other things omitted
in our list, as given on pages four and live,
issue for Jan. 1. The following comprises
all the additions he has thought fit to make.
The only things he has crossed out from the
list as 1 gave it is the long blood beet, the
Stone-mason cabbage, and the Trophy to-
mato. He does not mean to say by this
that the above are not good, but that we
have others so much better he thinks it ad-
visable to drop them out. The additions
are made as follows :

ASPARAGUS,
t'oiiover's Colossal. Oz. 5c; lb. ,50c.

These are said to be improvements upon this variety, but
they have not been fully tested. No one will lose any thing
by planting this old standard.

BEANS.
\%'lilte Marrowfat. Pt. 10c; pk. $1.00.

One of the best to tise shelled, when Rreen or ripe.

BEETS.
Lane's Inipro'ved. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.

The liest variety foi stoik-tVeding. It showed a larger per
cent of sugar at the Experiment Station than an.y other an-
alyzed.

Long; Ked Itlansjel. Oz. 5c; lb. 30c.

Yields well, but not so sweet as the above.

CABBAGE.

liOulKvllle Driimliead. Oz. ].')c; lb. «;2,00

One of the most uniform and s\irest-heading sorts tried at
the Ohio Experiment Station. It is a little later than Flat
Dutcli, henee may be planted later; .iust the kind to plant
after early crops."

CARROTS.
Orange Danvers, Hall'-liong. Oz. .5c; lb. 60c.

Yields well, and is easv to dig. The best sort known, by all
odds.

CORN (FOR TABLE USE).

liivingston's Evergreen. \k pt. 5c; pk. $1.00.

Earlier than the Jlammoth. Excellent as a market varie-
ty, also for drying and for home use,

ONION.
Yellow Danvers. Oz. 20c; lb. #2..50.

A standard yellow variety. The best of all to grow from
seed. It makes a wonderful difference, however, liow the
seed is grow n. Some strains will give nearly double the crop
that other.s will.

PEAS.
Landreth's Extra Early. 'A pt. 5c; pk. *1.50.

We I'ousider this equal to any for the first peas of the sea-
son. The same as the First of All, First and Best, and other
extra eai lies. It yields its crop in a very short time. Not
equal in iiuality to the following:

Marrowfat, '/a pt. .5c; pk. $1.00; bu. $3.50.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

>f the most desirable and '

vn late sorts.

Box received; every thinff Is all rig'ht, perfectly
satisfactory. A part of the articles are already in
use. Wm. C. Pai.mkb.

Old Chatham, N. Y^

The section honey I ordered of you some time ago,
received injirood order; no leakage and no breakage.

Wm. Bitzer.
Fulton Station, W. Va., Nov. 29, 1886.

POTATOES.
Early Ohio. Per peck, .50c, or $1.25 per bushel.

The Experiment Station, Columbus, O,. says there is noth-
ing earlier.

Our whole <-rop of Early Ohio last season was sold at $2.40 a
bushel. Of course we could not otter the seed at the above
prices were in not that we procured our se.ed of a neighbor
who raises potatoes largely.

Early Pearl. Per peck, 75c, or $2. .50 per bushel.

The Experimental Station finds this about as early as the
Early dliio, and perhaps yields a little better.

Lee's Favorite. Per peck, 50c, $1,25 per bushel.

This is a few davs later than the foregoing, but yields a
little better still,"

Empire State. Per peck, 40c, $1.25 per bushel.

This, the Experiment Station considers as good a late or
medium late potato as any before the public. They decide
that the above four varieties are the cream of the list.

Gleanings has become a household fixture.
The A B C is our best counselor. The " Home of
the Honey-Bees " is that Mecca to which one longs
to make a pilgrimage. L. F. Stoddard, M. D.

Kamsay, 111.

Accept my thanks for the favors you have shown
me during this year. Your goods were satislactory
in everv respect, and all arrived without the slight-
est injiirv. W. T. Horton.

Continence, Pa., Nov. 24, 1886.

THAT WATERBURY RUNS UP TO A MINUTE.

I have had dealings with you, and found you al-
ways to deal on the square. The Waterbury you
sent me runs just as you said it would, up to a
minute— the best timepiece I ever had.

Pleasant Mound, lU W. G. Hayen.

The honey arrived all right. I have sold nearly
$8.00 worth of it, clover honey, at 15 and 16?;$ cts;
basswood, at 12>2 and 14. Plenty of California honey
in town at 10, section boxes at 13, for sale. The
" Little Detective " is a gem. D. Howard.

Dover, Del., Dec. 10. 1886.

"BREAD CAST UPON THE WATERS."

I want Gleanings and the British Bee Jom-nal
another year, sure. Gleanings I should want,
even if I took no interest in bees. I don't wish or
intend to flatter, but your labors in Gleanings for
the benefit of the world generally are appreciated
by myself, and have been the means of leading me
to coiisider the hereafter as nothing else has done.
You may not feel that you are getting an immedi-
ate reward for your work, but it is " bread cast up-
on the waters," and it will surely return. You will
find in your crown of glory many stars that in this
world you will have no knowledge of.

J. E. Pond, Jr.

Foxboro, Norfolk Co., Mass., Dec. 10, 1886.

HOW a woman can make use of our wheel-
barrow.

Inclosed find $2.00 for goods mentioned below. 1
am ashamed for not letting you know how nicely
those goods were packed. They carried well, and we
were all so well pleased with them we could not find
fault if we tried to. We were pleased with every
thing, from the 10-cent wrench to the wheelbarrow.
That little wheelbarrow is a blessing to women. It
saves many steps. We use It in the house and out
of the house. I never knew before that a wheel-
barrow could be tnade to be so useful. Of course,
some would ask, " What could you do with it in the
house / " Try it in taking up carpets and what not;
in house-cleaning, etc. Try it in bringing vegeta-
bles from the garden. I think mine a very nice
piece of furniture when brought into the kitchen,
loaded with sweet corn, tomatoes, etc. With a little
care there need be no litter. I never allow the
chickens to roost on my wheelbarrow. It is too
good a friend. If it should get broken I should have
to have another right away. Mrs. Ann Scaife.

Barboursville, Lycoming Co., Pa., Nov. 30, 1886.

THE A B r of bee CULTURE.

1 think I can claim, or rather begin to claim
brother on bee-keeping, after the success we have
had this summer. Wife and I are partners in bees
as well as in every thing on the farm. Only one
thing we do not agree on— I have had two A B C's
and sold them both in a short time after I got
them. Wife rebels, and says she is going to have
one herself, as we can not keep bees without it. I
had 9, spring count, all pretty good and strong.
We took off 12.50 lbs. of comb honey in Mb. sections,
and 200 lbs. of strained. We increased to 23; sold 5,
lost 1, and now have 17, packed away in chaff and
forest-leaves, on summer stands. I think we have

114

GLEANINGS IN BEE CIFLTURE.

Feb.

one swarm that is hard to beat for brown bees. I
don't like the name " black." We took from it 17.5
lbs. in pound sections. How is that for an A B, not
yet to C, scholar? Three years ago we hardly knew
a drone from a worker. We have not lost one yet in
wintering. We thank the ABC book for it", with
Gleanings to help. We could not do without
your journal. I miss Our Homes every other week.
1 would rather have it come twice a week than
twice a month. John H. Kirk.

Royalton, Mich., Dec. 34, 1886.

EXCHAl^GE DEPARTMENT.

WANTED. — To exchange for g-ood horses
and mules, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
SOtfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

THOROUGHBRED fowls, Brown Leghorns, S. S.
Hamburgs, W. C. B. Polish. P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes, Bonney's, Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox &Fultz'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswax. Price list free.
18-19tfd A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.-To exchange, nursery stock of all
kinds (evergreens a specialty), for Italian bees,
tested queens; nuclei, fdn., apiary supplies, bee-
plant seed. Give prices of your goods. My price
list free. R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange Gregg raspberry-plants,
comb fdn., 1-lb. 1-pieee sections, L. frames.
For particulars, address Thompson Brown,
Id Cloverdale, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange spider-plant seeds for
Plymouth Rock eggs. Conger or Hawkins
strains, or offei-s. W. A. Sanders, 3d
Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

TIT ANTED.— To exchang-e extracted honey for one-
Vt piece sections. Chas. T. Gerould,

3d East Smithfleld, Bradford Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from four yards,
pure-bred prize-winning Plymouth Rocks, for
pure Italian queens. Eggs. *2 00 for 13, or $3.00
for 30. B. D. Sidwell,

3-8db Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange a good colony of bees in
Mitchell or Simplicity frames for Rose Comb,
Brown Leghorn Pullets, or Wyandotte Pullets.
Nothing- but thorough breed wanted. 3d

David Lucas, Jewett, Harrison Co., Ohio.

TlfANTED.- To exchang-e my new catalogue of
Vt bees, queens, new section-case, for your ad-
dress on a postal card. Address F. A. Eaton,
3-4d Blutfton, Allen Co., Ohio.

WANTED to exchange or sell, a Given fdn. press,
3 tanks, and V^ doz. dipping-boards.
Itfdb J. Swallow, 2816 Mo. Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange for a self-inking print-
ing-press (not less than 10X12-inch chase), or
offers, one German-silver B-flat cornet, used but
little, one novelty pi'inting-press, 6;4 x 10 inch, and a
lot of Simplicity bee-hives. Address 2-3d

Cyrus McQueen, Baltic, Ohio.

WANTED.-To exchange chaff hives or surplus
crates for bees next spring. Illustrated price
list on application. Geo. E. Hilton,

2-3-4-5-6d Fremont, Mich.

WANTED.-To exchange pure Italian bees for
supplies or chaff hives in flat. Make offers.
For particulars, address S. F. Reed,
2- tfd N. Dorchester. N. H.

WANTED.-To exchange Cuthbert raspberry roots
for a double-barrel 12-gauge breech-loading
shot-g-un, or a female ferret, or beeswax.
3-6db M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y.

WANTED.-To exchange Italian or Syrian queen-
bees, or 3-frame nuclei of same, for a pair of
Embden or Toulouse Geese, a pair of Aylesbury
and Rouen ducks, Bronze and White Holland tur-
keys, or other fancy poultry. Address
3-4d W. P. Henderson, Murfreesboro, Tenn.

WANTED.-To exchange some comb and extract-
Vl ed honey for hives, 1-lb. sections, 414x4^4x1?^ or
2, and a few trio of Wjandottes and a few cockerels
for supplies or cash.
3d L. Werner, Edwardsville, lU.

WANTED.-To exchange a new large pictorial
family Bible, cost $8. .50, for extracted honey.
3d W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

WANTED.-To exchange a " Taylor " Horse Pow-
er, Saws, etc. (cut furnished on application) for
hive-making, and a 10-inch Root fdn. mill, tank, etc.,
good as new, for nice extracted honey, farm wagon,
cash or otters. J. G. Fitzgerald, Brookston, Tex.

WANTED.— A sandpaper section machine (Root's
make) in exchange for bees, sections, ship-
ping-crates, or a sewing-machine.
3d F. Granger, Harford Mills, Cortland Co., N. Y.

AT KANSAS CITY, JVIO.

•*PUREIITALIAN:;:BEESIFORISiLE.-l^-

Untested (lueens, in May $1 50

" " " June 125

after ■' 1 00

Tested queens, double the above prices.

Full colonies, before July 1 $12 00

after " 10 00

Bees per half-pound, same prices as untested
queens. My untested queens are

Warranted to be Purely Mated.

My bees are in fine condition ; no " foul brood " in
my yard or neighborhood.
3tfd. E. M. HA YHURST, P. O. Box 60.

SIMPLICITY AND

LANGSTEOTH HIVES,

ALL DOVETAILED SECTIONS,
BROOD AND WIDE FRAMES, SHIPPING-CRATES,

Wire Nails, etc. Send for circular.

CEO. WHEELER,

3tfd. Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y.

ALL DOVETAILED SECTIONS,

One and two pounds. Langstroth Hives, etc. ; 50
colonies Italian Bees, Nuclei, Queens, Brood and
Section fdn. Ash kegs for extracted honey, frames
of brood and bees. M. ISBELL,

3-6db. Norwich, N. Y.

DON'T FJLTL.

To send for price list of Bee-Keepers' Supplies, etc.,
manufactured by the use of

3-5d.

XTJlTI7XlilL. GILS,

To J. J. BRADNER, Findlay, Ohio.

H

00

[^ BEES! BEES!

QQ Colonies, Nuclei, and Queens,

f>f\ For sale. Send for price list to \JU

rH I 3-5-7d.

S. D.

McLEAN,

CoLTMBiA, Tenn.

FliAT - BOTTOJW < OMB FOUNDATION.

High side-walls, 4 to 14 square feet to
the pound. Circular and samples free.

J. VAN DEUSEN &SONS.

5tfd Sole Manufacturers,

SPROUT BROOK, MONT. CO., N. Y.

DADANT'S FOTODATIOM FAOTOET, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

119

Contents of this Number.

Agricultural Papei-s 155 i

Bees Color-bliiKl 117 I

Bee-Keepers ()|iinionatecI...132

Bees, Unitinir 146

Blacks vs. Italians U5, 146

Blacks anil Millei-s 243 1

Book Avriiits 127

Bioo(l-('haiiili..rs. Shallow. .133

Cells, Kistiiutiou of 14<>

Circulars Received 155

Color, Constancy of. 124

Delos Staples 134

Drone Comb 129

Editorial 155

Ellison at Fair 145

Foul Brood.To Cure 128

Hive Machinery, New 154

Hive, Bintrham 133

Hives, Color of 147

Hives, Shallow 133

Honey Column 122

Honi'v, First Cost 143

House W:inniiit- 124

Hiiiiil.UKs and Swindles 134

Jiivenilr nepartnieut 148

Oil. Volatile 134

Our Own Apiary 156

P. Benson 126

Reports Kncourapinpr 147

Ripc'Miuij: Honey 123

Rolibiiitr, To Prevent 147

Sci-tioii Case. Eaton's 131

Se.tii.ns, Half-fllled 131

Snow. H.inking up 149

Spcrial Notices 157

StiiiK Theory, Clarke's 144

StiUjJTS, Poison of 145

Super. The T 156

T Super, Advantages 156

Tobacco Column 150

C. M. aOODSPEED,

THORN KILL, ONONDAGA CO., N. Y.,

Furnishes any newspaper to single subscribers,
away below the usual club rates. Our list compris-
es ail the leading- papers, and is the lowest-priced
list in the field. Alsike, bees, queens, poultry, and
small fruit. Write tor :JO-page catalog^ue. Mention
this paper. 2-48d

PTIR ^ A T P* ~-'^ complete apiary of 140 colo-
•'^ *'-»^ Oxxlulj. onies of fine premium bees in a
never-failing locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first premium at
the late St. Louis Pair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once, L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111. 4tfdb

P^f^p QqIp '^^' exchange for Western land, 90
*■ "'^ Oa,LKSy colonies of bees and apiarian fix-
tures, sufflcient to increase colonies to 100 double
hives— Simplicit.v hives. An excellent opportunity
for a live apiarian. Plenty of white clover and bass-
wood, besides abundance of fruit-bloom. Inventory
sent on application. Must be sold sonn.
4-5-6d Address S. W. LAKIN, Eureka, III.

DADANT'S rOTODATION FACTOET, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another coluiim. :5tfhd

EXCHANGE -DEPARTMENT.

"IITANTED.— To exchange some comb and extract-
VV ed honey for hives, 1-lb. sections, 4\ix4i.ixl '4 or
2, and a few trio of Wyandottes and a few cockerels
for supplies or cash.
3d L. Werner, Edwardsville, lU.

WANTED. — To exchange for good horses
and mules, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
30tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

W.\NTED. -To exchange, nursery stock of all
kinds (evergreens a specialty), for Italian bees,
tested queens; nuclei, fdn., aplar.v supplies, bee-
plant seed. Give prices of your goods. My price
list free. R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

TITANTED.— To exchange eggs from four yards,
VV pure-bred prize-winning Plymouth Kocks, for
alsike clover seed. Eggs, #3 00 for 1.3, or *.3.00
for 30. B. D. Sidweli,.

3 8db Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

TTT ANTED.— To exchange my new catalogue of
IT bees, queens, new section-case, for .vour ad-
dress on a postal card. Address F. A. Eaton,
3-4d Bluffton, Allen Co., Ohio.

WANTED to exchange or sell, a Given fdn. press,
3 tanks, and bi doz. dipping-boards.
Itfdb J. Swallow, 2816 Mo. Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange chaff hives or surplus
crates for bees ne.xt spring. Illustrated price
list on application. Geo. E. Hilton.

S-3 4-u-6d Fremont, Mich.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdl). A. H. DnhF, Crcighton, Ohio.

W

ANTED.— To exchange bees for cornet.
4d. L. J. Tripp, Kalamazoo, Mich.

WANTED.- To exchange nurser.\- stock of all kinds
for bees in spring. Terms on application, stat-
ing what you want. D. G. Eumiston,
•ttfdb. Adrian, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees and apiarian
supplies, one four-horse-power engine, with
flve-horse-power boiler, nearly new and in tiptop
order. Write soon. C. Wolfcale,

4d. Wolfcale, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange a good Excelsior extrac-
tor, uncapping-pan, honey-knife, a lot of Sim-
plicity hives, brood-frames, etc., for comb honey at
15 cts. per lb., delivered here. Address
2d. A. M. Morrill, Box 473, Ft. Scott, Kansas.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees for Ameri-
can Merino sheep, buH' and partridge cochins,
Wyandottes, and Light Brahma chickens. Address
4-5d. P. F. Rhodes, New Castle, Ind.

Air ANTED. — To exchange correspondence with
\ I California apiarists who want to employ one or
two experienced young men next season. Address
3d. F. F. Roe, Ennis, Tex.

WANTED.- To exchange good harrow, lawn-mow-
er, lawn-roller, each article for one hive of
bees. AkthiirTodd,

4-.5d. 1910 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED.- To exchange bee-hives, sections, or
frames, for full colonies or three-frame nuclei
of bees. 4-5-6-d W. H. Cook, Clintonville, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation for three or
four sittings of pure (none but the best) eggs of
Wyandottes. W. K. James, Loudon. Tenn. 4-5d

WANTED.— To exchange basswood-trees, hard
maple, and raspberry-plants, for pure Italian
queens. H. Wirth, Borodino,

4-5 6d Onondaga Co., N. Y.

WANTED. — To exchange flrst-class brood-frames
at 90c per 100, for honey. C. W. Dayton,
4-.5d Bradford, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange P. Rocks, or eggs for
hatching, or eggs of B. Leghorns, or Pekin
Ducks, for Italian queens. 4d

Sptiing .and Meadow Poultry-Yards,

Mulberr.v, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Full-bred Gorman Cana-
ries, also rice pop-corn, for sections, beeswax,
or supplies, aKso our homestead of 10 acres, for
larger farm in Northern Ohio. F. H. Chapin,
4-5d Hinsdale, N. Y.

WANTED. -To exchange bees in Simplicity hives
for gold watch and Thomas sinoothing-harrow.
4d Address L. D. Gale,

Stedman, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Gregg raspberry-plants
for comb fdn., 1-piece sections, or L. frames.
For particulars address Tho.mpson Brown,
4-5d Cloverdale, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian or Syrian queen-
bees, or 3-frame nuclei of same, for a pair of
Embdcn or Toulouse Geese, a pair of Aylesbury
and Rouen ducks. Bronze and White Holland tur-
keys, or other fancy poultry. A(ldres.s
3-4d W. P. Henderson. Murfreesboro, Tenn.

\irANTED.— To exchange a'Jnew large pictorial
\t family Bible, cost $8.50, tor extracted honey.
3d W. H. Laws. Lavaca, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Cuthbert raspberry roots
for a double-barrel 13-gauge breech-loading
shot-gun. or a female ferret, or beeswax.
3-6db M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y.

120

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTSBLE SURPLUS • CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalo;^'uea> Free. AcldreM<!>

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

_ 4-3db

TQX'T J^EEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus-
^HaIa trated catalogue, for 18,S7. PEEE. Reduc-

ed pric•e^

Address JOS. N?SEWANDEE, Des Moines. Iowa.
Stfdlj

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another cohimn. 3btfd

200 COLONIES OF

ice Italian & li

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. COTttB
FOUNDATION from cbojce select yellow
bees'ivax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 27th Ainiiial Catalog-ue
before purchasing-.

3tfdb ^''''-''^ WM. W. GARY,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention thie paper when writing.

ALL DOVETAILED SECTIONS,

One and two pounds. Langstroth Hives, etc. ; .50
colonies Italian Bees, Nuclei, Queens, Brood and
Section fdn. Ash kegs for extracted hoiiev, frames
of brood and bees. M. ISBELL,

3-6db. Norwich, N. Y.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 45c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and 30c. per lb. 10% discount on all orders received
before the 1.5th of April.

3-tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

»»(tlJ.AKE GLASS HONFY-JARS,

TIN BUCKFTS, BFF-HIVFS,
HONEY-SF€TIONS, &c., &c.
FFRFECTION COLO- BLAST SITIOKFRS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.—Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

BE SURE

To send apostal card I'orour illustrated catalogueof

APIARIAN e^.s^Xre^.-'itrn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of everj' thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THF LOWFST PRI€FS.

J. C. SAYLES,

2tfd Hartford, M'ashington Co.. "Wis.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.: Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J. Millei- & Co., Nappanee,
Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111. ; J. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New PhiUdelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown, Wis., E. F.
Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples /ree, and price list of supplies,
accompanied witli 150 Complimentary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch of nu'r foundation equal
In sample in everu i-espcct.

CHAS. l^ADAN T & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

May oome, but tlie

Stanley Automatic Honey-Extractor

HAS come to stay. Special otter up to March 1.
4d. G. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

EIGHTH YEAR.
THE SUGAR BEET

Illustrated Qu.irtcrly. 50 cts, a year, including postage,
LEWIS S. WARE, M. E., Editor.
HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., Publishers,
810 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
This is the only publication in the United States
devoted exclusively to the cultivation and utilization
of the Sugar Beet. Farmers and Capitalists should
remember that from the beet is manufactured one-half
the sugar consumed in the world. The beet manufac-
turing processes are not in their experimental stages —
by them are obtained not only sugar, but also meat,
alcohol, etc.

IN SEASON FROM

CHOICE BROWN LEGHORNS

Of Rose or Straight combs, or Pekin Duck Eggs, for
$1.00 for 18, DAVID LUCAS,

4-5d. Jewett, Ohio.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

121

ITALIAIT QUEEITS

BEE-HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

ONE PIKCU V-OUOOVI*: SKCTIONS, BGE-

FEEDKRS, WIRE NAIL.8, PfiU-

FORATED ZIN«;.

Scrub Finishes, a friend for the ladies, 65 cents
each: $-t. 0(1 per dozen. Alsike clover seed, $7. ,50 per
bushel; i^'.J.OO per peck; 15 cents per pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-lOdb NAPPANEE, IND.

3M[- H. HXTKTT,

Manufacturer of and dealer in every thing needed
in the apiary.

BEAUTIFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED, &C.
4tfd Btll Braiu-lio Wayne Co., ITIIcli.

Price list free. (Near Detroit)

Jhere is Some fun

And much sense in t)ur beautiful clivonio card de-
scribed on pages i-'i and 112. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what you have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

4tfd

CmCULAH

NOW READY.

ADDRESS JAMES HEDDON,

u«^ DOWASIAC, WICH.

ATTENTION I

SECTIONS, BEE-HIVES, HONEY-BOXES,
FR.VMES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY TN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,
Itfdb Watertowii, Wis.

Send for my new and enlarged Price List for 1887,
now ready, of

APIARIAH SUPPLIES,

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS.

All untested queens warranted purely mated. Al-
so three varieties of

HIGH-CLASS POULTRY.

3d. C. M. DTXON, Parrish, 111.

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOR PKICES ON

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices. Good Work.
24-lldb

GIVEN AWAY.

We will send free by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearly sub-
scriber for the AMERICAN APICU'LTV'RIST.
Price ^1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our i-isk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTUHIST,

34tfdb Wenham, Mass.

THE^NADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WEEKLY, $1.0O PER YEAH.

JONES, McFHEESON & CO., Publishers, Beeton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining- much valuable and interesting- matter each
week from the pens of leading- Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copj' sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 8.S3 pages. fltfb

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. 18tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

pdhdhto IK HE west

FOE THE UAOTFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 22tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

Hives, one-piece sections, comb fdn., smokers,
honey-extractors, Italian queens, bees by the pound.
Highest cash price for good beeswax, also honey.
Send for our new circular for 18S7, now out.
4d. SMITH «& JACKSON, Tilbury Center,

P. O. Box 73. Kent Co., Ontario, Canada.

PURE ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

In superior movable-frame hives. Frames 12'4X
13'.i; eight frames each, at from five to six dollars
per colony; or same in light strong shipping-boxes,
75 cts. less. Liberal discount on large lots.
4tfdb. DR. G. W. YOUNG, Lexington, Mo.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

ON 30 DAYS' TReAL»

~ ' THIS NEW

I ELASTIC TRUSS

'Has a Pad dilterent from ail
others, is cxip shape, with Self-
adjusting Ball in center.adapts
itsiir to all positions of thr>
body -while the ball in the cup

' presses back the intes-
tines just as a person

does with the finger. "^Vlth light pressure the Her
nia is held securely dsy and nipht, and a radical ctiro
certain. It is easv, durable and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars fre«, " tCQLKSTON TRUSS CO., CI«C»6»» Ul«

M2db

122

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

P0]VEY O0MJIN.

CITY MARKETS.
Boston.— Honey.— We notice a little improve-
ment in sales, and one-pound fancy white lioney is
wanted; tiie supply is not equal to demand; price
for same, from 14@15c. No change in other kinds.
Blake & Ripley,
Feb. 11, 1887. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— Honey.- No chang-e in quotations
since our last.
Feb. 11. 1887. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth and Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

New York.— Honey.— There is no material chang-e
in the honey-market. There is a good demand for
line white comb honey, but the demand for poorer
gi-ades is limited, with plent.y of stock. We make
no change in our quotations. Extracted honey in
fair demand, with the exception of buckwheat.

Beeswax, a little firmer, with good demand.

Feb. 11, 1887. Thukber, Whyland & Co.,

Reade and Hudson Sts., New York.

St. Louis.— Honey.— The movement of honey Is
very light; few orders from country, and they are
very small. Stock in the city is large, and seems to
be still accumulating.

White-clover honey in 1-lb. sections, dull, 11@12;
same in cans, dull, 5@6; Southern honey in bbls, as
to quality, 3@4; California honey, in cans, amber,
iM; sage, 5. Beeswax, i-eflned, 38@30; selected yel-
low, 38. Dark and mixed, 31.

W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Feb. 13, 1887. 108 and 110 Market St.

Columbus.— Honey.— Demand light. Best white
clover. 14@15. Extracted, 10@12H. Beeswax, 'i'iCgi^o
in a jobhing way. Earle Clickenger,

Feb. 10, 1887. 117 S. 4th St., Columbus, Ohio.

Cleveland. — H<m.ey. — There is no material
change in the market. Sales continue very slow at
13c for best white in 1-lb. sections. Dark 1-lb., dull
at 10; 3-lbs., white, 11@13. Extracted, 6.
Beeswax. 35c. A. C. Kendel,

Feb. 10, 1887. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Cincinnati. — Honey. — There is nothing new
worthy of note in the market. Demand is slow for
all kinds and shapes of honey, Prices remain the
same as quoted last.

Beesit'a:c.— There is a good demand for this, which
brings 30@23c for good to choice yellow on arrival.

Feb. 10, 1887. Cha.s. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Detroit.— Honey. —Best white comb honey in
one-pound sections, IS'^c; other grades, 10(5,11.
Beeswax. 33c. M. H. Hunt,

Feb. 11, 1887. _Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago. — Honey. — Sellers ask from 7@10 for
dark and crooked to good l^-lb. sections; good 1-lb.
sections, white, but not scraped, 10@,11. Fancy
white in apparent good order, and scant pound sec-
tions, 13@]3. Very little sold at the outside quota-
tions. Extracted comb honey, lifeless. No sales to
quote from this week. Beeswax, 35.

R. A. Burnett,

Feb. 10, 1887. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. best clover honey in Root's
" raised-cover pails." One set, 30% lbs., |3.50; ] set,
132 lbs., $9.35. Boxed, they ship same as bbls.

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

For Sale.— 1 bbl. of 550 lbs. net, and 5 kegs of 115
lbs. net each, all of which is No. 1 white-clover
honey, well ripened. Will take 6^40 per lb. for bbl.
and 7c for kegs. Sample sent for 3-cent stamp.
R. J. Barber, 818 E. Washington St.,

Blooming-ton, 111.

For Sale.— 4 cases of 43 lbs. each, net, of the finest
white-clover honey, in 1-lb. sections. Price 13'/2e
per lb.; has been kept in a warm room, and is in
good order. Henry Willson,

Box 360, Clinton, Dewitt Co., 111.

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10

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being

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Price 75 Cts. Sent Postpaid by the Author,
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F7URM FOR SALE."

A good farm of 135 acres in the groat corn belt of
Western Iowa— good crops the past dry season. An
apiary on the farm has never failed to produce a
good crop of honey. A pond of natural water, live
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house 16 X 3t, two story; ell, 14 .\ 34, one story. Good
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fcr wishing to sell. F.E.ROSS,

4d Onawa. Monona Co., loiira.

Vol. XV.

FEB. 15, 1887.

No. A

TERMS: Jl.OO Per ANNtTM, IN ADVANCE;] fp c,+ rtTtl T oTt o rl -i-n 'IR'7^
2Copiesfor$1.90; 3for*2.75:5for«4.00-, ( ^Ot'Ct't/t't'O/e'CJCt' Lfl/ J. O I O .

PUBLISHED SEMIMONTHLY BY

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA. OHIO.

2 Cop

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num-
\wr. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffick.

( Clubs to different postofRces, not less
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
J U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
1 tries of the Universal I'ostal Union, 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries
I. NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

KIPENING HONEY, ETC.

SOMETHING SPECIAL IN REGARD TO RIPENING THE
CAPPED HONEV IN SECTION BOXES.

fN page 476 of Gleanings for 1886, Dr. Miller
says: "It may be objected, that the bees,
thus left to fill themselves, will take just so
much honey out of the sections. That is just
what I like to have them do, for there are
always unsealed cells around the outer margin of a
section, and the more honey taken from these the
better." Dr. Miller, please tell us why you consider
it an advantage to have this unsealed honey taken
out. I used to think the same before 1 learned how
to properly ripen honey, for in the cool damp room
where I then kept it, the honey in these unsealed
cells always kept thin and getting thinner, so that
by the time I crated it a section could not be turned
upon its side without this thin honey dropping out
and daubing every thing upon which it fell. Ac-
cordingly I learned that sections must be kept right
6ide up all the while if I would keep every thing tidy.
Of course, 1 could do this; but how about the mer-
chant who bought it, and the consumer ? I well
remember taking a nice sample of the most snowy-
white comb honey I ever produced, to a merchant. I
sold my honey, too, at that time, and the first thing
he did was to turn the section down flat in his hand,
as his eyes looked admiringly upon it; but said
gaze was only momentary, for the honey from
these unsealed cells which 1 had been so careful to
keep in place was dripping down between his fin-
gers, which caused a feeling other than of admira-
tion to come over him. I then gave him a lesson in
handling honey, and never afterward did I see him
handle honey except in an upright position. But

however well I and a few others (who know how)
might succeed in avoiding this daubing, yet I knew
if such a state of affairs were allowed to exist that
many would become disgusted with the •' dauby
stuff," even if I did not, so I set to work to see if I
could not remedy the matter. After studying
some time on the matter without solving it, I went
to see Mr. Betsinger one day; and while there I
went to see his honey, which was kept in a small
building, only 7 feet high, having on it a rusty tin
roof. As we went into the building I remarked
about the great heat inside, when he said that this
was as he desired it, for this heat ripened his honey
so that it was thick, and never leaked and daubed
things. Putting his talk into actions he picked up
a section which had been in this room a couple of
weeks, and turned it over, backward and forward,
without a particle of drip, while one just off the
hive, treated the same way, leaked badly. I then
saw what was the remedy for my trouble; for here-
tofore 1 had kept my honej' in a room on the north
side of my dwelling-house, on the first floor, where
of course it was cool and damp. Thanking friend B.
for what I had learned I came home and planned
my present honej' - room which I have often de-
scribed in the different bee-papers.

With this I was satisfied till some two or three
years ago, when we had a damp cool time for about
two weeks, during which the sun did not shine at
all to warm up the dark paint on the outside, in
consequence of which the honey gathered damp-
ness to an extent not pleasing to me, epecially as I
was now about to crate it. This set me to thinking
how to remedy the matter, should another such
damp time occur in the future, the result of which
was the placing of an oil-stove in ray honey-room,

124

glea^'INgs in bee culture.

Feb.

so that now I have complete control of the temper-
ature, and can raise or lower it at pleasure by sim-
ply turning- the wicks up or down. As, when the
wicks are turned low down there is an offensive
smell comes from the stove, I am about to fit a tin
cover over the stove on which is to be fastened a
length of two-inch conductor-pipe. On this I can
use other conductor-pipe with various elbows so as
to retain the heat and yet carry oft' all the fumes
from the burning kerosene, the same as smoke is
carried off by a stove-pipe. In this way the honey
will be constantly growing- better instead of deteri-
orating; besides, if I wish to draw it to market on a
cold or cool day thei-e will be no danger of breaking,
for a body of honey will retain heat for a long time.

A MISTAKE CORRECTED.

On page 930 of same volume of Gleanings, Mr.
Swinson says: "I think G. M. Doolittle made the
statement, . . . that Syrians and Cyprians, as a
rule, produce brighter-colored queen progeny than
any other race." If Mr. S. will turn to page 729 of
said volume I think he will find that he made a mis-
take in reading. I there say, that "the queens of
these two races of bees are next in constancy of
color to the German queens," by which I meant that
their markings were more fixed and unchangeable
than any other, save the German. This has noth-
ing to do with brightness of color, as will be seen
where I apply the same "constancy" to a greater
extent, to black bees. I fully agree with Mr. S., that
" the best domesticated Italian queens produce the
yellowest queen progeny of any race we have," 3-et
this does not conflict with what I say about queens
of the other races being " most constant in color."

Borodino, N. Y. G. M. Doolittle.

Friend D., I have been thinking of your
phm of ripening honey so it would not run
out, and I regard it as a matter of the great-
est importance. I am very glad you have
taken it up for us in the very thorough way
you have in the above.

ALSIKE CLOVER - "WHEN AND HOW
TO SOW, ETC.

ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT RAISING BASSWOODS
FROM THE SEEDS.

a EAR SIR:— Whenever one of my manuscripts
is not available, dump it into the waste-bas-
ket without ceremony. Can you not let us
know through Gleanings, at an early date,
when and how to sow alsike to the best ad-
vantage, and how much seed to sow to the acre
■when sown alone? Also how much, when sown
■with timothy? Please tell us when to gather bass-
wood-seeds, when to plant, and how to cultivate.
Denison, Iowa, Feb. 1, 1887. Z. T. Hawk.

Friend H., we are very much obliged in-
deed to you for the liberty you give us with
your manuscript. There has been quite a
little complaint of late, because we receive
articles for publication and don't publish
them, return them, nor give any explana-
tion. If the friends will take a seat in the
editorial chair a while, they will perhaps see
why this is one of the hardest things to do,
and do promptly. We are constantly debat-
ing what to use and wliat not to use. Now,
to add to the perplexities, the contents of
each mail is liable to upset the calculations
we have made. For instance, an article has

been prepared for print. Something better
and later comes in, and the first one is laid
aside. At other times something occurs to
render it desirable to hunt up and publish
something we had decided not to use. So
you see a gieat many articles are under a
weight which we designate ''Awaiting
Further Orders." We do not put any man-
uscripts in the waste-basket. Sometimes an
article lies on the table a month or two un-
til we find we are just ready to give it a
place. At other times, after having held it a
month or two, to see just where the best in-
terests of our readers are running, we decide
not to use it at all.— -In regard to alsike : As
it is just about time now to sow it, we are glad
you have called attention to the matter.
Sow about -4 lbs. to the acre, on any kind of
grain ; and if you sow it on one of the last
falls of snow you can easily see how thick
you are getting it. Terry's favorite time to
sow red clover is about the time of our last
severe frosts. Whenever we find the ground
all honey-combed, as it were, by the frost,
with the prospect of a thaw as soon as the
sun gets up, then is the time to get in your
clover. The seed rattles down in these little
holes made b\' the frost, and the thaw covers
it up with damp soil as soon as the sun
shines out. Have every thing all ready, and
then go at it as soon as you can see, when the
right time comes. Friend Terry has his
breakfast put off an hour or two, rather
than miss the chances of getting in his clo-
ver-seed just right. If your ground is good,
so as to make a strong growth, it will pay
you well to put in a sprinkling of timothy,
so as to make it stand up. This matter was
pretty well discussed at the Albany Conven-
tion. In very strong ground, alsike will
make such a mass of vines and stalks that it
is liable to rot during much rainy weather.—
Raising basswoods from the seeds, so far,
has been pretty much of a failure. I have
just received a catalogue from George Penney
& Co., Evergieen, Door Co., Wis., adverti.s-
ing basswood-seeds at a dollar a pound. He
also has little trees for sale, and has prom-
ised to give us an article on saving and
sowing the seeds, and on the treatment of
the seedlings.

HOUSE-WAKMING.

PROS'. COOK PLEADS FOR A FURNACE, AND WOOD
FOR FUEL.

T MOST heartily agree with our friends Terry
l^f and the Editor, in their position on the tobac-
^t CO question. How irrational and incompre-
hensible, that men will, in the face of the
known physical evils that attend the use of to-
bacco, the disgusting character of the habit, which
would surely nauseate any one except that we see
it from youth up, the moral obliquity, and disre-
gard of others' comfort which its use engenders;
and the worse than useless expense which goes
with the habit; that any one will suffer himself to
become its slave! The explanation must come
with the fact that children— mere nurslings-
adopt the pernicious practice ere reason and judg-
ment are sufficiently matured to guide and con-
trol. So much the more need that we who are

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

125

parents spare no effort, either of precept or ex-
ample, to hold our children, that we may influence
them aright in this most susceptible period. How
thankful we all ought to be, that Gleanincs has
taken the stand it has on this question! What a
power for good it would be, if all our editors would
join in the same blessed undertaking- 1

I am also one with our friends in the thought that
home should be made the most delightful of all
places. Only last night, wife remarked: "There
are two things we will use most liberally— light and
fuel. We can not afford to stint in genial warmth,
or the pleasant cheer which a well-lighted room
helps so materially to diffuse through the home."
Wife is right. It is a wiser economy to burn a lit-
tle more oil and wood, and keep the children at
home, than to lose their company as they go else-
where to burn tobacco. Why, Mr. Editor, just
once fill a home with loving self -sacrifice; have
ever in reach in the pleasantest room of the
house— the living-room— such papers as Glean-
ings, the Youth's Companion, etc., and good
books; have the house warm and bright these win-
ter evenings, and we shall find it very easy to hold
the dear children. Yes, this costs something, liut
less of both money and worry than does the street-
corner, the cigar, the saloon, and, last in this awful
sequence of events, the way that leadeth down to
hell.

But I must differ with both our friends as to the
method of heating our houses. I was brought up
in the warmth and glare of the old fireplace, with
its huge back-log of hickory, the ample fore-stick,
and open work of crossing timbers all aglow with
the leaping, crackling flames. I have used wood-
stoves for years. I have used the hard coal stove,
lauded by friend Teri-y ; 1 now have my ofhce, lab-
oratories, and lecture-room heated by steam, which
you, Mr. Editor, praise as the best thing, while our
present home is heated bj- the furnace, which you
both decry, but which, in the judgment of all at
our house, is by far the best way to heat our dwell-
ing's. I fear, Mr. Editor, some may be misled by
what you have said— indeed, I know of one reader
of Gleanings who is now proposing, the coming-
summer, to remove stoves and replace them with a
furnace. He is a bee-keeper, and keeps his bees in
his cellar. Yet I think he is wise, and I would not
have him or any other falter in such a wise inten-
tion.

Let me briefly state my reasons for this conclu-
sion. 1 think they will commend themselves to
any interested person :

Steam heat is mainly objectionable in that it
heats the air already in the house, and in no waj'
effects to change it. Thus our rooms are apt to be
ill ventilated, and colds and headache are the re-
sult. Again, the coils are usually not attractive,
and are in the way. Once more: If the house is
to be shut up, and through neglect or carelessness
the steam is not thoroughly shut off, and the water
all drained off, then there is liability to have burst-
ing pipes and no end of trouble. It is also more
expensive to secure a little quick heat in summer,
spring, or autumn, to temper the chill of a cold
morning with steam. I have a brother-in-law
whose house is heated by hot-water circulation in
pipes. I think the above objections all hold to this
method of heating.

1 object to the coal-stove heating— I mean wife
and I— because it heats only a part of the house,

is a dirty thing at best— even the bard-coal dust is
very pervasive and annoying, is in the way, is apt
to be out of the way in cold days of summer, and
is hard to start when just a little heat is desired.
While the coal-stove is a little better than the
steam for ventilation, it is not conducive to good
ventilation. True, it draws a little of the air from
the room, but in the main it heats only over and
over the vitiated air, which, with these stoves, is
usually retained in the rooms to be breathed again
and again, thus engendering disease and enfeeljled
strength.

Now for the furnace. It is in the cellar, and all
dust and are dirt avoided. The pleasant living-
rooms are not cumbered witli ugly stoves or coils.
The husband can arrange the fires, and so the wife
is saved to the utmost. Best of all, the heated air
is drawn right from outdoors; and as it can not
enter the rooms unless just so much air passes out,
there is a constant exchange of air, and so our
rooms are constantly well ventilated. With no
trouble, every room in the house can be heated, or
by the push of a lever any can be kept cool. A
stick or two of wood in the furnace, on a cool
morning, just removes the chill of the whole house
and makes a happy household. We have had our
furnace for over twelve j-ears, and it has heated
our house perfectly, has given the most perfect
satisfaction, has never been out of order, and we
scareeb' ever go to visit our friends, where stove
or other heat is used, but that we join in praise of
the blessed furnace.

In arranging for a furnace, the room to contain
it should be large^ours will hold eight cords of
three or four feet wood, and this room should l)e
entirely separated by a l)rick or stone wall from
the remainder of the cellar. Thus we can keep our
vegetable-cellar just as cool as though we had no
furnace; and still, l)y simply opening a door we
can surely prevent freezing in case of very severe
weather. The cold-air shaft should open toward
the prevailing winds— west at this place— for if it
opens east the strong west winds that rush around
the house so suck the air as to reverse the current
of hot air, and it is too expensive to heat all out-
doors. But -with an east opening, all will work
well, even with a heavy west wind, by opening the
cold-air flue into the cellar, and closing the outer
opening. Yet I prefer to always take the air from
outdoors. We have our chimney in three divi-
sions—the center division carries off the smoke, and
the whole chimney is kept warm. Eacli room is
connected, by means of a register and a close pipe,
with the outer divisions of this chimney. We see,
then, that the ventilation is perfect. We start the
flre, which heats the air fresh from outside, which
passes to our rooms. This rises and pushes the
cold air down. At the same time the heated
chimney causes the air in it to rise, and this is re-
placed by the colder air from our i-ooms passing
out. I can not see how we could have more per-
fect ventilation. Good ventilation means good
health and long life.

We keep three rooms on the first floor, two large
halls, and our children's two rooms above, heated
all the time, and a third chamber when needed,
and it costs us »40.0() a year. At night I fill the
furnace, close the dampers and shut tlie registers,
except in the dining-room and sitting-room— we
have no "parlor" at our house— and when I get up
in the morning these rooms are warm and com-

126

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

Feb.

fortable; and when I call the household, two hours
later, the whole house is warmed. As I said be-
fore, we think it economy to keep our whole house
as warm and cosy as possible. If we can make
this the most delightful place in the world to our
children, we shall have solved the problem of their
habits in a most agreeable manner. Now, Mr.
Editor, I am rejoicing in the hope of a visit from
both you and friend Terry this spring; and if this
article does not convert you both, I believe a per-
sonal examination on the spot will. A. J. Cook.
Agricultural College, Mich.

I am converted already, friend Cook ; but
I want to add, that steam is used quite ex-
tensively for warming a current of air
brought inffrom outdoors, exactly as you do.
We have outdoor pipes which bring in the
fresh air, and pass it around the coil of
steam-pipes ; and just the air, and not the
ungainly-looking coils you speak of, passes
into the' room above, as does the lieat from
your furnace. We have used furnaces on
the plan you mention, for a good many years,
but my objection is the expense of warming
up this" outer air, especially when the tem-
peratui-e is below zero. It takes a heap of
coal or wood either to warm a large building
in that way. I greatly prefer a wood-burn-
ing furnace ; bvit in our locality it is much
more expensive than soft coal, although I
believe with you I would willingly pay the
extra expense to get rid of the dust and
smoke from any kind of coal. Our new fac-
tory is warmed by still another device. A
blower run by machinery sends a blast of
air (taken from outdoors) through an ar-
rangement something like a common steam-
boiler, only the steam passes through the
flues, while the blast of air circulates around
them. With suitable pipes we can send the
hot air into any room, and it warms it very
quickly.— When Dr. Miller was here he took
me to task because I assumed so many re-
sponsibilities, and did so much choring
about, for otners. Now, if I understand it,
a large part of your strength, perhaps both
of mind and body, is consumed in building
tires, pumping water, and taking care of the
horse and cow, etc. As you get up two
hours before the rest of the family, 1 con-
clude you have this two hours of hard work,
down cellar and upstairs, as a regular rou-
tine each morning. If you had steam in yoiir
household, it might do every bit of this, if
you except making friends with the domes-
tic animals. Your wife could have hot or
cold water taken from the well or cistern,
by turning a single valve, and it has some-
times seemed to me as if the steam rejoiced
in being permitted to do such service. I
know all about the recreation these duties
give you, but I don't believe it is good for
me to be obliged to have too much exercise,
day after day, whether I feel like it or not.
Very likely, "Bertie is beginning to ease his
papa a little in these every-day duties, just
as Ernest is now relieving me. I presume
your wood-burning finnace will be most
feasible for the greater part of the readers
of (iLEANiNGS, and friend Terry's arrange-
ment is not so very much different from it,
after all. In many homes, perhaps his plan
would be the best.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

ROOLS OF HOW TO SWARM BEES.— KONTIN YUDE.

TN ml last discoarse I left you dun up in a over-
j^f coat & three (3) vales & the fokes a makin a
^i outrajis noise. If the racket has binkep a goin
"*■ lively, it has fetoht the bees down by this tilne,
and by this time you ar pirty warm.
The bees will be pirty shure to settel on a sour
appel tree, but moar likely thay will settel onto a
oke tree, pirty well up. Git a ladder & set agen the
oke tree & tell the fokes to stop thair outrajis racket.
Klime up to whair the swarm is hangin on a lim of
the tree & shake them down onto a sheet whitch
you lied plaist the sheet under the hive, & as kwick
as you shake them off of the lim hurry down sose to
git them in the hive. By the time you git i4 way
down the tree, sumbuddy will holler "The bees is
goin back on the lim," but you needent pay enny
atlOshun to it; klime down &seefor yureself. Then
you ken klime up agen & shake them off as be4.
Repeat this a phue times and it will inkrease your

PROF. Bf^NSOX TAKEING UOUN A SWORM.

temperreightyure. Then you ken git a saugh and
saugh off the lim & thay will lite onto a appel tree
whair you ken shaik them down & swarm them into
the hive. By this time you will be warm. The bee
is a nativ of a warm climait and likes to hev things
warm. Keep on yure overcoat & things till sundown
sose yule be reddy if they cum out agen. It will
save the trubbel of warmin up agen. Besides you
mite ketch coald if you talk them off too suddent.

If the hive is shaded poot it out whair the sun ken
shine on it all day long. This will maik them shure
to stay bekoz thay will see its a good warm place for
winter. In a phue days, move the bees to the place
whair you want them to stay. It woont do to move
them the 1st day or 3 till they hev lernd to reckog-
nize thair hive, and then thay will find it whairever
you poot it.

Drive staiks in the ground 3 feet hi to set the hive
onto the staiks, soze the wurms will fall & braik
thair ne.x hwen thay cum out of the hive for exer-
sighs. Besides, the moth miller, whitch gits into
the hives and eats up the yung bees, woont hev so
good a chants to find it if its up hi.

P. Benson, A. B. S.

(Whitch is Apiculturistical Beekeepin Slghentist.)

18«7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

127

BOOK AGENTS AND THEIK BUSINESS.

GOOD ADVICE FROM DR. MILIiER.

'HILE the subject of hook agents is up, al-
low me to refer to another phase. Among-
boc>k agents, as in all other callings, there
are good anrl bad people. For the benefit
of two classes I want to speak. First, for the
benefit of any readers of Gleanings who are
good people, and who are liook agents; second, for
the benetlt of any upon whom hookj agents, good
or bad, may hfippen to call. 1 will give you an il-
lustration of what sometimes happens.

A book agent of pleasing address, and who de-
sires to do good by selling a good book, comes to
my house and rings. The lady of the house, en-
gaged at some occupation which she can with diffi-
culty leave, possibly some mystery of cookei-y, at
a critical moment when a few minutes' absence
may bring disaster, stops and cleans up her hands,
and. like a true daughter of Eve, looks a little to
her general apiiearauce, then goes to the door, and
admits the stranger.

" Ts the gentleman at home? "or if, as maybe
the case, he has learned my name, '* Is Dr. Miller
at home? "

Not knowing what may be the business in hand,
she comes to me, where I am very busily engaged,
perhaps with a hive open. Closing up as speedily
as possible, I get myself a little in shape, go into
the house, and greet the stranger, wondering
whether it may be some old friend whom I do not
recognize, and a little fearing it may be a book
agent or an insurance agent. He commences, per-
haps, by saying, " What a fine view you have from
herel Really, I didn't know such a hilly country
could be found in this part of the State."

" Yes, this is one of the least prairie-like parts of
the State." I reply, in a manner equally pleasant
with his own, at the same time inwardly denounc-
ing myself for being a little hypocritical in speak-
ing so pleasantly when 1 am really feeling cross at
the interruption, for by this time I begin to feel
sure his visit is not to be a profitable one for me.
For some time a conversation is carried on by
him, my replies becoming more and more in the
form of monosyllables until finally he introduces
the object of his visit. Failing in his effort, he
goes away with a feeling of disappointment, possi-
bly with a feeling of pity for me that I did not get
the full benefit of the book or other article he wish-
ed to sell me, never dreaming, perhaps, that he has
been doing me a serious wrong in making such
demands on my lime and patience. Now. good
people, if you must have an agency for a book or
a broom-holder, don't — I was going to say steal, but
perhaps I had better soften it a little by saying
don't take the time of others in that way. Make
known your business at once. If Mrs. Jones comes
to the door, don't ask her to send for Mr. .Tones.
Consult other people's convenience as well as
your own. You have no right to impose on their
courtesy by taking time that they would not will-
ingly give if they knew your errand. To those who
have calls from agents, I would say, the chances
are so many that you will have to pay more for
articles thus purchased than you would have to
pay for them elsewhere, that in general you may
do well to refuse to buy in all cases. Possibly one
time in ten or twenty there might be a case where
it would 1)6 well to buy; but if you allow yourself

to buy in this one case you will he likely to over-
balance it by buying at a loss in two other cases,
so the safe plan is to refuse all. Learn to say
pleasantly, but very firmly, that in no case can you
be induced to purchase. The agent will say, that
if you do not purchase, you can at least look. Tell
him just as plainly as before, that it is not worth
while even to take the time to look. There is much
in the positive but courteous manner; and the
agent, thus good-naturedly repulsed, will go away
much better satisfied with himself and with you
than if you had wasted a half-hour by parleying.

To the young people who almost all, at some
time, think of trying this sort of business, my ad-
vice is, " Don't." That's the general rule. There
are exceptions. In a sparsely settled region
where stores are not easy of access, even a pack-
peddler may be welcomed. But in towns or vil-
lages, or in their vicinity, there is no need of
agents in general. There may he an exception, in
the case of an article that the purchaser must try
at his own home, the agent showing its use, or of
some article which is never kept in stores.

Please don't think that I have no feeling of kind-
ness for agents. In many cases they are impelled
by good motives, and are really to be pitied. In
my college days I was fortunately so poor as to be
obliged to work my own way. One vacation 1
undertook the business of a map agent. I was
about as forlorn and homesick a mortal as you
could desire. 1 made little or nothing at the busi-
ness, and was probably a nuisance to many, and of
little use to any, for the nnips were hardly worth
the price, even if the profit did hardlj- pay expenses.
When clothes-wringers first came out, I took
an agency and sold a number at a fair profit, doing
a good thing for the people and myself, but T went
only a few miles from home, and in no case, if I
remember rightly, did 1 sell to any except ac-
quaintances. This was one of those cases where
an agent was necessary to show the people at their
own homes how to use the wiinger.

Marengo, 111. C.C. Mii-i.kk.

Friend M.. in the above article you strike
at the real trouble in this matter of book
agents, and I confess it never occurred to
me before. It is this: They from tlie out-
set—at least a great many of them, and, in
fact, all of them that are objectionable — pre-
tend to be something they are not. If every
book agent, when he comes near your pieni-
ises, would hold out his book, and say. " Sir,
I am a book agent : liave you a few moments
to spare to talk with meV" that would end
all the trouble. Not long ago a gentleman
who might have been, judging from his ap-
pearance, some distinguished statesman, de-
sired to see me individually; in fact, he
would not tell his business to any of the
clerks. He put out his hand, took off his
hat, and expressed great pleasure in being
able to take A. I. Root, of whom he had
heard so much, by the hand. Then he dis-
coursed eloquently about the growth of our
business, and giving employment to so many
people, etc. When I had talked as long as
I could afford to, I suggested getting to bus-
iness. This man was a book agent. He left
his package near the door, so that I might
not suspect he had something to sell. Now,
I was obliged to l)e rude with this man, and
I confess I became exceedingly vexed when

128

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

he insisted that I should look over the pages
of his book, and listen to his set speeches.
Any business that will not succeed when a
man announces at the outset just what his
calling is, should be regarded with suspicion.

FOUL BROOD.

THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF CURE CAREFULLY
CONSIDERED.

TN my article in Gleanings of Jan. 1 I detailed
/^ my experience with foul brood. In this I wish
^r to present the methods I would recommend for
"*■ its cure. Before doing- so, a few words of com-
ment on the various remedies jnay not be out
of place.

First. Spraying or fumigating with salicylic acid.
Neither of these methods is to be relied on.

Second. Muth's plan of removing- combs, putting
the bees on full sheets of foundation in a clean
hive, and then feeding salicylated syrup. This is a
good method; and if carefully and thoroughly car-
ried out it will always be successful. The principal
objections to it are, that salicylic acid is trouble-
some to use, as well as somewhat expensive, and
that it is impractical to feed during a yield of honey.

Third. The .Jones, or starvation plan. I used this
plan extensively, because it was quick and simple,
dispensing with the fuss and bother of spraying or
feeding. Although generally successful, I would
not recommend it. In the first place, it is a very ex-
pensive plan. The starving is a terrible tax on the
vitality of the bees, and especially of the (lueen. I
have had a number of fine queens ruined in this
way. No colony seems to work with any energy for
some time after being released, while they dwindle
away with unusual rapidity. This is a loss, at what-
ever season the cure is attempted. If during or
just before a honey-tlow, the lo.ss of honey may
amount to more than the value of the colony. If
no honey is coming in they must be fed to suppoi't
and build them up. At such a time, starving is un-
necessary, as the feeding of medicated food is a
complete cure without the cruelty and loss incurred
in starving them. Moreover, starvation is not al-
ways to be relied on, especially during a heavy
honey-flow, or when they are hived on empty combs.
Unless great care is taken to have all the bees gorge
themselves to the utmost with honey— a very diffi-
cult thing at some times, and especially with some
bees— and they are then starved to the last extremi-
ty, some of the honey will remain in their sacks.
This honey, unless measures are taken to prevent
it.Js liable to be stored in the brood combs until
used for brood-rearing, thus starting the disease
anew. By feeding the bees medicated food during
their confinement, this, as well as the other evils of
the method, are obviated, as the feed, mixing with
the infected honey in their sacks, renders it harm-
less—but then it is the " starvation plan " no longer.

Fourth. The Cheshire plan of feeding phenol
(carbolic acid) without removing the combs. This
will undoubtedly succeed when all the conditions
are favorable, but I can not recommend it as prac-
tical, though a more extended experience might
change my opinion. The amateur can afford to ex-
periment and run risks. He who has only a few
colonies of bees can usually spare the time required
to cure by feeding and similar manipulations; and
if he loses a large part of his honey-crop in doing

so. he does not notice it very much. But to the man
who makes a business of bee-keeping, whose bread
and butter depends on it, it is a matter of consider-
able importance whether the cure is accomplished
in one day, or whether it is spread out over several
months, increasing the chances of spreading the
disease many times, and consuming much valuable
time. He can not afford uncertainty, nor can he
afford to lose his honey-crop.

In seeking for a certain, speedy, and inexpensive
cure, I observed that, during a heavy honey-flow,
the progress of the disease was measurably abated,
except in the worst cases, and some eolonies cured
themselves. Why was this ? I decided that the dis-
ease was generally conveyed and propagated
through the medium of honej-. When honey is
plentiful, the larvae, instead of being fed on honey
which has been in the hive for some time, and thus
become infected, have their food prepared from
honey fresh from the fields, with which every bee is
gorged. The best time to attempt a cure is when
nature is inclined to assist.

I noticed, too, that "starved" bees, released on
combs, frequently had the disease again; those hiv-
ed on full sheets of foundation, very seldom; while
none of those compelled to build their own combs
showed any trace of it. This convinced me that any
plan which would prevent brood-rearing for several
days, at the same time using up the infected honey
from the old hive, would render the bees incapable
of transmitting the disease. The most practical
way in most cases is to compel the bees to build a
new set of combs.

HOW TO CURE FOUL BROOD.

As soon as you discover the presence of foul
brood in your apiary, make up your mind that you
have to deal with an enemy that will require your
utmost care and vigilance to subdue. Remember
that prevention is better than cure. Foul brood is
probably more often spread by careless handling
than in any other way, so be careful that, in your
efforts to cure, you do not spread the disease.

To start with, get a supply of carbolic acid. You
will do best to buy it in the original bottles, holding
a pound each, which should not cost you over 75
cents. If you buy a less quantity it will be more or
less diluted with water to keep it liquefied. Find out
what per cent of water there is in it, so that you
may know what you are doing. There is a great
difference in the quality of the acid. I have used
that from several different manufacturers, Graes-
er's proving the best. Make a S'':' solution of the
acid. If you have not the apparatus for accurate
measurements, take a tall bottle and measui-e into
it carefully 100 spoonfuls of water, marking with a
flic the height which it reaches. To make a 'S% so-
lution, put in three spoonfuls of acid and fill up
with water to the mark. This solution is for wash-
ing your hands, implements, etc., after any work
with diseased colonies. You will do well to have a
special smoker, knife, brush, etc., to be used only
with attected colonies. Remember, the disease is
very contagious, and may readily be carried on the
hands or any implement. Just how far this con-
tagiousness goes I can not say ; but to be on the safe
side I would disinfect every thing that has come in
contact with any part of an infected hive before
using it in other work.

The best methods of cure will vary according to
the season. The best t ime is « hen honey is coming
in freely. At such a time, prepare a hive as follows:

1887

GLEAKl^NGS IN JbJEE CULTUKE.

129

Contract the brood-chamber to four or five Lang'-
stroth frames, according' to the size of the colony.
Have in these frames nothing' but starters of foun-
dation, 'i inch wide. Place over the brood-chamber
a queene.x'clnding honey-board, and above it room
for surplus, according to the needs of the colony.
The sections may contain full sheets of foundation.
Put this hive on the stand of the colony to be cured,
removing the ashes, sand, or whatever you have in
front of the entrance, replacing with fresh. Shake
or brush the bees down in front of the hive and run
them in. Tn all this, disturb the bees as little as
possible, so that they may not fill themselves with
honey. The philosophy of the method is, that the
bees are compelled to build considerable comb be-
fore they cau rear any brood. This consumes what
honey they have in their sacks in wax-making. If
any remains unused it goes into the boxes instead
of being stored in the brood-chamber, and thus be-
comes harmless. In very bad cases it may be well
to hive the bees in an empty box or old hive for two
or three days, then shake them out and melt up the
comb they have made, into beeswax.

If honey is scarce in the fields, put tin- bees in an
ordinary-sized brood-chamber, on full sheets of
foundation, and feed them phenolaled syrup until
they are self-supporting. To prepare this, take
honey, or syrup of the same consistency, and add
one-si-\th of one per cent of carbolic acid. Thin this
down, as required, for feeding.

The combs from which the bees were shaken niaj'
be tiered up over other colonies which have the
disease. Put them three or four stories high. As
soon as there are bees enough, shake the queen
and a good-sized colony of bees into a wire-cloth
box, and, after one or two days' confinement in a
dark place, hive them on a new stand. Ten days
after the queen is removed, give the old colony a
queen-ccll or young queen, as those they raise may
not hatch. In ten days more, treat them as first
described. Extract the honey, boil it, and nuike
the combs into wax. Be very sure to disinfect
thoroughly every thing that has been used in do-
ing this; and be sure, too, that no bee gets a taste
of the honey in all your operations. There is so
much danger in trying to do any thing with the
combs, that, unless you have many, you had bet-
ter burn them up.

The hives may be disinfected by thorough boil-
ing. Scalding will not answer. A little lye or
wood ashes in the water will take the propolis off
clean. If you have not facilities for boiling hives,
add .T'f of carbolic acid to strong soapsuds, and
scrub the hives well with the mixture, rinsing
afterward. 1 think I would rather depend on this,
if thoroughly done, than on boiling alone.

Tn conclusion, I would say that, if you are care-
ful, prompt, and thorough, you can cure foul
brood. If you are not so— and most people, T be-
lieve, are not sufficiently so until they have had
some costly experience— you had better not trj- it,
unless you have considerable at stake. Indeed,
in any case, if you have only a few cases— say not
over '■>'„■ of your apiary— and are sure there are no
more iu yours or youi-rueighbor's apiaries, I should
advise you to destroy them— bees, hives, and
combs, if \ ou can do so without handling them. If
you are obliged to handle them, you might as well
cure them. J. A. Gkekn.

Dayton, HI., Jan. 10, 1887.

Friend G., I believe you have carefully

covered the ground, and, as far as our ex-
perience goes, we can agree with all that
you have said. In fact, it seems that we
have practiced the same, or very nearly the
same, method of cure which you consider
most effective. Come to rentiember, in a
private letter you gave us a few suggestions
at the time we were battling with the dis-
ease. After receiving said letter we aban-
doned starving the bees, and, instead, put
them into clean hives where they were com-
pelled to build combs, or. rather, work out
foundation. However, we gave frames with
full sheets of foundation, and all colonies so
treated were cured. Perhaps in the ad-
vanced stages of the disease, starters only
would be preferable. We did not use car-
bolic acid, as you recommended, though we
exercised extreme caution, even burning
a tool that had by accident received a possi-
ble taint of the disease. Your statement,
that starvation weakens a colony, is very
true, as we are satisfied from repeated ex-
periments. In regard to cleansing the
hives, we have, as you know, used steam,
and hives so disinfected have not as yet
given us any trouble.

DRONE COMB.

KKIENU UAUANT GIVES US S(JME VAI,f.\BJ.E IDEA8
IN REGARD TO IT.

HE above subject, treated by Mr. Hutchinson,
[hi" in Gle.\nings, Nov. 1."), drew my attention,
I? and incites me to redress some, to my mind,

false notions accepted as truths by about

every bee-keeper.

1. A swarm, hived on empty frames, always be-
gins its construction by worker cells.

2. It the queen of a SAvarm is removed, or dies,
while the bees are building, all the combs, nmde
during her absence, will consist of drone colls.

3. If the queen of a swarm is very iiroHflc, \ery
little drone comb will generally be made by her
bees.

4. If, on the contrary, from old age, or from some
other cause, the fecundity of the queen is deficient,
her bees will fill the hive with a quanf iti' of drone
comb.

I am persuaded that e\ery true bee-keeper will
admit the above, premises; from which I draw the
infert nee, not only that the presence (if thr (/itrin iu
tlic hive eompeh the liees to make worker cells, hut that
they rush into the huildirm of their preferred (store)
cells as soon as Vie queen ceases to control their work;
for. a verj- prolific queen, having to wait for cells,
is all the time watching the work of her bees; while
a slow-laying queen is soon left behind. Then her
workers, acting without control, hasten to build
drone com/*, which would be more appropriately
named store-comh. Such actions prove, without
possible contest, that there are two opposite prefer-
ences during the building of comb, the preference
of the workers for store combs— a preference which
bows before the desire for worker cells manifested
by the queen, who exercises her sovereign authori-
ty iu this one circumstance only.

The deficient proliflcness of a queen is not the
only cause which allows the bees to build too many
sf ore-cells; for we meet with swarms which, al-
though having very prolific queens, have con-
stru jted a large amount of drone comb. Such a fact

130

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

is not of rare occurrence, and can be easily explain-
ed. We have put a heavy swarm in an empty hive,
whose frames can admit 100,000 worker-cells. The
bees hasten to build combs at the rate of 3500 cells
daily; the queen follows them, laying in every cell
as soon as half constructed. Such going, hand in
hand, of the queen with the workers, lasts 15 days;
then the flowers, becoming scarce, the building
ceases, together with the laying of the queen. Six
days after this interruption, the hatching of eggs,
laid on the first day, begins, leaving, eveiy day, 3.500
cells empty. If this dearth of nectar continues tor
15 days more, then 40,000 cells, of the 50,000 which
had received eggs, are ready to be filled again. If,
at that time, some other flowers have begun to
give honey, the laying of the queen is resumed,
together with the building of comb. But the queen
is no more near the builders, .to require worker
cells: she is far away, laying in the first comb.
Then the bees, no longer restrained by her pres-
ence on the spot, fill, with store-combs, the half of
the hive, which, so far, had remained empty. Had
the queen rejoined her bees after a while, the build-
ing of worker comb would have been resumed, and
the hive would show a patch of store-cells in the
middle of its worker combs.

Every bee-keeper has noticed such irregular
building of combs; but nobody, so far, has tried to
explain it. In fact, it is inexplicable by any theory
other than the one which I have just developed.
We are accustomed to endow bees with so much
knowledge that this theory could not come to the
mind of our best authorities in apiculture, on ac-
count of its extreme simplicity.

The facts related above show that the circum-
stances of the building of worker and drone comb
vary ad infinitum; and it is to such varied condi-
tions of building that the diversity of results, as de-
scribed by Miss Cora Major, page 716, is due, and
not, as Mr. Hutchinson supposes, to the foresight
of bees, who, " knowing that their queens are old,
have in mind the superseding of them, and think
that drones must be provided for the fecundation
of the young queens."

In the experiment of Miss Cora, 10 swarms had
built very little or no drone comb; 5 had from one-
fifth to ;;one-half of the space given, filled with it.
If we admit the idea of Mr. Hutchinson, we have to
acknowledge that the bees of these five colonies
were very far-sighted ; for, the life of a queen last-
ing, on an average, about 36 months, the 15 swarms
had less thanj one queen to supersede every two
months. Then the workers, of some of these five
colonies, prepared comb, to raise drones, 8 or 10
months previous to the death of their queens;
while some of the 10 colonies, which did not pre-
pare any drone; combs, or which prepared only a
few square inches, could repent of not ^having pre-
pared ^themselves for the emergency, if, for some
unexpected cause, their queen had to be replaced.

I had just written the above when I saw, in
Gleanings for^JJanuary 1, page 51, the relation of
an experiment, made by Mr. J. A. Buchanan, which
confirms my theory.

A large swarm had been hived on 10 Langstroth
empty frames. Seven days after, the hive was en-
tirely filled with;?i worker and H store cells. Mr.
Buchanan cut out the store, or dronejcombs, which
were rebuilt by the bees, with worker^.and a little
drone comb. These last having been removed also,
the bees rebuilt them also with worker comb. Every

bee-keeper has noticed, that, when drone comb is
removed from the hives, the bees, in nearly every
instance, build nothing but drone comb in its place.
Then why did the bees of Mr. Buchanan act differ-
ently? My theory explains ,this fact, not only easily
but conclusively. A ten-frame Langstroth hive
has room for about 80,000 worker cells. Then the
bees of this swarm, having filled the hive in seven
days, had built about 11,600 cells everj' day, on an
average. Of course, the queen was unable lo fill so
many cells as soon as they were constructed. But
such a fast building is always caused by a heavy
crop of honey. This honey, stored in the cells as
soon as they were built, had helped the queen to
follow the builders with her laying during the four
first days.

If we suppose that the queen had laid 3.500 eggs
daily, there were, on the fourth day, 3.500 hatched
grubs to nurse. But this nursing, consuming honey
and pollen, increased the number of empty cells, in
which the queen could lay. Besides the ripening,
or evaporating, of the honey gathered during the
three first days, and the subsequent transporting of
this condensed honey in the upper cells, offered also
to the queen a quantity of empty cells, that she was
no longer able to fill, without ceasing her control
on the builders, which, unrestrained, began to pre-
pare drone - cells. The removal of those store-
combs, by Mr. Buchanan, three days later, delayed
the workers and allowed the queen to regain her
place among the builders, and to obtain the build-
ing of worker-cells. But the queen was soon again
left behind, and the building of drone comb was re-
sumed. The second cutting of drone comb, by Mr.
Buchanan, disturbed again the bees, which were
soon overtaken by the queen, and compelled to
finish their building with worker-cells. Had Mr.
Buchanan postponed, for 21 days, the removing of
the store-combs, the queen, having daily at her dis-
posal about 3.500 cells from which the first-laid eggs
had emerged, the workers would have replaced
with drone-cells all the combs removed.

Fjom this interesting experiment of Mr. Bu-
chanan, coupled with my theory, we can draw the
inference that, if we desire to have the drone coinb
of a hive replaced with worker comb by the bees,
we ought to deprive the queen of all the empty cells
before introducing our empty frames, remember-
ing that, if the queen had cells in which she can lay
far from the builders, the bees will construct store-
cells exclusively. Chas. Dadant.

Hamilton, 111.

Friend D., your idea is ingenious and
wonderful; but I confess I shall want to tiiink
about it and watch it a little before I am
ready to accept it. So far as I have observ-
ed, I have not been able to learn that the
queens control or "boss'' any thing about the
hive. I do know this, however : After she
is taken away, the bees, with very few ex-
ceptions, change from worker to drone
comb. I have seen one or two exceptions,
nevertheless, where bees built worker comb
at the same time they were building (jueen-
cells. It used to be said, that the queen led
out the swarm ; but in most cases it has
seemed to me that the bees led out, and the
queen followed along with the rest. I should
think it quite likely, that, if the queen were
in one part of a large hive while the comb-
builders were in any other part, they might
build drone or store combs. If this be true.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

131

I should expect the bees to fill surplus-box-
es with drone or store comb, instead of
worker-cells, especially if the queen were
absolutely compelled to remain in the brood-
chamber l)y means of the perforated zinc
honey - boards. I believe others besides
friend Hutchinson suggested, years ago,
that the bees build drone comb whenever
they are thinking of swarming, or rearing
another queen ; thei"efore if their queen
seems to be failing or defective they would
instinctively build drone-cells, and seem
anxious to have the queen fill them with
eggs. This whole matter is deep water, and
it serves to show us how little we do know
in regard to the workings of these wonder-
ful insects, if nothing more.

EATON'S SECTION-CASE.

WHAT TO DO WITH HALF-PILLED SECTIONS LEFT
OVER FROM THE PREVIOUS SEASON.

fHE cut below represents my new section-case;
not so new, either, as I have used it for the
past four years on more than one hundred
colonies of bees in obtaining comb honey.
Success depends largely on the style of hive
used, a thorough knowledge of the time, and how
to manage; and last, but not least, the manner of
arranging the sections on the hive in order that the
V)ees may have perfectly free access to them.

\ SECTION CASE FOR TIFRING UP

There are a good many little points to be got at to
make a receptacle for sections on a hive, the most
convenient for the bees and the apiarist. This is
what I have aimed at in my case; and I like it much
better than other eases I have used. There
are some who use and prefer single-tier wide frames.
Well, with wide frames we have to have an outer
case to hold the wide fi-ames, besides all those wide
frames to take care of out of season. You see, by
the above cut, that all I have is the outer case and
the bottom-bars of the wide frames combined; the
sections sit on the slats the same as they do in the
wide frames. This keeps them clean on the bottom,
the same as with a wide frame. With the latter you
can use separators, which is difficult to do with most
of the popular section-cases in use. T have no use
for separators. By using full sheets of foundation
in sections seven to the foot, and leveling the hive
with a spirit-level sidewise, and tipping it forward
sUcrbtly, you will have ninety-nine out of one hun-

dred nice straight sections that you can crate. But
if you use wider sections you will have to use sepa-
ratoi-s. By using sections (7 to the foot) without
separators they will weigh as near a pound as the
n^-inch will with separators. With my case you
can use separators if desired, as well as without, by
slipping a half-inch strip of tin in between the two
end rows of sections, so as ^to hold the separators
up from going down between the slats. Then as
you set in a row of sections, set a tin separator in.

Now, then, there is another point, although a
minor one: The sections set compactly over the
brood-nest. There are no wooden partitions be-
tween each row. There is but one bee-space be-
tween the bottom of the slats and the brood-frames,
the slats forming a sort of skeleton honey-board.
The case is a bee-space deeper than the sections,
thereby admitting of tiering up to any desired
height. The slats make the case solid and substan-
tial. If such a case were nailed up solid, and the
sections fitted in it, the first sections would be very
dilHcult to i-emove; and as there are slats under the
sections you could not invert it and drive them out.
I found that, by such a practice late in the fall, with
other cases, when the weather was cold, it loosened
and broke out comb, so 1 provided a hinged side
which opens out, thereby loosening all at once. If
you wish to remove any sections on the hive you can
open the side and remove sections without taking it
from the hive. 1 use an eight-frame Langstroth
hive for comb honey, and make my section-cases of
the same material and size of the hive. The crates
are painted, and when set on the hive they form
pai-t of the same. When I tier up, the cover raises
and sits on the case the same as on the hive. You
see such a case protects the sections the same as the
main part of the hive. It is not patented. You are
free to use it, if you see any points of excellence in
it. But it would be difiicult to make one from the
above cut, without having a sample, as there are
important points of construction that do not show.

HOW TO GET BEES TO COMMENCE WORK IN SEC-
TIONS, AND USE PARTLY FILLED ONES.

I am stimulated to give my plan, from the fact
that, when describing it at our convention at Colum-
bus, no less a person than Dr. Besse said it was
worth his entire trip to the convention; so it may be
of use to others, and especially to Bro. Dibbern,
who. in the American Bee Journal for 1886, page 774,
recommends, after extracting, to cut out the comb,
render the wax, and burn the sections. Well, of all
things such a plan would be too extravagant for
me. There is nothing new about using half-filled
sections of the previous year, to induce bees to go
to work in the sections; but it is generally recom-
mended to extract the honey, then place a few of
them in the center of the first tier of sections; in
this way you get the center of your case filled first,
the end rows being left until the last, and sometimes
they are very slow to finish them. My way is, not
to extract the honey at all. It is too tedious; be-
sides, it is of more value in the comb than out; but
when you are ready to put on your first sections,
uncap some of these half -filled sections, and fill in
the two end rows of your case. Now fill the two
center rows with foundation. These freshly uncap-
ped sections will attract the bees to work inthe ends
of your case at once, and they will not leave the
center alone very long. If this is done just as the
honej--flow starts, at the proper time they will finish
the entire case about the same time. These half-

132

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Feb.

filled sections will be finished out with new honey,
and be recapped nice and white. You will be sur-
prised to see in how short a time you will have nice
new honey tor the market. Now, Some will say
that that old honej- in there will be inferior, and
will be notiee<l by my customers; but such has not
bfeen my experience. If there are any uncapped
Cells that have granulated, the bees will work it
Over, taking out the granules. 1 have from 1500 to
2000 of these unfinished sections, left over from the
previous year, which I consider very valuable.
Bluffton, Ohio. Fr.\nk A. Eaton.

OI*I]SriONATED BEE-KEEPERS.

Miss nellie i,inswik holds up a looking-
glass FOR us.

X= AST May I was called suddenly east: and
^j though I had expected to return soon, the
'^^ summer passed and November had been ush-
■*™ ered in before I walked once more the then
Quiet aisles of our apiary. One whose sum"
mer work for fourteen years has been chiefly among
the blessed bees, can not drop all connection with
them, and at the same time drop all thought con-
cerning them. Flowers bloomed and faded the long
summer through, but evei' with a breath of their
fragrance came a thought of the bees. The berry-
bushes among the lovely rock-strewn hills and val-
leys of New Hampshire grew white with bloom, but
they brought no thought of the luscious fruit to fol-
low as I watched the bees that hovered over them.
Later, 'mid the Green Mountains of Vermont I stop-
ped to lay my ear against the rough bark of the
basswood, if so be I might hear murmurous music
from the nodding blossoms high above me; and,
later still, in New York, the lovely plumes of the
goldenrod sent my thoughts flying back to my own
distant apiary, with a wonder if there the bees
might not be gathering amber-hued honey.

But It was in New Hampshire I met my first broth-
er bee-keeper. He walked in one evening with bus-
iness written upon every line of his face, and" fixed
his keen eyes upon me. " Your cousin here says
you're a bee-keeper, and what you don't know about
bees ain't worth knowing. 8o I'd just like to have
you step over to my place, and look at my bees, and
tell me why they don't work."

I took the compliment with a grain of salt, doubt-
ing much if m3- cousin could distinguish between a
honey-bee and a hornet, but gladly promised to go
over and see the bees. Better far for my reputation
had I never gone near them I

The next morning I opened the neighbor's gate,
and went up the little rose-bordered path to the
house; then turning, with a bee-Keeper's instinct, I
passed around to the rear, and found myself stand-
ing under wide-spreading maple-ti-ees in whose
cool shade stood the bee-hives. They were the first
1 had seen since leaving home; and with unspeaka-
ble delight 1 sat down on the soft grass by the side
of a hive to watch the busy workers. The morning
air was heavy with the fragrance of white clover,
and the more exquisite fragrance of the wild grape
that trailed its long branches over the stone walls
in every direction. In and out in a ceaseless stream
went the small toilers of the hive, now brushing my
hair as they passed, now dropping, tired and heavy
laden, for a moment's rest on di-ess or hands. A
voice at my side broke the quiet.

" So you've found them'i' And now I'll be obliged
if you'll tell me why they don't work."

"Work I But, indeed, they flrfi working," said I,
wnth decision.

A sarcastic smile curled his lips. "Yes," he re-
turned, glancing from hive to hive, " I'll admit that
they're going in and out pretty lively; but what 1
want to know is, why don't 1 get box honey? It's
time; for there's Meador, who lives down at the
Corners, has taken oil* I don't know how many
pounds."

" HDw long have your bo.xes been on?" Tasked.

■' Haven't been on at all," he replied; and then,
seeing my look of surprise, he continued, "you're
mistaken if you think I know nothing about bees.
I've kept them for some years; and, though I've got
precious little honej', I've found out, among other
things, that there ain't a mite of use in putting on
bo.xes tilt they begin to lay out. And where do j'ou
see a hive here where they're laying out thick and
heavy as they ought? "

I checked a laugh before it had passed my lips,
and paused to consider. " How many hives did you
have i.i the spring?" 1 asked.

"Two; and good strong ones they were."

" And now you have six."

"Yes; and that's not counting the one I gave
away for the hiving"— -with a retrospective glance
at a far-outreaching branch many feet above our
heads. And it was then but the middle of June!
The trouble and the only remedy were alike appar-
ent; but there was small chance of my being able
to nuikc this opinionated man see things as I saw
them. He was a "bee-keeper," albeit on a small
scale, and he had made what he deemed some re-
markable discoveries. And do we not all know
that, as a rule, beekeepers are blessed with a sub-
lime confidence in themselves? I freely admit, that
I have myself two or three pet theories of my" own;
and, though open to conviction, 1 confess that 1
should like to see the bee-keeper who can convince
me that I am in error concerning them'

To my disappointment and vexation, the hives
proved to be box hives, with all their secrets close
locked within them. One hive in particular moved
me with mingled pity and indignation. It was one
of the old stands, and the bees were going languidly
in and out, with none of the stir and enthusiasm of
the other hives. Perhaps the young queen had
been lost, and the doomed colony, conscious of its
hopeless condition, was drifting slowly to annihila-
tion. Think not that I made no cttort in their be-
half. The short lecture I delivered then and there
on the necessity of movable frames, and the conse-
quent advantage in having colonies in a condition
for examination and intelligent treatment, if not a
very brilliant eftort, was certainly an earnest one.
But my auditor listened with knit brow and an ex-
pression of disapproval. He did not want to go into
the business, and he didn't want to be bothered
with any new-fangled contrivances. All he asked
for was .lust honey enough 1or his own use, and no
one seemed able to tell him how to get it without
more fuss than it was worth. I ventured to suggest
that he sell his bees, and buy his honey of Meador;
but I don't think the suggestion pleased him. He
willingly let me put boxes, six-pound glass boxes,
over two of the strongest colonies; and when I dis-
covered in the little workshop a pan of light dry
comb, taken from a late swarm brimstoned in the
fall, and asked permission to put in some starters,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

183

he watched with evident interest while I pried off
the top pieces, and, with the aid of the hot kitchen
stove, fastened two starters to each piece, and then
pressed it carefully bacif into its former position.
But this was all that I could do; and wirh the bright
anticipations of the morning: vanished, 1 went my
way.

Should you ever meet him, this brother bee-keep-
er of the East, and should you chance tt) question
him, I fear— in fact I am almost sure— he wovild tell
you that what little 1 know about bees is, in his
opinion, hardly worth the telling-.

NELL,IE LlNSWlK.

Very good, friend Nellie. We are glad to
hear about our opinionated brotlier down
East. But quite a lot of us are just hungry
to know about how that home apiary " pan-
ned out "' during 188(5; and what has" become
of your sister Cyula V Did she manage that
great apiary all" alone while you were down
East visiting, and the men-folks were busy
with the farm workV— In regard to being
set in our own ways, I believe you have giv-
en us quite a lesson. I can thi"nk of quite a
number just now who, I am sure, are wrong,
but they are so obstinate it does not seem
to be of any use to remonstrate any further ;
and while I am about it, I have been
wondering if there are not some things in
myself a good deal that way; that is, are
we not all of us in danger of becoming too
conceited to be taughtV

THE BINGHAM HIVE.

SHALLOW BROOD-CHAMBERS VS. SHALLOW HIVES.

T NOTE your talk about "shallow hives," on
1^ pages 44 and 45. I see you have not a correct
^i conception of the difference between Mr.
"*• Bingham's hive and mj- own. As I have visit-
ed Mr. Bingham on various occasions, besides
enjoying visits from him, meeting him at conven-
tions and eagerly reading his well-written litera-
ture (including his book, for Mr. Bingham is the
author of a book), and, at his suggestion, used one
of his hives seven or eight years, I wish to set you
right regarding the difference in our hives. I will
also say, that Mr. W. H. Shirley is one of Mr. Bing-
ham's students, and used his hive several years be-
fore he bought my Glen wood apiary, thus neigh-
boring with me, and working for me winters, and
many an hour have we discussed the Bingham
hive and system. Allow me to present it, and com-
pare with my own. nearly all of which I believe
will be sanctioned bj- Mr. Bingham, and be in per-
fect harmony with all be has written upon the sub-
ject.

To friend Bingham belongs the credit of demon-
strating to hundreds of bee-keepers, that a brood-
chamber of a bee-hive has very many advantages
when made as shallow as five inches, comb depth,
and that such a depth is par excellence for early
breeding, wintering, or any other purpose that de-
mands the conservation of heat. I wintered a col-
ony of bees in one of his hives for seven or eight
winters, always outdoors, with about half as much
packing a.s my other colonies had, and with perfect
success, except once. During that most dreadful
winter of two years ago they came through, the
strongest in my yard. Mr. Bingham's special
claims in this direction are true to my experience.

You speak of it as a " shallow hive." The word
hive, 1 think, is out of place here; let us say,
" Brood-chamber of a hive," and understand each
other. All "hives," nowadays, ai-e as deep as you
wish to tier them. Now for the difference.

Many times has Mr. Bingham uttered to me and
others his detestation of a bottom-bar to a frame.
Without such, I consider tiering them impractical.
Even if a break-joint honey-board is used between
each tier, combs will be fastened to it. I saw Mr.
B. cutting them loose when he had his brood-
chambers tiered above each other for purposes of
extracting. We talked it over at the time. Mr. B.'s
brood-chamber is composed of a single tier of
frames, extended in length, to give sufficient
chamber room at all times.

One of the new and novel functions of my hive
is, that its brood chamber is in two horizontal sec-
tions, only one of which is used during contraction,
both of which are considered and sold with every
complete hive. Mr. Binghatn's hive can be invert-
ed, and so can your Simplicity, as you have told us.
I claim that neither are made for the i)urpose, nor
are thej- practically reversible, nor is any other
hive without a bottom-bar to its frames. No per-
son interested in reversible hives or frames need
fear competition from frames without bottom-bars.

1 agree with Mr. Bingham when he says that his
shallow brood-chamber needs no inverting. The
shallower our combs are, the less liability of honey
being stored in their tops; and whatever honey
may be found stored in the ends of Mr. Bingham's
long frames will not be taken out by the bees by
inverting. If combs of the same capacity of his,,
but in shape of 10 x 10 instead of 5 x 20, were one-
third full of honey and two-thirds full of brood,
that honey would be removed by inverting that
frame, at the proper time.

You speak of handling /iii'es instead of frames,
and the shake-out function. Nearl3^ all hives have
some little of these functions, even when never
dreamed of by the maker. You know that Mr.
Hutchinson and myself have often dwelt upon the
subject of " readily movable hives," or handling
hives, rather than frames, when referring to my
modified Langstroth, and to a great extent we
so use it. You also know, that when transferring
from box hives we often pick them up and shake
out what bees we can, especially when we see
them clustered near the bottom. Mr. B.'s hives are
not supplied with handles for shaking, and his
manner of constructing it makes it very heavy;
and although I presume, right here, I shall differ
with friend B. when I say that I never would de-
pend upon his loop-wire clamp for holding the hive
together when being shaken.

It is by virtue of one inversion making the combs
completely fill the frames, and that the frames
completely fill the case, that the greatest per-
fection of the shake-out function is secured. The
reason Mr. B.'s end-bars do not get " out of whack,"
even though no bottom-bar is used, is not only be-
cause they are short, but' the top-bar is % square;
and, I think, in most of Mr. B.'s hives he nails this
bar corners up and corners down; thus: O This
gives him a cheap V guide, and a good one too,
but no bee-space above.

T am astonished that you should mention his al-
ternating the sections of hives. His brood-chamher
is not in sections, and the possible alternating of
several brood-chambers is just as true of any of

134

GLEAN IN G8 IN BEE CULTURE.

J^ES.

your Simplicities. It is true, that Mr. Bing-ham
practiced laying his hive upon its bacls for making
certain examinations and clipping cells, and he
illustrated the performance to me in his apiary,
but he didn't first shake out the bees, nor is his
construction especially adapted for working from
both sides, as I have made mine.

I feel indebted to Mr. Bingham for what he has
done by waj' of clearing our minds of false im-
pressions against extremely shallow combs. The
claims of my invention are on page 14 of my circu-
lar, and I think both you and Mr. B. will see that
none of them are anticipated in his hive. If you
think I am mistaken with regard to his hive satis-
factorily carrying out the functions of mine, I
would suggest using some of each, side by side.
In doing so, please use both styles just as we make
them. Do not inadvertently wrong us by any al-
terations.

I have devised some ten or twelve different ways
of constructing my hive without the outer case;
like Mr. B., making the ends of the frames take the
place of the ends of the ease; and I have abandon-
ed them all for what I believe to be vei'y good rea-
sons. You can have the reasons and the models
any time you wish to print them.

In the A. B. J. Prof. Cook said: "If any one
honestly believes it, let him say it is a worthless
hive and system. But, alack the day when any
considerable number of bee-keepers say it is not
Mr. Heddon's." Jas. Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Jan., 1887.

VOLATILE OIL IN HONEY.

THAT WHICH GIVES FLAVOR TO HONEY.

XN all discussions in regard to ripening honey,
j^[ one essential fact has been entirely ignored,
^l and yet the quality, if not entirely, is more de-
"*■ pendent on it than on any other. That honey
must be of a certain consistency, is conceded
by all; so quality first and quantity next is what we
are all in pursuit of; and how to get the latter
without failure of the first, is yet an open question.
Admitting proper consistency, quality, then, is due
to its peculiar flavor, which is derived from the
nectar of the flower.

All flowers and plants possess a peculiar and dis-
tinct odor, which is due to a volatile, or essential
oil, peculiar to itself, and this same oil we find in
the nectar of the flowers; this it is that gives honey
its distinct flavor. When flowers are macerated in
water, then distilled, the essential oil of the flower
passes off' with the steam, and, if condensed, the
oil is found in minute quantities floating on the
water; and this, as its name indicates, is very vol-
atile; and, if exposed to the atmosphere, in time all
evaporates. Thus the flavor of the honey is de-
pendent on the quantity of this oil present in it.
Some flowers possess more of it than others; and,
as a natural result, we find some honey with more
of a distinct flavor. If the retention of this oil is
desirable, then that method by which there is the
least loss is the one we are in search of. That we
have not yet attained this, is evidently a fact; but
that it is attainable is beyond question, and I doubt
not but that careful experimenting will yet give us
a standard to go by. G. W. Brodbeck.

Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 30, 1887.

Friend B.. while some of this volatile oil

is a good thing, I believe 1 should, as a rule,
prefer that the bees evaporate out the great-
er part of it. Honey newly gathered from
basswood has altogether too much volatile
oil to please most pt^ople, and the same may
be said of tlie horsemint of Texas, and many
other kinds of honey. If letting the honey
get tlioroughly ripened deprives it of this
volatile oil, I should say let the oil go.

pa^Meg MB Dwindle?

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We respectfully solicit the aid of our friends in conducting
this department, and would consider it a favor to have them
send us all circulars that have a deceptive appearance. The
greatest care will be at all times maintained to prevent injus-
tice being done any on".

DELOS STAPLES AND THE BLUEBERRY-BUSINESS,
AGAIN.

"T^D. GLEANINGS:— I notice that the blue-
'^^ berry man has commenced advertising un-
t^'r dcr a new name and address; but when the
■^"^ circulars come to hand they come under the
name of L. D. Staples. See inclosed circular,
just received. On account of new subscribers,
would it not be best to caution readers of Glean-
ings? I lost some four or five dollars by investing in
blueberry plants with Staples. I could get no sat-
isfactory answer from him. I inclose an advertise-
ment cut from one of the Jan. monthly agricultur-
al papers, and have seen it in at least one other.
Exter, Pa., Jan. 31, 1887. P. Sutton.

I too, friend S., have noticed the blue-
berry advertisement, and I judged it was
probably Mr. Staples under another address.
Below is the advertisement mentioned in
the letter:

BLUEBERRY. A valuable fruit to grow for
pleasure or profit. Price list free to all. An
agent wanted in eveiy town. Complete outfit
furnished free. Address, Willow Ridge Fruit-
Farm, Portland, Mich.

I will explain to those who have been vic-
timized by Mr. I). L. Staples, that he does
not send "out any plants at all. He sends
only some dry sticks, with a pretense of
putting a little moss around them. They
never grow, and he never makes any thing
right. Will our friends of the agriculturjil
press please pass him around ? The circu-
lar, sent in response to an answer to the ad-
vertisement above, brings the old blueberry
circular, signed L. D. Staples, Portland,
Mich. He was so thoroughly advertised
under his old name and address that he
thinks to get new victims by the " Willow
Ridge Fruit-Farm '" dodge. By the way, we
are very much obliged to the friends for
promptly forwarding any thing that seems
to have the semblance of a swindle. Let
us help all honest men to live ; but at the
same time let us help all swindles to die,
and that quickly.

Since the above was in type I notice sever-
al of the agricultural papers have also tak-
en the matter up. Now, is it not time, dear
friends, that a complaint be sent to the
Postmaster-General, and that a protest be
made against delivering mail matter to Mr.
Staples? He has swindled enough people al-
ready.

1887

GLEAKtNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

135

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Jan. 15.
CHAPTER XXXV.
For ye are bought with a price.— I. COK. 6: ;

It is a happy thou,s2:ht to me, dear friends,
that I am bought with a price— that I belong
to Christ Jesus. The reason why it is a
happy thouglit is because 1 have a right to
feel that he has his plans, even for a poor
humble life like my own ; that he has some-
thing for me to do, and is watching me with
loving care. I have felt that he called me to
write this book; that it is his wish that I
should write it, and that he has a message
that I may, through the book, carry to you,
my dear readers. '• What to do, and how
to be happy,'" is a great theme ; and when I
undertake to tell the people of the world —
that is, such a part of the world as may be
interested in listening to what I have to tell,
it seems to be almost a sacred commission
intrusted to me. This book is almost con-
stantly in my mind. When 1 go away from
home I at once begin to think, " Xow, what
shall I finil during this trip that will be of
value to my fellow-men, and that will prop-
erly come within the province of this
book?"

About the middle of January I was called
to a convention of bee-keepers in Albany,
X. Y.; and when I started out it was with a
prayer that God would help me in my feeble
efforts to grapple with this great problem of
something for the masses to do. In con-
sequence of snowstorms we did not reach
Albany by daylight, as we should have
done had it not been for delays. For my
part I was rather glad we didn't, for I could
look out of the car window and catch items
in regard to something to do. The first
thing that met my gaze was crowTls of peo-
ple and numbers of horses at work on the
frozen surface of the Hudson River, gather-
ing the ice-crop. Sure enough, here is some-
thing to do in the winter time; and, like
agriculture, the work seems to be a worthy
undertaking. I have noticed for quite a lit-
tle time past, that ice is used in many of
our large hotels and eating-rooms, almost
as much in winter as in summer. At the
Globe Hotel, where I stopped for breakfast,
the first thing the waiter did was to bring
a handful of pieces of ice, not quite as large
as a hickory-nut. These were put into a
clean goblet, which was then filled up with
w^ater. Every guest was furnished with
ice-water, whether he cared for it or not.
The water was pure and soft, and I enjoyed

a good drink of it, even in winter. If you
take a drink before the ice has had time to
cool the water too mucii. it is not unpleas-
antly cold.

After V)reakfast. as there was some little
time before the convention opened, I made
inquiries for greenhouses devoted to raising
winter vegetables. The clerk at the hotel
said he did not think there was a green-
house near the city of Albany, for sucli
things. He said they got their lettuce, rad-
ishes, etc., from the (iity of New York. I
knew by experience, however, that it is not
well to give up in such a search, so I in-
quired for the market. Before 1 got to it 1
caught a glimpse of great crowds of men at
work on the river again. Here was a broad
field for employment, even in the winter
time, so I decided to investigate. On the
bank of the river were not only great num-
bers of sleds drawn by horses, but theie
were ice-cars drawn l)y locomotives, taking
the ice away. The huge blocks were car-
ried up the l)ank by an apron made of end-
less chains ; and as they struck the plat-
form, men and boys who were expert at the
business quickly grasjied the blocks with
poles having steel points on the end, like
the cuts below.

ICE-HOOKS, USED ON THE HUDSON KIVER.

It is wonderful to see the dexterity with
which they would make these huge blocks
fairly spin where they were wanted. They
seemed to almost run of their own accord on
to the sleds until the sleds contained all the
team could well draw. The minute the sled
was loaded, a trained teamster took it out
of the way, and another one quickly slid into
its place. One new at the business, like my-
self, would say that every movement /happen-
ed to be a lucky one ; but there was not any
" happen'' about it. They had learned the
trade, and knew how. Then I clambered
down the ladder on to the frozen river. The

ige

GtEA:^lKG8 In bee CUlTURE.

I'eb.

blocks of ice were swimming ol' their own ac-
cord again (at least it looked so to me), along
the narrow channel, or canal, of clear water.
Of course, they had a little push once in a
while, from men stationed at intervals, arm-
ed with these same ice-hooks ; but some way
It happened that every time the chain apron
came around it caught a block of ice just
right, and up went tlie ice on the inclined
plane. I followed out into the river to see
what made those blocks sail along just so
far apart, and in such regular order. Pretty
soon 1 came to a man standing on a heavy
plank laid across the channel. In his hand
was a tool something like the one figured
below.

SPLITTING-BAR, SUCH AS IS USED ON THE
HUDSON RIVER.

Well, the blocks as they came up to him
were in pairs — that is, there were two to-
gether, with a deep groove where they were
to be separated. As they sailed under his
plank lie quietly^let his chisel down into the

that looked very much like cultivators. I
asked one of them if it was as much fun as
cultivating corn. He looked at me a mo-
ment, and then smiled ; and his smile con-
vinced me that he was one of my neighbors,
even if he was away off here in Albany,
while I lived in Ohio. I told him they might
be thankful for one advantage they had over
working in a cornfield. He asked me what
it was, and I suggested that they did not
have any mosquitoes or flies to bother the
horses. It was a bitter cold morning, but
the workmen seemed to enjoy their work
notwithstanding. They did not have any
boys to ride the horses. The horses were
all led by men. Very likely the boys were
at school, all of them, and may be a boy
would not use care enough in leading a horse
so as to mark out the work accurately. The
cultivator used was something like the figure
below.

AN ICE-MARKER, TO BE

groove, and the double block was separated.
A little further up stood another man with
a similar tool. Now, the ice, as it came to
this man, was in a long strip composed of per-
haps 40 blocks, say 2 feet wide and 20 feet
long, something like the diagram figured
below.

A STRIP OF ICE BEFORE IT IS CUT UP.

Well, as this block of ice ran under the
plank, whereon stood this second man, he
chiseled off two blocks, where you see the
light dotted lines in the diagram above.
The next point to be considered was. Where
do these long strips come from ? By this
time I was out in the middle of the river,
and men and horses were drawing things

DRAWN BY A HORSE.

You will notice that one side of the plow,
or cultivator, is a long plate of steel, having
a sort of blade on each end. Well, between
the handles of tlie plow is a rod with a loop
on the end. The steel blade slides into one
crease, and guides the plow while it cuts an-
other; and when you get to the end of the
row, by means of the rod with a loop on the
end you throw the steel blade, or guide, to
the other side, so you can go back again.
This measures the blocks of ice absolutely.
After this marker has passed, another horse
takes the regular plow shown below.

AN ICE-PUOW.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

187

This plow will cut in about five or six
inches; and even if the ice is a foot thick, or
mt)re, the ice-cliisels already described cut
it without trouble. After the horses have
finished their work, the ends of these long
strips are cut loose with an ice-saw. Then
a man witli an ice-chisel like the one below
goes along the gi'oove where he wishes the
large cake to separate, and strikes repeated
blows, say at intervals of ten feet.

ICE-CHISEL.

After he has struck one or more times, he
can tell by the sound that the ice has split.
A click is heard when the crack starts. If
you have ever heard a pitcher break because
the water inside was freezing, you will know
what it sounds like. Finally, before you
know it, the great cake moves olf into the
water, and he has no further concern with
it. The men with the poles start it on its
march. In loading the ice on to wagons,
tongs are sometimes used, like those figured
below ; but the regular ice-men hardly ever
take the trouble to l)other with tongs.

ICE-TONGS.

Occasionally saws are used for a special
purpose, like the one following.

AN ICE-SAW.

Every thing seemed to be going on so
pleasantly I was wondering if the ice-busi-
ness was not an exception to many of the
great industries that spring up and cause
trouble by strikes and differences between
labor and capital. Pretty soon, however, I
had reason to feel that Satan makes his way
out on the frozen river, as well as into fac-
tories, mills, and warehouses. One of the
men was so much intoxicated that it seemed
every moment as if he would go into the
water, and 1 was told that a great many go
under the ice and are drowned. If whisky
gets among such a crowd, is it any wonder V
and is it any wonder that strikes and riots
should come in too y So many ice-houses
have been bui'ued by mobs and rival iutei'

ests, I was told that it is a hard matter to
get them insured. Between Albany and
New York the river is literally alive with
ice-companies, and great edifices, or mon-
strous buildings, loom up to hold the ice-
crop. A young friend whom I met later has
furnished me some important facts in regard
to the matter, and I will here let him supple-
ment, in his own words, what I have already
told you.

HARVESTING ICE ON THE HUDSON.

One ol the greatest industries that has grown up
in the Hudson Valley in the last ten years is that
of harvesting- the crop raised chiefly by the aid of
Jack Frost; viz., the ice-crop. Immense houses,
all above ground, are built all along the river, and
quite close to it. These buildings are usually
about 40 ft. in height, with a mansard of 10 ft. ad-
ditional, which is used as a loft for storing salt-
marsh hay, used for covering ice at top. Each
house contains from four to sixteen rooms, each
.50 X 100 ft. on the ground. These rooms contain
about .5000 tons each. The outside walls and par-
titions are from 14 to 22 inches thick, and are filled
from floor to top with sawdust. The bottom is
laid with plank or boards to keep the ice from con-
tact with the earth. The rooms have the width
facing the river, and stand in two tiers, front and
back. Each two rooms, front and back, are con-
nected by a narrow opening, and are filled by one
elevator. These elevators are on inclined planes
running from the top of the building to the edge of
the dock. Aprons are then letdown beneath the
surface of the water, and a pair of endless chains,
having cross-bars every six feet, catch the cakes
and carry them up the elevator, one, two, and three
cakes to a bar. A little way up the elevator is a
simple contrivance for reducing the ice to a uni-
form thickness. (The above is a new invention,
and has not come into general use.) The cakes are
carried up to certain openings to which runways
are aflixed, leading into the rooms. After the ice
passes through the opening in the elevator it is
carried into the building by gravitation. As the
building fills, all lower openings are closed, and the
one next higher is opened. The machinery Is
operated by a powerful steam-engine.

The cakes, which are 22 x 32 inches, are placed
one tier, or course, running lengthwise, the other
crosswise of the room, breaking joints. No cake is
allowed to touch its fellow except at top and bot-
tom, a space of 3 inches being left all round. This
facilitates taking the ice out. The lossiin space is
more than compensated by the superior condition
in which the ice comes out, very little being bro-
ken by this method of storing.

When the ice is of sufiicient strength to hold a
team, should there be a considerable fall of snow
a force of teams is put at work scraping the ice
clear of snow. (For a 40,000-ton house a large
number of acres will be cleared.) This clearing is
done for two reasons. 1. The ice wJU make fast«r;
2. Clear water ice is preferable to pt^rt snow ice, on
account of its superior keeping quality.

When the ice is of proper thickness, say 10 to 13
inches, a field of a number of acres having been
cleared, two sf/-af(y^( lines are laid through the cen-
ter, and at right angles to each other. A marking ice-
pjow, which QUtB to the depth of two to three inoh'

138

(rLEA^i^Gb iJS BEH: (JULTUKE.

Pe!B.

es, Is then run In these lines. The marking-plow
has an outrigger attachment which makes a
scratch, or mark, parallel to the first furrow in
which the marking-plow runs on returning. When
the field is marked, plows cutting to 6 inches in
depth are run through the furrows across and
back. These are followed by plows cutting yet j
deeper. Two-thirds of the thickness of the ice is
usually cut with plows, rendering the cutting with
chisel-bars an easy matter. The plows are worked
by horse power. Large blocks (13 x 20-feet cakes
in size) are then sawed clear through by hand, and
floated into a canal about a foot wider than the
block of cakes. Care is taken to stop up with
snow the end of furrows made by plows, to pre-
vent water running in and freezing. In this wide
canal the blocks are broken into strips by three or
four men, with implements similar to a gardener's
spading-fork. These strips, containing 13 cakes,
are kept moving by men (armed with pike-poles)
who stand on either side of the canal. Smaller
canals, a little wider than the cakes are long, open
into the larger canal, and at right angles to it.
There are as many of these smaller canals as there
are elevators in the building. Here the strips are
broken into single cakes by a chisel-pointed bar.
It will be remembered, that the breaking into strips
and cakes is rendered comparatively easy since
the plows leave but from four to six inches uncut.
The cakes are pushed into the aprons where the
bars of the elevator, above described, catch them
and take them up the incline.

A house of 4000 tons' capacity requires 300 men in
the building and field, and can be filled in 13 days.

HINTS TO THOSE WHO PUT UP THEIR OWN ICE.

The great difficulty experienced by many who
put up their own ice, or, in fact, any who have it
put up in a small quantity, is to have it keep well.
A few hints, gathered from one of the most suc-
cessful practical ice-men on the Hudson River,
may be of value to some.

Houses built all above ground are least ex-
pensive. A wall laid in mortar, reaching below
frost, and coming just far enough above ground to
clear the sill from the surface, should be built.
Sills may be made of two two-inch plank, spiked to-
gether, or of other material. Sills should be wide
enough to take 3 x 12 studding. Wide studding
are used in order to give ample space for sawdust
filling.

A house 13 ft. square inside, and 10 ft. high, will
hold 32 tons; same height, 15 x 15, holds 50 tons
(45 cubic ft. to the ton). Siding nailed to studding
inside would be best of hemlock; outside, to suit

taste of builder. Boards or plank should be laid
on the bottom to keep ice from contact with earth.
Care should be taken to get sawdust filling well
into the corners. A door 13 ft. high, by 3 or 3'4
wide, in two sections, upper and lower, is cut in
one end. A cleat is nailed to the studding, just in-
side the door, and another to the further side of
the studding, to hold short boards, which are put
in as the house is gradually filled. As the courses
rise, a block and tackle are used in hoisting. Swale
hay or rye or oat straw makes a good and clean
covering for the top. Get enough on, and settle
it well.

Where a number of families in a farming neigh-
borhood put up ice it would bo economy to have
an ice-plow. A first-class one, with swing-marker
attachment, can be olitained for about f.50.00. By a
number clubbing together, the cost would be in-
considerable. Getting in ice, like thrashing, re-
quires quite a force of men to work it to advan-
tage; and if neighbors go at it together in the
same way, the labor will be materially lessened.
With a plow and a couple of chisel-bars, very little
sawing need be done, and yet have cakes in good
shape for stowing. About 33 x 33 inches is a very
convenient shape for handling.

A nine-inch plow will make a furrow of the same
depth in ice. One stroke of the chisel-bar will de-
tach it, and leave a good even face.

Geo. M. Watkins.

Cedar Hill, Albany Co., N. Y., Feb. 7, 1887.

As more people are out of work during the
winter than at any other time during the
year, I think it will be an excellent idea to
lay our plans so as to put in tlie time during
these winter months, and the ice-business
can be profitably carried on in almost every
locality. The market-gardener will many
times find it quite convenient to have some
means of preserving perishable products
(strawberries and the like), and the use of an
ice-house may save him a good many dollars,
even if he does not think of going to the ex-
pense of cold-storage buildings. The young
friend who furnished me the letter in regard
to the ice-business above, was also interested
in market-gardening; and when I told him
about my searches for greenhouses for grow-
ing vegetables, he said he thought he could
help me, and I will tell you something about
it in our next chapter.

He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread
derstanding.— Prov. 13: 11.

We were on the streets at the time ; and
when I mentioned it he turned abruptly and
entered a green-gxocer's, situated a little be-
low the sidewalk. Just at that moment it
struck me that one who proposes to deal in
lettuce, celery, beets, turnips, and articles
that are apt to dry up if precautions are not

CHAPTER XXXVl.

but he that followeth vain persons is void of un-

taken, is very much better located in a base-
ment than in a store level with the walk.
Mr. W. mentioned the purpose of our visit,
and the proprietor was very courteous and
obliging. So much for having somebody
who is acquainted in a large city, to assist
you. The storekeeper showed uS different

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEf: CJULTTJUE.

139

kinds of celerj', and even sjave us some sam-
ple stalks to taste and admire the flavor.
No lettuce was in siglit ; but when we men-
tioned it he opened some round boxes not
unlike wooden cheese-boxes, Init smaller.
Each box contained perhaps a peck of let-
tuce. This quautity is not large enough to
cause it to heat, and yet when kept shut up
in a box in the somewhat damp and cool air
of the basement it kept in excellent order.
He mentioned several greenhouses in the
vicinity of Albany where lettuce was grown ;
but they both agreed that my best place
would be to goout to " Frost's.'' Afterward
we found lettuce for sale in the basement of
the very building of the Glol)e Hotel ; and
yet the clerk at the hotel didn't think any
lettuce was raised in or around Albany.

As our bee-convention was to meet at nine
o'clock, I was up and had my breakfast long
before daylight. 1 was on the stand waiting
for the street-cars at the time they were to
start ; but after having waited for 15 minutes
in the cold, and no street-car made its ap-
pearance, I concluded to be independent and
go on foot, even if it was about four miles.
At least one of the four miles was up hill,
for Albany is "a city set on a hill,'" or, rath-
er, a sidehill. How I did enjoy that walk !
The hill slopes toward the rising sun ; and
as his rays poured full upon me, my spirits
began to revive, as they always do when I
can go on foot, and the sun shines. I fell in
love with the small boys, and even with the
dogs and horses as I passed. I even loved
the saloon-keepers who stood at the doors of
their places of business, pretty thickly
sprinkled along the way ; but I did not fall
in love with the business they followed.
Finally the broad grand country landscape
opened before me, and here too I found
throngs of people busy filling their ice-
houses. The ice was taken from little
streams that had been dammed up piu'pose-
ly, as it seemed, to form ice-ponds. They
may have been carp-ponds also, for aught I
know. .Just beyond where these people were
at work I saw Frost's establishment, sur-
rounded with evergreens for windbreaks.
His greenhouses were mostly located on a
sidehill. There were five of them in num-
ber. Mr. Frost is a practical man. There is
nothing of the style of grandeur of Peter
Henderson's floral establishment to be seen
in Mr. Frost's gardening operations. I found
him at work with his boys, among the green-
houses. The one I first entered was full of
early Silesia lettuce ; and for once in my life
I was satisfied with the view of a real live

lettuce-house. These houses are just about
as cheap as they can be gotten up ; in fact,
some of them had walls made by driving
stakes in the ground, and filling in with
coarse manure. On to]) of these were ordi-
nary greenhouse frames, with just enough
slant to carry off the water. They were
warmetl by stoves set in a hole dug in the
ground. In many places the glass is so low
that one is obliged to stoop to walk through
the house. This gives the advantage of get-
ting the glass close to the plants— a matter
that I have emviliasized strongly, as you will
remember, in Chapter X. The walks are a
little below the surface of the beds. In
many of the houses the beds are simply bank-
ed up as we would bank up beds in a flower-
garden. The house that pleased me most,
however, was an asparagus-house. I have
tried to give you a picture of it on the next
page.

The size of this house is 12.") feet long by
40 feet in width. The walls are made of very
cheap material, and rise to the height of only
three or four feet. It is built along a hill-
side sloping to the south and east. Along
the center of the ridge is a piece of shingle
roof, perhaps four feet wide. This runs the
whole length of the building. There are
three rows of 3xH-foot sash each side (jf this
center-piece of roofing. Now, a short man
like myself can just walk under the center-
piece. If he goes out luider a sash he will
have to stoop a little, and the row of sash
next to the eaves has a pretty sharp slope
so as to make the low walls around the out-
side answer. The sash is supported by
stakes driven into the ground in rows the
whole length of the building where one sash
laps on to the next. These stakes are per-
haps six feet apart, and they are simply
cheap stakes split out like rails. Five com-
mon coal-stoves warm tiie spacious build-
ing. Each one is placed in a circular pit, dug
in the ground perhaps two feet deep, and the
pipes run perhaps fifty feet or more under
the glass before they go into the open air.
This takes pretty much all of the heat, with-
out smoke, before it goes into the open air,
and is economy in fuel. Now, this sash is
to be entirely removed as soon as warm
weather comes, to let the asparagus grow in
the natural way in the open air. In fact,
during the greater part of the year this as-
paragus-house is nothing but an asparagus-
bed with low walls around it. and the strip
of roof through the center. The asparagus,
however, is planted much closer than in or-
dinary culture. Mr. Frost told me the rows

140

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

were only a foot apart, and the roots only
six inches apart in the row. Of course, it
is manured up to the very liighest notch.
The soil on these hillsides is a sandy loam,
and the immense quantities of manure put
on it have made it black and strong, lil<e the
Arlington soil. In order to get the roots
ready for this forcing process, the whole bed
is covered in the fall with the best strong
manure. The fall rains and snows are per-
mitted to cover it. In order to let the
ground freeze, the manure is raked off after
it has been pretty well soaked by the rains ;
then during the latter part of December,
when every thing is frozen up solid, the
glass is put in place, and the stoves started.
Under the influence of the heat of the stoves

you suppose asparagus brings a bunch here
in Albany during the middle of January V
Only one dollar, dear reader. I wonder if
you can guess who pays a dollar a bunch for
asparagus in the winter time. Why, no less
a personage than the President of the Unit-
ed States. Mr. Frost had been ui the habit
of supplying the President for a good many
years; and just a few^ days before my visit,
the President sent word that he could not
find a bit of asparagus in Washington or
Philadelphia, and so he had to go back to
this old friend. Mr. Frost gets a dollar a
bunch at wholesale for his first cuttings;
and by the time it reaches the consumer it
costs $1.50. I asked him if they hadn't got
to shipping asparagus from the Southern

GHEENHOUSE FOR RAlSINCi ASPAUAOUS IN TH K WlNllOR TIME

and the rays of the sun through this low
sash, the ground thaws up, and the aspara-
gus-shoots begin to peep out by the middle
of January. Great beautiful shoots were
now peeping forth in a circle eight or ten
feet away from each one of the stoves. The
nearer the stoveswere, the larger the shoots.
To help pay the interest on the cost of
such a quantity of glass, a crop of radishes
is put between the asparagus rows. Tliese
radishes come off before the asparagus comes
into heavy bearing.

1)0 you wonder, friends, that 1 inwardly
thanked (xod for the beautiful sight spread
out before meV I felt amply repaid for my
four miles' walk— yes, and for my whole
trip away off here to York State. What do

States, as they do strawberries, cucumbers,
etc. I am inclined to think that, like celery,
the cold weather of the North is needed to
bring this plant to perfection ; for Mr. Frost
said he hud repeatedly sold asparagus in the
winter time, to be shipped to New Orleans.
The sun was now shining brightly through
the sash. I walked up and down that glass-
covered hillside, admiring the dark ricli loam
that formed a path uniler my feet— admiring
the great broad healthy-looking leaves of
the radish-plants as they pushed forth from
the dark rich soil, and admiring the aspara-
gus peeping forth in obedience, as it seemed,
to God's command. Yes, truly has God giv-
en us dominion over the fish of the sea and
the fowl of the air, and, too, every herb bear-

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

141

ing seed ; and I felt, too, that it was in obe-
dience to God's call that I was away off here
on this beautiful January morning. I asked
if the same plant would yield a crop year
after year. He said he had found no trou-
ble, providing he stopped cutting in time to
allow them to make a good growtli, and
bear seed, and then keep the glass off long
enougli to allow the whole bed to freeze up
so as to make a real winter of it before
bringing in the artificial spring. Time was
passing, however ; and, much as I enjoyed
this beautiful spot, I should soon be wanted
at the bee-convention, and I began to feel
that my good friend by my side feared I was
a little too much interested. My many and
eager questions might have made him feel
that it was not best to give away the secrets
of his trade too much, for he was evidently
an old-countryman.

There was one point about Mr. Frost's
work to which I wish to call special atten-
tion. He did not build these five great veg-
etable-greenhouses all at once. He increas-
ed his area of glass as the market demanded
it, and he did not throw away hundreds of
dollars until he could be sure he was going
to get it back again. The closest and most
careful economy was studied at every point.
When I suggested a steam-boiler in place of
all those stoves, he declared most emphatic-
ally that the interest of the money would
eat up all the profits, and I am not sure but
he is right about it. The great expense of
this gardening in winter is the glass. The
sash were cheap and light, and the panes of
glass were small — about 6x8, if I am cor-
rect, so that a breakage could be made good
at small expense; but even with his rude
and cheap appliances, the quality of his veg-
etables was equal to any thing I have ever
seen anywhere.

It may be well right here to put in a word
about extravagant expenditures in business;
and in advising you how to be busy I should
make a sad, sad mistake if that advice
should result in inducing you to get still
deeper in debt, and end up by having noth-
ing to do after all. Be very careful about
making purchases, and purchase a little at
a time. T often tell young bee-keepers to
commence with one or two hives of bees.
When these two hives of bees have afforded
profit in your hands, then, but not before,
increase the number. The same in regard
to sash for raising early vegetables. Try a
few sash. If they are a paying investment
in your hands, and under your management,
then try a few more, but do not enlarge too

fast. Florists tell us that if a plant is fee-
ble, and seems likely to die, let it alone.
Give it sun and air, but don't give it liquid
manure, nor even water, until it starts to
grow. Then give it a little water; and if
that seems to prove beneficial, give a little
more. When it comes to be rank and strong,
and if covered with a great amount of foli-
age, it can take water in abiuidance, and
not l)e harmed— yes, even strong manure,
and it is ready to take it up and make great
strong branches and leaves. So must the
young gardener start. Giving him money
or credit would be like the strong manure or
guano watei' to the feeble plant — it would
kill it outright. Get a healthy growth start-
ed first. I would not even buy seeds or tools
without carefully considering the matter.

Only last summer a bright intelligent
young man came to me for vegetable-plants.
He paid cash down at first, and seemed to
be enjoying his work, and doing well. Fi-
nally an opportunity offered for him to do
quite a business, but he had not the money
to pay for his plants. Contrary to my bet-
ter judgment I gave him a few weeks' time
on them. Then came severe droughts and
other discouragements, and he was obliged
to give up the business without being able
to realize enough to pay his honest debts. I
meant to do him a kindness when I trusted
him,l)ut I fear it was an unkindness. Don't
go in debt, boys. Use wisely what money
you have got, and use it judiciously ; but
don't use money you have not got.

At oiu" teachers' meeting the other even-
ing the matter of buying lemonade, soda-
water, and the like, came up. One of the
teachers siirprised me by a remark some-
thing like this :

"My friends, I would almost as soon see
my boy buying beer and cigars as to see
him buying soda-water, lemonade, and pop,
for it is only a question of time. Standing
aroimd a bar, getting drinks, and treating
each other, is going through the motions
that lead to intemperance and crime."

I was a little surprised, and turned to an
old gray-headed deacon who has been many
years of his life superintendent of the Sun-
daj'-school, and I waited to hear him tell
our young friend that he must not draw the
lines too close ; but, to my surprise, he smil-
ingly said he felt just about as the brother
had expressed it. I have been thinking of
it since, and it startles me somewhat. Is it
wrong to buy lemonade? Well, my friend,
I feel pretty sure of this : If a young man
were coming to me for advice, and he were

142

GJ.EA.\[NGS i:s' BEE OULTUEE.

Feb.

starting in the business of gardening, I
should feel a little discouraged to see him
buying lemonade at a restaurant. He can
not afford it. Ernest just now informs me
that President Fairchild, of Oberlin College,
once told the students that they could not
afford to buy lemonade by the drink. Lem-
onade is beneficial to the health, without
doubt, and the use of lemons in the family
is to be recommended; but you can buy
them by the dozen, so the expense is not
more than two or three cents each for nice
ones, and a good lemon will make a fair
pitcher of lemonade for a small family.
When we have strawberries, currants, pie-
plant, and such like tart fruits and vegeta-
bles, they take the place, to a great extent,
of the lemonade. The most dangerous part
of this practice, however, of buying drinks
— even temperance drinks — is the fashion of
treating. I have known farmers' boys to be
induced to use their hard earnings to treat a
lot of girls to ice-cream or lemonade, when
the boys could poorly afford it. Your com-
rades may call you stingy ; but it is far bet-
ter to be called stingy than to have it said
you are not able to pay your honest debts, or
to clothe yourself decently, and get a tolera-
ble educaticn.

Last summer I found that one of the boys
who went with our fruit-wagon was buying
lemonade almost every day, and his wages
was only 7i cents an hour; and I knew that,
after paying for his board and clothing, he
could not afford to buy lemonade ; and when
I heard that he was not only buying it for
himself, but was treating others, I decided I
could not keep him. These are little things,
dear friends ; but it is little things that turn
the scale between success and failure in life.

In speaking of the ice-crop on the Hudson
River, I alluded to the fact that ice is get-
ting to be a thing of every-day use. Well, I
believe it is a fact that good drinking-water,
cool and refreshing, is one of the great
agents in discouraging intemperance. 1
was once in the habit of drinking beer to
some extent. It was recommended by our
family physician, and I thought I needed it.
A great many times, when I felt as though
I must have it, I found that, by taking a
drink of ice-water, I did not care particular-
ly for the beer, after all ; and no doubt

thousands will find it easier to break away
from these habits where nice cool drinking-
water is always at hand. The Women's
Christian Temperance Union is doing a
great work in providing convenient and at-
tractive drinking - fountains. Putting up
and filling ice-houses may greatly help this
work around our homes ; and what other
one thing is it that makes a place more
homelike than sparkling water and a bright
tin cup, not only to invite the members of
the household, but the wayfaring man as
wellV Dear reader, is the nice tin cup with
the water to accompany it one of the ad-
juncts of your homeV

I do not know how my friend Frost stands
financially, but he is a hard-working man,
and one who makes his money by the sale of
fruits and vegetables, and I have never visit-
ed any one where there was such economy
practiced in every thing as at Mr. Frosfs.
Every thing that was not in actual use was
carefully put away under cover, and yet
there was no extravagant outlay of money
anywhere. He has a pretty residence, and
a nice yard, but nothing to indicate that he
wished to make a show or any great display
in the world. The evergieens were beauti-
ful, but it was evident that they had been
planted as windl)reaks to his greenhouses, as
well as for ornament.

Twenty-four hours after my visit to the
asparagus-house, I was talking the matter
over with Peter Henderson. Said he, "Why,
Mr. Root, you have just given me informa-
tion on a point I particularly wanted to
know about. It is this matter of giving
plants their regular winter rest, t)r nap.
When your name was handed me I was just
dictating an article to the stenographer, on
this very subject. We florists have foimd to
our sorrow, that if this winter rest is not
given to plants that demand it, sooner or
later our stock will run out. I should not
have thought it possible for Mr. Frost to get
a good growth, year after year, in this aspar-
agus-house, but with the brief natural winter
he allows them before commencing to force
them by an artificial spring, it is probably
practicable. We have just decided that
something of the same kind must be manag-
ed with our violets that we force year after
year for early spring bloom."

To he cantivued Mar. lf>, 18H7.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

148

TVHAT DOES IT COST PEK POUND TO
PRODUCE HONEY?

K. FRANCE TEI.LS US WHAT IT COSTS HIM PER

POUND.— OTHER INTERESTINO FACTS

FOR THE TRADE.

T T is not a very easy task to make out just what
1^ honey does cost per pound. In the first place,
^i we have got a {food deal of money invested in
"*■ bees and hives— buildings, wagons, machinery,

horses, and fixtures of one kind and another
that we have to use to run the business. All these
things cost money; and it takes no small sum, eith-
er, to run 500 colonies of bees. The interest on the
money, and the wear and tear of the fl.xtures, will
be about as much as the actual cost of gathering
the crop. But let us see about what it did cost us
to gather our last crop, aside from the above in-
vestments.

Kight boys' wages for 37 days S108 00

Board for the 8 boys, 37 days 80.00

1 man at $1.50 per day, 37 days 40 50

117 barrels, at $3.00 each, to hold the honey.. 334.00
Rent for 5 yards of bees, away from home . . 75.00

1 hired team at f 1..50 per day, 37 days 40-50

Oats for 4 horses, SVa bu. per day for 30 days,

at 35 cts. per bushel 26.25

Hay for 4 horses, 30 days 15.00

Total cash paid out for the crop $619.25

Tf we add $18.00 more to the above figures, the
cost would be just about one cent and a half per
pound, as the amount of the crop was 43,489 lbs.
of honey. Now, besides the apove expenses, I
have figured up, at one-third less than cost, the
worth of the investment in materials, such as land
(one-half acre at home), buildings, bees, hives, wag-
ons, two horses, extractors, foundation-machine,
and a great many other fixtures, too numerous
to mention. On this amount I coini)iited the in-
terest at 7 ;- . I then added one-half the amount
of the interest, for the wear and tear of the fix-
tures. Then put in $300 for the pay to E. France
& Son for caring for the bees, and overseeing the
business for one year. To these items I put in
$50.00 for foundation used. The total of all these
amounts to over $800, or very nearly 2 cents per
pound for the cost of land, tools, fixtures, etc., m
the production of honey for the year 1886. Add to
this the i;4 cents (the cash paid out for the produc-
tion of a single pound of honey), and we have the
total cost of the crop at about 3',2 cents for a single
pound. But, remember, the year 1886 was an un-
usuallj' good one for honey. After we have se-
cured the honej' it is a long way from being cash.
It has to be sold. But it is not like a bed of straw-
berries. We can take our time to sell, any time
during the year, and we can kee]) it over if we don't
sell the fir^it year.

BLACK BEES REPELLING JKJTH MILLERS.

1 will just say, we have no trouble with the moths
or worms in our hives. As long as a hive contains
a good strong colony of bees there is no danger of
moths. Keep the bees strong, and they, whether
blacks or Italians, will keep clear of moths. I see
but very little ditterence. All the trouble we have
with the moth is to keep empty combs from being
destroyed until we can use them. We winter all
our bees outdoors, and we are not one of the lucky
kind who never lose any bees in winter. We always
lose some. If a colony dies before we are done
with zero weather, the worms, if there are any,
freeze to death, eggs and all. Such combs we can
keep in the hive, shut up tight until .luly. But if a

colon}' dies, or swarms out in the spring, after the
cold weather is over, the combs left without live
bees will soon be wormy. It will be the same,
whether they were left by black or Italian bees. I
don't see any difl'erence. We have both kinds of
bees, and, of course, have a better chance to know
than we would if we had only one kind. There is a
great deal said about the Italian bees being moth-
proof. But a large part of such talk is from those
who keep only Italians. If they are kept strong
they are safe, and so would be the blacks. Now, I
don't want any one to think that I am opposed to
the Italians. I am not, by any means; but I do
think they are overrated. Still, I think the bee-
business has gone ahead faster than it would with-
out them, for this reason: They are handsome.

If I buy a queen, and pay a few dollars for the
one bee, I shall be very likely to give her the best
of attention, make as much out of her as possible,
raise several queens from her, and those queens
have to be supplied with bees. First you know
there is a nice apiary built up, when, if the same
queen had cost nothing, there would not have been
very much interest taken in the matter. As for the
blacks being worse to rob than the Italians, I don't
see it. But we scarcely ever have any robbing, as
we have no occasion to work with the bees when
there is no honey coming in.

FRANCE'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

In your notes on my article in Gleanings for
Dec. 15, page 977, you ask a few questions which I
will try to answer. First, about my home-made ex-
tractor. It is essentially the Chapman extractor
with France's improvements to make it suitalile for
our work. The first extractor I got was a Winder
machine, made for me after 1 sent him one of my
frames. The whole can whirled around. There was
a hole in the center of the bottom, about as large as
my finger, for the honey to run out when the ma-
chine was at rest. 1 got along with it as long as I
was alone, or had one hand to help me. It bothered
me a good deal about choking up— the outlet was
too small. A little piece of comb, or some loose
cappings, would choke it up, and then we would
have to punch it out. One of my neighbors has a
Chapman machine. The can sits in a frame, has a
gate under the bottom to draw off the honey, and
has a revolving comb-basket inside. I liked that
better than ni}' revolving can, so I sent two frames
to Mr. Chapman to have him make a machine suit-
able for my frames. As my frames were large, the
machine would have to be of an extra size. I told
him to make the comb-basltet out of wire cloth,
three meshes to the inch. In due time I received
the machine. It was a big improvement over my
old revolving can, but it did not fill the bill. First,
the wire cloth in the comb-basket was five meshes
to the inch instead of three, as I ordered. The
trouble was, our frames stand on the bottom, and
have three heavy nails driven into them to keep
them apart. Those nails would go through the
cloth, and bothered me to get the comb out of the
basket. A three-mesh wire would let the nails out
easily, and scarcely ever make any trouble. The
honey-gate was too small — it would choke up as bad-
ly as our other machine. I took the gate out and
put in a larger one. I use a two-inch gate. When
we raise the handle of that, the honey will run, and
no small matter will clog it up. The comb-basket
was too small for my frames. A clean frame, with
no comb built on top or sides of the frame, would

144

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Feb.

fit first rate. Those were my olijectioiis. ] make
the same machine, but inake tlie can one inch deep-
er and one inch wider; comlj-liasket (wire cloth,
three meshes to the inch) one inch deeper and one
inch wider; and put in a two inch g'ate. We like
the Chapman machine the best for our work of any
we ever saw; but if I make them I can make them
to suit me. We make for our own use only, and
don't make to sell. E. France.

Platteville, Wis.

Friend F., you have sj-iveii us an excellent
summing-up of the cost of liquid honey.
You say, however, tiie past season has l)een
an extra good one. Now. it is quite likely
that, during a poor season, the honey might
cost as much as you get for it. In that case,
however, you will have your salary for your-
self and son, which is worth something. T
don't believe it is time to stop until the cash
out exceeds the cash in. In tliat case you
would have nothing at all for your year's
labor, and, of course, there must be re-
trenchment sooner or later, or else a wind-
ing-up of the business.— You make a point
in regard to the honey-extractor, friend F.,
that is worthy of notice. If wire cloth with
only three meshes to the inch, instead of
four, such as we use, answers every purpose
of an extractor, I should think it would be
preferable, because the honey would pass
out more treely. Is it not true, however,
that there is more lial)ility of the wire cloth
sinking into the combs?

MY BEE-STING THEORY.

W. F. CL.\HKE'S HKI'KV,

fAK be it from me to "take it unkindly " that
friend Savage or anybody else should "ques-
tion the scientific accuracy " of my bee-sting,
hibernation, or any other theory, especially
when it is done in a vein of good-natur-
ed pleasantry. In fact, 1 rather enjoy that sort
of thing. But i; fail to see how the title, " Bees
vs. Beavers," applies to the subject in hand, for
1 do not know of any antagonism between
these two industrious races. There is resem-
blance in some respects. Bees work like beavers,
with unflagging Industry and indomitable persever-
ance. Perhaps, also, they work like heavers in
making use of their tails. But this is the poi?it in
dispute, not between bees and beavers, but between
bee-keepers like friend Savage and mjself.

After a quotation which sets forth my theory in
part, the writer says, " Now, I wish to know wheth-
er any company of bee-keepers would receive, with-
out question, such speculations." Well, I hcpe not.
I should be very sorry to have any thing of the sort
received simply on ray i'p.sc dixit. Not even reli-
gious teaching is to be thus received. The ancient
Bereans are praised as " more noble than those of
Thessalonica," because they did not give an un-
questioning assent, even to Paul's preaching, but
" seai-ched the scriptures daily whether these things
were so." This is the i)roi>er attitude of mind in re-
gard to the entii-e circle of human knowlcdse.
When any thing is received as apicultural trtith, he-
cause Cook or Heddoti or Doolittle' or CIleanings
or Clarke says it is so, we come to the mental slav-
ery which leads people to believe because the
priest or minister says so. Away with all this hu-

miliation of mind! I want nothing of mine receiv-
ed unless it commends itself to the reason as having
the stamp of truth upon it.

Friend Savage asks, " Is the latter end indeed the
' business end ' of the bee?" Tliat is no speculation
of mine. It is a common remark about the bee,
that the sting end is the business end of that in-
sect. I did not invent this phrase, claim no patent
on it, and suppose it will continue to be in vogue
even if my theory about the use of the sting as
a trowel be shown to be a mistake. Properly speak-
ing, both ends of the bee are business ends, and so
also is the middle a place of business. The bee is
constructed for business all over.

Perhaps I have too readily assumed that it is the
fortnic acid which imparts to honey its keeping
quality. Certainly I have regarded that as one of
the fixed facts in apiculture. The honey stored by
the stingless bees in Central and South America
has no formic acid in it, and will not keep. Friend
Savage writes as if the formic acid were a foreign
and poisonous element in honey. Is that so? Is
not its' total absence, or its presence in too small
quantity, a source of trouble with honey that is ex-
tracted before being partially or wholly sealed
over? If normal honey must have some infusion
of this acid in it, then surely we are not warranted
in assuming that it is injected only when bees are
angered. Admitting this, we must believe that
they inject what is required "amid the sweet satis-
faction and exceeding joy " with which they pur-
sue their " unmolested avocations" within the hive.
I have not said a word calculated to " create a fresh
terror and panic " in the public mind as to the adul-
teration of honey with a poison. There is a trace
of prussic acid in some fruits, in all stone fruits, if
I am not mistaken; but I don't see anything in this
to create " terror and panic." Nature has a won-
derful alchemj', and uses, in minute quantities, ele-
ments that, in larger supplj', are known to be poi-
sonous. Honey is not " evermore unsafe " because
" poisoned by the bees themselves at the fountain
head." It is not poisoned by the minute portion of
formic acid given for the purpose of flavoring and
preserving it, any more than all the tinctures of
the druggist are poisoned by the alcohol put with
them to preserve them. Exaggerated truth is one
form of falsehood.

I do not propose at present to go into any proof of
my theory. All I have said is, that my observations
and reflections have led to the formation of an
opinion which I have given to the bee-keeping pub-
lic for what it is worth— much, little, or nothing. I
am not a microscopist— the more's the pity; but I
have seen many drawings of the bee-sting, and
(luite understand that it is as Ernest describes it,
with a single exception. It is a " flne-pointed in-
strument like a cambric needle," in shape only, but
very unlike it in texture, being remarkably flexible
and elastic, quite capable of being twisted and
curved to and fro. Used along with the tarsi, two
soft fine hairy brushes, one on either side of the
sting, I do not see any mechanical objection to its
being utilized in the way I have suggested. Neither
does Ernest, api)arently, or he would point it out.
But ns to the offices of the sting in curing the
honey or capping the cells, he has nothing to say,
either pro or con. Perhaps he will, after further
investigation. I hope he will, and others also.
I do not know why tongue and mandibles may
not aid the sting and tarsi in the offices referred

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

145

to, g-ivingr a joint eo - operative action of both
business ends of the bee. And if friend Savage
can extract any more fun out of nij- speculations,
it is ail right; only I think he should back up his
supposition with something based on observa-
tion and reflection in regard to the habits of the
bee. Wm. F. Cf-akkk.

(iiielph, Ont., Can., .Ian. 7, 18ST.

EliLISON'S VISIT TO THE S. C. STATE
FAIR.

THE POISON OF BKK-STINGS, ETC.

T HAVE taken \our advice, "Write only when
§K you have something to write about." Well, I
^l have been to our State Fair; and, more than
•^ that, I have been an exhibitor. At tir.'^t it look-
ed like a big undertaking to ine. I have been a
" honey-man ■' and queen-breeder for ten years,
and this is the first that 1 have been able to get
away from home at this season of the year, my
health iiot permitting. 1 can assure you it was
pleasant to meet so many birds of the same feather
as flocked together there. Many whom I had well
known from their writings and theories, 1 had
a very nice time exchanging opinions with, as
to the different modus operandi of getting the
most honej', the best bees. etc. Of course, we have
not as yet such an extensive premium list as you
have in the North. There were only five premiums
given by the agricultural .society. I got three; viz.,
for best comi) honey, best extracted honej', and
best Italian queen. The latter lvalue most, as I
boast of raising the best kind of Italian queens. I
had your Simplicilj hive there also, but the pre-
mium on hives was given to friend Fooshe, of this
State, who exhibited one of the same kind. I had,
besides, smokers, veils, wax, and a Novice honey-
extractor. 1 tried the plan of cutting up sections
and selling pieces at five cents each, but found it
did not pay well. We have but few bee-keepers in
our State who use the movable-frame hive, and a
great deal of injury is done to the honey-trade by
box-hives and their owners.

THE EFFECT A BEE-STING HAS ON SOME SYSTEMS.

A few weeks ago my wife was stung on the foot.
Tn a few moments she was covered from head to
feet with a scarlet rash, very much like scarlet
fever. She complained of violent pain in the chest,
and a dreadful feeling" of suffocation. We placed
her feet in hot water, and gave her a large dose of
bromide of potash; and after an Interval of an
hour we repeated the dose. She was very ill for
two days from the effects of the poison. One of my
boys is affected in the same way when he is stung.
It would be a great boon if some of our bee-keeping
fraternity who belong to the medical profession
would study a remedy for cases of this kind, and
give it to us. Some say the jioison is formic acid.
We will say, then, if an acid, use an alkali as an an-
tidote; but liovv many have used soda, ammonia,
etc., for stings to no purpose I

I should very much fear the consequences if
either my wife or little boy were stung by more
than one^bee at the same time.

KKVEUSIULE FRAMES AND HIVES.

1 have been compelled to think, that, if you can
adopt them in the North, your bees do not use so
much propolis asours do. Even with the Simplicity
hive, right side up, I find great trouble to lift the

upper story off, on account of its being gummed
down so fast.

I am sorry to hear of the bad state your l)ees are
in on account of foul brood. I don't know whether
you have tried saving fertile queens in cages with
a dozen or mors of their own bees placed in the
center of a large colony, or not. I make the cages
by partitioning off a wide frame, and placing a bit
of honey in the comb in each for food. You can
then hang it right in the hive, and in summer it is
good for two or three weeks. T don't know what
you can do with it in your cold winters.

W. J. El.MSON.

Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C.
I atn not so sure that the friends in the
North will like reversing? any better than
yon tio. It i.s a matter that is not yet decid-
ed.—We have tried caging surplus queens
in the hives during cold weather, in the way
you describe ; but from the severity of the
weather here, the (jueens so caged "died in
a week or ten davs at the most.

BLACKS VERSUS ITALIANS, AGAIN.

Ml{. FRANCE COMP.VKES THE LARGE REPORTS
OF E. .1. BAXTER, AND OF P. H. FELLOWS.

fN page 53, 188;, Mr. E. J. Baxter, of Nauvoo,
111., claims to have an apiary of Italians that
beat the record of my student (Mr. P. H.
Fi-llows. of Brodhead, Wis., whose report for
1886 I find in Gleanings, page T4i. Well,
Mr. Baxter, you obtained more honey, it is true;
but you went back to the fourth crop to find it.
That is all right. But do you know that the Ital-
ians did any better than the blacks would have
done in the same location, at the same time':' Ac-
cording to your own statements, your bees had a
great deal better chance than those of Mr. Fellows.
First, your bees were very strong, by your help, at
the commencement of the honey-harvest. So were
Mr. Fellows' bees. So far you are even. But now
turn to Mr. F.'s report, page 74, and you will see
that his honey was all extracted between May 29th
and July (5th— a period of 38 days, while your har-
vest commenced the middle of June and lasted
until the 20th of September— a period of tt7 days, or
21 days more than double the time that Mr. F. had.
Even then you secured only 80 lbs. more on an
average per colony. You did not increase j-our
stock. Mr. F. raised 32 new colonies. You had 63
surplus-boxes with frames full of empty combs—
about a set and a half of empty combs for each col-
ony. Mr. F. had none. Y'ou used full sheets of
foundation, while Mr. F. used only half-inch strips
—just enough for a guide. Lastly Mr. P'ellows had
the long-to-be-remenibered drought of 1886 to con-
tend with, while you have gone back to a more
fruitful season. Now, I don't see where you can
claim any superiority for the Italians, in compar-
ing ihosetwo i-ecords. I believe the blacks would
have done just as well under the same circum-
stances. It simply i>roves ray statement, that the
location and the man have more to do with success
than the race of bees.

But it is my candid opinion, that a half breed be-
tween the Italians and the blacks is better than
either race pure. They may do a little more sting-
ing, but 1 can handle any of them. K. 1''kance.
I'latteviUe, Wis.. Jan. 24, 1887.

146

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

BLACKS AND ITALIANS.

ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT THM DESTKUCTION OF
EXThA QUEEN-CELLS.

T NOTICE in Gleanings that quite a number are
^ talking: about the black and hybrid bees being-
^l superior to the Italians as honey-gatherers.

■*■ This may be so in some localities, but not in
mine, of which fact 1 was convinced last sea-
son. I keep in my apiary two colonies of pure black
bees, and had a very good opportunity of testing
them as honey-gatherers beside my Italians.

About June 20, 1886, the white clover failed,. on ac-
count of the drought. Now for the result: The
Italians switched off on to red clover, and worked
from morning till night, while the blacks were try-
ing to rob. For some reason, the window to the
honey-room was left open, and the bees swarmed in
by the hundred. I closed the window to keep out
those that were out, and darkened the room all but
this window. In a few minutes the bees in the room
were all on the window, perhaps two hundred in
all, and not one had a band. Now, friend R., why
should so many black bees come into this room, and
no Italians, if the blacks were as good honey-gath-
erers as the Italians ?

Does the newly hatched queen tear down the un-
hatched cells ? Yes, the young or first queen hatch-
ed will bite a hole in the unhatched queen-cells, and
bite and pull the doomed queen to death. This I
saw last season, with my own eyes. L. J. Tripp.
Kalamazoo, Mich., Jan. 17, 1887.

Friend T., the question of blacks and Ital-
ians has been discussed over and over for
perhaps twenty years past, and I think there
is no question but that the rule is as you
give it. There are also occasional excep-
tions, owing, perhaps, to peculiar circum-
stances ; and of late we have been gathering
up these exceptions, and it is quite likely
that hybrids many times produce more hon-
ey than either race pure, especially comb
honey. It has also been abundantly proven,
that the young queen herself bites a hole in
the side of the unhatched queen-cell. As to
whether she pulls the unhatched queen out,
or whether the workers do it, is not so well
settled. The workers some times assist in
tearing the cell down, for I have seen them
do it.

UNITING BEES, AND ALL ABOUT IT.

WHEN, WHY, AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DONE.

"I^^^OTHING is simpler, if the process is properly
IIJ|' understood. I am perpetually surprised at
in* *^^ cumbersome methods practiced by some
"*■ ^ old bee-keepers. Tf done properly, I see no
occasion to cage the queen if she belongs to
either one of the colonies united. I have never lost
one yet that I wanted to keep. If each colony has
a queen, either one of which you are willing to sac-
rifice, pay no attention to them. One will die, the
other survive. If there is only one, naught will hurt
her: she is as safe as any queen in the bosom of her
own family. You will generally find this to be the
case, even though the bees may do some fighting;
always, in case they do not. As a rule, bees can be
united in safety any time when other bees are not

flying. The only case in which I have known the
rule to fail is during a dearth of honey in hot weath-
er, when I find they will sometimes fight consider-
ably. There are cool cloudy days in spring and fall,
any time during which the uniting can be done.
Generally, however, it is necessai-y to do the work
early in the morning or in the evening. Evening is
the best time. Bees manipulate better then than
in the morning, and they are more apt to stay in
their new quarters. Unite contiguous colonies if
convenient, but you may unite one with another
anywhere in the apiary if you have reason to do so.
Some time in the day, remove about half the
frames from the two hives. Then in the evening
set a hive near where you want the colony to stand,
and put into it a frame alternately from each hive.
This mi.xing-up is the very best way to make the as-
tonished and mystified little things form the ac-
quaintance of their new home and each other. If
you do not in any case want to use all the frames in
the two hives, shake the bees from the extra ones
on a sheet or wide board in front of the hive, fixed
so that they can crawl readily into it. It the two
colonies are verj' far apart, set your empty hive
near one of them and siiii))ly carry the frames from
the more distant one to it. Tf the work is done in
the evening, very few (often, I think, none) will ever
return to the old stand. Those that do will dis-
tribute themselves among surrounding hives, in
case you remove the old hive. To load the hive of
bees on to a wheelbarrow, and take a run to the
stand of the colony with which you want to unite, in
order to get the bees stirred up, as directed by Mr.
Dooliltle, may be a good expedient; but it is a hard-
er way than mine, and by no means necessary.

WHEN AND WHY.

The when and the why are interdependent. The
reasons for uniting are not always the same in all
seasons. There is, however, one ever-present rea-
son to one who runs for honey chiefly; viz., to pre-
vent undue increase of stocks.

UNITING IN THE SPRING.

I do not favor that plan very much. If you want
to diminish the number of your stocks at that time,
it will do. In case one's capital and stock of fixtures
are limited it is sometimes well to do this. It is
seldom profitable, I think, to unite weak colonies in
early spring, except in case of queenlessness. Pack
them up warm and dry on three to five frames; set
the hive in the sun, and half a dozen of them are as
apt to pull through as that one would if they were
all united into one. Inmates of weak colonies are
generally weak from dysentery, or are in some way
unhealthy. Uniting them stirs them up and causes
them to move out and go to work. Their puny en-
ergies are unable to stand the drain upon them, and
the bees die off much more rapidly than if left in
quiet, and they dwindle down to another weak col-
ony before the honey-harvest commences.

UNITING IN SUMMER.

Mr. Doolittle practices uniting weak colonies at
the beginning of the honey-flow. I think I know a
" kink " worth six of that for most localities, if not
for his. I hive the first swarm that issues on the
old stand, and set the old hive off'. In the evening
of that or some early day I carry the frames of
brood and adhering bees to one or more of my weak
colonies, and in a few days they are ready for work.
Where they loill swarm all through the honey sea-
son, this is much the best plan.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

147

UNITING IN THE FALL.

To a bee-keeper who winters out of doors, one of
the best safeguards Is to have every colony well
packed with bees. 1 usually reduce my stock one-
fourth to one-third. There is another reason for
this. Brood combs are ever accumulating- out of
proportion to our desired increase of stock, while
we are still wanting many pounds of fdn. every
year. Hence we must cull out and render into wax
all imperfect combs. Drone combs, crooked combs,
combs filled with pollen, etc., all are condemned to
the wa.x-extractor. Look over your stock late in
September or in October; and all such frames, con-
taining brood, put behind a division-board until the
brood is hatched. If you want to unite any stock
with another, insert those frames behind the di-
vision-board of that other colony. The latter may
be thus strengthened at different times, while the
two that are drawn from may be united at conven-
ience. I often divide one colony between two others
by means of frames. Or I sometimes shake the bees
off in front of a colony containing its full or nearly
full complement of comb, and give most of the
frames to another. Of course, these processes may
be modified to suit the wishes of the apiarist. I neg-
lected to observe in the proper place what will occur
to every one, that uniting in the fall helps us to
weed out inferior queens. Autumn is the best time
to do this culling, as a rule. Geo. F. Kobbins.

Mechanicsburg, 111.

BROERS' REPORT.

DOES THE COLOR OF HIVES MAKE ANY DIFFER-
ENCE WITH THE BEES?

PRIEND ROOT:— As the honey season is past,
and I have had time to figure up results, I
will proceed to send in ray report. I started
In the season of 1886 with 24 colonies of Ital-
ians and hybrids in fair condition; increased
by natural swarming to 39. I sold and doubled the
rest of them back to 24, and fed to keep from starv-
ing. One colony deserted in May. I took in all a
grand total of 240 lbs. of honey, about one-half
comb. I got six swarms in September from the 11th
to the 34th, making in all 29 colonies in the fall, in
good condition. 1 sold 5 colonies in the fall, which
leaves me 24 to begin another season with.

ARE BEES COLOR-BLIND?

I will give you an item right here which goes to
show that bees are not color-b'ind. I gave my
brother a colony of bees; and as he had a hive of
his own I just took the frames and bees from my
hive and placed them in his. Jan. 12 we moved
them over to his place, about l.")0 yards distant; and
as the weather remained too cold for bees to fly, for
about a week after moving, of course they could
not come back; and to prevent trouble I had moved
their old hive about I.t feet away, and cleaned off
their old stand so they would not return to it. When
the weather did turn warm, a great many of the
bees returned; and on going out next morning I
was surprised to find about .50 bees that had found
the old hive, although it was placed among a pile of
other hives all painted white, except that the hive
referred to had the portico trimmed with blue.
The poor little fellows had clustered in the portico,
and some few had gone inside the hive; and they
Vere as forlorn a looking lot of bees as I ever saw.

ROBBING, HOW TO PREVENT.

A plan that works well with me is to throw a sheet
over the colony being robbed; and if the robbers
are mostly from one colony, throw a sheet over
that also, and Just see how quickly they will change
their tune. Leave the sheet on the robbed colony
until after sundown, and then contract the entrance
so it will adroit only one or two bees at a time, and
they will protect themselves by morning, if they
have a good queen. If they have not, unite with
some colony that has. M. Broers.

Gonzales, Tex., Jan. 2.5, 1887.

l^EPBws ENC()a^^ei]\[6.

WIFE AND i; $360.35 cash for THREE MONTHS'
TIME WITH THE BEES.

HEN I received Gleanings for Dec. 15th
you said you would take the liberty of
sending it. etc. We are very glad you took
that liberty. (By saying we, I mean wife
and I, for wc are partners in the bee-busi-
ness—and, bj' the way, I do not believe any man
can keep bees successfully without a good wife to
help him). Here is our report for 1886:

May 1,40 swarms; sold 6 (without hives) S30.00;
sold 13 (with hives) for $65.00; sold honey, 3000 lbs.,
for $330.00; total, $425.00. Our honey is all sold now.
Bought 25 Simplicity hives, ready for use, except
painting, $50.00; 3000 sections, 9.75; 9 lbs. fdn., $4.90
—a gain, in one year, of $360.35.

We have .56 swarms in the cellar now; wintered
last winter without any loss whatever. We spent
about three months' time altogether; peddled
most of the honey, and got cash for it, 10 to I2Y2
cents. I never saw a section of honey until I pro-
duced it four years ago. What success we have
had we owe to A. I. Root. We have taken Glean-
ings, and have had his ABC book and no other.
E. R. A. & B. Brainahd.
Postville, la., Dec. 27, 1886.

.\N average OF 95 LBS. PER COLONY.

Bees are in fine order for winter. This year the
average number of pounds of honey per colony
was 95; but little is sold up to date.

Thos. H. Trice.

New Providence, Mont. Co., Tenn.

from 35 TO ,55, and 3000 LBS. OF honey.

I commenced the season with 35 swarms— 20 good
ones, 10 poor, 5 very poor. I increased to .55, and
made 3000 lbs. of cap honey, very little basswood.
Besides this I have more than enough natural
stores to winter on. Wm. P. Abel.

Vienna, Oneida Co., N. Y.

from :i9 TO .52, and 1100 LBS. OF HONEY.

The season has been a poor one. Basswood was a
failure. I took 1100 lbs. in lib. sections from 39,
and increased to 52 by division during goldenrod
bloom. Each has from 15 to 20 lbs. for winter. 1
placed them all in my bee-cellar Nov. 13. The tem-
perature was .50, and they seemed to be very quiet.
There was an average shrinkage last winter of 9 lbs.
in 42 cokuiies in the cellar fom Nov. 1st to Apr. 15th
—165 days. Temperature was about .50.

N. A. Blake.

Smith's Mills, Quebec, Can.

148

GLEAJ^Jl^'GS LN BEE CULTUllE.

Feb.

Ul>

Every boy or (Jfirl, under 15

years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containikg

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENKHALLY
KNOWN ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,

will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent live - cent Sunday -school books.
Many of these books contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school books
costing from SI. 00 to $1.50. If you have had
one or more books, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six ditt'erent books, as follows; viz.;
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
i ' Family, Rescued from EKy|it,.ind Ten Nights in

.( B.ir liooni. We have also Our Homes, Parti., and
Our Homes. Part II. Besides the above books, you may h,ave a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is .i picture of my.self, Blue Eyes, and Caddy, nnd a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of aiiy one of the .^bove pictures
or books for every letter that gives us somevahnMp piece of
information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

TIIK hoys' AMATEUR BEE-HIVE FACTOHV.

fllE beiicli-vises, which you lemeinher
the ]);)>, s sent for, were"^duly received,
Tliey were now fully equipped to
m;ike any thing which yoiithtnl gen-
iuses can turn out. After school, dur-
ing evenings, Mr. Green taught the l)0.\s in
the rudiments of carpentry. He showed
them how, by the use of a try-square, they
could make" every thing perfectly square.
By piac^tical examples, he instructed them as
to the mortise and tenon. raVibet, dovetail,
and miter. The latter, he said they would
often have occasion to nse. He then made
them a miter-box which he explained as
being so useful in a good carpenter shop.
The keen zest and enjoyment with which
the boys took hold of the work made them
apt scholars, and they soon became quite
proficient in the use of tools. In the mean
time Mr. (Tieen had loaned them a copy of
the A B C of Bee Culture, and had directed
them to read caiefiilly the chapter on Hivk-
.MAKINC+, which the boys did. Though tlie
instructions there given were designed to
accompany the buzz-saw, they tlioiiglit they
could make use of some of the instructions,
even for hand-tools.

One evening after school, while tiie boys
were talking and planning in their work-
shop they discovered thatthey liad iiisutli-
cient light. Jimmie proposed to Sain that
they make a Utile window just over the
work-bench so they could have "lots of
liglit " just where they wanted it, Sam read-
ily agreed, but said he must first ask his
father's permission to cut a hole. When the
boys presented the matter before Mr. G. the
latter readily consented, and at the same
time explained liow it could be done.

A pane of glass, lOxlo, was purchased. An
oblong hole was made through the side of
the barn, one-quarter inch smaller all around

than the glass. This was ingeniously let
into the wood and then held there by strips
of wood nailed around the edge of tlie glass.

Finally Saturday, which was a good while
coming to the boys, arrived. They had pre-
viously had some experience in making one
or two hives, and now they felt confident
that they could make a larger number with-
out so much waste in lumber as in the first.
Mr. Green had given them a little talk on
the division of labor. He explained how it
would be economy of labor and time to make
several hives at once. Accordingly the boys
had decided to make a "'batch of six hives."
The first thing to be done was to saw the
boards up in proper lengths.

When they had been sawing for awhile.
Jimmie exclaimed, "By cracky! this is
mighty tough work." As he said this the
perspiration began to stand out on his nose.
and his arm and back began to ache.
Straightening up and throwing back his
shoulders he said, " This is more work than
play — almost as bad as sawing wood."

"You are right." said Sam, "Sawing
hives with these little saws is too hard work."

" rd just like to shake hands with the man
who invented the buzz-saw. Say, Sam, don't
you s'pose w^e could get up one V"

"A small mandrel that would answer our
purpose would cost only $2.25, and a couple
of small saws could be had for about !i?l.')0.
I don't know how we conld get the power."

" Why can't we make awindmill ? We've
made little ones," said Jimmie.

" So we could I" said S;ini, brightening at
the idea. " Let us talk with pa about it."

The boys commenced work on their hives
again with renewed energy.

That evening the matter was brought be-
fore Mr. Green. After some reflection he
thought tiie boys might manage to make a
windmill for running a buzz-saw for light
work ; but then tiiey would need his assist-
ance. It would have to bequite large to run
a buzz-saw — considerably larger than the
boys had ever made. He advised them to
wait until he could talk to a friend who was
a machinist.

{('outinued.)

JaVENmE liEWE^-B6^.

" A ehiel's amaug ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

A LITTI.K GtKIi WHO "BEAT HEfl P.\PA AM.
HOI.LOW,"

My papii gave me sonio bees. They Imve nuuie
me 67 His. oT nice extracted honey, aiirt I traded my
honey for ii nice hat and a wax doll, f'apa says my
bees beat liis all hollow. Mamik. Hkokks.

CJonzales, Te.xas, Jan. 'I, 18S7.

Thank you, friend Mamie, for your re-
port. We have known your pajni real well,
and we are glad to know he has a little girl,
even if she did beat him all hollow.

i A LITTI.E UiRl/S REPORT IN REGARD Tt) THE BEES
I GATHERING POLLEN IN TEXAS.

This is the third letter I have given you on the
' subject. In 1885 they commenced bringing in pol ..

Ib87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

149

len on Sunday, the first of Feb. In iy86 they com-
menced on Sunday, the IMst day of Jan. In 188T
they commenced on Saturday, the ~;.'d day of Jan.
Our earliest bloom is the water-elm tree. It is very
white pollen. Bees are ail healthy and stronfs" to
date. Papa has si.xtj- colonies; not one has died.
Lizzie L. Mui.i.iN, ag-e 11.
Oakland, Texas, Jan. 'M, 1887.

VEST.4'S LKTTEK.

My mother has 'iO hives of bees, and she puts
them in the cellar in the winter. She had 10 hives
last spring-, and got about 400 lbs. of honey in two-
pound boxes. What the bees don't finish up we
extract. My sister and I turn the extractor. Ma
sent to Mr. Root for the extractor two years ag-o.
Last week Thursday it rained so hard 1 could uot
go to school, and I tacked muslin on to the frames
for chaff cushions to put over the bees.

Last summer my Sunday-school teacher gave me
a Bible for learning perfectly the ten command-
ments. When I had them learned we found that
my little sister Frances, seven years old, had learn-
ed them just by hearing nie say them. We are in
the same class, so our teacher gave her a Bible too.

Oweg-o, N. Y., Nov. ^7, 1886. Vesta Padgett.

BANKING UP SNOW FOR WINTER PROTECTION.

My brother has had pretty good luck with his
bees, as he has not lost one swarm this winter.
The way he keeps his bees in winter is this: He
puts boards up around the hives so as to keep off
the wind, and when it snows he shovels the snow
up all around the hives, but leaves the entrance of
the hive open, so that they can get air. He says
that this warm weather is hard on them, for they
go out and try to tly around, and the snow blinds
them so they can not see, and they freeze to death.
He built a shed foi- them last winter, and they did
not do so well, lor he had 86 stands and lost half of
them. He likes to work with bees, and he likes
the honey also. He has now r,'2 stands of bees,
and he has been talking of buying some more of
one of our neighbors, who wants to sell them. He
made a great deal of money selling honey last
summer, and, besides, he kept enough to use, and
he kept enough to use all winter. Rose Custis.

Gillem, Ills.

I hardly tliink the bright snow blinds the
bees so that they die from the effects of it.
Bees flying out on these warm days are lia-
ble to "become chilled. If they olice alight
in the snow they scarcely ever rise again.
It is the chilling and not the blinding them
that plays mischief with our pets.

not always be on hand when a swarm issues.
Instead of niiining to tell him that the bees
are swarming you can tend to tliem your-
self. Little boys and girls, you can all do it
if you will only try. I was"awfid "fraid '"
when I iirst tried it ; but the offer of a whole
dollar made me bold, and 1 succeeded, as
some of our old readers may possibly re-
member. After that I did not have to be
liired to catch swaims when •'my pa'" was
away. That was ten years ago. If you
wisli to know more about it, see last pages
of the ABC of Bee Culture.

.JUVENILE SWARM-CATCH EKS.

My pa'has 'A stands of bees in the cellar. We had
33 colonies last spring, and got 1~00 lbs. of honey,
and increased them to 5a. I like to help work with
bees. I help to tend them in swarming time. I
watch them and catch the gueen, and put her in
a cage and lay the cage in front of the hive and let
her be there until the bees comeback: then 1 let
her out of the cage and let her run in the hive.
We have our queens all cropped. We have had a
cold winter so far. The thei-moraeter was down to
26 below zero on the 7th.

Aaron A. Knoll, ajic Ir'.

Salamonia, lud., Jan. 17, 1.S87.

Boys and girls make capital swarm-catch-
ers, tlon't they, friend Aaron V Papa can

OUR FRIEND CHARLIE .\SKS SOME .MOKE QUESTIONS.

AVe commenced in the spring with 8 r;olonies— .5 in
box and 3 in h. hives. I increased to 3i) by swarm-
ing. The box hives did nearly all the swarming,
while the Langstroth hives made the honey. We got
only 2 swarms from the frame hives. The box h\\es
made but very little honey. We took 3illl lbs. of
comb honey. This was a good season for bees. It
opened up April 17. with the blooming of golden
willow. This, although lasting but a short time,
produced lots of honey; and during its blooming,
bees filled their brood-chambers. Locust also pro-
duced a great deal of honey this year. Basswood
yielded lightly on account of rains; but whitejand
sweet clover lasted foi- several weeks. Red clover
produced some honey during its fall bloom. Honey
cauie in so plentifully all summer that we could
work with the bees any time in Augi:st without any
danger of robbing. Drones remained until after
the middle of August.

How long can our bees be confined in winter
without being troubled with dysentery '! Are anj-
of the bees destroyed that are out at work during a
heavj' rain ? Will a little clover chaff mixed with
wheat chatf draw dampness? In swarming, will
bees always cluster up in a tent that is set over
them y What part of the spring is the best time to
Italianize"? Charljk L. Gheenfielu.

Somerville, Butler Co., O., Jan. 3, 1887.

With favoral)le conditions, friend Charlie.
I think the bees may be confined four or
live months, withoutany trouble whatever.
Where the stores aie not of the best kind,
however, it may be quite desirable to give
them a fly every three or four weeks. I pre-
sume some bees are lost during a heavy
rainstorm that comes up suddenly. If the
sun comes out shortly afterward, however, 1
believe they usually dry off and get home.—
I do not tliink that clover chaff would do
aii>' iiarm, and 1 think we have had reports
wliere bees v»eie wintered nicely with clo-
ver chatt' and nothing else.— We have never
tried controlling swarms by setting a tent
over a hive after the l)ees have started to
come out. I presume they would cluster
somewhere on the tent.— The sooner we
Italianize our be<is in spring, the better;
but the weather, however, would probably
make it uncertain l)usiness before the latter
part of si)ring, in our latitude.

BEES ALL RIOBT SO I Ali.

My papa has 1:^0 colonies of bees He has part of
them in the cellar. The thermometer stands about
34 degrees^ down cellar. The bees seem to have
wintered all right so far. They seem to be very
quiet. That is a sign they are wintering well. It is
not very cold here now. The thermometer is .id

loO

ULEANl^GS 1^ BEE (JULTUUE.

Feb.

to-day outdoors. Papas bees are in chaff hives.
He packed them with cut straw. Papa hived all of
his bees double to keep down the increase, except
one swarm which he put in the new Heddon hive
last summer. Last year was a poor season. We
g-ot but a few hundred pounds of honey.

Lucy Huki,btit. age 11.
Linden. N. Y., Jan. 2a, 1887.

A boy's report fob three VliARS.

I commenced bee-keeping in 1884. Pa had a man
hired to cut brush, and one day I went down where
he was at work. He went to take a drink of water,
and he saw a swarm of bees in the tree. He gave
them to me, and I put them in a cracker-box. I
watched them all summer, and that winter Mr. Hall
went down to New Orleans to the E.xposition, and
he bought a 9-frame Langstroth bee-hive. That
winter I would look at them about everj' two weeks.
When spring came they were all dead. That was
the first lesson I learned.

In the spring of 188,5, Mr. Hall and I bought 3
hives of bees, and we took 15 lbs. of honey from one
new swarm. 1 increased to 8 colonies, and in the
spring 1 had 6 colonies of bees. In 1886 I increased
15, lost one; two got away; and I caught one. 1
took 50 lbs. of honey from one hive which did not
swarm. 1 divided one swarm, and sent and got an
untested Italian queen for $1.00, which did well. I
have now 14 colonies of bees. This evening Mr.
Hall found a colony of bees in the hedge. He said
there was about half a bushel of comb, and the bees
are dead. Did you ever hear of bees settling in a
hedge ? Paul. M. Francis, age 14.

Mulberry, Bates Co., Mo., Dec. 13, 1886.

It doesn't pay to tinker with bees during
the winter, does it V Old veterans some-
times manage to do it without liilling the
bees ; but boys and beginners had better let
them alone. — Bees frequently do swarm and
cluster in hedges, l)ut I never before heard
of their being found in such places at this
time of the year. No wonder they were
dead when they were found ; that is, if you
are having as cold weather as we in Ohio
have been having.

5f0B^CC6 C0MMN.

SHALTj grocers SEIiL, TOBACCO ?

T WISH to say to you, that I have prevailed on
(mP ray brother-in-law to agree to give up the use
^t of the filthy weed, tobacco; and he says that, if
■^ you will send him a smoker, if ever he takes
to the use of tobacco again he will pay you
double price. He keeps bees. Having just read Ter-
ry, in Gleanings, on the use of tobacco, I must ask
you a question, though I know what your answer
will be. I am 61 years old; have never used a bit
of it in any shape, except to smoke seed-ticks with
it, to get rid of them. Well, I have a little (me-
horse store, and the country is flooded with stores.
All sell tobacco. I have to sell it also, against my
will. I have tried to prevail with the young to give
up the use of it, telling them I would quit keeping
it. The answer is invariably, " We will go to other
places and get it, and you will lose our custom."
What am I to do ? To quit selling tobacco is to (fuit
business. Charles L. Gouoh.

Rock Spring, Mo.

Friend G., we have had just such a case in
our own town. A young man owning a gro-
cery became a Christian. He thought it his
plain duty to give up the selling of tobacco,
although the profits from his sales of the
weed were large. Some of his former cus-
tomers did go to other grocers for their to-
bacco and provisions ; but in spite of this,
and in spite of the fact that there are seven
other groceries in our village of a little over
1500 inhabitants, his business has prospered,
and his grocery store ranks among the two
or three of the kind in town that are doing
the most business.

has conquered the habit.

1 promise never to use tobacco any more. If I do

I will send you 70 cts. for the smoker. If you see fit

to send me the smoker, I shall keep my pledge.

Pawlet, Vt., Dec. 14, 1886. S. H. Harrington.

If my husband uses any more tobacco, I will see

that you have the 70 cts. for the smoker.

Mrs. S. H. Harrington.
Here is what friend H. says after giving
up the use of tobacco :

The smoker is nice, and I am much obliged for it.
It was rather hard to go without tobacco at first;
but, thank the Lord and you, I have conquered.

Pawlet, Vt., Dec. 28, 1886. S. H. Harrington.

Many thanks for the smoker you sent me; if I
ever use tobacco in any way I will pay for the
smoker. I received your ABC, and am highly
pleased with it. W. C. Swetnam.

I am a reader of Gleanings. I have been a
ehewer of tobacco for 40 years. I wish to place my-
self under bonds to discontinue the practice, for
which send me a smoker. I. A. Presnell.

St. Louis. Mo., Dec. 29. 1886.

1 gave up^ the use of tobacco last spring, and
haven't used any since. If I am entitled to a smo-
ker, send it along. If I begin again, I will pay for
smoker. Fred Eldredge.

Sharon Spa, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1887.

W. C. Sweasman says he has quit the use of tobac-
co; and that, if you are willing to send him a smo-
ker, you may do so; and if he- ever uses the weed
again he will pay you for the smoker, postage and
all. Send it to him; and if he breaks over I will see
that it is paid for. A. T. Doyle.

Berthaville. Mo., Dec. 28, 1886.

two give up the habit.
Here is another party coming, pledging them-
selves to henceforth abstain from the use of tobac-
co, if you will send them each a smoker. Should
either of us hereafter use it in any way, I will pay
twice the price of smoker or smokers.

J. A. and H. A. KiME.
Fairfield, Pa., Jan. 1, 1887.

increase in weight after giving up tobacco.

My father is now 74 years of age, and has not
used tobacco for 2 years. He had used it for .52
years. His average weight when using tobacco
was 150 lbs. ; it is now 195. He promises never to
use it again, and asks you to send him a smoker.
If he ever uses it again he will pay you for the
smoker. John C. Pierce.

Grotin, Vt., Jan. 2. 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

151

0ai^ }l0MEg.

When a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh
even his enemies to be at i)cace with him.— Prov.

16: 7.

"ETOW, I am going to presume in my
1*1' talk to joii to-day. tliat we have en-
«PI emies even in our homes. It is a sad
■*- * thing to contemphite, but facts are
often sad. I have particularly in
mind the relationship existing between
father and mother, and son and daugh-
ter; and if there Is any relationship in
this world tluit is sacred, it seems to me
it is the relationship between parent and
child. What does that have to do with the
matter of enemies ? Well, I suspect if Sa-
tan liad never obtained a passageway into
the human heart there might liave been
perfect peace and harmony under all cir-
cumstances, and for all time, between par-
ent and child. Let me illustrate what 1 am
thinking of, by a little chapter from my own
experience.

I am (jue of seven children. There are
three older and three younger. My past
recollections of my mother are, that she was
a hard-working, burden-bearing mother.
Her trust was in the Savior always, but she
had many trials and difficulties. In addi-
tion to the large family, we were at one
time in rather straitened circumstances.
Father \\as a carpenter by trade, and did
not always get employment. At other
times sickness threw liim behind. I re-
member when affairs got to such a point
that things really looked dark for father
and mother and a family of seven, and that
mother had been praying that God would
open a way for father to earn an honest
livelihood. The prayer was answered, bnt
the conditions of it were that he should be
away from home perhaps more than half of
the "time. This threw the management of
the family upon mother. Now, father was
stern and severe. He was of the old Con-
necticut type, and did not believe in sparing
the rod. Every one of the seven, from the
baby up, learned to obey, and a good many
times they obeyed with fear and trembling.
We obeyed mother also, but no child was
ever afraid of her. If she punished, her
loving hand was restrained by a loving
heart from making the punishment any
thing very much to be dreaded. When
father was at home we obeyed her some-
what through fear of him, if we did not
obey with alacrity ; but when he M'as away,
some of us fell into loose ways. 1 myself
remember with feelings of sorrow my self-
ish and disobedient acts and ways ; and
when my elder brother was away I was the
eldest boy in the hotisehold, and my serv-
ices were much needed. But I got lazy
and listless about getting up mornings. My
mother would call me twice, and sometimes
the third time, l)ut T didn't get up then until
I got ready. I was also in the companionship
of bad boys more or less— boys I shouldn't
have l»eeii with had my father been at home,
and from them I learned examples of dis-
obedience. A neighbor would call one of
the children two or three times. The chil-

dren, without making move to obey, would
"• sass back," as we boys used to term it, in
an undertone. The conversation might be
sometliing like this :

" Charlie, I have called you three times ;
now come here this hn^tant."

Charlie replies in an undertone, " Well,
suppose you did call three times — who cares?''

At this the other boys would titter and
laugh, which incited Charlie to further acts
of disobedience. By and by Charlie would
get whipped for bad behavior. When he
came back he would have over something
like the following :

"Scolding don't hurt any, whipping don't
last long, and kill you they dare not."

Now, friends, I never did as badly as the
above ; l)ut I might have done so had I had
the same kind of training and encourage-
ment in badness. I can not remember
positively, but 1 presume likely my mothei'
used to speak sometliing like this :

" Amos, I have calle<l you three times
now, and you really must get up at once."

1 do not rememlier of ever talking back
when my mother called me, but I do re-
member that I grumbled to myself, as I got
up in a sullen way, '' Well, "suppose you
have called me three times — who cares V and
who wants to l)e scolded at and found fault
with for everlasting?"

Of course, I got up surly. If the dog got
in the way before my eyes were well open, I
kicked him. If my younger brothers or
sisters, who were up and washed, and
bright and happy, half an hour before I was,
came in the way, I felt angered at them.
Perhaps I gave one of my sisters' dolls a
kick. After 1 had been up a while these
surly, peevish feelings wore off, and I was
a tolerably bright happy boy, and most of
the time we were a pleasant, happy family.
But I am saddened to be obliged to admit,
that sometimes the surliness seemed to be
contagious, and got among several of us at
once. We pained our tired, patient mother
by wrangles and disputes; and when she ex-
horted us to godliness and loving-kindness
to each other, we rejected her Bible and her
religion. Now, mind you, we didn't often
do this openly to her face, if we ever did.
It was a sort of undercuiTcnt ; and had we
been called to task we would have said, may
be, we were ''just in fun."' Poor mother
was sorely tried with many cares as well as
fatigue, and it would be nothing strange if
she sometimes forgot just a little, and re-
proached or complained, in a way that was
not just the wisest. Dear father and moth-
er, whose eyes are resting on these pages,
have you never had any trouble by disobe-
dience among the children ? Have you nev-
er been tried to see them growing up selfish
and indifferent V and have you never felt
any discouragement, and felt that talking
was of no use V JSIay be you do not say it
out loud, but did you ever feel. " I declare,
I have talked and talked to that boy .John
until it seems as if there were not a bit of
use in talking any longer. If the boy goes
to ruin, he will have to go. I actually beT
lieve I have told him twenty tunes to put
his muddy boots out on the porch ; to hang
up his hat, and to shut the stair door after

152

GLEANINGS lii BEE CULTURE.

t^Efi.

him. Just look there, will yoii ? There are
the boots on our best carpet ; there is the
best hat on the tloor, and there is the stair
door wide open, with such a draft through
here that we have probably all caught cold.
I have told him of it kindly and patiently;
but if he does not say outright that he does
not care, his looks say it plainer than words
can speak it. What "shall I do ? "

Now, friends, am 1 not right in saying
that enmity is growing up "between this
mother and sonV Botli parties are getting
calloused and case-liardened, as it were.
The mother lias got to the point where she
says if the boy goes to ruin, he will have to
go — she can't do any thing more for him.
The boy has been so long disobedient, self-
ish, and unfeeling, that he can say outright,
'' Well, who cares if I did? what are you go-
ing to do about it'r"' Now, I don't mean to
say that I got to be as bad as that, but I was
growing stronger that way, and had got
pretty well along. I knew my mother was
overworked, but other l)oys' mothers were
overworked also, and we couldn't be tied up
to mother's apron-strings, so we laughed it
off as a joke, and let it slide. I do not know
how' common such things are. You can tell,
dear friends, better than I whether Satan
has made any such inroads into your own
loved home. I hardly need tell you that
boys, when they get to the stage I have pic-
tured, are i-eady for strong drink and games
of chance. A cigar will come pretty soon,
unless something interposes. Perliaps some
tired mother or discouraged father feels like
saying, "For God's sake, Mr. Root, tell us
what we are to do when children won't obey
us." Dear friends, it is with joy and grati-
tude to God that I undertake the task of
telling you what to do in cases like these.
It is with joy and gratitude that I tell you
what saved me from— who shall say whatV —
and placed me here to write these Home
Papers for the help and encouragement ])oth
of parents and children.

I do not know how old I was at the time-
perhaps ten or twelve. A series of revival
meetings was held in our town of Mogadore,
Summit Co., O. I do not know what church
was instrumental in starting the revival, for
I did not go; 1 did not like "meetings."
Mother went, I believe, regularly, and I
heard something: of the outpourings of the
Spirit, as some of the brethren and sisters
termed it. I did not know much about the
meetings, and cared less; but this I did
know : That a change had come over my
mother. She was always a Christian, but
now she was a happier and more hopeful
Christian. It shone from her face, it rang
out from the tones of her voice, and it over-
flowed from every act and motion of her life.
I believe my mother in her younger days
was a rather handsome woman ; but as my
memory goes back this morning it seems to
me she was a beautiful mother under the
influence of the outpourings of God's spirit
into her heart. Notwithstanding her cares
and the hard work that lay before her, she was
at this time constantly breaking forth into
snatches of those grand old hymns. Occa-
sionally I woke up in the night and heard
her voice in prayer. This was nothing new.

but just now the tones were hopeful and
joyous. She prayed as if the blessing had
already come. She prayed for my poor self,
as if she Ine^v I was going to l)e a better boy.
W^e began to get acquainted, and it was
about this time that she began to teach
me and interest me in gaidening ; then
she told me in a way that did not have any
severe reproach about it. that father was
having a hard time to get along, and that
she and I together could help a good deal by
having a nice garden. Poor mother ! she
was already doing more work than any hu-
man being ought to do, and yet she planned
to help me make garden. Finally she spoke
one evening about the trouble of"getting me
up mornings. She told me that, in father's
absence, I was almost the man of the house,
and thati it would be a great help to her if I
could get up in good season, or, at least, the
first time she called me. She had struck
the right chord, and I was disarmed. When
a drunken man or a highwayman gets a re-
volver in his possession, the first thing to do
is to disarm him ; get out of his hands that
murderous weapon, by hook or by crook ;
and, my friend, when Satan makes an in-
road in your child's heart, the child must be
disarmed— not by might nor by power nor
by reproaches, nor by telling him that you
have called him three or four times already,
but by Christ's spirit ; by throwing away
bowie-knives and revolvers, or, if the ex-
pression is too strong, by throwing away re-
proaches and harsh feelings out of your own
heart; you must do it in the language of our
text :

When a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh
even his enemies to be at peace with him.

I remember the very morning after this
when mother called me. I remember the
tones of her voice better than the words,
but they were something like these :

" Amos!" She spoke just my name, and
nothing more, until she had roused me to
consciousness, so that 1 remembered the
conversation of the night before. Then she
said, in gentle, loving tones, " The sun is
shining; you Mill get up now and help me,
will you not?" I don't think I replied back,
" Yes, mother, to be sure I will," but the
look in my face said it better than words,
and I was not only up and dressed quickly,
but I was bright and cheerful. Mother had
conquered — Satan was cast out, and that,
too, in the name of Jesus Christ, just as Pe-
ter bade the lame man get up and w alk ; but
mind you I had not accepted Christ at all ;
there was no thought of Christianity direct
in my boyish heart. I got up for my mother.
It was Christ's spirit that moved me, but I
saw that spirit through her ; and, dear par-
ent, if your child is to be led to Christ it
must be to Christ through t/ou. When he
can see Christ embodied in "your daily life,
then he will accept Christ. You may ask if
there is no limit to this. God only knows
where the limit is ; but we read in his holy
word (Lev. 2(i:8), " Five of you shall chase a
hundred, and a hundred of you shall put ten
thousand to flight." I can not remember
that my mother had any trouble afterward,
in getting me up mornings. Neither can I tell
you how much we enjoyed the gardening

1887

ULEA.Ni.NGS iN BEE (CULTURE,

153

that summer; nor ran I tell you how much
father was pleased to s<i around Avith mother
and to see how much tiiihgs]had grovVn dur-
ing his absence. As an illustration of the
change that came over her boy, I will men-
tion a little circumstance.

Motlier was the only one of the whole
family who knew how to milk a cow, and in
father's absence she milked the cow winter
and summer, and oftentimes when the older
ones sat around the stove. One stormy
morning, I think it was when snow and
sleet came with the rain, she started to milk
the cow as usual. I jumped up and took
the pail, saying, '" Here, mother, you have
milked tluit cow long enough."

Siie expostulated gently. " Why, Amos,
yon have not learned how. Let me milk
"this morning, and when we have more time 1
will teach you to milk, if you really want to
do it."

Now, I had begun to have quite an idea
by this time of being a man and being man-
ly, so I toi)k the pail from her with a good-
natured smile. 1 told her that, if I did not
know how to milk, I guessed I coiild learn.
I had been taking care of our big red bossy,
winter and summer, so that she knew nie
and I knew her, and there was not very
much trouble on that score ; but before I
^•ot the pail full I concluded it was a bigger
job to milk a cow than I had ever supposed.
1 was ashamed to go back and tell motlier,
so I stuck to it ; and, if I remember correct-
ly, mother never milked the cow any more.
I hardly need tell you that the experience
of thatVinter and summer has had its ef-
fect on my whole life; nay, further: it has
produced a marked effect on the lives of
every one of those seven children. My poor
father was not blessed with mother's natu-
ral hopefulness, but he seemed rather
given to doubt and darkness. He once
made the remark, that he should have had his
name taken from the church records more
than once had it not been for his wife. The
good ])astor to whom the remark was made,
replied. " Brother Root, you may thank God
for your good wife who has pulled you
through so many seasons of darkness ; and
by his grace we hope she may yet pull you
into the gates of the eternal city.'' And I
believe the prediction has been fullilled.

You may say, " But, Mr. Root, how are
we to get* that overflowing spirit of trust
and faithV Must we go to revival meetings,
and go forward, and get up an enthusiasm V''

I do think, my friend, you should make it
a point to attend the revival meetings held
in your vicinity ; but besides this 1 think it
is the duty of "every Christian to attend the
regular prayer-meetings as well as the
preaching services: not only be on hand,
but take up the cross and do your part. If
you have met discouragements and trials,
just such as I have pictured to-day, get up
among your brothers and sistei-s and tell
them you want to be nearer to Christ, and
ask their prayers ; and when you do this,
be sure your daily conduct is in keep-
ing; examine your own heart well, and see
whether you are fulfilling the commands of
the Scriptures. Read your Bibles, and see if
they don't touch on" the point of your

troubles. I told you about our friend Rob-
eit. in jail, a short time ago. Robert says
lie is a menil)er of tlie church ; he says
he wants to be a Christian ; but when 1
read those passages to him about loving our
enemies, and doing good to those who hate
us, he declared flatly, that, if that was what
the Bible taught, he didn't want any of it.
When it came right down to the plain teach-
ings of the Bible, he refused to obey, point
blank. Now, then, has your child seen you
repeatedly love your enemies, and do good
to those who hate you ? When you get ui)
in the prayer-meeting, and say that you are
hungering and thirsting for an outpouring
of the Holy Spirit, does every one who hears
you say it know that you are complying
with the conditions laid down in (ioiFs ho-
ly word ? Another thing, that I know is
helpful : Go often to your pastor; tell him
your ditficulties, and ask him to pray for
you and with you. You may object, and
say that he is already overburdened, and
will not care to know about it. It is a mis-
take— it will help him in writing his ser-
mons, to know the needs of his flock, and it
will help him to talk over these things.
You can not be a Cliristian and keep it all
to yourself. No such baptism of the Holy
Spirit would have been poured out upon my
mother's life had she not been among God's
children, and habitually gone around through
the neighborhood in scenes of sickness and
death.

The great point is, to get Satan out of
your own heart, and the great danger is
that you may be misled to thinking you are
doing a Christian duty when jou "are al-
most wholly in the bonds of Satan. Be-
ware of how you get into a set and formal
way of reproaching the child over and over
again. I once heard of a boy who was ask-
ed what his name was, and he replied that
it was " Willie Dont.'' He was probably
a boy of an inquiring turn of mind, and had
heard it over and over so much, " Willie
Dont,'''' that he thought it must be his
name. Sometimes a parent says, "Why,
do you suppose a body can stop his Avork,
and go and take time to have a long palaver
with that child over some trifling matter?"
My friend, the molding of the mind of the
child, and the fashioning of a Christian
character, is the most important work God
ever gave to any human being to do. If
there is any work in this world that is of
any more consequence, let us hear what it
is. Instead of standing at the foot of the
stairs, and calling your child to get up, in
hackneyed phrases "that liave been used over
and over again, go patiently clear up stairs,
no matter if you are wearied and in a hurry;
stand by the"^ chiWs bedside; wait until he
is fully awake, then win good-natured ac-
quiescence before you go down. Win him
with Christ's love in your heart. Go up
with a i)rayer and go down with a pra>er.
and yours shall be the victory over the
schemes of the Lvil One, and the victory
shall be through Clirist .lesns. And to him
be all power and glory and honor for ever.

When a man"s ways please the Lord, ho maketh
even his enemies to be at peace with him.— Pkov.
16: 7.

154

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

i^EB.

NEW" IMPEOVEMiENTS IN HIVE-MAK-
ING MACHINERY.

SAW-TABLES, ETC.

ip FTER Mr. J. S. AVanier, our foreman,
|, had got our uewbuildinio- with itsjiew
¥ machinery nicely in running order he
^ set to worlv to devise some improve-
ments in some of our wood- working
machines, to render them safer to the sawyer
as well as to make them accomplish more
and better work. Below we give you a view
of one of the machines which he has devised
and improved.

Fourthly, should the saw get out of line, as
it is apt to do, the set-screw holding one of the
spur-wheels to the long screw may be loos-
ened. By a slight turning of the screw, in-
dependently of the other, the gauge may be
made exactly parallel to the saw. The set-
screw, before mentioned, may then be tight-
ened. We can furnish this machine, when
desired, at the old price ; i. e., $25.00, includ-
ing the miter-board shown on top of the
machine, and one of our heavy mandrels.
Formerly we have sent out one of the small
mandrels in one of these machines. For
50c extra we will put in a mandrel that will
take 9 groovers.

SAW-TAULE, \VITH WAKNEl
MENT.

This machine is for general-purpose work,
such as we propose to send out. The im-
in-ovement consists in having the distance
from tlie ripping-gauge to the saw regulated
by an endless chain and screw arrangement.
The cliahi, as shown in the right of the en-
graving, passes over two toothed wheels, or,
technically, spur-wlieels. The latter are at-
tached to the end of the two rods having
square-cut threads eight to the inch. To
each end of the parallel gauge is fastened a
nut through which the long screws pass.
Now, when this gauge is exactly i)arallel to
the saw, any width required for ripping stuff
may be quickly obtained by grasping the
chain in the middle and pulling it one way
or the other. Both screws will, under neces-
sity, travel at the same rate of speed, as the
chain can not slip. In obedience to the
screw, botli ends of the gauge will travel at
the same rate, and the gauge wall, in conse-
(inence, remain exactly parallel.

This is a great improvement over the old
parallel gauge, for the following reasons:
It permits of a very fine adjustment, even to
the "■ splitting of a liair." if the stuff ripped
is discovered to be a little '' scant" or a little
"flush,'" a sliglit pulling or pushing of tlie
chain will secure the exact width. This
could not be easily done by the old plan.
Secondly, the gauge is held much more se-
curely, there being no possibility of a shuck.
Thirdly, when the required width for rip-
ping is secured, the gauge does not have to
be fastened down, the nut-and-screw ar-
rangement holding it perfectly stationary.

WARNER S AUTO3IAT10 MACHINE FOR CUT-
TING INSETS IN THE SECTIONS.

The next to which we invite your atten-
tion is an autDmatic machine for cutting the
insets to the bolts, or pieces of planks, prior
to being ripped up into strips. The bolts
are simply piled in the tray shown in the
rear of the machine. They are then auto-
matically shoved through and thrown upon
the floor' in the foreground. This is done by
a pair of endless chains with now^ and then
a raised link so as to catch the blocks. The
pile of blocks then drops down, and the bot-
tom one is shoved out as before. The chain,
together with a pair of raised links, is shown
in the front of the machine. The device for
holding the blocks firmly over the cutter-
head as the blocks pass over is a series of
four wheels mounted on two one-inch shafts.
They are shown in the cut together with a
pair of cutter- heads.

This machine will accomplish in three or
four hours what would require a whole day
by the old way of shoving blocks over a cut-
ter-head by hand, cutting out l)ut one inset
at a time. Not only that, but- it is operated
with entire safety to the one feeding it.

Bight here it is proper to remark, that this
machine was the outgrowth of an accident
to one of our old trusty men while cutting
out the insets in the old way. A little knot
was the cause, it having caught in the cut-
ter-head, revolving at a high rate of speed.

1887

GI.EANINGS li\ HKE CUI-TURK.

155

The bolt was thrown suddenly out from un-
der his hand, allowing^ it to fall upon the
cruel knives. To prevent a rei)etitiou of
such a thing we told our foreman. Mi-. War-
ner, and our machinists, that we wanted them
to get up an automatic machine which would
preclude the possibility of an accident, and
the foregoing is the machine.

We can furnish tliis macliine. when desir-
ed, put up complete, for ST.'i.Od.

P. S. — By way of caution, we wish to sug-
gest to all of >ou who have to do with saws
or cutter-heads, be careful ; saws are treach-
erous things, rather more partial to the inex-
perienced. You will not api)reciate the im-
portance of being careful until you have
mutilated your fingers. Several of oui' men
have beeii hurt recently, and we speak
whereof we know. Ernest.

Gleahihgs in Bee Coltdre,

Published Sent i - Mo n th li/ ■

BDITOR AND PUBLISHER.
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID

99 dtbUaz Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

Shall not the Judge of all the eavth do right!— Gen. 18: 25.
CONTRIBUTIONS FOR GLEANINGS.

I BELIEVE there has never been a time before
when so many good articles were waiting for a
place. As the winter is now about past, let us drop
long essays, and get into practical work. Bright
practical thoughts, expressed in few words, seem
to be the demand now in journalism.

A BEE OR A cow— WHICH?

We clip the following from the Rural Caniulian:
None bvit those who have studied the subject have any idea
at the enormous waste of honey that goes on from want of
properly qualified insects to collect it. Here, for instance^ is
a striking fact : " (Jiven two lleUls cjf clcivcr nf equal size, side
by side, one of which you pasture with cows ami the other of
which you pasture with iiees, the one pastured l)y l>ees will
produce a greater weight ff honey than the Held pastured by
cows will of butter and cheese, and tlie cows will have eaten
every blade of clover that is in the field." .

The above statement may be true, but it seems a
little astounding.

TERRY AND TOBACCO.

We are pleased to notice that the N. V. Trihunc of
Feb. 9 has copied the greater portion of friend Ter-
rj-'s article from Gleanings, and also stronglj' in-
dorses the position taken by your humble servant
and others. Maj' God be praised, that a paper hav-
ing the moral weight of the Tribune has thrown its
influence against tobacco.

THE POTATO-BOOK— AN APPENDIX.

By my request, friend Terry has written (juite a
lengthj' appendix, giving all that is valuable that
has come up since the book was wi-itten, two years
ago. This appendix will be furnished free of charge
to all who have purchased the book, by application
on a postal card, and it will be included with the
book to all future customers. We willfurnish the 3
little han(J-books— viz., Terry on the Potato, Terry

on the Winter Care of Horses and Cattle, and Prof.
Cook's now book on maple-sugar making, for an
even dollar, postpaid.

MR. THOMAS HORN.

As we go to press, Feb. 1(1, we have received let-
ters from about fifty individuals who have sent Mr.
Horn money. The greater part of the fifty have
received no returns whatever. A few have had a
part of the order filled. The amount claimed foots
up to soraethiug like .1f37.">. Mr. Horn fears it will be
impossible for him to settle all claims this season.
It was an error of my own in so stating it in our
editorial last month. As the notes he proposes giv-
ing are paj-able in two •years, he expects to take
them all up before they are due.

A honey-apiarv.
As soon as the weather shall permit, we propose
to locate a honey-apiary a few miles from the
home apiary, for the purpose of more carefully
testing some of the new appliances for producing
comb and extracted honey. The large number of
colonies in our own locality during past seasons
has made it almost impossible to test some of the
new systems of honey-production with any degree
of satisfaction— the nectar of our locality being
divided among five or six hundred colonies. None
of our stocks have been able to secure more than
enough to fill the brood-chamber, to say nothing
aliout going above. Should foul brood reappear
in the home apiary again this season, since the
prices have been reduced it may be necessary to
establish still another out-apiary. In any event
our friends may rest assured that all who send for
queens and bees will receive nothing but perfectly
healthy stock.

OUR AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS. AND DO THEY

PAY y
OuH esteemed friend " Sam," in the Ohio Farmer
for Feb. 13, makes the following point, which was
gathered during the institute work during the past
winter in Wisconsin: There is one township in that
State where not an agricultural paper is taken, and
the average price of butter for the year was lO'.j
cents. In another township, ai4 agricultural papers
are taken, costing about $2.')0, and their butter sold
at an average of SSy., cts.. the same year. As the
anvinni sold in each townhsp was not greatly diflier-
ent, it shows that, by paying $250 for intelligence,
they received for it the dividend of $8100 over the
township that takes no papers. In other words, the
farmers who saved ^..^O by not taking farm papers
actually paid $SUn by being too smart to take such
papers. Besides the matter of butter, how much
benefit did the others receive in other crops ? And
besides the crojis, regarded from a dollars-and-cents
view, what has been the etfect of those 214 periodi-
cals on the boys and girls ? Still further, our agri-
cultural press, as a whole, is striking heavy blows
for righteousness and godliness (excepting a few of
them on the tobacco question, but it is only a very
few). The time is mostly gone by when it was fash-
ionable to sneer at " book farming." I hope the
agricultural press will pass this item around; and
if it shall happen to fit townships in other States as
well as Wisconsin, let us have it widely copied.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Pan-Handle Bee Keepers" Association will hold its next
meeting at Wheeling, W. Vn.. No. 1138 Main St.. in K. of P.
Hall. March 3 and 4. 1887. W. L. KiNSEY, Sec.

15H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

6uR 0WN ^Pi;q^Y.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE T SUPER— ITS USES AND CONSTRUC-
TION.

EVER since the first appearance of tlmt
practical little work by Dr. Miller,
A Year Among the Bees,'' we*
have been discussing here in our es-
tablishment the merits and demerits,
if any, of the T super. We have made
several models upon a plan different from
Miller's ; but after carefully considering all
tlie pros and cons of the various plans we
have at last gone back to very nearly the
original one as described in "the doctor's
book. The sliglit change was made with
a view to simplify the construction of the
T super as well as to secure one or two
additional advantages, as it seemed to us.

Tlie one figured below does Jiot represent
exactly the one which we projiose to bring
before the public, as we made a little change
in it after we put it into the hands of the en-
gravers. However, it will serve our purpose
to illustrate the principle of the T super.

(►^

::-'k?-

THE T SUPER.

The T tins, from which the super derives
its name, is shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the
latter a cross-section. Friend Miller, in his
book, says it would be desirable if the T
tins could be made of one strip of tin, but
that his tinner informed him that, with ordi-
nary tools, this could not be done. His tins
were accordingly made by placing two tins,
bent at right angles, together, as n
in Fig. 8. They were then sold-'

ered. These are just as good " — -

when finished, but are rather ex- ^^^^^- ^•
pensive to make. We now have a machine
which makes the T tins of one strip of tin,
as seen in Figs. 1 and 2.

We next were undecided as to whether we
should make these T tins at fixed distances.

*"We" means Mr. Warner (our foreman), Mr.
Calvert. A. I. R., when he is not off in the lots, and
your humble servant. We're the " bosses," you
know.

or whether we should make them movable,
as in the Miller super. The engraving
shows the tins as stationary. We had then
decided to make them as in the cut, for the
following reasons : First, the tins would al-
ways be in place, and, as a consequence,
would not require to be spaced when putting
in sections. Second, the T tins would not
get lost.

After carefully reconsidering the matter
we came to the conclusion that we ought not
to deviate to any considerable extent from
the plan given by so good an authority as
Dr. Miller. We accordingly decided to
make the super with the T tins movable,
in spite of the fact that our engravers had
illustrated the supei' as originally intended.
The manner of construction which we have
finally decided upon is as follows :

The two end-pieces of the shell of the su-
per arel3*x4ixi; the two side-pieces are
18ix4ix-5-16. We next get out two strips of
tin, i inch wide, and in length equal to the

inside length of the super; also
I B two strips of tin i inch wide, in

length equal to the inside width
— !q of the super. These strips of

tin are bent at right angles along
FIG. 4. their entire length. These are
nailed along tlie inside bottom edge of the
super, as in Fig. 4. A represents a section
of the wooden side near the liottom edge,
and ij, C, the tin bent at right angles. Up-
on B rests the flat edge of the T tin, the
edge C coming flush with the bottom of the
wood.

ADVANTAGES IN HAVING THE SUPER MADE
AS ABOVE.

Let US now consider one or two of the
necessary advantages accruing from the use
of movable T tins. Tliey permit, first, not
only the use of the 4ix4i section, l)ut also
the (i to the L. frame, and the 4 to the L.
frame. Where it is desirable to use either
of the two latter, one or two of the T tins,
as the case may be, may be dispensed with,
and the others spaced so as to receive the
sections. That is, this super will take a
1-lb., li-lb., and 2-lb., section, and, as we
shall see, several widths of these sizes.
Right here the reader will observe that the
Moore crate, by reason of the partitions be-
ing at fixed distances, does not permit of
the foregoing valuable function. Again,
the T super, M'ith movable tins, permits the
removal of the sections en masse, l)y means
of a follower, in tlie easiest manner possi-
ble. It is true, the Moore crate possesses
this feature to a certain extent, but it does
not seem to me that the sections can be re-
moved as easily. Those partitions present
a considerable amount of surface to the sec-
tions ; and this, together with the added
amount of bee-glue, makes a consequent in-
crease of friction in removing the sections.

There is another very important advan-
tage which the T super has over the Moore
crate; namely, the former may be used
either with or without separators", while the
latter can not be so used. Last of all, the T
super costs less.

The foregoing are the differences between
the two surplus arrangements. In other re-
spects they possess about the same func-

1887

GLEAiSl^Ub lx\ liEE CULTURE.

157

tions. One is, that they will take other
widths tlian the 1 iri-l(j— an advantage
which cau not be said of the combined ship-
ping and honey crate. By the application
of a little arithmetic we find that tlie T su-
per and the Moore crate will take tlie follow-
ing-named widths : 1 l.l-ui. 1 ll-l(i. U, and
If scant, and the numl)er of tliese required
to fill a crate is, respecti^'ely, 28, ;52, ;>(i, and
40. Tliese sizes are figured without the use
of separators ; but our foreman says that all
of the above will shrink after leaving the
saw, to permit the use of separators if de-
sired. The sizes above do not include tlie
7-to-tlie-foot secticm, but the latter may be
made to fit the super by piecing it out with
another width of section.

The T super and Moore crate can l:)oth be
tiered up ; l)ut the combined shipping and
honey crate is not so coiistriictcd as to ad-
rait of this feature inside the Siruplicitij hive.

We can furnish the T super, made as de-
scribed above, in the flat, including T tins
and the L. tins, for 15c each; 10 for .fl.lO,
and 100 for $10.00. T tins when desired sep-
arately will be 12c for 10, or $1.00 per 100. If
desired by mail, double above prices. L.
tins, separately, oOc per 100.

^PEci^ii pieq^icEg.

SOME IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE 60TH

EDITION OF OUR PRICE LIST NOW IN

THE PRESS.

PRici:s iti:Di'<i:i>.

YUCCA BKUSHKS, TINNED WIRE AND SIMP. FEEDERS.

The wholesale prices on all these have been g-reat-
ly reduced.

BEES BY THE POUND, NUCLEI, AND COLONIES.

We have reduced the prices of bees to where they
were live or six years ago. Bees, $1.0(1 per lb. in
July, or 7.5c for K lb. Colonies, f 8 (10 in July.

WIDE FRAMES.

Wide frames for 8, 6. or 4 Mb. sections, will be $2.00

Ser 100, or !?15.00 per 1000; 3 or i box cases, for the
'oolittle surplus arrang-cnient, $l.M per 100, or
$12.00 per 1000.

ALSIKE.

We have reduced the price of alslke to $7.00 per
bushel; $3.60 per half-bushel; $1.90 per peck; 15c
per lb. Our seed is all clean and fresh, havfng- been
grown in 1886.

L.A.WN-MOWERS.

We sold so many of these last season, that, not-
withstanding: the advance in all iron g-oods, the
manufacturers have g-iven us better prices, and we
reduce the price to you .50c on each machine. Prices
will be. 10 in., $5.(Kt;']3 in., $,5..50: and 14 in., $6.00.

COMB FOUNDATION.

We have made some new mills to run by steam-
power, and are turning out better fdn. tlian ever
before. We now offer four grades: Heavy brood,
from -1 to 6 ft. per lb. ; light brood, 7 or 8 ft. per lb. ;
thin, about 10 or 11 ft. per lb,, and extra thin tlat-
bottom, about 13 or li ft. to the pound. Send for
samples, and a new price list with revised prices.

BROOD F({AMES.

The price of our regular all-wood dovetailed
brood-frames, including comb guides, is reduced to
$1.30 per 100. The same, pierced for wire, without
the conib-guidcs, same jn-ice: wire and tin bars in-
cluded, 40c per 100 extra. Metal-cornered frames,
$1.00 per 100 more than all-wood. Frames with re-
versing devices and metal corners, .*3.3J per lUO
more than all-wood; without the metal corners,
80c lesg.

/' UHES A n VA .V< ' ED.

It always gives us more pleasure to reduce prices
than to advance them; but we are sometimes com-
pelled to advance to get cost.

SCREWS, BESSKMER STEEL.

The price of wood-screws has advanced so much
that we are comi)elled to withdraw prices in coun-
ter list, and advanced prices appear in next edition
of price list.

WIRE NAILS.

We have revised the wholesale rate of wire nails,
making a slight advance; but the retail price re-
mains the same, except 'a inch, which will be 18c
per lb. instead of 17.

HON BY-TUMBLERS.

The manufacturers of glass honey-tumblers have
advanced their price to us because of the general
advance in glass goods; and as we sold these very
close we are comi)elled to advance also.

GLASS.

(Jlass has been hard to get for some time, and
prices have been advancing; and from the present
outlook they are liable to advance still more. We
hope it may not last long, and we have not marked
up the prices of glass in our price list yet; but if
there is any more advance we shall have to charge
more than our list price; and if we do you will have
this notice in advance.

SMITH'S FORCE-PUMP, OR SPJIINKLEH.

We have for some time been selling these pumps
at wholesale lower than the manufacturer himself,
though we did not know it, and it has caused him
no little trouble in the way of complaints from his
customers. He came to see us a few days ago, and
we agreed to make our pi-ices the same as his and
other wholesale dealers'. This necessitates some
advance in prices, and we hereby cancel all quota-
tions and printed prices, and substitute the follow-
ing:

Price of one pump, $1.00; 3 for $l.?tO, or 3 for $3 7.5.
A crate of 13 for .$9.00; a crate of 34 for $16.00; a crate
of .50 for $30.00, or 100 for $55.00.

Now, to compensate for this advance the pump
has been gi-eatly improved. The plunger is made
dilTerently, and these improvements make the pumj)
cost more; hence the advance in price. There vvi II
be no deviation from these prices, except the cash
discounts quoted from time to time. When ordered
with other goods they will be shipped from here,
and thus you will save freight by ordering of us.

AinnrioNs Axj) iji I'uoj EMJjyrs.

We have made quite a few additions and improve-
ments which appear in the 6iith edition of our price
list, first among which is our

ONE-STORY CHAFF HIVES.

We have added to the price list a cut of this hive,
with table of prices.

T SUPERS.

These are to be used to tier up inside the Simp, or
chaff hive. They are illustrated and described else-
where in this issue.

SAW-T.\BLE FOR HlVE-MAKING.

'fhis is illustrated and described elsewhere in this
issue. The table of prices of hives in the Hat has
been revised, and a new table of

HIVES IN FLAT, INCLUDING INSIDE FURNITURE,

Has been added. This we hope will be a help to
many in making their orders, and in seeing at a
glance the cost of different hives camplctemthe
Hat, without figuring it all out from difi'erent parts
of the list.

Many other changes have been made too numer-
ous to mention here, and that you may be posted
you had better drop us a postal "for a new list and
samples of our comb foundation.

GOSPEL HYMNS.

We arc now able to furnish Gospel Hymns con-
solidated, in paper covers, without music, for only
5 cts., and the little book contains all of the Gospel
Hymns that have ever been published in numbers
1, 3, 3. 4. Sent by mail for 6 cts. These are especial-
ly intended for revival meetings, and will probably
prove to be a great convenience. We can furnish
10 copies for 48 cts., or 100 copies for $4.60.

1-58

GLEANmGS m BEE CULTUKE.

Feb.

We will give 2Uc for May, 1875, Gleanings, not

1885.

Our catalogue of seeds for the greenhouse,
garden, and farm is now ready, but it will be mail-
ed only on application. It also contains prices of
all kinds of vegetable plants — cabbage, caulitlower,
tomato, pepper, kohlrabi, etc.

PHOF. COOK'S BOOK ON MAPf-E-SlUtAK MAKING.

The book is now out, and is being mailed every
day. If you have only a couple of dozen trees, I
think it will enable you to save enough to pay the
cost of the book. Price of the book, 3.5 cts.; post-
paid, 38 cts.

G.\LVANIZED WIKE CLOTH FOK SEPARATORS.

We have .iust had an offer from the manufactur-
ers, which enables us to furnish wire cloth, four
meshes to the inch. No. 23 wire, for 5(4 cts. per
square foDt. Where wanted in quantities less than
a roll, the price will be 0 cts. per square foot; but at
this price you must take it in pieces clear across
the roll— that is, 3 feet wide. If cut to order, for
separators, we shall have to make an extra charge
for cutting, and whatever waste remains belongs
to the purchaser. This wire cloth is the same size
recommended by friend Betsinger, as nearly as I
can recollect. You will notice, by a little figuring,
that it costs considerably more than tin or wood.
As to how much better it is than either tin or
wood, experiment will have to determine.

W-iTERlUIRY watches.

The last series of Waterbury watches, which have
been on the market nearly a year, are giving such
surprisingly good satisfaction that it seems to me
hardly right to omit mention of it. Every watch we
send out is tested by the heads of the establishment;
\'iz., I carry two every day, and John and Ernest
each carries one. I rather think those I carry have
the most severe test; for the young man who giv'es
them to me, and takes them away again, sometimes
has to chase out of doors after me to get them.
Well, day after day the watches, when taken from
my pocket, after having been carried 34 hours, are
found to be right on the dot. One day one of the
workmen found one in the mud where I dro]>ped it,
in jumping across the creek. Even that did not
harm it.

A new edition of gardening for profit.
While the above embodies all that the old book
contained, it also includes every thing that Mr.
Henderson has written for the agricultural papers
since the old edition was out, besides bringing in
all the improvements in the way of varieties in cul-
tivation up to the present date. It also contains
the latest discoveries and improvements in the mat-
ter of greenhouses; and it seems to me it is a book
that any one interested in these industries can not
well get along without. Peter Henderson is now
one of the leading minds in market gardening in
the world. It was my good fortune to have a visit
with him a few dajs ago; and, although he is 63
years of age, he is as full of enthusiasm in every
thing pertaing to vegetable and plant growth as he
ever was in his life. Another thing that greatly pleas-
ed me was to see him so earnestly devoted, heart and
soul, toward thisproblem of interestingthe youth of
the present age in honest, legitimate outdoor indus-
tries. The new book is so luuch enlarged, the price
has been advanced to $3.00, postpaid by mail. We
can send it to you by express or freight, with other
goods, for f l.s.5.

PROl'ITS IN POULTRY.

This is the title of a new book, just received
from the O. Judd Co., New York. As usual with
their publications, it is well printed (3.50 pages) and
profusely illustrated. As one mind can not well
cover the whole range of experience and knowl-
edge of an industry, O. Judd Co. have selected sev-
eral of the best poultry-writers in the country to
write the book, eacli writer upon his special branch
of the industry, so that we have the cream of the
various departments of the subject. Its whole
tenor seems to discourage going too heavily into
poultry at /ir.st. Its motto seems to be, " Economy
all through." It tells how to make a coop for a
small amount of money, just such a one as the
average farmer feels he can afford. In its dis-
cussion of poultry-diseases it recommends only
simple treatment — no expensive doses or tonics

which can be purchased of Mr. So and So. In short,
the instructions all through are very simple, aided
by different cuts For instance, after one has read
the chapter on " Caponizing," he is made to feel
that he is already master of the art, so clear is the
description. The book seems to be especially well
adapted to the farmer and others who have no
desire to spend their money in fancy blood, fancy
coops, etc., but who wish to make poultry on a
small scale pay. We have decided to put it in our
booklist. Price by mail, .*1.00. If sent with other
goods, by freight or express, 90 cts.

CIKCULABS BECEIVED.

The following price lists have been received at
this ofBce:

An advertising slieet from Ezra Baer. Dixon, Ills.

A 14-page circular of bee-supplies from Chas. H. Smith, Pitts-
liekl, Mass.

A S2-page circular of apiarian supplies from E. T. Lewis &
Co.. Toledo. O.

.\n 8page ciri'ular of .supplies in Keiieral from F. M. Atwo<>d,
Rileyville. III.

A i-papre list of bee-keepers' supplies from E. C. Long, Wil-
liamsville. N. Y.

A leatlet—" Facts About Honev." from Samuel Cushman,
Pawtucket, R I.

A IS-page list of bee-supplies from J. W. Bittenbender,
Knoxville. Iowa.

An 8 |):ige list of bees, queens, and poultry, from Jno. A.
Thornton, Lima. 111.

A ■1-page sheet of bees, potatoes, etc., from Ernst S. Hilde-
niann. Ashii>iiun, Wis.

A 12-pai;e list of bees, queens, and supplies, from Jas. M.
Hyne. Stcwartsville, Ind.

An 8-page circular of bee-keepers' supplies, from A. D. D.
Wood, Rives .lunctioM. Mich.

.\n advertising sheet of Quinbv smokers and bee-hives,
from W. E. Clark. Oriskany.N. Y.

An S-jiagc (large size) circul.ar of bee-keepers' supplies and
poultry, from C. M. Dixon, Parrish, 111.

A.32-i)agc list of fruit - boxes, bee - supplies, etc.. from The
Berlin Fruit-Box C<>.,B.Tlin Heights. O.

An 8-page jirii'c list i large sizei. of jioultrv and bee-keepers'
supplies from A. H. Dulf. Crcighton. ().

A 14-page list of bees and queens, garden seeds, small fruits,
etc.. from Christian Weckesser. Marshallville. Ohio.

,\n 18-page list of bee-supi)lies. Specialty: the Richardson
hive and fixtures, from M. Richardson & Sou, Port Colborne,
Out.

.\ 4-page circular of supplies from J. H. Martin. Hartford.
N. Y. Among the special features of this we notice his chro-
mo cards.

An advertising sheet— specialty , the Eaton section-case, from
Frank A. E.aton, Blutfton, O. He also sends a 4-page circular
of bees, queens, and poultry.

A 32-p.age lisl of bee-supplies from E. Kretchmer, Coburg,
Iowa. The circular also contains consideralile information
upon hives made invcrtilile. sectional, etc.

A 36-pagc catalogue of bees, hives, lixtures. and general sup-
plies, from Edward R. Ncweomli. Pleasant Valley. N. Y. The
appearance of this tastily gotten-up catalogue is neat and
novel.

A 32-page list of supplies- -specialty, bee-hives and crates,
from (i. B.Lewis & Co., Watertown, Wis, They put out this
season new anil desirable styles of hives, such as the present
season will demand.

A 12-page list (large size) of ajuarian supplies— spei'ialty.
chatr and Sinii'Hcitv hives, from A. F, Rtauffer. Sterling. Tils,
We notice in the above, that Mrs. A. F. Stauffer advertises
eggs from tliat much-prized breeil, Plymouth Rocks.

.\ 32-page circular of apiarian supplies, Bee-Keeper's Guide
.and Men\<>r!nidum, from .I(,>s. Nysewander. Des Moines, Iowa.
Jlr. N. was one of ovir former stenograjihers and clerks in the
ortice i>f the Home of the Honey-Bees. We are glad to note
his evident success.

.\ large-size ."id-ijage circulai- of every thing i)ertaining to the
apiary, from .Vbbott Bros.. Southall , London, England. These
gentlemen .-ire probablv the l.aigest apiarian-.-upply dealers in
England. They illusti-ate nunierous styles of hives, quite
varied in design— crates, honey -bottles, etc.

The following were printed at this office:

A leaflet of ajiia rian supplies for L. Purdy, Killbuck, Ohio.

.\n IS-iiage eirciil.ar of treneral bee-supplies, bees, queens,
etc.. for.Iohii Xebel & Son, HiL-h Hill, Mo.

.V12-pagc list (.f aiii.arian implements, comprising (piite a
complet<- lisl, for .M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch. Mich.

An S-iiage list of supplies— spccialtv, Fo>ter"s Adjustable
honey-case ami hives for Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon. la.

An'8-page circular of bee-keepers' supplies for E. C- Kepner,
Dunlap, Tenn. Mr. K. proposes to take students in apiculture.
Wi-ite him for terms.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS,

We ha\e constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress R. ECKERMAMV & ^«^IIiIi,
Boeswax Bleachers & Eeflners, 4-13db S7EACUSE, N. Y.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

163

Contents of this Number.

Apiarv, Hcacock's 177

Bfc Li'Risliition ISO

Bits Ni'a r a Kiiill'oad 186

Biis. Yimiitr. Development. 165

Bees, Moving- 185

Be(■^wa^•, MakiiiK 172

Biiiicliam's Comments 186

Biukwheat. Japanese 166

Bumlile-bees 181

Cellar Waiiiieil with Water 18B
Chart' Hives. 1 and 2 Story . .189

Cl<
Comh

.170
168

, Emiitv. 173

Oof lull. Mrs.. Letter from... 178
Kdilorial Responsibility. ...175

Kditoiials 190

Ka Ise .Statements 169

Kt-edins in Collar 178

Koiil Biiiiid Preventing... 180

Frames. Kiiiptv 173

Heudsi.lMiiain 185

Hives .Stovrrs Tall 176

Hoiiev roliimn 164

Hoiie'v Used for Wax 171

Honey, Peddling 183

Hcmev. Price of. 182

Horn: Thomas 175

Humbugs and Swindles 170

Kind Words 191

Legislation. Bee 190

Myself and My Neighbors.. 187

Our Own Apiary 189

P. Benst.n 170

Peavine Clover 170

Proti<lor for Queen-oe]ls...l74
Uueeii, Kespiratory Organs 169
Queens. Italy to Australia.. 185

Question. A Moral 166

Reports Discouraging 18S

Reports Encoura.ging 184

Saliva. Function of 179

Sections. Half-pound 182

Separators , 182

Sowing Clover-seed 170

Super, The T 190

Swarming-box, Felton's 168

Thomas Horn 175

Vinegar Ironi Honey 179

.186

vinegar Iron) Honey.
Yields, L.irge. Stolen

Eggs

AT KANSAS CITY, JVIO.

«PUREflTJLIANIBEESffORtSALE.-J>

Untested queens, in May $1 50

" " " June 125

" " after " 1 00

Tested queens, double the above prices.

Full colonies, before Jub' 1 S13 00

" " after " 10 00

Bees per half-pound, same prices as untested
queens. My untested queens are

Warranted to be Purely Mated.

My bees are in fine condition ; no " foul brood " ill
my yard or neig-hborhood.
3tid. E. M. HAYHURST, P. O. Box 60.

ALL DOVETAILED SECTIONS,

One and two pounds. Langstroth Hives, etc.; 50
colonies Italian Bees, Nuclei, Queens, Brood and
Section fdn. Ash kegs for extracted honey, frames
of brood and bees. M. IS BELL,

3 6db. Norwich, N. Y.

CHEAP*.

12 <'oIouieH of Pure Italian and Hybrid,
at I'l otii $3.50 to $5.50. Some are tested queens,
reared by Wm. W. Cari'. After Mar. 15th, Wyan-
dotte Eggs at $l.oO per 13. My stock is from
the l)est strain of Geo. A. Preston's, Bing-hamton,
NY C. C. FENN,

•'>-Td Washington, Conn.

100 Colonies of Italian Bees for Sale.

Italians, .iKe.Oii; hybrids, $5.00. Frames IOHXI514
outside measure. Address

W. H. HOBSON, in. D.,
o-fid Irving, ITIontgoiuery Co., Ills,

FnP ^3lP ^^'^ colonies of Italian bees.

From
$5.00 to #8.00 per colonv. Tested
(nicctis, in May, $2.00; after June 1, *1.50. Tntested
qu« ens, in May, .$1.00; six, $5.00; after June 1, T5c, ;
si.\, #4.00. Also bees by the pound; 3 and H frame
niiclcj: liives, sections, fdn., etc. Circular free.
.Virdb Address JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill. Mo.

COMB FOUNDATION.

i Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; e.xtra thin Van-
I dervort Fdn., 45c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
I and 30c. per lb. 10% discount on ail orders received
before the 15tb of April.

3-tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

Extraordinary Exchange !

Having- disposed of my bee-supply business, at
Des Moines, Iowa, to Jos. Nysewander, I hope my
friends and customers will be as generous with him
in orders and good will as they have been with me.
I am no longer in the supply trade here after March
1st, 1887. .1. M. SHUCK. 5-6d

HAVE YOUR WAX WORKED NOW,

By ('. H. McFadden, cheap, first-class fdn., on

Vandervort Mills. Box 35,

5d Clarksburg, JTIoniteati Co., Mo.

I'litil March 30th I will offer

Four-Piece One*Pound Dovetailed Sections,

smoothed on one side, for $;5.00 per lOOit; sample
tree. With each order I will give a section-box
former free. M. A. LOHE, Vermontville, Eaton Co,, Mich. 5d

P|\p ^alp Italian-Albino Bees and Queens, by
rui OalC. the pound. Nucleus, and full Colonies.

Address OTTO KLEINOW,

5tfdb (opp. Fort Wayne Gate, Detroit, Mich.

Brr Ull/rC two simplicity hives, 10 brood-
^^"••IVtO. frames, 7 wide frames, 3 covers,
and 56 1-lb. sections, all for Si* 1.20. Pecan duck
eggs and Plymouth-Rock chicken eggs, 13 of
each for $1.00. T. A. Gunn, Tullahoma, Tenn. 5d

DO YOU WAI4T TO BUY BEES?

If so, send for my circular and price list. lam
selling out mv bees at just one-half my regular list
prices. JAS. ERAVIN, Smith's Grove, Ky. .5tfd

Krk COLONIES OF ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE,
t3\f ready for shipment the last of April or first
of May. L. frames, 6 frames in light shipping-box,
one, $7.00; 3 to 5, $6. .50 each ; 5 or more, $6.00 each.

L.. HKINK,
5-7d Bellmore, Queens Co., N. Y.

1887. 17tli Year in fiueen-Rearing. 1887.
ITALIAN AND SYRIAN QUEEN-BEES

AND THEIR CROSSES.

Tested queen in Aju-il, May, and June $3 00

Untested " " " '• " " 100

After June 15th. tested, $1.00; untested. 75c. each.
Sent by mail, and sale arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. No circulars. Address
57itd W. P. Henderson, ITIurrreesboro, Tenn.

(Kenward-Hall Hphry.)

20() untested queens readv for mailing; prices:
March, $1.00; doz., $13.00; April, $1.00; doz., $10.00;
May, 90c; doz., $9.00; June, 80c; doz., $8.00; July,
7.5c; doz., f7.00. Write for information and price
list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

5tfdb Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

* SECTIONS.*

First quality, white basswood, dovetailed, or to
nail; 4 pieces, 414x414; price, $4..50 per M.; 5000, $30.
Sure to please you. Any size of section made to
order, and shipping-crates in season. Sample sec-
tion sent for a stamp.
5tfdb F. GRANGER & SON,

Harford Mills, Cortland Co., N.Y.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. IStfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon. Linn Co.. Iowa.

OADAKT'S FOUITBATIOIT FACT0B7, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

164

GLEANIIMGS in bee OULTUliE

MAR.

pe^EY 0@MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Louis.— HoHejy.— Honey still drags; the de-
mand is very light; and to effect sales we have to
shade prices.

White-clover, 1-lb. sections, 11@ia

Wild-flower, 1-lb. section, 10@10V4

Broken comb, 7@.9

Extracted, white-clover, tin cans, .5@5i4

White-sage and wild-flower, cans, ' i@5

White, In bbls , Southern, 3@Ali

Beeswax, choice yellow, 25; medium lots, 22@.23;
dark, 20. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Feb. 21, 18S7. 108 and 110 Market St.

Boston.— Ho/iejy.— No change in prices, and de-
mand is for one-pound sections of fancy white
honey. Bi.ake & Ripi.ey,

Feb. 21, 18S7. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago. — Honey. — Sales small and not fre-
quent. Commission houses are being urged to sell
out consignments sent them some time ago; and as
these are ottered at buyers' figures, the market may
be called weak. E.vtracted, ver.>' little being- sold.
Beeswax: 35. K. A. Burnett,

Feb. 34, 1S87. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— Honey. —Very few sales reported, with
large supply on hand, and prices some lower. Best
white, ll@12c. Beeswax, 23c.

Feb. 21, 1887. M.H.Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati.- HojiPj/.— We quote extracted honey
at 'K5i7c on arrival, t'hoice comb honey, at 12@15c
in a jobbing way. Demand slow.

Beeswax.— There is a good demand for this, which
brings 20(rti23c on arrival for good to choice vellow.

Feb. 23, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kansas City.— f/oxcy.- There is no change to re-
port since our last to you.
Feb. 21, 1887. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth and Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland.— Hrmej/.— There is no material change
in honey. Demand continues very light with val-
ues unchanged. Best white in 1-lb. sections sell, at
13c; 2-lbs., 11@12. Dark 1-lb., 10c. Extracted, 6c.
Beeswax, 2;')C. A. C. Kendel,

Feb. 19, 1887. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Milwaukee.— Honey. —The demand for honey is
very fair, and supply amjjle. We will quote white
1-lb. sections. 11@12; white 2-lb. sections, 10@11;
Dark, not wanted. Extracted white, in bbls., and
kegs, 6(a.(j;2; in small q\iantities, 6i(ai7V^. Dark, in
bbls. and casks, 3@5. iiccywax. nominal, 25c.

Feb. 23, 18ST. A. V. Bishop,

142 W. Water Street.

Philadelphia.— Worie?/. — Honey continues dnll
at the declinf noted. White - clover, fancy 1-lb.
glass sections, 10c; same, fair to good in glass sec-
tions, and 2-lb. lair to fancy, 7(5'!>.

Buckwheat, 6(5j8c, as to condition.

Strained, ."^iSe.

Beeswax sells on arrival. Choice white, 37@28;
choice yellow, 23@24; dark, 20@23.

Feb. 14, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths,

242 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CoLi^MBUS.— Hovicy.- No material change in mar-
ket. White-clover in 1-lb. sections, 15(^il6c. Ex-
tracted, 10@12!4. California honey, slow sale at
8@10c.

Beeswax, fair demand, selected yellow, 22@2.5e;
dark, 18(g!20.

Feb. 31, 1887. Eakle Clickengeb,

117 S. 4th St., Columbus, Ohio.

For Saf/E — 600 lbs. of very nice light-colored
buckwheat honey, in kegs of 160 lbs. each, 5c per
lb. Chas. T. Gerould,

East Smithfleld, Bradford Co., Pa.

For Sale.— 1 have about 3(.KI lbs. of fall honey and
honey-dew mixed, which 1 will sell to the highest
bidder. F. W. Stevens,

Moore's Hill, Dearborn Co., Ind.

For Sale.— Six 48-gallon bbls. of choice white-
clover honey at 6c per lb., and eight 10-gallon kegs
atC^c; 4 bbls. fine Spanish needle at .5c, and three
2.5-gallon kegs of fine mixed honey (Spanish needle
and heart'sease) at 512C per lb.' here on board of
cars. Send 3cent stamp for each sample.

Emil J. Baxth'.r, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

QUEENS, B^Ss. QUEENS,

MV ITALilAN BEES AINI> QLEKINS can
not be excelled in BEAIITV and WORK-
ING QUALITIES. JS"] make a specialty of
Reariu" FBNIil KEESX and ttlEKNS. Frioes
Kediii-ed Kor 1887. Be sure to send tor my NEW
Catalogue before buviug. Address
56d FRANK A. EATON, Bluff ton, O.

U

ENGLISH YOU KNOW."

How the genuine Bingham bee-smoker is looked
upon in England, where we have no patents, and
any one can make or use or sell just such smokers
as he pleases or thinks best. The editor of the
weekly British Bre .Imirual, Thos. W. Cowan, after
using five full columns and nine good cuts in il-
lustrating the Bingham bee smoker (space and cuts
that would have cost us more than one hundred
dollars), says, " A real Bingham will send a greater
volume of smoke, and that to a greater distance,
than any other smoker we know. We have had
such a smoker in use since 1878; and although we
have been obliged to renew the bari-el, which be-
came worn through from constant use, nothuig has
been done to the bellows, which is just as good as it
was on the first day we had it. A smoker like this
will burn almost any sort of fuel that will produce
smoke when smouldering. We use old rags, brown
paper, or sacking; but peat, decaj'ed wood, or even
ordinary firewood, will do when it is well kindled."

For the lowest and the highest priced smokers
sold in the United States, and the genuine Bingham
& Hethcrington uncapping-knives, send card for
circulars to Bluj^Iiaiu & Hetlteringtoiij
5tfd Abronta, mich.

PLANTS.

Send a postal card and get
mv prices of all of the lead-
ing varieties of STBAW-

BERRIES, KASl'BRK-

RII<:S, BL.A4KBi:RRIES, CIRStANTS, and
GRAPE^i. Prices very low. All stock warranted.

EZRA G. SMITH,
5d Manchester, Ont. Co., N> Y.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., BEE-KEEPERS i CONN.

—SEND FOR MY NEW PRICE LIST,—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.Y.

4tfdl>

ARTHUR TODD,

1910 OERMANTOWN AVE.
9 PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Dadant Brood Foundation, 4(lc; (cr wiring. 45e; thin
surplus. .50c. Extra thin. 6iJc. BEKS, QUEEMS ,
SECTI4»INS, SUPl'LilEK OENERALLiY. .5d

FOR SALE

AT $1.00 EACH,

20 or 25 good Italian
queens bred from a pure
select tested mother, 1 and 2 years old. They were
mated n ith lilack drones. Ready at any time.

H. C. I»UTY,
5tfdb Walnut Hill, l.a Fayette Co., Ark.

ITe^wr Bee - Hi^ire

Takes either Eclectic or Simplicity frstmes, the lib.
sections, etc., and is cheaper and better than any he
hits before brought out. He sells all supplies cheap-
er ihnn ever, and guarantees satisfaction EVERV
TIJTIE. You will save money by writing him for
particulars. 5tfdb 51 Barclay S., N. 'V .

Vol. XV.

MARCH 1, 1887.

No. 5.

TERMS :»i.oo Per ANNTJM, IN ADVANCE; 1 T? ,,+ nh1-i oh o r] I'-n 7 J? '7 ^

10 or moie, 75 cts. each. Single mini- i
l)ti-.5fts. Additions to clubs maybe |
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffick.

f Clubs to different postoffices, not less
I tli;in 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
J U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
j tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA. OHIO. V.%^il^''d!v%Td.l':^^y^^^^^

PUBLISHED SKIII-MIIXTHLY BY

DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG BEES.

SOMETHING FURTHER FROM FRIEND DC)()I.1TTI,E.

youuf

ATELY 1 saw the statement that " bees seem
I to possess the power to retard the develop-
r ment of both egg's and larva^, as also to has-
ten this process," which may be true or it
may not be true. That the development of
bees is greatly retarded at times and accel-
erated at others, no close observer will deny; but
the question in doubt is, whether the bees have the
power of thus hastening or retarding the develop-
ment, or is it a condition or state of things over
which they have no control? I believe, as has been
lately given in Gleanings, that the egg is changed
into larva only as it is touched by the pabulum
from the nurse-bees, and thus far consider that the
bees have perfect control over the hatching
of the eggs; but further than this I think that
the time of year, temperature, etc., have more
to do with the matter than the bees. Extreme heat
will so hasten development that I have known
perfect young bees to hatch in less than 10 days,
while vei'y cool weather so retards development
that several cases of worker-bees being in the cell
for 24 days have come under my notice. In this
connection I wish to give some experiments which
rather go against my own conclusions, and favor
the statement at the commencement of this article;
yet as this i-etardiug of development, which is to
bespoken of, happened only at the closing of the
season, 1 am not sure that such as comes in mid
season is produced in the same way.

For two springs past I have experimented to find
out the tine terapcrMtnrc reqtiired lor brood-rear-
iiig, by placing a .■-eli i.gistering thermometer in-
side the cluster of brood and bees. It is no hard

matter to get the highest temperature ever reach-
ed in a hive; but to get the lowest is quite another
thing. As the outside air is always colder than that
in the hive, unless in rare instances, all there is to
be done to get the highest degree of heat is simply
to place the thermometer in the hive, leaving it
there as long as you wish when it is taken out, and
the degree noted.

Before going further 1 will here state that 98° is
the warmest I have ever found it to be in the hive
in our hottest summer weather, when the mercury
was but a very few degrees colder in the shade out-
side. How the bees can so keep down the temper-
ature of the hive by ventilation is more than I can
see; for a hive with no bees in it becomes so hot
that animal life can not exist, as I once found by
confining a hen for a few hours in a box about the
size of a hive, which sat on the ground in the hot
sun; for when I went to get her she was dead and
nearly roasted. Do we know that the bees do so
keep down the temperature by ventilation'] May
they not have some other means of doing it? But,
to return: To get the lowest degree ever fallen to,
we have to place the thermometer in a very warm
place, so as to make it go up to 110° or over, when
the steel registering-bar on the cold side is drawn
down to this degree. If we now start for the hive
with it, the cool outside air will cause the mercury
to sink, so that our object is thwarted; and after a
little thought I overcame this trouble in this way :
I heated a piece of iron to 140°, and placed it in a
box. A cloth was laid on the iron, and another over
this, when the box was closed for a few minutes, so
as to warm the cloth. The thermometer was now
slipped between the cloth, and carried to the hive
so that nocooling-otr of any amount occurred, while
the frames were being put in place to receive

166

GLEANINGS IxN HEE CULTURE.

Mar.

It. In this way I was able to get the lowest point
reached during- cool nights, on some of which there
was nearly a frost. This proved to be at the lowest
92° in all colonies having four frames and upward
of bi'ood. In a small colony having brood in only
three combs I found 90° registered after a very cool
night. From this we see that there is only 8° varia-
tion inside the brood-nest during the height of
brood-rearing, if my tests are any criterion to go
by. During all of these tests so far mentioned, the
bees were as activ^e as we usually find them in June
and July, so that the activity of the bees may have
much to do with this matter.

Now for the last experiment, which was made the
last of September. For several years I had noticed
that queen-cells in a queen-nursery, used on the
Alley plan, would not hatch regularly after Sept.
1, the time varying from the usual 16 days to 24,
and sometimes more, while later they would not
hatch at all, and I found much the same conditions
existing with frames of worker brood. A sin-
gle experiment gave a temperature at this time of
year of only 81° as that now maintained inside the
brood-nest. At this time all that activity manifest-
ed early in the season was gone, and the bees were
sluggish and idle, which might account for the
whole matter, were it not that brood-rearing is re-
tarded during the season of activity. Reader, here
is a subject for study and experiment; and this
somewhat (jUsponnected article is written with the
hope that such an interest may be taken in this im-
perfectly understood matter that we may soon
know all about this interesting part of our pursuit.

Borodino, N. Y. G. M. Doolitti^e.

Thanks for the facts furnished, friend D
Although temperature is a very necessary
item in the matter, I am inclined to think,
from the experiments I have tried, that it is
by no means the most important element.
In trying to get a small cluster of bees to
rear brood, I failed entirely, even when I
had the temperature exactly where you place
it. The activity that comes, say when fruit-
trees are in bloom, is, I am very sure, an
important element. I think I can see how
the bees may lower the temperature ; in
fact, I knew of this before, for I have seen
bees right in the blazing sun, where the en-
trance was large enough, keep the interior
of tlie hive comparatively cool; and my
opinion at the time was. that it was done by
the evaporation of the thin, newly gathered
honey. Converting any liquid into vapor
carries oil the heat very rapidly, and advan-
tage is taken of this fact in ice-machines, to
be seen at onr expositions. No doubt the
bees knew all about it long before it was
discovered by human beings.

A MOEAIi QUESTION.

ONE THAT COMES FROM A YOUNG SUPPLY-DEALER.

R. ROOT: — I wish to ask your opinion about

a little matter concerning sections. My

trade in them is not very extensive. On

account of the very low rate at which I

can get poplar here, and with my facilities

for making them in the winter time, I am sure I

can furnish them, freight paid to any point in the

Eastern and Middle States, at a lower price than

they are now offered. My inquiry is this: Would
it be right for me to lay my plans to do so next
winter, as being the " greatest good to the greatest
number" (of bee-keepers), or should 1 join with my
brother-manufacturers in not injuring their trade,
which they may have woi-ked hard to get?

I admit, this may be a rather funny question,
but I am young in the ways of the world, and per-
haps Dr. C. C. Miller might want another act of
"special legislation" on the ground of "priority
of trade." H. P. Langdon.

East Constable, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1887.

Friend L., 1 am exceedingly glad to have
you ask such a question before going ahead.
1 do not mean that I am able to answer it,
for I am not — I can simply suggest. If you
can furnish sections as you say, and your mo-
tive is a right and proper one, I do not know
why you should not sell them at whatever
price you can honestly afford to. You should
remember, however, that we are having fail-
ures in business almost constantly, because
some one new to the work undertakes to sell
things lower than he can afford ; that is, he
fails to take into account the necessary ex-
penses incident to doing almost any kind of
business. I hardly believe, however, that I
would agree to pay freight to all parts of the
country. Some manufacturers advertise that
they will allow a rebate of from 25 to 50 cts.
per lOU lbs., in order to equalize freights. It
seems to me the safer way for you would be,
however, to advertise at a moderate price ;
then after you have done business a while,
and have carefully kept account of expenses,
come down a little if you can do so safely. I
think it is very neighborly and kind to talk
over the matter with other supply-dealers or
manufacturers of sections, and avoid ruin-
ous competition as much as maybe. I would
also avoid getting into so-called "rings," to
keep up prices, especially where they are
managed so as to keep prices above what
they ought to be. The greatest good to the
greatest number of bee-keepers is a very
safe rule, I think, always remembering to
be just and fair in all your transactions.

IMPROVEMENTS IN BUCK"WHEAT.

HENDERSON'S NEW JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

J'{^ S buckwheat is one of the few honey-
I plants that can be raised by bee-keep-
K ers with a great probability of paying
^ expenses on the grain alone, without
any mention of the honey, we are
ready for any improvements that may be
made in the grain ; and even should the im-
provement be justaslightone,it will amount
to quite a sum in the aggregate, for we can
just as well plant the best as to plant the
poorest. When it comes to the matter of
seeds, even if the first expense should be
four or five times the price of the common
variety, we can in one year, or, at the most,
two, liave the improved seed as cheaply as
the poorest. Over we give you a cut of a
new buckwheat illustrated in Peter Hender-
son's catalogue. We shall test it at once,
and shall be glad to have it tried extensively
by bee-men.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

167

As we know nothing whatever of the

Slant except what Henderson says, we copy
is description from his catalogue.

As far as we know, and so far as careful inquiry
goes among- men likely to be posted on such sub-
jects, this Japanese Biichwheat is not only entirely
distinct from all other varieties, but has never be-
fore been seen in this country, except in the limit-
ed area that we will shortly refer to. A thimbleful
of this buckwheat was sent by a .lapanese gentle-
man to a friend residing in New .Jersey in 1883.
The most of the product of that thimbleful met
with a calamity, but enoufih was saved to enable

tic over it, as, sown on the same da}' with the silver-
hull, it ripened a week sooner, and yielded almost
as much ag-ain. To show what a .vielder it is, we
may mention that one firain was planted in a gar-
den, and from that was obtained 860 ripe kernels.
This variety can be planted as far north as New
Hampshire.

I had a small quantity of th<" New Japanoso Buckwheat
troiii you last year, which I planted on 5th day of .July, 1886,
and from thisfeut, and hatf. in trood clean buckwheat. 1392
pounds, which ri|>cne(l earlier, and has produced more than
three times the yield of the silverhull with the same cul-
tui-e. David Beam.

MlIiVAI.K. N. J.. Nov. 12, 1886.

THE NKW JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

the grower to sow in 18S.5 half a bushel, and the
result of that sowing was fnriy Jmshels of good seed.
A glance at our illustration will show that the
kernels are at least twice the size of those of any
other variety, and of a .shape peculiar and distinct
from all others. The color of the kernels is also
most distinct, being a rich dark shade of brown.
The grower of this buckwheat finds that the straw
is heavier; that it branches more, and does not
need to be sown as thickly as the other kinds. The
flower made from it is equal in quality to that of
any other buckwheat, and, as the yields show, is
enormously productive. The party from whom we
bought the stock, distributed in 1886 ten bushels
among farmers in his neighborhood, and, on the
let of October, he wrote to us that all are eiithusias-

I The New Japanese Buckwheat ripened about one week
sooner than the old-fashioned kind, and produced more th.an
i as much again to the same amount of sowing the past season.
1 Pompton. N. J., Nov. 16. 1886. LEMUEL Van NESS.

! We have purchased one bushel, and can
furnish it to our readers in five-cent pack-
ages, as we do all other seeds. In larger
quantities, 10 cts. for i lb. ; 85 cts. per lb., or
$2.00 iper peck. If wanted by mail, add 5

. cents for each i lb., or 18 cents tor a whole
pound. If you want further particulars

I from those who have raised it, write to the

I parties whose testimonials appear above.

16S

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak.

A CABT FOR MOVING COMBS ABOUT
THE APIARY.

AN INVENTION THAT COMES FROM AWAY DOWN IN
CUBA.

fRIEND ROOT:— 1 send you a diagrarn of our
ooiub-cart. The cart is desig-ned for carrying-
combs to and from the honej'-house while ex-
tracting. The box. or body, of the cart, is 41
inches long, inside measure, and of ordinary
store combs it will hold just 30. The box is made
the right depth for the comb you are using. The
top edge of the side board is rabbeted, to receive
the projecting- end of the top bar of the frame, and
a full comb of honey haugs in the cart as nicely as
it did in the hive. The wheels are cast iron, 33
inclies high, with a tire, or face, 2% inches. The
body of the cart, when the handles are lield up, is
just .5 inches from the ground. The wheels are
fastened to the side of the box by means of a tlang-e;
that is, screwed fast to the box by 7 screws. The
flange is 7 inches across, and the a.xle upon which
the wheel turns is cast fast to this flange. You will
see by this arrangement we can let the box down
near the ground, thus doing away with the use of
leg-s on either end, and still have the benefit of a
pretty good-sized wheel. The wheels ?ire placed in
the middle of the box, so that, when it is loaded,
there is little or no weight upon the hands; and the
perfect ease with which we handle 30 full combs of
honey with this cart would beat the oldest bee-man
if he had never tried it. When we start out in the
morning- we have the cart full of empty combs, and
the work of exchanging combs begins— exchanging-
empty combs for full ones. As fast as we take out
a full one, we put in an empty one. We never
open a hive more than once. Now, friend Root,
this cart is my own get up, and it is not patented;
and if you wish to make and use it you are free to

do so. A. W. OSBURN.

Havana, Cul)a, W. I.

A BOY'S SWARMING-BOX

FKIKND ObBURN S COMB-CART.

We are very much obliged indeed, friend
O., for your very ingenious arrangement.
The only trouble that I can see is, that the
combs might swing while being wheeled,
but I presume not more than tliey would on
an ordinary wlieelbarrow. Your idea of
getting the shaft out of the way is an ingen-
ious one, but I should think it would neces-
sitate liaving the boxes made pretty strong ;
and with Ijoxes so near the ground, it is
rather necessary to have tlie ajiiary i)retty
well leveled and graded. I should think the
cart might be extremely handy for other
purposes, where the ground is even and level
— say on the sidewalk, for instance. One
could carry a great weight, and not feel it
very much. Very light strong wlieels are
now made of steel, the same as are now used
on our new wheelbarrow. Many thanks for
your liberal offer.

DESCRIBED BY THE BOY HIMSELP.

R. ROOT:— As I see swarming- boxes ad-
vertised in Gle.vnings, I thought 1 would
send you a sample of my s warming-box.
It beats the Kaler bo.x, in my opinion.
There is no standing and holding a box up
in the air for the bees to go in; no taking combs
out of the box and putting them in the hive. Sim-
ply place your hives just where you want them,
with your empty comb in the hive. Put your sec-
tions on, if you want them on. VVhen the swarm
commences to settle, hang the box over them.
About nine times out of ten they will cluster in the
box. If they are too long going in, take your smo-
ker and smoke them a little on the under side. They
will run into the box very quickly; then lift the
box off' the limb, carry them to your hive, pull out
the pin at the top end of the handle, turn the han-
dle to one side, dump the bees in front of the hive,
and let them run in, and your work is done.

2\

FEIjTON'S SWAIi.MlNG-i;0.\.

Now, Mr. Root, please jusL take the little box and
hang- it on some of your shrubbery, and see how
nicely it will haug. Tiie handle will be supported
by the limbs, so that it will hang almost anywhere.
The little block on the side of the box, under the
handle, is to keep from smashing bees. The notch-
ed piece on top of the bo.x is lor a handle. There is
no better method for catching (jueens from after-
swarms that I know of, than to catch them in this
box and dump them on a sheet. Set the box back a
couple of feet, and catch the queens while they are
going- to the box again.

My papa says it is the lazy man's swarnjing-box.
When the bees commence to cluster, just hang the
box over them, and sit down in the shade till they
are in the box, in place of holding the box up in the
air. S E Frt.ton.

Newtown, Forest Co., Pa , Jan 31, W-iT
Very good, my young friend. No tloubt
your swarming-box will answer as you de-
scribe, but will not ours also V May be,
however, yours is handier and easier \x\ man-
age. If you have tried both. 1 presume very
likely you are right a))out it. I am sorry
you did not tell us how old you are. I think
tlie engravers have made a pretty good pic-
ture of your device^dou't \ou think so V I
will explain to our leaders, that a little
model was sent in a papei' box, with a letter,
and the engravers made this cut from the
model.

1«87

GJ.EANINCiS IN BEE CUJ/rUUE.

169

FALSE STATEMENTS IN EEGARD TO THE HON-
EY BUSINESS OF OUR COUNTRY.

As a protection to our bee-ki^eping population, we propose in
this department to publish the names of newspapers that per-
sist in publishing false statements in regard to the purity of
honey which we as bee-keepers put on the market.

0NE of our readers sends us the follow-
ing, clipped from the Detroit Free
Press of Jan. 2S :
The artificial honey now made in New
Vork is so close to the ^"-enuine that only the
e.xperts can detect the ditference. It is in racks,
the same as the natural product, and now and then
the wiiiKS and leffs of a lew dead bees are to lie
found to further the deception. It can be sold at a
profit for ten cents per pound, and the houey-liee
may go.

On receipt of the same I inclosed it to the
editor with the following letter:

Editor Detroit Fkee Press:—

Dear Si/;— Permit me, friends, to call your atten-
tion to the fact that you are doing- g-reat harm to a
larg-e class of people by the publication of items
like the inclosed. We, as bee-keepers, have been
following- this matter up foi- more than two years,
and I think you have been written to in regard to
this matter, but perhaps you have forg:otten about
it. The statement i.s absohitely false in regard to
comb honey, or honey in racks, as your item terms
it. It is true, genuinecomb honey of second quality
has been sold as low as 10 cents per pound, but not
one pound of manufactured comb honey has ever
been brought forward in answer to the offer made
in our journal, of ipUkiO, over a year ag-o. You can
easily ascertain our responsibility; and to convince
you that you are uncjuestionably mistaken, I will
now pay $1000 to be told where such spurious honey
is manufactured. 1 think I should be safe in offer-
ing $101)0 for a single sample, were it not that some-
thing- might be gotten up for the occasion, to make
some sort of a semblance to artificial comb honey.
We have been following the n)atterupfor sonio
time, and very many of our periodicals have public-
ly recalled, or contradicted, the false statements
the.v have innocently made. The statements are
greatly damaging the sale of real honey. Believ-
ing you are anxious to have truth aiid not er-
ror prevail, I have written you this letter. Will you
not kindly return inclosed slip with
your replyV

Yours truly, A. I. Root.

A prompt answer came to
the above, as follows :

A. I. Root; — Such items get into
print without any intention of doing
anyone an injury. A correction will
appear to-morrow, and I will send
you a copy of the paper.

C. B. Lewis.

Detroit, Mich., Feb. 3, 1887.

And in due time the following
from the pages of the Press:

It was mentioned in this column the other day
that "artificial honey now made in New York was
so close to the genuine that only e.xperts can de-
tect it." Letters from apiarists in Michigan and
Ohio warmly deny the statement, saying- the artifi-
cial can easily he detected, and that its manufac-
ture and sale is a miserable fraud which should not
be tolerated. We did not intend to either advertise
or bolster up the fraud. Pure honey is cheap
enough so that all can afford it, and the artifical
would be dear at any price.

The above is somewhat of an apology for
the erroneous statement, It is true ; but I
confess I felt saddened because we do not
see a frank, fiee acknowledgment that
the former notice was an error. Why can't
the Free Press say there is no such thing
made, neither in the city of Xew York nor
in any other city ? I ain sure that neither

apiarists from Michigan nor Ohio stated
that the artificial comb honey could be
easily detected, for there is no such stuff,
and never toas. 1 have heard it stated
from the pulpit, that the way to ruin is
broad antl easy because it is down liill; and
our experience in this line seems to indicate
that it is exceedingly easy for newspapers
to catch on and push aliead in tlie line of
telling lies; but it is terribly narrow, close,
and up hill to tell the bare naked truth, es-
pecially when truth demands that the edit-
or of a newspaper should fairly and square-
ly acknowledge he has lieen mistaken, or
tliat he has iinconscionsly done anybody a
wrong. May (lod help us to be bold and
fearless in stating the truth wiien it comes
our turn to apologize and retract.

THE TW^O METHODS BY "WHICH BEES
PRODUCE SOUND.

AN INTERBSTINO ITEM FROM ONE OF OUR GER-
MAN COTEM FOR ARIES.

f^HROUGH the kindness of Mr. C J.
I*" II. Gravenhorst we are enabled to
I present our readers with the beauti-
ful engraving of the queen's respira-
tory apparatus as below. The re-
marks accompanying were taken from the
Illustrierte Biemnzeitung , of Dec, 18S(3. of
which Mr. Gravenhorst is tlie editor. The
Germans are keen observers and close stu-
dents ; and we doubt not, that, as tliis ques-
tion as to how the queen emits sound has
recently been discussed, our readers will
take pleasure in reading the following
translation :

The Biefienw/fer contains a very fine article from
the pen of the editor, in regard to the voice of
queen-bees, which has greatly interested us. As is
well known, the different views in regard to this

RESPlRATOltY ORGANS OF QUEEN.

point do not agree one with another. Ac<;ording
to Mr. Treflfs theory, there is no doubt that bees,
especially queens, have not onlv one voice, but
also a second method of producing tones— the first
by the movement of the wings, and the other by
the respiratory organs. In the .first case we speak
of the tone given out in fiight; in the latter, of a
voice. The piping and teeting of the young queen
is familiar to every apiarist. The first one is in-
distinct on account of the inclosing cell. The voice
of a fertilized (jueen, like that of the drone and
worker bees, is less noticeable. Bees do not
breathe by means of a mouth and lungs, but
through openings, or air-holes, called stigmata, of
which there are two pairs on the under side of the
thorax, and Ave pairs on the abdomen ^isue a, b, c,
d, e, in the cut). Through these stigmata, the air
enters through curiously made tubes, called tra-
chea-, which, in the abdomon, expand into sacks of
ooasiderable size, la the midst of this bi-eatting-

170

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

apparatus the voice of the bee is produced, similar
to the way a tone is produced in whistling. The
trachete constitute the pipes, and the eurtain-
lilse film of chitin, which lies around the alr-open-
ing-s, represents the tong-ue. By means of the ex-
pelled air, the Jilm is caused to give forth a tremu-
lous tone. Now, the alidomen of a perfect queen is
more strongly developed than is that of drones or
workers; hence queens are able to give out a loud-
er and stronger tone, piping and teeting; and even
in a virgin state this tone is much stronger than
when the body is distended by a full ovary and
swollen oviduct, as shown at E and V in the cut.
This is the reason why we hear weaker and less
frequent tones from fertile queens.

pafiBaeg ;«]\[d gwi^DiiE^

E notice by the Western Rural, that
Mr. F. E. Fross, the man who gives
away corn, is starting up again. This
is what they say:

f . -E. ?')■«.¥.».— F. E. Fross, of Ohio, sends
to the Rural for its advertising rates. Our rates are
a million dollars an inch to such people as you, Mr.
Fross, and if that should not be high enough to
keep you out of our columns, we should raise our
rates. We have no use for you, your corn, or your
methods.

That is the talk, good friends of the Rural,
and we hope every paper will follow suit.
We are willing to do almost every thing in
the world to accommodate square men, but
we have not space for a fraud, no matter
how much money he has to pay for the space.

NEIGHBOR H. GIVES US A TALK ON
CLOVER-SEED.

WHEN AND HOW TO SOW.

TTp S this is the time of year when every bee-
qM^ keeper begins to inquire, " What shall I sow

J^w or plant for bee pasture? " I will try to give
■*•"*■ you a few pointers. I recommend clover.
It is the greatest honey-plant of America,
and alsike stands at the head. We don't half ap-
preciate it.

We should sow it everywhere— sow it on the
roadside where tbe teams have cut up the sod,
to keep out of the mud; sow it where the pigs have
rooted up the sod in the orchard or pasture; give
the boy a pocketful when he goes fishing, and tell
him to scatter some wherever he sees a piece of
bare ground on the creek-bank; put an under-
drawn in the cat-swamp, and sow some there; burn
up all the brush-piles and old stumps, and sow al-
sike in the ashes. Kemember that it make^ the
best pasture and hay of any plant that grows.
Don"t forget to mix a little white clover with it.
They grow well together, and, at the price it is sell-
ing now, it is the cheapest grass-seed in the market.

PEAVINE CLOVER.

This, as a honey-crop, comes the last of July and
the fore part of August, just the time when we
need it most. It is the great crop to reclaim worn-
out or poor land. There is no clay land too poor
to raise a good crop of it. With 1.50 or 200 lbs. of
good phosphate or bone-meal per acre, you are
very sure of getting a good seed of clover after
oats, on the poorest clay soil, and you will get oats
enough at 2.5 cents per bushel to pay for your fer-
tilizer, and get your clover-crop extra. If you
have oorn-stubble on last year's sod-ground you
will get a better clover njetKiow by oultivatiag it

with a disk or Acme harrow, or a two-horse culti-
vator, and drilling oats both ways, than to plow
the ground. I have tried it by plowing every oth-
er narrow land, and I get the best meadow every
time where the old sod is left down. If you wish to
raise seed, you must save the first crop of peavine
or alsike. H. B. Hakkington.

Medina, O., Feb. 31, 1887.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

BEE-KEEPIN AS A OCKYOII I'ASHEN.

TT is no ockyoupashen in life more condoocive to
jM employment. Evry 1 in the land shood keep
^1 bees from the l.OOU.OOO air a goin around with

"*■ his gold-hedded cane to the tramp which brakes
into Pringgal's skewl hous every iiite to sleep.
If evry man wooman & chiled hed a swarm of bees,
whatasoarce of happyness it would be. Besides
these they ar sum uther classes whiteh it is verry
appropreS to keep bees.

For instants, the farmer. Woarn out. fateeged.
weary and tired with the care and toil and fateeg
of hayin & harvestin, as he cums in all hot and
played out, whot a releef it is to hev his mind di-
verted and his boddy refreshed by the soothin in-
flewents of hivin a swarm. Also the preecher.

BEE-KEEPIN AS A OCKYOUPASHEN FOR THE PARMER
AN HIS FAMLEV.

Now if ennybuddy in the wurld ot to keep bees its
a preecher. Whot ennoblin thots arises in the ex-
pansiv vishensof the mind of 1 whiteh contemplates
the vass abiss of nacher in whiteh floats dreemily
backerds & forrerds a baskin in the solar light of
the sun a 1,000 or may by a 1,000,000 tiny creechers
stiled insex a floatin on thair gozzy wings, a dartin
& a flyin. now here, now thair, a storin thair hun-
nied sweets in thair waxen sells, whiteh they will
store more into 1 of mi noo hives than enny uther
kind or variety. Under sitch intlewentses they is a
sighlent charm & the thots Hows in his hed & brain,
and wurds of silverr.v toned elloqnents exhails in
hunnied a.xsents of bammy mildness and limi)id
sweetness from his mellifioowus tung. * * * * *

(Printer poot sum stars or sutliin to make a poz
logg enuff to taik in the buty of that air last.)

Then if the preecher gits boath ize stung shut,
heel be blind to the faults of the peapel & look with
a more leanyent i on thair fuilins, whiteh sum pea-
pel has a good menny. If he is stung into 1 i, when
he goze into the poolpit a little girl will snicker, and
that will help to keep people awake.

Also the invalid is espeshelly faverrable for the
bizness. I think I have saw this stated hrfour.
The invalid wants sum lite bizness & hede otto
keep bees for life. Il's a veny lite bizness. The
bees will lite all over him. P, Benson.

Apiculturistioal Bee-Keepin Sigheutist.

1887

GLEAN 1:NGS lis BEE CULTURE.

171

NEW EXPBHIMENTS

To Determine the Proportion of Honey Used
by Bees in the Production of Wax.

THE PROPORTION OF HONEY CONSUMED TO MAKE

A POUND OF WAX IS AS SIX OF THE FORMER

TO ONE OF THE LATTER.

ITp S the iliscussioii of foundiition or no
^Kj foundation, and economy in the pro-
j^l dnction of wax, is now before our
■^^ readers, our friend Dr. Miller has re-
ferred us to an article in one of our
foreign exchanges, the Bulletin d' Apiculture
de la Suisse Bomande, wvitten by that shrewd
observer G. de Layeus. Our proof-reader,
W. P. Root, translates it as follows :

In the following- experiments I was not altogether
occupied with the idea of ascertaining wliether
bees build combs more or less mechanically with
this or that Jiiud of sugar; 1 simply tried to keep
track of the quantity of honey the bees disposed of
in working in the apiary, unrestricted, at a time
when they chose to do that work.

The experiments made up to the present time
differ so much one with another, that all methods
are deceptive, and this is why it seemed to be in-
teresting and profitable to recommence them on a
ditferem line of procedure.

Two questions, which have often been confound-
ed in practice, and which should be carefully dis-
tinguished, present tliemselves at the outset.

First, when the honey-How is heavy it is never ad-
vantageous to let the bees make wax, even when it
costs but little to produce that wax; for, on the one
hand, if one gives to the bees a few frames to
build out, among a great number already built
out, in order that, in building them, they may lind
sufficient room in the finished combs to store all the
honey they gather, they will nearly always build
drone combs. On the other hand, if one gives them
frames only, to bring them to the condition of
swarming, they will then build a large number of
worker-cells; but not being able to place in these
new frames for storage all the honey they gather,
the prosecution of the work in wax will not go hand
in hand with the harvest.

We see, then, that at the time of a heavy flow it is
alwai s preferable not to allow any work on wax to
be done; but when, on the contrary, the flow is fee-
ble, is it more or less advantageous to allow bees to
work on wax? That is the sole question I shall try
to answer.

The processes of experimenting, which, up to the
present time, appear to be the best, are, in short, to
choose two co'ouies, A and B, of equal size, of which
the one. A, contains frames to be filled, and the oth-
er, B, the finished combs. After a certain time, the
honey gathered by B is weighed, then that by A,
then the quantity of wax produced; the difierence
between the weight of honey, compared with that
of the wax produced, gives the proportion of the
honey to the wax.

This method is subject to various errors.

1. When the queens are of exactly the same fe-
cundity they do not lay, in the same number of
days, exactly the same quantity of eggs, because,
in one of the hives, there is, after the first day, all
the room necessary to lay— room which does not
exist in a colony that builds little by little. Then
at the end of the experiments there will be more
brood in the one than in the other, as the one uses
ditferent honey from the other — a difierence which
has not been taken into consideration.

2. It is generally believed, that if one selects,
from an apiary, two colonies of the same strength,
and of the same apparent activity, he can, without
great error, compare the work of the two colonies;
but it is often quite otherwise, as I am about to
prove.

Having visited two colonies, Nos. 1 and 2, of
which No. 1 was about twice as strong as No. 2, 1 in-
creased the two colonies to the swarming condition.
The bees thus becoming free to gather the crop ac-
cording to their respective size, as they had no
more brood in their hives, I weighed accurately the
honey gathered by each of them at the close of a
good day for honey. No. 1 had gathered 2 kilo-
grams 140 grams* while No. 2 had gathered 2 k. 030—

*A kiluvriam may be reckoned as a little more than 2 ll)s.
5 oz. A tliousaud grams make a kilogram.

that is to say, nearly as much, while it should have
gathered at least a half less.

This year Mr. Bertrand proved to the contrary
these same results. One colony gathered '61 k.,
while another, of about the same lorce, gathered, in
about the same time, 18 k. The question here is
not to explain these facts, but to prove that all ex-
periments which depend upon a simple comparison
of the work of two colonies of the same force, can
inspire no confidence. Here are the circumstances
under which I made my experiments:

1. The colonies worked freely in the apiary in the
ordinary way, in order not to change the normal
condition of their work.

2. The experiments were made at a time of year
when the temperature was high— the highest at least
20 degrees Centigrade (70 Fahr.)— a temperature at
which bees show a preference for a free state in
order to make wax.

3. I selected, for my experiments, a time when
the honey-flow was poor, in order to be sure that
those colonies which built, as well as those that did
not build, could find sullicient room in the combs to
store all the honey they gathered.

4. I selected from the apiary two colonies of bees
dittering in the number of worker bees and brood,
but which seemed, apparently, to work with the
same energy. These two colonies, which I will des-
ignate by A for the stronger and B the weaker,
were the only two which were brought up to the
swarming condition.

A received T finished combs; then I inserted
among these combs some frames for them to fill out.
In this way I was sure to compel the bees to finish
the combs, and that room should never be lacking
for stores in the finished combs, in order that the
queen might not be hindered in the least in her
laying.

B received eight finished frames, so that the bees
could not make wax in the wrong place.

5. I made two experiments in succession, each
one lasting exactly eight days. At the end of the
eighth day all the frames were taken away from the
hives and replaced by others, but in a contrary
way; that is, B then built combs, and A was kept
from building. This method of increase was very
important, for it permitted one, in working with
any two colonies whatever, to obtain comparable
results, summing up at the end of the experiments
ail their mutual diflerences.

6. At the end of these experiments, the honey
gathered by A and B was added (these colonies
made wax); at last the wax produced by the two
colonies was added; but on account of great damp-
ness the honey gathered during the IB days of ex-
perimenting contained much water, so that at the
end of the two periods none of the cells were yet
sealed. The very thin liquid honey contained more
water than sealed honey; and in order to eliminate
this source of error I ascertained the density of
the sealed honey and that ol the honey which had
been gathered. Alterward, in adding a sulficieut
quantity of water to the sealed honey, so as to give
it the same density as that which was not sealed, 1
could easily find the quantity of water which the
thin liquid honey contained in excess, which had
been gathered, and subtracted this quantity of wa-
ter fiom my calculations.

To sum up, the difierence of honey gathered by
the colonies which built cells, and those which did
not build, indicated the weight of honey used to
make a certain amount of wax.

7. During the iti da.\ s of experimenting, the
queens laid unequally, as they were of unequal fe-
cundity; but it might have been that, during this
period, the egg-laying did not go on constantly In
the same proportion of inequality. That was, in
ettect, what took place. In the hives which did not
build, the queens laid I(i,0ti4 eggs; in the hives
which did build, the queens laid lb,tj3f eggs. This
slight difierence in brood represents the consump-
tion of honey, of which the weight should be added
to that gathered by the colonies which built; but as
the eggs did not hatch till the close of three days,
and as it was only at this moment that tliey com-
menced to use feed, only 358 larvti^ were fed, whose
consumption of honey it is necessary to determine.
According to the experiments of Berlepsch, the
consumption of honey and pollen sluiuld have been
47 grams, to furnish sutlicient feed till the y.5(< larva*
should hatch out. According to other experiments
which I made on this subject, 1 found that the bees
used, to feed the larva', nearly as much honey as
pollen, of which 25 grams of honey was the maximum

172

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

amount used in order that the bees might feed a
part of this brood, in which only a part of the cells
were hatched.

To sum up: The ditfereuce in honey g^athered was
1 k. 203 grams.

The wax produced was 191 grams.

The bees used 6.!! grams of honey to produce one
gram of wax.

In the preceding experiments, the bees com-
menced to build combs in eight frames; and as the
honey-flow was feeble, except the first day, they
could build little else than worker-cells; I say little
else, for in the corner of a large finished frame they
built some drone-cells. These cells were built the
first day, when the honey-flow was strongest (about
3 k. per day).

In practice, it happens that one can make work-
er comb for the bees economically enough bj' fur-
nishing them honey at a low price. We find, for in-
stance, that foreign honey in the Havre market can
be had for from 50 to 60 francs per 100 k. (or f 9.37'/3
to .¥10.3.5 per 3.50 lbs.); but to obtain these results,
three conditions are necessary:

1. A light honey-flow.

3. Take away the frames of brood from a colony,
and replace them by unfinished combs, inserting
them between the full ones. These frames of
brood should be given to feeble colonies.

3. Don't let them build, except at a high tempera-
ture.

We are exceedingly obliged to our friend
across the water, for his suggestion of using
two colonies, and then make them change
about occasionally. A series of experiments
conducted in this way must give us some
pretty accurate facts. Perhaps we had bet-
ter say. in our text-l)ooks, tliat, instead of
20 lbs. of honey to make one pound of wax,
from 6 to 8 ll)s. is enough. We are the more
ready to accept this, as it seems to confirm
the result of friend Ilasty's experiments,
given on page (3-42, 1886, and also friend Vi-
allou's, given at the National Convention at
New Orleans.

MAKING BEESWAX.

RENDERING OUT WAX FROM OLD COMBS— FRIEND
FRANCE'S METHOD.

T SUPPOSE that every bee-keeper makes more or
jMp less wax. If he doesn't, he surely is wasting
]IL material which could be made into wax, and so
■*■ saved. I don't like to see any scraps of wax or
bits of comb, or any thing that has beeswax in
it, going to waste. Wax is worth money. There is
always a cash market for all we can get. We keep
at home a box into which we put every thing we have
which will make wax— that is, scraps of comb, old
discarded combs, or any thing we are going to melt
up into wax. We always take with us, when we go
to our yards away from home, a box holding nearly
a bushel. Into this we put such things as scrapings
of honey-boards, broken combs, drone combs, which
we cut out, or any bits of comb. These we carry
home, to be melted up. It is not then lying around,
breeding moths. When it is made into wax there is
a cash value in it, and it can be turned into cash at
any time, or kept, if we choose to hold it for a higher
price.

Now, after having saved up the material out of
which to get the wax, how are we going to separate
the wa.x from the refuse matter with which it is
mixed, so as not to waste the wax, and at the same
time not waste too much time';" I suppose the sup-
ply-dealers would say, " Buy one of our wax-ex-
tractors." Now, it may be that they are the best
thing in use forthe purpose. I don'tknow. I never
used one. But after I had seen them, and watched

other folks use them, I thought it was too puttering
a job. I have bought wax which had been worked
out with them, and had wax sent me to work up in-
to foundation, which was made with them. But
generally there was more or less honey about the
wax, and I was obliged to melt the wax in water to
get rid of the honey.

Let me tell you how I have rendered out my wax.
I have used the same plan, with slight changes, for
about forty years; but I will say, that I never was
satisfied with the plan. Alterl had become theown-
er of from 50 to 100 colonies of bees I took possession
of the old rusty clothes-boiler, and purchased the
wife a new one in its stead. I placed the old boiler
over the fire in the kitchen, put in a large pailful of
water, and then filled the boiler with such material
as I had on hand, to be melted into wax. I have a
good stout stick to stir it up when the water gets
hot. The wax will melt and settle down. Put in
more comb, and press it down into the water. Con-
tinue putting in and stirring, until the boiler is
within two inches of being full; then stop putting
in, but keep stirring until all is melted. Don't leave
the boiler a moment now, for it is likely to boil over
on the stove. Keep a dish of cold water within
reach; for if it boils it will foam up and run over.
If it can not be kept down by stirring, pour in a
pint of cold water. As soon as it is all melted, take
it off the fire and strain out the wax. For a strain-
er we have used cheese-cloth; but thin open cotton
cloth was the best of any thing we ever tried. It is
a yard wide. Take a piece a yard long for a strain-
er. Now we want a squeezer. Take two pieces of
dressed inch lumber, about two feet long by five or
six inches wide. Trim off the edges of the boards
at one end, so as to make a good handle. Now lay
them together, the wide ends one way. Fasten on
a good stout leather hinge, to hold the wide ends to-
gether; let the leather run up well on the sides of
the boards, and tack fast and our squeezer is ready.
We next need a pan to strain into, and something
into which to throw our rubbish.

We are now ready to strain. We want a dipper
capable of holding about a quart or more, and one
chair or bo.x, for the one who does the squeezing, to
sit on. It takes two persons to do this job— one to
squeeze and one to twist the strainer. Now set the
chair at one end of the boiler, just a little to one
side; set the pan to catch the wax, close by the side
of the boiler. Let the one who does the squeezing
sit down in the chair. The other person takes the
strainer, and stands at the other side of the pan,
with two corners of the strainer in one hand and the
3d corner of the strainer in his other hand. The one
sitting takes the fourth corner of the strainer in his
left hand, and together they hold the strainer open
o^'er the pan. The one in the chair takes the dipper
in his right hand, and dips out of the boiler into the
strainer one or two quarts, then hands his corner of
the strainer to the other person and picks up his
squeezers, taking them by the two handles. He
then opens them out, holding them over the pan.
The other person then puts the strainer between
the squeezers, and twists up the strainer while the
other man, the one in the chair, squeezes. The
strainer is turned two or three times, shaken down,
squeezed, and twisted until the wax is out, and the
rubbish is thrown out. The whole operation is again
repeated until all that floats on the water is strain-
ed. Both pan and boiler are allowed to stand and
cool, when there will be a thin cake of wax on the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

il3

water in the boiler, and a good cake of wax in the
pan with some water under it. What comes out of
the boiler will require melting over, as it is not
strained.

Such a batch usually will make from 10 to 20 lbs.
of wax; anti lor tliose who have but few bees, this
plan is a very good one. The objections are, 1. It
doesn't get all the wax out clean; 3. It bursts too
many strainers, and they cost 5 cts. apiece; 3. It
takes two persons too much time to dt) the straining.

I have studied over this wax business a great deal;
for as our bees increased it was taking so much
time. Finally, in the spring of 1W6 ] accidentally
made a dise(i\er\ which, for a large job at least, is
very much more satisfactorj-. We had several sets
of combs from which the bees deserted in the spring.
After the hard freezing was over, the weather came
on hot early, and those combs became wormy before
we eould use them. There was a large number of
them, and the worms had got under such headway
that it was not safe to put them in with the bees—
not even the Italians. They therefore had to be
melted up, and I could not get them through my
boiler fast enough. We had a big iron kettle stand-
ing out there in the yard, that would hold about
four bushels of potatoes to boil for the hogs. I got
my eye on that kettle. A thought struck me (so
hard that 1 nearlyjumpedoutof my boots). "There
is the wax-extractor that I have been looking for so
long, standing there waiting to be used." I had
three or four pails of water in it and a flre_ under it
right speedily, and soon had it hot. Those worms
quit eating beeswax. It is astonishing how much I
could nioU down in that kettle. 1 let the Are go
down. So much wax i-oseon top (as the mass cooled
off) that I dipped off, of clean wax, 35 lbs., nii'i strain-
ed it at one squeeze. I then dipped out a large milk-
pan full which I did not strain. As the wax, in the
pan cooled it sank in the center. I dipj)ed otit of
the kettle all the wax I could, and then let it stand
two days. At the expiration of that time I took a
crust otf the top of thekettle, abouttwoinches thick,
that took enough wax with it to hold it in chunks.
Tnder the crust the rubbish did not contain a par-
ticle of wax. I threw the top crust into a box. clean-
ed out the kettle, then put back the cakes dipped
otf before, not strained. Besides these I put in a lot
of trimmings from foundation, a nice lot of clean
cappings, and some unfinished cakes from my boiler
process. I melted them all up together, with three
or four pails of water in the kettle. I then strained
out two large dish-pans full of clean wax, one
squeeze for each pan. I dipped the wax out pretty
clean, then put in the rest of the wormy combs.
The crust was first taken olf the top of the kettle, of
the other batch. When I got the second batch hot I
dipped off all the wax I could, which was put in the
first of the next batch.

With the big kettle we have worked out all our
wax the past season. It is a big improvement. Its
advantages are, 1. It takes much less time; 3. There
is absolutely no waste. I get every particle of wax,
and one strainer lasted all summer. Of course,
when the bees would work on honey it would not do
to work wax out of doors unless we wanted to cook
the bees, for hot beeswax has a great attraction for
bees, and they would fly into the wax in search of
honey. E. France.

Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., Feb. 1, 1887.

Friend F.. a good deal of time was occu-
pied at the Albany Convention in discussing

this matter of rendering wax, and I believe
quite a few decided just as you have done,
that a large iron kettle, hung up outdoors,
is the very cheapest thing that can be used
where the quantity of old combs is large.
One of the brothers, whose name I can not
now recall, spoke of putting all the combs in
a coarse bag, and confining this bag under
the water contained in tlie kettle, by means
of a wire cloth. As soon as the whole appa-
ratus gets hot, the principal part of the wax
rises through the bag and meshes of wire
cloth, to the surface, and may be dipped off.
This makes the work automatic, as it were.
It is perfectly strained, and is therefore fit
for market as fast as it is taken from the
surface of the water. When no more wax
will arise, get out the bag while it is still
hot, and press it with your squeezers, or
some arrangement similar to a cheese or ci-
der p]-ess. The size of the apparatus would
depend on the amount of combs to be work-
ed. You do not speak of the solar wax-
extractor, and I presume you have not tried
it ; but why not, instead of pitching your
waste fragments into a box, pitch them di-
rectly into the solar wax-extractor, and let
old Sol get the wax out at his leisure V

EMPTY FRAMES VS. EMPTY COMBS.

SHALL WE trSE OUR SURPLUS EMPTV COMBS, WHEN
HIVING NEW SWARMS, FOR COMB HONEY 'f

FEEL quite certain that neither friend West nor
friend Doane would wish to give a wrong im-
pression; yet, from a lack of sufficient data,
that is what has unintentionally been done up-
on page 93. In the first place I did not work ")')
colonies for comb honey. It is true that I set aside
that number in the spring with the intention of
running them for comb honey, but, before any sec-
tions were filled, five of the colonies were broken up
into queen-rearing nuclei; so friend Doane and I
began the season with exactly the same number of
colonies; /jut, his colonies were stronyer than mine.
His hives were ten-frame hives, while mine held
only eight; hence he had in use 100 more combs-
enough to have ipade 13^2 more colonies like mine.
If ray opponents think this view unfair, let me ask
if they would have considered it so had I changed
my colonies over into ten-frame hives, thus making
only 40 colonies of my 50? Right here, however,
comes in another point, and that is, that some
queens will put no more brood in a ten-frame than
in an eight-frame hive (and that is why I use the
latter), while many of them will; hence it would
probably be unfair to assume that 50 ten-frame col-
onies are equal to 631/2 eight-frame colonies; but I do
insist that, in a comparison like this, it is unfair to
assume that an eight-frame colony is the equal of a
ten-frame one. Perhaps 50 ten-frame colonies would
be equal, as honey-gatherers, to 57 eight-frame ones.
In regard to the ariiount of surplus, friend West is
nearly correct. I had 300 lbs. more than he gave me
credit for; viz., 7000 lbs. As he said nothing in re-
gard to the shape in which the honey was secured,
and as I raise comb honey, I presume the readers of
Gleanings concluded that it was all of that class.
Such is not the case; for 300 lbs. of mine was ex-
tracted, at the close of the season, from about 1000
unfinished sections, and the rest was in the shape of

174

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Mab.

finished sections; while, if my memory serves me
right, about 1500 lbs. of the 6500 lbs. raised by friend
Doane was extracted.

Yes, it is true that I had to feed my bees sug'ar
syrup in the fall, but not so much as I wish I could
have done. We had a good flow of honey, late in
the fall, from the second crop of red clover, and the
bees not only filled the brood-nests so full that but
little feeding- was needed, but stored considerable
in the sections. Upon an average, about 5 lbs. of
sugar per colony was fed.

I have no desire, however, to lead my readers to
suppose that the non-use of full sheets of fdn. in
the brood-nest, when hiving swarms, will lead to
such brilliant results as the readingof this article to
this point would indicate, as the question of increase
is yet to be considered. My .')0 colonies increased to
96, while friend Doane's went up to 135.

Let us reduce some of these things to their cash
value. We will call empty combs worth 10 cts. each;
sugar, ay^ cts. ; extracted honey, 6 cts. ; comb honey,
13 cts. My comb-honey crop would sell for $816.
From this there should be deducted, for section
boxes and fdn., about $68.00, leaving $748 for comb
honey. To this add $13.00 for the 300 lbs. of extract-
ed honey, making the net result $760. From this
amount, however, there must be deducted $39.69 for
sugar, which leaves only $736.31.

Friend Doane's 5000 lbs. of comb honey, at this
same price, and with the same deductions for sec-
tions and fdn., would be worth $5.50; to this add
$90.00 lor the 1.500 lbs. of extracted honey, making
$640; but from this must be deducted $75.00 for
empty combs used, which leaves, as a net result,
$.565.

The question now resolves Itself into this: Which
is preferable at the end of the season— 30 colonies
of bees, or $171.31 worth of honey? And let it not
be forgotten, that, as already explained, eight-frame
colonies are not ten-frame colonies.

And now, after having given this long explana-
tion, I wish to say that I don't think it contains
much proof either for or against the non-use of full
sheets of fdn. in the brood-nest when hiving
swarms. To be of any value, experiments of this
class should be performed in the same apiary, with
the same kind of hives, fixtures, and management,
and the same strain of bees. I also wish to say,
that the profitable production of honey does not de-
pend upon large yields per colony, but upon secur-
ing it with the least expenditure of capital and
labor. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., Feb. 7, 1887.

It is true, Mend H., that the report of Mr.
Doane gives notliing very definite; but still
it indicates, or seems to indicate, the ad-
vantage can not be so very great in the dis-
posing of our surplus empty combs. Lang-
stroth called empty combs the sheet-anchor
in bee-keeping, and I believe he said they
are better than money in the bank; and I
confess I have been quite loth to give up
this established axiom, as it were, in bee
culture.— In regard to eight and ten frame
hives, it seems to me that this matter de-
pends much on what montl) the estimate is
made. Very few colonies in our locality
need more than eight frames before the
middle of April or first of May ; and if I
were buying bees without regard to the
hives that contained them, I would as soon
have those in eight-frame hives as ten-

frame hives, say by the first of April. By
the first of May I should expect a good deal
of pollen; and some brood, perhaps, would
be stored in the ninth and tenth combs. A
ten-frame hive would be likely to contain
more honey by the first of April than an
eight-frame hive, and this honey should be
worth something. So far as the amount of
bees is concerned, however, I don't see that
there will be ordinarily much difference.
We rarely give any of our colonies more
than seven combs to winter on. The space
for the extra ones is occupied by the chaff
division-boards until toward Mav^

DOOLITTLE'S QUEEN-CELL PROTECT-
OB AND INTBODUCING-CAGE.

A NEW AND CHEAP QUEEN-CAGE.

§OME time ago friend Doolittle sent us
one of his queen-cell protectors. It
was simply a square piece of wire cloth
folded in tlie form of a cone, the sides
overhippiug. Into this Mr. D. had
put a queen-cell from which the queen had
hatched. The large end of the cone was
stopped with a circular piece of wood. A
small piece of tinned wire attached to the
end served to suspend the wire-cloth cone
containing the queen-cell between the combs.
After considering the matter we decided
that, with our facilities, there was a much
nicer and better way to make the cone-
shaped cages : that is, to stamp them out,
so here they are.

Fig. 1

Fig.

C^UEKN-CELL PROTECTOR.

Our readers would doubtless like to know
liow to make them. A wooden punch of
hard wckkI is turned down to an inch and a
fourth in size. One end of the punch is
made conical, the cone being the same size
and shape of Fig. 2. A two-inch hole is
bored in a block of wood two inches thick.
Next put the wooden pimch, the cone end
downward, exactly in the center of the two-
inch hole in the block. Around this pour
some melted lead or babbitt metal (prefera-
bly the latter), until the hole in the block is
Iqvel full of metal. Allow this to cool, and

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

175

then draw out the wooden punch. Like a
'' duck's foot in the mud," the cionical punch
will tit tlie inverted cone exactly. Your
tool is now ready for making the wire cones
as in Fig. 2.

To make the cone, take a piece of wire
cloth 31 inches square. Place this so that its
center is just over the center of the hole in
the babbitt metal. The punch is now put
in the center of the wire cloth, and a couple
of light strokes with a hammer drives the
wire clotli into the shape seen in Fig. 2, with
the exception of the small end, which is
closed. With the point of a pencil, crowd
the central mesh in the apex until of the size
of tlie pencil.

You observe in Fig. 2, that the corners
are spread out. The queen-cell is placed
snugly in the cone. The corners are then
drawn together, and a short piece of wire
twists the ends together as in Fig. 1. The
surplus wire should be long enough to hang
down between the frames. When the queen
hatches she has only to crawl out at the
small end of the cone!

Bees have a mania, sometimes, for tearing
down queen-cells, and I have sometimes
found it a very difficult matter indeed to get
the bees to accept cells at all. If I had had
one of these queen-cell protectors, I think I
should have succeeded.

There is another use to which this cage
might be put ; that is, introducing fertile
queens. The idea came to us quite incident-
ally, and we feel pretty sure it will work, al-
though never haviiig tried it. The cage as
in Fig. 1 would be the one we should use.
Put the queen to be introduced into the end
of the cage, and then stop it up with a small
plug of Good candy. The cage is then to be
suspended between the frames. In the pro-
cess of time the candy will be eaten out by
the bees, and the queen liberated. Our
readers will observe that this principle of
introducing is the same as in the Klimitz
cage, which we have tried, and know will
work.

We can furnish these cages with printed
instructions, at the same price as given in
Gleanings before ; i. e., 3 cts. each ; 15 cts.
for lU, or $1.00 per 100. If wanted by mail,
add 3 cts. for 10, or 20 cts. per 100.

Ernest.
— ^ — • — ^^—

MR. THOMAS HORN.

AT.SO SOMETHING IN REGARD TO THE RESPONSI-
BILITY OF EDITORS.

N response to our editorial of Feb. 1st,

fi2 persons have reported having sent

^r Mr. Horn money, amounting to S440.00,

for which little or no return was ever

mad^. Among the whole number, only

two parties iiave claimed that I ought to

pay back the money sent to Mr. Horn. The

first one is as follows :

Mr. Ro(it:—l wrote you last season regarding an
unsatisfactory transaction with Thomas Horn. I
received no satisfaction from Mr. Horn. 1 have
postponed writing to you thus long, in accordance
with your request in Gleanings. I have always
been dealt with in a straightforward manner by
yourself, and I desire to continue such dealing, if

this matter of Mr. Horn is adjusted satisfactorily.
Now, In this matter T consider that any paper (this,
too, is o!ily the popular verdict) in which I see an
advertisement, is the' first party to a transaction,
the advertisers the second; therefore with me I
consider Gleanings responsible for ten dollars,
sent to Thos. Horn last May, which, to date, has
failed to put in an appearance, or value thereof.
If you are willing to make the matter right— that
is, the principal, I will charge no interest, and will
take it out in goods and subscription to Glean-
ings, and in future shall compel them (if such
parties get an order from me) to take the money
from you, with your permission (myself first send-
ing it to you).

I send you the letters received from Mr. Horn.
I have sent you a great deal of money, first and
last. You spoke in Gleanings of Mr. Horn's ad-
vertising the season previously. So be did. I
looked it up. Please do so yourself. That adver-
tisement was not the catch-penny affair of 1886.
In 18.H5, Aug. and Sept., Mr. Horn says, "Look
here." In May, 188(5, " Horn pays express charges!"
It blossoms out clear across Gleanings, "Pure
Italians exclusively," and with "Stop! read and
order!" This attracts orders to his pocket, and
that, it seems, is the end of the order. Having lost
bees quite heavily in the winter of 1885, 1 ordered,
relying on your superior facilities for knowing
what your advertisers' responsibility amounted to.
If I am to lose this money, please take my name off
your subscription list, and for numbers sent, Jan.
1st and 1.5th, I will pay for them. Please return Mr.
Horn's letter, which I send as registei-ed mail-
matter. Geo. T. Remington.

Wilmington, Del., Jan. 24, 1887.

Friend R., if I pay you back the money
you have lost, of course it is my duty to pay
the other $430.00 in the same way. Where an
editor, by carelessness, or even by being de-
ceived, permits a deliberate swindler to
gain access to his columns, I can pretty
nearly if not quite agiee with you ; but if
we are to be responsible in all cases where
losses come, bow are we to know before-
hand which one of the brethren is likely to
fail in business, and which one is not?
Our facilities for getting at the responsibili-
ty of our advertisers are certainly superior
to those of our readers. You" say Mr.
Horn's advertisement, to the effect that he
would pay express charges, etc., bears upon
the face of it the appearance of ■ a catch-
penny affair. So it did seem; but now-
adays, good substantial men often make
pretty liberal offers to secure custom. We
made careful inquiries in regard to Mr.
Horn ; and not only his postmaster, but the
officers of the bank in the town where he
resides, pronounced him all right. He had
also been doing business for several months
in a satisfactory way. Suppose we had de-
clined the advertisement, would he not have
declared at once, publicly and privately,
that A. I. Root would not accept any ad-
vertisement that threatened to run against
his own business, or that offered things at
a lower rate than he did ? You know what
has been said about publishers and supply-
dealers, in this line. Since we are discuss-
ing this matter, perhaps it would do no
harm to speak quite plainly. When the Bee-
k€eper''s Magazine came out with a flaming

176

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

advertisement, to the effect that they had
come down to 25 cts. a year, and also that
they would send both Gleanings and
the Magazine for $1.10 we felt somewhat
anxious about the matter. If we refused to
accept the advertisement, v/e were open to
the charge of being afraid of our own pock-
et-books : if we received it, and the journal
were published for only a few months, then
we shoidd be censured, just as you are cen-
suring me now. Is it not true, that the on-
ly thing we can do is to act according to the
best of our judgment and wisdom V In re-
gard to the Bee-keeper's Magazine, I am hap-
py to say that the editors are very nice
young men ; and, so far as we can tell, they
are quite able to send out their journal sev-
eral years, without getting more for it than
the value of the paper u])ou which it is
printed, if they choose to do so. I believe
them to be honest and straightforward ; but
I wish to be distinctly understood that I can
not be in any way responsible for the success or
failure of their new undertaking. Under the
circumstances I am sorry to bid adieu to an
old customer, but I do not see how I can do
otherwise, conscientiously, friend R. Here
is the other letter:

Mr. Root :—l see by Gleaninos that Mr. Horn
has authorized you to collect all claims against
him. He is in debt to me some, but I'd rather have
the letter he wrote me than his note for two years.
As he says we can add 10 per cent for the use of
the money, which would be unlawful in New York.
6 per cent being the interest here, he could cheat
us on the note, and with a good deal more honor,
than be can as it is. Mr. Root, I want to show you
how 1 got caught by him through you. I wrote you
last spring, asking you if I could buy bees and
queens by the pound, and turn them into the
hives on my old combs (my bees having died the
winter before), and make a success of it. Instead
of answering my letter you sent me a postal card
referring me to your A B G book, which vexed me
at the time, I having heard you are a square man
to deal with. I intended to buy the bees of you.
I wanted ten pounds, bees and queens, so you see
if you had answered direct, saying yes or no, I
should not have been caught by Horn.

Perry. N. Y., Feb. 3, 1887. James R. Wright.

I confess that I was obliged to smile a
little in reading the above, even though I
am very, very sorry for our friend's losses.
It looks to me sometliing this way : He
came to our store to trade, and found us so
full of business that we had not time to
treat him as courteously as we should have
done, therefore he goes and tiades at anoth-
er store, and then blames me because he got
into trouble. I am very sorry indeed that
we are obliged to refer so many questioners
to our price list and the ABC book ; but so
many times the clerks have given answers
to inquiries that were not at all what I
wished, that I have repeatedly directed
them to refer such inquirers to the ABC
book, where I have answered such questions
carefully and deliberately. There have
been so many inquiries every spring in re-
gard to buying bees to put iii hives left by
the bees that have died, that I gave a page
or two to the consideration of the matter,
in the ABC book. The questions to be

answered are something like this: How
many bees shall I purchase with tlie queen V
Shall I buy them in April, May. or June V
Is it necessary that they have a brood -coml)?
Will they make a full colony the lirst year V
Shall I be likely to get any honey from
them V Now, suppose I were to dictate to
our shorthand writer this wliole story to
many different inquirers, each spring. VVhy,
I would almost rather give tliem a book
apiece than undertake to do it. T miaht
have some leaflets printed, so ;is to cover the
ground, to give away, and I b-'lieve I will
have it done this very spring' I am very
sorry indeed to appear disobliring. and I be-
lieve that those who have read (TLE.\NrNGs
during these past years know that I do not
mean to be; but, my friends, ilieie is a limit
to the mental and physical strengtii of even
a big strong man, and I am neither the one
nor the other.

HIVE-MAKING IN " THE HIBST STILE."

FRIEND stover's SIT(ir,KSTI()N.

fRIEND ROOT:— Being a mechanic. 1 have been
considerably interested in the engraving on
p. 378, ABC book. I also noticed your reply
in GijEANings, to a query concerning the
hexagonal beehive, saying Ihe inventor tiied
to see what he could make. I herewith send .\ou a
drawing of a proposed chaff hive, or hives, to be of
the standard size.

(V) CHAFf .

n

stover's tenement hive, adapted to THE LAWN
OR FLOWER-GARDEN.

The spire is to be 6 ft. high, covered with tapered
shingles 2Vi inches wide. The staff on the spire is to
have a flag, not shown in the cut. It will have all
the brackets that are shown in your catalogue. I ex-
pect to set it in my lawn along the street, in order
to attract attention and make people "talk bees,"
which is the onlj' advantage 1 claim for it. I have
been employed by neighbors to make chaff' hives;
and the higher the bee-fever gets, the more hives 1
can sell. I purchased two colonies last summer,
more for the purpose of studying the nature of
bees, than for gain. I am getting to be very much
interested since studying the subject There is no
telling where T shall stop. What do you think of
the hive? Levi Stover.

Brookville, Mont. Co., O.. Feb., 1HS7.

I think, friend S., that it tills the bill
pretty well, for all the advantages you claim
for it, but you are very modest. Most of
the patent-right bee-men would claim that

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

177

the bees would make more honey in it, is
easier to operate, and ever so many other
things besides its attractive appearance.

A PICTURE OF THE HOME OF ONE OF
OUB ABC SCHOLARS.

THE PLACE WHERE FRIEND HEACOCK " OETS
HAPPY."

E have had so many pictures of apia-
ries that cost huge amounts of mon-
ey, and tliat v^^ere the result of years
of labor, 1 had thought it might be a
little refresliing, by way of variety,
to have at least one glimpse of an apiary be-
longing to one of our boy bee-keepers— at
least we call him a boy, for he is only 20
years old. Here is the picture, dear friends.

clear as it could be, and the thermometer stood at
66 degrees at noon in the shade. 1 write to you
this way, because every thing 1 know about bees I
got from you. I caine here tliree years ago, and
didn't know a bec^ froiii a yellow-jacket. So much
tor reading your ABC and Gleanings. I am an
ABC schohir only 20 years old, and not very stout.
I never took a chew of tobacco nor tasted whisky.
Volusia, Fla., Dec. 29, 1886. O. E. Heacock.

Now, my young friend, 1 wonder if you
know how mucli 1 like tlie ring of that last
sentence of yours—'' I never took a chew
of tobacco nor tasted whisky." May God
grant that you can say that to the end of
your life! How 1 should like to tiike a lialf-
holiday down in that Peach-tree apiary I I
wonder if tliere is^not a nice garden t'other
side of that picket fence; and aren't there

PEACH-TRKE APIARY, BELONGING TO ONE OF OVR BOY BEE-KEEPERS.

Friend H. does not write a very long letter,
so all I can tell you about this bright little
spot away down South is what we gather
from the brief letter below.

what an a b c scholar says about gleani.ngs

AND the ABC BOOK.

I thought you would like to see bow an apiary
looks in the far-oflf South, so I will sendjyou a )>ic-
ture of mine. It was taken the 18th of Dec. While
your bees in the North are housed up, ours are
bringing in pollen. They have been carrying pol-
len and honoy pretty fast for the last ten days.
The peach-trees don't show very plain, for they
were set out only last Febriiary; but they have
grown very fast, as they are about ten feet high,
and will bear peaches this next year. Christmas
was the most beautiful day I ever saw. It was just as

some orange-trees somewhere in the neigh-
borhood that bear rusty Florida orangesV
Our friend Nellie Adams has just sent us
two boxes of tliose rich, sweet, juicy Florida
oranges. Why, it almost makes me well
and strong jiist to think how I have enjoy-
ed them. They got bruised considerably on
the trip, and some of them were likely to
spoil unless they were used up pretty soon,
and I concluded t was just the chap to help
keep them from spoiling; and when T took
my tramps across the fields I used to have a
big orange in each pocket and one in each
hand. But, about tlic Peach-tree apiary :
If friend H. were not jiresent I would call
attention to the fact of what a nice clean
upright boy he is. He is rather tali, but he
is honestiahd true. I do not know whether

178

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

the comb fell out of the frame he is looking
at so intently, on account of the hot weather
away down in Florida, or whether the en-
graver forgot to put it in. The small boy
over there is probably his brother, and he,
too, is having fun in the apiary. By the
way, friends, did you know it is a grand
thing to get small boys interested in bee-
keeping? Perhaps it is a chunk of honey
he is putting in his mouth, so as to prevent
the honey from being v^asted (the way I did
with the Florida oranges, you know). Nev-
er mind the chunks of honey — they are bet-
ter and cheaper than chunks of tobacco.
The place is so pleasant that a couple of
ladies have come out there to look it over.
By the way, the best way to make any place
in the world pleasant is to have the women-
folks there. Friend H., why do you put
your hives on stilts? Doesn't it bother the
juvenile bees to climb up? I presume they
never get chilled, however, in your sun-
shiny clime. Well, God bless you all, boys
and girls ; and if Uncle Amos goes down to
Florida (which he hopes to do some time) he
expects to visit the Peach-tree apiary.

MRS. COTTON'S SYSTEM OF FEEDING
BEES.

EXPLAINED AND DEFENDED BY HERSELF.

T AM requested to define clearly my position as to
jaP feeding bees, through the columns of Glean-
^l INGS, as there are many who mistake my posi-
^ tion, and many who, either from a misunder-
standing- or from a desire to misrepresent, are
constantly publishing statements calculated to
mislead the public. My plan of feeding is intend-
ed to encourage the bees to breed rapidly in early
spring, and to fui-nish the bees nearly all they re-
quire for their own consumption, that we may ob-
tain, in glass boxes, in the best possible marketable
form, nearly all they collect from natural sources.

If there were no honey obtainable from natural
sources, it would not pay to feed bees; but it is
plain to every intelligent person, that, in order to
receive the greatest possible profit from bees, they
must be fed. The only question is, how, when, and
what to feed. It will pay as well to feed bees as to
feed our domestic animals— cows, sheep, etc., or
manure plants, or any crop the farmer cultivates,
to stimulate growth and increase the product and
consequent profit of the same. There are other
points in my management of bees which are often
misrepresented, but I have not the time or space
to go over them in detail. Sufiice it to say, I am
ready to stand by my statements at all times; and
in all my business transactions I intend to be
guided by the golden rule; viz., Do by others as I
wish others to do by me. Mrs. L. E. Cotton.

West Gorham, Me., Feb. 14. 1887.

But, my good friend, you do not directly
reply to that part of your chapter on feed-
ing, where you state that, if sugar syrup is
stored in the surplus-receptacles, no one can
tell it from white-clover honey. Do you
not think it would be well to change or
modify this clause ? The point you make,
that a much larger yield of clover honey
will be obtained by feeding the bees clear
up to the comb-biiilding point, is, without

question, a big item ; but let us remember
the charges that have been brought against
us, of feeding sugar and glucose, and selling
it as real honey.

HOW TO FEED BEES IN A CELLAR.

A FEW SERVICEABLE AND TIMELY HINTS FOR THE
NOVICE.

fU those who have weak colonies in the cellar
' that need more bees or hotiey or both, I will
say that they can be built up now just as well
as when on their summer stands; and there
will be no trouble about quarreling, or bees
returning to the hive from which they are taken.
Spread the combs of the weak colony, leaving a
space in the center of the cluster of bees for one
comb. Then go to any colony that has plenty of
bees and honey, and get the outside comb that has
bees iipnyi it. You may look it over to see that the
queen is not upon it, if you wish; but there is not
one chance in fifty of the queen being on these out-
side combs, in the winter season. Place this comb
of bees and honey in the center of the weak colony
and they will cluster together, and all will be well.
You may give them another comb in a day or two,
if thought best, or two can be given at one time In
the same manner. Many th^nk that bees should
not be disturbed in any manner when in the cellar;
but there will no harm come to them by perform-
ing any needful operation with them in the cellar,
as they will soon resume their former quiet after
being disturbed. Bees will only occasionally take
wing while being handled in the cellar, especially
if the light is kept back and not allowed to shine
directly upon them. But they have a disagreeable
way of crawling about over the combs and upon
the hands of the person working with them. It is
better, of course, to build up or unite weak colo-
nies in the fall, though many of us will neglect It
then, and severe weather finds us with weak colo-
nies, perhaps with valuable queens which we wish
to winter over, while there are other colonies that
were not "tinkered" with to introduce these
queens, that have bees and honey to spare. And
it is better to equalize them, as nearly as possible,
in the cellar, than to leave these weak colonies to
be strengthened after being placed on their sum-
mer stands. These little weak colonies, when
fussed with In cool weather in April, are inclined
to swarm out, and we see our little colony in the
air with a valuable queen which perhaps we do not
care to lose. They also have a provoking way of
attempting to join some strong colony in a box
hive, with crooked combs and "old black" queen,
which we intended to transfer and Italianize in
May, and, of course, are all slaughtered, leaving
the novice with the empty combs and hives, to buy
queens and try his band at Italianizing again anoth-
er year. L. C. Clark.
Granada, Kan., Feb. 1, 1887.
Friend C, I know that bees can be fed in
the way you mention, at times ; and at other
times (at least so it has seemed to me) the
same directions do not seem to answer at
all. The bees get on a stampede and fly all
over the cellar, and do every thing they
ought not to do. M:iy be with some experi-
ence, however, 1 might manage better, for
it was among my earlier experiences that
I tried to feed bees iu the cellar. I think,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

179

also, there is more danger of getting the
queen on your comb than you seem to rec-
ognize. Where the cellar is moderately
warm, the queen will sometimes be found
clear on the outside combs.

FUNCTION OF SALIVA.

PROF. COOK TALKS SCIENCE TO US SOMEWHAT.

TT will be remembered, that in my criticism of
1^ Mr. Cheshire's admirable book I .said it was
^t strange that he spoke of saliva as the digestive
-*■ liquid of starch. Mr. C. also speaks of the
lacteal system as the exclusive absorbent sys-
tem, whereas it is well known that the portal sys-
tem of blood-vessels absorbs nearly all of the di-
gested food except the eraubsifled fats. I do not
refer to this to condemn the book, for I think it a
most valuable addition to our bee-literature— in-
deed, the most complete work ever written. No
one person can know every thinp:; and to make a
few errors, only shows the author to be human.

In Gleanings, p. 644, 1886, Mr. Cornell says I
probably follow Dalton in denying that the "princi-
pal oflBce " of saliva is to digest the starch. Now,
Mr. Editor, 1 do not hold this opinion because Dal-
ton does. I really believe nearly every physiolo-
gist now thinks the pancreatic juice the chief
agent in changing starch into sugar, and that the
principal function of saliva is mechanical. Huxley,
in last Ed. Physiology, says: "The conversion of
starch into sugar, which seems to be whollj' or par-
tially suspended in the stomach " (surely there
was little time for change in the mouth) " is re-
sumed the pancreatic and intestinal juices

operating powerfully in this direction." That sali-
va will change hydrated or cooked starch to sugar,
no one doubts: that it does do it to any e.vtent, 1
have not the least idea. Foster, our latest and best
English authority, says, p. 242, that by the pancreat-
ic Juice the starch is changed into sugar; though
most English authors, and Foster with the rest,
argue that saliva may do a part of this work. Now
for my reasons:

1. Saliva digests only cooked starch. Most ani-
mals do not have their starch cooked, and yet their
salivary glands are as large as are ours, and they
secrete as much saliva. All physiologists agree,
that in dogs this is no part of the function of sali-
va, yet dogs secrete much saliva. Again, all physi-
ologists know that the change which commences in
the mouth stops in the stomach, and commences
again only as the food comes in contact with the
pancreatic juice. We all know how active the
absorbent vessels of the stomach are. It is proba-
ble that the saliva is all absorbed in the stomach,
and that little if any goes into the intestines where
the starch is digested. Again, we all know how
necessary saliva is in mastication. The great
Barnard proved this by his grand experiments.
Try to eat crackers when very thirsty. We can
hardly do it. The blood lacks water, and the sali-
vary glands can not secrete enough saliva to
moisten the crackers. The old " rice ordeal " of
India was a scientific test. The supposed criminal
was asked to eat dry rice; if he could eat it quickly
he was adjudged innocent; if not, guilty. It is
well known, that anxiety stops secretion. The
guilty man feared, knowing his guilt. His spittle
was shut off, and he could not eat the rice. The

Innocent man had a clear conscience; his glandular
machinery worked well, and ho could easily masti-
cate and swallow the dry food.

But the most conclusive tests may be easily
tried by Mr. Cornell or any other person. By
macerating the salivary glands, stomach, and pan-
creas, separatelv, we can secure, by use of glycer-
ine, the several ferments— ptyaline, of the saliva;
pepsine, of the gastric juice, and the ferments of
the pancreatic juice. Now, if we put the first in a
test tube with cooked starch at 100° F., it com-
mences quickly, but not very energetically, to
change the starch to sugar. But as soon as we
add the pepsine, the stomach ferment, acidulated
by either hydro-chloric or lactic acid, this stops.
Here we imitate nature exactly. But when we
add the pancreatic juice to the starch it acts quick-
ly and powerfully to transform it to sugar.

Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. CooK.

VINEGAR FROM HONEY.

SOME VALUABLE FACTS FROM FRIEND MUTH.

fRIEND ROOT:— Having seen, in Gleanings,
an article on honey vinegar, I shall e.xpress
you a sample of ours; and if you ever saw a
better article, let us know it, please. We have
been making honey vinegar for the last four
years, and find a ready sale for it. It eclipses the
best vine vinegar for all purposes for which vine-
gar is used. Below I will give my modus operandi:
When making vinegar, one must know that water
will turn into vinegar providing it contains the nec-
essary quantity of sugar stuff, and is exposed to
fresh air and a warm temperature. The warmer
the temperature and the better the circulation of
air, the sooner vinegar forms. A barrel is laid
down, and an inch hole is bored in the upper end of
each head, near the upper stave. This adm.its of a
good air-passage over the body of the honey water.
Tins with fine perforations nailed over these holes,
with the rough side outward, exclude flies and
skippers. Take about 1-lb. of honey to 1 gallon of
water, thoroughly mixed up, and nail a perforated
tin on the bung-hole. We take 3;) to 40 lbs. of honey
for a barrel containing 40 to 4.5 gallons of water.
The warmest place in the yard is the best place for
the barrel. If the sun shines on the barrel all day,
it requires from the beginning of April to the end
of October to make vinegar satisfactory for all pur-
poses. If not sour enough by fall, it will be all
right by Christmas or spring, if placed in the cellar
or a warm room.

No vinegar should be exposed to frost before the
sour fermentation is complete, as such would turn
the sour into a foul fermentation, and the vinegar
be lost. We made last summer, on our bee-roof,
10 bbls. of honey vinegar like the sample I send you.
The retail price is SS^ic per gallon, which gives us a
better profit than the production of honey, as you
will see. Chas. F. Muth.

Cincinnati. Ohio, Feb. .5, 1887.

The samples of vinegar received are, to my
notion, the finest I ever tasted. The honey
flavor is quite perceptible, and is st) pleasant
to the taste 1 poured a lablespoonful in a
glass of water and had a real refreshing tart
summer drink. I do Tiot know wiiy it would
not make a good .substitute for lemonade.
With such a price as you mention, friend

180

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

M., there is no trouble in making it pay;
but in our market, 20 or 2o cts. seems to Ije
about all anybody wants to pay for vinegar,
even a I re I ail.

BTIE LEGISLATION.

•I'Hi'; co.ncia:din(J chapter on the subject, aft-
er WHICH FRIEND MILLER STEPS DOWN
AND OUT.

TKrOW. Mrs. Harrison! T didn't tliink that of
Iwl you. I tliought that, instead of joining-
'"liM in with the crowd, your kindly nature
■*-'^'r would incline you to take up the side of the
weak. Your article on page .53 speaks, like
otiiers, of priority of location, a thing which I have
repeatedly said has no part in the question given
to the committee of the N. A. B. K. society. You
speak in your opening sentence of "such a covet-
ous, selfish s))irit manifested among bee-keepers as
to favor legislation that would depi-ive any one,
so disposed, of the pleasure of keeping bees. They
must be looking," etc. Don't worry, my dear
sister; there's no " they " in the case. There isn't
a living' soul among them, except myself, who has
said he wanted any such legislation, and I am sure
I shall never petition tor legislation alone. Neith-
er do I, the only covetous and selfish one in the
whole lot, want any legislation that will deprive
any one of tiie pleasure of keeping bees, anj' more
than T would deprive them of the pleasui"e of
farming. I would have the two callings on the
same footing. I quite believe, my good friend,
what you say, that you have no desire to hinder
those about you from deriving pleasure from bee-
keeping. But now let me put the matter in a little
different shape.

Suppose this old man of whom you speak, " too
feeble to do heavy farmwork," has 100 colonies of
bees, iiis sole means of support, and these 100 col-
onies fully stock the pasturage within reach,
would he desire, or would you desire for him, that a
new man should come and plant another 100 colo-
nies within 40 rods of his apiary? Would he want
him to come with !>W would he with 10? And yet,
as matters now stand, he could do nothing to pre-
vent it.

CLASS LEGISLATION.

Several, like W. W. Maltby, on page 66, object to
class legislation. What is class legislation? As
I have always understood it, it is legislating in
favor of a cei-tain class as against one or more
other classes. For instance, I knew a law in an
Eastern State making it a criminal offense for a
party other than a railroad official to sell part or
the whole of an unused railroad ticket. Here was
class legislation in favor of the class of railroads
and against the class of travelers. I think you can
hardly have class legislation without having at
least two classes— for and against whom discrimi-
nation is made. But in the case of the desired bee-
legislation, ayainst whom is the discrimination?
No one except bee-keepers cares a fig who occupies
a bee-range, only so that the nectar be gathered at
the least e.vpense and sold at the lowest price.
The man who owns an acre of ground or a thou-
sand acres, but is not a bee-keeper, cares nothing
about whose bees forage upon his land; only if he
is intelligent he will be anxious that gomehody's
bees shall be there in sufficient number to benefit
his growing crops. So as no class is legislated

against, I can not see how it can be called claws leg-
islation.

So, Brother Maltby,
If you can earn your salt by
Keeping bees in skeps.
Don't take any steps
To hinder legislation
In this here nation.

And now, good friends, a word inclosing. I sup-
pose you are tired of this controversy, and I am
sure I am. Controversy is not at all to my taste,
and in the present case I have the uncomfortable
feeling that, by advancing my views, I have lower-
ed myself in the esteem of those whose good opin-
ion I highly value. lUit those views seemed to me
in accordance with right and truth, and the great-
est good to the greatest number. They still seem
so. Here is the broad field covered with nectar in
which none but bee-keepers are directly iiiierested,
and it seems to me better that each one should
purchase and own his own field, moving together
harmoniously, than to have struggles and dissen-
sions, at a loss to all concerned, thereby keeping
some out of the field by the uncertainty of the
business. Time alone will tell whether I am a
wild schemer or simply a little ahead of the times.
I confess to entire error of judgment in one re-
spect, for I thought the mass of bee-keepers would
be with me as to the desirability of legislation,
whatever might be thought of its feasiljility. To
my great surprise, all seem to have the opposite
views: and as matters now stand, it seems that val-
uable space has been wasted in the discussion; and
yet, in some way, good is always apt to come from
an honest ettort to get at the truth. 1 am very
grateful to Mr. Root for the space allowed mo, and
for his evident desire to let me have fair play, and
will now get back to other subjects where I shall
not feel so lonesome. C. C. MiLiiER.

Marengo, 111.

FOUL BKOOD.

.•VKE WE TO BLAME IP IT APPEARS IN OUR -VFI.V.-
RIES ?

fRIEND ROOT:— In your comments on my ar-
ticle on page 4it, you say that a bee-keeper
has no business having foul brood in his api-
ary, and so need not calculate on it. Perhaps
not. Perhaps, too, he has no business having
sickness in his family, and so need not calculate on
ever needing a doctor, or having to use remedial
measures. Some things, sometimes, may be pre-
vented; other things, at other times, must be en-
dured—or cured. Nobody should sit down with fold-
ed hands, and allow misfortune to overwhelm him,
without an effort to prevent it; but nobody can pre-
vent misfoi'tune from overtaking him. To a large
extent we have our fate in our own hands; but to a
still greater extent we are at the mercy of circum-
stances, and subject to an overruling power.

If you meant to say that a bee-keeper has no busi-
ness to allow foul brood to remain in his apiary,
perhaps 1 can agree with you. You may mean to
say, that foul brood originates only through some
fault or negligence on the part of the bee-keeper.
It may be so; I can not believe it. Pond<'r the mat-
ter as I may, I have never been able lo see how any
act or neglect of mine was instrumentnl iti bringing
the disease into my apiary, and I confess I have not
the least idea what caused it. At the time it started.
It seemed to me that it must have been caused by

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

181

the brood becoming' chilled; but I do not believe it
possible tor the disease to oritrinsite that way. So
far as loan see, there is not a hee-keeper in the
land, especially if his ai)iary is within bee- tii.ifht,
or, perhaps, within half bee-liisht. of where there is
or has been foul brood, that is not liable to have his
bees attacked.

As to the Heddon hive, I readily admit that, under
other circumstances —say in a <iifferent locality,
with a different race or strain of bees, a different
season, or a different system of manajicnient, I
might have found my brood-chambers full of brood
and empty of honey at the close of the honey-tiow.
1 should have said of the screws, too, that I boiled
a number in paraftine, and that these worked better
than the others, though it is not a week since I twist-
ed the head of one of these into splinters in trying-
to unscrew it, using- flat pliers to twist with. Your
sug-g-estion of galvanized screws is a good one.

1, too, can say amen most heartily to the growing
interest in outdoor sports, not only for children,
,but among people of all ages. Tobogganing is one
of the most healthful of the popular-amusement
crazes; and if 1 had ever had any objections to it 1
think they would have vanished with my first slide,
which was before 1 had written the article in ques-
tion. You see, I write from experience.

Dayton, 111., Jan. 3.5, 18sT. .1. A. Green.

Thanks for the correction, friend G.
When I said a bee-lteeper has no business
having foul brood, 1 meant, of course, hav-
ing it remain ; and I do think, tliat, if he
has his eyes about him. as lie ouglit to have,
he should get notice of it at the very outset.
My apiarisi; admitted that lie knew of its
existence a week or two before lie called our
attention to the matter at all. Now. had we
commenced at the very first glimpse of it. I
feel quite sure it might have been stopped
before it got into more than one colony, for
we would have promptly burned up every
comb in the hive at tlie outset ; and [ would
do this, even if I found something that look-
ed even suspicions.

BUMBLE-BEES.

PROF. COOK TELLS US A OOOD DEAL .\BOUT THESE
FRIENDS OF OUHS.

fOUR request, dear Mr. Editor, in Jan. 1st
Gleanings, that 1 give the biology, or life-
history, of our good friends the bumble (or
humble) bees was not overlooked, but until
now not a moment could 1 spare to speak a
good word for these little philanthropists, whose
kind offices are hardly appreciated.

It has been no uncommon thing for our students
to keep hives of these bees. Frank IJenton had sev-
eral colonies on our college lawn when he was here
as a student. My little Bertie has often had hives
of bumble-bees on our back-chamber porch, and has
enjoj'ed watching them nud studying their habits,
very greatly. Mr. Editor, would it not be a wise re-
form to encourage our childrL-ii to look on insects,
frogs, etc., with interest and adiiiirati(>n, and not
with abhorrence? I believe T am doing my children
a substantial benefit in encouraging them to study
insects, birds, and even bumblebees. I speiu all of
lastweek in lecturing beiorethe Wisconsin Farmers'
Institutes, and I urged everywhere that parents en-
courage their children to rear insects and watch

their wonderful transformations. How easy this is !
The child has but to put a cabbage caterpillar, the
so-called "cabbage worm," under a common glass
tumbler, with a little of its lood-plant, and all the
life-changes can be easily watched. What an easy
way to awaken the interest and inquiry of our chil-
dren, and to keep them from the street-corner, the
saloon, and the jail !

The only bumble-bee that lives over the winter, in
our northern latitudes, at least, is the queen. Bee-
keepers are not surprised at this. The apiarist (jften
finds his bees all dead but a handful in spring, and
among the survivors he Is almost sure to find the
queen. Oeciisionally she is the only bee that sur-
vives a long juL:riie.\ . 8o. too, with bumble-bees,
the queen possesses the ma.ximum of vital force and
endurance. I do not know whether the old bumble-
bee queens that have done duty the previous season
live over winter or not. Very likely some of them
may. However this may be, the young ones cer-
tainly do.

In spring these large queens commence opera-
tions. As the workers have all succumbed to the
rigors of winter, we can easily understand why we
see so few bumble-bees in early spring, and whj-
those that work so merrily upon the lilacs, dressed
in their shining robes of yellow and black, are all so
large. The (jueen finds an old mouse-nest, or some
other conv^enient miniature cave under stone,
board, or clod, and there stores a mass of pollen on
which she lays her eggs. The larv.e develop much
as do the immature hive-bees. Whenready to trans-
form to pup-.e, they coat their cells as do the hive-
bees, with aglne-like fluid which serves as a close
cocoon. These cells serve afterward as honey-cells;
and though big and clumsj', even more so than are
the queen-cells of the honey-bee, yet in truth they
are really much like thera ; that is, they are strength-
ened with wax exteriorly, and lined with a glue-like
cocoon interiorly. This style of a cocoon is well
shown in melting wax by use of the solar wax-ex-
tractor, as with the honey-bee's coct>on it contains
very little silk, but is largely composed of a harden-
ed glue-like substance such as lines the cocoons of
most moths.

Soon the queen has several companions, the work-
ers, which now do the outside labor, so that the
queen remains mostly at the nest. In July the
queens and drones begin to appear. Some of the
older writers tell of two kinds of workers in the
bumble-bees' nests— the large and small. It is like-
ly that their large workers were these young
queens. The drones are longer than the workers,
and smaller than the queens. SVe often see these
drones in late summer. As a boy, I called them
stingless bees. No wonder. In August the bees
pair. I once saw a drone and queen bumble-bee
in coijuhi. They fell in the path before me, and the
queen pulled away from the carcass of the drone,
which surely had sacrificed its life in the perform-
ance of its duty. These young queens are the
survivors of winter, and are the perpetuators of
tlie s|)ecies. The bumble-bees do not swarm, so
that byjul.\-and August the nests are large and
populous, and so the red clover, wliifh depends for
the most part upon bumble-bees to insure its fer-
tilizMtidU and seeding, is fairly swarming with
these valuable assistants of the farmer, upon
which he de|>en<is for the seeding of one of his
most valuable field crops.

Darwin was the first to show by elaborate ex-

182

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

periments that clover is dependent upon bumble-
bees for full fertilization and fruitag-e. Dr. Beal,
my colleague here at college, has experimented
for years in the same line. He finds that clover
covered with gauze vvill seed onl3' partially, unless
bumble-bees are caught and put inside the gauze.
In this last case, the bumble-bees work upon the
flowers, and a full yield of seed is secured. Dr.
Beal has suggested to me that I experiment to
learn how the queen bumble-bees may all be pre-
served through even our most severe winters, that
our farmers may secure each year the fullest ben-
efit from their valuable labors Could we have
bumble-bees early in the season, the first crop of
our red clover would seed as abundantly as does
that of white and alsike clover. These latter do
not depend upon the bumble-bees, but attract and
are fructified by the more numerous hive-bees,
which swarm out in force, even in the early spring.
Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. Cook.

But, friend C, don't the Italian bees, at
least in a great measure, take the place of
bumble-bees in fertilizing red clover? It
seems to me that I find a great many more
Italians on red clover than I do of bumble-
bees ; but peihaps they do not do the work
as effectually. Is that why you speak of en-
couraging their propagation? Although you
do not say so directly, I infer there is a kind
of bumble-bee abroad in the fall of the year,
that does not sting. If one could learn to
tell which are drones and which are workers,
by sight, we could tell when to run and
when not to run. I presume, however, the
drones would never show fight.

SEPARATORS.

FKIKNU HEDDON ON VARIOUS MATTERS.

fRTEND KOOT:— As I have many topics to
write about, and you like short communica-
tions, I see no other way than to leave out
the whys and wherefores and ask your read-
ers to take my word for it when I give you
the results of my experiments.

I have used both wood and tin separators, of va-
rious widths, for over ten years, and with sections
whose tops and bottoms are ]s thick, and whose
bottoms are % narrower than the sides (and I great-
ly prefer this % dift'erence). I have found separa-
tors 3 !4 inches wide just a little too narrow. lam
making them 3'^^ plump, to make sure of no elon-
gated cells. I want to say to Dr. Miller, that the
most skillful manipulator— one like Hutchinson,
who can get beautiful straight combs without any
separators— will have an ocean of trouble with sep-
arators 2% in. wide. I prefer tin to wood. I have
used the tin T super, and it is. with all its objec-
tions, about the only practical arrangement for
the use of separators without wide frames; but
when I use separators (and I shall) I think I pre-
fer the one-story, reversible wide frame.

HALF-POUND SECTIONS.

I have been reading our editor's talk about Mr.
Wright, of Albany, and his half-pound sections.
Do you forget that I have been one of the pioneers
in using half-pound sections? Allow me to re-
fer you to pages 5 and 37 of A. B.J. for 1883. Dur-
ing and since that year we have produced many
thousand pounds of comb honey in half-pound

sections. We have tried five or six different
widths, lengths, and thicknesses, and also some
quarter-pound sections. We can get just as many
pounds of honey stored in the smallest as in the
largest sections in use. AVe have settled on the
following size: 4V4 high x 2 13-16 long x 7 to the
foot wide, between separators; si.x of these will
fit in the same wide frame that takes four 4^4 x
ii^ X 7 to the foot sections.

For the past four years we have kept these con-
stantly at retail in our stores, besides the 4^4 x 4^4-
pound sections; and while the latter sells by the
pound at 16 cents, the former have always retailed
at 10 cents each. ()ur stores sell about three times
as many pounds of the large as of the small sec-
tions. Our large sections average a little less than
1-lb., while the small ones average a little more
than half a pound.

PRICE OF HONEY.

I want to thank you for your foot-notes at the
close of friend Hutchinson's article on page 102;
"■\2% cts. per lb. wholesale," and 16 cts. per lb. to
the consumer, is where I want to see good bright
comb honey rest in the future. Did you ever think
that grocers will work hard to hold honey up to " a
penny an ounce,'' simply for convenience in sell-
ing the varying sections? A section weighing 14
ounces sells for 14 cents. If you want to know liow
much it is worth, with the price at 14 or 15 cents
per lb., you can telephone your schoolteacher. Did
you ever think of this? Simply on this ground
alone I have held the retail market up 2 cts. at
least. I say 16 cts. at retail, leaving 3^/2 cts. for
freights and all middlemen.

Our pound sections should vary from 1 lb. to less,
nevermore; 16 oz. should be the maximum. You
see the reason. They should be sold for just what
they weigh. The m x 4I4 x 7 to the foot, with sep-
arators, is just the thing for these weights, and
that thickness I find most perfectly adapted to the
instincts of the bees. Quick sealing, smooth finish-
ing, and more perfect combs, all favor this thick-
ness here.

REPJ.y TO FKiEND D.\DANT.

Surely all will know that I wrote, or meant to
write, 18, and not 38 years. However, the word we
does not necessarily nor logically include myself.
My argument would be just as true and faithful to
the facts had I kept bees but two of the 18 years
that my brother bee-keepers have been "introduc-
ing" extracted honey to consumers.

Mr. Kobbins' article on page 94 is true to life, as I
hav^e found it, and fully answers Mr. Dadant. If
it were possible 1 should like to believe Mr. Da-
dant's theory about the introduction of honey, but
I should really like to feel that we are going to
get it "introduced" before I die of old age. As I
am unable to see that he has answered my article,
or sustains his point, I will let it drop here.

REPLY TO FRIEND OREEN.

Several have written to me, asking what I have
to say in reply to friend Green's reported partial
failure with my new hive. I have only to say, that
he did not get them of mo. and that i believe they
were not properly made; that there is no need of
any of the failures he mentions; that glue does not
bother us as much as with the L. frame; that, when
the hives are properly made, the screws will al-
ways support the frames when inverted; will al-
ways turn at will, and are infinitely superior to
any metal screw that can be made. After three

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

183

years' experience I can clearly see the causes of his
partial failure, but will not occupy space to de-
scribe them here. James Heddon.
Dowagiac, Mich.

PEDDLING HONEY TO FARMERS.

EXCELLENT HINTS IN KECJAKU TO.

j^EADlNG Mr. J. B. Colton's article on pag-e 93

EJ prompts me to g-ive my experience in ped-

^El dling' and disposing- of honey. I have found

\ * home market for my whole honey crop of

8000 lbs., with the exception of a few special

ordei'S fi'om a distance, at an averag:e of 8 cts. per

pound.

In finding a home market, it seems to me a great
mistake is made in taking it to the towns. There
is always plenty of honey in town, but a dearth of
it in the surrounding country. It is also a mistake
to put it in the stores, to be sold on commission.
The retail price is higher than consumers like to
pay, and this pre%'ent8 people from eating honey,
except as a luxury. I have worked up a splendid
home trade among the farmers, and find that they
are the best customers. I left no honey in stores,
to be sold on commission, neither would I advise
any one else to do so. My honey is all extracted;
and in selling it I am always very careful to tell
the purchaser whether it be of the 1st, 2d, or 3d
quality. There are as many grades of honey as of
sugar, and one great mistake is made in selling
for a flrst-class article that which really is not,
therebj' taking advantage of people's ignorance,
and driving a sharp bai-gain, perhaps.

First class extracted compares favorably with
comb honey of the same kiiid in flavor; but if it be
of the first extracting, and some old honey is mix-
ed with It, the flavor is changed, and some one, no
doubt, will compare it with the comb honey, and
then declare there is something wrong, and won't
buj' any more of it. The producer should know
better than any one else the quality of his honey,
and it is imperative that he represent it exactly as
it is. He will gain the confidence of his customers,
and lose nothing by it. As a rule, the majority of
people will not go to anj' place to buy honey; but
if it is brought to their doors, and thej- are allow-
ed to sample it, they will buy much more readily.
I have found peddling in town up-hill business.
Among tlie well-to-do farmers, I have sold the bulk
of my honey in 25 and .50 lb. lots, at 8 cts. per lb.,
and for smaller sales, 9 cts. As an instance, I sold,
in six consecutive houses, 80, 25, 53, 40, 25, and 37
lbs., or 260 lbs. in all— all I had with me, and 1 have
frequently sold a barrel in half a day. Next year I
intend to sell all I raise, more easily than I have
this.

For actual use in the family, 1 sold to one, 180
lbs.; another. U5 lbs.; and to quite a number, 100
lbs. Had I sold it at 10 cts., 1 could not have dis-
posed of much; but at 8 cts. it is used instead of
syrups.

Now as to delivery. In the fall I loaded a barrel
on a spring wagon, and, using a honey-gate, I drew
it off in any convenient vessel in the winter. The
honey was taken out of the .50-gallon storage-bar-
rels, and warmed so as to take out the granulation,
then drawn otf into .50-lb. kegs for convenience.
This winter, most of it was sold in the keg, the keg
being reserved for next Beason's use.

By way of caution, let me say, do not sell granu-
lated honey except to old customers. Better make
a warming-pan of galvanized iron that will cover
the entire top of a stove or arch, and warm it
over. If it is tfeen drawn into kegs or other ves-
sels, and made air-tight, it will keep a long time
without granulating, and can be disposed of to
mucli better advantage.

A great many people think that candied honey
has glucose in it, and it is almost impossible to
overcome that idea. Always be sure to tell them
that it will candy, and also to keep it out of the
cellar. Roland Sherburne.

Lone Tree, la., Feb. 14, 1887.

PEDDLING HONEY A SUCCESS.

HOW THE BROWN-EYED BETTER HALF BEAT THE
OTHER HALF.

JTp FTEK reading friend Colton's ai-ticle on page
9l\^ 93 I feel like giving my experience on ped-
jP!? ling honey. By consulting our book I find
"^^ we have produced and sold, during the past
few seasons, about 12,000 lbs. of extracted
honey. Our honey is all put in 58-lb. kegs, which
have been waxed. After getting it all in kegs, and
before it gets thick, we do our peddling. With
horses and buggy and large bottles we go out
through the country and stop at every farmer's
house that we consider sure pay. and let them taste
our finest clover honey, stating that we have it in
kegs just the right size tor family use, and that we
will deliver the next day. Now he will say he has
no money at present. Our reply always is, that it
makes no difference at all about that, he can pay
when he pleases, which most of the time will be
ne.xt daj\ The next day we deliver the honey sold
the day before. The kegs are all labeled with our
name and candying notice.

Now, to give you an idea how fast honejcan be
sold in this way, 1 will say that, on my first trip, I
sold in one afternoon tJO gallons. "Ah!" 1 think I
hear you say, " there can't be much honey in your
neighborhood," Well, 1 have Just ascertained that
there has been no less than 80,000 lbs. produced
during the past season by nine bee-keepers within
eight miles of us. Now don't say that I am an
expert peddler, for that brown-eyed woman whom
Belle and Charley call " ma " took it in her head to
see what she could do this fall, and she drove her
own team, and sold, in one short afternoon, eight
.58-lh. kegs, averaging over one keg an hour; and I
was told next day, while delivering, that I was
nowhere, compared with my "better half."

In conclusion I would say, put your honey in
kegs well waxed; never charge for kegs, but get
them back when you can; don't scold or look cross
if kegs or hoops are lost. Never deliver the honey
while selling, as you will not sell more than half hs
much, as you will find by trying; don't peddle in
towns, except by the keg; don't think, because you
go over a route this year it will do for next year;
never change the price during the season, if you
can avoid it; but if you should find it necessary to
lower your price, promptly notify all who have
bought of yow by the keg that you have placed the
difference to their credit. Our 4000 lbs. of this sea-
son is all sold, and we have had several calls for
more. Now, Mr. Root, I can not help but think
that, if all our bee-men who can would do this way.

184

CJ.KANLNGS LN HEii (UlLTHKf;.

Mar.

our markets would not be so overstocked, and
prices forced down so low. W. \V. MoKf^E.

Dyers ville, la , Feb. 13, 1887.

We are exceedingly obliged to these two
friends foi' the good suggestions they liave
made in retailing honey. To be able' to sell
our honey crop is halt the secret of our cho-.
sen pursuit. We should be glad to hear
from others on this subject, whether their
success has been good or ill. We all want
to know how, and there is no better way to
get honey introduced into families.

l^EPHKTS ENC0aK^6IN6.

WHAT WAS DONE WITH A NUCLEUS.

X WILL furnish :^ou a report from the nucleus
^ bought of you last spring-. 1 increased natu-
Hi rally to 4 good strong- colonies, all tine bright
-*■ fellows, and took a quantity of honey. They
are now well provided for, and suug-ly packed
away for the winter, all doing- nicely. I have, be-
sides, 8 hybrid colonies in good condition.
Jan. 27, 1887. M. G. Baxter.

a large yield. Did you do th^: work alone,-
or did you employ helpV

PROM 37 TO 70, AND .TOOO LBS. OF HONEY.

I commenced the season last spring- with 37 stands,
increased to 70, and took 4500 ll)s. of comb and 500
of extracted h(me.v, nearlj' all from white clover.

Winthrop, la., Jan. 25, 1887. E. P. Brintnall.

A GOOD FLY.

Bees had a good Hy Jan. 20. Only one colony dead
out of 146. Two more were in bad condition. I
united them, which leaves me 144 stocks, most of
which are in first-class condition. A. N: Draper.

Upper Alton, 111., Jan. 31, 1887.

HEALTH IMPROVED BY KNGAGING IN BEE-KEEP-
ING ; HOLY-LANDS.

I have been keeping bees for fifteen years, but 1
took no interest in bee culture until 1882. 1 have
been sickly for a number ot years. I was advised
to go into the business, which T did; and up to this
date I have been wonderfully improved in health.
My strain of bees is of pure Holy-Land stock. I
have sold a large number of them at my home and
abroad, and they give perfect satisfaction. They
are docile in every way to work with. We have
quite a number of bee-men in this part Of the
country. Geo. D. Raudenbush.

Reading, Berks Co., Pa.

NEW HONEY IN OHIO ON THE FIRST DAY OF MAY.

I commenced the season of 1886 with 11 swarms of
bees; lost 12 swarms the previous winter. The sea-
son opened up very early. I saw bees working on
apple-blossoms on Easter Sunday, April 25, 1886.
I had something similar to the Hill device over the
hives. I did not unpack my bees until pretty well
along in May. I left the devices on the hives. I ex-
amined some of my bees May 1, and I found that
one swarm had three or four pounds of honey built
under one of the said devices, so we had new honey
made in 1886, for supper, on the first day of May.
Can any one beat that ? I should like to hear from
them if they can. J. S. Barb.

Bristol. O., Feb. 15, 1887.

FROM 9 TO 35, AND 1035 LBS. OF HONEY.

I Started in last spring with 9 colonies; increased
to 32; got 1035 lbs. of comb honey. My bees are all
in good condition, with plenty of honey. They are
Italians. W. M. Sweaney.

Sandy ville. O., Feb. 7, 1887.

FROM 4 TO 9, AND 600 LBS. OF HONEY.

[ began last spring with three full colonies and
one five-frame nucleus. I increased to nine colo-
nies, and took 600 lbs. of honey in pound sections.
The nine colonies went into winter quarters with
ten full frames each. All of my combs built last
year were built on full sheets of wired foundation.

Greenfield, la., Feb. 7, 18S7. J. E. Brooks.

FROM 88 to 109, AND 24,000 LBS. OF HONEY— AN
AVERAGE OF 272 LBS., SPRING COUNT.

My crop of honey was the best the past season
that I ever made. 1 secured 24,000 lbs. from 88 col-
onies, spring count, and increased to 109. Between
18,000 and 19,000 lbs. of my crop was white honey,
the rest honey-dew, or " black-jack," as we call it
here. This honey was all e.xtracted. No feeding-
was- necessary for winter. My crop in 1885 was 3000
lbs., and I fed 1500 lbs. of it, spring- and fall.

Parley, Iowa, Feb. 1, 1887. Jas. Scott.

Friend S., you luive given us a rousing re-
port. Now we should like to know some-
thing about your locality, and also by what
plan or system you man;iged to secure such

ABETTER SHOWING FOR THE ITALIANS; AN AVER-
AGE OF 50 LBS. PER COLONY FOR HYBRIDS,
AND 260 LBS. PER COLONY FOR
ITALIANS.

It takes about the same amount of work to sell
the honey as it does to get it. My honey is nearly
j all sold at an average price of 6 cents for extracted,
and 11 cents for comb honey. In the fall of 1885 I
prepared for winter 124 colonies— 90 in cellar and 34
in chaff hives. I lost one colony in a chaff hive,
which was queenless in the fall, and sold 13. This
left me 110 in all ; of this number, 30 colonies were hy-
brids. These I moved to a place two miles from my
home yard, so they would not bother me in my
queen-rearing. They gathered about 1500 lbs. of
comb honey in one and two pound sections, and in-
creased to 56. I have sold them. Hybrids of the
first cross are good honey-gatherei-s, but too ener-
getic with their stings to suit me. I want no more
of them. The 80 colonies that I kept at home were
mostly nuclei, with young queens raised the fall be-
fore. It was surprising to see how soon the.v made
good strong colonies. About June first I united 20
of the weakest with othi rs that had poor queens,
and used several colonies to make nuclei for queen-
rearing, which left me about 5i) strong colonies
with No. 1 queens. I took from these colonies 11,000
lbs. of extracted honey and 1000 lbs. in combs, to feed
next spring, and increased to 120. They were not
black bees either. G. D. Black.

Brandon, Iowa, Feb. 8, 1887.

Many thanks, friend B. It seems from
the above that your Italians are not only
gentler than the hybrids, but tliey gathered
over jive times as much honey per colony.
Is it locality, manipulation, or the race of
bees that made this difference':* Perhaps
friend Black or E. France can tell us.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEi<: OULTUKE.

185

A TOTAL FAILURE. AND I,OSS OP OVER $3(10.

T STARTED in spring' with ;i() colonics— 10 strong
1^ and 10 from very weak to inodiwm; increased
^i to 4S. iiicludiiifi- tive nnclei. I sold five nuclei'
■*■ H colonies, and about $a;i.00 wortli of queens,
which left me 40 colonies, and 1 did not get 40
lbs. of hone.v from the 40 colonies in 1886. 1 am out
about $125 in honey, and about *2U0 worth of time.
We have had a failure in the honey-crop every
.year since I have been in the business. I wish you
and Dr. C. C. Miller had got a law i)assed in 1882,
prohibiting anybody but you two from keeping
bees. 1 should have been about $;500 better otT.

Jno. W. Martin.
Greenwood Depot, Va., Jan. 1.5, 1887.

A KIT SUB.IECT FOR BLASTED HOPES.

Since I am writing, I will hand in m.v report for
the past year. 1 had, to go into the winter of 188,'i,
14 Stands in Simplicity hives. All came through
strong and healthj-. The^' commenced swarming
early; increased to SV. Up to July 1st my bees did
well; but from that time on they rather went back;
and by the 1st of October there were scores of bees
starved to death. 1 lost none, l)ut doubled back to
24; took 15(1 lbs. of comb honey from 14 colonies,
spring count, no extracted. My bees are all right
yet, but rather poor for so many stands. If you
have Blasted Hopes yet, you might put a few like
me in for a while, .iust to see how we would like it.

FairHeld, Pa , Jan. 1, 188T. J. A. Kime.

1)11) NOT PAY.

I do not like to report discouragingly lor the bee-
business, but I am afraid 1 shall have to, as my
loss in e.xperimenting during the past year will be
over $100. J. C. Frisbee.

Suffolk, \'a , Dec. 27, I88t).

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

PATENTED IN THE UNITED STATES— THEIR
I)ECRE.\^^E.

E are indebted to the British Bee-
Journal of Feb. o for the following
item in regard to the decrease in the
numlierof patents on hives issued
in llie United States from year to
year, up to and including part of 1886:

Your n-adeis may not be aware that the specifica-
tions (ii piiii nts taken out in all countries where
there is .i p;t'eni-law are filed and can be inspected
in the lil)r;ii\ at the Patent-Office, Chancery Lane,
witlim.'t |)ii\nicnt ot any fee, simply by signing
j'our nil me :iii>l address in a book as you enter.
Theri' is mIso a library of the scientific books of
all countries.

After the little business I had at the Patent-Offlee
this weeiv was done 1 amused myself looking at the
places and specifications of some of the American
bee-hives. Seeing 1 rom the general indexes the
great number of hives that had been patented In
the I'liited StJites I thought it might be of interest
to your readers to know the number of patents tak-
en out under the heading " bee-hives," not includ-
ing extractors, feeders, smokers, etc., and I count-
ed up tlie numbers, which areas follows:— From the
commenccmenr up to the end of the vear IST^i. 591;
1874, 22; 1875. 17; 1871). 22; 1877, :W; 1878. :«; 1S7!1, IS;
1880, 12; 18S1, 10; 1882, 8; 1883, 16; 1884, 8; 1885, 20; part
of 1886, 6. Total, 816.

You will see that the year 1886 is not yet complet-
ed, but up to the lat(?st returns the enormous num-
ber of 816 patents have been taken out for "bee
hives." I examined about 30 of the most recent
ones, and I should much like those gentlemen who
consider that we get all our best ideas from Amer-
ica to spend a da.v there in search of ideas worthy
of imitation, and I feel convinced that, whatever
their opinion of the superiority of Americian appli-
ances liai! pri'viously been, he will go away sur-
prised to find that ari.y one would ever patent the
rubbish he sees illustrated and described there.
Upon incjuiry of a patent-agent, I find a patent costs
more than hei-e, since the alteration of our patent-
law. John M. Hooker.

WILL THE THE NEXT VEAR'S HONEY CROP FOR
CALIKOHNIA BE A FAILURE?

1 am in receipt of a letter dated Feb. 5, from my
agent at San Buenaventura, Cal., stating that, up to
that time, the rainfall in Southern California for
this winter had been less than two inches. He says
that, unless the rain comes soon, the California
honey-crop will be a failure, as it takes from 10 to 18
inches to insure a crop of honey there.

While this is bad luck for our brothers across the
continent, it may help to advance the price here;
and let us try to make what is their unavoidable
loss our material gain, and not be led to sell our
honey at a low figure by those who wish to buy on
the strength of " an immense crop in California."

Wyoming, N. Y. G. W. Stanley.

MOVING BEES.

Fricitd Root:— I wish to ask a little advice in re-
gard to moving my bees. I have about 70 colonies
to move al)0ut 225 yards south of their v'resent
location. The la.y of the land is about the same;
viz., sloping southwest, but the new locution is
much steeper ground, and the location of the hives
will have to be in an altogether ditferent shape
than they are in at present. The bees are all in
Sim])licity-Langstroth hives, and contain from 4 to
20 frames each. What I wish to know is, how to
move them with least lost, the best time in the
spring to doit, and how to do it with the greatest
ease. I am not very strong physically. If the
editor, or .-vny of the readers of Gleanings, have
any suggestions to offer they will be thankfully
received. Subscriber.

New Brighton, Pa., Jan. 24, 1887.

It will be a little difficult, my friend, to
have your bees adhere to their new location,
unless the weatlier should favor you. If
they can stand on the new site, say a couple
of weeks, wlien there is no weatlier permit-
ting them to Uy, most of them will return to
their new location. If, however, a warm
day occurs shortly after moving them, so
many bees will be lost it may l)e the ruin of
a go(,(l many of your colonies. It is a very
ditficiilt matter iiideed to move bees short
distances, unless the weather hapjteiis to be
favorable, as above. For fiirtlier remarks
on this sul)ject. see "Moving Bees.'" in the
A 13 C book.

IMI'ORTEL) yllEENS FRO.M 1!) A N( ( INCI NI.

I have read .your answer to Mr. HudsoiL in the
Dec. Isl No. 1, 1886, page 046. 1 thank you lor what
you have written of me, and please hiar wh>' you
are Quite right in so thinking. 1 do not charge
more for Australia (proportionally) than for other
countries, on account of difficulty of transporta-
tion. 1 have arranged, with my .Australian pa-
trons, one price for every town and every month,
and the price is as low as possible. In fact, we

180

GLEANINGS In bee CULTUBE.

Mab.

charge only 15 francs for every box; and the ex-
pense for sending- to Australia, having- to be paid
beforehand, we pay about 4 francs on each queen.
The boxes for that country must be larger, and
contain a larg-er number of bees, a greater quanti-
ty of honey, and room for watei-— more than those
for others. It is also to be remarked, that we re-
ceive orders of only 8, or at most 13 queens at once.
Bologna, Italy, Jan. 4. Chas. Bianconcini.

The above gives the sohition, friends.
Queens to Australia must be prepaid for at
least the greater part of the route.

liABGE HONEY-YIELDS.

In regard to immense yields by single colonies,
frequently reported, I have been under the im-
pression that they are stolen from other colonies.
In the January 15th number of Gleanings, Emil J.
Baxter mentions a yield of 560 lbs. he had from one
colony. I believe his bees in that hive quietly stole
the honey from other hives. This quiet stealing-
has been mentioned before in Gleanings. If those
who have one or more of these big y ielders will dust,
with powdered chalk or flour, the bees of the big-
yielding colony, and watch carefully, I believe they
will find them the poorest lot in the yard. Try it
next season. E. E. Ewino.

Rising Sun, Md., Jan. aS, 1887.

Friend E., 1 am sure you are entirely in
the wrong. Bees may get a little honey, it
is true, by this quiet way of stealing, but it
is quite out of the question for tliem to get
such a quantity as friend Baxter mentions.
To get such an enormous crop, they would
have to labor not only weeks but months,
and that, too, on the high-pressure princi-
ple. When Italians were first introduced, it
was suggested by a good many that the
large yields were made by stealing from oth-
er bees; and men in our own vicinity, who
ought to liave good .iudgment, claimed that
our Italians took all the honey from their
hives as fast as the native bees could gather
it. When these great yields are coming in,
it is a very easy matter to follow tlie bees
and see where they get it ; and I believe
that most bee-keepers are in tlie habit of
finding out the source of these great accu-
mulations. Dusting them with fiour is an
excellent idea, to enable us to identify them;
but I think j/ou will find them on the bass-
wood-trees, in the clover-fields, or at some
other honest and legitimate work.

BEES TOO NEAR A RAILROAD, MILL, ETC.

In your issue of Jan. 15th I note a communi-
cation, page .50, in regard to the disturbance, in
winter, of bees situated too near a railroad. I have
had no experience myself, being- two miles from
the railroad; but last summer I visited the large
flouring-mill of Mr. J. B. Ward, of our county, and
he, being a bee-keeper as well as a miller, 1 was not
long at the mill before 1 made inquiry about his
bees, as I saw none in his yard or garden. His res-
idence is situated but a few yards from the mill,
just across and near the road, and the mill upon a
high bluff of limestone rock on Stone River. Be-
fore he moved his bees near the mill he was a large
honey-producer, and. withal, an experienced and
scientific manipulator with bees. He informed me
his bees did no good, made no surplus worth the
trouble of taking, for two years, when kept near

the mill, and be moved them to his mother's, some
two miles off, where they were doing well, although
inconvenient for his attention. It was his opinion,
that the roar of the mill, and tremulous motion the
stones produced when running, disturbed them too
much in their work. As the mill frequently runs
all night, and also all winter, it may have been the
disturbance, at these times, when they were not at
work, that caused them so much uneasiness they
did no good. He also lives near the line of the N.
C. and St. L. Railroad. W. P. Hendbbsom.

Murfreesboro, Tenn.

MR. BINGHAM S COMMENTS ON THE ARTICLE ON P.
44; A CORECTION.

I have often recalled my visit to your beautiful
home and shops with great pleasure. The multi-
tude of incidents following my visit, and the Alba-
ny Convention, prevented my reading Jan. 15th
Gleanings until yesterday, when lo! on page 44 an
account of m.v wanderings confronted me. There-
port of my hive is all right; but that about the one
fliliug of smoker making abundant smoke for use
all day is rather "too yyod." I did not mean to be so
understood. I probably said that the fire would not
go out; but 1 did not mean that once filling with
sound maple wood was sufficient for abundant use
all day. The best thing that can be said of a Bm.
smoker is, that it burns fuel fast— sufficiently fast
to make enough smoKe for instant use witliout woi'k-
ing the he.UoW8—just when there is no time to work
up a fire. Smoke can not be made without fire.
The old saying, "There must be some fire where
there is so much smoke," proves to be correct in
the case of bee-smokers, if they are always ready
with a big puff of smoke to turn the heads of alert
hybrids. I shall be glad to send you a smoker to
try, and will do so soon. T. F. Bingham.

Abronia, Mich., Feb. 11, 1887.

Thanks, friend B. I beg pardon if 1 mis-
understood you in regard to the time your
smoker will run without filling.

HOW TO -WARM A CELLAR BY MEANS OF THE
SQUARE CANS.

It is impossible to keep the temperature in my
cellar up to 4.5° this winter without the use of arti-
ficial heat. I think the frost has penetrated the
earth to a greater depth than usual. I have a 6-in.
ventilating-pipe, 70 ft. long, laid 5 ft. below the sur-
face; and the air, as it enters the cellar, is 38°, or 4°
colder than it was last winter. As I did not like to
risk a stove of any kind in the cellar, I thought 1
would try warming it with hot water. I do not
know of a better way to handle the hot water than
to have it in the 5-gallon square tin honey-cans.
Four of them can be set on the cook-stove at once.
I do not think that an open vessel would do, as the
vapor would make the cellar too damp. The caps
must not be screwed down tight when on the stove,
or the cans will burst when the water boils.

The number of cans needed will depend upon the
size and coldness of the cellar. My cellar is 14xl4x
8!i ft., and contains 60 colonies of bees, and I find
that two cans heated once in 'Zi hours will keep it
about 4° warmer than it would otherwise be. The
water will give out the heat gradually during 24
hours, so as not to excite the bees as the heat from
a stove would. I think it is less work to carry the wa-
ter up and down cellar than to tend an extra stove.

Brandon, Iowa, Feb. 13, 1887. G. D. Black.

1887

(iLEAJ^IINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

187

JljYgEIiF HND MY ^EI6pB0^g.

Be kindly affectioned one to another with broth-
erly love; in honor preferring' one another. — Ro-
mans 12: 10.

§OME of our neifj^Uhors are next door,
others across the street, and still oth-
ers are a mile away — may he eight or
ten miles. It is" the latter class of
which I am going to speak this morn-
ing. The papers announced that there was
to be a farmers" institnte in a neighboring
town. Across the country it is only ten or
twelve miles; l)ut as this" is the season of
Medina mud. we consider it easier to go
perhaps 25 miles by means of three different
railroads than to undertake to go " "cross
lots." If the three roads made connection
as usual, I should get thiough in a couple of
hours; but they did not connect, and there
was a prospect before me of missing the pro-
ceedings of the first day. I could make the
next station, however, by going two miles
and a half on foot, and I very quickly decid-
ed to do this, for I have learned by experi-
ence that, when you are apparently brought
up short, it does not do any harm to push
ahead against obstacles, even if it must be
done on foot. I had started out on this trip
because it seemed as if God called me that
way ; and if it were in answer to this call,
what anxiety need I have as to the result V
My part was simply to say, " Here, Lord,
am I, several miles from home, and my
plans jfrustrated. What hast thou for me to
ao V" I looked back when I had hurriedly
walked perhaps half the distance, and saw
a fellow - traveler carrying two bundles.
When you are wanting some opportunity to
serve the Master, aiid you see somebody
walking with two bujidles, I think it is very
safe to ask permission to carry one of them.
Just a little while before, I had passed two
other fellow-travelers. I slackened my pace
for awhile, wondering if God had given me
any message to them. Their principal com-
fort, however, seemed to come from the to-
bacco they passed back and forth, and evi-
dently their tastes and mine were in different
lines, so I courteously bade them good- day
and pushed ahead. I almost always go ahead
of other people when I walk, even if I am a
small man. Well, now, this man with the
two bundles walked even faster than 1 did.
I found that he lived at our destination,
where the farmers' institute was held. Fur-
thermore, he is a devoted and earnest Chris-
tian ; yes, and be is a banker besides. He
gave me an account of the town of L., which
was very interesting indeed ; and as he is a
Sabbatti-school worker, and has the welfare
of all the people at heart, we found many
topics of mutual interest. Before returning
home I formed an acquaintance with this
man, which I shall remember as long as I
live, and I shall always be the haijpier for it,
because I know of one more who is lumger-
ing and thirsting after righteousness, and
who is working and praying f<u' the Master.
WTien we readied the station we were told
theie was no train for two hours and a half
— no train of any sort. This cut off abso-
lutely all chance of hearing friend Terry for

the afternoon. Now, although the station-
agent told us there was no sort of a train, in
about an hour a coal-train came along. A
hot box obliged them to stop. The engineer
said very flatly, however, they did not carry
passengers '' nohow."" With some people
this would have settled the matter; but it
didn"t with me, even when the conductor
said the same thing. Did you ever know,
my friend, how much difference it makes,
in the way you approach a neighbor ? I did
j not say any thing until I caught his eye,
and then 1 good-naturedly replied, "My
friend, I am very anxious indeed to reach
j L.; and if you will tell me what I shall do to
get permission for you to carry us, I shall be
very much obliged."" His face softened a
little, and he said I might telegraph to the
1 superintendent, if I cared to. The tele-
graph operator did not seem to be very will-
j ing until we showed him some money, and
j told him we were ready to pay for all the
I trouble we made, whether he got us through
I or not. Now, please bear in mind ihat
! these neighbors of ours, especially at tele-
j graph-oltices and railway stations, are often
t thoughtlessly hindered and annoyed, and
very often by people who are not willing to
pay for the trouble they make. A telegram
came back immediately, saying, "Carry the
passengers, providing they do not hinder in
any way or manner."" The conductor then
told us if we were willing to jump off a little
out of town, and foot it to the depot, we
could go. Of course, we gladly consented.
Now, 1 know from experience, dear friends,
there are people who ask favors of this kind,
and then demand to be set down at the de-
pot, and other things of a like nature, in a
way to hinder, more than they perhaps
realize. The telegraph operator did not take
any of our money for his trouble, after all.
You see, we began to get acquainted a little,
and he recognized us as business men who
were accustomed to business, and knew bet-
ter than to hinder, or even try to hinder, a
railway train that must make its appoint-
ments.

A man that hath friends must show himself
friendly; and there is a friend that sticketh closer
than a brother.— Prov. 18: 34.

I can not tell you what a pleasant after-
noon we had at the convention. Two or
three hundred live young farmers sat at the
feet, as it w^ere, of friend Terry and of those
who were capable of teaching" improved ag-
riculture, and drank in their words in a way
that was very encouraging — at least to my-
self. When opportunity was given they
took part, and I confess it greatly surprised
me to find there were, within ten miles of
my home, such a large number of really go-
ahead, progressive young men — yes, young
men and boys who had l)een putting in
practice Terry's teachings in regard to po-
tatoes, live stock, and even the adornment
of their homes and farms.

Now, in this paper to-day, I wish spe-
cially to illustrate how much we lose by not
interchanging ideas, or getting acquainted ;
and. l)y the way, one young friend at the in-
stitute" gave us a most excellent talk on this
very subject of getting acquainted with
each other. He said oue of his neighbors,

188

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

but a few miles away, gave him move valua-
ble information on potato-growing in one
evenwg tlian iie had learned by experience
in many years; and this man was ready to
talk, and glad to talk, and yet the young
man had never visited him before. None
of us know what there is going on close at
home; we do not know of the valuable in-
formation that somebody, even in the same
room, might be able to communicate if we
follow the spirit of the little text at the
head of this chapter. Now listen. Of
course, / was invited to stay over night with
one of tJie bee-friends. VVhile supper was
being prepared I was left for a little time
alone witii an ehhn'ly lady who was also
stopping tliere, but with whom I was, of
course, unacquainted. I had simply been in-
troduced to her. that was all. IJooks and
papers lay on the centei'-table, and the ques-
tion arose. Shall I look at the Ijooks, or
shall I exert myself a little to throw off my
natural l)ashfulness, and get acquainted. I
was somewhat tired, and did not feel much
like talking — at least, I did not suppose the
other occupant of the neat little parlor
would be interested in any of the topics
that interestpd myself. It is true, if I had
been practicing what I preach I might have
very soon found out whether she loved the
Lord or not; and if she did, as most women-
kind do, of coarse there would be a common
ground on which we c(ndd meet and feel
mutually interested. The truth was, I had
been kept in the audience -room a good
many hours, and I naturally pined for the
open Helds ; yes. I would have got out and
run across the lots, even if it was frosty
and after dark, had I thought it was the
proper thing to do. God's voice seemed to
indicate, however, that I should get ac-
quainted, and I am very glad I overcame
my weariness enough to obey. Pretty soon
I found she had a son-in-law, who is one of
the progressive farmers. This son-in-law
had been investing a great deal of time and
money in a vain attempt to thoroughly un-
derdrain the marshy slope or sidehill near
his barn. His mother-in-law was telling me
how sorry she felt to see him try so many
times, and fail, and his last bold attempt
was the saddest of all, because he finally
did succeed. This apparent contradiction is
explained by saying that, when he got the
water out of the sidehill, he dried up a
spring some distance away, but close to his
?jar»., where he had for years, been watering
his herd of choice Jerseys, his horses, and
other stock. lie had killed the bird that
had for so many years stood in the way of his
crops of potatoes and corn ; but the stone
that killed the bird knocked the bottom out
of his nice well. At supper I asked my host
how far away this son-in-law lived. He
said it was about a mile. I begged to go
and see him, but he told me it would be
night before I got there. I fairly hungered
for the open fields, imderdrains, and swamp
muck, and he finally agreed to go witli me.
When we Jieared the spot we heard the
sound of babbling brooks, or gurgling water.
By the way, running water has always had
a fascination about it to my ears. Pretty
soon there was more sound of running water.

and finally I was reminded of the words of
Revelation, where John compares the voice
of Christ which he heard, to the " sound of
many waters.'' This young man, whose
mother-in-law felt anxious about him, had,
in his first experiments, l)een thwarted in
his work by the tile filling up with black
mud and silt. To overcome this he made
large silt-basins, perhaps a yard square, and
four to six feet deep. Into the silt-basins
the tile emptied. Now, the inlet tile was
perhaps six inches higher up than the outlet
tile; and the I'esult was, the water poured a
few inches into the basin below. As these
wooden curbs, or silt-basins, were scattered
over the field, the sound of the pouring wa-
ter under ground was what reached my ears
and stirred me with enthusiasm. I could
not very well see what the soil looked like,
but I kicked into it with my foot, and took
up handfuls. I did not need to be told it
would raise potatoes. Occasionally the stalk
of a big weed reared itself almost' above my
head. This weed had started after the
drains were put in. All our friend needs is
a windmill to lift the water up, and he will
have a much l)etter arrangement than he
had before. The only trouble is, he has
spent so much money in the drainage busi-
ness that he feels as if he could not spare
the cash for even a windmill just yet.

We went into the stables. He has a large
tank to catch rain-water, and iron pipes
convey the water to different parts of his
barn, so that the labor of caring for his
stock is comparatively light in the way of
water during a season of plenty of rain.
The barn is a model of neatness. There was
one Jersey heifer there, not only nicer than
any thing in the line of cattle-kind my eyes
had ever rested on, but I did not know be-
fore that it was possible for a calf to be so
pretty. I was strongly tempted to hand over
the price of her, without thinking the mat-
ter over. It was only $100, dear reader ; but
the ownei' had worked hard for his fine
stock, and I like to see such men get a good
reward. He. too, is a Chiistiau, and day by
day asks God's blessing on his labors ; and
even if tiie bottom of his well does drop out,
and other like calamities occur, now and
then, his faith in God does not waver. Why,
dear friends, I do iu)t know of any thing that
I look forward to with more pleasure than a
buggy-ride over to his place some afternoon,
to see how his crops look on that beautiful
soil, with the gurgling water prattling its
story but a few feet distant in any direction.
Now, this young friend is not alone. There
are other young farmers all around him, en-
thusiastic over the matter of underdraining
the Ilarrisville swamp that has been a great
dreary waste for years and years; and dur-
ing all the deliberations of the institute, I
can not remember that there was a single
unkind reflection. There were differences
of opinion, but they were met in the spirit
of our beautiful text:

Be kindly atfectioned one to aiiolhcr with brotli-
erly love; in lionor preferring- one another.

And they also showed forth most vividly
the spirit of the verse just after our text —
'' Not slothfid in business; fervent in spirit,
serving the Lord."

1S87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

189

0ai^ 0wjx Ji?imY.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST U. HOOT.

ONK-STORY AND T\V()-8TOUY CHAFF HIVES.

ip S announced in tlie lieadinj?, I propose
» to chat witli our readers in reuard to
I the rehitive merits of tlie single-story
^ and tlie two - story cliaff hives. In
discussing this matter, I do not wish j
to say any thing to detnict from the merits i
of tlie old, true, and tried two-story chaff
liive — the hive that has given such si)lendid
results in wiutering in almost all locations;
but I feci ("uistraiued to point out some of
the defects which have been named against
it.

In the hist place, wheii the upper story of
the large ch;iff hive is tilled with frames,
tliere has yet been no feasible means of re-
moving the bri.o<l - frames below without
taking out singl\ each one of the wide
frames. This has been considered one of
its most serious defects.

Seconil, it does u'lt permit tiering up more
than two rows of sections high. It is some-
times necessary for us. in order to get the
full benelit of the honey-flow, to tier up four
or live sections high.

Third, the hive is rather unwieldy, espe-
cially for women and others who are not
Itlessed with the average amount of physical
strength.

Fourth, it is not interchangeable with the
Simplicity hive. It requires a cover, cush-
ion, and. in order to get the best advantages,
sui)ers ]iecnliar to itself. However, it takes
any of the brood-frames m* wide frames tit-
ting the Simplicity hives. Considerable
tliought has been expended as to how one
or more of these defects could be obviated,
but nothing really practicable has ever been
suguested till the hive below was devised.

f>NE-STOKY

CHAFF HTVK.
COVKK.

HALF-STOKV

The cut represents the single-story hive,
which we have made and sold for the past
six years ; but as it was so much smaller we
feared to recommend it very highly as a
substitute for the larger hive. However,
since that time the hive has proven itself to
be a good one for wintering — at least, in
this locality. Perhaps, then, it may not be
out of place to mention some of its good fea-
tures. You observe, that it is hardly more
than a double-walled Simplicity hive, and
might very appropriately lie called tlie Sim-
plicity chalf hive. It is perfectly inter-
changeable with the Simplicity hive and
furniture ; i. e., it will take both the flat or
halt-story cover, any of the Simplicity crates
or supers, and the Simplicity lx»dy. the latter
to be used for an uiiper stoiy or for tiering
up. When this small chaff liive has a Sim-
plicity upper story ou it tilled with frames,

the brood-cliamber is readily accessible by
simply lifting otf the upper story. The hive
is also cheajier than the large (me.

THE ONE-STOnV CHAFF HIVE VOU WINTER-
ING.

1 feel just a little hesitancy in recommend-
ing this single-story chaff hive too strongly.
If it will winter bees just as well as the two-
story chaff hive, for the reasons named
above, I should very greatly prefer it. How-
ever, in this locality, as far as tried, it has
wintered colonies just as well, and in some
cases it seemed to do better, than the two-
story chatf hive. The style of this hive was
devised liy our foreman, Mr. Warner, some
six years ago. xV year before they were of-
fered for sale, Mr. Warner tried 15 of these
single-story chaff hives alongside of an equal
number of two-story chaff hives. From the
former he lost one colony during the winter.
From the latter he lost three. This may
have been merely an accident, but at any
rate it goes to prove that the single-story
chaff hive does just us well. One of our
former employes has tried wintering four
colonies in these for two or three years, and
he reports that they wintered his colonies
successfully. One of our sawyers, Mr. Will
Turner, tried wintering four colonies in
them last year, and he says they all came out
in good condition. For the last four years
we" have tried wintering one colony in our
apiary in this one -story hive, and every
year that colony has wintered as well as the
rest. Last fall I determined to try tour of
these one -story chaff hives under various
circumstances. When I went through the
apiary a few days ago I could not see that
there was any difference in the way their
colonies were wiutering compared with the
colonies in our two-story chaff hives. I have
no doubt but that they will come out in the
spring all right.

Now, there are other incidents I could
mention ; but the foregoing will suttice. But
plea^ebear in mind, that this is for only one
locality; and while they might winter colo-
nies successfully here at the Home of the
Honey-lJees and vicinity, they might not do
as well where the climate is more severe.

I will say from experience, right here, that
these little hives will give better results in
wintering if you put the Simplicity body on
toi), tilled with chaff, than if you cover tlie
brood-nest with a h;ilf-story cover only, in
which a chaff cushion fits.

OUR BEES UP TO DATE.

One day last week, the weather being
favorable, the apiarist and myself examined
all of our colonies to see whether any of
them might be needing stores, or whether
any might need doubling up. Not one of
our colonies has died up to date. Not only
that, but they are in splendid condition.
There were only three colonies in the whole
apiary that seemed a little uneasy, but in
other respects they appeared to be all right.
The remaining colonies were in nice com-
pact clusters; and when I pulled up the
burlap and peered into them they really
seemed stronger than when they were put
into winter (piarters last fall; at any rate,
we found scarcely a dead bee at the eutrauce

190

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

of any of the hives, so that I V)elieve we have
now about as many bees per hive as we had
when we put them into winter quarters.
None of the colonies sliowed any indications
of dysentery. In all the colonies examined,
we found just one that we thought had bet-
ter be united to another. The results up to
date, certainly are gratifying, considering
that, a year ago at this date, 1 found we had
lost one colony, and two or three more show-
ed signs of dysentery. However, we have
two more months for the bees to pass
through, so that we can not count our chick-
ens just yet.

FOUL BROOD.

As I did not think it advisable to disturb
the winter brood-nest, we did not pull our
colonies apart to ascertain whether they had
commenced rearing l)ro()d. so that we can
not give any inf(M-ination yet as to whether
foul bi-ood has started, wliere brood-rearing
may have commenced.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

fiil>li.sln-<1 Sriiii-MoiiiJll;/.

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

]ycEX3i3icr^a., OHIO-

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

i- ♦»; •

For Ohtting Eates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

And in (liy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blefsed,
because thou hast obeyed my voice. — Gen. 22: 18.

The number of our subscribers up to date is 6677,
a g-ain of 253 within tlie last month. Manj' thanks.

ANOTHER SUGGESTION IN REGARD TO THE T
SUPER.

Dr. C. C. Miller sugg-ests using- the loose T tins
on top of the sections, as well as beneath, and he
says the sugg-estion was given him by E. S. Arm-
stronfr, Jerseyville, 111. Of course, this arrange-
ment applies only to cases where the tins are loose.
When the supei'S are tiered up it prevents the bees
from putting the propolis in the space between the
sections. Friend Armstrong suggests further, that
with little trouble the whole lot of sections may be
reversed if it should be desired so to do.

THE NEW .JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

When giving the illustration on another page, I
omitted to mention that the buckwheat we have re-
ceived from Peter Henderson is not quite as large
as the cut shows it. There may be occasional grains
as large as the picture; and, very likelj', the grains
when they are first harvested are larger than they
are now. It is. however, considerably larger than
any thing we have ever before had in the line of
buckwheat. The European silverhiill, advertised
last season, is, as you may know, considerably
smaller than the old silverhull. The size of the
grain alone will make a ready distinction between
our older sorts and either of the new ones .

TINKERING WITH BEES IN MARCH.

We desire to enter a word of caution to some of
our beginning bee-keepers. If you find, upon peer-
ing under the quilt or burlap of your colonies, that
they are in nice compact balls, do not pull them
apart; disturb them just as little as possible. If
you have reason to believe that the colonj' is run-
ning short of stores, " heft " one end of the frames
to see whether they are light in stores. If you find
that their supplies are nearly exhausted, give them
bee-candy, or, better still, a frame of sealed stores.
This frame can be laid on top of the Hill device,
just over the cluster. When the weather opens up
warm you will have ample opportunity to pull the
colony apart; but for three or four weeks yet, let
the bees take care of themselves as far as possible.

GREEDINESS IN ADVERTISING.

It Is not right, and I am sure it will not pay, dear
friends, to declare in your advertisements that
your goods are better and cheaper than any other
in the world, and to the effect that people will get
humbugged if they buy of anybody except you. I
have noticed this particularly in our seed-cata-
logues. A seedsman broadly declares, and even
employs pictures, to illustrate what enormous
crops evei-ybody secures who buys seeds of him.
Then a counter-picture tells how the crops turn out
if you purchase of any one except the advertiser.
Now, I do not like this, even as pleasantry. Say, if
you choose, that people who buy of you are gener-
ally successful; but don't, I beg of you, try to
make it appear that all the world are cheats and
liars, with just one exception.

CLOTH INSTEAD OF GLASS FOR HOT-BEDS, COLD-
FRAMES. ETC.

A YEAR ago I was not very well pleased with the
new water-proof cloth substitute for glass. Since
then, however, I have learned to use it. and find
that it answers a most excellent purpose when our
heavy snowstorms and freezing weather are pretty
much over. It must, however, be fastened to
frames a good deal like the frames that hold glass,
and these frames must be fastened down so they
will not be blown away by the wind. After this is
done it will keep off frost tolerably well, although
not like glass; and as it permits the rain to go right
through it, there is no need of handling the sashes,
to get the benefit of warm showers. It also per-
mits sufficient air to pass through, so that there is
no danger of scorching the plants by the heat of
the sun, even if you do not ventilate at all. Add
to this, that it gives just about the proper amount
of shade for plants newly set out, and it promises
to be a great help in starting early plants for any
purpose. It also stops the circulation of air suffi-
ciently to keep the air and the soil just moist
enough to encourage almost all kinds of vegetable
life. It is ofiferfd at 3, 6, and 9c per yard, according
to the quality, by the U. S. Waterproof Co., 56
South St., New York. The cotton sheets that I ex-
perimented with a year ago by painting with boiled
linseed oil, are not what is wanted at all. The oil
soon makes the cloth rotten, obstructs the sunlight,
makes the cloth heavy to handle, etc. The plant-
bed muslin mentioned above is the best substitute
for glass; and although it is really superior to glass
late in the spring, ou accounts mentioned above, it
can by no means take the place of glass for hot-beds
or greenhouses in winter time, even if the manu-
facturers do advertise that it will.

188?

gleakings in bee culture.

m

THE T SUPER.

It is astonishing what an amount of correspond-
ence has come up in regard to T tins and T supers
since Ernest and Ur. Miller have been working at
it; and, as usual, there seems to be some little feel-
ing: as to who first invented it. I do not suppose it
will be possible to tell exactly, now; but you will
tlnd a picture of them in Gleanings for January,
1876, a little more than eleven years ago. I can not
tell whether I got the idea from somebody else, or
whether it was one of my own notions. But we
made them of two pieces of tin soldered together,
and also of one piece of tin folded to the proper
shape. The crate there illustrated holds 24 sections.
The tins were put in so as to form the usual bee-
space between the top-bars of the frames and the
bottoms of the sections. Perhaps we might men-
tion, right here, that Mr. M. G. Chase, of Whittle-
sey, Medina Co., O., has been using these supers
for the last tour years. Our friends will remember
that he is the gentleman who produced that nice
section comb honey we have had occasion to refer
to several times. Mr. C. has used them with the T
tins stationary. He has also used, in conjunction
with this T super, a wooden queen-excluding hon-
ey-board, not only for the purpose of excluding
queens, but to prevent the bees from soiling the
bottoms of the sections in his T supers. Our fore-
man, Mr. Warner, has just informed us that he made
for Mr. Chase this wooden queen-excluding honey-
board something over a year before Mr. Hutchin-
son described it.

gPECI^Ii ]\[0TICE^.

DISCOUNTS FOR ORDEKS RECEIVED DURING THE
MONTH OF MAHCH.

Rbmembek, there is a discount of 2 per cent on
goods of every description, on all orders received
during the month of March. After April 1, no dis-
counts for the month in which the order is received.

order early.
The rush of business is just now coming on, and
indications seem to point that we shall have as
much or more business than we have had previous
seasons. Our customers needing supplies would do
well to order early. Bees seem to be wintering
well all over the country, and their owners will
soon be in need of more hives and fixtures.

PRICE of wax.
Until further notice we can pay only 30c in cash,
or 2:5 in trade, for fair quality of beeswax deliver-
ed here. The same will be sold to those who desire
it, for 25c. fair average quality, or 28c for best se-
lected. When you send us wax, be sure to put your
name on the box, so that there will be no trouble in
telling to whom to give credit.

fountain pump, oh SPRINKLER.

In our last issue wo gave notice of an advance in
the price of these pumps, and an improvement on
them. We have about 125 pumps of the old style
■which we will sell, as long as they last, at the old
price. If you want to secure some at the old price,
send in your orders early, as those will not last long,
and there will be no more of them. The improved
pump will not be reafly for the market till about
March l.'i.

LABELS FOR FRUIT-TREES, ETC.

Wf, have just invented a process for making these
out of our waste white basswood, so that we can
furnish labels 3 inches long, '2 inch wide, and ^s
inch thick, for only 50 cts. per 1000. Less than 1000
will be at the rate of 10 cents per 100. If wanted by
mail, add 3 cts. per 100, or 25 cts. per 1000. These are
notched for the wire, but no wire is put on. We

can fit them up with copper wire for 15 cts. per 100,
or $1.00 per 1000 extra.

NEW .JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH.

We have just received from the manufacturers
another lot of green wire cloth, a list of which you
will tlnd In our ad\'ertising columns. It is all first
quality; each piece is nicely wrapped up in paper,
and, most iniiJortant to many of you, there are
many small pieces just such as you want. If you
wish to secure your choice of sizes you will have to
order at once, for these small pieces always go off
like hot cakes. The price is 1% cts. per sq. ft. in
whole pieces; 2 cts. per ft. where we have to cut it.

ONE-STORV CHAFF HIVES.

FoK those who would like to know the prices of
the one-story chaff hives, illustrated and described
in another column, we append the following; viz.:
One-story chaff' hives, with half-story cover, as illus-
trated elsewhere, complete for comb honey, with
metal - cornered frames, perforated zinc honey-
board, enameled sheet, and a crate of sections with
fdn. starters and separators, S'S. 00; one-story chaff
hive, nailed, painted, and stuffed, no furnitire,
112.00.

ONE-STORY CHAFF-HIVE IN FLAT.

Price of each in flat, *1.20; price of five in flat,
each, $1.10; price of 25 in flat, each, $1.00. Above
price includes half-story cover. For further par-
ticulars, see page 19 of our new price list.

CIKCULARS RECEIVED.

The following price lists have been received at
this office:

George E. Hilton, Fremont, Mich., a l-page li,st of apiariau
supplies.

T, A. Salisbury, Syracuse. N. Y., a 20-page list of apiarian
implements.

W. W. Gary. Coleraine, Mass., 30-page list of bees, queens,
und general "supplies.

.1. W. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La., a 4-page
list lit biHs. queens, nuclei, etc.

F. A. Snell, an 18-page list of apiarian supplies; specialty,
Snell's Eclipse hives and furniture.

Geo. Wheeler. Xuiwkh, N. Y., a 10-page circular of Sim-
plicity and Langstruth hives, crates, etc,

O. E. Heacock, Barberville, Volusia Co.. Fla., a 14-page cir-
cular of bees and queens.

Frank Boomhower, Gallupville, N. Y., an 8-page circular
(large size) of poultry, and price list of bees and queens.

Smith & Jackson. Pillbury Center. Ontario, Can., a 20-page
circular (large size) of bee-sui)plies; specialty, the Excelsior
bee hive.

Dougherty & Wiley, 601 Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind.,
an 8-i)age circular, large size, of general supplies, bees, nuclei,
hives, etc.

J. D. Goodrich, East Hardwick, Vt., an advertising sheet of
general bee-supplies. Mr. Goodrich again sends out this year
his sample package of sections and foundation. The latter is
very line.

Thomas Gedye. La Salle, 111., a 4-page circular of bee-sup-
plies; specialty, the German brown bee. The last-mentioned
was ijrintcd at this office.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The St. Joseph Inter-state Bee-keepers' .Association will meet
in the le(tvnt-ruiin\ of Unity Church, in St. Joseph. 9th St., be-
tween Edmund and Felix, on Wednesda.y, March 16tli, at 2 and
7 P. M. All an- invited. E. T. ABBOTT, Sec,

St. Jo.seiilL, Mo.. Feb, 14. 1887.

10-INCH FOUNDATION-MILL FOR SALE.

A friend at Carson City, Nevada, has one of our
improved 10-inch foundation-mills, with dipping-
tank and boards, that has never heim used, he having
been taken sick soon after he received it. At our
present prices it is worth over $23.00. We will sell
it for him at $23.00 for the outfit complete. This is
a good chance for some Western bee-keeper, who
wants a mill, to save quite a sum in the way of
freight charges. A. I. ROOT. Medina, Ohio.

PURE ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

In superior movable-frame hives. Frames V2^4,X
12^4 ; eight frames each, at from five to six dollars
per colony; or same in light strong shipping-boxes,
75 cts. less. Liberal discount on large lots.
4tfdb. DK. G. W. YOUNG, Lexington, Mo.

CAENIOLAN AND ITALIAN aUBENS, BEES AND SUPPLIES.
Also B. Leghorns. P. Rocks, and Raspberries.
6-6-7d Box 34. J. W. CLARK, Clarksburg, Mo.

192

GLEANINGS [N BEE CLrLTURE.

Mak.

BEES FOR SikLE

COLONIES, ^aOV

Nuclei afll^ Queens / ^(

At LivitHj Ratts. •i'if^miP^

Send for Circuiar and <t
Price List to

otfd

CN^lditibiii, Tenn.

CHOICE ITALIAN OOEENS

• rvAND NUCLEI- : ■
From Imported Mothers: also tiom the noted Uoo-
little strain. Send lor Circuhu-.

SIMON P. KdDDV.
57d Mechanic'stowx. Fkkii Co.. Mu.

To tell .\ ou ihat E. liaer sells
One piece \"-jaroove bass-
wood Sections at K.75 per
100 i; extra line, $;5.7o per M.
Othei- Snpplies correfpond-
iiifii.v low. Samples and
Circular tree. Address

EZR/I BAER, Dixon. Lee Co., Ills.
PRIME & GOVE,

5tfd

BRISTOI-,

VEKlvIOXTT,

— M.VNITFAOTURKKS Of

Pee - J^eepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Ssnnples free.
.'itldli.

-*^|c ARMSTRONG'S *i

HASTINGS PERFECTION FEEDER.

After a trial of the PERFEC-
TI4HV you will use no other, for
the followiuj^- reasons:
1. I'revents Robbing-.
■-' itees can not be drowned or
lulled in reaching the food.
! Uees can be fed at all sea-
sons (il the year without being
cli!-tiii bed.
;^' Head the following:
The "Perfection Feeder," made
by M E Hastings, is altogether
llie licvt feeder we have yet seen.
It combuies all the good points of all the feeders we
have ever seen, with none of their bad features. It
simply is perfection. We have tried it, and we know
we can not give it too high praise.

Editor Bee-Keepers' Magazine.
^=^^Send for sample bv mail; to hold 4 lbs., 50 c.;
6 lb., ()0c. Per doz.. 4 lb. feeders, f;3.W; 6 lb., $4.50.
5d M. E. HASTINGS, NEW-YOEK MILLS, ONEIDA CO., N. Y.

Tlie "Gilt Edge" Apiary offers Italian queens
' from imp. mother; untested, in April and May,
*1.:.'5; unt'd, in June and after, •*1.0II. Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

5 lOdb 'Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

200

COLONIES OF ITALIAN

BEES

511 colonies on special terms. Send for prices.
•56Td S. D. McLEAN, BOX 190, COLUMBIA, TENN.

Uh tell me! (Jh tell me !

And I shall be so glad!
Do you know of some reliable man

Where fine bees maj' be had —
Gentle and fine Italians,

With industry and business combined.
Those that will work on red clover,

And never are behind?
Oh, yes! my friend; I'll tell you.
And I know they'll fill the bill;
You can get them of F. Boomhower,
And he lives at Gallupville.
He breeds fine poultry as well as fine bees; also
ferrets, rabbits, and Jacobin pigeYms. Finest flock
of laced Wyandottes in America. Send postal for
fine illustrated circular. $50. CO worth of bees and
stock to give away. Address
.5d F. BOOMHOWER, Gallupville, N. Y.

Bee-Hives, Sections, Section-Cases,

FOUNDATION, AND OTHER APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

Send for our new Circular with description of the
"SUCCESS HIVE,"

Which is fast gaining the favor of many bee-keepers.

Albino Queens and Bees for 1887.

It should be reniembei'cd that we are also head-
quarters for the " Albino Queens." We also
breed Select Italiaii!^.

Address S. VALENTINE & SONS,
5tfd Hagerstowii, Wasli. Co., Md.

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE. BEES 0 QUEENS

The cheapest, simplest, and most practical hive
ever offered to the public. H. D. Cutting, of Clin-
ton, Mich., says: '"Let me congratnlafe you on
having such a good hive. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, $a,.5(). Send your name and address,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our 32-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

6tfdb E. S. ARMSTRONG, Jerseyville, nis.

READ"5r TO SHIP.
Friends, if you are in need of Italian bees and
queens, reared from imported mothers, 1 can ac-
coDunodatc you at the following- low prices: Italian
bees, »4 lb.. 75 cts.; 1 lb., fl.Oll; untested queens,
fl.OO; tested, *:.'.()(). Hybrid l)ees, '.2 lb., fi5cts.; I lb.,
90 cts.; Hybrid queens. 75 cts. Prices by the quan-
tity will be sent on application. 5-7-9d
W. S. CAUTHEN, Pleasant Hill, S. C.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BKK CULTlUiK.

19o

ITALIAN QUEENS-

Reared from sok-ot mothers. Untested, fl.tXl;
Tested, $:i.uo. H. <i. FKAITII':,

5-16db North ITIaiiclie»iter, Ind.

Untested Italian Queens,

TO cts. eaeti; in A pril, ."Jrii (id per doy.. After 'i years
of bad health I sliall atrain raise those nice, bright,
large and prolifie (pieens whose workers are great
honey-gatherers. 'I'hose who wish early queens
must order now. as, first eonie tirst served, which I
will in no case depart from .\ll qneens mailed at
owner's risk. DR. JOHI\ M. PICK E,

5d Tanipa^ HMIsboru Co., Fla.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111. ; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee.
Ind,: Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula. La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, III.; J. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co.. Te.xas, W. E. Clark, Oriskauy,
N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown. Wis.. E. F.
Smith. Smyrna, N. Y.. and numerous other dealers.

Write for xampleii free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Cotnpliiueutary and unsii-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee even/ inch of our foundatimi equal
to sample, in every respect.

OH.4S. DAD ANT & SON,
3btfd Haiiiiltois, Hancock €o., IlliuoiM.

IX SEASON FROM

CHOICE BROWN LEGHORNS

Of Rose or Straight combs, oi- Peklii Dnek Eggs, for
$1.00 lor 18. DAVID LUCAS.

4 5d. Jewett, Ohio.

^ BEES! BEES! H

QQ Colonies, Nuclei, and Queens, ^

rf\ Foi' sale. Send for price list t<i \JJ

H S. D. McLEAN, O

:>')-7d. Cobl'MBlA. Tenn. »

PTIR ^AT F — -^ t'O'nplt'tt' apiary of 140 colo-
•^ ^■" O/Vljl-i. onies of fine premium bees in a
never-failing locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first premium at
the late St. Louis Pair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once, L. Werner, Edwardsville. 111. 4tfdb

p^fx-p Cqlp or exchange for Western land. 90
•»■ ^^ kJdlCj colonies of bees and apiarian fi.x-
tures, sulhcieiit to increase colonies to 100 double
hives — Simplicity hives. An excellent opportunity
for a live apiarian. Plenty of wliite clover and bass-
wood, besides abundance of fruit-bloom. Inventory
sent on application. Must be sold .soon.
4-5-6d Address S. W. LAKIN. Eureka. 111.

MAKE YOUR

<{PRICE LIST STICK.i-

Common circulars are often thrown away with
onlj' a passing thought, and soon forgotten. But
our beautiful, instructive, amusing

-#hCHR0M04^CARD#-

Will stick. When the articles upon it are explain-
ed, the story will be repeated many times. Bees,
flowers, children, impltments, brilliantly

PRINTED IN EIGHT COLORS.

Give it to a custonK^r for honej" or supplies, and
you will not be forgotten.

Sample i)ackage, 10 cts. One sample and price
list of cards, queens, foundation, and other things
useful, sent free. Address J. H. MARTIN,
3-8db. Hartford, Wash Co., N. Y.

Send for my new and enlarged Price List tor 1887
now ready, of

APIARIAN SUPPLIES,

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS.

All untested queens warranted purely mated. Al-
so three varieties of

HIGH-CLASS POULTRY.

4-.5-6d. C. M. DIXON, Parrlsh, 111.

BEING

A Tall,- fihoiit SOUK- of the Implennnitu, Flans,

tinrl Vi'ttctirrs of ii li<'i'-krepvr of 'i-i yenvs^

E.vperit'ucr, ii-Jio hiin for S i/enr.s tiiatlc the

I'vodiiction of Jlonei/ Jiis JCrvliisive

Jiiisi ness.

A book of 114 pages, well printed, and nicely
bound in cloth.

A. I. Root, in Oleanings, saijs : It is a plain, fa-
miliar talk about bees and bee culture. It starts
out in an intenselj' interesting and taking way, and
keeps it up all through the book.

Dr. J. P. H. Brown saijs: It bridges over a big va-
cancy in practical bee-keeping.

Price 75 Cts.

4-.5d

Sent Postpaid by the Author,
Dr. C. C. MILLER,

Marengo, III.

Write to W.H. COOK, :KIintODVille,:J Wis.,

FOB PlilCES OX

Bee-Hives Jectioijsi Frames

As I am located wlu're an abundance of basswood
and pine grows. 1 feel safe to say I can furnish my
goods as cheap as tliey can be produced.

A. I. Root Chaff Hive a Specialty.

All goods warrant'^d. For reference, applv to the
Bank of Clintonville, Wis. 4ttdb

MUTH^

HOITEY-EXTRACTOR,

NQIJ^KE GLASS HONEY-JAKS,

TIN BdCKETS, BEE-HIVES.
HONEY-SECTIONS, At-., Ac.
PERFECTION COLO- BLAST SITIOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

194

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar,

EXCHANGE DEPARTMEITT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in tliis de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ox-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange for good horses
and mules, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
SOtfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED. -To exchange for 10-inch fdn. mill
(Vandervort preferred) 300 Sira. frames of
worker combs, wired, used but little. 5d

C. T. Geiiould, East Smithfleld, Bradford Co., Pa.

WANTED. -To exchange, nursery stock of all
kinds (evergreens a specialty), for Italian bees,
tested queens; nuclei, fdn., apiary supplies, bee-
plant seed. Give prices of your goods. My price
list free. R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from four yards,
pure-bred prize-winning Plymouth Rocks, for
alsike clover seed. Eggs, #2.00 for 13, or ^3.00
for 30. B. D. StDWELL,

3-8db Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. DiTi'F, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock of all kinds
for bees in spring. Terms on application, stat-
ing what you want. D. G Edmiston,
4tfdb. Adrian, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees for Ameri-
can Merino sheep, buflf and partridge cochins,
Wyandottes, and Light Brahma chickens. Address
4-5d. P. F. Rhodes, New Castle, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange first class brood-frames
at 90c per 100, for honey. C. W. Da vton,
4-5d Bradford, lovva.

WANTED.— To exchange Full bred German Cana-
ries, also rice pop-corn, for sections, beeswax,
or supplies, also our homestead of 10 acres, for
larger farm in Northern Ohio. F. H. Chapin,
4-5d Hinsdale, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Gregg raspberry-plants
for comb fdn., 1-piece sections, or L. frames.
For particulars address Thompson Brown,
4-5d Cloverdale, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange a'jnew large pictorial
family Bible, cost S8.50, for extracted honey.
3d W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Cuthbert raspberry roots
for a double-barrel 13-gauge breech-loading
shot-gun, or a female ferret, or beeswax.
3-6db M. ISUEJ.i., Norwich, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs of land and water
fowls at $1.00 per sitting, for apiarian supplies.
5d Address, with stamp, N.J.Israel,

Beallsville, Monroe Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange 40 acres of good land,
% improved, frame house and barn, good
spring, "^■) mile from a thriving temperance town;
good schools, church, etc., and situated on the
great basswood belt of Wisconsin, for property in
Arkansas, small or large. Apiary if desired. Cor-
respondence solicited. M. A. Gill,
6tfdb Star, Vernon Co., Wis.

WANTED. — To exchange correspondence with
California apiarists who want to employ one or
two experienced young men next season. Address
3d. F. F. Roe, Ennis, Tex.

WANTED.— To exchange good harrow, lawn-mow-
er, lawn-roller, each article for one hive of
bees. Arthur Todd,

4-5d. 1910 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation for three or
four sittings of pure (none but the best) eggs of
Wyandottes. W. K. .Iames. Loudon, Tenn. 4-5d

\17 ANTED. —To exchange honey-extractor, new;
H will take a frame 13x14 inches. Monarch in-
cubator, 600 eggs in size, as good as new. and a
good violin, for sections, section-machine, French
buhr feed-mill, or offers. J. T. Fletcher,

Stfdb Clarion, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange 100 wide frames, to hold
8 sections, for imported queen, beeswax, or
any thing useful. Address F. A. Eaton,
od Bluffton. Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange for fdn. or bees by the
pound, 1000 white blackberry plants. They
are hardy and productive; the fruit is the color of
white currants. Address P. D. Miller,
Grapeville, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees, or offers, 160
acres of Western Neb. land, 160 acres Central
Kan. land, 80 acre Western Iowa farm. Immediate-
ly, if at all. Anthony .Johnson,
otfdb Essex, Page Co., Iowa.

Green Wire Cloth,

FOR

Window Screens and Shipping Bees,
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

The following lot of wire cloth is a job lot of rem-
nants, and full lolls diiect from the factory, that
are FIEST QUALITY, and the pieces are of such varie-
ty of size as tu furnish any thing you want. Price
Pi cts. per sq foot, for full pieces. If we have to
cut the size you want, 3 cts. per sq. ft.

When you order a piece, and somebody else has
got it ahead of you, we will substitute a piece the
nearest in size to the one ordered, unless you speci-
fy in your ortler that you do not want us to substi-
tute. The tigures on the left indicate the width.

8 I U rolls, 67 sq. ft. each : I eioh of 6« 6.i. 64, 64, 63, 63, 62, 54, 40,

I 27. 24, 22. and 4 sq. ft.
12 I 34 rolls (if 1011 >([. ft. each ; 3 of 102 sq. ft ; 4 of 98, 2 of 97, and

I I e;icli of 9i. 90. 75 j)2. 44 13. and 28 s<i. ft.
14 I 1 roll each of 26. 14, and 5 sq. ft.

11 rolls of 133 sq. ft.; and 1 each of 132. 131, 131, 128. 128, 105,56,
and 12 sq . ft.

5 rolls of I.^O sq. ft-, 6 of 147 sq. ft., and 1 each of 163, 118, 145,

145. 144, 130. 117. 116. 69 45 37, 27. 24. 24 and 16 sq. ft.
20 i 1 roll each of 164, lOo .% 31 nwd 18 sq. ft.
~- 1 roll each of 101, 73 73. .% 46. 46. and 16 sq. ft.

38 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each and 1 ea<'h of 100, 96, 92. 90. 66, 66, 6«,

60 62, .50, 60, f 0. 44, 40 3li .•!2 30, 30, 28, 24, 24, 24, 20, 20, 20, 12, 12,

U, 8 8. 6, and 6 sq. ft.
112 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of 227, 215, 204, 201, 200,

199, 195, 93 76, 54. :A. 43, 32, .32 30, 10, and 7 sq. ft.
71 rolls of 233; 10 of 224; 4 of 222 sq, ft., and 1 each of 257, 103,

96, 49, 49. 47. 47, 42. 28, 19, 14. 8, and 7 sq. ft.
20 rolls of 260 sq. ft., and 1 each of 107. 08. 86, 75. 75. 72, 65, 62.

52, 50, .50, 43. 27. 25. 22, 20, 20. 19, 14, 14, 11. 10, 7. and 5 sq. ft.

12 rolls of 266, 3 of 256 sq. ft., and one each of 275. 141, 99, 96,
93 84, 80 67. 45, 16, 15. 13. and 8 sq. ft.

25 rolls of 283 sq. ft., and I each of 142, 142, 133, 130, 93, 88, 74, 71,

68. 54, 48, 37. 27, 25, 17, Mud 14 s<i. ft.
14 rolls of 300 sq. ft. ;uh1 1 each of 288, 192. 147, 120, 102, 51, 45,
36. 36 36, 36 34, 33, :B, 30 24, 15, 13, 12 12, and 9 sq. ft.
25 rolls of 316 sq. ft , and I ra ih of 6.^'). .300, 47. and 9 .sq. ft.
I roll each of 127 and 27 sq. ft.
1 roll of 17 sq. ft.
1 roll of 88 sq. ft.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

DADAHT'S FOTODATION PAOTOET, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See ad veitisernent in another column.

BEES, SIMPLICITY HIVES, SECTION
BOXES, SHIPPING-CASES, COMB-
FOUNDATION, Etc. Send for price list.
3E3. <D. X.sC>3?^Gr,

5tfd WILLIAMSVILLE. ERIE CO., N. V.

SIMPLICITY AND

LANGSTHOTH HIVES,

All dovetailed Sections. Brood and Wide Frames,
Shipping-Crates, Wire Nails, etc. Send for circular.

CEO. WHEELER,
3tfd. Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y.

1887

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

199

Contents of this Number.

Boes, Cross 223

Bees, Time to Remove 206

Bees, Dislurbinu: in Winter.2n.i
Booming it. . .2;i';

L.'ttcr

.210

,.2:!2

Cases. Surplus

Cell.ii-^. Damp

Clmir ('u>lii.ins....

DoolUUe's lUstovv 201

KeoMomv in Smali ThinMTs. .2.i2

Editorials '. 231

F(Mit-iMuver, Teli-eent 2ir>

(iiein Mountains. 214

(.rowlerv 231

Heads of Grain 222

Home or the Honey-Bees .. ..207
Hone.v (Column 202

Honey. Exhibiting 221

House-warming 213

luvistment . .Tu venile 225

Itali.ius. Blacks. H.ybrids... 223

.Juvenile Itepartment 224

Lef^islation A^iainst Bees. .204

On I- Own .\iiiary 232

SeetioM-, Ten-eent 211

Siiigle-liiT Cases 232

.Smoker. Hingliain 223

.Siiiiers Discussed 220,222

Super. T 216.217

Super. .\rm>trong's 221

T Tins. To Fasten 220

T Tins. Strength of 232

Tobacco Column. 226

Vinegar lioui Honey 212

2Q Colonies of Bees For Sale,

III S-Frsimo Li. Hive, Wired ('oiub!!>. Strong:
ill bees, and every way de«>irable, at i5<i.00
per sAvariii. F. D. NACiLE,

6-9(1h Soiitli Haven, JTIieli.

Ian Qiieeiix and Bees

by the lioiind, colony, or apiiii-y.
Also hec'supplies in g-eneral. L. HARRIS,

fid Box 304, Greenville, Bond Co., Til.

FOR SALE. by'\he

W. O. WiNSOR's Factory,

NORWICH, <hi<:nango <o., n. v.,

BEE-HIVES, FRAMES, FOUR-
PIECE SECTIONS, AND
Pa eking- Crates.

I'rirr J^ifit -Free.

6-8-10- I2d

WantpH -■^ 8'oo<3 bee-keeper to take charge of
fwaillCUi my apiary of 12i) colonies, on shares.
ROBEKT BIjACklock, KiUgore, Carter Co., Ky.

ITALIAN QUEENS-

Reared from select mothers. Untested, #1.00;
Tested, f-'.OO. H. G. FRAITIK,

.Vlfidb Nortli Iflainliester, Ind.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of aiij' that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman I't
Son, Chica.a-o, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowajiiac, Mich. ; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J. Miller & Co., Nappanee.
Ind,: Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr.,Freeburg, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. : E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M. .1. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y.; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry V^allev, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls.'Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.; Asjiinwall &
Tread well, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton. Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co., Te.vas, W. E. Clark.
Oriskanv. N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E." F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., W. J. Stratton,
Atwater, O.. and numerous other dealers.

Write for mmples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with ISOConiplinientary and ifH.svi-
liciteii UMimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We iixutranUe every inch nf our )'<nun1nti<n) equal
In xample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT Ac SON,

3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinolii.

•*BEE+ SUPPLIES.*-

Our One-Piece V-6roove Section,

Smooth on both sides, at $-Z.{M per 1000; extra fine,
$3.50 per M: for lai-ger lots write for price list and
sample, free. A. JTI. iVIl^KKAV A: CO.,
fi-7d GoNlien, Elkhart Co., Ind.

IN SEASON FROM

CHOICE BROWN LEGHORNS

Of Rose or Straight combs, or Pekin Duck Eggs, for
$1.00 for 18. DAVI D LUCAS,

4-5(1. Jewett, Ohio.

DADANT'S rOUNDATION FACTOET, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another ciihiiiin. :Utbd

Here We are Again for 1887,

WITH A FULL LINK OF

B©e - ICeepers' Supplies.

Do not fail to send for my new price list,
(id Address K. S<;H?HID'r, CAEOLINE. WIS.

BINGHAM SMOKERS AND HONEY - KNIYES.

EASTEKN HEAIICIJARTERS.

Wholesale and Retail. Special Inducements.

See ad. in another column.
6d «. AV. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. \ .

ITALIANijUEEN

01 bib Address AV. f. Mavis; 4;<>odiu:iii, N. C.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40e. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 45c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and :iOc. per lb. 10';,', discount on all orders received
before the 15th of Apiil.

EARLY^

ani

3-tfdb

F. W. HOLMES, Coopersvil

Mich.

Extraordinary Exchange !

Having disposed of my bee-siipply buj^iness, at
Des Moines, Iowa, to Jos. Nysewander, I hope my
friends and customers will be as generous with him
in orders and good will as they have been with me.
1 am no longer in the supply trade here after March

1st, 188".

J. .n. SHUCK, r^-m

Cnv QqId Italian-Albino Bees and Queens, by
rUI OalC. the pound. Nucleus, and full Colonies.

Address OTTO KLEINOW,

Stfdb (opp. Fort Wayne Gate), Detroit, Mich.

(j(ENWARD-HAirHPHRY.)

200 untested queens ready for mailing; prices:
March. .fl.OO; doz, iplS.lXI; April, Jfl.OO; doz., $10.00;
May, 90c; doz., f9.00; June, 80c; doz.. $8.00; July,
7.5c"; doz., $7.00. Write for information and price
list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO..

5tfdb Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

HOW tTraise comb honey;

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and suppb' circular. 18tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co.. Iowa.

200

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

e/2

QQ

PC?

Untested Queens, April and May,

$1.00 each; Sll.OO per dozen.
Tested, April and May, 13.50 each.

Two and three frame nuclei, etc.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Special discount to dealers.

6-8-9d

W. J. ELLISON,

en

20

6-7-8d

Sumter Co., So. €a.

One - Piece
Sections and
Wood Sepa-
rators, a spe-
cialty. Our No.
2 sections ($2.50
per M.) have no
equal for the
price. Berry-
baskets and
crates also, a
specialty. For
catalogue, ad-
dress as in the
cut. 6-7-8d

Colonies Italian Bees FOR SALE

in good condition, on 7 Langstroth frames, i
shipping-ho.xes, at $4.00 per colony.

WM. AMELANO, Ottumwa, Wapello Co., Iowa.

BEES!

CHEAP

For Price List
Write to

BEES!

6ttdh

ITI. W. SHEPHERD, Rochester, O.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

Full colonies, in April and May, $8.00 (Simp, wired
frames, combs built on fdu). Bees, per lb., $1.00.
Per 1/2 lb., 6!) ets. Tested queens. $2.00. Untested,
$1.25. No untested qtieens before May 18th.
etfdb MISS A. M. TAYLOR, Mulberry Orove, Bond Co., Ills.

BEES CHEAP!

I have had charge of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. I intend to start an apiary five miles from
town; will sell full colonies and nuclei cheap. Fine
queens a specialty. For particulars, address

wm. p. kimber,

etfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

Queens! Queens!

Italian queens, bees by the pound, and comb
foundation, a specialty. Send for new circular for
1887, now out. SMITH & JACKSON, 6d

P. O. Box 72. Tilbury Center, Kent Co., Ont., Can.

w

ANTED.r.-Competent assistant in apiary for
summer. DR. THOM, Streetsville, Can. 6-7d

90 COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE.

Italian and hybrid, on straight worker comb, in
Langstroth frames. Simplicity and chaff hives,
with complete surplus arrangements. 6d

CHARI^ES F. KROEH,

Box 475, Orange, N. J.

BEES! SOO COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready for spring delivery at 60c to $1.00 per lb.,
according to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also AD.JTTSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

OLIVER F0STJ<:R. Mt. Veruoii, Linn Co., la.

ALL DOVETAILED SECTIONS,

One and two pounds. Langstroth Hives, etc. ; 50
colonies Italian Bees, Nuclei, Queens, Brood and
Section fdn. Ash kegs for extracted horiev, frames
of brood aad bees. M. ISBELL,

3-«db. Norwich, N. Y.

22 YEARS OLD.

NORTHSHADE ^ APIARY.

inn Colonies of Italian Bees For Sale in
lUV/ 8-frame L. or 12-frame Gallup hives, in good
healthy condition, delivered at express office in
Alamo, Mich., in good shipping order.

Single colonies, each $7 00

2 to 5 " " 6 50

5 to 10 " " 6 26

10 or more, " fi 00

Same as above, with only one comb brood and
honey, 25 per cent discount from above prices. I
guarantee these bees to be as tine a strain of Ital-
ians as can be found—perfectly healthy, with a good
prolific queen with each colony.

If wanted, I will furnish the Gallup size in fine
chaff hives, in lots of 5 and up, at *8.00 per cdlonj .

All my combs are nice straight worker combs, a
large share of them drawn from foundation in wired
frames.

All orders to be filled as soon as the weather will
permit in May. All orders should be in by the first
of May. Five per cent discount on all orders re-
ceived before the 1st of April.

References— A. I. Root, Mich. National Bank, Kal-
amazoo, Mich., or any of my old patrons.

Address O. H. TOWNSEISD,

6-7d Kal. Co. Alamo, micli.

9»

Tie "AUTOMATIC

Is the only Honey-Extractor that reverses the
combs all at once by their own weight. It will do
three times more work, and do it better, than any
other machine. It will extract from unfinished sec-
tions at the rate of lOUO to 1.500 per hour, and
not injure the comb. It will extract from new
combs as rapidly as from old, and will not bruise
them. It will hold the combs perfectly straight,
and protect them on both sides. It will do its work
rapidly and perfectly; gives entire satisfaction, and
lasts a lifetime. It will carry .50 Bingham smokers
or honey-knives inside the can, with no extra
charge for freight; and as I can furnish these goods
at Bingham's prices, both wholesale and retail, it
will pay you to order them with the extradtor.
Send for circular, giving size of frame used, and
get prices of machines. Address
6d G. \V. STANIjEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

* SECTIONS.

#

First quality, white basswood, dovetailed, or to
nail; 4 pieces, 4!4x4y4; price, S4..50 per M.; 5000, $30,
Sure to please you. Any size of section made to
order, and shipping-crates in season. Sample sep-
tion sent for a stamp.
5tfdb F. GRANGER &, SON,

Harford Mills, Cortland Co., N.Y,

Takes either Eclectic or Simplicity- frames, the lib.
sections, etc., and is cheaper and better than anj- he
has before brought out. He sells all supplies cheap-
er than ever, and guarantees satisfaction EVERY
TIME. You will save money by writing him for
particulars. 5tfdb 51 Barclay St., N. Y.

100 Colonies of Italian Bees for Sale.

Italians, $(5.00; hybrids, .f.5 00. Frames lOHxloVa
outside measure. Address

W. H. HOBSON. 1?1. !».,
.5-6d Irving, Montgomery Co., Ills.

Cni* Colo 100 colonies of Italian bees. From
ror OdIC. IPS 00 to .¥8.00 per colony. Tested
queens, in May. $2.00; after .June 1. !?! 50. Untested
queens, in May, $1.00; si.v, $5 00; after .Inne 1. 75c.;
six, $4.00. Also bees by the pound; 3 and 3 frame
nuclei; hives, sections, fdn., etc- Circular free.
Wedb Address JNO. NEJBEL .Sp SON, Hi«rb Hill, Mo.

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

201

ITALIAN QUEENS FOR SALE,

REARED FROM IMPORTED MOTHERS.

Diitcsted. in Maruli and April, I'l.So; May to Nov.
i*1.0U; Nov. HtKl alter, *1.2r). Address 4 6-8d

J. P. CALDWELL, San Marcos, Tex.

Mrtuut'acturer ol and dealer in every thing needed
in the apiary.

BEAUTIFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKF, CLOVER SEED. &C.

Roll Braueli, U'a> no €o., Tlioli.

■Uf(t

Price list free

(Near Detroit)

Jhere is Some fun

And much sense in our beautiful chrome card de-
scribed on pag-es f'S and 112. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what you have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

■Itfd

J. M MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ^^LrT^'S^. SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

.4T THE liOU^EST PKICES.

XT.ift.IjI-a.iT

2 tfd

QTITEEZSTS A.aiTX> BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, Washington Co.. Wis.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WEIiliLY, $1.00 PER YEAR.

JOKES, McFHEESO^ & CO., Publishers, Beeton, Ontario, Casacla.

Tiie only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining-much valuable and interesting- matter each
week from the pens of leading- Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volnrne of K>a pages. 5'tfb

ITALIAir (JUEEITS

BEE-HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

ONE PIECE V-GBOOVE SECTIONS, BEE-
FEEDERS, \%'IKE NAILS, PEK-
FOKATED ZINC.

Scrub Brushes, a friend for the ladies, G.5 cents
each : $4.00 per dozen. Alsike clover seed, ^'.hQ per
bushel; Sa.OO per peck; 1.5 cents per pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-lOdb NAPPANEE, IXD.

ON 30 DAYS' TRBAIIlT^

THIS NEW

lELASTIC TRUSS

' Has a I'aU different from all
others, is cup shape, -with Self-
adjusting- Ball in center, adapts
itself to all pesitions of the
body while the ball in the cup
' presses back the intes-
_ tines just as a person
does with the finger, with light pressure the Her-
nia is held securely cViy and niprht, and a radical cure
certain. It is easy, diiriblp and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. liUULESTON TBUS8 CO., CUcaco, Ilk

QUEENS.

1887.

M\ ITALIAN
not be excelled

QUEENS,

BE ICS . A IV l» tllJE E N S can
n BEAIITV and U'OKK-

INt! (ll^'ALilTIES. l-^'l make a speciultv of
Bearing FINE BEES and tlUEENS. Prioeet

Bediiced i\>r 1887. Be sure to send for my NEW

Catalogue before buying. Address

56d FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton. 0.

Pfkfi Qalp or exchange for Western land, 90
X \JL k7a,ic;y colonies of bees and apiarian fix-
tures, suflicietit to increase colonies to 10<1 double
hives— Simi)licity hives. An excellent opportunity
lor ii live apiarian. Plenty hi white clover and ba.ss-
wood, besides abundance of fruit-bloom. Inventory
sent on application. Must be sold soon.
4-5-(kl Address S. W. LAKIN, Eureka, 111.

PRIME & GOVE,

BRISTOL, * VERIyffOlT*!',

-MANUFACTUREKS OF-

JPee - Keepers' Supplies.

VN'hite Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping-
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samples free.
5tfdb.

-heddonW

— 188T

CIECULAE

NOW READY.
ADDRESS JAMES HEDDON,
DOWAGIAO, MjCH-

lUTpTTl KEEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and lllus-
J3X4X<4 trated catalogue, for 1887, FEEE. Reduc-
ed prices. Address JC3. NYSEWANDEE, Des Moines, lowi.
3tfdh

ATTENTION I

SE< TIONS, BEE-HIVES, MONEY-BOXES,

FBAMES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. G. B. LEWIS &. CO.,
Itfdb Watertowu, Win.

wmmm m the west

FOE THE MAOTFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid lor Beeswa.x. 2:2tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 8btf<]

202

GLEAN tNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

P0NEY 0@MJIN.

CITY MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— Ho»iej/.— Nothing- new since our last
report. There is a fair demand from manufactur-
ers for dark honey. And there is a quiet but fair
trade for choice comb and extracted clover honey
in square g-lass jars. There is a large supply of ail
kinds. Extracted honey brings 4@7c in bulk on ar-
rival. Choice comb honey sells at ll(gj 14c in a job-
bing way.

Beeswax.— Bem&nd is good. It brings 20@23c for
good to choice yellow on arrival.

Mar. 12, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati. Ohio.

Columbus.— HoHey.— Market dull; white clover
is selling for 14(Sj15c in comb: California, 10@12; ex-
tracted, white clover, U((>)15c; California, 10(S;12c.
Beeswax, 23@2.5 in jobbing waj-.
• Mar. 11, 1887. Earle Clickenger,

117 S. 4th St., Columbus, Ohio.

Chicago.— Ho?icjy.— Market without much change.
A limited demand exists in a single case way. Best
grades of white clover in 1-lb. sections, 12f«>13c; not
choice, same size, 9(§il0c. Very light demand for
extracted. Prices range !j(g6e for best white; dark,
3@4c. Beeswax, fair demand at 23(a)25c.

K. A. Burnett,

Mar. 10, 1887. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— Hoiicj/.-A 11 grades of honey dull and
lower, and sales not what they should be at present
prices ; best white, 10@llc. Beeswax, 23c.

Mar. 11, 18H7. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

St. Louis.— >?o»iew.— Our market is badly over-
stocked with honey of all kinds. Choice white clover
will not bring over 10c in sections. Rough and
broken comb 6@8. California, amber, in cans. 4@4i4 ;
.sage4^4 ; white clover extracted, cans, Wi'il'n^/z ; bbls.,
kegs, etc., 4@i4'/4. Southern honey, bbls., 2^4@3'/2.

Beeswax, 21. Selected yellow oii orders 2.5e.
W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Mar. 11, 1887. 108 and 110 Market St.

Kansas City.— Hoiicj/— There is no change in
quotations from our last report. All grades selling
slowly.

Mar. 11, 1887. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth and Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland.— JJioieiy.— There is no material change
in our market. Best Mb. sections, white, sell at
12'/i@13; second, 11@12. Buckwheat and dark, 9@10.
2-lbs. white, 10(g>12. Extracted, 5@6.
Beeswax, 2.")C. A. C. Kendel,

Mar. 10, 1887. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston.— Houej/.— We have no change in prices to
note. Moderate sales on account of bad weather.
Blake & Ripley,
Mar. 11, 1887. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia.— Hojiey— Same as last.
Mar. 11, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths,

242 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

New York.— Honey.— There is a liberal demand
for comb honey, and stocks are reducing quickly.
We are entirely out of white honey. We quote:
Dark, and buckwheat, 2 lb. sections 5^@6

1-lb. " 6@,7

California extracted, white sage, 5@5J4

Amber 494 @5

BceAioar, steady at 23Cg(24; receipts increasing.

Mar. 11, 1887. Thurbkr, Whyland & Co.,

New York, N. Y.

Fob Sale.— If any of the friends would like some
nice white comb honey in 4i,iX 4^4 sections, in Root's
48-lb. shipping-crates, we have .50(1 lbs. for which we
will take ]2!4c per lb., on board cars.

Thomas & Benj. Young, LaSalle, 111.

ARTHUR TODD,

1910 GERMANTOWNAVE.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Dadant Brood Foundation, 4()c: for wiring, 45c; thin
surplus, 50c. Extra thin, 60c. BKKS, QUEENS,
SECTIONS, SUPPIilES GENEKAIjLY. 5d

FRED'K HOLTKE

Offers 15 Choice Varieties
of Greenhouse Plants for
Only $1.00 !

Such as Geraniums, Puschias, Pansy, Daisy, Al-
yssums. Primula, Roses, Begonia, etc. All plants
will be sent by express unless otherwise oi'dered, as
I can send larger and finer plants this way than by
mail. 1 will send enough KXTRAS to cover ex-
press charges. If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. for
postage, etc. As a PKEltllUM, I will send one
packet of Peter Henderson's choice mixed Victoria
Aster seed, something very tine. Satisfaction guar-
anteed. Nuclei, with untested queens, later on.
6tfdb Caristadt, Bergen Co., N. J.

ALSIKE.

Clioiec new >eeii at wholcsulo rates; also 6 choice
new strawherrv-plfltits for6cts..to introduce my
stock. V. JTI. (^OOD^PEED,

2-48d BOX 31. Tlioru Hill, Ouoii. Co., N. M.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Address
titfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenhara, Mass.

BEESWAX

1887.

Made into best Given foundation at reasonable
rates, and on short notice. Send in the wax. 1
have die-books for all the standard frames,
etfdb JOHN BIRD, Mradford, Chickasaw Co., Iowa.

Flue PrBmiuin Italiaii Bees.

My queens and liees were awarded tirst premium
at the late Chenango Co. Fair. All interested, send
for sample of bees, also for my rieiv price list and
circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
fine queens. Untested queens, Sl.OO through the
season. Tested, *1.50. Mas. OLIVER COLE,
6d Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

LOOK HERE!

OA CHOICK GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING
4i\) PLANTS for only ^1.00 by express, or $1.10
by mail. Ejigs lor liatclilii:;', from leading vari-
eties of land and water fowls; also BEES and
QUEENS very cheai). Write for prices to

6-9db

E. M. HIYELY, Youngstown, Ohio.

IF YOU ARE WANTING

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boses,

Sent! :i-<'eut Slump I'or Circular to
«ttdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

OUR-PIECE ONE-POUND

dovetailed sections, smoothed on one side,
S4.50 per 1000. Sample free,
fid m. A. L.OHK, VEBMONTVILLE, Eaton Co., MICH.

HAVE YOURWlX WORKED NOW,

By C. H. MeFaddin, cheap, tirst - class fdn., on

Vandervort Mills. /' I J{ h ITALIAN BICES,

(Jl KJ'jyS. tniil XrCLICI iu Season. 6-Td

Box 35, €larkctburg, Mouiteau Co., nio.

Vol. XV.

MARCH 15, IS87.

No. .6

TERMS: «1.00 Per ANNCTi.lN Advance;"! TP ct-frt'hl-i oTt /y/l -i-vt 1 Si 'V ^ r Clubs to different postoffioes. NOT LESS
2Copiesloi$1.90; 3foi-$2.75, 5for$4.00; -C/Ot/Ct't/t't'OAt'tyte' 0 rV JL O /O. than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid. In the

10 or moie, T-l cts. each. Single n>im- \
bor. o cts. Additions to clubs may be j
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffice.

ri'BLlSBED SE.MI-MOXTnLY BY

U. S. and Canadas. To all o'ther coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18
To all countries

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO. [^^iSiW.'^h%Td.l':s^l

DISTURBING BEES IN "WINTER.

FKIEND nOOLlTTLE PROVES PRETTY CONCIJI

SIVELY THAT IT DOES NOT ALWAYS

DO HARM.

fF late r have been wondering if we as bee-kecp-
eis do not talli and write a great deal that we
really know nothing about, only as we have
accepted it from the thoughts of others. All
are aware, that we have been repeatedly told
that bees should never be disturbed in winter un-
less they could fly at the time such disturbance was
made; for, if handled or moved in cold weather,
much harm and loss would occur as a result. As
my mind goes back over the past, J recall these in-
^•tances which go to prove that the above theory
does not always hold true.

Tn the winter of 1869-'70 I purchased one colony of
bees out of a lot of 30, from a neighbor living two
miles distant. This was in February, and the bees
had had no fly during all the winter previous. The
roads were verj' rough at the time, but 1 was not
content to leave the purchased colony where it
stood, so I brought it home; and after letting it
stand a few hours to quiet down ] set it in the cellar.
It came through to the working season in the best
possible condition, not ha\ing a chance to fly till
about the middle of April, while every one of the
39 colonies loft died before the first of May.

Again, in 1875, about the middle of December, I
moved my whole apiary from my former place of
re.'iideuce to where I now am, a distance of 7.5 rods,
placing a part in the cellar, and leaving a iiart out-
dooi's; and at no time have I had my bees winttM-
better. Then the readers of GLEANiNCiS will re-
member the experiments I conducted two winters
ago to get the temperature of the center of a clus-

ter uf bees, during which process the colony experi-
mented upon was frequently disturbed, and manj'
I'.ees were lost by being pulled out on the ther-
mometer and otherwise, tijing out during the dis-
turbance consequent upon the manj* experiments;
yet this colony, contrary to my expectations, came
through in much better condition than many oth-
ers not disturbed at all, and was the second one to
swarm the next season, being third best of the
whole apiary, as to honey-production.

Again, wishing to know more about the matter
of disturbing bees in winter, and to ascertain other
facts as well, if possible, I have this winter handled
a colony of bees with the mercury at 3° below the
freezing-point, taking out all the frames, and exam-
ining them the same as I would in summer. About
the 35th of January I found I had two colonies that
were beginning to get uneasy, and show signs of
bec-diarrhca. Knowing that I must lose them I re-
solved upon opening one of the hives as soon as a
moderate daj' came without wind, to see if 1 could
find out the cause of the trouble. Such a day did
not occur till the fore part of February, as our win-
ter has been remarkable for high winds. I now
proceeded to the hive, and, upon raising one corner
of the quilt, I found the bees ready to boil out and
fly. To overcome this I put the nozzle of the smok-
er in under the quilt and gave a few puffs which
di-ove them back, and, by keeping smoke upon
them I soon had the quilt off, with the loss of very
few bees (perhaps half a dozen), for all which took
wing were soon on their backs in the snow. Before
touching the frames 1 waited a moment or two;
and as fast as the bees from the Inside of the clus-
ter would come up to see what the trouble was, or
to take wing, I would drive them back with smoke.
They soon gave up trying to fly, when I proceeded

204

GLEANINGS'IN BEE CULTURE.

MAR.

to handle them as I pleased, putting: them all back
as before, except that 1 set a frame of honey, from
the outside of the hive, on each side, near the bees,
as a precaution against starving-. 1 also cleared
the bottom - board of dead bees and dirt. It has
been now nearly a month since this was done, and
an examination to-day shows bees in fine ranges of
comb in' a semi-quiet state, while the other colony,
not disturbed, are all dead, except a few bees in
one space; so it would seem that the handling- of
this colony of bees proved beneficial rather than the
reverse.

Now, do not understand that I recommend a gen-
eral handling- or disturbing of bees in winter, for I
do not; but hereafter, if I think a benefit can be
made to a colony by handling it, either to keep it
from starving or otherwise, I shall not refrain from
so doing for fear that I shall make matters worse.
In all such departures from the regular beaten
path we should always go slow, always using but a
very small part of the apiary for experiment; and
then, if wrong, no great loss can result.

Bees have had no chance of flying here since the
first Wednesday in November, and are beginning to
suffer from their long confinement, about one col-
ony in five out of doors showing signs of uneasiness.
Those in the cellar are in perfect condition.

Borodino, N. Y., Feb. 28, 1887. G. M. Doolittle.

I am not surprised, friend D.; in fact, I
presume many of you remember tlie experi-
ment I have often mentioned, of bumping
a hive every day all winter long, to see if
the bees were alive. Of course, they were
kept in the cellar, and they came out in the
spring stronger than when put away. I
think that the most of us are a good deal
inclined to jump at conclusions, and to get
notions in our heads.

LEGISLATION IN EEGABD TO BEE
CULTURE.

AND THE KIND OF LEGISLATION TH.\T MIGHT NOT
PLEASE US.

ETE extiact the following from the Amer-
ican Bee Journal of Feb. 28 :

That legislation which we mentioned last
week as being sought to be made in Michi-
gan is stirring up the bee-men there. Mr.
S. Shoup, of Coloma, Mich., has sent us a copy of
the bill. It was introduced by Mr. McCormick, and
recommended by the Committee on Roads and
Bridges. It reads as follows:

A bill to prohibit the keeping of bees in large
quantities near any public highway or dwelling-
house not owned or occupied by the keeper or own-
er of such bees.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan en-
act. That it shall not be lawful for any person to
keep to exceed five stands of bees within 25 rods
of any public highway, or less than 'ih rods of any
dwelling-house not occupied by such keeper or
owner of bees.

Sec. 2. Every keeper or owner of bees neglect-
ing or refusing to comply with the provisions of the
preceding section after due service of written no-
tice, shall be subject to a penalty of $o for each
day's neglect or refusal, which may be enforced
and collected before any court of competent juris-
diction.

Mr. Geo. E. Hilton, President of the Michigan
State Bee-Keepers' Association, writes thus:

This bill, should it pass, would be a great calamity
to our pui-suit, and to the State as well. As it is al-
most a necessitj' to have our bees reasonably near
both, and it simply means the extinction of the

honey-tee, and a terrible calamity to the horticul-
turist, I feel it my dutj- to urge evei-y bee-keeper in
the State to wiite to their Senators and Kepre-
senatives, asking their assistance in defeating any
such bill. Just deluge tlieui with letters. Use the
best arguments at your command to prove that our
rights ai-e being infringed upon, and that we are
alive to our intcre.sts, and demand our rights.

Friend Newman suggests that Prof. Cook
is the man to look after this, as he is near
to the State capital, and as his name itself
would have sufficient weight to cause the
matter to be carefully looked into.

Since the above was in type we find the
following from the pen of Prof. Cook, in the
American Bee Journal :

The "Bill to wipe apiculture out of Michigan"
(that is my title to it) will never pass, and will prob-
ably never be called up. Michigan aims to foster
her important industries, and not to throttle them.
Such a bill could not get a dozen votes in the Mich-
igan Legislature. Still, I hope every bee-keeper in
Michigan will write to Hon. Mr. M<-Cormlck, Lan-
sing, Mich., urging him to withdraw the bill. It will
serve to enlighten him and others as to the status
of this business.

Later.— The following comes to hand from
friend Bingham, which settles the matter.

J State op Michigan,
( Representative Hall.
T. F. Bingham, Esq.:

Yours in regard to House Bill No. 89, relative to
keeping of bees, is received. In reply, allow me to
say the 1)111 came up yesterday in the general as-
sembly, and I had it tabled. It will not be called up
again. I have no intention of legislating the bee-
l)!isiness out of the State. The bill was introduced
at the request of a gentleman who has been both-
ered, I presume, by some one's bees.

Lansing, March 5, 1887. Jas. W. McCormick.

GILBERT M. DOOLITTLE.

A SHORT sketch OF HIM BY A NEIGHBOR.

BM. DOOLITTLE was born April 14, 1846,
near hi.- present location, in the town of
Spafford, Onondaga Co., New York. His
* parents were natives of Connecticut, and
moved to this State a few years before he
was born; hence the thoroughness, energy, and
activity of the " Yankee " are largely manifested in
the subject of this sketch. From his earliest youth
Mr. D. has been an admirer of the busy bee, taking
great interest in them when kept bj- his father.
Later on, nearly all the bees in this section of
country perished with foul brood, so that from 1856
to 1862 a hive of bees was a rarity. After this the
disease seemed to abate, so that, in 1868, bees were
quite common again.

As 1868 was a splendid honey season, bee-talk
was rife In this locality, which again brought to
life old ambitions which had been crushed out by
the former loss by disease among the bees, so that
the spring of 1869 found Mr. D. with two colonies
of bees of his own, as the starting-point to his
l)resent apiary. Wishing to know for himself all
of the minutisp of this (to him) intei-esting pursuit,
he procured nearly all the bee-books of that day
and subscribed for the bee-papers. As his ambition
led him toward the practical side of bee-keeping,
Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained was
his favorite, the pages of which were as familiar
to him as a nursery rhyme. His intense desire to
learn and investigate the bees in every particular
has been such that he has dreamed of them at
night, and thought of them in his working hours
to an almost absorbing extent, and to-day he is

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

2a5

still a student, believing that there are many un-
explored reg-ions, and much room for the deepest
thought, even on the practical part of this pursuit.
In the first few years of his apicultural study,
Elisha Gallup, then living in Iowa, gave him by
letter much practical instruction, which, together
with Gallup's iirlicles in the different papers of
that tinif, so grew into his life that he went by the
name of " Gallup" among bee-keepers about him
for several years; and to-day he is often heard to
say that there never has to his mind been a greater
man in the realm of bee-keeping than E. Gallup.
Gallup in his private letters laid great stress on
good (lueens, claiming that around the queien
centered ail there was in bee-keeping, which' has
caused the subject of this sketch to study along

for Mr. D. has never done " any thing in a corner,"
but, on the contrary, has given all of his successes
and reverses, together with the most of his plans
and methods, to the public as freely as he would
to his family, always realizing that it was largely
through the philanthropy of others that he has
attained the success which he has achieved. N.

I will add to the above, that we have few
bee-keepers now in the world who are as
conversant with the contents of all of our
bee-books and bee-journals as friend Doo-
little is. A great many go into the bee-
business, and sooner or later drop it and
turn their attention to something else.
Even our energetic and enthusiastic friend
E. Gallup, mentioned above, is now doing

Q. M. DOOLITTLK. BORODINO, N. Y.

the line of Queen-rearing to a much larger extent
than any other part of this interesting pursuit, and
it is believed by him that much of his success as a
honej'-producer has come from this, and his ever-
anxious care to get the hive filled with brood at
such a time that there would be multitudes of
fleld-bees at the opening of the honey-harvest.

In 1870 Mr. D. wrote his first article for publica-
tion, at the request of W. G. Church, editor of the
Ai)icnlturist and Home Circle, published at Mexico,
Missouri. Although a poor penman and scholar,
he received many encouraging words from Mr.
Church regarding his articles, which gave him con-
fidence, .so that to-day there are few who write
more largely about the '■ little busy bee " than he.
The rest of his beekeeping life is familiar to all
the readers of Gl.eaninq8 and other bee-papers,

little or nothing with bees, if I am rightly
informed. This is, in some respects, unfortu-
nate, because there are so few perfectly
familiar with what has been already done.
As an illustration, our boys here in the
office, Eruest and John, are perhaps better
posted in regard to hives, etc., just now,
than I am; but they know little or nothing
about the experiments that were made, and
tliat our bee-journals were tilled with, some
15 or 20 years ago. Friend Doolittle has
stuck right to the bees unflinchingly in all
tliese years. If somebody commences to
make a great ado about his new invention
that is going to revolutionize, etc., friend
iJoolittle can say to him, " My friend, this
matter was discussed and talked over and
experimented with more than ten years

206

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mar.

ago; in fact, we had so much of it that the
editor shut down on us, saying the subject
was exhausted/' Very likely our young in-
ventor may demand the proof, aiid friend
Doolittle is the one who is able to take
down his old back volumes and put his fin-
ger right on the spot. This gives him a pow-
er and ability possessed by few of our pres-
ent writers. May God spare him many
years yet, to guide and direct the new gen-
erations who are constantly coming on to
the stage, and— wanting to know, you know.

TIME OF TAKING BEES
CELLAK.

OUT OF THE

A FEW TIMELY HINTS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE BEES
IN THE CELLAR.

T THINK 1 never regretted taking bees out of the
1^ cellar in the spring- too late, but I have Tegret-
ol ted taking them out too early, more than once.
■^ If bees appear a little uneasy, and a fine day
comes, there is a strong temptation to hurry
them out, even if there is time for considerable cold
weather. In 1872 1 took out my bees Feb. 33, in bad
condition, about half of them alive. They had been
fed late, which, perhaps, was at the bottom of the
trouble. They flew a little, but it was not warm
enough for a general cleaning, and soon after there
came a cold storm with snow a foot deep, and by
April 1 I had only two colonies left out of the orig-
inal 50. I suspect moi'e would have lived if they
had been left in a month or two longer.

Some have expressed the opinion, that bees kept
in the cellar through the winter are more tender in
the spring than those' left out all winter. Be that
as it may, I think I would rather have them out all
winter than to take them out of the cellar in Febru-
ary, in this locality. As to taking them out for a
fly in winter, and putting them back in the cellar
again, I do not know; but I rather think I would
take the chance of their staying. In the winter of
1885-'6, some colonies became alHicted with diar-
rhea, and began to spot the fronts of their hives. I
suspected they had been too cold, as the flres had
been rather low. I then raised the temperature of
the cellar, and the disease made no further prog'-
ress. This is the only instance of the kind I ever
experienced, and there is a possibility of some mis-
take; but if I ever see diarrhea in the cellar again I
shall ti-y better flres. If I had no stoves in my cel-
lar I think I should try hot stones, jugs of hot water
corked tight, or something of the kind. Of coui'se,
I should not use hot coals or any thing that would
make any steam, smoke, or gas, or any thing that
would make the air less pui-e.

Of late years I have taken the blooming of the
soft maple as indicating the proper time to take out
bees. Please bear in mind, that what may be all
right in one climate or locality may be all wrong in
another. Well, the maples have helped to keep me
straight. Sometimes a bright warm day comes, and
I want, oh so much! to see the bees all out flying;
but if the soft maples ai-e not yet out, I manage to
hold on, and generally find it would have been a
bad job if I had yielded to the temptation to take
them out earlier. On two separate occasions I think
the soft maples made a mistake in opening out too
early. One year they started out in bloom, and

then some cold weather came, froze up the blos-
soms, and I think little or no nectar was obtained
from them. In the spring of 1886 I felt especially
anxious to get my bees out early. Sickness and
death had prevented their getting the attention
they should have had the previous fall, and some
were short of stores. Just which they were I did
not know, and 1 thought if I overhauled them in
the cellar to And out which needed feeding I might
injure the great majority which needed no feeding,
and so make more loss than gain. So I watched the
maples closely, and on March 36 found one putting
forth blossoms. It was unusually early, and it did
not look like settled warm weather; but there wei'e
the maple-blossoms, and I didn't want any bees to
starve in the cellar, so out they came. If I remem-
ber rightly there were about 12 dead out of the 340
put in in the fall. A snowstorm came and for days
they were frozen in. Then a bright sun, and, for
all of my shading the entrances, many were lost In
the snow. By the time they all got through dying
oft, only 336 were left, and they wei"e by no means
in flne shape. This occurrence is entii'ely too re-
cent for me to feel any great pride in relating it,
but the relation may do some good. The bees were
in good condition in the cellar; and if I had it to do
over again I would let them take their chance of
starving, tor at most I do not think many would
have starved; and if left in the cellar till warm
weather, I think many more would have pulled
through all right. So I shall no longer put implicit
trust in soft maples— at any rate, not in the bloom-
ing of a single tree, but take somewhat into ac-
count the date and general appearance of the
weather. Although this one tree was in bloom
March 26, it was many days before the genei-al
blooming of soft maples; and if I had waited for
this they might have been all right. Since 1873 my
bees have left the cellar at the following dates:

1873, March 31.

1874, •• 30.

1875, Api-il 6.

1876, " 17.

1877, " 11.

1878, March 13.

1879, April ].

1880, March 31.

1881, April 33.

1882, March 30.

1883, April 6.

1884, March 29.

1885, Aprils.

1886, March 36.

As I have already intimated, some of these dates
would have been better if later.
Marengo, 111., Mar. 3, 1887. C. C. Miller.

I think you are right, friend M., in decid-
ing that too late is better than too early in
putting the bees outdoors. Almost every
bee-keeper, especially an euthusiastic one,
is anxious to get things going in the spring,
and one has to live until he is forty or fifty
years of age before he learns that the weath-
er in Marcli and April is very uncertain. I
have gone through the same experience in
risking plants out over night ; but I think I
have nevei- regretted that I protected them
too well. Our bees are, however, always
prepared for outdoor wintering, and there-
lore aie outdoors all winter long ; but I
have to check the boys continually about
taking oft' the chaff cushions too early.
They complain that it is too much fuss and
bother every time they wish to open a hive ;
but my impression is; tbat it pays a good
per ceiit to have them well protected when
these sudden cold storms take us unawares.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

207

THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES FOR
1887.

A GLIMPSE INSIDE AT THE WOUKERS.

fROM time to time we liave given onr
friends notice of the imjirovemeiits we
have been making- We have recently,
as you know, erected another brick
bniidins.!'tix44, two stories and a base-
ment, to ac(U)mm()(Uite the increase of l)usi-
ness. We presume all the readers of
Gleanings will be pleased to take a view
of the Home of the Honey-Bees, where from
15,000 to 20.000 hives, and millions of sec-
tions, are made and shipped annually.

That you may get a better view of the
place where the busy workers are laboring
in the interest of apiculture, we will get otf
a little way on an elevated spot and look
down upon the Home of the Honey-Bees. of
which the iloor room aggregates an acre or
more. Our view, then, is as seen on the
next page. That we might have a good
view of the surroundings, we told our en-
gravers to spare neither pains nor expense
in the execution of the picture, and our
readers are to judge for themselves. Dur-
ing our busy season things look very much
as in the engraving. There is, in the left, a
new freight depot where all our freight is
put, ready to be placed on the cars. This
building was erec^ted by the railroad com-
pany largely because the increase of our
busi'jiess demanded it. "We also load heavy
shipments directly on to box cars run down
on our side-track, right about where the lo-
comotive is standing. It is just pulling out
some flat cars which had lieen loaded with
lumber for hives. The main building in the
foreground you will recognize as the main
factory that'we have previously shown our
readers. The structure just below is our
new building. There all our sections, crates,
hives, etc.. are cut out by automatic machin-
ery, and there, too, all our tinwork is done.
Just over the main building you see our
barn and the top of the house apiary, the
former shown on page 984, Gleanings for
Dec. 15, 1886.

We will suppose, dear reader, that you
have come for the purpose of making the
Home of the Honey-Bees a visit. You
know that our bee-friends are always wel-
come, and, entering the main building, you
pass up the stairway into the main office.
We will suppose that you have come, fortu-
nately, just when we have a little leisure.
After a little preliminary we begin by de-
scribing the room we tirst And ourselves in,
which is our office, 40x60, where all our
correspondence is conducted. Here are
from twelve to fifteen clerks at work, busily
writing. Yonder is the book-keeping de-
partment, where two or three ladies are
constantly at work on accounts. One of
them has the large index-book that contains
the names of over 20,000 different people
with whom we have had deal. This book
alone cost over .$75.00. "With so many names,
do yon wonder that once in a great while
our girls get the same man on two different
pages— that is. they have two accounts with
the same person, without knowing itV The
consequence is, he may get a statement, say-

ing there is so much due him; and then a
few days later on, another to the effect that
he is owing us; and this time he gets mad ;
and when the girls get a " blowing-up " they
hunt the matter up and find where the
trouble is.

At the right of the book-keeper is the lady
who oi)ens the letters and counts the cash.
This is one of the most important posts
in our business, for it requires some one
who can so apply the mind to the work that
nothing that is going on can draw awav the
least attention. When somebodv say's he
put so much money in a letter, and the clerk
who opens the mail declares there was a
different amount, or no money at all, there
is a chance for a quarrel, I tell you. Now,
if you will stop a moment I think I can ex-
plain to you right here why the friend who
sends the money is much more liable to be
mistaken than the clerk who opens the let-
ters. Now, if you don't wait until I ex-
plain, you will be inclined to say that one is
just as lial)le to be mistaken as the other.
I)ut you are wrong. See here : Bight under
her hand is a little drawer. In this drawer
is a printed postal card. This postal card
reads, '"My friend, your lettei', saying, ' In-
closed find 75 cts.,' is now in my hands, and
there is positively only 25 cts. in it instead
of 75. Both the letter and the envelope are
now in my hands while I write this card,
and there is no possibility of a mistake."

The card does not read exactly like the
above, but it is the same in effect. If I am
piesent, the clerk often calls me to witness
that there is no more money, no postage-
stamps, and nothing inside of "the envelope,
or stuck on the other side of the letter, or
dropped out on the desk. The desk is a large
one, arranged expressly to avoid the possi-
bility of any thing being dropped : and the
clerk who presides makes it her every-day
business to watch over every copper witli
the utmost care. In fact, she has nothing
to do but to look after this one thing that
often makes so much hard feeling. Most of
the time, it is true, the friend who receives
the card writes back, saying that he trusted
it to his wife or neighbor, or somebody else,
and they put in the 25 cents in stamps, and
brought back the 75 cents in change, instead
of doing the reverse, or something of that
sort. At other times the friend who sent
the money declares positively there was no
such thing as a mistake on his i)art. and we
have to settle it as best we can.

"We must get along, however; for if we
stop to talk about the other clerks' work as
we have this one. it will take a good while.

There is Gle;anings desk ; here, the mail-
ing-desk ; there, a stenograplier's desk ; and
just back of him is the letter-press. There,
again, is another stenograjther. By the way,
we have now three shorthand writers, with
two type-writers and one caligraph. and the
whole are kept pretty busy, I tell you, and
even then some of our friends feel hard be-
cause our answers are so brief and unsatis-
factory. I assure you it is a pleasure, though,
to lie able to have every word you say in an-
bvver written down, especially when you
liave had experience by being overburdened
with business correspondence. Here is a

208

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

queen-desk, aud over in the corner is tlif
express-desk. You see, dear friends, we

tlie

ipress-aesk. i ou see, aear inenas, we
are doing all we can to answer all your cor-
respondence, and to attend to all necessary
business with you. Every thing is arranged
in departments, and every thing works sys-
tematically. Each clerk has her particular
duties and her special instructions.

We will now pass into the paper-room.
Avhtnt' from six to a dozen girls are at work
folding tlie papers and binding the A B C
book From this room we pass into the pa-
per-cuiter room, where Gleanings and all
our A IJ C books are trimmed. We next en-
ter a long hall where the names of all our
subscribers are standuig in type. Passing
out the east end we come into the geneial
job and composing room ; going furthei-,and
turning to the right, we enter another room
also a composing-room. At the end of
said room is still another stenographer (our
proof-reader) working busily ai his post.
He is no other than W. P. Root, with whom
our friends are now perhaps partially ac-
quainted.

W^e will next enter the sample - room,
where samples of nearly all our apiarian
supplies are kept in stock. After looking
over the various implements, and explain-
ing their use to our bee-friends, we next en-
ter the smoker-room, in which from 10.000
to 18,000 smokers are put together annually.
Tliere are other rooms on this floor, but we
will not stop to go through them. We pass
down the stairway, and enter one of our
large packing-rooms which is 70x40 ft., and
f(nmerly was the old saw-room. Here a
large portion of the goods are packed, ready
for shipment, by experienced men. We
next pass into another packing-room, where
we find Bert, '' the clerk who never makes a
mistake," marking off goods for a customer.
The boxes and packages are stacked one
upon the other, and it is almost im-
possible for us to get through. Near this is
the expi'ess-room. in which all the goods are
put up that go by express. We next enter
the press-room, where Gleanings, our
price list, and the ABC book are printed.
The press is one of the best Cottrell & Bab-
cock makes. It not only runs nearly every
day in the year, but sometimes all night;
and the number of impressions it makes an-
nually, aggregate about 8,000,000.

We will retrace our steps, edge around
the boxes, and pass down into the machine-
room. The first thing that greets our ears
is the perforating machine which "chanks,
chanks '' at the shining sheets of zinc. Here
is an iron-planer and three or four lathes.
In this room our repairing is done, the mak-
ing of mandrels and coiub-foundation mills,
besides other iron work connected with the
apiarian-supply business. Let us stop a mo-
ment and look at the comb - mills which
are in process of manufacture. The man
with the glasses stands watching the ma-
chine, with a lever in each hand, while the
cog-wheels and knives obey his will. We
can not stop longer. We enter the boiler-
roofu where all the steam is sup])lied for all
heating purposes, and for propelling the
machinery. There are two automatic feed-
pipes for conducting the sawdust, shavings,

and sticks directly from the wood-working
machinery into the boiler-furnace; and all
that is necessary for the fireman to do is to
shovel in coal. While running the two
planers or the cutter-heads, the boiler is
nearly self -fcf ding.

We now open the door, and pass back
again into the machine-room. The first thing
that confronts us is our deep well-pump. »6
feet deep, sui)plying all the water necessary
for propelling the machinery, and heating.
AVe pass into the wax-room, "where are from
10 to hi girls and young men busily at work
making foundation. Here is a couple of
dijtping - tanks, from which three or four
girls are dipping wax into long sheets. At
our left are two or three comb-mills running
out the thin foundation. At our right are
two machines running out heavy founda-
tion. The two latter are propelled by
steam. The girls complained last year
about its being hard to turn the rolls by
hand; but now we have called our big en-
gine to assist; and I tell you, friends, it is a
great help indeed. At the end of the wax-
room is a man making boxes, and boxing
foundation.

We will now go through the underground
passageway where we have our underground
railway. Here you will find stacks and
stacks'of goods. We follow the track until
we come to what was originally our old tin-
room. This is now used exclusively for the
storage of counter goods and seeds. We
pass up the stairway, and, lo ! we are in the
counter store, pretty nearly back to where
we started. Here you will find two or three
ladies keeping the counters filled as packers
and customers take away the goods. You
exclaim, "How is it that you can furnish
such nice-looking goods for such a small
sura of money V' It does seem incredible, I
know ; but the secret is in knowing where
to get goods at a low cost, and in large quan-
tities. A man was in -Saturday to look after
the working of some of the new machinery
his house had put in. He went into the
counter store and picked up an adjustable
wrench. Pretty soon he came to me, saying,
" Mr. Root, what does Jt mean, that you sell
a good-sized, well-made adjustable wrench
like this for only 2-5 cts. V Do you really
steal them ?"

" Why. no, my friend, we don't steal them,
but we I to this: VV^e write to some large
factory, and say, 'Gentlemen, how low will
you make us five gross of eight-inch wrench-
es, providing we will give the order away
ahead, so you can make them at your leisure
—during a dull spell, for instance ?' They
reply, that if they can take their own time,
and make, say, a part of them at one time
and a part at anothei", they will do so and
so, and that is the way we get low prices on
many things." But, to return.

Thus far we have just gone through only
the main building. We will now retrace our
steps and pass through the packing-rooms
until we come out of the door seen just at
the right of the locomotive going up the
track. We pass along this elevated side-
walk and open a door at the end of the
new building. Here we are greeted by the
deafening roar of humming machinery. The

210

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

first machine that we see is the automatic
section-machine ; and at e^ery zip, zip, zip,
a section drops down and is picked np by a
boy who paclis them in the boxes. There
are about 20 macliines in this room, but we
will not <xo into details, as we propose ere
long to give our readers a picture of it. We
now pass upstairs and enter the tin room,
44 X 90. Here we are greeted by the din of
tinners' mallets. Here are two men work-
ing at tbe insides of extractors. Further
along, the cans are being made. There
is a pile of wax-extractors, comb buckets,
honey-pails, and all sorts of tin honey-recep-
tacles in process of manufacture. We retrace
our steps, and pass down into the basement.
Here is a great amount of belting and shaft-
ing, all in full motion. There is a .")2-in. ex-
haust-fan, which is connected with large
pipes. These pipes are connected with
smaller ones communicating with the differ-
ent saw -tables. This exhaust-fan. or blow-
er, carries away all the shavings, sawdust,
and little sticks, and blows them through a
large main pipe, and from this l)uilding
(through a pipe as seen between the two
buildings just below the locomotive smoke)
directly into the shaving-vault. The saw-
dust is then conducted by means of another
pipe directly into the boiler-furnace, which
we have before described. Now. right op-
posite the exhaust-fan is the blower for blow-
ing cold air through a coil of steam-pipes.
The cold air is thus heated and carried right
up into the saw-room and tin-room, thus
giving the men an abundance of fresh air.

We pass from this shaft-room directly in-
to the engine-room. You will exclaim,
" That is such a little thing to do such a
large amount of work ! " T reply, ^' The en-
gine looks small, but it represents 90 horse-
power" After looking at the engine, we pass
through an underground passageway lead-
ing to the main building into oiu* green-
house.

There is lettuce, radish, pie-plant, celery-
plants, etc., growing as if it were warm
summer weather. TIark I what do we hear?
It is the peep of young chickens. What are
they for ? Why^ they are our bug-catchers.
We know of nothing better to keep tlie bugs
off the lettuce. Here we finish f)ur trip
through the buildings.

Now, friends, I do not know how it seems
to you, but when I take a look at this scene
of activity it seems to me almost as if it
could not be reality. It was onlv a very
short time ago that I was a blundering boy
— yes, a boy who cried over his plans be-
cause they did not work just as he bad fig-
ured out they ought to work. When this
blundering boy, however, stopped working
for himself, and began working for the
kindom of God. and his glory, giving em-
ployment to those who seemed to be in sad
need of it, etc., then, by some strange pro.
cess, success seemed to crown his humble
efforts. It seemed as if some great and
mighty power had the control and manage-
ment; and who shall say that such has
not been the case while the little motto still
remains, cut in the solid sandstone right
over the arch, in the center of the main
building—" Jn Ood we trust " ?

OUR p. BENSON LETTER.

MOER BEEKKEPJN .\S A OCKYOUPASHEN.

TF beekeepin shood be conflnd to enny I class it
i»|p bed ot be wimiuen. No other calling' in lite is
]li so suitful for beekepiu as wiinraen. Thay air
■*■ so genteel in thair moovnienis as to subdoo
the moast vishus hybirds.
Next to wimmen is milliners and dress maikers,
whitch is the moast appropriS of all to keep bees,
bekoz for the resaon thay can raise thair oan wax
to wax the thred to so with. .Mso slir kaii so onto
a bunnit while watchin for swarn)s.

BEE-KEEPIN AS A OCKYOUPASHEN FOK MILLYNERS.

A miller is cspeshelly sooted to keep bees, bekoz
he ken maik his oan tlour and meel to feed the
bees, and save them the trulibol of going- out to
gether poland off the blossums.

A carpenter hed ot to keep bees inoar than enny-
buddy els in the hoal wirld. It woont cost him
nuthin for makin hives.

A still moar propper pirson to keep bees is a mar-
rid man or wooman. Thay have plenty of childrea
to eet the hunny.

In no way is enny 1 in sitch good eondishen to
keep bees as a old batcheller or a old maid. Thay
hev no children around in the way to he took care
of when thay want to taik up a skep of bees and
get the hunny from them. Then too its a g:ood plan
for them to get a good start in beekeepin, for if
thay shood ever git married, it wood be reel handy
to hev the childi-en a rovmd when the bees swarm,
to yell & holler and pound on tin pans.

No class of peaple ken so well keep bees as con-
ducters, brakeraen and sitch, onto a ralerode. Thay
need sum employment to taik up thair spair time
whitch doant require enny atlOshun. and bees talks
cair of thairselves, and doant weed enny work. Bo-
sides if he bies a swarm of bees he ken taik it home
on the baggige car for nuthing-.

Lawyers is pre-etnanent for keepin bees. When
bizness is kinda dull bees hclp.-^ to niiiik things live,
ly, and he ken put a swarm cloast up to the side-
wock soze to -Sting- peaple aa-oln alon-i- and from
whitch he ken eezy grit up a lawsoot to maik him
bizzness.

A irishman is the proper i)irson to keep bees for
his pipe is always a goin and rodd3- to smoak the
bees.

A wosherwoomau is also the right 1, for she ken
rays her own beeswax to grccze her flat ierns to
iern shurts.

The yung is g-ood to keep ln-i s Tui i h;i\- knn lurn
babbits of gittin around livel\. and the oald is good
for thay ken learn to clustci- (piict nl the door a
doin nothin.

Hents It is seen that all classes and condishena
hed ot to keep bees without regard to race, kniler,
or prevus kondisben of seryltood.

P. Benson, A. B. S.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

211

TEN CENT SECTIONS OF HONEY.

A I'llOTK.ST AGAINST THEM.

fKIKND X( »V1CE: — I wish to raise my voice in
an hiiiiililf hilt earnest protest ag'ainst the
new departure. There is already an evil in
this line which works more niisehief than you
imagine. It is this catering' to the denKind.s
of the dishonest frroeer who wishes to sell 12 oz. for
a pound, either that he may get more profit or that
he may appear to undersell his honest neighbor.
The closer the bee-keeper sticks to the fundamental
truth, that it takes Iti oz. to make a pound, the more
successful will he be in increasing the sales of
honey, and in laying a su7-e foundation for a steady
demand in the years to come. Two conditions are
wanting to make the ten-cent comb a success. One
is, that all honey be of equal value; and the other,
that all bee-keepers and dealers be strictly honest.
To the honest bee-keeper 1 can see only evil in this,
the limit being in the wrong direction. The grocer
must get a certain number of combs for a certain
sum of money, which puts a limit to the price of
the finest grades of honey which the bee-keeper
pi-oduces. In the other direction there is no limit,
the greedy or dishonest grocer demanding more
and more ten-cent combs for a given sum of money,
and the producer tries to please him by giving as
much surface as possible; and if he be of the same
spirit as the dealer, he imts in all the wood he pos-
sibly can. The tendency all is to give as little honey
as possible for the ten cents; and 1 fear that, in two
or three years, ten-cent combs of honey can be
found so small that the gentleman of Albany could
"clean up the platter" at one meal, without the
help of the family. Notice, friend Novice, he sug-
gests 10 or 11 oz., while you suggest 8 or 9. Some one
else will suggest "i or 6. Where is the limit? When
you make a package of comb honey less than a
pound, I think you simply increase the cost to no
purpose. Where a pound of comb honey can be re-
tailed for 16 or 18 cts., or even 20, there is no need of
a smaller package. Did you figure up how much
the bee-keepers who sent ten-cent combs to Albany
received per pound for their houeyV Allowing that
100 lbs. net would make 1.50 combs, say the grocer
pays 8 cts., making $12.00; deduct commission, 60
cts.; expressage and dray age, not less than 7.5 cts.;
cost of 1.50 frames and case, 60 cts., leaving a balance
of .$10.0.5 for 100 lbs. net of noney — just about equal
to getting 9'/2 cts. for 1-lb. sections, weighing the
frame with the honey. Is not this making undue
haste to reduce the price?

Wouldn't it be better to go slow in this matter,
and treat the story as a huge joke (which was prob-
ably intended only as such), that one man, without
any special effort, sold, in a little over half a season,
in the city of Albany, nearly If not quite a quarter
of a million, or between 60 and 80 tons, of a size of
comb which seemed to be new, to a convention of
York-State bee-men ? And before you settle the
matter, ask for the opinion of some of the bee-men
who sent the quarter of a million of ten-cent combs
to Albany during the past si.x months. In the one-
pound sections which you send out, the frame is so
light that the consumer does not object to has'ing
the frame weighed with the honey; but having the
idea firmly implanted in their minds that honey
should be sold by weight, they do demand, as they
have a right to demand, that when the3' pai' for a

pound that at least the honey and the frame weigh
a full pound.

During this winter 1 have sold several tons of
California honey in the comb to the best grocers of
this city and Pittsburgh; and although the combs
average nearly 2 lbs. each, it sells readily. Two
things they do require: That the quality be good,
and that the comb and frame weigh all they pay
for. I do not mean that there is no preference giv-
en to the 1-lb. section; for my experience is, that
the one-pound package does command in this mar-
ket just about one cent per pound more than the
same grade of honey in a 2-lt). package. When you
collectively, as bee-keepers, have the power to say
how many ounces the ten-cent comb shall weigh
(net weight of honey), and can compel every pro-
ducer to live up to your law, then, I say, go ahead
with the ten-cent comb; but this being the freest
country in the civilized world for the man who
wishes to defraud his neighbor in weights and mea-
sures, you will find neither profit nor satisfaction
in the novelty proposed. The class who buy for
every meal something to spi-ead on their bread, and
who demand a ten-cent comb, is the class whose
trade you can never get to any extent unless .\ou
are prepared to compete in price with the manufac-
turers of truck which they call jelly, and which can
be retailed at .5 or 6 cts. per lb. M. H. Twekk.

Allegheny City, Pa., Feb. 24, 1887.

Friend T., you have presented an excel-
lent paper on this side, stating the obje'c-
tions to the ten-cent package, but J think
you have overlooked one or two points. Tlie
reason why 1 proposed 8 or 9 ounces instead
of 10 or 11, is because the 10 or 11 ounces
were buckwheat honey. Tiiis. you know,
makes quite a difference. I admit, how-
ever, that there is some dilficulty in regard
to tlie matter of quality. One producer
might l)ring in a lot of very choice ten-cent
sections, wliiie his slip-shod neighbor would
have a similar lot that might liave to be
sold for o cents to close them out. For all
this, I ilo think the ten-cent package would
sell, a great many times, where any thing
costing more money would not. Your arti-
cle has suggested that we might, in sorting
om- 1-lb. sections, pick out, l»y weighing,
certain ones that could be retailed for a
dime, and crate these by themselves. In
our trade we find quite a good many that do
not weigh much more than 10 or 12 ounces.
Mark these, " Fofrc Choice for 10 cts.," and
they might go off quite readily. I did not
understand, while at Albany, that any one
contemplated short weiglits at all : it was
only to arrange a plan whereby sections
might be sold at so much, and thus avoid
the necessity of weighing. Some one asked
the question of Mr. Wriglit, how he would
prevent consumers from picking out the
most desirable se<'ti()ns first. He replied,
that there was no remedy. Of course, the
grocer would put only one case on tlie coun-
ter at a time, and insist on selling every
section before opening another one. He
said this same thing happens in all kinds of
luoduce. The last potatoes in a luirrel will
lie the poorest, and so witii most kinds of
vegetables ; but the last purchaser must
take what is left, for no dealer could afford
to open a new package of choice specimens
while the half-broken package remained un-

212

G JLE AiN I .N U>S I JN HK K V V L,T U UK .

Mak.

sold. Weighiug up every section sold, and
giving full 16 oz. to the pound, is surely the
fairest wa> ; but it is a laborious operation,
and where" only a penny, or even a couple of
pennies, cover the amount at stake, it seems
as if there might be some speedier way, by
lumping o& the goods, as it were, instead of
going through with the slow process of iig-
uring by ounces. 1 am sure there is such a
thing as wasting more time over pennies
than they are worth — in some kinds of busi-
ness.

THE SCIENCE OF MAKING HONEY
VINEGAR.

HOW TO MAKE IT ON A LAKGE SCALE.

aN page 64 of Gleanings, Jan. 15, E. France
Tells how to make vinegar Irom honey. This
way will do very well on a small scale; but to
make a larger quantity of vinegar, or for the
manufacture of it, we need a quicker pro-
cess. I'wo years is too long a time for the manu-
facturer to get his money back for the honey he
bought.

To get vinegar, the honey-water has to undei-go
two different changes: First, the sugar is changed
to alcohol and then the alcohol is changed to vine-
gar—an acid. The latter i)rocess is done by grow-
ing small vegetables on the surface of the alcohol
holding water. By this process there is needed a
sufficient amount of air. It is a good jilan to sepa-
rate these two different processes by manulacturing
the vinegar.

About the sweetness of the honey- water, it is
different for more or less strong vinegar. Th\is,
if you wish 5 per cent acid in the vinegar you can
make the honey-water holding lU per cent of su-
gar; or you take 2U per cent of sugar and mi.x later
with one-half of water. So the honey-water can be
made holding 8 to ;iO per cent of sugar, correspond-
ing with 4 to 10 per cent of acid in the vinegar,
nearlj-. More than 20 per cent of sugar will take
too long a time for fermentation, and for changing
alcohol to vinegar, or this" process would be im-
possible. For this we want to know how large a
per cent of sugar is in the honey-water. It is best
to use, Cor this purpose, an areometer— the same as
is used in making wine or beer. This is far more
exact than the floating egg, which corresponds to
15 or 18 per cent of sugar, and this gives a strong
vinegar.

The honey-water is now put in a standing barrel,
with one head out, and here It commences to fer-
ment pretty soon. The higher the temperature,
the quicker the fermentation. After about 9 or 10
days, the areometer will show you only 2 or 4 per
cent of sugar, and now we will call the honey-
water honey-wine. This honey-wine is filtered in
barrels till it is clear. The oftener it is filtered
from one barrel into iiiiothcr. the quicker it will be
done. It will help very miich if some fruits of any
kind are given with the honey-water in the stand-
tng barrel. This will give sonie tannin to the hon-
ey-wine. This fruit can be used a second or third
titno; so will a small quantity of comtnon cream
tartar quicken the process. In about two or three
months the wine will be clear enough.

To change this wine to vinegar we know several
different ways. I will explain only two.
1. To make vinegar in small quantities, take

some tight barrels, and pour into every one 15
gallons of good old vinegar and 15 gallons of the
houeywiue, above described. Iri about 4 weeks
(With high temperature in summer) you can take
out of every barrel 15 gallons of vinegar. Now
fill up again with 15 gallons of honey-wine. The
barrels are about two-thirds full this way, and have
to be open all the time. So every barrel gives 15
gallons every month.

2. For a larger quantity of vinegar I approve
the following method:

Take any flat vessel, put in some ferment of
your honey-wine, and some water and vinegar.
In 14 days or 3 weeks you will have on the sur-
face of this water a large quantity of vinegar vege-
tables, and you will need this for the following
process :

The honey-wine, mixed with one-fourth or one-
third of old vinegar, is put in another standing
barrel, and the above-described vegetable is plant-
ed on the surface by a thin well-wetted board. The
vegetable will grow, by high temperature, very
quickly. In 18 hours the whole surface will be
covci-ed by it. In nine or ten days the alcohol is
changed to vinegar acid, and the vinegar vegeta-
ble falls down to the bottom. The vinegar is now
filled up in barrels, and sold. The standing bar-
rel is cleaned, and filled again with the so-called
honey-wine. By pouring the vinegar into barrels
it is a good plan to mi.x it with a small quantity
of honey-wine; the vinegar will keep betler and
stronger. The barrels should be well closed. By
this method the honey is changed in 80 or lOO days
to the best vinegar.

If the honey cost about 5 cents per lb., this vine-
gar will be cheaper than good wine vinegar can be
made; but vinegar iiuide of corn and grain can be
sold at a lower price, for the starch and sugar
which ax-e to be converted into vinegar will cost not
more than :J cts. per lb. But the honey-vinegar is
far the better, and nearl.\- as good as the best wine
vinegar. Spirituous vinegar can not be made in the
United States, on account of the governmental dues.

Let me give some more rules for its manufac-
ture. On an average, the honey will contain about
75 per cent of sugar. By making the honey-wine,
about 15 percent of the fluid is lost, and in vinegar-
making, not (juite 10 per cent. The higher the
temperature, the quicker the process, but the
greater the loss.

AH this 1 have verified by many experiments, and
it seems to me not impossible to manufacture the
honey-vinegar on a large scale.

Selma, Tex., Jan. 27, 1887. L. Stachelhausen.

I will explain to our readers, that friend
S. would prol)ably prefer to write the above
letter in his native German than in English ;
yet the facts he furnishes are so important
we give the article, as nearly as we can, as it
came from his pen. There is something
wonderfully interesting to me about this vin-
egar-plant^i plant that will cover the sur-
face of a barrel in only 18 hours. And this
reminds me of a vinegar-plant which was
propagated and sold, perhaps 20 years ago.
It looked like a piece of loose cotton, or,
perlinps, like white vinegar-mother. "Well,
if., a little bunch of plant was placed in a
glass or ,i;tr of sweetened water, and the
whole placed in the sun, in a warm temper-
ature, that plant commenced growing by

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

218

takiii-; tl.e ^sugar from the water, and con-
vertinti' it into vinej?ar. Unless the phint
was kejit supplied with sweetened water,
it died ; but when well fed it grew enor-
mously. Tlie white flakes kept np a con-
slant motion by alternately sinking to the
liottom of the jar, and rising again. This
motion was caused by little globules of gas
that were constantly forming and enlarging
inside tiie Hakes of mother. When ihey
rose to tile suriace the gas passed out into
the air, and made the flakes drop again. I
Avonder if any of the readers of Gleanings
know where this plant can be obtained.
Years ago. while in Boston, I saw a man on
the street-corner, selling a summer drink
manufactured by the same or a similar
plant. While it was foaming from the rapid
growth of this strange plant, in the warm
sunshine, it was poiired into goblets, iced
like lemonade, anil served to customers.

HOUSE-WARMING.

W. F. CL.XRKE ON SLEEPING IN COLD BEDKOOMS.

WANT to back up what Prof. Cook says about
making' home couirortable in the winter time,
reg'arilless of cost. There are some economies
that are "penny wise, but pound foolish."
To save a few dollars at the expense of the
comfort and health of a whole family is surely a
great piece of folly. Vet it is what many people
are doinfj- every winter of their lives, and I think
this is e?<pecially the case with the farming- commu-
nity. According: to my observations, there are few
country homes that are really comfortable in the
wintertime. Inmost farm-housses an ample kitch-
en forms the living-room. There the meals are
taken, and there in the evening- the domestic circle
is formed. Few country hou.ses have more than
one fire constantly going'. This warms the living-
room, and perhaps one bedroom which opens out
of it. The rest of the house is cold most of the
time. There is, verj' likely, a sitting-room or par-
lor; but a fire is kindled there only on "high-days
and holidays," on Sundays, on wedding or funeral
occasions, and when there is company. There are
exceptions to this. In some farm-houses there is a
hall stove kept going. In others, a fire is constant-
ly burning in the parlor or sitting-room. But from
my travels and observations, I am inclined to think
these cases are largely in the minority*

In this country many of the better class of farm-
houses are built of stone. This material makes a
most substantial and durable building, but it is one
that is extremely cold in winter, unless artificial
heat is applied. A stone wall becomes permeated
with dampness, absorbing moisture from the earth
by means of capillary attraction. Flesh and blood
are more sensitive to damp cold than to drj' cold.
A frame house, being to a great extent porous, ad-
mits both cold and heat more freely than a stone
house, la a sevei-e spell of weather, cold gets into
a stone house and stays there, while a frame house
becomes perceptibly warmer when the tempera-
ture moderates out of doors. Brick houses are
open to the same objection as stone ones, though in
a lesser degree, unless they are built on the hollow-
wall principle, as few brick houses are.

I stopped over in a stoue larm-house one night in
Nov-t lySo. The spare bed was very nicely fixed up.

even to "pillow-shams." Theie was h pile of bed-
clothes, and the sheets were woolen ones. The bed
was soft, I was tired, and every thing setMued to in-
vite repose. But J could not get warm all night,
though I kept on ray flannel shirt and drawers. Iff
the tniddle of the night I shook as with an ague-
chill. Alreadj-, though winter had scarcely beguri,
the damp cold had gained foot-hold in that rootri,
and the heat of my liody was insufficient to over-
come the chilliness garrisoned in a big heap of bed-
clothes. Next day, some conversation sprang up
about warming bedrooms in winter. Of course, I
did not complain of my quarters; but in an "asidfe,"
some of the young folks told me "pa" and "ma"
had no idea how cold it was upstairs in wint(?r;

The trouble of it is, too many of us are all the
time getting ready to live. We look forward to a
future of enjoyment when we shall have made
some money, and prospered sufHeieutly to have
all things pleasant at)out us. Meantime we pinch
and punish ourselves and those dependent on us,
and wait indefinitely for " a good time cofning,"
which is very long in arriving, and perhaps does
not come at all. The poet Young says:— •

" Of all man's ruinous mistakes, this bears the palm :
That all men are ahuut to live,
For ever on the brink of being born."

Meantime, the years are gliding by. Age is creep-
ing upf)n us. Our children are leaving the home-
stead, and setting up for themselves, carrying
away with them the recollection of summers passed
in hard outdoor labor, and winters that have been
cold and dreary work in the barnyard or kitchen
during the day, a brief "cuddle" around the cook-
ing-stove after supper, and then ascent to a cheer-
less, chilly bedroom, where, after manj prelimina-
ry shivers, forgetfuliiess of all trouble and discom-
fort is found in sleep. Is it not desirable to put a
little more enjoyment and brightness into our own
and our children's lives':' Why must we be like
Aunt Nabbj Powers, who was constantly ejaculat-
ing, "Lame! Knjoyment here below ain't for me.
I'm one o' them that's of few days and full o'
trouble; as the good Book says, 'It's a worhl of
tribbylation,' anyhow. Lame! lame!" We hang up
"Home, Sweet Home," on our walls; but do we
translate the motto into every-day experience as
we might, could, and should? I make all due allow-
ance for the struggling and calculation necessary
on the part of many families in the country as well
as in the town; but I know some farmers whose
land is clear, whose buildings are good, and who
have money out at interest, who, from carrying the
practice of economy too far, deprive themselves
and their children of comforts that could well be
afforded, and would make life far more worth the
living.

This plea for house-warming has expanded to an
extent that leaves but little chance for adverting to
the professor's plea for furnaces. As already re-
marked, I agree with his views in the main, and go
for the furnace method, with careful construction,
in ail cases in which the cost can be afforded, and
the house is of some size; but a house no laiger
than that described by the professor can be warm-
ed more cheaply than by means of a furnace. .My
own is of about the same dimensions, and is made
as comfortable as need be as follows: A $3<J.0u base-
burner stove warms the sitting-room and parlor,
which are connected with folding-doors. The pipe
ifoes directly Into a small ball, and takes the chill

214

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTDliE.

Mar.

off that. A small Franklin stove, lig-hted only in ex-
tremely cold weather. Is in the parlor, always open
for ventilating- purposes. In the kitchen and living--
room (combined in our house) is a most effective
parlor cook-stove, fed by wood, the pipe passing di-
rectly upstairs, and warming- two bedrooms quite
sufficiently for sleeping purposes. There is a bed-
room downstairs connected with both kitchen and
sitting-room, and a spare bedroom upstairs, easily
warmed by putting on a little extra fire in the base-
burner and Franklin stove downstairs when there
is company.

The objection to Prof. Cook's plan with many will
be the first cost of the furnace, which will be from
$150 to $200. To my mind, another great objection
is not seeing the fire. A fire warms you up better,
if you see it. We read in Scripture, "Ahal 1 am
warm, I have seen the fire." If Prof. Cook will de-
duct enough from his $40 fuel-bill for the furnace,
to run an open wood-stove in his sitting-room, he
will have a "fireside" and a "domestic hearth,"
which he hasn't now, and he will find the ventila-
tion better. I advise him and all others wishing to
get the most home comfort out t)f winter fires to
send to the Smith & Anthony stove-makers, .53 Union
Street, Boston, Mass., for a little pamphlet entitled,
" Some artistic fireplaces." The professor was
"broug4itup in the warmth and glare of the old
fireplace." So was I ; and there was cheerfulness
and luxury as well as warmth about it. It is all
very well not to have the pleasant living-room
" cumbered with ugly stoves and coils," but you do
not need to have an vglxi stove. 1 have one that is
"a thing of beauty and a joy for ever." When its
two stories of mica windows are lighted up with an-
thracite radiance it is next only to the old-fashioned
fireplace I was brought up by. And if] want to recall
the vision of that 1 can stai-t up the open Franklin.
Let me say, there is no escape of hard-coal dust or
gas from a pre perly made base-burner stove, and
its draft is constantly carrying off the foul gases
with the lower stratum of air. The care of such a
stove is less than that of a furnace fed with wood.

I. too, get up first, and light the cooking-stove, as
I pi-esume the professor does; and then I usually
stir the porridge, which I like well boiled. Then it
is hut the work of a few minutes to shake down the
base-burner, put in a scuttleful of coal, turn on the
dampers, and empty the ashes. All can be done so
neatly, that even if Mrs. Professor wears magnify-
ing-glasses she will detect no litter. Another shake-
down in the evening, and a second scuttleful of
coal, completes the care of a stove "worth its weight
in gold," if I couldn't get another like it for $30. I
am sure this is far less work than the care and at-
tention needed by a wood-furnace. If I ran a fur-
nace, it would be a coal one. Boynton's, and others
that might be named, are as clean and sweet as fur-
naces for wood. W. P. Clarke.

Guelph, Ont., Feb. 21. 1S87.

I am very yiad indeed, friend ('., to have
you take up tliis matter of making our
homes pleasantly warm. When reading
your article I remembered the time when I
used to teach school and " board around."
It is not pleasant tothe women-folks, nei-
ther is it pleasant to the men-folks or chil-
dren, to be around the cooking-stove in the
way, and I think it will pay in dollars and
cents for every household to have some sort
of a pleasant room away from the cooking-

stove, especially where there are children in
the home. A young couple, just married,
can stand it very well around the cooking-
stove, for they would be happy almost any-
where.

A VISIT TO AN APIARY AMONG THE
GREEN MOUNTAINS.

NELLIE LINSWIK TELLS US MORE ABOUT THE
" KN(JW-1T-ALL BEE-KEEPERS."

fS^ HE middle of July found me in one of the
3) loveliest valleys of the Green Mountains.
< In company with my friends I took long
walks and drives, now following the valley
road that crossed and recrossed a narrow,
busy stream, and now climbing the steep moun-
tain-sides. Sometimes I was delighted by seeing
the bright flowers of a familiar home honey-plant,
the willow herb, known to my friends by the far
prettier name of Indian wickopee.

One evening at the tea-table Mary looked across
at her husband, saying, "Can you tell me, Charley,
why, above all other things, we have not thought
to exhibit our village bee-keeper? "

" He shall be exhibited this evening at once,"
said Charley, promptly, pushing back his chair;
and five minutes later we were walking down the
village street.

We found our bee-keeper, his day's work done,
smoking the pipe of peace as he sat beneath his
own vine and fig-tree. When Charley inti-oduced
me and made known our wishes, the pipe myste-
riously disappeared, and a friendly smile brighten-
ed his face, as, requesting- us to follow, he led us
down the garden paths to where a dozen venerable
apple-trees spread their protecting branches over
seventy-five colonies. It was a pleasant sight; and
very pleasant to hear was the familiar evening
sound, always reminding me of the wind in a pine-
forest.

The hives were double-storied, run entirely for
extracted honey; and in reply to a question regard-
ing the size of the frame used, a cover was lifted.
It was a fiat cover, and the frames were so near
the top of the hive that the excitable hybrids boil-
ed over the edges on every side. I scarcely glanc-
ed at the frames, so possessed was I with the
thought that I had caused him trouble by making
it necessary to light a smoker, when suddenly the
cover was pushed carelessly back into its place,
crushing and maiming beneath its cruel weight a
hundred innocent lives. An involuntary cry of
horror passed my lips. Our friend looked up in
alarm; but instantly divining the reason of my cry
he smilingly said, " I conclude you have not kept
bees very long if that hurts you. Now, we old bee-
keepers don't mind such things, and we haven't the
time to bother with smoke, or shoving a cover on
so slowly as not to kill them."

Heaven forbid, thought I, that I should keep
bees till I become so hardened!

Against one of the trees stood a swarmer— two
long pieces of wood fastened together with pins,
and surmounted by a light box. The strips of
wood could be slipped by each other, and the pins
inserted in new places, thus lengthening or short-
ening the device. But it was too heavy for a wom-
an's hands, admirable though it might be for this
strong, broad-shouldered man.

1887

(JLEAiM^G^ i^ HKE (JULTUHi:.

21;

In one corner stood a small building in which he
wintered his bees; and, throwing open the door,
he explained that the walls were double, and pack-
ed with sawdust, and the tioor deeply strewn with
the same. At this time, however, the Hoor was
covered with a matting of dead bees, and the close,
unpleasant air, made it unadvisablc to step with-
in. Probably in the fall every thing was made
sweet and clean before the bees were packed
away, but I could not but think that our way of
outdoor wintering, where the bees are sure to get
pure fresh air. is preferable.

"Outdoor wintering." said our friend, "would
not do for this location. Our winters are too se-
vere."

"The severity of the wintex'," I returned,
" would make no difference if the bees were prop-
erly protected."

"But the depth of the snow— they would be
smothered," he insisted.

" We are careful, after every severe storm, to
see that the entrances are free from snow." And
then, stirred with a sudden remembrance of cer-
tain mistaken assertions regarding our winter
management, 1 added, with some warmth. " a.id
we never disturb our bees by rasping off the bot-
tom-boards with abent wire or piece of hoojMron!"

" Ah ! well," was the mild reply, " a way that
pleases one may not please another; " and, drop-
ping the supject of wintering, we passed on to the
shop, with its medley of hives, frames, extractor,
and rows of kegs and bright tin pails. Here the
inexhaustible subject of marketing honey was
touched upon, and this Vermont bee-keeper won
my profound respect by assuring me that dispos-
ing of his honey was the simplest part of his busi-
ness. <lf two bee-keepers, the one finding a ready
sale for his comb honey because of its beauty and
the care he bestows upon it. and the other building
up a reliable mai'ket for his extracted honey, the
latter, in my opinion, deserves by far the greater
credit.

As we were leaving, I asked if he would lend me
a few bee-journals for a day or two. it had been so
long since I had seen one.

" I should be glad to oblige you." was the reply,
"but I am not taking any. A few years ago I did
take Root's journal for a short time, but I soon
found out that it couldn't teach me any thing. We
old bee-keepers," he continued, with a (juiet smile,
"when we have once thoroughly learned our les-
son, don't need the advice of bee-journals."

As we passed out the gate, admiring, Mary
whispered, " How wise he is!" And then, giving
my arm a little squeeze, she added, " How glad I
am that we thought to give you this pleasure!"
And Charley, walking before with a little pail of
clover honey swinging fi-om his fingers, glanced
back with a nod and smile. And, indeed, it had
been a pleasure; though when our host had cor-
dially urged that our visit be repeated at an earli-
er hour in the day, when hives could be opened
and the complete workings of his apiary exhibited,
I remembered the bees he had so unnecessarily
sacrificed, and excused myself with thanks. And
notwithstanding his assertion, I think too highly
of the class to which I am proud to belong, to be-
lieve there are many, even among " we old bee-
keepers," who have so little regard for the lives
of those who toil in ourbehalf. Nellie Linswik.

l^ear friend Nellie, I am very, very glad

you, have put in this plea for humanity for
bur little workers. I know there are many
bee-keepers who do cruelly crush and man-
gle the little fellows in the way you describe:
but no amount of argument will ever con-
vince me that it is the right thing for a
Christian man in a Christian country to do ;
and I am very sure it does not pay, either,
in dollars and cents. I have seen colonies
become unmanageable by just such treat-
ment, and I have wondered several times,
Avhen discussing these matters in regard to
bees being a nuisance to the neighbors,
whether it were not ix)ssible that the whole
trouble originated in this kind of mismanage-
ment. I hate to be bothered with a smoker,
when I am in a hurry ; but by means of the
enamel sheet to be placed over the fiames
before the cover is sluit down, I can almost
invariably close the hive quickly, and .ifith-
out killing even one bee. Why didn't the
man take his pipe along with him, if smoke
he mu.^t, and drive the poor little chaps
back with the fumes of tobacco Y Much as I
object to such a way of doing, 1 think it
better than to kill the bees without scruple.

A POOT-POW^ER BUZZ SAW^ FOR ONLY

10 CENTS.

RIGGING Ul" X BUZZ-SAW TO BE RUN BV A SEW-
ING-MACHINE WHEEL AND TRE.\DLE.

Up few days ago. at an auction sale 1 purchas-
2K\Ki ^^^ '* Wheeler & Wilson sewing-machine for
^N|? ten cfnt.x. lam real i)r()ud of m>' purchase I
■^■*- Of course, the sewing attachments are "no
good," but it has a good Hy-wheel, treadle,
and a 6 inch belt-wheel. Now, 1 want to know if
one of those $~..50 saw-mandrels, with a si,\-inch
saw, could be made to do good work on this ma-
chine. I wanted a regular saw-table, engine, etc..
but — whew 1

I used to work in your saw-room, but It seemed
tome that those saws were just "sighing" for my
fingers, and that the rolls on that big planer were
just " groHning" for my thumbs. I "sighed" for
the office or the compositoi's' room (am still sigh-
ing), and felt quite relieved to get in the wax-
room. Since that I have learned hnic to saw. ami
how to be happy in doimj it.

If I can't convert this machine into a foot-powcM-
saw, I know what I can do: I can put an emery-
wheel on it, swing it on my back, and go over the
country sharpening honey-knives, scissors, etc.
May be it would be too heavy, though. Since I
have thought over Mrs. Chaddock's experience as
book-agent (I admire her ambition) 1 have decided
not to take the machine around on my back. If I
can't make a saw of it I will take the machinery
out, and use the table for an aquarium stand.

Groesbeck, ( )., Jan. 8, 1887. Walter S. Pouder.

Friend P., this matter has come up sever-
al times before. A balance-wheel and
treadle is exactly what is wanted to propel a
buzz-saw, but the machine is too light for
any thing like heavy work. If the stuff you
wish to cut is only i inch, possibly I, or even
^, a saw made just right would do the work
beautifully, very nicely, and true; but to cut
stuff foi- bee-hives needs all the strength of
a good strong man while standing on his

216

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

feet. . Barnes'' new foot-power saw-table "has
a good stout crank that can be used in place
of the treadle; and I tell you, one stout
man to turn the crank while somebody else
does the sawing, does a great deal more
work than where one has to tread, and feed
the saw besides. For small fine work, for i
the use of pattern-makers, and some other
artisans, your ten-cent foot-power might be
a great convenience. I am glad you remem- \
ber Mrs. Chaddock's experience. !

SURPIiUS-CASEJS.

MR. HEDDON GIVES US A CHAT IN REGARD TO
THEM.

T WISH to have a little chat (over the caligraph)
|P with you and your men in the shop, reg-arrting
W surplus-cases. So far as I know, I was first to
"^ make surplus-section cases, which contained
the bee-space at the top, so necessary to tier-
ing up. If I was not prior in such invention, I was
original in it, never having heard of any such
thing, unless I have forgotten. I was opposed to
separators at that time, and so I constructed what
is well known as the Heddon case; and when you
get your experimental apiary going, if you make
experiments on a sufficiently large scale to tell the
facts sought, you will find that this old ease of
mine is to-day the best ever made, and I believe
the best that ever will be, where no separators are
used. 1 believe it can not be improved. I shall
not have time, in this, to give all the reasons. 1
wish T could be in your shop a little while. For the
use of separators, 1 think the tin T case is prefera-
ble to it; and as 1 now desire to use separators, I
wish to talk to you about the T case, which is no
further a copy of my old case than that it uses the
bee-space, and so can be tiered, which plan you
will i-ecollect I used to advocate strongly, almost
alone, at one time.

1 consider the tin T as radically an invention, and
a good one too. T think it the coming case, for
those who will use separators, and never care to
invert them. I do not know who invented it. but I
think I recollect seeing it illustrated in a bsick num-
ber of your paper or the A.B. J. Several years ago
Mr. Vandervort visited me, and he told me that he
used no other style of case, and fully explained to
me all about how he made the T's and how he
fastened them to the cases, and how he used a
" follower "* that pressed the sections by virtue of
a spring. I found Mr. V.a man of far more than
ordinary inventive ability, and a very fine mechan-
ic, in both iron and wood. I do not remember
whether or not he said he invented the T. As re-
gards using them on the removable or adjusting
plan, I also well remember seeing that explained
in a back number of one of our journals, and T
presume Dr. Miller can tell where. Any way, as
soon as it gets to attracting any attention the own-
er will appear, for I feel sure that the rightful
owner will claim a good thing, when we see that,
if a thing Is v«n/ good, men will claim it who never
dreamed of it.

Two years ago we made some of these T cases,
and of .5-lfi sides, as you advocate. Years before
that, we made cases just like Eaton's, illustrated on
page 131, except the movable side, which we had

♦ I discard all " followers,"

tested previously, and do not think can be made in
ant/ manner so as not to ruin the case. Mr. Eaton
speaks of this case doing away with the honey-
boai-d, but it n<^ver will, because it can not be made
to " break joints " with the frames below, unless
too narrow sections are used. Besides, when he
goes to tiering he lifts with his first ease a whole
lot of dauby brace-combs, to be placed above and
attached at once to his new clean sectioiis. But,
why go further? Mr. Eaton is plainly no inventor,
as other points in his ease clearly show.

1 would not make the L-shaped tin to support the
T's, but tack a plain fiat strip on the bottom edge
of the side piece of the case, that would project in-
ward enough to suit me. What can be better? and
how much simpler! But I think you were right in
the first place, in choosing the stationary rests for
the T's. The reasons you give, together with the
greater ease of adjusting the sections when they
are stationary, to me, more than oftsets all to be
gained by having so many different lengths of
sections in use in the same apiary, which is, in
many other respects, a serious detriment. But
here is the mechanical botchery of the movable T.
The rest which holds it, must be so placed as to
prevent the bees from entering the outside sec-
tions at their outsides, which, if they can not do,
they will not so completely fill and so quickly fin-
ish, as when they can.

We give the lollowing preferences to this T case:
It is cheaper, and better adapted to the cheaper
wood separators. It is also lighter. This is all.

The one-story wide-frame cases, as we now make
them, we prefer for i-easons as follows: With our
screw method, we keep the frames tighter togeth-
er; we can invert the sections or any longitudinal
row of them, at will. We can "jump " these rows
from outside to in, or vice versa, at will. The sec-
tions are always clean.

Dowagiac, Mich., Feb. 19, 1887. James Heduon.

Further on, in reply to Dr. Miller you will
notice that we have discarded the L tins, and
use instead short pieces of iron as recom-
mended by friend Miller. You will see that
this places the bee-space above the sections.
You will observe, also, that we still make
the T tins movable, for the reason that the
majority of those using the T supers seem
to prefer them that way. Many thanks for
the suggestions yon have made in regard to
supers in general. This is a matter that is
of considerable interest to us all just at this
very time.

THE T SUPEB.

ITS ADVANTAGES .4.ND DISADVANTAGES CAREFUI,-
r.Y CONSIDERED.

fRIEND ROOT:— As the T super is now before
us, a few words may not be out of place. 1
had :J5 of these supers in use last summer;
have been using them for two seasons. 1
first got the idea from ati article by C. H.
Dibbern, in the 4. B. .r, page 1:33, 1884. Mine are
made for the old-style Heddon hive, but the princi-
ple is the same as you have described in Glean-
ings. Anyone is likely to see their advantages
at once, and I will therefore omit them.

In simiilifying the super, by using a continuous
tin rest lengthwise at the bottom, instead of Dr.
Miller's method of separate rests, you have gained

\SH7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

217

the advantage of being able to use other than the
m X \M section by merely spacing the T's differ-
ently; but you have also incurred a grievous dis-
advantage. This rest closes the nutnidc entrance to
the outside sections. Now, you may at first think
that this is not of much consequence; but if you
do, you are mistaken. The trouble is not in the
storing of liouey, but in removing the bees when
the eases are taken from the hives. If these en-
trances are left open— a la Miller— a few puffs of
smoke, applied as soon as the cover is i-emoved,
will drive nearly all the bees down into the brood-
chamber. Tf the super be now removed— before
that inevitable reaction takes place, and the bees \
come boiling up again— there will not be enough
bees left for a quorum; and if put in a tent or some
other suitable place they will quickly adjourn. Tf,
on the other hand, these entrances are closed, as
you propose, the bees between the outside sections
and the sides of the super can not readily make
their escape, and it will be found impossible to
drive them out. Now, if the super is placed in the
tent, these remaining bees, because of their num-
bers, are by no means in a hurry to vacate. T doubt
not that you will see the full force of this at once.
An amateur would not be so likely to.

I have tried both fi.xed and movable tin T's. I
much prefer the movable. They will space them-
selves more satisfactorily than T can space them.
Besides, as you have said, thej^ are better adapted
for a follower.

Dr. Miller makes his T's out of two pieces of tin,
13 X 1 inch; mine are 13 x % inch instead, and I have
found them much stronger thau necessary. This
gives a ''n-inch rest for the sections, and holds the
separators J inch from their bottoms. 1 think this
preferable to '2 inch. My T's are made of good
heavy tin, however; perhaps you use lighter tin
where they are "made from one piece. The price of
your T's is much less than I have been able to ob-
tain the material ready to solder.

In the use of this super I have found one serious
fault. Dr. Miller's supers are IT'b inches long in-
side, while yours are Yl\. The sections occupy
alone just 17 inches. This % or k of an inch is
left for the tin T's, and a little room to work in.
It is filled below, but not above. There remains
this unoccupied space to be divided between the
three spaces between the foui- rows ol sections and
the two spaces at the ends of the super. In the
first place, if these spaces are not equal (and tliey
are not likely to be) the sections are out of square.
In the second place, a line of glue will be put along
and down into each of these cracks. If a tin T be
dropped down between the rows of sections above,
to correspond with the one below, it will hold the
sections s<iuare; but the last one will be by no
means easy to insert, and a line of glue will be
placed on each side where the two edges of the T
meet the sections. Also, if we use separators :?';
inches wide— and I want none narrower— a special
T must be used above, or the T's must be made
smaller than you are making them.

Lastly, if it is attempted to make the super shoit,
and crowd the rows of sections together, it will be
found ditlieult to place the last row (or, at least,
the last few sections) in position, for they will
strike on the tops of the tin T's.

I should like to hear Dr. Miller's experience on
the glue question. Wm. Drkw.

lowaCaty. Iowa, Feb. U», 1887.

THE T SUPER.

VALUABLE FACTS FKOM C. C. MILLER IN KE(i.\RD
TO ITS PKOl'EH CONSTRUCTION.

RIEND ROOT:— The L tins that you use in the
T super have the advantage that they are
simpler and more easily put on than the
I'r X 1 pieces of sheet iron I use. They also
admit of using sections 3 3-.5 x 4'it, 4J4 x 4'4,
and 5-3 x ^\i,. with no change ot the super except
the different number of T tins used. Besides, the
T tins are less likely to fall out of their places with
the L tins. A serious objection that outweighs all
these advantages is seen only when you come to
take out the sections en niasne. In taking out the
sections the superful may be considered as one
solid mass, and the only resistance to be overcome
is at the outer boundary of this mass where the
sections come against the rim ot the super. Y^ou
will readily see. that the more nearly you apply
your force to the outer boundary of your section
mass, the more easily you will remos-e them. If
you don't see it readily, just try it. Now, with
your L tins the follower must be kept distant from
the side of the super a distance at least equal to
the width of the horizontal part of the L tin. mak-
ing just so much of a tendency for each section in
the outside row to separate Irom its next neighbor,
and wedge itself against the side of the super. By
making the supports for the T tins detached, as I
use them, I am enabled to have the follower larg-
er, so as to come under the whole bottom of the
section, by simply cutting out places in the follow-
er for the square sheet-iron supports to pass
through ; thus:

KOLLOWl'IU roK

KMPTVIN<i

THIS T SUPIOK.

(■■k; 1.

I tried a continuous piece for a support instead
of the detached pieces, but rejected it after trial.
A minor objection to the continuous piece is, that
it shuts off the outside openings for the bees to
pass up into the sections (in the case of pound sec-
tions, i;losing two of the seven openings*, leaving,
instead, a convenient place for the bees to fill with
propolis, thereby increasing the difficulty of re-
moval. If, however, I were obliged to use the L
tins I would fasten them on

^^•^

thus:

..«*'^

instead of thus:

FIG. 3. FIG. 3.

That is, I would have the bee-space at the top in-
stead of the bottom of the super. T never tried
your plan, but I studied over it carefully. My
hives are made like many others, with a bee-space
on top of the frames, so that it is more convenient
on that account to have the bee-space at the top
of the super. But if no beespace were on top of
the frames I think I would make one there by put-
ting a little rim around the top of the brood-
chamber so I could have the bee-space at the top
ot the super. Perhaps I can explain why. It is

218

ULEANliVGS LN BHIK CULTUKE.

Mar.

impossible to make your work so exact that the
distauce from the L tins, when nailed on to the
upper edge of the super, shall be always and every-
where precisely 4^4 inches; moreover, the lumber
in the super may shrink, even if only a very little;
and, besides, a bit ol' bee-glue, or a slight variation
in the size of a section, may make a difference.
I n either of these cases you may have something-
like this:

The upper surface of the sections being higher
than the upper edges of the super:

Now, in tiering up (and I wouldn't use these
supers if I couldn't tier them up) there will be
difficulty in placing another super on this one, for
it must fit exactly over these sections, with some
liability of injuring the sections, both in putting on
and taking oft' the upper s\ipei'. On the other hand,
if the bottom of the sections rests flush with the
bottom of the super, any little inequality such as I
have mentioned would produce no worse result
than simply to make the bee-space a little smaller.

Speaking of the T tins made of two pieces solder-
ed together, you say: "These are just as good
when finished, but are rather expensive to make."
Mine cost nearly twice as much, I think, as you
offer them at, but I think they are by no means
"just as good." In filling a super, when the last
section is being put in, it sometimes catches on the
sharp edge of one of the T tins, and makes trouble
about getting in; whereas, in your T tins the
rounded edge will not be so likely to catch and hold
the section from going in.

There is an advantage in having the T tins mov-
able that you have not mentioned. It is. that it is
so very easy to put in all the sections except the
last ones, as you will readilj' see that, for the first
three rows, you can have the space to put them in
as loose as you please; whereas, if fixed, all the
spaces will be equally tight. Moreover, in putting
in the last sections (the most difficult ones, wheth-
er the T tins are fixed or movable), if the T tins are
movable, the sections, tins and all, can be crowded
along so as to make more room, so I think a super
with movable tins can be filled more quickly and
easily.

My supers are made with the corners double-
halved. This not only makes a stiff' close corner, but
it is' very easy to nail together right. Yours, how-
ever, being made of thinner stuff', will not admit
easily of halving at the corners, and, as I undei*-
stand it, yours are to be used inside. Mine being of
7i stuff, there is never any thing outside the super,
which is simpler and cheaper, T suppose, but per-
haps there may be some advantage in the extra
protection yours have.

The inside length of yours, if I mistake not, is ^s
inch less than mine, there being in mine 50 per
cent more play lengthwise with the pound sections
than in yours. I am a little afraid that, with so
little play, some will condemn the super as being
too difHcult to fill.

Youi-s are, If inches wider than mine. I suppose
that is to make them fit the hive. Mine are too
narrow to fit my hives, and it is awkward; but I
thought I would i-ather put up with the awkward-

ness than to have them larger. Still, there is room
for difference of opinion about this. But please let
me insist vem sUongly. that, if you make the inside
wider than \2^s you will make it still wider than
iSYi, and not stop short of at least U 1-16. Mine are
lli^i; and let me assure you, from a big experience,
that nothing less should be used for a width of six
sections measuring IKi- 1(5 each. 1 know you can
take figures and pro^e me all wrong, but 1 have
gone through .all of that, and thrown away supers
because the fit was too tight, so I think I know
what I am talking about. Now, if I am right, that
V2ls is right for 6 sections, and you make your su-
per IS^s, you have just l-'g inches space in which to
crowd a 1 15-16 section. I am not sure but that
figures may help a little. Seven sections make
7x1 1.5-16 =i;{ 9-16. Add to this, for six wooden sep-
arators, 6-16, and you have 1.3 15-16, so you must
count on 7-16 shrinkage to get them in, if every
thing went just by the figures. But in actual
practice it doesn't work just by the figures. I wish
for once you would be urged by what may seem to
you my prejudices. If you make the supers too
loose, no great harm will come of it; but if too
tight, the result will be worse than you perhaps
think, as I know from sad experience.

The more I think about it, the more I don't like
the idea of having the super inside the hive. In a
busy time in a large apiary, I think it will make
extra handling that should be avoided. Is there
any real advantage in it '? Perhaps you think the
supers will not fit nicely on the hives. Mine do
not, but the difficulty is easily overcome in actual
practice. O. C. Mim.er.

Marengo, 111., Feb. 31, 1887.

On receipt of the letter above, 1 wrote to
Dr. Miller in substance as follows: We
aimed to adapt our super to the Simplicity
hive as far as it seemed practicable. In do-
ing this we made one or two slight changes.
It is true, your bee-space in the T super is
above the sections. We made ours below.
The construction if the Simplicity hive
necessitates a bee-space under the crate,
as there is no shoulder to raise it a bee-
space above the frames. You are perhaps
aware, that most of our customers are using
the Simplicity hive. This brings the sec-
tions flush with the top edges of the super;
but with our improved machinery it does
not seem to me that there will be very much
trouble arising from inaccurate work. We
think of nothing that would support the T
tins as firmly as the L tins. It is true, we
could make short pieces of I. tins ; but we
fear that, if we should do this, these small
pieces might be lost in packing ; and, be-
sides, they would not be as strong. — The
inside width of the T super (181 in.) is just
the same as in the combined crate and
Moore crate. In both we use 1 15-16 sec-
tions ; and in the former. 1 15-Ki sections,
with tin separators. If we use loood sepa-
rators we liave no doubt but that you will
need the 12i-inch space foi- six 1 ].i-l(i sec-
tions. The 1 l-'j-K) when lirst made will
always shrink enough to let in tin separa-
tors. Thei'e is noway of using vvdoden sep-
arators in our T super unless we use narrow
sections.— In regard to the L tins prevent-
ing the bees from getting into the last row
of sections, would not contraction, as prac-

1887

(..LtAXlWGS IN BEE C'lLll UE.

219

ticed by j^ourself antl others, obviate the
difficulty in a great measure V For the
most part, the l)ees would have a tendency
to pass directly into tiu' central rows of
sections from the hrood-nests. Eknkst.

Dr. Millei' replies as follows:

r have looked your K'ttcr over carefully, and will
now consider the dillerent points. First, you adapt
theTsuper to the Simplicity hive. If nearly all
your customers use Simplicities, there is weight in
this. In settlinjr upon it for my own use, however,
I thought it of first importance to have the super
just ris-ht, and if the super in that shape was not
adapted to the hive, why, then the hive must he
adapted to the super. The super is no more adapted
to my hive than it is to the Simplicity, so 1 adapt
ray hive to the super: and if I had Simplicities I
feel pretty sure I would not change the super, but
adapt the hive to it. If I understand it rightly, your
super is to sit directly on ahe frames, and I feel
pretty sure that, after you have once tried this,
and also tried the slat honey-board, j-ou will never
again do without the hitter. You see it is different
from usinjf wide frames. In that case the bits of
comb are built between the brood-frames and the
wide frames, leaving the sections clean. But in
the case of the T super the bits of comb will be fas-
tened directly on the sections, and each time that a
new super is added in tiering- up. the freshly added
sections will, in their turn, be built under with
bridges of comb. Now. this is simply unendurable;
and I think, when you look over the whole ground
fully, you will agree with me, that, for this super,
the slat houey-board is nothing more or less than a
necessity. If you agree with me in this, then it will
not be a very difficult thing to make a slat honey-
board that will fit the Simplicity hive and accommo-
date perfectly the T super. In other words, the
honey-board will serve as an adapter. This frees
us from the expense of an outside shell, but in its
place we have the expense of honey-boards; but as
we must have the honey-board any way, we need
count only a small jjart of the cost of the honey-
board— just what it costs extra (if any thing) to
make it fit the super. Keep in mind all the time,
that, by so doing, we leave the super in perhaps its
best shape, and ready to be used on any hive. This
latter, however, doesn't count for much, if any
thing, for the super as you propose it can also be
used on anj' hive. By the way, I would, I think,
have a honey-board for the S. hive with a lower
beveled edge to fit the hive, and the top level to fit
the super.

Vour objection to the square sheet-iron pieces in-
stead of the L tins (being lost in the packing) is a
valid one; and you might have added, that the L
tins are much easier put on. But in packing, if the
number of pieces be small they can be wrapped in
stout paper and nailed on. If the bee-space must
be at the bottom, then I would still use the sheets
iron pieces, putting them on L shaped.

Vou ask if contraction, which I and others pi-ac-
tice, will not obviate the objection, that the L tins
will hinder the bees from passing directly into the
outside row of sections. The greatest objection,
at least one of the greatest objections to the sys-
tem of contraction, is that it prevents the bees
from being directly under all parts of the super,
unless dummies be used between the brood-frames
to make the brood-nest wider. If I had only three
frames in the brood-nest I should just as much

waut direct passage into the outside row of sections,
in order to encourage outside work, and I would
then have the rhrce l>ro(>dframes under one side of
the super; and after work was well started in the
one side of the super, reverse (not invert) it and let
them start in the other. The bees will find abun-
dant room to enter at center of sujjer, but I would
rather close some of the central entrances and
force the fullest use of the side entrances, so as to
induce ccjual work in all parts of (he super. I may
say, in passing, that the contraction business may
not be a permanent affair.

You say no complaint has been made of tlie width
of the Moore super. Wen^ n<jt the Moore supers
used without separators';" Even with tin separators,
some difference in widtli would be needed. After
largely trying both wood and tin separators, both
in wide frames and T supers, 1 could not be induceil
to use wood on wide frames, and I would object al-
most as strongly to tin in T supers. I am using wood
separators, having thrown aside thousands of tin, oc-
casionally using a tin one where the fit is unusuallj-
tight. Wood is Warmer than tin; and when used
loose in a super it keeps straight where tiu would
bend. Moreover, a width that would just do in a
Moore super would be too tight for a T super; that
is, if the Moore super is what I have called a Hed-
don super. In the Moore super, if a section is
started in at all, it can be crowded down into place,
as the wooden wall on each side keeps it right in its
place. On the other hand, in the T super, if tight,
the edges of the .sections will slip by each other,
and will also catch on the T tins. As I think more
about it, I object seriously to having the supers hold
more than 'Zi 1-lb. sections. I would rathei- have
them smaller than larger. (I forgot to say, that 1
think the large majority of your customers use tin
instead of wood separators because they have been
in the habit of using tin on wide frames, and have
never tried wood. After trying wood I think they
will prefer it where the sejjarators are not nailed
on.) Whilst I do not believe as much in contraction
as some do, I hardly think you will want to run
more than seven oreight brood-frames while supers
are on; and I know from troublesome experience
that it is very undesirable to have the super wider
than the brood-nest. Bees will not work nearly as
well in that part of the super which has no brood-
frames under. If the super must be 13(i inches in
width, then I would put in only six l-lb. sections in
width, and fill up the empty space with a follower
fastened with double-pointed wedges like this:

E. S. Armstrong, and perhaps others, use this ar-
rangement, and I rather like it.

I think T shall hereafter use T tins on top as well
as under the sections. It will cost an additional
three cents per super, and they will hold the sec-
tions more smoothly in place, and also prevent the
bees from daubing propolis on the sides of the sec-
tions.

Referring to page .51 of " A Year Among the
Bees." at the bottom you will see I covered supers
with quilts. The past season I used with great sat-
isfaction 50 wooden covers on the supers, and shall
use them entirely the coming summer. It is simply
a plain cover as wide as the super, and as long, or a
little longer, m.ule of '8 pine, cleated.

(iLEAXINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Mar

FIG. 6.

The principal reason for using- this wooden cover
is because, when using the sheet or quilt, the bees
very freely propolize the tops of the sections, and
this board allows a bee-space on top. so that the
bees leave the sections nearly clean— another rea-
son, you see, for having the bee-space on top. If
there is to be no bee-space on top I would still use
this board, havinga'arim on the board to make
the bee-space. No other cover is put On top of this
super cover. C. C. MiIjLER.

Marengo. 111., Feb. :.'«, 1SS7.

The above covrespoiHlence between Ernest
and Dr. Miller touches on several impor-
tant matters connected with the matter of
getting corab honey. Now, the experience
of a man who has raised honey by the tons,
and first-class honey too. is surely worth
soiriething. Another thing that is encour-
aging, is, that a large amount of correspon-
dence in regard to this matter of T tins and
T supers agrees remarkably with every thin. i'
Dr. Miller has said. Let us take up ihe
diiTerent points one by one.

T TINS, .4ND now TO FASTEN THE.AI IN
THE SUPER.

The general opinion seems to be, that they
should be inovaltle, and that they should b-'
used on top of the sections as well as below.
Second, tiiey should be supported in such a
manner as to allow the bees access between
the side of the super and the outside row of
sections. The plan given by Dr. Miller
above is perhaps as good as anv. To pre-
vent losing the six little pieces of iron allud-
ed to. I would by all means nail tiiem in
their places, even when the supers are sent
out in the flat. This is quickly done in the
factory where the cases are made, and saves
valuable time for the buyer. They pack
just as closely, and ihere is no possibility of
being lost or "mislaid.

SHALL THE SUPER BE MADE SO THE BEE-
SPACE IS ABOVE THE SECTIONS OR BE-
LOW THE SECTIONS?

With the evidence given, 1 should sa>
have the bee-space by all means above the
sections, then use a plain honey-board on the
super, and the friends who ha\e complained
so much about the trouble of closing the
bee-space between the sections of the top-
most super will have their problem solved.
Mats, enamel sheets, or quilts, are not de-
sirable, for they soil the tops of the sections,
and cause the l)ees to put on more propolis
than the plain honey-board with the bee
space above.

USING A SLATTED HONEY-BOARD IN CON-
NECTION WITH SUPERS.

The slatted honey-board should be by all
means used. Ten or twelve years ago I
abandoned the T-super arrangement, prin-
cipally because of the comb attachments be-
tween the brood -ct)mbs and the bottoms of
the sections. We owe friend Heddon a vote
of thanks for having stirred us all up to the

importance of some sort of a honey-board
between the sections and the brood-frames,
in order to avoid these attachments.

HAVING A COVERING TO PROTECT THE SU-
PERS FROM BOTH FROST AND SUN.

Here is a point where Dr. Miller and 1
shall have to disagree just a little. Some
years ago 1 made such very full and com-
plete experiments in trying to decide wheth-
er the cliaft: hive was an advantage in win-
ter as well as in summer, that I think I can
not be mistaken in thinking we should get
more honey in a well-protected super than
in one exposed directly to the weather, espe-
cially where there are cracks admitting rain
and wind. I veiitied it again in the house
apiary, by having the bees l)uild and store
comb" honey in sections protected by good
warm covering, and without any protection
except a piece of ducking. I repeatedly
caused the bees to commence storing and
stop storing in supers l)y putting a close
warm box over them and taking it off
again. The fierce heat of the sim would
sto]) work, and within a week or ten days
cold nights would stop work ; whereas, if an
outer hive or box confined the air at such a
time, work would go right along. Colonies
of equal strength were tested side by side,
and more bees went to the fields, and more
pounds of honey were gathered, where pro-
tection was given. Almost any bee-keeper
can test this by using chalf hives side by
side with hives made of inch boards. An-
other thing in favor of using Simplicity
hives : There are thousands, and may be
hundreds of thousands, in actual use in all
parts of the world. We have ourselves for a
number of years sold ten or fifteen thousand
annually. One reason why we sell so many
is because we make every thing to match
these hives in actual use. A great many
times something has come up, seeming to
make it desirable to change them — this
matter of eight or ten combs for a hive, for
instance, and the changes back and forth
fi'om comb to extracted honey. Almost
invariably, however, in a few "months we
have reason to be glad we did not change
our machinery and methods. If there seems
to be a great advantage in using hives with
only eight frames, 1 think by far the cheap-
est way will be to put in a dummy or dum-
mies, as friend Miller does himself, and let
your hives remain all of one size outside.

HAVING A SUPER NO WIDER THAN A

BROOD-NEST, AND A BROOD-NEST

NO WIDER THAN A SUPER.

I believe friend Miller is about right in
this matter. With better protection for his
supers, however, such as the chaff hive
gives. I think his bees would work just as
wetland he might perhaps get from ten to
twenty per cent more honey by letting the
super l)e wider tlum the brood-nest— say
about an inch or two on each side. Tlie
season might have something to do with it,
however. 1 have repeatedly seen a power-
ful colony working (ui HO sections in a chaff
liive, all at once, and the sections that did
net stand over the brood-nest seemed to l)e
filled almost as quickly as the others, t
think the reason is because the bees are so

1887

Gi^JiAMlxNGb lA iil!.E CUJ.n RE.

221

thoroughly protected from the extremely
hot sun, as well as from the very c-ool
nights. We are now makhig T supers ex-
actly as Dr. Miller rccommeiids, only they
are made of lighter stuff, on account of the
outside i)rotection affcuded by tlie chaff
hive, or by additional stories of the Simplic-
ity hive. There are more i)ieces to handle
in getting a crop of lioney. I admit, but 1
think the extra amount of honey received
because of this protection will pay for the
extra labor.

ARMSTRONG'S REVERSIBLE T SUPER.

SH.\LL, WE REVERSE THE T SUPEK?

FKTEND ROOT:— I send you to-day a sample of
ray reversible T-tinned honey-rack, or sec-
tion-case. [ find it is pivinjr frreat satisfaction.
1 know it is a little more costly than yours;
but then. I can g-et at my sections sing-ly
much easier than in yours, but perhaps that will
not cut any very f-reat flfj'ure among- practical bee-
keepers. Inclosed you will find a description of the
same. E. S. AKiMSTKONg.

.lersevville, 111., Feb 3s, 1SS7.

NEW KEVEHSIBt,E SECTION-C.\SK.

The above cut shows my new reversible section-
case. It is made with loose, adjustable T tins, so
arranged as to keep the sections straig-ht and clean.
It can be adapted to wide frames if desired. It
holds 24 4i4.\4'4.\l 1.5-16 sections, .5 thin wooden sep-
arators, and 3 adjustable following-boards, all be-
ing held firmly in place by mj' double clamping-
wedges. It can be used without separators if de-
sired, as the separators rest on the tins, and are
not fastened to any thing. It is i)erfectly reversi-
ble, having: the loose, adjustable T tins on both
sides, and in every thing els« being e.vactly alike it
is always right side up, and the upper side is always
the side to open. Tf j^ou wish to reverse or remove
one or more sections singly, you have simply to un-
button the upper holder, which will liberate the T
tins and give you free access to any section in the
case.

Friend Armstrong lias sent us a sample
of the reversing T super described above.
We are constant!) receiving a great many
reversing supers, but we are free to say that
we have not seen any thing that seems to be
better constructed for reversing than this
super. Our readers will notice by the cut
that the T super has the T tins above and
below the sections. There is certainly a
great advantage in having tlie T tins above.
In the tirst place, it keeps tiie bees from pro-
polizing the upi)er corners of the sections.
In the second place, it holds the sections
square, or, in other words, two sets of T tins
above and below, make the space between
the sections, both at toji and l)ottom, equal,
thereby accomplishing one of the good fea-
t/ures named for the Moore crate, but with

this advantage : It permits the use of sepa-
rators. Friend Armstrong has also two fol-
lowers,ai)lain board of the size of one of the
wooden separators which he uses in the case.
Tiiese i)lain boards are used at the exti'erae
outsides of all tlie sections in the case. A
space is thus iel't lor a wedge, as seen in the
engraving, and as mentioned by friend Miller
elsewhere. We believe there is (luite an ad-
vantage in having the sections pressed U])
tightly, as it closes the interstices between
the sections, and. in consequence, it is
claimed that tlie bees are less liable to pro-
polize where the sections come together.
The maimer in whicli friend Armstrong has
constructed his case for reversing is quite
ingenious. There it no " right side up " tn
the case. It can be used just as well out-
side up as the other, and, as our readers will
see by the above engraving, the sections
may be easily removed. Xow. we would
hardly like to say so many things in favor of
f fiend Armstrong's case' liad it not. we be-
lieve, Dr. Miller's indorsement of one or
inore of its features.

We have considered the good points in
this case, so let us now consider some of the
weak points which might be named against
it. First, its c(mstrnction is rather compli-
cated. There are four pieces of wood for
each side of the shell, making. in all. includ-
ing the two ends, ten pieces. The button
arrangement for removing one of the sides
is very neat in the sample sent, luit we fear
it will lie (lithcuJt to construct it in all cases
so that it will work as nicely as might be de-
sired. It seems to us. then, that the case
will be rather too expensive for the majority
of our l)ee-friends. who. with the low price
of honey, are aiming to reduce the cost of
producing honey to the minimum. We
doubt whrtlier it pays to go to the extra ex-
pense of making a case invertible for the
possible advantages it may give. We be-
lieve, too. that a great many, if not a major-
ity, of those who once advised inverting,
are. to say the least, not now so ardent in its
praises.

DOES IT PAY TO GO TO MUCH EX-
PENSE IN EXHIBITING HONEY?

MOKK .AHOUT MARTIN'S HONEY-E.VUlBrT.

RIEND ROOT:— I have received some inquir-
ies relative to the honey-e.xhibit in a late is-
Vf sue of GLEANiNfis, and will, therefore, give a
few further details. In your comments upon
1 the e.vhibit, you probably echo the sentiments

of a great many others when you (luestion the ad-
I visability of spending time and money in nuvking

! such an exhibit; or. in other words, the (luestion
1
resolves itself into this: Dties it pay to spend time

, and money to advertise the honey-business '; If we
look around us, we see every trade making- stren-
uous etforts to get ahead. Take up the most ob-
scure county j)aper, and every trade is represented
in ils columns. Our most successful merchants are
the ones who ■"catch on" to every advertising nov-
elty ti) ho iisiil ill thf extension of their busines.^.
The leading mi'i-cliants in a thriving village set ui>
mile linards with tlwir nam" iinon them, for 2')

i miles into the b.urounJing country. Our fairs are

222

(;li:anin(tS in hee culture.

Mak.

the red-hot centers of attraction and advertising.
Near my exhibit was a display of wall-papers. A
room about 12 feet square was built, and decorated
with expensive paper; and .=o it is through all lines
of business, with the exception, perhaps, of bee-
keeping.

Probably the hardest thing for a spirited bee-
keeper to bear, at the present time, is the general
belief that bee-keeping is a small business, and that
any ninny who knows just enough to chew gum
can successfully produce honey; and bee-keepers,
as a rule, are following a course of action to con-
firm people in that belief; for if a business is not
worth a little advertising effort, it is not much of a
business. And right hei'e, friend Root, T wish you
would insert the cartoon found on page ;547, Vol.

I.MPK.NUINO B.\NKRUPT(^.

VII. of (ii,E.\.\iNGS. Tt fully expiesses the general
idea the bee-keepers oi' this counlrj- ha\'e in rela-
tion to advertising their business. That is the great
trouble with oui- markets, and the sale of honey; it
is the sit-down, do tiolhing, good-for-nothing, wait-
ing-for-something-toturn-up policy. Our Canadi-
an brethren are away ahead of us in the line of e.v-
hibits at fairs; and at our recent convention at Al-
bany this fact stuck right out when it was men-
tioned that, in Toronto, the honey-exhibit ]>iled up
to twenty toni<, and the exhibit in our own great
State of New York, the Erapir-e State of the nation,
at its last annual fair, was twenty poif/ii/.s- .' Now,
my dear N. V. State reader, look at the iibove car-
toon; does that chap look like you V If he does,
look your.-5elf in the face and blush.

Our Canadian brethren, flnding that it pays to ex-
hibit twentji tons in the home country, incurred a
great expense by shipping fortu tons to England to
exhibit, and they found their enterprise richli^ re-
warded, not only in pi-esent sales, hut in future
markets.

A like fair for the exhibit of products from the
United States will be held during the coming sea-
son, and T don"t h<^ar any thing about the honey-
business being represented, and it probably will

not be, unless some of our magnanimous com-
mission merchants take hold of it; and I will leave
it to the reader to infer how much the produce)-
will be benefited thereby. There is some excuse
for us, however, as the exhibit comes in a season
when a flrst-class exhibit would probably be impos-
sible.

I commenced this article to describe certain parts
of my exhibit. Our Canadian friends have written
me kind words of encouragement. I find that the
log cabin has special charms for them, and 1 have
been requested to explain how it is made.

The front is a thin board, 18 inches wide and 30
inches long; the .lones half-pound cans are attach-
ed to this with No. 30 tinned wire (such as we use in
wiring frames). The end is 20 by IH inches, with a
gable. These two parts, after the tins are fastened
on, are hooked together. A board covered with
fdu. is put on for a roof, and it is set so the vacan-
cy in the rear can not be seen, and it passes for a
very good log cabin, and is easily made. The tins
that are put on with wire are, of course, empty ;
the upright tins and pails can be filled if desired.
The pavilion is also easily made. The main work
is upon the wooden frame. It is made so as to be
taken apart for shipment. In fact, the whole ex-
hibit is made with that end in view. A very little
time (and less money) was expended, as it was made
for show and not for i)ertnanence. ,T. H. Mahtin.

Hartford, N. Y.

Friend Martin, I give up; I guess you are
all rigiit. Tlie expense of your exhibit,
come to understand it, is not as great as 1
supposed, and I had entiiely forgotten
about the great (V) exhibit of the State of
New York. I suppose, of course we should
be consistent in these things. A large bee-
keeper, or one who has tons of honey to sell
every season, could better afford to make an
exhibit tiiat would astonish the people, than
the one who may have more enthusiasm
but less cash oi- experience. What I had
in mind was the danger of letting our en-
thusiasm lead us into unwise expenditures.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

THE T SUPER WITH TINS AT KIXED DISTANCES.

T HAVE used your T supers, figured in last
(M[ Gleanings, on Heddon's S-frame hive, for two
]ir or three j'cars, with the T stationary. I make
"^ the T one-half inch longer than the inside width
of super, which, turned bottom up before you,
space off for length of sections on edge of side piece.
Make fine saw-kerf in those spaces, but slanting, so
as not to show on outside; drive the body of the T
right down into the kerf; and as it laps on to each
side piece ^4 inch, you can nail each 'fi-inch-wide
flange, that the sections i-est on, to what will be the
bottom of sides. They appear quite firm befori' be-
ing nailed. The sections will, of course, be on a
level with the bottom of the crate, so you will have a
bee-space on the upper side of the crate; and for
thi' one below, depend on the one in the wooden
honey-board or hive. You readily see, that fasten-
ing the ends of the T in this way makes them much
stronger than when flopping loosely nronnd. It hI-
so avoids your two pieces of angled tin strips the

1887

(JLEANINGS IN JiEK Ct'LTUilE.

223

whole length of the crato. I use two flat strips of
tin, '2 inch wide, sanio Icnjirth of T's, nailed on to
bottom of ends of cnite, ])rojecting- inside 'a inch.
I have fi4 swarius with this arrangement, and 33
with the combined crate and 10 frames, but I like
the 8-frame and the T super far better.
Watertown. N. V., Feb. »'l, 1S87. Jav Dimick.

THE T SUPEK— A SUOGESTION.

lam making a T super for the L. hive, so that I
can bring the two outside rows of sections to the
center of the brood-frames, b.\' making the supers
six inches wide inside (according to size or width of
section), or one -half the width of the hive. By
changing sides with supers this brings the outside
rows in the center. It is a great drawback to have
the two outside rows of sections unfinished, which
has for a long time kept my mind and eye open for
something to solve the problem. I think 1 have
found it. I shall give it a thorough trial this sea-
sou. Any person can make this and use it, or give
It a trial, and report. Will Ellis.

St. Davids, Ont., Can.

JSIany thanks, friend Ellis. Your idea of
tnining the outside rovAS of sections in the
T super so that they come over the ceitter
of the brood-nest is ingenious. The only
difficidty 1 see in the way, is the additional
expense. I am not sure that the advantages
from changing the outside rows of sections
in the T super, as >oa describe, will pay for
the extra cost. You know we want to pro-
duce our honey with the least outlay of
money possible. The bee-keeper who pro-
duces honey at a minimum cost is the one
destined to make the most clear gain. You
notice that the T super, which we illus-
trated on page ].')(). is made just as cheap
as an>- thing can possibly be made— simply
an outside shell, and the T and L tins.

1T.\L1ANS, HYBRIDS, AND BLACKS.

We purchased 15 colonies last spring at an auc-
tion. Three were pure Italians, five pure blacks (as
you call them), and the rest hybrids. We increased
them to 55 and took a little over 20(H) lbs. of surplus,
140(1 of comb, and 600 of extracted; but, as usual
with me, the hybrids were ahead in the amount of
honey gathered; the blacks came out next, and the
Italians were far behind. The Italians are, with
me. poor comb-builders. They will make too much
drone comb, and put too much honey in the brood-
chamber; and as I use only starters, either above
or below, these two faults would outweigh, with me,
even if they did make a little more honey. My
blacks are much the most pleasant bees to handle;
but with me a black (jueen and an Italian drone
produce the best-natured bees I have ever handled,
and they are the best workers. Indeed, I never had
any trouble with cross bees in my old apiary until I
purchased Italian queens, and yet my bees were
nearly half yellow by means of my neighbors' Ital-
ian drones. From what 1 read in the papers, and
from my own experience, I conclude that there
must be a great ditt'erence in the native bees of
America, called "blacks." H. V. Train.

Mauston. Wis., Feb., 1887.

AVHAT .MADE THE BEES SO CROSS ?

I should like to know what made bees so cross in
1886. I had three stands of Italians, and they got so
cross that I could not handle them at all. I went to

take some honey in the month of Jtily, and they
tried to sting me to death. They even left the hive
and went to the barn, which was three; rods from
the hive, and got on rpy hogs, and I had to go and
get my hogs out of the pen and i)Ut them ill the
barn, or they would have been killed.

Henry Bogakdus.
La Fontaine, Ind., Feb. lii, 1887.

Friend B., I can not suggest any reason,
but that the bees had suddenly ceased to
tind honey in the lields. As a general thing,
they are gathering honey in most localities
during July. Toward the close of the
month the basswood often fails quite sud-
denly; then the bees, instead of lieing
full of honey, are loating around the hive,
comparatively empty and cross; and at such
times you sjibuld not attempt to take their
honey, or do any thing with them. Take
the honey away before the yield has closed
up, and you will find them peaceable and
gentle. Even a colony of full-blood Ital-
ians, when they get stirred up at about this
season of the year, will sometimes leave the
hive, and almost chase one off from the
premises.

THE BINGHAM SMOKER, AND HOW TO USE IT.

With this I mail you a "Doctor" smoker, such as
1 have learned to consult when in need. It is not
likely that you will like it at first. Artemas Ward
said, thai "habit is a bad habit." It will, however,
perhaps, win its way to a good practice after be-
coming familiar with its patients. It will recjuire
lots of wood, and. in turn for this trouble, will al-
low you to slowly send a vast volume of smoke just
over the hive in which you wish to find a (jueen, so
slowly and so carefully as not to startle the bees,
yet so ample as to give them a realizing sense of
who their master is. This controllable feature 1
think you will learn to like.

Probably why I like so much smoke in the air
about me is, that the bees have much respect for
me, when so surrounded. This fact, no doulit, you
have fully and well learned. I never use a bee-
veil, as it is such a burden, and renders bee-work so
tiresome. \et it probabl.v is a fact, that we use
more smoke in our apiary than is used in any other,
of a similar size, in the U. S.

We are able to work fast, as we do not have
to "subdue" bees (as filling the hive with smoke
is called, etc.); so much smoke in the air answers
just as well, and we think much better, and saves
more time than the stovewood costs. Vou will
find maple and ironwood the best fuel for easy
use. When you wish to quit work for the night, a
gallon jai- or crock partly full of water will be a
good safe i)lace to put the coals the smoker may
contain —one thing you will sometimes find handy
when all the smoke is gone from the coals. Hot air
is as good as smoke for the control of bees.

Abronia, Mich., .March 1, 1887. T. F. IJin(!Ha.m.

Y'oui" smoker was received, and it cei tain-
ly is well and substantially made. There
seems to be nothing in its construction that
will " play out'" soon. As you suggest, and
I think, too. owing to habit, I did not like it
(piite as well as the (Mark on tirst trial in the
apiary this spring, but perhaps after I have
tested it more thoroughly this summer 1
shall change my ojiinion somewhat.

Eknest.

224

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mab.

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of aj^e, who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing some valuable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OK OTHER MATTEHS, will receive

one of David Cook's excellent live-cent Sunday-school boolcs.
Many of these books contain the same nuiTter that you find in
Sunday-school books costinjf from $1.00 to SloO. If you have
had oiie or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.: Sheer Off, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Koom. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a p'hotograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
year.'! ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable
tor framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE boys' bee - HIVE FACTORY. WIND-
MILLS AS A MOTIVE POWER FOR
HIVE- WORK.

Jp FTEE the events lecoided in our last,
I the boys could talk of nothing but
I' windmills, before antl after school,
'^ and at recess ; in fact, I am afraid
their studies suffered more or less
from it. They inquired of e\'erybody they
knew who could give them any information
about windmills. In the meantime, Mr.
Green had talked with some of his friends
who were skilled in the meclianic arts in re-
gard to this same matter, lie had also sent
for a couple of price lists of those having
windmills for sale. Ere long the two price
lists came to hand ; and after fully consid-
ering the possibility of the boys making a
windmill. Mr. G. invited Jimmy over one
evening to t^ilk with him and Sam. .Jimmy
needed no second invitation ; but before the
appointed time he was on hand. Mr. G.
then produced the two catalogues, accom-
panied by a couple of letters, for he had
made some inquiries <^)f the manufacturers
in regard to the proper size of a mill for do-
ing light buzz-saw work. When Mr. G.
could get the boys quieted he began:

'' Upon some inquiry which 1 have made,
1 find that about one horse-power is required
to run a buzz-saw suitable for average hive-
making work, and I have been told that
even a lialf horse-power will answer, provid-
ing a light-running arbor, with a thin, well-
sharpened saw is used ; and providing, too,
that the saw^ is not crowded too hard with
i stuff. 1 think on the whole, boys, if you
make a windmill at all you ought to calcu-
late upon at least a half .horse-power. It is
true, this will not give us power enough to
work to the best advantage ; but 1 think it
will be enough for you boys. Novv, then,
what size of mill is necessary to produce
this power in a fair wind?"

Mr. G. then requested his wife to bring
him the two catalogues from his secretary.
•' There,'' said he, pointing to a picture in

I one of the catalogues representing one of
' the improved windmills ; "• the diameter iif
this mill is 17 feet, and it is rated at three
horse-power.''

•' Whew!" said Jimmy ; " if 17 feet in di-
ameter will give three horse-power, then—
le' me see; o 's in 17 Bi times. Why, a
windmill to give one horse-power would
need to be only 51 feet in diameter— purty
near six feet ; and fer half horse-power—"

" Jimmy," said Sam, interrupting, " you
are clear off your base. 1 should think the
power of a mill would be in proportion to
the number of square feet of surface."

After rummaging around, Sam found a
piece of paper and a pencil, remarking,
" What is the use of going to school, unless
you can put it to some use?"

Mr. G., in the meantime, looked amused,
and finally spoke :

'' Boys, you are both wrong, though 1
must admit that Sam is nearer right. You
must bear in mind, that the larger the mill
the more purchase the wind will iiave upon
the center ; and that, while the power of a
windmill is, to a certain extent, as to its
number of square feet of surface, this mat-
ter of greater purchase must be taken into
account. Let me see. You have not studi-
ed philosophy yet, have youV but you both
know how much power you can exert on the
end of a crowbar. Now if the ciowbar were
shortened it would give you a great deal less
purchase, would it not? The proper size of
the mill we can not get at, 1 think, by means
of figures and comparison, in order to pro-
duce a given horse-power, so 1 think we
shall have Lo tru.st to the experience of those
who have made windmills. One of the man-
ufacturers writes me that a mill 12 feet in
diameter would do tolerably well for run-
ning a buzz saw for hive-making. We will,
then, take this for our basis. Supposing
that a 12-loot windmill will run a buzz-saw
in a fair wind, and yet do good work, we
will then reason that, if we desire to use a
very light-running arbor, with a thin, well-
sharpened saw, and that the saw will not be
crowded too iiard, an 8-foot mill in a good
stiff' breeze will probably do your work.''

Mr. G. then showed the boys an old Amer-
ican Agriculturist, telling all about how to
make a cheap windmill, the cuts and dia-
grams fully explaining each part of the mill.

" Now, 1 want to say, boys, that this busi-
ness of making windmills has generally not
proven to be very profitable ; but as you are
so desirous, and seem so determined to make
one at all hazards, 1 propose to let you have
the necessary lumber, and you can tinker
away to your hearts" content. But I don't
believe you are quite mechanics enough to
construct a good windmill ; however, spare
evenings 1 will assist you in some of the
most difficult parts of its construction."

The following day being Saturday, when
there was no school, the boys set to work
with a keen zest. They worked, assisted by
Mr. Green, for se\eral weeks, nights and
mornings and Saturdiiys. During its con-
struction 1 fear their minds were on the
windmill the greater part of the time, even
in school hours. Sams teacher noticed
something was wrong, as he didn't get his

"1887

GLEANINGS IN HICK CULTURE.

225

lessons as well as usual. Sam was called to
account, but he ''" didn't know what was the
trouble."

At last the windmill was completed, and
erected on top of tlie barn. Every thing
was finished, tliough a skilled mechanic
could easily detect the work ol' a boy's hand
in some parts of its construction. Mr.
Cireen did not think it was as strong as it
might he,buthettionuht itwould do if no very
severe winds should strike it. The next
evening the boys waited for the wind to
come up. Jimmy grew imi)atient. and ex-
pressed himself as follows :

•■■ Cimfouud the luck 1 if we did not want
the wind to blow it surely would, and knock
things all ter pieces ; now we've been wait-
in' heie fer two hours and it won't budge.
I'm goin' to get up there and turn that
thing around. Mebbe it newds greasin'.
Perhaps if we coax it a little it will start."

So saying, Jimm> clambered up on top of
the barn and theiice on to tlie windmill
tower. He turned the mill around and
around, but it wouldn't coax at all. Mr. G.
finally advised the boys to wait for the wind
to blow, which it probal)ly would do before
evening ; but this did not pacify the boys
much, and so they kept waiting' until they
were late for school. Just before recess the
teacher announced that Jimmy and Sam
should stay in at recess for tardiness ; that
they shovd'd both come to him and report
why they were late.

That evening, after school, although the
l)oys had been called to account for misde-
meanor, they l)0unded homeward almost
OTit of breath. Sum. however, did feel a
little mortified, both because lie was called
to account for neglecting his sti;dies, and
because he had never been punished before.
Jimmy didn't care a '' red cent," as he ex-
pressed it : •■■ 'twasn't nothin' to stay in at
recess." When they reached home they
saw that the windmill was yet standing
still, and apparently not a breath of wind
w'as stirring.

" Ho, ho. there ! " called out Jake, one of
the schoolboys, just passing by. and whom
the two boys particularly disliked. " That
thing wouldn't run if tliere was any wind.
If I couldn't do better'than that, I'd sell
out. Ye had ter stay in at recess, didn't
ye'^'

.limujie was on the point of going over to
" lick the stufhn out of him." but Sam's
mother appeared just then. She advised
the boys to wait till morning, and per-
haps there would be a breeze.

To he continued April loth.

JaVENIIiE IiE¥TE^-BeX.

' A chiers aiiiang ye takin' notes;
.\n' faith, he'll prent it."

DAMP CKIJjAKS and DAMP BEE-HOUSES.

We have been having a nice winter, and plenty of
snow for sleighing-. We had 10 colonies last year,
and they did well. VVe put two of the weakest of
them in the rellar. and the rest of them outside, and
packed them in pea straw around the outside. Bees
should not he put in a cellar if it is damp, for it is

not healthy for them. We made a building: for the
bees, and put them in for one winter; but it was so
damp and warm that they all di(>d. Last year we
got 4.")(i lli:^. of honey. Basswood was an entire fail-
ure. lloBEKT McCuRDV. age 12.
Hoiiit>,\ , t »iit . Can.

;i(l,(IIHI I. Its. Ob' HONEY FKOM 200 COLONIES.

My brother keeps bees. He has 20(i swarms.
They made 20.0O11 lbs. of honey last summer. 1 have
a cat, and his name is Tip. Pa has a dog, and his
name is Snider. Hkktha Kinck age 9

Rryantsburgh, Iowa.

OWNEKSHIP.

My pa gave me a stand of bees last summer. He
keeps them in the cellar for me. Ne.xt summer 1
am going to try to take care of tbeui myself. M\
pa has 23 .stands of bees.

Pharisburg, O. DvviD A. Shenk.man, age U.

See our promise to the little folks, to be
found elsewhere in this department.

ASri.US MISSOIMUENSIS, AS HEPOKTEI) KV A MTTLK
(JIKL.

It is a l)eautiful day to-day. The bees are out
having a tine time. We have had a very mild win-
ter here, with but few stormy days. Papa thinks
this is a spleudid country for bees, only, of course,
being in a new country tliere is a lack of bee-pas-
tiire. We have one valuable bee-plant here, called
the sensitive rose. In the summer the.lields of the
sensitive rose look like large fields of led clover.
There is a bee-killer (Asiliiji MitiSdurinrntiH) that
troubles us a great deal. T have often seen large
numbers of wouniled bees creeping around on the
ground, and I lia\e caught thi^ bee killers with the
liees. They catcli the bees in their talons, or fore
arms, and then stick their lull in the poor bee and
get the honey. Vou will find the e.xaci pict\ire of
this insect in Cook's Manual, page 2(58

Nei.i.iio Fay. age 12.

Franklin, Neh , Jan. 2(1, fS8T.

Thank you. friend Nellie The facts .\ou
have given us are interesting and valuable.
We like to have l)rigljt-e} ed little girls re-
port iiyion some such item as this. In the
last edition of Prof. Cook's book the cut of
this interesting long - named insect ap-
pears on page :;17 instead of 2()S. We like
to reward l)oys and girls who are able to call
these queer bugs by their rigid names. So
we send you a large panel chromo.

A .TL'VENILE INVESTMENT THAT PAID.

I am 11 years old, and I live on a farm. Papa said
that the first swarm of bees I saw come out I conld
buy, and pa j for them this fall; also the hive,
frames, sections, etc. The bees made 64 lbs of hon-
ey. 1 sold the honey for *S.OO. After I hud paid for
the bees I had ^3.00 left. 1 sold nearly all my honey
to papa, and got the cash in gold. Papa wants me
to learn to buy and sell. T learned to clean the sec-
tions and frames, and 1 can put foundation iti
frames, and fold sections. W'e> have no beehouse
for our bees, but pack them in straw in a long row
for winter. We tack an old carpet in front of the
entrance , to keep it dark and to keep out the snow,
wind, and cold. VVe do not have to di-turb them all
winter. We have boards in front of the chaft hives
to break the wind. It «ms Inn to elimb the apple-
trees and hive the rousing swarms. I can pick up a

226

<uj':anixgs in bee culture

Mar.

drone In my band. I cleaned all the sections and
frames last fall. 1 can nail frames. I go out
among- the bees with bare feet and hands. I can
help carry a hive of bees easily. We learned quite
a lesson last summer in Ivee-keepiug-, that cost us a
g-ood hive of bees. It was a strong- swarm of bees.
It made a lot of honey, and swarmed three times.
The last swarm had four (lueens. We saw them go
in. The old hive was the last hive on the row, but
papa set the new hive right beside of it, within
about tive or six feet. The new hive was just like
the old one, and now it was the last one in the row.
The bees in the old hive were in the habit of flying
into the last hive in the row, and must have made a
mistake and flew intt> the new hive as they came
from the fields. The queens must have all gone
with the last swarm, and they failed to raise a
queen. They became so weak that the other bees
began to rob them. We had a fine time with rob-
bing in the apiary. Akthur Bossemeyer.
Dixon, 111.

Many thanks, my young friend, tor your
good report. The "investment ceitainly was
a profitable one, was it not? You are not
only $3.00 ahead in cash, but you have a
good swarm of bees, and, more than all, a
stock of experience that will be worth some-
thing to you in your future investments of
this kind. These habits of enterprise we
like to encourage. We will here give notice
to the little folks, that our promise, as made
on page 317 last year, still liolds good. We
there agreed to send any girl or boy, who
coidd send in a yoocl report as the proceeds
of his own work, and his own bees, for the
past season, a beautiful panel cliromo. JJy
the conditions of this promise, I thinlc,
friend Arthur, you are fully entitled to the
present, and we therefore selid you one. We
shall be ])leased to hear froni other little
l)oys and girls who can give us a report of
what they did with their own bees ; and if you
sold your honey, where and how you did it.

'FeB^cce OeMMN.

A CHANGE OF MODI'S OPEKANDI.

J_^ Y father-in-law, with whom I ha\e spent the
last month, is a bee-keei)er on a small
m^ scale. He never smoked bees, but often
smoked himself and other people with a
pil)e. Now, he has determined to change
his modus operandi by smoking bees instead of
people. 1 have every reason to believe he has
abandoned tobacco for ever, for he is persecuting
the weed among- his neighbors with a vim that but
few people can muster. Please send him a smo-
ker; and if he ever smokes tobacco again I will
pay you for a dozen bee-smokers. I am myself a
"great past-master smoker," an enemy to tobac-
co—hardly ever known to raise a Hag of truce— no.
never. . Anthony Johnson.

Essex, la., Jan. :i9, 1W7.

Many thanks, friend J. We wish there
were more like you.

John Trego wants you to send him a smoker to
this olHce, and agrees, if he uses tobacco again, to
pay you for it. E. Liston.

Virgil City, Mo., Jan. ;.'7, 1S87.

A YOUNO FRIEND HAS QUIT.

I have a friend addicted to the use of tobacco,
with whom I have been laboring to have him quit,
and he has finally consented to leave it off. He is
a fine young man, just beginning the manage-
ment of bees. I will see that you get your pay for
a smoker if he takes it up again.

E. Van Fradenburgh
(Pastor Baptist Church).
West Fulton, Scho. Co., N. V., Jan. 13, 1887.

HAS USED TOBACCO AI.I/ HIS LIFE.

1 used tobacco in various forms all my life until
the past six months. I have now abandoned the
weed altogether. 1 am very willing to pay the
price of the smoker should I ever use tobacco
again. E. B. Johnson.

Manatee, Fla., Nov. 18, 188fi.

1 have never used tobacco to any great extent,
but I have smoked cigars frequently. For over
six months I have quit the use of tobacco; now, if 1
am entitled to a smoker, please send me one, and
if I smoke again I will pay you the price of it.

Boscobel, Wis., Jan. 22, 1887. V. V. Main.

I prevailed on my brother, on the 1st of Jan., to
quit using tobacco, telling him you would send us
a smoker free of cost. If he ever uses tobacco
again I promise to pay you for the smoker.

Hillsdale, Mich., Jan. 7, 1887. W. L. Hunker.

Mr. Elihu Baimbridge told me that, if you would
send him a smoker, he would quit smoking and
never use tobacco again. If be does he will pay
you for the smoker. A Neighbor.

F''armington, W. Va., Feb. 5, 1887.

Mr. M. M. Jones, one of my neighbors, has quit
the use of tobacco. He quit the last of September,
and says he never intends to use it again; and if
you still give a smoker, please send him one as a
reminder of his resolution. He has used tobacco
for many years. R. L. Patten.

Cooper Sta., N. Y , Feb. 1, 1887.

Thanks, friend P. The more neighbors
you induce to give up the weed, the better.

Please send me a smoker for quitting- the use of
tobacco. If I ever use it again I will pay you for
two. Fred Bassbtt.

Bast Kendall, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1887.

I used tobacco for ten years, but have not used
any for three months and I do not think I shall
ever use any again, if you will send me one of
your smokers, and I commence using the weed
again, 1 will pay you for the smoker.

Henry Keinheimek.

Callicoon, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1887.

1 was telling my neighbor, Mr. Green, that you
would give a smoker to every man who would
quit using tobacco. He has (juit, and promises to
pay for the smoker if he ever uses tobacco again,
and I will vouch for it. He has used tobacco for a
number of years, and is confident that it does him
a great injui-y. His old father has quit using to-
bacco. He has used it since he was a boy. He
does not ask for a smoker. His health is better
than it has been for a good many years.

Fleetville, Pa., Feb. 8, 1887. C. D. Farnha.m.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

227

001^ pejaEg.

Then Simon Peter answeiod hira, liOrd, to whom
shall we ffo? thou hast the words oi eternal life.—
John H: 68.

§OME of US are great talkers. We ex-
press every thought aii«l feeling l>y our
words. Others talk very little. They
may suffer keenly, and you would
hardly know it. or they may feel joy,
and give little expression to it. I have some-
times thought, however, that wIkmc one is
in the habit of using hut tew words, these
few words often carry the greatest weight
with them. Sometinies half a dozen lines
express more than pages could tell. It is to
half a dozen printed lines tiiat I \\isli to call
your attention in this Home Paper. 1 hive
read these half-dozen lines over and over
again, and each time J reail tliem thai old
prayer of mine comes up of itself. '' Lord,
help." Here is the letter :

Friend B.— Gi.EANiNfjs came to rae yesterday,
and found a solitary bee Uoveriu^ over the cotfln-
lid of my darling, darlinfj- wife. Oh, tell me! can
there be any sweetness amid all this bitterness'/

Yours in sorrow,

(J. ('. Stokkiv.

Arnold ville. Ind. Ter., Jan. U, 1S8T.

The plea goes up for help, not for mxself,
but for our suffering brother. The lines
themselves at first glance tell very little ;
but as I read them over tliey seem to say to
me something like this :

Our friend has been a bee-keepei-. lie has
been in the hal)it of shaiing the joys and
pleasures of bee culture with the corapaiuon
of his home— with a companion given him
by God — sent him by God, as it were, to
make his life happy and pleasant. Accord-
ing to the commandment which God has laid
down in his holy word, they twain had be-
come one. What a beautiful partnership is
the relation existing l)etween man and wife!
We all crave companionship; and if tiiere
be one in the world who can lind happiness
without the companionship of a single human
being, he is an exception to the general rule
— a sort of abnormal human being. There
are those who may content themselves
a while off alone; biit soonei' or later they
want somel>ody to talk to— somebody for
company. And what more beautiful rela-
tion can there be than the relationship be-
tween a good man and a good womanV The
marriage-rite tells how it is— thev are to
help each other, to cheer and encduiage each
other, and to study each other's hai>i)iness ;
and as the years go by the attachment
is to become stronger and stronger, and they
are to become more and more unselfish, eacJi
one losing sight of self in making the other
happy.

Some little time ago, Maud and I were vis-
iting one of her old college schoolmates.
Tliis schoolmate was united to the man of
her choice, and they had just moved into a
neat little cottage of their own planning and
building. He was thinking and talking of
his wife most of the time, and she was
thinking and talking of her htisband most
of the time— not in a silly way, but like two
goocTpure-minded people, or, if you choose,

a good and pure-minded boy and girl. The
sight was a pleasant one to me. At the ta-
ble. I was, of course, asked to give thanks ;
and while doing so my heart was filled with
the thought of how much these two had to
thank God for. As we were about to retire
1 made the remark to my young friend . "Did

it never occur to you^ "friend , that a

good pure woman is the greatest Idessing
that God ever bestowed on man?'"

His countenance brightened up at once as
he took in the thought, and replied, " In-
deed it is, Mr. Root ; and I believe you are
right, that the greatest gift God ever be-
stowed upon man was woman."'

Let us now go back to the letter. Glean-
ings has been a welcome visitor in that
household. Possibly they two have sat un-
der their humble vine-covered porch, and
looked over its pages. May be they have to-
gether "got accpiainted'" with A. 1. Poot
through its pages, and, possibly, learned to
love him just a' little ; but may (iod grant,
that through him they have learned to love
the Savior morel Well, a number of Glean-
ings comes as usual on one of its semi-
monthly visits. The weather is warm in
Indian Territory, even during the middle of
January— at least, warm enough so the bees
are outa little. Perhaps the hearts of these
two have oftentimes been cheered by the
little winged busybodies in the depth of
winter, arid there is nothing very strange in
the fact that a solitary bee was buzzing
about when this number of Gleanings was
handed in, right from the postoffice. The
sight of (tLeanings, as well as the solitary
bee, might bring a thrill of pleasure to our
friend's heart at any other time, but how is
it now? Where is that bright, cheery,
joyous inmate of his household now?
In scarcely more than a line he tells us of
the sad. "sad story. Probably attracted
by the varnish of the new piece of wood-
work, this solitary bee has called. It is
only a simple piece of wood covered with
newly applied varnish. But what a story it
tells!' It is the eoffin-lid of the darling wife
—the great gift "that God gave to friend S.
has been suddenly called away. As I read the
lines over, and realized that it is possible —
nay. quite probable— that 7 may have to go
through such an ordeal, up conies that old
prayer again, " Lord, help!'" Lord, help me
when I shall be called upon to endure a
trial like this! As I think of it. I feel weak
and cowardly. For a little time 1 begin to
wonder whether even the religion that 1
taught so earnestly would help me to be
trustful and manly, were I tried as friend S.
has been tried. May (iod foryive my want
of faith and my human weakness when I
contemplate such a trial ! Mv mind runs
back to the old days of more than a (piaiter
of a century ago. when I lirst liegan lo get
acquainted'with the priceless srii't (iod had
then in store for me. I rememlier <'iir fool-
ish, cliildish actions whi'u we Hist iicgan to
get ac(]nainted. I remember the hours and
hours that- we wasted in trivial things.

iVcrc thev wasted, dear readeiy I am al-
m>st afraid, if I siiould see two young peo-
ple now doing the same thing I should be
tempted to say they were wasting their pre-

228

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

cious moments. But how do you know that
it was not laying the foundation for this sa-
cred rehHtioushipV It takes a good while,
my friend, for a man and woman to know
each other perfectly.

A few days ago we were studying the
Sunday-school lesson where it told of Abra-
ham and iiis son Isaac. My wife asked the
question, " Wasu't Isaac frightened when
his father was making preparations for that

I replied, '^ Tlie father trusted God. The
boy was a 'chip of the old block," and trust-
ed God, and also trusted iiis father. What
his father had decided to do, he knew by
years of experience was riglit; both father
and son were preparing to obey God, fearing
nauglit."

" But," said my wife, •• have we any illus-
trations nowadays of such a faith as that ? ''

I replied, '• How about yourself and your
four-year-old boy ? Do you suppose that
any thing you could d() would frighten
himV

She replied, " To be sure, it would not, for
he knoivs his mamma, and his mamma
knows him.'" And siie turned to him lov-
ingly. Now, one of the most beautiful
sights in this world, to me, is the love be-
tween mother and son. Boys, especially
small boys, need a great deal of mother, and
they get it too. 1 have often thought of it ;
I have often watched the looks of love and
confidence and faith that passed between
the two. Tiie little man tells by his look
that he loves his mother more than all else
in the world— more than all the world to-
gether, in fact. Father, brothers, and sis-
ters may be near, but none of their names
have the fullness of that endearing sound,
mother; or, if you choose, '■'■ my ma.''' The
mother, too, for the time being — at least
while the boy is in his dresses, perhaps just
getting ready for different clothes and a dif-
ferent field of action— getting ready, as it
were, to go out into the workl— during this
period the mother's whole soul and all the
capabilities of her nature are poured out on
this boy. Now is the critical period. If he
loves and oheys his mother now, he will
probably not only love and obey her always,
but he will love and ol)ey God also. The
love the mother has for the father is a dif-
ferent kind. The father can take care of
himself; but the chihl's whole future life,
almost, depends upon her. God has given
this embryo man into her care and keeping,
and God holds lier responsible.

Please liear with me, friends, if we study
a little furtiher this relationsliip between
parent and child— between a good mother
and a child wiio loves this motlier, and has
implicit faitli and confidence in her. It is
sometimes the duty of the mother of our
little liome to punish our four-year-old boy.
Now, does this punishment l)reak the union
of faith and confidence that exists between
them ? By no means, lie seems to recog-
nize, as it were, that the punishment is nec-
essary. I have seen the confiict going on in
his little heart lietween good and evil, and I
have seen him put his little arms about
mamma's neck, almost before the tears were
dried, and say by actions, if not by words,

that ^ he has no other friend in this wide
world like that mother; and on her part,
when she punishes, that the great absorb-
ing love that she has for her boy is in no
whit abated. It is on account of that love
that she punishes, and because she has
prayed for him, and is praying in her heart,
that she does it. Present ease is nothing to
her, compared with the great broad future.
She wants him to be a good man— an evenly
balanced, intelligent, and useful man ; and
she knows he can not be this if he goes
through life crippled by an uncontrolled evil
temper or selfish and evil impulses. Some-
times when he is talking with me he tells
me of these contlicts. His childish words
are something like this :

" Ma punislied me, she did.'"

" Why, papa is real sorry to hear that.
Why did mamma have to punish her boy ? "'

" 'Cause, I was naughty.''

" Well, you are not naughty now V "

"No, I am good boy now."

You will notice from the above, that there
is no unkind feeling— no thought of disput-
ing the mother's right. His faith and confi-
dence in her are so great, that, even if he
did not understand it entirely, there would
be no hard feeling toward his own mamma.
We don't always know what is going on in
these little hearts. Sometimes we totally
misunderstand; and if there is any place in
the world where we need to have great
charity and much forbearance, I think it is
in the care of children. Mamma once asked
me to talk with Huber when he seemed to
be stubborn and willful. For quite a time
he did not reply, and I began to think he
would have to be punished. Finally I
thought I would see if I could not win his
confidence, and get him to tell me his rea-
sons for his misconduct. At length he made
a statement that seemed to me so unreason-
able I decided at once he was untruthful.
His childish heart grasped the idea, and he
looked me full in the face while he repeated
his statement, and ended it with a phrase
he had probably heard some of the children
use — "In 'honest troot' I don't care, pa."
He seemed to be grieved, and to be in real
trouble and almost anguish because his pa-
pa did not believe him. Then I saw that
the misunderstanding and stubbornness
were all explained by the fact that he had a
wrong understanding of the meaning of
some of the words he had been using. But
I had caught a glimpse into that little soul,
and I understood him perfectly. He meant,
"I diclnt mean to.'' I presume I shall
always remember it, and the way he looked
up to me as he said, almost with a sob, " In
honest troot.''

Now, friends, what a sad and grievous
thing it is for a parent and child to misun-
derstand each other. Friends are some-
times estranged by misunderstandings, and
by being iti haste to conclude that the other
has deliberately committed a wrong. Sucli
things are sad ; but to misunderstand a
child, and to scold him when he is not
guilty, is a grievous thing. When punish-
ment is added to the little innocent uncon-
scious offender, it is sadder still. Such
things usually come about by want of faith

18S7

GLKANl-NGS IN BEE CUl/rUUK.

229

and confidence in eacTi other. Misunder-
standings between parent and (^hild are sad
to contemplate ; but, my I'l iend, tliey are
sadder still when they arise between hus-
band and wife. If the relationship between
those whom God lias joined together is a
beautiful one. how very sad is the contem-
plation of misundersiandings and hard feel-
ings between these two.

The few brief lines in our afflicted friend's
letter tell us the relationship between him
and his wife was of the kind I have tried to
picture. Harmony and hai)piness— perhaps
the greatest hapJDiness (Jod has given to
mankind— was theirs, and now she is gone.
God has called her iiorae, and left our friend
sorrowful and alone. And no\y for the last
line of that letter. Bowed down with grief,
and a grief that seems to have blighted the
whole of his natux'e, our friend breathes
forth this wail, wrong from his heart by the
keenest anguish. Can there be any sweet-
ness amid all this bitterness V Dear friend
S., I can not promise you that all at once
this load of sorrow shall be lifted ; but we
can promise that there will be sweetness
come out of it— perhaps a higher and purer
joy and peace than you have ever yet known;
but it must come through submisson to the
divine will. Remember, dear brother, what
it was that brought forth those immortal
words—'' Thy will, not mine, be done." It
was the Savior wlio uttered them in contem-

Elation of the trial he was about to undergo,
[e prayed that the bitter cup might pass
away, but ended tlie prayer, ''Nevertheless,
not my will, but tliine, be done." Let no
murmuring thoughts enter your mind. Be-
ware of looking about you and comparing
your lot with otiiers who" have not thus been
called upon to endure such trials. Put your
trust in God. and bring your grief to" the
feet of the Savior ; even though you may
not understand tiie reason of all this, dear
brother, do not question or waver. Let
your relation and your trust be like that
which I have tried to picture between hus-
band and wife, or between mother and
child. Say to yourself over and over again,
" He knows best ; " •■ it is the Lord."

For your encouragement, let me tell you
of some cases I have known. When my
father was taken away every one was as-
tonished to see my mother bear it not only
patiently but almost triumphantly. Al-
though several years have passed, even now
there is no suliject on which she can con-
verse—no subject that seems so bright and
full of happiness to her — as that of his
death. People talk about the loved ones
having only gone on liefore ; but in her case
it is a reality. She speaks of it as some-
thing to rejoice over. He is in glory, and
she will be with him soon. Many people,
even her own children, thought it was un-
natural, and they thought then- woiUd be a
reaction soon ; but no reaction has ever
come. Again, a few months ago one of the
young men employed in our factory died
suddenly. Nobody thought of such a thing
as his slight sickness being fatal. A mes-
senger came to me while I was in jail, Sun-
day afternoon. I was stunned and bewil-
dered by his words— "Mr. Root, N W

is dead." I started at once, wondering how
I could comfort the grief-stricken parents.
Their eyes were full of tears; but I was sur-
prised to see smiles shining through the tears.
The mother seemed even happier than I had
ever seen her, and 1 have known her for
many, many years, and, thank God, she luis
always been a trusting, faithful disciple.
The joy that shone forth from her face was
caused by the fact that, with his last words.
he told them lie was resting in the Savior's
arms, and why should they lament or be
cast down V Itis experience had not been as
bright as that of some others, and he was
jiot much given to talUing. especiidly on
such subjects. His words were mostly brief,
like those of our jioor friend who w rites the
letter. When he came to die. the few brief
sentences he spoke to liis mother as he
breathed ids last had enough of heaven in
them to make her vejoi(;e for the rest of her
life. I have talked with her since, but she
always makes me ashamed of myself, be-
cause her faith is so much brighter and
stronger than mine. •• Wliy should I be sad
or sorrowful? "she says;" I have prayed
for him these many long years, and now in
a strange and unexpected way God has ans-
wered the prayer. He has taken him home,
to be witii the Savior, and he is safe— safe
through all eternity ; Avhy should we la-
ment ':' ' '

The mother punishes the child because he
has been disobedient. We can not always
say. however, that God punishes us Ijecause
we have been disobedient. In fact, Christ's
own words deelai-e most positively that mis-
fortunes and atflictions and grievous trials
are not sent to those who are most sinful.

And Jesus uiiswering' said unto thein. Suppose ye
that these Galileans were sinners above all the
Galileans l)ccause they sutfeied such thinjfsV or
those cis-hteen upon whom the tower in Siloam fell.
and slew them, think ye that they were sinners
above all men that dwelt at Jerusalem ? I tell you.
Nay; but. except ye repent, ye shall all likewise
perish.— Luke 1.3 : 3, 4, h.

Therefore, dear friend S., we have no
right to presume that you have in any way
been lemiss. We all must meet death, and
we must all part with oiu' loved ones, soon-
er or later. The rain falls upon the just
and upon the unjust. The only important
thing in this life is to have that full and
perfect trust in God I have tried to tell you
about. The little one I have used as an
illustration show^s by his actions. "I love
my ma, even if she does punish me ; " and
we should say, in the language of the old
patriarch Job". " Though he slay me. yet will
I trust in him." This trust should in no
sense prevent us from doing all in our pow-
er to avert calamity and atfliction. We
know, dear friend S.. although you have not
told us, that you did all in your power to
save the life of the darling wife who is
gone. But tiiis mattei- of life and death is
bevond our control. The best physicians
the world affords have admitted tlieir help-
lessness over and over again. Death, like
the winds and waves, is in the hands of the
almighty Father. At his word they obey ;
and lie only can kill and make alive.

We are not told that the old patriarch
Abraham was filled with peace and joy as

230

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

he started homeward after that wonderful
journey off into the wilderness with his son
Isaac ;lnit we are told that God was ex-
ceedingly pleased with him when lie had
tried him and found him faithful: for he
says, -For because thou hast done this
tiling, and hast not withheld thy son, thine
only son. that in blessing I willbless thee,
and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed
as the stars of heaven, and as the sand
which is upon the seaslioi'c. And in thy
seed shall all the nations of the earth be
blessed, beeause thou hast obeyed my
voice.'" Friend 8., I don't even know that
you are a Christian ; but somehow I feel,
from your brief letter, that you are, in any
case, hot far from tlie kingdom of God. I
have sometimes thought that great afflic-
tion brings men into the kingdom Mhen
nothing else would. Skepticism and infi-
delity have nothing whatever to offer you.
A young man who was quite talented, and
who had studied pretty deeply into skepti-
cal writings, said, in our young people's
prayer-meeting, not very long ago, " If there
is any thing in' this world that is unsatisfy-
ing to the soul of man, it is skepticism and
infidelity. These writei's would take away
every liope — knock out every prop, and
leave the hungering and thirsting soul in a
vast sea of doubt in unbelief, and in place
of what they have taken away they give
nothing— ahs'olutely nothing.^' These may
not have been his exact words, but they
were the substance of them. The only
thing that is satisfying amid trials like
these is the gospel of Christ Jesus. It says,
" Come unto me, all ye that are weary and
heavy laden.'' Poor Peter was right when
he spoke the words of our text. At that
time the multitude seemed to decide that
the teachings of Jesus were too strict and
exacting: they cut off too many things that
the Pharisees delighted in. The path was
too straight and narrow, and the people
turned away. Even many of his followers,
we are told, went back and walked no more
with him. Jesus turned to the twelve— the
tried and the faithful ones— and in sadness
said, ''Will ye also go away?" Peter, out-
spoken and ready as he always was, made
haste to answer:"" Lord, to whom shall we
go? Thou hast the words of eternal life."
And I pray you, dear brother, in the name of
Christ Jesus, to cast your burdens on the
Lord. He, and lie only, has the words of
eternal life. No other one in tlie wide uni-
verse can speak peace to the one who stands
where you do. Since tlie world began, no
one except those who came in the name of
Christ Jesus have been able to bring solace
and comfort to tlie dying-bed. Yes, there
is sweetness for you. The jieace that Christ
can give is yours for the taking : and the
promise of eteriuil life may be yours if you
will accept it as a free gift, ami the promise
of again seeing the loved one beyond the
grave. It is true, God's holy word does not
tell us very much as to whatthe future shall
be; but those who study it diligently will
find promises that are every thing the hu-
man heart can ask for. If Jesus, on the
mount of transfiguration, talked with Moses
and Elijah, why shall not we meet face to face,

and talk with the loved ones who have gone
before Y Christ is the way, the truth, and
the life. And there is no other way that
ever has been opened, or that ever will be,
to poor liumanity, when called uyion to en-
dure the trials and afflictions of life.

In II. ('orinthians 9 : 7 we are told that
"God loveth a cheerful giver ;" that is, he
is pleased with those who submit in humble
obedience to his decrees ; and tt) be cheerful
givers we must have that loving faith aiul
trust. We read, also, that Abraham be-
lieved God, and it was counted unto him
for righteousness. Skepticism may tell you
there is no remedy for trials like these ; in-
fidelity says there is no escape — no open-
ing— no help in this wide universe ; but I
tell you, friend S., there is hope, and tliere is
a remedy. God, who gave this gift, still
rules the universe, and he is still a loving
Father. It is not probable, it is not likely,
it is not reasonable, that the Being who
planned this universe as we see and com-
prehend it should plan such trials as yoiirs,
with no opening and no escape. God the
Father wants us to look away from these
things toward him. The first of the ten
commandments reads. "• Thou shalt have no
other gods before me.'' which is, in effect,
" I am to be first and foremost in the affec-
tions of my children. I am the beginning
and the end, I am over all.'' The invita-
tion to come to him and to seek him in trou-
ble as well as in joy rings forth clear
through the whole Bible. " Like as a
father pitieth his children, so the Lord
pitieth those that fear him."

Now, my dear friend, it is not true that
God has left you uncaredfor. Jesus tells us
that not a sparrow falls to the ground with-
out God's care ; and, again, he tells us that
God so loved the world, etc., as you have
probably read over and over again. He has
not forgotten you. He is not unmindful <.f
your sorrow, but he is ready and near. In
the very last \\()rds of the Bible we read,
"And let him that is athirst, come; and
whosoever will, let him come." I pray you,
my dear friend, let there be no misunder-
standing in your heart; let there be no
doubt, no want of faith. Say on your bend-
ed knee, " Here, Lord, am 1, a poor grief-
stricken, cast-down child of thine. Here
am I, feeling that the light of the world has
gone out. Plave mercy on thy poor stum-
bling and doubting servant. Take thou me
into thy care, and keep and help me to say
from rhy heart, ' Thy will, not mine, be
done.' " And, dear brother, if you can say
it, try to add. " Tell me, I beseech thee,
what thou hast for me to do in this Avorld.
If it be thy will, I will try to be happy again
in trying to make others happy. Take me
as I am, and teach me thy ways." In the
little book used by Moody and Sankey there
is a hymn composed by one who, like your-
self, saw nothing left on earth to live for.
She sat down in helpless sorrow, and appar-
ently gave up. In fact, so great was her
grief that she begged God to take her out
of the world. The little hymn is apparently
his answer. It was written after she found
joy and peace, and probably greater happi-
ness than she had ever known before—

IHHi

aLEAHlNdS LN BEE OUl/rURE.

23l

probably greater happiiiess than she conld
ever have known had the loved one been
spared to take all her thoughts and atten-
tion. Yes. it is even probable that, had he
lived, he might have taken her thoughts
away trom her Creator. Here are the lines :

Not now, mv fhiUl,— a little more loufrli tosfijnjc,

A little lohrfi- on the billows' foam;
. A few more iournevinirs in the fleseit darkness,

And then the sunshine of thy Father's home.
Not now; for I have wanderers in the di.stance.

And thou must call them in with jiatient love;
Not now; for I have sheep upon the mountains.

And thou must follow them where'er they rove.
Not now: for I have loved ones sad and weary;

Wilt thou not eheer them with a kindly smile!
Sick ones, who need thee in their lonely sorrow;

Wilt thou not tend them yet a little while?
Not now; for wounded hearts are sorely bleedinpr.

And thou must leaeh those widowed hearts to sing;
Not now; for orphan's tears are quickly fallint;-.

They must be gathered 'neath some slielteriuK wing.
Go. with the name of Jesus, to the dyin;;.

And speak that name in all its li\ Iiil;- jiower;
Why sh.>ulcl thy laintiiiLr heart sivow eliill and weary?

Canst thou nut wateh with me one little hour!
One little hour! and then the glorious crowning,

■The golden hari)-stiings, and the victor's palm;
One little hour! and then the hallelujah!

Eternity's long, deeyj thanksgiving song!

6l^0WIiE]^Y.

think it over calmly you will find your old
friend has some redeeming traits after all.
T do not believe we are really greedy. We
like to have things straight and square, and
have an understanding, liut we surely do
not want a single dollar that rightfully be-
longs to you or to any other brother. Xow,
after thinking the matter over. don"t you
believe you liave been just a little rough on
your friends at MedinaV

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

l'i>blish<'<l Semi- Monthly .

J^. X. lE^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

3yEEX5iaiT^?5u, OHIO-
TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

{— ♦— i

For Clutbing Bates, See First Page of Eeadins Matter.

niv£EIDIlSr.A^, 2^^^Tl. 15, 18ST.

§OMEBODY has complained that we
don"t have any more Growlery lately ;
that is, we put in all the kind words
and kind notices that we get, and
don't give anybody a chance to speak
at all when things "are not as they should
be. W.ell, I don't know but I shall have to
plead guilty, but it has not been from a dis-
position to misrepresent, but because of
neglect ; and, in fact, we have only two let-
ters suitable for this department, and they
are quite old at that. Here is the first :

If you have not shipped those crates 1 ordered,
you need not send them. You were too slow. I
could fret four orders from Mr. Newman, of Chica-
go, while you send one. Please send me the mon-
ej', and I will not bother you with another order.

W. A. ZlEGLER.

Logansport. Ind., June 24, 1886.

Whew ! If the above is a tremendous
clip at A. I. Koot, it is a pretty good rec-
ommend for Bro. Newman, at the same
time. And this reminds me, that there are
few people who do business, of whom we
hear as little complaint as of our friends of
the A. B. J. Now, friend Z., your order
was received June 14, right in the very
height of the season, and your goods were
shipped on the 24th. I know that ten days
is almost too much, but it seems to me it is
not so very bad after all : Here is the other :

I find a notice on last Glk.\ninos, that you like
to have another dollar. Well, you can't have any
more of me, because jou are not gentleman
enough. You are all too greedy. Stop your
Gleanings I 1 am sorry I ever had any thing to do
with you. You are all money. P. Diehl.

Durand, Wis., July 4. 1886.

1 will explain to oiu- readers, that friend
L). was displeased because a comi)ositor set
his name wrong in the subscription-list ;
and the consequence was, he got a dun
when he did not owe us any thing. Now,
friend D., I am exceedingly pained to hear
you say you wish you had never had any
thing to" do with "us. May be, after yoii

EveiT one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters,
or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my
name's sake, shall receive a hundredfold, and .shall inherit
everlasting life.— M.^TT. 19; 29.

THE UESCRIPTIf)N OF THE NEW FACTOKY, ETC.

A PART of the above was written by Ernest and a
part of it by myself— or, rather, 1 have put in a par-
agiai)h here and there. Those who are e.xpert in
such matters may be able to pick out the portion
dictated by myself and that dictated by Ernest.

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DO-
ING IT.

Our friends will notice that the above is not giv-
en in this issue. One reason for its omission is,
that there seems to be more interest in other mat-
ters just now, so we have occupied this space with
matter pertaining directly to bee culture. Anoth-
er reason is, I ha%"e felt as though 1 needed more
practical experience myself, before attempting to
teach others in some of the lines I have proposed
taking up. The book, as far as it has gone already,
(128 pages), will be furnished by mail, bound in pa-
per covers, for 7.5 cts. ; if ordered with other goods
by freight or express, 70 cts.

We are pleased to notice " The Bee-Keeper's Rec-
ord," published in Scotland. It is conducted by W.
B. Carr and William Uaitt— the former of Cheshire,
England, and the other of Blairgowrie, Scotland.
We are a little surprised to find it in its fifth vol-
ume, and we don't remember that we ever saw a
copy of it before. It seems to me our old friend
Raitt is a little backward in letting the world know
what be is up to. In a word, the Rcinrd is a very
neat and interesting journal of apiculture, and we
consider it quite an addition to our bee-literature.
The sub.scription price is 2s. 6d per annum. We
presume that either of the above friends will be
glad to receive subscriptions from Anjerica.

TRRRY'S POTATO-HOOK — THE Al'PE.N'DIX.

This appendix is now printed, and has been mail-
ed to all purchasers of the Potato-Book. Although
it cost us altogether something like .-S.^ILOO. it is add-
ed to the Potato-Book without any further increase
in price; viz., 3oc, or 38c if ordered by mail. The

232

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mar.

appendix considei-s cheap potato-digrgers and hig-h-
priced potatodio'Kers; having- growing crops such
as rye and clover on the gronnd every month in the
year; how to raise potatoes witliout either hoe or
harrow; the potato-blight of 1SS5; the bes. l<nife for
cutting potatoes, after two years of trial; the $^5.00
disli harrow; additional thoughts in regard to seed
potatoes. It comprises eight pages and three illus-
trations. The potato boolt has had a wonderful
sale, and seems to please remarkably. Many re-
ports are now coming in from those who have
made a success by following the teachings of this
little book. Hei-e is one j ust at hand :

Please send the suiJUleinent to Mr. Terra's .\ B C of Potato
Culture. With the aid of this hook I raised from one-half
bushel of seed. 35 bushels of rino l'(< ilcss potatoes, many
weighing two pounds apiece. 1 could jiirU five bushels with
no potatoes under one pound. I pre]iaicd tlie soil thus: First,
plow; after that I spread manure fiom thr stable; then har-
row. The manure mi.xed better with the soil, lieing spread
after plowing. After good harrowing, then follow with a
plow, and harrow again. I am lis yeais old, and one-legged.
If I can do it, anv one else should who is sound in limb, and
not crippled in liiind. P. C. Bluhm.

Smithville, Tenn.. March 7, 18S7.

Here is one more, that comes from Sweden:

As for the A B C of Potato Culture of Ml-. Terry, I dare say,
all the world has to be thankful to him. It will revolutionize
the way of cultivating this ci-op. In the last year several peo-
ple in this country have tried it, and received a crop by it 1-7
more than the largest told of in the ABC. It is just enor-
mous. H. STAHLHAM5IAR.

Gothenberg, Sweden, Jan. 27, 1887.

ECONOMY IN DOING EVERY-DAY TRIFLING DUTIES.

How often we do things by laborious hand-work,
when a very little ingenuity would devise a simple
machine for doing It in one-fourth of the time, or
less! In a large factory this is almost continually
coming up. Just now one of our shorthand writers
is greatly crowded; and while thinking about econ-
omizing her time 1 noticed that it took her quite a
spell in the morning to whittle her leadpencils.
It is true, there are pencil-sharpeners in the mar-
ket, but she says thej^ are not practical. I took two
dozen pencil.s in my hand, and in a lew minutes
the foreman ol our saw-room had ti.xcd a sand-pa-
per wheel so as to whittle them beautifully, about
as quickly as you could pick them up and lay them
down again. When the two dozen need sharpen-
ing, we propose to go over them again, and so on.
A great many times I sec quite expensive hands,
or sometimes a very valuable boss carpenter,
waste his minutes by whittling a pencil. Mj- friend,
if you are called upon to employ high-priced work-
men, see to it that they are not required to use
the time in such like trifling duties.

BEE-JOURNALS BOOMING THE BEE-BUSINESS— IS IT
RIGHT .\ND PROPER ?

In my opinion, it is not right and proper for any
industrial .iournal to present only the bright side,
and urg-e everybody to go into said business, in
order that they may get subscribers and sell sup-
plies. Catalogrues of things that manufacturers or
producers have for sale arc expected to present the
encouraging features of the industry, or of their
special wares; but industrial journals should give
all sides of the sub.iect— encouraging and discour-
aging. They should meet fairly and squarely
every difficulty in the way. Whc^never I have an
opportunity it is a pleasure to look over the medi-
cal journals of our land. These journals are pub-
lished for the express purpose of assisting and
enlightening- the medical fraternity; but, do they try
to induce everyhody to hang up a shingle, and start
out as a doctor? Of course, not. What an idea!
Well, I believe our bee-journals should be conduct-
ed much in the same way. Of course, more peo-

ple go into poultry, bees, etc., as a rule, than into
medicine; and in view o^ the fact that a great
many, when they And themselves properly situat-
ed, feel like keeping a few bees or chickens, our
poultrj' and bee journals should meet this want;
but I am sure that none of us wish to lead people
into disappointment, but, on the contrary, we wish
to give a fair understanding- of these industries to
all who may care to inquire.

0ai^ 0WN ^nmY.

CONDUCTED BY EBSEST R. ROOT.

THE CONDITION OF OUR BEES ; CHAFF
CUSHIONS, ETC.

§OME of our leatleis seem to be anxious
to know the exact condition of our col-
onies ; to what extent brood-rearing
has commenced; whether foul brood
has made its appearance for this sea-
son. The weather being warm and spring-
lilce on the yth and 10th of tliis month, we
critically examined all the colonies. In the
previous issue, we stated that we pulled up
one corner of the burlap, and looked upon
the chisters of all the colonies ; but we did
not then pull the colonies apart. I did not
then, and do not now, think that it would
have been any advantage to pull the colo-
nies all apart, as they were in such nice, com-
pact clusters. Subsequent examination has
shown that hardly half the colonies have
commenced brood-rearing, so that I think
we sliould have found very little brood. By
*■■ lief ting " the frames too", we knew that the
liees were not running short of stores. Now,
after having gone over the apiary the second
time, and examined every comb, I doubt not
that our readers are waiting to know wheth-
er foul brood has reappeared. I wish I
could say that no trace of it had developed ;
but I am compelled to inform our readers
that a very bad case of the disease was
found— 1 "tliink, perhaps, as bad as any I
have yet seen. I judge they must have com-
menced rearing brood aloiig last February.
Tlie diseased brood was well advanced, and
the characteristic odor from the hive, as
soon as we opened it, was unmistakable.
An examination showed that the combs
were badly diseased. We found this colony
among the first that we examined, and this
state of affairs certainly was not very en-
couraging at the outset. Myself and two of
the men then set to work in earnest, deter-
mined to discover any more traces of foul
brood if there were any. After a vigilant
search through the entire apiary on the fol-
lowing day, we found that all the rest of the
colonies were sound and healthy ; and, as
we had confidently hoped and expected, not
one of them has died from wintering. Had
it not been for this one aggravating case of
foul brood, we should have reason to feel
greatly rejoiced, although we are well aware
that we may lose some yet.

Now, what did we do with this one case
of foul broody We did just what we would
advise anybody else to do who feels confi-
dent that there is only one diseased colony in
the apiary ; that is, we burned the hive and
all.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

2:^3

We left the foul-broody colony till evening.
The air being then nearly at the freezing-
point, we pulled oft' the Jiive-covei-, tlie chaff
cusliion and all the otlier covering, from the
bees, leaving them exposed to the freezing
air. Our reason for doing this was that the
bees might become so chilled as to render
them unable to fly while being conducted to
the boiler-furnace. On the following morn-
ing 1 went down a little after sunrise, and
expected to tind the bees pretty well chilled.
Not so. As I advanced to take out the
frames, a couple of surly little fellows struck
me in the face. However, 1 picked up sev-
eral frames as quietly as possible, being
careful not to cause the bees to fly into the
air. and threw them into the boiler-furnace,
where their fate was very soon sealed. I
had to make two trips in order to take all
the bees. While doing so I observed that
three or four bees, possibly a dozen, flew
into the air. As I felt somewhat apprehen-
sive that they might return to other liives in
the immediate vicinity of the one I pro-
posed ti) lake away. 1 allowed the diseased
chaft' hive to stand in its location during the
day. Of course. I expected the flying bees
to return tt) the old location, which I discov-
ed they did do the following evening. I
then consigned the hive and all to the flames.
Had I taken away that hive as 1 have done
on pjevious occasions, I feel sure that they
would have entered other hives, and so
would have communicated the disease to
three or four more colonies neighboring and
adjacent to their own hive. This is not
mere theory, for sad experience has taught
me the truth of this statement.

CHAFF CUSHIONS.

We believe our readers have never seen a
good cut of the chaft' cushion, which we
use and like so well in our apiary. Our en-
gi-avers have taken the pains to make a cor-
rect picture, and here it is :

formation iii regard to this chaft' cushion,
and, how to make, we would refer to the
A ii (' book.

T TINS, AND IS THKKK ANY LIADILITV TO
HKND OUT OF SHAPE V

I have seen it suggested in one of our
journals, that one very great objection to
them was that the T tins were liable to
get bent. I feel pretty sure that, if the par-
ties who ofter this objection woidd try by
actual experiments the strength of the 1''
tins they woidd never again say that the
tins were fragile. To test the matter we
took two T tins and placed them ui such a
way that their ends rested on a couple of
projections. A weight was attaclied so as
to draw equally on the center of both. A
light weight was flrst used, and increased
as It was found that they would stand the
burden. At SO lbs. weight the tins bent
sidewise but not d(nvnward. If the T tins
had been fastened so they could not have
sprung to one side or the other, the same as
in the T super, I think they would hold
nearly double that weight.

Now, then, all the weight that each T tin
is required to hold in actual usage can not
be more than (1 or 7 lbs., and 1 think that no
amount of ordinary usage could bt-nd them
out of shape, as tlie test above shows that
each T tin would hold AO lbs. and more be-
fore giving way.

CHAFF CUSHION FOR THE TWO-STORY
CHAFF HIVE.

The covering is burlap. You notice that it
is made square, so as to fit tightly and snug-
ly in the corners of the hive. This we re-
gard as important, as it prevents cold drafts
of air from circulating down into the brood-
nest. These chaff cushions should be filled
so as to be comparatively loose, as seen in
the engravinsr. If they are filled too full they
will present a convex smface on ])oth top
and bottom; and the corners, in conse-
quence, will be drawn out so as to leave an
aii--space in the corners of the hive. We be-
lieve, from our observations this winter,
that too much tightly packed chaft' is rather
a detriment than an advantage, because it
does not allow the moisture to pass off as
readily. Those who desire any further in-

SINGLE-TlEK CASES AND THEIR ADV.VN-
TAGES.

As there has been a great run on the sin-
gle-tier shipping-cases, we have had our en-
gravers illustrate what we call oiu- 2-l-lb.
single-tier shipping-cases. Our readers will
perhaps remember, that about a year ago we
gave a cut of what we called the 12-lb.
single -tier shipping- case. The former is
designed to take the place of the 24-lb. dou-
ble-tier case which we have now discarded,
though we still sell the 48-lb. double-tier
case. For the benefit of some of our new
readers, I will reiterate a few of the points
named in favor of the single-tier case :

First, the N. Y. commission men recom-
mend them. They are much lighter to han-
dle, and. in consequence, are much less lia-
ble to breakage during shipment. Moreover,
a single-tier case of honey is much more
salable, for the reason that it shows off the
honey to l)etter advantage than the double-
tier. In the former, only the central and
l)est portion of the honey is exposed to view.
Furthermore, the double-tiei- case is open to
the ol)jection lliat. if any of the foj) row of
sections become daubed, the lower ones will
become soiled with drippings.

If any of the readers are desirous t)f know-
ing the price of any of these implements,
we would refer them to our list.

234

GLEANINGS EN BEE CULTURE.

Mab.

gPECIj^L ]S[01fICEg.

MAMMOTH SWEET COIiN.

We hiive raised such si fine cn^p of this seed,
which has heeii carefully drU d Ii.n steam heat, and
kept warm aud dry. even up to the present time,
that we are prepared to make the I ol lowing- low
rates on it until the seed is <xhausleil: 1 pint, 5c.;
pecli, 7uc. ; 'o hushel, $l.;i5; one liushel, ^:J.:25. It
wanted by mail, add 1.5e per pin!.

KKX)L'CTI()N IN THK IMUL'K OF WIIITK DUTCH CLO-
Vf.K-.-KEl).

Wk have reduced the price of white Dutch clover-
seed to *1U per bushel; ^h.M lor 'j bushel; $:j Oil per
peck; ^2 cents per pound. 'I'his is one of the staple
honey-plants, and we take pleasure in giving- you
the aliove prices for the seed, which is much lower
than AVe have ever furnished it before.

THE WAKNICK CHAIN AND SCKEW ATTACHjMENT
KOK SAW-TABLES.

We have received so many inquiries in regard to
this improvement on saw-tables lor hive-making-,
illustrated in Feb. loth Gr.EANtNCs, page 154, that
we write this to let you know we can furnish the
attachment, with 10 feet of chain complete, for f 5.0(1.
This can be attached to almost any saw-table, and
will greatly aid you in keeping- your guage set in
the right place.

THE LADIES' FRIEND AND GOSHEN CARPETS WEEP-
ERS

Uy a misunderstanding- with the manufacturers,
we have ottered the above at a less price than we
ought to have done. Hereafter the Ladies' Friend
will be $2.00, and the Goshen sweeper $3.00 each.
On two sweepers, however, we will allow a discount
of 5 per cent; three sweepers, 10 per cent; six
sweepers, 20; and for twelve sweepers, 33}'j per cent.
The orders may be made up of either kind or both.
The World sweeper will be sold for igl.SO.

MAPLE SYRUP.

We have now in stock toward 100 g-allons of the
finest maple syrup I believe we ever handled. A
part of it is made with the ordinary boiling-pans,
and another part by the improved evaporators, such
as Prof. Cook describes. As there are some people
who prefer syrup made in the old way, we have de-
cided to put the price at the same figure; viz., $1.10
per gallon, packa^ge included. In lots of 5 gallons
or more, to be shipped in our 5-g-allou cans for ship-
ping- honey, .$1.00 per gallon, package included; 10
g-allons, 5 percent oft'; 100 gallons, 10 per cent off.
Samples of both will Ije mailed free of charge on
application. Each can will have our label, and the
label of the owner of the sugar-bush where it was
made. As each man is anxious to build up a trade
on the quality of his syrup, they are all going to tr.v
hard to see who can furnish the best. We have
also in stock

PINE MAPLE SUGAR,

Put tip in four grades— 7, 8, 9, and 10 cts. per lb.
In boxes of about 50 lbs., 'i cent less than the above
prices; in barrels of about 350 lbs., one cent less
than the above prices.

A NEW BOOK ON MARKET-GARDENING.

W. W. Rawson, of Arlington, Mass., has just put
out a nice little book, " Success in Market-Garden-
ing-, and Vegetable-Grower's Manual." It is a book
of "208 pages, and very fully illustrated. You will
remember, that it was Mr. Rawson's establishment
1 visited last summer. While quite a portion of the
book is, in many respects, similar to Peter Hender-
son's Gardening for Profit, there is a good deal in
it that has never appeared in any other work. For
instance, Mr. Rawson is the first man of whom 1
know who has made irrig-ation a success and a pay-
ing investment, in the Kastern States. He is truly
a market-gardener on a large scale, and probably
has more capital invested in the business, and sends
a larger product to market, than any other one
man in the world. The book ought to be worth all
it costs, to any one in the business, no matter how
well he may be posted, because it enables him to
compare these methods and results with his own.

The price is only $1.00, postpaid, by mail. If want-
ed by freight or express, we can furnish it for an
even 90 cents. The work is exceedingly practical.
Mr. Rawson tells us what he has done and what he
is doing, and not a rehearsal of matter alrei-idy to
be found in other books. There is nothing- in the
book that hiis been copied from othei- writers.

CIE.CULAKS RECEIVED.

The following- price lists liave been received at
this oftice:

Will Ellis. St. Daviir.s. Out.. Can. Samples of nice t'dn.
F. F. Gr.Tves, Watervillc, Me. A 9 pajjre list of bee supplies.
M'S. J. M. Heater, Coluniljiis. Neb. A 1-page list of bees and
queens.

E. M. Yeomans. \nd-)vet-. ci .'. f-paae price list of bees and
queens.

C. W.Costellow. Watei-bui-.v.Me. Ail page circular i;f bee
supplies.

K. P. Small, Dunham, f. i,i. An iidvei tlsing sheet of apiarian
supplies.

M. J. Dickason. Hiawfith.a. Kan, An IS page list of apiarian
supplies.

B.J. Miller <t Co.. Nappanec. Ind. A IG-p:.fre list of apiaiuiu
supplies.

Ke.vnolds Bros., Willi un^lmiy. Ind. A Ill-page list of boo-
supplit's.

S. B. McLean. Coluniliin, Teun, An advertising sheet of lieos
.and queens.

T. F. Shepherd, FranUliu. Pa. A 1 page (large size) list of
hee-suijplies.

Arllnu- A. Davis, Clinks Green, Pa. A 12-page circular of
bee-sup|ilies. (lueeris. etc.

Geo. W. Drum, Lauielville. Hocking Co., O. An 8-page list of
bee-hives, section-rases, etc.

N B. Pearsall, Mori is, N Y, A 20-page (Large size) circular of
seeds, plants, poultry, ;ind bee-supplies.

F. D. Welcome, M<-chanic Falls, Me. A 16-page (large size)
circular id' bee-supiilies and snu\ll fruits.

Jos. E. Shaver, Noith Kiver, Va. A 20-page circular of bee-
hives, found.'ition, and s\iiiplies in general.

Abbott Bri>s., Soutball. London, England. An 8-page circular
of all tocds ueces^arv for making hives, supers, etc.

G. W. Staidey. Wyoming. N. Y. A 12-page list of the Stanley
.\utomatic hoi'irv-i'Xtractiu- L^iviui; tcstiiuonials, etc.

B. Davidson, ('.xlii idg.-, onlaiio C innda, A 1-page (large
size) list of hives, -i i-lioii 1m. \.-, . ..inii fcuiiilation. etc.

J. W. E;-lciiiaii, Kichuiuud Tex,is. A very pretty price list,
folded in tli» form of an envelope. Bees, queens, poultiy, etc,

E. S. Armstrong, Jerseyville. 111. A 34 page ciicular of Arm-
strong's reversing hives' anil reversing .section boxes; also of
bcf-su|i]»lii's in general.

W, \V, r,li-s, Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. A 10-page price
lis! nl ,i|ii:iriau suppiii-s, As he is located on the extreme
AVcsiriii riMsi, he will probably receive a large share of the
Western trade.

Aspinwall & Ti-eadwell, Barrytown-on-Hudson. N. Y. A 3i-
])age ilargesizei list of bee-keepers' supplies. Our friends A,
A: T. aic the editors of "The Bee-Keeper's Magazine," pub-
lished at the address above.

Thomas li. lilow, Welwvii, Herts. Eng. A 60-page price list of
everything necilfol fur the apiary. This catalogue gives us
quite an idea ol the jiri lerenees of the English people in su-
pers, hives, and frames. Next tn the Al)botts. we believe that
Mr. Blow is the largest supplv-ilealer in England.

W. T. F.tleoner. Jamestov.ii, N. Y. A 2(l-page (large size),
neatly gntten-up cirinlar of bee-siip])lies. Friend Falconer of-
fei-s quite a latge cnllectinn of implements for the apiary, and
some new styli's ol hives, supers, etc. Although he is one of
our striiHgest rumpetitios in the supply-btisiness, we take
pleasure in rerommeuding him to our bee-friends as a nice
man tu deal with.

W. V. O.iyis. (iomlman N-. C. A fi-page list of bee-supplies.

Levering Bros., Wiota, Iowa. A 8 p.ige list of bee supplies.

The two last im-ntioned were printed at this oftice.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

Bee-keepers are heieby notified that the annual meeting of
the Stark Co. Bee-Kee'iieis- Society will occur on April 12th
next, in (4range Hall lovi-r Farmer.s' Baidci, Canton, O. Officers
tor the ensuiim year will lie rlerleil. All bee-keei)ers are urged
to be present aiiil tliosi- lia\ iiig hives ur fixtures are requested
to bring the >aine for exhibition. Makk Thomson, Sec.

CALIFORNIA APIARIES.

We have four apiaries for sale, viir.ying in price
from .f. WO to $1000. For detailed information write
to FORTH, EASL.K\ A KKPI»V, Agts..
Ud !!l>aii Kiienaveutura, Cal.

T^fVD C A T P' ~'^ complete apiar.v of 140 colo-
■T V/Xi OALjEim onies of fine premium bees in a
never-failing- locality. A Imrgain, if called for soon.
My bees and (pieeiis were awai-ded first i)i-eniium at
the late yt. r.oiiis Pair. St. I.ouis, Mo. Address at
once, Ij. Werner, Edwardsville, HI. 4tfdb

w

ANTED.— A steady man to work smtill apiary and
garden. Correspond with J. T. DUEWAIiD, Seneca, Wis.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORV, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. !>ee a<lverti6ement in
another column, :!btfd

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

236

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

THAT WHEELBAUKOW.

The wheelbarrow is excellent, and groes beyond
my expectations. C. K. Decker.

Hiinford, Cal., Jan. 2a, 1887.

KUBBER STAMPS.

You will see by this card that we have received
our rubber stamp, and are well pleased with it— the
handiest thing- we have got hold ol' for some time.

LaSalle, Iil. T. & B. Yoiino.

I am well pleased with Gle.\nin(js, and I do not
think 1 can do without it. It is much company to
me. As there are so many g-ood Christian friends
who contribute to its pages, it is like conversing-
with dear friends I have known. N. A. E. Bi.lis.

Astoria, Mo., Jan. 5, 1887.

OUK new reversible frame, and how it
pleases.
■ Please send me the price of .500 wired reversible
frames, L. size, put together, ready for the fdn. I
have 3.50 now iu use, and 1 like them better than
any other frame I ever used. J. G. Norton.

Macomb, HI., Feb. 4, 1887.

1 have enjoyed reading- the few copies of Glean-
ings I ordered with my bill of notions last fall so
much that I think I shall be able to read it the
coming year or will subscribe for it. 1 "glean "a
great deal from it. D. C. Ayers.

Moawequa. TIL. Dec. 3, 1886.

HOW THE A B C BRINOS ABOUT SUCCESS.

I must say that I have derived such a vast amount
of good from the ABC that I am astonished
myself to think what a powerful thing is knowledge.
1 have followed jour directions, and have succeed-
ed. I have a splendid honey-crop, if T may call it a
crop. A. H. Baum.

Ashland, Ohio.

AN IMPORTED QUEEN IN HER THIRD VEAR, AND
STILL DO] NO GOOD SERVICE.

1 had, Oct. 1, the imported gueen I got from you
in May, 1884. You said she was in)ported the year
before. She has been a very prolitic gueen, and
has given my bees lots of " vim," or vigor, and was
well worth the price paid. She has kept her hive
full of bees this season. She looked i-ather old the
first of October. G. W. Gillet.

Wellington, O., Nov. 34, 1886.

don't know how I'o get along without it.

Since writing to you to stop my journal I have
repented, and don't know how to get along without
it, so here 1 send a dollar, for which to renew my
subscription. I just want to say, that I appreciate
your kind words of counsel and instruction very
much. I have learned much in your journal that
has done me good. I wish you success in the good
work. Wm. Senff.

Bremen, Ind., Dec. 31, 1886.

THE A B C OF CARP CULTURE.

The ABC of Carp Culture came to hand all
right. 1 think itis40cts. wc^ll invested. When I
go home to Michigan for the purpose of occupying
my land in that State I expect to start an apiary,
and will construct ponds, and get them well start-
ed with water-plants, preparatory to receiving the
carp for propagation. A. Richmond.

Keenansville, Ont., Nov. 29, 1886. . -j

1 consider Gleanings the best bee-journal 1
know of, and 1 could not well keep house (or bees)
without it; neither is the attractiveness impaired
by the work done under the head of "Our Own Api-
ary." A host of ABC scholars are being added to
your list each year, and these topics that were ven-
tilated a few years ago are new to them, and they
are an.xious for these facts. S. S. Lawing, P. M.

Henderson, Mo.

THAT ABC BOOK ON TRANSFEIIKING.

Friend Root, let me tell you how 1 have got ac-
quainted with Itees and your valuable books. Last
August a friend invited me to see his bees. 1 visited
him, and he opened one of his hives, showed how it
worked, and explained to me all about it. He gave
me one of your catalogues. 1 went home and got
80 interested in the matter that my mind is wholly
taken up with bees, I then sent immediately for
the A B C, which 1 have been reading all the time.
1 went to work and got 12 swarms in box-hives.
Following my ABC book in transferring, I trans-
ferred one late in September in less than half an
hour, without smoke, gloves, or veil.

Brooklyn, N. Y. Anton Kirsch.

SECRET.^RY CHAMBERLAIN'S OPINION OF TERRY'S

POTATO CULTURE AND WINTER CARE OF

HORSES AND CATTLE.

1 have Terry's potato-growing, the best thing
ever printed oil the subject, in my opinion. I may
say the same of his work on cattle-feeding, which
he wrote (in substance) at my request, and gave at
many institutes as a lecture.

Ames, la., .Ian. 31, 1887. W. I. Chamberlain.

THE KITE FOR LITTLE ONES.

You said, as 1 subscrilied in October I was hardly
entitled to a kite; but you sent it, as perhaps it
would gladden some young heart. Tt did gladden a
young heart. The owner of the kite is six years old,
and calls me papa. I thank God that A. I. Root
has such kind-hearted Christians in his employ, to
have such sympathy for our little children as you
manifest in your card. L. H. Wilcox.

Farmington, W. Va., Nov. 23. 1886.

a KIND word from MRS. HARRISON IN REGARD

TO OUR ABC BOOK ON CARP, AND ALSO

FOR OUR POTATO-BOOK.

Please accept my thanks for your giving to the
world, in cheap form, two such excellent works as
the ABC on Carp, and on Potato Culture. I do not
expect to engage in the culture of either, but I
think their perusal paid me well. If they had cost
a dollar apiece, I should not have enjoyed the treat.

821 Hurlburt St.. Peoria, 111. Mrs. L. Harrison.

THE story of the BIBLE, AND WHAT OUR OLD
FRIEND WM. MUTH-RASMUSSEN THINKS OF IT.

Please send me by mail 6 copies of the "Story of
the Bible." These are for the Sunday-school oi
which I am superintendent. 1 think the.\- will be
easier to learn and understand, than the common
lesson-papers. I have not been able to see all the
parents yet, and may therefore get orders for more
books. " Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

Independence, Cal^

OUR new flat-bottomed foundation.

l''our sample of flat-bottom fdn. is at hand, and is
very nice. Could you tell me about how manj'
pounds of the flat-bottomed would be required to
fill full 1000 sections, 414x414-'' The .5000 Simplicity
sections are the nicest I ever bought.

17— J. M. Brooks— .57.

Columbus. Ind.. Feb. 11, 1887.

[One sq. ft. is enough to fill 10 sections. You
would need, for 10(10 sections, 100 sq. ft.; and as this
flat-bottomed fdn. goes over 14 ft. to the lb., you
would need about 7 lbs. to the 1000 sections.]

EVERY thing SATISFACTORY.

I received my goods all right, for they were pack-
ed so neatly for shipping:. My wax-extractor I am
more than pleased with, for it is a little daisy. My
comb foundation is as nice as I ever saw. You
had my A B C book packed so well it would have
carried 1000 miles as well as the distance it did ride.
I would not take double for my book what 1 paid
for it, and do without it. for it is a perfect guide to
bee-keeping. Your book is so cheap that evei-j
bee-keeper ought to have one. John H. Pence.

Terre Haute. O.. Dec. 3, 1886.

THE ABC .A^ND THOSE SKll.MONS.

Inclosed find ¥1.00 for Gleanings. About one
j'ear ago, becoming interested in bees, 1 accident-
ally got one of your price lists in my hands, anrl
forthwith sent you an order tor an outflt in bee
culture. Since then I have ordered <U' you at vari-
ous times, and am glad to say that my orders were
promptly and satisfactorily attended to. By the
advice and light of your ABC book I have gained
much ttieoretical knowledge which has enabled me
to put into successful practice many ot the seem-
ingly gigantic operations conneoted with bee-

236

(tLeANT^GS m BEE CULTUKE.

Maji.

keeping. My 8 colonies are wintering on their
Bummer stands, with no protection except a chaff
cushion phiced over the frames, anri all seem to be
all right. Every lew dajs it is warm enough for
them to eome out and air themselves, and I assure
you they seem to enjoy it I very miicli enjoy
working with and lor the little rascals, hut not half
so much as I do reading those " sermons" of yours
in Gl,kanings. Tliese. only, caused me to' sub-
scribe at first, and to renew now. iMay you live
long to shed life on the Christian pathvvay, and
turn souls from dark and deceptive ways that lead
to ruin. T). C. McCAMPBKLii, M. D.

Harmontown, Mi&s., .Ian. 18, 1887.

\ KIND WOKO FOB OUR MAPI.E SYRUP.

The sample of maple syrup came all right. I must
say it is the finest 1 have tasted in twenty years;
and, besides, only 30 cts. more per gallon than is
asked for the best sorghum here. I intend to send
for some of it in a few weeks. It is my favorite
syrup, and 1 could drink it as others drink wine,
but of course I would not. [ have only one colony
of bees left in Utica, Mo. 1 took sixty pounds of
surplus honey from it last summer.

Quincy, 111.. Mar. 10, 1887. Mhs. S. C. Tyler.

*' BEARING OUR SHAKE OF SUFFEIilNG."

I am anxious to tell you how much I enjoy read-
ing Gleanings, or hearing it read. The way you
wrote about bearing our share of suffering caused
me to think, as I had never thought before. I
had been blind with sore eyes for about four weeks,
and the thought of being compelled to give up
taking eare of the bees was hard to bear; but it
has pleflsed our kind heavenly Father to restore
my sight, although my eyes are not strong. I shall
try to procure some subscribers for Gleanings.
It ought to be in the home of every bee-keeper at
least. The bees did not store much surplus honey
the past season. J. T. VanPetten.

Linn, Kans.

A pleased customer.

The goods were received in tiptop order. The
soldering implements are worth their weight In
gold. I would not take $5.00 forthem, if I could not
get some like them. The glas.s-cutters speak for
themselves. I can not see how you can offer them
for so small an amoiMit of money. They are worth
to me 25 cts. apiece. The 3 cts. in stamps, which I
received for discount, I did not expect when I sent
you the order. I could have saved you some
trouble if I had thought of it sooner. I think your
journal worth the money any time. I could not do
without it, and the ABC book is a splendid book.
I have gained many a practical hint out of it. The
bees in this part of the country are in good con-
dition so far. The goods were only three days in
transit. Freight charges were reasonable. Many-
thanks to you. H. 1). Friend.

Douglas, O., Feb. 34, 1887.

[Well, friend F., you are a '*/ne??d" indeed, in
more senses than one. I feel almost guilty about
letting such a very kind letter go into print, for
some one will accuse us of picking out only the
kind words and not printing the others, and we
surely ought to be consistent as well as truthful,
therefore we put in something to balance it in the
department of Growlery, which see.]

THE home talks.

Bro. Root— (for I do feel that you are indeed a
brother in Christ), every time Gleanings comes to
hand and 1 read Myself and Neighbors, also Our
Homes, it fills my very soul to overflowing with
love and gratitude toward you— so much so that it
seems at times I have almost got you by the hand,
giving it a welcome shake. Do not think that I am
trying to flatter you— far from it. When I I'ead the
good advice you give to Christians in the way of
discharging our duty in order to bring sinners to
Christ, it has made nie set a more determined reso-
lution to live closer to the Savior, and let my light
shine brighter, that I may yet, in my old age, be the
means of saving some poor souls by my godly walk
and conversation. I have just flnished reading My-
self and Neighbors and Oiu- Homes of the 15th of
Dec, and it fills my soul with joy to think there is a
man in my native State of Ohio doing the good that
I am satisfied you are doing, for I know you have
done me good in many ways. I have been thinking
about dropping Glea-Nings for a year, and takiiyr

another journal; but after reading what I have just
read. 1 do not see how I can give the good old
Gleanings up for anj thing else. But should 1
give it up for a while, 1 shall not give up A. I. Root
or any thing in his line of business, or of teaching
the ways of the blessed Redeemer. May God help
yon to continue in the good work vou are in, is the
prayer of one who loves you. Chas. L. GouGh.

Rock Spring, Mo., Dec. 33, 188«.

[My dear friend and brother, you are certainly
giving me more credit than 1 deserve. You have
perhaps seen only my best side. If 1 have been so
fortunate as to show forth the spirit of the Master
now and then, let him have all the honor and praise
and glory; and do not, I beseech of you, place too
much dependence on any thing human. You know
we are but dust, even the best of us.]

how the ABC CAME TO THE RESCUE IN WINTER-
ING.

I bought an A B C book and U colonies of bees
late in the autumn of 1884. Not having any smo-
ker, and being a novice. I can assure you I had a
lively time preparing them for winter. They were
in a starving condition. 1 fed syrup from granulat-
ed sugar; but it became so cold, before they had
taken up sulHcient stores to winter upon, that they
would not lick it up. I searched my ABC and
found a remedy in cakes of sugar like marble
which I made 3 inches thick, in frames, placing
them over the racks, and covering with chaff cush-
ions. I clamped them according to instructions in
the ABC, and I can tell you, friend Root, they
hibernated in good style, although that was the
very severe winter in which some of our old bee-
men lost so heavily. I lost but one colony, and I
believe it had been queenless early in the fall.

I shade the entrances of the hives, or front of the
clamps, which are 34 feet long, with a shanty rooif
of boards, putting air-tubes at each end, allowing
the snow to cover over the whole fabric, keeping
air-tubes open except in the severest weather,
when I stuff' them with straw. During the summer
of 1885 I increased to 'U, which I wintered without
any loss. They were just booming in the spring.
I had 8 large swarms in May (don't forget we are
pretty far north of you). I feel grateful to you,
friend Root, as my success so far is largely due to
ABC and Gleanings. J. H. Reed.

Mimosa. Ont., Can., Jan. 37, 1887.

HOW OUK GOODS PLEASE IN AUSTRALIA; "GOOD
VALUE FOR THE MONEY."

The goods T ordered of you arrived here Oct. 11th
in good order; and to saj- that 1 am pleased with
them is not sufficient to express the gratification I
experienced when I found wbut really good value
I had received for my money. I may say, I have
been working machines in sawmills for the last 20
years; and the only wonder to me is that you can
supply such flnished goods at such a low price. I
also received from you last mail the parcels of
books. 1 am sure you must feel gratified at know-
ing that your A B C of Bee Culture is becoming
more appreciated in this colony. I now have or-
ders for three more, but I tell them they must wait
till I can get them over by freight. I Intend to
send from here in the December mail a good large
order for hives and appliances, so that I can get
them in time for next season. The hives you sent
I could have sold, but I wanted some myself, so I
kept half of them. It's rather amusing to think
that three years I was reckoned a lunatic; two
years ago people fancied I was not quite foolish;
one year ago they wanted to know how I managed
to get so much honey, and this year the district is
getting the fever very badly, so I think I shall be
able to start a supply-business.

I wrote you previously, that 1 ordered eight
queens from Chas. Bianconcitii. of Bologna, Italy,
through seeing his advertisement in Gleanings.
I received the queens on the 31st of Oct., all alive,
and have them introduced and laying. It was 42
days from the time they left his place. He had
evidently given them every attention in packing.
Allow me again to express my pleasure in doing
business with one who evidently practices what he
preaches.

The foundation-mill works well. By following
your directions I had no troubh^ at all, but I can
not manage to get sheets of wnx 3 ft. long; but that
will come by practice. F. B. Hudson.

Bathurst. N. S. Wales, Australia, Nov. 3, 1886.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTITRE.

237

WRITE TO JOHN GALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOK FMUCES ON —

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices. Gnod Work.
24-lldb^

-*^|c ARMSTRONG'S*

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE.

The cheapest, siinplest, mid most practical hive
ever offered to the public. H. D. Cutting-, of Clin-
ton, Mich., says: '"Let me congratulate you on
having: such a good hiv^e. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, ^3.50. Send your name and address,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our 33-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

5tfdb

E. S. ARMSTROKG, Jerseyville, Ills.

rOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangemetit of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 1.5-ie-
in. shaft. Cost $10.00 each : will sell for $5.00.

Six 18-in. adjustable drop-hangors for a 3 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $10.00 each; will sell for f .5.(10.

Eight 30-in. iron pulleys, 10-in. face, for a 2 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $8.00 each;" will sell for $4. on.

These are just as good as new, and a bargain to
the man who needs them.
A. I. ROOT, Medina O.

DADANT'S FOTODATION rAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another oolunin.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SitHARE OL.ASS HONKY-JAKS.

TIN BliCKKTS, BER-HIVKS.
HONEY-SECTIONS, dec-.. iVc.
PERFECTION rOLI»-BI<ANT SITIOKERN.

200 COLONIES OF

GHoice Italian & lip m

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. COMB
FOUNOATION from choice select yellow
beeswax a specialty, at very low rates, both

wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 37th Annual Citalogue
before purchasing.

Address ^jyf ^ C^J^y,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

3tfdb

Send for my new and enlarged Price List for 1887
now readv, of

AFIAEIAN SUPPLIES,

ITALIAN BEES AKC QUEEHS.

All untested queens warranted purely mated. Al-
so three varieties of

HIGH-CLASS POULTRY.

4-5-6d. C. M. DIXON, Parrish, 111.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., ' BEEKEEPERS^ CONN.
—SEND FOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newoomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.,N.Y.

4tfdb

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS.

We have constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress R. ECKERinANN Ac WIIjL,
Beeswas Bleachers ft Beflners, 4-12db S7EACUSZ, K. 7.

Write to W. H. COOK, I Clintonville, i Wis,

FOR PRICES ON

Bee-gives, SectloiiURaiiiGS

As I am located where an abundance of basswood
and pine grows. I feel safe to say I can furnish my
goods as cheap as they can be produced.

A. I. Root Chaff Hive a Specialty.

All goods warrantPd. For reference, apply to the
Bank of ("!lintonville. Wis. 4tfdb

The ''Gilt Kdge" Apiary offers Italian queens
from imp. mother; untested, in Ajiril and May,
S1.^'.0: nnt'd, in June and after, *1.U0. Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

..-Kidb IVhitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepera." Itfdb

0 n n COLONIES OF ITALIAN D P r O
Z U U FOR SALE ! uttO

.5 I (•olonies on special terms, .^end lor prices.
■^•(1 S. D. McLEAN, BOX 190, GOLUMBjA, TENN.

CAENIOLAN AND ITALIAN aUEBNS. BEES AND SUPPLIES.
Also B. Leghorns. P. Rocks, and Raspberries.
5-6-7dG L Boa- iW. J. W. CLARK, Clarksburg. Mo.

238

(TLE.\NlJSl(iJS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mab.

EXUHAUGE DEPARTMENT.

N'oliees wiJI Ue inserted under this head at une-Ualf our
usual irttes All ad's intended lor this department must not
exced 5 lines, arid you must say you want your ad. in this de-
p,i trnent, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
ean have i he notice as many Hues as you please; but all over
rive lines will cost you accordingr to our ictfulai- rates. Of
c'uurse, this department is intended uniy lor boiia-fide ex-
changes.

\ir.\NTEr). — To exchange lor g-oo<i horses
VV anri mules. ^0(1 colonies of tiees In Simplicity

frames; also 40 acres of laud adjoining' the city.

20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange ej-S'S from four yards,
pure-bred prize-winning Plymouth Kocks, for
alsike clover seed. Eggs, *2.(K) for 13, or $3.00
for 30. B. D. SiDWELL,

3-8db Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff. Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock of all kinds
for bees in spring. Terms on application, stat^
ing what you want. D. G. Edmiston,

4tfdb. Adrian, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 40 acres of good land,
?4 improved, frame house and barn, good
spring, -3 mile from a thriving temperance town;
good schools, church, etc., and situated on the
great basswood belt of Wisconsin, for propertj^ in
Arkansas, small or large. Apiary if desired. Cor-
respondence solicited. M. A. Gill,
.5tfdb Star, Vernon Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees, or offers, ItiO
acres of Western Neb. land, 160 acres Central
Kan. land, 80 acre Western Iowa farm. Immediate-
l.y, Ifatall. Anthony Johnson,

5tfdb Essex, Page Co., Iowa.

WANTED. -To exchange for comb honey, one
dovetailing machine, 8 saws, steel mandrel,
and table; good as new. Root's pattern. For par-
ticulars address B. F. Stovek,
6d Roscoe, Cosh. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange, any amount of Wyan-
dotte and Brown Leghorn eggs for grapevines,
fdn., plum-trees, or any thing useful.
H-7d Benj. Zurches, Apple Creek, Wayne Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange for sewing - machine.
Brown Leghorn pullets, ".ic; cockerels, $1.00;
eggs, 7.5c per 13; 26, $1,011. Warranted pure. 6-7d
Mrs. Alice Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.- Toexchangeltalian bees and queens
for S. S. Hamburgs and White Leghorns and
other poultry and eggs. None but the very finest
stack wanted. Also .your address wanted for my
new circular. Chas. D. Duvall, 6d

Spencerville, Montgomery Co.,Md.

WANTED.— To exchange a new Hitchcock's Bible,
cost $9.7.5; Sharpless, Crescent, Monarch, and
Wilson Strawberry-plants, for pure Italian queens,
also pair of Pi\ nioutli Rocks. S. J. Auams,

Hd Cub Creek, Charlotte Co., Va.

WANTED.- To exchange forty thousand extra-flue
Cuthbert, Gregg, and 13 other new varieties
red and black raspberry plants, for comb or ex-
tracted honey. The honey is to be delivered next
fall. Write for terms of exchange to
•f>-7-8d E. T. Flanaoan, box 99.5,

Belleville, St. Clair Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange pure-bred S. C. Brown
Leghorn hens for white Leghorn; will also
exchange eggs from the following varieties:
Light Brahmas, Dark Brahmas, Plymouth RocliS,
Brown Leghorns, S. S. Hamburgs, P. Ducks, Bronze
Tnrkeys. for eggs of white Wyandottes and White
Plymouth Rocks. I will warrant all fowls to be
purelj' bred, and all right. Prices reasonable. 6d
Send for circular. B. J. PurCell, Concord, Ky.

WANTED.— To exchange bees by the pound or full
colonies, queens, comb fdn., eggs tor hatching
from L. Brahmas and S. S. Hamburgs, for sections,
Jersey cow, American Merino sheep, or offers.
6-7-8-9d J. P. Sterritt, Sheaklcy villc.

Mercer, Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from pure - bred
TT Langshan fowls, lor beeswax, testi-il Italian
queens, good revolver, or any thing useful.
6d E. P. AldkedgI';, Franklin Square. Col Co., ().

WANTED.-To exchange tine colonies of Italian
bees in splendid douule-wall hives, for good .-sil-
ver watch. Write immediately to

M. J. Harris, Clay City, Clay Co., Ill

WANTED.— To exchange untested and tested Ital-
ian queens, for sections, tested H. L. queen,
Pelham fdn. mill, or offers. Addi-ess
6d B. L. BouRLAND, Valley Spring, Texas.

WANTED.-To exchange Italian or Albino bees
and queens, for a good gold watch (it must be a
very extra yood timekeeper), or a double-barrel
breech-loading shot-gun, or for something else that
is valuable. Address Otto Kleinow,

6d (Opp. Fort Wayne Gate). Detroit, Mich.

WANTED.-To exchange for beeswax, one foot-
power saw. Also wanted, a good Mexican sad-
dle and bridle, for sections or other supplies.
6-7d C. A. Graves, Birmingham, Ohio.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f^r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet it is often'imes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

Six or eight hybrid Italian queens at 50c each,—
to be mailed in March. During April I can supply
9 or 10 pure black, or German queens, which I shall
obtain in Italianizing for a friend, at .30c each. Safe
arrival in all cases.

Abbott L. Swinson, Apiarist,

Golds'^oro, Wavne Co.. N. C.

CI

PATENT

ismax

ers. Prices low. Illustrated Catalogue free.

BISBBO'W M'FG CO., Kochester, ST. T.

Samples Free. Prices Low.

WILSON BONE-MILL FOE SALE.
GRAHAM, Orandview, la.

NUCLEI

A SPECIALTY

1887

Two frames of brood well.'^covered with bees, in-
cluding untested queen, for #3. .50.

Queens, Bees, and Apiarian Supplies

Very low. Send for Price List. Satisfaction guar-
anteed. C. M. Hicks, Fairview, AVash. Co., Md.
6 7 9 lid

SECTIONS

5000 F0Ri$l8.00,^

-i3-

If orders are here by April 15th. Samples for
stamps. 67d C. A. Graces, Blrniingliaiu, O,

1H87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

248

Contents of this Number.

Alsike Clover 265

Alsike in Nebraska 270

Alsike. Ten Acres 272

Beans. Linin, tor Shade 266

Bees out for Fly 273

Bee.s in a Fence-post 271

Bees and Noise 270

Bees F) v inir in Winter 272

Bees, Haiiillingr Early 261

Bees. Stint;lcss,in Yucatan.26H

Bee-stitlKs 264

Brooil frames, Crowding. . .248

Bumble-bees- 2f>9

Cave for Wintering 269

Cellars. Our 258

Chaff Hive in Iowa 273

Cider and Bees 264

Clover. Sweet, in South.. . .272

Cobs for Kindlers 273

Coekro^iches 273

Combs Meltini.' Down 273

Comb biirkel, Home-made.272

llrone-tnips 266

Drone-c.,mb 262.263

Eeononiy in Little Thing.':.. 250

Exhibition in London 251

Five Dollars a Day 272

Flavors for Honev 260

Flies vs. Foul Brood 260

Foul Brood ;n Flies 260

Foul Bi-ood, To Detect 269

Frames Instead of Hives. . .256

Frames. lOmpty 262, 271

Goods, How to Order 267

Heads ol (irain 270

Hives for Nests 266

Hives, To Carry 266

Honev a St.aide 262

Honey from Nebraska 273

Honey-cookies 260

Honey-snaps 260

Honey-business 271

Honey, Selling 256

Honey, Price of 262

Honey. Uses for 260

Honey, Florida 273

HoueV, Firstclas.s 268

Uut.hJiison'sBook 277

Itali.ans vs. Blacks 269

Ka let's S warming-box 271

Kitchens 256

Miller Emptying Super 249

My Neighbors 276

Notes and Queries 273

Our Own Apiary 274

Out-apiary 274

P. Benson 254

Rain, Working in 273

Re))orts Kuei.uraging 274

Sectiiins, Half pound 248

Separators \e<'essary 270

Smoke, T.) Regulate 271

Suiier. The T 26!i

Swarms lliyh 264

Swarms on One Frame. . .270
Swarms on Empty Frames.272

T Su|ier, Armstrong's 272

T Super. To Empty 248

Thomas Horn 277

T Tins. Origin of 247

Tobacco Column 275

Vinegar from Honey 267

Windbreaks 266

Women in Apiary 255

Working in Rain 273

Yucatan 268

■*BEE+ SUPPLIES.*-

Our One-Piece V-6roove Section,

Smooth on both sides, at $3.00 per 1000; extra fine,
$3.50 per M; for lars-er lots write for price list and
sample, free. A. JW. iTIUKKAT & <!0.,
6-7d CrOHhen, Klkliart Co., Ind.

4103 LBS. OF HONEY GATHERED BY 40
COLONIES IN 7 DAYS.

We have purchased L. C. Root's celebrated breed-
ing' stock, which, together with our own, gives us
the choicest collection of Italian bees in the world,
and one that has the

BEST HONEY-PRODUCING RECORD EXTANT.

We will spare a. few full colonies and nuclei con-
taining- some ver.v choice breeding queens of this
stock. We inakea speci.iltv of rearing- only Hn«t-
«'la!»s Italian Bcc« and Ciiieeiis ;it the

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARIKC

G. H. KHISKEEBOCEEK, Proprietor, S. M- LOOE. Manager.
Our circuhir for 1S87 contains an important letter
(regarding- these bees) from L. C. Root, that ever.v
bee-keeper should read. Send for it before order-
ing- queens elsewhere. Address

KNICKE:UBOrKfc:K B1i:E-FAR]n,
7tfd Ptne P:aiU!!«, I>ut<-lie»s Co., N. Y.

Pure Italian Bees For Sale. . 2« Colonies orBm For saie.

Two-frame nuclei, $3.00; 3 frame, $3.50. If larger
nuclei are wanted, add 50 cts. lor each additional
frame. Full colony in A. I. Root's Simp, hive, $6.00,
each to contain a tested queen and plenty of bees
and brood, all on wired L. frames drawn from fdn.
To be shipped in Maj-; safe arrival guaranteed. I
shall do bv all as I would be done by. Address

7-iodb. N, A. KNAPP, Rochester. Lorain Co., 0.

ITALIAN QUEENS-

Reared from select mothers. T'ntested, $1.00;
Tested, $3.00. H. G. FRAME,

6-16db IVorth Mauchester, Ind.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee,
Ind,; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong', Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd.
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula. La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W, Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker. New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Tread well, Barr.ytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco. McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark,
Oriskanv. N. V.. G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown.
Wis., E. F. Smith. Smyrna, N. Y., W. J. Stratton,
Atwater. O., and numerous other dealers.

Write for xamples /ree, and price list of supplies,
accomj)anied with 150 Complimentary and it/i-no-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We fftuirantee evertj inch of our finindatirm equal
In »am'ple in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT Sc SON,

3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illlnolti.

In 8-Franie L. Hive, Wired Cuiiibi!.. Strong
in bees, and every \vay deKirabie, at $6.00
per swarm. F. I>. NAOL.F,

G 9db Soiitli Haven, ITIicli.

By the Pound, Nucleus,
or Swarm.

$1.25 PER POUND, IN MAY.

Il'ritr ;'<tr I'di-Hriihi IS.

Address BEE CHENEY,

Td KANAWHA FALLS, W. VA.

FOR

ITALIAN

6Ildb Address

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 45c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and :i0c. per lb. 10% discount on all orders received
before the 15th of April.

3-tfdb.

F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville. Mich.

Ffir ^alp Italian-Albino Bees and Queens, by
rui OaiC. the pound. Nucleus, and full Colonies.

Address OTTO KLEINOW.

.5tfdb (opp. Fort;Wayne Gate), Detroit, Mich.

tKENWARD-[|iiirHPIARY.)

200 untested queens ready for mailing; prices:
March. $1.00; doz , $12.(X1; April. $1.00; doz., $10.00;
May, 90c; doz.. $9 00; June. 8t)c; doz.. $8.00; July.
T5c; doz.. $7.00. Write for information and price
list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO..

7-9d Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

Brr Ull/rC two simplicity hives,'.10 brood-
tu-ni¥ to. frames. 7 wide frames. 2 covers,
and .56 Mb. sections, all for $1 .20. Pecan duck
eggs and Plymouth-Rock chicken eggs, 13 of
each for fl.OO. T. A. Gunn, Tullahoma, Tenn. 6d

244

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTUKE.

Apr.

WANTED TO SELL.

100 3 frame nucleus colonies of hybrid bees,

with queens, each S2 50

Two-story Simplicity hives (complete) each — 1 50

Chafif hives (have l>een used some) each 3 00

Hifrhly bred hybrid queens, each 100

4J4x4^ sections (V groove) per M 5 00

The photo "of my apiary Riven as a premium on
supplies purchased to the amount of $5.00. cash or-
ders. Will exchaiijre nuclei colonies or ext'd honey
for apiarian supplies, if new.

7tfdb J. M. YOUNG, Rock Bluffs, Nebraska.

Now is Your Time.

BEES, BEES, ONLY $I.OO PER LB.,
AND QUEENS AS CHEAP AND CHEAPER TOO.

Illustrated catalogue for your name and address.
7d JNO. A. THORNTON, Lima, Illinois.

BEE-KEEPERnUPPLrES

Near vour homo in Western Pennsylvania and
in the oil-producing district of Butler Co.

SIMPLICITY. PORTICO, AND THREE
STYLES OF CHAFF HIVES.
Send for price list, if it is to your Interest to deal
with me. C. P. KISH,

789l0-ll-13d St. Joe Station, Biitler Co., Pa.

One - Piece
Sections and
Wood Sepa-
rators, a spe-
cialtv. Our No.
2 sections ($2.50
per M.) have no
equal for the
price. Berry-
baskets and
crates also, a
specialty. For
catalogue, ad-
dress as in the
cut. 6-7-8d

Of) Colonies Italian Bees FOR SALE

y 1 1 in good condition, on 7 Langstroth frames, in
Mm W shippintr-bo.xes, at M 00 per colony.
6-T-8d WM. AUELANG, Ottumwi, Wapello Co., Iowa.

uttui '^S/.^^\i%o^'^^ uttdi

6tfdb M. \V. SH1j:PHKKD, Rochester, O.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

Full colonies, in April and May, S^S.OO (Simp, wired
frames, combs built on fdn). Bees, per lb., Sl.OO.
Per Vi Ih., CO cts. Tested queens. $2.00. Untested,
81 25. Mismated queens, 50 cts. All queens reared
from imported mother.
6tfdb MISS A. U. TA7L0E, Mulberry Orovo, Bend' Co., Ills.

BEES CHEAP!

I have had charg'e of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. I intend to start an apiary five miles from
town; will sell full colonies and nuclei cheap. C Fine
queens a specialty. For particulars, address

wm. p. kimber,

6tfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

BEES! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready for spring delivery at 60c to fl.OO per lb.,
according- to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

OiJ FJSJB VOSXEH, Mt. Vernon, JAnn Co., la.

22 YEARS OLD.

NORTHSHADE * APIARY.

inn Colonies of Italian Bees For Sale in
lUU 8-frame L. or 12-frame Gallup hives, in good
healthy condition, delivered at express office in
Alamo, Mich., in good shipping order.

Single colonies, each — $7 00

2to 5 " " 6 50

5tol0 " " 6 25

10 or more, " 6 00

Same as above, with only one comb brood and
honey, 25 per cent discount from above prices. I
guarantee these bees to be as fine a strain of Ital-
ians as can be found— perfectly healthy, with a good
prolific queen with each colony.

If wanted, I will furnish the Gallup size in fine
chaff hives, in lots of 5 and up, at $8.00 per colony.

All my combs are nice straight worker combs, a
large share of them drawn from foundation in wired
frames.

All orders to be filled as soon as the weather will
permit in May. All orders should be in by the first
of May. Five per cent discount on ail orders re-
ceived before the 1st of A^iril.

References— A. I. Root. Mich. National Bank, Kal-
amazoo, Mich., or any of my old patrons.

Address O. H. TOWNSEND,

6-7d Kal. Co. Alamo, Rflcli.

1^\^\^\ FIEST- CLASS SMOKERS, CHEAP.
\J\J\J E. T. LEWIS A CO., Toledo, O.

SYRIAN, ITALIAN, and ALBINO aUEENS and BEES. 1 lb.
of bees, 1 frame brood, untested queen, f2.25.
Untested queen, 75 cts. ; te-^ted. $1 50 after May 20th.
7-9d N. E. COTTRELL, Burdlck, Ind.

CHEAP

Sf'nd for Circular.

7tfdb

ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,

BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI,
AND COMB FOUNDATION.

JAS. McNEII/Li,

Hudson, IS. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS.

We have constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutelv pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress R. ECKERMANN & WILL.,
Beesvax Bleachers ft Seflners, 4-12b S7BACUSE, N. 7.

* SECTIONS.*

First quality, white basswood, dovetailed, or to
nail; 4 pieces,'4i4x434; price, f4..50 per M.; 5000. *20.
Sure to please you. Any size of section made to
order, and shipp'ing-ci-ates in season. Sample sec-
tion sent for a stamp.
5tfdb F. GRANGER & SON,

Harford IWIills, Cortland Co., N.Y.

Ne^wz' Bee - Hi^e

Takes either Eclectic or Simplicity frames, the lib.
sections, etc., and is cheaper and better than any he
has before brought out. He sells all supplies cheap-
er than ever, and guarantees satisfaction EVERY
TIME. You will save monev by writing him for
particulars. 5tfdb 51 Barclay St., IM. Y.

Cn'm Qolo 100 colonies of Italian bees. From
r or OdiC. jt.'^.oo to $8.00 per colony. Tested
queens, in May, $2.00; after .Tune 1. $1.50. Untested
queens, in May, $1.00; si.x, $5.00; after June 1, 76c.;
six, $4.00. Also bees by the pound: 2 and 3 frame
nuclei; hives, sections, fdn., etc. Circular free.
5-16db Address JNO. NEBEL & SON, High mil. Mo.

i887

GLEAI^JIJVGS IJN BEE CULTUKE.

245

Eggs for Hatching.

From purebred S. C. and H. C. li. l.OKliorns, Black
HainburKS, and P. Rocks. Per sitting- ot 13 eggs,
$1.00. Two or more sitting's, at one time, each 75 cts.
Carelully packed in baskets, and express charges
paid to (lestiniition anywhere in N. Y. State. Also
lot) colonies of Italian bees for sale. Breeding and
tested queens now. Untested queens, after May
15th. Write for prices.
7-8d J-'. It. \yooJ^VlClt, MunnsvUlc, J<f. Y.

PUKE P. KOCK I<:UG»i, $1.00 PKR 13.
7-»d H. \y. XVUJSh.H, Mitlitui, t>hlo.

CAEITIOLAN A^S ITALIAN QUEEKS, BEES AKS SUFFLIES.
Also B. Leghorns, P. Rocks, and Raspberries.
5-6-7d Box 34. J. W. CLAKK, Clarksburg, Mo.

Qnnn lbs. first-class foundation, cheap.

OUUtl 7M9d E. T. LE WIS & CO., TuledUt, Uhiij.

(j>0 Art WILL buy a colony of bees and a pair of

7d

beautiful Silver-Spangled Hamburgs.

J. C. CAPEHART, St. Albans, W. Va.

PHR PA QUI Pure Italian queens, in April and
run UHOn . j^uy. one untested, *1.0U; J/j duz.,
$5.r)0; per doz., $10.00. For tested queens, double.
Guarantee safe arrival. Address
7d S. E. ALDESMAK, Clinton, Sampson Co., Nortli Carolina.

W.Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has written, published, and now otfers lor sale, a
a little book upon "The J^MODi VTloy Ol'
COMJi IIoSLil." Although its distinctive fea-
ture is that of teaching how to profitably dispense
with full sheets of foundation in the brood-nest
when hiving swarms, several other points are
touched upon, and the system of comb-honey pro-
duction that the author believes to be best is briefly
outlined. Price of the book, postpaid, 35 cts. 7tfdb

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WEKKLy, $l.0O }'J£R YEAH.

JOKES, UcFHEBSOlT & CO., Fnblisliers, Beeton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting- matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of S-ta pages. 9tfb

ITALIAH QUEEHS

BEE.HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

ONE PIKCli V-liROOVE SECTIO>S, BEE-

FEEDEUS, WIKE NAILS, PEU-

FORATEU zinc;.

Scrub Brushes, a friend for the ladies, 65 cents
each : $-1.00 per dozen. Alsike clover seed, $7.50 per
bushel; ^:i.00 per peck; 15 cents per pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-lOdb NAPPANEE, IND.

ON 30 DAYS' TRIAL.

THIS NEW

lELASTIC TRUSS

'Has a I'ad ditlerpnt from all
others, is cun shaue. with Self-
adjusting Kail in center, adapts
itself to all pesitions of tho
body while the ba I |in the cup

' presses back the intes-
_ fines just as a person

does with the finger, with llghtpressure the Her-
nia is held securely day and nipht, and a radical cure
certain. It is easv. durable and chean. .Sent bv mail. CiT-
CUlaxafree. ' EUaiESTOS TBC8S CU., GhJuso, 111.

l-12db

10 Colonies of Hybrid Bees For Sale

IN 10-FKAMS LANGSTEOTH HIVES,

AT $3.00 PER COLONY, TAKEN AT APIARY.

H. A. HEIST, East Cermantown,
7d Wayne Co.. Ind.

P'OR SALE.-BEES, good colonies in shipping-
■»• cases, with 9 Langstroth frames. Italians, *4.50;
hybrids, $4.00; delivered at K. K. station any tinife
after May 1. MISS MAliEL FENN.

7tldb Tttllmadge. Ohio.

BEES

[Guide to Doe-Keepinfr.&Cata-
logue of Chkapest and Be.st
ISupplies, mailed nee. Address
iJ.L.Uuiit&Co.MewCarliKle.O.

PRIiVIE & GOVE,

BRISTOL, * VERI^OITT,

— MANUFACTURERS OF—

Pee - J^eepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samples free.
Stldb.

^HEDDON'S;^

— ISST —

CmCULAE

NOW READY.

ADDRESS JAMES KEDDON,
DOWAGIAC, MICH.

Itfdb

XI L' f KEEPERS' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus-
JDX^Jbl trated catalogue, for 1887. FEEB. Reduc-
ed prices. Address JOS. N7SEWANDEE, Dea Mcines, Iowa.
3tfdb

ATTENTION !

SECTIONS, BEE-HIVES, HONEY-BOXES,
FRAMES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,
Itfdb Watertown, Wis.

JEIDPmS IJ TJE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. SStfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btf«I

246

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mab.

peNEY O0Mj)iN.

CITY MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— Honey.— There is a fair, reasonable
demand tor table-honey in small packages, and de-
mand from manufacturers is better than it has
been. We quote 11@14 as the rang-e of prices for
best comb honey in the jobbing way, and a@7 for
extracted honey on arrival.

Bees Mw:r.— There is a g-ood demand for this, which
brings 2(i@23 on arrival for good to choice yellow.

Mar. 23, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago.— -Honey.— The market is without mate-
rial change. There is no outside demand for honey
of any kind, and sales here are from hand to
mouth. Prices are weak. Buyers of any quantity
could get liberal concessions from tigures in previ-
ous quotations. ■ K. A. BUKNETT,

Mar. 22, 1887. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit. — Honey.— The market continues same as
last quoted; viz., 10@] 1 lor best white comb honey.
Beeswax, firm, with a little more inquiry, at 23c.
Mar. 22, 18S7. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We have nothing new to re-
port. Our honey-market Is still overstocked, and
the reduction in price does not seem to encourage
dealers to take hold. Quotations same as last.
W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Mar. 22, 1887. 108 and 110 Market St.

Kansas City.— Honey.— We quote white-clover,
1-lb., 11@-12. No chanye in lib. dark, or 2-lb. white
or dark; extracted, white clover, .5(5)5'^; dark, 4@5;
white sage, extracted, ,5@5i4: amber, 4(g)5.

Beeswax. 23@2.5. Market slow.

Mar. 22. 1887. Ci.emons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth and Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

CiiEVET.AND.— Honey.— There is no change in our
market. Best 1-lb. white sells at 13; 2-lb.. 10@11. Sec-
ond quality, 1-lb., 9@1U. Extracted, dull at 5@a).
Beeswax, 2.5c. A. C. Kendel,

Mar. 22, 1887. 11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston.— Honey.— We have no charge to make in
prices. Our sales have been fair, considering the
extremely cold and stormy weather we have had
the past month. Blake & Ripley,

Mar. 23, 1887. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia.— Honey.— The season is over for
honey.

Beeswax sells right along, however; 20 to 30 as to
quality.

Mar. 22, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths.

242 South Front St., Philadelphia.

New York.— Honey.- No fancy white honey in
our market whatever, and we now have a fair de-
mand for lower grades. We quote:
Fair white, 2-lb. sections, glassed - - - 8c

Mixed .... ..... 7c

Buckwheat " " " ... 6@.6

1-lb " unglassed - - 6@7

Cal. extracted 4M@oJi

Mar. 22, 1887. Thurber, Whyland & Co.,

New York.

For Sale.— About 300 lbs. of buckwheat and fall
honey in 1-Ib. boxes, at 6 cts. per lb.

Wm. Vanaukbn,
Woodville, Jefferson Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— 500 lbs. of nice white -clover comb
honey in 1-lb. sections. Will ship in 48-lb crates at
13 cts. per lb., or crates returned at \2M cts. per lb.

B. F. FousT,
Fredricksburgh, Wayne Co., O.

17-.y, Colia Full Colonies of Italian Bees,
r Ul OciiC* 2, 3, and 4 Frame Nuclei.

Tested queens before June 1st, fl..50 each; after,
$1.25 each. Untested, before June l^th, $1.00
each. After that date, single queen, 75 cts. ; six for
$4; twelve for $7.75. Pounds of bees, same price as
untested queen.
7tfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

FRED'K HOLTKE

Offers 15 Choice Varieties
of Greenhouse Plants for
Only $1.00 !

Such as Geraniums, Fuschias, Pansy, Daisy, Al-
yssums. Primula, Roses, Begonia, etc All plants
will be sent l)y express unless otherwise ordered, as
I can send larger and finer plants this way than by
mail. I will send enough EXTRAS to cover ex-
press charges. If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. for
postage, etc. As a PREITIIUM, I will send one
packet of Peter Hendei-son's choice mixed Victoria
Aster seed, something very fine. Satisfaction guar-
anteed. Nuclei, with untested queens, later on.

6tfdb Carlstadt, Bergen Co., N. J.

COMB FOUNDATION,

AND OTHER SUPPLIES FOR THE APIARY.
Price List Free. Address

JAS. A NELSON,
7-9-lld Muncie, Wyandott Co., Kas.

HOW fOWINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Address
6tfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

1887.

BEESWAX

1887.

Made Into best Given foundation at reasonable
rates, and on short notice. Send in the wax. 1
have die-books for all the standard frames,
etfdb JOHN BIRD, Bradford, Chickasaw Co., Iowa.

FinrpWi Italian Bees.

My queens and bees were awarded first premium
at the late Chenango Co. Fair. All interested, send
for sample of bees, also for my new price list and
circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
fine queens. Untested queens, $1.00 through the
season. Tested, *1..50. Mrs. OLIVER COLE,
etfdb Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

LOOK HERE!

r\(\ CHOICE GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING
4i\) PLANTS for only $1.00 by express, or $1.10
by mail. Eiigs lor Iintcliinu,, from leading vari-
eties of land and water fowls; also BEES and
QUEENS very cheap. Write for prices to

6-9db

E. M. HIYELY, Youngstown, Ohio.

IF YOU ARE WANTING

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boses,

Send !i-<!eiit Stamp lor Circular to
etfdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

Old lii'lifiblc Headquarters for
]B;E3IE3Si in nuclei or by the 3E*OXTKnD.

Pure Italian dueeus also a specialty. Prices
very low. Instructive circular and price list free.
7-9 lid S. C. Pkrrv, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich.

HAVEYOUR WAX WORKED NOW,

By C. H. McFaddin, cheap, first - class fdn., on
V'andervort Mills. FlRJi ITALIAN BEJiS,
OVEENI'i, and NirCLEI in Season. 6-7d

"Box 35, Clarksburg, Itloniteau Co., JUo.

Vol. XT.

APRIL 1, 1887.

No. 7

TERMS : Jl.OO Pkr AKNTTM, DT Advanck ;
2 Copies foi«1.90; 3for«2.75, 5 for$4.00;
10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num-
ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postofficb.

Established in 1873.

PUBLISHED SF.MI-MONT1ILT BY

f Clubs to different postoffioes, not lbss
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
I U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
I tiies of the Universal Postal Union. 18

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA. OHIO. V^^iSild''^!v':&ol':^y^^r.^Z

THE OBIGIN OF THE T TINS.

.A. FEW MORE SUGGESTIONS FROM DR. MlI-iLER.

BN pag-e31t). Gleanings, Mr. Heddon presumes
I can tell where removable T tlus were for-
merly mentioned in one of our journals. The
first mention of them that T remember in
print is that of which I speak on page 39, " A
Year Among the Bees," and is in the A. B.J. for
1884, page 133. Mr. C. H. Dibbern there gives a de-
scription, I think his own invention. They were
undoubtedly invented before this, although Mr.
Dibbern probably knew nothing of it. T think Mr.
D.A.Jones mentioned them at Cincinnati in 1883,
but 1 may be mistaken. In 1883, at Toronto, Mr.
Jones showed me a T super, from which I got the
idea. This super had the bee-space at the bottom,
and the T tins were supported by square strips of
wood, perhaps about %t(\, running around the en-
tire inside edge of the super. This allowed T tins
to be placed at any point, and also allowed T tins of
different lengths to run the long way of the super.
To Mr. Heddon I give the credit of the slat honey-
board, and T think I would almost go back to wide
frames if I had to give up the slat honey-board.

I want to heartily thank Mr. Wm. Drew for call-
ing attention, on page 317, to an inexcusable blun-
der of mine. T had mentioned that T tins could be
used over as well as under the sections; and my
idea was, that the same size of tins would do. But
a little figuring will show, as Mr. Drew has done,
that to use T tins at top and bottom, with 3'2-inch
separators, they must not be more than f inch deep.
I think he may be right, that ^n inch is sufficiently
strong; and if so, I see no good reason for making
them larger. They can then he used over as well
as under the sections. Until the matter is put to

actual test I think we had better not be in great
haste to decide that we want any T tins on top.
There is no very serious difficulty without them.
The sides of a few of the sections are badl.v daubed
with propolis, l)ut most of them are rjuite free, and
the tops are very clean. The bottoms of the sec-
tions have a line of glue along the edge of the tin:
and if T tins are used over the sections I presume
the tops of the sections would be marked the same
way. As 1 have used them (without T tins on top),
the tops of the sections look much nicer than the
bottoms; and as the top of a section is the part that
shows most, I think I would rather have the glue
on the sides than to have the top like the bottom.
So, although 1 show my fickleness in so doing, I
must advise against T tins on top. Possibly we can
gain all the advantages we want in an easier way.
If T tins are put on above, I see no use for the side
wings, for the.y support nothing. So take merel.v a
straight piece of sheet iron or heavy tin of proper
length, and '4 or '^s inch wide, as the case may re-
quii-e, and we have all the advantage of the T tins
without the glue-line. The objection that friend
Drew makes, that the last T tin (or straight tin) is
difficult to insert, does not hold good with mj' su-
pers, Vi\ inside length. I have just tried it, and
they go in quite easily. With only I714 inside length
there may be more trouble, as also in putting in the
sections.

Your plan, friend Root, of nailing on the six little
pieces of iron at the factory is undoubtedly good-
better, perhaps, than you think; for when you
have ever.y thing ready you can nail on a great
many pieces while the purchaser would be getting
ready to nail on the first piece.

I don't suppose I shall ever use an outside shell
over my supers (yet I've changed so many times it

248

GLEAJNU^^GS LN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

Is not safe to predict what I will or will not do), but
I confess you have the better of the argument; and
80 long as you can conveniently do so, it may be
best for you to make use of the outside shell. But
if I must suffer the chagrin of giving up in this, I
can twit you of omitting an argument— that your
supers are lighter. I count this a matter of consid-
erable importance; for where you are handling
these supers all day long, a difference of a pound or
more in weight may malse quite a difference in the
amount of ache you feel at night at your backbone.
Please don't come down too hard on me if I should
hereafter get to using outside shells

AN ADVERTISEMENT.

I know advertisements][are not admitted in the
regular reading-columns, but I am in hopes Mr. Root
will not notice this one till the printer gets it too
far along. I want to advertise that I have no bees
to sell, no queens to sell, no hives, no supers, no
nothing in the way of supplies of any kind, and I
hope the friends will save the trouble of writing to
me for prices. I am nothing but a bee-keeper, pure
and simple. This for two reasons: First, I don't
know that I should be successful in doing things
satisfactorily, and I love my ease too well to want
to be worried over it. Second, if the queen-dealers,
tho supply-dealers, and the bee-papers, have any
right to exist it is because they have a basis in hon-
ey-raising as a business that may be desirable and
profitable. So I settle on the line that honey-rais-
ing is my business.

For one, I want to thank you, friend Root, for
your words so kindly spoken of your most formida-
ble rival. The longer I know Bro. Newman, and
the more I know about him, the more I think he is
a man who has the good of bee-keepers at heart,
and whom we should sadly miss oufof his place.

Marengo, 111., Mar. 21, 1886. C. C. Miller.

HALF-POUND SECTIONS.

CROWDING BROOD-FRAMES TOGETHER.

"r MADE some experiments last season in cutting
^ the 1-lb. boxes in two — that is, cut crosswise, so
'il as to be 2^ inches in depth for holding V2 lb., or
•*■ about. Theory told me bees would not accept
them as readily as full size, and they did not
quite; but I do think the plan will work, as consum-
ers will buy a V4-lb. box when they wouldn't more.
These small sections, too, look very cunning and
neat. My plan was to use whole boxes on the out-
side, all filled with fdn. 1 used separators; and as
1 use only a 20-lb. case I got very even and full sec-
tions. I use and make a side-opening case, with no
glass sides, which tend to keep bees out of the out-
side sections, and, besides, costs Imore. I am so
well pleased with the little sections that I shall use
many this season. I also used IVi-inch sections, full
size, 414. I believe they are sure to get the bees at
work sooner than a wider box, and can be used
quite well without separators. But one great rea-
son for the use ofiseparators is, we can feel sure of
even combs, and can remove a single box and in-
sert one with fdn., or exchange outside for the cen-
ter, and all is well. But when^we use IVi-inch-wide
box the case is different, as the bees, of course, are
closer, and the combs are nearer to each other; and
with only 24 boxes of the narrow ones, separators
are not so much needed. One thing Is sure to pay;

and that Is, to use full starters, or to fill within 54
inch of the bottom of the section.

How one can get along and use only starters in
brood-frames, I never could see. I am always get-
ting drone brood in such, yet perhaps a whole hive
of starters would come out all right.

A great many ways to get bees into the sur-
plus department have been given. I well remem-
ber how the thought of crowding the combs close
together flashed through my mind some time in the
month of August, four years ago. It was a little
late, but I tested it as best I could at that time. The
next spring I made a thorough test, as reason told
me it would work. I had noticed, when extracting,
as I naturally closed combs quite near, that the
queen would lay nearer the top than usual; and
upon a second thought I said to myself, " Keep
them thus, and the bees can't bulge them, and Mrs.
Queen will use it, as she uses only % comb for work-
ers." The idea was in harmony with her duty. I
wrote an article on it for the Lewiston Journal that
season. I had never heard or read of any such plan,
and I was reading four bee-journals and four news-
papers. I was and am so well pleased that I make
all my frames with half-closed ends, so as to allow
only a bee-space. Some would object to frames at
fixed distances, but the advantages are to me a
great deal more than inconveniences, of loose, un-
even combs and frames. E. P. Churchill.

Halowell, Maine, Mar., 1887.

EMPTYING THE T SUPEK.

DR. MILLER SHOWS HOW IT IS DONE.

TTp S some of our correspondents fail to un-
^^k derstand the device and tlie method

jj^ of emptying the T super, as described
-■^^ by Dr. C. C. Miller in his book, we
wrote to him asking him to get every
thing in readiness and put himself in an atti-
tude for emptying the T super. He was
then to have his photographer take a view.
Friend Miller did as we requested, and, as
you will see, has sent us a photograph illus-
trating the manner of emptying. Along
with the photograph he sent the following
explanation :

Friend Root:—l have mailed you to-day a photo of
myself in the act of taking out a super of sections.
The hat on the table is one of my five-cent hats with
veil attached. Beside it is a full super. Next is a
mallet, roughly padded (it was originally made to
jar curculias off plum-trees), to hammer on the up-
per edge of the super, as explained on p. 91, " A
Year Among the Bees." In the book I used a heavy
hatchet, or hand-ax, but I like this padded mallet
better. On top of the two empty supers at ray side
lies a stiff' case-knife, used to cut through the pro-
polis which, may fasten the upper part of the sec-
tions to the super. I have just pushed the super
nearly half way down over the sections, and the
next instant it will drop down to the bottom of the
inverted hive - cover, leaving the sections clear,
standing on the bearing-board. An extra bearing-
board lies on the table in front of me, in which you
can see the notches cut in the sides to let the sheet-
iron supports of the super pass through. The
pantaloons I am wearing are the ones I generally
wear in my apiary work, and are Newburgh over-
alls, for which I paid a silver dollar.

Marengo, 111. C C. Miller,

";i887

GLEAJ>41JNUS IJS BEE CUJLTUKE.

249

In order that our readers may get all the
the facts clearly before them, we take from
Dr. Miller's book. "■ A Year Among the
Bees," page 91. two paragraphs on this sub-
ject of taking sections out of the supers.

To take out sections with this arrangement, I
place it in front cf me on the table — no fastening- is
necessary— so that the bo.\ inside the hive-cover
shall be nearest to that side of the hive-cover which
is next to me, and the end of the box which comes
nearest the end of the hive-cover shall be at my left
hand. The bearing-board is now put in place, and
pushed tight in the left-hand corner. The super
full of sections is placed on the bearing-board and
crowded close to the left-hand corner. 1 now lean
forward, throwing the weight of my body partly
upon the super, and pressing with the left fore-arm
upon the end and opposite side. Then with the
closed list of the right hand I strike upon the fur-
ther corner of the super at the right hand. This
breaks the attachments of the sections at this cor-
ner, and then I strike upou the different parts of
the super so as to get it started all around. Then

natural look to it. From its appearance we
judge that- it has seen a good deal of .service,
and no doubt its owner considers it, ill sha-
jjen though it be, one of the necessaiy ad-
juncts to the apiary. Furthermore, I am
sure our readers will be pleased to see you
with your old clothes on and in your shirt-
sleeves. I had a great deal rather take a
look at a friend when he is full of business,
and attending to his every-day duties, than
to see him all dressed up nice and slick,
just as the photographer fixed liim. All
those who have seen Dr. Miller, I think will
agree that the picture is a good one. There
is nothing like having every thing arranged
within arm's reach. Unnecessary steps and
unnecessary movements, as is sliown in an-
other column, cost bee-keepers a good many
dollars. You see. Dr. Millei- has directly iii
front of him one of his be;iring-boards

DK. MILLEK, AND HIS MANNER OF EMPTYINCJ THE T SUTEK.

putting a hand on each eud of the super, I push it
evenly down and let it drop in the hive-cover. The
bearing-board is lifted out with its load of sections,
and the now empty super is also lifted out.

It is often better, perhaps always, to run a case-
knife around so as to cut through the propolis that
may fasten the upper part of the sections to the
super. The list will become sore if used for much
pounding, so 1 use a heavy hatchet or hand ax.
With this it is not necessary to strike heavily,
whereas a liuht hatchet must be struck so hard that
it wo\ild iiiai- the super and not start the sections so
easily It is important to bear down upon the su-
per while striking.

Friend Miller, you have followed our in-
structions to the letter. We wanted you to
look just exactly as you appear when you
are at work emptying the T super. Pho-
tography, assisted by good engraving, is
true to life. I think we all agree, that one
of the special attractions of the picture is
that old hat shown on the left ; it has aveiy

which he will place on the box inside of the
hive cover, as soon as the other has lieen
carried away with its load of sections. At
his right are the supers ready to be emptied;
at his left are the empty super-shells, all in
arm's reach.

Xow right here, Dr. Miller, I want to ask
if it would not be possible for you to sim-
plify your device for emptying the T super.
VVIiy not dispense with the hive cover? I
kniiw there is an advantage in having it, as
it guides the T super so "that it will come
squarely on to the bearing-board without
any hitching or catching. I believe you
state this as a reason in your book ; but is
this advantage of enough "importance to the
l)ee-keepers at large for them to go to the
extra expense of the hive-cover, or some-
thing similar to it, to assist in emptying a

250

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

super? If I were to make a device for emp-
tying the T super, I believe I should make
one something as follows : Get a plain
board, I inch thick, and just wide enough
and long enough to slip down easily through
your T super. I should, of course, notch it
out as you do yours. I should next make a
plain box, withoiit top or bottom, 5 inches
deep and i inch smaller in the outside di-
mensions around than the bearing-board.
Now, under the side of the latter I would
nail two cleats. The length of each would
be equal to the inside width of the box.
These cleats should be nailed on this bear-
ing-board, so that it will set on top of the
box, leaving it projecting i inch all around.
Now, to empty the super I would place it on
top of the bearing-board, being careful to
get it squarely over. I should then empty
the sections by crowding down the shell of
the super as you do. This plan for empty-
ing the super, I offer as a suggestion, and
our leaders can decide for themselves. You
will notice that the only practical difference
between emptying the T super as described
by you and as I describe it above, is that I
would dispense with the hive-cover. Per-
haps the use of the latter embodies other ad-
vantages aside from the one I have men-
tioned. Ernest.

ECONOMY IN LITTLE THINGS.

ESPECIALLY ECONOMY IN LABOR.

prices
help.

HE one thing that confronts us just
^ now in this age of progress is the ex-
pense of the labor required to do
what we want to do. The farmer
says he can not raise crops at the
offered, and afford to keep hired
If his boys will stay and woi'k on the
farm, he can afford to keep on farming ; but
when it comes to employing the average
hired man, he can not do it. We meet this
at every step. Many women piefer to do
their own housework, because they can not
afford to pay the prices for competent help,
and so we are absolutely obliged to continu-
ally come back to the problem of making a
little strength do a large amount of work.
Just now I have one thing in this line, in
mind. It is a thing I have spoken of over
and over again ; but I have been thinking
this morning, a little despondingly, that,
even if I keep on talking of it all the' days of
my life, there will be almost as much need
of it when I get through as when I began.
It is a sort of heedlessness that seems to
cling to almost everybody. I do not know
but careful housewives who do their own
work have learned somewhat of it by sad
experience; but the people I employ seem
to be, a great part of them, a good deal
alike in this matter. It is in preparing
things convenient at hand, when we start
out to do any work. The printers here in
the type-room have been obliged to study
this matter, for they work largely by the
piece; and printers' cases have been plan-
ned with much thought and ingenuity, to
save having the hand travel over even an
inch of space uselessly. Go and watch a
type-setter. See how close he gets to the

letters he is obliged to pick up. Now, after
you have watched the type-setter, go down
to the garden and see" the boy trimming
onions for the market. Two large piles of
onions lie before him. It is early in the
spring, and they are small, so tliere is a
great deal of handling necessary. Well, you
will be almost sure to Hnd him with each
pile so arranged that he must change ends
for each onion he picks up ; and then when
it is cut and peeled he must change ends
with the same onion again l)efore he lays
it down. This reaching and twisting of the
wrist so many times tires him, and makes
his back ache, besides taking more than
twice the amount of time needed to do the
work. Now, it is not a big job to turn the
whole pile the other end to, because he has
them on a light wooden tray , and the tray could
be swung around in an instant, or he could
walk around and sit on the other side, then
there would hardly be any need of picking
up the onions at all. He can cut off the
roots, peel off the outside covering, and just
push them into tlie next pile, leaving the
tops almost unmoved.

The girls who are picking over the beans,
of course want three dishes— -one to hold the
raw material, one for the bad beans, and one
for the good ones. Well, unless I get my
eye right on them when they start out they
will have something a great deal too large to
be handy, to hold their beans— may be a
half-bushel measure or a bushel-box. Then
they will get these three receptacles arrang-
ed so their hands must travel a longdistance
to get them out of one box and put them in
another. The consequence is, they are a
great while longer in doing the work than is
necessary ; and when tired out because of
these waste motions of the hands, they do
not know what tired them. It is true, the
one who has charge of them, and sets tliem
at work, should fix their boxes so that the
beans will have to be moved only a few
inches instead of feet (just like the types
in the printers' hands). But I have some-
times felt as if mankind in general objected
to these easy short cuts in doing work. A
woman who does her own housework, and
has the care of three or four children, learns
these short cuts because she is absolutely
driven to it. I tell you, ray friends, it is a
good thing for us to be novs^ and then where
we are obliged to economize.

All over the factory and over the grounds,
I continually find people doing work in the
same way. One hand will be writing the
name of a certain article on the outside of a
package, over and over again, when the
printers in the next room would print it
ten times where she could write it once,
Somebody who is putting goods upon
shelves will get up and down for each single
article, when elevating the box or basket up
to a level with the shelf would enable him
to do the work quickly, safely, and nicely.
Farmers often do the same tiling in carry-
ing water down hill to their stock, where
some sort of a cheap wooden spout could be
made in an hour so as to let the water run
itself. Other people will carry h'eavy bur-
densV long distances, when a little fore-
thought might have had the commodity de-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

25i

posited almost right on the spot where it is
to be used. The consequence is. a hired
man or tiired airl lias to be called in, when
a little forethought and a little looking
ahead, and i)lanning, might have saved ex-
pensive hired labor.

The worst part of it, however, is the point
alluded to in the middle of this article— do-
ing different kinds of handwork, laying
pieces of bee-hives or section boxes on tiie
table in such away that you will be obliged
to turn every piece you pick up, end for end,
before you can use it, and may be doing the
same thing before laying it down again. In
nailing up work you not only want the
right sort of hammer, and the right sort of
nails, but you want a good solid bench to
pound on, We have just had some cast-iron
slabs nnide, 2 ft. long and perhaps 18 inches
wide, to be laid on top of our work-benches,
to pound and nail on. 'I'lie slab is solid
iron, one inch thick or more, and the upper
surface is planed smooth and level. iSow,
if you Want to see how much such a thing is
worth, just try nailing up work on a com-
mon Wooden table, and then try it by plac-
ing youi- Work on one of these iron slabs.

The other evening Frankie was putting
section boxes together with a little wooden
mallet. I told him to take his basket lo one
of the low benches, where he could drive
his work together on the iron slab, and see
the ditttuvnce. VV"hy, a very light tap of his
mallet sent the joint home when he would
have had to pound several times on the
bench where he had been working witii
oidy an inch pine board to lay his work
on. Try nailing up a bee-hive by having it
rest on an iron anvil, or get a huge block of
stone, and make the top perfectly level and
smooih. You can smooth and level the
top of any stone by first getting it chipped
off liy a mason, then lay a slab of stone on
top of it, and grind it smooth by pouring on
water and rubbing it back and forth.
Whenever you have any kind of work where
yon have to do the same thing over a hun-
dred or a thousand times, it will pay you to
spend a little time in getting every thing
just as handy and convenient as it possibly
can be. If you build the fire every morning
in the year, liave matches, kindling, shav-
ings, firewood, a sewing-machine oil-can fill-
ed with kerosene, or whatever you use, right
close at hand ; but have these materials
neatly put away at the same time. Now,
then, when you are replenishing the supply,
get enough to last.

We have a great many orders for samples
of honey, maple syrup, etc. Now, if 1 did
not almost Jiylit about it, somebody would go
down stairs after one bottle of maple syrup.
Perhaps tliis person would try to fill a little
bottle by pouring the syrup out of a jug.
May be, before he got through some would
be spilled on the floor, some on the clothes,
and some on the fingers ; then a cork must
be hunted for the little vial ; then a block
of wood with a hole bored in it to put the
vial in, so it can go safely by mail ; then
somebody must whittle a plug" and have it
sawed off. Then the mailing clerk must
write on the block, '• Sample of maple syr-
up." Then a piece of stout paper must be

hunted up to wrap the package in securely ;
then some stout string to tie the paper^ and
then a pair of scissors to cut off the string.

It is finally ready to be addressed ; but in
doing it, various utensils have been taken
from their places. Some clerk is wasting
time hunting for his saw, and grumbling
because somebody didn't put it back. The
same way with scissors, and the same way
with string. Do you wish to know the
remedy V I Mill tell you. If we shall
probably need 100 samples during the sea-
son, get loo vials just right ; then 100 corks
just right; then have 100 blocks of wood cut
out and bored just right ; stoppers to match^
and blocks, are made at the same time on
the turning-lathe. Some woman is then
set at work at it, who has done similar
work before. A combined tunnel and mea-
sure is taken from the counter store. This
utensil will fill a small bottle with any liquid,
without wasting a drop, for the nozzle
attached to the caj* will go right into tlie
bottle. When all are put in the bottles and
corked, 100 pieces of stout paper are cut ex-
actly riglit ; then the printer prints a labels

saying, '' This is a sample of gallons of

molasses that we have for sale^" also giving
name and address of the man who made it/
One of the girls who is expert in tying up
packages then ties the wliole lot at once.
If they are to be used soon she also i)uts the
postage-stamp on, and they are put in a neat
little basket right close to the Uiailing clerk.
The cost of putting up the whole lumdred
has nut exceeded 60 cents, or hall a cent
apiece, after the materials are all got ready.
Ihe former way it may very likely liave cost
lu da. to put up just otie sample bottle. In
other words, we have, by an outlay of 50 cts.
in labor, accomplished what might have
cost toward $10.00. Now, even though you
should not need more than 50 of the pack-
ages, you will make money if you never
make any further use of the last 50 at all.
If you look about you and see what is go-
ing on you will see this thing repeated al-
most every day, and, to a greater or lesser
extent, in every household. Of course, you
must use judgment in deciding about how
many of each thing you are going to need in
the course of the year, for it does not pay
to have a great lot of waste material lying
around ; but if you make it a study, > ou'will
be astonished to find the possibility of econ-
omizing in labor by doing little things of
this kind all at once, instead of going over
the long laborious routine every day or every
few days.

THE HONEY EXHIBITION AT THE CO-
LONIAL.

HOW OUR FRIENDS ACROSS THE WATER DISPLAY
HONEY.

HILE our friend James A. Abbott, of
Southall, London, England, was vis-
iting us a few months ago, among
other things which he brought from
his native country he showed us some
finie photographs which he himself ^ad tak-
en with his own instrument. Mr. Abbott is
a natural genius ; and among his hobbies, if

252

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

I may be permitted to call them such, is
photography. While at the Colonial, which
took place at South Kensington, England,
last October, Mr. A. secured some hue views,
representing some of the choicest displays
of a few of ihe exhibitors. Among the num-
ber of photographs which he showed us,
there was one which especially attracted our
attention ; and as the photograph was a tine
one, we concluded to have it reproduced in
Gleanings by the Ives process, a process
which imitates photography very closely.
While the outline is not as clear and sharp
as an ordinary wood-cut, we think the gen-
eral effect is quite pretty. It gives a very
excellent idea of how things must have
looked in the building where the exhibits
were made.

decorations ; and, if we are not mistaken in
what we see in the picture, they even had
tropical^plants interspersed here and there.
On the right are two globes, which we sup-
pose to be electric lamps. If the exhibition
was lighted by electricity at night, the gen-
eral effect must have been very pretty. The
display of honey was not only very carefully
arranged, but it was a very large one. Our
friend L). A. Jones, of the Canadian Bee
Journal, estimates that the exhibition build-
ing where the view was taken is about 27 ft.
wide, 9(5 ft. long, 12 feet at tlie sides, and 27
ft. at the gables, with a self-supporting roof.
The friends across the water, as well as the
Canadian commissioners (who took no small
part in this display) are to be congratulated
for their enterprise in thus taking advan-

A VIEW IjS>5U>E the COLONIAL EXHIBITION.

From the picture our readers wdll readily
gather that the English have a fondness for
making large and elegant displays of honey,
both comb and extracted, in various sizes
and kinds of packages ; not only that, but
they take great pains to make each package
look as attractive as possible. Yon observe
in the long row of exhibits shown in the
foreground, that some of the counters are
arranged in pyramids, and others in ter-
races. The arrangement is certainly very
artistic, and the eflEect must have been pleas-
ing.

If our memory serves us correctly, Mr. Ab-
bott informed us, when here, that there was
not only one row of exhibits like the one
shown, but there were six others of equal
size and beauty. As if the display of honey
were not fine enough in itself, our English
brethren have summoned the aid of floral

tage of this very potent means of advertis-
ing. We learn that this honey-exhibition
was of such "general interest that the Eng-
lish papers gave quite flattering notices of it
— notices which were calculated to tickle
the palate of the English people at large for
gootl pure wholesome honey. W^e also learn
that the ('anadian exhibit of the Canadian
commissioners attracted no small amount of
attention, both as regards the quality of the
honey and the style of package. 'Amateur
Expert,'' in the (J. B. J., gives it as his opin-
ion that the commissioners must have real-
ized $.iOOO from honey sold. So much for
advertising in this way. "Would that we
Americans, with all our push and inventive
genius, might bestir ourselves to something
more extensive in the way of honey-exhibits!
The only real honey-displays that we get up
here are those made at our county fairs,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

253

which, in comparison with those displays of
the English, are very meager indeed; and
even the exhibits at our State fairs are rath-
er small in comparison with what they ought
to be, as a rule. Our friend J. H. Martin,
however, whose exhibit we showed on p. 89^
is rather an exception. But the English
people are vastly in advance of us in the art
of getting up a first-class honey-display ;
and even our Canadian neighbors across the
line are leaving us rather behind. If there
were more of this disposition to show our
honey before the masses, and thus utilize
one of the best means of advertising, we
firmly believe there would then be less cause
of complaint over the low price of honey,
and less luichaiitableness toward the mid-
dlemen, and, at the same time, the press of
the countrj would receive a more intimate
knowledge' of the manner and method now
practiced for producing honey. They would
see that it is possible to produce honey by
the ton honestly. It would hot only do
much toward advertising our products, but
do much to counteract the false statements
in regard to our favorite pursuit.

Ernkst.

OUR CELLARS.

b'KIHM) TKRRY ON THE VENTILATION OF.

PKIEND HOOT:— When going around the coun-
try in winter, attending farmers' institutes, I
am often taiien down cellar to see the pota-
toes, you know. Quite possibly I have notic-
ed some things that the owners did not.
Not always, but in the majority of cases, perhaps,
the cellars under our homes are not properly kept,
according to the best light we now have. This is
my excuse for what follows:

Vou know very little of the health-giving sun-
light, which I have urged the lady readers of
(tLkanings to let into their homes, gets into the or-
dinary cellar; in fact, we do not want it there, if we
store vegetables therein. Potatoes In particular
should be kept in the dark. Very often the cellar
is damp as well as dark, and it is rarely ventilated.
Perhaps it is banked up in the fall, and left closed,
so far as doors aad windows are concerned, all
winter. Now, we know that sunshine and dryness
and ventilation are necessary to make the air in
our houses healthful. The air in the cellars having
almost none of these, it must be more or less un-
healthful. Then, again, probably in the majority
of cases, there are some i-otten vegetables to be
found therein, or an old pork-barrel with stinking
brine in it. Perhaps the ceiling is covered with
cobwebs between the joists (I wonder if the ladies
know how much cobwebs have to do with hasten-
ing decomposition sometimes). In such a cellar
you will see mold on the wall, and the air is full of
germs, or spores. Let in a ray of sunlight through
a small hole in a curtain, and you can see these
plainly with the naked eye. Hold a candle under
this streak of floating germs, or particles, and in-
stantly they are all destroyed above the blaze,
whether they are vegetable or animal, and you
make a dark spot in the streak of light, as there is
nothing there to stop the light, and hence enable
us to see it. Now, all will ^gree with me that the
air in such a cellar is not such as we ought to
breathe. But some one says, " We do not live

down cellar; what is the difference? We can stand
such air for a few moments while we are necessari-
ly down there." Well, let us see. What is there
between your cellar and the rooms above where
you do live? Just a matched-board floor and a car-
pet, perhaps, and the stoves have dried the boards
so the joints are quite open. This is the way it
usually is. Now, in the winter you have flres in
your bouses, and these flres take considerable air
out of the rooms, particularly if you have grates.
Moi'e air must be sucked in. Some will come in
around the doors and windows; some will be drawn
up through the floor. The tighter the doors and
windows, the more will come from the cellar.
Come it mtist from some quartet. Then won't you
have to breathe it? Do you doubt that the impuri-
ties in the air will come through an inch board?
At the institute in Marietta, Dr. Carl Leo Mees, of
the Ohio University, passed coal gas through a
brick. It was brought to one side in a pipe, and
collected in a pipe on the other side, and lighted,
the brick being covered with a gas-tight substance.
Dr. M. told us that air would go through just as
easily, and that all injurious germs would go with
it, as he could show us. Now, I think all will say
that the air would go through a half-open floor
more easily than through a brick, and take its im-
purities with it. At any rate, our best scientific
authorities now tell us that this is the case.

Again, some persons may say, " We have breath-
ed these germs for years, and no harm has come of
of it; what is the use of worrying?" As Dr. Mees
said, these germs may not of themselves be injuri-
ous; but suppose they have found lodgment in
your lungs, partially filling up the air-passages,
and then pneumonia comes along, and you need
every bit of air-space you have got. These " harm-
less "germs may then cause your death. Or sup-
pose some tramp or peddler brings into your home
on his clothes a single germ of an injurious kind
that can feed on the germs already in your body.
It gets deposited there, and finds a splendid feed-
ing-ground all prepared, and multiplies with light-
ning-like rapidity, and perhaps within a week an
entire family dies, or the larger part of them. We
often hear of just such cases. You may say this is
theory; but do not facts go to prove it? When dis-
ease breaks out, such as diphtheria and scarlet
fever, think where they rage worst. As long as
scientists teach only what accords with common
sense, we had better give heed to their doctrines,
even if we do not fully understand or fall in with
the germ theory. They do not fully understand it
themselves; but they are making rapid strides in
that direction. Well, now, practically, what shall
we do? In a word, keep the air in your cellars jiMt
as pure as you can. Because the cellar is out of
sight, do not let it be neglected. Keep it just as
clean as any room in the house. There is no other
safe way. First of all, make it dry. In selecting
a place for a house, always choose a dry piece of
land. If the house is already built, do not spare
drain-tiles and labor until you have made the cel-
lar as dry as possible. Next, plaster it overhead,
without fail. Air will not go through mortar near-
ly as easily as through a brick. Then put building
paper under your carpets instead of straw. Be
sure to whitewash your collars all over once In a
year or two. Have a cement floor, and keep It
clean. If you have reason to suspect there is any
thing wrong (It will do no harm any way), fumigate

254

GLEANINGS IM BEE CULTUUE.

Apr.

it by burning rag-s first dipped in melted brimstone.
When it will do no harn, let in the sunshine. Most
of all, do not allow any decaying vegetable or ani-
mal matter to stay in it. Now, then, my masculine
friends, do not make your wives see to this. They
have enough to do; but tend to it yourselves, as you
value the lives of your dear ones. One may live
over a damp filthy cellar for years, and not pay the
penalty; but he can not tell how soon a day of reck-
oning may come. He may bury every child within
a week. If science teaches any thing whatever
plainly, it is that pure air, sunshine, and pure wa-
ter, are the best preventives of disease. Make the
air of your homes (cellars and all) as pure as possi-
ble. Under this head you want to look out for the
slop-drains, or about emptying the slops always in
one place. The safest way to manage sewer-gas is
not to have any This is the way at our home, as
told of last year. About drinking-water, in my next
letter. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, O., March, 1887.

Friend T., I am witli you exactly in every
word you say. Our cellar, where the steam-
pipes "are, contains notiiing whatever. We
got it up so liigh and dry, and put in so
many windows, that it is too light and
warm to keep any thing, so we just partition-
ed off anotlier part for our vegetables, etc.,
and this part can be aired and dried and
sunned just as much as any other room in
the house. By having it warm, we always
have the tl(Kirs of the room warm. We
thought once we had got our cellar too high
and too dry, and so it is for a potato-cellar.
But I believe, especially after reading your
remarks, that we can afford to have a pota-
to-cellar somewhere else.

Now in regard to looking after our cellars,
in a sanitary point of view: I have just re-
turned from a visit to Prof. Cook's. While
we were walking across the helds I was
speaking of the wonderful progress we are
making, and I asked him what he supposed
the outcome was going to be of our wells
of natural gas He said that it would
probably be beyond the conception of any
one living, and then remarked that the
next great stride to be made in science
would probably concern human health and
disease; and in answer to a question of
mine, he said that it seemed to him quite
likely we should soon have complete con-
trol of fevers, and diseases of kindred
character. Now, then, it occurs to me,
since reading your article, that perhaps we
are beginning the march by taking up tirst
the cellars that are under our houses.

way is not to be reckommended, for the reeson the
bee is ap to strangel & coif, & waist the feed.

OUB P. BEKTSON LETTER.

FEEDIN OF BEES.

I?! UM peaple thinks bees ken feed thairselves,
^■j but that izzent sighcntiflck. Thay is diferent
^J waze. 1 way is to feed them with a tea

■^ spoon. A table spoon is too big; thay let it
run out of the side of thair mouth. Throw
your left arm around the bee's neck, while you
hold the tea spoon in the right, and hug him pirty
tite till he begins to gasp for broth, & then kwick
pore the spoonful of feed down his throte. This

p. BENSON SHOWS HOW TER FEED A BEE.

Next the simplissity feeder. Lookin at it with a
inexperienst i this seems like a good feeder. But it
izzent. You see the troubbel is thair is no place in
partickler for the bees to go in & out. Suppose the
bees start in for the feed, and a ro stands all round
the feed soze no more ken git in. Them that cums
next will stand Avaitin for a chants to git in, and
when the first wuns gits filled thay will turn round
and find the way all blocked up by the 2d wuns. So
eech 1 will wate out of polightness for the uther to
git out of the way, & neather ken git by the uther
& so thale jist stand thare and wate & the thing
woont wirk.

That's the buty of sigents. Now a common man
wood hefto taik a simplissity feeder and giv it to the
bees to see if it wood wirk. But a grate Sighentist
like me ken think it oil out in a phue owrs & see
that it kant wirk, and then he doant need to try it.

Then thare's the shuck feeder & uthers whitch
mite be good, oanly the bees hefto wirk in the
dark, and thay kant do that. Hwo ever herd of
a bee gethering hunny from clovur in the dark V
Thay doant wirk that way.

The only propi)er way to feed bees is with P. Ben-
son's (thats me) patent, reversable, trantsparent,
youreeky bee-feeder. This consists as herein set
4th substanshelly as folloughs, viz, to-wit:
A feed chaimher (see A in the pickter) or its
eciuivolent, in comhinashen with a aper-
toor B, or a apertoor B in eombinashen
with a feed chaimber A, substanshelly,
or its equivolent and for the purpusses
set 4th, the whole to be constructed of
vitreous glass or its equivolent, and the
;, apertoor B, so constructed that exit and
f entrance to the feed chaimber A, may
j be effectooally surceased through the
.) apertoor B, by means of the thum of
the operrater, preferably that of the
"right or left hand, plaist upon the aper-
p. BENSON'S toor B.

"^vEBSABLif To opperate the feeder, the apertoor is
^ YorlTKEKY'^ left open a sufflshent lenth of time for a
BBE-FKKUEB. gulHshent uumbcr of bees to enter the
feed chaimber A, then the opperator poots his
thum on the apex of the mouth of the apertoor till
the bees are seen to have filled thairselves and ar-
rainge themselves in a boddy at the apertoor to git
out. The thum bein removed thay rush 4th in sitch
a boddy as to carry all before them, when a noo
force enters as before. P. Benson, A. B. S.

1887

glea^i:ngs in bee culture.

255

MRS.

HARRISON ON DISPOSING OF
OUR HONEY-CROP.

KST.\BLISHlNO HONEY-ROUTES, ON THK 1>LAN C
MILK-ROUTES, ETC.

fHEKE is no subject before the house that
comes nearer to us all than the best way and
means of disposing- of our honey. If a bee-
keeper loads up his honey and ships it to a
larg-e city, and sits down to smoke he will, in
many instances, have time for a pretty long smoke
before he has any returns for his season's labor.

There are few localities where there are not more
than one hundred colonies kept, which would not be
able to consume all the product. 1 once stopped at
a farmhouse, five miles from any town, whei-e fortj'
colonies were run for extracted honey. The pro-
prietor said, " I never take away a pound of honey ;
the neighbors come with their jars and pails, and
take it away, and I could sell much more if I had it.
1 can not half supply the. demand."

Farmers formerly, in Illinois, consumed large
quantities of molasses. They bought it by the bar-
rel or in kegs. Emigrants from Pennsylvania
missed their fruit-butters, for which they are so fa-
mous, and the large family of "spreads" scoured
through the woods in search of wild plums, grapes,
and berries, and finally succumbed to the inevita-
ble, and ate molasses. Since the advent of glucose-
factories, molasses and syrups have gone by the
board. Fruit is more abundant than in the early
settlement of the country, but it does not entirely
fill the gap. This class of consumers are almost
entirely neglected by producers. They think honey
is something to be sold to town-folks. How one of
our Western farmers would laugh if you should ask
him to buy a pound of honey I "A pound of hon-
ey ? Why, that wouldn't be a lap. Bring me fifty
or one hundred pounds." He has no use for a ten-
cent package.

Those who farm here have lai'ge families; if
not many children, they have work -hands, comers
and goers, and there are few days when strangers
do not sit down to their tables— agents, peddlers,
etc. W^hat a bonanza would honey be to the over-
worked wife I It needs no cooking; she doesn't
have to stand for hours, either, over a hot stove or
by a fire out of doors, with smoke or ashes in her
eyes, moving a stirrer back and forth all day, and at
night till the clock strikes the little hours, to finish
it off as it boils and sputters. This class needs in-
structing in the use of honey, and they could be
easily taught, if it were only brought to their no-
tice.

We never shipped any honey more than once, and
that was owing to the severe illness of Mr. Harrison ;
and if we had employed the young man who packed
and shipped it to have peddled it out, we should
have saved money and worry, as he had been in the
peddling business. During the winter, in most lo-
calities, there are plenty of young men out of em-
ployment, well fitted, with a little instruction, to
sell honey. It would be better to trust them with
our property than to ship it to entire strangers.

I'm not ashamed of the business, but proud of it
—glad that I'm a producer of a pure sweet. In ped-
dling honey, the better way when it is sold from
house to house would be to go forth as the apostles
did, by twos. One could drive the team, and abide
by the stuff, while the other could exhibit the hon-
ey and solicit orders. The best assistant would be

one who has been over the ground before. A hon-
ey-route, in time, would have a commercial value
the same as milk-routes now have. A family that
uses honey at all buys a good deal, while there are
others who can not be induced to use it; and in go-
ing over the ground the second time these could be
left out.

Large producers must, of course, seek distant
markets; but "it is the little foxes that spoil the
vines." Small producers must sell their own hon-
ey at home, if they would succeed. Make honey
legal tender for every thing they buy.

Peoria, 111. Mrs. L. Harrison.

You make a good point, Mrs. H., where
you say that honey needs no cooking. Many
times 1 have brought company home unex-
pectedly, and I would Jiear my wife say,
" Well, there is one thing they can have
right away, and that is some nice honey.
Probably they are not used to it, and it will
be a treat to them, and it can be produced
in a twinkling," and it always turns out as
predicted — it is praised and "relished. And,
by the way, you remind me of the time
when motlier and I used to make apple-but-
ter away along into the night. Sometimes
the wind was contrary, and blew the smoke
into our eyes, etc. Your idea of having a
honey-ioute, something on the plan of a
milk-route, is certainly a good one. As
honey is not perishable, of course the trip
need be made only at intervals of a week or
even more ; but I am sure a regular system
of this kind would pay well.

THE KITCHEN AGAIN, AND THE BEES.

MRS. AXTELL, DISCUSSES WHETHER WOMEN ARE
CAPABLE OF MANAGING AN APIARY.

^^ UK kitchen, I think, is the most cheery room
«l*^ in the house. A bay window is in the south;
^B and on the north door, where the screen-door
^^ fits in in summer, is a tight-fitting wooden
door, thus making a double door. There are
two window-sash for the window, making the window
double. This makes our kitchen very warm, light,
and sunshiny— almost like summer in zero weather
when the sun shines, and my four canaries seem to
think it is summer, as they fill the house with their
sweet music, seeming to sing because they can't
help it. One would be surprised at the warmth the
sun gives, as it reaches half way across the kitchen.
In the upper half of our south door is a glass
window, so that almost the whole south side of our
kitchen is glass. In summer time the windows are
all raised except the one in the door; and by the
use of our gasoline stove the kitchen is about as
cool as outdoors.

Our apiary is located just south of our kitchen, so
that, when the bees swarm, we can readily see each
colony and be on hand— a great convenience to a
bee-keeper.

The sides and ceiling of our kitchen are finished
in wainscoting, the whole painted a reddish pink,
which does not grow dull or dusky by age, as blue
or brown colors do if smoked a little. If finished in
haid wood it is very easily washed. In cold weather,
when boiling clothes, and the room is moist from
steam, a soft cloth pinned around a broom, and the

256

GLEAJSINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

steam wiped off the ceiling and sides of the room
occasionally, keeps the room clean and healthful.

I do not think it healthful to live above a cellar,
unless the greatest care is given to remove all de-
caj'ing vegetables, and moldy boai'ds and barrels,
and dead bees from the bee-room. One winter we
went west for a visit, and were gone one month.
We left the house unused, except as our hand came
inuto watch the temperature in the bee-cellar, and
to open the cellar door when too warm. When we
came home the rooms were dripping with moisture
from the bees (about 135 colonies in the cellar).
Even on the door of the clothes-room, water stood
on the inside in great drops, and the bee-i-oom is
plastered overhead. There seems to be a great deal
of moisture e.xhaled from the bees, so that it is well
to have a stove in a cellar to keep the bees dry as
well as warm; if damp and then cold, I think it
gives them watery honey, a cold, and the result is
the dysentery.

Our bee-cellar is 20 X30 feet. In it we have at date
113 colonies, packed above and at sides of brood-
nest with straw. We find, at a temperature of
about 43°, our bees keep the most quiet, so that we
have had to build a fire in the bee-room a good
many days this winter. A few times the room be-
came heated to 60°, but no harm ensued. By open-
ing the ventilator (sub-earth) and cellar door it soon
cooled off sufficiently, and the cellar walls seemed
dried off'. The air being iiurifled, the bees were still
and quiet. Bees need pure air as well as human be-
ings do. If the cellar smells impure, the bees be-
come uneasy, even if the temperatui-e is all right.

The past season has been one of ])rosperity to us.
Honey has been low, but every thing else has been
correspondingly low. I do not think we should be dis-
couraged at all. Each one should develop his home
market, and trade as much of his honey as he can
for things he has to buy. We have never had a sea-
son yet but that we could have sold much more
honey than we had. We ship the greater part of
our honey to Chicago.

Last winter we lost but four colonies in winter-
ing, and those were nuclei. We united late, and did
not know that queens were accepted.

We began the spring of 1886 with 130 colonies.
Our increase, by natural swarming and building up
nuclei, was 77, and we took 13,000 lbs. of comb honey.
We keep our bees in two apiaries. Mr. Axtell
takes care of the one from home, as I have often
mentioned, while my hired girl and I take care of
the one at home, and do our housework. I don't
see but that we are just as successful as he is, and
he as we are.

HANDLING FRAMES INSTEAD OF HIVES.

We manage our bees without lifting the hives
very much, as neither of us is very strong, and
hives are heavy; but we carry frames instead of
hives, or, if necessary, take hives to pieces and car-
ry in parts, as they are not nailed, but clamped at
corners with a movable bottom-board. II it be-
comes necessary for me to work alone, I have a
small express wagon, as it is called. 1 can work a
rack out backside of hive, and place upon the wag-
on, and pull it into the honey-house; or if in a hon-
ey-harvest, I can pull the rack of honey out back of
hive and let it stand upon a nail-keg until noon or
night, and have the hand cari-y it in. I have not
for years dared to carry a pail of water, and yet I
can do all necessary work with bees without over-
lifting ; yet It pays me better to have a helper with

me to do what lifting is to be done, and to take
steps for me.

1 often get stung, but I do not fear bees any more
than I would sitting hens— not half so much as I do
our cattlejand horses.

If a person is able to do any work at all, I can not
see why bee-work is too hard, as bee-work is easier
for me than housework. I look forward with plea-
sure to the coming spring, that I may again live
with my bees. No months are so delightful as May
and June, when I entirely release myself from all
other work as much as possible, and live with bees,
birds, and flowers. Before the summer is ended my
health so much improves I can do as much or more
bee-work than my husband, though, perhaps, I can
not go through as many hives as Ernest can.

Roseville, 111. Mrs. L. C. Axtell.

Perhaps I should explain to our readers,
that Mrs. Axtell uses a closed-end Quiuby
frame, therefore she can take tlie entire
brood-nest, or a part of the brood-nest, out
of the hive, leaving the bottom and sides
undisturbed. We are very glad indeed to
hear of the good report yoii made again last
year, and we are also very glad of the sug-
gestions you make in regard to having air
and sunshine in our kitchens. As you are
suffering from poor health, you are proba-
bly, like myself, more sensitive to the lack of
air and sunshine than most people ; but the
very minute I am writing these words I feel
that 1 must get out into the open fields, and
into the bright sunshine. I have been all
over the factory, looking aftei' things that
needed my attention and suggestions, until
my brain is tired ; in fact, I feel just now as
if there were but little left of me, any way ;
but I know by experience that half an hour
outdoors, where nobody shall ask me any
questions, and where I shall not be impor-
tuned to read something, and read it under-
standingly, will make me feel like a good
strong nian again. It seems to build me
up, as it were. I have been so many years
reading these letters, and deciding on the
contents, that 1 have lately got into the
habit of reading a letter clear through, and
not knowing a word of what I have read.
My reasoning faculties refuse to '"catch on "
unless they are obliged to by mental effort,
and 1 find it is as necessary to get out-
doors among the chickens, or down in the
lots by the brook, and dig in the dirt, as it
is to take my accustomed food and sleep.
God made the open fields and outdoor air
and the sunshine ; but I have sometimes se-
riously questioned whether he ever intend-
ed that man should make kitchens and
offices where human beings were to be shut
up, say more than half of the hours of day-
light. " At this time of year we have about
12 hours or more of daylight. Now, if I
could take every other hour outdoors I could
accomplish a good deal. 1 presume likely I
should enjoy it to be outdoors during every
hour of the twelve, but that can not very
well be. This we can do, however : We
can have lots of windows without any cur-
tains to them, and we can have them swing
open so easily, or rise up by weights, that
even invalids like you and myself (V) will
not dread the effort required to swing them
wide open when the weather will permit.

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

257

The trouble with me is, that few people can
bear the amount of air and sunsliine that I
crave and revel in ; but I think it would be
better for them if they could bear a little
more. My wife visited a sick-room recent-
ly. She said, when she got home, that, if
she could have her way, she would have a
stove and fuel equal to the task of keei)ing
the room warm for the patient, with one or
more windows open all the while ; and in
talking with the doctor about it afterward,
he said he honestly believed such a course
would do more good than medicine — that is,
as a matter of course, getting tlie patient
gradually a,ccustomed to so much air and sun-
shine. When I am obliged to stay indoors
when I do not want to. I have found an open
window to be tiie next best thing. Of course,
1 want to be clothed accordingly, and I want
to sit facing the window, wliicli should be
open on a side of the room where there is
not too strong a breeze. None need fear
that tiiey are going to be harmed by tliis sort
of medicine— that is, it is a sort of medicine
that leaves no posionous drugs hanging
about the system.

SENDING TO MR. ROOT FOR GOODS.

SOME HINTS ON BUYING IN OENEKAt,.

f(^VER since Mr. Root commenced selling the
j sort of goods in which he now deals, I have
J' traded with him; and having some experi-
' ence in that line I think it may be a useful
tViing to give the friends some of the benefit
of my experience. I find that many things on his
list are so much lower than usual prices that I can
well alford to pay a pretty heavy rate of freight.
But it does not pay to send for a very small quanti-
ty iu some cases— perhaps in most cases— unless it
be something so light that the postage will belit-
tle. For instance, I am partial to Dixon's axle-
grease for wagon or buggy, and can not get it
here. It is on the 10-cent counter; butal-lb. box
sent by mail would cost 28 cts. postage, and that
would make the box cost me 38 cts., at which price
I would rather use some other kind. If sent by
freight, a single box would cost me still more; for
in sending freight the railroads charge so much
l>cr hundred, perhaps $1.00 per hundred from Medi-
na to Marengo (may be less than that, but that fig-
ure will do for illustration), but a minimum price is
fixed upon as the least charge for a box or pack-
age, no matter how light it may be, and this mini-
mum price, I think, is usually the price for 100 lbs.
Mr. Root will correct me if I am wrong. So, If I
send for a single box of axle grease by freight it
will cost me SI. 10— worse than by mail. If, how-
ever, I sent for 100 lbs. or more of goods, the
freight would cost me only about one cent per
pound; so by sending for quite a number of articles
at a time I can save money by getting them from
Medina. I think many others at a distance might
save in the same way, so I will tell how we man-
age.

About once a year, or oftener, we take Mr. Root's
price list, look it over carefully, and check such ar-
ticles as we want to send for, perhaps letting some
of our friends know of it, and letting them send
with us. The difference in price of a single arti-
cle may sometimes pay the freight. For instance,
I bought a force-pump and paid $2.00 for it in Ma-

rengo, feeling quite satisfied with my bargain; but
in a short time Mr. Root advertised precisely the
same thing t'ov $1.00. Ry thus looking over the list,
and checking off those things that we need, or will
need, within the year, we can make out quite a list;
and the danger may be, in some cases, that Mr.
Root's price list is so attractive, and so many things
look cheap, that things not needed will be sent for,
with the thought, "It's only Sets, or 10 cts.;" but
enough of these low-priced articles will amount to
a considerable sum, and it is a good plan to buy
nothing that is not really needed. Now, I will tell
you about some of the things on the list, only a
few, for of course we have not had all. Mr. Root
has, of course, told about them, but it may be a
good plan to know what others, who have tried
them, think. First, there's wire nails. I don't buy
of him now, because I can buy at home, and
freight is heavy; but if you can't buy at your own
stores you ought to send for at least a few of each
kind, from '4 inch to 3(4 inches, and you will, I
think, never want to be without them again. Of
other bee-keepers' supplies I will not speak, as you
know probably what you need in that line.

Now take the list of the counter store, and glance
over it. On the 3-cent counter, among the glass-
ware, you will find some 2-cent articles made of
wo(^d. Never mind the incongruity. They are
basswood nest-eggs, and I thi7ik look more like the
genuine article than any glass or porcelain ones I
evep saw. Then on the same counter are pins at
3 cts. a paper. Cheap, but I wouldn't buy them if I
were j'ou. They're iron; and wherever you use
one, if it gets the least damp, through perspiration
or otherwise, it will rust and spoil the clothing.
But on the .5-cent counter you will find some ex-
cellent ones at the rate of about 60 for a cent, and
you will probably pay a good deal more for them
at j'our store. You can also get a pyramidal cush-
ion of pins on the 10-cent counter, but they are no
better pins, and no more of them, than in the 5-
cent papers, and the cushion is not convenient to
use over again, as it is simply a paper of pins roll-
ed up and finished off quite prettily.

You can get some fine bargains in tinware from
Mr. Root, if you understand what you want. Let
me tell you something about buying tinware. The
other day we got a box of goods from Mr. Root,
and among them a 6 and 8 qt. pail. They are of
light tin, and, used for water-pails, would last only
a short time, or for any purpose where they are
kept wet or washed verj' often. For such use it
would be economy to pay twice as much for a pail
made of good heavy tin. But 1 didn't get them for
that purpose. It is real handy to have plenty of
covered pails in which to keep cake, cookies, fried
cakes, etc., and these light, cheap pails answer just
as well as any for this purpose, or for any thing
where they are generally kept dry. For milk-pans
or any tinware wet or washed much, I find the
higher-priced articles the cheapest in the end, and
the rt'-tinned goods are especially desirable. Of
these, Mr. Root has some away down below what
I can buy them for at the hardware store, and they
are beauties.

On the 5-cent counter are coal-shovels; and it's so
handy to have one in each place where they are
likely to be used, that I have four of them in differ-
ent places. If I kept only one, and had to run for
it each time I wanted it, the time thus spent would
be worth a good many shovels.

2.58

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

If your wife has always ]u8ed a wooden potato-
masher, just g-et her a wire one off the 5 or 10 cent
counter, and see how pleased she will be to have
something so lig-ht and nice, making quicker and
better work. I don't know of any way in which a
small sum of money can be spent to give greater
satisfaction than by'getting a lot of these house-
hold conveniences for the benefit of the. women-
folks; and it's wonderful what patience they dis-
play in working along year after year with a scar-
city of utensils that would never be endured by
men-folks. There's the matter of pot-covers. I've
seen them struggle along month after month,
making a plate or a pie-tin do duty as a pot-cover,
and do the duty very poorly at that, when all the
time Mr. Root's price list hung in plain sight on
the kitchen wall (a string should always be put in
to hang them up by. Mr. Root), anxious to suggest
that excellent tin pot-covers of six different sizes
could be had for 5 cts. each. Then a woman will
have a hard time scraping out her pots and ket-
tle with a knife, when she could do it so much bet-
ter and easier with a 10-cent dish-cloth of iron
rings. There's many a farmer who does not hesi-
tate at all to pay 25 or .")0 dollars for some tool for
farmwork, who could get along without it and
hardly feel the difference, and for half the money
get articles from Mr. Root's list that would save
his wife hours and hours of time and toil, and
make her life ever so much pleasanter. And it's
often from sheer ignorance that he doesn't do it
— ignorance on the part of both man and wife.
Amongst the things she should have is a good car-
pet-sweejier. I got two, and they were successive-
ly thrown aside; but the one I got from Mr. Root is
regularly used, and esteemed a great heip. She
should have a good supply of real sharp knives for
various uses, and they should be kept sharp. Get
her a $3 or fS.fiO grindstone, such as Mr. Root used
to keep, and she ca/i do her own sharpening. I
don't know why he doesn't keep them now, unless
because they are a little difficult to straighten up
when they get out of kilter. Possibly the grind-
stone on the T.5-cent counter will answer, but I
haven't tried it. She needs a good bread-knife with
a rather wide blade. Mr. Root has a good one for
10 cents, if It would only stay in the handle. Then
on the 10-cent counter is a butcher-knife she needs.
I got one with a blade about i% inches long; but
the last time he sent me one with a blade 6 Inches
long. They are both good, but the short one is the
favorite, perhaps for old acquaintance' sake.

Looking further down on the 10-cent list is
" knife, kitchen, flne steel, with beautifull3' finish-
ed handle." I got one of these, and it fully an-
swered the description, and was so well liked that
my wife gave it to a friend and told me to get
another. The other came in the last box, but was
entirely different. The handle is not beautifully
finished, and the knife is a most outlandish-look-
ing thing. But, oh how nicely it works! While
writing this I stopped and laid down before my
wife the eight different kinds of sharp knives we
happen to have, and asked her which she valued
most. She said it wasn't fair to ask such a ques-
tion, but she could tell me which two she would
rather have. "Well, then," said T, " which two ? "
Without saying a word, and without a moment's
hesitation, she picked up this uncouth-looking
thing, and then went to studying which she would
take for a longer-bladed knife; so that, after all.

the Ill-favored kitchen-knife, I think, is the most
treasured, and I wouldn't take 50 cts. for it if I
couldn't get another. For paring potatoes and
other things, I never saw its equal. If you evet
sat and pared apples or other fruit for a long time,
you know how black your index finger becomes
where it rests on the back of the knife-blade; and,
if continued long enough, the finger becomes sore.
Well, some genius has gotten up this knife with the
handle projecting about three fourths of an inch
more on the back of the blade thttn it does on the
edge, so that the fore-finger rests on the handle in-
stead of the blade. If you don't expect to send for
a box of things soon, better send Mr. Root 14 cents
and have him send you one of these knives by
mail, right away.

For a pocket-knife, my favorite is the Barlow, on
the 15-cent counter. I think I have had more than
a dozen of these. They are handy to give away,
and will take an edge almost like a razor; and if
your boy loses one, the loss is not very great.

Instead of having the children buy a leadpencil
every little while at the store for 8 or 5 cts., you
had better get a dozen from the 10-cent counter,
making them cost less than one cent each.

While I am writing this lam wearing a pair of
spectacles from the 10-cent counter; and, between
you and me, I believe they are just as good as if I
had paid *1.00, *2.00, or *10.00 for them. I don't
know, but I tliinJf there is a gi-eat deal of nonsense
about this matter of spectacles, Scotch pebbles,
and all that sort of thing. If the glass is perfectly
transparent, and of homogeneous texture, what
more can there be, except the shape? I believe
there are many people whose eyes are really in-
jured by wearing high-priced glasses, because a
pair of glasses that was bought five years ago does
not fit the eyes now, but they cost so much that
they are endured, to the injury of the eyes, rather
than pay so much for a new pair. I haven't any
that cost over 25 cts., so I can keep one pair always
at my writing-desk, and one in each of my vest-
pockets, thus running no risk of being caught
every now and then a mile from home with no
glasses.

Until Mr. Root gets some better suspenders, don't
buy any from him.

The cheapest was' to buy needles, and have them
good, is to get a package from the 15-cent counter.

If you want an egg-beater, don't get the cheaper
ones, but get a Dover, from the 25-cent counter.

Of course, I have mentioned only a few articles,
and some unmentioned may have more merit thaa
some 1 have mentioned; but I thought it would be
useful to the readers to say what I have.

Marengo. 111. C. C. Miller.

In regard to freight, friend M., to get the
best rates on it the shipments should not
weigh less than 200 lbs. Many of our rail-
road companies have a special lower rate for
200 lbs. or over, although 100 lbs. will go
pretty nearly as cheap as 200. The way the
bass wood nest-eggs got into the glassware,
some one thoughtlessly put them with glass
nest-eggs, in order to have nest-eggs all in
one place.-— The ii'on pins at 3 cts. a paper
are like the cheap tinware — just as good as
any for certain purposes. For instance, we
use them here in the office for pinning
papers and letters together. You see, our
clerks are pretty much all women-folks, and

1887

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

259

they take to pins a good deal as ducks do to
water. Perhaps it woiild not be well to
have these iron plus taken into a family
where they might be used in such a way as
to do damage.

We have also the best quality of tinware ; j
but as our covered pails are mainly used for ■
honey, to be given away with the lioney, !
they "are our great specialty; and by the
way, friend M., it makes a gieat difference
who uses the tinware. A few days ago I j
asked ray wife how long a certain utensil '
liad been' in use ; and although it is a piece
of tinware, slie said she had used it almost
ever since we were tirst married. I told her
I would throw it away and get a new one,
simply for looks' sake, if for nothing else.
Her invariable hal>it, however, is to have
tinware cleaned and wiped dry, and put up
on the shelf every time it is used. We nev-
er leave water standing in any tin utensil,
unless it is the water-pail, and I believe
that is always upside down (taking a rest, as
it were) in the nighttime. Rubbing occa-
sionally a little of some kind of grease that
contains no salt, in the joints, or on places
most apt to rust, will also aid greatly in
making tinware last. Some people, how-
ever, say this is too much trouble, and that
they would rather have a new one once in a
Avliile. and so they get a new wash-basin
every summer — a new dipper perhaps often-
er, or new water-pails, in the same way.

I am glad that you found out what that
uncouth-looking handle was intended for,
friend M. In the appendix to the Potato-
Book Mr. Terry mentions that tlieir women-
folks always get their fingers sore in cut-
ting up potatoes for seed, and directs that
you wind a rag around the fore-linger, etc.
Now. this knife has the exceedingly thin
line steel blade he advises, and the handle
projects up along the blade so as to form an
easy natural rest for that same fore-finger.
I think we shall have to have a picture of
this knife, as it seems to be so exceedingly
handy for so many purposes.

In regard to spectacles, I presume you
know, friend M., that for a good many years
of my life I stood behind the counter and
sold spectacles. A good deal of the time
my father stood with me, and we examined
faithfully and carefully the so-called "peb-
bleglasses," and compared them with manu-
factured lenses made of a fine quality of
clear Hint glass. Both of us soon became
satislied, and the testimony of dozens of
customers still further satisfied us, that al-
most as good glasses could be furnished for
a few cents as could be bought of the so-
called opticians for a good many dollars;
and I have for years advised myfiiends to
use such spectacles as we sell at 2o cts. If
they want something that will answer out
in the fields, to lay down on the work-bench,
or so as to have a pair in each pocket, get
three or four pair of the ten-cent ones at the
same time. One of the ladies who attends
our teachers' meetings owns perhaps half a
dozen pair of spectacles. Somg of them cost
as high as $2. .50 or even $3.00, but she de-
clares positively that a pair she got of us for
ten cents are a good,deal better glasses than
thBj highest-priced "ones. "; I '.presume the

truth is, that some of the ten-cent ones oft-
en suit the eyes exactly, by what we might
perhaps call accident. The very glasses we
sell for 2o cts. are often sold for f 2.00 or
more. The jewelers and opticians who do
it, justify themselves by saying they can
not get along and pay their rent and other
expenses unless they have great profits on
certain lines of goods. It looks to me, how-
ever, as if they might as well say they could
not get through this world comfortably by
doing as they would be done by.

Friend M., we luive not been able to find a
manufacturer of suspenders yet who would
give us such goods as we want. If there is
a manufacturer of this line of goods among
the readers of CtLeaninc}8, we shall be very
happy to make his acquaintance.

BUMBLE-BEES.

A FEW MORE FACTS ABOUT THEIK HABITS.

HEN at lu)me on the farm, a lad of some 15
years, 1 was made interested in honey-
bees by some neig-hbors cutting down a
tree, robbing- them of their stores, and
leaving the bees, which I secured, yet of
no use more than to awaken a more lively Interest
in bees and their habits, as it was fall, and the
queen was killed. The next year father bought me
a colony of bees in a movable-comb hive, and from
that time on 1 have ever been a lover of bees.
About this time I took a notion to try and get a
colony of bumble-bees, so I made a box about six
inches square, with bottom board projecting, and a
?4-in. hole for entrance; for a cover, just a piece of
board held on by a stone. I do not remember just
how I got the first nest into the box, but I did, and
every nest that I could rob I added the brood
part to it, and let them hatch. Tliey made quite a
strong colony. By the way, there are two or three
varieties here. One kind is small, with about half
of the abdomen a shiny black; another kind with a
band of red hairs across the abdomen. This is the
kind we boys liked to rob; it is true, they are more
vicious; but with that there was more honey. I
fancy there is also a large yellow kind, uot so good
for honey-gathering. My colony consisted of these
three varieties working harmoniously together.
About July or August 1 lifted up the lid. The cells
were just shining full of honey. Thinks I to my-
self, there will be a fine treat after awhile. Well,
one morning, when 1 thought the flowers were
failing, I lifted the lid again and "peeked in;" and
just at that time a bee "peeked out" and flew perpen-
dicularly to the side of my eye. While smarting
with pain I was much inclined to give the box a
kick and send it across the garden; but 1 did not,
and need not tell you why. Some days afterward,
noticing there was not much stir about the hive, I
lifted the lid again, and, to my horror, nearly all
the bees were gone and all the honey consumed.

I have seen the drones and queens mating quite
a few times; also toward fall, on a ttne day, I have
seen one or two dozen drones flying about where a
nest is 8ituated,'.and young queens^ among them.
1 have also robbed nests when there would be sev-
eral young queens besides the old one. I ha<-e
found them in spring with one cell of honey and
one containing pollen and an egg in it, together

260

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

with just the queen. You can easily distinguish
the drones from workers; for while workers are a
shiny black at the rear of their abdomen, the
drones keep the same color to the end, and are a
little more blunt. We used, when bojs, to call
them " she bees." They may be found on what we
call " bull thistles " and other fall Howers, earning-
their own living- by the sweat of their brow.
MJnesing-, Simcoe Co., Can. Thos. Stokes.

SOME USES FOR HONEY.

FLAVORS TO USE WITH HONEY, ETC.

T WONDER if any of the readers of Gleanings
/af have had any thing- like the following experi-
^l ence of ours happen to them. Several years
-*• ago we sold several barrels of fall honey to a
large grocer and dealer in sweets, in a city in
the east. One of the barrels was to be used in a
bakery. A few days after the honey had reached
its destination we received a letter from the whole-
sale dealer, saying: "I do not know what to do
with the barrel of honey which I delivered to the
baker; he says he spoiled a batch of cakes by using
it. I ha^•e tasted the cakes; they have an unpleas-
ant flavor."

We knew that the quality of the honey was unques-
tionably good, so when my husband read that
letter to me we looked at each other in surprise.
The honey that we used for the cookies, "snaps,"
and honey -cakes that were daily on our table was
of the very same quality as that which was in the
aforesaid barrel; and not only did we prefer the
strong-flavored honey to spring honey for baking
purposes, but many who had tasted these cookies,
etc., at our home had seemed to relish them.

After thinking the matter over a few minutes I
realized what the trouble was: The baker had
probably tried to make gingerbread with this fall
honey. I had once tried to use ginger to flavor
cakes and cookies made with fall honey, and the
result had been a decided failure— the two flavors
combined giving a coarse, bitter, almost nauseous
taste. I have used ginger with honeys of milder
flavor; and though the result is not perfection,
the taste is not really Imd.

A number of different flavors can be used with
honey; among them are cinnamon, nutmeg, grat-
ed orange-peel, etc. But by far the best flavor is
obtained by the use of the four spices— anise-seed,
coriander-seed, cinnamon, and nutmeg. So far as I
have experimented, I have found the following to
be the best recipe for

honey spice-bbead.

Dissolve a teaspoonful of soda into W^ cups of
sweet milk at least 3 hours before you are ready to
mix the cake (soaking the soda the day before is
still more preferable). Have ready 3 cupfuls of
honey, 4 eggs, V^ cupful of butter, and one table-
spoonful each of ground anise-seed and coriander-
seed, one scant teaspoonful of ground cinnamon,
and ^ nutmeg, grated. Melt the honey, if candied,
but use it cold, or only lukewarm; mix it with the
butter and the spices thoroughly; add flour enough
to make a stiff batter; next add the yelks of the
eggs and the milk, mi.\ and beat well, then add the
whites beaten stiff. Bake In squai-e tins in a gen-
tle oven. If the dough lays in the pans over an
inch and a half in thickness, allow it to bake 45
minutes to one hour. One-half hour is enough if

the cakes are not thick. When poured in the pans
the batter should be of such consistency as to
spread evenly in the pans though not too readily.

SOFT HONEY-COOKIES.

Mix together 3 cupfuls of liquid honry, .5 eggs, a
scant cupful of lard or butter, and a heaping tea-
spoon of soda; add the four spices mentioned
above, and mix with enough flour to make a stiff
dough; roll out thick, cut in any shape, and bake in
a quick oven to a light brown.

CBISP " HONEY-SNAPS."

To two cupfuls of honey add one or two eggs,
half a cup of butter, half a teaspoonful of soda,
spices as in the above mixtures: make a dough just
stiff enough to roll (if you let it stand in a cold
place after mixing- it soft, it will get stiffer without
using more flour). Roll it out thin, cut in any
shape, and bake in a slow oven until quite brown.

The soft cookies will get too soft unless kept in a
dry place, but the " snaps " will remain crisp quite
a while, and keep fresh for a long time.

Cinnamon, anise-seed, and a small proportion of
cloves, may be used as a substitute for the four
spices mentioned above, though they are by no
means a perfect substitute. In the above recipes
the strongest-flavored honey will give the best
results.

Any cake or cookies made with honey is far more
digestible than compounds of sugar, eggs, and
flour. Ginger, as every one knows, is a tonic of a
very irritating nature, while anise-seed (or the es-
sence obtained from anise) is one of the few flavors
which can be used by dyspeptics with actual bene-
fit. Every mother who has used Mrs. Winslow's
soothing syrup knows it owes its soothing qualities
chiefly to the essence of anise-seed.

Coriander grows wherever carrots grow, so we
bee-keepers can not only produce our own sweets,
but that with which to flavor them.

I intended to say much more about honey and its
uses, but my article is already too long. I may
come again, and show the advantages of using
honey in making jams, and give two or three more
recipes. Mrs. B. J. Baxter.

Nauvoo, 111., March, 1887.

A REMEDY FOR THE MUCH-DREADED

GREEN FLY OF THE LETTUCE-

GRO\ArERS.

A KIND OF FOUL BROOD THAT BRINGS BELIEF IN-
STEAD OF DISASTER.

R. ROOT: — I am just home after a week's
absence, and find the green aphides of the
lettuce, which you send, all dried up.
Yet I assui-e you they are very interest-
ing to me, for I can still see the fungoid
threads which would surely soon hind them in
death's chains if they had not already done so.
While we are very loth to have the fungus of
" foul brood" carry off our bees, we are more than
willing to have it claim as victims our injurious
insects. As I told you at Ypsilanti, the cabbage-
caterpillar fungus is destroying the destructive
pest of our cabbages in a way to make every cab-
bage-grower glad. That fungus is much like the
one that kills our bees; while the one you send
that is ensnaring the aphis is like that which is
often seen enshrouding our common house-flies in
autumn. Nearly all the readers of Gleanings

1887

I^J^EA^IJMGS l^i BEE (JUJiTUKE.

261

have doubtless observed the white mold, or fung-us,
on house-flies in autumn, and have seen the flies
succumb to its embrace. A close examination of
the carcass of the fly shows that the mycelium,
or threads, of the fungus, have passed all through
the victim's body. These aphides which you sent
seem to be attacked by a similar fungoid parasite.
It is a very interesting fact, and may be possessed
of no small practical importance. If a few of
these hairy lice could be carried in a letter, say to
some other greenhouse, and there set free, very
likely they would fasten their deadly grasp upon
other of these aphides, and thus one of the worst
pests of the greenhouse would be stamped out.
Entomologists have done many valuable services
by importing parasitic insects, and scattering
them, thHt they might perform their goodly mis-
sion in other and often widely distant districts,
and have thus fought insects which could be over-
come in no other way. It looks as if we might
have another equally potent weapon in these veg-
etable parasites. Those fungi on plaut-lice are
new to me. and I would take it as a favor if you
would send me some fresh ones, wlun I will see
what I can do by way of cultivating them here.

It now looks as if these fungoid orsranisras, the
source of death in plants and animals alike, were
soon to be thoroughly understood through the re-
searches of scientists. Then we shall be able to
escape harm from disease which they engender,
and also to make them our servauts in slaying
our enemies. A. .1. Cook.

Agricultural College. Mich., Feb. ZX. 1887.
In answer to the above, I would say that
we have, during- tlie hist part ol' the winter,
been watching curiously the green Hies iij
one of the upper beds in our greenhouse.
When half grown or fully grown, their
bright green changed to a rechlish pink, and
Hnally the insect gave place to a spot on the
leaf, something like a minute drop of red-
dish paint. The disease has now extended
to the green flies in other parts of tlie green-
house ; and the prospect is, that it will in-
crease so as to destroy the whole of them,
without the aid of tobacco-stems, small
chickens, or any thing of that sort. If other
lettuce-growers have noticed a similar phe-
nomenon, we should be glad to hear from
them.

HANDLING BEES IN EAKLY SPRING.

H. R. BOARDMAN ON THE QUESTION OF WINTERING.

T HAVE .lUst been reading Our Own Apiary in
af last issue of Gleanings (Mar. 1), and I was a
W little astonished that you did not take out the
**■ frames and make a careful examination to as-
certain the exact condition of some of your
colonies. To be sure, winter is a poor time to be
tinkering with bees: but we have had quite a num-
ber of warm days when bees could be handled in
the sun without any possible danger of doing them
the least bit of harm; and we are all a little interest-
ed in knowing the condition of the bees at the
Home of the Honey-Bees, at the very earliest op-
portunity. 1 am very certain that you would have
found brood in nearly every colony some time ago
if you had looked. I am quite particular in these
matters, andwill not be satisfied with guessing;
and of those wintered inside I set out a few colonies

on occasional warm days for examination, that I
may know .just what is being done.

T am wintering ;iO colonies on their summer
stands, scattered about at four ditferent apiaries,
for the purpose more especially of perfecting some
experiments in downward ventilation in outdoor
wintering. Here at the home apiary I have eight
of these colonies. On turning to my journal I find
this entry :

Jan. 29.— Warm and pleasant. Bees outside flew
nearly all day. I have examined four of the eight
colonies on summer stands here at the home api-
ary, and found sealed brood in all of them, with
more or less larva* and egg.s surrounding it. The
extent of brood-rearing is astonishing for the time
of year. The patches of sealed brood are four to
six inches in extent. I set but two colonies from
the bee-house for examination, and found no signs
of brood or eggs. And again:

Feb. i».— Temperature hi}°. I opened one of the
hives examined on ,Jan. :i9th, and found a large
amount of brood, still more than there was when
examined before about two weeks ago, the frames
being nearly full, with eggs and larva" surrounding
the sealed brood, and also in the center, where the
brood is beginning to hatch. And again:

Mar. I. — 'I'emperaiure 45°. I e.xamined a colony
on summer stand, and found an abundance of
brood with eggs and larvie, and some old pollen in
the combs. This colony has already bred up quite
strong, and has more bees now thiin at the com-
mencement of winter. I had expected to find
some damage done the brood by the severe cold of
the last few days past, but did not even see any
brood thrown out by the bees.

1 might say that these colonies were of average
strength; had a fair exposure to allot the trying
weather of the past winter, with no protection
whatever, with only a '{.-inch board between them
and outdoors. They have been in good condition
at all tinies during the winter. Now. I would sug-
gest that we jot this item down on the tablet of our
memories.

Bees wintered on their summer stands do some-
times begin brood-rearing earlier than those win-
tered in cellars or bee-repositories.

The downward ventilation may have had some-
thing to do with the early breeding, l)Ut I attribute
it more to the warm spells of weather.

My bees "inside" are wintering in flue condition,
and have, at this date, commenced breeding quite
extensively. H. K Boar dm an.

East Townsend. Huron Co., O., Mar. 4, J88T.

Friend B.,I am well aware that bees many
times do well when handled in the middle of
winter ; and I am inclined to think that, if
handled only Avhen they can tly, little if any
injury would be done. I have several times,
however, known bees started to flying by
this kind of handling, where others that
were not handled did not fly at all — or none
of any conse(]uence. 1 have also known the
weather to turn around suddenly in the win-
ter, and even before the disturbed colony
had got settled. Under such circumstances
a great many bees would be lost, and the
colony seriously injured. An old experi-
enced hand might safely go through his oees
in Januarv, if he thought fit to do so. I be-
lieve thaf handling in winter, as a general
thing, seems to start brood-rearing. T have

262

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

rarely found brood chilled by being handled
in cold weather, unless the frames were care-
lessly put in different places, so that the
cluster would be unable to cover tlie brood
that had by this means been pushed out of
the cluster. We did make a thorough ex-
amination March 10th, and found brood in
perhaps one-third of the whole number of
colonies ; and, by the way, I believe 1 would
rather that bees should not commence brood-
rearing very much, before the middle of
March or toward the first of April. This
matter has been much discussed, I presume
you remember, in our back volumes.

DRONE COMB.

FOUNDATION, EMPTY FRAMES, ETC.

"T THINK Mr. Dadant is entirely correct in his
(^ views about the buildng- of drone comb; i. e.,
^r if the brood-nest is so large that the bees in the
"■■ first-built cells hatch before the brood-nest is
filled with comb, and the queen returns to the
center to refill the cells with eggs, then the comb that
is built will, quite likely, be drone corah, because the
Sees are hidkUng it for storing surplus. You will see
that I have no trouble from this source, because I
contract the brood-nest to such an extent that it is
filled before the bees in the first-built cells hatch,
hence the queen is always close upon the heels of
the comb-builders. If the honey-flow should sud-
denly cease before the brood-nest is filled with
comb, and comb-building- should be stopped as the
result, until bees were hatching- in the central
combs, and the comb-building- should be resumed at
exactly this time, it is quite likely that drone comb
would be the result.

You say, friend Root, that you are loth to g-ive up
the axiom that " empty combs are the sheet-anchor
of bee-keeping." I do not ask you to give it up;
only not to use them in the hrood-nest when hiving
swarms. This question of when, where, and how,
to use empty combs; when fdn. is preferable to
combs; and when it is better to allow the bees to
build comb than to use either, is one I have tried to
make as clear as possible in the little book that I
have written the past winter. The book is"nowin
press, and will soon be out.

Friend Root, 1 am just a little puzzled by your re-
marks on page 174, about 8 and 10 frame hives.
Heretofore you have approved of 10-frame hives;
and your remarks on page 174 are, apparently, in
their defense; yet you close by saying, that so far
as the amount of bees is concerned you don't see
that there is much ditterence. If we can raise as
many bees in an eight-frame hive as in a lai-ger one,
why not give it the preference, and thus save the
expense of the extra combs ? W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., March 9, 1887.

I will try to make my meaning clear,
fiiend H. Early in the season, before the
colony has increased or enlarged sufficiently
to have any use for more than 8 combs, the
bees and brood in an eight-frame hive are
worth just as much as the bees and brood
from a ten-frame hive; in other words, for
quite a spell in the spring of the year we find
most colonies with two or more unoccupied
combs that do the bees no good whatever,
and I prefer the ten -comb hive, because,
when the time comes that the 10 combs are

needed, there they are, right at hand. If
they contain sealed stores, they are also
right at hand for the bees when they want
them. Were I purchasing bees and brood,
however, as we do purchase almost every
spring trom our neighbor Rice and others, I
would just as soon have the bees and brood
from an eight-frame hive as from a ten-
frame hive. In buying bees, we stipu-
late to get combs enough with them so as
to take all the brood and v)ollen and no
more, for we do not want to purchase any
more extra combs than are al)solutely nec-
essary, preferring to have bees build them
in wired frames, for our special use. I
think that, when neighbor Rice brings us
bees the first of May, it requires only from
five to eight combs to contain all the brood
and pollen in a good colony.

THE T SUPER-THE BEST ARRANGE-
MENT.

HONET, HIGH AND LOW PRICE OF.

AM glad to see in Gleanings, p. 156, that you
(filt' are giving the public a good description of the
^t T super, for it is by far the best arrangement
yet made for holding sections. The first one 1
ever saw was made by my brother, and used in
our apiary in Front Royal, Va., in the spring of
1883. Since that time we have made hundreds of
them for the eight and ten frame L. hive, also for
chaff hives. It works nicely with or without sepa-
rators. But we always use them with, as we like
to have our sections of uniform weight, and built
so they can be crated without damage to combs. For
the eight-frame L. hive we make the cases 1378 inch-
es wide, inside measure, and run the tins the long-
way of the case, thereby putting in three rows of
sections, the sections running crosswise of the
brood-frames. We are convinced that the bees do
not fasten bits of comb to them nearly as much as
when they run the same way as the brood-frames.
By using the T-tin bearings for sections they are
brought down to a bee-space from the frames, and
the cases are more easily cleaned of propolis than
any other we have tried. We use a follower at the
back end of the case, to hold the sections and sepa-
rators snug, either with a wedge or thumb-screws.
As we use nothing but4i4x4i4 sections, we have the T
tins fastened at fixed distances in the case, so that
they are always in the right place. The case can be
made so as to have a bee-space over the sections or
not, as desired. We use them without, and slide
the cases on from the side of the hive when tiering
up.

HONEY A STAPLE .\RTICLE OF FOOD.

I shall have to side with Mr. Dadant as regards
the prospect of honey competing with sugar and
syrup. I am convinced that, when honey is placed
in the hands of the consumer, at a fair price as
compared with the wholesale prices now obtained
for it, there will be large quantities of it used,
where now it is hardly known. While stopping in
New York and Philadelphia on my trip to my old
home here in New Hampshire, I saw tons of comb
honey in the hands of commission men, that could
be purchased all the way from 9 to ]3cts. per pound.
The same honey in the retailers' hands was being
ottered at 313 cts. A large part of this honey was dark,
and of light weight, so the consumer bad to pay

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

263

35 cts. for what he ought to have for 15 cts. This, I be-
lieve, is the principal reason why more people " do
not like honey." I have never yet seen the person
who preferred cane syrup, or the othei- manufactur-
ed syrups, to nice honey, when it could be had at a
fair price; and, in fact, nine out of ten persons In
our community tell me they oare but little for
any other sweet.

The only way I see for the bee-keepers to increase
the sale and consumption of honey, and at a price
which will pay them for their labor and capital in-
volved, is to place the honey in the consumers'
hands, in good shape (which can not be done after
it has been through the hands of two or more mid-
fllemeo), and at a price which a laboring man can
pay. When this is done, honey will not be a drug
on the market, as it is now becoming. We must all
work hard to create a local demand instead of hold-
ing conventions to keep prices up.

Oxford, N. H., Feb. 'ZS, 1887. H. W. Bass.

DRONE COMB, AGAIN.

DOOLITTLE CONSIDKRS DADANT'S THEORV.

TT was with great interest that I read Chas. Da-
1^ dant's article on drone comb, in Gle.\nings
^l for Feb. 15; and 1 wish to say that I consider that
-*■ what he calls his "theory" is mainly a fact. The
only thing I can not fully indorse is the idea that
the queen has control of the matter of combbuild-
ing. This I doubt; but as the facts regarding the
building of both drone and worker comb remain
exactly the same as Bro. D. gives them, I do not
know that it makes any particular difference which
it is, bees or queen, that controls the matter. As
bearing directly on this subject I wish to give a
few more points not touched upon by friend D., or
only partially explained by him.

In preparing for swarming, the old queen begins
to cease her proliticness some three days before the
swarm issues, so that, during the last 24 hours,
only a few hundred eggs are laid, as nature has
provided that the queen should not be cumbered
with eggs to such an extent that she can not fly
when the time for swarming comes. There is also
another reason for her doing so, which bears moi'e
directly on the comb (juestion, which is, that, when
the swarm finds a natural home, there is no comb in
it, hence no place for egg!<, even if the (jueen could
lay the 3500 eggs D. speaks of her laying the first 'M
hours. As a rule, it takes 8 hours after a swarm is
put in an empty hive before thei-e is a cell formed
deep enough to have an egg placed in it, while with
an ordinary swarm, comb-building does not become
extensive during the first 24 hours. By this time
the queen is ready for her part of the work, after
which we find it is just as friend D. states. Now,
any thing which keeps the (jueen from following
the bees right up with eggs as fast as the comb is
built, tends toward drone comb; hence the putting
of one empty comb in the brood-chamber, as I saw
recommended by a writer in one of our bee-papers
lately, is just the thing to fill the hive to a large ex-
tent with drone comb, as years of former experi-
ence proved to me when 1 thoroughly went over all
of the ground. It would take the queen so long to
fill this comb with eggs that the bees would get the
start of her; and no worse advice could be put in
print than this writer gave.

AgdiQ. the giving of a frame of brood to prevent

decamping is subject to the same objection, pro-
viding there arc empty cells in it, or nearly mature
bees, v/hich will hatch to any extent so as to
cause the queen to leave off following the bees.
Again, a very large swarm, as where two or more
swarms are hived together, is sure, to bviild quite
a share of their comb of the drone or store size, for
the reason that they build comb faster than the
queen can occupy it with eggs. Now for the rea-
son why the plan as recommended by Bro. Hutchin-
son has a tendency toward the building of only
worker comb in the brood-chamber: There is little
room for comb below, and lots of room above, while
the room above is made enticing for the bees to
build comb there first, as in the surplus-apartment
a start has already been made, so as the most of the
comb is built there for the first 24 hours. They now
begin below; and as the queen is now ready for
business she keeps up with the comb-building here
while that which would tend to exceed her prolific-
ness is built in the sections. Now, if for any reason
the bees fail to enter the sections and thereby air
crowd into the small hive below, thus building comb
very fast here, .so as to get the start of the queen,
the small size of the brood-chamber or the presence
of surplus room on top has no effect whatever; and
I here state as my belief, that something of the kind
has been the trouble when success has not been at-
tained. In other words, having too full sections,
so that not enough room for the surplus of bees
was given; too much room, so the bees were loth
to enter the surplusarrangment; or an unproliflc
queen, has been the cause of the failure, for I have
used it successfully for 14 years, and was the first
to describe it in connection with securing all work-
er comb.

One other item : After 21 days have elapsed from
the time of hiving a swarm, if any more room is
added to the brood-chamber it must be given in the
shape of empty comb or comb foundation, for
drone comb is sure to result, as the instinct of the
queen takes her back over the former ground, rath-
er than to lay in newly built cells. From the above
the reader will see how my fourteen years of ex-
perience agrees with friend Dadant's article. How-
ever, I find, contrary to what I read, that nearly all
of my prime swarms having a (jueen a year or more
old will rear a few drones within six weeks from the
time of hiving, so I consider the idea fallacious,
that new swarms do not build drone comb for the
purpose of rearing drones. With me there are al-
ways a few square inches built for this purpose, no
matter how well suited to the building of work-
er comb my plans are. Then, too, my earlier
swarms often swarm again, in which case they will
have drones, even if they have to tear down work-
er comb so they can build drone. Hoping the above
may throw some light on what the editor calls
" deep water," is my excuse for this article.

Borodino, N. Y., March, 1887. G. M. Doolitt'LE.

Friend I)., you have no doubt thrown
some liglit on this matter that 1 have called
"deep water,"" and I see now how it is that
the position tliat yon liave held so long and
tenaciously is going to agree prett> well
with friend Hutchinson's new developments.
The new developments slip over on to
ground we have already traveled, altliough
many of us did not see it until you pi)inted
it otit, only yon did not recommend, or, at
least, I do not remember that you recom-

264

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk.

mended, placing sections ready furnished,
right over the brood-frames, where the bees
were to build their own comli. You did,
however, strongly insist that the bees could
be made to build their own combs, and have
them all nice straight worker combs at the
same time.

CIDER, AND ITS EFFECT ON BEES.

HOW TO TAKE DOWN A SWARM 30 FEET FROM THE
GROUND.

TN this locality cider is always made after the
M frosts have destroyed fall flowers. If the bees
^r fly at this time they are sure to get more or less
■^ of it. If they get just enough to keep the
queen laying, and yet no more than will be
used up in brood-i-earing, then it may be a benefit.
You know we Canucks are gi-eat on young bees for
winter. During the fall of 1S84, also in the fall of
'85, my bees gathered just enough to produce that
effect. A very cold winter followed the fall of each
year, accompanied by no serious results to the bees.
But this fall the weather was fine during cider time,
and they gathered a good deal more than they used
before winter. After a confinement of 90 days they
had a flight— Jan. 22d and 33d— hardly warm enough
for a good flight, but each colony flew some, and all
showed more or less signs of dysentery; some were
badly attected There is very little honey-dew in
this locality; and that the cider was the cause of
the diarrhea T have not the slightest dciibt. In
fact, I do not think we need doubt any more about
it. Any eider left in the combs after winter has set
in is a very undesirable addition to their stores;
and to make a clean sweep, keep the cider away
from them altogether if possible.

CONVENIENCES FOR THE APIARY.

The solar wax-extractor I have found a great help
in getting nice wax. There is nothing 1 have ever
tried that pleases me better. It is certainly less
bother, and a great improvement on the Swiss ex-
tractor. Mine is so nearly like one described in
Gleanings last summer that I shall not attempt a
description.

taking DOWN swarms THAT CLUSTER HIGH.

For this purpose I have found the Shepherd hiv-
ing-box two cumbersome and heavy. The hoop-
and-bag arrangement described in the A B C is not
open to this objection, but it is liable to get torn
when placed among the limbs. Allow me to de-
scribe a contrivance of my own, a trial of which I
think will please the readers of Gleanings. Take
a common stout cane flsh-pole; saw off the end
about 10 feet from the large end, and four or five
inches from one of the joints. Now fit a piece of
hard wood in the small hollow end; have it long
enough to reach the joint, and saw it ott' even with
the end of the pole. About two inches from the top,
bore a small hole through the side of the pole into
the plug. Now get a common wire hook, screw it
into the hole, clear through the pole. Next hunt up
those fruit-baskets that you bought fruit in last
fall, and have no other use for (if you don't happen
to have them, you can buy them for seven cents
each); select a good strong one. You will notice
that it is just about the right size and shape you
want— about 14 inches across the circular top, 7
inches across the bottom, and 12 inches high. The
spaces between the splints will be about U inch. If
you think that too much, you can stick a half-inch

splint between the interstices, and fasten with a
half-inch wire nail. Now tie a stout cord across the
top of the basket; take your pole in one hand, and
with the hook pick up your basket. Can you im-
agine any thing lighter or nicer? In fact, the whole
aflair is strong enough and yet very light. If the
cane is not obtainable, ash or hickory makes a
good substitute, but not quite so light. You may
need another pole with a hook on it to shake the
limb with. If your apiary is large, one pole will an-
swer for a number of baskets; and with a little
practice you can pick them up on the run. If an-
other swarm comes out while you are shaking one
in a basket, just snap a cloth cover over the top;
set them in the shade, and then hive them at your
leisure.

Now let me tell you how this arrangement saved
me a fine colony of bees last summer. A large
swarm clustered on a tall maple near my apiary.
They were about thirty feet from the ground, and
at the extreme end of a limb about 1.5 feet from the
body of the tree. I had just about given them up
when 1 thought, " Here is a good chance to see what
I can do with my pole and basket." After placing
a ladder against the tree I saw that I still had con-
siderable climbing to do; but " my blood was up,"
and I was bound to have that swarm. I soon found
that I could reach the swarm, but was obliged to
hold my hiving-basket and pole nearly at arms'
length, almost horizontal, which I could not have
done, especially when the swarm dropped, had
the pole or basket been heavier. Well, I got the
bees in all right, pulled in the pole, detached it from
the basket, caught hold of the cord with one hand
(the limbs were in easy stepping distance), and 1
soon reached the ladder. Now, thought I, I will
hook the basket on and let it down to Mi-s. D., who
stood at the bottom of the ladder. I had just started
to lower it when off it slipped from the hook and
down come the basket, right side up, however. The
bees sat down in the bottom, but we got them in the
hive. Had it not been for my light hiving-basket,
I should have been obliged to make the return of
the Southern sheritt— iVou eome-atilnis in swampn.

Ridgway, Ont., Can. J. F. Dunn.

BEE-STING POISONING.

A SIMPLE REMEDY IN SEVERE CASES.

TN Gleanings of Feb. 15, 1887, Mr. Ellison, of
1^ South Carolina, after speaking of the serious
^l effects of bee-sting poison upon two members
■^ of his family, says: " It would be a great boon
if some of our bee-keeping fraternity who
belong to the medical profession would study a
remedy for cases of this kind, and give it to us."

While! do not belong to the medical profession,
I think I can give him a remedy for the constitu-
tional effects of bee-poison — a remedy that can
have no bad effect, that is always at hand in every
home, that is prompt in its effects, and one that 1
believe will not fail to cure if quickly applied. I
will give a case in point.

On a hot day in summer, some fifteen years ago,
my eldest son, then about two years old. was stung
by a bee on the back of his head. By the time he
was taken into the house, probably two minutes,
his face was considerably swollen. He grew rapid-
ly worse, so that in a few minutes he was much
I swollen; his face was a livid or purplish hue, his

1S87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

265

utterance became difficult, and he seemed to be
losing' consciousness. My first Ihou^ht was to go
to town, three miles away, for the doctor; but my
wife said that it would be of no use, for what was
done for our child would have to be done before a
doctor could be called. At about this point I re-
member that I had read in the old A. B. J. that a
"wet-sheet pack" was a cure for bee-poisoning:.
Our child was soon stripped of his clothiiiH- and
quickly wrapped in a cloth from which the water
had been wrung, just cixMigh to i)revent dripping-.
Outside the wet sheet he was snugly wrapped in
dry blankets. He had been in the pack but a few
minutes before the natural color began to i-eturn
to his face, and the swelling to disappear, and in
fifteen or twenty minutes the symptoms of poison-
ing had all, or nearly all, disai)peared, and he was
taken out cured.

Several years ago Mrs. Hayhurst, of Kansas
City, gave in Gleaninos an account of a similar
case and cure that occurred in her family. Our
daughter, when small, suffered from a severe
scarlet rash after being stuug, like that described
by Mr. Ellison. It was quickly relieved by an ap-
plication of the wet-sheet pack. I think she was
thus treated tor this rash three or four times. Both
of these children gradually outgrew their suscepti-
bility to bee-poison, and now make little account
of bee-stings.

Dr. Trail, in his " Hydropathic Encyclopedia,"
recommends the wet-sheet pack in the treatment of
poisioning f rom snakebites, as well as from bee-
stings, and I see no reason why it should not be as
efficacious in the former as in the latter case. This
treatment for snake-poisoning has some advan-
tages over whisky, in that it is safer and more im-
mediately available in the houses of most bee-keep-
ers.

For the benefit of those who may not be ac-
quainted with hydropathic appliances, perhaps I
ought to tell how to put a person into a pack. Two
or three quilts or iilankets are first spread on a
bed. Upon these a wet sheet is spread— as wet as
may be without dripping. The patient lies on his
back on the middle f)f the bed, with his head pro-
jecting above the sheet, and his arms raised. The
attendant quickly draws one side of the sheet over
the patient, drawing it tight and tucking it under,
so that the sheet fits snugly. The arms are then
dropped b}' his side, and the other half of the sheet
is thrown over and drawn tightly and tucked un-
der, care being taken to get a good fit about the
neck and shoulders. Tlie same process of covering
and tucking up is repeated with the blankets until
the patient has sufficient covering to keep him
warm. Much sweating is not desirable, and twen-
ty or thirty minutes is as long as one should re-
main in the pack. T. P. Andrews.

Farina, 111., Feb. 22, 1887.

Friend Andrews, I can heartily indorse
sncli remedies as you mention tor bee-stings.
Cold water will go very well with pure air
and sunshine as a remedial agent. Another
thing, it is not guesswdvk. Whenever any
part of the body is inllamed and feverish,
relief comes b^ cooling the intijimed part
with wet cloths, and 1 do not know that
any bad results ever follow. I have, how-
ever, many times tried immersing my liand
in a pail or water after I had been stung, to
see if it would allay the pain, and I have in-

variably noticed that it had no effect what-
ever. If, however, my hand should be swol-
len or feverish, from the effects of a sting,
or several stings, then the bucket of wa-
ter gives relief, and I am satistied it assists
without question, to bring about a speedy
recovery. Indeed, where a patient is in
danger of dying from suffocation on ac-
count of bee-stings, a wet pack might be the
means of saving a life.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

HOW TO (JUOW IT WITH SUCCESS.

TTp NY land that will produce red clover will
91,1^, answer for alsike, or Swedish clover; and
^» any one can grow alsike with success by
'"■"*' simply mixing it with red clover and timo-
thy, or orchard grass. The chief object in
mixing the alsike with red clover is for the shade
furnished by the latter in dry seasons. The main
use of timothy, or orchard grass, is to hold the al-
sike up or away from the ground. The mixing of
alsike with red clover is the secret of success in
dry seasons, and on diy soils. In wet seasons, and
on moist soils where the common red clover does
not do well, the alsike will make a fine growth by
itself; but even then it is better to mix it with
timothy or rod clover, or both. Some prefer or-
chard grass to timothy, as they claim it makes
earlier hay and pasture, and of better quality.
Orchard grass makes a rapid growth after cutting,
and is as good as timothy for holding the alsike up.
I hope those who intend to seed with alsike this
spring will try some orchard grass in place of
timothy, and report the result.

It is not geaerally known, that alsike can be
grown with the best of success on land already
seeded down to red clover or timothy, or both.
By scattering the alsike early in the spring over
pastures and meadows, the seed will catch and do
well. Eye and wheat lands are perhaps the best to
seed down, but I have had a good "catch"
with oats and barley. July, August, and Septem-
ber are good months for seeding pastures and
meadows with alsike. The summer and autumn
rains will give the alsike sufficient growth to stand
the winter and the freezings and thawings of the
following spring.

When grown by itself, 4 lbs. of alsike is plenty
for an acre; and when mixed with red clover or
timothy, or both, 2 lbs. will be about right. The
seed is as small as that of white clover; and as each
seed that grows makes a large stool, a small
amount is ample for an acre. It is safe enough to
say. that one bushel of alsike will seed down as
many acres as throe bushels of the common red.
This being the case, a bushel of alsike would be as
cheai> and as economical at $15.00 as the common
red at $.5.00. But as choice alsike seed can now be
had at about #T.O0 per bushel, the reader must see
that it is far cheaper than any other clover-seed at
the present time.

The best time to cut alsike for hay is when it is in
full bloom— say the latter part of .lune or early in
July; but if wanted for honey and seed, the latter
part of July in the Northern States will be about
right. When uii.\ed with timothy, more or less of
the latter will be ripe also; hut this does no harm,
as the two should be mixed any way for general

266

GLKANINGS EN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

liurposes. But by cutting the alsike a tritle early
tlie timothy will not be ripe enough to do much
harm: and what little seed there maybe then can
be separated from the clover by a strong blast of
the fanning-mill. Alsike maybe cut for hay early
in June, and before it comes into blossom. Of
course, the hay will not be so good as when in full
bloom; but bj' this means another crop can be se-
cured, and the later bloom will come at a time per-
haps when there is a gap in the honey-tiow.

All things considered, I look upon alsike as the
best plant yet discovered for bee-keepers to advo-
cate, it being worthy of general cultivation for
hay, pasture, and honey. M. M. Bat.drtdge.

St. Charles, 111., Mar. T, 1887.

A FEW SUGGESTIONS FKOM AN ABC
SCHOLAR.

LIMA HEANVISES FOR SHADE; HIVES AS HENS -
NESTS.

gDITOR GLEANINGS:— It is needless to tell
you that I am a beginner in apiculture— my
vei-dancy will show that. Nor is it necessary
to tell you I am but eighteen years old; but
T will, and I hope the older membei's of the
bee-keeping fraternity will not consider me pre-
sumptuous in offering a few suggestions, for age
has not made me cautious, nor adversity wise. The
suggestions are ventured with a view to help my
brother A B C's, and, also, to And out, by your time-
ly advice, as to whether I am on the right track or
not.

I started in 1884 with one colony of hybrids in an
American hive, and, after many of the trials inci-
dent to novices, have now but seven colonies, three
of which are mine and the other four I procured
from a neighbor. Dr. C. , on these terms, first re-
solving (as per your advice in A B C book) to re-
main good friends, even if I have to sacrifice the
bees, etc. The terms are: The four colonies— two
in Simplicity and two in American hives— are mine
until the doctor calls for them, which he can not do
for at least two years. During this time, or as
long as I keep the bees, I am to have all the in-
crease and honey, with the exception of .W per cent
of the surplus honey, which he is to get, as it were,
for the rent of ^the bees. He is not likely to ever
want the four colonies back again, as his profession
engages his entire attention. Are these terms, in
your opinion, mutually beneficial, if the present
proves to be a good honey year? I am satisfied
with them.

KECt)RD OF APIARY.

I have kept an " Apiarian Record and Account "
ever since my advent in the bee-business. In this
blank-book I record every noteworthy event or
transaction occurring in or pertaining to my apiary.
I also keep a " poultry record "—in fact, a record of
every thing I do, for my own benefit. By having
every queer streak or strange i)henomenon occur-
ring among my bees in black and white thus, I am
not compelled to trust to memory— which is often
treacherous— in regard .to these things in future.

QUICK AND SURE SHADE FOR HIVES.

My small apiary ig called the " Model Apiary,"
and it has been, and in future shall be, my endeav-
or to make it a model one in every way possible. I
am now shading my hives with grapevines, etc., as
per directions under " Apiary," in the ABC. Now,
while I am waiting for the small grapevines to

grow sufficiently to shade the hives, at each post of
the trellis I am planting Lima beans. About one
month from now I shall plant more beans, which
can be bearing after the first are dead. It seems to
me that these vines at each hive will not only give a
good shade— which shade, by attention, will not pre-
vent the grai)evines from growing— but they should
yield enough beans to give us a home supply, and
also to feed our chickens with, in accordance with
your suggestion (a good one, I think) in Gleanings
Feb. 1.5, 188<), page 15.5. This suggestion is merely
given for experiment; and would it not be a good
idea for several of the ABC class to try a few
beanviues for shade, and report? I shall.

WHAT I DO WITH OLD HIVES.

I make hens'-nests in odd out-of-the-way places,
with old American hives, because I have no other
use for such hives, and, by taking out the glass un-
der the door and leaving the door open, they make
excellent nests. My hens seem to pi'efer them to
improved nests. Sometimes I utilize Simplicities
not in use, for the same purpose.
drone-traps.

I see young chickens are mentioned frequently in
Gleanings as drone-catchers. Last year I disposed
of all my surplus drones in this way. The young
chicks (several months old) never, to my knowledge,
caught a wprker-bee. I taught them to catch
drones by feeding them a few near the hives, and
then driving them up to the entrance, where they
picked up nearly every drone that tried to get in.

HOW to carry simplicity HIVES BY HAND SOME

distance.
When necessary to remove a colony, in Simplicity
hive, by hand some distance, it is tiresome, and a
wagon jolts the bees too much to suit me. I nail a
handle five feet long to each side of a Simplicity
bottom-board, thus making a platform on which
two persons can carry a colony without jolting.
Put a sheet on the platform, place your hive on the
sheet, double the sheet over the top of the hive,
and you have your bees tight. If the colony is
heavy, shoulder-straps may be put to the handles.

A windbreak on the windy SIDE.

I have to-day planted sixty raspberry-plants in
two rows, at a distance of two feet in the row, and
rows two feet apart, on the northern, or windy side,
of my apiary plot. The raspberries can be trained
on suitable frames, and, besides the honey they
give, may serve as a windbreak. The vines may
also be converted into a fence to turn stock. I shall
plant several hundred more near my apiary this
spring. I have also planted .50 Concord grapevines.

I, for one, should like to hear more from the bee-
keepers of this State in the columns of Gleanings,
and I presume I shall, now that we have an Ala-
bama Bee - Keepers" Association, with Mr. S. G.
Wood, of Birmingham, as president, and Mr. J. M.
Jenkins, of Wetum])ka, secretary and treasurer.

Ashville, Ala., Feb. 'M, 1887. Wm. H. Cathbr.

Friend C, Lima beuiis have been suggest-
ed already, and I believe used considerably,
for sliadiiig bee-hives. They do not, how-
ever, brancli out like the grapevine, so as to
give just the shape of foliage we want. A
sort of trellis, spread out a IJttle fan-shaped
at tlie top, might, however, make them do
nicely. If the ground is made rich, the
beans would pay well aside from their office
of shading hives ; but the tramping around
them might not be so good for them, and of

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

267

course they would have to be hoed by hand,
for we coiihl not cultivate them among the
hives. With \our small apiary, however,
that pait could be got along with easily. —
We have heard about your bee-keepers' as-
sociation before. I think you have got a
good start.

MAKING HONEY VINEGAH.

Can it be made to compete in price with gt<u-
cose vinegar?

«BOUT September last I received a gift from
friend C. F. Muth, of a large jar of his honey
vinegar. It was very fine, and I put it on ex-
hibition at the State Fair here, where many
tasted it, and would have purchased if I had
had a supply. Some years ago, when 1 was engaged
in the manufacture and sale of glucose, I sold tons
of it to the vinegar-manufacturers; and from inter-
course with them, as also from the study of books
treating on vinegar-making, J became pretty well
posted in the practical working of a vinegar-facto-
ry. At that time it suggested itself to me to use
honey; but a glance at the value of honey versus
glucose soon showed the folly of that thought, for I
could sell highly converted grape sugar at 'Z^i cts.
per lb., delivered, and honey was away up far be-
yond that. I lately began to think there was some-
thing in honey for vinegar, if it kept on going down
in value, so I decided to look it up; and friend
France's statement, on page M, Gleanings for Jan.
15, gave me a basis of value. He sa.vs it takes two
lbs. of honey to make one gallon of vinegar.

I called upon one of my old vinegar - making
friends, and asked him to buy some honey. After
quoting him prices that friend France would not
like to deliver at, he chuckled and rather laughed.

"Ah, Todd, things have rather changed since you
sold me glucose," said he. He then explained to me
what I already knew, that by using corn, and mash-
ing it with hot water in a peculiarly scientific man-
ner, he gets, for less money, the equivalent of the
pound of glucose that he used to pay '2^ cts. for.

" Why," said he, " I can buy raw cane sugar at 4 to
.5 cts. per lb., and even that is not as cheap as mak-
ing from corn."

In a short time I found that the cost of the raw
material required to produce one gallon of vinegar
from corn was ;5 cts. ; and from cane sugar nearly .5
cts. Now, taking honey at 'i cts.. and say that 2 lbs.
are rc(]uii'ed to make one gallon, that is 6 cts. as
against cane sugar .5 cts., and corn 'i cts. Taking
the percentage of water, waxy matter, etc., in hon-
ey into account, which reduce its effective saccha-
rine value to not more than 8.5 to 88 per cent, I
came to the conclusion that, to sell honey to vine-
gar-manfacturers, it will have to be offered to them
at IV2 cts. per lb. Now, who will be first to ship me
a carload to dispose of to vinegar - makers? My
friend tested Mr. Mulh's honey vinegar, and said it
stood "27, soda test."

"At what price can you supply me a quantity of
vinegar of that strength?" I asked.

" Six cents per gallon," was the reply.

Thanking my t<-iend, 1 declined to sell him any
honey just that day. and decided to give your read-
ers the benefit of getting down to actual facts.

Although 1'2 cts. per lb. may be the value to a reg-
ular vinegar-manufacturer who would buy honey
as a source of " saccharine," yet to those who econ-

omize as friend France does, every drain of the
cappings or washing of the barrels should be util-
ized. It takes only a little reasoning to see that, if
they turn them into vinegar with a minimum of la-
bor and expense, and can sell all their product at
only 2.5 cts. per gallon, they are in reality obtainihg
the very nice profit of 1.5 Cts. On each 3 lbs. of honey
it took to make the gallon of vinegar. In other
words, the.V sell their refuse honey to themselves at
.5 cts. per lb., and receive a gross profit of "% cts.
thereon. I think you will join me in advising them'
to continue their manufacture of vinegar, and even
to try to extend it;

The French bee-men have always been very care-
ful to let nothing go to waste; and out of the wash-
ings of the combs taken by the old ways, wine and
vinegar have bfetin made for ages. Yes, even the
very water in which combs are melted up are util-
ized for vinegar. Having, turned to page :W9 of Ha-
met's Cour.s iV Apimlture, I find a singular corrobo-
ration of friend France's statements. Here is the
paragraph translated: "The strength of the vine-
gar is in proportion to the quantity of honey to the
solution. One-half kilogramme (one pound) can
give two litres (quarts) of strong vinegar."

Philadelphia, March, 1887. Arthur Todd.

It seems to me, however, friend T., that
the vinegar made from glucose would be
hardly equal to that made from honey, in
the same way tliat we get a poor quabty of
almost every thing else when glucose is sub-
stituted for sugar or honey. The vinegar
manufactured directly from corn, I suppose
is equivalent to, or is exactly what we buy
for white-wine vinegar. There are two kinds
of vinegar generally in the market— cider
and white-wine vinegar. The latter is sup-
posed to be made from wine, hence its name.
But of late, I believe it is made from corn or
corn whisky. Now, we sell both kinds of
vinegar. The white-wine vinegar has the
whitest and nicest look, especially for bot-
tling pickles; but almost everybody clam-
ors for pure cider vinegar, especially where it
is wanted for table use— to eat on pork and
beans, lettuce, and the like. Good cider
vinegar is generally worth 10 or 12 cts. per
gallon at wholesale, and perhaps twice as
much at retail. Now, if honey vinegar
should get a reputation and name, it would
be preferred to the white-wine or glucose
vinegar, no matter how low the latter might
be offered. The article on page 212 of our
last issue thn>ws some light on the subject.

HONEY VINEGAR.

FRIEND niNGHAM GIVES nS A FEW .MORE ITEMS.

fAGE tH, Jan. 15, exhibits a plan of ascertain-
ing the amount of honey per gallon of wa-
ter, and gives an egg as the means. If de-
sirable to use honey in making marketable
vinegar, no one can fail to see that 2 lbs. of
honey will put an embargo on the business at
once. If so much Is required to produce an arti-
cle retailing at 25 cts. per gallon, merchants and
others will be slow to introduce it to their custom-
ers, provided, of course, the manufacturer must
get pay for his 2 lbs. per gallon, and trouble and
other expense in its shipment.
That two years is required to make such a com-

268

uLea.n ihn^a lii bj<:e cuLl^uliJ^.

Apr.

pound into vinegar is also a weig-hty article against
economic use. While ordinary vineg-ar, said to be
cider, is sold at wholesale per barrel at about 10 cts.
per gallon, it would be useless to attempt to sell
vineg-ar to a merchant for the value of 3 lbs. of
honey, and necessary expense per gallon added.
Any merchant would at once say, "The vinegar
you offer will be part mother, and other waste, so
that we shall not only pay for your honey and
trouble, but a loss of everal gallons will fall upon
'us, while the cider vinegar we sell holds out in
measure, and we have no trouble with the mother
and other matter not salable, left in the bottom of
the barrel."

It Is not that I wish to discourage any one in the
effort to make vinegar; on the contrary, I have
shown at conventions all the honey vinegar I have
ever seen on exhibit at those places, and freely
told how to make it. I have also written for the
bee-journals, describing the process minutely.

With the egg-test, the only way to use less than
3 lbs. of honey per gallon would be to reduce the
saccharine strength by adding one gallon of clear
water to every gallon of honey-water that would
float a fresh egg. Eggs are a very uncertain mea-
sure of specific gravity.

I have steadily maintained, that one pound of
good honey would make one gallon of the best
vinegar that could be made. I have evaporated
the best vinegar 1 ever made or saw, and know that
it does not contain quite one pound of honey per
gallon.

1 make a little sweetened-water tester which I sell
to my friends for 10 cts., which is a test for vinegar-
making, and will last a lifetime, and is always relia-
ble. It will readily be seen, that vinegar contain-
ing 1 lb. of honey could be profitably sold at 3.5 cts.
per gallon; further, that it will make in an ordina-
ry house-cellar, in an open tub, screened with bur-
laps, in less than one year's time. I have beauti-
ful candied honey evaporated from such vinegar as
I have made and used exclusively in my family for
the past 13 years, so you can get your honey out of
such vinegar in case j'ou should want honey more
than vinegar.

HOW TO MAKE BINGHAM'S VINEOAR-TKST.

Take clean yellow beeswa.v, 'A ounce, and two
ordinary shot, ^i inch in diameter. Heat the wax
so it will be soft, and put the two shot into the
center of it. Now make a ball of it like a marble.
Its upper surface will rise just to the surface of the
vinegar, or sweetened water, if it contains one
pound of honey per gallon— just the amount need-
ed for tine vinegar. T. F. Bingham.

Abronia, Mich.

BEES IN YUCATAN.

MORE ABOUT THE STINGLESS BEES.

fNE of our subscribers, Mr. J. M. Beatty,
Shaw's Landing, Fa., sends us the
Meadville Gazette. From an article
on Yucatan and its climate, people,
and productions, written by a Dr.
Roberts, we clip the following paragraph,
giving us an insight as to how they keep
bees down there on that peninsula south of
the Gulf of Mexico. We presimie that the
race of bees are the same as have been pre-
viously described as being found in some
parts of Mexico.

Here we had an opportunity of seeing the man-
ner in which honey is produced — one of the great
staples of Yucatan, as large quantities are consum-
ed by the inhabitants. We notice at one end of the
beautiful garden a picturesque shed covered with
tile. On inquiry we were told it was a bee-house,
and upon examination we found it contained a
large number of bee-hives of very peculiar con-
struction. Under the shed was placed a framework
running the whole length of the building — wide at
the base and running to a point near the roof, thus
forming a sort of inclined plane fronting outward
on either side of the shed, or bee-house. On the
sides of this framework the hives were placed.
They are made of logs of wood about twelve to fif-
teen inches in diametei% and from two to three feet
long, the inside being cut out, leaving a thin shell
of the log. Each end is sealed up with clay or ce-
ment, and in the center of this peculiar hive a hole
is bored just large enough to admit a single bee.
These hives are placed on the inclined plane, or
framework, under the shed, commencing at the
bottom and laying one on top of the other to the
top, with the hole in the hive facing outwai-d.
When filled with hives the shed presents the ap-
pearance of a log-heap, sawed up, roady to be split
into stovewood. The bees are different from ours.
They are a trifle larger, a little lighter colored, and
have no sting— in this particular they are a great
improvement upon ours. When in the hive they
place a sentinel at the hole, and no bee is allowed
to pass in or out, except such as have the permis-
sion of their guard. The sentinel dodges back to let
the other bees pass in or out, but almost instan-
taneously his head is seen in the hole after the pas-
sage of the other bee. We watched these little sen-
tinels a long time with much interest, and thought
that if human beings, intrusted with responsible
positions and duties, were half as faithful as these
little sentinels, we should have a much more vii'tu-
ous and happy world.

FIRST-CLASS HONEY, AND THE MAR-
KET.

IS THE I'liAVOH OF THE HONEY, WHEN LEFT IN THE
HIVES, IMPROVED?

T CAN not agree with friend Kussell, on page 46,
/^ nor with anyone else, that "there is butasmall
^i proportion of the honey produced at the pres-
"*■ ent day that is strictly first class." His state-
ment is based on the idea that capped honey
must be left on the hives until late in the season,
that it may attain its finest qualities. This I con-
sider a mistake. I believe comb honey is finished
when capped, and the sooner it is removed the bet-
ter. Many of our friends who have left honey on
the hives until late in the season have stated that
they found it to be finer in every respect. It cer-
tainly does appear finer when cut or broken or
tasted; but as far as we can consistently go is to
concede that the quality appears to be better than
the same honey removed in the early part of the
season. Honey taken from the hives in the heat of
the summer will, of course, be softer and thinner
than the same quality of honey taken in cooler
weather, and after it has a little age. I think our
friends who advocate leaving it on the hives till the
close of the season will find that their capped comb
honey, removed from the hives as soon as capped,
and placed in the honey-house, will, at the same
time of the year, compare favorably, and I may say
equally, so far as quality is concerned, with that
left on the hives. It certainly is not subject to the
liability of becoming soiled or stained, as when left
on the hives.

I think, as to the sale of our production, much
more depends upon the manner of preparing, pack-
ing for shipment.andafew other things, than wheth-
er or not the perfectly capped sections be left on the
hives until late in the season. We well know, that

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE (JULTURE.

269

of two cases of honey which the producer knowe to
be exactly alike, so far as <iuality, tlneness of flavor,
etc., are concerned, from some cause, one will be
cleaner and clearer white than the other — at least
nineteen out of twenty customers will select the
clear white, even at a better figure.

I think there are many more important thing's to
consider in reg'ardto the future honey market than
leaving- perfectly capped sections on the hives for
any length of time, as to our success in general. I
fullj- agree with friend Hcddon, on page .54, in re-
grard to a special convention, as" there is much else
to look after." C. W. King.

Kalamazoo, Mich., Feb. 10, 18.S.

Friend K., although there is a great deal
ill what you say. I feel quite certain that the
quality of hone\ is much improved by being
left a month ortwo in tlie hives. Basswood
honey, for instance, is unpleasant to many
people, when first gathered. This is the
case, even if it is capped over. Let it stand
in the hive, however, until fall, and it in-
creases in density, becomes daiker colored,
and loses the rank green basswood taste,
becoming mellow and rich. I would not,
however, think of treating sections of hon-
ey in this way. People who want old ripe
lioney had better have it extracted, or. if
you choose, have such honey built in regular
brood-frames, and then cut it out in chunks
to put on the table. Wlien sutficiently ri-
pened, even basswood honey will get so
thick that an extractor will hardly throw it
out. and this kind of honey is tlie sort that
pleases me. In transferring colonies in the
spring we often get hold of nice chunks of
this old ripe rich honey. I do not know
that anybody has intended to recommend
this sort, however, to put on the market.
You are right in thinking that people will
take the white clean honey every time.

FOUL BROOD.

HOW TO DETECT IT IN ITS EARLY STAGES.

Tjp S spring is at hand, and as 1 understand it is
giJ^ generally admitted to be hard to distinguish
^^ foul brood in its first stages from chilled
^^^ brood caused either by carelessness or igno-
rance, the following way will enable even
the novice to detect it at its start. At this time its
spread, and often a general epidemic among the
bees in a large territory, may be avoided. In
March or April, according to locality (and about the
time when bees are looked after for other purpos-
es), is your opportunity. Good colonies will have
large sheets of brood in the center, just hatching
out. Now, if in such sheets any cells remain un-
hatched. with the well-known little hole in the cen-
ter, they may be, almost to a certainty, put down
as having foul brood, and you had better stop all
exchanging of combs, and prepare for the worst.
It is too late when you i;an smell it outside or at the
entrance, and such cases can occur only when a
colony has not been opened for a long time. It
costs but little if any more time to keep a lookout
for it, when your eye is once accustomed to it. In
case the disease is introduced by the feeding of but
a little affected honey, as is generally the case, and
therefore is. as yet, local, it may often be got rid of
by cutting out the affected cells. In cases like the
above, where every doubtful cell is carefully cut

out, and no new ones are appearing in about ten
days after, and there is still doubt, a good plan is to
put the colony to the swarming-test, which is as
follows: Keep the brood-nest contracted; feed, if
not much honey is gathered, and thereby compel
the bees to swarm. This they will do generally,
providing it is in the swarming season. As foul-
broody bees are not supposed to swarm, this would
prove their health. C. H. Luttgens.

Hamiiionton, N. J., Feb. 17, 1887.

A CAVE FOR W^INTERING.

QUEENS FHOM THE SOUTH NOT INFEUIOK TO
NORTHEKN-BRED QUEENS.

T HAVE a cyclone cave, 6 x 9, excavated in the
M[ side of a hill, or knoll, deep enough so that the
^l top of the cave is level with the surface of the
ground, and it is grassed over as any lawn
should bo. This cave is lined with large sheets
of tin, 7 X 9, top, bottom, sides, and ends, then ceil-
ed up with pine lumber. There is a small ventila-
tor on top, (i X fi inches, and a trap-door. For 87
days the snow has covered the door and all, and
sometimes the ventilator. Of course, the cave Is
very dry within. In this cave there are 40 colonies
of bees, in Simplicity hives, piled four and five
deep. Between eacii hive is spread one thickness
of new coarse muslin. One end of each hive is also
raised one inch from the other. Now, I should
like to ask, will the bees in the cave live? If they
do, will they be in good condition in the spring?
If the bottom hive and the one next above it shut
tight together, as some of these do, what will be
the effect on those two hives? The temperature of
the cave in winter, when no bees are there, varies
from 34 to 40°.

THE DIFFERENCE 15ETWEEN THE ITALIANS AND
THE BLACKS.

My bees are within one- or one and a half miles
of bee-pasture. What honey the blacks do store in
sections is capped very nicely— nicer. I believe, than
that stored by Italians; but my blacks do not make
the amount of honey Italians do; so from my
limited experience I have to say, that, surrounded
by white clover or timber, blacks will store as
much, perhaps, as Italians. But where honey
must be carried any great distance, I believe the
Italians far excel the blacks. I have had some ex-
perience with different strains of Italians; that is,
in the last two seasons 1 have received by mail,
from different States in the Union, over 50 Italian
queens. I had an idea that queens from the South-
ern States would produce bees less able to with-
stand the cold of our Northern winters, and be less
ambitious. I am now satisfied, however, that this
is a mistake. Last summer I had some dealings
with our friend I. R. Good; and from him I obtain-
ed 10 nuclei from his apiary in Middle Tennessee.
Those bees would be the first out in the morning,
and the last in at night, rain or shine. This may
not prove anything, perhaps; yet I am perfectly
satisfied that Southern bees are not lackingin am-
bition when moved to the North. My first queen
came from E. M. Hayhurst, Kansas City, Mo. At
that time there were only three or four pure
Italian queens in my vicinity. Wishing to liave a
few Italian bees of my own rearing, after the
black drones were about all gone I bought one
dollar's worth of Italian drones from A. I. Root.

270

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apb.

They came by express. Through that strange ex-
periment I was fortunate enough to raise thi-ee
purely mated queens, the progeny ot which suit me
the best of any I ever saw. J. W. Porter.

Ponea, Neb., Feb. 8, 1887.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

ALSIKE.

fHE alsiko clover-seed I got from you last
spring came up and grew splendidly, but
the dry weather in July and August killed
all that I sowed on old timothy meadow,
being about 35 acres. But I sowed some
in my orchard, and 1 could not ask for a finer
stand. The ground had been planted in potatoes
the year before, and the potatoes were thrown out
in the fall with a plow. I dragged the ground cross-
wise until T got it well lev^eled down, then I spread
on the seed and dragged it well after that. This I
did March 27th. The weeds came on thick and fast;
but as soon as they got up enough to begin to shade
the clover I shaved the ground over as closely as I
could with my mower. Then the clover grew very
rapidly, and was soon showing bloom. I was sur-
prised at this, as I thought it did not bloom until
the second season. I want to sow more the coming
spring, but shall sow it on well-prepared ground.
C. M. Lewelling.
Western Nebraska, Feb. 7, 1887.

Your suggestion in regard to mowing off
the weeds is a good one, friend L. I sup-
pose one reason why alsike seldom blooms
until the second season is because it is put
on to oats, wheat, or some other crop of
grain. If sown early in the spring, and giv-
en the entire ground, keeping the weeds out
as you suggest, untikthe clover starves them
out, it will, 1 believe, give a jiretty good
yield of honey the first fall.

SHIPPING SWARMS OF BEES O.N ONE FRAME OF
HONEY.

As I am a reader of Gleanings 1 should be glad
to have you give your opinion as to the practicabil-
ity of shipping full swarms of bees on one frame of
honey, to provision them on their journey. As it
would take no longer to make a light bo.x to hold
a swarm than to make a cage to hold one pound of
bees, I am of the opinion that bees so shipped
would save a great deal of time in putting them up,
and could be sold at reduced prices if they can be
shipped successfully by the swarm. I have more
than I can manage well, and I should be glad to
have you give your opinion, for my benefit as well
as for others so interested. As to preventing
swarms on Sunday, as spoken of by C. M. G., page
10(1, Feb. 1, I think the plan would work with black
bees, but I think it doubtful whether it would worJt
with Italians, as 1 have had them swarm with not a
queen-cell started in the parent hive.

W. A. Sanders.

Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga., Feb. 21, 1887.

Friend S., generally speaking I do not
know that there is any better way to ship
swarms of liees than on a frame of honey —
that is, so far as getting bees safely to their
destination is concerned. This comb, how-

ever, must be old and tough, or it will get
broken in transit ; but as we find it difficult
to get a sufficient number of such old and
tough combs built securely fast to the
frame clear around, we have adopted the
plan of wiring combs. Then, again, when
the purchaser receives the bees, this frame
may not fit his hives. In that case it is of lit-
tle or no use to him. For this reason we use
our shipping-box in preference, for a half-
pound, or one or two pounds of bees. When
we sell a colony we always use frames of
honey, or, better still, a frame containing
both brood and honey.

SEPARATORS NECESSARY.

In my experience in the" production of comb
honey, I have come to the conclusion that separa-
tors are necessary, if we want honey that can be
handled with any degree of satisfaction; but I be-
lieve we can work successfully with two for each
case. Let us take a section-case for illustration.
Divide it into three equal parts, with two separa-
tors. If the case holds 24 sections there will be
eight in each division. Now, when the center one
is all capped we take them out and put in empty
ones, and every thing goes on all right; but if we
don't put in a sepai-ator between the empty and
the full boxes they will build the full sections into
the empty ones; and when it is filled it will also be
built into the adjoining one, and so all through the
empty boxes put in the center, and that will be 8
bo.xes spoiled, and the row each side will also be
bulged on one side; that makes 14 spoiled by taking
out the center and replacing empty boxes without
separators. Now, by using two separators we can
get fair combs without tiering up.

North Springfield, Mo. W. H. Ritter.

No doubt you can get along very well,
friend 11., in the manner you mention; but
would it not be cheaper to use more sepa-
rators, and not have so much manipulation,
especially where 100 colonies or more are lo
be gone over?

DO NOISE AND JARRING IN.IURE BEES?

I have seen in Gleanings that noise prevents
bees from doing well; and to the end that a proper
conclusion may be arrived at, 1 beg to make the
following report: I have ten colonies of bees in
the yard of my residence. These hives are within
ten feet of the house, and some of them directly
under our windows. They are all about one hun-
dred feet from the Central and the Western Railway
of Alabama. Over these two roads there pass at
least fifty trains a day, at all times of the day and
night, and they sometimes jar the house in which
we live, and so must jar the bees also. I thought
for some time that the jarring, whistling, and ring-
ing of bells, as these trains pass, would injure the
bees; but so far (and the bees have been there a
full season or nearly a year) 1 can discover no in-
jury to the bees from the trains. They wintered
exceedingly well, and now they are rapidly breed-
ing with the hives full of bees. This certainly
ought to be a test as to whether noise injures bees
or not. We made no honey, it is true, last j'eai', as
it was a failure in this section everywhere; but if
bees being in good condition is any proof that the
noise and jar of the trains do not injure bees, then
we have the proof that it does not.

Atlanta. Ga., March 5, 1887. T. E. Hanbuby.

1887

ULEANtNGS LN BEE CULTUKE.

271

A SWAKM OF BEES IN A FENOK-POST.

I am very busy g-etting settled in our new home.
1 shall not have the many advantages lor bee-keep-
ing- here that I did at Mohawk. I shall have to see
what may be done in a location where little natural
forage seems to be afforded. 1 shall report as I ad-
\ ance. 1 go to Mohawk for my bees about April
Ist. It is about one month eailier here than there.
1 find 1 am not without bee.s. here, even now. 1 no-
tice one stock in a fence-post, and one in the roof of
the house. Those in the po.^t seem to have winter-
ed well with one side open to the weather. This
indicates a favorable location for wintering out of
doors. I will report results after 1 get all at work
in hives. Lvman C. Root.

Stamford, Ct., Mar. 21, 18S7.

Why, friend Ii.,you are starting a new
idea in the way of hives. A fence-post
would have one advantage— it would not be
easily blown over by the winds. It has
been suggested, that the rotten wood found
inside of a tree has a special advantage in
keeping the bees dry, and permitting the
necessary ventilation. A rotten log is some-
thing like the old straw hive. Put a super
over them filled with sections, and may be
you can give us a good report, even if your
present locality is not favorable, like your
old one. We are glad to hear from you in
your new home.

NOT GOING OUT OF THE HONEY BUSINESS YET.

I have 33 colonies in fair condition, from 25, fall
count; and although I have had more than the usu-
al average of losses, and less than the yearly es-
timated surplus, I can not help but believe there is
truth in the following, copied from Prov. 14:23: "In
all labor there is profit; but the talk of the lips
tendeth only to penury." As long as I can get 300
lbs. of pork for 100 lbs. of honey, and 10(1 bushels of
wheat for 600 lbs. of honey, 1 am going to raise the
honey and let others raise the pork and wheat, no
matter if honey goes down to 3 cts. I believe the
price of honey is conipai-ativelj' too high, regardless
of all the noise which has been made about its be-
ing ruinously low. 1 also believe that all the honey
in the counti'y can be easily disposed of by employ-
ing traveling agents of the right stamp, and sell di-
rect to the consumer. I. T. Goui^d.

Corunna, Mich., Mar. 31, 1887.

HOW TO KEGUIiATE THE VOLUME OF SMOKE IN A
SMOKER.

I suppose you have often noticed, when using
smokers, when the wood was dry and the smoker
upright, it would burn too last; and when the smo-
ker was laid down flat it would go nearly out in a
few minutes, sometimes entirely. Now, I have de-
vised a plan to give the smoker any slant, and
thereby control the draft. The plan is this: A cor-
ner clamp, with slot therein, and a small thumb-
screw, is fastened to the corner of the bellows. A
rod is run through the slot, and fastened by a
slight turn of the thumb-screw. By adjusting the
rod, the smoker-bellows may be held at any angle.
I should like to know what j'ou think of it.

O. F. Winter.

Winterton, Sullivan Co., N. Y., March, 1887.

We never have any trouble with the Clark
smoker, as now constructed, going out or
burning too fast Avlien not desired. If we
want a great volume of smoke we turn the

Clark smoker on end. If wfe want it to
die down soon, we lay it so that the barrel
lies down in the grass. If we want it to
strike a medium between these two extremes
we lay it on the bellows, the same as seen in
our price list. As you ask my opini(m in re-
gard to your invention, I will be free to say
I think Ihere is too much machinery about
it for the average bee-keeper ; and while I
thiidv it would accomplish all the results
that you have claimed for it, yet 1 think
that the same results, or nearly tlie same,
may be ol)tained by the methods I have giv-
en above.

IN FAVOK OK KMPTY FRAMES WITH STARTERS
ONLY.

I have read with interest your journal in regard
to empty frames vs. empty combs. It may make
some difference in different locations, but 1 have
found in this section that I can get more surplus
honey (in comb) from a swarm hived on 10 L. frames
with only one-inch starters to get straight combs
than I can a swarm hived on 10 L. frames full of
empty combs. In the spring of 1886 I united two
colonies with others, as they were weak in stores, so
I could have the 20 frames to experiment on. The
fore part of May, 1886, I hived a swarm in each of
those ten-frame hives filled with comb. They made
me no surplus. The last of May, 1880, I hived a
swarm in the ten-frame hive with only starters of
foundation. They filled the ten frames with comb,
and gave me 24 lbs. of very nice comb 'honey. The
swarms were alike, the three queens being nearly of
the same age. I am convinced I can do better by
hiving on empty frames than I can on those filled
with empty combs— that is, box honey.

JosiAH Eastburn.

Fallsington. Bucks Co., Pa., March, 1887.

W. S. KALEK DEFENDS HIS SW.\RMING-BOX.

1 see on page 168, March No. of Gleanings, Mr.
Felton, of Newtown. Pa., has misrepresented m.\-
swarming-box to some extent, and I would ask the
privilege of explaining to your many readers the
advantages of my box.

1. You do not stand and hold my box. Wait till the
bees cluster; put the box under, then shake, and
they cluster on the comb.

3. We use a frame of comb in the box, and the
queen will alight and stay on it every time.

3. The bees will stay on comb in a box any reason-
able length of time, and can be carried any dis-
tance, without the loss of bees.

i. The mode and cheapness of its construction,
and the indorsements that it is getting from bee-
men, proves its value to them. I make this state-
ment to our brother bee-men who take Gle.\nings.

Anderson villa, Ind., March .=>, 1887. W. S. Kaler.

lutgen's methoi> of causing a bee filled
with honey to expel it, a prac-
tical success.
. I saw, in a recent issue of Gleanings, that, if
you would catch a bee by its wings, and press the
extremity of its abdomen on the thumb-nail, that,
by the pressure thus exercised, you would cause
the bee to regurgitate, or expel, in some way,
the honey from the honey-sack. 1 put the matter
to a practical test, and I assure you the test was in
every way satisfactory. The experiment was con-
ducted in the presence of Mr. A. S. Beach. As
soon as the pressure was applied, the honey would

272

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

appear at the bee's mouth, in the form of a beauti-
fully transpai-ent s'lobiile. Mr. Beach pronounced
the honey perfectly delicious— as fine, he said, as
he ever tasted.

To see the little fellows fall on the ground be-
fore they reach the alig'hting--board, and panting
for breath, reminds one of summer time. The
bees are getting- this honey from the maple, willow,
and elm trees that grow on our creeks in this
county. I live near the South-Carolina line, in
Mecklenburg Co. J. A. Akdrey, M. D.

Pineville, N. C, Feb. 17, 1887.

ARMSTRONG'S T SUPER — S(JMETHING FURTHER
PROM FKIENI) ARMSTRONG.

Manj' thanks for kind words spoken in regard to
my T super. I was thinking some of making it to
have only one side to open; but then in case it
should be reversed it would have to be reversed
back again before the sections could be taken out,
and the difference in the cost of construction would
not be over 3 cents each, or 2V2. so I have concluded
to let it be the way it is until the jjresent craze of
reversing is over. I think it would make a better
case to have one side made whole, or in one
piece, and, of course, our object should be to have
every thing about our hives as simple, cheap, and
practical as possible. That has been and is still my
aim, and I know these are your sentiments. One
good feature about my super is the double clamp-
ing wedges. They hold the sections so firmly to-
gether that we do not have to use such heavy T
tins. .lust examine this feature and see how firm
they are held together. You could almost jump
uiion them with your feet, and not break through,
and that with onl.>' '■'» of an inch base to the tins.
E. S. Armstrong.

.Jerseyville, 111., March 5, ]8«7.

the large sweet clover ov the south.

Referring to J. p. Caldwell's nameless plant (see
(tLeanings, Jan. 1.5, and Feb. 1. 1887), and melilot in
the South, I will say 1 have seen, near (jreenville.
Alabama, the sweet clover in question in thousands
of acres of pasturage and roadsides, gone wild, and
as tenacious as the pahuetto of the same locality.
It grows quite large, so that stock which will eat it,
hrouse off only the branches. It is only a soft wood,
hollow stem, never growing large, or moi-e than six
or eight feet high. It is good for bees when season-
able, but hot sun and drought render it useless. It
blooms and seeds once a year. Now, our beautiful
white-bark mountain shrub, blossoming every time
it rains after a considerable drought, is a deciduous
and perennial bush, with large grub of hard roots.
It grows naturally in my yard among cedars among
limestone. Because of its stinking smell when the
leaves are mashed, some call it " polecat." Othei-s
name it wiesatch. I am told it is neither of these
shrubs, which are well known out West, along with
the great honey-plant, catclaw. Our sweet-flower-
ing shrub grows much like privet, only with whiter
exterior. Many call it the bee-bush, so much is it
besieged by them for honey. A. W. Bryan.

San Marcos, Tex., Feb., 1887.

HIVING SWARMS ON EMPTY FRAMES, A StJCCESS.

I hived 10 swarms on empty frames the past sea-
son, and it was a complete success. I hived them
on 8 frames, L. size, spacing them just 1 .5-16 inches
apart from center to center. I think this is very
essential. There was but little drone comb, and the
combs were very straight, except in one rather

small swarm the frames had fdn. starters. Sections
were put on about two days after hiving. I do not
have any trouble in getting the bees in the boxes
when the frames are close together. I have tried it
two years. My bees are mostly blacks or hybrids.
All the bees in this localitj' are more or less mixed
with Italians, I think, as yellow bands can be seen
in about every swarm during the honey season.
Clinton, 111. Henry Willson.

FIVE DOIiliABS PER DAY AMONG THE BEES.

I am not discouraged with my experience during
the summer of 188(5 among the bees. I Started with
13 colonies and increased to 36, except 3 lbs. of bees
and 5 queens. I realized about $5.U0 per day for the
time I spent with the busy workers, besides the in-
crease. Nearly all of my bees are pure Italians,
and they are as good as I want.

HOME-MADE COMB-BUCKET.

Some time ago I saw an account in Gleanings of
a man who wanted legs to his comb-bucket, but you
thought the cost wo)uld be too much. As brains are
cheaper with me than dimes, I made one. I went
to the tinner and got a sheet of tin 20x28 inches and
bent it thus: LJ The sides are 10 inches high, and the
bottom 8 inches broad; then I put in pine ends, one
inch thick. 1 slip them in only 'i inch, leaving it 19
inches long, 8 inches wide, and 10 deep, in the clear.
Now, you have pine ends, and you can put on as
long legs as you wish. A small strip of wood, nailed
on the inside of the ends, supports the combs,
and a strip of molding around the top protects the
tin, and the bucket is done. The cover is made of
wood. 1 got the tin for 30 cts.. and the wood was out
of the boxes in which goods were shipped to me.
My bucket doesn't cost over 2.5 cts., and is robber-
proof. You can put handles to it to suit. As good
a way as any is to fasten two pieces of small cotton
rope to the ends, like a bail, and both can be taken
in one hand. S. C. Frederick.

Arcadia, Kan.

bees ELYING (.)UT IN WINTER.

Why do my bees fly when the weather is below
freezing": I packed them in boxes i ft. wide x 12 ft.
long, holding 18 hives. The bottom is 4 in. thick,
and is stuffed with dry sawdust, and there is an
opening of 3 inches for each hive. The hives are
set close together each way, and 6 in. of clover
chaff is in front, and the same on top. To-day I find
the snow covered with dead bees, and roaring in the
hive as they do in hot weather. Do you think they
are too warmV

My crop of honey for last year from 42 colonies
was 3600 lbs., and all June honey. I increased to
91. I sold one-third of the honey at home for 1
dollar per gallon, and will try to sell twice that
amount this year at home. Bees had a good fly
Jan. 26. Chas. Buddington.

Attica, Mich.. Feb. 4, 1887.

I fear your bees are too warm, as you
have them arranged. Can you not give a
little more ventilation through the covering
on top? I sliould prefer the entrances a lit-
tle larger, to those colonies that seem to be
making so much noise.

WHAT ought we TO EXPECT FROM TEN ACRES OF
.-VLSIKE '/

I had, in the spring, 20 colonies, and from the 20
colonies I received 840 lbs. of comb honey, and in--
creased to .56. My honey was nearly all from red
clover and motherwort. Though white clover was

imi

gleaningsjIN bee culture.

27H

doin? its best at blooming, the bees paid very little
attention to it. I got 15 and IK ets. per lb.

There are, within halt a mih' of my bees, 10 acres
of alsike clover, wiiich was sown last spring, and it
looks well. How much honey per acre does it yield
on good ground ? Did you ever notice bees getting
pollen from dog-fennel V I have watched them load
from it. .1. E. Hendehson.

Roney's Point, Ohio Co.. W. Va., Dec. U, 1880.

1 do not know, friend II., what 10 acres
of alsike ought to do in the way of honey.
Our facts and tigures m this matter are very
meager. I would say. at a rough guess,
however, that 10 acres of alsike ought to
keep 100 colonies of bees busy for perhaps
three or four weeks ; and during these three
or four weeks they ought to store, say, 10
lbs. of honey each. This would make 1000
lbs. for the 10 acres. If anybody else can do
better, let him try his hand at it.

security. Here in the North (and we have some
pretty hot weather too) we have all of our combs

wired.]

HOW TO M-\KK KIRE-KINDLKRS OVT OF (J(J)«S.

Your coll kindlings arc good, but I will tell you
how 1 prepare them. Take a one or two quart
Mason jar, and till with oil, say Ya or % full, and put
the cobs in whole. The part above the oil will do
to handle without ditubiiig the hands. After the
kindlings are in, unscrew the cover and place the
cob in front, and ai)ply the match. Have some dry
cobs ready, and place in the jar, and screw on the
cover. One cob will burn 5 minutes, or longer.

Vernon, O., .Ttin. 7, 1887. C. M. Tkunkey.

Pi0¥Ef5 M^ QUE^IEg.

.\ SAMPI.I; OF FLORID.A HONEY.

T SEND you by to-day's mail a small sample of
1^ honey, made by those Florida '"lazy bees." It
^l has been extractcil nearly 10 months. What
'*• think you of its keeping qualiticsy We "crack-
ers " think it very good. 1 also inclose a twig
from an orange-tree budded last spring. It is about
i feet high. W. J. Drumright.

Sarasota, Manatee Co.. Fla., Mar. 15, 1887.

LThe honey is certainly beautiful, friend D. Are
we to understand that it is from orange-blossoms?
The specimen sent is e.xcecdingij- thick, of very
fair color and beautiful flavor, although it would at
once be called Southern honey, and perhaps might
not bring as good a price as our white-clover lion-
ey of the North.— Thanks for the twig of orange-
bloissoms. The beautiful fraM'rance is still retain-
ed. If we could have some honey that tastes as
these blossoms smell, would it not be an acquisi-
tion V]

TIERING UV; WORKING IN THE RAIN.

In regard to tiering up cases of sections, the
trouble is that they get very brown on top, and, in
the T super, I think they would get brown on bottom
and top. How is this? 1 intend to try the Doolittle
surplus arrangement, as described by Viallon,
which protects the section all around. I propose to
use them on zinc honey-boards, with wooden rims
making a bee-space underneath.

TRANSFERRING IN THE RAIN.

Our experience has been, that a warm drizzly day
is the best time to transfer bees. F. C. Thomas.
Spring Valley, O., March, 1887.

COMBS MELTING DOWN.

Having received several letters from bee-keepers
In the Southern States, asking how I prevent combs
from melting down in the hot days of July and
August, I wish you to please state that I do not
know, for I never had a comb melt down yet. It
gets hot here in Oyster-Creek Bottom. T use the
Simplicity hive, two stories high, painted white,
entrance open full width, and a rousing colony of
bees in the same: and if that keeps the comb from
melting, it is all 1 know about it. John W. Ross.

Phair, Texas. Feb. 1. 1887.

[Thanks, friend R. 1 believe the whole secret of
not having combs melted down in hot weather is,
to have all the hives painted white; and if the col-
ony is strong, a full-width entrance is an additional

how shall we keep cockroaches fr<jm
honey'/

Please tell how to get rid of cockroaches. A lot
of rats could iiot be more destructive to comb
honey, and not as nasty. They will crawl through
almost any crack where the air can come through,
then they multiply and grow fast. They fly from
place to place. Coal oil will effectually cure the
ants, but the cockroaches fatten on it — at least,
sulphur and coal oil has not exterminated them
for me. D. C. McLeod.

Plena, Ills., Feb. 14, 1887.

[As we have no cockroaches in our locality, we
have had no experience with them. Can some of
our readers who have had, offer a remedy?]

can THE BEES OF TWO QUEENS WORK TOGETHER

harmoniously?

In regard to the question asked on page 99, Feb.
1, by friend J. M. Cruickshank, I have tried such a
hive as he describes, with the result that you give
in your foot-note: viz., that, as soon as the honey-
flow is over, the bees ball their queen in one
swarm and then unite. Franz Zschoemitzsch.

Monticello, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1887.

taking bees OUT FOR A FLY.

What do you think of taking bees out of the
cellar on warm days, to take a fly? J. A. Tucker.

Horace, Ills., Feb. L>1, 1887.

[I believe the practice of taking bees out of the
cellar for a fly is generally considered unnecessary.
See what Dr. C. C. Miller has to say in regard to it
in our last issue.]

what kind of honey is IT ?

I send you by mail two samples of honey. Please
let us know through Gleanings how the lighter
compares with basswood honey in color and flavor;
also tell us, if you can, what gives the other such a
peculiar taste. It was the first we extracted last
season. It was taken about the 10th of July.
Milkweed, pleurisy-root, and sumach were in bloom
at that time. We have no basswood here, and not
clover enough to get a fair sample to judge by.

Brock, Neb., Feb. 23, 1887. J. S. Johnson.

[Your lighter specimen compares very favorably
in appearance with basswood honey, friend ,T.; but
there is an unpleasant flavor to it— something like
our autumn wild flowers-that would probably in-
j ure the sale of it. The taste of the other specimen
is something I am not familiar with.]

THE 0NE-ST(^RY chaff HIVE A SUCCESS IN IOWA.

On p. 189 Erne?t discusses the merits of one story
chaft' hives. I made ten of them thnc ycsirs ago,
with Simplicity half-story covers. I liave left them
at the same place, winter and summer. They are
all right yet. This is the third winter, and I haven't
lost anycolonies in them yet. J. N. Shedknhklm.

Ladora, la., Mai-ch, 1887.

274

GLEANINGS IN BEE CuLtURE.

ApK:

HONET TO BE NAMED.

Will you please tell me what kind of honey I send
you sample oTf T bought it in the central part of
this State. Is it not California honey?

H. P. Langdon.

East Constable, N. Y., Mar. 17, 1887.

[Friend L., the sample of honey is something- I
am not much acquainted with. I will explain to
our readers that if is, when partially candied, of al-
most snowy whiteness. The flavor comes nearest
to some honey 1 once saw in Michigan, said to have
been gathered from a species of flreweed, if I re-
member correctly. There is very little flavor of
any kind in it, and it is almost like simple syrup,
although there is a slight taste that reminds one of
the woods.]

NEW COMB HONEY IN WISCONSIN ON THE 18TH OF
APRII.,.

T NOTICED an article in March 1st Gleanings,
^ headed, " New Honey in Ohio on the First
^l Day of May. and ended with, "Can any

"*■ one beat that? I should like to hear from
them if they can." Signed J. S. Barb, Bris-
tol, Ohio. Well, I do not wish to boast, but I
can beat this considerably, even in Wisconsin. I
finished carrying my bees out of the cellar the
16th of April ; and, as I reported before, the most of
them were verT/ weak; but I had one colony that
was good. My bees are all weighed when they are
put in the cellar, and again when they are taken
out, and this one 1 weighed again on the evening of
the 18th, and found a gain of 12 lbs. of fine honey
from soft maple. I then put on surplus combs, and
the weather turned cool, but still they stored about
20 lbs. more in April. This swarm was carried out
the night of the Ifith, and they were the lazy Ital-
ians too. If any one can beat this, let me hear.
Hillsboro, Wis., Mar. 10, 1887. Elias Fox.

bees in ARKANSAS.

In Southwestern Arkansas my bees began to
gather pollen about the 20th of .Tan., from the maple
and watei--elm. There have been but five or six
days since but that the bees have been gathering
pollen or honey. I noticed in Gleanings, March 1,
that some one said he had new honey the first of
May. Well, if he were down here he could get
some in March. I had some new surplus honey last
year the 1.5th of March. My bees are the Arkansas
brown bees — a very large bee. J. W. Taylor.

Ozan, Ark., March 5, 1887.

honey from the hard maple.

Bees in the Tar-Heel apiaries are booming. The
bees have been "dropping " in right along the past
week, and continue to do so at present. They are
storing honey from the hard maples (we have no
other here). Pollen has been stored plentifully
since January 36th. It is an unusual thing here for
bees to store so much honey from maple as they
are now doing. Most colonies have plenty of young
bees reared, and are already flying.

5— Abbott L. Swinson, 71—70.

Goldsboro, N. C, Feb. 26, 1887.

THE FIRST SWARM.

Our first swarm came out this morning at 8 a. m.
Temperature .58°. Bees are bringing in some honey
from haw, willow, etc. Even our nuclei have been
building comb for ten days— the first noticed— drone
of course. J. W. K. Shaw & Co.

Loreauville, Iberia Parish, La., Mar. 1, 1887.

0n^ 0WN ^nnm.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

BLUSTERING WEATHER.

1|= T this writing, March 29, we are unable
^'^ to give any thing definite as to the
j^^ condition of our bees. There has not
-^^ been a suita])le day for examining
them for the hist two weeks. As we
felt sure that they \vere not running short
of stores, we did not peek under the cush-
ions and " heft " the frames as we could
have done, in a manner before described
under this head. Had there been one or
two days warm enough, we should have
thoroughly gone through the apiary, solely
for the purpose of ascertaining whether any
more foul brood had developed ; but every
day has been so chilly that we hardly
thought it best to pull out and examine
every comb in the apiary. It might be dis-
astrous to some of the weaker colonies.
Besides, if there is a possible case of foul
brood during this cold weather when no
bees are flying, it could hardly do any
harm.

To-day, while sitting here it is cold and
blustering outside. The temperature this
morning was 12 degrees above zero — rather
cold for lis at this date.

OUR OUT-APIARY.

We have already had some correspond-
ence with a party with reference to estab-
lishing an out-apiary. The location is five
miles from Medina, and we are informed
that there is an abundance of alsike sown
within the immediate vicinity. It does not,
however, have very much basswood near
by, owing, probably, to the fact that there
is a sawmill half a mile or so distant. In
fact, 1 might say it is quite difficult to find
any considerable amount of basswood in
any one location within a radius of five or
ten miles of Medina. Farmers around here
have been in the habit of cutting up their
basswood logs for the " Home of the Honey-
Bees," to be cut up into sections. In the
words of that homely expression, we have
been " cutting off our own nose," seeming-
ly. However, we will not take space to dis-
cuss here whether or not bee-keepers as a
rule had better'cut up the basswood-trees,
or let them remain for the bees.

As has been stated, this out-apiary will
be used for the purpose of testing more
thoroughly some of the modern appliances
for the production of comb honey. Our
own'home apiar> for flie last ten years has
been devoted almost ^exclusively to the
rearing of queens; hence we realize the
necessity, not only for our own benefit, but
for the benefit of our customers, of testing
every thing that comes up— in short, as far
as it may seem feasible and practicable, to
continue more thoroughly the work of an
experimental stati(m. W^'

Later. — Since writing 'the above we have
had quite a material change in tlie weather.
The Dright sun is shining, and the glorious
(?) ^' Medina mud " has come. There is still
a cold breeze this afternoon, an(i scarcelyfa
bee is flying ; therefore we can not, as we had
hoped to do, report in regard to foul brood.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

276

3F0B;^CC0 C6MMN.

AN INCIDENT ; HOW THE FUMES OF TOBACCO

FROM THE BKEATH OF A irSER CAUSED

SICKNESS IN A COMPANION.

1|p S I was reading Georg-e B. Morton's article on
gilk the use of tobacco, and how disagreeable

j^K' the smell of the breath is of those who use
■^^- it, it reminded me of a little experience I
had when a boy. My father sent me to mill,
and a neighbor rode along. He wasaj'oung man,
but he used a great deal of tobacco. I stood it as
long as I could, then I made some excuse and got
in the other end of the seat, so the gentle breeze
was in ray favor. Pretty soon we overtook an old
fellow, and asked him to ride; and as I was a little
fellow 1 had to sit in the middle, and it so happen-
ed that he was just about as full of whisky as the
other was of tobacco, and about this time we came
between two pieces of timber where there, was no
air stirring, and I soon got so sick that I vomited,
and could not drive, and had to lie down in the
back end of the wagon. Every thing was swinging
round and round. Oh dear! how sick I was! and
really I thought then it would kill me. They were
alarmed, and asked me what was the matter. I
told them I guessed I was drunk on tobacco and
whisky, riding between them. I did not get over it
in several days, and it makes me feel queer now to
think of it. Do all you can in this direction, and
may God bless you ! John Barlow.

Sac City, la., Jan. U4, 1887.

My wife has quit using tobacco, and says you
may send her a smoker. If she ever smokes any
more I will pay you for it. Wm. D. Titchenei.l.

Pleasant Hill, W. Va., Jan. 13, 1887.

Please accept this as my pledge to give up to-
bacco. I promise to pay you for the smoker if I
use the weed again. J. A. Brown.

Bryantsville, Ky., Feb. 1, 1887.

PA'S PROMISE.

Pa says if you will send him a smoker he will
never use any tobacco in his life, and will use all
his influence against its use. F. A. Thomas.

Morrilton, Ark., Jan. 23, 1887.

ONE WHO POINTS OUT THE WAY OF LIFE QUITS
THE USE OF TOBACCO.

My brother-in-law, George Malmsberry, has quit
the use of tobacco, and says he will agree to pay
ten dollars if he ever uses it again. He is a minis-
ter of the gospel, so if you think he is entitled to a
smoker, send one to him. G. Briggs.

Garfield, O., Jan. 19, 1887.

A USER FOR 30 YEARS.

I was a habitual chewer for about 30 years. It
has been some little time since I discontinued its
use. If you see fit to send the smoker to my ad-
dress, I agree to give you $1.00 if I use tobacco
again. " F. A. Ktnnear.

Lindenville, O., Jan. 27, 1887.

HAS USED it FOR 20 YEARS.

I understand that you give a smoker to each to-
bacco-user, if he quits the bad habit. I have used
tobacco for about twenty years; and I will quit
using it in any form, if you will give me a smoker;
and if I ever use the weed again I will pay you for
the smoker. W. J. Halton.

Jordan Village, Ind., Jan. 8, 1887.

THE effect of TOBACCO ON THE HEALTH.

1 have been considering for a long time what to
do about quitting tobacco. To me, smoking, al-
though a filthy habit, is a comfort; but 1 know it
injures me. Five or six years ago I smoked so
much that I became very nervous and debilitated,
with a good dose of dyspepsia thrown in. Al-
though much better, I am not over it yet. Now,
as I am getting ready slowly to start in bee-keep-
ing, I think a smoker will do me more good than
smoking; therefore on receipt of a smoker, or
your promise to send one, I will pledge you my
word that I will use no more tobacco at any time in
the future. If I do break my pledge, 1 will forfeit
the price of smoker. T. Jennings.

Rye, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1887.

The following comes to hand later :
I received the smoker yesterday, and feel much
pleased with it, and thank you very much. 1 hope
I shall be deserving of it. I was working in the
barn, and just thinking about taking a smoke,
when my boy came in with the smoker, and said
the postmaster told him he thought it must be a
patent rat-trap. As soon as 1 saw it 1 knew what it
was, and came to the conclusion 1 had had my last
smoke. So now I am in for it. and hope I shall
be able to hold out. T. Jennings.

Jan. 29, 1887.

We hope sincerely it will be your last
smoke, friend Jennings.

HAS used TOBACCO 45 YEARS, .\ND NOW TELLS
HOW HE WAS INDUCED TO QUIT.

Friend Terry forwards the following good
letter which he received. As it may lielp
some brotlier who may be still a slave to the
use of tobacco, we give it to our readers :

Friend Tiivry:— I have been a constant reader of
Gleanings for the 'ast five or six years past, and
within the last couple of months I have noticed
several very able and interesting articles from
your pen. (3neof the articles appeared in the above
journal, Dec. 15, 1886, and was headed, " Friend
Terry on Tobacco." I must confess that the above
article struck me very forcibly, and presented
the subject in a somewhat new light tome. I had
been using the weed for about 4.5 years, having
contracted the habit when about 1.5 years old, and
have used it ever since, without hardly stopping to
consider at least the impropriety of the habit, un-
til I became a reader of Gleanings, and ever since
that time I have been somewhat under conviction.
I felt that the use of the weed, to say the least
about it, was a very filthy and expensive habit, and
unworthy to be indulged in by any Christian being,
and a habit in whose favor not one good' word
could be said. When that is the case with any
thing, it should go down to oblivion never to rise
again, and there is just where mj' pipe and tobacco
have gone. The reading of your article above
leferred to did the business, and settled the ques-
tion in my case. It was the last feather that broke
the tobacco camel's back. I sincerely hope that it
may have the same effect upon a great numy more
who are indulging in the same habit. The first
thing 1 did after reading your article was to get up
and lay away the old pipe and tobacco for ever.
This was on the 2Sth of Dec. Is8(j, and 1 have not
tasted the vile stutt' since; and, by the grace of God,
I never will. Now, you and Mr. Koot may think
that I was a pretty tough customer to convert, if it

276

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

took some five or six years of preaching, and, to
succeed in the end, a double-handed dose. Well,
friend Terry, I will admit that it looks a little that
way; but then, I know that you will also admit that
a bad habit of Vt years' standing is not an easy
matter to break away from. All the satisfaction
that I can see, that you and brother Koot can get
out of my case, will be that you can add the name
of another convert to your list and the Tobacco
Column; but I do not want you to send me a smo-
ker nor potato-box. If 1 can not keep the pledge
without them, I am afraid I could not with them.

G. W. Harkison.
Wharton, Wyandot Co., <)., Feb. S, 1887.

JljYgEIiF MJ) J)IY]VEmpB0^^.

Who is my neighbor?— LuKK 10:29.

'HY did God give us neighbors? 1
presume the answer would be, that
he gave them to us to make us liap-
py. Suppose. hoAvever, we change
it al;oiit and say tliat God gave us
our neighbors thatv/f might make them hap-
py. How would that do? We are almost
unconscious!) so much in the ha))it of being
seltish that we answer questions from aself-
ish standpoint. In a sermon a Sunday or
two ago, our j);istor said tliat everybody is
our neighbor wlien it is in our power tci do
him good, or to help him. If this be true,
then vvlieu we are commanded to love our
neighl)ors as ourself, we are at all times to
hold ouiselves in ;is much readiness to do good
to those we meet as to do good to oiuselves.
There is an unexplored region in this line,
deal- friends. You may be a little suiprised
to hear me speak of an unexph)red region
when so much has been said about tlie gold-
en rule. Very likely you feel as if the sub-
ject hiid been "exliausted. Well, it may have
been exhausted so far as talk is concerned,
but it has not in putting the words of our
Savior into real practice. For instance, a
lew days ago I stei)ped out on the front
walk aiid saw a man a little distance away
who seemed as if he wanted to speak to me ;
and yet when I came near him he turned
away as if he really did not want to see me
after all. I hnaliy spoke to him when he
came up. His first woids were :

"• Mr. Root, I liope you haven't laid any
thing up against me because I didn't do ex-
actly as I agreed to.''

'' Why. niy friend. I don't know what you
mean. Yoilr face looks familiar, yet I can
not now recall any transaction in which you
did not do as you agreed."

" Why, it was about those potatoes. I
told you you might have them ; but I met a
man afterwardwho offered me five cents a
bushel more, so I let liim have them, and
went off home without saying a word tu you
al)Out it.''

I was obliged to smile when I told him I
had entirely forgotten the whole transac-
tion. In any case, however, I assured him
that I felt glad to know that he had been
able to get a larger price than I offered ; and
he looked quite happy when I told him
further, that, whenever a chance offered to

get a better price than I could afford to give,
by all means to take it ; and I assured him
that I always felt pleased to see farmers get
a good price for their produce, no matter
whether it inconvenienced me or not. Since
then I have made it a point, when offering a
price for any such product, to add, ''Now,
my friend, if anyl)ody else offers you more
than I have offeied, take it, by all means,
and I shall be pleased for your sake."

Now, please do not understand, friends,
from what I have said in the above that I
would encourage anybody in breaking a fair
and square business promise. If 1 had en-
gaged a load of produce, and made calcula-
tions on using it to fill special orders, and
the man should fail to fulfill his promise be-
cause he had a better offer, it would be quite
a different matter. In the above I have had
in mind only small produce, such as farmers
are constantly bringing in — something I
could use or get along without, with no in-
convenience. In such cases I enjoy giving
them standing permission to take up with a
better offer whenever they chance to get it,
and I do the same thing with the hands in
my employ. Whenever any one of them
gets a better offer than I am able to make. I
make myself feel glad for his sake.

Our place of business is located on the
way to town, and almost every day some-
body brings in apples, potatoes, "honey, ma-
ple sugar, and other things, to sell. ' After
looking them over I decide what amount I
can afford to pay. Then I tell them pleas-
antly that, if they choose, I am quite willing
they should go up street and see what offers
they can get there : if they can not do any
better, bring them V)ack to me. This way
of doing business, however, seems, to sur-
prise our rural friends, and a great many
times I have noticed tlieir smiling faces as
they came back, telling me they had got a
half a cent a pound or five cents a bushel
better than my offer. Now. they sometimes
have something I really want, and jirohably
are not satisfied with what 1 think I can af-
ford to pay them for it ; and therefore I feel
a little sorry to have them drive off. Self whis-
pers, " Now, I really want that lot of straw-
berries ; and I am afraid, if he goes away,
somebody will offer him a little more, and I
won't get them at all.'' At such times,
however, I bid self get out and get down
out of the way, just as I would a little un-
mannerly cur that was hanging around,
watching for an opportunity to do some
mischief. If the man comes back, and
says I can have the lot, for he could
get no better price, I am happy ; and if he
comes back saying he got a" cent a quart
more than I offered, I am happy also even
then, for he is my neighbor; and whatever
helj)S my neighbor helps me. One old farm-
er spoke to me one day about it. Said he,
" Mr. Root, I have made up my mind after
this to always give you the first chance, for
I phall always remember the time when you
told me to take those apples up stieet and
do the best I could with them. I did as you
said, and sold half of the load for a little
better than you offered, and then you took
the rest at just what you said you would. I
tell you, it makes a man feel as \f one man

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

277

who is doing business so was interested in
somebody besides himself/'

There is anotlier way in uhicii we can
help others in our daily deal. It is quite a
hard matter to decide, many times, just
what you can pay for produce, especially the
first maple sugar, the first ripe apples, or
new potatoes, etc. I often do this way : If
my neighbor wants more tluin I caii afford
to pay, I say to liim, '• I will pay what you
ask. providing you will help me out if 1
don't succeed in getting my money back :"
or, " I will take them at such a price ; and
if I get rid of them easily I will pay you five
cents more per bushel. "" This is having the
matter in my own hands, I know ; but in
such cases I am always very anxious to be
able to give my neiglibor a little more when
I meet him next time, if it is a possible
thing. You see, you shoulder the responsi-
bilities together in this way. It would be
no pleasure for me to do business, if I
thought the man with whom I did business
was selling at a loss.

Now, then, friends, we are coming to real
business, and I generall> have some sort of
business in mind when I start out to write
these neighborly talks. We have been sell-
ing the Parker machine for fastening start-
ers in section boxes, for three or four years ;
and for general, purposes we do not seem to
get hold of any thing much better. At the
time friend Parker gave me the idea. I told
him I thought it would be worth to us So. 00.
When it began to have quite a large sale.
however, I told him 1 guessed it was worth
SIO.OO more ; and now that it is having a
still larsrer sale. T think he ought to have
about S2o 00 in addition to what he has had
already. lu the same way. I gave Norman
Clark, of Sterling. 111.. .S2.5.00 for the cold-
blast smoker. As it has turned out, I don't
think I gave him enough ; and in talking
over the matter we have concluded we (nve
him, in justice, about SlOU for his splendid
invention in the way of smokers. Neither
of these friends has asked for any more, and
I don't suppose they ever thought of receiv-
ing any more ; but for all that, it is a plea-
sure for me to give it to them. Fiiend Peet,
who gave us the queen-cage, was also satis-
fied with S2-5.00 I paid him some years ago ;
but as it still seems to receive the prefer-
ence I think we owe about another S2o.OO.
Friend Klimitz' queen-catcher is also having
a very large sale, and is giving iiniversal
satisfaction. At the time he sent it I gave
him S5.(X) for the idea, and I think he is noAV
entitled to about two more fives, or SIO.OO
more, which we place to his credit. And
we hereby take pleasure in telling the
friends mentioned, that the above sums are
placed to their credit, awaiting their order.

Now. I hope none of the friends will crit-
icise my method of purchasing inventions.
It seems to me a duty, and I enjoy doing it.
Very likely I am notional and peculiar
about new inventions : but I have so many
times paid money for things that were used
for only a short time, or never used at all,
that I begin to feel as if I did not want to
offer very much for any thing again, until it
sefems to me to stand the test of months and
years of daily use.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

ftthlished Sfuii-MoHthh/.

j^. X. :E^ooT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

!•-♦—>

For Clubbing Rates, See First Page of Eeadicg Matter.

i!vd:EiDii>T.^fL., ^?^i=i^ii_, 1, leeT.

Be it known unto you all. and to all the people of Israel, that
by the name of Jesu.s Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified,
whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man
stand here before yoii whole.— .\iTS X: 10.

The number of our subscribers up to date is Wiih,
a g-ain of 23S within tiie last month. Many thanks.

"THE PHODDCTION OF COMB HONEY."

The above is the title of a little book of -io pages,
by W. Z. Hutchinson. It is written in friend H.'s
happiest style, and sums up the whole matter of his
method of getting- comb honey, by obliging the
bees to build worker comb in the brood-frames
while they are storing honey in the sections, said
sections being filled with foundation. The princi-
ple consists in contracting the size of the brood-
nest so as to force bees into the sections. The queen
is kept below by the (jueen-excludiug honey-boards.
By much the best way of contracting the brood-
chamber is by means of Heddon's half -depth brood-
chambers. The brood-nest is then contracted in
size, but !it the same time there is brood right un-
der all of the sections. The result is, ha\ing all the
honey above in marketable shape, and all the brood
and pollen below. It is, in fact, much the same as
the L. frame, with sealed honey in the upper halt
and brood and pollen in the lower half. The two
halves are capable of being separated. We can
mail the hook to any address for 25 cts. ; 10 for $3.00.

OUK FRIEND THOM.4S HORN.

As claims have pretty nearly stopped coming in,
we have decided to wind the matter up and close
the books, it having been eight weeks since we first
asked to have them sent in. Eighty-five persons
have reported, and the total amount of money now
claimed is about $438.62. As the number of individ-
uals is so large, and the amounts of money are
mostly so small, 1 have decided to forward all let-
ters to friend Horn, keeping for future reference
the addresses of the parties, and the amount of
money claimed. The greater part of the claims are
for money sent, for which nothing was ever receiv-
ed. There are, however, a few, and some of them
tolerably large amounts, where the order was par-
tially filled; bvit we hope that friend Horn and the
purchaser can agree on what amount is still due.
After having agreed, friend Horn is to send his
note, payable in two years, or as much sooner as he
can make it. He then proposes to take up these
notes as speedily as possible. In case there can not
be an agreement in regard to the amount due. 1
would suggest letting- some disinterested third par-
ty decide it. Ap fast as Mr. Horn's creditors are
satisfied, I should like to have them report directly
to me, that we may publish their nanies for Mr.
Horn's encouragement.

278

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

PROTECTING SECTIONS OF HONEY IN STOUT MA-
NILLA OR CARDBOARD CASES.

Our enterprising- friend, H. K. Wrig-ht, of Albany,
N. Y., the man who has pushed the ten-cent pack-
age of comb honey so energetically, mails us a sam-
ple case, or carton, made of very heavy stout ma-
nilla paper, to be slipped over the section as soon as
it is taken from the hive. To allow the purchaser
to see the honey, an opening' two inches in diameter
iscutthrough the center of each side of the box. This
paper case is stout enough to hold the section tight-
ly together, thus entirely preventing the corners
coming apart in shipping, or when pulled from the
case. Friend Wright says it also obviates the ne-
cessity-of scrapingoff the propolis, for the paper case
entirely covers it, and this case need never be re-
moved until the honey is taken out of its covering,
and put on the table. The envelope also covers up
all vacant spaces and cells, and protects from leak-
age and breakage. It makes the sections look all
exactly alike, covers up all soils and stains, makes
the packages neat, clean, and uniform in appear-
ance, and yet with all these adv-antages it costs only
half a cent for each pound of honey. Friend
Wright proposes to furnish these envelopes at cost,
and thinks it will be the means of increasing the
sale of honey a hundred fold. We presume sam-
ples are furnished free on application, although
friend Wright does not say so in his circular.

CIKCULAKS HECEIVED.

AN ENCOUKAGINO FEATURE FOR SEED-GROWERS
AND OTHERS.

There has been so much lamentation over the
low prices otfeied for almost all rural products
that it is a little bit pleasant to talk about advance
in prices. Last season, after we had put in all the
peas we needed for market, 1 took all that remain-
ed in stock after orders had ceased coming, and
sowed them for the purpose of raising seed. They
did finely in the fall of the year, and we raised a
lot of seed, apparently as nice as that purchased
from our seedsmen. One patch of Stratagem was,
by neglect, never gathered. One reason why we
did not take the time to do it was, that I concluded
I could purchase what seed I needed, almost as
cheaply as I could fuss to put up two or three
bushels. It now transpires that the Stratagem,
American Wonder, and Yorkshire Hero, are want-
ed everywhere; and it is a question whether some
of them can be found at any price. The same is
true of the best kinds of sweet corn. Golden-wax
beans, and many other of the new leading vegeta-
bles. The grower who last year put in a good lot of
something that he knew was good, has now the
opportunity of securing a price that will pay him
handsomely. We find this state of affairs constantly
occurring. One who has a nice crop in stock of a
really good thing, every little while finds a scarcity
in the market, and then he receives -his reward.
It is a good deal so with honey. It is expensive to
keep many things over, waiting for better prices,
and sometimes it is a little dangerous; but the
prudent man remembers -past experiences, and
prepares himself to meet emergencies.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The bee-keeiJer.s of Wisooiisin i
ham. Sheboygan Co.. May 5, 1887

The semi-annual meetinp of the Southern Illinois Beekeep-
ers' Association will meet m the Court-house in Benton, Fianlj-
lin Co.. 111.. April 20, 1887. at 10 a.m. All are invited.

F. H. Kennedy, Sec.

The following have sent us their circulars since
our last issue:

S. H. Blosser, Dayton, Va.. an 8-page list of apiarian supplies.

Charles F. Uhl, Millersburg, O., a 4-page circular of bees and
queens.

Simon P. Roddy, Mechanicstown. Md.. a 2-page list of (lueens
and bees.

Mrs. Oliver Cole. Sherburne. N. Y., a 6 page circulnr of bees
and queens.

S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co.. Mich., a 6-page price list of
bees and queens.

S. Valentine & Sons, Hager.-stown. Md., a 34-page list of apia-
rian supplies.

E. H. Ricker & Co.. Elgin. 111., a 6 page ilarge .sizei list of
nursery supplies.

Robison & Gillette, Willoughby, U.. a 4-page (large size i cir-
cular of berry-baskets.

E. -VV. Pitzer, Hillsdale, la., a 10-pagc circular of bees, poul-
try, hives, sections, etc.

Haywai-al & Stratton, East Pepperell, Mass.. a 10-pjge ciicu-
larof apiarian sujiplies.

Martin it Macy, North Manchester, Ind., a 24-page circular of
bee-suiiplii's and piiultr.\ .

Jos. W. Xi\vli>ve. Columbus, O., a 12-page circular of apiarian
supplies and small fruits

Charles D. Duvall, Spencerville, -Md., an 18-page circular of
bees and high-cla>>s poultry.

.lohn A. Thorton, Lima, Ill.ati-page price list of bees, queens,
])oultry, and a few apiarian supplies.

G. H. Kini'keibockcr, Pine Plains, N. Y., a 4-i)iige (lai-ge sizei
circular of bees and (|ui'cns. Tlie sti-ain of bees which Mr. K.
advertises are those ti.riiu-rly owned by L. C. Root.

Charles Stewart, Snmmonsville, X. Y.. an advertising card of
comb foundation, extraitors. smokers, etc. Mr. R uses one of
J. H. Martin-s chromo cards, which we have noticed before.

J. B. Mason it Sons, Mechanic Falls, Me., a 24-page (large sizei
catalogue of bee-keepers- supplies. Messrs. M. & Sons are the
editors of the ■ Bee-keepers' Advance," which we have before
mentioned in our columns.

T. G. Newman & Son, Chicago, 111., a 31-page circular of eveiy
thing necessary for the apiary. Mr. Newman advertises as
usual a large collection of supplies, and we are always glad ti)
recommend him lo <iur bee-friends.

Joseph Nysiwandcr. lies Moines, Iowa, a 30-page circular of
apiarian supplies. \Vc notice that Mr. N. has recently bought
out Mr. J. M. Shuclt, .so that all needing reversible hives and re-
versible supers, as formerly made by Mr. S., will now obtain
them of our friend Mr. Nysewanoer.

George Neighbo\n- & Sons, 149 Regent St., Holborn, London,
England, send us a 70 page (large size) cii-cularof every thing
needful for the apiary. .\s loual with )>rire lists received from
England. \vc notice a very large culleition of hives. Besides
hives and implements ci>nstructeri in England, we notice that
Messrs. N. & Sons otter for sale those made after the American
patteins. A perusal of this circular will give one a pretty fair
idea of the status of bee-kee])ing in !■ ngland.

gPECiTiii pie^ficEg.

WANTED, .TANUAUy AND FEBRUARY NUMBERS OF
THIS YEAR.

Until further notice we will pay 10 cts. each lor
either of the above numbers; and those of our
subscribers who failed to get them, and who still
want them, nmy have them at the same price; that
is, we will pay 10 cts. each and sell for 10 cts. each,
for the sake of accommodation, paying postage
besides, ourselves.

.\LSIKE CLOVER.

There has been such a demand for seed of the
above clover, that the market is practically ex-
hausted. Our prices for the present will be the
same as before the last decline; viz.. #8 00 per bush-
el; $4.2.5 per half-bushel; $3 2.5 per peck, or 18 cts.
per lb. Hy maii, 18 cts. per lb. for bag and post-
age. Now, in giving the above prices we are
obliged to say that there may be a still further ad-
vance before your order reaches us. While this
advance in price makes it hard for those who are
obliged to buy, it is a good thing for those who
have provided themselves wiih a stock of seed to
meet the emergency.

THE NEW .JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

The demand has been so much greater than my
expectations, that I have sold not only the one
bushel first pui-chased, but five additional bushels ;
and by taking ten bushels more I hiive got it at a
price so I can furnish it at the following reduction;
$6.00 per bushel; $1.7.5 per peck; per hsiU-peck,
$1.00; 1 lb., 25 cts.; I4 lb.. 8 cts. If wanted by mail,
add 5 cts. per I4 lb., or is cts. per whole pound, for
bag and postage. For all we know in regard to the
new grain, see March No., page 16V. The fact that
it is so much larger in size is of itself quite an in-
ducement to give it at least a trial op a smaU scale.

1887

(iLEAi^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

^9

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

PACKING SO WELIi;

The seeds you sent me CHiiie up. Soon after, I
sent you an order for 10 Siinplicitj' bee-hives.
Please accept thanks lor packing' my goods so well.

Trinity, Tex., Mar. 6. 1887. Waltkh A. Maktin

A PERFECT BEAUTY.

I received the goods you sent, all in good order.
Your method of packing is etticient. The queen you
sent is a perfect beauty. She was on the way six
days, and there wasn't a single dead bee in the
cage when received. Thanks tor promptness.

Derden, Tex. J. Offutt.

TEN STANDS FROM ONE POUND OF BEES RECEIVED
LAST MAY.

1 received those sections today, which you ship-
ped the 2l6t. They are all right. lam well pleased
with them. They came in nice order. 1 have not
examined my bees lor some time; they were all
right then. 1 have ten stands trom the pound of
bees and queen 1 received from you one year ago
last May. K. P. Warwick.

Dayton, Tipp. Co., Ind.. Feb. 28, 1887.

PERFECT SATISFACTION.

Those sections I got of you gave perfect satisfac-
tion in every way. I order all my goods through
Mr. Elias Cole, and have for years past. 1 ordered
1000 sections, i'U by 6 inches, and 1 am perfectly
satisfied. 1 will call on you again. I have 69 swarms
of bees. 1 obtained 1200 lbs. of comb honey last
season. I have lost but one swarm of bees in three
winters. E. Difany.

Norton, Ohio, March 14, 1887.

WORTH A dozen OF THE OLD ONES.

The fdn. mill arrived here all right, March 19th.
Express charges were $1.2,''>. I am well pleased with
it, and also your promptness in tilling the order. I
was in a hurry for the mill, that is why 1 ordered it
by express. 1 had counted the cost before sending
for it. The mill is worth a dozen like the old one,
in mj- estimation. I have made over 50 lbs. of fdn.
on the new since it came, and have not had as much
trouble with it as 1 did in making one pound (m the
old one. Frank L. Rowley.

Sycamore. 111., March 21, 1S87.

200 COLONIES OF

GtolGC Italian & fllOiiio Bees

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. COITIB
FOUlNnAXIO> from cboice select yellow
beeswax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 27th Annual Catalogue
before purchasing.

3tfdb "'"'^^^^ WM. W. GARY,

CQLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

Green Wire Cloth,

FOK

Window Screens and Shipping Bees^
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

The following lot of wire cloth is a job lot of rem-
nants, and full rolls direct Irom the factory, that
are FIEST QUALITY, and the pieces are of such varie-
ty of size as to furnish any thing you want. Price
\% cts. per sq foot, for full pieces. If we have to
cut the size you want, 2 cts. per sq. ft.

When you order a piece, and somebody else has
got it ahead of you, we will substitute a piece the
nearest in size to the one ordered, unless you speci-
fy in your order that you do not want us to substi-
tute. The tlgures on the left indicate the width.

8 I 13 lolls, 67 sq. ft. each : 1 each of 66, 65, 64, 64, 63, 63, 62, 54, 40,

I 27, 24, 22, and 4 sq. It.
12 I 34 rolls of 100 sq. ft, each ; 3 of 102 sq. ft ; 4 of 98, 2 of 97, and

I 1 each of 9i, 52, 44, 43, and 28 sq. ft.
14 I 1 roll each of 26, 14, and 5 sq. ft.
16 10 rolls of 133 sq. ft. ; and 1 each of 132, 131, 131, 128, 128, 106, 65.

and 12 sq.ft.
18 I 4 rolls of l.iO .sq. ft; 6 of 147 sq. ft., and 1 each of 153, 148, 145,

I 145. 144, laO, 117, 116. 69, 45. 37, 27, 24, and 24 sq. ft.
20 I 1 roll each of 164. 105, and 31 .sq. ft,
2-i I 1 roll each of 101, 73. 73 55, 46. 46, and 16 sq. ft.

.38 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of 100, 96, 82. 90, 66,66,66,
60. 52, 50, 50, iO, 44. 36, 32, 30. 30, 28, 24, 24, 24, 20, 20, 20, 12, 12, II,
8. 8, 6. and 6 sci, ft.
112 rolls of 216 sq, ft, each, and 1 each of 227, 215, 204, 201, 20U,

199. 195. 93. 54. 54, 32, 32, 30, 10. and 7 sq. ft.
69 rolls of 2a3; 10 of 224; 4 of 222 sq. ft., and 1 each of 257, 49,

and 47 sq. ft.
16 rolls ol 250 sq. ft., and 1 each of 107, 72, 62, 52, 50, 50, 27, 25,
I 22. 20, 14, 14. 11, 10, 7, and 5 sq. ft,
32 I 11 rolls of 266, 2 of 256 sq. It., and one each of 275, 141, 99, 96,

93, 84, 80, 67, 13, and 8 sq. ft.
34 I 25 rolls ol 283 sq. ft., and 1 each of 142, 142, 133, 130, 93, 88, 74, 71 ,

I 68, 54, 48, 37, 27, i5, 17, and 14 sq, ft.
36 I 14 rolls of 300 sq. ft., and 1 each of 288. 192, 147, 120, 102. 61, 46,

I 36. 36. 36, 36 34, 33. 33, 24, 15, 13. 12, and 9 sq. ft.
38 24 rolls of 316 sq, ft, and 1 each of 6:«, .300. 47, and 9 sq. ft.
40 I 1 roll each of 127 and 27 sq, ft.
42 I 1 roll of 17 sq. ft.
46 I 1 roll of 88 scj, ft.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., BEEKEEPERS r CONN.

—SEND rOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. E. Newoomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.Y.
4tfdh

BEOOD FOUNDATION, &"> cts. per lb. No thin fdn. for
sale. W. T. LYONS, Deeherd, Frank. Co., Tenn.

100,000 Y-groove One-piece Sections, Linn and

Buckej'e. Several sizes; will sell at bottom prices.
Send for price-list of apiarian supplies and sections.
Samples free. J. B. MURRAY, Ada, Hardin Co., O.

DO NOT MISS THIS CHANCE

TO GET ITALIAN QEEENS AND BEES

And EGtiS FOR HATCHING from seven varie-
ties of High-C'lasK Poultry. Choice breeding:
stock, and prices Ioav. Send lor Circular and Price
List. CHAS. D. DUVALL,
Ttfdb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

EGGS from California bronze turkeys, at $1.50 per
sitting of 9 My tom weighs 40 lbs. Italian
bees and queens iti any quantity.
7tfdb Geo. W. Bakeu, Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.

ARTHUR TODD/ '%°HFL=/!'Jltrnr'

Dadant Brood Foundation, 40c; for wiring-. 4.50; thin
surplus, 500. Extra thin, 60c. BKKS, Qt'EKMS,
SKCXIONS, SrPPIjIUS OEINEKAL.L.V. 5d

ISwarnisofBfiesiSair

In new s-frame h. hives, all on wired frames of fdn.
40 swarms of pure Italians at $5.00 per swarm; 30
swarms hybrids at $4.50. Queens one and two
years old. Bees will be shipped as soon as weather
will permit. Safe arrival g-uaranteed. Sickness
compels me to sell ajrain. Send money in reg-istered
letter or express money order on American Express.
First come, first served. J. R. REED,
78d milford, JeS'. Co., ^¥18.

60 Colonies of Italian Bees For Sale.

Italians, $5.00; hybrids. .*;4.00, in Lang-stroth 10-
frarae hives. Also brood-frames filled with comb,
and broad frames with separators. Address
7d JOHN GRANT, Bat.a.via, Ohio.

t!'t\i\ FIRST-CIjASS honey and WAX
OvrLf EXTRACTORS, CHEAP.

7«9d

E. T. LEWIS Jt CO.. Toledo, Ohio.

280

GLEANmGS IN fJEE CULTURE.

Apr.

T ARISE to say to the read-
ers of Geeanings that

Doolittle

has conclutled to sell

BEES and QT'EENS

during- lOOV at the
following- prices:

One colony bees $ 7 00

Five " " 30 00

Ten " ■• 60 00

One untested queen . . 1 00
Three " " •. 3 00

1 untested queen reared
by nat'l swarming-. 1 50

Three ditto 3 00

I tested queen 2 00

3 " " 4 00

1 tested queen reared by
natural swarming. 3 00

3 ditto 6 00

Tested'queens. 1886 rearing, each 4 00

Extra selected, 2 years old, each 10 00

Cl^~Circular tree, giving full particulars regard-
ing the bees, and each class of queens.

Address G. ITI. DOOLITTLG,

BORODINO, Onon. Co., N Y.

SECTIONS.

1 will sell nice white basswood sections for f 3.00
per 1000, smooth on both sides, 4piece all dovetail-
ed, 4Mx4J4. Send for sample.

7tfdb W. S. WRIGHT, Battle Creek, Mich.

MY 19TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
■Wl CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES. QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIES, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name and address.
U. H. BROWN, Light Street, Col. Co., Pa.

FOR PRICES OF

Berry -Baskets and Crates, Send to

Melliitoeb, Hakeols 2i Gbove, Columbiana, 0.

SElND FOR SAMPLE BASKET FREE.
We also sell baskets in flat. . 7-lOdb

VERY LOW.

Very nice brood foundation, 38 cts.
per lb. Bees in lO-f rame L. hives, plenty of
honey, straight combs, with queen, 15.00.
Novice' extractor, well made, 15.50. All supplies
correspondingly low. E. Y. PEKKINS,

Ttfd JefTersoii, Oreene €o., Iowa.

100 Tested Queens from Imported Mother,

NOV., 1886, REARING,

At $1.00 each, during the month of April. Un-
tested, $9.00 a dozen. J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,
Money-Order Office, NEWIBKRIA,

78d Iberia Par., La.

POULTRY and FRUIT

FThernblisliPi-sof Farm and Home, a senii-inontlily ARriPultural nnd Family Journal
_- ,^ ^^ published ;it SpriiiKttfltl, Jiiiss., inai,e iTi.- Uillowiii;,' luipveirdeutfil trial offer, in oruer to
m0^^ ^^ iiiti-odui-e Farm and Home iiH" lliousaiius ol uew lioiucs, beuig confident that once a
■ t«Br^ siiOsciiber vim will not do witlioul it.
■ ^i^^i^ 'ihe ii'n'ulai' iMici' (.f Farm and Home is 50 cents a year, but on receipt of 30 cents
in stamri'i o ■ iiKiuoy wo will send Farm a-^d Home lin' 'O-tc ib 5 yp;ir, and in addition wnll send tree and
postpaid tuonfwaiid valualile books, ilie " rrsittieal Poultry Grower" and the "Practical JFruit
Orowej-." These books will be worth ten times lue luuuey paid lu any one uiieresied in poultry or iruit.

The Practical Poultry Grower

Is the ACost Complete, Most Practical l)Ook of the kind ever
piiblisiied. A. FEW OF IT.S »IA.> Y FEATTJKES:

GENERAL CARE AMD tVIANACt^MENT, l>irections
for having early i-hicks, etc.

ARTIFICIAL POULTRY RAISIMC is fully treated bv
.Tami'.s Rankin, whose 10 years' experience in the business make hiui
an authority 'lells how to conslruct bnin"-inadeincub;dors.

FEEDING POULTRY lor Eggs, Meat and breeding.

WINTER CARE. Tliis chapter tells how to make hens lay
fn winte»' .as well as in summer.

PR £S £ RVI N C EGGS '1 'lis chapter alone -will enable you to
make money Iw lioldinR esS' lur a higher market.

POUL RY ARCHITECTURE. Illustrations of new and
praetieil poultry houses. Composed entirely of new and pkactical
MATTER from ACTi'AL EXPERIKNCE. 'I'his (diapter alone coniain-. more valu-
able imormitio'i, id iih, etc., ilian several of the treatises of poultry architect-
ure tliat are sold at 2j or 5LI cents each.

The Practical Fruit Grower

t aStaiM'ard Work bv a Standard Authority, being -vvritten by
Pkof. s. ■!'. ]\lAT.\ARD,of the Massachusetts Agricidtural College. It con-
tains the results of years ol successf U I fruit growing. An invaluable
AID TO EVERY OKE iiKerested 111 Iniil culture.

A NEW BOOK,

Offered Only by Us.

C(

SPIEOIAL

Money Crops

15-DAY OFFER.

91 PDC B t ,To every one acceptj^nsr the

above offer within (5 daysr

we will send iiraddition "MONEY CROPS-HOW TO CROW AWD HOW.'^

TO SELL THEM," a liook of great value to every Gardenei- and l-aruier. (;ives==5 _
concise, plain, practical, common-sense anil ctetalled direc ions for --<
planting, cultivating, harvpstins;and marketing nearly lOO Money Crops.

I'lidertliis otter every one seniling 3d cents "itliiii 15 days of the receipt of litis paper, will receive Farm
and Home twice eacli month lor the rest ot the year 1887, and

The three books contain nearly
400 pages, or as many
other booKs that sell tor
each. Sucli an opportunity to
obtain good reafling has never
before been offered.

MONEY REFUNDED IF NOT FOUND JUST AS KEPBESENTED.

Parm and Home is aeknowied^'ed by all who know its value to be the best paper of its class.
If y.'uaie interested in tlie Farm and Garden, Live Stock, Fruit, Poult'y Bees, Plants ai?-
Flowers, tlie practical hintsin riny one number wiU be worth to you miiretliau the money required.
It is as good for the WEST as the East, being National in character and circulation.
AN EXTRA SET OF BOOKS and copy of Farm and Home given for a club of 5 at 30 centS C&ch.

Vddress, mentioning this paper. THE PHELPS PUBLISHING CO«y

.(emit with rostage Stamps, rostal Notes, or otherwise. SpflllSf lOlClf MISISS*

r the rest ot the year 1887, and

OOKS FREE!

1887

GLEAXIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

28]

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies lor Bee-keepers

New Fact(»Tj. Low Fiiceii. (rixtd Wnrh.

^Ic ARMSTRONG'S tE^

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE.

The cheapest, simplest, and most practical hive
ever offered to the piihlic. H. D. Cutting, of Clin-
ton, Mich., says: "Let me congratulate you on
having such a "g-ood hive. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, $:i..50. Send your name and addre.-<s,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our 3:J-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

Stfdb

E. S. JRMSTRONG, Jerseyville, Ills.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 15-16-
in. shaft. Cost ^10.00 each; will sell for *5.00.

Six ISin. adjustable drop-hangers for a 2 7-16-in.
Bhaft. Cost fiOOOeach: will sell for *5.00.

Eight 30-in. iron pullej's. 10-in. face, for a '2 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $8.00 each: will sell for 14.00.

These are just as good as new, and a bargain to
the man who needs them.

A. I. ROOT, Medina O.

DADAMT'S rOTODATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advei-tisement in another column.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

W41IIARB: GLASS HONEV-JAKK.

TIN BUCKETS, BEK-HIVK^.
HONEY-SECTIONS, A:*-., Ac.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SITIOKEKS.

Write to W. H. COOK, % Clintonville, % Wis.,

FOH PRICES ON

Bee-piv6s, Sections, & Frames

As I am located whei-e an abundance of basswood
and pine grows, I feel safe to say I can furnish my
goods as cheap as they can be produced.

A. I. Root Chaff Hive a Specialty.

All goods warranted. For reference, apply to the
Bank of Clintonville, Wis. 4tfdb

Tlie "Gilt Edge" Apiary offers Italian queens
from imp. mother; untested, in April and May,
fl.2.5: unt'd, in J\ine and after, $1.00. Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

5-lOdb Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

BEES

OnnCOLONIES OF ITALIAN

Z U U FOR SALE !

50 colonies on special terms. Send for prices.
567d S. D. McLEAN, BOX 190, COLUMBIA, TENN.

HERE WE ARE AGAIN FOR (887.

For Sale! Italian Queens

Bred of imported mothers. Bees by the pound,
brood, nucleus, and full colonies. 1 never had foul
brood. Send for catalogue. C. F. UHL,
7tfdb Millersburg, Holines Co., Oliio.

During first half of May I will
sell these at #1.25 per lb. Also
untested Italian queens, bred
from imported mother, to go
with bees, at ?1 25 each. Cash must accompany
orders, and should be sent before Apr. 20. Ref.. 1st
Nat. Bank here. 789d E. Burke, Vliiceniies, Ind.

700 prpo

L6S.DljIil)

RUBBER STAMPS

DATING, ADDRESSING, BUSINESS,
LETTER HEADS, ETC.

No. ^.

Address only, like
No. 1, *1..50; with busi-
ness card, like No. 2,
$2.00 ; with movable
months and figuresf or
dating, like No. 3,$3.00.
Full outfit included—
pads, ink, box, etc.
Sent by mail postpaid.
Without ink and pads
.50 cts. less.

Put your stamp on
every card, letter, pa-
per, book, or anj-thing
else that you may send
out by mail or express
No. 2. and you will save your-

self and all who fdo business with you a " world of
trouble." 1 know, you see.

We have those suitable for druggists, grocery-
men, hardware dealers, dentists, etc. Send for cir-
cular. A. I. Root, Medina, O.

282

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Apr.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended tor this department must not
excoed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
pa-tment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To . exchange for good horses
and mules, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining- the city.
SOtfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from four yards,
pure-bred prize-winning Plymouth Rocks, for
alsike clover seed. Eggs. «2.00 for 13, or $3.00
for 30. B. D. SiDWELL,

3-8db Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns,' iu exchange for section
boxes, or foundation Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. DubF, Crcighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock of all kinds
for bees in spring. Terms on application, stat-
ing what you want. D. G. Edmiston,
4tfdb. Adrian, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 40 acres of good land,
% improved, frame house and barn, good
spring, ^i mile from a thriving temperance town;
good schools, church, etc., and situated on the
great basswood belt of Wisconsin, for property in
Arkansas, small or large. Apiary if desired. Cor-
respondence solicited. M. A. Gill,,
.5tfdb Star, Vernon Co.. Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange, any amount of Wyan-
dotte and Brown Leghorn eggs for grapevines,
fdn., plum-trees, or any thing useful.
6-7d Benj. Zukches, Apple Creek, Wayne Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange for sewing - machine,
Brown Leghorn pullets, 750; cockerels, $1.00;
eggs, 75c per 13; 36, $1.00. Warranted pure. 6-7d
Mks. Alice Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from pure - bred
Langshan fowls, for beeswax, tested Italian
queens, good revolver, or any thing useful,
fid E. P. Aldredge, Franklin Square, Col. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange a new Hitchcock's Bible,
cost $9.75; Sharpless, Crescent, Monarch, and
Wilson Strawberry-plants, for pure Italian queens,
also pair of Plymouth Rocks. S. J. Adams,
6d Cub Creek, Charlotte Co., Va.

WANTED.— To exchange forty thousand extra- line
Cuthbert, Gregg, and 13 other new varieties
red and black raspberry plants, for comb or ex-
tracted honey. The honey is to be delivered next
fall. Write for terms of exchange to
6-7-8d E. T. Flanagan, box 995,

Belleville, St. Clair Co., IIL

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted white clo-
ver or basswood honey, or bees, a new footr
power saw. Write for particulars.
7tfdb W. S. Wright, Battle Creek, Mich.

WHAT am I offered in exchange for a high-scor-
ing Wyandotte cockerel, of the "Poquanock"
strain? W. H. Osborne, Chardon, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees or bronze
turkey-eggs for a Canary bird singer and cage.
7d Geo. W. Baker, Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.

WANTED —To exchange bees by the pound orfull
colonies, queens, comb fdn., eggs for hatching
from L. Brahmas and S. S. Hamburgs, for sections,
Jersey cow, American Merino sheep, or offers.
6-7-8-9"d J. P. Sterritt, Sheakley ville,

Mercer, Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange for beeswax, one foot-
power saw. Also wanted, a good Mexican sad-
dle and bridle, for sections or other supplies.
6-7d C. A. Graves, Birmingham, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange a Wilson's bone-mill,
new, O. K., for 4 Italian dollar queens in July.
7d A. Mottaz, Ottawa, III.

WANTED.— To exchange 80 colonies of bees in
chaff and Simp, hives, of 10 wired fdn. frames
each, for some good land near by. Apply at once.
78d Jas. H. Andrus, Almont, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Wyandotte eggs, pure
ground bones and .■shells, and Gregg raspberry-
plants, for comb foundation.
7-8-9d A. A. Fradenburg, Port Washington, O.

WANTED. — To exchange section boxes, 4 piece
dovetailed, 4i4,x4i4xl'8, price $4.00 per 1000, for
a Planet Jr. seed-drill and cultivator, or a comb
fdn. mill (a 10-ineh mill preferred).
7d F. T. Hall, Loehiel, Dunn Co., Wis.

WANTED. — To exchange metal cornered, wired
frames (Simp.), ready to hang in the hive, filled
with foundation, for Italian bees and queens.
7-8d R. B. BONEAR, Cherry Ridge, Pa.

WANTED. — To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bees, for steam-engine, honey, or beeswax.
7-I3db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, So. Quincy, Mass.

WANTED. —To exchange Cuthbert raspberry
roots for a double- barrel 12-gauge breech-load-
ing shot-gun, or a female ferret, or beeswax.

M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y

WANTED.— A young man of some experience, to
take charge of an apiary of sixty colouies of
bees, either on shares or for wages. Address
7d J. P. CONNELL, Box 132, Hillsboro. Texas

WfintPli ^^ Kood bee-keeper to take charge o
fiaillUUi Qiy apiary of 12J colonies, on shai'cs
Robert Blacklock, Killgore, Carter Co., K.\ .

WANTED.— Competent assistant in apiary for
summer. DR. THOM, Streetsville, Can. 6-7d

w

ANTED.— A steady man to work small apiary and
garden. Correspond with J. T. DUEWAltD, Seneca, Wis.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queeni-
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this bec'use there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f"r bujing them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet If is often' inies quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have about 30 hybrid queens, reared mostly
from imported queens, but have proven hybrids.
These I will sell, during April, at .50 cts. each; May,
37'/^ cts. each. June and after. 35 cts. each. June
and after, per half-dozen, *1.35. Per dozen, $2.35;
per two dozen, $4.00.

Geo. W. Baker, Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.

I shall remove 6 young mismated Italian queens,
about the last of April. Who wants them at 50 cts.
each? Miss A. M. Taylor,

Box 77. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., III.

Twenty-five pure Italian queens, mated with
black drones, at 50 cts. apiece, now. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Three black queens at 35 cts. apiece.
S. H. CoLWiCK, Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

A few good hybrid queens, in April and May, sit
50c each. Pelham & Williams. Maysville, Ky.

GIVEN AWAY.

We will send free by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearly sub-
scriber for the AMERICAN APIC17LTUR[!^T.
Price $1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

7tfd Wenham. Mass.

TESTED QUEENS, in April and May. at $3.50 each.
Pelham & Williams, Maysville, Ky.

1SK7

GLP^ANTNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

287

Contents of this Number.

AlsilU! with Timothy :«)8

Anisr.Oil III' 309

Apiaiy. V. nine's 300

Apiaiits. I >istance Between .291

Hits (it Aikansas 308

Hi-es, Ii."vivin«- 311

Bec-Lfii-islntion 'iiW

Bi'iisdu.l" aw

Boys' Uiv.-liictory .".lO

Bn'inhle-lifi's 302

('(•Ihii- WiiitcriiiK 309

Cellars. Wariiilns Cheap.. 309

Cliiiia I,eUci- 30.')

Coiiil),Ti. H'a;.ten 308

C'Dinmitti' on Kxhibits 301

CoiiliaetioM .;i07

Cotton, Mrs 308

Cyprian.-i. Vicious 3(13

Drinkiiiir-wnter 293

Ktlitoiiais 319

Heads of (iiain 308

Hon.-v (^'ohiinn 290

Hoiiev tioni Cotton 312

Honey in Mareh 309

Honey Candy ins 312

Honey, Kipe'nins 300

I Honey l.oaid. Slatted 320

I Honev-boards, Zinc 309

Horn: Thomas 318

I Increase, Preventing 309

ItaliMi.s and Hvhri.ls 306

; Italians vs. Blacks 312

■ Miller's T Sui)er 304

.Moviiij.- Bees.SoUth 3flX

■ Mule StiiTiu' to Death 311

I Oni- iiwn Apiary 320

I'olleii lium Cedar 311

FollcM licin Hazel 311

yiieeus Clipped oh Comb. . .308

Ouestii)n, Practical 291

Reversing: 309

Robbing, To Prevent 309

Saw-room. tUir 2%

Sections. Ten-cent :'.0»

Special .Votices 322

SpreadiiiK Brood 29.".

Tobacco Column 313

Tobiiceoand Alcohol 313

Top-bars :J()9

Topics, Various 29."i

T Supers. Empty inif 3(Hi

Women as Bee-keepers :i03

ARTHUR TODD,

1910 GERMANTOWNAVE.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Dadant lircxxl F(Jiiiulatiou, +0c; for wiriii>r, -I'lc; thin
surplus. 5()o. E.\t>a thin, 60c. BF:»<;s, dUKKNS,
SFCTI<H\S, KI^PI'LIKS CKMSRALLY. ."xl

rOS SALE, HEE8 ANT) CdMB FOUNDATION, hy
' K. 8 Hii^DEiMANN, Ashlppiin. Dodfro To.. Wis.

S-ct-lOd

EARLY SOUTHERN QUEENS.

I have now three dozen purely mated Italian
(jueens ready to send otT by return mail, at *] Od
each. Sale arrival s'uaranteed. Most ol these are
reared from imi)orted mother, and the best have
not been picked out. LI^rHBR (iKAY,

OUI.ANDO, FLA,

ITALIAN QUEENS FOR SALE,

REARED FROM IMPORTED MOTHERS.

Untested, in March and April, $l,a"); May to Nov.
#1.00: Nov. and after, *1.3r). Address ' 4 6-Sd

J. P. CALDWELL, San Marcos, Tex.

Manufacturer of and dealer in every things nee<led
in the apiary,

BEAUTIFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED. &C.

4tfd Bell Brancli, Wayne Co., Mioli.

Price list free, (Near Detroit)

Jhere is Some fun

And much sen,-ie in our lieantiful chromo card de-
scribed on pag'es K^ and 1 VX. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what you have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

^«" J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

ITALIAN QUEENS-

Reai'ed from select mothers. Untested, *l.(i(i:
Te.sted, $-'.llO. H. G. FRAMK,

5-16db North ITIaii4-lie»>ter, IikI.

DADANT 'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brig-htest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sa^, most reg-ular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of hii.> that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs, T, G, Newman &
Son, Chicago, TIL; C, F, Muth, Cincinnati, O.; ,las,
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich,; Dougherty iV Wiley.
Indianapolis. Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co, Napjianec
Ind,: Chas. II. Green, Berlin, Wis,; Chas, Hertel,
.Ir,, Freoburg-, 111.; Ezra Baer, Di.xon, LeeCo,, 111, ; E,
S, .\rmstrons-, .Terse j'ville, TUinois; Arthur Todd.
1910 Germantown .\ve., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburjr. ^o^va: P. L, Yiallon. Bayon Goula. T,a..
M, J. Diekason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J, W. Porter,
Charlottesville, .\lbemarle Co., Va.; E. K, Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N, Y,; D. A. Fuller,
Cherrv V'allcv, TU,; .T, B, Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine: G.L, Tinker, New Philadelphia, ().,
.los. Nysewander. Des Moines, Ta.; Aspinwall &
Tread well. Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco. McLennan Co,, Texas, W. E, Clark,
Oriskanv, N. Y., G, B, Lewis & Co,, Watertown,
Wis., v.. V. Smith. Smyrna, N. Y., .T. Mattoon & W.
•J. stratton, .\t water, O.. Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for xnmplcs /re«, and price list of supplies,
accomiianied with 150 Coinplimeutary and nnxo-
licited tcstim'i)iinls, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch nf nur foutidntiim eqiinl
to Ko/mpl^, in every respect .

CHAS. DAOANT 6c SON,
3bttd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN eTs^Xrr'ifTc^Jf SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOU^EST PRICES.

xi:ji^XjX.s^i<T QTXEEisrs -Suisrx) bees.
J. C. SAYLES,

3 tf d Hartford. ^ V'ashington Co.. Wis.

W. O. WiNSOR's Factory,

NORWICH, i'HENANGO CO., N. V.,

BEE-HIVES, FRAMES, FOUR-
PIECE SECTIONS, AND
Packing-Crates.

J^rire lAiit F'l'ee.

(J-8-10-13d

EGGS from California bronze turkeys, at $^ ,50 per
sitting of 9. My torn weighs 40 lbs. Italian
bees and queens in any quantity.
Vtfdb Geo. W. Bakek, Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.

S'fXgX FIBST-CIiASS HONEY and ^r.4X
OvFvf KXTRAt'TORS, CHEAP.

7S!M A'. T. T^HWIS X- CO.. Toledo. Ohio.

For Sale! 25 Colonies of Italian Bees,

Tu lots to suit purchasers. Packetl in Simplicit.v
hives, at $8.00 per hive. Three-banded bees, strong-
and in good order. Apply to C, W. H. ETCKE,
8d West Monterey, Clarion Co., Pa.

NEARLY*

0 CHEAP

>II?>1i>l!UIEN!l

eildb Address W. P. Davis, Ooodma.n, N. C.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; e.vtra thin Van-
dervort Fdn,, 45c, per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and 20c. per lb. 10% discount on all orders received
before the 1.5th of April.

3-tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

2m

GLEANINGS IN BEE (^,ULTURE.

Apr.

WANTED TO SELL.

Kii) 3-ti-ame nucleus colonies of hybrid bees,

with queens, each $3 50

Two-story Simplicity hives (complete) each .. 1.50

Chaff hives (have been used some) each 3 00

His'lily bred hybrid queens, each 100

41/4x414 section'* (V groove) per M ". 5 00

The photo of my apiary given as a premium on
supplies purchased to the amount of $5.00, cash or-
ders. Will exchaug-e nuclei colonies or ext'd honey
for apiarian supplies, if new.

7tfdb J. M. YOUNG, Roct Bluffs, Nebraska.

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

Near your home in Western Pennsylvania and
in the oil-producing- district of Butler Co.

SIMPLICITY, PORTICO, AND THREE
STYLES OF CHAFF HIVES.
Send for price list, if it is to your interest to deal
with me. €. P. BISH,

78910-11-l.Sd St. Joe Station, Butler Co., Pa.

One - Piece
Section^i and
Wood Sepa-
rators, a spe-
cialty. Our No.
3 sections ($3.50
per M.) have no
equal for the
price. Berry-
baskets and
crates also, a
specialty. For
catalogue, ad-
dress as in the
cut. 6-7-8d

BEES ! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready tor spring delivery at 60c to $1.00 per lb.,
according to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

OLflVJCR I'OSTEH, Mt. Vtrtion. TAun Co.. la.

Olinnl ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,
I HhflM' Bees BY THE LB., Nuclei,
UIILnl I AND COMB FOUNDATION.

.Send for Circular. JAS. JttcNElIilj,

7tfdb

Hudson, N. If.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS,

We have constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress R. ECKERMANN Ac WILiL.,
Beeswax Bleachers 4 Eeflners, 4-13b STEACUSE, N. Y.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., ^ BEE-KEEPERS f CONN.

—SEND rOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.Y.

4tfdb

riEST-OLASS SMOKERS, CHEAP.
E. T. LEWIS A CO., Toledo, O.

lOOO

ITe^w?" Bee - Hi^sre

Takes either Eclectic or Simplicity frames, the 1-lb.
sections, etc., and is cheaper and better than any he
has before brought out. He sells all supplies cheap-
er than ever, and guarantees satisfaction EVERY
XIinE. You will save money by writing him for
particulars. 5tfdb dlaBarclay St., N, Y,X

200 COLONIES OF

GKolce italiaii & HlDiiio M

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

ALso a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. CO]?IB
FOUNnATION from clioice select yellow
bee»<\vax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 37th Animal ("atalo.aue
before purchasing.

3ttdb ^"^'''^ WM. W. GARY,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

Gapital Rgqiiired

■

No Better Way to rt^ake a

oI$5,$10,$i8J20J25an(i$30PerDay

TMAM SY SEl_!_ltMQ

Three Complete Machines in One.

X have asentB .ill ovnr thi^ T'. S. who air ni.ikinsr
SI ) to*'-}."i per iliiv si'lliiit; tlitse piiiiiiis. I sive
their name and address in catalogue. fi^To intro-
(hui- it I will flond ii sninple pump, express paid, to
any express Rtatiuu in tin.' U.S. fnrS.'i.riii.Miide nf lirass

Will Tbrow Water From 50 to 60 Feet,

AND RETAILS FOR ONLY S6.00.

Indispensable for spraving l?«ii{4. ^.v>f\^n
ThePotati> Bnsj Atta.li- X rUlt ±1668.
mi'iit is a wonderful invention. AOKNTS WANTED

everywhere. Send at (■nee for ilhihtrated catalogue,
price list ami terms. Address,

P, C. IvE^^IS, Catskill, I^, Y.

BEES FOR SALE

COLONIES,

Nuclei a:cld Queens

At Livinij Ratc.-<.
Send for Circular ;
Price List to

€. r. VAUGHN,
Htfdb Columbia, Teiin.

1701? Q A T 17 ~~^ complete apiary of 140 colo-
r wn OaIjIj* onles of fine, premium bees in a
ncver-faiUng locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first iiremium at
the late St. Louis Pair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once, L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111. 4tfdb

Fnr ^;ilP ^^ colonies of Italian bees.

From

f.5.00 to fS.dO per colony. Tested
queens, in May, $3.00; after .lune 1, .fl.50. Untested
queens, in Ma.y, $1.00: si.x, $5.00; after June 1, 75c.;
six, $4.00. Also bees by the pound; 3 and 3 frame
nuclei; hives, sections, fdu.. etc. Circular free.
5-16db Address JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill. Mo,

Iss?

gLeaKikgs in bee CULTVlik.

289

BEES!

CHEAP

For Price List
Write to

DCCQT Eggs for Hatching.

""■■^/ ' From Durc-brod S. C Hiifl W (' H l.<... huniK I

Htt(>:< M. W . SH1<:PHKKU, KuflieHter, O.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS.

Full colonies, in April and May, $7.00 (Simp, wired
frames, combs built on fdn). Bees, per lb., $1.00.
Per '4 lb., eo cts. Tested queens, $'Zm. Untested,
SI 2.5. Misniated (jneens, 50 cts. All queens reared
fioni imported mother. UI3S A. U. TAYLOS,

Gtfdb BOX 77. Mulberry Orove, Bond Co., Ills.

BEES CHEAPT

I have had charj^e of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. I intend to start an apiary five miles from
town; will sell lull colonies and nuclei cheap. cFine
queens a speciulty. For particulars, address

Wm. p. kimber,

ottdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

FOR SALE.- BEKS, good colonies in sbipping-
ciises, with 9 Langstroth frames. Italians, $4. .50;
hybrids, .f4.00; delivered at R. R. station any time
after Mav I. MISS MABEL FENN,

7tfdb Tallmadge. Ohio.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has written, published, and now oilers for sale, a
H little book upon " Thf I'HODVVTION Of
rOMli //O.V/;i." Although its distinctive fea-
ture is that of teaching how to profitably dispense
with full sheets of foundation in the brood-nest
when hiving swarms, several other points are
touclicd upon, and the system of com l)-honey pro-
duction that the author believes to be best is briefly
outlined. Price of the book, postpaid, 25 cts. 7tfdb

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

II /<;/■; A/.r, $i.oo fur yeah.

:017ES. McFHEBSON & CO., Publishers, Beeton, Ontario, Canada.

The oub' bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of S.S2 pages. Otfb

ITALIAir QTJEEITS

BEE-HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

ONE PIKCE V-GKOOVE SECTIONS, BEE-

FEEDEKS, WIKE NAILS, PEK-

FOKATED ZINC.

Scrub Brushes, a friend for the ladies, 65 cents
each : §4.00 per dozen. Alsike clover seed, $7. .50 per
bushel; $2.00 per peck; 15 cents per pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-iodl) NAPPANEE, IND.

30 DAYS' TRBAlT

THIS NEW

ELASTIC TRUSS

Has a I'ad ditterent Irom ail
others, is cup shaup. with Self-
adjusting Ball in center, adapts
itself to all positions of the
bodv while the ball inthecup

presses back the intes-
_ tines just as a person

does with the finger, with light pressure the Her
nia is held securely Ciy and nipht, and a radical cure
oo-tTin, It iso:isv, rlnr-M" ,Tnd cheat). Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. i ioL'.IJTO.N TKCSS CO., CUeago, 111.

l-i2<lb

From pure-bred S. C. and H. ( '. \i !,(..> horns, lllnck
Hamhurgs, and P. Rocks. Per sitting of i;i egfis,
*1.00. Two or more sittings, at one time, each 75 cts.
Carefully packed in baskets, and express charges
paid to destination anywhere in N. Y. State. Also
100 colonies of Italian bees for sale. Breeding and
tested queens now. Untested queens, after May
1.5th. Write for prices.
7-8d r. I). WOOLiVI^R, Mwi.nsville, N. ¥.

PUKE P. ROCK EGGS, $1.0U PER 13.
7-8d R. W. TURNER, M<diua,(thio.

3UUU

LBS. FIRST-CLASS FOUNDATION, CHEAP,
tsgd E. T. LEWtS & CO., Toledo, Ohio.

PRIME Sc GOVE,

BRISTOL, + VERL-IOITT,

— MANUFACTUKEKS OF—

Pee - Jieepers^ Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samples free.
5tfdb.

-HEDDOfS^

— 188T~

CmCULAH

NOW READY.
ADDRESS JAMES HEDDON,
DQWAGIAC, MICH.

Itfdb

"IJ ■,' t^ EEEPEES' SUIDE, Memoranda, and lUus-
»■ ~-' ^-* trated catalogue, for 1887, FEEE. Reduc-
ed prices. Address JOS. NYSEWANDEE, Des Moines, Iowa.
3tfdb

attentionT

SECTIONS, REE-HIVES, HONEY -ROXES,
FRAMES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. G. R. LEWIS & CO.,
Itfdb Watertowii, Wis.

PDllOflaTEaSIJ TIE WEST

FOE TEE UANUFACTUKE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 22tfdb

A. r. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

290

GLEA:^}I]S[GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

peNEY OeMjfi]^.

CITY MARKETS.
MiLWAUKKE.— Ho«6{/.— The demaud for honey is
quite fair for good qualities, feither comb or ex-
tracted. We quote:

Choice white 1-lb. sections, 11@12

" 3-lb. " 10@11

DarJi, Dot wanted.
Extracted, white, in bbls. and kegs, ti@6'2

" " in tin pails, ^'^4^(0)'!

" dark, in bbls, 4(g)5

Beeswax, 2,5c. A. V. Bishop.

Mar. 28, 1887. 142 W. Water St.

Chicago.— Ho/iej/.— Season is <iuite far advanced
for comb honey, and sales are in a small way.
Prices are easier than on last quotations, still we
try to g'et ]2{ajl3c tor the fanej' lots, and there is not
much of that grade. Extracted, about the same as
last quotation. Beeswax, 25c.

R. A. Burnett,

Apr. 9, 1887. 161 So. Water St., (Jhicago, 111.

Cleveland.— ifofiej/.— The market has been a lit-
tle more active of late and there has been a fair de-
mand for best 1-lb. sections of white honey at 11(5(12.
Second quality continues dullat9@10. E.xtracted,
,5@6. Beeswax, 2.'jc.

Apr. 9, 1887. A. C. Kendei,,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Columbus.— Ho?i6jy.— White olov'er in comb in
good demand at J4@,15c. California, none in mar-
ket. Extracted, white clover, lOCSl^c. Good white-
clover honey is scarce in this market and sells read-
ily at quotations. Eakle Ci^ickenger,

Apr. 9, 1887. 117 South 4th St.

Cincinnati.— H(j«t!y.— No change since our last
quotations. Demand for tal)le honey is fair for the
time being, and demand from manufacturers has
improved. We quote IKSHc for choice comb honey
in the jobbing way, and 3@7 for extracted honey,
according to (juality, on a' rival.

Beeswax is in fair demand, and brings 'MGr^Sc ou
arrival for good to choice yellow.

Apr. 7, 1887. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati. Ohio.

New York.— Ho?iey. — The demand for comb hon-
ey continues fair, and there is no material change
in the market.

Apr. 11, 1887. Thukbeh, Whyland & Co.,

New York.

St. hov is.— Honey.- We quote you honey still
dull. Choice white-clover 1-lb. sections, 10c, and
moving slow. Dark 9e, «nd broken and out of con-
dition, (5(g'8c. Extracted clover, cans, 5; bbls., 4;
Southern, ."JcffiSV^. neeswax.sis runs, 21@22; selected,
25. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Apr. 11, 1887. 108 and 110 Market St.

Detroit.— iJo/tej/. —Best grades of comb honey
have advanced since last quotations. Best white-
clover in one pound sections UOrVi cts.
Beeswax. 33c. M. H. Hunt,

Apr. 11, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

Philadelphia.— //ojiCf/— Honey nominally as
last, but no movement whatever, and no demand.

Beeswax is quiet but steady; we(iuote: Yellow,
choice, 22(5 23; dark, inferior, 20(5;31; white, 37(aj38.

-Apr. 11, 1887. Pancoast & Griffiths,

242 South Front St., Philadelphia.

500 FRAMES OF BROOD

Two-thirds full, well covered with bees (Italian), no
queen, in two-frame nucleus hives; .just the thing
for queen-rearing, #1 each frame, after June 1st.

Twenty last-years' tested Italian queens, $2 each.
8-9 lOd ■ M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y.

T7</«n CqIa Full €oIuiiie»!> or Italian Bees,
r Ul Odlt;. 2, 3, and 4 Frame Nuclei.

Tested queens before .June 1st, ^1.511 each; after.
$1.25 each. Untested, before June l.ith, fl.OO
each. After that date, single queen, 75 cts.; six for
$4; twelve for $7.75. Pounds of bee.s, same price as
untested queen.
7tfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

SOLID RED DRONES !

Yes, my American-Albino-ltalian, selected queens
produce them : U4IOL.1TXL.F says. " The Reddest
1 ever saw." ] CHALLENGE the world on BFF»«.
Send for prices. Specialties— QneeLS, Nuclei, and
Colonies. Warranted querns.— A. A. and G. Italians,
$1.00 each; tested. $3.50. Cyprians, from a Benton
imported queen, mated to Albino drones, \ more.

.5— ABBOTT L.. SVVIMSON, 71— ti5.
8d Uuldsboru, Wayne Co., N. C.

SECTIONS

Sections smooth on both sides, V or nearly square
groove, dovetailed ends, or to nail, at $3.50 per 1000.

K. U^ALiKi K ic €0.,
8tfd l>ai>a«> St. €lair Co., IVIicli.

Pure
Italian

For
Sale.

30 COL.OMFS, AT iro.OO, ^6.00, ANO $7.00
PFK OOliONV,

In Langstroth fiames and latest improved hives,
for section boxes or extracted honey.

JAMES CRAIG,

Mt. Mesidiak,

8tfdb

VlEaiNIA.

Al'ltlL -i, ISfii.

THE NORTHSHADE APIARY

Now consists of 195 colonies of choice Italian bees,
theprogen.v of selections of queens from the supe-
rior and well-known Dadant strain of imported
queens. One hundred colonies of these bees for
sale cheap. For prices, etc., see my ad. in March
15th and A|)ril 1st Gi.eanin(}s. The 5 per cent dis-
count extended to Ma.\- 1st.

Address «►. H. TOIVINSEIMJ,

8-9d Kul. Co. Alamo, ITIicli.

Stanley's Automatic
HONEY - EXTRACTOR.

BkTTFK 'rH.\^ li:\Flt BKFORF.

Send for latest catnlogue, with full description.
8d Address G. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

Holy-Land Bees and Queens, Cheap.

Full Colonies, Nuclei, and Queens.

Skm> FOK ClKCri-AH.

GEO. D. RAUDENBUSH, - READING, PA.

' 8-13db '

SKIRLiEVS

COHTRASTIBLE * BEE - HIVE.

Write for descriptne circular. It will pay
Address W. H. SHIRLEY,

8-»d Mill Grove, Allegan Co., Mich.

BEES! BEES! BEES!

Mees by the pound, Italian Queens, Comb Foun-
dation, Sections, Hives, and all kinds of Bee Sup-
plies at roek-bottom prices. Send for price list, now
out. SMITH & .TACKSON, P. O. Box 72.

8d Tilbury Center, Kent Co., Ont., Canada.

sJETof ENGRAVING TOOL.S, 10 pieces, in lock-
J^ bo.\, all for *:i.00. H. L. Strong, Medina, Ohio.

VoJ. XV.

APRIL 15, 1887.

No. S.

TERMS : 81.00 Per AjrauM, IN Advance; I T? ..+rih7i <ih £>rl i-Vt 1 R7 R j Clubs to different postoffices, not less
•' Gopiet.foi$l 90- Sfoi$a.75, 5for$i.00; Hit^L'UjUvOO fLViX' l/rv J. O t (J . \ than 90 cts. each. Sent postp.aid, in the
'5ots. each. Single num- , r,,,,,^,^ .km.-monthlv bv -i .^.if^of tSl'unfve Ja vLr^l'^'niTn'^i

To all countries
per year extra.

. jr niorCy _ „

l>Li-, 5 cts. Adiiitions to clubs may be [

made at club rates

bo sent to onf: postoffice

to clubs maybe tries oi tne universal t

A,.ovearealltoJ^^ /. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. [S^T J'/t^JIf.'pfe^ct'^s?

A PRACTICAL QUESTION.

HOW FAli APART SHOULD APIAKIES BK L,<)t'AT-

KD, SO THAT THE BEES OF ONE LCJCALITV

M.W NOT INTKKFERE WITH THOSE OF

ANOTHER?

TF you have only from 10 to ."ill colonies of bees
(ML y'^ wouldn't give a blue button to know how
W far bees will work profitably, nor how many
"*■ can be kept in one apiary for greatest profit.
As you approach the number 100 or more, you
will most likely become intensely interested in
both these points. I want to say distinctly, in ad-
vance, that T have very little knowldge in this
direction that is either e.xact or certain. I don't
know how many colonies can be kept most profita-
bly in one apiary, and 1 don't know any one who
does know. It's a sort of " Will o' the wisp " affair,
ever eluding your grasp. But it is a subject that
»m(st be thought about; for although we may not
know the limit, we know most surely that there is
n limit beyond which every colony added will de-
crease the total surplus. I would give much to
know that limit. Of course, it varies in different
I)laces: and when you come to decide for your lo-
cality, you can do it only by comparing your crops
of different years and then doing some guessing.
1 f, one year, from UK) colonies you got a total crop
of .5000 lbs., and another year, equally good, from
130 colonies in the same apiary you get a crop of
mnre than ."KXK) lbs., it is pretty good evidence that
more than 100 colonies can be profitably kept in
that apiary. But how can you know that the two
years were equally good? Ay, there's the rub. It
must be largely guessing. Well, suppose you have
used your best judgment, and decide that Vih colo-

nies is your limit for greatest profit, and suppose
that you have, altogether, 175 colonies, shall you
take half to an out apiary or keep your limit of 13.">
al home, and take away 50? I think I would cora-
[iromise, and take away perhaps 75; but it is hardly
a matter of great consequence.

Now you must decide how far they should be
taken. Even if we had exact knowledge about
this, there will a)ways be local reasons that will
prevent us from following a fixed rule, because
thei-e may be a linden grove in a certain range,
or some house where we should like to locate,
which is a half-mile or so further or nearer than
we would otherwise locate. But it may be of some
use to talk about the general rule. For the pres-
ent let us suppose that 'A miles is the distance
which bees work from their home. How much in-
terference will there be it a second apiary is plant-
ed within 3 miles of the home apiary? If we rep-
resent the range of each apiary by a square field
measuring 3 miles each way from the apiary, or n
, miles across, the interference will be shown in
Fig, 1.

In this case the shad-
ed part in the middle
shows the part of the
field that is doubled, or
occui)ied by the apiary
located at B as well as
by the apiary located at
Fig. 1. A. It is easily seen,

that •')0 per cent of A's field is also occupied by B;
and according to the figure, if we want no interfer-
ence the two ajiiaries must be located 6 miles apart.
The square figure does not, however, properly
represent the area of bees' flight. As they fiy only
tliree miles in any direction, no bee will ever reach

292

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

the corners of the square, and the area of flig'ht will
be a circle.

Fig. ^ shows the inter-
ference to be less with
circular than with
square fields. If 1 have
made no mistake in fig-
uring', the shaded part
in Fig. 2 is 39 per cent of
A's field. But is there *''^- ^•

not still an error? We have thus far considered
that the bees occui)y a circular field sharplj' defin-
ed by its circumference, the bees spread evenly
over this whole surface, being just as i>lentiful near
the circumference as near the center. But do not
the bees become more and more scattered as we
a])proach the circumference, so that the further we
go f rom an ajiiary the fewer bees we shall find? I
know that bees seem instinctively to iirefer to tiy
some little distance when going in search of nectar;
or. at least, 1 think 1 have seen it so stated; but is
this not true only to a limited extent? and i.« not
the general rule that, when j^ou go to their utmost
limit of flight, you will find the bees very scattering?
Another thing is, that the time and strength in-
volved in making these distant flights counts for
something, so that, even if the bees were evenly
distributed over the field, an acre taken from near
the circumference would count for less in the sur-
plus crop than an acre taken nearer the center. I
think, however, we are safe in saying both that the
bees are more scattering as we apiiroach the cir-
cumference, and also that their labors are of less
value than when working nearer the center. This,
of course, is merely a general statement, and on the
supposition that the field is homogeneous through-
out, as if it were one unvarying field of clover from
center to circumference. Of course, in actual
practice there is no such uniformity, for there may
be a fine yield from basswoods near the outside,
and nothing yielding near the center. But taking
the general view, the field may be considered, not
as a distinctly defined circle, equally valuable in all
its parts, but as a circular field densely occupied
near the center, and gradually fading away to noth-
ing as the distance from the center becomes great-
greater and greater.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 3 represents the idea. With this view of the
case, it will be seen that the interference is much
less when the apiary B is placed three miles from
the apiary A, as at Fig. 4, than we have previously
considered. Just what the precise amount of in-
terference is, I can not give in exHct figures.

Now, some good friend will likely haul me over
the coals for dealing so much in speculation, and
ask me why I don't deal in facts My good friend,
the subject is such a slippery one that it is a very
hard matter to get hold of any thing very positive.
But the subject is one we must think about, and we
must come to some kind of a conclusion when we
come to establish an out apiary; ^nd I will gladly

yield the floor to you if you will give us positive in-
formation.

So much for theory. As to my actual experience
in the matter, I confess it has been such that my
views have undergone considerable change. My
Wilson apiary is just about three mili's from home,
in a bee-line. I thought this was too near, but it
was convenient and desirable on several accounts.
Without knowing any thing about it myself, I took
the testimony of others that three miles is about a
fair distance for bees to fly, and so they should be
six miles apart, to avoid all intei-ferencL'. Making
allowance for their scattering flight at the outside,
T decided that there would be hardly enough lost by
putting them a mile nearer to pay for traveling the
extra mile in going back and forth to the out apia-
ry; so I settled upon five milt^ as about the most
desirable distance But, as I said, the Wilson apia-
ry was distant three miles; and after s<•^•cral years'
experience I now seriously doubt if any thing
would be gained by placing it further away. At
different times, and many times, I have taken col-
onies from one apiary to the other, and in no case
have I ever known the bees to fly back to their old
locality. Now, if any of them, in their flight, got
back upon their old field, would they not, from
sheer force of habit, finding themselves on familiar
ground, fly back to their old homes? The shaking-
up of the journey, and also the strange appeai-ance
of the locality, would make them mark the new lo-
cation, I know; but still I think the old habit would
take them to the old home if they were on the old
ground. On the other hand, when sweet clover was
in bloom, bees were found on it along the road
throughout the whole of the middle mile between
the two apiaries, and they would hardly happen to
meet just at the middle i)0int between the two
apiaries and not overlap. However, thtse middle
bees may have been from some (ith(;r apiary. 1
merely give it as my present guess, that three miles
is far enough apart for my apiaries, and make no
promise to adhere to that opinion for any specified
length of time. Have others any experience that
will help toward a guess in the matter?

At different times T have asked questions of oth-
ers, and, without exception, received answers some-
thing after the following fashion :

" Suppose an out apiary is established at a proper
distance north of the home apiary, in what direc-
tion would you plant a third apiary?"

"South."

" Where would you plant n fourth a)(iary?"

" East or west."

"Well, sui)pose we .«ay east, then where would
you plant a fifth?"

•' West."

" And a sixth?"

"Well, somewhere further out."

In every case the idea was that a circle, or row
of four apiaries, would be planted about the home
apiary, something like Fig. .5.

\

|Fig. 5. :Fig.;H.

This is well itjpough if onh five apiaries are to be

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

2»3

established. But if tlie number is to reach seven
onnore, it is just as well to put six as four in the
first circle, as in Fig-. «. ('. C. Mim<er.

Marengro. 111,. April, 1887,

Many thanks, doctor, lor telling us jnst
what we have got to meet, sooner or later.
Now, I happen to know that a good many
localities are mo;e or less overstocked, per-
haps not ottcii l>y one single owner; bnt
many times wlieiv a wliole neighborhood
goes to bee-kee])ing. the result, unless during
extra seasons, is a small amount of surjjlus
per colony.— The distance bees tiy has been
a goo 1 deal discussed during years past ;
bnt I tVel ])retty well satisfied that yon are
right ill deciding that bees seldom fly more
than three miles; and notwithstanding all
tlie facts that have been brought forth. I do
nit believe tht^v work profitably more tlian
half that distance. I feel so sure I am right
that I have furuished bnckwheat and alsike
el >vpr-seed tn onr farming friends who are
no more than a mile and a half distant from
our apiary. Wliere they live two miles dis-
tant, we sometimes let them have it at half
price When we first brought our Italians
to Medina w'e rarely found them more than
two miles from home. When there was a
scarcity of blossoms, however, they were oc-
casionally found two miles and a lialf away.
This scarcity always occurred between fruit-
blossoms and clover. At tin's time, the
wild tliorn -apple would be covered with
Italians two miles from himie, while the
same trees three or ft^ur miles from our api-
ar> wfMe covered with black bees and no
Italiiins. Perhaps there were not Italians
enonyh at that time in our apiary. These
oliservati .ns were of no avail a year or two
later, because the Italians had got into the
woods. I think yon are right about it, and
Fig. (i would be the plan I would suggest for
seven ;ipiaries. You may remember, the
same thing is suggested in our A B (' book.

ABOUT DRINKINa-W^ATEE.

FHIKNI) TKKKY rilSCCSSES THIS IMPORTANT MAT-
TE U.

fHK writer traveled some diiriiia' the past \vin-
ter with Prof. Detmers. of the Ohio State
University. Noticing that he did not drink
any water, but always tea and coffee only, I
asked him if he was afraid to drink water
when away from home. " Ves," he replied, " for
there is as much sickness and death caused by
drinking' impure water as by drinking- liquor. 1
drink no water when away from home unless it has
been boiled. Then it is safe." Not long after-
ward I met another scientific authority, and told
him what Prof. Detmers had said, and asked if that
was correct He iavighed, and said Detmers had |)ut
the case ii little too strong-ly ag-ainst water: but
still there was a good deal of truth in his statement,
for very much sickness and death is certainly the
result of drinking impure water. Not long after, I
bad the pleasure of eating supper with Dr. C. L.
Mees, of t)ie Athens University, at a hotel in the
city. 1 kept watch, knowing that he was a thor-
oughly posted man, to see whether he would drink
any water. He drank some. Then 1 asked him if
be wasn't afraid of it. He said there was some

risk, perhaps; but he would take the chances as
long as he knew there were no cases of typhoid fe-
ver or similar diseases in the city. He was more
afraid of some disease that was present being com-
municated through the drinking-water, than of dis-
ease that originated from the impure drink. He
seemed to think that these diseases were not start-
ed by impure water or foul air, but that they low-
ered the tone of the sj-stem so that the germs of
typhoid fever, etc., if they happened around, were
far more likely to find lodgment and a proper place
to develop in.

Well, I told the doctor how much pains we had
taken to have pure water at our house, so as to get
his advice. I told him we had a slate roof on the
house, and a cement cistern, with a brick partition
in it" to filter the water. He said: "If you clean
out your cist(>rn once in ii year or so, you have got as
pure drinking-water as you can obtiiin. If you had
a shingle roof, why, then you ought to let the first
rain that falls in a shower run off: and after the
roof becomes clean, turn it into the cistern. If
you burned soft coal, this would be best, even with
your slate roof; but with anthracite coal it will not
matter much." (This brick filter is simply a parti-
tion built up in the cistern, so as to have about
one-fourth of the space on one side, and three-
fourths on the other. The water Hows into the larg-
er si)ace, and is pumped out of the other. We used
quite hard bricks and cement. Our water has al-
ways been perfectly clear.)

Next, I told of my well, where we get nice cool
drinking-water in summer. In the winter we use
only cistern-water. The well is in the dooryard, a
few feet from the kitchen-porch . The yard and the
fields around are kept clean and pure; that is, no
slops are emptied more than once in a i)lace, and
the privy-tub is water-tight, and the contents al)-
sorbed with dry muck. I spoke rather boastingly, as
I have taken a good deal of jiains in that line, of my
nice pure well-watei-. The shrewd professor smiled
quietly, and remarked: " Vou can not say that your
water is pure, although you have taken wise pre-
cautions, such as every person should, to try to
have it so. You manure your fields, and more or
less vegetable matter decays on them. The rains
fall on these fields, and the water goes down and
carries with it some impurities from this decaying
vegetable matter. The earth will not filter them all
out. In fact, it is next to impossible to filter them
all out. They will go through the brick wall in your
cistern with the water. Careful e-\periments have
shown that typhoid germs can not be filtered out of
water by earth. Your water may be bright and
clear, but it may not be entirely pure. In fact,
chemistry hardly dares to say, after analyzing, that
a given samj)le of water is harmless. It is far easi-
er to tell those which are certainlj- harmful. You
have taken every precaution that you can in your
location, but do not be too positive about your wa-
ter being too pure."

VVell, 1 was taken down, I assure you, friend Koot.
Perfection can not be attained, perhaps, in this di-
rection nor any other; but we can certainly all
work toward it. However, they say boiling would
render the water perfectly safe. Certainly ever.v
one ought to take all the i)recautions we have. One
should do all he can for his own protection, accord-
ing to our best present light, and then trust in
Providence.

A man told me this last winter, after hearinjr tne

294

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk.

talk at an institute on the subject, that his slop-
drain from the house ran by the well, and within
ten feet, and that it was built of common drain-tile,
and asked if I thought there was any dang-er in
drinking the water from the well, under the circum-
stances. The slops could run out between every
joint in the tiles, and it is only a matter of time
when that water will be dangerous to drink. I told
him so. If he does not tend to it immediately, I
have no faith to believe that Providence will save
him. Let us all look to our water supply, and see if
we have fairly earned the right to trust in Provi-
dence, with an entirely clear conscience.

One more point in the same line. It has been
clearly shown of late, that germs of disease can be
carried in ice, and thus get into our drinking-water.
To illustrate: Some children died of dijihtheria, as
it was called. Several i)hysicians were employed to
hunt up the cause. They could find nothing about
the house or water or surroundings to cause the
disease. They were about to give up when one sug-
gested they examine the ice. In it they found the
germs of swine plague. They soon found out that
some hogs that died of the disease were thrown in-
to the stream from which the ice was cut. This
was done just before it froze up. In many other
cases, disease has been traced directly to impure ice.
So one must look out for the ice, now, as much as
for the water. T. B. Tbrrv.

Hudson, O., April, 1887.

Very good, old friend ; but it seems to me
you are in a hurry to drop your subject this
time. Your hist point, about disease l)eing
contained in the ice, is certainly a most se-
rious one, and I felt almost vexed to have
you drop it with so few words. I have for
years been very sensitive in regard to drink-
ing-water ; that is, I do not feel right after
drinking certain kinds of water, when I dot" eel
right by getting water that Nature seems to
say is all right. Not a great many years ago I
felt thirsty all the time, but none of the water
from any of our wells or cisterns seemed to
satisfy my thirst ; that is. if I drank as
much as 1 felt like drinking it made me feel
worse than if I had not drank at all. I
drank milk for a good many days, but Nature
seemed to say, " We have had plenty of this
stuff ; we want some good pure water." One
evening as I was going over the factory after
the hands had all gone home, I heard the
rain upon the roof, and something seemed
to say, " There, that is exactly what I want
and have been wanting." I replied, or per-
haps reasoned within myself, that the wa-
ter from our slate roof over at the house must
be just as good, but it tasted, at least faint-
ly, of the lime used in making the cistern,
and nature seemed to call so strongly for
the pure water just coming from the clouds
that I got a great big tin dish-pan and set
it outdoors until there was enough for a
drink. It seemed to fill the bill exactly. In
fact, it was so delicioxts that I drank more
and more. I decided to test the matter
thoroughly by drinking an enormous quan-
tity. To my astonishment, no unpleasant
results followed. I went to bed and slept
soundly. From that day to this I have
been in the habit of catching water from
the clouds, or melting snow when we have
snow, instead of rain, and I really believe I
can drink a quart of water distilled from

Nature's laboratory, and grow fat on it —
that is, if anybody can grow fat on pure rain
water alone. Soft water from sandstone
springs seems to answer the purpose in the
same way. I can drink and drink, and it
does not seem to make any difference how
much I drink, by waiting so as to have an
interval between these drinks. Pure soft
water seems to act on my system as it does
on my face and hands — it washes away the
accumulations and debris, as it were. Ilard
water from most of the wells, especially
from the wells in clay soils, does not answer
for me. Nature submits to it for a while,
but pretty soon she says, " We have had all
of these salts of lime and earthy matter we
can dispose of for some time to come ; now
give us some pure clean water that does not
leave any residue when you lioil it down.'"

Of course^-I have no right to insist thai
soft water, or the fresh water from tiie
clouds, is best for every one ; and I am
not sure it is always best for me. Some-
times when I taste the water from mineral
springs, or springs that contain a considera-
ble quantity of mineral salts, Nature seems to
say, " This is a good thing; let us have quite
a little of it." But sooner or later the de-
mand comes, clearly and unmistakably, for
the soft water from the clouds. Tea and cof-
fee cease to fill the bill. Even lemonadeisnot
the thing, and back I get again to my favor-
ite beverage of rain water caught in a tin
pan.* At one time, one of the conductors
that brings the water from the slate roof to
the cistern became leaky, and I caught a
dipperful right where it passed into the cis-
tern, but before it had got there. This
seemed to till the bill about as well as rain
water out of the tin pan; but I imagined
that even the slate roof and the tin pipes
had given it a slight taint. Suppose, friends,
you think of this matter, and experiment
for yourselves. I do believe that a natural,
unperverted taste is a safer and surer guide
than any rules that can be laid down, even
by "• big doctors." One wiio feels perfectly
stout and well will not. perhaps, need to be
so " notional," as some may term it ; and I
quite agree with the doctor who said that
the danger from impure drinking-water is
principally to those whose systems are in a
weak condition, and ready to let fevers, etc.,
find a lodgment. I believe, however, we
may keep our systems in a high and healthy
tone by being careful about our fo(;d and
drink.

I once used considerable ice (putting it di-
rectly into a tank used for drinking-water)
that I became satisfied was affecting me in-
juriously. Investigation showed that it had
been cut from a'pond where cattle drank in
the summer time, and where they could
stand in the water up to their knees. I
know the symptoms of bad water on myself
so well, that I think I can tell it almost at
once. When I was a boy in my teens there
seemed to be a sort of ague and fever hang-
ing around me. I studied over the matter
until I felt satisfied that the feelings origi-

*I have often kept rain water, thus cangrht from the clouds,
in an unglazed covered stone jar. placed in the cellar. The un-
glazed ,iar keeps the water modei'ately cool by evapoiationi
and even in the hottest weather in summer I nnd it very pal-
atable and refreshing.

issf

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

295

nated from the water we drank. We were
in a new country, and no wells had been
dug. Where I was boarding, the water they
used and drank came from a hole dugin a
low spot in the woods. They called it a
"spring," but it was so full of organic mat-
ter that a very cheap microscope showed the
wigglers by the thousands. 1 changed my
boarding -place, and commenced drinking
water fiom a deep Well that showed none of
this unimal life, and I was myself again, al-
most at once.

By the way, it may not be amiss to state
that it is a popular fallacy to suppose that
thete are live animals in our best drinking-
water. It is not so. The water from a
f food well or spring is almost if not entire-
y free from anv such forms of living ani-
mals. I have often wished we could have a
cistern made of glass. A great big glass
bottle would suit me. Then, of course, we i
should want a good filter to prevent dust, i
leaves, and trash of any kind from getting in- i
to our glass-bottle cistern. I do not like ce-
ment cisterns, for the reasons I have given ;
but perhaps when the taste of lime has all
been washed away they may do very well.
Wood is used entirely iii some places ; and if :
kept well cleaned out, it may do quite well— i
I mean for constructing cisterns. Iron or
wooden pipes for the water to pass through
are perhaps unobjectionable, but I have
never given them the test mentioned above.

VARIOUS TOPICS.

HARK HONEY FOR THE COMBS.

fOV iisk to hear from readers who have found !
it best to have extracted honey liglit, and to
get the dark honey in combs. That is my ex- I
perience. Some people were prejudiced
against extracted honey, because they sup- |
posed it would necessarily be dark and strong:. '
The raajoritj' of customers prefer light honey to
dark, and comb to extracted.

My bees were not Inclined to help me in this mat-
ter, however. They work more readily in frames
at any time, but especially during buckwheat
bloom, some refusing to enter sections, and others '
doing but little, although 1 contracted the surplus I
apartments, and tucked them up wai-m. The gro-
cer to whom I sell asked, "Why don't you have I
more of the dark honey in the comb? " He also
tells me that yellow wax brings a higher price than \
the light. Why is it so? The light is made from
cappings, the dark from old combs. He sometimes '
melts over the light wax, adding butter-color.

KING-BIRDS, AND WHY gUEENS DISAPPE.iR. '

In answer to one who asked why his queens dis-
appeared Just when they should commence laying,
I would say they were probably killed while flying
out. I had a similar experience, the trouble ending j
when a king-bird was shot. Prof. Cook asks wheth-
er the king-bird receives stings. I think not. I '
watched this one for some time. He would catch
a bee, alight on an old apple-tree, thump the bee
against a limb, and then swallow it. I watched him
catch and eat thirteen. ;

SALT FOR BEES.

Bees want salt, but not a large quantity— about a
tablespoonful to a pail of water. When I make a '

strong brine they prefer fresh water; otherwise they
work on the salt water early and late, and work
right on, during rainy days as well as sunny ones.

Ar,SlKE.

Will you please tell us how to itlanage alsike clo-
ver tohave it come into bloom just as white clovei*
begins to fail? Should it be pastured or cut early,
and how would that affect the hay and ^ecd crop ?

RASPBERRIES.

so many are praising the Cuthbert rasberry that
I wish to say that we think the Philadelphia more
profitable, both for honey and fruit. It is true, the
plant is a trifle less hardy, the berries at-e not as
good a flavor (some think them better), abd thfey
are not quite as large or hard; but they fill both
berry and honey boxes. The Cuthbert is good foi-
a late fancy berry.

I am glad to see the recipes for cakes and can-
dies. Writers should mention the kind of honey
used. Buckwheat honey makes A richer cake than
white-clover honey. The strong taste and stronger
smell do not recommend it tb the fastidious ones,
however. What can be done to destroy that and
the sharp twang in some of the light honeys? A
trace of propolis sometimes causes a smarty taste.

Delavan, Wis. 6— L. Williams, 13—13;

Thanks, friend W., for your hint in regard
to the amount of salt to be used in a pailful
of water. I think now that I can remember
failing to get bees to use salt water, just be-
cause I made it too strong.— Alsike clover
can be kept from blooming either by mow-
ing or by pasturing. I can not tell what the
effect is on the hay or seed. Perhaps our
readers who are accustomed to cutting it
early can answer.— I do not know how it is
possible to remove the sharp twang you
mention, noticed in some kinds of honey.

SPREADING BROOD.

A FEW HINTS FUR BEGINNEKS AND OTHEHS.

l|p S spring is drawing near, a few words on the
gij^i above subject may save some beginner in
^^[ bee culture much loss by the untimely
■^^^ spreading of brood in early spring. For a
number of years I have been in the habit of
spreading the brood in spring, and I am satisfied
now that I have gained little if any thing by so do-
ing; and as I struck on a plan last spring that suits
me much better, and is perfectly safe, I wish to
give it. As soon in the spring as the bees begin to
gather pollen they are confined to the number of
frames containing brood by a division-board, or a
frame solid full of honey. VA'hen these are full of
brood, the division-board or frame of honey is
pushed back, and an empty comb placed beside the
brood-nest. If the colony is in a prosperous condi-
tion, the queen will take possession of this empty
comb just as quick as she would if it were placed
in the center of the brood-nest. The above plan is
the one we used last spring, and I never had bees
build up so fast and become strong as early in the
spring as they did last year.

I believe it is a bad plan to break the brood-nest
in the spring, as it is a shock to the bees that they
do not get over in a number of days; but when the
combs are placed at the side, the brood-nest is en-
larged without disturbing it. G. A. Wright.

Gleowood, Susq. Co., Pa., Feb. 1, 1887.

29t)

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Ape.

OUR WOOD-WOBKING DBPAB.TMEJMT.

A GLIMPSE AT BEE-HIVE MACHINEHY.

«S announced in a previous issue, we
herewith give our readers a view
tlirougii tlie central portion of our
wood-working department where all
our hives, sections, frames, and ever}
article made of wood, i)ertaiiiing to apicul-
ture, is manufactured. Tlie room which
you see is 44 x Oti feet, and there is scarcely
a belt to be seen ; and where one does come
up into the room it is boxed so that there
may be no danger to the workmen or small
boys engaged in picking up sticks. All the
shafting and pidleys are in the basement
below ; and nobody but experienced men go
down to oil, or^ to put on and take off the

the room, you will notice a large pipe.
Along the latter, at different intervals, are
openings through which the hot air is al-
lowed to escajjc. The large pipe from
which this iiot air comes, communicates
with a smaller exhaust-fan. This is con-
nected with a cojI of steam-pipes, aggregat-
ing GOU feet in length. The iron casing in-
closing said steam-pipes has a duct commu-
nicating directly outdoors. The revolution
of the Ian causes a current of air to blow
into the open-air duct, througn the coil of
hot steam-pipes, thence through the fan,
and tinally into the large tin distributing-
pipe whicli we have already described.

In spite of all precautions we have made
for the protection of our men, we have had
a number of serious accidents. Somebody,

A VIEW IN Oi\E OE THE KOOMS OF OUK NEM' lUTIhDlXC

belts. Although there are a great many
saws running, contrary to wluit you might
expect there is little "if any inconvenience
from sawdust flying in the room.

We have previously stated, that a 52-inch
exhaust-fan is located in the basement.
Connecting directly with this is a 14-inch
galvanized-iron pipe, and this i)ipe commu-
nicates with every wo((d-working machine
by means of a smaller pipe. Thus the saw-
dust and shavings, as fast as made, are
carried directly into the boiler-furnace.
The men you see there at work have things
not only arranged as safe as possible, but
all small particles of dust are removed
from the atmosphere oi the room by the
apparatus we have described. In addi-
tion to this, in cold weather, pure hot air
is blown into the room.

Near the ceiling, in the central part of

perhaps, has growai a little careless, and the
whizziim' saw bc<'omes less and less danger-
ous to him until he has allowed his finger to
get too close to the saw. The result is the
loss or mutilation of one or more fingers.
Percliance he tries a new experiment by
letting a block down over the saw. Before
he knows it the saw has snatched it from
under liis hand: and then, quicker than a
has) I, his fingers are drawai against its
teeth. Sometimes a stick tumbles on to a
saw, the sjieed of which shoots the stick like
a bullet. If no fellow-workman stands in
its range, all well and good. We mention
these facts to show yon how accidents may
liappen. and that all of you who have to do
with saws may be careful.

Having given you a general description of
the way in whi'^h our wood-working depart-
ment is constructed, let us now proceed to

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

some of the details. The machine in front
of the young man holding a pile of sections,
is what is called a Gray one-piece section-
machine. He is in the act of pntting a pile
of sections into the machine. Having done
this he steps around to the other side ;
and as fast as the tinished sections drop
down on a tray with a zip, zip. zip, he piles
them into a box holding 5U0. This machine
is automatic, and one man can feed the
strips of sections, and box them up, while
the machine is in motion. You will notice
at tiie right of the young man, four stakes
sticking up. Although the engraving does
not show it, this is really a truck which can
be puslied about the room, tilled with hives,
sections, or whatever else the men may be
working on. We have about two dozen of
these trucks constantly in use, not only in
our woodrworking room, but in all our de-
partments.

At the rear of the young man are several
sawyers ripping section-bolts into strips 18
inches long, and 1{§ inches wide and i inch
thick. As they leave the saws, these strips,
or one-piece-section blanks, are perfectly
smooth on both sides. They are picked up
by small boys, and put into the trucks to
which we llave already referred. These
trucks are then shoved up to the section-
machines, only one of which is shown in the
picture, tlie other being located in front of
the one which you see. Near the center
of the room is a couple of cross-cut saws,
where all the cross-cut work is done. Fur-
ther l)ack is the planer. At the right is
a band re-saw. This machine is so large
that it reaches to the ceiling, though in the
engraving it is represented as much small-
er. Perliaps right liere a little description
of this saw may be interesting to some of
our readers.

A heavy iron casting holds two wheels in
sucli a way that one wheel is directh above
the other,' and the distance apart varies
from ti to 20 inches, depending upon the
width of the stuif to be ripped. These two
wheels are connected by a steel belt, one
edge of which is serrated, or toothed. As
the wheels revolve at a high rate of speed,
tliis steel band, of necessity, travels at the
same rate. The superiority of the band-
saw over the ordinary re-saws rests in the fact
that it will cut thinner boards with far less
waste, and will do it more rapidly. It also
cuts to tlie best possible advantage ; that is,
it is always cutting perpendicularly against
the stuff. A couple of instances will illus-
trate the foregoing statements. Before we
proceed, however, we will say that "•re-saw-
ing ■■■ means ripping thick boards into
thinner ones. Well, let us take an inch board
and run it through an oidinary circttUtr re-
saw, cutting it into as many thin boards as
wecan. The best circular saw for re-sawing a
20-inch board makes a waste of not less
than ,',; of an inch. On cutting, we shall
have only two boards left, each a small trifle
over? inch thick. It will now be impossi-
ble to re-saw these again, as a large circular
saw would tear them all to pieces. We will
next take an inch board and see how many
thin boards we can cut out of it with a band
re-saw. With the latter there is a waste

of only 2*0 ot" an inch ; and after once cut-
ting, we have now two boards nearly half
an inch thick. We adjust the rollers and
put one of these again into the band saw,
and And we are still able to re-saw it up into
three boards. We can thus re-saw an inch
board up into six thinner boards. Our Mr.
Warner hopes to be able to cut wood-sepa-
rators with it. As yet, however, the work is
a little rough as it leaves the saw ; but by
filing and setting the teeth in a certain way,
he may succeed ni doing so.

In all kinds of work requiring thin boards,
this machine will save us, in the course of
the season, a considerable amount of lum-
ber, which otherwise would go into saw-
dust. It was purchased of Fay & Co., Cin-
cinnati. O. The cost was nearly $400, and
its weight two tons.

Let us now pass on. At our left, as we
go up, is one of the cross-cut saws to which
we have leferred, near which stands our
Mr. Warner, the foreman. He it is who
stands in the distance (just over the young
man's right shoulder in the foreground).
Our engravers hardly did him justice; but as
he is supposed to be quite a long way off, it
will answer tolerably well. Just in front of
Mr. Warner is the machine for cutting out
insets in the section-bolts. This machine
we illustrated and described in Gleanings,
page 154. The next machine is for grooving
the ends of the one-piece and four-piece
sections. Still further on is a saw-table for
ripping up our |-inch lumber into all-wood
flames. Every time a board passes over the
gang-saws it rips three bottom-bars, top-
l)ars, or end-bars, as the case may be. Last
of all is an automatic machine which take;-'
a pile of top-bars, grooves them for a comb-
guide, and throws them down into a basket,
without any one touching it, except a small
boy who now and then gives it a feed of top-
bars.

It is in this department where we turn
out daily 20,000 sections ; and we can and
do make a thousand hives a day. besides do-
ing other work.

About a car-load of lumber is cut up every
three days. As fast as the pieces are tinish-
ed they are piled up in the trucks and
pushed" into the main building. Some-
times a truck-load of stuff is put on to the
elevator and carried into the second story,
where the hives, etc., are put together.

In closing we would say that our artist
took a view of the saw-room one afternoon
in the dull season. If you will imagine more
men, more machines, more piles of stuff,
and, in general, more business, you will get
a fair idea of the way things look in there
during the rush which is just now coming
upon us. Yes, the rush is just beginning.
The foreman of our packing department
tells us we are shipping about a carload of
goods by freight every day. to say nothing
of the mail and express.

Later, April ii'.— We are pained to give
the sad intelligence to our readers that one
of our head sawyers, a man well on in years,
had his hand mutilated so badly this morn-
ing that it had to be amputated. For sonae
reason which no one can explain, he put his
hand under the cutter-knives to one of the

298

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

section - machines seen in the foreground.
He was trying to disengage a section-blank,
which was caught. Instead of talcing an
iron hook wjiich is provided for the purpose,
he used his hand. We give you tliis fact, in
order to impress upon the minds of you who
have to do with saws or hive -making ma-
chinei'y, to be careful ; be afraid of the
saws ; rememl)er the terrible consequences.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.
Luv & Beafstake & Beestings.

A ROMANTS.

TNTO the life of evry 1 cums a time which taken
1^ at the flud leads on to forchune. Sitch a time
^l hed cum into the life of Emmy Jane. That
•*■ was her 1st name. Emmy Jane Cary was her
fool name. She was a hansum creetur, fare as
the dooy breth of a mornin zeffer in the witching-
cam of twilite revery. Her parents on her father's
side was a fHrmer, with four (4) sons and three (3)
dotters. Emmy Jane was 1 of the dotters. Wil-
ly Davis hed been keepin compenny with her, but
for sum time now a cool strain of teelin hed groad
up atwixt them. 1 no oil about the koz of it but I
druther not tell. Willy told me in confidents. Suf-
fize it to say that the g-ap kep gittin wider an wider.
You no sitch things are up to go that way. He was
hotty & she was proud, & nether wood give in a
inch.

EMMA .JANE AIND POOR WILI^Y.

But the e})Ock into her life to whitch I refurred in
the beginnin was about to arrive. Willy hed bin up
to Jack Wilsen's to git a settin of eggs from Jack's
muther, not that Wilsen's hed enny better breed of
hens, but thay are ap to do better if you change
eggs. Nowadaze peaple makes a fuss about thor-
rowbred fouls & all that sort of thing, but bless you,
thay was jist as good chicken pie years ago when
thay diddent no enny thing about breed.s oanly to
change eggs now and then. But Ime gettin off the
subjeck. Curuss how a buddy will run from 1 thing
to anuther. Now thares Dan Jones. Heal com-
mens to tell sumthing and run off on to sumthing
else & like enuff forgit all about what he started on.
Its reel try in to lissen to sitch t'okes. So as Willy
was goln by Emmy Jane's he kep his hed doun jist
as if he diddent care a speck for her. That was the
way with both of them, coald & indiffernt outside
but all the time heed a give his oald boots to make
up, & she wurshipt the verry ground he trod on.
But jist then he heer a offul screech, and lookin
round he see it was Emmy Jane. The bees was af-
ter her and she was a gittin lively, a yelpin evry
step. Willy was afeared of bees but he summond
oil his 40tood and went to sucker her from the im-
pending dainger. He 1st poot the eggs carefool like

in the fents corner. Eggs doant hatch near so good
if thare shook up mutch, but it doant hurt them
nun for cookin. Emmy Jane hed thread her aperu
over her hed, so the bees coodent git at her, and
when Willy cum ui> a strikin wildy with both hands
them bees jist piled onto him. & give it to him in
both ize. You dot to a seen him. Thay was mourn
30 stings, and in lessen 2 minites boath ize was jest
about shut. That fetcht Emmy Jane. She sez to
him, sez she, "() my poor Willy," sez she, "are you
killed 'i"" "Not quite," sez he. "O," sez she "and
you risked yure life to save me." And then she got
him in the house and pored camflre & salleratus in
his ize, & tied raugh beef on them & he toled her
thay never hed bin a thing atwixt him & Dell Stull,
that he hed jist gone thare to git a yellow rose bush
and wuzzent waitin on Dell at oil, but when Emmy
Jane got mad he was too proud to explane.

Menny yeers has i)ast, and Mrs. Davis, she that
was Emmy Jane Cary, helv)S take care of the aperry
& Willy refers with joy to the time when the bees
got him back Emmy Jane.

P. Benson, A. B. S.

THE CHAFF HIVE VS. SIMPLICITY.

AN A B C S EXPERIENCE.

T SHOULD like to know why my bees are breed-
'M ing so much faster in the Simplicity hives than
W they are in the chatf hives. I looked at my
"*■ bees on the 20th, and found in a Simplicity
hive a good-sized patch of brood and young
bees already hatched out. They are hybrids. The
queen is an Italian dollar queen. I got her from J.
W. K. Shaw last si)ring. The queen must have be-
gun to lay about Jan. 1st, or a little after, when the
mercury was about down to zero. We have had a
cold winter. Snow fell on the oth about six inches
deep. Some of the other colonies are in chatf hives,
and they began breeding only a few days ago. They
are strong swarms, on six L. frames, with plenty of
stores, and well packed with chaff, according to
your directions in the ABC book. The bees in those
chatf hives are hybrids, and of the same lot of
queens as the one in the Simplicity hive.

I do not find that the chatf hive has many advan-
tages over the S. hive. 1 have blacks and full-
blood Italians in one-story Simplicity hives, with
chatf packed on each side, and a thin cloth over the
frames. A little chatf' is spread over the cloth, and
a Simplicity cover put on. They are in fine condi-
tion now. Some have sealed brood; some have 4
frames and others only ;i; and I expect them to
come through good strong colonies in the spring.

We have certainly had a hard winter. I think the
most of the bees here in box hives have died. Some
absconded last summer; some were killed in the
fall, and a good many have frozen this winter.

I like friend Doolittle's method of introducing
queen-cells. I had my queens purely mated, rear-
ing them late in the season, by keeping Itahan
drones in a queenless colony.

I like Gle.\nings so well that 1 am always anx-
ious for it to arrive. I can not atford to do without
it. I have read a good many bee-journals, but
Gleanings is the best of any that 1 have read. 1
like to read your Home talks. It makes me feel
like calling you brother in i)lace of friend. Your
goods are always the best, and always give satis-
faction. C. F. Gbubb.

Jubilee. Davidson Co., N. C. Jan. 29, 1887.

188?

GLfeAJ^lKGS in BEt: CULTIJKE.

2^9

BEE-LEGISLATION.

SOMETHING ON DK. C. C. MII^LKH'S SIDK OK THE
QUESTION.

fRlEND KOOT:— I should like to thank Dr. C. C.
Nliller for the waj' he has handled the oppo-
nents of legislation in the interests of bee-
keepers. 1 believe he has come out ahead in
every article he has written on the subject.
His statements have been clearly and very conciselj-
made, and I know that no one can truthfully say he
has not been honest and candid in every instance;
and he has most persistently stuck to the subject,
which can not be said of any other one who has writ-
ten upon the subject in Gleanings.

On p. 180, March 1, he says: " Controversy is not
at all to my taste, and in the present case I have the
uncomfortable feeling that, by advancing my views,
I have lowered myself in the esteem of those whose
good opinion I highly value." Can it be possible the
doctor feels that way? When I read that sentence
it gave me a feeling of sadness, and it does yet eve-
ry time I think of it; for it matters not how much
difference of opinion there may be, all who know
the doctor will certainly give him credit for being
sincere, and probably I should but voice the senti-
ment of many bee-keepers inteiested in the subject
in saying that perhaps he is as much in advance of
us all on the subject as "Old Abe" used to be found
in advance of public sentiment in many things dur-
ing the war, and that the doctor has not lowered
himself in the esteem of those whose good opinion
he so higblj- values, but that he has rather raised
himself in the estimation of all. It may be possible
that he is on the right track after all, and only time
is needed to show such to be the case. When he
proposed the appointing of a committee, at the N.
A. B. K. Convention at Indianapolis last October, to
investigate and report on the desirability and feasi-
bility of legislation in the interest of bee-keepers,
there was plenty of opposition; but, if I am not mis-
taken, not one who opposed the proposition then
has said any thing about it in Gleanings. When
such a man as Dr. Miller starts off from the beaten
track, it is enough to make thoughtful people
•' think twice" before showing opposition.

Before there was any discussion of the matter of
legislation, he wrote an article on the subject; and
on page V81 of Gleanings for October 1, 1886, in the
first sentence of the second column he says: "In
plain words, I take the radical ground that legisla-
tion is needed, whereby, in some way, under proper
limitations and restrictions, by paying for it, I may
have the control of a number of acres or square
miles as a range for my bees." Now, it seems to me
that if every one who has written on the subject had
kept that statement in mind, it would have prevent-
ed the use of such terms as " such a covetous and
selfish spirit . . . as to favor legislation that
would deprive any one. so disposed, of the pleasure
of keeping bees," being applied to the doctor. What
is there so very covetous or selfish in his or any
one's else paying for a privilege to do a legitimate
business in a certain locality? And you, friend
Root, in your comments on the doctor's article, say,
" Your ideas are good and sound, but I am afraid it
will take a good while to get them into shape as
they are in agricultuic and some other pursuits."
Well, what if it does? does that lessen the need or
desirability of making the effort? If I am not mis-
taken, the Home of the Honey-Bees didn't grow up

in a day, but it has taken years of hard thinking,
hard work, and push, and thousands of dollars, to
grow that fine home and that large and perfectly
ordered and well-stocked factory, etc., that have
necessitated the building of a railroad depot for
your accommodation. Have such bee-keepers as
Cook, Dadant, Doolittle, Demaree, Heddon, Hutch-
inson, Jones, and the scores of equally successful
ones become such by a few months of study and ex-
perience? Has it not been by the persistent work of
years? Thanks, friend Root, for saying that the
doctor's ideas are "good and sound."

In another article the doctor asks, " What kind of
legislation is needed?" and then very frankly says,
" I don't know." If there could be some feasible
way devised, by legislation or otherwise, always
justly, of course, by which those who desire to make
bee-keeping a specialty could control the desired
locality, then it might be desirable to make special
effort to stock the locality with alsike, alfalfa, Chap-
man honey-plant, and other honey-plants suitable
to the locality. It seems that you, friend Root, %'ery
naturally thought of this matter several years ago,
when you were putting out your basswood orchard,
and very naturally came to the conclusion that you
could make it unprofitable for any one to attempt
to make honey-gathering from your honey-orchard
profitable, for you expected to raise queens and
bees for sale, and not surplus honey.

On p. 945 of Gleanings for 1886, a writer says that
the doctor has baited his hook for "suckers "and
caught one at the first cast, etc. Ridicule is not ar-
gument, but with many it has more weight. If
thinking as the doctor does makes one a " sucker,"
I should not be surprised if he had caught enough
to completely brush off that " uncomfortable feel-
ing" if they would only use their bee-brushes. It
seems to me that the desirability of controlling a
prescribed locality by those making bee-keeping a
specialty must be appai-ent to all. Its practicability
is another matter. One would hardly think of at-
tempting to raise grain or stock without having
first obtained control of the needed locality.

I am afraid that the present generation of bee-
keepers would have to live longer than father Abra-
ham did before it would see all bee-keepers actuated
by the spirit he was. If they were so actuated, leg-
islation would not be needed. The doctor's articles
plainly show that he has in view the interests of
those engaged in the same pursuit he is, and fullj'
realizes, as does Mrs. Harrison and all others, that,
in order to raise "peas, beets, lettuce, and cab-
bages," people have " priority of location," and pay
for it too; but where has the doctor said any thing
about " priority of location," or suggested that any
thing be done that would give a privilege to one
bee-keeper that might not be enjoyed by any other?
W. W. Maltby does some good rhyming on page 66 of
Gleanings for 1887, but asks Dr. Miller a rather
strange question when he says:

Now, Bro. Miller, pray tell, if you can.
Why for God's gifts we pay tribute to man.

It seems to me that Bro. Maltby answered his own
question before he asked it when he said :

God made the earth, the earth raises flowers;
We don't produce them, so they are not ours.

Don't we pay tribute to man for the gifts of God
because they are gifts to others and not to our-
selves? I don't expect to have the benefits of God's
gifts to others without paying for them.

Auburndale, O., Mar. 30, 1887. A. B. Mason.

300

GLEANINGS IN J^EE OuLTUliE.

Apr.

A NEBKASKA APIAKY.

RIPENING HONEY, WINTERING, ETC.

T HAND to you a photograph of my chaff-hive
^ apiary. If you could simply glance at the orig-i-
iir nai a moment you would soon decide that the
"*■ artist has made a truthful picture. It was
taken Nov. 30, 1885, soon after the leaves had
fallen, and the bees had been prepared for winter
quarters. It then comprised an apiary of 10(1 col-
onies, 72 of them being packed in our summer and
winter chaff hive, which we will briefly describe
further on, and as shown in the cut. The apiary is
situated on a slight elevation, gradually descending
to the east. If the observer will take the pains to
turn himself about, facing the west, holding the

of the room warm, and of a degree necessary to
cause the honey to he thick and of a well-ripened
state for the market. Again, we find that honey
put in shallow vessels in this kind of a pl-ace will
rii)en with nearly the same rapidity that it is ripen-
ed in tbe hives. Durih^.the winter months this
upper half-story comes quite handy for storing
away, until another season, all surplus honey,
cases, and all other apiarian supplies that may be
made during the season of rest for the apiarist.
The lower part of this building is used for the
manufacture of all our bee-hive work.

After several years' experience in wintering
bees we have learned that bees, if wintered on
their summer stands succeWsfuUy, must have pro-
tection against the extreme temperatures of our

GJeanin^sm Btt Culfure

APIARY OF J. M. YOrNG, HOCK KLUFFS. NEI'.KASKA.

picture before him, he will get a correct idea of
which is north, south, east, or west. The cut in-
cludes nearly all the apiary, with the exception of a
few hives left out at the left-hand corner.

The building, as seen in the background, is the
work-shop and honey-house combined. It is in
size 13 X 18 ft., and a story and a half high, al-
though it looks from the engraving to be consider-
ably smaller than it really is. The upper half-story
is used for nearly all purposes, but more particu-
larly for storing comb and extracted honey during
the summer and fall months. From several years'
experience in raising honey we have come to the
conclusion that this is just such a place as is need-
ed for ripening comb and extracted honey, from
the fact that the sun's rays strike the roof of the
building almost directly, always keeping that part

cold winters. With this object in view we have
constructed our summer and winter chaff hive
as shown in the cut. Since its introduction we
have wintered with no particular loss. In fact,
wherever it has been used by other bee-keepers it
has given good satisfaction.

In preparing the bees for winter we remove all
surplus frames from the upper story, fill in with
dry leaves, or, what is considered best in this local-
ity, dry oats chaff' packed down very closeli' with
the hand. If they are supplied with plenty of good
honej' they will not need any further protection or
attention, from the time honey ceases in tbe fall
until it comos again the ni'xt season.

The small hives, as seen in the foreground, are
queen-rearing hives. They are made to hold three
frames of the regular Simplicity size. Nearly all

imi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

301

bur queens are fertilized in thesfe hives, and they
are quite handy for Various other Jjurposes, such
as shippinjr, etc. The small holes, as shown in the
ends of the hives, are for ventilation, and are put
In when the hives are made. On the cover of these
small hives are handles to catch on by, and are just
as handy as a common gripsack to carry around.
When the (luoen-rearing season is over they are all
Kathered up and placed away in the dry until
aiiotlier season.

By observing- closely there may be seen some
B(iuare-looking- hives near the center of the en-
graving:. Thej contain two sets of combs. They
are used for extracting purposes. The frames are
of the Gallup pattern. These hives we use solely
for e.xtracting. taking the honey from the upper
story only.

The trees, as shown in the engraving, are fruit-
trees, some of them being quite large. During the
summer months we like plenty of shade; but dur-
ing winter we want no shade.

Later.— i^ince writing the above the bees have
had a good fly, and they seem to welcome the
warm genial sunshine. On examination ac this
date, March 7, we find that there are 10 colonies out
of 96 that have failed to answer to roll-call. Three
of those that are dead were in our chaff hives.
This is about the greatest loss we have ever had in
this hive. Two of these were very late swarms,
therefore we could hardly expect them to stand
such a trying winter as the present one has been.

As it is just about like you, friend Root, to want
to know about everybody, I will say, in conclusion,
that 1 have been a subscriber to GLiE.\ninos nearly
ever since its existence, and to it I am indebted for
a large share of instructions in connection with
my expei-ience in bee culture. That part called
Our Homes I have alwaj's taken a special interest
III, from the fact that its teachings coincide with my
views iind daily routine of life. I don't use tobac-
co ill any form whatever, and am a strong worker
agaiust intemperance. I am an unmarried man,
not very old, and if you want to see a fellow who
looks like me, just take another peep at the per-
sonage in the engraving, who holds a Clark smoker
in his hand, and is holding on to a small apple-tree.

Kock Bluffs. Neb. .1. M. Young.

I am sure, friend Y., we are very glad to
get a glimpse of yourself and the place
where you find "something to do, and how
to be happy in doing it.' But why don't
you tell us something about the rest of the
folks? Is the ealm-looking chap back of you
your brother or eousinV" And how about
the man with the dog? Is that a pipe he has
in his fingers? If so. why don't you labor
with him gently? And then, again, there is
th.it uice-iooking woman near by, and the
liitk chick that seems either afraid of the
bees or of tlie photographer. May be she
thinks the machine upon stilts is "going to
'■ shoot ■■ pretty soon. May be the woman is
your sister or cousin — possibly somebody's
else sister. But I suppose courtesy forbids
our being inquisitive any further in tliisline.
I know you say in your letter that the pho-
tograph was taken when the leaves were off
the trees ; but it is so much more expensive
to engrave dry brush than green foliage,
that I told the artist he might put some
foliage oil the trees, so it would look more
shady like. Is the fellow who is leaning

against the ladder in the background the
man who does all the work— that is. witli
the assistance of the fellow who is making
the dog stand still? Tlie two are in llieir
shirtsleeves, while the rest of vou seem to
have your Sunday clothes on. Never mind,
friend Y; we aire satisfied that you are
well fixed, in any event. In fact, any young
fellow who is temperate, willing to work.
and loves riuhteousness, will find happiness
sooner or later, if he does not weary iti well
doing.

NE"W YORK STATE BEE - KEEPER^'
ASSOCIATION.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EXHIBITS.

§ VALENTINE & SON, of Hagerstown. Md ,
exhibit a hive called the " Success." It is a
hive which we think will answer very well
• in the South, but will hardly serve us in this
section, as it has chaff on only two sides.

A. D. Davis & Co., of Bradford, Vt., exhibit a hive
which we consider the same as the " Bristol," intro-
duced by A. E. Manum, the difference being that
the frames run lengthwise of the hive instead of
across the entrance, as does the Bristol; and we
also consider the deep grooves in frames a strong
objection, as it offers a hiding and breeding place
for moths. We consider the hive a good and prac-
ticiil one, only too expensive for use for the exten-
sive bee-keeper. Messrs. Davis & Co. also present a
nucleus hive which we consider very good for ship-
ping purposes.

Foster & Adams, of Utica, N. Y., exhibit two box-
es of honey, mounted on a sort of whirligig, for
which we can find no use.

Mr. Abbott, of England, exhibits a shipping-crate
mounted on springs, in the form of our spring beds.
This we think an admirable crate, and will find fa-
vor, if not too expensive. Mr. Abbott also exhibits
several samples of packages for putting up extract-
ed honey. These we consider very nice.

W. E. Clark, of Oriskany, N. Y., has a fine exhibit
of smokers, honey-knives, one-piece sections, and
bee-books, which we consider good.

J. C. Newman, of Peoria, N. Y.. exhibits shipping-
crates and separators, which we consider very nice.

Mr. E. Hastings, of Newport Mills, N. Y., exhibits
a tin feeder, which is very novel; and although we
have not tested it, and know of no one who has, we
think it will prove a good thing.

F. A. Salisbury, of Syracuse, N. Y'., exhibits a hive
which we consider complicated, and not economi-
cal enough for practical use.

E. R. Newcomb, of Pleasant Valley, N. Y., has n
large and very nice exhibit, among which is a chaff
hive which we consider a practical one; still, we do
not approve of the interior arrangement; other-
wise the hives are well made, and there are a varie-
ty of styles which will suit almost any location.
His shipping-crates, those in which the boxes are
tiered, we do not consider good.

Aspinwall & Treadwell, of Barrytown, N. Y.,have
a very large and fine exhibit, among which is their
'"Electric" hive for the South. This we consider
very good, and we also commend their chaff Elec-
tric hive for its simplicity and cheapness. Their
knife-heater, for keeping the uncapping-kni ves
warm while extracting, we pronounce very good
and useful.

302

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk.

We also find on exhibition three styles of smokers,
and we consider them all good. We also And four
styles of uncappiufi-knives on exhibition. We con-
sider them all good and have no preferences. There
is also a good display of books devoted to beekeep-
ing, on exhibition; this we are much pleased to see.

Aspiuwall & Treadwell also exhibit a wax-extract-
or which we consider very good, and the best on ex-
hibition. We also find on exhibition several
honey - extractors, among which is a reversible
extractor, which we consider very good for a
business run on a large scale; but for our use,
the smaller extractors on exhibition we consider
equally good, and will answer our purpose fully as
well. We also find on exhibition two styles of comb
foundation (flat and natural base), and we pro-
nounce the natural base preferable for all pur-
poses.

There is also on exhibition a photograph of some
of our prominent bee-keepers, presented by Mr.
Tuttle. We considei it nicely gotten up, and. as far
as we know the likenesses, they are very good, and
we think that Mr. Tuttle deserves a great deal of
commendation. All of which your committee re-
spectfully submits. K. B.vcon, )

Ira. Bakber, VCom.

1. L. SCOFIELD, )

Pine Plains, N. Y. G. H. Knickerbocker.

BUMBLE-BEES, AGAIN.

REMINISCENCES ANIJ OBSERVATIONS FROM G. M.
DOOLITTLE.

TT is a very rare thing that 1 read any article in
1^ our bee-papers with more interest than I had
^l in reading the one about bumble-bees, on page
-^ 181 of Gleanings, written by Prof. Cook.
When a boy there was no other one thing so
interesting to me in all the realm of nature as was
a nest of bumble-bees. I have watched them for
hours in admiration and curiosity, as well as to
spend hours in the " fun " (as all boys think it is) of
trying to out-general the little fellows, to get the
bit of precious nectar which the nest might contain.
My regret now is, that this " fun " was often "death
to the bees." I indorse all that Prof. Cook says of
these bees, and would especially recommend to
every reader what he says about encouraging the
study of them and other insects. To encourage
such study I want to tell the readers of Gleanings
something -about these bees, in addition to what
Prof . Cook told us; and 1 desire that the professor
and all shall carefully experiment the coming sea-
son to see whether T am right or not. Prof. Cook
told us that the queen bumble-bee is the only one
which lived over winter. This 1 am sure is right;
but the point I wished to know most about was
where and in what state did she pass the winter.
Bro. Clarke will say. " hibernation," iind 1 guess he
is correct. But where? Well, until some one
proves differently, I say in the earth. This I al-
ways believed, as in early boyhood I saw them com-
ing out of the ground or from under a sod in spring
when planting potatoes; but I was not so snie
about it as I was ten years ago this spring. Ten
years ago last fall I built my shop, and about
one-fourth of the floor-space was left uncovered
so as to set my steam-engine directly on the
ground. ()ne warm day the next May, while at
work in the shop with closed doors, T heard a bum-
ble-bee trying to fly down by the engine; and upon

going there it rose from near a little round hole in
the ground, and flew to a window. At night I had
three bumble-bees on the windows, and at no time
had any of the doors or windows of the shop been
left open during the days and weeks previous.
Since then 1 have never found a bumble-bee in the
shop except when I knew it came In at the door or
window.

To digress a little. One season there was a nest
of hornets under one of the bottom-boards of a hive
of bees which sat on the ground. These hornets
became so populous that they went and came nearly
as fast as the bees from the hive. In October the
hornets made no appearance at their entrance-hole,
so the fore part of November 1 set the hive off the
bottom-board and lifted said board up to see what
kind of a home my friends had had. 1 found they
had dug away and carried off the soil so that a hole
had been excavated as large as a peck measure,
and down in this hung their combs, almost without
the usual paper outside seen on thern when built
on trees, buildings, etc., as they usually are. But
the most interesting part of it to me was, that,
down in the deepest part of the hole, was about a
teacupful of queen hornets in such a state of hiber-
nation that 1 could handle them at pleasure with-
out the least signs of life. I looked at them occa-
sionally all winter and early spring, when one day
in May I saw a queen hornet; and upon going to
my nest at this time all were gone. To return:

It is only the young queens of the bumble-bees
that live over the winter, according to my observa-
tion, the mother dying of old age about the time
young queens become fertilized. Prof. Cook says
the bumble-bee queen lajs her eggs on amass of
pollen. I And she covers her eggs with pollen, so
that each egg is surrounded by pollen; and when
the larva hatches it eats itself out of this pollen,
when the cell is formed, as ho says. Of these eggs,
only five to eight are at first laid (usually six), all of
which are the small workers spoken of by the pro-
fessor. Just previous to the hatching of these
first workers, more eggs are inclosed in pollen; and,
if all is prosperous, still others, till into August,
and all of these eggs hatch out the larger-sized
workers spoken of by the older writers. They are
not the drones nor the (lueens, friend Cook, as they
will soon show you by defending the nest, for the
young queens never make any defense, except in
the spring. Next, the eggs are laid for the drones,
and then for the queens. The number laid seems
to lie governed by the strength of the little colony.
Sometimes not over two or three of each, and again
from 2U to .5(1.

In this locality there are at least six different vari-
eties of these bf-es. A smallish bee, about the size
of a cranberry, with a bright lemon-colored abdo-
men tipped with black, which appears first in
spring, and always, as far as I have observed, build
their nest in the ground. These are the ones which
sing so sweetly while working on roses. Next a
smaller kind having an abdomen of lemon and red.
There is another very nearly like this last, except
that the color is lemon and black. Then we have
one about one-third larger than the first, whose ab-
domen is of a rusty orange color. These last three
always, as fur as I have ever seen, take an old
mouse-nest top of the ground for their home. Next
we have a bee about the size of the last, whose ab-
domen is nearly white, always called "white-backed
bees" here, and for stinging qualities they are

1S87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

303

ahead of any of them. Then, last of all, is a very
larg-e bee, the queens apparently attaining the size
of a man's thumb up to first joint. These in color
resemble the first. The last twojii re those of tenest
found in buildin^'-s, but are not above taking an old
mouse-nest for a home. The first four are not very
numerous. The sixth is quite ooinraon, while fhe
fifth e<iuals all of the other five in regard to num-
bers.

Friend Ko<it spoaks of learning to fell those that
dojnotjsfing. This may bo a hard nnitterwith some,
but I can tell a drone bumblebee as well as our
drones from thp hive. The drones from the first
and last named, when mature, go in the shade of
trees and sit on a fenc^e-stake or mullein-top, and
wait for the queens to come along. These are called
" shade-bees " here. If you can catch such a bee
you need have no fears of its stinging, for the bum-
ble-bee drones have no sting. T have spent hours
throwing bits of sticks or dirt past and near these
bees, to see them chase and lay hold of them, for
such a procedure is often more amusing on hot
days in August than cutting thistles and weeds out
of corn.

The drones of the fourth and fifth variety' come
out in large numbers, atid swarm over the nest
from sunrise till 9 or 10 o'cloek on still mornings,
and the knowledge of this fact has helped me to
find hundreds of their nests. Here they chase ench
other about while waiting for the ()ueens to mature
ready for fiight. If you want to see all about it,
when you find drones thus sporting above a nest,
take a long jjole or pitch-fork, and suddenly break
their nest open so as to get the queens to take
wing. 1 have done so many times. Vou will have
to do this carefully on your part, unless you are
fixed sting-proof, for the woi-kers will resent if with
all fury.

One thing I desire to call attention to: These
bees last spoken of exist and have existed for all
ti)ne by in-and-in breeding. The others are always
crossing, j'et those which ai'e bred in and in thrive
beyond all the others. Will this apply to our honey-
beesV (i. M. Door^iTTr.E.

Borodino, N. Y., March, 1887.

Thanks, friend D., for the additional facts
yon furnisli. I should like to h<\\e Prof.
Cook tell us how how nearly your deduc-
tions agree with the generally accepted facts
in reference to bumble-bees. I have often
seen the kind you mention, that will post
themselves in the shade, and I have also
seen them chase after dirt, sticks, etc., or
even insects. I guess Prof. Cook will have
to reply to your last paragraph.

CyPRTAN BEES.

■JHKIK VICIOl'S HABITS OK.\PHlC ALI, V 1)KS< U I HKI)
BV .\N ENGLISHMAN.

fliOM the Britisli Bee Journal of March
lo, page 20, we clip the following
irom tfie pen of our friend James A.
Abbott, to whom reference luis former-
ly been made. The facts lejated by
Mr. A. accord very well with our own expe-
rience with the pure Cyprians, and so we
are the more ready to accept it as true.

[ have found that, while the Cyprians are in small
colonies only, or while the hives contain only young
bees, they may be easily handled, but; that when-

ever a stock is in condition to work a super or store
surplus honey it is as dangerous to handle as a
bombshell.

As 1 at first devoted all my spare time to raising
queens I had no strong stoclcs to handle, and there-
fore could not fully appreciate their temper, but
my subsequent experience is as much as 1 want. I
remember one operation in particular. I had to
remove a queen from a full colony, and felt deter-
mined that it should have every chance of behav-
ing well. Having put on a new straw hat and veil,
and a freshly washed holland jacket, made on pur-
pose for handling bees, with tightly fitting waist-
band and belt, the attack was made very much a,s
directed by Mr. iSimmins, without smoke.

The combs were handled in turn, the queen
caught and carefully put in her box; but here the
trouble began. The bees suddenly found some
flaw in my management, though I can not say
where; and though I had only to put the combs up
together and replace the quilt, I was forced to re-
tire twice before 1 could do so. The bees rose in a
cloud and attacked me on all sides. Stings on the
hands did not much matter, but when busybodies
force themselves between one's coat-buttons and
explore until they find a tender spot, it is more
than a regular bee-man cares about. The second
attack was made with the addition of string tied
round the ankles, india-rubber gloves, and a smo-
ker, but even thus armed I could not stay within
range long enough to put on the quilt. 'Their re-
sentment was now at its height, and a poor spar-
row that settled near them was violently attacked
and barely escaped with his life. Even when I
considered all was over, and I had, after rest and
refreshment, retired to my bedroom, an unsuccess-
ful pioneer Hew t)ut on the removal of my waist-
coat and attacked me with spirit. 1 do not say that
Cyprian bees can not be handled any more than I
would say tigers can not be tamed or bombshells
charged, for I have sometimes managed them very
pleasantly, but 1 would strongly advise any one
who has any thing to do with them to be prepared
for a desperate battle at any moment.

Soutliall, London. .7. A. Abbott.

We have not in all cases found the race
as vicious as given above : but one must not
be surprised if the Cyprians which he has
to handle should take it into their heads to
behave just as described above. If they
don't happefi to lind a "Haw "' in the man-
agement, all well and good : but if the apia-
rist has uncoftsciously made a wrong move
in their judgment, they will appiise him of
the fact right speedily.

WOMEN AS BEE-KEEPERS.

REASONS OF F.\1LUKE.

fHB reason some women fail in bee-keeping is,
they do not dress warm enough, and so take
cold; or not cool enough, and so overheat.
They don't release themselves from other
cares enough, and so neglect the bees, or
else overwork.

They don't have things handy to do work with,
and so have to do a great deal of work to accom-
plish a little.

They don't keep the smoker in order, and so bees
drive them or sting them badly.

They don't have things in readiness, and so do
things out of season, just a little behind time with
every thing, too late in building u|) colonies strong
in the spring in time to get the white-clover honey;
too late in putting on sections, and so bees get the
swarniing fever; too late in prejiaring for swarm-
ing, and::so are driven almost to death; too late in
getting the honey ;ofl'|until the honey-harv^est is
over and bees rob terribly; too late in fitting up for
winter, and so bees have to go neglected, and die in
winter, and then these women say. "Bee-keeping
doesn't pay."

804

GLEAN l^trS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Apr.

I And I need to watch against taking cold more
than overwork, as much of our bee-work is done sit-
ting- or standing in the open air. When we have a
good many bees we need occasionally to work in
damp, cool, or windy weather. I have been nearly
all my lite troubled with weak lungs, being given
up as in the last stages of consumption when at the
age of 19 and 20, then in later years could hardly
live through the cold winters on account of having
pneumonia so often.

All lady bee-keepers should have rubber boots;
They should put on extra clothing, a small hood un-
der the bee-hat, and a tight-fitting cloak of light-col-
ored heavy goods to wear in cool and damp weath-
er. They should fix themselves up comfortably,
so a bee can't crawl inside their clothing, and they
will enjoy their work much more. They should not
do as a woman did I once knew, who took great
pains to fasten her hat on securely, and then rolled
her split-open sleeves up to her shoulders. With
her dress partly unfastened, she pitched into her
bees, and they pitched into her in so lively a man-
ner she thought "bee-keeping did not pay," and so
borrowed our extractor and took all their honey
away in the fall. She wondered why her bees died
in winter. Mrs. L. C. Axtell,.

RosevMle, Illinois.

I heartily indorse your remarks on good
and comfortable clothing for your sex, Mrs.
A., especially where they undertake open-
air work like l)ee-keeping, etc.; and I hope
no lady will he deterred from using rubber
boots, by the thought that it may be unlady-
like. It is always ladylike to be well protect-
ed. My wife has got in quite a habit lately
of using my own rubber boots when she has
occasion to go to the bain, and she says they
are a real comfort. Most shoestores nowa-
days have light rubber boots specially for
ladies. Throat troubles, and perhaps many
cases of consumption might be kept away
by proper care and the use of proper pre-
cautions when going out in the wet and
damp weather.

^ I ^ —

T-SUPEB FEEDER.

DR. c. c. millj;r tells us how to feed bees.

T SHOULD say there are, in all reason, enough
/fflf feeders without a new one; but T wanted one
^i that would cost little, hold much, and be con-
■^ veniently used as an accompaniment to the T
super, so I submit the one I have planned. It
is made of pine wood, and is nailed together with
%-in. wire nails. The materials are:

1 piece 1.5 x IIV4 x ^4 (a)

2 '• 11«4 X 418 X V4 (b)
2 " 14 X -iVi X 14 (c)

2 " UVt X 21/2 X H, (d)

4 " Hytx-m'x%(e)

First a plain box is made by taking two of the
pieces e for sides, and nailing upon them the two
pieces h for ends, and then nailing on the piece a
for a bottom. As this is to be a water-tight box,
the nails should be put in quite thickly. 1 have
put them in about % of nn inch apart, and I'm not
sure whether a different distance would be any
better. In order to make them hold tighter I slant
each nail in driving, slanting the first nail one way
and the next the other. Barbed nails (if such
small nails are ever barbed) might be better, and

would not need to be slanted in nailing. Allow me
to say. in passing, that the principal objection to
the wire nails is their smoothness, which makes
them pull out more easily. If barbed, this difficul-
ty is overcome; and a simple way to have them
perhaps even better than barbed is merely to let
them get rusted. A rusted wire nail will hold very
tight. In nailing the bottom on to the side pieces
e, the nails need not be more than half as close to-
gether, as the grain of the wood here runs in such
direction that such close nailing is not needed.
The remaining two pieces, 6, are to be nailed in the
box, one parallel to each of the side-pieces, leaving
between it and the side piece a space of % inch. It
will be seen that the ends of the box are \ of an
inch higher than the sides, and the two inside
pieces, e, that are afterward added, are to come
dush with the upper edge of the ends, and this will
leave a space of | of an inch between these inside
pieces and the bottom. Very few nails are needed
to fasten these inside pieces, as no strain comes up-
on them, and they are not to be water-tight.

Top.

n

b'llJ. 1.— OKOSS-SKC'l'lON
VtfcJW FROM END.

Bottom.

F'ig. 1 represents a cross-section, showing how the
end-board is nailed on the pieces e.

Now on each side nail a piece, d, upon the upper
edge of the inside piece e, making the inside edge
of d come flush with the inside surface off. Only
a few nails, say 5, are needed for this. Now, upon
the upper edge of each end of the box nail the
piece c, by driving three or four nails at each cor-
ner, making these nails (if not rusted) slant in
opposite directions, as they are to bear the whole
weight of the box, and all its contents. These three
nails at each corner should be close together, per-

...

i

d

FIG. 2.— VIEW FROM TOP,
LOOKING nOWN.

c

d

DIAGRAMS OF DR. MILLER'S T-SCPER FEEDER.

haps V4 of an inch apart. Fig. 3 shows the position
the pieces c and d occupy when nailed on the box.

The feeder is now complete, except that a strip
of wire clotb must be nailed upon the outside low-
er edge of the inside piece r. to itreN'cnt the bees
from crawiing through iiiKier iliis botinl. Of
course, this strip of wire cloth must ootnc clear
down to the bottom of tht- hox, and it should have
been nailed upon e before putting the box togeth-
er. For convenience in making, it is probably

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

305

better that the inside pieces, e, have the end
pieces nailed on them at the same time they are
nailed on the sides before the bottom is nailed on.

The feeder can now be hung in a T super, and is
ready for operation. At each side, between the
walls of the super and the box, is a space of about
7-16 of an inch, up which the bees can pass and be
admitted directly to the feed. As the feed is
gradually consumed, the bees can follow down the
M-inch space, in which there is no danger of drown-
ing, but the wire cloth at the bottom prevents en-
trance to the main or central part of the feeder.

Now as to the advantages and disadvantages.
They ought not to cost, if made in quantity, more
than 10 cts. each, ready to nail. The feeder holds
about 10 qts. When not in a super it is a rather
flimsy affair as to the upper pieces, which would
t)e easily split off. Perhaps if made of thicker stuff it
vvould be stronger; but when in use it is suflicient-
ly strong. When flrst filled it leaks. This can be
remedied by running hot wax around the corners.
I would, however, just as soon have it leak, as it
leaks directly on the bees. The feed caii not be
taken as rapidly as from a number of Simplicity
feeders placed on the frames, as the latter pi-psent
a larger surface to which the bees have access.
The capacity in this respect could be doubled by
having the inside piece, e, Pa in. distant from the
outside, and another piece half way between the
two with a ^8 space both top and bottom. On the
other hand, this feeder is filled much more readily
than the Simplicities, as the super cover, when
lifted off, reveals an open space, M^^ x 9 inches, in-
to which the feed can be poured, and no bee from
within can get into this part. The feeder, of
course, could be na'led fast to the super, and then
there would be nothing flimsy about it, but it
would cost more. The feeder is not likely to be
needed at a time when supers are in use otherwise

Marengo, 111. C. C. Millek.

Very good, doctor; but I wonder if you
knew iiow serious a matter it is to recom-
mend an implement lor bee culture with-
out first counting the troubles and mishaps
that might possibly result l)y putting it in
the hands of the inexperienced. First, you
say it would not make any difference if it
does leak, as it leaks directly on to the bees.
Now. with a strong colony, with the en-
trance properly contracted, perhaps it would
not do any particular harm ; but with ;i col-
ony rather weak (and the colonies that need
feeding are many times of tliis class), be-
fore you know it the feed would be running
out at the entrance, or over the bottom-
boards, at tlie sides of the hive. Robbers
would get hold of it. and the result might
be that we should have more sensational
articles in the papers about people being
driven fioin the streets, and horses being
stung to death, etc. I think you had bet-
ter wax the joints, and then try the feeder
with WMtei-. If it holds water it will hold
syrup. Another thing : As you have ar-
ranged it, the bottom of your feeder will be
nearly or (|uite an inch above the honey-
board. I suppose, of course, you meant to
uave the honey-board left on. Now, in
hsing snoh a large quantity of feed as this
feeder will hold, the bees will start comb-
building with a vengeance, and it seems to
me they would be very likely to build combs

between the feeder and the honey-board.
Perhaps somebody who has tried it can tell
us about this. I grant, the feeder would
be a very convenient one, and you could
give the colony a great abundance with
very little trouble. From what experience
I have had, however, I would not think of
using such a feeder unless an outside shell
be placed over it and the super. Inside of a
chaff hive or inside of a Simplicity hive it
would do very nicely ; but if there are cracks
where the bees can see through and smell
the feed, they will often (at least in our
apiary) bite away the solid wood until they
can squeeze through where the ciacks and
openings are.

A LETTER FROM ONE OF OUR MIS-
SIONARIES IN CHINA.

SALT FOR bees; SOME FACTS IN REGARD TO TBE
MATTER, i'ROM FAR-AWAY CHINA.

a EAR FRIEND ROOT:— While on my way from
Fooclu)w to this place la.st November 1 no-
ticed a thing which seemed to me to throw
light on the question of why bees should
suck the moisture from dirty places. We
were traveling by boat ; and as there are many rapids
in the river, the boatmen sometimes row, some-
times pole, and sometimes track. We had reached
I the head of a long stretch of still water, where all
the boats ou the river had to change from rowing
j to tracking. The landing-place was a large bank of
clean sharp sand, and my wife, daughter, and I got
i off for a walk, asthe boats make such slow progress
that we can walk on at our leis\ire, and sit down
and wait for them to catch up. As we ascended the
sand-bank our little girl called my attention to an
irregular patch (jn the sand, eight or ten inches
broad, and brown with bees. They all had their
tongues thrust out, eagerly sucking something
from the sand, and paid no attention to our pres-
ence, not even when I knelt down and brought my
nose close to them to see if there was anj' odor to
show what it was that proved so attractive to them.
[ On looking further we found three or four such
j patches of bees; and in every case the sand smelled
I of urine. In fact, the bees were eagerly sucking
fresh urine from the clean sharp sand. The bees
i were larger, and of a little lighter brown, than
most of the honey-bees I had seen before in China.
so I asked the Chinese what those insects were.
I They replied "T'ang fung;" i. e., sugar-wasps. The
i correct Chinese would have been, " mih fung," or
honey-wasps, but the common people often call
I them sugar-wasps.

There is one other honey-eating insect which.
like the bee, has this same fondness for dirty pud-
I dies, and this is the butterfly. The nectar of flow-
' ers is his principal food. Now. it is a well-known
fact that certain minerals enter into the composi-
tion of all living tissues, such as salt, sulphur, lime,
and phosphorus. These minerals exist in minute
quantities in most articles of food, so that the sup-
ply can be kept up without our specially eating
them. But it is very doubtful if this is true of the
nectar of flowers; and if npt, it is easy to see why
bees and butterflies should be so fond of excre-
ments, which are rich in these mineral substances.
Some years ago we tried the plan of keeping a
pow— a Chinese cow— and one of the ladies tried to

306

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apb.

make friends with the animal (which did not take
kindly to foreig-ners) by giving her salt; but the
creature did not seem to know what it was. The
Chinese do not give their cattle clear salt, but mix a
\'ery little with rice water to give them. There
have been found some Indians who, when first giv-
en salt things, disliked them, saying it made their
mouths smart. Nevertheless, we have high author-
ity for holding that "salt is good."

Shanghai, China, Feb., 1887. .1. E. Walker.

Friend W., this matter has been brought
up muiy times before, and you are, without
((iiesti >u, right in regard to it. Unless bees
tiud access to salt in some way, they are
quite sure to get it from the sources named.
In our apiary we keep a large glass jar full
of salt water in the summer time. This is
inverted on a grooved board or some other
substantial substitute, so the bees have con-
venient access to it whenever they want it.

ABOUT THAT REPORT ON PAGE 184.

ITALIANS AND HYBRIDS.

T DTD not intend to convey the idea that Italians
ja[ are better honey-gatherers than hybrids. All
^l other circumstances being equal, I believe that
'"'*■ the progeny of an Italian queen mated with a
black drone will produce as much honey as
Italians when there is plenty of honey to be gather-
ed; but when honey is scarce, the hybrids are more
apt to spend their time buzzing around the honey-
house windows, or trying to steal from some weak
colony. My hybrids were worked for comb honey,
and the Italians for extracted honey, which will ac-
count for part of the great difference in the amount
of honey gathered. The average would be 23(1 lbs.,
not 260 lbs. The 30 colonies of hybrids were win-
tered in the cellar, while part of the Italians were
wintere , in chaff hives. When the houey-harvest
commenced, those in chaff hives were two weeks
ahead of the others.

The following are some of the reasons why I pre-
fer the Italian bees rather than hybrids:

1. Stability of features and characteristics. It is
a well-known fact, that it is a very difficult matter
to fix the characteristics of a hybrid or cross, in
either the animal or vegetable kingdom. We might
establish an apiary^jOf hybrids of the first cross,
having nearly the same markings and characteris-
tics;.:but in a few years we should have bees in all
the different degrees of purity, between Italians
and blacks, and possessing all the different charac-
teristics of the two races; while if they had been
Jtalians, or any other pure race, they would, at the
end of a few years, all have the same markings and
characteristics that they had when the apiary was
established.

2. Italians are proof against the bee-ipoth, while
some hybrids are not. A few years ago, before 1
Italianized my bees, 1 had to fumigate ray sur-
plus combs, and the chickens breakfasted on
the mutilated brood which the bees threw out dur-
ing the night; but all that is changed. I do not
think that I saw more than a dozen moth-worms in
my apiary last summer.

'.i. The comb-honey that I bought of parties hav-
ing black and hybrid bees was considerably dam-
aged by moth-worms. I notice that friend Prance
and others, wboaree.\tolling blackaqd hybrid bees,

are bothered with the moth, while in communities
in which there are no bees except Italians, the bee-
moth is almost extinct.

Some of the friends have reported that their
black and hybrid bees were more docile tii.ui their
Italians. Perhaps those bees which ilieycall Ital-
ians are a cro.ss between Italians and Cyprians or
Syrians. No one but an expert can tell the differ-
ence between Italians and a cross with those races.
We did not hear much about the Italians Ijeing so
cross until those new races were introduced in this
country, except a few complaints wliere hybrids
were called Italians. (i. 1). Bl.\ck.

Brandon, Iowa, March 21, 18s7.

EMPTYING T SUPERS.

CAN MILLER'S PLAN BE .SIMPLIFIED?

fOU say, Ernest, on page 249, " I want to ask if
it would not be possible for you to simplify
your device for emptying theTsuper. Why
not dispense with the hive-cover?" If a
change could be made in making a T super
that would make each super cost .5 cents less. It
would be worth studying over and experimenting
about for days. In an apiary of 100 colonies it
would be a matter of $15 or so; whereas in the
same apiary the saving of 5 cts. on each bearing-
board would be a matter of only 10 cents. In other
words, where only one or two articles of a kind are
made, and to be used over and over again, the
question is not so much how cheaply or simply can
they be made? as, how can they be made so as to do
the most rapid and satisfactory work? If I knew
how to get up an arrangement that would cost
much more, and yet take out a superful of sections
in quicker time. I would cheerfully throw away the
old arrangement and make new. It is possible the
device might be simplified. I used the hive-cover,
partly because I had a lot of deep hive-covers that I
had thrown aside, because I could not afford to use
such heavy covers. I am not sure, however, that it,
or a box similar to it, can be dispensed with. The
essential thing is the one side and end; in other
words, the one corner of the bo.x, with an arrange-
ment to quickly and surely place the bearing-board
in its exact position, and then as quickly and surely
place the super in exactly the right position over
the bearing-board.

The arrangement you propose is, so far as it goes,
just about the same as I use, only I have mine fas-
tened to the hive-cover. I would rather have the
hive-cover out of the way if it would work just as
well; and after you have placed the super properly
on your box, I think you can make a little quicker
work without the hive-cover. But the necessity for
the hive-cover appears when you come to j)lace the
super, "being careful," as you sa.\-. " to get it
squarely over." The best you can do, I think it will
take you at least one minute to put the super in its
proper place, and you will then be obliged to stoop
and look under each super; whereas, with the hive-
cover there is no need of being " careful," but in
one geciind of time you can pull the super to its
place, and be sure that it is just riglit. The bearing-
board would be easier made, as you suggest; liut I
am afraid the edge of the board would split off in a
little t me; and, moreover, the board would be like-
ly to warp. C. C. Miller.
Marengo, 111,

1887

(tLeanings in bee culturk.

307

I give up, frieiid Miller; you are rif>ht.
Your explanation. I tliiuk, clearly shows
that the hive-cover, or something very simi-
lar, is simply a matter of necessity. These
little minutes in the height of tiie honey-
flow are too costly to lose, when a little ad-
ditional expense of ten or fifteen cents pos-
sibly might save them.

CONTRACTION, AND HOW TO MAN-
AGE IT.

ALSO SOME VALUABLE THOUGHTS ANU SUOUKSTIONS
IN REGARD TO THE VITAL QUESTIONS BEFOKE US.

fKIENI) ROOT:— Gleanings tor March 1.5tli is
at band, and is so brimful ol g'ood and timely
ideas that I am constrained to write and ex-
press my satisfaction. We are all much
pleased with the glimpse you give us of
your "great hive "filled with busy, earnest work-
ers, and heartily wisli you continued success and
prosperity at the Home of the Honey-Bees.

In regard to taking bees from the cellar too early,
Dr. Miller comes forward with a hit of his ripe and
rich experience that ought to be well heeded. He
is right in saying, " Better too late than too early."
Surely if we have control of our cellar tempera-
ture, as we ought, the bees ai-e much better there
than outside, until settled warm weather. By the
way, I am much gratified to see Dr. Miller and
others leading you out of the woods on the comb-
honey-super question; but I fear .> ou are hardly
clear of the shadows, so long as you cling to the
10-frame brood-chamber with super to match, and
use an outside cover over the comb-honey arrange-
ment. Are you not aware of the fact, that the
great majority of our leading practical and pro-
gressive apiarists are altandoning the large brood-
chambers of ten and twenty years ago. and using
eight, and even less, L. frames for both comb and
extracted honeyy It behooves the editor of so
spicy a .iournal as Gleanings to lead and not
follow, in this progressive march.

Allow me to assure Dr. Miller, that the principle
of contraction i'8 permanent. It has " come to
stay," but we have learned that we must have hrottd
under the whole comb-honey super, and so we con-
tract horizontally -the only true and logical meth-
od. I left over .50 colonies on tive L. frames the en-
tire season, from April to October, last year, and
never had better or larger swarms, or got better
results, than I did from these contracted hives.
When put into winter quarters they were much
stronger in bees than 1 care to have them. Now
that you have Indorsed and adopted the slatted
honey-board, the bee-space above sections, and the
plain board cover with square butting .ioints, you
are traveling in the right direction, and will surely
go the whole distance before you stop. Where
hives are left unprotected in the sun, the outside
cover is right and proper; but when a largo shade-
board, with air-space between it and cover, is used,
the thin single-walled cases arc cooler and better.
Remember, that it is largely the inside heat of the
hive that we want to escape, in hot weather.

Adam Grimm, you know, thought it necessary to
slip supers by each other to provide this ventila-
tion. A properly made square butting joint will
not admit wind or rain, and, as Prof. Cook says,
j8 the proper wa,v to construct these joints. I could

not now be persuade*! to again use a telescopic
joint.

Friend Heddon has been five or more years ahead
of us in this matter. 1 use the Heddon non-separa-
tor case, and tlnd it cheap, strong, and neat. 1 al-
so have some :J()0 of bis new invertible wide-frame
supers. These latter have many advantages over
others, but are rather costly and complicated. 1
never did like wide frames, you know. It seems to
me there Is a great future for the tin T super. 1
shall try a few of them this season, and, if desira-
ble, will use them largely hereafter; if not, T will
return to the old-style Heddon ease, which is hard
to beat.

Terry's book on the winter care of horses, and
the A B C of Potato ('nlture, ought to be in the
hands of every beekeeper and farmer, and we (jwe
you a vote of thanks for placing them within our
grasp. My 1.50 colonies are wintering nicely in
the cellar, and loss will be slight. D. Ft;nNESs.

St. Louis. Mo., March, 1887.

Thank you, friend F.. for your kind words
and kind suggestions. I am afraid we have
been getting a little in the shadow since we
stopped raising honey and confined our at-
tention solely to raising bees and (jueens.
There is considerable difference of opinion,
even in this matter of contraction; but if
we can cut our colonies down to half space
in the brood-chamber, just before we work
for comb honey, very likely a half brood-
chamber, or something on the style of Hed-
I (lon"s latest hive, may be what is needed. F
j have recently had considerable talk with
Prof. Cook and VV^ Z. Hutchinson in regard
I to the inalter. Your large shade-board, with
! an air-space between it and the cover, is all
1 right to keep off the sun's heat: but when
j we wish to protect the comb-builders during
! cool nights, my experiments indicated that
the outer shell was very valuable. As Dr.
! Miller is witii us just now. he answers a part
j of your letter as follows :

{ Friend Furuess, as I happen to be at the "Home
i of the Houey-Bees," Mr. Root has kindly shown me
your letter, and allows me a word of reply. Vou
have put a thought, almost new, into my head. It
is, that it is better to continue the bees quite late in
the cellar, where we shall be certain about them,
than to take them out where it will be uncertain,
balancing between two possibilities— one, that they
may be somewhat better off; the other, that they
may be much worse.

As to the size of the brood-chambers, there is so
much to be considered that it may be well to be
a little careful about making changes. You may
be right and you may be wrong about the matter of
contraction; but I nuist confess that, from what I
have read and from what I have experimented,
there is much unceriainty in my mind on the whole
subject. For those of us who use the regular Lang-
stroth size of frame, or any thing near it, if we
practice eontractiug we certainly do not need room
for 10 frames during the time of contraction; but
at other times it so often happens that I need
more room that I am not sure ! care to have my
hives less than 10 frames. It is convenient, many
times, to put an extra frame or two in the side of a
hive where the bees may care for it. Then if only
eight frames or less are in the hive, it makes it
practically a side-opening hive; and whilst I could
not tolerate a side-openiug hive. I am glad to have

308

GLEAXlNCiS IN HEP: CULTURE.

Apr.

the advantag'e of easily lifting out the division-
board and the first frame without distui-bing any
other frame. Then the 10-frame hive can have a
tight division-board in the center, and be used for
two colonies, and possibly you might like this if
you tried it.

I also had most of my colonies on no more than
five L. frames from April to October; but for all
that, I want a hive capable of holding ten frames
some parts of the year. C. C. Miller.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

HOW TO FASTEN PIECES OF COMB IN THE SEC-
TIONS.

TN a number of Gleanings in the latter part of
^ last year the (juestion was asked, " What is
W comb worth per pound, new and white, for
"*■ starters in seclions?" Your reply was, *1.00,
but for trouble of fastening in. Let me say,
It is very easy after you know how. In swarming,
and in the honey season, I keep almost every day
hot wax on hand. It is kept so by having a box as
high as a lamp and chimney. Your wax being hot,
take a turkey-tail or wing-feather, of good size.
Your pieces of comb should be cut the size you
wish. Your sections should be in the frames (I use
wide frames). Dip the feather in hot wax, and
paint the inside of the section. Next set the piece
of comb on tlie feather. Holding the former with
the left hand, draw out the feather. As the wax
will set quick, the thing is done.

Your wax should be hot enough so the feather
slips out easily and slick. You can put the pieces
of comb in this way faster than you can put in
comb foundation by any method. I have put in
thousands, and never knew of one to drop out. I
have thought for two or three years to give it to
the public. I never saw any thing like it in print.

Brush Creek, la. B. F. Little.

MOVING BEES NORTH AND SOUTH TO CATCH THE
HONEY-FLOW, NOT PR.iCTICABLE.

Tell friend Baldridge not to think of that " North
and South project " unless he wants to lose more
than he makes. 1 know him to be an expert and able
bee-keeper, for he had charge of a lot of my bees
a few years ago, and 1 know of no one who would be
more apt to succeed than he; but I would earnestly
advise all contemplating such an enterprise, not to
do it, for the extra lalwr, extra expense, extra
care, extra anxiety, and extra risk can not be re-
paid, even if very successful in producing three
crops of honey, which is at best doubtful. I have
been through it, and I know from personal experi-
ence what I am talking about; and if I wished any
one ill', I could not accomplish it better than by
persuading him to do just what friend Baldridge
proposes to do. E. T. Flanagan.

Belleville. 111.. Feb. 3, 1887.

MIXING ALSIKE WITH TIMOTHY.

In some of the late articles in Gle.\nings on al-
slke, reference is made to mixing it with timothy
for a hay crop. This is an important point, worthy
of more attention than it has received, particularly
from bee-keeping farmers, who do not care to grow
it for seed. Our experience justifies us in recom-
mpnding very highly a mixture of alsike and timo-

thy. It makes the choicest and most nutritious kind
of hay. It Is much better than red clover to mix with
timothy, as it is still in prime condition to cut for hay
when the timothy is just right, and is not damaged
by rain more than timothy is. We sow a mixture
of one-half peck of timothy and three pounds of al-
sike per acre. Never sow less than six pounds of
alsike per acre, when you sow it alone for a seed
crop. It will pay to sow alsike for bee-pasturage,
even if there is an abundance of white clover, as it
yields honey much more abundantly, and the bees
therefore prefer working on it.
Urbana, O., Feb. 34, 18S7. John C. Baknett.

CLIPPING QITEENS ON THE COMB.

It seems, to Mr. Axtell and myself, that catching
the queens by the thorax or head, with the left
hand, either with naked fingers or in a sack, is not
the best way. We used to do so, but lost more
queens than by the present way of taking the comb
she is on. We gently set the comb in a slanting posi-
tion against the back of the hive. When the queen
goes to crawling up (never down), then quietly
catch a wing with the left hand and clip it off is the
best way. Sometimes it is more convenient to clij)
the other wing. Never hurry; one is apt to get nerv-
ous, and in a hurry; but there is no need of it. It
is better to clip her on the comb with the bees, as
she and they are more quiet. S. J. W. Axtell.

Roseville, III., March 9, 1887.

A GOOD WORD FOR MRS. LIZZIE COTTON ANU
HER SYSTEM.

Permit me, through the columns of Gleanings,
to make a few statements with reference to Mrs.
L. E. Cotton, of West Gorham. Me., and her system
of bee-management. I purchased of her, in the
spring of 1884, her book, entitled " New System of
Bee-Management," and I am ready to state that, if T
could not get another copy of it, I would not part
with it for ten dollars. I have followed her plan
for two years, and have had splendid success, both
in wintering and in securing surplus honey. I con-
sider her feeder superior to any other arrange-
ment I have yet seen. 1 am now feeding ray bees
with a view of increasing my number of stocks. I
have nine, and 1 wish to secure from each of them
two strong stocks. I think tliat her whole system
of management is l)ased on reason and experience,
lam aware that she has been termed a fraud and
swindler; but in her dealings with me she has been
perfectly honest. W. M. At.len.

Trempeleau, Wis., Mar. 28, 1887.

I am glad to get such h good repoit from
Mrs. Cotton, friend A., for there has" been a
great deal of dissatisfaction and fault-find-
ing ; and some letters are just now at hand,
making complaint. These have, however,
been referred directly to Mrs. ( '., at her own
request.

THE BKOWN liEKS OF ARKANS.\S; LARGE SIZK
OF DRONE-CKLLS.

There has been much said lately about the black,
or brown bee. The brown bee of this country is
certainly ditferent from those described hy Doo-
little and others. I believe it possible that there is
not a pure race of bees in the world at present:
and very likely the different strains of black bees
are more the cause of the different opinions and
results than locality. To show you that these are
not the little black bees, I by this mail send you a
sample of these natural-built combs. You can ^ee

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

309

the drone-comb is V cells to 2 inches, and tlie work-
er is in proportion. These bees are almost equal to
the bumble-bee on red clover; are nioth-proot,
very proliflc, and swarming is very easily control-
led. I wish you could see some of the white comb
honey that has been in the hives since last sum-
mer. I have handled these bees 30 years, and no
sign of any disease has been among them. They
are excellent honey-gatherers, and seal it quick and
white. The first cross of these bees with Italians
produces very beautiful two and three banded
bees. If you wish I will give you a full account of
these bees, with a sample queen and all. I think,
to breed from one of these queens in your apiary
would be the best and cheapest way for you to
furnish good hybrids. 1 have only one Carniolan
queen. Who wants herV F. C. Mohhow.

Wallaceburg, Ark., March :il, 1887.

I will say to our readers, that tlie drone-
comb which our friend sends has 8i cells to
the inch. Ordinary drone comb lias 4 cells
to the inch ; but if our friend will turn to
pages 147-'8 of the A B C book he will see
that it is not uncommon to Hnd drone
comb with cells a little larger than usual.
The worker-comb cells sent are about the
same size as ordinary.

REVERSING ; ZINC HONEY-BOAKUS, KTC.

I have 7 swarms of bees wintering in good shape.
They have been covered with snow till lately. As
they are in chaff hives, the snow only made them
warmer. I have adopted for future use a frame
9 X 1314, outside measure, combined with your re-
versing device, and am well pleased with them.
Reversing, even in a four or live frame nucleus,
with me, causes all the unsealed honey to be car-
ried to each outside frame. The middle ones are
then filled with brood. I hived one swarm on eight
empty frames and one frame of brood, under one
of your zinc honey-boards, and they made 104 lbs.
of comb honey in i)Ound sections. The bees also
filled the hive so full of new comb and honey that,
on the first of September, I had to take out two
cards of honey, and give them empty combs for the
queen to lay in. Others, just as good in every way,
made only from 50 to 7.5 lbs. in sections. I shall use
zinc honey-boards altogether this season.

Instead of a " Hill Device," I use under the cush-
ion those thin, oblong wooden butter-dishes that
they use at the groceries. They cost next to noth-
ing, and, turned upside down on the frames, they
work first rate. C. A. Ricketson.

Quincy, Branch Co., Mich., Feb. 11, \BS't .

CELLAR wintering; PREVENTINfi INCKEASE.

I put in the cellar last fall 92 colonies in fair con-
dition, and to-day I have the same number in the
best of condition, keeping them at in° till Feb. 1. and
now at .50°. My experience is, not too much ventila-
tion, as it makes the bees uneasy.

how to PREVENT ROBBING.

In the first place, I find it a good idea to set bees
out of the cellar in the evening, as they get set-
tled down by morning, and protect their hives bet-
ter by so doing.

WORKING BEES IN SW.\R.MING TIME, TO PREVENT
INCREASE.

I first allow them all the room they want, giving
them empty sections to keep them back from
swarming, as much as possible. When the first
jBwaiTB comes forth 1 take a half of its frames

and replace with empty ones; remove the full
frames to the new hive, put in a division-board next
to the swarm. When No. 2 swarms, put it in No. 1,
flr.st shaking No. 2 up thoroughly. When No. 3
swarms, put it inio No. 2, and so on throughout
the season. 1 find this the best plan to prevent
increase, and is less work. John Bli.inger.

Hopkins Station, Allegan Co.. Mich., Mar. 17.

Jimv^ M^ ^n^^m^,

oil oe anise.
HY not get a small vial of oil of anise, and
drop one or two drops on rye meal? I be-
lieve the bees could be induced to work
with the anise even on sawdust. The bees
love anise, and bee-hunters would do well
to use it while hunting bees. J. H. Roberts.

School Hill, Wis , Mar. 17, 1887.
[Friend R , oil of anise has been used for such
purposes as well as for inducing bees to start work
in bee-hunting. In the vicinit>' of onr aiiiary, how-
ever, a little l)it of refuse comb lionc^ always starts
the bees (luiek enough without any anise or any
thing of the sort.l

WIDE VS. NARROW TOP-BARS.

1 find 11-12 of an inch to answer m.\- purpose best.
1 made a few last spring Vs in., and I find them a
nuisance; '« is rather narrow, in times of rapid
honey-flow; but at all other times they do well.

W. D. Anderson.

St. Thomas. Out.. Can., Mar. 31, 1887.

IN K.WOH OK TEN-CENT SECTIONS OF HONEY.

I think the 10-cent sections of honey would sell
well here. 1 sold all my honey early and readily at
VZ'/i cts. per Doy, 4Ji x i\ x'i; but I found, by what
little experience I had, that 10-cent itackages would
have sold much more readily. 1 am located in an
iron-mining country. They are a class of people
who have not much ready cash, but can find 10 cts.
when they could not be persuaded to pay 15 or 20
for a package that contained more in proportion
for the money. D. A. M.\.SE.

Mt. Hope. N. J., Feb. 21, 1887.

how TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE IN A CELLAR
ECONf)MIC.\LLV.

On p. 18<j, Mar. 1, Mr. C. D. Black tells how to warm
a cellai- with water. I think 1 have a better plan. 1
have a large kerosene-lamp, holding about a quart,
with a round wick, which I light, put on a shade,
and set it in the cellar, placing shade-boards so that
the light will not shine upon the hives. It will raise
the temperature from 4 to 6 degrees in as many
hours. My cellar is 12 by 14 ft. in clear.

H. J. NoKTHRt'P.

Lansingburg. N. V., March 5, 1887.

CO.MB HONEY IN .MARCH.

We placed upon our table, the 20th of .March, sec-
tion honey nearly capped, and the finest we have
ever seen here. The flavor is the best, and thick,
white. Nit. 1 honey. We have a quatUity of this
hone.v. comb and extracted. The frames we may e.v-
traet later. This morning the last cold wave from
the frozen hyperborean regions reached us— tem-
Ijeratuie -511° at sunrise. No bees out. There! was a
good rain the 2iith. We are sending out somo <iiieens
to Ohio and Pennsylvania No logs heard of. The
weather is cool and fine. .1. W. K. Shaw & Co,

Loreauville, Iberia Puiish, La.. March 21. 1887,

:^10

(;leanin(tS in mee culture.

Apk.

Kverv buy or girl, under 15 years of ajce, who writes a let-
ter for this department, CONTAINING some vai^uable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OB OTHEIi MATTKHS, will receive

one of David Cook's excellent live-cent Siuidaysc-hool books.
Many of these boots conUiiii the t-ame mailer that you find in
Sunday-school hooks costing from 81.00 to SL.'iO. If you have
had oiie or more hooks, give us the names that we may not
send the .-ame t«ice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz. Sheer Olt', Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Kamily, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a ISar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part 1., and (Jur Homes, Part U. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a lihotogra'ph of our own apiai-y, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Bine Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

WINDMILLS AS A MOTIVE POWER FOR
HIVE-MAKING.

F there is one thing above another tliat
makes a boy all out of patience, it is
waiting for a thing when he thinks it
ought to come rigtit aioay. Every now
and then that evening, Sam would go
into the back yard and peer at the wind-
mill on the barn, to discover, if possible,
whether '• that thing was going or not."
He began to complain about there being no
wind, and I am afraid he was almost in-
clined to tind fault with Providence because
it had not created a wind just when poor
little Sam wanted to have it blow. Sam's
mother remcmstrated with him. and en-
deavored to tell him that he must learn to
be patient, and not to find fault with the
weather. She explained to him how he was
finding fault with God.

Just before Jimmy left that evening, he
suggested to Sam tliat they attach a bell to
the shaft of the windmill in such a way
that, when the latter started to run, the bell
would tingle. No sooner was this suggest-
ed than the boys put the idea into execu-
tion ; so just before Sam went to bed he
stepped out into the back yard again, and
listened and listened in vaiii for the tingle,
tingle, tingle. After he went to bed his
mind was full of windmills, and. with his
thoughts thus occupied, he went to sleep.
As all boys are apt to do when their atten-
tion is centered on one object, just after
going to sleep Sam began to dream, and he
thought he was waiting for the wind to
blow, when all at once it seemed to him he
heard the tingle, tingle, tingle. The note
was so musical to him that it wakened him
suddenly from liis sleep. With a bound he
struck the fioor. stuck his head out of the
window, and listened ; l)ut " Jiary a tingle "'
was heard on that calm clear night. He
heard the croaking of the frogs (for the
night was warm), and peered anxiously over

toward the barn. But the windmill stood
still like a ghost, apparently mocking him.
lie looked at the mooii. and imagined that
he saw a broad grin on her I'ound full frice.
"Only a dream. Sam muttered to himself,
and with this he proceeded to liis lied.

The next thing Sam knevv lie was awaken-
ed by the ciowin^- of his liig Hralima roost-
er ; and as he raised himself in bed. he saw
that the gray light of morning was creeping
in at his window. Of course. Sam g(t up
and looked toward the barn ; but no wind
and no tingle. " Did you ever! " said Sam
to himself. He hurriedly dressed himself
and went down. As he came out into the
back yard, Jimmy l)reatlilessly greeted him.
and asked him if he had heard any tingle
during the night.

"No," said Sam grumblingly.

" Well, there is just a little wee mite of
breeze, anyhow.'" replied Jimmy, inclined
to take courage.

" Well, I can't feel it," said Sam, in a
tone that indicated that he didn't believe
the wind would ever blow.

Sam felt irritable, and, to make matters
worse, his sister Mary felt in an uncommon-
ly good mood for teasing him at lu-eakfast
that morning.

" You can't make your windmill go,"
said Mary.

"I could if there were wind," retorted
her brother.

"Never mind, dear Sam ; just go and get
a couple of old smokers and blow on your
windmill."

"Ma. make lier stop," said Sam indig-
nantly; "she is all the while a teasing and
bothering me."

Sam's face began to pucker up for a bawl,
whereat even Mrs. Cireen could hardly re-
frain from laughing, to say nothing of Mary.
A hot tear trickled down Sam's cheek, and
he inwardly resolved that the windmill
rmuld go. His father consoled him some-
what, saying that when he came in he no-
ticed a little breeze blowing from the west,
and he felt quite sure there would be suffi-
cient wind by noon.

Jimmy and Sam started for school. At
recess, a crowd of boys gathered around the
two famous windmill-builders.

" Your windmill didn't go, did it '^ I knew
it wouldn't, and I told you so last night.''
said Jake. " I'll bet you five dollars you
will nevei- lie able to make it go," he con-
tinued.

"Humph!" said Sam. "you never had a
cent in your life, and you haven't gumption
enough to whittle out'a paddle to kill bum-
ble-bees with."

One or two sided with Jake; but the
most of the boys were greatly interested in
the eutei'piise. Tliere was more or less
talking kept up between tiie two factions,
until quite a heated discussion grew up as
to whether that windmill would j-un or not.
Jim was just on the iioint of " licking the
stuffing out of Jake," or "teaching him a
le.sson or two to make him mind his own
business." when the school-bell lang for the
close of the recess. Although the crowd of
boys had just begun to yell " fight! '' " fight!"
in anticipation of some fun, they dispersed.

tssf

GLf^AN^INUS in BP]E CULTTliiH

Sll

After school was out, the two boys noticed
that there certainly was quite a Ineeze ; and
if the windmill would run at all it would
run then. They both started on a double-
(luick trot for the scene of the windmill, fol-
lowed by a number of Die boys. When they
reached the street, Ted met them with the
joyful intelligence that the -'wheel was
goin' round and lound like every thing."
Sam and Jimmy cast one satisfied look at
Jake. The latter did not appear to enjoy the
news very much. \\'hen the bi)ys reached
home, sine enough the thing was ''going
I'ke split," as Jimmy expressed it. The joy
of the two boys knew no bounds, and all the
fellows seemed to share with them in their
pleasure, save Jake and one or two of his
companions, who were starting down street
by themselves. Jake was mad to think
'■ that silly cur Jim had threatened to 'lick'
him," but •■ he would show him whether
he could or not, when he got him alone."
Jimmy, however, now that the windmill
was running, felt no ill will toward anybody.

The two proprietors of the bee-hive fac-
tory had as yet rigged up no saw-table, nor
iiad they even ordered a mandrel ; but as
they desired to test the power of their wind-
mill they lugged Mr. Green's grindstone up
the flight of stairs into the barn loft. They
had no belting, so they used common
clothes-line instead. J nst as the boys were
about to connect the grindstone to the wind-
mill, Sam's motlier called out that the last
bell for the afternoon school was ringing,
and that they must both hurry. Sam
begged piteously that he might be allowed
to stay out, and Jimmy said that his mother
wouldn't care anvhow; but Mrs. Green in-
sisted that both i lie boys had better go to
school; and when they came home in the
evening they would enjoy their experiments
so much the better. With reluctance they
obeyed.

2b be continued May 15th.

JavENmE Iiewei^-Bbx.

" A chiel's amang ye takln' notes:
An' faith, he'll prent it. "

A MULE STUNG TO DEATH.

J write to let you know about au accident that
happened the other day. A pair of mules ran
away, and ran to a house close by. The bees were
in the yard. The mules ran over a bee-hive, and
the bees stung- one ot the mules to death, and the
other nearli' so. Our bees are doing finely; but if
It does not rain soon they will not do much.

Thomas E. Wilms, ag-e 111.

Jonah, Williamson Co., Tex., Mar. 36, 188".

Thanks, friend Thomas. This time it
was a poor mule that was the object of the
bees" wrath.

POLLEN IKOM CEDAR .AND HAZEL.

My pa has 8") colonies now; 35 died last winter.
They are all doing well this spring-. They began
carrying in pollen about two weeks ago from
cedar and hazel. The pollen is red which they get
from cedar, and yellow from hazel. Pa says it is

the first time he ever heard of bees gathering pol-
len from cedar. I have one swarm of bees. Pa
has put in about VM grafts this spring. He is
thinking of going into the nursery and lice busi-
ness together. We have had a very rainy sptitig
so far, and 'the bees have not had much time to
work. We have some very fine Brown lieghorn
hens. HowAKf) ,\i,i,kn.

Snohomish, Wash. Ter.

KKVlVl.\(i HKJZEN OH CHILLED BEES; .SAW-
TABLES.

Winter before last we had a colony freeze, and in
three or four days the sun shone warm and we got
a handful of them and put them in the sun; tbey
came to life, and we gave them some honey. They
ate it, and Hew away. This proves that bees will
sometimes come to life after being frozen. We
havi' 1.5 hives of bees. We take Gleaninos, and
think there is no better paper. Our country is not
the l)est for bees. The hone.v-crop is uncertain.
We bought a hive from you in 188:^, but have since
made a horsepower saw and make our hives. I
notice in (jr-EANiNOs for Feb. 15, 1887, an improve-
ment on saws, and f think there would be a still
greater improvement if Mr. Warner would attach
the same device to raise and lower his table.

W.M. C. Greek, age 13.

Ptu-is, Tenn., Mar. 30, 188T.

Thanks fur the experiments you give in
regard to bees supposed to have been frozen.
Some experiments were given in our back
volumes, I believe by friend Doolittle.
where bees, exposed tcf a temperature be-
low the freezing-point for 24 hours. couUl be
revived by warmth and then feeding; but
he found that where they were kept frozen
for 4s hours, they were past recovery. This
same matter is touched upon in the A li ('
bo(>k, under the head of " Wintering.'' In
sending out queens during the eaily spring
months, we have to tell our customers that,
siiould the bees arrive at their destination
apparently dead, they are to place them in a
warm place and allow them to remain for a
few hours. Where they have been chilled,
or even frozen, in this way for a few hours,
they will snon revive by the application of
warmth. About the tirst of last January
we received a queen from Xellie Adams,
Sorrento, Fla. The queen clerk thought
that the (jueen and her bees were surely
dead. They were, however, placed over one
of the steam-pipes, and in the course of two
hours they were " alive and kicking." — It is
true. Warner's chain and screw attachment
could be fastened to the table in such away
as to raise it, but Mr. W. says it would be
no advantage. Screws for raising the table
were used years ago, but I believe now are
generally discardea, both because they were
too slow to operate and because they would
not hold the table rigid enough. The de-
vice we have for raising and lowering the
table is much better, we think, for hive
work than any thing else. It can be quick-
ly raised and lowered, and can be clamped
securely so as not to jar or move. In mak-
ing hives it is very imi)ortant that all parts
of the saw-table should be strong and rigid.
Well, friend Willie, we think we shall have
to send you a panel chromo. These little
facts are just what we are after.

3i2

GLiJA^lNGS lA nkK CULTURE.

Apr.

FEEDING CHEAP SUGAR.

My papa has about 'M stands of bees living-. It is
a g-ood idea to teed bees New-Orleans siig-ai* in the
winter, to keep them alive. Papa claims you as a
friend of his. Stei^la Jenkins.

Smithville, Mo.

bees gathering honey in illinois by the
14th of march.

Pa has 33 swarms of bees. They are all working
strong, and have made some honey for a couple of
weeks. This is the earliest they have ever gather-
ed honey. Pa thinks thej' are working on maple.
Our bees are hybrids, and are very cross. Ma has
been stung three times, but it didn't amount to
much. JosiE Neff, age 12.

Lewistown, 111., Mar. 14, 1887.

half a dollar, and five cents. He told me to take my
choice, and I took the half-dollar and put it into my
bank. Mamma has a ffreat lot of chickens, and
every time she goes to feed them she talks to them.
Waynesburgr Pa. Ray Inghram.

Friend Ray. I do not believe I would say
that yon earned half a dollar in the way you
mention, but, rather, that your papa gave it
to you, and I presume he knew by past ex-
perience that so good a boy as Ray would
make a good use ot it, and he therefore con-
sidered it a safe thing to do. How is it,
Ray? Didn't I hit it about right?

A CHEAP BEE-VEIL.

I live near Bradford, White Co., Ark. My pa
takes Gleanings, and I like it very well, especial-
ly the children's page. This spring we started
with two swarms, and increased them to 13 strong
colonies. To make a cheap bee-veil, take mosqui-
to-bar and cut a piece long enough to go over your
head with your hat on, and draw it tightly around
your neck, and the bees can't sting you.

Albert Remley, age 14.

Bradford, White Co., Ark.

BEES AND CARP.

Pa has .51 colonies of bees. They are all in the
cellar. We have a carp-pond, and we found two
large dead carp frozen in the ice, after our thaw in '
January. Pa says he is afraid they are all dead.

Constantine, Mich. Edna Rifenbkrgh, age 11.

Tell your pa not to borrow trouble, friend
Edna. We find more or less dead fish on
the surface of the pond every spring ; but
when we commence feeding them we find
there are enough left to make things lively.
I do not know why they die this way, unless
it is because the water is too shallow. We
have arranged to make our pond quite a
little deeper hereafter.

KEEPING HONEY FROM CANDYING.

Pa has been keeping bees for four years. He has
iJ3 colonies in good condition. If they pull through
all right they will make things lively here about
swarming time. We have never had a pound of
candied honey in our house since we kept bees.
Mamma believes if honey is put into jars or cans
and kept in the third or fourth story of a building it
will remain in a liquid state the whole year round.
Mamma would like to know how to make honey-
jumbles. JosiE Neff, age 13.

Lewistown, 111.

Tell your mamma, Josie, that we think it
makes more difference as to whether she
seals up the jars or cans as we do canned
fruit, than whether she puts it in the third
or fourth story.— I am sorry to say the man-
ufacturers will not give us the recipe for
making honey-jumbles. They are made at
a very large factory.

HOW RAY MAKES MONEY.

I made half a dollar from papa. He told me he
would give me five cents for every swarm I saw.
He saw a swarm of bees, and he went up and hid
among the bee-hives. I saw it too, and I went up
and screamed and hallooed a long time, and Hattie
told me that pa was up there, and he pulled out

A REPORT by a LITTLE GIRL.

We have kept bees for about 35 years, but never
gave the business any special attention except for
the last ten or twelve years, producing but little
honey more than for our own table. Lately the
number of colonies has been increased; and last
spring, at the commencement of the honey season,
we had 140 polonies.

We have two bee-houses; one is 11 .\ 53, and the
other is 11 .x 34 feet. Both are built mostly under
ground. One is built of stone, and the other of
timber. The bees winter nicely in either of these
houses. We have now 313 colonies, and papa said
they were in flhe condition. We work exclusively
for comb honey. The yield of honey last year was
small, being only 9000 lbs., but this is easily ac-
counted for from the fact that more than half of
the bees died during August and September of the
previous year, leaving them very weak in the
spring.

We use the Langstroth hives. Our bees are
blacks, hybrids, and one colony of Italians— mostly
hi brids. Lou May Randai^l, age 11.

Big Rock, la , Feb. 10, 1887.

honey from THE COTTON-PLANT; THE ITALIANS

GATHERING WHEN THE BLACKS ARE DOING

nothing; THAT NEW KITE.

Papa's liees came through the winter all right.
They have been bringing in pollen more than a
month. They are gathering some honey now from
peach-bloom and willow. Last spring was a failure
in honey. The late freezes killed all the flowers.
Papa's bees are part Italians and part blacks.
When the cotton bloomed, the Italians made enough
for their own living, and some to spare, while the
blacks made nothing.

Brother Clay's kite that he got from you was a
perfect success. Papa put some strips of paper on
the middle corners, to imitate wings. They add to
its beauty a great deal. It flies over 300 feet. Clay
takes pieces of paper, makes a hole in the center,
puts them on the string at his hand when the kite
is up. They will run up to the kite. The kite dives
and looks like a hawk after a bird. Tell Caddy and
Blue Eyes that I make a house-vine with a sweet-
potato put in a small bucket or can, partly filled
with water. All I have to do is to keep water in the
can and train the vine as it grows. It grows very
fast after it gets a start. I can't get one to make a
long vine after the potato has been bedded out.
Can any one tell me why? Keep them inside the
house. Put a little bat of cotton in a glass of water,
sprinkle oats thick on it. They will grow and make
a pretty sight. Mamma has that vinegar-plant you
ask about on page 313. You describe it exactly.
Mattie F. Dillehay, age 13.

Wilford. Texas, March 34, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

313

5F@B^CC0 C0MM.N.

THE VALUE OF THE TOBACCO COI-UMN.

T HAV'Ejiist g-ot through running' back over the
j^ Tobacco Colunin. and footing- up the number
^i of persons who have, by tlie good influence of
■*■ Gleanings, (juit the tol)acco hal)it. I had
two objects in view in looting- up the list:
1. I wished to use the item in some of my public
discourses, to show whut is being- done by 'Die man
to induce his fellow-men to discontinue a much
worse than useless habit; :!. I wanted youto know
that your " labor was not in vain." T counted only
those who iudicated plainly that it was through the
influenee of Gleanings that they had quit it.
Here is the list, if T have made no mistake, and 1
think I am right:

Whole number quit— 446. Number who had quit,
but broke the pledge— 18.

Is not that encouraging? Just think! What a
little army of men— enough to till a large hall! A
large number of those reformed, I noticed, had
families; and I verily believe that, through those
fathers, we can count at least on 446 boys belong-
ing to them that will be led on to manhood without
acquiring the pernicious habit. Quite a number
testified that they had used the weed from 40 to 60
years. I think we may all wish the good work a
hearty God-speed, and that still many more may
yet be induced to join the anti-tobacco army
through your efforts. D. E. Brubaker.

Ma.x-well. Story Co., la.. Mar. 7, 1887.
•We are very much obliged to yon, friend
B., for the paiiis you have taken to connt up
the number who have given up tobacco, and
I agree with you that this number does not
probably represent all the good that has
been done. A great many have given up
tobacco just because of these letters, and
have never said a word about it. A good
many whom I have met at conventions have
told me as much. The idea of giving a smo-
ker seems to have struck the matter in a
pleasant way, and people have been stirred
up to a sense of duty by it, without feeling
as if they had been either reproached or
censured.

TOBACCO A YOUNGER BROTHER OF ALCOHOL.

1 am glad you still hold on to the Tobacco Col-
umn. Undoubtedly you are doing untold good
that eternity alone can reveal. I believe tobacco is
doing about as much harm in this world as alcohol.
About $900,00(1,000 spent for alcohol in the United
States, yet its use is not so popular as tobacco.
Why is it that almost every person who drinks, first
used tobacco in some form ? Physicians say it is
because tobacco creates a desire for stimulants.
About f600,000,000 spent yearly in this Christian
country for tobacco, and but f.5,.500,000 for both
home and foreign missions. Does this look con-
sistent for a Christian nation y What answer will
the Church make to God— what shall we individu-
ally make, when asked, "Where is thy heathen
brother ?"— 8.56,000,000 who have never yet heard
of Jesus ? Do not our small givings to send them
the gospel look as if we answered, " Am I my
brother's keeper?"? And will God hold us guilt-
less ? Nay. verily; in that we have slighted our
Savior's last command, to go into all the world and
preach the gospel to every creature.

Many say, it is so hard to leave off tobacco. That
is the reason they do not give it up. But there
have three cases come under mi' observation with-
in the last two years, of old men who have used it
for 20 to 2.5 years, leaving it off when they found it
was killing them. One of those men found he
could not do it in his own strength, and took it to
God in prayei-. He claims the appetite was entirely
taken away. On another, three cancers started on
his head and face. The doctor said it was from the
use of tobaccM). and said it could not be cured un-
less he left it off, which he did immediately. The
third one is improving in health. If old men can
quit its use after using it so long, why can not any
one who has a will to ? The reason most people use
it is, they do not think it really bad, and young men
and boys think it manly because their seniors use it.

Roseville, 111. Mks. L. C. AxTELf...

A friendly LETTER FROM ONE WHO HAS USED
TOBACCO 46 YEARS.

I am a beginner in bee culture. A year ago I
bought a hive of Italians of Rev. Mr. Whitehill, of
Cuba, and got a fine swarm from them. Last fall I
found and secured in good condition a wild and
very strong swarm of black fellows, so now I have
three. Rev. Mr. Whitehill kindly loaned me his
copy of the ABC of 1882, and I find it a necessity
next to bees themselves in bee-management. I write
to inquire if you have a later and revised edition.
If so, I wish to procure for the elder the improved
and take his old copy. It is good enough for me,
and I guess he has read about all of the sense out
of the old copy. A lady friend handed me a copy
of Gleanings. I like the tone of it very much.
Your Tobacco Column seems to me a novelty.
Now, if you wish to risk a (Mark smoker on an old
tobacco-smoker like me, who has indulged the
habit 46 years, send it ou, and I will accept your
terms. If I don't (juit smoking I will pay for the
smoker; and if I do quit, and know that I have
effectually and for ever q\iit, T will also pay for the
smoker. W. D. Stewart.

Cuba, Mo., Feb. 14, 1887.

Well, friend S., you are the tirst brother, I
believe, who insisted on paying for the smo-
ker, no matter what the result might be.
You pay for it if you quit smoking, and you
also pay for it if you don't quit smoking. I
am to be the gainer, in either case. Come
to think of it, however, I believe, dear broth-
er, you will be the gainer also, if you think
you will use less tobacco than you did be-
fore, and my faith is pretty strong that you
w ill never use it at all any more.

A USER FOR 33 YEARS OUT OF 40.

Please send a smoker to your humble servant. I
have quit the use of tobacco, having used it S^
years out of 40. If I ever resume the use of tobac-
co I will pay you for the smoker. This is some-
thing 1 don't like to say. I am not trying to quit,
but I /KTi'f quit. T. H- Dklong.

Oxbow. Neb., Mar. 4, 1S87.

Mr. Dock Connon, of Madisonville. tells me you
gave him a smoker to quit the use of tobacco. As
I am handling bees on a small scale, I need a smo-
ker. If you will send me one I will quit the use of
tobacco; and should I fail to keep my promise 1
will send you the money for the smoker.

Middleton, Tex., Feb. 6, 1887. L. S. Wil.mf.k.

814

GLkANINGS l:S^ BEE CULTUtifi.

Apft.

I have q(uit the use of tobacco; if I use any more
I will pay you for the stnoker. J. E. Clark.

Hartville, Ga.

I have Quit using tobacco. If ] ever use it any
more I will pay you for the smoker you send.
Hartwell, Ga., Feb. 35, 1887. C .C. Whixk, Jr.

Please send Henry Stevens a smoker. He quit
using' tobacco over a year ago, and proposes never
to use it again. If hfe does, I will pay lor it.

Belle Rive, Ills., Mar. ", 1887. D. B. Cox.

1 will give up the use of tobacco; and if you send
me a smoker, and I should break my promise, I will
send you the money for the smoker. J. Sams.

Postvllle, la., March 3, 1887.

I am resolved to quit the use of tobacco, if you
will Send me a smoker; and if I ever use the weed
again I agree to send you full value for the smo-
ker. Ham Green.

Fayette Corner. Tenn., Feb. 21, 1887.

I have stopped chewing tobacco, and will promise
you never to do so again.. If you will send me one
of your smokers, and I commence using the weed
again, T will send you price of it. a. W. Hicks.

Milan, Tenn., Mar. 8, 1887.

HEALTH IMPROVED.

I have quit chewing tobacco after using it about
25 years, and I feel better. I think it did me a great
deal of harm, so I make the usual promise, if you
send me a smoker. Geo. W. Whitney.

Bettsville. O., Mar. 1, 1887.

WILL KEEP THE PLEDGE.

I promise never to use tobacco any more. If I
do, I will send you 70 cts. for the smoker. If you
see fit to send me the smoker I shall be pleased,
and will keep my pledge. B. Frederick.

Jerry City, O., Feb. 36, 1887.

influence of a friend.

Will you please send a smoker to Silas Mitchell,
of Jordan, Ky.? He has recently quit the use of
tobacco, and says if he ever uses it again he will
pay the usual price for smoker. I vouch for him.

Jordan, Ky., Mar. 9, 1887. W. B. Cloves.

NEVER TO USE IT AGAIN.

I have stopped using tobacco, and will pi-omise
you never to use it again. If you will send me one
of your smokers, and I commence using tobacco
again, I will pay you for the smoker.

Milan, Tenn., Mar. 6, 1887. J. H. Pounds.

NEEDS A SMOKER.

I will abstain from the use of tobacco. I have
just bought some Italian bees, and need a smoker.
If you will send one T will agree to pay the price
you ask. F. J, Buser.

Glenn's Valley, Ind., Feb. 36, 1887.

A BARGIAN THAT IS BINDING.

I am a young beginner with bees. I have al-
ways used the pipe or cigar, but I have become
disgusted with tobacco, and it is likewise such a
bad and mean habit that I shall never use it again
under any circumstances. If you think 1 am enti-
tled to a smoker, send me one; and if 1 ever catch
myself using the weed again I will pay you one
dollar for it; besides, one Juindred dolhirs more to
any one charitable institution you may name.

Harmer, O., Feb. 33, 1887. G. O. Salzmann.

FiRMLY RESOLVED.

1 have been chewing tobacco for a long time, and
quit some time ago. 1 have now firmly resolved
never to use the weed again. If you think me
entitled to a smoker, please send it; and if I ever
take up the habit again in any way I will pay you
for the smoker. Jacob HopplK.

Cocolamus, Pa., Feb. 33, 1887.

A LITTLE GIKL'S INFLUENCE.

My pa began to read Gleanings last spring. He
has the ABC, and likes it real well. He has 50
stands of bees. He has quit the use of tobacco;
and if you will send me a smoker I will see that you
get your pay for it if he ever commences again.

Lizzie Biles.

Homet'6 Ferry, Brad. Co., Penn., Mar. 3, 1887.

'• .\ USELESS .\ND EXPENSIVE HABIT."

I never used tobacco except in smoking, and I
quit that last fall— ?iof because of your offer, but
because I considered it a useless and expensive
habit, totally devoid of any good whatever. Now,
you can suit yourself about sending the smoker.

W. J. CULLIMAN.

Mt. Sterling, 111., Jan. 31, 1887.

THE TOBACCO QUESTION.

You give a smoker to all who quit, and promise
to hold out faithful, which is very good. I have
been trying to educate my boy to never commence
the vulgar practice. So far he has obeyed both me
and my better half. He is now nearly fifteen years
old. His name is Curtis W. He goes to school the
most of his time, and studies all the common
branches. Also my better half's brother's boy,
Medford Whistler, a few months younger than
Curtis. He has yet not commenced using tobacco
in any way. I think if any are entitled to a gift
it is the young men or boys who never chew or
smoke. I will say, if you think these boys worthy
of a smoker, send them one apiece; and if they
commence, then you will get your pay for them.
I will now let Curtis write a tew lines.

H. D. Brubaker.

I never expect to use tobacco. We have one
stock of Italian bees, which we put into winter
quarters last fall. When should upward ventila-
tion be stopped? Should it not be done now?
Father attends to nearly all the bees in this vicini-
ty. CiTRTis W. Brubaker.

Irvin, Ind., Mar. 7, 1887.

1 am mucli obliged for your kind letters ;
but if we offer a smoker to every one who
does not use tobacco, it would be virtually
offering them broadcast to almost every one.
Now, I am not afraid to give away this vast
sum of money if it would be productive of
good ; but the probabilities are that it would
not, or, at least, not very much. As it is
now, the smokers we give to tobacco-users
are given as a sort of ])ledge. If they use
it any more, they pay for the smoker. Tell
the bovs that Uhcle Amos appreciates their
good behavior, and is glad to know that they
have been so well brought up. If they go
on in the wa> they are going, they will save
money enough to pay for a great many smo-
kers, besides having good health and a clear
conscience. — Upward ventilation should be
mostly stopped now, thougti it depends up-
on the weather.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

31.5

dm p©ME?.

II' thiiu' enemy hiing'er. feed hiln; U he thirst,
fjive him drink.— Kom, 12: 3tl.

T DC) iH)l know, my I'lieiids, but that I
iM shall (Hit a little (litt'eient coiistrnction
^t upon this vevse from tiie one usually

'*' given to it; or. rather, maybe L shall
stait off t»n a difiert ut line of thought.
Missionaries have long since decided that
the first thing to be done toward winning
souls is to feed the heathen, or win their
confldence and friendship by giving them
something pleasant to tiie taste an(l satisfy-
ing to their hungei'. And it is not only the
heathen who are won by something good to
eat, but it is the street Arab of our cities ;
and, in fact, the bad boys of our towns and
villages ma> often be won from evil ways
by something pleasant to the taste or satis-
fying to their hunger. Somebody h;is said
that the shortest cut to a man's heart is
down his throat, or something to that ef-
fect; meaning that, if he is to be won to
better things, or to good nature, if you
clioose, the quickest way to do it is to give
him a good palatable square meal ; and, in-
deed, 1 liave discovered that the same law
runs through all the animal kingdom. If
you want to win the conlidence and affec-
tion of your horse, give him clioice morsels
whenever you come around him— a little
salt, a little sugar, or an apple ; in fact, al-
most the only method of leading animals to
go where you want them to go is by reward-
ing them with something they love to eat.
My Brahma chickens I have so often told
you about have feed and drink right where
ti)ey have constant access to it ; and I have
discovered that this state of affairs is a con-
stant bar to close accjuaintance. They do
not care to l»e handled or meddled with so
long as the grain-hopper and tiie water-
fountain never need replenishing. Let one
or the other give out, however, so that the
chickens get hungry or thirsty, and they
will walk right up to me, let me pick them
up, or do what I please with them, especial-
ly if they can remember sundry handfuls of
corn given them at such times, or a panful
of nice clean water when the water-w orks
happen to be temporarily suspended. How-
I do love to see them enjoy their food I I
also love to see them enjoy nice clean pure
water. Somebody has said in sarcasm, that,
when the chickens lift their heads toward
the sky, and wink their eyes as, they let the
delicious cooling draught go down their
throats, tlie\ do it in praise to the great
('reator of "all things. No doubt they feel
thankful when fed, and supplied with nice
water ; but I am unable to say whether
their little l)rains can compass a thought so
great as to include the Author of their be-
ing or not.

I wonder if you begin to suspect that I
am going to talk about food and <lrink this
time. AVell. that is to be one of the princi-
pal objects of my talk. The Master said.
•' Do good to them that hate you ; "' and as
if somebody might have asked the question,
"How shall we do good?'" Paul placed
lirst and foremost, food and drink. Many

of our young people in prayer-meetings, and

in convtrsati(m with their pastor or otlier
spiritual advisers, say, "How can I do good
to anybody V 'v May be you, my young
friend, who have sometimes felt a burning
desire to lolhiw in Chrisfs footsteps, have
asked yourself the (jueetion, " How shall 1
do good to anybody y ■■ I answer, •• In the'
line of food an*! drink."' If you want to win
your papa to Christ, and wish that he may
"love the Savior, study his wants and tastes,
and assist mamma in providing promptly
something nice for him to eat, or a cool vb-
freshiug drink when he is too tired to go
after it himself.

Now, skipping l)y these domestic relations
and taking the world at large, whenever the
question comes up, " How shall I win souls
to Christ y oiihow shall I show to Cod that I
love his ci'eatures and my fellow-men V " my
answer is, " Through the medium of food
and tlrink."" Some way it has seemed to me
that the world is careless and negligent, and
I have sometimes thought actually selfish, in
this matter of food ami drink. We pay big
prices for a meal of victuals ; yes, it seems
to me prices far beyond what we pay for
other comforts proportionally. No one, I
believe, thinks of furnishing a meal of vict-
uals to the traveling public for less than 25
cts. ; and even in a country town, if you get
a meal that is decent and' nice, the price is
40 or 50 cts. In towns a little larger, it is 50
or 75 cts. ; and in our cities it comes up to 75
cts. or $1.00; and I am told that even $1.50
for a single meal is sometimes asked, but I
have never in my life paid over a dollar.
Those who receive money for feeding the
})ublie, should, of course, render a fair equiv-
alent for the amount of money received ;
but, my friends, there is something that hu-
manity is hungering and thirsting for, that
money can not buy. It is friendly and home-
like service. It is the kind of service that
the mother gives to her children because
she loves them. One of our great workers
among the lost ones in our cities once said,
" Never give any thing to any one. without
breathing a prayer that God "may bless the
gift ;"' arid I thiiik it should be so when one
who loves the Savior furnishes or assists in
any way in providing food for the hungry
multitudes. Jesus set us an example wheii
he passed the bread to his disciples. It was
his custom to bless it and give thanks.

Sometimes good may be done by making a
gift of food. Drinking-water is always a
gift, so far as I know. In fact. 1 have never
heard of any one charging for it, and I am
sure that great good has already been done
by the Women's Christian Temjierance Un-
ion, and other benevolent societies, in j>ro-
viding ways and means to furnish refresh-
ing water wherever hungry and thirsty man-
kind may be expected to long for it. How I
do love neat and tasty drinking-fountaiiis
and bright clean Inibliling springs I Why. I
have often felt that I would go miles just to
look at one. and I am glad to notice that
Blue Eyes is just beginning to share her
papa"s enthusiasn/in the matter of springs
of watei-. I remember one about twelve
miles from my home that gushes out from
the rocks near the summit of a very long

81H

(fij-; \ M!.v(is i.\

:io cri/ruKi::.

Af'r.

high hill. I would to-day give $1000 cash
down for such a spring as that, at the Home
of the Honey -Bees. Of course, I would
make use of the water for other purposes
than for drink. My friend, do you know of
anybody this moment wlio is thirstyV Is
there any one who would thank you for a
drink of cool water V I do not mean that
you should take a dipper and carry it to
them just at this moment, but that you
should provide a permanent drinking-place
that will perhaps refresh the passerby, not
to-day only, but generations to come, as
well. You want to serve Ciirist, and you do
not knoAV how. Serve him by paying five
cents for a bright new tin cup, and then put
that cup wheie it will l)e used. If it gets
battered up, or is lost or stolen, rejoice that
it is being used, and then put another in its
place. When the Master said, '' Whosoever
shall give to drink unto one of these little
ones a cup of cold water only, in the name
of a disciple, verily I say mito you, he shall
in no wise lose his reward,'' I believe the
thought included furnishing drinking-water
to the thirsty in just the way I have indicat-
ed. A great many times, fresh water placed
on the table at meal time will make those
who gathei- round the family board fee! ha])-
py and gratefid. I have often heard my fa-
ther say, when asked whether he would take
tea or coffee, that he would much rather
have a glass of fresh water. It used to be
my office to bring water from the spring, in
a little pail. Dear young friends, how many
dollars do you suppose I would give to have
the privilege of bringing my old father a
drink of cool water this bright warm spring
day V Do you ask why I talk about things
which are no more possible in this world?
Because it is possible for me to give a drink
of water, even now, to somebody's else fa-
ther, and it is quite likely that you, ray read-
ers, can have this privilege, right this min-
ute, of making your dear old father look
happy and thankfvd by carrying him a cool
refreshing drink now ; and Christ has said,
'' Inasmuch as ye did it unto the least of one
of these my brethren, ye have done it unto
me."

Do you suggest that 1 am talking about
giving food and drink to friends instead of
enemies? Why, my friends, if these kind
offices were performed oftener to friends,
they would remain friends and not change to
enemies. I have known of people to feel
(luite hard, and may be bitter, toward those
who should have been their friends, because
of carelessness in this respect. A tired man
sits down to a meal, and, through careless-
ness or indifference, perhaps he is not wait-
ed on as he should be. He lets Satan whis-
per to him that his family do not care for
him ; that they are all seliish, and bent on
their own comfort. May be by and by he
says something ill-natured because of this
neglect, and enmity springs up in the family
circle. I suppose that not many of us have
what might really be called enemies ; and
may God grant that there are no real ene-
mies under the roof that covers what we call
home ; but for all that. T do know there are
hard, iiudnritable, :i'id unkind feelings.
many times, cherished by the inmates of

these our homes. The Bible says we are to
feed an enemy ; how much more, then,
should we feed a friend or one related to us
by the ties of kindred I

I do not believe that, as a rule, it is the
tiling to do to furnish /oorf withcut equiva-
lent. I do not believe in giving that tiamp
who stops at our doors, pie and cake. In
fact, I think it will hai-m him rather than
do him good, because it would encourage
him in a sort of dependence that is exactly
the opposite of manliness ; but when we re-
ceive pai/ for any thing in the line of food, I
do think it behooves us to try to honor the
Master by giving good measui'e, good quali-
ty, and have it in nice and attractive shape,
as the market-gardeners and fruit-growers
tell us so much about. A great part of the
business of our every-day lives is in buying
and selling something concerning food and
drink. If it is yoiu' lausiness to wait on the
table, say to yourself constantly, over and
over, that in ministering to the wants of
those who are looking to you, you are serv-
ing the Master. Not only see to the food,
but provide your guest with clean water
and a neat tidy wash-basin, and a refresh-
ing-looking napkin, that he may bathe his
hands and face, as a preparation toward the
full enjoyment of his meal. This last re-
mark hits me right squarely ; for since our
lunch-room has been prospered until now it
is crowded almost every day to its full ca-
pacity, we ha\e never yet arranged a con-
venient iilace for the traveling public to
wash, without going upstairs. Of late years
I have traveled quite a little, and one of my
enjoyments in traveling is to see how much
this matter of the comfort of the traveling
public is made a study — or, if you choose, I
like to notice liow mncli ('hristianity there
is about the hotel-keepers, the girls who
wait upon the table, and others who serve
at such a place. Tiie waiters at our hotels
are a class that is on my mind a good deal
of late. One of the bee-friends made the re-
mark at xllbany, N. Y.. that it was ever so
much pleasanter to him to be waited on by
women than by colored men. At the large
hotel in Indianapolis they had, as a matter
of coiu'se, colored waiters. We were kept
waiting for from fifteen to twenty minutes
for our meals, after giving our orders, when
some one at the table suggested to one of
these colored waiters that he had business,
that was hurrying him. The only reply he
got from the waiter was,'- Well. I guess you
will wait till you get it." Another colored
waiter did not bring the ice cream I ordered,
and I suggested to him his delinquency.
His reply was that he could not remember
who ordered it, and so he ate it himself .'
Now. such things are unpleasant. Of
course, one might complain at the desk, and.
in fact, a card was appended to the bill of
fare, asking guests to do so, from which I
inferred that there was often need of it. At
this place we paid the highest prices, and
had a right to expect kiiul and civil treat-
ment. Do you want to know what kind of
waiters I like? My friend, it is Christian
women. I do not "know how many Chris-
tians can be found at our liotels and res-
taurants as waiters, but I do feel as if it

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE.

317

would be a privilege to me to help to pay
Christian men a !)ig price for sncli services,
and tlien I would have some measures ta-
ken to demand that these waiters bestow
Christian treatment and Clnistian courtesy;
this latter [loinl migiil be a hard matter,
but I think 1 sec indications already that it
is coming, [notice it in t lie daily papei'S,
and I notice it in the daily talk. In the
near future, I think the cause of Christ is
going to be magnified, and his name is go-
ing to be gloi-ilied. 1 know it is a fact, tliat
women-vvaiteis in many public places are
obliged to hear things that are unpleasant,
and many times they are censured when
they are not at all to blame. Sometimes
tlie> arc bantered; but I tliinkawise and
discreet Woman can. as a nde, by her bear-
hfs. pretty ([uickly check or discourage any
of this laltej-. I have wondered many times
liow many of tliese women are in the habit
of attending weekly prayer-meetings. Do
their employers so arrange their work that
they are permitted to goV and when they
have guests who are hard to please, do they
have the cheering iidluences of CiirisCs
presence in their hearts, to help them bear
the trials of every-day life? Is it possible
that, among the " readers of GleaninctS,
there is one who waits on the table, for the
great traveling public? If so, may God's
blessing rest on such a one ; and may she
realize how much it is in her power to work
for the Master, perhaps not dii'ectly by serv-
ing her enemies, but she surely will have
opportunities, almost daily, of feeding those
who are enemies of the Savior; and shall
we not consider this a great i)rivilege?

'•For inasmuch as ye have done it unto
one of the least of these my brethren, ye
have done it unto me.'' The matter of
food and drink contributes more toward
making people feel pleasant and happy and
Christian! ike, than we perhaps realize.
One may feel tired and faint and cross ; but
the sight of tempting food, tastily arranged,
is one of the great aids in helping to put.
away bad feelings, and make one to feel
pleasant ; and when added to this we have
pleasant and courteous treatment, it is a
WH)nderful help toward good feeling and
gentle bearing. On the other hand, when
one feels tired and faint and cross, how
much more apt he is to indulge in unkind
words if the food is not as it should be, and
the dining-table in disorder! I need not
enumerate these things, for they have been
seen by almost every one too often. Some-
times the waiters are busy with something
else; and after pushing the bread, and the
cream and sugar, and perhaps meat and po-
tatoes, toward the hungry one, they turn
off to something else. Mav be the bread is
forgotten: perhaps the coffee is forgotten.
Of course, one is at liberty to speak out
when wliat is justly his due is not given
him ; but one who is faint and liunerry is not
likely to have an extra amount of Christian
graces just at that precise moment. In
fact. I have sometimes thought that Satan
made haste to make the most of such an
occasion. He whispers to the hungry one.
" The world is hollow and selfish — the
whole of it ; there is no such thing as get-

ting your just dues anywhere without fight-
ing or making a fuss about it." Who
knows l)ut that some poor soid might have
been saved from crime, perhaps suicide.
l)y a little more care iji this one thing of
food and drink — loving care from tliose on
whom the respoiisil)ility falls, of looking
after tiu'se little nuitters of food and drink ?

If thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst,
gi\e him drink.

Are not these wonderful words? Paul
did not mean that you were to feed your
enemy grudgingly, but as if you loved him,
and were anxious to win him Ijack to friend-
ship. Feed him as if you enjoyed doing it.
and you soon unll enjo.\ it. Y'ears ago, be-
fore a loving wife looked after my wants in
the way of food and drink, I can remember
once or twice of being served with short
rations just because I could not consistently
avoid offending those who had it in tlieir
power to minister to my wants with a slack
or lavish hand. I could not well help my-
self just then, and so I bore it; but what a
miserable way to vent your spite on any
human Iteing, by obliging him to go hun-
gry !

By the way, dear friends, did you ever
think liow extremely nattiral it is to pay
back, or render evil for evil, to any one who
has misused you or wounded your feelings ?
Where is the man or even woman who feels
like doing kind offices in repay for unkind
ones ? Human nature is all against it. I
have talked about rendering good for evil,
and doing good to those who hate you, for
nearly a score of years. I have told you
how it rejoices tny heart, when opportunity
presents, of heajjing coals of fire on the
head of an enemy ; and now, after all I have
said and done in this line, my first impulse
is almost always, even now, to strike back.
Even while writing this paper to you I was
interrupted, and called (mt of the room.
Something was going wrong — something
that needed my immediate attention —
something that needed stopping at once.
The power lay all in my own hands, so I
had but to say the word, and the friend who
had offended would be made to suffer.
Now, I do not know but that I should have
said that woixl had I not remem])ere(l how
many, many times I had resolved that I
would go slow at such times, and first see
whether my course were exactly in the line
of Bible teachings. It is human to return
evil foi' evil, but it is divine to render good
for evil. I am glad that Paul made the sug-
gestion we have in our text, for it seems to
be the easiest and (pnckest way in the world
of doing good to anybody, to watch for an
opportunity of ministering to his hunger, or
of giving him drink when he is thirsty.

My friends, it is not unlikely that you can
put this admonition in practice within the
next fifteen minutes after you read this pa-
per. Wlieii I was a boy I used to be cross
anrl iieevisli and fretful,"a great many times.
Next to me in age was a younger sister, and,
l)y the way, I liave a pictiue of tliat sister
now. I can look on it and see exactly how
she used to look when I was a dozen years
(,)ld. and she was was, may be, two years
younger. I was not a very good brother;

818

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

but she was a wonderfully good and kind
sister. If, during my absence, there was
any fruit brought into tlie family — any
sweetmeats, or any thing that she knew I
liked, she would always save some of it foi-
me. Perhaps grandmother would l)ring us
some maple sugar ; and if no one else would
remember the al)sent brother, this sister
did ; and it did not make any difference
whether I was unkind or not, she was just
as ready to do me kind services. A great
many times she made me feel ashamed of
myself by her mild, gentle ways when I was
overbearing and rough, (iod bless the sis-
ters of our land! I wonder if they know
how much it is in their power to win way-
ward brothers to better tilings. And this
matter of food and drink comes right in
here : it is their province — their privilege.
Now, I do not mean to lie altogether one-
sided, dear friends. I know the troop of
brothers in our broad land have it in their
power also to do the same thing for these
sisters in the way of food and drink. They
can help the sisters to hud tlie wherewith
for this same food and driidc we all must
have. We can win each other— do you seeV
And wiien we get reall> about it in the
home circle, we shall very soon feel like ex-
tending these kind otiices to the neighbors
over the garden fence or across the \\ay.
In our bee-conventions we have heard over
and over again how some irritated neighbor
had ])een softened by a simple section of
honey— something for 'the evening meal, and
to please the little ones. Now, my friends,
it is not about bees alone that neighbors
(luarrel. Hard feelings come up about the
cl»ickens,and sometimes about the cows and
|)igs as well ; again about tlie line fences;
then about borrowing. .and in all kinds of
business deal. Have you a mean neighbor?
(iooil people as well as bad people are even-
ly distributed all over the land, and most of
lis have had experience with both kinds.
Now, then, if you have a mean neighbor, of
course you want to cure him, and you want
to make him decent and pleasant to deal
with ; you want to make him fair and hon-
est, neighborly, and progressive. How shall
we go about it to secure this end? Why,
there is no better recipe in the world than
the one Paul gave. Wait until he is Imn-
gry, then send over something appetizing.
If you can not manage it in a neighborly
sort of way, ask your wife to help you.
Women have a wonderful tact in this kind
of thing. Get acquainted, any way. I do
not believe it is right to have neighbors,
and not get acquainted with them. Some peo-
ple will say of certain ones, •' The less you
liave to do" with them the better." I do not
believe it. I am sure it is not triie. If you
are a Christian you ought to bear in mind
that the Lord and Master honored you by
saying, " Ye are the salt of the earth."
Now, my friend, how in the world are you
going to make the world better if you don't
know the world ? (ret acquainted. Let the
children play with the neighbors' children.
There is danger of their learning bad things
and bad talk, I know; but, my friend, if
you are watching and praying — if you are
I)raying for your neighbors as well as for

the little ones of your own household, I
think you can manage so there will not be
any danger. Do not let the children go to
such an extent that you don't know where
they are nor how long they have been gone ;
but bear in mind that the little ones can
hel]) to save mankind as well as those gtown
up.

Now, if you say you have not any ene-
mies, 1 shall think one reason is you are not
very much acquainted, and that you are not
very progressive. Get acquainted. See
what is going on ; find out why it is that our
penitentiaries are constantly becoming lai-g-
er; see where the seeds of " crime start. If
there are none at enmity with yourself,
there are enemies of Christ that need look-
ing after. They need looking after and
feeding. Do you remember how Jesus told
Peter, over and over again, "Feed my
sheep;'' and, ''Feed my lambs"? My
friends, there are those among your ac-
quaintances who need feeding now. If you
are hungering and thirsting after righteous-
ness, there is abundant need that you should
be up and doing. If you are longing for the
time when Christ's kingdom shall come, and
his will be done on eai th as it is in heaven,
set about hastening the glad day by enlist-
ing in his service ; and when you feel inclin-
ed to say there is notliing you can do, read
over again this 20th verse ot' the llith chap-
ter of Komans :

If thine enemy hunger, t'eecl him; if he thirst,
g-ive him drink; for in so doing- thou shalt lieap
eoals of fire on his head.

A LETTER FROM THOMAS HORN TO
iilS CREDITORS.

AN KXHJ>ANATIO.N' AND AN APOLOGY.

ip CARD:— jfo my CnMinnern, and Bee-Keepiny
h FriciKln. As you know, friend Root has
V kindly gatliei-ed all claims and complaints
^ against me, and sent me the same; and to
say that they surprised me would but faint-
ly express my feelings. 1 thought friend R. hard
on me; but I certainly, under the circumstances,
must ask his pardon for such thoughts.

Now, friends, let me explain, as nearly as I can,
just how the case stands. Business pressed so
much that it was utterly impossible to attend to
the mail myself, and my order to my book-keeper
was to answer ail complaints; and if the goods
could not be sent, to return the money; and I tind
very many of the complaints leceived are marked
in his hand sent. Whether the errors were his or
the yard help, I can not say, as I was so pressed
for help that I had to use inexperienced help, and,
I am sorry to say. as matters turn out, it was care-
less help, and many goods must have gone astray,
or have been sent to other parties than they were
intended for. When the season closed it found me
with some complaints tliat had not been looked to,
and, 1 am sorry to say, some orders that had not
been tilled or cash returned, i would tlien have
retvniied to every one his mone.\-, but was unable
to do so. Owing to the use of inexi)erienced help,
expenses far exceeded my income; and, owing- to
other losses, it left rae with no capital and plenty
of experience; but throug-h the kindness of friend
Root, and encouragement of many of my old cus-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

819

toniers, and assistaiior of Iripnds, I am going to
continue the struggle on a new basis, attenrling to
the mail myself, and employing none but eompe-
tent help in the yard. As to tiomplaintsand claims,
1 will pay every penny with interest, but, must
have time to do so. I shall pay them just as rapid-
ly as 1 possibly can. .\sking your patroiuige. I am
yours very truly. Tiios. Hohn.

Sherburne, N. Y.. Apr. '.. 18SV.

In a private note act'onipjuiyiiig the above
letter, friend H. says :

I am preparing the notes just :is raiiidly iis possi-
ble, and will finish thi,« evening so as to go out in
to-morrow's mail. Thos. Hokn.

We presume from the al)ove that our
friends have, by tlie time this readies them,
Mr. Horn's note for the amount dm>.

Now, friends, there is a vahiable lesson to
be learned from the al)ove. IJe very earefnl
how you undertake to do business, or to sell
goods of any kind, at a less price than they
can be afforded. If you think you can fur-
nish some suitable commodity at a lower
price than it has been yet offered at in the
market, try it on a small scale first. Tut in
a modest advertisement, and be ver> care-
ful about bringing- responsibilities up<m
yourself that you are not able to carry.
There is a certain limit to what any one
man can do; and when this limit is passed,
and he is obliged to employ hired help, ex-
perience usually indicates he must receive
a larger price for his produce than where he
can attend to it all himself. It is indeed a
fearful thing to be placed where friend
Horn is placed just now. Instead of re-
ceiving pay for his produce, as the rest of us
do, long years must likely be spent in hard
labor to make up for the losses of only a few
months, consequent upon selling goods at a
price that did not pay expenses.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Publislied S<-tui- Monthly.

.£^. I. I^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

3S/!EEX)IiT.fi^, OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clutbing Bates, See Tirct Page of Beading Matter.

Do good to them that hate you.— M.\TT. 6:44.
OUR FRIEND T. S. HAUI,.

Mi{. Hali, is now located at Corinth, Miss., and
wishes us to say that he is now prepared to fill his
orders of last season that weie not completed, and
that he has 200 colonies from which to take bees,
queens, etc.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATK.

We are having a larger trade now than we per-
haps ever have had before, at this season of the
year. We are pretty well up with our orders, but
on a few things there is necessarily some delay;

and especially is this the case with sections. As
the present dry weather is, however, wonderfully
favorable for seasoning the contents of our lum-
bei'-yard, we hope very soon to be able to report
that we are up with orders once more.

MARtlH WEATHEK IN FOUEION COUNTRIES.

Fkom the Britis}! Bee Journal of March 81, we
take the following:

The present March will loiitj- be remembered a.s oi f the

most severe on reeoril. Frosts, snowstorms— snow lyinu to a
(leiith of eit;lit,een iuelies— ijaleN. alnicst Inii-rir.-ii

vnileil; and 2.5dci;rees id' fi.ist liavel ii rej;is(ii id -

we fiar.to kill in many rasi's tlic endiryo hud-- ..n i
trees, if not the i-ndir.\o brood in oni- hives. Bnf we li
neighbors' fare, since we are told that the e.xpericii
same '■ from Northern Denmark to Southern Sjiain.''

Iia

YOUNG CARF IN APRIL.

This 12th day of April we see hundreds of little
carj) in our pond, from the size of a cucumber-
seed up to those an inch in length. Now, I wish
some of the veterans would tell me where these
little chaps come from. The month of March was
altogether too cold, aceoi-ding to the books, for
spawning and hatching; .and the question is, Were
these little fellows hatched last fall, oi- have they
got so big already this spring? Now, please do not
ask me to sell some, for 1 do not know h<iw to
catch them. IJesides, we are ever so much too
busy with our regular work at this time of year.
There ought to be some way of sending little carj)
by mail. In the winter we had some of the little
chaps in the greenhouse, in a tank under the cen-
ti-al bed, and they became so tame they would eat
crackers out of my hands just as freely as a lot of
chickens. If it were not tor the trouble of catch-
ing them out of the pond, it seems to me they
could be raised and sold almost as cheap as cab-
bage-plants; then may be they could be mailed
short distances in damp moss. Suppose some of
the carp-journals work nut this matter. Why not
have little fishes by mail, as well as queen-bees?

simplicity HIVES WITH BEVELED EDGES.

Inasmuch as quite a number of the bee-friends
have complained of the beveled edges at the tops
and bottoms of the Simplicity hives, and have sug-
gested that these beveled edges were unnecessary,
it may be well to explain that the hives as first used
were used one over the other, with plain square
joints. Ml-. Langstroth, however, decided that
such a joint was defective, for he made his upper
stories to slip over the lower ones, resting them on
a strip nailed on. The principal thing that de-
termined me to have a better joint was the many
and very grievous troubles I had from robbers get-
ting through the ordinary square joint. So many
losses resulted from this cause alone that I decided,
cost what it would, I would have no more hives
with cracks that could possiblj' let a bee through,
even if one hive were carelessly set over another.
The Simplicity and chaff hive both stop this nui-
sance entirely. Many experiments also satisfied
me that rain, wind, and frost, can not be kept out
as they should be, with plain square joints. Of
course, bees will, in the fall, fill these joints with
propolis; but when the hives are changed about,
this very pro))olis makes it worse than before, un-
less we scrape it off laboriously. 1 do not believe
that those who have been in the habit of using
hives with the Simplicity joint will be satisfied to
go back to the plain square joint. In any case, I
would test a few before having hives made in any
considerable (piantity on the latter plan.

820

GLEAXINUS IX 1?RE CULTURE.

Apr.

0aR 0WN ^?mw>

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. KO<1T.

FOUL BROOD ; SUCCESS IN WINTERING ;
HONEY-BOARDS.

tHORTLi" after Gleanings for last is-
sue was out, tlie weatlier l)er'ame suf-
ticiently warm, so that I told the boys
to go through the colonies, examine
every comb, and watch sliar]i for foul
brood. Iii the evening of the same day I sat
at my desk in the corner, reading over mat-
ter for Gleanings, when all at once the
door opened, and Mr. Spafford stepped in
and said :

'' Well. 1 have found another case of foul
brood."
■'Is it possible V "" I said.
Together we went down to the colony in
question. Yes, that very colony had been
treated for fcnil brood late last fall, by the
plan we liave described in Gleanings. The
worst part of it all was. that it reappeared,
and that, too. in a clean new iiive. Of the
(iO cases that we had treated last fall, all
were apparently cured, and we were going
to put it down in the ABC book that the
plan we practiced was a success in every in-
stance ; but this one colony, unless we rnade
a mistake in its manner of treatment,
seemed to be an exception to the general
rule. However that may be, we caii not tell.
Uncertain as to what should be done, I
started toward the paternal mansion, to lay
the matter before father and Dr. Miller (the
latter was spending a few days here at that
time). The family were just sitting down
at tea. Although the hive containing the
foul-brood colony was a new one, I inquired
whether it would not be best to do with this
as we had done with the other ; that is, V)urn
it — hives, bees, frames, combs, and all. Dr.
Miller and A. I. R. agreed that, as this was
apparently the only colony in the apiary,
with foul brood, complete extermination was
by far the safer way. Accordingly, with
Mr. ('alverfs assistance, I carried the hive
over to the furnace that evening, threw in
tiie coml)s, smashed the hive to pieces, and
dumped it into the fire. We both said it
seemed too bad to burn a brand-new^ hive
and such nice-looking bees ; but we doubt
if, under the circumstances, many of our
readers would have done otherwise. If but
one or two more cases shall yet appear, we
don't propose to give them any thing milder
than this heroic treatment. If. on the con-
trary, one-fourth or one-third of the colonies
were diseased, and we have reason to believe
that foul brood was scattered all over the
apiary, we should try the milder treatment as
we did last summer and fall. Tlie complete
extermination of forty or fifty colonies would
be, in this case, a little too severe.

Ar'HIL 11.— NOT a single COLONY OF TIIE

200 LOST.
As there is a brighter side to almost every
thing, I will now give you some facts whicii
make us feel greatly encouraged. For the
last week tlie apiary has been examined al-
most daily, and no foul brood has been

found. More than that, at this date, April
D, we have not lost a single colony by win-
tering. Taking into consideration the'fact
that "so many of our colonies had been re-
duced last fall by foul brood, and, in conse-
quence, were very weak; and taking into
consideration that we commenced feeding
rather late in the season, and consequently
fall brood-rearing was not carried on," we
think we have a good deal to flatter our van-
ity. Xot only were no colonies lost, but
every one seemed to be as strong, and in
many cases stronger, than when put into
winter quarters late last fall. Unless we
have some prett> severe w'eather, I think
we shall be al)le to record in next issue that
the Home of tlie Honey-Bees has wintered
over 200 colonies during the winter of 1H8(t-"7
without the loss of a single ove.

THE SLATTED HONEY -BOARD. AND HOW

TO USE IT.

The advent of the Moore crate and the
T super— in fact, all kinds of section-crates
used above the brood-chamber, has made
the use of the Heddon slatted honey-board
almost a matter of necessity. The construc-
tion of the Simplicity hive is such that an
ordinary slatted honey-board to slip inside
(such as we have heretofore advertised) can
not be used between the stories of our legu-
lar Simplicity hives without interfering
with the frames above when the hive is run
for extracted honey. However, it w^as all
right for comb honey. The problem, then,
which we have been* trying to solve for the
past three or four months was, " llow^ shall
we construct a honey-board so that it can be
used in a Simplicity hive, exactly as we
have made and sold it for years back, with-
out interfering with the frames tjr extract-
ing, or the double-tier wide frames V " Let
me explain to you more exactly the i-eal
point we had at issue.

For illustration, let us take a two-story
Simplicity hive ; put into it 10 frames below
and 10 above. We insert between the two
stories, to prevent the queen from laying in
the upper set of frames, and to prevent bun-
attachments, a wood -zinc slatted honey-
board. As the hive is constructed with the
beveled edge, there is I of an incli between
the upper and the lower set of frames. The
honey-board is ^i inch thick at the ends. We
will how put in the slatted honey-board, and
see what the results are. We find that the
upper set of frames are raised olf the rabbets
just i of an inch. We conclude, therefore,
that this will not do. ^V"e have formerly
told our customers to slip into the rabbet a
strip of Avood wide enough to raise the upper
set of frames the proper distance above the
slatted honey-board.

We will next arrange the two-story Sim-
plicity hive for comb honey. To use either
the Moore crate or T super we put in the
honey-board, pile on the two crates, slip the
body over, and all is well,pro»-?'cZ?'?!;/ the bee-
space in the crates or supers is tielow the
sections. Our old iioney-board has a bee-
space below it, but none above, and it is this
particular honey-board that we have been
discussing thus "far.

Now, in discussing the proper construe-

1887

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTIRE.

321

tion of tlie T super recently, our readers
will remember that Dr. Miller and others
recommended most stronul.\ that tlie suiier
be made with the bee-space o» top. and not
below. At the very outset it was evident
that the old honey-board ('ould not be used
with the T super having a bee-space (iliore.
for the simple reason that the super would
rest ri^ht on the lioney-board witliont any
space between them. .Vs the aro;uinents
came in so thick and fast. showin<>: the ad-
vantage — indeed, we miiiht say the neces-
sity— of putting the bee-space above the
sections, it became evident that we should
have to constriu't our honey-board with a
bee-si>ace above and below, or. as Mr. lled-
don terms it, T believe, a " sunk "" lioiiev-
board. This would necessitate making the
ends of a honey-board I inch thick. By put-
ting such a honey-boaril on the hive, we dis-
cover that the Mj>2^^r story Simplicity would
not go on, on account of the bevel on its
under edges. Well, then we said we would
bevel off the ends of tlie lioney-board. as
seen in the engraving. We did so. and the
upper- story Simplicity body titted on all
right. Below we give a view of the honey-
V)oard. shown at the left, the ends beveled
in such a way as to tit under the bottom
edges of the Simplicity upper story.

SJLATTKD' WOOD-ZINC HONEY-HOAKD, WITH
KOI FOI! SI.AIPLIcrrY JIIVE.

You observe, also, that the slats are
"sunk"' so that the honey - board itself
furnishes a bee-space above as well as below.
In other words, it is how adapted to tlie
super with the bee-space above. To give
yoii an idea of how the slats are fastened to
the end-pieces, we give you a cross-section
of the end. Let .1 be the c

end of a slat, and B a cross-
section of the end of the
honey -board, as shown in -j
the accompanying dia-
gram. The slat A slides
into the mortise a. In putting together, we
take the full number of slats required, and
slide them into the mortise, or groove <(..
When all are in, a couple of side pieces, as
shown in the engraving, are nailed to the
ends. One nail through each slat, stait-
ing at the point c holds each slat tirmly in
place. To make this honey-board queen-ex-
cluding, saw-kerfs are made in each slat,
and the strips of perforated metal are slid
in between the slats.

So far we have arranged for the bee-space
in the T super, as recommended by l)v. C. (\
Miller and others, and this honey b aid can
be used with all the supers that we new
make with the bee-si)ace on lop in the Sim-
plicity hives, and every thing will lie well :
but if we desire to run oui- Simplicity hive
for extracted lioney we shall liiul the same
.difticulty that we mentioned before. oTily

worse tlian ever. That is, if we use the
honey-board as shown in the engraving at
the left, and put it between the ujjper and
lower set of frames, it will raise the latter i
inch above the ral)bet. In order to lemove
this ditficulty it becomes necessary to laise
the Simplicity body just high enough so as
to leave a bee-space between the upi)er set
of brood-frames and thehoney-boai'd : hence
we make use of the beveled frame shown in
the right of the engraving. This frame is
so made that it tits exactly between the
uppei- and lower story. You notice tiiat the
frame is a tritle larger than the honey-board:
that is, it is of just such a size as will slip
snugly around it. Right here I presume
some of yon will suggest, "MVliy not fasten
this rim permanently to the honey-board —
in other words, make it part and parcel of
it y In theory this seems (piite an easy
thing to do ; but here, again, the beveled
edge presents practical ditliculties that make
it desirable and better in every way to have
the honey-board and the rim separate. In
the production of comb honey the rim is not
necessary, and probably a large number of
those who are working for extracted honey
would not care to use the honey-board at all.
The whole thing resolves itself into this :
That the rim is not necessary in the produc-
tion of comh lumrij: and for the few who de-
sire to use honey-boards in the production
of extracted honey, it hai'dly seems fair that
the lai'ger number composing the other pro-
portion of honey-producers should be made
to bear the extra expense of making this
outer rim a part and parcel of the honey-
board itself.

Here, again, I begin to suspect that some
of you will suggest, " Wh\ not dispense
with your old beveled edge" (which, by the
way. is a perfect nuisance), and make your
slatted honey-board in outside dimensions
equal to the outside dimensions of the hive,
just as Mr. Ileddon and others make and
use if? Ill answer to this we would say
that, even granting for argument's sake that
the beveled edge is not a necessary feature,
there are hundreds of thousands who are
using this same '' naughty "' beveled edge ;
and if we change and make all our hives
with a s(juare joint, the new Simplicity
hives will not be interchangeable with the
old ones ; but we believe tlie honey-board,
as illustrated and described above, is one
which (ills the bill as nearly as jiossible
under the existing circumstances. So im-
portant did we consider the proper construc-
tion of the honey-iioard for the Simplicity
hive, that, at Dr. Millei'"s suggestion, we
asked him to ■• come over and help us."
When he arrived here, ui»on full and careful
consideration he said that this honey-board
was the only one that could be used with
the fjerclcd edge. I will say, in this connec
tion. that we had a number of good talks
from I)r Milloi- on hives and hive construc-
tion ; and if he has not "led us out of the
woods."" as friend Drew puts it. on this
beveled edge, he has on quite a nnmljer o1
oth( r things. The result of these long talks,
and the candid criticisms yiresented by the
docli.i-. will ])i'obal)ly result iji a miitnal
benelit to ns all,

82:^

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

gPECi^ii piei^icEg.

PRICB OF THE NEW SLATTED HONEY-BOARD.

Our improved slatted honey-board as shown and
described on ]iag-e 331, with and without the strips
of zinc, will be the same price as tormerly ; see pag'e
33 ot our catalogue. When the rim is desired, the
price in Hat will be .5c each ; 4.5c for 10, or $4.00 per 100.

WOOD MATS.

We have discontinued making the wood mats
that we have sold for a number ot years, and have
not advertised them in our catalogue for nearly a
year. We have stopped maltiuji- them because we
could not recommend them, as, when tliey are stuck
fast to the frames, antl you wish to remove the mat,
it jars each frame as it is withdrawn, and irritates
the bees. We like our enameled sheets so much
better that we will send them hereafter instead of
the wood mats.

MAPLE SUGAK.

The mai>le sugar and syrup of this year averages
better throughout than we ever knew it to before.
There is also a good deal of it just around here
where the maples are plentiful. Because the quali-
ty is so much better throughout, the different
grades that we make will, of course, be of better
quality than heretofore; that is, you will get better
sugar for the same money. We have a very fine
large stock of tlie three grades — 10, 9, and 8 cts. In
.50-lb. lots, '2 cent less, in barrel lots of about 380
lbs., 1 cent less. If you want more than a barrel,
write us for special prices.

PEAVINE CLOVER-SEED REDUCED.

Although alsike has gone up to the old price, *8.o0
per bushel, we are glad to announce that, for a lim-
ited time at least, we cau furnish Peavine, or Mam-
moth clover-seed, at the following very low prices:
$5.00 per bushel; *3.t)0 i)er % bushel; $1.40 per peck;
13 cts. per lb. I don't know how long these prices
will last; but if the price advances again, we shall,
of course, have to charge more. We have secured a
nice lot of alsike seed, and we are glad to say our
prices will not have to go any above our last an-
nouncement—$8.00 per bushel.

ADVANCE IN THE PRICE OF BEE-VEILS.

When we reduced the price of bee-veils last sum-
mer it was because we got a cheaper and poorer
quality ot grenadine to make them of, not being
able at the time to get any thing better. We have
just recently secured a very large lot of fine grena-
dine, and we are obliged to advance the price of
bee-veils again to the following prices: Grenadine
\eils with brussels-net face, 60 cts.; all-grenadine
veils, 50 cts. Mosquito-bar veils with brussels-net
lace, 40 cts.; veils made entirely of mosquito-bar,
35 cts. Prices in lots of 10 will be $4.50, $4.00, $3.30,
and $3.00.

SECOND-QUALITY SECTIONS.

We are constantly getting orders for second-quali-
ty sections, which we can not All. We do not adver-
tise nor agree to furnish such sections; and the way
our new lumber is turning out, we shall not have
any to spare this season. Our basswood lumber, cut
the past winter, which we are beginning to work
up into sections, is turning out some of the finest
sections we ever saw, being almost as white as the
paper on which this is printed. We have been very
careful in the selection of our lumber, and careful,
also, to have it cut the right time of year. This
naturally makes the culls very scarce, and it is only
the culls that we sell for second-tiuality sections. If
we receive orders for second-quality sections we
shall be obliged to send first-quality or none. Please
remember this in making your orders. 1 think, as
a general rule, you will find that comb honey will
sell enough better, in nice white sections, than in
culls, to justify you in paying the extra price. Of
course, there may be a few exceptions to this in the
home market; but where honey is sent off to the
towns and cities it will certainly sell better when
the sections are clean and white.

projects in front of the hive about three inches, to
form an alighting-board. In front end of the bot-
tom-board is cut a half-circle % of an inch deep, to
form an entrance to the hive when the body is slip-
ped forward on the bottom. These hives are put up
10 in a package. Now, the price of the regular Sim-
plicity IV^-story hive with alighting-board and bot-
tom-board is $7.00 for ten; but we will sell this
special lot, which is equally good as the regular
Simplicity I't-storj' hive, for $6. .50 for ten. That
will make the i)rice the same as ten iy2-8tory jiortico
hiv^es, or ten-crate number 4. These hives were
made for a foreign order which was received
through a New York house, and they, in coi)ying
the order, wrote 1000 instead of 100. When you
order these hives, i>lease order theiu by the name
of "10-crate No. 5." When IVa-story Simi)licity hives
are ordered we will send these hives to till the order,
unless you S))ecify that you do not want them.
They are i-eally better than the regular l!4story
Simplicity hives with bottom-board, because you
have an alighting - board extra, without extra
charge. If these hives please as well as we expect
them to, we shall probably keej) them in stock.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The lu'xt liit't'tint;- of the Northwe.stern Illinois and .Suiitli-
vesteni Wisconsin Dee-Keepers' Association will be held at
^oekton. 111.. May 2-4. 1S87. D. A. Fuu.F.K, Sei-.

CheiTV Vallt'v.' HI.

The ninth annual meeting ot the Texas State Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held at the faiiu of Judge Andrews, near
McKinuey, Collin Co.. Texas, May i and 5, 1887. Bee-keepei-.s of
Texas, come out! and all other bee-keepers are fraternally in-
vited to be with us. No hotel -bills to pay. B. F. C.4RROLI,.

Dresden, Tex. Secretary.

A SPECIAL LOT OF ll,i-STOHY SIMI'LICITV HIVES.

We have recently made a large lot of Simplicity
hives, which consist of a regular Simplicity body,
'^-story cover, and cleated bottom-board, which

ITALIAN QUEENS. Zt^%''J!^.^.^Z?.

Tested, $3.00; Untested, $1.00, after May 15, 1887.
8d J{. W. rXrnXlJH, Medina, Ohio.

INDIANA. — Headquarters for pure ITALIAN
QUEENS. |^"At prices that will surprise you.
Write us for catalogue and full particulars.

Martin & M.\cy, North Manchester, Ind.
Eggs from high-class poultry for sale.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

FIVE - CENT COUNTER.

4 I DAENINQBALL, black enameled | 40 | 3 80

These are the shape of a large egg, with a handle in one end.
In the end of tlie handle is a pU>ce to keep needles. Handy foi-
darning stiiekings,

3 I SUTTON-HOOK, steel, with ivory handle j 45 | 4 40

3 ] BLOW-PIPE, T in., used by jewelers | 46 j 4 .50

Made ol' In-ass, and nsu.illy sold for a dime or more.

3 I EASEL FOE CUP AND SAUCEK, silvered wire. | 40 ! 3 80

Sets off voui- eliina cup and saucer to good advantage.

3 I SOAP-STAND, silvered wire | 40 | 3 80

Verv ijretty and useful.
1 I HANDKEECHIEP," BOEDEEED I 45 | 4 40

Fane.y colored it niourniiig borders, hemmed,

TEN-CENT COUNTER.
3 I POCKET-COMB, either folding-rubber, or

horn with mirror | 80 | T 50

3 I NEEDLE-PACKET I 80 | 7 .50

Consists <it 1 p;\iiers of assorted needles and some large sizes,
3 I WATCH-CHAIN, white metal | 90 | 8 50

Cable pattern. Looks anil wears like silver.
FIFTEEN - CENT COUNTER.
3 I INDELIBLE INK for marking linen . .. | 1 40 I 13 50

This is universally sold for 35 els. per bottle, but we have de-
cided to give you the benefit of the extra 1(» cents.

T%VENTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.

5 i SUSPENDEES. elastic, nickel trimmed | 3 20 | 30 00
Some have tlionght our 10-cent suspen<lers too cheap, so we

have got some good enough for a king, for 2.t c'ents.

THIRTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.
30 I SPICE-NEST I 3 00 | i^ 00

Si.\ neat little spice-boxes, with the name in gilt, m a ncnt
frame, all (d' japanned tin.

FIFTV-CENT COUNTER.

I WINDOW-SCEEEN FEAME I 4 00 | 3() 00

Tlieseare pul loucthcr wit h castings at the corners, and ca.n
be made lo lit almost .inv wiuilow. They are grooved at the
side, to slide up :iiid down on an iron that goes with them.

3 I WATCH CHAIN, white metal— beauties | 4 00 | 38 00

Asserted iiatt.riis, with drop. They look and wear like sil-
ver, and are warr.inted solid "Albro" white metal,

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

iS.S7

(iLEA^lNGS 1^ BEE CULTURE.

82'^

P^OR SALE!

As 1 have dcUiiiiinod to iih.\ »■ to ton ii, 1 will sell
my fiitire oiitllt its follows, at al)Out oiic-loiirth ol
original cost: lUti Siiiiiilieity (■hatl' liivos as good as
new; 18110 frames, about hall <)f which have good
combs in them; 2.") colonies ot bees in splendid con-
dition; IIKI chair cushions; 100 division - boards,
about liall of wliich are feeders; lOli Hill's devices;
honey-tank holding: 11(10 lbs., smokeis, foundation-
fastener, all for $2.50.00 cash, on board cars. Write
at once. 8d K. W. KEENE, (Choppers, Ky.

Rooc fnr Qalp FULL CC»L<)NIES Hybrids
UCCo lUI oaiCi and Pure Italians, in Simplic-
ity liives, in good condition. Price. Hybrids, $.5.00;
Pure Italians. $H.m. 1 guarantee sale arrival. If
you want more than one colony write for prices.
These bees are good workers on red clover.
8d H. M. MovEii, Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

1SS7.

PLE^

mmley

1SS7.

•::P«1^K

'^''Mbies

Bl'^KD-::-

ITALIAN % ALBINO QUEENS,

Season, .June 1st to Nov. 1st.

One queen, warranted purely mated $ 80

'■/i dozen " " '• 4 50

Tested selected young, large and light-colored 2 00
Pull colonies in Langstroth or Simplicity hives,

with select tested queen 6 00

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. In the
past seasons that I have advertiseed in Gleanings
and other bee-journaLs 1 have endenvored to please
all, and am not aware that 1 have one dissatisfied
customer; if any, shall be pleased to have a state-
ment. Our Vermont winters are long, cold, and
severe— the past winter reached 44° below zero. My
strains have stoo<l the test <if lididinfss, as I have
always wintered succi ssfiilly on viinter stands.
Stfd .\ddr(s-< K. L,. WKSTt'OTT,

Fiiir HaA'eii, KiitlaiKl 4'u., Vt.

Fine PreiDium Italian Bees.

My (|ueens and bees were awarded first premium
at the late CIh nango Co. Fair. All interested, send
tor sampl(> of bees, also for my new price list and
circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
tine queens. I'ntested queens, $1.00 through the
season. Tested, $1.50. Mks. OLIVER COLE,

titfdb Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

CO

OS

as

AMilL. MAY. JINE.

SiiiKlf ciuei-n, each. *l.->.5 *I.I10 -M.OO

fi 111 12(iiieens • 1.(10 .90 .75

1 Tested i|iii til. eacli 2 50 2.(Mi 2.00

ti 1 1 12 queens ■• 2 0" 1.75 1.75
1 Two tiMiiK' iiiKleui.. uiitestKl queen, *2'.')<1.
.VI I'lill ci.ldniHsat .i<fi.00 each.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Special discount to dealers,
tis-iid W. J. ELLISON,

^italelmrsi, Mmnter <'o.. So. <'a.

1 P=!

=35

-<
{T5

DO NOT MISS THIS CHANCE

TO GET ITALIAN QEEENS AND BEES

And ■';<;(«S l<"«»ie tl.\T<'HI^'<i from .>.even varie-
ties ol Ili:iii-<ia!»s FoiiUrji Choice breeding-
stock, aii'i pi ices low Send fin- Circular and Price
List. CHAS. D. DUVALL,
7tfdb Spenceiville, Mont. Co., Md.

WILL SELL tested queens at $l.;i5 each; untested
at 7") ets. each. Nuclei and full colonies for
sale, either Italians or Syrians.
8ttdb IsiJ.^ET. Good, Sparta, Tenn.

Green Wire Cloth,

KOK

Window Screens and Shipping Bees,
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

The following- lot of wire cloth is a job lot of rem-
nants, and full i-olls direct from the factory, thai
are FIRST QUALITY, and the pieces are of such varie-
ty of size as to furnish any thing- jou want. Price
1^4, cts. per S(i foot, for full pieces. If we have to
cut the size you want, 2 cts. per sq. ft.

When you order a piece, and somebody else has
got it ahead of you, we will substitute a piece the
nearest in size to the one ordered, unless you speci-
fy in your order that you do not want us to substi-
tute. The figures on the left indicate the width.

8 I IS rolls, HT SI], ft. each ; 1 eich of 66. 65. 64, 64, 63, 6:), 62, .14, 4U.

27, 24. -22. aiul 4sq. ft.
12 I 34 rolls of 100 sq, ft, eacli; 3 ot 102 sq. ft ; 4 of !W, 2 of «7. ami

I 1 each of H-.. .52, 44, 43, and 28 sq, ft.
14 I 1 r.ill each of -if,. 14. and 5 sq. ft,
16 10 rolls of 133 sq, ft,; and 1 each of 132, 131, 131, 128, 128, 105,55.

I and 12 sq, ft,
18 1 4 rolls of 1.50 sq. ft; 6 of 147 sq. ft., and 1 each of 1.53. 118. 145.

I 145, 144, 130. 117, 115, 69, 45, 37, 27, 24, and 24 sq. ft.
22 I 1 roll each of 73, 73. .55, 46, 46, and 16 sq, ft.

24 I 37 rolls ot 200 sq. ft. ea<'h. and 1 each of 100, 96, S2, 00, 66, 6B, 66,
I 60, 52, 50, 50, .50. 44, 36, :i2, 30. 30, 28, 24. 24, 24, 20, 20, 20, 12, 12, U,
I 8, 8, 6, and 6 sq, ft.
26 I 111 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of •2-27, 215, 204, 201, lil9.

1 195, 93, 32, 30, and 7 sq. ft.
•28 67 rolls of 2X5; 10 of 224; 4 of -222 sq. ft,, and 1 each of 257, 49,

and 47 sq. ft,
,-«! I 15 rolls of 250 sq. ft., and 1 each of 107, 72, 62,52, 50, 50, 27, 25,

I 22. 20. 14. 14, 11, 10, and 7, sq. ft,
32 I 10 rolls of 266 2 of 2,50 sq, ft,, and one each of 275, 141, 99, 96.

93, 84, SO. 67, 13. and 8 sq. ft,
U I 25 rolls ot 283 s(i, ft., and 1 each of 142, 142, 13.S, 130, »?, 88, 74, 71 ,

I 68. .54, 48. .-i7, -27, ;5, 17, and 14 sq. ft.
% 1 13 rolls of 300 sij. It. and 1 each of 288, 147, 120, 51. 45, S«, 36 M,.
I ,-54, 33, a-i. 24, 13.12 and 9 sq. ft.
24 rolls of 316 sq. ft., and 1 each of 633. :J0O, 47. and 9 scj. It,
1 roll each of 127 and -27 s,,. tf.
1 roll of 17sq, ft.
iroil of 88s(i. ft.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O

FOUL BROOD, NO ! !

I never had a case nor saw one, but 1 ha\c .-.een
and had hundreds of g-ood queens, and will sell you
one of them for (i5 cts,, or 5 for $3.00. 'Zit W. Leghorn
eggs for $1.00, Orders lor queens book/d now, and
for eggs, tilled now. Catalogue for stamp.
24«d C. M. GOODSPEED, Thorn Hii.i,, N. V.

I Moore's Circular .or 1887.^:

JUST OUT!

for it.

If .\ou exjiect to buj ail)
queens, it will \y,\.\- \ on to send
Sd Address .1. P, MOOKE. Miiiici.AN. Ky,

A Baromettjr ior Gardeners and Farmers.

We have finally succeeded in g-etting- a wonaer-
fully pretty little" aneroid barometer that we can
sell as low as $U'..nO. One of them has been careful-
ly tested lij- the side of our mercurial barometer,
and it folloW s the rising: and falling of the mercury
with wonderful accuracy. It seems to me that
the^e little instruments ought to pay for them-
selves over and over again for an.> farmer or g-ar-
dener, or any jieison who is dependent on the vicis-
situdes of the weather. The instrument much re-
sembles a pretty little clock, and it ma.\- be sent by
mail safely for 10 ets. e.vtra for postage. You will
remember that my method of using (Oi?/ I aromeiei-
is to pay little or no attention to where the indica-
tor or iiHicuiy stands. When .noii wish to know
wliat the w( atlier will be, tap the iiistrunient with
the end of your finger. If the indicator (or iiieicu-
r.\-» falls, there is a jirospect of rain: if it tises. .>ou
are in-etty safe in deciding there will be no rain
very soon. If a considerable storm is approaching-,
the mercur.\- will keep falling: for some hours, and
it will drop a little every time yon touch it, even
though .\()U t!<p it as often as once an hour. When
it keeps dropping- ft)r several hours, look out for a
storm or a big wind. If it keeps rising for several
hours, g-o on with your work and you will very sel-
dom be misled. ' A. I, HOOT, Medina, O.

32i

GLEANINGS m BKe culture.

Ai-

FULL COLONIES OF ITALIAN BEES

With (lueen, in A. I. Rout's Simi)licitv hive, 9 metal-
cornered wired frames, eomhs drawn from full
sheets of foundation, $5.00. I make this offer to re-
duce my stock of bees in a short space of time, as
other business demands my attention. S9d

E. D. CilliLETT, Brl<>Iitoii, Lorain « o., O.

FOR PRICES OF

Berry - Baskets and Crates, Send to

Mellinqee, Haeeold & GrEOVB, Coluinbiana, 0.

SEND P^K SAMPLE BASKET FREE.
We also sell baskets in flat. 7-l()db

100 Tested Queens from Imported Mother,

NOV., 1886, REARING,

At $1.00 each, during the month of April. Un-
tested, *9.00 a dozen. J. \V. K. SHAW &: CO.,
Mosey-Order Office, ITew Iljeria. Loreaiivllle,

7»d Iberia Par., lia.

HERE WE ARE AGAII^ FOR 1887.

For Sale! Italian Queens

Bred of imjiorted mothers. Hees by the pound,
brood, nucleus, and full colonies. I never had foul
brood. Send for catalogue. <'. F. liHli,
7tfdb ITItllerisbiirg,, Holmes Co., OIilo.

700 Drrc

lbsDIjIjii

During- first half of May I will
sell these at $1.3.5 per lb. Also
untested Italian queens, bred
from imported mother, to go
with bees, at $1.25 each. Cash must accompany
orders, and should be sent before Apr. 30. Ref., 1st
Nat. Bank here. T89d E. Kiirke, Viiieennes, Ind.

20

LOOK HERE!

PLANTS for only $1.00 by express, or $1.10
by mail. Eggs for liatcltlnu, from leading- vari-
eties of land and water f owl's; also BEES and
QUEENS very cheap. Write for prices to

6.9db E. M. HIYELY, Youngstown, OMo.

IF YOU ARE WANTlNCi

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boxes,

Send "i-t^ent Stamp lor <;ir<ular to

THOMAS GEDYE,
La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

6tfdb
Box 653

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

1887.

BEESWAX

1887.

Made into best Given foundation at reasonable
rates, and on short notice. Send in the wax. 1
.have die-books for all the standard frames,
etfdb JOHN BIRD, Bradford, ChickasawCo., Iowa.

JOB LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING.

Small Pieces at same Bate as full Rolls— 1 ct.
per Square Foot.

'I'wo or more pieces, .5 per cent ott ; ten or more, 10
per cent discount.

You will notice in this lot some with heavier wire
than No. 19, and some with smaller mesh than two-
inch. Both of these are worth more at regular
prices than two-inch No. Ul; but as it is a job lot we
put it all in at the same price.

By dividing tlu- number ot square feet in this col-
umn by the width in the tlrst column, you can ascer-
tain the length of each piece. These figures give the
number of square feet in each piece.

f>\ 2 \U

18| 2

241 lMi20
24l IK 19

:S(i 1'4 19

30 2 19

HO, 2 ]8

H6 I'A 19

36 114 18

36 ik

36 2 19

48 15^:20
48: 2 il9
48' 2 18

72 li4 19

26, 10.

91, 8.5, 60, 50, 41, 40, 25, 25. 10.

70. 17, 15. 13. 13, li^ mesh. No. 17 wire, 24.

1.50, 130, 13.

140, 81, IJrf-inch mesh. No. 19 wire, 166 sq. ft.

120, 120.

220, 64, 28, No, 18, 200, 1)^ inch mesh. 62.

200, 170, 140, 130, 120, 100, 100. 100, 90, 88. 82, 64, 64, 66. 50, 50,
40, 32.

226, 224, 66. 58, 58. 56.

100 41.32, No. 18 wire, 90,40, 30.

(5,55. 17, No, 18,42,

!,50, 237, 167, 125. 126 122, 45, 40.

150,134 mesh. 42.

342, 234, 144, 114, 75. No. 20 wire, 348, 312.

270. 180. 108, 81, 39.

216,27. No. 18 wire. 90.

345, 330, 270. 2.55. 246, 240. 237. -.{25. '204, 204, 198, 195, 132, 126,
75, 75, 60, 60, 57, 33,

360,291,114, 72,61, 36.

350, No. 18 « ire, 203, 63, No. 18, ly, nicsh, 189,

.364, 40.

362, 290, 268, 200, 168. 141, 120 100, 96, 68, 36.

204 172 60.

460. No. 18 wire. 288

ij95. 490. 445 .-(85. 335, 330, 3'25, 285, 280, 2.50, 240, 225. 220, 210,
180, 165 160 140 130 80 .50.

410, 336, 320, No. 17 wire, 195.

4;i8, 312 No. 18 wire, 228,

750, 720 690 672, 636, 618, 558,610, 438, 438, 420, 270, 262, 252,
222 192 168 168, 162, 162, 1.56, 156, 1.56, 126, 120, 66, 48.
We know of notliiiitr nicer or hotter for a trellis for creeping
vines than the :iliove netting. The 12 to 24 inc-h is .iust the
Miiiin' to Ir.aiii up :iiern peas, fastening: the netting to stakes
b.v means of staples. If the stakes are set in substantially,
one each 12 or 15 feet will answer. Wlien the peas are stripped
oft- the stakes, nettinK and all can be rolled up and laid away
until another season. .4. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

OADANT'S rOTJNDATION FACTOEY. WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

Write to W. H. COOIU Clintonville, I Wis.,

FOR PRICES ON

Bee-Jives, Sections, &Fiaiiies

As I am located where an abundance of basswood
and pine g-rows, I leel safe to say I can furnish my
goods as cheap as they can be produced.

A. I. Root Chaff Hive a Specialty.

All goods warranted. Eor reference, apply to the
Bank of Clintonvillc, Wis. 4tfdb

The "Gilt Edge" Apiary otfers Italian queens
from imp. mother; untested, in Ajiril and May,
$1.(10: unt'd, in June and after, T.TCts Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

.VlOdb W^hitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

E. M. HAYHURST'8 FINE ITALIANS.

$4.50 TO $5.50 PER COLONY.

On account of ill health I have decided to sell my ttiieeii-Var«l this season, at the following prices:
One full colony, $5.50; two or more, $5.00 each. These bees are in one-story, ten comb Laugstroth
hives; have fine youn.a- tested queens, and a reasonable amount of brood and bees, with honey for the
trip; are perfectly healthy, no find brood in ray yai-d or neighborhood; they are extra tine stock, and flrst-
class honey-gatherers. If wanted in rough shipping-box instead of hive, the price will be 50 cts. per colo-
ny less than above. Sale arrival guaranteed. Will begin shipping about Maj- 1st.
Stfdb p. O. Box 60. E. M. HAYHURST, Kansas City, Mo.

I.S.S7

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

•A'A.'^

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— KOU rlUCES ON

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

JVeic Factory. Low P/iccs. (hiod Work.
:.'4-lldli

^tcARJVISTRONG'8*^

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE.

The cheapest, siniple.st, and most practical hive
ever offered to the pulilic. H. D. Cutting, of Clin-
ton, Mich., says: ''Let me congratulate you on
having such a good hive. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, $'Z.^^). Send your name and address,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our :i3-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

5ttjb E^S. ARMSTRONG^ Jerseyville, Ills.
rOS SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 2 1.5-16-
in. shaft. Cost $10.00 each; will sell for $5.00.

Six 18-in. adiustable drop-hangers for a 3 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $10.00 each; will sell for $5.00.

Eight 30-in. iron pulleys, 10-in. face, for a 'Z 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $8.00 each; will sell for $4.00.

These are just as good as new, and a bargain to
the man who needs them.

A. i. ROOT, Medina O.

DADAMT'S FOTODATIOH PACTOSY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAII/. See advertisement in another column.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

NQIT.ARE GLASS HONEY-JAKN,

TIN BUCKETS, BEK-HIVES.
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac, Arc.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SITIOKEKS.

P^ISJPPOAPP POXJLS

FOR ONR-I'OUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

Tills l)<).\ has a bit of "red
tape '■ attached to it to carry
it b.\-. It makes a safe pack-
ajic lor a single section ol
li()ii('.\- for the consumer to
ciirr.N, or it can lie packed in a
irunk. il lie wants. It can be
(ipcncd It) an instant. The
price of the lio.x is 3 cts. each,
set up; in the Hat, 15 cts. for
1(1; package ot 'Zfy, .i\) cts.\ $1.00 i)er 1(X); or *!t.00 per
1000; 10,000, $80. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
hundred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
$3.00 per 1000. A package of 3.5, labeled on botli
sides, as above, 50 cts. By mail, 30 cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. Wo have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
flat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per huiuhed for putting them on.

Vour name and address, and the kind of honey,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so doing will be 30 cts. per
per 100: 350, .50 cts.; .500, 75 cts.; 1000, $1.00.

A. I. ROOT, iTIediiia, Ohio.

EUBBEH STAMPS

DATING, ADDRESSING, BUSINESS,
LETTER HEADS, ETC.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON.

Cincinnati, O.
F. S.— Send 10-eent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bcc-Keepers," Itfdb

Address only, like
.\o. ].$1..50: with busi-
ness card, like No. 3,
$3.00 : with movable
months and tiguresfor
J dating, like No.3,$3.0(i.
I Full outfit included—
[pads, ink, box, etc.
I Sent by mail postpaid.
'Without ink iind pad.*
50 cts. less.

Put your stamp on
every card, letter, pa-
per, hook, or anything
else that you may send
out by mail or express
No. 3. and \ on will save your-

self ami all who do busuK'Ss with you a " world ol
trouble." I know, you see.

Wc have those suitable tor drugg-ists, grocery-
men, hardware dealers, dentists, et«. Send for cir-
cular. A. T. KoDT, Medina. f>

326

ULEANiNGS IN BEE OULTUKK.

Ai'ii.

Wants or Exchange Department.

\otices will be Inserted under this Iiead at one-half our
usual lates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
tive lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange for j?ood horses
and mules, 200 colonies of hecs in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoinin? the city.
:JOtfdl> .Vnthony 0pp. Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange egss from four yards,
pure-bred prizivwinning- Plymouth Rocks, for
alsike clover seed. Bj^gs, $3 00 for i:!, or fS.OO
for :^0. B. 1). Sii)WEi>L,

;}S(lt) Flushing, Belmont Co., Ohio.

1;^GGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
j burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foimdation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff, Crelghton, Ohio.

WANTED.- To exchange eggs from pure - bred
Langshan fowls, for beeswax, tested Italian
queens, good revolver, or any thing useful,
fid E. P. Ar.ORKDGE, Franklin Square. Col. Co., O.

WANTED— To exchange bees by the pound or full
colonies, (jueens, comb fdn., eggs for hatching
from L. Brahmas and S. S. Hamburgs, for sections,
Jersey cow, American Merino sheep, or offers.
fi-7-8-9'd .1. P. STERRfTT, Sheakley ville,

Mercer, Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange 80 colonies of bees in
chaff and Simp, hives, of 10 wired fdn. frames
each, for some good land near by. Apply at once.
7Sd .1.4S. H. Andrus, Almont, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Wyandotte eggs, pure
ground bones and shells, and (Jregg raspberry-
plants, for comb foundation.
7-8 9d A. A. Fradenburg, Port Washington, O.

WANTED. —To exchange metal cornered, wired
frames (Simp), ready to hang in the hive, filled
with foundation, for Italian bees and queens.
7-8d R. B. BONEAR, Cherry Ridge, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bees, for steam-engine, honey, or beeswax.
7-13db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, So. Quincy, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange a small self-inking print-
ing-press, large enough to print postal cards
full-size, for high-class poultry or raspberry-plants.
Write for terms of exchange.
Hd W. S. DORMAN, Mechanicsville, la.

WANTED.— Bee-keepers' supplies; a good, moder-
ate-sized incubator; eggs for hatching; inire-
bred pigeons, pheasants, etc.; for which I otter dry
goods (of almost any kind). Samples on application.
Please state what you want and what you have to
offer. 8-lOd Walter Sherman, Newport, R. I.

WANTED.— To exchange one pair each "Silver-
Spangled Hamburgs and Brown Leghorns, for
fdn., or otters of bees by lb.; also, one silver watch
to trade on a fdn. -mill (10-inch preferred), or will
exchange for comb honey, Italian l)ees. or offers.
8d C. L. Hill, Dennison. O.

WANTED —To exchange a Prlham Foundation
mill lor honev; and fdn. for beswax.
8-9d .1. Q. A. Haikjhey.

Box 2390. Battle Creek, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange an English microscope.
iicir. and 12 mounted slides, showing the dittcr-
ent sections of the honey-bee. Cost in England
$111. I will take bee-hives or any useful thing for
the apiarv. Wm. N. BAir.iE.

Hd Box 815, Ciirboiidale, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange 30 or fO swarms of bees
for Jersey cow; I also have a lew Bronze tur-
key-eggs, A 1 stock. L. Gorton,
1.5d Salem. Washtenaw Co., Mich.

W

WANTED.— To exchange a foot-power former
(Barnes"), a B-flat cornet, and 30 two-story Sim-
plicity hives, for bees or otters.
8d Cyrus McOrKEN. Baltic, O.

ANTED.— To exchange a Cyclostyle and a No. 2
Caligraph for bees, supplies, and part cash.
M. G. Baxter, Uhrichsville, O.

WANTED.— To exchange complete photograph
outfit for Army newspaper press or .job office.
8-9d Walter A. Kaler. Andersonville. Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange egas (\V.\ andotte, Light
Vy Brahma, and Butt' Cochin) for hatching, lor
fdn. or sections. The fowls are all high strains.
8d M. D. HuoGiNS, Da\enp(n-t, la.

WANTED.— To exchange bees or queens for reg-
istered Jersey heifer.
ntfdl> Israel Goon, Sparta, 'i'enii.

Wfintpri A M'ood bee-keeper to take charge of
ft all ICUi ijiy apiary of 13) colonies, on shares
Robert Bl.vcklock, Killgore, Cartel- Co.. Ky.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid 'luei ni-
which they want to dispose of, we will insei t notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becnise there is ha' dly vahie
enough to these queens to pay f'-r buying them up and keep
ing them in stock; and yet if is oftentimes quite an aoconmid
dation to those who can not afford liigher-pricrd ones.

After the ].5th of May I will have 30 black and hy-
brid queens that I will sell for 25c each. These are
good prolific queens, and well worth the amount.
W. S. DoKMAN. Mechanicsville, Iowa.

For Sale.- A number of good hybrid queens at
2.5 cts. each. L. Harris, Box 304.

Greenville, Bond Co.. Illinois.

For Sale.— Hybrid queens at .50 cts. each; blacks,
3.5c. I can ship by return tnail. We have some .50
now. T. S. Hall. Corinth, Miss.

Hybrid queens, reared from select tested Italian
mother, for sale at .50 cts. each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo W. BecivHAM,
8-9-lOd Pleasant Hill, Lancaster Co., S. C.

I will sell on or after April 15th, ID hybrid queens
at 50 cts. each. Taken Irom swarms 1 bought last
fall. G. A. Beech, Quitman. Nodawiiy Co , Mo.

I have a lot of hybrid <i\ieens for sale. Price 50c.
in April-May; two, '5c Safe arrival guaranteed.
H. M. MOYKH, Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and siipplv circular. IStfdb

OIJVER FOSTER. Mt. Vernon. Liiui Co.. Iowa

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETATT;. See advertisement in
an oth er col n m n . 3btf d

.—300 Simplicity frames of nice bright
combs, wired. $12,50 per' hundred; 25 oasswood-

trees 3 to ; "

8d

:4>K sale:.

feet high, $1 00; sprouts. «4 DO per lOOil.
Ch.as. T. GFUoui.n.
East Smithfield, Br;i.itord Co., Pa.

Pure Italian Bees For Sale.

Two-frame nuclei, $3.00; 3 -frame. .1«3.5(I. If larger
nuclei are wanted, add .50 cts. for each additional
frame. Full colony in A. I. Root's Sinqi hive. *0.(!0.
each to contain a tested queen and plenty of bees
and brood, all on wired L. frames drawn from fdn.
To be shipped in May; safe arrival guaranteed. I
shall do bv all n« I would be done hv. Address

7-iodb. jj. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

381

CO

CO

>-<

I¥^M^.N PEEf^S^rBEEf^.

■irKii,.
1.00

.■Hl.W)

E. M. HAYHURSTS FINE ITALIANS.

$4.50 TO $5=50 PER COLONY.

On iicc'ount ol' ill ln-nltli I liav(! cU^'idcd to sell my 4tiiP«'8i-Var«l this si'sisoti, at the following" i)rices:
One full colony, ii'^. 50; two or more. $5.00 ouch. 'I'ho.^c liccs arc In one-story, tencomb Lansstroth
hives; ha\-c tine .Nouni;- tested queens, anrt a rc;!son;ibL' amount of brood and bees, witli honey tor the
trip; arc perlectly healthy, no foul hrnml in my yard or nois'liborhood; they are e.\tra tine stock.and tirst-
eiass hoiu'y Kill Iwrers If wanted in roiifili shipiiinjr-li(].\ instead of hive, the priee will be.'iOels. per colo-
ny less than above, .^ale arrival guaranteed. Will besin shipping about May 1st.
stfdb p, o. Box 60. E. M. HAYHURST, Kansas City, Mo.

Holy-Land Bees and Queens, Cheap.

Full Colonies, Nuclei, and Queens.

SlOM) FtIR ('IK('U1,.\I!.

GEO. D. RAUDENBUSH, ^^:^^^ READING, PA.

A FLORIDA HOME.

Apiary Jor sale, with all fixtures. House and
one liiilf aere lot, eonveniently arranged, and pleas-
aiitl> f-ituated on the Hillsboro Itiver. Several va-
rieties ol' youn>j- fruit-trees on the place. Fish and
oysters in abundance. For jiricc. etc., apply to

H. W. WliTCHELL,

Hawks Park, Fla.

The above is one of the handsomest and best lo-
cated lots lor bee-keeping in East Florida, and the
apiary is well stocked with new tl.xtures and appli-
ances, iid W. S. HART.

Itiiiaii lees Eiid ^ysiiii,

Full eol(Hii(s At; 00 (Simp, wired frames, combs
biiilt on Idn ). Bees per lb . iiJ cts : 'j lb.. .5!) cts.
Frame of brood and bees, 75 els. Tested queens,
SI")! I'nH-led, §1.1)0. Queens reared from im-
ported moilier MISS A. M. TAYLOK.

9tfdb l!o.\ ;;. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

Siii>,'h' {inecn. uaLh,

ti to 1-2 ipifl'll.s ■•

1 Tkstki) (|men, each

(i ti) )•-' iivift'ii^ ■■ 'i-C" 1.7-5

1 Two Ir.inic iiiuk'iis. iiiilcst-il queen, «2-5(l.

fiO Kiill i-..|,iiiii-s at .fC.OO fa!-li.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed
Spec-ial discount to dealers,
fis-iid W. J. EL-LISON,

Stal<'l>iirii, .'^siiitler <'o,, So. <'a

VR

=a 1

lip.

<=> !

=23

Ifl.Od

C^

r.h

I-SJ

2.00

1.75

1

CTS

P=

eed.

l=r-

CB

—S

cc

<'a.

S'^

DO KCT MISS THIS CHANCE

TO GET ITi;ilii^i QEEENS /!ND BEES

And K<m;s Vi'ii. Sa.lT^'MJN*; from -even v.-ii'ie-
ties.of Hi'j.li-<'{a!«s Foiiltry. Choice brec.ling
steeU. aim pi ices low Seiid f<n- Circular and I'rice
I ist CHAS. D. DUVALL,
Tttdb Spencei-ville, Moat. Co., Md.

500 FRAJ^ES OF B^OOD

Two thirds lull, well covered with bei s ilt:ili;nii. no
qu;.en. in Hvd-ireme nucleus hi\es; just the thing
for (luceii rearing, *l each frame, after .Inne 1st.

Twenty last-> ears' tested Italian queens. .$3 each.
SH l,.l ■ M. ISBELf.. Norwich, N. Y.

ITALIAN QUEENS-

Reai-eil from seli ct mothers. Untested. .'?l(i':
Tested, $■-• 1)0. H. G. FKAMK,

.")-liidli r\ortl« ]TBaiH-lje>ter, lii«!,

DADANT'S

is asserted b.^ hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est aeccptctl b)- bees, least a])t lo sag, most regular
in color, evencst, and neatest, of any that is made.

lti,«!;(^pt for sale by Messi-s. T. G. Newman &
Son, (^hicajio. 111.: C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, G.: -las.
Heddo;i. Dowajiiac, Mich.: Dougherty & Wihy,
Indianapolis. Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co. Nappanee.
Ind.; ('has. II. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Smith \ C.oodell.
I{<.c'> Falls, III.: Ezra Baer, Di.von, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. .Armstrong, .lerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
mill Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa. ; E. Kretchnier,
Coburg. low a; P. \j. Viallon. Bayou Gonla. I^a ,
M. ,1. Dickason. Hiawatha. Kansas: .1. W. Porter.
Charlottesville, AlbemarleCo., Va.; E. K. Newcomb.
Pleasant V:dley, Dutchess Co., N. \'.; D. A. Fuller,
Cherr\ Vallcv, Til.; .1. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls. Maine:' G.L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
,ios. i\\sc.\ inder, Dcs Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Tr(\\dwcll, Barrvtown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard &
B.ir:ies. \Va--o. McLennan Co., Te.vas, \V. R. Clark,
Oriskanv. \. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown.
Wis.. R F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., .I.Mattoon, and W.
.1. -trHttcn. .\l water, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Yernon,
Iowa, and tninierous other dealers.

Write for ^rimpjcs /re€, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with ISOComplinientarj' and jui.^o-
Hcitfil /e,s(inii.)ii'«?.s, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. IPc {piavanicc every inch nf our fimndation eqxml
tn Knmple in every respect.

CHAS. DAOANT &: SON,
3t)tld Hamilton, Hancock Co., IIHnoln.

17/-kr> Qdla Full C^oloiiief. of Italian Bees,
rUl Od-ltJ. 4, :^, and 4 Fiasne NncUi

Tested (jueens before .Tune 1st, ?1 5:i each: after.
*1 2t each. Untested, before June IMIi, *1 (t)
each. After that date, single (pieeii, 7") cts.; si.x for
*+: twelve for $7 75 Pounds of bees, same price as
unt( sted (iuc( ii
7tfdb I. R, GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

FOE SALE. BEES AND COMB FOUNDATION, by
E. S Hi M)i;.M.\.N'N, .\shippun. Dodge Vo , Wis.

.s it-lOd

EGGS 1 rom California bronze turkeys, at $1 .'iO per
silting of 9 My t<Hn weighs 40 lbs. Italian
bees and queens in anv quantity.
7tfdb G!;() W. Bakek, Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.

g' /V/\ FIKST-CLASS HONEY and \»^AX
0\ivF KXTKACXORS, CHKAP.

7,sild /•:. r. T.KWI.S A <0.. Toledo, Ohio.

I T A L fftN QUEENS 0 CHEAP

Clldb Address W. 1?. »avis, Goodman, N. C.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn.,40c. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 4.5c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. lor 10
and 20c. per lb.

3-tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

332

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mat

js.. jr. 2s.iKrc3i-'s
ITe^uy Bee - Hi^sre

Taki's cither Eclectic or Simplicit.v frames, the 1-lb.
sections, etc., and is cheaper and better than any he
has before brousrht out. He sells all supplies cheap-
er than ever, and guarantees satisfaction EVERIT
TIME. You will save money by writing him for
particulars. Stfdb 51 Barclay St., N. IT.

PPLIES VERY LOW.

Very nice brood foundation, 38 cts.
(xrlb. Italian Bees in 10-frame L. hives,
plenty of honey, straight combs, with
queen, $5. UU. Novice extractor, well made, f5.50. All
supplies correspondingly low. E. Y. PEKK1NS,
Ttfd Jeft'eriiioii, Greene <;o., lovpa.

60 Colonies of Italian Bees For Sale.

Italians, $5.00; hybrids $4.00, in Langstroth 10-
frauic hives. Also brood-fraines filled with comb,
and broad frames with separators. Address

7d JOHN GRANT, Batavia, Ohio.

FINE RU 8BER ^Rf NTrNO-STAIVIPS

FOR BEE-KEEPERS, Etc.
Send for catalogue. G. W. BEKOAW,
!)-10-ll-1.314-ir)d Fo!!<toria, Ohio.

200 COLONIES OF

GQoice Italian & iHi Bbbs

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. t'OlTIB
FOUNBATION from cbolce select yellow
beeswax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 37th Annual Catalogue
before purchasing.

3tfdb ^'^'^"^^ WM. W. GARY,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

ARMSTRONG'S

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE.

The cheai)est, simplest, and most practical hive
ever offered to the public. H. D. Cutting, of Clin-
ton. Mich., says: "Let me congratulate you on
having such a good hive. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, $3..">0. Send your jiame and address,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our 33-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

5„a6 E. S. ARMSTRONG, Jerseyville, Ills.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 2 15-16-
in. shaft. Cost flO.OO each; will sell for $.5.00.

Six 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost i^lO.OOeach; will sell for *.5.00.

Eight 30-in. iron pulleys, lO-in. face, for a 3 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost 18.00 each ; will sell for *4.00.

These are just as good as new, and a bargain to
the man who needs them.

A. I. ROOT, Medina O.

HERE WE ARE AGAIN FOR 1887.

For Sale! Italian Queens

Bred of imported mothers. Bees by the pound,
brood, nucleus, and full colonies. I never had foul
brood. Rend for catalogue. <'• F. UHL,
9-lld ]?Illlers1)urg-, Holmes To., Ohio.

^ A*WHEELBARROW* FOR * BEE - KEEPERS. 8^

ALSO A WHEETuBAItltOW FOR WOMEN, CHILOREX, A Nit
J^EOri.E WHO ARE NOT VERY STOUT.

1 have several times felt as if
1 should like to try my hand at
making a wheelbarrow of our
strongest wood and our best
steel, properly braced and ar-
I ranged so as to give strength,
and yet not weigh one ounce
more than is absolutely necessa-
ry. At the Ohio State Fair last
year T found a wheelbarrow that
came so near filling the bill that
I asked the manufacturers how
cheaply they could make 100.
The wheelbarrow was all I could
desire; but the price, I thought
then, was more than we could
stand. During the winter, how-
ever, they made a proposition
which I considered very reason-
able, })roviding thej' could make
them at their convenience, when times were dull. Well, friends, the wheelbarrows are here, and they are
a surprise to everybody. We show you a picture above. We have two sizes— thi^ smaller one weighing
only 35 lbs., and yet it will carry ,500 lbs. safely, and it can be packed so closely toyetlicr for shipment that
you can take the whole thing under your arm and walk off easily. The wheel has Hat spokes instead of
round. The different pieces are all cut and forged by means of dies. The legs are steel, so they will
neither break nor bend, even if you bump them on the sidewalk. The springs are oil-tempered, with ad'
justable bearings, so you can tighten them up for wear. More than all, the wheelbarrows are the nicest
job of painting and varnishing, 1 believe, I ever saw, for a farm implement. They are handsome enough
to go around town with, and strong enough to do heavy work; and yet the price of the small size is only
$4.00, the same as our Iron wheelbarrow. The larger size is $4.50. The only discount that can be made
is 5 per cent off for two; 10 per cent off for five, or 15 per cent off for ten or moi-e. They can be sent
either by freight or expj-ess. It is only five minutes' work to put one together.

OUR 35-l>()UND WHEEMJARKOW, CAPABLE OP CARRYING 500 POUNDS.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8SH

BEES CHEAP! ITALIAIT QUEEITS

1 hav't* hud chaig-e of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. I intend to start an apiary five miles from
town; will sell full colonies and nuclei cheap. Fine
queens a specialty. For particulars, address

WM. P. KIMBER,
6tfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

FOR SALE. -BEES, g-ood colonies in shipping--
cases, with 9 Langstroth frames. Italians, *4..'')0;
hybrids, $4.00; delivered at K. R. station any time
after May 1. MISS MABEL FENN,

7tfdb Tallmadge, Ohio.

BEES FOR SALE

COLONIES,

Nuclei a^d Queens

At Living Rates.
Send for Circular and
Price List to

8tfdb

C. C. VAUGHN,

Columbia, Teun.

PTll? ^ A T P' ~^ complete apiary of 140 colo-
fViXi Oa.1jXj* oniesofflne premium bees in a
never-failing- locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first premium at
the late St. Louis Fair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once,. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111. 4tfdb

Fnn Colo 100 colonies of Italian bees. From
rur Odie. $5.00 to *8.00 per colony. Tested
queens, in May, ^2.00; after June 1, $1.50. Untested
queens, in May, $1.00; six, $,5.00; after June 1, Toe;
si-Y, $4.00. Also bees by the pound; 3 and 3 frame
nuclei; hives, sections, fdn., etc. Circular free.
5-ltidb Address JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOK PRICES ON —

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices. Oood Work.
24-lldb

The *'Gllt Edge" Apiary offers Italian queens
from imp. mother; untested, in April and May,
$1.00; unt'd, in June and after, 75 cts. Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

.5-IOdb "Wliitney.St. Clair Co., Ala.

LBS. FIRST-CLASS FOUNDATION, CEEAP.
789d E. T. LEWIS & CO., Toledo, Ohio.

3000

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

l\ KEKLY, $1.0O PKR YEAR.

JOKES, UcFHEBSOlT & CO., Publishers, Bseton, Ontario, Casaia.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining- much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 8.S2 pages. fltfb

ON 30 PAYS' TRIAL-

THIS NEW

I ELASTIC TRUSS

'Has a I'ad different from all
others, is cup sliape. with Self-
adjusting Ball in center.adapts
itself to all pesitions of tho
body while the ball in the cup

' presses back the intes-
- -^^ tines just as a person

does with the finger. With light pressure the Her-
nia is held securely d>iT and night, and a radical cure
certain. It iseasv, dtinblo and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
«uUr8 free. ' CUCLESTON TBCSS CO., CUeaco« 111.

l-12db

BEE-HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

ONE.PIKCK V-tiK<K>VE SE<rriOl\<«i, UEK-

FEEDERS, WIRE NAIUS, PEIf-

FOUATEI) ZINC.

Sci;ub Brushes, a friend for the ladies, ft') cents
each: $+.00 per do/.on. Alsike clover seed, .$7.. ")0 per
bushel; ftJ.OO per peek; 15 cents yier pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-lOdb NAPPANEE, IND.

PRIME & GOVE,

BRISTOI-, -*• VERI^OITT,

— M.\NUFACTUKEKS OK—

Pee - J^eepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping:
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samples free.
.5tfdb.

^HEDDON'S^

— 18ST —

CIECULAR

NOW READY.
ADDRESS JAMES HEDDOH,

Itfdb

T^H^ 11 EEEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and lllus-
t% i*.* ^^ trated catalogue, for 1887, FEEE. Reduc-
ed prices. Address J03. NY5EWANDEE, Des Moines, Iowa.'
3tfdb

ATTENTION !

SECTIONS, BEE-HIVES, HONEY-BOXES,
FKAMES, ETC.

LARGEST FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. O. B. liEWIS A: CO.,
Itfdb 'Waterto^vii, "Wis.

BEflDP W IK W WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new-
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. a;itfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

334

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

Stanley's Automatic

Honey - Extractor

sTAirrs o.v its fourth siJA.soy iikt-

TJCH THAN EVEli liKroiii:. A.\I>

WTTIf PRICJJS in-JTHCISH 7'0

SI IT TllK Ti?ii:s.

Send for New Circular, dust Out.

THE JOURNAL OF FISH CULTURE

AND RURAL HYDRAULICS.
CARP CULTURE A SPECIALTY.

All illustrated Monthly Publiciition comprising-
sixteen pages, size of other standard illustrated
papers.

Edited by the Secretary of the American Carp Cul-
tural Association, the senior Fish Ciilturist ot
America, and the acknowledged leading authori-
ty on Carp Culture.

It is the Only Publication of the Kind in the
World, and the Only Generally Acknowledged
Standard Periodical Authority upon the subjects
upon which it treats, namely:

/''/.s7i Viilt It rr. Ai/iiii liii , ('ii)iiirij IHi-ils innl
oilier Rct.i, I'nriil U')iti-r Sii/>til!/, Ai/ririiltiiral,
Sit 71 itffff/, (iiiil I^ii iKlsriipi- I^'iu/i iirerinff.

Bingham Smokers anfl 6. i^ H. Heney-Knives

WHOLESALE AND EETAIL.
Address G= W^. STANLEY,

"Wyoming, N. Y.

OhTWhafs the Watter?

Smith & JacksoJi are selling bees by the pound;
queens, and all kinds of supplies at i-ock bottom
prices. Be sure and get theii- jn-ices before buying,
for vou will save nionev bv so doing. Price list of
ISCTuowout. SMITH \- JACKSON,

9d Box 72. Tilbury Center, Kent Co., Ont., Can.

BEvGTION©.

Nice white poplar, 4-piece all dovetailed, i^.^x-t^i
sections. Send for prices.
9-12db S. D. B(JI<:LIi, Union (ily, Ifllcli.

LOOK AT THIS!

My inipi-o\ed f iiioker can be taken apart to clean
it by turning a l)utt<in. Lay the tulie on the coals
and let it burn out. Thi- valve will come off in the
same way to clean. Send $1.00 for a Smoker and
see ho'v well .> ou will like it. 1 will please > ou or
return your money. I have tested it all of last
season in my apiary of 7i) hives, and it gave perfect
satisfaction." If wanted b.y mail, add 25 cts. to pay
postage. Address "W. H. SMITH,

9-16b Brookton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

THE BEST NO. 2. SECTIONS

Ever sold for the price. Write lor samples and ])ar-

ticulars. IH. H. HUNT,

9-lld (Near Detroit.) BELL BRANCH, WAYNE CO., MICH.

SEND Foil SFEVIMEN PAdES.

Rural Publisliing Com'y,

!4 yoiH, ioiirth St., J'hihiihljjUitt. I'n.

9d

A Cheap Smoker.

M \i!TiNSViL,LK, O., Ajn-. 11, 1887.
Mes.ST.s. Biinjliiim A H' ti.erington, Abjoidn. Mich.:

Enclosed tind S2 .f) i lor two large SH-inch Bingham
smokers (wide shield). They arc for my neighbors.
1 have (me of the Bingham smokeis that 1 have
used for six years, and it is as good as ever. Send
for half- dozen i-ates.

Respectfully, Amos R. Gahner.

PRICES OF BINGHAM SMOKERS.

By Miil, Pcstpaid.

Doctor Smoker (wide shield) 'Sli inch .$2 00

Conqueror Smoker (wide shield) 3 " 175

Large Smoker (wide shield) ..'iVi " 150

Extra Smoker (wide shield 2 " 125

Plain Smoker 2 " 100

Little Wonder Smoker P4 " 65

B. & H .Honey-Knife 2 " 115

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half-dozen
rates. Address T. F. BINGHAM, or

BINGHAM 8l HETHERINGTON,
912db Abronia, Mich.

FOUNDATION.

Twill furnish foundation during the month of
May and the fore ijart of June, cut to any size
sheets desired, at the following prices: Heavy, 40c
per lb.; medium, for wiring, 450; light, for boxes,
50c; made on Vandervort mill. Wax taken in ex-
change at prices quoted in Gleanings.

B. CHASE, Earlville, N. Y.

Reference — Bradstreet's Report. 9-lOd

IIVHI.tlN.l. — Headquarters for pui-e ITALIAN
QUEENS. JP^'At prices that will surpi-ise you.
Write us for catalogue and full particulars.

Martin & Mvcv, North Manchestei', Ind.
Ejgs from high-class poultry for sale.

WANTED TO SELL.

loo 3fr;unc nucleus colonics of hybrid bees,

with (picciis, each t2 50

Two story Simplicity hives (complete) each 1 50

Chalf hives (have been used some) each 3 00

Higlil.\- bi-ed hybrid queens, each 1 GO

4'.i.\4i4 scctioii-i (V groove) per M 5 00

The photo of m> apiary given as a premium on
siipiilies p'lichnsed to t'.ic iimouni of $5 00, cash or-
lU'i s. Will e\<>hanKe nuclei cohiuies or ext'd honey
for :i|pi!irian supplies, if new.

Ttfdl) J. M. YOUNa, Rock Bluffs, Nebraska.

1887

GLEANINGS IN HRK CVLTVlUi.

335

Contents of this Number.

Alsikc for Hiini'v IffiS

Am moil ia lor SiiriK>^ :i48

Aiiimonia vs. I'lopulis 3iC>

Apiarv. Oak (irove HSO

Arlick's, Tiinclv SSS

Axtfli's Hom-y-bourd S46

Bi'rs Torn to Pieces X>:>

Bei's ill Florida 352

Bees, Pay for Keeping 355

Boy Bee-keeper 356

Buzz-saw , To Make 365

("nrp in April, Young- 341

Chickens. Dione-eatinpr 357

Oittoii, Mrs 359

Ciller for Wintering 357

Drone Coiiih 345

Drone, The I'-irst 357

Eilitoitals ....364

Exhibition. Colonial 356

Florida 352

Frames, Wide 358

Fruit Preserved in Honey.. 351)

Grape-.jam 3.50

Growler.v 3411

Hibernation Established... .343

Honev-Poisonin« 357

HonevCake :m

Honey Column 366

Honey Boards 346

Honey. Low Prices 349

Hone\ , .Soon Sonieil. 3.58

Honey, To I'se a50

.346

I Honey from Alsike...

Housc-\variiiin(r

Hui-kli'ljcirv. I'oison.

! Hutchinsoiis Book 350

I Mesiiiiitc Honi-v 359

I Myself a lie! Neighbors 361

\ No Foul lii I 363

Notes .,n(\ queries 360

Durdwn .Vinary 363

P. liensou Letter, Our 342

I'ropolis.To Remove.. ..345
' Queen Kulinn- the Colony... 347

Reports Discour.itciuK 360

Reports KneouraK'iii« 358

Sections. Spai-inn' at Top.. ..344
Honu-iiiade Saw-table ... 3.59

Siniplicitv Simplified .355

Smith For<c I'ump 3.38

Spiilcis vs. Bees 341

Stings, Efleet of 348

Strawberries, Terry on .35:f

Swanning-box, A Novel 3.58

Swarms, Easing Down ;i56

T Super Feeder, The 337

Tinware. To Mend 346

T Super 344

T Stiper, Emptying the 342

WaKoirhcil, Cheap 347

Wax from ( Hil Combs .351

Wintering in Cellar 344

Wiuterinu' Without Stores. 343
Wintering- Question Solved..3l8

KIND mm FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I received the goods all right; thanks for prompt-
ness. Wife is well pleased with her poultry-book.
Blaine, Ohio. L. C. Seabkiqht.

1 got an A H C from you about six or seven years
ago, and i like it better every time 1 look at it; in
fact, it suits me the beet of any thing on bee culture
that 1 have seen yet. W. Atkinson.

Cheapside. Ont., Can., April 7, 1887.

can't BE BEAT.

(ioods received all right. Many thanks. My wife
thinks the thimble is just a daisy. The boy is de-
lighted with the knife, and I think the saws can't
be beat. .J. Bari..ow.

Sac City, Iowa.

. orK CARPET-SWEEPERS.

(ioods arrived in good order. The carpet-sweep-
ers are beautiful, and very cheap. The price of a
similar machine here is f3..50. Every thing is satis-
factory, as usual with goods ordered of A. I. Root.

Middletown, Conn. C. H. Lewis.

FIVE CONCORD GRAPEVINES.

From live Concords, four years old, last season, 1
got 3110 lbs. of grapes. 1 think your A B C is a very
nice book. It i.s interesting; anyhow, it is a book
whose merits one can judge of by experience.

Buffalo, N. Y., Mar. 9, 18.S7. James Robinson.

aOIJ LBS. OF WAX FROM ONE OF OUR MACHINES
IN HATjF a day.

I received the foundation machine the 80th of
March, all completed. It gives good satisfaction.
I have rolled out 200 lbs. of wax in half a day.

John Thilb.

Santa Monica, Los Angeles Co., Cal., Apr. 9, 1887.

stekeoscopic views.

The goods arrived all right. The children say 1
must write you and tell you how pleased we all are
with the stereoscopic views. All the goods gave en-
tire satisfaction as usual. My Ijees are doing well.
I am trying to he ready to fill your order for queens
by. return mail. J. I). Fooshe.

Coroiiaca, S. C, Mar. 8, 1887.

A KIND WOHU FROM .1. E. POND.

My son, 17 '2 years old, has accepted (Jhrist for
his Savior, and I do think that Gleanings and you
had much to do with it. The Home Papers drew
his attention to the matter; at any rate, he is to-
day a Christian, aiiU I know that you will rejoice
with me thereat. 1 tell you, Mr. Root, you don't
know the good vou are doing, and will never know
it till the last day. J. E. Pond.

Foxboro. Mass.. Apr. 7, 1881.

" MAPLE SYRUP decidedly RICH."

Sections und maple syrup came to hand all right.
The mapli; syrup is decidedly rich.

J. F. MiCHAI.L.

German, Darke Co., O., Apr. 7, 1887.

The

frames, nicest ever seen.
box that did not come with the others has
arrived with every thing satisfactory. The frames
are the nicest 1 ever saw. My bees all answer to
roll call, and in fine condition. M. C. Vouno.

Centertown, Pa., Apr. 9, 1887.

PLEASED.

The goods ordered of you some time back arrived
here all right. Let me exin-ess my heartiest thanks
to you for always filling my orders so promptly.
That brood fdn. is, 1 think, just the thing. The
reversible frames, I think, will just answer to the
roll. Matthias Schineider. .Ir.

Mclvor, Mich., Apr. 20, 1887.

GOOD MEASURE.

1 received my goods the l.'jth of this month.
Ever3' thing came in good shape, and as it was or-
dered. Your goods have always been satisfactory
since we have l)een dealing with you, which, I
think, is ten years. You have a bigger bushel to
measure your potatoes in than any seedsman 1
ever bought potatoes of yet. Your goods will rec-
ommend themselves. They are always put up
neatly, and tit exactly. G. Gase.

Berwick, O.

[Friend G., the reason why we give good bushels
is because we sell our potatoes by weight, 60 lbs.
to the bushel. 1 have been trying to buy them by
weight from those who advertise choice potatoe>
for sale, but 1 am sorry to say they don't hold out.
A barrel is called three bushels, and most of us
know to our sorrow that our barrels iireol every
imaginable size, and especially smallish when jou
are bu.ving expensive varieties of pottUoes by the
barrel. Can't we have a reform in this matteri']

a FRANK APOLOGY.

Please find inclosed the amount for Terry's ABC
of Potato Culture, which, if it is as .ucod iis its
namesake on bee culture, should be in all fann-
ers' hands. 1 o.. cyou an apology which s-hould
have been made long ere this, but was negkcted.
About a ;sear ago 1 sent to you foraijiieen. Siic
came maiked " untested Italian," but was, as 1 sup-
posed from her appearaiK^e, black. I sent again tor
2, which came all right; but 1 was ignorant enough
to supitosc all queens should be banded; and as this
one was black 1 wrote you a rather severe letter,
which 1 have regretted ever since, as she is the best
queen 1 have. Her brood are all pure, and workers
too. 1 sometimes think, when i see you getting
" blown up " in Gleanings, that fully one halt of
the mistakes are through the stupidity of such peo-
ple as mj'self who are too prone to let the old nature
assert itself instead of following the example of
Him who, when he was re\iled, reviled not aj^ain,
letting his Spirit conduct and guide our every wet.
Now, brother Root, for though we shall never, in
all probabilitj', meet on this side of the great river,
still 1 can claim you as a brother in Christ. 1 hope
you will not weary in well doing, for eternity iilone
will reveal the number of those who have been en-
couraged and comforted thi'ough your iustrumeu-
taliiy. W. J. KiNCADE.

Kerwood, Ont.. Can., Apr. 4, 1887.

[Very many thanks, friend K., for your kind ex-
pressions of me and mj- work, and especially for
your very frank, straightforward apolog.y. These
kind apologies, after it is all over and perhaps for-
gotten, do us more good, sometines. than kind
words from a pleased customer. We hope all wtio
read your letter will take a second thought belore
they enter any complaint.

AVe hope that all who have complained because
the queens we sent out are not as yellow as many
of the home-bred ones, will remember that the
progeui' of queens from Ittily are not, as a rule,
light-colored, some of them "being almost black.
The workers, however, are usually finely marked;
and as ht)ney-gatherers ] do not know that there
are any bees on the face of the earth any better
than the progeny of Italians freshly imported from
Italy.]

33*>

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUItE.

May

P0NEY C0MMN.

CITY MARKETS.
Phii-adelph! A.— Honey.— Same as last reported.
April 32, 18ST. Pancoast & Gkiffiths,

343 South Front St.. Philadelphia.

St. Louis.— Honey.— There is no chang-e to report
in honey. Market still dull.

April 33, 1887. W. B. Westcott & Co..

108 and 110 Market St.

Detroit.— Ho7iey.— Best white comb honey 11@13.
Inferior grades very dull.
Beeswax, firm at 33c. M. H. Hunt,
April 33, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

Clkvei-and.— Honey.— There Is an improvement
in the demand for choice 1-lb. sections at 13(5 13c.
Second qualitv dull at lOCydl. Buckwheat unsal-
able at S(('9. Extracted, 5(l'6.
Beeswax.— 2oc. A. C. Ken del,

April 31, 1887. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston. — Honey. —Our maple sugar and syrup
now interfere wltb the sale of honey, ami we are
having slow sal(?s. White clover, 1-lb.. 13(r'il5; 3-lb.,
11(513.
Been wax, 'Z6c. Blake & Ripley,

April 22, 1887. .57 Chatham St.. Boston.

Columbus. — Honey. — Market quiet.
White clover in comb - - - 14(515

" " extracted - - - 8C('A0

California comb honey - - -■ 10((?)12

" extracted ... - 5:5718

No. 1 white-clover honey is scarce in this market
and Is bringing full prices. E.xtracted is slow sale.
April 22, 1887. Eakle Clickengek.

Columbus. O.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

Chicag(j.— Honey.— Honey is dull. Prices are
weak. Best grades of white comb in one-pound
sections, 11(513 cts. ; anj' thing off from choice, 9(5 10
cts. Sections running over one pound. H(d>\{) cents;
dark, 7(668 cts. E.xtracted white clover and linn, ^(we
Gf-I cts , according to grade and package. Dark, 4(5
5. Beefua.r, 3.5 cents. R. A. Buknktt,

April 31, 1887. 161 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.— Honcy.—There is a fair retail de-
mand for choice comb honey, and extracted honey
in square glass jars. Demand from manufacturers
seems to be improving. We ((uote ll(ail4 cents for
best comb honey in a jobbing way, and 3(5),7 cts. for
extracted honey on arrival.

Beeswax is in good demand, and brings 30(5)23 cts.
for good to choice yellow on arrival.

April 21, 1887. " Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kans.\S City.— Honey.— We quote white clover, 1
lb., at ll(a',l2 cts.; dark, 1-pound. 9(§'I0 cts.; white
clover, 2-pounds, 10(5ill; daik. WHO. The market in
extracted is almost bare of white clover, also Cali-
fornia. We quote at ^@() cts. in small way.
Beeswax, 23f«25 cts. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,
April 23, 1887. Kansas City, Mo.

CONVEirTION NOTICES.

The next nieetinff of the Northwe.stern Illinois and Sontli-
westem Wisconsin Bee-Keepei't.' AssDcintion will be held at
Rockton, 111.. May 24. 1887. D. A. KVLi.ER, Se.\

Cherry Valley, 111.

The Keystone Bee Keepers' Association will hold its next an-
nual meeting: in the Court House at Riianton, Pa., May 10,
1887. All in the State and its iiiiinfiliiitc viiinity are invited 1,0
be present. (i!onie one and all with your Knotty questions.
Interesting papers ai-e expected from noted ajiiarists.

Clark's Ureen, Pa., Apr. 19. 1887. Arthur A. Davis, See.

The semi-annual meetiner of the Progressive Bee-keepers' As-
sociation will he held in the Town Hall .at Bedford. O., Thurs-
day. May 5, 1887, at 10 o'clock A. M. Manufacturers of supplies
for bee-keepei's arc requested to bring with them, or send,
samples of their wares for exhibition. There will be a picnic
dinner. All interested in apiculture are cordially invited to
be present. Miss Dema Bennett, Sec.

Bedford, Cuyahoga Co.. O., Apr. 18, 1887.

The following have sent us their circulars since
April 1st. By an oversight, this department was
omitted in our last issue. All the price lists are no-
ticed below, except those that have no date. See
editorial, current issue.

J. O. Richardson. Walker, Iowa, an advertising sheet of bee-
supplies.

F. J. Crowlej', Batavia, N. Y., .i 6pa>;e cinular of av>iarian
supplies.

.1. P. Moore, Morgan, Ky.. a 4-pagc (in ulai- of Italian queens
and bees.

.Iosei)h K. .Shaver. North Kiver. Va.. an 18-pase circnlai' of
bee-supplies.

n. I). Black. Br.\ndon. Buchan.an Co.. 1;\.. a li-page cii'cular of
bees and lione.v.

Ernst B. HiUUnian Ashippun, Wis., n t-iiagc list of potatoes
.and bee-sniiplies.

W. S. Dorman, Mechanicsville, la., a 4-page circular of bees
and bee-supplies.

J. C. Bowman. North Lima. O.. a 12-page ciicular of bees and
Wyandotte fowls.

E. M. Hayhur.st. box m. Kansas City. Mo., an advertising card
.of bees and queens.

J. A. Oreen. Dayton, La Salle (N).. III., an 8-page advertising
sheet of bee-sup|>lies.

.\rthur A. Davis, Clark's txreen. Pa., a 10-pagc circular of bee-
supplies and windmills.

A. O. Crawford. .South Weymouth, Mass., a 12-page price list
of bee-keeping si)cciai(ies.

R. B. Leahy, Higginsville, Mo., an 8-page (large size) circular
of bee-keeyiing supplies.

P. D. Millc r. (iraiicville. Pa., a 6-page circular (f Italian and
.Vrkansas ciu'cns ami bees.

D. Kautfuian, Needy, Oregon, a 16-page list of apiari.an sup-
l)lies. ;ind bees and queens.

.1. T. Wilson, Nicholasville. Jessamine Co..Ky., an advertis-
ing sheet fif Italian queens.

M. S. Roop, successor to A. B. Howe, Council Bluffs, la., a 20-
page circular of htc supplies.

John Hall. Station Hill. Wigton. Cumberland. Kng.. a B-page
circular of bcc-kcepiiig requisites.

E. A. Sheldon, Indepciidciicc, la., a list of apiarian supplies,
printed on one of Jlartin's chromo cards.

H.H. Brown, Columbia, Pa., a a)-page circular of Italian and
Cyprian bees, comb found.ation, extractors, etc.

A. L. Swiuson, Goldsboro, N. C, an advertising sheet of albi-
no, American, and Italian queens. Also imported S.vrians,
Cypii.ans, and Caruiolans, from Frank Benton.

PUREHmuEQUEENS

BRED FROM AN IMPORTED MOTHER,

Sent by mail; safe arrival guaranteed, from April
until October. Tested queens. S;i.50; Untested
queens, $1.00; per dozen, $8.00. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, or money refunded. 9-13dl)

"Walter Mc"Williains, Griffin, Ga.

PlE MLIAN OUEENS

POE 1S87.

Tested $1.00

Select Tested 1.25

Imported, best 6.00

After May 20. Order early, as 1 shall have only a
limited number. Address S. F. REED,

IV. Dorchester, N. H.

PURE ITALIAN

Bees ^ Queens,

Tested Queens ... - $2.00
Untested Queens . - - 1. 00

Six Untested Queens - - - 5.00

One-pound bees, 90 cts.; i4 lb., 60 cts.
Add price of queen with bees. 9d

T. A. PEW^, MIDDI^ETOWN, MO.

BEES FOR SALE.

15 Colonies hybrid bees, *5.(K1 per stand, in single-
story hives; in doiible-storv hives, $6.00. Address
910d L. B. STANGER, Uniontown, Del. Co., la.

Vol. XT.

MAY I, 1887.

No. 9.

Established in 1873.

PUBLISHED SKMI-MOXTITLY BT
Der. a cts. Aciuitions lo ciuds may oe j

^t!^^^^o^^'^''^'''\A. I. ROOT. MEDINA. OHIO.

TERMS: 81.00 PER ANxmn.IN ADVANCK;
2 Copies foiS1.90; 3forS2.75, 5 for $4.00;
10 or more, 7.5 cts. each. Single num-
ber. 5 cts. Adclitions to clubs may be

f Clubs to diftcrent postoffices, not less
I than 90 cts. each. Sent iios-tiiaid, in the
.1 U. S. and Canadas. To all othei- coun-
I tries of the Universal I'ostal Union. 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries
L NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

THE

T-SUPER FEEDER, AND SOME-
THING ABOUT ROBBING.

f. C. MII.T.ER REPI-IF.S.

T NEVER had any doubts as to the value of the
M remarks by the editor of Gleanings, append-
^[ ed to the contributions of the various writers;
■*■ but if 1 had ever had such douhls; they would
all be dispelled after reading: the remarks at
the close of my article on page 305. T can readily
see how an inexperienced person might have lots
of trouble by using- a leaky feeder over a very
weak colony of bees. I certainlj^ should not use
one in such a place; but without the wise words of
caution given by the editor, some beginner might.
I don't suppose it would be much trouble to wax
the corners, but some might prefer the simpler
plan of putting water in the feeder before using,
and letting it soak. I filled one with water, and it
leaked a little; but before long it soaked up so as
to not leak a drop, and I have no doubt it would
remain perfectly water-tight till allowed to drj- out
again. T think, however, I would always give feed
to bees in the evening, and then the leakage would
be cleaned up before morning. However, your
suggestion is wise: Try the feeder with water, and
don't tise till it is water-tight.

You sa>', friend Koot, that the bees " would be
very likely to build combs between the feeder and
the honey-board." Now, hero you have me at a
decided disadvantage. I generally know pretty
well what ! am talking about: but in the present
case I must con less I don't, for 1 never used one of
these feeders. As a general rule. 1 don't believe in
speaking favorably of any thing till I havp given
it a fair trial; but in the present case I felt prett3'

sure of my ground without trial; and as some who
were adopting the T super might want a supply of
feeders, it seemed too bad to let them invest in
something more expensive without telling at once
about this.

The T super is i'g inches in dejith. The end-
pieces of the feeder are 4f8 inches in depth, and the
thickness of the bottom ('i inch) added to this
makes 4i, thus making the feeder come within ^4
inch of the bottom of the super. Add to this ?-4
inch the 1-inch bee-space of the honey-board and
we have a 's-inch space between the feeder and the
honey-board (not " nearly or quite an inch," friend
Root). I think it will be decidedly better to have
the feeder just 14 inch deeper, and then we shall
have just the bee-space between feeder and honey-
board, and it hardly seems to me they \vould be
more likely to build comb under the feeder than
under a super of sections.

Now, having gladly admitted the justice of your
criticisms so far, I come to your last, and I just
won't agree to that. You say, " T would not think
of using Buch a feeder unless an outside shell be
placed over it and the super." I have fed pounds
and pounds of feed in T supers, with no outside
shell, using Pimplieitj- feeders and fi-quart tin pans,
which wotild allow the feed to come as near the
outside as the feeders in question, and 1 have no
recollection of ever having had any trouble. The
feeding was done, too, at a time when robbers were
bad. As already intimated, the feeding was gener-
ally done in the evening; and, besides, my T su])er8
are made of 's-inch stuff. The square joints are
also quite true and close, so a bee could make biit
little headway biting through. Don't think 1 never
have any bad cases of robbing. 1 believe my bees
will go through as thick a board as anybody's when

338

GLEANINGS IN BEE (CULTURE

May

they are fairly aroused. Perhaps I had better say
Bomething about

WHAT TO DO IN CASES OF ROBBING.

And here again I will trust to your watchful care
to see that I do not lead astray the inexijerieuced,
for I am inclined to believe that, in a large number
of cases, the very best thing to do in a case of
robbing is to do nothing. Have you not sometimes
had it happen, that, the first thing you knew in the
spring, a hive was robbed and not a drop of honey
left— bees and all gone? And if you didn't find it
out till alter the mischief was all done, did you
ever know any further harm to come of it?— any
adjacent hives robbed in consequence? But if you
found it oul while the robbing was going on, and
moved away the hive that was being robbed, or
shut it up, very likely there was trouble all around.
Now, the whole thing in a nutshell seems to be
something like this: Bees are very precise in their
knowledge of locality, and the exact spot where
they have commenced robbing they will visit again;
and when all the honey is gone from that spot or
point of entiance (perhaps provided Ihey have
finished the honey themselves), they decide there is
nothing further to be done, and no surrounding
hive is attacked. But if the meddlesome bee-
keeper removes the hive which they were rob-
bing, they know they left honey in that hive,
and go to hunting for it, and thus attack the
surrounding hives. So if any thing bees are rob-
bing be removed, let some comb with at least a
little honey be put in a hive in exactly the same
place, and adjoining hives will be safe. Of course,
see that all entrances are contracted in spring.

Yesterday I found the bees were robbing a col-
ony in a double hive. They had been at it so long-
that it was not worth while to try to save what
little honey was left (otherwise I should have taken
out pari), and I let them entirely alone. To-day
they have left it, and another colony in the same
hive, using the same alighting-board, with its en-
trance 8s inches distant, >is left undisturbed, al-
though its entrance was left '.i'i inches wide.

Marengo, 111 , Apr. 20, 18W. C. C. Miller.

Now, friend M., while we agree almost ex-
actly on pretty much all these subjects that
come up, there is one place where 1. too, just
won't agree — that is, if I understand you
fully, but perhaps 1 don't. I^et me explain.
When bees have got into a notion of robbing
in an apiary, unless great care is taken
it will continue to groAV worse and worse
until finally robbing is so much the order of
the day and the excitement of the hour that
your whole apiary may be so much absorb-
ed in it they won't even notice the apple-
bloom and clover when they come. If you
have not had any experience in such a state
of affairs, I can tell you that 1 have. At
such times a pan of broken combs, such as
is left after transferring, would be the ruin
of almost any colony, if simply placed in the
upper story ; and if there were cracks
through which tlip bees could get a glimpse
of it, and a sniff of the broken combs, it
would make matters ever so much worse :
and I have never found complete relief
from this kind of work until I adopter] the
Simplicity Ijevels and the chaff' hives. Flat
boards, cleated in the best manner I could
devise, would warp and let a sufficient
number of robbers get their heads thiough

the crack to raise the cover a little, and
then they would get their shoulders under,
and, in a little time more, away goes the
colony where the i)aii ot sweets was placed,
and with it a qneeu vvorth perhaps three or
four dollars. 1 would stoj) promptly every
sort of robbing the ininute 1 discovered it,
and I would do this lo keej) them from
getting into this mischievous habit of rob-
bing. I have had good slroug colonies
overpowered and used uji i>y just i)utting
a pan of bro.ceu combs in ihe u])per slory :
and I have been through whole seasons
where robbing was so constantly going on
that it si)oilpd all the pleasure "and pretl\
nearly all the piofit of the whole apiaiy.
I^ater, after I liad learned l.'V sad experi-
ence, and had provided myself with better
hives, I have so managed that scarcely a
case of robbing occuired from spring until
fall; and when bees are so caieliilly man-
aged that tliey do not discover there" is any
way to get stoves excei)t from the llowers,
we may leave combs of honey standing
around with considerable impunity, and no
bad results follow. I have sometimes
thought it would almost jniy better to l)rim-
stone an apiary of l)ees, when they had got
well educated iip to the business of rol)bing.
than to do any thing else with them. I
suspect that localities have a great deal to
do with this. I often hear visitors say that
their bees gather stores enough to be slowly
increasing in weight during all the summer
months. This is by no means the case
here. We have many weeks togethei-, right
in the summer time, when a colony placed
on the scales shows a loss in weight day
after day. Now, my advice to the rising
generation of bee-keepers is. to kee]i such a
sharp, vigilant eye on the apiaiy during all
the warm weather, that the bee"s never get
a going enough to discover that stealing is
among the possibilities. It just nov, occurs
to me, that the same rule applies not only
to kicking and balky liorses, but to th'e
younger ones of the human family as well.
A stitch in time saves nine, in al"l sorts of
vice, among bees or men. 1 quite agree
with you, tliat moving the hive away when
it is almost used up makes matters, for the
time l)eing, a good deal worse ; but I would
adopt it as the lesser of two evils. Wlien it
is almost nigJit it may do to let tliem go
ahead sometimes until darkness winds it
up.

THE SMITH FORCE-PUMP, FOR BRING-
ING DOWN SWARMS.

THE ITSKS OF FORCE-in'Ml'S.

foil several years back, force-pumps have
been recommended for bringing down
swarms while ai the air. We have
nevei' tested them oui'selves. for the
simple reason that we do not allow
swarming to any great extent. However, if
we were situated as smie are. there is no
doubt it would be a good investment lohave
a p;iil of water and a Smith pump in the api-
ary, convenient lor emergencies of tiiis kind.
It" is said, that the bees are led to believe a
shower is coming up while being sprayed.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

339

Whether or not tliis be true, the wetting of
the winsjs would certuinly have some ettect
in disorgani/.inji," their llyinii' apparatus; and
it miglit induce theui to return to tlie hive
innnediately. or ehister upon the nearest
avaihible object. In the enji'iaviuK Hic api-
arist is slidwu in tlie act of jiivin^' the bees a
shower-bath witli tlie Smith force-i)uuii).
Unfortnuately. liowever, the artist lias rep-
resented the liees as benig clustered, and 1
can scarcely iuiauine what desired effect
could be had from sprayinti; the swarm after
being' (dnstered. unless the apiarist weie
afraid that the bees nught leave tlie limb
and innnediately thereafter start tor the
woods. The siirayinf; of the bees would

it wQuld not be as convenient for spraying
bees on a chase, the pail conld be carried
and set down beneath a large body of the
llyiuu bees. It is superior to the Whitman,
in tiiat it wiU seuil a larger stream to a
greater distunce.

.Vuy ( f our readers who are desirous of
testing this niatter of the possibility and the
utility of the force-pump in bringing down
swarms can do so with the Smitii pumj), and
yet not be at a very great exjteiise in mak-
ing the experiment. If it is not snccessful
in operating on swarms, it certainly is a
very convenient thing to have around for
(ires, washing windows, watering gardens,
spraying currant-bushes with a liquid that

-rnAVlNc^ A SWAH.M WrrU IUK SMIIH F<iK<:K I'UMI'.

l)robably compel them to rejuain for a little
while, or at least until he could make snch
arrangement that he could hive the bees.
Ordinarily, however. 1 believe the idea is to
wet tlie bees while tlying, in order thai they
may be si)eedily induced to clnster. We
h ive had reports of the Whitman puni]) be-
ing use 1 lor this pnrpose. and, if I am C(n--
rect. swarms were induced to settle. The
Whitman pump, however. costs more money
than must apiarists care to invest in any
thing that will be nncertain as to its utility
in brin,a;ing- down swarms. The Smith force-
puiuu. at the present price of $1.00 each, is
within the reach of all : aijd while perhaps

is deatli to cunanl-worms, for cleaning out
worms' nests in fruit-trees, and for renovat-
ing chicken-coops by spraying the inside
with a thin solution "of whitewash. In re-
yard to cleaning out worms" nests in fruit-
trees, I would say that this was one of my
jobs when a small boy. With a force-pump
and a pail of water I could blow the worms'
nests to ideces in short meter, and it didn't
matter how high above the ground, or how
inconveniently the nest was sitiuited, the
pump would scatter the worms like a small
charge of (huamite. It was only last sum-
mer that 1 had a patch of thrifty growing
tomftto-yijies in the back yard. They were

340

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

located some oO oi' (iO feet from the pump.
Ill dry times we had to curry our water in
pails from the pump to the vines — an opera-
tion that was ratlier Iour- and tiresome. One
evening; the thouglit struck me to try the
Sraitii force pump. I went over to the fac-
tory and got one and stood it in a pail of
water right under tlie spout of the cistern-
pump. The idea was a very happy one, for
f c )ul(i stand right there at the pump, sin-
gle out each phint, and give it all the water
it wauled, without moving a step. As fast
as the pail was emptied 1 stood without
moving a step, and turned the handle of the
cistern-pump a few times, and the pail was
full again. Now, if those tomatoes didn't
gfow. and if we didn't have nice tomatoes,
it was no fault of the Smith pump. In the
same way 1 have drawn up our buggy with-
in a convenient distance of tlie cistern-
pump, and with the Smith force pump I
could just deluge the thing without being
tililiged to put "on overalls or any thing of
the sort, until I was ready to sponge the
buggy off.

After testing one or two of the clieaper-
grades of force-pumps, we have given our
preference decidedly in favor of the Smith.
It works very easy, in consideration of the
large quantity of water it throws, and the
distance it forces it. On this account, in
case of tire we think the Smith would do
better execution than the majoritvof liigh-
er-priced force pumps on the market. If
any of you are desirous of knowing the
height to which you can send a stream, I
would say that, on several occasions, we
Imve easily sent a pretty good-sized stream
of water clear on top of our factory.

THE SPIDER iVS AN" ENEMY OF BEES.

A COIII'LE OF INSTANCES IN P(^1NT.

OUR TEN-CENT KNIFE FOR CUTTING
UP SEED-POTATOES.

THE ONE, AI-SO, KECOMMENDED FOR KITCHEN USE
By DR. MILLER.

tELOW we give you an engraving of the
knife that has been mentioned by Mr.
Terrv and Dr. C. C. Miller for a kitch-
en-knife, and for a knife to cut np po-
tatoes to plant. You will notice, that
the handle projects in an odd sort of way up
along the blade, to give a rest for the fore-
finger, spoken about on p. 2oK. The blade is
the J. Russell & Co.'s finest steel— the same,
in fact, that they use for oui- Novice honey-
knife.

OITR TEN-CEN'J' KITCHEN-KNIFE.

The special feature of this knife is in hav-
ing the blade so thin that, when it passes
through a potato or apple, there is scarcely
any resistance. Then the keen sharp point
is just the nicest thing that can be imagin-
ed, for cutting out the eyes or objectionable
spots. It is also an excellent knife for par-
ing and coring apples. We are enal)led to
furnish them at the low price mentioned, by
buvinT them i.i great quantities. If wanted
by^mail, add 4 cts. extra for postage.

T various times, Avriters in (Cleanings have
pronounced the sjjider a friend to the bee-
keeper. It seems to me that this statement
ought to be received with considerable al-
lowance. A year ago I prepared a number
of cases of sections^a considerable time before the
honey-harvest beg-au, and piled them on top of each
other until I should need theni on the hives. When
placed in position at the projier time the bees
prom I'tly took possession of nearly all; but there
were several very strong- colonies tlmt resisted ev-
ery ett'ort to force them into the sections 1 revei-s-
ed combs, uncapped honey, and contracted the hive
space, but all to no purpose. It never occurred to
me to see if any thing was wrong in the cases; but
at the end of the season 1 found that each case was
oecui>ied by several large and e.xceedingly vigorous
spidei-s. They had taken possession before the
cases were given to tlie bees, and they held posses-
sion all summer at an expense of several dollars to
me. 1 doubt very much if the most aggressive col-
onies would have the courage to displace such in-
trudei'S.

But it is not at the hive alone that the spider is a
nuisance to the bee-keeper. Several years ago I
was amusing myself in the ttower garden one morn-
ing by pulling open the corollas of pinks that a bee
had been vainly trying to enter. When it thrust its
head into the narrow opening I would pull the pet-
als apart so that it might reach the nectar at the
bottom of the cup. At length the bee alighted
upon a cluster of flowers on which was a small
green spider not more than a quarter of an inch
long. For a full minute the insects regarded each
other without moving, then with a sudden spring
the spider seemed to clasp the head of the bee for
an instant with his anterior legs. In a moment he
reti-eated to the further edge of the flower-cluster,
and the bee rolled to the ground dead. Before the
spider made his spring the bee seemed dazed and
confused: and my wife, looking- on, begged me to
interfere for its protection. But I believed the bee
was safe against the attacks of such a puny ene-
my, and I could hardly believe the evidence of my
eyes when I held the dead bee in my hand. lean
not think of the incident yet without a feeling of
regret.

Who can tell how often these tragedies of the
fields are enacted? The spider is everywhere; and
if it is habitually so spiteful and venomous, it de-
serves to be ranked among the most destructive
enemies of the bee. If is, undoubtedly, an excel-
lent protector of empty combs, t)ut beyond this I
consider its usefulness to the apiarist as ended.
Denison, Iowa, Apr. IS, 1887. Z. T. Hawk.

Friend H., the jioint you make is, no
doubt, a most important one, and I should
like to ask if others have bad a like experi-
ence ; and we want Prof. Cook to tell us, if
he can, what spider it was that killed that
bee, and by what means he did it. There
are surely spiders enough at the college
museum to include this very chup. If I am
correct, spiders have no means of killing
their enemies except by a mechanical opera-
tion; that is, they have no poison-bag nor
poisonous spittle, neither is their bite poison-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

341

ous. How, then, did this spider kill tlie bee
so quickly V The bee is quite tenacious of
life, as many of us iiave discovered when
trying to kill an antrry bee. I know a great
many chxim that spiders can bite, and that
their bite is prisonous. Prof. Cook declai'es
tliis is all fallacy and superstition, unless I
am mistaken.

N. C. MITCHELL.

GOOD NEWS ! HE HAS tilVEN UP SELLING hWKM-
RIOHTS, ETC.

0ITR older readers will remember that,
foi- a series of years, we were obliged
to caution the public about sending
nu)ney to friend Mitchell. Por four or
live years back, however, we have
heard but little in regard to him ; but with-
in the past few montiis several friends have
forwarded us his circular, with a drawing
and description of tlie National Bee-house.
We notice by this circular that Mr. Mitchell
has discontinued selling rights— at least, the
circular reads as foUow's :

NVe tin\e no farm-rights to sell you now at any
price, lor the reason that, if we did so, not one of
you in five hundred would know what to do with
them, and you would be no better off than you now
are with the hives that you already have in use.

This, certainly, is true, and, I believe, hon-
est. It does us good to be able to find some
point on which we can gladly shake hands
with our old friend. He advertises a new
honey- extractor, better and cheaper than
any othn- in use, for $2,00; also a new appa-
ratus for making comb foundation ready for
the bfes ; net cost.. SI. 50. We suppose these
things are to be sold to the members of the
class which he organizes in each place ; and
if the customer receives the aiticle as he
hands ovei- the money, we do not see that
there can be very much fault found.

Now, 1 wanted to close this notice without
finding any fault; but I feel really obliged
to say to those who have had no experience
with Mr. ^liicheli, be sure and not pay him
a cent of money for any thing that is to be
shipped you or biought you some time in the
future. Below is a letter forwarded to us by
one of our subscribers. It was directed to
Wat rtown. Washington Co., O.

To any Ber-kfrjier: — Will you kindly permit me to
ask a few questions V 1 spent, last week, a day in
Perry County, and was surprised to find your hilly
country the frreatest honey-produciug' county in
Ohio. I will visit your county soon, with the view
of flndinpr a g-ood location to start a large apiary.
We want a location where fruit can be had in quan-
tities at fair prices, and where blackberries and
other wild fruit may begot in large quantity. We
are now putting- up fruit canned in honey. If you
or any of yoin- friends can give me the desired in-
formation you will confer a great favor upon us I
never knew until recently of your honey resource?,
or I would luive been with you long ago. Address
me at Columbus, O. N. C jriTCHEi.i,.

Columbus, O., Apr. 7, 18S7.

Canning fruit in honey is surely a laudable
undertaking, and we wish o\u- friend success

in the matter, even if he does teach his pu-
pils by classes at a dollar each for a single
lesson.

YOUNG CARP IN APRIL.

A (.K'lTKH FKOM .Mil, TON )'. PEIKCK, EDITOK OF
THE .lOURNAt, OF FISH CULTURE, ETC.

NOTICE your remarks under the above head in
Gleanings for April 1.5th. I think you must
certainly be mistaken about those tiny little
fishes being carp, for those the size of a cu-
cumber seed would ordinarily be but a few
hours old, and surely there could not at that date
have been any spawning— much less, hatching— for
it is even yet too cold at this date (Apr. 20) for eith-
er. The conclusion forced upon me is, that they
are some small variety of native pond-fishes. I
have had many specimens sent to me by mail
(dead, of course) for identification, but under the
firm belief that they were our food-cariJ- They
have always been tiny specimens of native brook
or pond fishes. Had your date been one month
later, I should not have thought that you had made
a very common mistake.

In regard to sending carp in wet moss: I have
several times tried the e.vperiment, not only with
moss, but with clean sponge and other apparently
suitable material, but only with trifling success.
I have, however, during the past winter sent 100
very fine-bred, parti-scale carp, in a peculiarly
constructed t<ink, to the City of Mexico, a tritle
over 3700 miles, and 9,5 of the 100 reached there
alive and in good condition. Another shipment,
sent this spring, from the same stock atid in the
same kind of tank, over the same i-oute (as I sup-
pose), certainly by the same exjjress company,
were all dead before they had crossed the State of
Te.xas. I have for years expressed the opinion,
that carp should not be shipped in the spring.
Their vitality is at the lowest then; whereas, in the
fall and early winter they are in the most hardy
condition of any portion of the year.

I much regret, friend Root, that you, who have
SI) excellent an opportunity to aid this promi.=ing
industry, do not engage in it in a sj'Stematic man-
ner. You have a very good site for the purpose,
and ample facilities for a model establishment,
such as would induce hundreds of others, not only
in Ohio, but elsewhere, to start right, or remodel
their present crude establishments. M. P. Peiuce.
Philadelphia, Pa.

Thiinks. friend P., and I am sorry to be
o'.liged to admit that you are light about it,
for I caught some of the minnies and found
them to be little lish just like those in the
creek. Now, can you tell us liow in the
world they got into our pond ? It is so
much above the water in the creek, that
overflow is out of the question ; and the on-
ly way in which I can account for it is, that
the brook fish must have got in through the
holes the musk-rats cut in the banks of the
pond, letting the water out. I suppose the
only remedy is to draw the pond dry and
killall these spurious tish. The reason 1 do
not go into carp as you suggest, is such as
is given in my reply to friend Terry, on
strawberries. If Blue Eyes. Caddie, or even
our four-year-old Huber, should get a fever
foi- raising carp, then the way would be
open.

342

(tLeanings tx bee culture.

May

ANOTHER WAY OF EMPTYING THE
T SUPEK,

WITH THD T TINS STATIONAKY.

fKIEND HOOT:— T supi><>,se, from what you
have repeatedly stated, that you are often
burdened with more correspondence than
yon desire or can malie use of, and for that
reason I have kept silent many times when I
fairly ached to put in a word upon some current
topic under discussion; and when I saw in Glean-
ings for April Ist the description of C. C. Miller's
method of removing sections from surplus cases, I
thought I would venture to give a brief account of
my way of doing the same work; for you know
that, when we have what we believe to be an extra
good thing, it affords us pleasure to compare notes
with our friends.

r use some surplus eases similar to those of friend
Miller's, e.\cept thai T fasten the tin T's permanent-
ly in their places. To get the sections out of the
cases, as thus made, T have u bearing-board, with
upright blocks 4'^ inches high fastened upon it,
corresponding to each row of sections in the cases,
and with spaces between the upriglit blocks to al-
low a passageway for the tin T's when the case is
pressed downward. This bearing-board is placed
in a machine made for this purpose; a case of sec-
tions is set upon it. there being stays on three sides
of it to hold it squarely in its proper place; then by
means of a treadle a follower is brought to bear
upon the entiie length of the opposite sides of the
case, in such a manner as to force it downward
evenlj' all around at the same time, the follower
having guides which hold it firmly so that one side
or corner can not get in advance of the other parts
and twist the case out of shape, and thereby cramp
and break the sections. If a steady gentle pressure
does not separate the case from the sections, let
up a little on the treadle. A spring lifts the follow-
er upward, then a (juick downward motion will give
the necessary force to break any wax or propolis
which may be holding them together, and the case
will slip down out of the way. The sections will be
left standing on the top of those upright pieces
upon the bearing-board, ready to be removed. I
also remove sections from the wide frames with
this same machine, but have a different bearing-
board.

Now, friend Root, for the sake of brevity 1 have
not entered much into detail in the above, but have
simply given an outline of my way of getting sec-
tions out of supers. Jo.shu.a. Bull.
Seymour, Wis., AprO 16, 1887.

Many thanks, friend B., for your sugges-
tions. I have no doubt that the plan for
emptying the T super witli the T tin sta-
tionary will answer excellently. If I am
correct, Mr. Heddon has a follower some-
thing similar to yours; but I believe you
have improved it a little by means of the
foot-power attachment. If with your at-
tachment the super can be emptied of its
contents as quickly and easily as friend
Miller does it, I don't see but there would
be considerable advantage in having the T
tins stationary. I believe, however, there is
another advaJitage, with the loose tins, the
super can be Idled easier. When you have a
good thing, friend B., and fairly"ache to let
it nut don't brs afraid of the everlasting
^* waste-basket." We always try to arrange

it so that communications of general inter-
est shall appear ; but sometimes we are so
flooded that even good articles have to be
held over for some time.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

THE WINTER APKKKV.

PROPOZE to organnize a winter aperry. It is

C well ncan that the most prophetable way to
"Vl maik butter is the winter dary. Simmilerly
likewise it's the same with bees. Summer
aperrys is going out of stile, and winter- aper-
rys will be all the go. The man which wants to
maik munny at the bee bi/.ness nuist git a winter
aperry.

The advantiges of a winter aperry is too te.ius
to remunei-ate. But 1 will sho a phue points in
which it is souppeeryer to summer, .lennerly win-
ter izzent so hot as sunuuer and yiire apt to swet
moar in summer and it makes the bees mad to see
you swet.

Next, the winter aperry is not out door but in un-
der shelter. This makes it suitful for dellykit la-
dies, which they doaiit like to spoil thair completik-
shens in the hot sun in summei-.

Agane, evry buddy hed ot to keep a winter aper-
ry on ackount of bekoz all others keeps them in
summer, tharefore the competishen will be less.

MY WINTER .M'KKKY.

The winter aperry is construckted with (4) four
walls and a dore and a glass roof. The roof is the
grate feetyour of my winter apperry. It is egg-
zackly upposit a house roof. Whair a house or a
barn roof goes up the winter aperry goes down and
visy-versy contrarywise, the hiest place in the roof
of the winter aperry is jist whair the house roof is
lo. The ob.ieck of this will be quite a parent on a
little refleckshiin. It is to colleck the rays of the
sun. fo)' thL- common roof maiks the rays of the sun
slide ofl' and the roof of the winter aperry ketches
them. A siib-ventillater shaft starts (8) three feet
above the ground and cums out at the roof to let
out the rays of the sun when thay git too noomer-
ous.

Sitch is the the prinsypull points of the winter
aperry. The rest is eezy. Git my winter strane of
bees, and feed them out of my youreeky feeder and
thay will maik moar hunny than in summer, for
you see the bees kant git out of the winter aperry
and git lost like thay do when thay fly off in sum-
mer. Bees doant dy in summer; you ken see that
by looking at a hive; thay jist fly off' and git so far
thay never git back.

1 grate advantige of the winter aperry is that
bees doant sting in winter. Hwo ever herd of bees
attactin enny buddy in winter'^ So you see if evry
1 kep a winter aperrj-, it wood avoid the necessity
of a law soot. P. Benson, A. B. S.

.\. B. S. is fijr Apioulmrigtjca,! Bee Keepin Sigh-
ORtist,

1887

GLEANmGS IK BEE CULTURE.

348

WINTERING BEES UP TOWARD THE
NORTH POLE.

Without any Stores Whatever.

W- p. CI-AItKK'S HIBERNATION THUOKV ESTABI.ISH-
KI) K[NAI.,IjY on a firm BASltS.

TTp S I happened to be down from the north to see
qflk a friend here in Ontario, I was reading- your
j^» bee-paper. i;noticed something in it about
■^^ bees beinji frozen in the snow over night,
and coming to life again, and your remarks
as to how long and how low a temperature they
would bear, and come back to life. I have found to
my astonishment, that no one seems to understand
how to winter bees without food and without much
trouble, and with a certainty of having them all in
the spring, and especially to have strong colonies
in the spring, both in Canada and your country. I
expected to learn somethiug new and improved
about keeping bees when I came down from the
north; but, as 1 said, I was astonished to find I
could learn nothing on wintering bees.

Where 1 came from is north of Nipising, about 1.50
miles from the arctic salt water; namely, James
Bay, a wing of Hudson's Bay, in a great plain
where bloom abounds tor about two months. The
honey-flow is great while it lasts. We get about
200 lbs. per colony; but if we wintered them the
way you and others do, we could not get more than
2.5 lbs. of honey from each colony, because the bees
would consume all, or nearly all, in the winter and
non-productive months.

Now, for the good of your people as well as for
Canadians, I will tell you how I manage mine; but
I must be honest, and tell you It was not my own
finding out. I learned it from an Indian who had
never seen a white man until 1 straggled into his
country. We became friends, and he told me his
secret. I saw there was money in it, and went in
with him. We have well nigh made a fortune. We
got our honey down a tributary of the Ottawa,
and paddled it down, and then returned in time to
put our bees away, then hunted and trapped all
winter. We generally had 35 Indians with canoes,
with some small rafts attached, to take down our
honey every fall, after the fourth year; but we
never had much left when we got to Ottawa. We
traded it to Indians for furs, on our way down, of t-
en doubling and trebling the price. As each canoe
was unloaded we let it return, and so on. That was
ten years ago.

You and your readers will perhaps wonder how I
got there, how 1 came to stay there, and how I
could talk to a wild Indian, and so on. Well, my
story is easily told. 1 was crossed in love. I went
north into the forest, with a gun and knife and dog.
I fell among Indians, learned to talk their language,
and, as I said, I straggled into this man's territory.
He is a chief. I finally married his daughter, and
we are a happy family all round, mother-in-law and
all. We have five children, healthy and plump, and
as nimble as otters. Well, to business.

The old man found the secret by accident. He
fell a bee-tree late in October, and took the honey.
The bees clustered under a hollow piece of wood,
and there came a fall of snow that night. He went
to see if he could find more honey next day. He
looked at the bees, found they were numb, but
would come to life when he warmed some in his
band. He conceived the idea that, if he would cov-

er them up in snow, they might keep that way till
spring. Accordingly he covered them with bark,
then with snow, so no frost could reach them. As
soon as spring opened he went to them with a log
hive he had prepared, dug them out, put them in,
and carried them home. When they got warm, all
but a very few began to crawl and finally to buzz.
He fed them maple syrup that he had just made.
They did well. We made our hives of elm bark, by
peeling it in June. We had to employ help. We
pressed it around a square block of wood, let it dry,
then sewed one seam. We made all one size, so we
could set one on top of another, each one a foot
square inside, 14 inches deep. We use no founda-
tion. We manage to get the top hive full of clear
white comb. We take all of the best out of the bot-
tom; but how do the bees live over winter, with no
honey after the middle of October? Well, they
don't live— at least, they eat no stores. Here is the
way we do it:

The first cold nights we uncover the hives so they
will get perfecly cold through, then keep them in a
cool place in the shade, with covers on loose, so as
to keep them dry. As soon as there comes a good
fall of snow, which always comes there before hard
frost, we have a cave into which we pack a lot of
snow, then lay dry bark on it, then the hives, then
cover with dry bark, then pack about two feet of
snow over them, shut all up, and cover all over
nicely with snow. We never look at them till about
the first of May; but if there comes a thaw we are
careful not to let any wet get down. We do this by
packing more snow on, and cover with green hem-
lock brush, so as to keep the sun oft' the snow.
When it begins to thaw rapidly, and spring is upon
us, we dig the bees out, set them in the sun with cov-
ers off; and if it is a fine warm day we have them
humming in a few hours. We cover them at night,
uncover them next day, and cover at night again for
the last time. Our bees are all in full blast in three
days, carrying in pollen. The hives are in full
strength— no sickly hives, no spring dwindling. By
the first of June we have on the top hives. The
only danger in putting up bees for winter our way
is, if there are any hives with the least warmth left
in them the bees will come to life, then smother, or
starve— at any rate, die they must, and be worth-
less. We never lost more than two hives in that
way in eight years. 1 now think you can all under-
stand the cold plan of wintering bees. I suppose it
would be more difficult where the winter is not cold
enough. If you or any other bee-man would like to
communicate with me or my father-in-law and part-
ner. Eagle Muskeegoon, about our bee-business and
management, he can do so, aud can reach us by
writing to my friend George Watson, Alliston, On-
tario, who has a way of communicating with us.
He keeps bees, and intends to try our plan next
winter. He has lost most of his bees this winter al-
ready, and there is another month before they can
fly here yet. There is good sleighing here now, and
nearly as cold as January-

This was written for me at my request, and for
the good of my fellow-men, or as many as it may
concern. My letter is long, but 1 should like to tell
you something about the effect of honey by its use
with Indians. The three youngest of my father-in-
law's children, who were born at and after the time
he began to have plenty of honey, are of much bet-
ter complexion than the others. My children are
soft, clean, and bright-skinned— a kind of " English

344

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

cream-color." My wife has noticeably improved in
complexion too, and I verily believe all this came
from the liberal use of honey as a diet; but it is not
only in the ones 1 hav^e mentioned that the effect is
noticeable, but in several other families as well; and
from those facts I have not the least doubt but that
if white people, especially those who are dark, or
troubled with pimples on their face, would use
honey liberally, it would improve their color and
give them a clean, smooth skin. It would be much
better for young- ladles than all the potions, washes,
and sham drug-g-ed stuff they are eternally buying
to beautify themselves.
I am, sir, yours in bee-lore, — Daniei^ McFadden.

I am sure, dear friend, we are very much
obliged for your kind letter ; but we" should
have been better pleased to have had your
address in full, or at least your nearest post-
office, if there are no mail facilities near
you. As it is, we hope to hear more about
this wonderful experiment, through your
friend George Watson. Bees have over and
over again been wintered with so small an
amount of stores that more than one of the
bee-friends have been almost persuaded that
the bees could live for months, as you state
it, without any food at all ; but yet all ex-
periments made directly to prove this have
somehow failed, and most of us have settled
down to the belief witli Prof. Cook, that
bees do not hibernate. Perhaps in a climate
like yours it is possible to secure a cave with
a constant temperature a little below the
freezing-point; and although it seems to us
now that there must be some mistake some-
where, and that your bees had just a little
stores when they "started in their long win-
ter, we are open to conviction, and I have
to-day directed a letter to George Watson,
asking him what he can tell us about you
and your strange communication.

THE T SUPER.

WHAT SHALL BE USED TO SPACE OUT THE TOPS
OF THE SECTIONS ?

fKIEND ROOT:— Gleaninos seems to be large-
ly occupied with the T super lately— perhaps
more so than some may desire; but I always
like to see a thing discussed in a way that
will bring many minds to bear upon it. I
believe that our bee-periodicals have done more
good by taking up a subject and discussing it
thoroughly than they have in any other way. Of
course, there Is a time when such discussion be-
comes mere repetition, and then it is time to turn
into some other channel. This is my excuse for
presuming to write any thing more about the T
super, for I do not think the subject is yet entirely
exhausted.

First, T wish to say that my experience with 25 of
them, for two seasons, has been such as to cor-
roborate almost every thing that Dr. Miller has
said. I wish to dwell upon a few points that he
suggests on page 347, in his review of my former
article.

The supers that I have been using are just the
least scant 17^ inches in length, inside measure.
They are too short. They can be used, but they
are too difficult to fill with sections, as the sections
strike upon the tops of the T's. I have made one

Yi% inches long, and filled it with sections, to see
how it would work. I think this is just about
right. I feel very sure that any one who makes
them shorter than this will regret it, also that
there is no necessity for making them longer. But
this length leaves a space between the rows of
sections that I never could be contented with;
there must be some way of filling it. 1 tried the T
tins on top, with two or three supers, last summer.
It accomplished one thing perfectly — it holds the
sections square; but it Is objectionable, because of
the lines of glue that are placed where the tins
meet the tops of the sections— right where we
want our sections the cleanest. Also because it
necessitates a special T tin, or a separator less
than 314 inches wide, or the reduction of the tins to
less than i inch in depth ; for to try to use a T tin on
top that figures say will just touch the separators
below, will never do. I do not like either one of
these throe choices.

Dr. Miller also suggests that, in place of a T tin
on top, merely a straight piece of sheet iron or
heavy tin be used of the proper length, and of a
width so it will rest on the separators and come
just to the tops of the sections This holds the see-
tions square, and prevents the gluing. If heavy
tin is used, let it be ever so heavy and it is too frail.
It will always be getting bent and kinked out of
shape.

The sheet iron may do, but I think I know of a
plan better than either. Take a piece of tin of the
right length and width, and bend so the end will
look like this d3 . This makes a bar stiff enough
so, with any fair treatment, it will not get bent out
of shape; it is also folded so that it is the same
thickness as the T tins are below it, and both edges
are rounded, making it nicer to handle and easier
to insert between the rows of sections. What can
you furnish them at, friend Root?

Now about the size of the T tins. Dr. Miller's are
1/2 inch deep, and, as I understand it. you are mak-
ing them so. Mine are only % ; and if they were
only one-half as strong as thej' are they would be
just as good. Now, if they are made only % they
let the separators down where I think they belong.
My separators are 3'/4 inches wide, but I rather
think, as Mr. Heddon said in March 1.5th Glean-
ings, that ii"., would be better.

WINTEHING.

I winter in the cellar. Winter before last I gave
upward ventilation by slightly raising the cover,
which is merely a cleated board lying on the hive.
Bees came out weak. Last winter I left the covers
glued down tight. Bees seem to be in good condi-
tion this spring— all alive. They were somewhat
stronger last fall, however, than the year before.

Iowa City, Iowa, Apr. 9, 1887. Wm. Drew.

Tiiauks for your suggestions, friend D.
For tlie inside 'length of the T super, 17f is
about as near right as we can get it. We
have made all ours that way, and, so far, I
believe we are on common ground ; but we
are not so decided as to what would be the
proper width of the T super. Dr. Miller
has the inside width of his super exactly 12
inches. Ours is 18i. The supports on our
T tins are f inch high. If they were i inch
high we could not, of course, use separators
'Si in. wide, with another T tin on top. For
tliose who may prefer to use the T tins
above, we decided upon the height of f of

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

345

an inch, and we believe there is no disad-
vantage in changing fromi to I of an inch.
Tlie point you mention, that, when the T
tins are used on top, the bees proi)olize
along the edges of theT"s, has been suggest-
ed bv others. Our friend Mr. M. G. Chase,
of Whittlesey, Medina Co., O., uses only
such comb-guides as are used in the Sim-
plicity frames. These comb-guides he cuts
off the proper length, and drops them down
on the separators between the sections.
We believe that the folded tins you speak of
are better for the purpose. We can furnish
them f of an inch wide for (iO cents per 100 ;
postage, 60 cents.

DRONE COMB.

WHEN AND UNUEK WHAT CONDITIONS THE BEES

BUIT.n DKONK AND WORKER COMB IN

THE SOUTH.

'HEN reading' Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson's arti-
cle on drone comb, Dec. 15, 1886, page 96i»,
1 was very much struck with the points
he made in the article, in reference to
bees rearing- drones, and the building- of
drone comb. The experience that he gives is very
much different from mine on a tew particular
points.

He says: "Many have reported that their newly
hived swarms built drone combs when the queens
were iiat old. True; but, look'e here; they didn't
raise any drones." Yes, sir! at least, it they didn't
I have had them do so. It is seldom the case 1 can
hive a swarm on empty frames, even when the
nueen is less than one year old, but that it will
build at least as much as one full L. fraine of drone
comb in 8, and rear drones, and keep them, too,
till fall. I seldom ever have a hive of Italian bees
that kill out their drones before September. Few
drones are kept by black bees after June 30th. al-
though they rear them, the same as the Italians
do, throughout the entire spring and summer.
Mr. Hutchinson also says, that bees build drone
comb to store surplus in, when they are storing it
rapidly. He saj's: " And they can store it faster by
building store or drone comb than they can by
building worker comb." I think myself that they
can do it, but certain it is that they don't do it here
in our climate, when they are storing hone.v rapid-
ly, but invariably build u;t>;-/cer comb when honey is
oominK- in fast. As !<oon as the honey-dow is pret-
ty well over in the spring, with verj' little surplus
being stored in the sections, the bees begin to
build all their comb in the sections of drone comb.
They build but little else the rest of the i-eason,
unless we happen to have another pretty heavy
honeyfl-ow. In the event that we do, the bees at
once resume the building of worker combs in
the sections, to store their surplus in.

r can nearly always tell at a glance, when I open
a hive, whether honey is coming- in fast or slowly
by the kind of comb the bees are drawing out in
the sections. When they have a section 6 inches
square, built half down in drone comb, and honey
begins to come in freely, they at once change and
finish out such sections In worker comb. Now,
why is this, unless it is to economize In the
production of wax';' Then, again, why such a dif-
ference in our hees in building combs'/ Certainly
it must be due to the difference in climate.

If, then, these differences are due to climate we
should always, in reading after various writers,
especially when there is a very radical difference
in their experiences, take into consideiation the
difference in climate as well as other conditions.

1 transfer bees from box hives into movable-
frame hives, comb and all, such as is suitable to
use again, for my neighbors, at 50 cts. per colony.
All are black bees, of course. I have transferred 15
and 20 hives at a place; and many, sometimes half,
the number of hives, would be halt drone coml)
throughout the entire hive. A. L. Swinson.

Goldsboro, Wayne Co., N. C, Feb. 7, 1887.

Friend S., my experience indicates that
drone comb is built when lu)ney is coming
in the fastest, and I supposed it was for the
reason you give, only it seems to me it is the
di'tme comb that takes the least wax and the
least labor, while worker comb takes the
most wax and the most labt)r. I agree with
you, that some colonies fill worker comb,
even during a heavy flow, while others
change over to drone comb where they had
commenced starting worker; and they
build this drone comb, it seems to me. with
much greater rapidity than they could pos-
sibly spin out the worker comb. 1 have also
noticed, that when an old colony was prepar-
ing to swarm they would fill an empty frame
with drone comb with almost incredible ra-
pidity. In this case the comb would not be
very nice or very true ; but it often has the
look of being gotten up with very little care
or attention.

AN EXPEDITIOUS WAY OF REMOVING
PROPOLIS.

HOW TO HAVE CLEAN HANDS AND CLEAN
CLOTHES.

fkBRHAPS some of your readers would like to
' know of a convenient and cheap way to re-
' move bee-glue from the hands. With me it
is cheaper and better than alcohol, ammonia,
or any thing else I have tried. I have some
slacked lime handy where I wash my hands. After
wetting them I take some of the lime and rub them
thoroughly with it, re-wetting them and using more
lime if necessary. Thin whitewash does even bet-
ter. When washed off, a little vinegar will make
the hands feel natural again. As my business is
" looking down in the mouth," as it is said of den-
tists, it is quite an item with me in bee-keeping- to
be able to get my hands in a presentable condition
on short notice, when some one calls to have den-
tistry done.

The plan above has been satisfactory with me for
the last eleven years; but week before last I found,
or rather Mrs. Mason suggested, something that
proved to be better. It " used to be," that, when I
got any propolis on my white shirt or " bricha-
loons," she would give me a little talk for being so
careless; but it would get on in spite of all the talk-
ing she could do. She doesn't talk to me any more
about it now, and it is such a relief ! Two or three
years ago she came across a recipe for a flrst-class
washing-fluid, and she won't wash without it. Some
of our neighbor women are just as notional
about it as she is; and if all of the lady readers of
Gleanings who have to wash, not dirty men's
clothes but men's dirty clothes, will try it I don't

346

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIiTUllE.

May

believe they will want to get along without it un-
less they have something better.

Here is the recipe; One pound crystal potash;
one ounce stroiiRest aqua ammonia; one ounce bor-
ax, and one gallon of sol't water. Put all in a jug and
keep well corked. Use half to two-thirds of a cup-
ful, and about one inch shaved off an ordinary bar
of soap, to a boiler of clothes. Soak the clothes
over night; wring them out in the morning, and
boil without rubbing; rinse thoroughly and you
will be delighted to see how white the wash will be.
Mrs. M. uses soft soap, and uses the fluid in soaking
the clothes also, and rubs the dirty spots.

Week before last, one warm pleasant daj- I set
some of my bees out of the cellar for a flight; and
in looking over some of the colonies I got my hands
more than usually daubed with propolis, and then,
of course, a lady had to call to have some teeth
filled. My hands were in a pretty fix. It being
winter, there was no lime at hand; and alcohol,
ammonia, benzine, turpentine, and coal oil were too
slow coaches, in my hurry. My better half came,
as usual, to my relief by suggesting that 1 try the
washing-fluid. She poured two or three table-
spoonfuls in the wash-dish, and I " showed my faith
by my works." My I but that projiolis was awfully
scared, I verily believe, for it left my hands almost
instantly, and they felt as though the skin might be
wanting to keep it company ; but some vinegar
stopped such a proceeding, and I had some clean
hands. The memory of the oldest inhabitant at
our house doesn't reach back to the time when they
were made so clean in so short a time. I shall use
the washing-fluid to remove propolis in the futui-e;
but unless I forget it, it will be diluted some before
my hands get into it. It may not come amiss, al-
though not new to many, to say that, when the
roughness of our hands gets filled with dirt that
soap and water don't remove, we put twenty or
thirty drops of aqua ammonia, more or less, in a
wash-dish and add two or three tablespoonfuls of
soft water, and wash the hands with it. It is pleas-
ing to see the dirt unite with the water and ammo-
nia so quicklj'.

Mrs. M. wishes me to say that she thinks Mr.
Root must have taken pains to select a nice " Go-
shen" carpet-sweeper when you sent ours, it is so
nice and works so nicely. I don't like to tell her
that I don't believe you even know that we orderi'd
one of you, and then she won't know but you did
her a most special favor. It was her valentine, but
I call it her little wagon, and it is nice and handy to
have in the house. A. B. Mason.

Auburndale, O., Mar. 19, 1887.

Why, friend M., you started out to tell us
how to remove propolis, and have indirect-
ly siven us a valuable preparation tor wash-
ing clothes, and the latter is probably of a
hundred fold more moment than the former;
but I watched anxiously to see some remark
in regard to injury to the clothing. Mrs.
Root used almost ihe same thing years ago,
but tinally abandoned it, because she and
others thought it made the clothes wear out
faster. Will your good wife please tell us
her opinion in regard to this point? In any
event, the recipe would be an excellent one
for bee-keepers, I am sure. When I was in
the jewelry business we used to have a large
bt)ttle of ammonia on a shelf over the
sink, and the hands were so much in the

habit of using it when washing grease and
other accumulations from their hands that
it got to be an expensive item. It is an ex-
cellent thing to have in the house, at all
events, and perhaps the friends remember
we have had it put up in bottles on our 10-
cent counter; in fact, it is there especially
advei tised for removing propolis, with the
addition of a little soap. Now, are you sure
the potash and borax make it any more ef-
fective?—Many thanks for Mrs. Mason's
kind opinion of the carpet-sweepers, and of
our establishment in general.

house: WARMING.

HONKV-BO VUDS. AM) Ml;NDIN({ TINWARE.

XcTOT one - half the people whom Gl,eanings
lll| reaches think they are able to have a fur-
c|iy| nace or a hard-coal base-burner, or keep up
"^-^ I fires in stoves so as to warm distant bed-
rooms. I think it would he cheaper in the
long run, as it would save taking colds, I am sure.
The next best thing to having rooms warmed is
soapstone foot-stoves, one or more of which will
last for a lifetime. They take heat quickly and
hold the heat a long time. We find it a great com-
fort to have one heated and laid in bed, where our
shoulders come, and at night push it down to our
feet. We find them much more comfortable than a
jug of hot water, an iron, or a brick. The soap-
stone seems to hold the heat longer, and need not
be heated scorching or sissing hot.

HOW TO MEND TINWARE.

Not long since I learned how to solder. It seems
a simpler process than yours. I will give it to you
and your readers. Procure a 25-cent bar of tinner's
solder, and melt it up in an old dripping-pan, one
end of which has two holes or more in it. When
melted tip the pan so that the melted metal will run
toward the holes. Let it run through them upon a
long board or hard-wood floor; pull the pan slowly
so as to make the solder come out in long slim bars.
Cut up in lengths of six inches or so. Purchase
5 cents' worth of muriatic acid. Scrape the tin with
an old jack-knife; if rusty, apply with cork a little
of the acid; if not rusty, no acid is needed. Now
light a candle or lamp. If a lamp is used, turn up
the cap which Is over the burner; leave oft' the
chimney. Now hold the hole in the pan to be mend-
ed, over the flame, and with a bar of solder rub
around the hole. The flame will melt enough sol-
der to fill the hole in a moment, and the work is
done. In this way I keep all my pans and cups
mended. It is less trouble than to send to a tinner's,
and less trouble than to be pulling in strings to fill
the holes. Av)ply the solder to the side of the pan
that is the least rusty. It is better to mend before
the holes get too large, as it is more easily done.
Practice first on the small holes, and then on the
larger.

THE HONEY-BOAKD WITH A BEE-SPACE ON TOP,
AND A BEE-SPACE BELOW.

I am very much interested in the correspondence
between Dr. Miller, Ernest, and yourself, in respect
to ilie stxi loiicases. I wish we could come upon
soiiielhing wc were entirely suited with, and which
needs no change. The honey-board with a bee-
space below it and above the sections, I think, in-
valuable, as bees build bridges all over the tops of

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

347

the sections to raise up the cloths if cloths are laid
over them. Last summer and summer before, as
we had a g'reat many division-hoards cleated on one
side, we used them on top of the surplus case, lay-
ing- a thin quilt above to cover the sides, as the
board was not wide enough. I mention this as
there are a g'reat many poor people who are keep-
ing- bees who feel they can not afford to buy all the
new improvements until fully indorsed by others.

Roseville, 111. Mrs. L. C. Axtell.

Tliauks, Mrs. A. Your arranj^ement for
mending tinware is much the same as the
one we describe in the ABC book.

A CHEAP WAGON-BED.

HOW TO MAKE ONE FOR HAULING BEES, AND AT
SMAI.T. COST.

i'p S this is the time of year when some wish to
^ move their bees to different locations, and
vJ get them ready for the season's work, I will
■• give you a description of a cheap arrange-
ment of my own that is the compietest thing
for its cost that 1 know of.

Now, a spring-wagon, made expressly for hauling
bees, must be strong, and, of course, it will cost
more tban a great many will care to pay; so. instead
of it, I made a bed 20 feet long and 4.5 inches wide,
inside measurement. Under this are three heavy
springs, so arranged that the bed can be put on any
ordinary lumber wagon, and will carry all a team
can draw. In the first place, I used two pine scant-
ling, 2x8 inches, 20 feet long. These are the sides of
the bed, and give it its firmness. Under these
scantling, in front, is an oak plank, t foot wide and
49 inches long, placed crosswise, and securely bolt-
ed with 10-inch bolts to them. Under this plank the
front spring is fastened with clips, and under the
spring is a short false bolster, 2 feet long, clipped
to it, and a king-bolt in the bolster, stationary. In
putting the bed on the front axle, the bolster be-
longing to the wagon is taken off, and the false
bolster, with its king-bolt, is used instead. Over
the hind bolster, the same size of plank is used, and
two springs are set crosswise, just inside the bol-
ster-stakes. Two holes are made in the plank for
the stakes to play through, as the bed springs up
and down. The hind springs are set right on the
bolster, and fastened to it with clips that can be
put on or taken off at pleasure. For clii)s, 'i,-inch
bolts are used with small yokes, 8 bolts to a spring;
and for the clips around the hind bolster I put 4
bolts through small blocks of wood.

Now as to the springs: The front one isC-leafed,
1% inches wide. The two hind ones are 5-leafed, and
same width. They are 13 feet apart. The hind ones
are five feet from one end of the bed, and front one
two feet. A reach must be used with the wagon, of
the right length, and it must be very firm.

As to the bottom of the bed, it is readily seen that
the planks to which the springs are fastened will be
a part of the support; and for the rest, place strips
3x2. and 49 inches long, crosswise, 2 feet apart, more
or less, under the scantling, and fasten them with
wood screws 6 or 7 inches long. We now have a
frame for the bottom, and the bottom can be put
on either movable or stationary. The rest of the
bed can be finished according to any one's own in-
clinations. To summarize, we have the scantling
for sides; planks and strips with boards on them

for bottom. It can be easily made; and, if made
right, it will carry all the springs will bear, either
30 or 3.5 hives of bees, or a small picnic party, and it
will cost about $12.00 or $1.5.00.

Roland Shekburne.
Lone Tree, Iowa, Apr. 6, 1887.

DOES THE QUEEN HAVE ANY THING

TO DO WITH RULING THE

COLONY?

PROF. COOK REPLIES TO FRIEND DADANT IN RE-
GAUD TO THE MATTER.

T^DITOR GLEANINGS:— In the April Apicultu-
fil) "^'' ^ write as follows: "Of course, we
|)^r might speculate as one of our leading Ameri-
'*^ can bee-keepers has lately done in a leading
beepaper, in reference to the queen's com-
pelling the workers to make drone comb; but in
these days of scientific accuracy, speculation or
mere theorizing goes for naught." A kind letter
from our friend Dadant, who was the writer re-
ferred to (see article in current volume of Glean-
ings, p. 129), refers to this as i-idicule, and asks me
to explain why I see fit to condemn the theory. He
rightly says, that theories have often done great
good and have led to the greatest discoveries. He
asks me to send my reasons for doubting his theo-
ry, to Gleanings.

First, I wish to disclaim all thought of ridicule. I
look on Mr. Dadant and his son as among our
ablest bee-keepers and best writers;and Ineverskip
their articles when hurrying through our numer-
ous bee-papers— so numerous that one has to pass
some of them, or else pass much in all, if he does
any thing else. Again, 1 consider Mr. Dadant as
one of the broadest and most far-seeing of our
American apiarists, and so one of our safest advis-
ers. I feel to reverence such men who have grown
venerable in a pursuit, and have left valuable
finger-marks on every page. So hearty was my re-
spect and admiration, that, when Mr. Langsftroth
asked me whom I would recommend to revise his
great work, I at once suggested Chas. Dadant and
son. I hardly need say, then, that I had no in-
tent to ridicule.

I must say, however, that I was surprised at this
article. The farts are certainly well established;
but the reasoning and theory to account for them
are not, to my mind, either sustained or probable.
It was an idea in the olden time, that the queen
exercised "sovereign authority." 1 commenced
bee-keeping about twenty years ago, with this
view. I soon became convinced that it was an
error, and I have-never seen any reason to return
to the old views. It is true, as we all know, that,
so long as the queen keeps the empty cells filled in
the bi-ood-nest, so long will only worker comb be
built. Messrs. Dadant, Doolittle, and Hutchinson
have given us excellent observations in this realm;
and so long as they confine themselves to these
facts, and the practical suggestions like that with
which Mr. Dadant closes his excellent article, we
are all profited; but the theorizing we had better
leave, as did the great Charles Darwin, till we get
such a wealth of fact and example that the theory
may hardly be called mere hypothesis.

Mr. Dadant urges that the queen rules the work-
ers in this matter. I have never seen a single indi-
cation that the queen rules the workers in any

848

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

respect, nor do I believe that she does. From my
observation, it would the rather seem that pro bono
publico is the motto of the hive. When honey is in
excess, store-room is necessary; and it can be most
rapidly fashioned if drone comb is built. 1 believe
in this drone-comb building- at such times, as also
when drones are needed, as the colonies become
crowded, and again when only storage is required,
as in the absence of a queen; then all the bees
cheer the work of building drone comb. Economy
calls for this, and bees are excellent economists.
When, on the other hand, bees are needed, and
room for worker eggs imperative, then I believe all
are in hearty accord, and are eager to see worker
comb. It has seemed to me that Tennyson's lines
state the law that governs in this bee-hive king-
dom: "The individual withers, but the race is
more and more." Let a bee become weighted
with mi Ik- weed pollen, stupid with age, or impo-
tent from any cause, and how heartlessly the oth-
er bees drag it from the hive. I believe a queen is
no exception.

The survival of the fittest, and the extermination
of the weak, seems to be Nature's inexorable law.
Even among men this law is not entirely absent.
It seems tome that Christ introduced a grand im-
provement on this law; that is, kindness and love,
even to the weak among us— even to our enemies.
The bees have no higher ethics than the greatest
good to the greatest number— no asylums, no alms-
houses there; yet so loag as all are strong and able,
just so long are all respectable in the bee-hive
world, and each does its proper work with no let,
hindrance, or compulsion. This is the impression
which I have received from the closest observa-
tion I have been able to make.

WINTERING.

The spring may not be the time to write of win-
tering; yet it is the time when we are forming
Judgments that will control our future manage-
ment. It seems to me that the question is solved;
and that for localities in the latitude of Michigan,
and, I think T may say, of Ohio and north, the cel-
lar is the place. Give me a good cellar, and good
honey or syrup in sufficient quantities, and I will
warrant even rather small colonies. I speak after
several years of absolute success. The cellar must
be kept as near 4.5° F. as possible. Ours never falls
below 38°, rarely below 43° F. This temperature
may be cheaply and safely secured, either by
sub-earth ventilation or by the presence of water.
Probably artificial heat may be depended upon, but
the above means I consider safest. The food must
be good and abundant. Thirty pounds is none too
much. It Is very essential to pay close heed, after
the bees are prepared for winter, that they he not
robbed in the fall, and so starve during the winter.
We lost one colony in this way a year ago. and two
this winter. Every drop of honey was gone. Our
apiary is so that we can not watch it continually,
aad so weak colonies, such as we form in autumn
from nuclei, are, of course, subject to robbers.
Our bees were in the cellar from November 13th to
April 8th, and came out very strong. As in previ-
ous years, there is almost no brood. I prefer to
have none. The colonies wintered in the new
Heddon hives are wonderfully strong — T think be-
cause of the fact of a deep space under the hive. 1
believe that having the upper case full of honey,
and the lower empty, would make a superb hive for
cellar wintering. I wish all my hives were raised

one inch from the bottom-board in winter. T
would cover closely above, but leave the entrance
widely open. Bees wintered thus in a gnnd cellar
will give no trouble in spring, even though not
packed. I know this because I have tried it. I
wish to confine the bees on a few frames, and can
succeed as well with single-walled hives as with
chaff hives. I am not even sure that it is necessary
to have packing above. A simple board may serve
as well, but I am not sure of this. T shall try 2.5
colonies this spring.

Now, why I prefer the cellar is this: If the cellar
is right, we are always safe, providing we look out
for food. With chaff hives, we are not safe; at
loast, it so seems to me, even in the latitude of
Central Ohio. Occasionally a long severe uninter-
rupted winter comes, and the bees are swept away,
when those in the cellar are as safe as ever. Of
course, the cellar mHSt be right, but that can be se-
cured with ease and certainty.

EFFECT OF BBE-STINOS.

I have noticed several references of late in
Gleanings to bee-stings. This matter of bee-
poison is surely one of much interest. In the
many years which I have taught bee-keeping here,
I have had often thirty or forty students a year.
I always say to the class, that I do not think any
one has properly completed the course who has not
received at least one sting. Usually, each one
passes satisfactorily in this respect. Of all these
many students, only three have been seriously in-
jured. In each of these cases, a severe fever was
induced, attended with general swelling, even of
parts distant from the wound, intolerable itching,
and a sense of suffocation. I have always recom-
mended cold water, either as a bath or pack, and it
has always given quick relief; though the unpleas-
ant symptoms of swelling and sore muscles would
not disappear for two or three days. Very many
are stung, and often there is considerable local
swelling. For this we have tried all the remedies
we have ever read of. from watch-key, clay, ice-
water, to alkaline washes. We have not tried the
new English remedy, but shall this season. Of all
remedies, we have found aiumonia the best.

The other day, in removing our bees from the
cellar, we had a strange case. The student who
aids me most with the bees has had, for several
years, considerable experience in handling them.
Like all who work with bees, he received the occa-
sional stings, but suffered so slightly that he hardly
noticed the matter, and cared scarcely any th-ng
for it. Upon this occasion he was stung on the
temples. In a fe%v moments his skin all ^ver the
body was so red as to resemble a rush. Soon white
blotches appeared all over his body. He filt faint,
and seemed troubled for breath. 1 was somewhat
alarmed. He went to his room at oneo. took a cold-
water bath, and in two hours was relieved. He has
been stung since, with no 'crious or peculiar
effects. It would seem as if this was a case where
the sting entered an arte»>' or arteriole, and so the
amount of virus injected into the blood was very
great. .\ .1. Cook

Agricultural College, Mich . Apr. I~', IKS7

Friend Cook, in regard to tlie queeirs
ruling or leading the coldiiy. permit nip to
call your attention to om- fact liid down in
the ABC book. In my early eKperiments
I gave a neighbor a black queen that I did
not want, to start ;iii observatory liive. I

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

349

furnished the queen, and he furnished young
bees by drumming them out of a colony of
his own. In the course of two or three
days tiie queen came out of the ol)servatory
hive, and all the bees followed her. She
then came straight to our ai)iary and enter-
ed the hive from which I had removed her.
Her own bees accepted her at once, but they
stnng to deatli the small swarm of young
workers she brouiilit with her. In that
case they certainly followed the queen, or,
at least, after they had all swarmed out to-
gether the queen led them to her old home.
— It seems to me, friend Cook, you are just
a little hasty in sa\ing you consider the
wintering problem solved ; and I think, too,
you do not give the cliaff hive proper credit.
We have wintered now from 100 to 200 col-
onies foi- quite a number of years, and the
loss has been so light we almost feel, as you
do, that there is no real need of losing bees
at all, where they are properly put up for
winter. Yes, we too winter weak colonies
now without any loss at all, or, at least, we
have during the past winter. I should be
glad to think that we have the upper hand
of this trouble which was, but a few years
ago, sucli a grie^■ous one ; but it now seems
to me we had better be slow in deciding
that we are clear out of the woods. — I am a
little surprised to see you decide that ammo-
nia or any thing else has any effect in reliev-
ing the pain of a bee-sting. Have you test-
ed first ammonia, and then nothing at all,
a sutlicient number of times to be sure it
produces any effect whatever? Perhaps
our agricultural colleges are the very places
to have tliis matter settled ; but if you set
some of the boys at it and let them give it
the same fair tests that they give artificial
fertilizers, etc., I feel quite certain that the
i-esult will show the ammonia has no effect
whatever on the bee-sting. The cold-wa-
ter bath is, of course, a remedy for the
symptoms you mention, but we have dis-
cussed this matter pretty thoroughly. The
point is. Is there any thing under the sun
that you can carry around in a bottle, that
will give any relief whatever by applying it
externally to the part stung?

LOW^ PRICES FOK HONEY.

CAN HONEY BE SOLD AT A REASONABLE
COMPENSATION ?

SF late a good deal has been said in the bee-
journals about "overproduction, and the
low price of honey." Although my experi-
ence has been limited, I have carefully
studied the various points presented, and
have been very much interested in all that I have
read. The (juestion has been handled by abler
ones than I; yet many times things are brought
out by the lesser lights that are oV)scured by the
greater ones. I take the ground, that there can
never be an overproduction of honey until the
masses of the people of the country become con-
sumers; but, how is this to be brought about? A
small per cent of the people of this country are
consumers of honey, and why? Because it is not
brought within their reach. This can 'never be
done by sending our honey to the great centers. We

must develop a home market. But some will say
that there are so many going into the business, and
who make a failure, they injure the business. This
point is not well taken; for wherever bee-keeping
has been attempted, and the people became accus-
tomed to the use of honey, and bee-keei)ing failed,
those who were the successful ones found a ready
market for their honey whenever they put it with-
in their reach. This was ray experience when I
located in Indiana. I was six miles from Ligonier.
When I went there, most of the farmers kept a few
bees and were accustomed to the free use of honey;
but the various casualties destroyed nearly all the
bees, and but few keep them now. I was success-
ful with mine, and many of my best customers
were farmers who formerly kept bees. 1 have
sold as much as 100 lbs. to a single person. 1 creat-
ed a home reputation and market for mj' honey,
which 1 have never been able to supply; and the
result has been that a good deal has been imported
from a distance.

The last two seasons, I am aware that there are
many producers who have a large amount of honey
which they can not dispose of in their own imme-
diate vicinity; but if they will take a load of honey,
and canvass the country through, introduce it to
the farmers, make arrangements to supply future
demands, visit the towns around, introduce it to
the people, and leave some on commission with one
or more good men, they will invariably create a
permanent market. It is true, this is accompanied
with expense; but when once established it will not
amount to as much as the delays, shrinkage, etc.,
mot in sending to the large markets; and by with-
holding shipments to the large cities, and thus re-
ducing their su|)ply, better prices would be obtain-
ed there. I do not claim that the large producers
can dispose of all their crop in this way, but they
may greatly extend their markets and obtain bet-
ter results.

Then, again, they must get their honey in the
shape demanded by their markets, and not try to
bend the markets to their style or notion. I think
that Mrs. Cliaddock has hit upon a sensible plan in
Gleanings for 1886, page 887, in accommodating
herself to the demands of her customers, and no
doubt she will sell more honey in that way than if
she insisted upon her style. I think with her, that
there is too much style put on otir honey for the
general market. Let us put on all the style we can
with our honey to tickle the fancy of the rich, and
get as large a price as we can for it; but let us drop
all the style we can for the general market, and try
to get our honej- as cheap as we can, to bring it
within the reach of all.

That honey can be produced and sold with a
reasonable compensation for money and labor in-
vested, at a much lower figure than the present
prices obtained, is fully demonstrated by many
reports that have been published. A very great
hindrance in accomplishing this end lies in the
tendency of the people to abandon the cheap and
simple hives and fixtures, and to experiment with
and adopt many so-called improved hives, against
which I have not a word to say, for they are all
nice and convenient to handle, and to talk and
write about; but any one will acknowledge that
they are accompanied with more expense and la-
bor, which I do not think is compensated for by the
increased amount of production. What we want Is
a simple, inexpensive hive, with few parts, and all

350

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

May

appliances alike, so as to simplify the working
of them as much as possible. All hives, frames,
cases, and sections, necessary for the season's use,
should he prepared ready for use before the season
begins. A great reduction in the cost of produc-
tion may be made by a proper and economical
arrangement of the apiary, and its appliances to
simplify the work to be done. A. D. Stocking.
Almena, Mich.

THE NE-WT BOOK.

A REVIEW BY R. L. TAYLOR.

in NEW work on " The Production of Comb
k Honey," by W. Z. Hutchinson, has lately is-
v' sued from the press; and, coming as it does
from the pen of one who has had so much
experience in apicultural matters as Mr.
Hutchinson, and who has made this branch of the
business a special study, it deserves more than a
passing notice.

In make-up and typography the work is above
criticism; and coming in covers made ajipropriate-
ly in close imitation of bright comb foundation
makes it altogether tasteful and unique in appear-
ance. In style it is concise, lucid, and to the point.
One determined to find a point to criticise might
complain at the redundancy of italics; and perhaps
the discussion might, with advantage, have been giv-
en a wider range; however, taking the title literally,
the author has discussed it from his standpoint in
all its material bearings. From the time of build-
ing up the colonies, in prepartion for the honey-
harvest, to the removal of the honey from the
hives, the ground is well covered.

If I have not misunderstood the author hereto-
fore, he has made a marked advance toward the
doctrine of spring protection of bees, and urges
strong arguments in favor of thorough early pack-
ing to insure rapid breeding, and a strong force of
bees at the opening of the honey-harvest. While
some stand off and jeer at one who changes his po-
sition, and will not themselves move when increas-
ed light reveals their feet sinking in mire, T am al-
ways hopeful of getting some valuable Information
from one who shows a ready disposition to put aside
previous error.

I accept Mr. Hutchinson's doctrine; but as to
method, 1 prefer, as being more convenient, good
division-boards and chaff or sawdust In the super.
The author, as one of his chief points, discusses the
methods of hiving swarms in hives without founda-
tion in the brood-chamber, so as to secure worker
brood-combs, and an increased amount of comb
honey, and sets forth all the requirements so fully
and clearly that no one who reads the work need
fail of success in pursuing the same plan. With
Mr. Hutchinson the only thing that stands in the
way of complete success in securing the entire ex-
clusion of drone comb from the brood-chamber are
the old queens, and he objects to destroying them
on account of the additional labor thereby imposed.
I think, however, that a queen that is even two
years old, and has passed the time in the current i
year when bees from her eggs can be profitably
reared for honey-gathering, can be profitably re-
placed by a young queen; and I believe it maybe
done at that season of the year at v^ery little cost.

In addition to the methods advised in the book,
for clearing the bees from the cusps iq removing

honey from the hive, I would strongly advocate a
good quill with which to brush off quickly the bees
which cling to the bottom of the case as it is raised
from the hive; and I would not overlook the utility
of the tent with a hole in the top, in ridding the
honey of the few bees remaining. The idea of us-
ing a tent for this purpose originated, 1 believe,
with myself, and I consider it a valuable aid to one
who has a good honey-house, and almost indispen-
sable to one who has not.

For comb-guides in brood-frames, Mr. Hutchin-
son has found no good substitute for starters of
foundation. I have tried a small three-cornei-ed
strip of pine tacked to the center of the lower side
of the top-bar, the lower corner of the strip having
been previously dipped in melted wax. From the
limited experience I have had with it I am disposed
to think it a good substitute.

The value of a book does not depend on the num-
ber of words it contains, high authority in bee-lore
to the contrary notwithstanding; and it does not
necessarily cost less labor to write a few words
than to write many; but there is no froth nor sur-
plusage in Mr. Hutchinson's work, and, judged by
the true standard of substantial worth, it must be
considered a great success, and no one of the class
to whom it is dedicated can attord to ignore it.

Lapeer, Mich., Apr. J7, 1887. R. L. Taylor.

SOME USES FOE HONEY.

HOW TO PRESERVE FRUIT WITH IT, ETC.

fOR jam, honey can be used instead of sugar
with several kinds of fruit. For this purpose,
clover honey is preferable to honeys of
stronger flavor. With cherries, raspberriest
and blackberi-ies, honey gives as good satis-
faction as sugar, as far as the flavor and the keep-
ing qualities of the jams are concerned; peach-jam
for which honey is used, ferments too readily; but
honey is superior to sugar to make grape-jam.
Grapes, canned alone or put up with sugar, will
have crystals of tartaric acid forming among them,
after being put away for a few months. But when
grapes have been boiled down with honey the crys-
tals do not form until a year or more after the jam
is made, if thej' appear at all; and, further, for
flavor and consistency, honey-jam is superior to
sugar-sweetened jam.

SEEDLESS GRAPE-JAM.

Push the pulps out of the grape skins, and keep
them in separate ve.«sels; weigh them, and allow
% of a pound of honey to each pound of fruit.
Put the pulps in a granite or a brass kettle, and al-
low them to boil until the seeds are well loosened,
then strain through a sieve. Return the thick juice,
thus obtained, to the kettle with the skins and hon-
ey, and allow the whole to boil from three to five
hours. The riper the grapes are, the better the
jam is.

In our little town, honey is considered a supreme
remedy for colds and coughs. I find that there are
as many ways of using it as there families who
make use of it, though the favorite way among my
neighbors is to apply it exteriiallj to the chest and
throat, mixed with that old - fashioned panacea,
goose-grease (whether cures effected by this reme-
dy are " faith cures " or not, I can not say). Some
use honey made into candy; others mix it with an
equal proportion of butter, and swallow the miX'

1887

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

351

ture before retiriuf,'; others, af,'^ain, and 1 am one
of the number, take it at nig-ht in a cupful of very
hot water, or, better, elderberry-tea. T have read
lately, that honey, well heated, and swallowed by
spoonfuls at short intervals, is a sure cure for ca-
tarrh.

A great deal more niifrht be 8ai<l about the thera- 1
peutic value of honey, but I shall only add hero, j
that it is uuequaled l)y any other food tocuro(!OS- |
tiveness, especially in young children.

Only a few people understand to how many uses
honey can be put on the table. I would advise the
reader to try it as a sauce for baked apples, and for
fresh blackberries instead of the retrulation sugar
and cream. It is not only more palatable, but, for
those who live in the city, it is cheaper and more
healthful.

I have received lately, from Mr. Chas. Dadant, the
following- recipe, which he translated from au Ital-
ian paper:

HONEY-CAKE.

Work together equal weights of honey and Hour;
add spice to taste, and the right proportion of bak-
ing-powder. Keep this dough in the cellar, and
bake it as you need it, in a very slow oven. The
cakes will be all the better if the dough has stood
for a long time. Honey-cakes are very healthful
and digestible, and their use is to be recommended
to persons sulfering from colds or sore throat.

Mr. Root, would it not be a good idea to induce
all the housekeepers who read Gleanings, to send
you items about some of the ways in which honey is
used in their family? Mrs. E. J. Baxter.

Nauvoo, 111.

WAX FKOM OLD COMBS.

A H.\NI3V DEVICE AND HOW TO MAKE IT.

TTn CORRESPONDENT writes: "Do you know
2lol^ ofany way to get nearly all of the wax out
^^m of old black comb? It is easy enough to get
•^^^ the wax from new combs or cappings, but
quite another matter when old combs are
to be rendered. If you know of a plan which will
give the larger portion of wax from such combs,
please give it to us through Gleanings." It would
seem from the many articles given upon this sub-
ject, that no more should be necessary; but as in
some essentials my plan of rendering wax is differ-
ent from any I have seen described, I will give it.
For bits of comb, cappings, etc., the Swiss wax-ex-
tractor works well; but for a lot of old comb, I
know of no way equal to a caldron kettle, outdoors,
filled two-thirds full of water, with a fire under it.
With this, used as I shall soon describe, I think I
can get fully 98 per cent of all the wax out of such
comb, and rather more for each square foot of
such old comb than I can from new. Instead of
hanging the kettle over the Are, as is usually done,
take a measure of your kettle on the outside, a
little way up from the bottom, and go to your
blacksmith and tell him you wish a piece of old
heavy wagon-tire, welded so that the inside shall
represent your measure. To this you want three
or four (the latter preferable) square or round bars
welded, at equal distances apart, for four legs.
These should be of suitable size to give strength
enough to support the weight of the kettle and
contents, and long enough to raise the kettle from
four to six inches from the ground at the lowest
point.

After getting the kettle-holder home, place four
flat stones just under the surface of the ground,
at proper places, so that each leg will rest on one,
having it at such a point as will be handy for all of
the work to be done with such a kettle, sucb as
heating water at butchering time, boiling potatoes
for the hogs, etc.; for the smallest part ■ of the
work our ii'on friend will i)robably do is getting out
the wa.\. After t)nee having a kettle fl.ved in this
way you will never want one hiuig on two stakes
or a pole. Besides the kettle you will want a sack
made of burlap or some other stout open cloth,
which you are to till with the old comb, stamping it
in so as to gc^t all in as compact a condition as
possible. Ne.xt take a piece of four-inch soft-wood
plank, or two pieces of two-inch plank, siiiked
together, and round one side of it, so it will fit the
bottom of the kettle. To the flat side ot this,
fasten (by cleats or otherwise) a standard of a
suitable length, which should be flattened at the
top and have several holes bored in it. Then get a
3 X 4 scantling, or a suitable pole from the woods,
and mortise through it neai- one end for the top of
the standard, boring a hole through it in an oppo-
site direction for a pin or bolt to pass through it
and the standard. Besides this you will want a log-
chain when we are ready. Fill the kettle two-thirds
full of water and bring it to a boil, in doing which
Mse only light fuel, so as not to have a hot fire ex-
cept for the time being; because, if otherwise, it
would be too warm for working around it, and
might boil over. Now put in your sack of old
comb, and with an old hoe press and squeeze the
sack against the sides and bottom of the kettle,
rolling it over each time as you press. The wax
will rise with each pressing of the sack; and if the
comb is not all in, you can soon raise the mouth of
the sack out of the water. After it has cooled a
little, untie, till up again, till all is In. When all is
in, and the sack has been worked over several
times with the hoe, take the log-chain and fasten
each end to the ears of the kettle, while the middle
of the chain Is to be fastened to the short end of
the scantling. Now put the rounded-plank end of
the standard on the sack and sink it to the bottom
of the kettle, when the top end is to be inserted in
the mortise in the scantling, and the pin, or bolt,
put through the desired hole. Now go to the long
end of the lever or scantling and see how you can
make the wax rise by bearing down. When bear-
ing down, sway the lever back and forth, and from
side to sid«, so as to grind, as it were, every cocoon
fine, and thus liberate the wax. When satisfied
that the wax is all out, hang a weight on the lever
and leave it. Don't goto dipping off the wax un-
less you have lots of time, and consider it fun so to
do, for I assure you that the next morning you will
find it all caked nicely on top of the water, when
you can break it up and get it ready for a second
melting, which all wax should have before going
to market, or using for foundation. After taking
off the wax, take out the sack, empty out the ref-
use, and rinse and dry, where it and the rest of the
implements used are to be stored away for future
use.

The description of this seems quite long; but I
believe that in practice it is the shortest known
process to get out a large lot of wa.\ from old
comb. If you think the iron kettle-holder too ex-
pensive, set tlie kettle on three stones. If stones are
used they should be first subjected to heat, else

S.52

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

they may fiy to pieces aud upset the wax. By the
above process I got out wax from old comb which,
as early as ten years ago, A. I. Root pronounced in
Gleanings as the best he had ever seen.
Borodino, N. Y., Apr., 1887. G. M. Doolittle.

No doubt, friend D., your arrangement
will answer an excellent purpose. I think,
howevei'. our friends will be obliged to have
the iron legs to the kettle, or the lever would
roll the whole thing over, and then there
would be a pretty "■ kettle of fish,'" or rather,
perhaps, a kettle full of beeswax, on the
ground and in the fire, instead of in the ket-
tle. I should be afraid, in any case, that it
would hardly be safe to put very mnch press-
ure on your lever, unless the opposite end
were more substantially supported than the
attachment of it to the log-chain fastened to
the kettle-ears. Reports at our different
conventions seem to indicate that the only
way of getting absolutely all the wax is to
have some sort of press to apply to the wax
while it is hot. Your arrangement is proba-
bly as practicable as any for the average
be'e-keepei'.

BEES IN FLORIDA.

AN INTERESTCNO LETTER FROM G. W. WEBSTER.

JT has been two years or more since I made any S
report of our success with bees here in the land
of flowers. Two years ago we extracted from
30 colonies about 1000 lbs., or .50 lbs. from each
colony. A year ago we had only about 2.5 lbs.
per colony. The season was a very cold one tor
Florida, and the bees dwindled to mere nuclei. A
few died. Tt would seem to any one used to North-
ern winters, that Florida must be a nice place to
winter bees; but there are serious troubles in win-
tering, even here. During the cool weather that
we have here in winter there is not steady cold
weather to keep bees in the hives. An occasional
frosty night, and the absence of any honey-flow,
checks brood-rearing, while every warm day the
bees come out in search of honey or pollen, and
many of them become chilled and never get back.
Every experienced bee-keeper will understand how
that would work.

A year ago last August I was taking care of 75
very large colonies of bees in chaff hives at Bonair,
Iowa. After a few weeks of hot weather, with the
mercury keeping pretty close to 100° in the shade,
there came on several days of cold weather. There
was plenty of buckwheat honey in the fields. The
bees would go out, and, coming back loaded with
honey, thousands of them fell and could be seen
crawling over the ground. I have no doubt that I lost
more bees every day for awhile than would make a
large colony. Here in Florida we sometimes have
such weather two or three days in a week for sev-
eral weeks at a time. In our locality bees do well if
they find enough honey to live on after the first of
June. A nucleus on four or five frames will often
starve out before the next season for honey com-
mences, which will be in January, February, or
March, according to the season. Strong colonies
that have 35 or 30 lbs. of honey will generally come
through in good condition.

In my opinion, the idea that bees get lazy in
warm climates, and will not work, is all nonsense.
The.v will work like beavers whenever there is any

thing for them to get. Leave honey or any kind of
sweets around where they can get at it, and they
will soon convince any one that they are not lazy.
We have to keep the entrances to the hives con-
tracted during a scarcity of honey, to keep them
from robbing. We generally have to feed weak
colonies in November or December. Our method
of feeding is not patented.

For extracting we use long hives with a division-
board. When we wish to feed we move the divi-
sion-board and combs if necessary, so as to get the
honey near to where the bees are clustered. We
then take a bottle holding two or three pounds of
thin honey, tie a piece of very thin cloth over the
mouth, and place it in the hive, mouth down, just
so that the honey can all run out, the other end of
the bottle leaning against the side of the hive. The
bees work away at the honey till it is all gone. Once
a bottle was so placed that the honey could not all
run out. The bees gnawed a hole through the cloth,
got into the honey, and a lot of them were drowned.
We knew better next time. There is not enough
honey around to excite robbing, and it is very little
trouble to feed them with our hives. The high,
open, pine woods where most of the settlements in
this part of Florida are, do not afford much honey
at any time of the year. There are some scattering
flowers during every month, but not of a kind to yield
much honey. Where there are bearing orange-
groves, bees gather some surplus honey during the
latter part of winter, but I have seen no heavy
yield of it.

Locations like ours, where there are plenty of lakes
and ponds bordered with ilex, glaber (gall-berry),
and palmetto, yield a good quality of light honey—
the gall-berry about April, and palmetto in May,
varying to the season. We think the gall-berry
honey is best; but either is better than orange hon-
ey, which is darker, and nearly as strong as buck-
wheat honey. There are a few locations on the
coast where the mangrove yields honey by the ton,
but those locations are already pretty well monop-
olized, and honey is cheap. We have been whole-
saling ours at 7 and 8 cents per pound.

To sum up, 1 will say to bee-keepers wishing to
come to Florida, that high pine land is a total
failure. Where there is plenty of palmetto and
gall-berry, or rich hummock land near, it will be
nip and nip to make a few colonies pay. A good
mangrove location will be pretty good if one can
stand mosquitoes, sandflies, and malaria. Of course,
experienced bee - keepers will keep a few bees
wherever they may be located, but I could not rec-
ommend any one to go to any place that I
have heard of, away from the mangrove, with the
idea of making bee-keeping a business.

It is the climate of Florida that brings people
here. The winters generally have but few frosty
nights, and sometimes none; and in the summer I
have never seen the time that a thermometer,
placed in the shade where there was no hot sand or
any thing else to reflect the heat, would indicate
more than 93°. People with plenty of money can
enjoy themselves in this country, but I do not call
it a very good place for a poor man. Yet there are
many laboring men who are doing well. Fruit-rais-
ing is the principal business, especially raising
oranges, in this part of the State. It would he in-
teresting to write of the winter resorts aud beauti-
ful villages scattered over the State, of fine resi-
dences, owned, ^of course, by wealthy people; of

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

353

steamboating' on the St. John's or Bailing on the
Halifax and Indian Rivers near the coast: of the
fresh oysters and fish there; also millions of water-
fowl at times; of fliu' strawberries from January
to June, and of the many other fruits raised liere;
of fresh vegetables all winter, and many other
itenis. (I. W. Webstkh.

Lake Helen, Florida.

HOW BUSY FARMERS CAN RAISE
STRAWBERRIES.

FKrEND TEKKY SHOWS THE POSSIBILITII' S UESUI/r-
tNG FROM HOMK KMPLOVMENT.

fKIEND ROOT:— About this time of year
farmers are all advised by the hortioultural
and agricultural papers to set out a straw-
berry-bed. I probablx' heard '-'O.OdO of them
advised in this way at the institutes last
winter. I heard them told, sometimes, that it was
as easy to raise a bushel of berries as a bushel of
potatoes. This talk is all very well for the men
who sell the plants; but how do strawl>erries usual-
ly thrive under the manajrement of the ordinary
farmer? I think it satV' to say, that, nine times out
of ten, the berries picked do not much more than
pay for the plants. The farmer is so busy, and has
so many things to attend to, that the strawberries,
like the garden, will not be likely to get the care
that they need, ft is iiuite a science to raise large
crops of fine berries: one must read and study, and
then attend to them at just the right time all
through the season. This pays finely when one
makes a business of it; but I have long had my
doubts whether it would pay the ordinary farmer
to fuss with a few, if he could buy fresh ones of a
home grower. For some years we have bought about
five bushels a year, as I thought I could raise pota-
toes and wheat, which were right in the line of my
business, and for which T had all the tools and ex-
perience, and make the exchange for berries and
be the gainer. 1 have tried raising them, or, rath-
er, setting out the i)lants, with much care, and
Anally, in the rush of the season, neglecting them
so that we hardly got our money back in inferior
berries. I am ashamed to say it, but it is the truth :
and I know 1 am not alone in my experience.
Hence I do not believe it is much use to urge farm-
ers to set out strawberry-plants in the usual way.
But notwithstanding all this I have a fondness for
seeing the berries growing, and I have been think-
ing it over all winter to see if there were not some
way I could manage so the berries would be prop-
erly cared for. One day my girls were telling me
that they wanted to do some work away from
home, so as to get some money.

" Why," said 1,"I will furnish you what you
want; you earn it in taking care of me."

■' Yes, I know you will," says one; " but I want to
earn it myself, where it won't come out of your
pocket."

It struck me this was a laudable ambition, and
still I could not think of their going away to teach
school, or any thing of that kind. All at once the
strawberrj--business occurred to me, and I asked
them how they would like it to take charge of the
whole matter and pocket the money.

Well, the result was I gave them the nicest, rich-
est (mark that — not some poor corner) piece of
land on the farm, and have engaged from a reliable

grower, the well-known Matthew Crawford, what
plants they will want, leaving the choice of varie-
ties to him. I have bought them books enough
to study, so they can learn all that is possible in
that way. We men will plow the ground when we
do the rest of the lot, and harrow and roll it; and
then when we are cultivating potatoes we will run
through the berries; but the girls are to take the
whole rt-sponsibility. I think it will do them good.
It will teach them business. Tt will be healthful
work. If berries could be raised in this way, on
three or four farms in every town, I think It would
be the tjest way for the farmers and for the indi-
viduals who own the patches. 1 do not hesitate to
advise any farmer or other person to go at it in
this way.

1 asked Hon. H. C. Adams, of Madison. Wis., a
noted raiser of berries, how much land my two girls,
with their brother to help them, could take care
of. He said he could tell better if he could see the
girls. If they had lots of vim, an acre might not be
too much; but still, he guessed half an acre would
be safer. I thought best to cut down nearly a
half on that, not on account of lack of vim, but be-
cause I have learned that concentrated farming is
best, in the berry-patch as well as elsewhei-e. In a
year or two they can spread out a little, if desira-
ble.

It would be better, perhaps, to wait and give the
result before advising other parents to go and do
likewise; but time is too short. I take it there are
hundreds of readers of Gleanings who could set
up their children in a little business in just this
way. It will cost only #5.011 or |!6.0l) for plants.

About the market: Make one among the people
living right around you. There are ten bushels of
strawberries sold in Hudson, where I live, now,
where there was a <)uart when I first came on the
farm, and the end is not yet by any means. Plenty
of people would buy nice fresh berries, at a living
price, if they were put right before them, who hard-
ly know the taste of the fruit now.

Now, I want to stir up the children as well as the
old folks a little by telling what has been done on a
single quarter of an acre. I have seen the ground,
and spent four days with the man who did it— the
venerable J. M. Smith, of Green Bay, Wis. It was
not convenient to measure all the land and keep
track of the crop, so our friend marked off one-
fourth of an acre and picked from it 3571 qts.— the
largest crop, it is said, on record. Just think if you
do not know of hundred-acre farms that do not do
much better. At 10 cts. a quart this would be *357.
This is enormous, but not greatly above Mr. Smith's
average. From .3H acres last year, although terri-
bly dry, he sold -$2215. 24 worth of berries, besides
taking plants to the value of *300 from the same
land in the spring. But this was not enough. Aft-
er the berries were picked he plowed the patch and
put in cabbage and celery— $700 morel Just
Sf3215.24 from .3'2 acres of land! I took the figures
right from his books, where each day's sales were
put down. There isn't a question about their ex-
act truth.

Xow, friends, do not let the children go away
from home to work just yet. so as to be earning
something, when you haveplent.vof land that is not
bringing you five dollars an acre; certainly not, if.
from the fourth part of a single one, there is a
chance for them to earn one hundred dollars or
more. These figures I have given are from the

354

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

" upper story " —from the most skilled g-rower, per-
hai)S, that we have; but in books and i)apers he
tells every one how to do it. There are no secrets.
Mr. Adams told me, that in a large way he had
raised, on an averagre, not less than 160 bushels per
acre, which brought $400, and this for a long term of
years. Just think of it ! he sold last summer, to one
restinirant in Madison, strawberries and cream to
the amount of $10011!

Now, if I stir up any father to give the children a
chance. I shall be glad. Early in 3Iay will answer to
set out the plants; but the sooner the better. The
men you buy of will tell you how. Deal only with
honest home growers, and take their advice as to
varieties, etc. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, O., April, 1><87.

There, friend Teirv, you have written just
exactly tlie article I wanted you to write. I
have considered a good deal the thought
you have made ia many of your writings,
that it is not only cheaper, but that a man
enjoys liiinselt better to have his specialty.
1 have Jiad enough experience to understand
the full triith of what you say ab(nit i)repar-
ing yourself with proper tools, and studying
up your subject thoroughly, and then doing
the best that can be done with one specialty.
In my life I h ive taken up a great many dif-
ferent kinds of business, and I have eventu-
ally made a success with a good many of
these ventures, but it has always been a
slow process. When I felt that I wanted to
publish ;i bee-journal, I did not feel satistied
until I owned the type and the printing-
press, so tluit I could have every thing just
as I wanted it. The hands wiio were then
working for me were not printers ; but rather
than leave my employ they consented to go
to work and learn how, and I took the lead
for a while, by learning to set type myself.
In time we got out a pretty fdir bee-journal,
as some of the friends may remember; l)ut
/ tell i/ou it took days and nights of hard,
earnest ivork, and wliile I was at the printing
other things received but little attention.

Now, 1 know^ by experience that it is a
task for a farmer "to stop to plow even a lit-
tle patch of ground for a garden. While we
have been hauling manure this spring, sev-
eral have wanted just one load, and then a
few more particular friends wanted us to
take our big team and stop just long enough
to plow a garden ; but I do not believe it
would have paid us, even if we had been
offered tliree times the usual price for such
work, for the digression would have inter-
fered with our regular plans It would have
thrown some others out of work; and may
be the loss of just two sucli hours woidd
have prevented us from getting in a crop at
just the right time, and I can readily see
that a progressive, successful farmer could
by no means stop his work to fuss with a
strawl)erry-))atcli. before he could make
any of the large results you mention, he
must give the business a part of his brains
as well as of his acres of ground. If he loves
growing strawberries, however, and it is a
pleasure and recreation to him, this would
make another tiling of it altogether. But I
should expect, even then, if he succeeded
well with his fonrtli-acre of strawberries, he
would lose in his regular farmwork as much,
or more, for it would take some of his brains

and energy from some of these things. The
moi-al to the above would be, be <'areful
about scattering your energies; concentrate
them upon one kind of work, and make that
work a success. Some one may suggest that
we hire somebody to take the necessary care,
pains, and responsibility to make the straw-
berries succeed, as well as regular farm
crops. All very well and good, providing he
can hire somebody who is competent to the
task. My experience has been, that one
who can make these big results on a small
piece of ground prefers to work for himself.
Suppose, however, it is i-iour own hoi/s and
gi7-ls who feel an enthusiasm to enter the
great business world, and try their skill in-
dependently of father and mother. This
makes another thing of it entirely. You can
afford to stop your team and lose a crop ; you
can afford to lose almost any thing ratliei'
than to lose an opportunity of teaching your
children how to help themselves. It is, in
my opinion, one of the grandest schools, for
aiiy young man or woman to go into some
sort "of business in just this way ; and the
results that have l)een attained from tliese
industries, small fruits, bees, pimltry, etc.,
have proved beyond question that it inay be
done Let the young folks supply the need-
ed l)iainwork ;" the exercise will develop
their talents for business, and these outdoor
industries strengthen the body as well as
mind. Some writer has said, that, if you
get a man or w'oman full of enthusiasm in
these rural industries, they are almost proof
against disease ; and I believe that, a great
many times, this thing alone will make sick
people w^ell. The girls may get sunburned,
and perhaps tanned somewhat, by being out-
iloors so much ; but, judging from my own
experience, I tliink they will get repaid a
hundred times by the happiness and enjoy-
ment such work affords, especially if they
succeed in making some money.

I hardly need suggest to you, friend Terry,
how much depends on having some ground
that is easy to work, and up to the highest
notch of fertility. One of the bee-friends
who lives in Barnesville, Ohio, paid us a
visit recently, and I questioned him a good
deal as to how they succeeded in raising the
great big strawberries that bring such fancy
piices. I have just received fifty of the
Jessie strawberry-plants from your neighbor
Matthew Crawl^ord ; and when I want to get
happy I go out and look at these plants, and
loosen the earth around them with my fin-
gers. A bright, thrifty, rapid - growing
strawberry-plant is one of the handsomest
products of the floral kingdom, to me. And
then the wonderful facility with which the
runners may be made to produce new plants
makes the business intensely interesting and
fascinating. Perhaps some of the friends
thought I had got over my strawberry craze,
but I tell you I haven't." It is the' plants
and vegetables that we love that make the
wonderful results ; and where your chiidren
have a natural taste for handling and study-
ing the habits ot any plant or animal, they
are the ones to make it do its best. May
God bless your girls in their woi'k, and may
he bless the boys and girls, too, in all these
homes scattered over our land!

issl

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

355

FROM DIFFERENT FIELL>S.

THE SIMPLICITY SIMPLIFIED.

T HAVE 13 colonics of Italians in two story
1^ Simplicity iiives, iiiaiie by G. B. Lewis, f also
]ir g'ave E. A. Arinstronfr an order for 50 of his
■*■ new reversible cases, made the size of my hive,
holding "8 sections each. Now, 1 have changed
the upper and lower stories into brood-chambers,
making- ^6 hives out of 13 by dressing off the bevel
edge and tacl<ing on strips to bring them up again
just Vi bee-space above the brood frames, and then
all is ready for the super. My covers are made like
Dr. Miller's, except mine have a '2 bee-space strip
around the inside edg«, corresponding with '/i
space on the super. I use Simplicit.y bottom-boards,
making them long enough for alighting-boai-ds,
and all in one piece. I also have as many slatted
hone.y-boards as hives. One side up they are
break-joint; the other side is one continuous pass-
age.

My hives and supers are painted three coats,
pure white; the edges of honey-boards are jet
black; all above the black line is mine, and all be-
low belongs to the bees. I would say, also, that,
while my supers are reversible, 1 am not compelled
to reverse, nor do I expect to practice it, having al-
ready tried it sufficiently to convince me that it is
nearly always impracticable. The cases would be
better if made plain on three sides, and open only
on one, costing less and accomplishing the same.
The good things about the case are the T tins, the
wood separators^ wedges, and the simplicity of
manipulation. ' T call my hives now the Simplicity
simplified. W. (J. Secor.

Greenfield, 111., Apr. 6, 1887.

AN A B C SCHOLAR TELLS HOW TO EXTEMPORIZE
A BUZZ-SAW OUT OST AN OLD FANNING-MILL.

I saw in Gle.aninos that Walter S. Pouder tells
something about rigging up a huzz-saw. I will
tell you how I made a hand-power saw. Take an
old fanningmill, having two good cog-wheels.
Remove the hopper and put on a saw-table. Under
it place a $3.50 mandrel. On the wooden mandrel
of the mill put a pulley. Belt the latter to the
saw-mandrel pulley. Your saw-table is now com-
plete. Take hold of the crank and turn as if you
were cleaning wheat, and your buzz-saw will just
bum. Your pulley ought to be 1.5 inches in diame-
ter, with a five or six inch saw. It will run
very easily, and you can rip up any thing where
the saw will reach through. I have two of these
saw-tables in use. One has a $3..50 mandrel and a
5-inch saw, and the other one has a $4.00 mandrel
and T-inch saw. With one hand I turn the mill and
with the other hand I put the boards through. I
prefer the table where the 5 inch saw is on. It runs
much easier than the 7-iiich saw, because the table
where the "-inch saw is run on must have a larger
pulley, and so it will run harder. My 7-inch saw
makes over 3000 revolutions a qiinute at ordinary
turning, and I can rip up an inch board in a great
hurry. I make all ray bee-hives with these saws,
and lots of other work besides. I think saws run in
this way work pretty well for beginners.

Douglas, O., Mar. 38, 18«7. H. D. Friend.

WHY WERE THE BEES TORN TO PIECES? HUTCH-
INSON'S PLAN «)F SWARMING.

Our bees have just had a fly, and three of them
were engaged carrying out parts of bees. They
were torn all to pieces, while the rest were bringing
out bees not torn to pieces. The entrances are i of
an Inch deep. We opened one of the hives, but
could see nothing wrong. Can you tell me the
cause of the bees being torn to pieces? We re-
ceived OU lt)S. of comb honey per hive, sjjring
count, almost all from white clover. There was no
bass wood bloom this past season, while in 1885 it
was our only source. Bees are mostly kept in box
hives here. The Hutchinson plan of hiving swarms
works ver.v well with us. In one instance they
came out and clustered. On opening the hive the
newly made combs were tilled with eggs and pollen.
We put in a frame with honey, and rehived them,
and they were all right. I suppose, on account of
no honey in the brood-nest, and the queen not
getting any thing to eat, the bees were starved out.

Moundsville, W. Va.. Dec. 11, 1886. C. C. Schwob.

Friend S.. I can not tell what tore the bees
to pieces, unless it was mice; but if your
entrances were no wider than S of an inch,
I do not see liow the mice could get in. I
have seen a sort of worm among the dead
bees, suck out the juices, and leave them a
gcod (leal in the shape you mention. Was
not this tlie way it came aboutV 1 can not
quite imagine how you or friend Hutchinson,
or anybody else, could so arrange your hives
that the iioney went into the sections so
completely as to starve the queen and bees.
I never saw a comb of brood yet that did
not have more or less honey and propolis
scattered about in it somewiiere.

WHAT C0WPENS.\T10N SHALL WE RECEIVE FOR
TAKING CARE OF ANOTHER'S BEES?

I should like to inquire in regard to the customary
wages of those having the care of bees. I expect to
take charge of an apiaryof 133 colonies in chaff hives.
I shall have to put together hives, frames, sections,
make fdu., extract honey — in fact, do every thing
connected with the business. What I wish to know
is, what would be reasonable wages for six mooths,
commencing the first of April? Or if I should do
the work for a share of the season's income in hon-
ey, what should be my share, the owner furnishing
every thing? In either case I am to board myself.

In hiving swarms last season it happened two or
three times that the queen was lost. I noticed that
those swarms built out their fdn. and filled up with
honey as fast or faster than those that had queens
and reared brood. Of course, a swarm left in this
condition would soon begin to grow weak. But
could not this habit of bees be taken advantage of
where honey is desired instead of increase? I have
a plan in my mind which I will state. To make the
matter plain we will suppose we have but two col-
onies, which we will call Nos. 1 and 3. The plan is
to remove the queen from No. 1, and, as fast as
they fill their combs with honey, take it from them
with the extractor. To keep No. 1 up to full
strength, give it capped brood from No. 3, using
the extractor also on No. 3, in this way getting a
large yield of honey without increase of colonies.
If, on the other hand, comb honey be more desira-
ble, use sections largely in the brood-chamber of
No. 1. These thoughts may not be new to you, but in

356

GLEANINGS IN BEE (CULTURE.

May

my reading- of bee-literature (which is quite limit-
ed) I have not come across any thintr like it, and I
should like to have your opinion. H. L. Doty.

Salem Center, Ind., Jan. 3S, 1887.

Friend D., I have sometimes thought that
it was harder to decide just what a man who
takes charge of bees is worth, than in almost
any othei- occupation. For instance, a man
who is sharp, keen, and skillful, might, witli
our 200 colonies, raise 1000 queens in a ;vear,
while another, equally honest, and working
equally hard, might not raise more than one-
fourth that amount. If the latter man is
worth a dollar a day. the other would be
wortli four dollars, and 1 presume almost as
great a difference would be found in the
production of honey. It has been said, that
no one knows the possibilities of a single
colony of bees in a single season, and I
should say that no one knows the possibili-
ties of a single man in a single season. We
do know to our sorrow, however, that there
is an abundance of meu who do not accom-
plish enough to pay for the wages they re-
ceive, and these ;ire they who are going
about from place to place, hunting for a job.
Within the last hour I liave employed a man
to assist in our apiary, and I told him we
would pay him whatever we found him to
be worth." I have just unloaded a load of
bees wliicli we are to buy of him ; and he
drove off, saying, '' Look the bees over when
you get ready ; and when I come around, al-
low me what you tliink 1 ought to have for
them.'" It seems to me this is a very fair
way to decide any of these dithcult matters,
especially where we have jiot seen the man
work, and do not know wiial he can do.
Tliese bees we have not overlinuled and ex-
amined yet, therefore we can not tell what
they are worth to us. In the latter case, of
course we want to deal witli men whom we
feel sure are disposed to l)e fair. Working
on shares is always a complicated business ;
and al)Out all that we can say is, arrange it
In any way that you can agree upon.

THK "BOY BEE-KEEPER" KEPOKTS AOAIN.

It has been many days since the "boy bee-keep-
er** last appeared in your columns, and you and
many of your readers may now scarcely recall
bim, so far have we drifted from our Georgia
home at Hawkinsville, where our venerable sire
still holds the fort with the g-entle golden-banded
Italians. We ob.serve witli especial interest the
bees and tlowers of every section we visit; and the
result in this State has not lieen all we had cause to
expect. We have wandered seurchiugly through
woods and groves where the zephyrs came to us
laden with the perfume of many flowers, and found
a few small black and one yellow-banded bee to
reward our pains. This only shows how that most
delicious and wholesome of sweets is permitted to
"waste its .sweetness on the desert air," for no
section of the country has given more abundant
yield than some i)()rtions of Florida, whore the in-
dustry has been pro]ierly introduced and scientiflc-
all3' pursued; but we And largo areas of almost total-
ly unoccupied territory. We shall make some prac-
tical tests in regard to this immediate field, and will
probably, with your permission, give something of
the result to your readers. Chas. R. Mitchell.

Ocala, Fla., Apr. 16', 1887.

EASINO DOWN A SWA KM.

I see some details of how some parties manage to
get down swarms from higli trees. ] go up the tree
and take a line stout enough to bear the swarm,
throw it over the next limb above the swarm, then
bring it down and tie to the limb holding the swarm.
1 then saw otf the limb with the liees and let them
down over the above-mentioned limb. If no limb
is convenient, I let it down hand over hand. By
having the line to bear on I can ease the limb down
without any jar when sawing otf. Wm. Hall.

Romance, Wis.

Very good, friend H. Your plan for tak-
ing down a swarm will work all right if you
have a limb above the one upon which "the »
swarm was clustered, and if there are no
limbs below to ititerfere in e;ising the swarm
down. We have never yet succeeded in
making a swarm cluster just where we de-
sired it to. A perfect method of taking
swarms down slioidd be one that would be
applicable to all conditions, and to anv
heiglit.

MOKE ABOUT THE COLONIAL EXHIBITION — A COK-

KECTION.

On page 35a Ernest seems to think the honey-ex-
hibitions at the C. & T. E., made by the British Bee-
Keepers' Association, and that made by the Ontario
R. K. A. were one and the same. To think so would
be quite a mistake. Our friends in Britain held
their exhibition (if my memor.v serves me) from
July 30 to August 4. Then it was removed. Ours
was placed in position about the middle of Septem-
ber, remained open until the close of the exhibition,
on the 10th of November, and was held in quite a
ditterent building— one erected expressly for our
exhibits. It was occupied by our honey only. Yes,
the colonial was lighted b.v electricity by night, and
there were three arc lamps in our honey-building,
and, as you may well imagine, the effect was ver.y
pretty. I am really sorry, Ernest, that you were
not there to see it. Thanks for your kind remarks
about our honey-shows. You are right about ex-
hibitions lielping sales. A lot of granulated honey
in glass educates the people remarkably. The pho-
tographs shown by Mr. Abbott were of British hon-
ey. S. T. Pettit.

Belmont, Ont., Can., April 6, 1887.

Thanks, friend P., for the correction. We
did not know before that the exhibitions
were held in two different buildings, and at
two different times ; in fact, in looking the
matter up we did not notice but that they
were one and tlie same exhibition, all held
in the same building. We sliould have very
much enjoyed taking a view of the honey-
displays. *

FlMiTHEK EXPLANATION IN KEOAKI) TO THE OAK-
GKOVE APJARY.

You don't know how much good it did me when I
got Gleanings of March 1st. 1 opened it and found
a picture of my apiary. I will now explain it some.
The ghl with the light dress is in>- sister. The little
boy, as you call liiiii (he is alinost as big as I am) is
mj brother, and the other girl is my cousin from
Nebraska. You ask why I put the hives on stilts.
They are only H or 10 inches high. They look higher
than they are. I put them that way l)ecause the
frogs eat so many bees at night. The young bees
never get chilled here when they fly out. The

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

357

peach-trees are quite full of peaches. Some of
them are as largre as a hulled walnut, and they will
be ripe in May. ^'es. there are orang-e-trees all
around the apiary. Ours are not old enouffh to
hear yet. Tliere is a ^Hrden at the otiier side of the
picket-fence, hut the house conies first. I will ex-
plain that I have c-lmntjed the name of my apiary
to Oak-(irove Apiary, and my address to Barber-
ville, instead of Volusia. Bees are doing' pretty
well, and we are having some swarms. When you
come to Florida, don't lorget to make us a visit.
Barberville. Fla., Mar. 21, l^<87. O. E. Heacock.

^K<)^■K-^:ATl^G chickkns also woukek-eaters.

I think Mr. Cather will find, if he allows his chick-
ens to catch drones, they will soon become as good
worker-eaters, and, despising the sting, they will
learn to handle them in as easy a manner as they do
the poor helpless drone. 1 killed a chicken last fall
that became an expert at the business. On opening
the crop I did not find over three drones, but about
ten times as many workers. My experience teaches
me to keep the chickens out of the bee-yard. They
dirty and scratch up the ground we have taken
pains to lay out and level off; and on a fine winter
morning (when it is too cold for the bees to come
out) you may fine them on the sunny side of a hive,
jabbering- off their chicken-talk, which must be
very annoying to the inmates who are trying- to pass
away the cold winter in quiet. Grant Scofield.

Ridgway, N. Y., April 8, 1887.

THE FIKST DRONE.

Bees have been gathering pollen at times for two
or three weeks, although we have had several quite
severe freezes during the time. Yesterday they
were very active, almost as thick around the hives
as in summer. 1 thought at first I had a case of
robbing on my hands, but some were busy carrying
in pollen, and probably the others were young bees
at play. I noticed one drone, the first I ever saw so
early in the season. Am 1 to expect a swarm from
that hive soon? It is a Langstroth chaff hive, con-
taining a last year's first swarm. Or was I mistak-
en, and, instead of a drone, was it one of P. Ben-
son's bees that he had fed up with his nursing
bottle'? S. 0. Gordon.

Georgetown, ()., Apr. 9, 1887.

The presence of drones may indicate that
the bees are thinking of swarming; but as
tliey often start a montli or two before they
swarm, it does not indicate any thing very
positive.

riDKK, AND ITS EFFECT ON BEES IN WINTER-
ING.

Mr. Dunn's remarks in last Gi-e.^nings, on the
effects of cider on bees, induce me to relate my
experience with it. In the fall of 1884 I had 37 col-
onies in winter quarters, packed on summer stands.
We have a eider-mill within 30 rods of my apiary.
The fall was warm, and they took large quantities
of cider, .\bout the 20th of November I found large
quantities of brood in all the hives. That season,
you will remember, was very productive of honey-
dew, and the winter was very cold. When the Feb-
ruary thaw came I had lost eight colonies, then six
weeks cold, and I l! st hi more— 24 out of 27. From
the combs I extracted over 4()0 lbs of honey-dew.

In 1885 I put 2S colonies into winter quarters.
They took a great deal of cider, and in the last part
of November I found the hives well filled with
brood. I lost one colony, starved, because, though

they had plenty of honey, It was at the other side of
the hive.

In 1886 basswood blighted, and then drongrht came.
A good deal of honey-dew was carried in, and but
little honey from autumn flowers. The tall was
warm, and the bees worked at the cider, taking a
great deal. Brood-rearing had stojjped in Septem-
ber, but began again; and on the 19th of November
there was a good deal of brood. All my friends pre-
dicted heavy loss. The bees being short of stores, I
fed about ISdd lbs. of granulated sugar, in hard
candy, laid on the frames. The work in the cider-
mill interfered with feeding them early enough
to make syrup. I |)acked 25 colonies with pine
planer shavings; 18, including 3 so weak that 1
hardly expected to winter, I jnit into a clamp,

.Tan. 31 there came a thaw, and I opened the clamp
so as to give the bees flight. They spotted the
snow no more than others wintered on natural
stores without cider. I took them out on the 7th of
April, having closed up the clamp again on the
eveningof January 21. All were in good condition
but one; they having some packing one side, dug-
it out and so stopped up the entrance, and smother-
ed. All on summer stands wintered well. T ex-
tracted all unsealed honey from about half the
hives, in the fall; part of these were in the clamp,
part out. I did not see that it made any difference.

Nelson, O., April. 1887. S. .T. Baldwin.

HONEY - POISONING ; HONEY SUPPOSED TO HAV*
BEEN GATHERED FROM POISON HUCKLEBEKR Y.

I was raised in the central portion of Texas,
and lived there 35 years, when I moved to this coun-
try two years ago, on account of poor health. 1 had
liver disease, which baffled the skill of several phy-
sicians in Texas. 1 have improved so much since I
came here that I feel as sound as ever; but when 1
undertake heavy work I soon become exhausted. I
believe if I were to remain here it would finally
cure me.

The country is very rough here — too much so to
make any speed at farming. It is a heavily timber-
ed country, consisting chiefly of oak and pine-
some basswood on the river, three miles east, but
little land under cultivation. Water is abundant.
Nearly all the little branches between the moun-
tains run eight months in the year. There are a
good many wild bees in the woods, but yet very few
people here have tried raising bees at home. They
say they would rather hunt for the " wild" honey in
the woods than to he bothered with bees at home.
Several persons have been poisoned with honey
in this part in the last two years. It is unknown
what the cause is of the honey being poisonous.
Some say it is strychnine which the bees got from
bait put out for wolves. Some say it is poison
huckleberry, but both seem improbable when we
consider that there is not a tenth as much strych-
nine put on now as there was six or eight years ago,
and the huckleberry Is no more plentiful now than
several years ago As before stated, the first case
of poison was two years ago. In a few hours after
eating the honey, the persons poisoned begin to feel
a tingling in the fingers, which finally extends over
the whole body. In some cases it has caused partial
paralysis, lasting several weeks. ( )ne case occurred
ten or twelve miles from here, where a whole fami-
ly of four persons were poisoned, and died within 24
hours. They lived in the low bottom country. .\t
all of the places I have visited, where poisoned hon-

358

(4LEA\ING8 IX 15 KK CULTURE.

May

ey was taken, I have found plenty of poison huck-
leberrj- near by. If you can explain the cause of
this poison, and give a preventive, it would be a
blessing to many persons in this and perhaps other
sections. W. K. Davis.

Ultimathule, Ark., Feb. 15, 1887.

I have never heard of a poison huckleber-
ry, friend D., but there has been considera-
ble said about poison honey in years past.
In a talk with l^rof. Cook, a few days ago,
while looking at specimens of honey in the
museum of the Agricultural College, he ex-
pressed a belief that there is more or less
mistake in regard to the whole matter. He
has a sample bottle of poison honey in the
museum; and, if I am correct, he has eaten
it without any unpleasant results at all ;
and I am inclined to think that any thing
that would kill a human being would kill
the bees themselves. Sometimes one or
more people in a family die after having eat-
en articles of food put up in tin cans ; but
we are assured from good autliority that the
cause of death lies somewhere else than in
the canned goods ; and I am rather inclined
to believe that these deaths may have re-
sulted from some other cause than from the
honey that was eaten. We should, howev-
ei-, be glad of facts on the subject.

A NOVEL SWAHMINO-BOX.

I send you a sample of a swarming-box that I
have used the last season. It works like a charm.
There is no shaking of swarms to get them out of
the box; all you have to do is to get your swarm to
cluster in the box, the same as with any other box,
then take the box down with the swarm in, and
stand with your left hand to the box, with the pole
at your right hand; walk up to the hive you wish to
put the swarm in, lay it down with the open end to
the entrance, or, rather, to the right, as you stand,
then loose the hook and spread the box out and
your swarm is ready to run in without any shak-
ing or trouble. This is my plan and invention, and
it is free to all who wish to line it. You can give
the plan to your readers if you wish. The box is
about 7 X 7 X 18 inches. (J. H. Clemmer.

Arcanum, ()., Mar. 3!i, 1887.

I will explain to our readers, that the box
is much like our own, described in our price
list and ABC book, only that it is hinged
togetlier with leather hinges, so that by un-
hooking one side it can be laid out Hat in
front of the hive. As bees sometimes act
contrary, when shaken from a box, and take
wing ami go off, this might be an improve-
ment : for after it is spread out on the
ground in front of the hive, it has lost all
appearance of a hive Or cavity wherein they
could cluster; and without any excitement
or disturbance they proceed to march right
into the hive proper, as offering the best ac-
commodations after the hiving-boxhas been,
so far as they can see, demolished.

WHY DID THF, HONEY BECOME SOURED IN SO
SHORT A TIME ?

For the last two years our honey has not kept
well. In the fall of 188.5 we had but little honey.
This was dark, with a disagreeable taste, and soon
acquired an acid taste in addition. The hone3'-crop
was large in the fall of 1886, and such delicious hon-
ey 1 never before tasted, so thick and clear. An old

and experienced bee-keeper took up the honey for
me, and said in all his experience he had never
before seen such honey; but inside of three weeks
it had acquired the same disagreeable flavor, with
the same acidity. Yesterday I met the gentleman
who had taken up the honey for me, and he asked
me what I had done with all "that delicious honey."
I told him that it was not fit for use; and when I
had explained he said he had never heard of such a
thing in his life. He gave me your address, and
asked me to write to you about it. My father al-
ways kept bees, as did my husband's father, and I
never heard of such a thing before. Our bees are
Italians. We sow buckwheat for them after the
fruit-blooms and forest-tree blooms are gone.. We
sow some buckwheat in June, and again later, so
that the frost takes it while still in bloom. There
are different wild flowers— heart's-ease and golden-
rod being more plentiful than other varieties. If
you can tell us what the trouble is, I shall be grate-
ful. Letitia W. Truesdell.
Concordia, Cloud Co., Kan., Feb. 34, 1887.

1 am sorry to say, my friend, that I have
never known a case just like yours. I have
seen honey, however, that seemed very
thick and nice after it was thrown out of
the extractor, and placed in a deep can, set-
tle so the thickest and nicest honey was at
the bottom, while that on top would become
so thin as to sour. Is it possible that this
is tlie trouble with yoursV If so, go down to
tlie bottom of your receptacle, and you will
find it all right.

HONEY ^'KOM ALSIKE.

Your estimate of the amount of honey 100 colonies
would gather from 10 acres of alsike is certainly low
enough. Now, it would be a diflicnit matter to get
at it with any degree of exactness; but this I do
know, that lor the last two or three years our aver-
age of extracted honej' from clover (there is very
little of the ordinary white here) has been about 1.50
lbs. We have not 100 colonies, and have some 30 or
iO acres of alsike within l'^ miles of our apiary. In
18H2 we ran 9 colonies forconib honey, and there was
only about 10 acres of alsike near. It was a very
poor season for honey, and nothing secreted hone.y
during the clover season but alsike. We got about
2.50 lbs. from the 0. Hobt. H. Shipman.

Canniniiton, Ont., Can., Apr. 12, 1887.

TIMELY articles; WIDE FRAMES.

What a benefit can be derived fi-om timely arti-
cles! For instance. Dr. C. C. Miller's article, March
15, p. 306— "Time of Taking Bees Out of the Cellar."
My neighbors have taken their bees out since early
in March, and we had considerable stormy weather
during the last week in March. My bees are still in
the cave, for which I am glad. Well, friend Root, I
see that those who use supers have their troubles. I
have tried supers, half stories, and wide frames in
full stories; and if the golden rule is observed, to
keep the colonies strong, I think the hitter is as
good as any; and as far as propolis is concerned, if
there were some way of preventing the frame from
sagging, so the sections would not drop from the
to]) bar, the propolis would not be so bad.

Cleveland, la., Apr. 4. 1887. E. U. Morgan.

The trouble you speak of. friend M., was
pointed out by Dr. Miller, and we had al-
ready made arrangements to make the wide
frames tighter fitting for section^.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

359

THE MESQtriTE HONEY FllOM TEXAS.

I send you by this mail a sample of raes(|Uitt'
honey, also some incsciiiite-blossoiiis. F fxtractoil
from three hives, April 14, Vti lbs. of honey, e(|ual,
evei'y ounce of it, to the sample sent. Our lioiiey-
flow has come earlier than common, owing' to the
long-continued dry weather; and if the droufiht
continues much longer I shall have liouey enough,
but no bread to eat with it. Try the sample, and
tell me what you thinlv ol it. M. Ukokus.

Gonzales, Texas, .\pril 18. 18ST.
Friend I?., the hoiiev you send is of a iiii*e
amber eolor, thoiigli not very light, and the
flavor is very good — inneh like some of our
best fruit-blossom honey. The blossoms are
very pretty and fragrant, even alter so long
a trip through tlie mails. If the mescpiite
yields honey usually in the quantities you
mention, it deserves to liave a place among
onr valuable honey-plants.

A HOME-MADE SAW-TABLE.

Inclosed j'ou will find a picture of my sawing-
machine, drawn byniy boy, age 14. On this T have

made all of my own hives, crate.s, sections, and oth-
er supplies. Last year I made and sold over $1UII.()0
worth of apiarian supplies. This machine 1 made
myself. I bought the saws and nmndrel of A. I.
Root.

I think we can't jiraise you too much for the good
you are doing through Our Homes and the Tobacco
Column. To Gleanings and the A B C book I owe
most of my success with bees.

New Vernon, Pa. T). W Btknett.

F.WORABLE TO MRS. COTT<JN. AGAIN.

I was much pleased to read your article in
Gleanings about Mrs. Cotton. I think she has
been somewhat unjustly abused. 1 sent to her in
the spring of 1885 for a swarm of Italians, and in-
creased to si.x the same year, with B-t lbs. surplus,
and last season to 20 and 850 lbs. surplus. 1 should
have done better but for the drought. I think,
with you. that her prices are high, but T think her
hive is very gt)od, especialh' for wintering— no
small item, by the by. The only objection I have to
it is, that it is not adapted to I-lb. sections, though
for my use I should prefer her glass bo.ves. but
they are not so good for the general market.

Fulton, Mo., Jan. 11, 1887. H. S. Huggett.

Friend H., I am very glad to get such a
frank, honest testimony as the one yoti give.
When anybody indorses Mrs. Cotton, to the
extent of^sayihg that she is e.xactly right in
her plans and her prices, 1 begin to feel a
little afraid of him. It is natural for hu-
manity to take sides on almost all questions.
A, part will go to one extreme and a part to

the other extreme ; bnt what the world
needs is cool, nnl)iased testimony from
those who will, with unprejudiced pen, give
the good and tlie bad points of all these
things as they come up.

Rep0ctj^ ENC©a^?i6i]\[6.

THE UPS AND J>OWNS IN BEE-KEEPING : $265

KROM 17 COLONIES, AND 5 SWARMS

MORE I'll.VN SPRING COUNT.

STARTED in isstiwith 17 stands; increased to :!(i,
and sold 8 at *5.()0 each, before comb-honey time.
1 extracted 2.")(i lbs., and secured 12.50 lbs. of comb
honey in 1-1 b. sections. 1 received 15 cts. per lb.
for the extracted, quick sale, and from 12'2 to Iti
cts. for comb, mostly 15 cents, by the case. My
honey is mostlj fall honey. My sale of bees and
honey amounts to $2«5, and I have 5 swarms more
than I started with. That will pay all my exi>enses.
I want to say a little about how my bees have
wintered. 1 usually put my bees in a row, close
together, and set them on prairie hay and pack hay
over them. I have had the best results. The bees
always come out good and strong: but this spring 1
have a good mind to write " blasted hopes." The
winter was very open, the bees Hew about every
two weeks. They have dwindled down badly. I
lost si. X entirely, and the others are rather weak:
but I have cleaned them all out, and am going to
try to pull them through. I have been in the bee-
business -about ten years, on a small scale, but
never before have 1 h«d such bad luck wintering
bees. I had begun to think that Nebraska was the
place to winter bees safely. F. C. LeFevek.

Juniata, Neb., Mar. 21, 1887.

Thanks, friend L., for your report. 1
hardly see how yon could think of putting
yourself into Hbisted Hopes. The fact that
yon wintered unsuccessfully last winter does
not necessarily indicate tliat you will have
poor success in the future. Considering
how you made your bees pay. as indicated
in the head oi' your article, your reiiort
ought properly to come under the head of
Reports Encouraging, ought it not?

FIFTV-SE\ EN DOLLARS FROM TWO SWAK.MS IN-
ONE SEASON.

Last spring I started with two swarms. They
cast three swarms each. I saved tlve, one got
awaj . I sold 487 lbs. of honey for *.57.24. I have
seven swarms yet, all lively and strong. I make
my own hi\ es. My first swarm came otf the 2Hth of
May. They did not swarm, but made 108 lbs. of
honey. My caps hold 28 one-pound sections. My
bottom frames are the same width as the f'^ x f'l x
I l.")-lti sections, i ordered my fixtures from yon
last year. We have some flowers in bloom here
now on the ground and on trees. I will send you
one of the popi)le-blossoms. The bees work very
strong on tbeiu. I have a great many linn-trees
around me, and early cherry-trees.

Kimball. Mich.. Apr. IB, 1887. A. M. French.

AN AVER.KGK of 215 LBS. OF HONEV FOR THF.
I, .AST 5 VE.ARS.

I wintered 42 colonies in a damp cellar this win-
ter, at a temperature of 38 to 40° . with splendid re-
sults. All cftjpe out in good sbape. Tbey cow-

360

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

May

sumed but very little honey. T averaged, last sea-
son. 14.5 lbs of honey per colony, and 90 per cent
increase. The last 7 years I have averaged 135 lbs.;
and. taking out the 2 first years, my average has
been 21.5 Kis. mostly extracted, with over 100 per
cent increase each year. You may hear from me
this season. The most snow this winter fell March
26th and 27th— 18 to 20 inches on a level in the
timber. Some of my hives were completely cover-
ed up with snow. I had a time in getting the snow
out of the apiary. The ground is covered with
snow, but it is going off fast. The bees were gather-
ing honey and pollen yesterday and today, and
the ground is covered with snow. Have you bees
that can beat that? Wm. Malone.

Newbern, la., Apr. '6, 1887.

NOT .\ COr.ONV LOST OUT OF 300 PUT INTO WINTER
QUARTERS.

Our bees at this date were never in better condi-
tion. Thei' have lots of brood, and are strong in
bees. We have not lost any yet in about 300 colo-
nies. We wintered outdoors in a clamp, and about
100 in a bee-house, all in fine shape.

Smith & Jackson.

Tilbury Center, Ont., Can., Mar. 4, 1887.

11 TO 25, AND 1300 liBS. OF HONEY.

1 will give my report for 1886. T started last
spring with 11 swarms, and increased to 25 by nat-
ural swarming, and took 13li0 lbs. of comb honey.
I use a double-walled hive. The inside wall is
made of rye straw. .John Shoht.

Moliiie, Mich.

1^EP0]^¥^ DipC0a^^6IiM(3[.

almost a candidate for blasted hopes.
T SEE that your department of Reports Dis-
||F cou raging is not very well supplied, so I send
^t you a report. Last fall I started in to winter
"*■ with 106 colonies of bees; .57 were in chaff
hives; 49 were in Simplicity. All had a plenty
of winter stores. The chaff' hives had good chaff
cushions in the upiier story; the Simplicity hives
had chaff division-boards at the sides, and were well
packed with chaff' above. Out of the 106 colonies,
56 are dead: 6 are (|ueenless, and over 40 are weak.
Out of the 49 in the Simplicity hives, 41 are dead;
and out of the .57 in chaff' hives, 15 are dead. The
chaff' hives will probably keej) me out of Blasted
Hopes.

This has been the hardest winter on bees in this
locality since the winter of 1881). A good many bee-
keepers have lost all of their bees, and not over 20
per cent of the bees in this locality will " weather
the gale." TTnless the weather changes pretty soon,
[ may be able to give you a report for Blasted
Hopes. Bark louse nectar gathered late in the fall
was what did the business lor us. 1 shall be glad
when Prof. Cook comes around with his bark-louse
destroyer. Geo. A. Wright.

Glen wood, Sus(|. Co., Pa , Apr. 19, 1887.

Youv report is a little discouraging, friend
Wright; hut if it does iiotliing more, it
demonstrates the very great superiority of
chaff-packed hives over siugle-walled Sim-
plicity hives for wintering. I don't think
we oiight to run the risk of trying to winter
our bees in Simplicity hives. If the winter
should be favorable you are all right ; but if

it should be like the one you have just
.passed through, then you could have well
afforded to buy chaft' hives outright for all
the colonies, instead of sustaining the loss
you did. The winter in your locality must
have been somewhat more severe than in
most other places. As near as we are able
to gather from reports, last winter, as a
rule, M^as very favorable for wintering bees.

thikd attempt and third failure at bee-
keeping.

This is my third attempt at bee culture, and my
third failure, sol conclude to ijuit. 1 will relate my
last start. Last fall I bought two colonies. They
were not rich in stores, so I fed during the fall to
each about 26 lbs. of granulated sugar. 1 bought
two chaff' hives, and transferred the bees into them.
This spring the bees were in splendid condition. I
began to notice that one came out several times on
warm days, so I thought they had no queen. The
whole swarm finally left for parts unknown, but it
does not stop here. I find another swarm had rob-
bed this one; and when they had cleaned it out they
went for the other swarm, and now I ha\e two
empty hives for sale. L. Kottman.

Benton, Ohio, April 1.!, 1887.

The old saying of " three times and out'"
seems to be veriHed in your case, friend R.,
but I hope you will not be discouraged yet.
Your bees wintered nicely, but you allowed
them to be robbed. You "now have a stock
of experience that will help you to be more
successful hereafter. In your closing sen-
tence you corroborate just what I said in
regard to robbing, in my reply to friend
Miller. Where the robbers "succeed in
using up one colony they are just in trim to
pounce on and conquer one right beside it.

UNFAVORABLE FOR FLORIDA.

This has been the worst season 1 have known
here. The pleasant weather came early, and this
past month has been very unpleasant. I have not
heard of any bees swarming this year.

Sorrento, Fla., Apr. 3, 18^7. N. Adams.

]^I0¥EJS ;«[ND (^HEI^IEg.

DO vanquished bees help their CONQUERORS?

■T HAVE lost two colonies of my bees out of
jMf twelve. One of them starved to death, the oth-
^t er one was overpowered and robbed by a
■*■ stronger colony. The battle-ground at the en-
trance of the hive showed signs of a desperate
struggle. When discovered, the (jueen was dead,
and the remainder (if there were any) \vere busily
engaged in heli)ing tlieir \ ictors to carry out the re-
maining honey. Do vanquished bees, after losing
their queen, alwajs help their conquerors?

Laura, Ohio, April 25, 1887. R. W. Brandon.

[Vanqui.-hed bees do frequently turn in with their
conquerors and help carry the stores to the new
hive. A? good authoritj', however, as friend IDoo-
little has expressed doubts of this. It was several
years ago tlirough (Jleanings; but so many re-
ports came in at once, corroborating the matter,
that I believe most if not all accepted it as truth.]

WHAT an A B C SCHOL.^R DID.

My spring count was .56; fall count, 70. I se-
cured 1500 lbs. of honey, all comb, in one and two

ISS7

GLEANINGS IN BP:E CULTUHi:.

361

pound sections. How is that for York State for
1886, and all through studying A B < ' and G leanings?

To keep Clark's smoker-tube from tilling with
soot, tack a leather strap to the wide end of the
bellows, and hang it up small end downward when
warm, and the soot will riin into the small end and
can be dug out with a nail or small knife-blade
when cold. Wai/ikh Seaman.

DeKalb, N. V.

[Friend S., your point is an e.xcelleiit one, and 1
have no doubt you ai-c i-iglit; but supporting the
smoker by standing it with the nozzle downward
would. I suppose, answer equally well.

A WINXJiR KEPOSlTOltY NOT SUCrKSSHlIL.

We always buried our bees in sandy gi-ound, and
they wintered well. Last fall we built a house
5 feet in the ground, 2 I'eet out, warm and nice;
thermometer lowest, 33°. The bees were uneasy all
winter. We put in 44, and now we have 20 weak
ones. The building is 6'^ by 20. E. Bush.

Schodack Landing, N. Y., March 28, 1887.

HOW TO GET RID OF ROACH E8.

I saw an inquiry in Gleanings for April, for a
method of getting rid of roaches. We were
overrun with them. They came in empty berry-
boxes from Philadelphia. 1 used powdered borax.
It is a sure exterminator. Blow it in all cracks and
crevices, and scatter it around where they hide in
the day time. Bees have wintered very niceb' in
New Jersey the last winter, so far as I hear.

Hartford, N. J., Apr. 11, 1887. E. J. Li.oyd.

THE FELTON SWABMING-BOX.

Yes, Mr. Root, you got a very correct engraving
of my swarmiug-box, except the handle, which you
have got turned the wrong way. It should be turn-
ed with the long end down. Bro. Kaler says 1 have
misrepresented his box. 1 have not done so inten-
tionally. The Kaler box, as used in this country is
held up among the bees when they are flying. For
my part I should much ])refer my own l>ox; but
opinions differ, and 1 do not intend to quarrel with
Mr. Kaler. S. E. Felton.

Setley, Pa., April 8, 188;.

SEPARATOKS, WIDE FRAMES, AND CASES.

1 do not want any more wide frames at any price.
I have been very much interested in se))arators,
cases, and wide frames. I do not use separators,
and have abandoned wide frames. 1 tind cases
much better. I make them out of !.i-story Simplici-
ty hives, with a honey-board. I am making the
board of slats, with strips of perforated zinc let in
between. 1 think that is good, and the case is also
the best out. I can wedge them up, and they are
fast and good. 1 sell my honey to stores principal-
ly, at 14 and 15 cts. GEf). A. Mathews.

Katonah. N. Y., Mar. 23, 1887.

bees versus SUNFLOWERS.

Will bees injure sunflowei'S by feeding on the
pollen? One of my neighbors states that his sun-
flowers were injured by the bees. He counted 20
at once on some of them, and attributes their fail-
ure to bees. I tell him it was the dry weather.

JoN.\THAN ToWNt.EY.

Elizabeth, N. Y., Apr. 12, 1887.

[You can ass\ire your neighbor, friend T., that
the bees can by no manner of means injure the
sunflowers. Their visits, on the contrary, must be
a benefit to every plant that produces seed.]

Therefore shall her plagues come in one day,
death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be
utterly burned willi fire: for strong is the Lord
God who judgeth ber.-UEV. 18: K.

iP LITTLE before tlie Ihstol' April I re-
&, ceived a telegram from Trof. ('ook.
V telling me to come and visit liis
■^ sugar-busli. Now. tliere is one thing
I like al)out these trips away from
home. It enables me to learn more about
the neighbors outside of my own immediate
vicinity. It enables me to get a glimpse of
this great teeming outer world that is now
round about us on every side. But, dear
friends, if my object in traveling were to
Hnd out objectionable features in humanity
it would be a sad and sorry task, and I am
going to try to tell of the good things to be
found away from home, as well as bad things.
One of the' things that pleased me greatly
on the cars of the Lake Shore road was the
addition of a wash-room— or not exactly a
room, but a little place set apart where
plenty of soap, clean water, looking-glass,
combs, and brush, were kept, so tliat they
could be used by any one. whether he were
able to pay for the comforts of a sleeping
car or not; and T tell you, these utensils
were used. During a ride of two hours to
Toledo, there was scarcely a minute that
somebody was not Inisy refreshing himself
by a good wash. May God bless the rail-
road companies for thinking of this excel-
lent feature to make the tra^■eling public
happy ! My brother-in-law, Mr. Holmes,
says "they will probably make all tlie new
passenger cars tliat way. If cleanliness is
next to godliness, it is a' good sign.

By a blunder of the ticket-agent at Elyria,
I had, as I often do, got on the wrong route;
but Jitter the mischief Avas done, I began
asking myself if God had not something for
me to do on this route that I should not
have found on the other one. At Toledo 1
found a train ready to step on to, providing
I took a sleeping-car. The cars were new
and exceedingly comfortable, compared with
the crowded Union Depot, and when I ask-
ed the price of a sleeper to Holly, Mich., I
was greatly surprised to tind it was only a
dollar; and it was a nice, pleasant-looking
man who said it, in vivid contrast with
some of the porters one sometimes meets.
I went to bed at once, and slept soundly un-
til I was told that Holly was at hand, at
lialf-past four in the morning. The same
porter pointed me to an excellent hotel right
close to the station. Here I was to sit for
foiu' hours and a half. As it would not pay
to go to bed again, I took a. seat by the stove
and commenced to read Prof. Cook's book
on maple-sugar making; for, to tell the
truth, 1 had never read it entirely myself,
even though I was the publisher. Perhaps
I might say here, that the hardest work of
my life now is to read the lK)oks, letters,
etc., that I really ought to read. 1 hnd, how-
ever, it is far easier for me to read such a
book when I am away from home than when
here; because here I'have constantly to pull
my mind off from one subject to consider
other responsibilities, and then push it

362

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

May

back by force of will to the book I am try-
ing to read .

My Mist inteiruptioii was from the clerk.
In stepping outdoors he slipped down and
tore two Imttons off from his ready-made
new suit, and he kindly offered me a cigar
if I would sew the l)uttons on for him. At
first I thought of declining the job as well
as the cigar ; but it occurred to me that I
had better sew the buttons on, as it w^ould
give nie some opportunity to get acquainted.
He could not sew them on himself, because
they were behind his l)ack. I guess I did
him a pretty fair piece of work, even if it
was several years since I sewed on a button.

The next interruption was from a hack-
driver who came in to wait for a train.
Then an employe at the depot across the
way came in, and, 1 presume, to find some-
body to talk with, while he kept an eye on
things across the track. The first salutation
of the two was loaded with oaths and blas-
phemy ; then they commenced a friendly
talk, and I believe' it was the worst talk I
ever listened to in all my life. I looked at
the young men and began studying as to
how to give them a mild reproof in such a
way as to do them the most good. As they
went on, however, their lives seemed to be
so widely separated from my own I could
not think of aii> way to start a conversation
without having them feel that I was a sort
of crank, or somebody who wanted an op-
portunit> of airing liis piety. Very likely
Satan was getting into my own heart as
well as theirs. Tliey had no tastes, no in-
terests, in common with my own. The de-
pot man, in speaking about keeping awake
nights when it is necessary in the dTscharge
of his duties, said that the only way he
could keep awake was by keeping just about
so drunk. When in that condition he was
never sleepy at all. I wonder if the railroad
com])any know that men they hire to fill re-
sponsible places are in the habit of propping
themselves up during the night time— prop-
ping themselves up to a sense of duty and
their responsibility, if you choose, by an
abundance of whisky. The bare thoug'ht of
it staggered me, and the words I had plan-
ned to use I put away, and T do not know
but it was Satan who whispered that indig-
nation was the onh jjroper feeling to have
for such as they. "Prett>' soon they began to
sprinkle in obs"cenit\ with their blasphemy ;
then they began to tell impure stories; and
wiiile 1 sat feeling myself unable to cope
with the worst language that I had ever
thought or dreamed of, they went on from
bad to worse. T kept my eyes on my book,
but they must have l)een sharp enough to
notice that I was listening; and for fifteen
minutes I had such a glimpse of the possi-
bilities in the wa> of the utter (lepravit> of
the human heart that I hope I shall never
have again. I did not know then that hu-
man beings could be so lost to every sense
of decen('y ; nor did it occur to me that it
was possible for any thing in human form
to descend into such fearful depths of every
thing lepiilsive and even horrible, as diii
these two young men.

In the story of Ivauhoe, written by Sir
Walter Scott, Rebecca, the Jewess, while

watching the warfare through the grate of
her dungeon, says : " O great God I hast
thou given man thine own image that it
should be thus cruelly defaced?" The
same feeling came into "^ my mind— did God,
when he created human l)eings in his own
likeness, contemplate the possil)ility that
they might descend to where^ these two
were standing V I gave it up. The people
were stirring, and the clerk had been kni-
dling a fire in the parlor. I went in there
and sat down, feeling helpless and discour-
aged. You may ask why I did not appeal
to the clerk, whose buttons I iiad sewed on.
I thought of doing so, but he was brushing
out the saloon pari of his establishment, and
getting ready for the busy throng that was
beginning to come. lie evidently seemed
to think their talk was all right and proper.
May God forgive me if I got uncharitable
Just then. I went into a clean comfortable
room, and sat in an easy-chair; but I was
not easy, and I was not happy. I could not
hear the filthy words from the other room,
but conscience seemed to say, and keep say-
ing, they were going just the same as if I
were not there. Peihaps others had gone in
to help them. And then I meditated, also,
that such talk .was probaltly going on, or
at least talk, of somethingin that line, in
other railroad stations arid public houses
throughout our lajid— possibly in some parts
of our own town of Medina. May God
grant, however, that it is nothing nearly as
bad, for the infiuence of our churches and
prayer-meetings in Medina has now gone
into almost every nook and cranny of our
place, and I do not believe there are any so
utterly lost around my home as those 1
found here ; and this, too, in the progressive
State of Michigan— the State I have for
many years felt was almost taking the lead
in intelligence and progress, and, I had hop-
ed, in godliness. No wonder we have our
prisons full, and our inlirmaries full, and
our insane-asylums full, while we are sow-
ing such seeds and getting ready for the
crop. Our text tells us that the outcome of
this kind of sinfulness is plagues and death
and famine. In the end, purification shall
come by burning with fire : for strong is the
Lord God who judgetli.

A few weeks ago a sample copy of an illus-
trated weekly came to our ofiice. A simple
glance at the paper showed that its purpose
was to encourage every thing that leads to
depravity and filthiness. In the back of the
paper yveve advertisements of the vilest
books and pictures that ever disgraced the
civilization of the world. The advertisers
admitted that the books could not be sent
by mail, but that they must go by express.
As it is a dangerous business even then,
they -were obliged to charge five dollars for
a single copy ; but in several places differ-
ent venders guai'anteed that said book
should not be lacking one whit in the filthi-
ness and vileness of its pictures that the
same Ixiok had between thirty and forty
years ago when the strong arm of the law
tried to stamp jt out of existence. An edi-
torial note on tlie first page of the paper
defies Christian people in their efforts to re-
press their vile sheet, and asks subscribers

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

»63

to inform them promptly if any postmaster
or anybody else tries to hinder it from go-
ing through tlie mails. As a matter of
course, this paiier attacks the religion of
Christ Jesus. Their hatred and bitterness
toward every thing pertaining to God's
word (■]-()i)s (nit in every column. Ministers
and superintendents of Sunday-schools, dea-
C(ms of churches, oi- anybody else, and oth-
ers of like character who have been led
away'.by Satan, are hunted up, pictured
t)ut,'and held u]! before the world with
jeers, in the effort to make it appear that
all professing Christians are hypocrites;
that there is no purity, either in man or
woman : and the deduction would seem to
lie that there does not need to be. In scan-
ning its pages I fell to wondering what
these ])eople would have if they could have
every thing their own way. Suppose the

people of the , their patrons,

keepers of grog-shops, managers ot houses
of ill fame, and all that crew, were put on
an island by themselves, and left without
hiw <.r restraint, to have things just as they
liked, where would be the end? Does not
our text tell the story V— plagues shall come
in one day ; death, "mourning, and famine
shall follow on. If you want to see the
prophec.N verilied. visit \our infirmary or
insane-asylum.

After I cam(^ home I told snuie of my ex-
jterience at Ib^Us at the noon service. Our
stenographer and proc^i-reader, who also
plays the ( rgan, told me. as the service
closed. Miat it was in the neighboring town
of Howell. Livingston Co.. a few miles ■west
of Ho!l> . where they threatened good men
if tlie\ attempted to interfere with the
whiskytrallic there ; and threats were not
all. The lollowing telegram, under date of
.March 17. tells the story : '■ The business
portion of tiie city is a mass of black ruins."

In talking with Proi. Cook, he told me
that, if I commenced a warfare against the

, I would have to take the

chances of having my property burned ; and
he said that, in their own State of Michigan,
anonymous letters had been sent to men
who dared to stand up to their cinivictions
of duty, threatening them with the burning
of their stores and residences if they went
ahead, and the amount of losses had been
such as to make even good and brave men
tremble.

Now, my friends, you may be somew'hat
surprised, perhaps, when I say that, after
thinking and iiraying over "this terrible
problem that lies before us. I have come to
the conclusion that we are almost all of ns
more or less guilty. If we have not started
stories that savored a little of impurity, we
have perhaps stood b\ and smiled, by way
of encouragement to the teller, even if we
have not said any thing. We have heard
such talk as 1 have mentioned, and liave,
like -my poor self, been so startled and
shocked that we h:\\e not even opened our
months in protest. May God forgive my
lack of courage I Some of us who are
church-members, and, may be. deacons,
have been in the habit of repeating things
of this kind (when no women were around),
just because there was something funny

about it or it was a rich joke. May be we
have done it wdien a child stood by, or, say,
a young man in his teens, or may be a
yoiing married man. Perhaps lie iias re-
peated it because he has heard it from Mr.
Si) and So ; and then it may be (but I tru.st
but rarely) these funny things are passed
about among the other sex. May (iod help
us all to set a better example I Some years
ago a new convert, a young friend of mine,
and a boy who was trying, as I veiily l»elieve,
to he pure in word as well as action— told me
that a. man in my employ was continually
telling impure stories anrl jokes. This man
was a professing Christian. I went to him
about it. and he with downcast face admit-
ted that he had got into the habit. I talked
to him pretty severely, and was afraid he
Would be offended ; but although he felt
hurt, he did not resent it. Since then he
has at different times thanked me, and as-
sured me that the results of my plain but
kind reproof had brought him nearer to the
throne of grace. These things had begun
to get between him and his Savior. Soon
after, he came to our young people's prayei--
meeting, and took part. My friend, you do
not need to scan the columns of such pa-
pers as I have mentioned, to be sure that
this thing kills spirituality from the heart
of any man or woman.

I'd hi: ((iiitiiitied next issur i)i Our Humus.

Cf>.VDUCTED BY EKNEST B. ROOT.

xo F(»rL nuooi). and evkry colony win-

TEKED.

If- S T had earnestly hoped, and so stated
^1^ in the last issue, no colonies are lost

j^ by wintering up to date. I can hard-
■^^ ly think this success is altogether at-
tributable to a favorable winter, or to
the chaff hive, though these two factors
have a great deal to do in successful winter-
ing. I am of the oi)inion, that the result in
our own case was owing largely to the fact
that we did the reri/ best we knew hon-. know-
ing that the colonies were weak, and there-
fore needed special care if we exi)ecte(l to
have any come out in the spring. C)ur apia-
rist, M)-. K., on account of the death of his
father-in-law. was called away to take care
of the farm last fall. This made it necessa-
ry for me to go into the apiary and give it
moie of my personal attention than former-
ly, at such "spare hours as I could find from
my work in the office. As it was impossi-
ble for me to do all the work as I wanted to
have it done, I called upon one of our most
trusty men to serve in the capacity of apia-
rist. We together, as our reader.s will re-
member, last year put the bees into wintei'
([uarters in the evening by lantern light and
moonlight, and in the rain. .Vlt hough Mr.
S. had then had but little (U" no exiie-ience
with bees. I knew that he would do just ex-
actly as I told him. While I think there is a
great deal of credit due to Mr. S. tor the
carefid way in which he followed my direc-
tions, I think there is just a little credit due
me for doing myself and telling him to do

364

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

May

just the right thing, in order that the bees
might come out as they did. I make this
broad statement, even at tlie very great risk
of being called conceited (and I\i hate aw-
fully to be called conceited), foi- just a little
success. Is it not a thing to be a little " in-
flated ■■ over, if you have wintered 200 colo-
nies without the loss of a single one V To
do it every season would be one of the '• line
arts,'" a]id I don't aspire to that : but I do
think, friends, that your success in winter-
ing, whether it is a favorable season or not,
is largely due to doing the hesl you know hoiv.

LOTS OF BROOD, HUT NONK ■' FOUL."'

We have had pretty fair weather for the
last week or ten days. The maple-bloom is
out, and the dandelions are showing their
gladsome facts here and there over the lawns
and through the apiary. As a consequence,
brood-rearing has commenced in real earnest
in all our colonies; and the downy yovmg
bees, so welcome in the spring, are" (rotting
the combs as the latter are pulled out and
examined to see whether they bear traces
of foul brood. For three weeks now we have
not had a sign nor a trace of foul biood, and
we really hope that'^A^e shall have little or no
more trouble from it. We think this result
is largely owing to the fact that the two first
colonies which had foul brood this spring
were totally destroyed, so that not a single
bee was allowed to escape and so get into
other colonies. This might have been done
by the staivation plan ; and although we
were entirely successful last summer in cur-
ing the colonies thcmselrcfi which were dis-
eased, we were not enabled to keep a few
stray bees from entering and propagating
the disease in neighboring hives. Our friend
D. A. Jones says there is"no need of letting
these bees get loose and spread the disease,
by the starvation plan. I presume not ; but
certain it is, that we did not succeed very
well last season. Perliaps we were careless.
At any rate, T think now if we had burned
our first case of foul brood, even to the last
bee, we should have had but little trouble.

THAT s:\IOKER SAWDUST FUP;L.

A few days ago Mr. S. told me that he had
just learned how to use that kind of sawdust
fuel so as to make it last and give good
smoke for foui- or five hours, without refill-
ing the smoker. Now, dear friends, if any
of you have tried to use this sawdust fuel as
I described in this department last year, on
page .S50, and failed, please keep oii trying
if you want to save a good many hours' time.

OUR STV^AMP APIARY.

As it would be hardly safe or wise to fill
orders from our home ai)iary, althougli we
are beginning to believe foul brood is cured,
we thought best to locate another apiary.
We have accordingly selected our peat
swamp. Ten colonies purchased of an A B
(' scholar are already there, and we are ex-
pecting a couple more loads of bees from
friends Rice and Shook, of Seville, some 10
miles from Medina. Orders for bees and
queens will be tilled from the "Swamp
Apiary "^ and from Neighbor H.'s two api-
aries. Our fi"iends will not, therefore, need
to fear foul brood if they purchase of us.

Gleanincs in Bee Cclture,

Published Senii-Mo»thli/.

• .^. X. Z^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

ivHEXJii^-a., OHIO-
TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubiing Eates, See First Page of Eeading Matter.

Blessed are the pure in heart, tor th*.v i-hall see God.— Mat. 5:8.

Ouii subscription list is growing- at a sure and
steady paci-. We ha\'o at date Tl.").5 suhseriliers— a
g-ain of ^50 witliin the past month. This is 1] liigher
than we ever liad before at any time. Many thanks.

.\NOTHEl{ CANADIAN BEE-.TOURNAL.

Thkee numbers of the CanacUnti Huncy-Producer,
by our old friends E. L. Goold & Co., Brantford,
Out., Can., are at hand. The journal is well gotten
up, anil the matter is valuable -certainly worth
more than 40 cts., the price asked, to any one who
has time for more reading-. The only thing that
troubles me is, nill the i)copleof Canada support an-
other bec-journar:' It seems sad to me to think of the -
number that have been started in the United
States, only to live a few months or a few years.
These ,it)urnals all seem to be worth all the money
asked tor them; but the field for periodicals, es-
pecially class journals, is constantly overworked.

ECHiNOFS sph.i-;kocephalus.
A WHITER in the Brilish Bee Journal of April 14th
does not speak very favorably of the Chapman
honey-plant. He says that it is grown in England
as an ornamental shrub, is easily cultivated, and in
any well-ordered garden it can be kept within
bounds. It would seem that the plant in England is
liable to spread and make trouble. The same writer
says, further, " We do not recommend its extensive
cultivation, for it is useless as a fodder- plant,
and we doubt if it will answer to grow for honey
alone." By the way, have any of the friends ever
tried putting- a paper sack over a common thistle to
see if it would secrete nectar enough during the
period in which it was covered by the sack (24 to 48
hours) to be almost dripping with the raw honey, as
is the case with the Chapman honey-plant ?

PRACTICAIi TURKEY-RAISING.

The above is the title of a very neat, pretty little
work giving- full and complete directions for rais-
ing tiii-keys. It is written tiy no other than the
well-known writer on poultry, Fanny Field. We
have not had time to re^■iew it thoroughly; but
from turning over the leaves and reatling- here and
there a paragraph, we feel sure that it is just about
the thing for those who contemplate or who do
make a business o)' raising- this savory product for
Thanksgiving dinneis. The author has had great
success In all departments of ponltry-raising, and
is well know as a practical writer among those who
are interested in fowls. In turning over the first
few pages, we find discussed, " Will it Pay? " "Tur-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURfi.

365

kej'- Raising' for Women," " How Much Profit for
Heft?" " Ciipital to IJe^an With," and so on. 'l"ho
book can be obtained of the publisher, K. K. Mitch-
ell, 69 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. The price is 25
cents.

OOVKRNMENT PAMPHLETS ON ( AKP ANI> CAKP-
PONDS.

Wk liave.iuKt received three <lifferent pamphlets,
each one nearly the size of our liook on carp cul-
ture, and to me they are intensely interesting. I
wrote ax once to the commissioner, Mr. S. F. Baird,
asking if they were v>i"ei)ared to furnish them free
to all applicants, and below is his reply.

V. H. C<'iiiniissioii of Fish ami Fisheries'. I
Wa liiii>.'ton. 1). C, Apr. 25, 1887. 1

There will always be oiii- or more kinds on hand for free dis-
tribution to whoever makes peisomil application therefor.
You (^an diiect people to write to the eommission for all nec-
es^iary information upon carp etilture. S. i'. Baird,

^ Commission<'r.

DATING PRINTED MATTEH.

Never publish a price list, circular, tract, or any
thing else, without having the date with it. Many
times it is of the utmost importance to know just
when a document was sent out; and in regard to
new inventions, a circular without the date of its
publication amounts to just nothing at all in the
way of eviilence. In our notices of price lists and
circulars received, of course we do not want to
notice the same thing year after year; and as we
have no means of knowing this except by look-
ing at the date, I hope the friends will excuse us
for refitsing to notice a circular or catalogue un-
less there is some date on it to tell when it Avas
printed. In this day of progress we can not afford
to waste our time reading something that was
printed long ago, and is away behind the times;
besides, everybody has a right to know just when
each new thought was first given to the world.

TjOng letters.
The hardest task now before me in life is to reaa
the things I ought to read. I have been obliged to
stop reading books entirely— even the new ones
that have just come out on mj- favorite subjects. I
glance them over and look at the pictures, and
sometimes read a page or two here and there, but
pretty soon I am compelled to lay it aside, often-
times with a sigh, saying to myself, "This is all the
time I dare give this one." Even the books on carp
and carp-ponds, mentioned above, that are issued
by the Government, have to be glanced over in the
same waj'. I try to read most of the letters that
come to me; but where there are several pages, all
I can possibly do is to glance over It and hand it to
somebody else, instructing them to give it the at-
tention it ought to have as well as they can, and
then I take up the next one. And I can not follow
even this very long at a time or mj- reasoning powers
would break down. I mention this, dear friends, to
let you know that, if you write very long letters,
the probability is I shall not be able to read them,
and you see you thus defeat the object you had in
view; namely, you get less of my attention than
had you written more briefly. Articles for Glean-
ings, if very long, are handed over to Ernest.

A. SURPLUS CASE FOR COVERING THE EXPOSED
parts OF THE SECTIf)NS.

J. W. Powell & Son, Mankato, Minn., sent us a
surplus arrangement, the distinctive features of
which are slats so arranged as to cover the tops
and bottoms of the sections, leaving only the side
edges and the inside of the sections exposed to the

bees. Mr. Shuck has invented a super somewhat
similar to this, but, unlike Mi-. Shuck's, Powell &
Son have theirs so arranged that the sections may
be quickly uncovered. They ask us if we should
not prefer this to a T super. In answer, we would
say that we do not. The slats in the Powell & Son's
case, covering the top and bottom sections, come
directly in contact with the sections. If we are
correctly informed, it is just such interstices as
are made by this kind of an arrangement that the
bees fill with propolis. We should very muoh pre-
fer the Moore ci-ate or the T super, used in connec-
tion with the Heddon slatted honey-board. The T-
super arrangement leaves very few crevices, com-
paratively, for the bees to fill in with propolis! It
seems desirable to have a bee-space above and a
bee-space below the sections, wittunit miii thixn in-
tervening.

a BEE-noOK IN THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE.

Our friend Hj. Stalhammar, who has translated
the Potato-Book into the Swedish language, has
written a book. on bees, the title of which is " A
' Practical and Theoretical Treatise on Bee-keeping."
The book contains 182 pages, and is copiously illus-
trated. We are sorry to inform our readers that
our " Swedish editor " is at present away on a jour-
ney, hence we can not give a very detailed descrip-
tion of the contents of the work; but as nearly as
we can judge from the engravings, we should say
that the author has collected his ideas from various
sources; for instance, in the scientific part we no-
tice some of the engravings which have appeared
in Cook's " Manual of the Apiary " and Cheshire's
" Bees and Bee-Keeping." In the practical part we
notice engravings of American, English, and Ger-
man hives, and we have no doubt the author has
given due credit in all cases. It is eviilent. also,
from the engravings, that the writer has taken
jiains to select the cream of the literature on bees,
and has carefully compiled them all into one work.
It will be a valuable hook for Swedish - speaking
people. It is published at Goteborg. Sweden, but
tlie price is not stated in our money.

WANTED, REPORTS DISCOURAGING.

Sometimes we are accused of printing only the
bright side of beekeeping. We have long had a
department of " Reports Encouraging," together
with occasional "Reports Discouraging;" and
where the writers so desired it we inserted their
letter under the head of " Blasted Hopes." To be
fair with our readers, and give them the dark as
well as the bright side of bee-keeping, we solicit
reports of a discouraging nature; and if you have
had " awful bad luck," and feel about ready to give
up the business, write us a letter for Blasted Hopes.
If, indeed, the candidates for the Reports Discour-
aging and Blasted Hopes departments are growing
less for want of patronage; and if, indeed, the
science of apiculture has so far progressed that we
can now expect and hope for uniform success, then
we can attribute this state of affairs largely to the
bee-journals and books. To be sure, personal skill
would be no small factor to take into considera-
tion. In the heading we have said, " Wanted, Re-
ports Discouraging." We are sure that none of
us desire to see them; but if there is any considera-
ble number who have had poor success within the
last year, either in wintering or from drought, let
us have the doleful story. Perhaps we can help
you out of your trouble.

.^66

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

ENGLISH GUIDE-BOOK PAMPHLETS.

From Thomas Wm. Cowan, editor of the British
Bee Journal, we have received Nos. 1 and 3 of a se-
ries of guide -bool< pamphlets. No. 1 is entitled,
"Doubling- and Storifying for Extracted and Comb
Honey, and the Prevention of Swiinniiig.'" No. 3
tells "How to Make an Extractor and Bellows Smok-
er.'" In the former, the author, Mr. Cowan, gives
some plain practical directions on the production of
honey. The term "doubling and storifying," as
used by our English friends, is, we presume, about
synonymous with our word "tiering-up." He rec-
ommends only simple and inexpensive hives— those
that will " tier uji." He very sensibly discourages
the use of frames with side supports for spacing-
frames for fixed distances. We notice in the ad-
vertisements of the British Br< JnHinnl that a good
many are advertising this kind of frame. Tn refer-
ence to this point, Mr. Cowan says, "Our frames
have neither distance-guides, pins, nor projecting
shoulders; we can Ijring them closer together, or
put them further apart, as we wish, without any
difficulty. It is many years since we discarded all
these encumbrances, and we have never had rea-,
son to regi'et it." Mr. Cowan also emphasizes the
importance of having only one size of hive and one
size of frame. His method for storifying, or, as we
term it, tiering up, is such as is practiced by our
most successful bee-keepers here in America. This
little work, "Doubling and Storifying," may lie
had for the modest sum of 3 pence, or, in our mon-
ey, postage included, probably 10 cts. " How to
Make an Extractor and Rellows Smoker" may be
had for fi pence. Boih of the above are published
by .]. Huckel, Kings Langley, Hei-ts, England, of
whom they can be obtained.

HOW TO KEEP DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF POULTRY

PURE WITHOITT GOING TO 'IRE EXPENSE

OF FENCES.

May be it won't suit your case, but 1 will tell you
how it answers here. Friend .1 oh n C Caijehart, of
St. Albans, W. Va., sent me a beautilul trio of
Silver-spangled Hamburgs. They are not only
evei'lasting layers, but they are also everlasting
flyers. One day I happened to look up and was as-
tonished to see a bird of beautiful plumage hover-
ing over the factory. She sailed down at my feet,
and proved to he one of the Hamburg pullets. So
you see that making a fence for these is out of the
question. 1 tried a sitting of eggs, hoping they
would be mostly pui-e; l)ut the chickens had feath-
ers on their toes, and bore other unmistakable
evidences of relationship to our ten-dollar Brahma
rooster. If T fenced them up, the fence must be
covered with netting at the top as well as the sides;
but T could not bear the thought of cooping up the
graceful little fellows, so ] carried them down to
the carp-pond and kept them shut up three or four
days. They are now roosting in a beech-tree
nights, and the pullets are laying beautiful white
eggs in a brush-heap under said tree day times.
What food they need, besides what they gather, T
place in a box after dark, under the beech-tree.
Thus you see I have tieen working on the Stoddard
egg-farm plan. They never follow me up to the
house or barn, because they do not know that I
have any thing to do with the supply of food. The
carp-pond is so far away from the barn that the
other fowls do not often get down there. As to
how many different breeds could be kept in this
way on ten acres, without mixing, is the problem.

3PECi;il£ ]^e¥ICEg.

MAPLE SYRUP.

That nice maple is not all gone yet. Remember,
we mail samples of the two kinds to any one on
application.

SPKCIAL NUMBERS OF GLEANINGS WANTED.

We will pay 10 cents each for a limited number
of April 15th Gleanings for 1NS4. Be sure not to
send any other number. Remember the date,

SUNFLOWER-SEED FOR FEEDING POULTRY.

We can furnish a nice article of plump seed, but
not quite as lai-ge as the Mammoth, for 7 cts. per
lb.: 10 lbs. for tiO cts.; 100 lbs. for $.5,00. There are
about -to lbs, in a bushel.

KrVE-l'ENT ROUND-POINTED SCISSORS,

We are unable to get any more of the flve-cent
round-pointed scissors, made of steel wire. We
have some veiy nice ones, however, the same as
we formerly had, made of metal. They are much
handsomer, if not (juite as strong as the ones made
of steel wire.

I'l-ANTS OK THK t'IGWORT, OR SIMPSON HONEY-
PLANT.

Those who have failed to get good plants by sow-
ing the seed can bo furnished with good strong-
roots which can hardly fail to grow and give blos-
soms this year. Price for one root, 5 cts. ; 10, 3.5 cts. ;
100, $1.35: 1000, *10.00. If wanted by mail, add 3 cts.
each extra for postage and packing.

HASPBEliRY-PLANTS.

We can furnish honey-bearing rasperries, if or-
ders are sent in at once, before cultivating. We-
can furnish roots of either Cuthbert or Gregg rasp-
berry-plnuts, at the same figures given above for
the flgwort. The Cuthbert and Gregg we consider
the leading sorts for fruit, and the Cuthbert is espe-
cially the bee-plantj

THE SMITH LMI>ROVED FORCE-PUMP ADVANCED
A(i AIN.

We have just received a shi]3ment of the Smith
improved force-pump and sprinkler, illustrated on
another page in this number. The impi-ovements
are all in the plunge)-. The lower end, instead of
being wound with cotton tow, has a band of leather,
which will work much more easily, and last much
longer. The upper end of tlie handle has a round
knob instead of the old handle, and is painted red.
The plunger is turned the same size from top to
bottom, and runs through a wooden plug that fits
into the top end of the barrel. All these improve-
ments have cost the manufacturer so much that he
is obliged to advance his price again. We can
furnish you them at his wholesale price to jobbers,
which is as follows: Single pumps, $1.00 each;
three for $3.7.5; crate of one dozen, $10.00; two doz-
en, $18.00; four dozen, $;13.00: eight dozen, $60.00;
twelve dozen, $81.00, They are all put up in crates
of one and two dozen each. The plungers come in-
serted in the pumps, instead of being in a separate
crate as heretofore,

THE 33d THOUSAND OF THE A B (• BOOK .JUST OUT,

The last 5000 of the ABC book for 1886 was sold
in just about a year's time, and in order to get the
edition for 1887 out just as the former edition was
exhausted, we were obliged to run our press night
and day. We are happy to say to our readers that
the present edition has received a more thorough
revision than any previous one. Not only has a
great deal of new matter been added, but many new
and fine engraviugs have been inserted in the con-
text. Almost every subject in the whole work has
received more or less changes to suit the advance-
ment of the times. Some of the subjects have been
entirely re-written, so changed is the progress of
apiculture. The work is now virtually as near up
to the times as if it had been entirely written in the
year 1S87. As you are perhaps aware, the whole
work is kept in standing type, so that a single
letter, word, paragraph, or whole ])ages, can be
stricken out or modified as the true spirit of ad-
vancement dictates. The i)rice of the ABC will
remain the same as formerly.

1S87

GLEANINGS IN r,10K CULTURE.

;^H7

4103 LBS. OF HONEY GATHERED BY 40
COLONiES !N 7 DAYS.

Wi' liavo piiiL'luisiHi !, ('. Kdofs eclchiutt'd hr-i'i'd-
ing' stock, whicli, tofici her with our own, jiivcs lis
the choifpst collection ol' lliiliaii bees in the world,
and one that lias the

BEST HONEY-PRODUCING RECORD EXTANT.

We will spare a it \v lull (Milciiies and iiiielei coii-
tainiiiii' sonic \i'i-y choice hrenlinji' (luecns of this
stock Wc iiiakc'a spcclall.\ ot rearinfi' «>iily tirst-
<-l:iMM Italian SiecN :iii<l l^iieciiM at the

K9riCKERBOC3££Xl BEE-FARna,

a. H. I:NICESS200I:ER. Proprietor, C. M. LOCK. Manager.
Our eireular for 1SS7 ciintaiiis an iniportant letter
(rejiurdinfj' these hei si Irom L. ('. Hoot, that every
liee-keeper should read Send for it belore order-
ing-tjueens elsewhere. Address

KIMEOiiKKKOiliKIS BICK-FAB]?!,
Ttl'd IMiie S»!ains, g)iU<!ioss Co., N. Y.

(|(EiiwaRD^||flLrftPIARY.)

2<)(> untested (picens ready lor iiiailinji'; prices:
March. $l.(i(l; doz , >«l;i.t;tl; April, *1.(1(); doz., !?10.00;
May, Wc; doz, «;9()il; June, 8(1c; doz., 358.00; July,
T.")c; doz.. $7.00. Write tor information and price
. list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO..

7-yd ryoreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

COMB FOUNDATION,

AND OTHER SUPPLiES FOR THE APIARY.
Prick r,iST Fkkk. Address

JAS. A NELSON,
7-9-lld Syfiuncie, Wyandott Co., Kas.

I ARISE to say to the read-
I ers of Gh:k.anings that

Doolittle

has concUulcd to sell

liEES and QUEENS

duriiifi- XGO'Z at the
following- prices:

One colon\- bees $ 7 00

Five " ' '• .30 00

Ten '• ■■ .50 00

(Jne untested (lueen . 100
Three " - . 2 00

1 untested (jueen reared
by nat'l swarming. 1 50

Three ditto 3 00

,^>s. I tested queen 3 00

.- — ^ :! " '• 4 00

1 tested queen reared by
natni-al swarming-. 3 00

3 diito 6 00

Tested queens, 1^86 rearing, each 4 00

E.vtra selected, 2 i ears old, each 10 00

tS'^Circular free, giving full particulars regard-
ing the bees, and each class of queens.

Address U. M. n4»OL.l'rTL.K,

HORoniNO, (^iion. Co., N Y.

MY 19TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CYPRIAN, and HOLV-LAND BEES, QUEENS,
NUCLEUS Ct^LONlES. and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who Sf-iui me their name and address.
9-lld H. H. UliOWN, Lioht Street, Col. Co., Pa.

NEWYORK.I^EW JERSEY,

MASS., DEE KEEPERS CONN.

-%i:ND rOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.,N.Y.

4tldb

lA/lLL SELL tested (lueens at -51.25 each; untested
"" at 7.") cts. each Nuclei and full colonies for
sale, either Italijins or Syrians
Htfdb IsKAEt, Good, Sparta, Tenn.

Green "Wire Cloth,

KOK

Window Screens and Shipping Bees,
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

I he Itdlou ing- lot of wire eioth is a job lot of rem-
nants mid full rolls direct from the factory, that
are FIEST QUALITY, and the pieces are of such' varie-
ty of size as to furnish any thing you want. Price
I'l cts. per S() foot, for full pieces. If -we have to
cut the size you want, 2 cts. jier sq. ft.

When you order a piece, and somebody else has
got it ahead of you, we will substitute a piece the
nearest in size to the one ordered, unless you speci-
fy in jour order that you do not want us to substi-
tute. The tigures on the left indicate the width.

S I i:i rolls. « S(i. it. each : 1 each of CCi, (-.5, 64, 04, C3, (in, B2. :A. 4(1.
^7. 21. 22. and 4 sq. ft.

13 I U rolls ot 100 Ml. ft. each; 3 of 102 sc|. It. ; 4 of 98. 2 of 97, ami
1 1 each of 9i. .')2. U. 43. and 28 .sij. ft.

14 I 1 roll each of 26. 14, and 5 sq. ft.

10 ! 1(1 rolls of i;j3 sii. ft.; and 1 each of 1.^2, 131. 131. 128. J28. 10.5..%.

I and 12s. |. ft.
18 I 4 rolls of l.-iO sq. ft: (i of l.|7 sq. ft,, and 1 each of l,5:i. 118, 14.5,

I 14.'), 144, IHO. 117, 09, 4.5. 37. 24, and 24 s(i. ft.
22 I 1 roll each of 73, 73. .55. 46. and 16 s<|. ft.
24 I :ifi rolls of 200 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of 1(X). 90. 92. 90. 00. GO. GO.

I .52 .50 .50. ro, 44, 30, 32, 30. 30. 24. 24. 24, 20, 20, 20. 12. 12. 8. 8. 0

I and G sq.ft.
26 109 rolls of 210 sq, ft. each. ;ind 1 each of 227, 21.5, £04, 199. 195,

I .-ia.SO, and 7sq. ft.
28 I CO I oils of 2:B; 10 of 224; 1 of 2-22 s<i. II.. and 1 cac-li of 257, and

I 47sq.lt.
:'0 I 1.5 rolls of 250 s(i. ft., and 1 eacli of 72, 25, 20. 11. 10. and 7 sq. ft.
:!2 I 9 r(dl.s of 266 2 of. 2.5G .s<,. ft., and one each of 27.5. 141. 99,96.
93, ,S4, 80 67, 13, !uid 8 sc^. ft.

34 ' 2.5 rolls of 283 sq. It., and] each of 112,142, 133, LTO 7*. 71, .54. 48.
I 17. and 11 .s(|. ft.

% 1 i:i rolls of liOOsq. ft.
I 33, and ft so. It.

35 I •:! rolls of 316 sq. ft.,
10 I 1 roll erf- 127 sc|. ft.

[ 12 I 1 roll of 17 sq. ft.
16 1 1 roll of 88 sq. ft.

luul 1 each of 288. 147. 120 15, 36. :i6 .36. :«4,

ind 1 each of 6:W. .3110. 47. and 9 sq. ft.

A. I. ROOT, IVSedina, O.

old Ji/'H(thl>' Hi'tnhjtifirtcrs /or
IHtDEJIESS ill nuclei or by the 3E*OXJ3Xn3.

Pure llsiliaii <tiieei;s also a specialty. Prices
very low. Instructive circular and price list free.
7-oild S. C. Pekuv, Portland, Tonia Co.. Mich.

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

Near jour home in Western Pennsyh aiiia and
in the oil-i)rodiicing- district of Butler Co.

SIMPLICITY, PORTICO, AND THREE
STYLES OF CHAFF HIVES.
Send for price list, if it is to your intei-est to deal
with me. <;. P. BISH,

78910-ll-13d S». Joe Station, Bntlor Co., Pa.

BEES ! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready for sprinc- deli\ery at fiOe to .*1.0ll per lb.,
according- to time. Choce queens and fq-ood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and sujiplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

Ol^jyjCJ: J'OSIJJB, Mt. rvrnon.JAmi Co., la.

CHEAP!

Sfuil for Circidiir.
7tfdb

ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,

BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI.
AND COMB FOUNDATION.

JAS. Mc-MilL.!.,

HiuUou, IN. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS,

We ha\e constantly on hand a large stocU of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswa.x in origiiuil shape,
which w^e offer to nianufaeturers of t'onib r'oiinda-
tion at lowest prices. W'e guarantee :i II our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us foi- prices. Ad-
dress K. JEC KEKMAINN A: WIl^U.
Beeswax Bleachers & Refiners, f-l-'b SYRACUSE, N. 7.

.^68

GI^EANtNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

FULL COLONIES OF ITALIAN BEES

With queen, in A. I. Root's Siinj)litit.\- hive, 9 metal-
cornered wired frames, combs dntwti I'rom full
sheets of foundation, f,5.0ii. T make this offer to re-
duce my stock of bees in a shoi-t space of time, as
other business demands my attention. 89d

E. D. blLIiETT, BrI»lnoii, Luruin Co., O.

FOR PRICES OF

Berry - Baskets and Crates, Send to

Mellinoes, Haerold Si Geo7s, Columbiana, 0.

SEND V%:)K SAMPLE BASKET FHEE.
We also sell baskets in Hut. 7-lOdb

LOOK HERE!

i)A CHOICE GREENHOUSE AND BEDDING
C\f PLANTS for only $1.0O by .-.vpress, or $1.10
by mail. E^^'s lor liiitcliiiiu', Ikmu leading- vari-
eties of land and water fowls; :ilso BEES and
QUEENS very cheaj). Write for prices to

E. M. HIYELY, Youn^stown, Ohio.

6-9db

IF YOU ARE WANTIN(i

700 Dure

LBSDIiIjO

I will sell these at si.:;5 per lb.
Also untested Italian queens,
bred from imported mother, to
go with bees, at f 1.25 each. Cash

must accompany orders. Ref., 1st Nat. Bank here.

T-lOdb E. Burke, Viiiceniies, Ind.

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boxes,

Send ii-Cent Stamp tor Circular to
etfdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

1^\^\ir\ FIEST- CLASS SJTIOKEUS, CHEAP.
\J\mJ\J E. T. LE WIS .t CO., Toledo, O.

PASTPPOAPP pox|s

FOR ONE-POUND SECTIONS OK

COMB HONEY.

This box has a bit of "red
tai)c " attached to it to carry
it b.\-. It makes a safe pack-
age for a single section of
honey lor the consumer to
oarr.N', or it can be packed in a
trunk, if he wants. It can be
opened in an instant. The
price of the bo.v is )i cts. each,
set up; in the flat, L5 cts. for
10; package of :ir>, 30 cts. ; Sl.OOperlOO; or !|9.00 per
1000; 10,000, S80. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
hundred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting- on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
$3.00 per 1000. A package of 35, labeled on both
sides, as above, 50 cts. By nniil, 30 cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. We have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
flat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting them on.

Your name and address, and the kind of honey,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charg-e for so doing will be 30 cts. per
per 100; 350, 50 cts.; 500, 75 cts.; 1000, $1.00.

A. 1. ROOT, REedina, Obto.

JOB LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING,

Small Pieces at .smjie Rate as full Bolls — 1 ci.
per Square Foot.

Two or more pieces, 5 per cent off; ten or more, 10
per cent discount.

You will notice in this lot some with heavier wire
than No. 19, and some with smaller mesh than two-
inch. Both of these are worth more at regular
prices than two-inch No. 19; but as it is a .1ob lot we
put it all in at the same price.

5 I "S !!?

6' 2 il8

IK 19

.30; 1V;,19

so' Hi 19

30' 2 19

sol 2 18

36i 13^ 19

36| 1!^18

36! ^>4'19

36' 2 19

42l 2 19
48 1J<; 20

72; ly, 19

By ilividiiifj tht- iiurnbfr of wiuare feet in this col-
umn by the widtli in tlie first column, you can ascer-
tain tile length of each piece. These figures g'ive the
number of .square feet in each piece.

10.

ire, 24.

195, 132, 126. 75, 75, 60,

91, 8."), 60, 50. 41, 40. 25, 25. 10.

70. 17, 15. 13, 13, H4 mesh, N.

150, 130 13,

140, 81, ly.-iui-h mesh. No. 19 wire. 166 sq. ft.

120, 120.

220, 64. 28, No. 18. 2(K), 1}^ -inch mesb, 62.

200, 170, 140, 1.30, 100. 100. 100, 90, 88, 82, 64, 64, 56, 60, 50. 40,
.32.

226. 224, 66. 58, .58. 56.

41, 32, No, 18 wire. 90, 40, ,30.

75. 55. 17. No. 18, 42.

2.50, 237, 167, 125, 125. 122, 45, 10.

1.50, 1)4' mesh, 42.

234, 144, 114, 75, No. 20 wire, MS, 312.

180. 108, 81, S9.

27. No. 18 wire. 90.

345, 330, 270, 2.55. 246, 240, 204. 204. 19
60. 57, .33.

360. 291, 114, 72. 61, 36.

350, No. 18 w ire, 203. 63, No. 18, IH mesh, 189.

364, 40.

296. 268, 200, 100, 96, .36.

172, 60.

450. No. 18 wire, 288.

,595, 490, 445, 385, .335, 330, 325, 285, 280, 240, 225, 220, 210, 180,
165 160. 140. 130. 80. 50.

410. .335, 320, No. 17 wire. 195.

438, 312, No. 18 wire, 228.

7.50, 720, 690. 672. 636, 618. 558.510, 438, 438, 420, 270, 262, 252,
222 192. InS. IBS, 162. 162. 1.56, 156, 156, 126, 120, 66, 48.
We know of mitlunu nicer or better for a trellis for creeping
vines than the above nettintr. The 12 to 24 inch is Just the
thinj; to train up yrecn peas, fastening: the netting to stakes
by means (if staples. If tlie stakes are set in substantially,
line each 12 (ir 1.5 feet will answer. When the peas are stripped
otf the stakis. netting .and all can be rolled up and laid away
until another season. A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

OASAKT'S F0U1TBATI0I7 FACT0B7, WHOLESALE andSETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. Stfbd

SYRIAN ITALIAN AND ALBINO

BEES AND QUEENS

One lb, bees, 1 frame of brood, and untested
queen, $3.35; 1 untested queen. 75 cts.; 3 untested
queens, $1.35; tested, $1.50; hjbrid queen, 35 cents;
bees by the pound, .50 and 75 cts. ; frames of brood
same. Write for any thing not mentioned.
9-10-ll-13d N. K. C'OTTREliIi, Fayette, O.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Address
etfdb HENRY' ALLE\^ Wenham, Mass.

MUTH'S
HOITEY-EXTEACTOR,

MQIIA RE GLASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN RUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c.. See.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SmOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S. -Send 10-eent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULXrRE,

HARRINGTON'S AD J potato boxes

I have a tino lot (if tcstoil (juoens; will soil tlicin in
the month yf May at July prices:

SELKCT TESTICI) .... $;i.OO

TJhJSTKl) -i.OO

rSTESTEn, Aftrr M,,;/ 'iO I .OO

Holy Land and Albinos same prici-. II' you wish
something tine 8:ive me a call. I never had a case
of foul brood. My two ajiiaries are located 3U north
and 3 miles south respectively in a bee-line from
the Home of the Honev-Be«>s. tfdb

H. B. HAKKINOTON, ITIediita, Ohio.

Boss One-Pieee Siction^

MANUFA( Tl'KKl) IfV

J. FORNCROOK ic CO., WATERTOWN. WIS.

Patented June 28, 1>^81.
We will furnish you sections as cheap as the
cheapest. Write for price list.

Watertown, Wis., May 1, 1887

9d

QXJE3E1TS.

Untested Italians from choice mother, from May
15, «l.on each. DAVID STRANG,

9ttdb Lincoln, Lincoln Co., Tenu.

BEE-KEEPERS' WHEELBARROWS,

Wheelbarrows, i^-t.OU: queens, untested. .^l.(J();
tested, $3.(10. Bees per pound, $1.00, and lower as
the season advances. Send for price list. "Jtfd

W. S. DORMAN, Mechanicsville, Iowa.

I nni^ I4PRPT We have 3.5,000 V-groove sec-
I UUn ntnt. tlonsleft of our 100,000 adv.
in last month's Gi.eamnc^s. To close them out
we will take $3..')0 per M. For sample, address
9d J. B. ITII RRAV, Ada, OIilu.

ZTiiZiZAIT QT7SSXTS

Raised from one of A. 1. Root's select tested (jueens.

Tested queens, $1.00; untested, 00 cts. ud

C. C. KIRKIWAN, Ooxvllle, Pitt Co., N. C.

GIVEN AWAY.

We will send froe by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearly sub-
scriber for the AMERICAy APICULTURIST.
Price $1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

7tfd Wenham, Mass.

MAKE YOUR

-jprice list STICK..^

Common circulars are often thrown away with
only a passing- thought, and soon forgotten. Hut
our beautiful, instructive, amusing

-IhCHROMO^CARDhI-

Will stick. When the articles upon it are e.\v)lain-
ed, the storv will be repeated many times. Bees,
flowers, children, implements, brilliantly

PRINTED IN EIGHT COLORS.

Give it to a customer for honey or supplies, and
you will not be forgotten.

Sample package, 10 cts. One sami)le and price
list of cards, queens, foundation, and other things
useful, sent fj-ee. Address J. H. MARTIN,
3-edb, Haktfokp, Wash Co., >J. y.

TKHUV'Si

These arc made ol
basswood, bound with
galvanized iron. The
galvanized iron gives
strength, and the
busswood strength
and lightness. These
hold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they are made especially for potatoes, they
can be used lor frviii, \egetables, i)icking uj) stones
on the farm, and a thousand other puri)oses. When
piled one above the other, thej- protect the contenti-
from the sun am! rain; and from their shape i.
great many mon- bushels can lie set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. They are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 25 c each ; 10, $3.25; 100, $30.00. In the flat,
including nails and galvanized iron, $1.75 for 10;
100, $16.50; 1000, $1.50.

A. I. ROOT. Medina. O.

Cash for Beeswax!

Will pay 30c per lb. cash, or 33c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to ptirchase, at 35c per lb., or 3Sc for hcxt
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the bn.i:, and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

DADANT'S FOTODATIOH FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RET,\TI,. See advertisement in another column.

rijbbeeItamps

DATING, ADDRESSING, BUSINESS,
LETTER HEADS, ETC.

No 1. No. 3.

Address only, like
No. I,$1..')0; with busi-
ness card, like No. 3,
$3.00 : with movable'
months and tiguresfor
dating, like No.;j,$3.00.
>P'ull outfit included—
pads, ink. box, etc.
Sent by mail i)ostpaid.
Without ink and i)ads
.50 ctsi. less.

Put your stami) on
every card, letter, pa-
per, book, or anything
else that you may send
out by mail or express
fS'o. 3- and you will save.\<)ur

self and ill! WJIO <lo busjiiejiS witli \-ou a " world ol
trouble." I know, you see.

We have those, piiititble for druggists, grocer.>-
men, hardware dealers, dentists, etc. Send for cii'
cuhir. .\. I. Root, Medina. 0.

370

GLEAJ^JINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this liead at one-half our
usu.il rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or u'e will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, thi; department is intended only for bona-tide ex-
changes.

WANTED. —To exchange for good horses
and inuies, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining- the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED.— To e.xchangc for extracted white clo-
ver or basswood honey, or bees, a new foot-
power saw. Write for particulars.
9d W. S. Wright, Battle Creek, Mich.

EGGS for hatching-.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange bees by the pound or full
colonies, queens, comb I'dn., eggs for hatching
from L. Bi-ahnias and 8. S. Hamburgs, for sections,
.lersej- cow, American Merino sheep, or offers.
fi-T-S-Qd J. P. Sterritt, Sheakley ville.

Mercer, Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Wyandotte eggs, pure
ground bones and shells, and Gregg raspberry-
plants, for comb foundation.
7-8-9d A. A. Fr ADEN BURG, Port Washington, O.

WANTED.— To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bees, for steam-engine, honey, or beeswax.
7-l3db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, So. Quincy, Mass.

WANTED —To e.vchange complete photograph
outtir for Army newspaper ])ress or ,job office.
8-yd Walter A. Kaler, Andersonvllle, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange bees or queens for reg-
istered Jersey heifer.
Stfdb Israel Good, Sparta, Tenn.

WANTED.— An active young man to assist in
apiary. Give age, and wages wanted, and ad-
dress W. D. Wright, Knowersvillc, N. Y. 9d

\ir.\NTED.— To exchange for bees, a Barnes com-
Vt billed circular and jig saw, including l^ saws,
- mandrels, gauges, jig-saw attachment, etc., in
good condition. Chas. F. Raymond. Ski

739 Republic St.. Cleveland, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange, hives, sections, frames,
crates, etc. (either flat or nailed), for white
paitit, box nails, foundation, belting, or any thing
I can use. Send lor free catalogue. i)ll-13d

C. W. CosTELTiOW, Waterboro, Me.

WANTED.- To exchange Italian bees and queens
for comb fdn., one-lb. sections, or an extractor,
either a Novice or Muth's Standard for L. frames.
See ad. in this number of Gleanings. 9d

Miss A. M. Tavlor, Box 77, Mullierrv Grove,

Bond Co., III.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian Bees in Hcddon
Hives at $4.00, for farm wagon, Jersey cow,
Imp. Ital. queen, or offers. C. Weeks,

9d Clifton, Wayne (]o., Tenn.

WANTED.— To exchange platform scale, 600 lbs.
VT (Howe); and oil-stove (Monitor) for Simplicity
hives, frames, sections, or otters.

H. H. RiCHEY, Lore City, Ohio.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. -We do this becuse there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f'>r buying them up arid keep-
ing them in stock; and yet ir. is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

A goodly number of black and hybrid queens for
sale; hybrid, 40c-. black, 20c; misnnatcd. 45c.
^ W. G. Haven. Pleasant Mound. 111.

! We can furnish a few hybi'id queens at 50c each:
i also bl-ick or Tar-heel queens at 9.'>c each. Apply to
: Sd Svkes & Willis, Elizabcthtown, N. C.

I have three black queens In my apiary that I
shall ieniove before long. ItaTians are ttj take their
place. Who wants the three for TiO cents?

C. F. Grijuu, Jubilei;, Davidson Co., N. C.

I have a lot of hybrid queens for sale; price 50c
in April; May, 2 for 76c. Safe arrival guaranteed.
H. M. Mover, Hill ( hurch, Beriis Co., Pa.

For Sale.— Several hyhi-id queens at 50c each, by
mail. Pelham & Williams.

Maysvillo, Mason Co., Ky.

For Sale — Misinated Italian queens in May, 45e
eiicli; June, 4(ie. Twent.\- on hand and will have
more soon. Prompt shipnu-nt Sale arrival and
satisfaction guai-anfecd. S. H. Colwick,

Norse, Texns.

1 will sell nice white basswood sections for 13.011
per lOilO, smootli on both sides, 4 piece all dovetail-
ed, 4V4X414. Send "for sarnple.

7tfdb W. S. WRieHT, Battle Creek, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from Bronze Tur-
keys, Pekiii Ducks and Langshan Chickens,
for Italian queens, or offers. Our stock is first-
class. E. W. Pitzer, Hillsdale, Iowa. 9-lOd

WANTED.— To exchange Golden Polish eggs for
foundation or Italian queens. M. Jack,

Richmond, Ashtabula Co., Ohio.

^1/ ANTED —To exchange eggs from first-class W.
VV F. B. Spanish, I. B. Polish, Langshans, Hou-
dans and B. Leghorns, ov trios of the fowls, for Ital-
ian bees or tjueens. Write to John Burr. 9d

Braceville, Ills.

WANTED.— To exchange Ital. or hybrid bees, or
last year's tested queens, for pure-bred Lang-
shan eggs. • Julius HoFFM.\N,
9d Canajoharie, Mont. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange with reliable parties one
New American Evapoi-afor. No. 3, factory size,
capacity 25 to 30 bush, per day, with bleacher and
slicer complete; used only two weeks; cost *360,for
full colonies of Italian bees in chaff hives, or regis-
tered cattle or offers. James A, Haynes, 9-lOd
Stock))ort, Col. Co., N. Y.

FOR SEES

See April 15 (J le amn(;s, paMe323.

H. M. MOYEK, HILL CHUKOH, Berks Co., EA.

.ADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
' SALE .VND HKT.MI.. See :i.lvert1p<'tnent in

>1 her r>nliinui. ;!t>tffl

9 l^lfej^^^ i

Do you want full colonies of (^hoioe Italian Bees

chea))'? Choice colonirsin ('jiry iuipi-o\-( d L. hi\'('s,

$8 (lit pei- colony. Also a f^w colniiies in Kidder

hi-\'(s, fi-aines "lO-'|Xllii: inches, at only :?7.(0 per

I colony. T'hose in want of tin<> Itnlian bees will do

I well to send their ord;'rs to \V..). HiLLMAN,

I (!r(>en River, Vi

Pure Italian Bees For Sale.

Two-frHiue nuclei. !?3. (10; 3 Iranie, ¥3.50. If lai-ger
nuclei are wanted, add 50 ets. lor each additional
frame. Full colony in A. 1. Root's Simp hive. ilfti.OO,
each to contain a tested qtieen and plenlyof bees
and brocid, all on wired L. frames drawn from fdn.
To be shipped in Ma.\-; safe arrival guaranteed. I
shiill do by all as I would be done by. Address

7-iodb. jj, j^_ KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

188?

GI.EANINGS IN BP:E CULTURE.

375

Contents of this Number.

Ants. To Destroy 388

Australia 387

Bat-nes Saw 388

Benson's Letter 386

Blacks vs. Italians 3X?

Brood, Spreading 3Ul

Bunible-heKS 388. 389

Cans vs. Kegs 3»t)

Carp-pond 398

Cellars. Tt-rrv on 390

Corn Ciiltiuv 381

Corncobs, Wet, as Feeders. 399

Cyprians. Unendurable 390

Dandelions 39fi

Dollar. A Well-spent 392

Kditorial.s 108

K.vhibition. Jubilee 388

Foul Brood and Phenol 388

Growlerv 387

Honey Stolen 394

Hands. Jerkingr from Bees. 407

Hats for Apiarists 407

Heads of Grain 393

Hibernation 379

Hive-eart 392

Hives, Handmade .386

Honey dew Neetar 396

Hone.v in Australia 387

House Apiaries 395

Hutchinson's Hook :183

Hybrids. Cross 407

Hybrids, To Get Rid of 393

Inventions, Small 384

Kinu'-binls 395

Mid-'adden Letter 385

Our Honey Apinry 408

I >ur Own .\|ji;iry 406

I'licnol for Foul lirood 388

l'l:iTit louse Ncil;ir 398

(Jucens. (iood. Iiisablrd 400

Kailroadsan.i Urcs 393

liebnkiiit;- I'rolanity :i85

Kcpoils Discouraging .406

Holilxis, I ircnniventing. . .394

Saw tiilili'. Cheap ..i. .386

Scivcndo.iis 384

Sections. Half-tilled 380

Sting-trowi'l Theory 380

Swarm in ( ipeii .Air ..395

Swarms, Artilleial 381

Swarming 14 Times .399

TTins 394

T Tins. Loose 396

T..baeco Cohinin 401

L'nsealed Cells in Seetions...380
Weather. Hot. in AusI nilia.:i87
Wide Fiiunes vs. Cases . , 393
Windmill Stor-y 397

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMFRS.

PAID FOR IT.'^ELF THE FIRST D.AY.

The goods J ou seut us are here, and give entire
satisfaction. The machine for fasteniiifj- fdn. in
sections is a fine thing, and paid for itself ttie first
day used. We should not want to do without it.

MazoManie. Wis. W. A. Johnson & Bko.

ONE WHO LIKES THE CLARK SMOKER.

Clark's smoker is the most perfect ol all smokers
lever saw; is the easest handled, and gives the
strongest draft of all smokers. I would not do
without it for the price of five smokers. I have
been keeping- liees lor the past nine years, and
have decided that tobacco smoke is injurious, both
to bees and myself. Often, after taking honey
from the hive, I notice that many bees become sick
and (lie, caused by strong tobacco smoke, and I
have ol ten been sick myself from smoking.

Manilla. Ind., Apr. 130, 1887. G. E. Hawkins.

THE HtJME TALKS EXERCISING AN INFLUENCE.

I should like to tell you in what esteem your
Home Papers and neighborly talks are held. If
there were nothing in Gleanings but Our Homes
I should take it for the influence your talks have
with me. 1 feel that the principles of your talks
are permeating my life, and 1 know that my con-
duct with my fellow-men is favorably influenced
by the ideas advanced in your familiar home-like
talks. Our Homes in Mar. 1.5, especially, touched a
tender spot in my heart, for it is now but a year
since 1 parted with a dear and only brother, the
loss of whom 1 could not for a long time become
reconciled to. But I wish from experience to cor-
roborate your talk and consolation to the friend
referred to.

For some time after my bereavement this prayer
was almost continually in my mind;

My God my Father, while I stray
Far from my home, on life's rough waj-'.
Oh teach me from my heart to say.
Thy will be done.

Next came the hymn beginning,

.Jesus, lover of my soul.
Let me to thy bosom fly.

1 can truly say, that in Christ alone is consolation
and help in these times of trouble. I believe these
afflictions are ordained to wean us from the world;
for as one by one we lose our dear friends, those
whom we are living and working for, we of necessi-
ty transfer our affections from earth to heaven;
for it is written, that " where the treasure is there
will the heart be also." 1 hope you may be spared
many years to point the straight and narrow way
that leads to life. C. W. Costkllow.

Wttterboro, Maine, Apr. 24, 1887.

gleanings as an advertising medium.

Eighty-six tested queens have been mailed. All
were heard from but five. There has been no loss
this spring. Accept our thanks for the adv't. It
will bring the hundred dollars. Next year, God per-
mitting, '.iOd (jueens will be ready in April, for $1.0(1
each. J. W. K. Shaw & Co.

Loreauville, Iberia Par., La., May 2, 1887.

moral patents.
The following very kind letter from Norman
Clark, the inventor of the smoker bearing his
name, is at hand, and we here give it to our read-
ers:

Friend Root:— Laft evening our pastor's subject was " The
kingliness of kindness." and he closed something like this:
In earlier davs, there were men who roved the world over to
tind that which wuiild give perpetual youth. In these latter
davs many find it. and it is those who have Christian charity,
wlio have"sympathy for all; who love their neighbors as them-
selves.

Thanking you again for t)eing so thoughtful of me, I re-
main very truly yours.— Norman Clark.

Sterling, 111., Apr. 25. 1887.

Attached to the letter is a receipt. It reads,
" Received of A. 1. Root one hundred dollars, a gra-
tuity on smokers, and for which 1 thank you.

Norman (,'lark."

YES, I WILL

Devote my time exclusively to rearing pure Italian
queens. If you know my strain, send me your
orders; if not, send me a stamp for samples of live
workers. Untested queens, $1.00 each; $9.00 per
dozen. Tested queens, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen,
tfdb THOMAS HOKN,

Box 691, Sberburne, N. Y.

HYBRIDS in 10-frame S. hive, with hybrid
queen, only $3.50 per full colony. Italians in 10-
frame S. hive, with tested queen, $7.(10 per full
colony. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaran-
teed. Ready now. .J. B. Whitlock, Eufaula, Ala.

FULL COLONIES oflTALIAN BEES

^3:01^ • Queens -for • Sale. *«►

10 L. frames of bees, queen, brood, and honey, all
for $5.00. Tested queens, $1.25 each. 10 12d

A. G. BBUSH, Susquelianna, Pa.

QTJEElISrS.

Ark. or big brown, and pure Italians mated with

brown drones, 20 to 00 cents each; ready now and

through swarming season. lOtfdb

SALiIiIE: MOUROW, 'Wallaceburg, Ark.

A Barometer for Gardeners and Farmers.

We have finally succeeded in getting a wonuer-
fully pretty little aneroid barometer that we can
sell as low as $2..')U. One of them has been careful-
ly tested by the side ot our mercurial barometer,
and it follows the rising and falling of the mercury
with wonderful accuracy. It seems to me that
these little instruments ought to pay for them-
selves over and over again lor any farmer or gar-
dener, or any person who is dependent on the vicis-
situdes of the weather. The instrument much re-
sembles a pretty little clock, and it may be sent by
mail safely for 10 cts. extra for postage. You will
remember that my method of using any barometer
is to pay little or no attention to where the indica-
tor or mercury stands. When you wish to know
what the weather will be, tup the instrument with
the end of your finger. If the indicator (or mercu-
ry) falls, there is a prospect of ram; if it rises, you
are pretty safe in deciding there will be no rain
very soon. If a considerable storm is approaching,
the mercury will keep falling for some hours, and
it will drop a little every time you touch it, even
though i ou tup it as often as once an hour. When
it keeps dropping for several hours, look out tor a
storm or a big w ind. if it keeps rising for several
hours, go on \vith your work and you will very sel-
dom be misled. A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

376

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

BEES CHEAP!

I have had charge of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. I intend to start an apiary five miles from
town; will sell full colonies and nuclei cheap. Fine
queens a specialty. For particulars, address

wm. p. kimber,

6tfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

FOR SALE.- BEES, good colonies in shipping-
cases, with 9 Langstroth frames. Italians, $4.50;
hybrids, $4.00; delivered at R. R. station any time
after May 1. MISS MABEL FENN,
Ttfdb Tallmadge. Ohio.

BROOD FDN. FOR L FRAMES,

Six to seven feet to the lb., in lots of 25

Ibd. and upward, for 35 cts per lb.

JAinES ITIcNElIilj, (lOtfdb) HUDSON, N. Y.

rpHE
1 Gi

^HE 100.000 sections, advertised in last month's
iLEANiNGS, is sold. We are cutting on 100,000
more. All persons in want of sections, V-groove, 1
piece, should write for sample and prices at once.
lOd Address J. B. MURRAY, Ada, Ohio.

FINE RUBBER PRINTING-STAMPS

FOR BEE-KEEPERS, Etc.
Send for catalogue. G. W^. BERCAW,

9-10-11-13-14-] 5d Fostoria, Olito.

ARMSTRONG'S

NEW REVERSIBLE HIVE.

The cheapest, simplest, and most practical hive
ever offered to the public. H. D. Cutting, of Clin-
ton, Mich., says: "Let me congratulate you on
having such a good hive. Your reversible-section
case is perfection itself." Sample hive complete,
with paint, $2.'y0. Send your name and address,
plainly written on a postal card, and receive our 33-
page illustrated catalogue free. Address

Bi2db E. S. ARMSTRONG, Jerseyville, Ills.

200 COLONIES OF

GHoice Italian & fliniiio M

FOR SALE AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

Also a full line of Bee-keepers' Supplies. COITIB
FOUNDATION from cboicc select yellow
beeswax a specialty, at very low rates, both
wholesale and retail.

Do not fail to send for my 37th Annual Catalogue
before purchasing.

3tfdb ^•^'^^" WM. W. GARY,

COLERAINE, MASS.

Mention this paper when writing.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-iu. adjustable drop-hangers for a 2 15-16-
in. shaft. Cost $10.00 each; will sell for S5.00.

Six 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 7-16-ln.
shaft. Cost $10.00 each ; will sell for $5.00.

Eight 30-in. iron pullevs, 10-in. face, for a 3 7-16-in.
shaft. Cost $8.00 each ; will sell for $4.00.

These are just as good as new, and a bargain to
the man who needs them.

A. i. ROOT, Medina- O.

FflDl BROdDriiO ! !

I never bad a case nor saw one, but I hUve seen
and had hundreds of good queens, and will sell you
one of them for 65 cts., or 5 for $3.00. 26 B. Leghorn
eggs for $1.00. Orders for queens booked now, and
for eggs, filled now. Catalogue for stamp.
248d C. M. GOODSPEED, Thorn Hill, N. Y.

^A^^WHEELBARROW^i^FOR ^ BEE -KEEPERS. 8^

alho a whkktjkakrifw for women, children, anu
peoi'IjE who are not vert stout.

I have several times felt as if
I should like to try ray hand at
making a wheelbarrow of our
strongest wood and our best
steel, properly braced and ar-
ranged so as to give strength,
and yet not weigh one ounce
more than is absolutely necessa-
ry. At the Ohio State Fair last
year I found a wheelbarrow that
came so near filling the bill that
I asked the manufacturers how
cheaply they could make 100.
The wheelbarrow was all I could
desire; but the price, I thought
then, was more than we could
stand. During the winter, how-
ever, they made a proposition
which I considered very reason-
able, providing they could make
them at their convenience, when times were dull. Well, friends, the wheelbarrows are here, and they ai-e
a surprise to everybody. We show you a picture above. We have two sizes— the smaller one weighing
only a') lbs., and yet it will carry 500 lbs. safely, and it can be packed so closely together for shipment that
yoii can take the whole thing under your arm and walk oft' easily. The wheel has flat spokes Instead of
round. The different pieces are all cut and forged by means of dies. The legs are steel, so they will
neither break nor bend, even if you bump them on the sidewalk. The springs are oil-tempered, with ad-
justable bearings, so you can tighten them up for wear. More than all, the wheelbarrows are the nicest
job of painting and varnishing, I believe, I ever saw, for a farm implement. They are handsome enough
to go around town with, and strong enough to do heavy work; and yet the price of the small size is only
$4.00, the same as our iron wheelbarrow. The larger size is $4.50. The only discount that can be made
is 5 per cent off for two; 10 per cent off for five, or 15 per cent off for ten or more. They can be sent
either by freight or express. It is only five minutes' work to put one together.

OUR 3.5-POUND WHEKLBAHROW, CAPABLE OF CARRYING 500 POUNDS.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

377

E. M. HAYHURSTS FINE ITALIANS.

$4.50 TO $5-50 PER COLONY.

On account of ill health I have decided to sell my tlueeii-\'ar«l this season, at the followlnf? prices:
One full colony, $5.50 ; two or more, $5.00 each. These bees are in one-story, ten-comb Lang-stroth
hives; have flue younK- tested queens, and a. good amount of brood and bees, with honey for the
trip; are perfectly healthy, no/'»u( brood in ray yard or neighborhood; they are extra fine stock, and first-
class honey-g'atherers. If wanted in rou^h shipping-box instead of hive, the price will be 50 cts. per colo-
ny less than above. Safe arrival guaranteed. Will begin shipping about May 1st.

Btfdb P. O. Box 60. E. Nl. HAYHURST, KANSAS CITY, Mo.

doToYmiss this chance

TO GET ITALIAN QEEENS AND BEES

And EOOM FOK HAT«'HI!V<>; from seven varie-
ties of Higli-Ciaisw Poultry. Choice breeding
stock, and prices low. Send for Circular and Price
List. CHAS. D. DUVALI^
7tfdb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

500 FRAMES^F BROOD

Two-thirds full, well covered with bees (Italian), no
ijueen, in two-frame nucleus hives; just the thing
for queen-rearing, $1 each frame, after June 1st.

Twenty last-years' tested Italian queens, f2 each.
8-9 lOd M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y.

ITALIAN QXJEENS-

Reared from select mothers. Untested, $1.00;
Tested, $3.00. H. G. FKAME,

,5-16db Nortb iTIancheii«ter, Iiid.

Italian Bees and Queens,

IN MAY AT JUNE PRICES.

Full colonies $6 00 (Simp, wired frames, combs
built on fdn.). Bees per lb., 90 cts.: Vi lb., 50 cts.
Frame of brood and bees, 75 cts. Tested queens,
$1.50. Untested, $1.00. Queens reared from im-
ported mother. MISS A. M.TAYLOR,
9tfdb Box 77. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

Holy-Land Bees and Queens, Cheap.

Full Colonies, Nuclei, and Queens.

Send for Circulak.

GEO. 0. RAUDENBUSH, - READING, PA.

_ _ ' 8-lOdb \

T?rkY> QqIa Full Colonies) or Italian Bees,
r \Jl OctiC. a, 3, and 4 Frame Nuclei.

Tested queens before June 1st, $1.50 each; after,
$1.25 each. Untested, before June 1.5th, $1.00
each. After that date, single queen, 75 cts. ; six for
$4; twelve for $7.75. Pounds of bees, same price as
untested queen.
7tfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
In color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale bj' Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee,
Ind,; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Smith &Goodell,
Rock Falls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
2ia2 North Front Street, Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
.Tos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwell. Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes. \Vhi<>. McLennan Co., Texas, VV. E. Clark,
Oriskanv. X. V., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wig.. E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.. J. Mattoon, and W.
J. stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers. *

Write for mamvles free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Oonipflmentary and unso-
Ucite(1 teMimiinialg, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We iiuarantee every inch of <tur founilntitni e^/unl
to nampU in every respect.

CHAS. OAOANT &. SON,
Sbttd HauilUon* Haucock Co., lUlnolit.

©EIGTION©.

Nice white poplar, 4-piece all dovetailed, 414x414
sections. Send for prices.
9-12dh S. D. BUEIili, Union ('iiy, inich.

LOOK AT THIS!

My impi-oved Smoker can be taken apart to clean
it by turning a button. Lay the tube on the coals
and let it burn out. The valve will come off in the
same way to clean. Send Sl-OO for a Smoker and
see how well you will like it. 1 will please you or
return your money. I have tested it all of last
season in my apiary of 7!t hives, and it gave perfect
satisfaction.' If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. to pay
postage. Address W. H. SMITH,

9-16b Brookton, Tompkins Co.. N. Y.

IF YOU ARE WANTING

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boses,

Send 2-Cent Stamp for Circular to
6tfdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

700 TfCVQ

L6S.DIjIjii

I will sell these at $1.35 per lb.
Also untested Italian queens,
bred from imported mother, to
go with bees, at $1.25 each. Cash

must accompany orders. Ref., 1st Nat. Bank here.

7-lOdb E. Burke, Vincennes, Ind.

& CHEAP

Davis, Goodman, N. C.

i COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 45c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for 10
and !JOc. per lb.

3-ttdb,

SiLMFZ^ES FREE.

F. W. HOLMES, Coopersville, Mich.

:^78

GLEAxVlNGS LN BEK CULTURE.

May

P0NEY (36MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Nk.w Ydhk.— ifoucj/.— The sales ot comb honey
the past two months exceed hirg'ely sales ofjcorre-
spoiifliiifr time last year. The larg'c stock in dealers'
hands is becoming' less everj- day, and the present
outlook is, that all the best grrades will be closed out
before the new crop arrives. There is quite a large
stock ot dark and off grades of white, which we ap-
prelieiid will be carried over. Prices are ruling
low We quote as follows.
White comb honey - - - 9@12

Dark '• " 5(^7

Oal. -4 " .... 8@,9

California extracted . - . . 5(g),fj

Been wax . — 3;{@24 V2 .

We beg to Inform bee-keepers throug-h your val-
uable .journal of the removal of our place of busi-
ness as below, where we have better facilities tor
handling honey, and respectfully invite all bee-
ke 'pers visiting" our city lo give us a call. Yours
truly, McCaui- & Htt>uitETH Bros.

May 10. 38 and 30 West Broadway, near Duane St.

Milwaukee. —Honey. —The demand continues
very good for honey in this market, and values re-
main unchanged on all grades below the very^^nest,
and we will now quote market firm.
Finest white 1-lb. sections - - 12@13V2

Choipc " Mb. "... 11@,12

'• 21b. " ... io@ii
Dark not wanted, and imperfect slow.
Extracted, finest, white keg's - - 6'/4@7

" white, good, kegs or bbl. - - 6(5i,6i2

" dark " " " - i@4'-/2

Beeswax.— Zbc. A. V. Bishop,
May 4, 1887. 142 W. Water St.

Detroit.— Wonej/.— There has been more inquiry
for comb honey of late, and the stocks ot honey on
hand will be nearly all disposed of before the new
crop. Eiest comb honey, IWijH in 1-lb. sections.
Beeswax, 23@24c. M. H. Hunt,

May 12, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cleveland.— Honey.— The market is clearing up
nicely in honey, with prices unclianged. Best white
1-lb. sections, 12(a.i:}. Second, quality lOrc 12. Buck-
wheat dull at m:M. Extracted, .5(56.
Beeswax.— 2ac. A. C. Kendel,

May 10, 18S7. 11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O,

New York. — Ho?iey. — We report market dull.
There is a limited demand for buckwheat comb
honey; and if it continues the market will soon be
hare of all comb honey. We quote:

Buckwheat and dark, l-lb., 6(Si7; 2-lb., .5(g)5'2.

We advance price on California extracted, and
now quote 5!4 in jobbing lots.

May II, 1887. Thurber, Whyland &'Co.,

New York.

Philadelphia. -Honey. — Honey nominal, and
same as last reported.

Beeswax, steady. Choice yellow, 23(5)23;: dark, 20;
white, 27. Pancoast & Griffiths,

May 10, 1887. 242 South Front St., Phila.

-1-lb. best, 14; 3 lb. best, 12; ex-

Blake & Ripley,

.57 Chatham St.. Boston.

Boston.— Honey.-
tracted, 5@.7.
Beeswax, 24c.
May 10, 1887.

Chicago.— Himey.— Honey is selling: slowly with
the best white 1-lb. sections bringing 12c in a small
way. 3-lb. about 8c; and dark 7c. The offerings are
not as large by half as last month, and it looks as
though the crop was mostly in sight. Extracted
honey, 4<5i6.
B6e«i<;aj:, 35 for yellow. R. A. Burnktt,
May 10, 1887. 161 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

I have a barrel of nice well -ripened candied
honey, medium light in color. I think it is i)rinci-
pally white clover, as we have so nii:eh growing all
around here. 1 will take 8 cts per II). for the honey
of any one wlio will take all of it, and 1 will put it
on the cars at our nearest station, i)ur<!hasrr to pay
the charges affcr it is put on the cars.
Mrs H. p. Barqeh,

liordor Plains, Webster.Co., la.

ESSAYS

On the Production of Comb Honey

will be given in the June issue of the Aiiicric-aii
Apicultiiriiiit, by G. M. Doolitti.e, Dh. G. L.
Tinker, Dr. C. C. Miller, and other prominent
and well-known bee-keepers. Ready May 25. Price
10 cts. Address

AITIERIC-AN AI»I€IJL.TIIKIST,
10 lid Wenliaui, maHS.

1SS7. —

PLE^

VALLEy

iss-z.

•i^PUl^E

^^//IBIES

IJKKD::

ITALIAN % ALBINO QUEENS.

One queen, warranted purely mated, after

June 1st..* 80

'4 dozen " " " 4 50

Tested selected young, large and light-colored 3 00
Full colonies in Langstroth or Simplicity hivos,

with select tested queen, after May 15th . . .6 00
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. In the
past seasons that I have advertised in Gleanings
and other bee-journals I have endeavored to please
all, and am not aware that I have one dissatisfied
customer; if any, shall be pleased to have a state-
ment. My stocks are perfectly healthy. No foul
briiod in this vicinity.
8tfd Address E. !•. W^ESTCOTT,

Fair HaT^en, Rutland Co., Vt.

Elglit or ten Colonies Italian and Hybrid
Bees in Sintplit-ity or Root Oliatt' Hives.

What am I offered per colony in cash? They are
in first-class order. n. S. BASSKTT.

lOd Parnumsvile, Worcester Co., Mass.

FOR SALE CHEAP

First-Class Hybrid Bees

OIT I.. FKAMBS.
Address J. C. SEIDEL,

Of the arm of A. F. KtaiiflTer & €0.,
lOtfdb !STFRlilNG, II<Ij.

READY NOW.

Three S. frames of brood, covered with bees.

and $1.00 queen *2..50

Same with 5 frames 3.50

3 lbs. bees and *1.00 queen 2.50

Tested queens. 25c extra.

lOd a. \\. OATES, Bai-tlett, Tenii.

WYANOOTTES and HOUOANS!

Egg's for hatching, fl 51) per sitting; two or more,
$1.00 each; eggs only .ire cheui); fowls first-class.
Also one white Wvandotte cockerel to s])are, at
$3.00. JAMES EV.\NS,

lOtfdb Box S!i. Schaghticoke, N. V.

WRITE TO JOHN OALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON. OHIO,

BEE-HIVESrSECTIONS,

Aid General Supplias for Bee-keepers

New Factory. Low Prices. Good Work.
a4-lldb

" I "'Ml'i ''i'.i^^MMfjj^^ !SSi-^yi!Ll^,-J.!.^^^ ---^J.-Ll-Uc.

Vol. XV.

MAY 15, 1887.

No. 10.

TKKMS: 81.00 Per ANNTJM, IN ADVANCE;") T? ti+ riTtl 1 dJl P fl 11^ 1 fs T J^

2Copiesfor$1.90;3for«2.75i5tor»4.00; I Jiot'ti't/t't'O/t'tJCf' LfO ± O I 'J .

10 or more, Toots, each. Single num- i publishkd skmi-monthly m

l)ii-, 5 Lts. Additions to clubs may be f „ ^

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

nuide at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to ONE postoffick.

r Clubs to different postofliccs not less
than 90cts. eaeli. Sent postpaid, in the

1 U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-

1 tries of the Universal I'ostal Union, 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries

(. NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

A CASE OF HIBERNATION.

IDKAI, CKLI.AI! KOK WtNTEIlING BEES, AND
HOW IT II.AS WOKKED FOK THE PAST
TIIKEE YEAHS.

fYOt'NG man, resident about 50 iniles from
hero, whose apiary 1 visited the other day,
has, r think, solved the hibernation prob-
lem, so far as cellar wintering is concerned.
He has been (luietly studj ins apiculture for
some years past, and three years ag-o last fall he
built a cellar tor bees on the most ap])rovcd princi-
ples he could gather from the experience of the
best bee-keepers, as recorded in the bee-journals.
The result is, that he has wintered his bees for
three successive winters, practically without loss.
When I visited him the other day he had about
half his colonies set out on their summer stands,
and we looked most of them over. They were in
tine condition, some of them were overflowing with
l)ees. One colony, on four frames, which he did
not expect to survive, were in good shape, and, in
his judgment, were stronger than when set away
iti the fall.

There were about 250 colonies in the cellar, all
told. With half of them removed, the thermometer
stood at .52'; it had ranged from .53 to 58° all winter.
Vet at thi-: Uiirh t(!mperat\!re the bees maintain-
ed perfect (jiiietude. Not more than five pounds
of honey per colony had been consumed, on the
average.

I call this a case of hibernation, from the still-
ness that reigned in the cellar, the small amount of
stores consumed, and, T may add. the fewness of
the dead bees to be seen on the cellar floor, which
had not been swept at the time of my inspection.
r am sure that, had the bees been very active, and

exposed to a lower temperature, they would have
consumed far more honey, and there would have
been a larger number of dead ones on the cellar
floor.

All who road this will want a description of the
cellar which has proved such a suitable winter
home for these bees. It is about 18x20 in size,
walls 10 feet high, and built of stone. A railway
runs through the farm on which this apiary is
kept, and from a deep cutting there is a sub-earth
air-duct, 200 feet in length, made of 10-inch drain-
tile, which supplies fresh air at the temperature of
the earth away below frost. A pipe for the es-
cape of foul air runs up from about the middle of
the cellar, and is connected by an elbow with the
kitchen cooking-stove. The bottom of this pipe
spreads out into a flange 3 feet in diameter, and is
supported on 4 bricks set edgewise. There is a
wooden pipe on each side of the cellar for the es-
cape of hot air. These are set in the wall, about 7
feet from the floor. The escape is through a six-
inch hole cut in the horizontal top of each pipe.
Outside there is an elbow, and the end projects
a couple of feet above ground. Through one of
these pipes, which was open at the cellar end,
there was a perceptible current of warm air at the
time of my visit. Several times, during mild spells
in v\ inter, these i)ipeshad been used to prevent the
inside temperature becoming too high.

Evidently, this cellar worked like one huge hive.
Factory -cotton quilts only, covered the bees. The
cellar is a very dry one, the earth on the floor being
in a state of dust, and the dead bees, what few
there were, dried up, their bodies making an audi-
ble crackle when you crushed them with the foot.
There was no cellary smell perceptible. The air
was as fresh and sweet as could be desired.

380

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

If I had the conditions of outdoor wintering- as
clearly demonstrated as they are for cellar winter-
ing, I should rejoice. But there are still some
points that are dubious to my mind. These, how-
ever, I will reserve for discussion some other time.

Wm. p. Clarke.

Guelph, Ont., Can., May 3. 1887.

Very good, friend C. The only difficulty
in the way of a perfect understanding iii
the matter of hibernation is the dehnition of
terms. It does not seem as if we ought to
Ciill tlie case mentioned above, strictly hi-
bernation. The Indian story, liowever, on
page ;:^4H. I supi^ose might be called hiberna-
tion and nothing else, for the bees were, in
that case, stiffened by cold until they were
apparently lifeless. They were then put in-
to the cave and kept in this stiffened, mo-
tionless condition through many months of
winter, to be waked up again when the
flowers bloomed. We are glad to get the
good report in regard to sub-earth ventila-
tion.

UNSEALED CELLS IN SECTIONS.

IS W. F. CLARKE'S BEE-STING THEORY OF THE NEW
USE OF A STING SUPPORTED BY FACTS?

TN reply to friend Doolittle (Gleanings, p. 123), if
||F houey is always cared for as he directs, it may
^t be just as well to have some cells left unsealed

"*■ in sections, providing the honey has the same
care afterward. But after he has ripened
these unsealed cells till there is no danger of their
running-, if those sections are left in a store or in
some purchaser's pantry, will not these unsealed
cells attract moisture much more rapidly than the
sealed ones? T think I feel safer to have all un-
sealed cells emptied.

USING PARTLY FILLED SECTIONS.

In this connection I want to caution the inexperi-
enced against following to too great an extent the
advice of Mr. Frank A.Eaton, Gleanings, page 131.
A year ago I think I would have given just the
same advice. In fact, in my book, "A Year Among
the Bees," I speak of saving partly filled sections to
use again. I have made considerable use of them,
and I think generally to good advantage; but after
last year's experience 1 shall not use them again
unless it be a single one in a super. 1 had quite a
number of sections partly filled, left over, and
among them were some containing candied honey.
These sections were filled, as friend Eaton suggests,
very promptly, and when taken off 1 thought 1 had
done a nice thing; out very soon they began leak-
ing through the scaling, although kept in a good
place, and none that commenced leaking could be
sold as first-class honey. Contrai-y to friend Eaton's
experience, and 1 think to my own previous experi-
ence, the honey in some of these sections was can-
died. This year I shall put on many sections that
wei-e partly filled, but the honey was all extracted
last fall. I formerly put these partly built sections
in the outer rows of the super, but further experi-
ence makes me prefer to put tjiem in the center.

THE STING-TKOWEL THEOKV.

Not long ago 1 saw an item in a newspaper to the
effect that "Naturalist Clarke" had discovered that
the sting of the bee is used as a trowel, etc. This
yrt^s stated ia all sefiousness ; and if it js t9 pass

into general currency as a fact, and if it is not a
fact, the sooner it is contradicted the better. When
I first read the statement in friend Clarke's book 1
was somewhat startled, and didn't know whether to
think there was some joke about it or whether a
practice of the bees of thousands of years' continu-
ance had just come to light. Just why the proof for
any such behef has not been challenged before the
communication of friend Savaged think he is the
first), I can not say. Possibly respect for the
source whence it emanated. I hereby tender my
apologies to friend Clarke for my silence hitherto, a
silence of which I am by no means proud, as 1 do
not know whether to attribute it more to cowardice
or laziness. I don't believe there is any proof that
bees ever work wax with their stings. On page 144
of Gleanings friend Clarke occupies about a page
in reply to friend Savage's communication, yet I
fail to find any thing in it to establish a belief that
the sting is used as a trowel. If such a thing is
true, has any one ever seen the operation? Surely
many have watched bees in the operation of wax-
working. During- the honey harvest, bees are con-
stantly working wax, and I have seen them at it
many a time, but never with the sting. Thousands
have probably seen the same thing, but 1 think no
one has ever seen the sting used as a trowel. If
they have, I think it has never appeared in print.
This, it is true, is only negative proof against the
theory; but in the absence of any positive proof on
the other side, I think it counts for much.

In his article, friend Clarke makes use of Ernest's
silence as so much testimony in favor of the sting-
trowel theory. If Ernest has any shadow of proof
of the truth of the theor}% will he please let us
have it? At any rate, will he please say whether he
has or has not any evidence that bees work wax
with their stings? C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., May, 1887.

On page 20, in reply to D. F. Savage, after
speaking of the mechanical structure of the
sting, I said, " As to the office of the sting
curing honey or x-apping the cells, I have
nothing to say, either pro or con."' Friend
M., this was, in fact, all I could say. I had
never made any observations at the hive, to
determine this question, aside from my mi-
croscopical observations, and was unable to
find any literature bearing directly on the
point. The only argument I can use in ref-
utation of Clai-kes theory of the bee-sting as
a trowel is, tliat its mechanical construction
(if my observations with the microscope are
correct) would make it almost impossible. I
once spent my whole vacation, of a week's
time, in dissecting, studying, and mounting
bee stings. I us< d a Bausch i"c Lomb micro-
scope, with American lenses. I had at my
disposal not only all the necessary dissect-
ing-tools, but a l-inch, ^-inch, i-inc"h. i-hich,
and a ^-inch objective, and I am prepared to
say that the bee-sting is in no respect like a
trowel ; and by watching its pumping mo-
tion under the microscope 1 could discover
nothing in the working of the muscles that
would lead me to believe that a bee could
use it as a trowel. There is. however, noth-
ing in the construction of the sting that
would preclude the bees from puncturing
the cells ; and those who liave had experi-
ence with the '* business end " of a bee would
not say that this is impossible. If our read-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

381

ers should so request it, I will, during the
winter months or wlien I have more time,
take the specimens which I mounted during
that weeks vacation, stand over our engrav-
er, and have him reproduce them upon the
block for print.

In addititm to the above remarks by Er-
nest, I would say that I liave watclied bees
for hours through the glass of an observato-
ry hive, and I have seen them build the
cells, till them with honey, and cap them
over, but I never saw any movement that
would indicate that the bee was ever in the
habit of using the sting at all, or to indicate
that he remembered he had a sting, whiie
engaged in the business of capping over
newly gathered honey, and I liave seen them
put on the last tinish'ing touch.

A PLAN FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL
SWARMS.

ALSO 80MBTHlN(i AB(1UT HOUSEHOLD CONVKN-
lENCES.

T F Tom, Dick, and Harry (and two other fellows),
jd? all living- in different places, would each give
^l me a frame of black brood, covered with bees,
•*■ could T unite them in an empty hive with a
frame of Italian brood, with a capped tjueeu-
cell from my own liive. and thus form a Kood work-
ing colony?

I was just remarking-, that I found it next to im-
possible to get honey now that tasted like that
eaten twenty-tive or thirty years ago on the old
farm. Seeing the article about lioney remaining in
the hive to ripen giving it an improved flavor, sug-
gests a possible explanation. Oris it because the
honey eaten in those days was eaten while two
little bare feet dangled under the table, while now
I wear boots and walk with a cane, while one pair
of hands that dished out that honey has rested
under the snows of over twenty winters?

Relating to your suggestion about providing
labor-saving machines for the housewife, let me
say a word. Washing-machines are generally
voted a nuisance. I had no faith in them. My
mother-in-law tried an improved "Western Wash-
er," of Jamestown, N. Y. When she used it a .year
she said it was a grand success. T then risked
getting one tV)r my wile. She also says it is a suc-
cess. If you or your readers wish to try one of
these machines, by all means get the number 3. It
costs two dollars more, but it will wash bed-clothes.
If we can find any thing to tighten poor tired
women's work on washday, we should publish the
good news. We also have an Empire clothes-
wringer. They are double-geared, and easily
turned. There is continual complaint about this
make of wringers getting out of order. It is
the fault of the manipulator or washwoman. It is
so easy to turn, that the operator will run sheets
or table-cloths through on the same adjustment
they use for towels and napkins, thus bursting out
the rolls. By .all means if et the easy-running Em-
pire make, then teach the girls how to use it. Now,
do not think I am securing a free advertisement
tor any appliances. I am simply trying to en-
courage an effort to lighten and facilitate work.
Instead of beating our eggs with a spoon we use a
Dover egg-beater. Our butter is churned in about

twenty minutes with a Union churn from TilVm,
Ohio. The churn is worked with a crank. The op-
erator can sit down and read Glkaninos while
making the cream fly for butter. Some years ago
when I was a drug clerk 1 learned many useful
things. I learned the value of Basilicon ointment
(accented on the second syllable). It is good for
burns, bruises, healing, boils, or sores of almost
any kind. Once a lady had erj sipelas on her arm.
She used this, and the arm got well. Whether the
ointment cured it or not, I could not say without
further trial. It is good to keep in any house
where there are children. It can be sold for about
five cents an ounce. Perhaps it would help bee-
stings. I never tried. It is not a quack medicine,
but a recognized pharmaceutical preparation.
Pittsburgh, Pa., May, 1S8;. P. S. Dii.worth.

Friend I)., your plan will work tiptop,
even if you doii't bother the '• two other fel-
lows '■ at till. In fact, it is almost identical
with one of my favorite methods, as given
in the A B C Ijook. When you get tliose
combs covered with bees, however, look
sharp that you don't take the queen. The
only safe way is to find the queen before you
take this frame of brood and bees.— I think
you have hit it exactly in your suggestions
as to why the honey tastes dilferient now
from what it used to.— I am glad that you
and yom- wife have found a washing-ma-
chine tliat pleases you. We have tried, 1 do
not know how many; but Mrs. Root always
votes them " too much machinery ;" that is,
sooner or later she decides it is more bother
to get the thing out, get it ready, then wash
it up and put it away than it takes to do the
work with a good tiib and one of our best
stoneware washboards. Your suggestions
in regaid to the use of wringers would ap-
ply. I tliink, to the use of almost any of
them. — I am glad to know that our neigh-
boring town of Tittin makes cluirns so good
that they get away off to Pennsylvania.—
Although I don't believe much in medicines,
your Basilicon ointment may be excellent
where such a thing is needed." The price is
certainly in its favor; but 1 dont believe it
will make a particle of difference with a
bee-sting.

HO'W TO RAISE CORN.

PKOF. COOK GIVES US SOME IMPORTANT SUGGES-
TIONS IN REGARD TO THE MATTER.

TT may seem a little presumptuous for a
m bee-journal to take up a subject of such
]ji magnitude, especially while there are so
■*■ many papers devoted to the great
staples. Well, there are several reasons
why I asked Prof. Cook to give us his ideas
on corn culture. In the tirst place, we are
all of us interested in every thing that
fiiend Cook writes, no matter whether it is
b(^es, corn, or kitcliens. Friend Terry has
given us a book on potato culture that has
interested both >oung and old. 1 think the
following in regard to corn culture will be
received much in the same way.

PROF. COOK'S METHOD OF R.-VISING CORN.

As per your request, I will detail the method that
ray brother and I use in raising our most important

882

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

May

tieM cri)p— our corn. First, we always plow sod
{ground for corn, and aim to have the same covered
with buruyard manure tJie previous winter— the
earlier the better. This is drawn direct from the
barn, and evenly spread when drawn. This we
think very important. Barnyard manure means
good corn, good oats the next j'ear, good wheat the
following- season, and usually good grass the next
two years. We fit our ground in May as fast as we
plow. Mr. Terry urges none too emphatically the
importance of following the plow closely with the
harrow. With our gi-ound in good order— the soil
being deep and mellow — we are ready to plant by
May 20th. We do not believe we gain any thing by
too early planting. Plants, like animals, rarely
recover from a serious backset received just at the
dawn of life.

We make sure the previous autumn that our best
corn is selected for seed, and hung up in a dry
warm room. Thus early cured and dried it rarely
fails us, even though not fully matured and hard-
ened when husked. Good seed is all-importaut.

We plant with a seed-drill, plugging up all the
holes except the two outside ones. We thus plant
four feet apart. It requii-es about twelve quarts
of corn to the acre; but corn is cheap, and we re-
grard it as most desirable that it should be planted
thickly, for reasons yet to be stated.

Now let us see what we have gained in this: In-
stead of working hard all day with a hoo, and plant-
ing, say, two acres, or with a hand-planter and seed-
ing three or four acres, we have worked not nearly
so hard, and have from twenty to twenty-four
acres all planted. We walk in drilling, and space
every other row with the eye. With close attention
and practice one becomes so skillful that he can
row his corn so that the most fastidious would
praise it. Soon after the corn comes up we com-
mence to harrow, using a fine slanting-tooth har-
row. This takes a wide sweep, and so mellows the
ground and destroys the weeds that the corn is
materiall.v hastened in its growth. This harrowing
does not cease with the appearance of the corn, but
is continued till the latter is three or four inches
high.

"But," says one, "what about tearing up the
corn? "

Of course, some is torn up; but we planted so
generously that there is plenty left. We thus kill
the weeds right at the outset, and keep the ground
in such line order that the corn seems fairly to
leap into the air. After the corn gets up four or
five inches we then put in the wheel cultivator,
going astride the rows, and never use a hoe at all.
In this way we keep our corn free from weeds, and
secure much better crops than of old when we
used a hoe to plant and to weed. In this way we
get a most excellent yield of this best field crop,
with the minimum of labor. In August we sow
rye in our cornfield. This makes very fine fall and
spring pasture, and is no detriment to our land.
Indeed, this crop enriches the soil, as we plow it
under in April or May for oats.

If, now, we can cut and bundle our corn with a
reaper, and thrash it with a machine, we shall have
solved the whole question of raising corn with the
least amount of labor.

This coming fall I shall convert about one-third
of my corn crop into ensilage. I shall allow the
corn to glaze, then cut it and let it lie to dry and
wilt for a day or two, then out it into inch pieces,

and run it into silos which are about '5 feet in each
of their three dimensions. In filling I shall work
slowly — put in one day, then wait one or two. This
gives us excellent feed, and enables us to keep
much more stock.

An acre of good corn will give about 15 or 30 tons
of ensilage, three tons of which are surely equal to
one ton of hay. Fifty pounds of this is a good dally
ration. We thus see that, from an acre of corn
made into ensilage, we can keep three cows for six
months. In this way we can so stock up our farms
that it will be easy to get that best fertilizer, barn-
yard manure, without paying out money, and, at
the same time, secure the best returns from onr
farms. It is just as desirable to make two blafles
of grass do what one did before, as to cause two to
yrou) where one did before, A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., May 5, 18.ST.

It is a little singular, friend Cook, that 1
have been doing almost the same thing you
recommend, with corn, peas, and a good
many other garden crops. On our clay soil
we hud luore benefit from using phosphate
with wheat, rye, oats, and other such grains,
and most of our drills are made to sow phos-
phate with the grain. The best crops of
peas we ever had were put in with a drill by
stopping up the tubes not needed. The
grain-drill does all the marking, furrowing,
manuring, dioi^ping the seed, and covering,
and does it more perfectly than can be done
by hand. So much pleased Iiave 1 been in
putting all kinds of seed in with the grain-
drill, that neighbor H. and I hiive just pur-
chased one of the best grain-drills together.
1 expect to put our sweet C(jrn in with it
this afternoon. May 10th. Tlie smoothing-
harrow in place of the cultivator is also my
favorite method. With a cultivator it takes
a man and a boy and one horse. With two-
horse implements we dispense with the ex-
pense of the boy (send him off to school, for
instance), and do two rows or more at once
with simply a man to drive the team.
Sweet corn is so uncertain that we put it in
thick as we sow, and then chop it out with
the lioe when it is beyond danger from cut-
worms and other like enemies. Then we
have the ground all occupied. The finest
stand of spinach I ever saw was put in with
the graiu-drill ; and where farmers have
such an implement at hand I believe it
would pay to sow all the garden stuff. Per-
liaps I should say pretty much all ; for when
it comes to lima beans and planting pota-
toes, the grain-drill will not answer exactly.
I would, however, run the grain-drill over
the garden spot, charged with phosphate,
before planting the garden to any thing. If
you want to set out cabbage, celery, or to-
mato plants, your phosphate is nicely scat-
tered and mixed in with the soil, and your
ground is beautifully marked out. In fact,
I don't know of a marker that marks any
nicer than the t;rain-drill. For beets, on-
ions, etc., the marks are just about the
right distance apart; but if it is too close,
take every other maik. or every tliird or
every fourth one. For carrots and ])arsiiips.
nothing can fix the ground any nicer. In
regard to the economy of labor by yotir
] Ipu, it surely saves time over the old style
of planting in hills, nsdone in the old way.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

383

A KEVIEW OF HUTCHINSON'S BOOK.

KKIKNI) I'OIM'I.KTON (UVKS US SO.MK THOUOIITS
O.N THE Hll()nU<^TION OP COMB HONKY.

ip L'PHOlUiH it may uot have been in accord-
^ ance with the rules of authoi-ship. I an-
P iioiineeil. in the conclusion of my lilf k^ book,
that "all will Hnd me ever ready to explain
and delend my views; or, if necessary, ae-
knowledue my errors." Before "explaining and
defending " the one or two points upon which we
differ, I wish to heartily thank Mr. Taylor for his
kind words, and for the very fair manner in which
he reviewed my book. Instead of setting- a box
over the hive, and completely surrounding- and
ct)verinj>- the hive with^sawdust. Mi: Taylor prefers,
as being more convenient, good division-boards and
ehatf or sawdust in the super. This question of
leaving one or two. sidesof a hive exposed was dis-
cussed at one of our conventions at East Saginaw,
and quite a number thought that packing ui'on
only three sides of a hive was but little better than
none. " A chain is no stronger than its weakest
link " was the sentiment expressed. Candidly I
think the comparison is not a fair one, for I do
think that a colony protected upon three sides « ill
bear the cold with less danger of loss than will one
that has no protection. 1 think a fairer compari-
son would be that of leaving two sides ot a house
without siding or plastering, simply boarded up
with one thickness of boards. Although my meth-
od of packing may be a little tnore costly and
troublesome, I think the complete protection af-
forded will amply repay.

1 agree " ith Mr. Taylor, that, as a rule, a queen is
at her best during the <wo first years, and it is
possible that it might be profitable to replace them
at that age. With small brood-nest.«. however, the
dirterence between old and young queens is not so
noticeable. I doubt the advisabilit.\ of killing two-
year-old queens simply to avoid the construction of
what little drone comb will be built as the result of
their retention.

It does not seem tome that wooden triangular
comb-guides, having their lower edges coated with
wax, would possess any advantages, not even that
of cheapness, over strips of foundation three or
four cells in width; but I must admit, that I have
given such guides no trial.

One pigeon-hole in my desk is jammed full of
letters containing commendations and eiiticisms of
my little book; and you have little idea how much
pleasure it gives me to be able to say that not one
of these letters coiiiiiins anj thing that has hurt my
feelings, while I have been deeply touched at times
to witness tlie exhiliition of tact and kindness in
making criticism. Of all these letters, the one that
contains the most criticisms is from Mr. O. O. Pop-
pleton, of Florida: but the criticisms are all so fair,
and touch upon such important points, that 1 hope
1 may be excused for giving it in full. I have the
permission of the writer to publish it.

Friend Hutcliinson :—A copy of your work on
"The Production of Comb Honey " is just received.
Many thanks for the courtesy. As 1 judge your
object in sending was to invite a friendly criticism,

T proceed to give it brieliy.
You

start out (pages 9— 1:>) with a very decided
plea for spring protection. I am no bi'llever in
having a hobby, and for ever hammering at it; but
if I ever did have one, it was this of spring protec-
tion; and there is nothing in your book which so
thoroughly meets my entire approbation as does

this part. As long ago as 1H«1, at the Lexington
Convention, 1 made the statement that, " in my
opinion, ehatf hives aic worth all their extra cost,
both in monci' and labor, if used for no other pur-
pose than as spring protectives," and 1 reiterated
the same in the essay on ehatf hives of the next
year's convention. 1 would no more think of try-
ing to keep bees in the short changeable seasons of
Northern Iowa or Michigan, without spring protec-
tion, than 1 would with movable-comb hives. This
is one thing on which we fully and thoroughly
agree, whether we do on an^- thing else or not.

On page 12 you say: ''The saving of stores in cel-
lar wintering will pay for the expense four times
over." An n't j'ou a little careless or wild in this
statement':' Compared with unprotected outdoor
wintering, you are correct; but, so far as my expe-
rienc^e goes, the difference in the consumption of
honey, lietween the cellar and a thoroughly well-
packed colony out of doors, is too small to be con-
sidered. The only reliable statistics I have ever
seen on tliis subject are those published by A. G.
Hill, of the Guide. If I rememlier correctly, those
tables cover several years' experiments, with an av-
erage of, say, .iO to 1h colonies each year, and the
average difference between cellar and outdoor win-
tering is, I think, not far from one pound only.
This agrees with my own experience. This, of
course, aiiplies only when hives are properly pro-
tected, not when tlie work is only half done. Vou
also say, on the same page, " It is only by the cellar
method that the wintering of bees can ever be re-
duced to a peifect system." This is certainly too
sweei)ing- an a>sertion for anyone to make, for it
leijuiies just as perfect a system to successfully
>v1nier bees out oi doors as in the cellar; and such
a system is now in use. 1 will refer you to A. I.
Root for an example, but could refer to others who
are practically unknown. I do not think that your-
self, or any one else who practices your general sys-
tem of management, will, as a rule, be successful
in outdoor wintering; but that is no proof tliat oth-
ers in other localities, and with a different manage
inent, can not and do not have just as perfect a s.> s-
tem of outdoor wintering as any one has of cellar
wintering. While you have failed in outdoor win-
tering, I know of localities where none have suc-
ceeded in any other way.

I also take issue with your views regarding stim-
ulative feeding and spreading of the brood, as giv-
en on page 14. 1 do not think that stimulative feed-
ing can be made of value as far north as your local-
ity is and mine was; at least, I tested it thoroughly
and could obtain no advantage from it; but spread-
ing of the brood has been of very great service to
me. 1 attribute a large share of my long-continued
success in honey-raising to the fact that 1 have
practiced spreading the brood in connection with
spring protection. In fact, the first can be success-
ful only when the latter is practiced. Spreading
the brood is undoubtedly much more valuable when
one is working for extracted honey than when
working for comb honey; and, as your work is de-
voted to the latter only, 1 do not, of course, dift'er so
much from you as I should had your opinion cov-
ered bee-keeping generally instead of only one
t)ranch of it.

1 can not agree with you, that separators are not
a necessity (page 15). Of course, honey can be and
has been raised successfully that could be readily
crated, but that isn't all that is needed. Appear-
ance is a prime factor in disposing of comb honey,
and in that respect honey produced by the aid of
separators has an undoubted advantage.

1 prefer neither the one-piece nor the four-piece
sections. I find that the two-piece, such as G. B.
Lewis manufactures, to have the good but none of
the bad points of either of the others.

1 have never formed any very decided opinion on
the main topic of your little book ; i. e., so far as
the producti«u of comb honey is concerned; but I
take a square and decided issue with you in the ad-
vice given on page 2.5, not to give empty combs in the
lirood-nest when working for extracted honey. The
very conditions yoi; describe as the result of hiving
on empty combs are the e.xact ones we have aimed
at trying to attain; viz., to have the bees drop
brood-rearing, and attend to honey-gathering dur-
ing the short sharp flows of honey we are apt to
have in the extreme North. This is the point which
Mr. Doolittle, myself, and others have insisted on
when discussing the superiority of Italians over
blacks, but which I judge you have either not no-
ticed or not comprehended. I can simply refer you

384

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

to pages 130 and 133. A. B. J. for 1886, but it has been
much more fully treated in other places.

It is very rare indeed, friend H., that I write to
any one as this is to you ; but the spirit chanced to
move, and its promptings were obeyed. Certainly,
no liarm can be done, while you ina'y be induced to
more fully investigate some of these disputed
points before a revision of your work is made.

O. O. POPPLETON.

Hawks' Park, Fla., Apr. 1, 1887.

I see this article is already too long, and I must
defei- the " explanation and defense " of all these
points until next issue. W. Z. Hutchinsojn.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich.

SMALL INVENTIONS.

OUU FKIENl) J. A. (JRKEN GIVES US A FEW VAL-
UABLE SUGGESTIONS.

rr^si

IP o i go about my daily work I am reminded iu
^il^ numerous ways of the debt I owe to my
jpr fellow bee-keepers. Many a time a hint
■M--^ given, a method explained, or an improve-
ment suggested by some one in the bee-
journals, or at conventions, has been of the great-
est service to me. I am not referring to startling-
theories or revoiutionai-y methods or inventions,
but /(7f?c things that help to smoothe the way and
make the lot of the bee-keeper pleasant. A little
improvement, into which the author has worked
his way so gradually that he does not realize that it
is any thing new or particulai-ly valuable, may prove
a i-evolution and a boon to some fellow-worker.

HOW TO MAKE THE SCREEN-DOOR OF A HONEY-
HOUSE OPEN BY FOOT-POWER.

1 have experienced a great deal of satisfaction
this summer in the use of a device which I think
would be useful to a great many bee-keepers.
Most honey-houses, pi-obably, are provided with
screen-doors, closing with springs. If they are not
they ought to be. Ft is unnecessary to mention the
advantages of screen-doors, and almost as unnec-
essary to say that they should close of themselves.
A honey-house should be so arranged that it can
not be left o]icn lor the bees to enter.

<:i(EKN S IIKVICF, FOR OPKNING SCRKEN-DOORS.

In carr\iiig lione.y or other articles into the
honey-house, both hands of the bee-keeper are
generally fUli; and to open an ordinary door he
must stop and set something down to get his hands
free. This is not only an inconvenience, but it
requires some little time, and in the busy season
every moment of a bee-keeper's time is valuable.
Sometimes, too, his hands are daubed with honey
which he docs not care to leave on the door-knob
as a bait for robbers. All this inconvenience and
loss of time is saved by arranging the door so that
it can be opened with the foot. I have had such a
contrivance on the door of my honey-house this
Bummer, and it has proved a great convenience.

On the top of the outside of your door, nail a
piece projecting outward five or six Inches. Four
or five feet away from the hinge side of the door,
nail a board projecting about a foot from the side
of the building, and four or Ave inches higher than
the top of the door. In the outer end of this put a
small grooved pulley, running horizontally. On the
same level, and three feet from the other side of
the door, put another grooved pulley, running ver-
tically. A few inches further from the door, and
three feet from the ground, put a similar pulley.
Now fasten a strong flexible line to the projection
on the door, and run it through pulley number one,
then back over number two, then down to about
two feet from the ground. There fasten it to one
end of a light but still' piece of wood about four
feet long. Let the other end of this stick extend
back under the door. Bore a hole through this end,
and drive a loosely fitting pin through it into the
ground. Fasten another piece of line to the free
end of the stick; run it over the third pulley and tie
a weight to it, heavy enough to raise the stick.
Now, b.y stepping on the stick as you approach the
door, the latter is opened; and as you pass through
it closes behind you without your being obliged to
touch it with your hands, while none of the rigging
is in the way or interferes with the ordinary use of
the door.

If the door-spring is strong enough, the weight
and third pulley may be dispensed with; but with
ordinary springs they are necessary to raise the
treadle-stick.

AN -ADDITION TO THE FOLDING TENT.

Another little convenience I have used this sum-
mer is an addition to your folding tent. I was oft-
en annoyed by the tent collapsing and blowing
over just when I did not want it to. To prevent
this I made two light sticks, 53 inches long, and
sawed a notch in each end. I then drove a two-
inch wire nail into the end on one side of the
notch, and bent it over so as to close the notch.
One of these sticks was then put at each end of the
tent at the bottom, the cord placed in the notch,
and the wire nail turned over it. holding it secure-
ly. This makes the tent much stiffer and more
reliable. When the tetit is lolded, the sticks can be
put inside of it. They add very little to the
weight, bulk, or expense of the tent. See Fig. 3.

A SLIGHT DISCREPANCY.

Friend Root, on page H,")3, last > ear, at the close of
m.v article, you make the statement that pins, 38ii
of which cost three cents, are cheaper than 94-inch
wire nails. Your price list sa.\s there are 2750
iU-inch wire nails in a pound. The inice is 13 cts.
per lb., so that 687'/4 nails may be had for the price
of ;iSO pins, the nails costing scarcely more than
half as much as pins. The expense of either,
though, for bagging grapes, is insignificant.

Dayton, 111. J. A. Green.

Eriend G., tlie point yoii make about the
importance of having a door that opens of
itself, or, rather, that can be opened by the
foot, is an important one. I have, in simi-
hir cases, been accustomed to unlatch doors
witii my foot ; but it is a wearying and un-
gainly thing to do, even if one "succeeds. A
good "many times, the first kick with my toe
didn't raise tlie latch; and sometimes, be-
fore I succeeded in getting the door open, I
would get red in the face, and come pretty
near (?) getting cross. Sometimes I have

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

385

managed to release the little finger of my
right hand, and get that under the door-
latch, and may be in so doing I would drop
a comb of honey or push the latch into it. I
know what it is to have sticky door-latches
and door-knobs, and it always makes me
disgusted with myself and things generally.
Well, now I want to criticise your machin-
ery a little for opening a door. It is loo
much machinery. I am sure some of our
sharp inventors will improve on it right
away. Can't some of the devices that have
been so frequently figured for operating seif-
opening gates be brought to bear light here?
i on see, you have two cords, and three pul-
leys to be kept from squeaking. I suppose
many of you have seen self-opening gates
that were operated by fixing a lower hinge
at the end of a short arm. Well, now, by
making this short arm revolve a quarter of
a revolution, the center of gravity is chang-
ed so the door swings open of itself, and
this same operation raises the latch. The
spring to bring the hinge back to its former
position would close the door and latch it.

McFADDEN'S LETTER.

REBUKING PROFANITY AND OBSCEN-
ITY.

SOME SUGGESTIONS ON WINTERING.

AM sure many of your readers will be interest-
ed as 1 was in the letter of Daniel McFadden.
In it there is a whole romance for some one to
bring- out and color up— not that his state-
ment of ihe results of " cold storage " is in anj'
way to be questioned. Most assuredly, there is a
substantial ground for believing that bees that are
kept perfectly quiet consume vastly less honey.
Entire darkness, an equable low temperature, and
freedom from noise, are evidently the require-
ments. Here in the Southern-Middle States, where
we can winter safely on summer stands, and where
bees may tly out every month in the winter, the
consumption of honey is often excessive.

Activity involves expenditure araong bees, just
as it does among the hardy lumbermen in winter,
who can eat and digest a quantity of food that
would ruin many another less laboriously engaged.
Right here we have a case in point. Fourteen col-
onies in an outlying apiary, and run for extracted
honey in 1886, had two full stories, 20 frames (I use
the L. frames). I was totally unable to go and ex-
tract, and contract them before it became too
cold, and they were left with not less than an aver-
age of 60 lbs. of stores, some having more. In over-
hauling them in April, but one colony was found
with as much as .5 lbs. of honey, and some were
nearly destitute of any honey. But such power-
ful colonies I never saw so early. No honey had
been collected, and very little pollen, for frost had
cut the alder and the willow.

In my home apiary of 100 colonies, better pro-
tected and shaded, and consequently less active,
the consumption was much less, yet by no means
so small as many of the records given in cellar
wintering.

We are often annoyed by the excessive accumu-
lation of pollen here. This spring, because of the
frost just at time of bloom, very little was brought
in, and all pollen-laden combs were quickly clean-
ed out when placed in the hives. J. W. Porter.

Charlottesville, Va., May 4, 1887.

THE TESTIMONY OF A BROTHER IN SUCH MATTERS.

RO. ROOT:— I sincerely sympathize with you
in your surprise at the state of morals ex-
isting in a neighboring State. While 1 re-
gret that, while you hesitated about rebuk-
ing such profanity and obscenity, I have no
doubt but that it was the evil one that furnished
the apologies for delay. In my own experience for
many years, 1 have always tried to reprove when-
ever 1 have heard such talk, on the street, in stores,
or at depots, on the spot, and to do it in such a
manner as to express how my feelings were pained
by such language, and I have as j'et never been
insulted for so doing; and I believe that, if you had
done so on hearing the tlrst expression, you would
have succeeded in putting an effectual stop to it
for that time. Here let me add my conviction
that they, when they perceived that you were lis-
tening, continued the discourse, and added to Its
degrading depravity and blasphemy— it may have
beenonpurpose to torment you. I have heard of just
such cases before. There ia one command that I
think is not sufficiently regarded by Christians
nowadays in Lev. 19 : 17, and which, if we all tried
more implicitly to obey, our heavenly Father would
give us the words and right spirit to rebuke sin;
then would be verified his pi'omise in Lev. 26: 3-8.
May he help us to be " wise as serpents," is the
prayer of yours most truly. A. H. V.\nD()ren.
Mons, Bedford Co., Va., May 8, 1887.

Thanks, friend V. I, too, have never yet
received any abusive language when 1 have
tried to rebuke such things, unless I except
one man who excused himself for swearing
by saying he supposed this was a '' free
country.'' But I am afraid that Christ's
spirit was not in my heart at the time 1 re-
proved him. Your testimony encourages
and strengthens me, and I thank you for
the texts you quote.

As it may trouble some of our friends to
hunt up their Bibles and find the refer-
ences I give them here.

Thou Shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart;
thou Shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbor, and
not bear sin because of him.— Lev. 19 : 17 (New Re-
vision).

If ye walk in my statutes and keep my command-
ments, and do them; then I will give you rain in
due season, and the land shall yield her increase,
and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.
And your threshing shall reach unto the vintage,
and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time:
and ye shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell
in your land safely. And I will give peace in the
land, and ye shall lie down, and none shall make
you afraid: and I will rid evil beasts out of the
land, neither shall the sword go through your land.
And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall
fall before you by the sword. And five of you shall
chase a hundred, and a hundred of you shall put
ten thousand to flight: and your enemies shall fall
before you by the sword.— Lkv. 26: 3—8.

There, brothers and sisters, is not that
promise strong enough V and I have not a
particle of doubt but that it will be ful-
lilled to the very letter. If we push for-
ward with Christ's spirit in our liearts in
this matter of rebuking such talk, verily
shall it prove true that five of us shall chase
a hundred, and a hundred shall put ten
thousand to flight.

386

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

HAND-MADE HIVES, ETC.

HOW Tf) MAKE A SAW-TABLE OUT OF AN OLD
SEWING-MACHINE.

fOR the benefit of your ABC class 1 will give
my four-years' experience in making evei-y
thing I use iu my apiary. Some of these A
B C scholars, who doubtless, like myself, have
more time than money to spend with bees,
and can not afford the expense of a $35 or $.')0 order
(including a heavy freight bill) for a small apiary
of some 15 or 'Zu hives, perhaps may be trying to
manufactuie their own hives, frames, crates, etc.,
with hand-tools.

For an L. liive 1 make a plain box of right di-
mensions, wiiii a rabbet % inch cut on the upper
inside edge ot each end board. I also cut a ;!8-lnch
slot in the lower edge of one of the end boards for
an entrance, and nail on a tight bottom-board
(Which I much prefer). For upper stories I use
these same plain boxes without bottom. The end
boards can be cut in a miter-box, and have very
true and accurate work. 1 use inch pine boards
dressed on the heart side, and nail well. For cov-
ers 1 use a plain board cleated at each end, and
laid directly tm the hive.

For section crates, I make a plain box (sides of
^-inch stuff), with a strip of tin nailed on each
lower edge of the ends, to support the wide frames
one tier of sections high. 1 make all my frames for
brood and extracting purposes from common lath,
ripping them through the center. This gives a
nearly =!i-inch frame (I use the Heddou reversible
frame); and after nailing the end bars to the top
and bottom bars with the additional top bar, I find
they are very stout and easily manipulated. After
once reversing they need no wiring, as I tested b>-
having to move ray whole apiary a distance of 35
miles over a rough road the past winter, with only
two heavy combs of honey breaking. I will here
say, that I much value this reversing system for
perfect combs. For nailing frames, the Hoof wire
nails are indispensaiile. Until the present season 1
have cut and made all my bee-tlxtures with hand
tools, such as saw, plane, square, and hammer. 1
can say to your ambitious ABC youth, you can
make all you need, without machinerj% even if you
have but little knowledge of tools, for I am but a
youth, and never handled tools until I began mak-
ing hives and fixtures for my own use.

A HOME-MADE SAW-MACHINE.

I will speak of a home-made sawing-machine
which I rigged up the present season. This will al-
so answer friend Pouder's query on page 315. I
have an old cast-away Wheeler & Wilson sewing-
machine table, with treadle, given me by a neigh-
bor. To the shaft I adjusted a twenty-inch band-
wheel, taken from an old cider-mill. With a $3.50
Hoot mandrel, a 6-inch saw, and this machine, I cut
all my lath for frames, and make my honey-crates.
I am so well pleased with such accurate work I
would not part with it on reasonable terms. Tell
friend Pouder that, in place of the treadle former-
ly used, use a stout 4-ft. board with one eiid on the
floor, the other attached to the shaft by means of a
strap. 4— w. H. Laws, 35—37.

Lavaca, Ark., May 2, 1887.

Very good, friend L. The fact that yoii
have used ihese things siK^.cessfuUy is an un-
answerable argument, and we heartily com-
mend your energy and industry.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

THE SW.VRM APPEL TREE.

f^ WUZ a maden fare
^ With golden hair
•> W^hitch sot thare
In the place whare— they was a big stone.
She sot onto the stone. Madly the wild winds
tost her flowing lo.\, while the gentle zeft'ers softly
fand her peach-blow cheeks. She wuz a chankin
down a appel.

Twus at the witchin our of nit & oil wuz cam. Oil
wuz still. (311 wuz screen. She took anuther bite
of the appel and a seed fell out. Softly and thot-
lessly iu the still darkness, mayhap unkonshus of
the grate fntnr before it, the little seed meandered
on its wa to the ground. That thair seed groad up
into a big ai>pel tree.

THAT APPEL TREE.

Years passed, time went on, & 1 da, it was Joon lo,
a swarm cum out. The swarm lit onto that identikle
appel tree. The swarm and the appel tree boath be-
longd to me, whitch 1 am P. Benson, A. B. S. 1 spose
you noad who I was without my tellin you, but it's
no harm to maik sure. Well that swarm was a big 1.
It wuz enormuss. I never see sitch a big swarm on
enny uther tree. That was a Toosday. T woont be
sure now, but I think it was a Toosday. I like to
tell a thing jist as it is. Well, a Monday next fol-
owing, a swarm cum out of the same hive and lit
onto the same tree. It was a big swarm. I never see
a tree have 2 sitch big swarms. Then a Wensday a
swarm cum out, also a Thursday. I never see a
tree befour git 4 sitch fine swarms onto it oil from
the same hive. A Friday & a Satterday cum 2 more
swarms, makin (6) six swarms whitch that thair
tree fetched out from the same hive. The equill of
that tree for gettin fine swarms and plenty of them
izzent to be found. It haiut enny equill.

That fall in the otum of the year we gethered off
that tree sixteen— I disremember .list now if it was
barrels or bushels, but we woont quorl about that,
weal call it barrels,— sixteen barrels of as nice ap-
pels as you ever sot ize on.

The benefit of sitch a tree is eesy to see. Suppose
a man or even a wooman or a invalid, stai-ts with 40
hives and gits one of these trees. Eech hive will
make 6 swarms and countin the old 1, that makes 7.
So if he starts with 40 he will hev

in 1 yeer 380

in 2 yeer 1.960

inSyeer ....13.730

in4yeer 96,040

But mebbe the 4th yeer wood be extra good, sum
yeers is better then uthers, in whitch case instead
of '.1(5 thousand it mite be 100 thousand. Weal call it
a hundred thousand. Now let him sell these at $10
apeace & ittel make a cool million dollars.

The price of seeds of this appel tree is 5 sents
eech; i{ for a dime. Cash must accumpenuy the or-
der, or a draught on Noo York. P. Benson.

Apiculturistical B. S.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

387

gl^eWIiE^Y.

HE following comes to iis on a postal.
xVs it was written in German, the
c'leik who opens the mails has trans-
lated it. I mention this, because
friend 8. may claim he did not mean
rough as it sounds below, but I be-
our translator has aimed to put it

it as
lieve
mildly rather than otherwise.

If yon had used me rig'ht you would have had
$50.0(1 worth of trade from me this season. The
wax-extractor leaked, and I lost ,'> lbs. of wax, anfl
had to have It fixed. Vou do not care whether
your goods come early or late. You could have
helped it, if you wanted to, so that my goods would
have gone right through. If you have your money
that is all you care for. I have lost all confidence
in you. P. Schons.

Kellogg, Minn., Apr. 34, 1887.

On reading the above I asked for the pre-
vious correspondence, and I can not see
that we failed to comply with any request
made by friend S., except that he directed
us to mark 6000 sections, one smoker,
foundation-fastener, wax-extractor, and
some wire nails, as perishable. He evident-
ly wanted them marked " perishable," so
the railroad companies would hurry them
through. I i)resume the shippiiag clerks dis-
obeyed orders here, and I certainly should
have told them to do so had the matter been
referred to me. The above goods can not
in any sense be called perishable, and we
can not consent to any thing that sounds
even like untruthfulness, even if we do lose
custom thereby. As it is customary to so
mark nursery stock, fruits, and vegetables,
where they are lisked to go by freight, ex-
pecting tlie railroad officials to take extra
pains on that account to hurry them
through, an extra price has to be paid for
this class of freight. Now, some might de-
cide that, if the owner is willing to pay the
extra transportation charges, he has a right
to mai'k a box of sections '' perishable," if
he choose. There may be a difference of
opinion in regard to the matter, but I
should not want to do it any more than I
would want to mark honey as molasses, in
order to secure a lower rate of freight. If I
c<in not do business successfully, and mark
the contents of a package exactly what it is,
then I do not want to do business. Is not
this the better way, friend S. ?

In regard to the wax-extractor leaking, I
can not quite understand the matter. The
wax is expected tu lun right out of any wax-
extractor, just as fa^t as it gets melted. If
you lost live pounds of wax because of any
blunder or remissness on the part of our
tinners, I will pay for it ; and 1 beg to as-
sure you, dear friend S , that we try to use
all of our customers right. We do care
very much whether the goods come early or
late, and we will do almost any thing in the
world we can do to expedite business, con-
sistent with strict honesty and integrity.
I am sorry if you have lost confidence in us;
and I hope, after the above explanation,
you will reconsider your decision.

A IiBTTEB FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

THE HONEY SEASON THERE FROM FOUR TO FIVE
MONTHS long; 500 L.BS. PER COLONY.

JTo MONGST other things to which particular at-
SJIk t^'it'"" ^i^** been called of late, the bar-frame

l^w hive has had a place. South Australia pro-
•*^*- duces a heavy crop of honey, and under the
old box system has been noted for years past
for the quantity and quality of honey produced;
but now since the ABC of 15ee Culture has become
a household book, the quantity of honey produced
threatens to swamp the market. Hut this, I think,
will work its own cure by exterminating those pro-
ducers who will not take the trouble to put their
goods in the market in good shape. We have a very
heavy honey -flow this year; and as the season lusts
for' about four or five months you may imagine
what a harvest might be gathered with the best
appliance and good bees. AVe have no winter here
—only a month or two of rough and rainy weath-
er, so that in settled and cultivated parts bees can
gather all the year; consequentlj' the brood-nest is
always pretty full. In country parts, the honey-
harvest is gathered from the various species of
eucalyptus, some of which bloom yearly, but the
bulk bi-yearly. The red gum is a wonderful pro-
ducer, and, being a very large tree, a single tree
will pi-oduce many cwts. of honej', so that a strong
colony of bees will gather, when the extractor is
kept going, 400 or .500 lbs. in a season.

THE inferiority OF BLACKS TO ITALIANS.

As this I'efers to the black German bee, we may
look for still better results as the Italian and Cyp-
rian blood asserts itself. I am running about SO
colonies this season, a few imported queens, a
large proportion of hybrids, and a few blacks; and
1 would just like to say that I find the blacks are no-
where beside the Ligurian or hybrid in the quanti-
ty of honej' gathered, or In general progress. They
are very easily discouraged, and, I think, lazj' with-
al. I expect about two to three tons of sections
this season, of a quality which leaves nothing to be
desired. I am just beginning to take off a few, and
expect to be at that pleasant occupation until the
end of April.

hot WEATHER.

The weather at present is very hot. Last week
we had it up to 113° right in the shade. A good
many poor bees suffered in consequence, where
not properly ventilated or shaded, by the melting
of the combs. I am sorry to say I was caught nap-
ping myself by having some good queens in nucleus
boxes with small entrances, and 1 lost six in conse-
quence—one imported queen and four purely fer-
tilized of my own rearing. None of the full colo-
nies suffered, as I wedged up the bodies of the hive
to insure plenty of ventilation.

By the aid of a gas-engine, S'j H. P., I have turn-
ed out for others about 3000 hives and appliances.
In hive-making I adopted the same principle of
fitting as the four-piece sections. I had a machine
made to my own order which takes out a row of
^i dovetails. It works speedily and well, and gives,
when knocked together and nailed both ways, a
strong hive-body, as well as insuring each part
coming up square into place. The Simplicity has
been pretty general Ij' adopted in these colonies, and
I think meets all i-equirments.

PRICE OF HONEY IN AUSTRALIA.

At the present time, honey is liringing here,

388

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

wholesale, 3 pence for extracted and fi for 1-lb. sec-
tions, which will pay well if a little attention is giv-
en to the apiary.

FOUL BROOD AND THE PHENOL CUKE.

Our great trouble is foul brood. We are well ac-
quainted with all the different phases and descrip-
tions given from time to time in the bee journals.
For ray own part I ceased to dread it alter 1 got
hold of phenol cure— not by feeding, for that would
be impossible, unless by shutting up the bees— but
by spraying bees and brood with a weak solution—
1 in 4(10. 1 find that two or three sprayings is quite
sufficient to eradicate the disease. The disease is
so widespread that one can never be quite sate tor
any length ol time. Some careless or ignorant
neighbor may at any time commuuicHte the dis-
ease. With no winter lo contend with, we should
be overrun or overswarmed with bees if nature did
not put some cheek upon increase.

HOW TO GET RID OF SMALL BLACK ANTS.

1 have been terribly troubled with small black
ants— so bad that 1 could not keep any thing like a
nucleus; in fact, they would put four or five frames
of bees out of doors. After taking all manner of
trouble to try to keep them off the hives I have set to
work to try to poison them. To be safe in dealing with
euoh dangerous stuff, I made 50 small feeders with
the section groover, on the same principle as the
Simplicity feeder, and then cut a piece of board
large enough to cover the feeder. This piece of
board was screwed on top by a single screw in the
middle, but with a 's-inch strip of wood between at
each end, so as to leave room for the ants to run in.
When charged with poisoned honey in the grooves,
the top board was securely screwed on, and one
slipped under each hive where the trouble was.
Judging from the attention they were receiving an
hour or so afterward there should be a good many
ants less in a few days. I think this will meet the
trouble, and it is inexpensive.

For getting rid of large ants which congregate in
colonies, I have found nothing so speedy as break-
ing up the ground, and then sinking a few earthen-
ware basins so that the rims are flush with the sur-
face. A little tire wood ashes sprinkled into the
basin makes the sides so slippery that no ant that
once enters ever returns. A day or two will gener-
ally suffice to trap the greater part of the ants. Anx-
iety of mind to climb up the side of the basin will
generally bring about death; if not, a little boiling
water will. I have found the plan answer where ev-
ery thing else failed. It is, like the other, inexpen-
sive (if you borrow the basins and don't break any).

I should like to add my testimonial to the many
you constantly receive, to the ijleasure which the
perusal of Gleanings gives; and not only pleasure,
but profit— not profit measured by dollars, but by a
standard which teaches us to " lay up treasure in
heaven."

THE TOBACCO COLUMN.

I am greatly interested in the smoker column.
Thankful I am, after years of slavery, to be deliver-
ed from the bondage of a pipe, and to be free from
a habit which was offensive to others, and misera-
bly mean and selfish at the same time. I am glad
to see so many others laying aside this filthy habit.
Three years since, I laid the pipe aside, and intend
never to touch it again, although so strong are the
old habits thatithe very writing about the subject
brings back the old desire to some extent; but I
don't fear the enemy.

THAT JUBILEE EXHIBITION.

As probably you are aware, we are holding a ju-
bilee exhibition this year which promises to be a
grand success. 1 hope you will be represented.
Victoria follows suit next year with a colonial cen-
tennial. Victoria is a wonderl'ully progressive col-
ony. Melbourne, the capital (with which we are
this month connected by rail) promises to be a sec-
ond New York. We sadly lack a customs federa-
tion. We have different tariffs, and shut out one
anfither's products. For instance, we can here pro-
duce fruit to any extent; but Victoria says, "We
won't have your fruit, but will grow our own, even
if not of so good a quality," and so taxes imported
fruit 2 penci'. The same way with honey. I am
ottered in Melbourne 9 pence for comb, but would
have to pay 2 pence lor all that crosses the border.
We are slowly, I think, working toward a federation
of the Australian colonies, but we are dreadfully
jealous of each other. Leonard T. Chambers.

Adelaide, South Australia, Apr. 4, 1887.

I am very glad, friend C, to get so good a
report from Australia. Four lumdred to
five hundred pounds per colony is indeed
\\ondeiful, if you have many colonies that
do that. Are "you sure a single tree of any
kind will i)roduce as much as even 100 lbs.
of honey?— Your testimony in regard to the
common bees compared with Italians seems
to be about the general verdict.— We have
often thought of a hive-body to put togeth-
er like a four-piece section ; but unless kept
well painted it will allow the water to soak
into the dovetails, and hence we decided we
should not like it, and the matter was drop-
ped. I am g;lad to hear you also give a
good report ot the phenol cure.

BUMBLE-BEES.

V GOOD RECOMMENDATION FOR THE NEW
BARNES COMBINED SAW.

HY don't Prof. Cook, G. M. Doolittle, and
others, in writing about bumble-bees, tell
that the drones, or stingless bees, have a
white, or rather yellow spot, on the head,
and can thus be easily distinguished from
the others. These are the fellows that sit on a
mullein-top, as Mr. Doolittle says, and seem ready
to fight anything that comes their way. I have
surprised people more than once by catching one
of these white heads, as we call them, and when a
boy, which was only a short time ago, my brothers
and I used to catch the white heads and try to get
other boys to do the same, but not tell them how to
distinguish the stingless bees, and in that way have
the laugh on them. Butl believe we never found
many who were willing to try the experiment. If
I remember correctly, I have found these same
white heads hibernating in red-cedar posts when
split open in the spring. However, it was so long
ago that 1 am not quite sure. Whenever you see a
bumble-bee with a square yellow spot between the
eyes, and always ready for fight, you need not fear
him.

We have nt)w owned a Barnes new combined foot-
power saw for over a year, and are so well pleased
with it that we feel like telling the readers of
Gleanings, who may not be familiar with the ma-
chine, what we think of it. Our shop is in an un-
finished house, and therefore was too cold to work

188f

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

HJ^il

in during winter; but since the weather has begun
to moderate we liave been at work a part of the
time. We have sawed out about 40 Simplicity bod-
ies and covers, 10 nucleus hives, 180 metal-cornered
brood-frames, dovetailed; also ten ~'i4-8tory hives.
We have now 40 more hives in construction, and
enough lumber grooved for ripping into frame-
stutf which will make four or five hundred frames.
• We have not kept any account of the time we
worked; (uit to tell what the machine will do, we
gave it a trial a few days ago. My brother held the
watch while 1 ran the saw, and I ripped ttn feet
and nine inches of 'a-inch pine in one minute. The
manufacturers of the saws claim that it will rip
eight feet of one-inch lumber per minute; but if I
have calculated correctly, what I cut would be
equal to 9 13-;S2 ft., being almost li4 feet more than
is claimed for it. We would not take twice what
ours cost us if we could not get another one. Dur-
ing the time we have had the machine it has been
necessary for us to order some parts from the
manufacturers, and the orders, though very small,
received the most prompt attention, and we think
any one having occasion to deal with the above
firm will tind them very pleasant men.
poIjI-en the sixth day of march in central
missouri.

Our bees gathered pollen on and perhaps before
March 6th, but the sixth was the first we noticed.
Since that time there has been some fine weather
and they worked quite lively; but for the last few
days it has been rather cool and windy. We went
into winter with 13 colonies; bought three during
the winter, one of which we lost; alsoone of our own
died, leaving us IIJ. This spring we bought 18, and
in transferring four of them we found one of them
queenless. This leaves us iJO colonies, 1(5 of which
h»ve to be transferred. S. E. Millek.

Bluttlon, Montgomery Co., Mo.

BUMBLE-BEES, AGAIN.

PROF. COOK'S HEARTY INDORSEMENT OF DOOLIT-
TLE'S OBSERVATIONS.

R. EDITOR:— You do not know with what
astonishment and pleasure 1 read Mr. Doo-
little's article on bumble-bees, page 303,
Gleanings. I am free to say, that not one
man in 10,000, with no favoring circum-
stance to guide his observations and study, would
show such accurate knowledge and observation as
he evinces. It is a significant fact that has often in-
terested me, that men like Messrs. Doolittle and
Heddon. men who are naturalists bj' nature, are al-
most sure to make a striking success of whatever
they undertake, unless, forsooth, they are natural-
ly so indolent, and wanting in energy and push,
that there is no foothold in their lives for success.
This is why I would incite in the mind of every
child a love of nature and its study. It is an easy
task to stimulate such a love; and it serves wonder-
fully to aid in the struggle for success in this prac-
tical age; and, best, by leading the mind and
thought toward good things it helps to fortify one
against the evil that is in the world. What a rich
mine of pleasure our good friend Doolittle has
found in his close study of every thing about him I
What a wonderful aid this cultivated observation
has been to him in his bee-keeping life! and
through him it has blessed every bee-keeper in the

land. What helps any honest laborer in any use-
ful occupation, blesses the world and rejoices the
All Father.

Yes, 1 feel sure that the queen bumble-bee hi-
bernates. Deep in the ground ur in some otlier
protected spot she survives the winter, and awali-
ens with the lilacs and apple-blossoms, to her im-
portant work.

Again, my observation agrees with that of our
friend, in the statement that the egg is placed in the
pollen mass. The cell is formed by the food-taking
of the hungry, rapidly growing larvie. Afterward
this cell is waxed and is made a honey-cell. This is
what friend Doolittle and I used to pilfer from the
poor bumble-bees. Often we learned that the
curved cimeter of the bumble-bees is well pi'epared
to protect their precious stores, and I am not the
one to sa>' that it did not serve us right.

1 am not prepared to say i)ositively that there are
not large and small workers, but 1 am doubtful;
Several times 1 have chloroformed whole nests, and
examined every bee, only to find workers, queens,
and drones. The young unimpregnated queens
were smaller than the old queen, and larger than
the workers. We will examine further, friend
Doolittle. You know that prince of observers and
naturalists, Huber, said there were two kinds of
worker honey-bees. We do not think so now.
Careful observation and examination make me
quite sure, in some cases at least, the bees in the
bumble bees' nest correspond exactly in sex and
kind with our honey-bees. I wish our friend would
send me his six species next year. 1 will report
the names in Gleanin(;s.

Our students have often asked me about the
shade-bees. Every bee-keeper would understand
at once why such bees would never sting. Our
friends clubbing the shade-bees with dirt-clods, as
many a boy has thrown a stone to see his si>orti\e
dog run for it, is as interesting as it is exceptional.
What other reader of Gleanings ever did that?
And who have noticed the swarming-out over
nests in August"? How I wish every boj' in the
country could have the privilege of a walk once a
week with our friend Doolittle, through meadow
and woodland 1 What a new world this would be
to them ; Add to this the weekly visits of the
Youth's Companion, and how few of our boys would
go to the bad.

xVs to close in-breeding. I do not believe nature
invariably abhors close in-breeding. She abhors
imperfections; and if such are closely inbred she
exterminates the whole race. Many plants have to
breed" close, and thrive at the same time. Bates
and Collins originated our grandest strains of short-
horns by just this close in-breeding. It is the most
potent instrument in the hands of our best breed-
ers to-day. With the bumble-bees, what a gain, in
the way of security from danger, is this habit! —
such a gain that it overrides any disadvantages by
way of close in-breeding in importance. The man
who took the leading premium at our last State
Fair had bred his short-horns right in for three
generations. I know of another excellent breeder
who did the same with marked success for a much
longer period. 1 should much prefer to breed in
closely with good animals, than to use a poor out-
cross. A. .7. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Apr. 26, 1887.

I am very glad indeed, friend (\, to hear
yon speak such Vcind words of onr old friend.

390

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

May

One of the things that first struck me in his
early writings was his habit of close, keen
observation, and the enjoyment he seems to
take in digging out Nature's secrets. Will
the friends now pardon me for saying that
we have now devoted as much space to bum-
ble-bees as we can spare V The honey season
is upon us, and more important matters are
pressing.

MORE ABOUT OUR CELLARS.

TERRY ON THEIR CONSTRUCTION, VENTIT^ATION,
AND TEMPERATURE.

fRTEND ROOT: -A correspondent thinks I was
somewhat mistaken on one point, in a late
letter about our cellars. 1 said, in substance,
that when the burning Are took air from the
rooms, more would have to come in trc>m
some quarter, and that, under ordinary condi-
tions, much would come from the cellar, right
through the loose inch floor-boards. Also that the
tighter the doors and windows were made with
weather-strips, etc., the more air would be drawn
from the cellar. Now, our friend thinks that, if the
doors and windows of the cellar were shut up tight,
as they are during the cold weather, little or no air
could be drawn into the living - rooms, as there
would be little chance for more to be drawn into
the cellar to fill its place. This depends largely on
circumstances. If the cellar wall was built of hol-
low bricks, and these bricks were made of sewer-
pipe clay, and glazed, and the doors and windows
shut very tightly, it would not be an easy matter to
draw much air into the cellar; still, there would al-
ways be some— enough so that it would be wise to
plaster the cellar overhead and keep it as pure as
possible.

The writer's cellar wall is made of these hollow
bricks. But how many cellar walls do we find built
in this way? A very great many are built of com-
mon sandstone, through which the air will go al-
most as readily as thi-ough an inch board. Air
doesn't come through the mortar on the sides of
the living-rooms readily; and if the doors and win-
dows are made very close-fitting, you may be sure
that, with the ordinary loose inch floor and sand-
stone cellar-walls, a large part of your winter sup-
ply of air comes to you by way of the cellar. This
is bad enough; but what shall we say when a bank
of manure is put up around the cellar-wall to keep
the cellar from freezing? T wonder how many who
use manure for banking ever thought that their
breathing-air in the house would be tainted all
winter with that manure. Perhaps not one; but
still this would be found to be the case as a rule.
So we want to be careful and have the outside of
our cellar wall clean as well as the inside.

The writer rode by a house thus banked up, last
winter. A hearse and a number of teams in the
yard looked as though there had been a death there
lately. I could not help but wonder if the condition
of the air they had been breathing had not hurried
some loved one away sooner than was necessary.
As one goes to the North he sees manure used to
bank up cellars much more than in this latitude.
It is handy, as every one, almost, has plenty of it;
but certainly no thoughtful husband would use it
outside of a sandstone wall, where the dear ones
lived in rooms over the cellar. Sawdust or even
dirt would be far better. But in our latitude there

is no possible need of any banking. It looks badly
at the best. A banked-up cellar is very apt to be
kept too warm for the good of the vegetables.
Hang two thermometers up in the cellar at the cold-
est points. Early in the winter leave the windows
open on the south and east sides, until you get the
temperature down to 3.")° at least. When there
comes a cold night, and the thermometers show a
temperature close to freezing, light an oil-stove for
an hour or two, warming it just barely enough to
tide you over the cold snap.

We never bank up our door or windows in the
least, and some 18 inches of wall are exposed all
around the house; but we never have any thing
freeze. I doubt whether we burned more than 10
cents' worth of oil during last winter. Perhaps
half a dozen times the stove had to be lighted for a
short time. We have plenty of choice eating-apples
yet. Very few rotted. I know many farmers who
kept their cellai-s banked up too warm, so as to
have them able to stand a cold snap. Their apples
were all rotten long ago. Some of them have
sprouted their potatoes already. A thermometer
and oil-stove, and a little thoughtful labor, would
change all this. And then the good wife would find
the oil-stove so nice to heat the irons or boil the
tea-kettle some hot day in the summer. Even if
one does bank up the cellar, the thermometer
would show him, oftentimes, that he was keeping it
much warmer than was necessary. A thermometer
costs but a few cents; but I venture to say, not one
farmer in ten ever keeps one in his cellar.

A cellar kept down near freezing, all winter,
would make the living-rooms above colder, with
only a thin board floor between; but plaster it over-
head and put building-paper under carpets (the
best way to keep impure air from coming up), and
you will not be troubled with cold floors.

A vegetable-cellar somewhere else than under
the dwelling-house would be better, perhaps; but T
have been trying to show in my two letters how we
could take cellars as we And them, and used as they
are used, and so manage them as to run almost no
risk to our health and still keep our vegetables in
the best possible condition.

lam afraid you will say that I stopped too quick
again, so I will add that to-day, May 3, we have
bushels of Peck's Pleasant apples, not a late-keep-
ing variety by any means, that are sound and nice to
eat, in our cellar. And we have 50 bushels of pota-
toes for seed that have not sprouted to speak of,
and we hope to be able to keep them back another
week or ten days. Our earliest potatoes have
sprouted a little. As a rule we can keep them back
until this date.

Friend Koot, when I wrote that letter that made
you "almost provoked because I stopped so sud-
denly," I looked up at the close and saw how many
pages I had written, and thought of what you said
in Gi-EANiNOS, not long ago, that friends must
make their letters short, or you would have to cut
them down, etc., and I just wound right upas quick-
ly as possible. I believe you were right too. We
are not hoard for our much speaking. This re-
minds me of a story my father used to tell:

When he was in the theological seminary the
president once told the young ministers that if they
should take a hatchel (the younger readers of
Gleanings will have to ask their grandparents
what this Isl, and stuff it full of tow, cramming in
all they possibly could everywhere, they could

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

391

then sit on it and ride to BoKton; it would make a
comfortable seat. " But," lie says, " young men, if
you should pull the tow all out you would And it a
very pointed seat. Now leave the tow out of your
sermons. Let them just be full of clean sharp
points, that can not fail to prick the hearers."

We do not want too much tow in our articles
either, so that, when one gets through reading, the
points will have been all smothered in his mind by
the mass of unnecessary words. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, Ohio, May 3, 18H7.

Friend Terry, yon have given us some
very important suggestions, and I have been
for a long time tliinking of the importance
of keeping our ceUars, especially our vegeta-
ble-cellars, as cold as possible and still avoid
freezing. A good deal of attention has been
given to cold-storage rooms, that cost ever
so much money ; but I believe it has been
decided that fruit and vegetables of many
kinds can be kept almost as well on the plan
you give— that is, keeping the air in the cel-
lar cold by opening and closing the windows
at the proper time. I can readily under-
stand how the coal'Oil stove would be very
much better, and I think cheaper too, than
making our cellars too warm just because of
the rarely occurring severe days and nights
that might let the frost in. This subject is
intensely interesting to me ; but perhaps I
shall have to set an example too, by being
brief. But I want to say, before closing, that
I do not believe that a single one of the 7000
subscribers to Gleanings has thought that
ijou, friend Terry, had even once written at
too great length. Your talk concerns the
homes we live in, and this all-important
matter of the health of the inmates; and
the most of what you give us has never ap-
peared elsewhere.

ABOUT SPREADING BROOD.

KRIENl) DOOtilTTLE TELLS US HOW TO DO IT AND
HOW NOT TO DO IT.

f EARING that all do not understand just how
to manage the spreading of brood so as to
have it an advantage rather than a disad-
vantage, I thought a few words at this
time from one who has practiced it for the
past 1.5 years might not be amiss. Some think that
at best there is no gain in such an operation, or, at
least, not a gain proportionate to the labor involv-
ed; hut from several tests made by leaving whole
rows of hives through the bee-yard undisturbed,
while a row alongside had the brood spread as
about to be given, I find those manipulated gave
results above the others more than double enough
to pay for the extra labor. The trouble with most
of those who try the plan for the first time is, that
they begin to manipulate the brood too early,
'fheic can be nothing gained where there are three
or four eoinhs one-fourth full of brood, by spread-
ing them apart and putting an empty comb be-
tween; for by so doing we simply spread the brood
out in an unnatural position, and work on the
plan of scattering the heat instead of concentrating
it. Besidrs as long as this state of affairs exists
they have already got brood in more combs than
they should have; for all will see that, if all this
l)rood were put in one comb, and that comb placed
in the center of a chaff hive made for only one

comb, the bees that hardly covered it before could
hardly crowd into the space it now occupies.

To get at what I wish to illustrate, let us suppose
that we could get that ordinary colony of bees
with its brood in four combs as above, all on one
comb, and no room for the bees except in this
space, it will be seen that quite a proportion of the
bees would be obliged to cluster outside. To obvi-
ate this outside clustering we will enlarge our
hives so as to take one more comb, which comb is
put in. Now having our heat and bees condensed
to the right proportion, we would find that the
queen would lay in this comb at the same rate she
would in July, filling it with eggs in three or four
days; while, had we not done this, the brood in the
four combs with a whole hive to carry off the ra-
diating heat would not have advanced to the
amount of one-sixth of a frame. In a few days,
more young bees from our first frame have hatch-
ed to such an extent that they are again crowding
out at the entrance, when we once more enlarge
the hive and put in another comb (putting it in the
center this time), which is filled as quickly as be-
fore, and so we keep on, till one hive is enlarged to
the breeding capacity of the queen. Does any one
doubt but that we shall have a hive full of brood
and bees long before we should if nothing had been
done? If such doubt exists, an e.\periment or two
along that line will convince any.

Well, now, to practical work. As soon in spring as
the first pollen appears, shut the colony on to the
number of combs containing brood, using some-
thing to confine the heat as much as possible for a
division-board. If these combs of brood do not
contain honey enough, use a feeder such as T de-
scribed a few months back for that division-board,
and feed, or leave combs of honey beyond the
board so the bees can have access to it. Now leave
them till the two central combs have brood clear
down to the bottom outside corners of the frames;
for manipulation previous to this would not help
a bit, as they already have all the chance for
spreading their own brood that is needed. As soon
as you find the two central combs thus filled, re-
verse the brood-nest, by which I mean put these
two central combs of brood on the outside, and
those outside in the center, when, in a very few
days, we shall have our combs and colony in just
the shape of the supposed colony we spoke of
above, and are to proceed in the future on the
same plan. The main idea is, in the concentrating
of the heat, and that in such a way that the young
brood and eggs are always in the warmest part,
rather than all around on the outside, or in the
coolest part, as they are in the manipulated hive.
It will also be seen, that, if we work as above, there
is not the least shadow of a chance of chilling the
brood; for room is given only as the bees need it.
The spreading of the brood in a full hive where
there is brood in from four to six frames, and those
only from \j to ^.i full, is only labor thrown away,
and a risky operation besides; for the bees have
already too much room; but the concentration of
heat, and the management as given in this article,
is a sure road to success; or, at least, so says an ex-
' perience of a dozen or more years.

Borodino, N. V., Apr., 1887. G. M. Doolittle.

I quite agree with you, friend D., only I

do not believe I would want to undertake

crowding the bees on to one frame very

early in the season. I have done it in the

392

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

May

liot summer months with good success, but
it always seemed as if they needed about
two combs to make a start, and even three
seems a good deal better. Perhaps the Ij.
frame may work a little dilferently from
the one you use ; but I l)elieve it 1 were
comment'ing the tirst of April to contract, I
would not reduce any of then) to less than
three combs. If they could not fill the
space 1 would let them manage their own
way until they could ; and when the little
colony gets so strong as to crowd outdooi-s
during very warm weather in the month of
April, I would be a little slow about giving
tliem another <'omb. A severe frost may
not only crowd them all into the hive, but
perhaps so near the center of their two or
three combs it might leave some brood ex-
posed. With goad i)acktng about three
combs, there ought not to be much danger.
There is another point I feel a little unde-
cided about. When bees have a little un-
sealed larva? on one side of the comb, and
cells tilled with pollen right opposite on the
next comb, is it ever advisable to move these
combs so as to upset the arrangement ? I
have watched it quite a little, and it always
seemed to me as if it were asking your wife
to get breakfast as (jnick as she does ordi-
narily, with the cook-stove put in the cellar
and the dining-table upstairs. She usually
wants the cook-stove not only on the same
floor, but pretty nt-ar by the breakfast-table;
and the bees plainly tell us they want new-
ly gathered pollen about as near the unseal-
ed larvte as they can possibly place it. Now,
if yon will take an outside comb and put it
in" the center, a good deal of hard labor
for the little chaps Is caused by the transpos-
ing and upsetting. The children will wait to
be fed, while the breakfast-table is away
around on the other side of the comb — may
be a whole comb intervening between the
food and little ones. I know they will change
things about and get thi)igs haiidy in a pret-
ty short space of time ; but I have thought
that colonies that were not mixed up in this
way made the best bees.

T. P. ANDRE"WS' HIVE-CART.

HOW TO MAKE IT.

f9<HEcartI use in luy apiary (see cut, Jan. 1st
^ Gleanings) was made according- to dlrec-
■i tions given me by a bee-keeping' friend by
the name of S. Smith, of Mattoon, 111. The
wheels are 28 inches high, and are made of
%-inch surfaced pine lumber which should be as
much as 16 or IS inches wide. Each wheel consists
of three disks of lumber; the central and largest
one is 38 inches in diameter, made of two widths of
lumber. The others are 12 and 20 inches respective-
ly. These two smaller disks are beveled around
their circumference to a feather edge, and secure-
ly nailed, one on each side of the large disk. The
grain of the smaller disks crosses that of the large
one, thus giving it strength and thickness enough
at the center to hold the bo.ving in very tlrnily.
This consists of a piece of ''a inch gas-pii)e, 'S% inch-
es long. The axle proper is made of a piece of iron
rod, a trifle smaller than the horo of the ga«-pipe,
in*o which the a.xle is slipped, and around which the
box revolves. Flanges are welded on the axles

at the inner ends of the boxes. Holes are punched
at the outer ends of the axles, and linchpins hold
the wheels on.

The body of my cart is also made of pine lumlier.
It is about 4 feet long and about 2ii inches wide. It
is made to hold three hives or comb-hoxes at a load.
The depth of the body is six inches. The cut is not
entirely correct. The cart is not wide enough to
take in two hives side by side, but is lung enough
to take in three hives. The side-tioards do not ta-
per out into handles like a wheelbarrow, but are
cut off on a bevel, and are connected by a cross-
piece that can be grasped by one or iKjth hands. The
axle is made as short as will permit the wheels to
turn freely without rubbing against the side boards.
A three-inch cross-piece connects the two side-
boards. To this the iron axle is fastened by two car-
riage-bolts, the heads of which have been cut oft
and the ends bent into hooks which grasp around
the axle. The cart should be supported in a hor-
izontal position by two legs like those df a wheel-
barrow placed near the front end. The lumber and
iron work of the cart cost about one dollar, and is.
in my opinion much, more convenient in the apiary
than a wheelbarrow. It is "narrow enough to pass
through an oi-dinary door, so that it can be drawn
with its load of combs into the honev-house.

Farina, 111. T. P. Andrews.

Thank you, friend A. And so it trans-
pires that the home-made cart was an " iron
ex,'' after all. Your plan of construction is
quite ingenious ; and if you draw the cart
in wlien it rains, those pine wheels will last
a good many years, and do much service.

A WELL-SPENT DOLLAR.

A TRUE STORY, WITH A MORAL TO IT FOR THE
BOYS.

ANY years ago there lived in this county a
farmer by the name of Mr. W., who had,
among other children, a son about fifteen
years of age, by the name of Thomas. He
also owned a negro boy of about the same
age as Thomas; and as these boys were thus thrown
together they naturally became very intimate.
Among other diversions they learned to play at
cards some time before Mr. W.'s death, which event
left them as the only prospective support for the
family.

When the season; for farming was at hand, the
neighbors began to watch to see how the boj's
would work. It was soon apparent that something
was wrong, and one old neighbor by the name of
Mr. R. made special search to, find the trouble. He
was not long in tracing it to the cards; and, after
much contemplation, he decided upon the remedy,
which he carried out as follows:

Upon meeting Thomas one day he said to him,
"Thomas, I wish to buy a pack of cards— the kind
you play with."

"I declare, Mr. K., I do not know where you
could get them," was the reply of the boy.

" I want them very much ; 1 will give a silver dol-
lar for them," continued the old man.

Now, as this was about twice the value of a new
pack, and as the cards owned by Thomas weie
somewhat worn, this was too much for him; and,
after some hesitation, he replied, " Mr. R., I have a
pack, somewhat soiled and worn, that I will sell
you for that amount,"

1.S87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

393

"Very well. I care nothing for their condition,"
said the old man, as he paid the boy and received
the cards.

The boy was at first delighted with the trade; but
upon seeing- Mr. R. take out his pocket-knife and
begin to cut the cards into snaall bits, he, in sur-
prise, exclaimed, " Mr. K., what on earth do you
mean? Did you not just pay me a dollar for those
cards?"

" Yes, my boy, but these are the very cards I
wanted; and the only purpose I had in buying
them was to get them out of your possession. I
have seen for some time what a disadvantage they
were to you, and what a trouble to your mother.
Vou know, Thomas, how poor I am, and how hard
it is for me to earn money. Now, if I can make this
sacrifice for you, can you not resolve to buy no
more, and never to play them again?" By this
time the boy was in tears; and while I do not know
that he made a in-otnisc. lie acted ever after as
though he did; and when he had grown older he
joined the chm-ch ami lias since lived an active and
consistent member. aiwa\s taking a lively interest
in the welfare of the young, to whom he often re-
lates the incident given above. W. H. Gkker.

Paris, Tenn., Apr. 11. 1887.

Well done, friend G. I don't remember
ever having mentioned the matter in print,
but I always feel greatly worried and tron-
bled whenever I discover that any boy, or
girl either, is learning to play cards or is at-
tending card-parties." When I started plant-
ing my basswoid orchard a young couple
rented'a f;irm jnst across the road. They
were a nice, bright young couple ; but it sad-
dened me to see that they thought it was
the thing to have their young friends visit
them and have card-parties ; and CMrd-play-
ing got to be S) much the order of the day
that on one occasion these yonng friends
wasted one bright summer forenoon in their
card-playing Oiir young farmer never liitcli-
ed up liis team, althougli the weatiier was
beautiful, and the season at just such a
point when eveiy farmer, young and old,
ought to be just jumping to get the work
along, and his wife left her breakfast-table
without evfu wasiiing rhe dislies until it
was dinner time. The next year they rent-
ed another farm, aiul they rbay be both in
the county intirmary by this time, for aught
I know ; for it is a fact, that one little fool-
ish b;i(l iinbit like this may wreck a life. No
wonder the boys did not prosper with their
farm work.

i to buy comb honey to sell again, unclean sections
have been the one great drawback for me to do a
■ successful business at it. A great many bee-keep-
ers do not think this matter of having clean sec-
tions -.iround their honey makes much difference;
I but I know this one thing has done a great deal to-
i ward lowering the prices of comb honey. Even
j storekeepers have fallen into this same rut. Go
into almost any store in any town or village where
honey is sold, and you will find it, nine times out of
ten, just as it was taken from the hives. Wake up,
] brother bee-keepers I put your comb honey on the
market looking neat and clean, in small clean pack-
j ages, and you will find less trouble in selling at
I much better prices. I should like to ask if any one
I has ever tried the perforated zinc for separators.
! W. H. Shiki.ev.

! Mill Grove, Allegan Co.. Mich., Mar. 22, 18H7.

j Very true, friend S. ; but Dr, C. C. Miller
I claims that he can get just as clean or clean-
er sections from the T super when the slat-
I ted honey-board is used, than from wide
! frames. If we are correct, he told us that
I the sections, when taken from the T super,
take less cleaning than the sections when
taken from the wide frames.

BEES AND BAILRO.AUS.

I have lately noticed in Gleanings several ingui-
ries about keeping bees near a railway, mill, or fac-
tory, the idea prevailing that the noise and jar are
prejudicial, especially in winter. I give my experi-
ence. I have kept bees for the past four years near
a railway, notfourrodsdistant, with a roller-process
gristmill within four or five rods, and T can sec no
difference between my bees and my neighbors' as to
wintering, etc. I believe the bees get used to the
noise as we do. Eveiy train through the night used
to wake me, no matter how soundly I slept; but
now I never hear them. The soil is a firm clay, and
the road-bed is level and solid, with good rails; but
there is a large traffic, and heavy trains. My bees,
60 colonies, are wintered on summer stands clamped
in sawdust, but so the entrances are open. They
are in fine condition. E. J. Buhgess.

Tilbury Center, Ont., Can., Apr. 32, 1887.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

WIDE fka.mes vs. cases; cleaner sections fkom
the EOK.MEK.
HILE surplus cases are under discussion I
should like to put in a word for wide-frame
single story eases. It is impossible in this
hjcalityto produce gilt-edge honey unless
the sections ai-e protected on all four sides
When tny honey is ready for market, the sections
look almost as clean as when first put on the hives.
This will not be true where cases are used without
wide frames, except in rare instances. I know by
experience that this is so; for wherever I have tried

HOW TO GET H[U OE A HYBRID COLONY.

r^ast summer, having a black hybrid colony of
bees that I desired to get rid of, I took brood from
them three or four times, each time leaving a comb
of eggs. I used the brood to build up a nucleus of
pure bees. When I found a choice pure colony su-
perseding their (lueen I inserted one of their queen-
cells in this black colony, after taking out their
queen. As I was busy I did not again go to that
colony for several days. When I did go T found a
beautiful Italian queen. As I had no other place to
use her I built up the colony with brood from other
colonies that could spare it, the colony being now
the size of a strong nucleus. When fixing up for
winter I found them a fair colony; but as soon as
set in winter quarters they began to die off. At the
end of a month, as there were so many dead bees
thrown out of the entrance, I marked them dead. I
could not imagine what could be the matter with
them, as most of the other colonies were so quiet,
and were throwing out so few dead bees. As their
hive was at the bottom of a pile of colonies, and in
the center of the cellar, 1 could not very well ex-
amine them. After six weeks or so they seemed
quiet — in death, as I supposed. But when set out

394

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

this spring- 1 found a beautiful small Italian colony,
large enougli to build up by the time white clover
blooms. Now, I wish to ask why those black bees
died off so fast the fore part of winter. Was it not
because their vitality was injured by caring for so
much brood? They had a very vigorous queen, and
I must have taken away eight or ten combs of cap-
ped brood. Mr. Axtell said it was a pity to kill any
queen so productive, even if she was a black hy-
brid. Mrs. L. C. Axtei.l.
Roseville. 111., April, 1887.

I tliiuk you are doitbtless correct in the
matter. The black bees died off because
they had been so severely taxed, and were
perhaps prematiirely old. The younger Ital-
ians doubtless took their place, and saved
the colony from ruin.

AWOTHEK WAY TO MAKE T TINS.

I have accidentally learned how to make the T
tins, using the common folder found in every tin-
shop. Although of no benefit to you with your ma-
chinery for nuiking it of one piece of tin, it may
prove of benefit to liuudreds of others who may
want a few tins quicker than they can get them of
you. I was having some L tins made of light tin,
for use not connected with bee culture, and our
tinner suggested that if 1 wanted them stitfer he
could fold one edge on 's inch before they were
folded into the L shape, which left them like
Fig. 1, and very much stronger; and t)y slip-
ping two together I found 1 had quite a strong foi-
T, and no solder required to hold them — simply
prick punch them in a few places, and they seem as
firm as if made of one piece, and I think they are
as strong (or a little stronger) than if made of one
piece, as there are three thicknesses of tin at the
top edge. To make them I would cut one-half of
the tins 3-16 wider than the others, and fold one
edge 8-16, and then ^ they are both of a

width, as in Fig. 2; fig. 2. then fold each one
into the Li *ind slip the tins together, and
then you have a T, as in Fig. 3, and j'ou
will be surprised at its firmness. I trust nn- 3.
that you will get the idea, and take it for what it
is worth. O. R. Coe.

Windham, N. Y., March 25, 1887.

Thanks, friend C; but we had already
made them on this plan some time ago. It
makes very nice stitf strong ones ; biit it is
more work than to make them as we now
do with special machinery. The idea may
be of value to many of our readers.

HOW TO MAKE ROBBERS BECOME DISGUSTED WITH
PILFERING.

I undertook to look through a hive a day or two
ago, but got a job on hand by it, and had to close
them up again quick, as another colony commenc-
ed robbing them'with a will. 1 have noticed that
some object to Italians on that account. I have
but one colony of Italians, and can control them
as far as their disposition to rob is concerned, much
easier thnn^some blacks I have. My Italians start
often, but I can stop them with b\it little trouble
so far. One C(jlony of blacks, however, in particular,
I h.ave most trouble with. My i>lar( for stopping
may not be new; but as I am a new hand with bees
it is new with me. I made a light frame, and cov-
ered it with wire cloth. It jqst fits in the portico ol
the bive, and extends out some six inohos. When 1

find the bees are robbing a hive 1 put it on until I
have a considerable number of the robbers caught
as they come out loaded. I then take it off, and,
holding the open end down, step away a few feet
from the hive, turn it up, and let the caged robbers
fly out. I can then easily see where the most of
them go. I next put my wire cage on the hive
where the most of the robbers are, and leave it
there some time, keeping any more from coming
out. After those coming in worry around awhile,
I slip it out, when the incoming bees pile in in a
hurry. I put it on again, keeping the inmates in
the hive some time. They get bothered so that they
conclude to stay at home. I usually conquer them
in a short time by this means. The Italians so far
have been easily conquered in this way, but it takes
longer to satisfy that one hive of blacks.

K. J. Mathews.
Riverton, Bolivar Co., Miss., Feb. 1.5. 1887.

The plan you suggest, friend M., is ingen-
ious, and, so far as I know, it seems to be
new. Most of the robbing is usually done
by a few certain hives, and sometimes it is
one hive that is keeping the whole apiary in
an uproar. Another plan to determine
which hive it is that is guilty is to sprinkle
Hour on the backs of the bees as they come
out of the hive that is being robbed. While
doing this, have an attendant watch the en-
trances of your different hives. Shutting
up the robbers has been tried to some ex-
tent ; and with a hive that has a portico on
it, it may do very well; \n\t in hot weather
there is always danger of smothering, unless
a large opening like a portico can be covered
with wire cloth.

HONEY stolen.

On the night of the ITth of this month the build-
ing in which I had my honey stored was entered by
thieves, and about 300 lbs. of honey stolen. There
were 16 crates already put up and stamped with my
name in two places; also another stamp in which
to insert gross tare and net weight of honey, ready
for market; the rest was in cases (Heddon), just as
I had taken them off the hives, and some loose sec-
tions. They also jammed some sections in a box,
etc., which they left in a greatly damaged condition.
My loss is about !j*35.00. The greater part consisted
of white clover and basswood. I have always been
free to g-ive to my neighbors and friends ever since
I have kept bees. I have given away several dol-
lars' worth, and have the good will and respect of
all of them so far as I know, having lived here 43
years. 1 think the parties who took it would steal
my pocket-book, horses, or any other property. I
write this, trusting that it may serve as a warning
to the fraternity to keep a lookout. Any sugges-
tions from you as to what steps I should take to
trace it, or to prevent a like occurrence, will be
thankfully received, as I have about 1500 lbs. left
which they may try again, if they are successful
this time. Wm. H. Graves.

Duncan, 111., Nov. 35, 1886.

As a rule, friend G., I believe a crop of
honey should be kept under lock and key —
not only to keep the honey from being
stolen, but to remove temptation, and to
keep people hcmest. L think I should try
pretty hard to find where such a quantity of
h:>ney went, it' possible. The good of your
community demands that the culprit be

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

395

brouglit to justice. As such a quantity
must be disposed of sooner or later, it seems
as it' it would not be a very difficult matter
to get hold of some clew to it.

DO KING-BIRDS SWALLOW THEIR VICTIMS? A FEW

FACTS WHICH SEEM TO PROVE THAT

THEY DO NOT.

Ill Gleanings I find, on page 29.5, a letter from L.
Williams, iii regard to the king-bird. My e.vperi-
ence is quite different from his. My observations
aie, that it catches the bee and holds it in its beak
and sucks the nectar from the bee, then drops it,
and is i-eady for more. I have kept bees for sever-
al years, and there are times during the season
when the bird is very troublesome. I have killed
hundreds of them, and watched them closely, and I
have taken the pains to open a larg'e number of the
birds, but I have never found a bee inside of the
bird, and I have shot them and opened them in-
stantly after seeing one with the bee in his beak.
The king-bird is the only bird that I take pains to
get out of my apiary, and I have sworn vengeance
on him.

Bees in this part of the State this spring are not
in first-class condition. Some have lost heavily.
My loss is about 10 per cent, and T consider this a
good showing. I have on hand at this writing, 115
stands. Some are light, but the majority are in
very good condition, but are getting short of stores.
We are having a cold, dry, backward spring.

W. A. WiCKHAM.

Clermont, Iowa, April 21, 1887.

A KING-BIRD STUNG TO DEATH.

In Gleanings for April 1.5, page 295, L. Williams
writes, among other things, " King-birds, and why
queens disappear." Now, one of our children
found a dead king-bird near our apiary, with about
a dozen bee-stings in his breast and under his
wings. Wife cut it open and examined its crop, but
she found not the sign of a bee inside; but a few
seeds and stones instead was all it contained.

J. R. Wilson.

Carlisle Springs, Pa.. Apr. 19, 1887.

Tlie tw^o reports above seem to indicate
that the birds do not swallow the bees so
that they are found in their crops. The re-
port in the A B C book, however, makes
them out exceedingly guilty. It is possible,
however, that they simply kill the bees and
squeeze out the honey, throwing away the
mashed-up bodies, so that none of these
things would ever be found in their crops.
I think the evidence is pretty conclusive
that tliey do kill bees.

A FEW INTERESTING FACTS CONCERNING THAT CALI-
FORNIA SWARM FOUND IN THE OPEN AIR.

1 observed in Gleanings, page tjOS, 188H, a cut of a
swarm of bees in the branches of a tree, and a de-
scription of it as belonging to Southern California,
and taken from a photograph sent you by a friend.
1 can give you the history of that swarm. In the
summer of 1883 a swarm of hybrid bees clustered on
the branches of a mulberry-tree standing on the
grounds of O. W. (^hilds, in this city. The bees
built three sheets of comb, nearly a foot long, the
first season, and came through the rainy season in
good order, though not protected in any way, ex-
cept by the foliage of the tree in the summer. The
next season they built th(! combs two feet long and
added an additional comb on each side of the origi-

nal outer ones, filling the outercombs full of honey,
as could be readily seen, as they were not more than
twelve feet from the ground. Hundreds of people
visited the place at different seasons of the year, to
see the bees at work, and wonder how they could
prosper so without any care or protection what-
ever. The tree stood near Mr. Childs' carriage-
house, !Uid during the colder days of the third year
of their squatter sovereignty they began to trouble
the horses occasionally, and I was requested by Mi'.
Childs to take the bees away, if I desired to do so. I
accepted the otter; but before taking them down 1
had the photograph taken from which your cut was
made. I was about making ai-rangements to have
!i cut of it made, with the intention of making a lit-
tle money out of it; but your publication of it nip-
ped it in the bud. 1 can't imagine bow your friend
could have secured a photograph of it, as 1 arrang*-
ed with the photographer to have the exclusive
control of all his work on that subject, and spent
some ten dollars in money, besides time, in securing
the picture, and all I made of it was the bees that
Mr. Childs gave me. 1 took the bees out to my api-
ary in the San Fernando Mountains, and am work-
ing the stock for -increase, and 1 believe 1 ha\i-
some bees that will compare favorably with the
best imported bees that I have seen. In the honey
season they come quick and go quick, cany good
loads, and ai-e as prolific as the Holy Lands.
Los Angeles, Cal., Feb. 17, 1887. C. N. Wilson.

I am sorry, friend W., if there was any un-
derhanded work about obtaining the photo-
graph. Is it not possible this was taken
from a photograph of another one strikingly
like the one you have mentioned? It would
be nothing strange if two colonies, similarly
located, should resemble each other. We
instructed the engravers to spare no expen.se
in making a nice engraving, and they fol-
lowed directions so completely that the cut
cost us, we believe, some thiity or forty dol-
lars. There might arise a question hei'e as
to the moral right of the picture. We were
an innocent party in the transaction ; but so
is a man who buys stolen goods of any man ;
yet the law permits the rightful owner to
take it when he can find it. Of course, you
are welcome to your photograph back again,
if you want it; but the nexti question is.
Who is the lawful owner of the engraving
that ccst us so much money? We are quite
ready to do what seems right in the matter.

HOUSE APIARIES.

Some will prefer and use house apiaries, and of
course all will want the best. I have used mine an-
other yeai' (as described in Gleanings, page 744,
1885, and page 105,1886.) I like it much, as it is so
handy. I do all my extracting, transferring, and
dividing, in it without any trouble from bees. I
find they sting less. My house does not heat up as
Mr. Clark says.
$3tj5 FOR seed from 1- acres of alsike sown.

Farmers sow lots of alsike clover here. There is
more than 100 acres sown within two miles of my
apiary; one man took a load of alsike seed to
Adrian, a short time ago, that brought him f'M'y.
which grew on 1»' acres, and that was not all of the
crop. You are right as to the (juality of the hon-
ey from it. 1 like it the best of any, and most of
my customers the same. I obtained only about 600
lbs. of honey, principally comb honey. I had 11

me>

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

swarms in tlip spriiij;-, indstly liisrht. I had tlieiii all
to transfer. 1 made them into 34, and doubled back
to U. I have bf)ug-ht 34. I have now 43. The 14 are
in hives the same size as the new Heddon hive, but
not closed eid frames. The frames can be taken
out when either side up. I like them much, i will
e.vplain thcin more fully some time.

Holloway, Mich. H. L. HdxiK.

A SUGGESTION IN liEGAIlD TO THK T,OOSE T TINS.

Do not tliink I have not been an interested reader
of the Tlin discussion, for 1 have used fiO of the T-
tin supers inside of my S. hives. They work well in
chatt hives too. 1 have become a convert to Dr. C.
C. Miller's theory iu regard to loose T tins. How
well I shall like it in practice remains to be seen.
There is one point about it which I have not seen iu
print. It allows an outward spread to the sides,
which nailed tins do not allow. This would cause it
to slip otr easier. Tell the doctor to use a straight-
edge, two, three, or four inches wide, under his mal-
let, and long enough to reach across his super when
driving it down, instead of driving directly on the
super, and I think he will be better pleased.

J. REYNOr.DS.

Clinton, Kennebec Co., Me., Apr. 35, 1887.

SQUARE CANS VERSUS KEGS FOR SHIPPING.

When we ship in kegs, our kegs are thrown in
tree. Is that the case with the square cans, or do
you get any pay for them? or are any returned,
and at what e.\pense by the express companies? We
get the Ave gallon kegs delivei-ed here at :i7 cts.
each; 100 of your square-can cases, delivered here,
would cost over 80 cts. each, or over 40 cts. for what
we pay 37 cts. for in a keg. This difference would
be quite an item out of the profits. I think the
cans are very much the best, especially where we
need to warm up candied or cold honey; hut the
extra exiicnse is in the way. We use from 100 to
1.50 kegs here per year, and we could get up an
order for 100 cases for this season's use if you can
tell us of some plan to get back part of the expense.

Oneida, 111., Apr. 11, 1887. W. I.I. Kei.i.ogg.

We always charge for the square cans and
boxes to hold them, Irieiid K. I never lieard
of any one returning them. They are gen-
erally utilized for some other purpose, when
the honey is taken out, I believe. I have
never lieard of kegs so cheap as you men-
tiou ; but our e.xperienee has been that they
are always more or less leaky. 1 do not
know but that our foul brood came from
purchasing honey in kegs, and then the
kegs got to leaking, and the bees got to
working on them.

HONEY-UEW AND PI,ANT-LOUSB NECTAR ; THU
SUBSTANCE AS I'OIIND IN THE E.\ST.

Not long since I came across this bit of history,
which was of great interest to me, and may be,
perhaps, to some of the readers of Gi>eanings:

■' Forskal says, the caravans of Mecca bring honey
from Arabia to Cairo, and that he has often seen
honey Mowing in the woods in Arabia. It would
seem that this flowing honey was bee honey, and
this fact illustrates the story of Jonathan. But
there la also a vegetable honey that is very plenti-
ful in the East. Burckhardt, speaking of the pro-
ductions of the Ghor, or valley of the .(ordan, says
one of the most interesting productions of this
place is the Beyrouk honey, as the Arabs call it. It
was described to him as a juice dropping fi'orn the

leaves and twigs of a tree called " gharrab,' of the
size of an olive-tree, with leaves like those of the
poplar, but somewhat broader. The honey collects
on the leaves like dew, and is gathered from them,
or from the ground under the tree."

It would seem that this vegetable honey is iden-
tical with our honey-dew, and the tree upon which
it is found seems to l)e quite like our poplar (tulip),
which is often infested with aphides. The secre-
tion there is evidently more profuse than we know
any thing of, if it •' drops from the leaves " and may
V)e "gathered from the ground." In speaking of
this very thing, 1 notice Cheshire says, "1 saw fall-
ing in the sunlight, a thick, constant shower of
minute drops, which were being expelled from the
anal apertures and nectaries of the aphides in-
festing the leaves." I notice Cook distinguishes
between the aphide nectar and the " real honey-
dew which the leaves distill." F. C. Blount.

Lawndale, 111., Feb. 35, 1887.

DANDELION.

Will you please favor me with answers to the
following questions?

1. How many acres of dandelion does it take to
keep one hundred colonies busy?

3. How late in Maj' do bees usually work on dan-
delion in Ohio? M. Kenvon.

Oakland, Cal., Apr. 15, 1887.

Friend K., your question is hard to an-
swer; but if an acre of dandelions would
furuisli as much lioney as an acre of alsike,
I would suggest estimating ten colonics to
the acre. Iu tliat case you would want ten
acres of dandelions. As cultivated dande-
lions are now receiving a good deal of atten-
tion, especially iu the east, the time may
come when we shall have ten acres in (me
locality ; but where tliey are raised for
greens, for table use, 1 believe they never
let them come into bhunn. I think bees
work on dandelions about two weeks with
us They commence blooming heavily
aljout the first of May.

experience with CYPRIANS.

My experience w th Cyprians is so much like that
of Mr. Abbott, as given on p. 303, that I am surpris-
ed that they should be recommended as superior or
even equal to tfie Italians. My first experience
with them, when they were merely a nucleus, was
very satisfactory, and 1 was inclined to j)raise them
on account of the proliticiiess of the queen; but as
they increased in n\imber. so the trouble in han-
dling increased also, until they were nearly unman-
ageable. 1 put on a lot of empty combs and let them
completely alone until almost winter; and, being so
extremely ill tempered, they were not prepared as
usual, and nearly died. Howt vei-, they soon became
as i>oi)ulous as ever, and were a source of annoy-
ance another season, at the end of which the colony
was requeened, and that with more difficulty than
any previous manipulation. The principal reason
that 1 kciJt them so long was on account of the pro-
liflcness of the <iueen; jet they did not gather any
more honey than other colonies, J believe; and, not
being accustomed to a veil, and seldom having one;
without holes, 1 dreaded to have any thing to do
with them. My last veil had a window in which
broke out, and 1 have not yet sewed the hole shut.
Christian Weo^^es??;?,

Marshallville. 0., Apr. 19, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIiE.

397

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing somk vaiaiablk fact, not

QENKRALLV KNOWN, ON BKKS OK OTHER MATTEliS, will receive
one of David Cook's excellent tlve-eent Svinday-sohool buoks.
Many of these boots contain the same matter that you tind in
Sunday-school books costing from $1.00 to $1 50. If you have
had one or more books, ijive us the names that wt m ly not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six diricreiit
books, as follows; viz.; Sheer Otf, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, rilk'iim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and L»ur Homes, Part II. Resides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own iipiary, both taken a gre.it many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, Howers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

been

TRYING THE WINDMILL.

ET me see ; I believe we left Jimmy and
Sam starting off to school, lamenting
because they had to go. They argued
that nothing would be lost if they
stayed ont only one day. As they haji
at school so steadily they knew that
the tiiial examinations could not possibly
show it. I presume they did not think that
final examinations were not the only things
they went to school for. Mrs. Green could
bave told them that it is the every-day at-
tention to regular duties that makes success
in any department of life, and that boys
who go to school every day in the year,
when stihool keeps, unless sickness or some-
thing else of a serious nature prevents, are
the boys who, when grown, make the most
successful men, as a rule.

Our young mechanics, however, were not
inclined to take a very philosophical view
of things. They linally reached school and
got into their seats just as the last tap of
the bell announced that school had begun.
They took their books out, laid them on the
desks and tried to study, liut their minds
were <m the grindstone and windmill. At
recess, as usual, there was more specula-
tion among the boys in regard to the wind-
mill. Jake insinuated, once or twice, tliat
•■ "twouldn't last long;'" but the two had
so much confidence that it would last, that
they did not pay much heed to the remarks,
which savored strongly of Jake's jealous dis-
position.

After school was out, Jimmy and Sam
hastened to their windmill. On their arri-
val home, Mrs. Green asked Sam if he
\\ ould not go up town and get some tea—
they were entirely out, and would need
some for supper. Sam was not at all will-
inn to comply with his mother's wishes, liut
said they cckdd '" get along without their
tea." He meant no disrespect by it, but
said it in such away that it was evident he
t<hought the windniill was of vastly more

importance than tea, supper, or any thing
else. Very fortunately for Sam, 'at this
jnn<*ture Jimmy's little brother Ted hap-
pened over, and the l>oys ver> speedily
made a bargain with him, by which thi-
youngster was to receive a whole cent for
getting the tea and bringing it home. The
boys then startfid triward the scene of the
windmill, ft was not revolving as fast as it
was in the morning, and it was squeaking.
It was but the work of a few moments to
get a little lard and apply it to the wooden
b'aring. It then i-evolved to the boys'
great satisfaction. After a good deal of
fussing they nnallvgot their grimlstone con-
nected with the seat of power by means of the
'•lothes-line. The grindstone immediately
commenced revolving, and a more intensely
pleased couple of hoys you never saw. They
found one trouble -that the clothes-line
would keep running off; and in spite of all
the two windmill-builders could do, thev
could not make it stav on. Just before
supy.er Mr, Green was called upon to as-
sist. He explained to them how the grind-
stone was "out of line" with the drive-wheel
of the windmill. A verv little adjustment
fixed it so that the clothes-line held its posi-
tion on the wheel. Mr. Green, as he wit-
nessed the grindstone revolving, now ex-
pressed some feeling of satisfaction, and
even became enthusiastic, .lust at this
moment his wife called out that supper was
ready, but he was so intent that he begged
they might be excused for just a few mo-
ments more. An ax was soon applied to
the stone, to be ground, but the mill was
hardly adequate to the work. On going to
the barn window they discovered that the
little bieeze was dying down, as it is apt to
do in the evening; but the boys said their
machine was'- doing well enough:'" and that,
when there was a good stiff breeze, thev
would have " lots of powei."

That evening, after supper, Mr. Green
offered to purchase for the boys a light-run-
ni]ig saw-arbor in consideration of their
making the windmill run successfully. A
careful inspection of tlie price list from the
Home of the Honey-Rees showed that a
mandrel could be had for the small sum of
$2.25. Mr. Green told the boys that thev
would also need a couple of thin saws. The
order for all was duly made out and sent.
After Jimmy had gone home, and Sam was
just crawling into bed, he thought he heard
a noise in the back yard, out by the barn.
It sounded as if some one were throwing
stones. Sum poked his head out of the win-
dow, and listened; but everything seemed
perfectly quiet. Hemembering his previous
experience, and how the moon had made
fun of iiim the night before, he crept back
to bed, and knew no more till daylight.

The next morning, just as he was going
toward the barn. Jimmy followed him \\\\.
On looking toward the" windmill the two
were tliiiiiderstiiick, not to s,iy amazed-
two of the fans of their windmill had gone,
and the tail was split 1 "SurelN." siid
Sam, "there was no heavy wind last night
—what could have have done it y" .

"I know," growled Jimmy; and his face
began to flush with angei-; it was the work

398

GLUANIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

of that good-for-Dotliing lazy pup of a Jake.
I just know he doue it.''

" That's so," said Sam. " We will fix him
for that. What a mean trick that was !
Just because we are successful in making it
go, and were havizig so much pleasure from
it, he has got to go and spoil it all."

8am WHS so angry and hurt that tears be-
gan to trickle down his cheek. Just then
Mr. Green made his appearance. On seeing
the windmill, and on being told who the
probable malicious perpetrator of the mis-
chief was, he cautioned the boys, saying
that they were not sure that Jake "did do it —
that they had no positive evidence of any
one doing it.

" But," said Sam, " I feel pretty sure now,
that I heard some one throwing stones just
as T was going to bed last night. I conclud-
ed then that it was my imagination, and
gave no further attention to it."

''Are you sure," said Mr. Green (seeming
not to have heard Sam), "that you fast-
ened those wings to the mill securely ? Are
you sure that you did not leave out some of
the screws '?"

Jimmy and Sam were both positive that
they had made every thing veiy strong.
Although Mr. Green m his own mind felt
satisfied that some person very maliciously
inclined had endeavored to vent his spite on
the two boys, he tried to dissuade them
from taking" this view of things. The boys,
on the contrary, felt confident, and they de-
termined that they would sift the thing
clear to its very depths. Said Jimmy to
Sam, after Mr. Green had left them, " 1 tell
you, Sam, we won't say any thing about this
'ere thing at school. Well fix the mill as
soon as we can this morning, and pretend
that nnthin' unusual has happened. In the
meantime we'll tell Frank the whole busi-
ness, and let him ask around, kind o' still
like ; and if he finds out sure that it was
Jake, we'll give him the worst old pummel-
ing he ever had in his life.''

'•Yes,'' said Sam, "and every fellow at
school will side in with us — won't they ? ''
Continued June JT).

javENmE liEWE^-Bt)?^.

' Achiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

A VOUNG BEE-KEEPEB.

1 have a swarm of bees. They are in a thin-walled
hive, packed with hay. Last summer we had 87
swarms of bees in the spring:. We increased them
to 100, and got 4-5110 lbs. of honey. My swarm made
over 50 lbs. I am going- to stay at home from school
this summer to help take care of the bees. We
have 40 strong swarms now, and :i3 weak ones. All
but mine and two other swarms are in chaff hives.
A neighbor of ours was going to kill a swarm of
bees for the honey (about (J lbs.), and father gave
him 6 lbs. of section honey for them. They are the
strongest swarm in the yard now. In the fall we
go to each hive and take out three frames from the
strongest, and four or five from the weakest hives,
and feed back the honey. The main dependence
for honey here is white clover and basswood. When

we work with the bees in warm weather I do not
wear any shoes or gloves. We made 32 new hives
last winter, and I helped saw the boards and nail
them up. Pryer Lindlkv.

New Providence, Iowa, Apr. 3, 1887.

bees and carp-ponds.

We had about 40 stands of bees last spring. Thev
gained up to about 80 stands. We extracted six or
seven barrels of honey, and got a few hundred
pounds of comb honey. Our bees wintered out-
doors last winter, with two or three thicknesses of
cloth over them. This spring there were 41 stands
left. I think a person can get more extracted hon-
ey from strong swarms in large hives.

Summer before last we made a carp-pond. It is
about ten rods long and four or five rods broad. It
is iVi feet deep at the south end, and gets shallow
gradually to the north end. The next fall father
put 16 German carp in the pond. In the spring we
let the water out, and the flsh were about three
times as large as they were when they were put in.
Last summer we made another pond. It is about
8 rods long and 4 or ,5 rods broad. It is about 8 feet
deep at the south end, and 4 at the north end. We
put 46 young carp in our ponds last fall. We have
not let the water out since last spring.

Falls City, Neb., May 1. Albert B. Wiltse.

AN incitbator; how it w^obks, graphically

DESCRIBED BY A LITTLE GIRL.

Pa has started poultry-keeping. He made two
incubators, and filled them with eggs. The first one
did not hatch, but the second one hatched well.
You don't know how funny It looks to see chickens
hatching in such a box; but I tell you it is a i)retty
sight. Pa made a brooder to put them in. I wish
you could see them when they are eating. We have
three good-sized boxes for them to eat in, and they
fill them up too. They are the prettiest when they
are eating, for they seem to be so well pleased. I
like to see any thing mirthful, and I like to be so
myself. The last two or three that hatched were
cripples, and the other ones trampled them under
foot. I could not bear to see the innocent little
things hurt, so I wrapped them in a cloth, and once
in a while I took them out and fed and watered
them. I do not know whether I can raise them or
not, but I will try my best. Pa is going to make a
large brooder to jjut our little pets in. He has
built a house to put them in, and I shall be glad of
it too, for they are so noisy in the kitchen. They
pick each other's eyes. Sometimes they go blind,
and if we grease their eyes with tallow they come
open again. Clara Streby.

Paw Paw, W. V^a., April 4, 1«87.

HOW papa CHASED AND CAUGHT A SWARM.

Once when pa was coming home in the after-
noon he heard a swarm of bees. He started after
them, and they came past the house where we
live. Mamma heard them going by. and when she
looked down the road she saw pa coming up as
fast as he could come, his heels fljing as high as
his head. When he came to the house, mamma
asked whose bees they were. Pa said, " They are
mine if I get them," and off he started up through
the town; and when he came to the square, one
side of the street was lined with people, so he came
back to the house and got a box, and put them in.
It was a very big swarm. We got 50 lbs. of honey
from the old swarm. Pa has the boxes about 6

1887

GLEANINC4S IN BEE CULTURE.

899

inches from the ground. He has fixed cinders
around the box. He thinks that sawdust is not
very good, as it draws the ants, and cinders, if any
thing-, keep them away. Mamma and I tend to the
ttees while papa is awa.\'. Coha Fiutz, ag'e 12.

Marsliallv-ille, ()., Mar. 18, 1887.

A QUEEN-BEE IN A RUBBER BOOT.

My pa has 26 colonies of bees, and he lost only
one tliroufj'h the winter. He wintered them in
ohatt' hives, and on their summer stands. One
time he was hiviufj- a swarm, and when he eame
down to the house he pulled off his rubber boot and
foumi the queen in it. She looked discourag-ed.
We put her back in the hive. Arthur Stiles.

Deposit, N. Y., Apr. 30, 1887.

It was a little remarkable that the queen
slioiild get into the rubber boot, and still
more so that she wasn't killed, friend Arthur.

THE LITTLE BEE; COMPOSED BY A .HTVENILK.

thcieisalittU' tr.-ivelcr

Which travels many miles
O'er many a wood and meadow.

And sucks at Howers and spiles.
For he is called the honey-bee,

Which travels many a day,
And gathers nice sweet honey

Through all the sunny May!
This bee works hard on liasswood,

Fioiii the iMitloni to the top,
.Viid W(>rk>- on buckwheat also.

.All o'er the farmer's crop.
And he works the summer lone:

Through all the trees and dale;
He can not work, however.

Through wind and stormy gale.
This little traveler worketh

Till his wings are worn away,
.\nd in the frosty weather

This bee shall pass away.

O. A. Burnett, age 14.

ALICE'S POETRY.

I have seen in your journal that any little girl
who would write a verse or line about bees would,
in return, receive a book. Here I will write a little
verse about bees.

Oh the bee, the pretty bee!
As it flies through the fields.
Sipping honey from all the Hewers,

And it never troubles any one as long as it is left to itself;

But if it is bothered, then look out for an angry blow.

Alice E.
Well, Alice, I am afraid there is not much
real poetry in your lines. Your sentiment
is good, and you started out very well ; but
somehow in the rest of the lines you forget
all about rhyme or meter. If you do not
know what rhyme or meter is, ask your
teacher.

hattie's letter.

I wrote to you in 1884, and I saw my letter in
print. It did me so much good, I believe I will
write again. I think that a great many people take
your good book. After I wrote l)efore, I got more
letters from bee-men; and the funniest of all was a
letter saying, "To Hattie Hall. Es(|uire." Mamma
and papa laughed heartily. I always imagined I
should like to live with you, because you are so
much like a preacher. My desire is to live with a
preacher. We have a good Sunday-school and
prayer-meeting here every Sunday. We have a
Baptist and Methodist chui-ch here. I have two
brothers and three sisters. My two oldest sisters
are off at school. Hattie Hall, age 13.

Sparta, >riss., March 24, 1887.

them, or they would be lost. T took a little table
and set it under them and went into papa's work-
house and got a hive and put it on the table and
got some water and sprinkled on them. I jarred
the limb so as to get them on the table, and when
they were on the table 1 sprinkled some water on
them, and they went in nicely. 1 got but one sting,
and that was between my eyes. It caused my lace
to swell so that my eyes were nearly closed. Pajia
said 1 did well for the first time.
Buntyn,Tenn. Alick Norkis.

FEUUlNfi HEKS WATER BY THE AID OK COItNCJOBS.
•JAPAN KSE BUCKWHE.\T.

Papa's bees "are doing well. He received some
buckwheat from you yesterday, and he thinks he
will have him a nice patch of it for his bees. Those
buckwheat-seeds looked just like beechnuts in Ten-
nessee, only they are a great deal smaller. I have a
pretty rose-bush in pai>a's bee-yard ; and when 1 go
to get a rose a bee stings me, and I hardly- ever get
arose for 1 had rather do without one than to get
a sting. It has not rained here in a long time. The
bees are going everywhere to get water. Papa fixed
a trough and put cobs in it to hold water for them
cobs hold water better than any thing else that we
know of. We have to fill it up every day. 1 have
written two letters before this, and got a book, but
1 don't expect to get another one this time, for I
don't know any thing new.

Mattie F. Dillehav, age 13.

Milford, Texas, April 6, 1887.

HOW ALICE HIVED A SWARM.

My aunt was sick, and papa and mamma went to
see her. While they were gone the bees swarmed
and settled on a peach-tree. 1 thought I must hive

A COLONY TH.\T tried TO SWARM ON FOURTEEN
CONSECUTIVE DAYS.

Pa has 110 stands of bees in the cellar. He sold
about half of them at our sale last fall, and keeps
them till April 1.5th. Last summer pa had one
swarm that came out nearly every day for four-
teen days. He kept the queen-excluder on the
entrance. He wanted to find out it the bees would
finally kill their mother for not going along with
them, but they did not. He finally hived them with
their queen, and then they went to work in earnest.
All the fourteen days they were swarming they
gathered but little honey. Clintv Brubakek.

Maxwell, Story Co., la., March 2!), 1887.

Thanks, friend Clinty, for so carefully giv-
ing the results of your father's experiments.
The incident which you give is most re-
markable, and I wonder that the bees did
not become disgusted with their queen and
kill her. I think, however, that, as a gene-
ral rule, where the perforated metal is kept
over the entrance, and the bees swarm two
or three times in succession without bring-
ing the queen with them, they will finally
kill her and raise another in her stead. Aft-
er the swarm has come out once, I believe I
would cateli the queen and place her among
the flying bees before the swarm returns,
and you can then hive them where youwisli.

bees IN CELLAR CONSUMING LESS STORES; RUTH S
BIG COLONY.

We had 23 colonies at the beginning of winter,
and we have lost only two so far. For the first time
we wintered four colonies in oui- cellai-. which
has a cement bottom. I helped papa carry them
out of the cellar yesterday morning; and when he
opened one hive there was but an ounce of honey
in the frames, and no brood or eggs. At noon,
when he looked into the hive, the queen had begun

400

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Mav

to lay. Excepting this one colony, those that were
in tlie fellar wei'e stronger colonics, and had not
coiisuiued so much honey as those out of doors.
Last summer, during swarming season, a swarm
came out and alighted on a currant-liush. While
papa was getting ready, another swarm came to
the same place; and, while putting them in the
hive, a third swarm came and went in with them,
mailing such a large swarm that papa had to put
on another story, and couhl liardly carry it to its
place on a wheelbarrow. Kuth Waite.

Hiiickle> . Ohio.

Tliat bees in cellar do coiisimie less stores
than Lliose out of doors is generally admitted.
It is not al\\a\s the case, however, that cel-
lar-wintered colonies come out stronger. —
Tliosf^ three sv.'arins must iiuieed have made
a rousing big colony.

BEING TRUE TO OUR NAME.S.

Pa says his first number of Glkanings and the
" first boy" came to his house about the same time,
so 1 was named after you. T will try to live so as to
be worthy of your name. I have never used any
profane language, and never will, and wish all lit-
tle boys would trj' to do the same. 1 never tell my
ma that I "won't," or "don't want to," when she
asks me to do any thing, for she is kind to me, and T
intend to be obedient, and helj) her all I can.

I have split and corded ten cords of wood in the
last two weeks, besides having lots of time to play.
Hoy Gift helped me two half-days. Ma said she
would get me a new illustrated Bible as soon as J
got the New Testament read through. T mean to
read four chai)ters every day, but once in a while I
forget it. The bees are in the cellar yet. Pa says
there is only one colony dead out of loO. He is anx-
ious for the weather to get warm, so there will be
something for them to do, then he will put them
our. He says he has learned by sad experience that
bee-keepers generally put their bees out too early
in the spring for this climate.

We got 40 eggs from 67 pullets yesterday. They
will lay about 90 dozen this month, and did lay
about 60 dozen last month. I heard pa say he
thought that bees that were about one-half Italian
and one-half black, and chickens half Brown Leg-
horn and half Plj mouth Kock, were the best bees
and chickens for business. Ernest Gii^i^, age 10.

Star, A'ernon Co., Wis.. Mar. 27, 18S7.

Yon must indeed be a dutiful son. If the
name '' Ernest '' implies all you tliink it
does, and all jou live up to, 1 must confess
that I liuve not been as " Ernest " as yon. I
would that all our little juveniles might try
to live as you do. Tlie boy who makes tlie
Bible his companion, as I think you do.
could not well be otherwise than " earnest "
in the sense which you give to it.— In regard
to taking bees out "of the cellar too early in
the spring, I would say that your papa has
come to the very same conclusion that Dr.
Miller has.

HOW CHARLIE MADE TWO DEAD COLONIES GOMK
TO LIFE.

My father has 36 swarms of bees now. I have 3.
The first one of my swarms was short of stores in
the fall, so I watched them. Oiie morning I went
out and they were dead. I l>ro\ight them in the
house and told mother to make some honey s.vrup.
She took some candied honey and a little water, and
put it on the stove till the honey was all dissolved.

I I then took it outdoors to cool a little. When It was

I about as warm as new milk I opened the hive, took

: out the combs with the dead bees, and poured the

warm syrup right on the bees and combs, i)Ut them

back in the hive and shut it up, nail, d some wire

cloth over the entrance, and set i hem down by the

fireplace. In less than an hour they were cutting

at the wires, and had raised a great hum. I then

] put them upstairs, ajid gave them a chunk of

honey that came out of a bee-tree which we found

in the mountains, this being January 10, 1887. Jan.

, 15th 1 found eggs and small larviv. Jan. 20th I put

I them back on their sumyier stand. March 1st they

i commenced bringing in pollen, and they are doing

; nicely.

j A DISABLED QUEEN THAT IS STILL A GOOD LAYER.

j I have another swarm of bees that 1 bought of
j my father, Feb. 1, 1887, he supposing they were dead.
I I told him I would give 35 cents for the bees and
; queen. He said, " All right." But they were not
! dead. I transfeiTcd them into one of my hives.
: The queen has both of her hind legs and her left
j middle leg injured in some way, so they are of no
I use to her; but she is one of the best layers 1 ever

saw.
I In the fall I had 5 swarms of bees, but now I have
I 3. I had one lose its queen, so I put 2 swarms into 1.
! We have flowers here the la»>t of February, gen-
; erally: but this season there were no flowers till

March first.

The api)le-ti-ees are in bloom. The- apple-blos-

! soms came out April 5th; peach-blossoms, April

I 10th ; strawberry, April 10th. All the summer birds

: are here but orioles and wild canaries. Honey is

selling at l2'/4 cts., extracted; comb, 15 cts.
If you wish, I will send cuts of my hive and my
! way of feeding out of one hive into an other kind of
; hive. Charlie H. Stewart.

I Altona, Col., April 17, 1887.

I Many thanks, friend Charlie. You have
I unconsciously struck up(^n the same point
! suggested b> Wm. C. Greer, in the Juvenile
Department, page 811. I would advise you
to carefully read the answer, and see if it
does not conlirm some of >'our experiments.
The point you bring out is a good one ; that
is, we must not be too hasty in pronouncing
a colony dead, even though it has every ap-
pearance of being so. You seem to have
been a little wiser than your father, but it
is not very t)ften that boys have more wis-
dom, though they sometimes think they
have. Twenty-five cents is pretty cheap for
a whole colony of bees, is it not, even if
they are apparently dead? but twenty-five
cents would l)e a rather deai' price if you
found that it was impossible to revive the
bees. Another tiling. Charlie : You have
given us proof that a queen with both of
her hind legs disabled, and a middle leg be-
sides, is a good layer. I am glad of this, for
sometimes the legs of queens get injured in
transit through the mails, and customers
are inclined to kill them without even giv-
ing them a trial. Don't discard any queen,
friends, until you know by actual test that
she can not do good work.

.\NOTHER .JUVENILE INVESTMENT IN BEES.— HOW
!|fl..50 WAS MADE TO BRING #8.00.

A year ago last summer I picked berries. Papa
paid me the same for picking that he did other boys
and girls, so in the fall he said I had better invest

1887

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

401

part of raj' money in bees. He said he would sell
me a nucleus for $1.5(i. 1 put it in the cellar my-
self, and in the spring- it was a nice little swarm.
Papa g-ave me a hive, and hung- tlu? frames in it,
and put in the division-lioard to shut them down
on just as little space us they could occupy. .1 put
a feeder nn top. tilled with extracted honey. When
they increased so lhe> needed more room 1 put in
a frame ol' louiidatioti. 15.\ tlie time the honey-
season coiumeiieed I liad a full swarm. 1 then put
on the sections. When fnie set was Cull J tools them
otf and put on another set. .My racks hold two sec-
tions, whicli weig-h U4 lbs. each. 1 sold my honey to
papa for $>h.OO. He has 440 stands. My brothers
Willie and Ernest will each Xvnd an apiary in the
country this suuuner, and I will help papa in the
home apiai-.\'. I cage queens foi- |iaj)a, and help
take ofl' hone.N, and take it to the honey-house. 1
am not going- to let mine swarm if I can help it, for
it will make more honey if it does not.

I am 11 years old, but I started in the bee-busi-
uess when I was ii years old. KAt.i'H Baldwin.

Independence, Mo., Mar. 31, 1SH7.

VV^ell done, friend Ralpli. You started
from tlie very bottom, witlnnit even borrow-
ing money. By tlie conditions of the prom-
ise on page 226, I tliink you are fully enti-
tled to the cliromo, so we send you one. We
will say again, that to all bi>ys and girls who
will do as well with their own bees, a chromo
is waiting. Let us hear what you have
done.

5^0B3CC0 CdWm-

PKOK. COOK .JOINS US IN UKGINd WARFAKE
AGAINST TOBACCO.

^\DITOK GLEANINGS:—! wish to express my
'^^ pleasure and gratiflcation in view of the
IPV statistics which D. E. Brubaker g-ives in last
■*^ Gleanings, p. 313. Just to think of 440— and,
of course, as you say. that is but a fraction
of the whole number— of permanently reformed
smokers, or users of tobacco. Just to think of the
useless waste saved; of dirty men made clean; of
suttering- households made happy; of disease-g-erms
uprooted; of a great public nuisance in part, at
least, abated! To be the instruinent of such a
blessed consu munition is a g-lory to a man, and I con-
g-ratulate you most heartily. When we think that
more than half a billion of dollars is spent each year
by our countrymen in not onlj- a useless but a
pernicious habit, and often when these very dollars
arc imperatively needed-to give a family the hare
necessities of life, no wonder we envy you your
g-ood and blessed work. When we consider how
many men are steeped in the not only foul but
seriously poisonous emanations of tobacco smoke,
whose very presence makes ra-nk the air of car or
hall, what wonder we wish we had your power to con-
vince men that there is a better way. As we remem-
ber the good wives and mothers who dailj' pray that
their children may be kept from a dreaded habit
in spite of inherited tendencies and degrading ex-
ample, we i)ray that we t-oo may be helpful to men,
and may also aid to stay or cure the evil habit.
When we note dread and may be fatal disease, the
direct otfspring: of the tobacco habit, claiming: vic-
tims each year, and these victims so enervated that

they are powerless to say no, when they know that
" no " means life and " yes " death", what wondei-
that we are enthusiastic in our admiration of tliis
part of your work.

We are having- frightful examples each yeai-i)f
persons— especially young persons— who are so
diseased from excessive use of tobacco, that physi-
cians direct the total cessation of the use of tobac-
co as the only lioi)e of cure. Often such persf)ns
are so enslaved, or have so lost their will power!
that to stop is impossible— at least practically, for
they do not stop. I have known several such cases,
and yet the g-reat army ol boys— mere nurselings—
that is constantly being recruited is almost dis-
heai-tening.

Mrs. Axtell touches a still more scirious aspect of
this tobacco problem, when she intimates that the
use of tobacco oiiens the door to the saloon. «)h,
yes I we maj' even go further; these two join to
lead the unwary to the third great evil which is
sapping- the very virtue of our people, and whose
end is death. Said an honored State Sejuitor to me
a few years ago: " I am glad you work to keep our
bo\ s from the use of tobacco," though he used it
himself. Said he, " Tobacco conducts to the sa-
loon, and the saloon points to the way that leads
down to death." Can any one doubt but that his
suggestion was founded in fact? Many stop at the
pipe: niaii.\- halt at the saloou; many take the last
fatal step, and leave virtue and manhood behind.
Go on, Mr. Editor, in your etfort to check the evil
in the bud, and may God speed the work.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Apr. ;i7, 1SS7.

I have used tobacco for three years. 1 guit about
three months ago. Will you please send me a smo-
ker? If I ever use tobacco again 1 will pay for thi;
smoker. Alfrkd S. Vansyoc.

Indianola, Iowa, March 16, 1887.

I have used tobacco for nearly 25 years, and have
left off its use, and will never touch, taste, or handle
it again; and if I do ever use it again I will pay for
the smoker. Mii.o George.

Bowling Green, Ohio.

I hereby promise not to use any tobacco in any
form in the future, if you will send me a smoker.
If 1 break my pledge I am to pay you for the smo-
ker. I was a smoker of cigars. S. H. Zeigleh.

Mulberry, Pa., March 29, 1887.

I wrote you a letter some time ago, and inclosed
20 c. to pay the postage on a smoker for Mr. Braun,
of Kilmauagh. He promises not to use tobacco
again; and if he does, I will pay you for the smo-
ker. F. C. Smith.

Kilraanagh. Mich., March 25, 1887.

I understand you offer to any man, who will stop
using- tobacco, a smoker. I will comply with those
terms. I make the regular pi-omise, that, if 1 ever
commence using the weed again. I will pay you for
the smoker. A. Wii,bi-i«.

Scribner. Neb., March 21, 1887.

I have used tobacco for 15 years; but in February
last my father-in-law and 1 resolved to quit using
tobacco. If I am entitled to n snu)ker, send it
along; and if I ever use the weed again 1 will pay
you for the smoker. J. C. H.m.i..

West Liberty. Iowa, Mar. 3(1, 18S7.

402

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

I have used tobacco for eight years, and T hereby
pledge myself to the usual pi'Oiiiise.
Prattsville, N. Y.. Apr. 10, 1887. C. E. Conine.

I have quit the use of tobacco in all its forms.
Please send me the .smoker; and if I commence
again I will send you the full price for it.

S. W. Dl'ckworth.

Kitchie C. H., W. Va., March 18, 1887.

• Having quit the use of tobacco in all of its forms,
I wish to pledge myself never to use it again.
Please send me a bee-smoker; and if I ever use to-
bacco again 1 faithfully promise to pay you for it.
England. Pa , Mar. 11, 1887. S. B. Po.st.

I am glad to say 1 have stopped the use of tobacco
entirely, and hope nothing will make me take to
using it again. If you think me entitled to a smo-
ker, please send me one; and if I return to smoking
I will send you the price for the same.

Abbeville, S. C, March 13, 1887. D. W. Thomas.

I have recently quit the use of tobacco, partly-
through the influence of Gleanings and partly be-
cause r found it to be injurious to me. If you think
I am worthy of a smoker, send me one and 1 will
paj' for it if I ever use tobacco again.

JOHiN Fkanki.in.

Kound Rock, Texas, March 14, 1887.

My father (juit the use of tobacco after using it
many years. The last time I saw him smoking was
some time last summer. If you send him a smoker
he will pay you for it if he ever uses tobacco again.
He is 76 years old, and has 15 swarms of bees.

.1. S. Norton.

West Ferndale, Wash. T., Mar. 8. 1887.

Miss V. M. Smith, through the intluence of
Gleanings, has been induced to give up the use of
tobacco, and requests me to ask you to send her a
smoker, for which she agrees to pay if she uses to-
bacco again in any form. D. W. Moss.

San Augustine, Te.xas, Mar. 39, 1887.

A CHEWER FOR 45 YEARS.

1 have been chewing for about forty-five years.
Last November, about the 18th, T (|iiit chewing. If
you think you can send me a smoker, I shall be
much obliged to you; and if I commence chewing
again, 1 will pay you full price for it.

Leetonia, ()., Feb. :.>1, 1887. .1. Brinker.

I am a reader of Gleanings. I have been a
chewer of tobacco almost from childhood. I have
made a solemn vow never to use it again. I have
bees; and if you think 1 am entitled to a smoker,
please send it, and I pledge myself to you that, if I
ever use tobacco in any form again. 1 will send you
the price of the smoker. J. B. Mour.

Lafayette, La.. March 13, 1887.

My son-in-law has used tobacco 24 years, and I
have tried to get him to stop its use, but all in vain.
I saw in Gleanings that you were giving smokers
as a premium where they would abstain from its
use. I went at him again finally, and have succeed-
ed in getting him to promise, if you would send
him a smoker, he would stop its use. He hasn't
used any in ^ or 4 weeks. If he ever uses it again
he says he will pay for the smoker; and if he
doesn't, I will if 1 am living. Hut he is an honest
man, and will pay it. K. H. Allen.

St. Louis. Mich., Feb. 14, 1887.

an in.jury to the health.

1 have been in the habit of smoking, and do be-
lieve it to be an injury to my health. If you feel
willing to send me a smoker by mail I will give
you my word that I will not use tobacco any lon-
ger in any way. I am not saying this merely to get
a smoker free, but I mean all I say.

Cleveland, Ga., Feb. 13, 1887. J. C. Kenimer.

A binding pledge between husband and WIB'E.

I have been a reader of Gleanings for seven
years, and have read every word of every number
that 1 have received. I have been trying to get my
consent to quit using tobacco ever since I read
yoiir first number. T have been praying over the
matter, so the other day my good wife said to me,
that if I would quit the use of tobacco she would
not use any more snuff, so I accepted her proposi-
tion, and expect, by the help of God, to keep my
promise. Now, if you are willing to send me a
smoker you can do so; and if I ever commence the
use of tobacco again I will pay you for it.

Covington, Ga., March 21, 1887. J. F. McCord.

abruptly QITIT.

1 see that you offer a smoker as a premium to any
one who will abandon the use of tobacco. I have
been a slave to the use of tobacco for 15 years, and
it is injurious to my health. Your offer has induc-
ed me to for ever abandon and abruptly quit the
use of tobacco in anj- form. Now, as I am begin-
ning to raise bees to some extent you will please
send me a smoker; and I solemnly promise that, if
I ever take up the use of tobacco again I will pay
you the full price lor the smoker. 1 am responsi-
ble for what I say. B. G. Luttrell.

Luttrell, Ala., Mar. 1, 1887.

QUIT PAYING the NATIONAL DEBT BY GIVING UP
TOBACCO.

I take great interest in reading Gle,\nings. I
have read and re-read your ABC book until I have
it almost learned by heart ; but I have had bad luck
with bees this past winter. I lost five out of twelve.

I think that 1 am entitled to a smoker, because I
was one myself for 37 years. I smoked in that time
about 700 lbs. of tobacco, and the U. S. internal rev-
enue on the same has been quite an item in the re-
duction of the national debt. I would as soon go to
the gallows as to commence smoking again, as I
find that I feel much better than I did when I
smoked the filthy weed. S. W. Taylor.

Harveyville, Pa.. April 5, 1887.

A LETTER FROM ONE WHO HAS INDUCED THREE
OF HIS FRIENDS TO (JIVE UP TOBACCO.

I have a young friend who is becoming somewhat
interested in bee-keeping, and I told him you would
give any one a smoker who would quit using tobac-
co, and promise not to use it again. He says he
will promise to quit, and will not use it any more;
audit he should he will pay for the suu)ker. Please
send him one, and I will vouch for him. He makes
the third one who, with your help, 1 have induced
to quit using the vile weed, and they have so far
stuck to their promise. I am always on the watch
to induce others to quit using whisky and tobacco,
as I thinli they are two of the worst habits a man
can contract. C. W. Plent.

Stanton, Ala., March 31, 1887.

Many thanks, friend P., for so kindly help-
ing along the work iu the Tobacco Column.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEB CULTURE.

403

dn^ pejiEg.

Blessed iire the pure in heart; for they shall see

(iod.-MATT. .■>: 8.

tEFC^llE I tell you of my very pleasant
visit to Professor Cook and his family,
I wairt to say that it has been charac-
teristic of the professor to rebuke
gently but hrmly every thing in the
line of which I talked to you in Our Neigh-
bors, in the last issue. The tirst time I ever
met Prof. Cook, or, at least, tiie iirst time I
ever had a chance to have an> contidential
talk witii him, was \\ hen we visited an old
bee-keeper in tlie neighborhood of the
Michigan Agricultural College. In telling
something, I related a common phrase of
expression. lie stopped right in the road
to give emphasis to his remark, and asked
me if it Avould not be bettei- to forbear mak-
ing such speeches.

"■ But," said I, " it is the truth, is it not V"

His reply was something like this :

•• Mr. Boot, it may be true ; but even if it
is, I don't believe it is best to speak it. If
we do every thing in our power to encour-
age the idea that the world is not depraved
and low-minded, will it not help the world
to be better V

His talk was, in effect, something like
this : If you tell a boy he is a thief, and
that you don't expect any thing Ijetter of
iiim than a thievish disposition, you help
on in that very line. If you tell him you
have confidence in his word, and are not
afraid to trust him (within the boiands of
reason, of coiu'se), is it not true that the
chances are greatly in favor of helping the
boy to be a good deal better boy V Well,
a great many times when we sho(;k people
by telling something very bad, we reply,
•■ Why, is it not true V '"

Now, I heartily agree with Prof. Cook,
thai the trutli in such cases had better not
be told. When I sat in the hotel and listen-
ed to the indecent talk of those two young
men. my mind reverted to Prof. Cook, and I
wished that he were there with his weight
and influence, and especially his kind, gen-
ial way toward sinful humanity, to rebuke
these boys in a way that woiilil do them
good. May be he would have had to give
up the task and take another room as I did ;
but I do know, however, that lie has all his
life been in the habit of rebuking faithfully
and fearlessly friends and foes alike, when-
ever they need rei>roving and rebuking.

1 liope the professor will excuse me for
relating one little circumstance ; and if I
don't get it just as it actuallyoccurred.it
will be near enough to carrv the moral with
it.

In his younger days he was once called
upon to ride in a stage-coach with quite a
lot of distinguished men — members of Con-
gress, and others who stood high in olhce
and in places of trust and intelligence.
They began indulging in impure jokes and
talk, of which they should have been
ashamed. He bore it for a time, but tinaliy
ventured a remonstrance. Tliere were so
many of them, however (and he was then
only a boyi. that they tried to turn the joke

back cm him. He linally told them firmly
that he would stop the driver and get out
unless they would stop the kind of talk they
had been indulging in. One of them re-
marked, "If the boy can't stand it, let him
get out.'' It I am correct, the driver was
told to stop. When he asked what the mat-
ter was, our young college student told him
he wished to "get (mt and go on afoot, unless
he could have a guarantee from the gentle-
men present that the kind of talk tiiey had
been indulging in should be stopped. liy
this time some of the better ones began to
come to theii- senses ; and one who had
weight ami influence declared that the boy
was right, and desired the «hiver to go on.
saying that he himself would guarantee
that there should be nothing more improper
or out of place.

Friend Cook, in speaking of it, said that,
when he was a boy at home on the farm,
one of the rules that he had laid down him-
self was to say nothing oi- do nothing under
any circunihtances that he would jiot say or
do in the presence of his mother ; and when
he became a married man, and had a queen
of his own to rule his household he decided
that nothing should pass his lips in her ab-
sence that he would not say in her presence.
And in all my acquaintance with him I can
not remember that I ever heard a speech
or w'jrd that he would hesitate to speak,
were she oi' their two children present.

I have spoken to you many times lately,
dear friends, about being acquainted with
people, and it has lately occurred to me there
is many times great need that fathers and
mothers should be acquainted with theii'
own children. Well, the acquaintanceship
with different members of the family in
Piof. Cook's household is closer and warm-
er than in any other family relationship I
ever saw before. Not only are the husband
and wife one in every sense of the word, but
the children, Bertie and Katie, are one with
father and mother. Papa and mamma
share all their plans and pleasures and tasks,
and the children, too, know all about papa's
and mamma's work. Young as tliey are
(about ten and twelve, if I remember right-
ly! they are prepared to underptand and
commend almost any able effort their fa-
ther may make in his literary work. They
share with him most fully in his labors for
the uplifting of the ])eople. The sentiment
of this entire household seems to be a hun-
gering and thirsting after righteousness ;
and their lives seem to be a prayer that
God's kingdom may come, and his' will be
done on earth as it is in heaven.

In the Home Papers of a month ago I spoke
about letting the children get, acquainted
with the neighbors" children, even if the lat-
ter were not all they ought to be, and one
of the friends has taken me to task for so
doing. I did not talk with Prof. Cook di-
rectly in regard to this matter, but I am
pretty sure he agrees with me in the eflfort
to have our cliildren brought up so as to be
pure in heart, according to the text at
tlie head of this talk. I think we should be
careful al)out going to such extremes that
they know nothing of the evil thHt is in the
world ; yet I would by no means go so far as

4U4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

some recommend, and push the cliildren
needlessly into scenes of vice and sin, but I
would endeavor to so fortify tliem in the
home circle that they may go safely wher-
ever it may be convenient to have a child
go. There are parents here in Medina vvlio
have kept their children away from school
because of the bad boys and the bad talk
they learned at school. Now. I think they
made a mistake. Sooner t)r later every boy
and girl is obliged to meet more or less evil.
I should say. let tliem meet it when it can
not well be avoided ; but prepare them for it
beforeli;nid,and strengthen them during the
trial. Tell them of the responsibilities that
rest upon Christian people ; tell them of tlie
great harvest, and of the comparatively few
laborers. Pr;iy for them as Christ prayed
for his own when he said :

I prtiy iKit that thou shouldst take them out of
the woilii, but thMt Ihou shouldst keep them from
the evil.— John 17:15.

Bertie and Katie are by no means igno-
rant of the great problems that lie l)e-
fore us as a people and ;is a nation. On our
way (from Owosso to Lansing where Prof.
Cook's farm and sugar-bush are), something
occurred to illustrate this. We were riding
on the cars, and a drunken man took a seat
right back of Mrs. Cook. As the cars were
crowded, our little band was somewhat sep-
arated. The drunken man commenced to
utter oaths and blasphemy ; and as no one
noticed him he finally proceeded to obsceni-
ty. Prof. Cook has decided, as I have, that
it is useless to talk to an intoxicated man.
You might as well try to remonstrate or rea-
son with the father of evil himself. Mrs.
Cook was obliged to take another seat.
This crowded a little upon a couple of fast
young men. They occupied one seat while
their overcoats and luggage were in the one
opposite. In answer to Prof. Cook's in-
quiry, they replied that the seat containing
their luggage was occupied, giving him to
understand that somebody else had the seat
who Mould be in presently. I saw their
trick, however, and so did the professor.

'' My friends,"' said he, " you are entitled
to the seat you are sitting on, but not to
this other one. I know my rights; and if
you mean it is occupied because it contains
your luggage, 1 shall have to ask you to va-
cate it."'

He said this firmly, but with perfect kind-
ness. One of them finally rose up, with the
remark, "•'Well, now look here, friend; if
you won't get into a passion we will give
you both seats."

The remark about getting into a passion
was entirely uncalled for, as Prof Cook did
not show the least trace of disturbance of
any kind. While he calmly assured them
he never got into a passion at all, one of
them remarked :

" We will take our cigars, and go into tlie
smoking-car ; and when we have smoked
three or four cigars apiece, and have had a
couple of glasses of biandy, we shall be in
jnst the trim to deliver a prohibition lecture
to these people, if they want oiu .'"

As he spoke I caught sight of a flask of
some kind of liquor in the side pocket of one
of the overcoats. The young men by some

means correctly inferred that our little party
were of the class who accept the promise in
our text, to those who are pure in heart,
pure in speech, and pure in their habits.
The last speaker, thinking he had said a
funny thing that ought to be applauded,
turned to me as he finished the speech. I
replied, '' My friend, I come from the State
of Ohio. Now, is it i-eally true that up here
in Michigan those who give lectures on pro-
hibition first fortify themselves with whisky
and tobaccoV " He was. for the time, evi-
dently taken back a little, but then replied,
" Well, stranger, that is just about what it
amounts to."

I felt obliged to him for having coupled to-
bacco and whisky so closely together. Is
there not something significant about it V
And, again, our gibbering, blear-eyed neigh-
bor who was too drunk to be decent, on the
seat adjoining, furnished us another link.
Obscenity and filthiness belong to whisky ;
and so it transpiies that tobacco ultimately
leads not only to filth in habit, but to filth in
thought.

Would you like to know something about
the way this little hoiisehold is carried on? I
presume friend Cook will excuse me if tell a
little about their daily home life. .1 know he
will when he consideis that I do it only that
it may give suggestiousand possible helps to
other homes. Tiie morning service is shared
by all. Each one has a Bible as well as a
hymn-book. By the way , I do think a morn-
ing hymn is a grand thing to commence the
labors of the' day. Well, the Bibles and
Testaments at Prof. C'ook's were German in
one column and English in the column right
beside it, verse to verse. All four members
of the family read a verse first in Englisli
and then in German ; and I was astonished
to liear ten-year-old Katie give tlie (Terman
accent in her childish voice as easily, almost,
as if it had been her mother-tongue. Al-
though she is younger than her brother, her
womanly wit grasps a good many things
quicker than he does. This confirms me in
my idea of woman's fitness for business.
Well, why do you suppose the whole family
are learning German? I will tell you. Prof.
Cook has taught regularly in the college for
something like twenty years, without res-
pite or rest, except his vacations during the
winter; and even during these winter vaca-
tions he works harder, a good deal of the
time, at our agricultural colleges in Ohio,
New York, Wisconsin, and other States.
They are talking of having, in a year or two,
a two-years' vacation, and they are going to
travel in Germany and otiier countries of
the Old World. The children are as enthu-
siastic about the vacation in (Germany as are
the father and mother, and this is wiiy they
are pitching into German with such energy.
You must not think that this boy and girl
are little men and women, for they are just
as childlike, and just as full of childish
pranks, as any other children, and they
sometimes beg to be excused from their les-
sons and work. Mamma and papa both have
to remonstrate and urge, occasionally, just
as they do in all homes ; but notwithstand-
ing all this it was a rare treat to me to find
children of their age so fully posted in re-

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

405

gard to general matters of life as were these
two. A little picture on the sideboard
shows the face of one that was in this house-
hold, whom (iod has called away ; but tiie
whole atmosphere of tliis home is a trust in
God, and a reverence and respect for the
great Creator of this vast universe, that has
given me a lift upward as well as onward
that I trust 1 shall not soon forget.

A great problem lies bei'ore us— How shall
we manage to have tlie children of our
homes pure in heart? IIuw shall we con-
trive to have them grow up pure in heart V
In the first place, my friend, do as Josh
Billings recommended — walk in the path
yourself in which you would have your
"children walk. When you are tempted to
be selfish, when you are tempted to relate
an impure joke, when you are tempted to do
sometliing in the dark that you would not
do in broad daylight, consider, first, " If the
little ones of my home were right before me,
woidd I do this V " You may be surprised
somewhat, my friends, but the above plan
has been of great help to me indeed. I
once labored about an hour with an intern
perate man. He had always been a drink-
ing man, and he declared his purpose of
continuing so. When I had got as far as
the door, thinking I should have to give up
the task, I turned to him once more. "My
friend, you say you have been drinking in-
toxicating li([Uor all your life, and yt)U pro-
pose to go ahead so long as God lets you
live— drinking when you please and all you
please."'

He frankly declared I had stated jnst
about the truth of it.

" Well,"' said I, •■ friend B , do you de-
sire to have your l)oys grow up in jiist that
way? ■■

lie did not answer. I repeated it with
more emphasis. When forced to reply, he
said, with an evident softening in his tone,
" No, Mr. Root, I do not want my boys to
grow up to be drinking men.''

Now, then, whatsoever you would that
your own boys should be and do. do just that
yourself. Set a good example before them,
not only when their eyes are upon you, but
in the darkness of the night, when no man
is near. Do that which you would do were
those inquisitive little eyes present; and in
the deep recesses of your own heart let no
thouglit get much of a lodgingplace that you
would be ashiuned to have the little ones
look upon. I know it is a hard task ; but I
know, my friends, it can be done, through
the grace of Christ Jesus.

One more word about keeping our children
from contamination and evil. We can not
get good vegetable plants l)y greenlu)use
culture. They must be put outdoors, and
gradually get accustomed to the winds and
frosts. They must be hardened by exposure
before they can be of service. If our chil-
dren are goingto be of use to the world, they
must know the world. At one time the
schools in Medina were so exceedingly bad
that it became a (piestion as to whether it
were wise to send the small children. Even
our l^oy Ernest learned to swear before we
knew it. The boy he was most in the habit
of playing with took the name of (xod in

vain almost constantly. What was to be
doufV This was even before I professed to
be a ('hristiau. Ernest's motlier had to
bear t\w load all alone. She went to her lii-
ble tor lielj) ; she took the boy into iier room
and there alone talked with him. She fol-
lowed him with her prayers when he was ab-
sent, and she (juestioned him about his as-
so(;iat('s and pastimes and amusements, when
he got home. She let him go for a stated
period to i»lay with the bad boy over at our
neighbor's ; but before going he promised
her to come back in exactly one hoiu' ; and,
furthermore, he promised to come home at
once unless Edson would stop swearing. He
came home repeatedly. Finally Edson call-
ed out to him from the street :

•' Hello, Ernest ! If you will come out
and play, I won't swear a bit while you are
around. ■

For a time Edson would forget ; but by
and by he played whole hours, and did not
swear. Edson is a better boy for having
been p]rnest's particular playmate, and 1
don't know but that Ernest is a belter boy
{ for having had Edson for a playmate. When
I he got older, worse things even than blas-
I phemy were brought to his childish ears ;
I but, may the Lord be praised, the close ac-
I quaintahceship between himself and his
i mother, brought about mainly from the fact
j that his mother had pulled him through
! these other things, kept him safe from
j contamination. He told his mother about
I things he had heard, and his mother forti-
I fied and strengthened him against these new-
evils. He, talked with her frankly about
things that mothers often feel as if they
could not talk about to their grown-up boys.
Dear fathers and mothers, may I suggest
a thought to you here ? The growth of the
I vegetable world is a wouderfid thing. The
j germination of seeds is, to every ciiild, in-
j tensely attractive. Tiie little downy chick-
! ens that come from their sliells, in obedience
' to the instincts and care of the mother bird,
I are a never-ending wonder and attraction to
the little ones of your houseiiold. Now, if
: y(n» can talk with tiiem ah mt these things,
1 and explain to them the wonders of God's
( creation, as seen in the sprouting of seeds
I and the bursting of eug-shells. can you not.
; when these same juveniles are a little older,
tell them of the greater wonders that per-
tain to the matter of human life V (iod will
guide you and give you wisdom and discre-
I tion in these matters, if you go to him
! pra\ erfully and go to him with your Bibles.
i Who but a father or mother is so well fitted
to explain these things pertaining particii-
larly to this matter of father and mother,
; and their relationship t(» the human family V
Inasmiich as the Pdble does not hesitate to
i speak of these things plainly, it seems to me
I that every parent has not only a right, but
; it is a sacred duty before him : and this
dut> should be taken up whenever the child
is able to read God's sacred word under-
standingly. .\nd, dear friends, is it not
possible that this plain, frank way with
your cliildren would do inucli toward pre-
venting them from getting hold of foul
language and impure words V Where did
those boys whom I overheard in the hotel

406

ULj5A:t^iKGS IN BEE cul-TuliJ:.

May

learn all this V Surely not from father nor
mother.

While speaking about letting children play
with neighbor's children, a friend made the
remark that evil many times comes from
letting the children make too long visits.
Let them go for an hour, or half an hour,
lierhaps, and l)e sure that they are taught to
be prompt and punctual. Be very careful
about letting them go away to stay over
night. Tlie paients should know exactly
when the cliildren retire to rest, and, ab(jvc
all things, the company they are with at
such times. Some poor Woman may say, in
despair, •• How can I, with all my cares,
keep su(;h unremitting watch as all this de-
mands V'" Dear mother, what is the most
important commission that God has ever
placed upon you ? Is there any duty or any
task in life tiiat comes any thing near being
so important as this one of bringing your
children up in sucli a way that they shall be
pure in heart V Those tliat are pure in heart
shall see Ciod. To them is this promise
given, and to none others.

^EPei^i^is Dipceni^/i6iN6.

A LOSS OF IS OUT OP 21 DURING WINTER; WHAT
KILLED THEM.

XF you really long- for some " reports discourag-
/mF ing," I can furnish you witli iit least one such.
^l If I do not take the " first premium " 1 shall at

■*■ least hope my chances for second are very
fair in the line ot jioor success, or. if you
please, '■ awful bad luck," dm-ing the past winter.
And if you can " help us t)ut of our trouble," as
you intimate your ability to do, it will lie some
compensation for the "doleful story " of luy last
winter's experience.

I prepared for winler. as early as Nov. 1, 31 col-
onies, rather stronger than usual. I packed in dry
leaves, and covered with carpet two or three thick-
nesses above, and with sutticient honey, as 1
thought, said good-by to them for the winter. I
did not say farewell for ever, tor I thought we
should meet again when the "flowers that bloom in
spring " should entice them and myself from our
winter quarters. But we didn't. Eighteen out of
that possible 31 have gone to gather nectar where
" ever}asting spring abides, and never-withering
flowers." At least they have "gone dead," awfully
dead, and will never again visit any flowers here.
" How did it happen'/" you say. Well, I wish you
would tell me. That is just what I want to And
out. If 1 can, and you thus help me out of my
trouble, perhaps I may be able ne.xt winter to save
more than one out of seven; that is, if 1 can hope
to increase to so numerous an apiary from my re-
maining trio of brave survivors. Now don't put
me in Blasted Hopes. I am not there at all. I am
not even discouraged, for— well, haven't I three
colonies left? and I dare say that is three times as
many as some poor unfortunates can boast who
last fall were beginning' to calculate what invest-
ments they would make of the profits of this year's
honey-crop.

I presume you arc inijuisilive enough to wish to
know what manner of hive to attribute this loss to.
Well. I use three kinds of hives— the Chaff Ecle<^tic,

the American, and a nameless hive made by a
neighbor by the name of Pierce, and 1 call it, hence,
the Pierce hive. It holds six frames, and is very-
deep— 18 inches by 10. My three surviving colo-
nies were in these hives. I am credulous enough to
think that the depth of these hives had something
to do with the safety of these lucky little fellows—
especially as in past winters my losses have been
chiefly in shallow-frame hives— Simplicity, etc.

One other circumstauce 1 ought to mention, and
that is, that I had my bees on the north side of a
board fence, and lacing north. Did that have a
necessarily fatal effect y 1 have wintered that way
before. Do you ask why? Simply because I do not
own the south side of that fence. If I did I would
put them there.

Tell me all about the reasons for my " awful bad
luck " the past winter, it you can. J. F. P.xtton.

New York, May 4, l«87.

Friend P., while I should hardly think
that putting bees on the north side of a
fence would be fatal to them. I should call it
a rather unfavorable location. While read-
ing your letter I v/as wondering if there
were not some starvation about it. You
say you left them with sufficient honey, as
you thouglit, but you don't tell us how much
was left wlun you found them dead. 1 can
not tell you where the failure came in, as
you state it; but 1 do think, that if you put
up your bees in clialf . packed as we describe
in the A B C book, you can succeed in win-
tering as well as others do.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

BEES IN NICE CONDITION.

§ITR bees are in splendid condition, and
I think I never saw moi-e brood in the
hives at this time of year than now,
although the spiing is a little late.
These young Itees have come in at just
the right time, t\)r we notice that the old
bees wliich withstood the hardships of win-
ter so well are now becoming scarce. So
far we have not fed, as we desue to let the
bees clean out their combs entirely of all
remnants of lioney fed Irom last fall and
summer. A little later, if apple - bloom
should not furnish us honey enough we will
feed.

It is over six weeks since we have had a
case of foul brood ; and if you could look
into the condition of our colonies, and see
the clean healthy brood, and tlie number of
young bees, I believe the most skepti(;al of
you would acknowledge that, so far as ap-
pearances are conceined. we have fully erad-
icated the disease.

So confident do we feel that we have cured
foul brood, that we have decided to put the
two loads of bees from friends Rice and
Shook into our home apiary. We now have
240 fair colonies, with brood and young bees
in all stages of development. I believe we
never had a nicer lot of bees, or as nice-
looking queens as now, and we certainly
never had brood more healthy-looking. Un-
less some of our customers object, we will till

1887

GLEANLNGiS IN BEE CULTURE.

407

orders tor bees ami qiici-ns from the home
apiary. All those of .\ou who may see tit to
place with us your orders for l)ees and

?ueens, we feel sure need not fear trouble
rom foul brood, as certainly the disease
would have made itself manifest ere this
had there been any trace of it. Those of
our customers who would prefer not to have
their orders for bees and ([ueens lilled from
our own apiary, cati have them lilled from
Neighbor H.'s apiaries by si> stating at the
time of ordering. I believe it isanaxicmi
among those who have had to do with foul
brood, that the disease can not be commu-
nicated from bees and queens when shipped
in cages.

Remember, we ai-e selling bees b> tlie
pound for just half what we sold them for
last year. We did not bring the jirice down
because w^e thought the bees were any less
valuable, but because we thought our for-
mer price of $2.00 a pound in the month of
July was rather too high for those who were
desirous of economizing. A few^ years ago,
when we put the price of bees np, we had
been sustaining heavy winter losses, and we
felt that we could nnt therefore furnish bees
then at a dollar a pound in July ; but for
the past four or five years we have wintered
bees without any loss to speak of; and with
200 or more good colonies to begin with in
the spring, we decided that we could easily
return to our old prices — SI. 00 per pound for
juce young Italians in -luly and after, and
a 'corresponding increase during the cooler
months of the year. For this month our
price is $1.-50 ; next month, $1.2.5 per lb.

APIAHISTS' HATS.

We have just received a consignment of
tliose nice light summer hats for apiarists,
such as wras illustrated on page 1001, last
year, and described on page :!() of current vol-
ume. The covering of said hat is cloth of a
liglitdrab color. The brim is held out in
position by a light steel h.oop The inside
of the crown is so made that it is adjustable,
and will tit any head. The lower side of the
brim is covered with green cloth. W^hen
the hat is on the head, it feels so light and
easy that the wearer scarcely knows that he
has any covering at all over his pate ; and
the green color on the under side of the
brim has a kindly effect upon the eyes. I
have tried quite a number of hats "in the
apiary, and the one answering the descrip-
tion above is the one I very greatl>' prefer to
all others. I know of no hat that is better
adapted for holding the veil iiwny from the
face, and I think tlie apiarist who will give
this hat a trial for one season will not wish
to go back to the unsightly, uncomfortable,
and often ill-shapen straw hat. We can fur-
nish the apiarist's hat folded in a neat
package for the small sum of 20 cts. each ;
10 for Sl.SO ; postage, each, 2 cts. extra.

.TEIIKING THE HANDS HACK AWAY FROM
THE TOP OK THE FRAMES.

The other day, as I was passing through
the apiary I noticed one of our new men
jerking his hand nervously away from the
top of the frames. I surmised that a bee
had bumped against his fingers, with the ap-
parent intention of intlicting a sting. When

I reached him I found that I was coirect. I
told him to try holding his hand perfectly
m(!ti{)nless the next time a bee darted forth
and bumped against his fingers. It might
recpiin^ some nerve force, but that if he
would try holding his hand still and let the
bee know that he was not afraid of it, there
were ten chances to one that it would not
sting him. He did as I told him, and after-
ward reported that it worked as I had said.
I give this little fact, not for the benefit of
the veterans, but for beginners and ABC
scholars. You will save many a hard sting
by holding youi- hand perfectly still when
one or perhaps a do/en bees strike against
your fingers. When you notice the tenden-
cy (m the part of the bees to dart out that
way you should give them plenty of smoke
over the top of tiie frames ; and as often as
they try to scare you, give them a little more
smoke.

CIKJSS HYURIDS.

On the 11th of May we purchased four
colonies of a farmer residing some two miles
from our place. When the bees arrived I
told the boys to take out the frames and
place them in our Simplicity hives, as they
had done with the forty other colonies pur-
chased of friends Rice and Shook. Not sus-
pecting any troulile, I went into the office
and was seated composedly. In abo\it half
an hour, father came in and said, " You had
better go out and see what the boys are do-
ing. The bees are pretty cross. Find out
whether there are any pieces of brood or
honey broken and lying aroinid."' I went
out to the apiary immediately. I made my
way directly to' the spot where the boys
were takingthe combs and placing them in
the Simplicity hives. As I neared the place
Mr. S. called out, •' i5etter put on a veil be-
fore you come here.'" I needed tio second
caution. Taking a roundabout course I
went to the house-apiary and procured a
veil. On coming up 1 found that the bees
were indeed, to put it mildly, ''awful cross."
There were perhaps 200 of the little scamps
flying around the heads of all three of us.
giving that angry hum such as is heard
from all cross hyltrids. I found there was
nothing particularly wrong, only that the
bees had not been handled before for a year
or more ; that being hauled a couple of
miles and then stirred up they were deter-
mined to vent their spite right liberally. 1
told the lioys that they had better desist for
the present. On looking over toward my
house which is in process of building (some
.'!00 feet away) I noticed one of the masons
striking wildly in the air as if mosquitoes
or some other small insects were disturbing
his peace of mind. I began to conclude
that' those vicious hybrids were not content
with buzzing around our heads, but were so
considerate as to call upon the masons. I
immediately went over and inquired wheth-
er the bees were bothering them. They re-
plied that they had killed a dozen or so -'of
them 'ere ]>esky little pioneers.'" Not con-
tent with bothering the masons they at-
tacked one or two horses on the street, and
even eiitered our saw- room amid the hum
of machinery.
Right here, while I am about it, I believe

408

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

I have said I didn't care to use a veil. I
rarely ever have occasion to resort to their
use ; but 1 must confess, that if 1 had such
hybrids as these, and so strong in numbers,
I "should consider a veil one of the indispen-
sables.

OUR HONEY APIARY.

We have definitely located our Honey
Apiary some five miles south of Medina,
and we expect to do some wonderful things
in that apiary this summer. "Me and my
wife" drove down there last week and com-
pleted arrangements.

Gleanings in Bee Cultdre,

Published Scnii - Mo nthhj .

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

lvIEi:)I3^J=^, OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

Tor Clutloine Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

He that endureth to the end shall be saved.— Matt. lO-.Zi.
T TINS— NUiMBER SOLD UP TO DATE.

Since the first mention of T tins on page 156,
current volume, the foreman of our tin-room in-
forms us that we have so far made 36.000. This
makes about 13,000 a month; and the demand, in-
stead of decreasing-, seems to be increasing.

MK. THOMAS HORN.

As quite a number of the friends have com-
plained that they have not yet received their notes,
as promised by Mr. Horn, on page 111, we wrote to
him in regard to it, and here is his reply:

Friend Root.— I mailed, as pmmised, all notes excepting a
few retained tor further investigation, wliich I have since
mailed; and now to the best of ray knowledjje all have their
notes. If I have overlooked any, if thev will kindly inform
me I will mail them at onie. Thoma.s Horn.

B-IOHTING THE POTATO-BUGS.

To-DAV, May 14, our Early Ohio potatoes that
were started in the greenhouse are almost knee-
high, and are doing splendidly, but the bugs are go-
ing for them to such an extent that one of the lioj s
picked 34 off from one stalk. Our potatoes grow as
stalks, remember, and not in hills. 1 have just
written to friend Terry to know if I shall keep a
boy picking the bugs ott, or go back to the old-fash-
ioned way of using Paris green.

TOTAL LOSS BY FIRE.

The following letter from our friend Ur. .1. P. H.
Brown has just come to hand, which will explain
itself:

I have iust had the misfortune to-day of having my resi-
dence burned, including all my books, letters, and correspond-
ence. I shall he much obliged to yon if you will say that I will
esteem it ;i f'avm- if iiiv rustoniers will please send me at once
their imIiIi rss, iniliidliiL;- :i relict iticiii ot theii' onlcrs. All or-
dei-s will rci^clvi- prompt nttcntion. The loss of the house in-
cluding its lonlcuts, is fully lour thousand dollars, and no
insurance. We could not save a thing out of the house, as
the wind was blowing a gale. .1. P. H. Brown.

Augusta, Ga.. April 29, 18S7.

Friend B., we extend to .you our sympathy. We
have no doubt, however, that you will be able to
meet 3,11 your obligations,

PROF. BEAL'S new book, " THE GRASSES OK
NORTH AMERICA."

This is perhaps the most thorough and compre-
hensive work of the kind in the world. It is just
from the press, and covei's the whole ground most
thoroughly, including the entire clover family as
well as the grasses. Prof. Beal's clover-garden
was one of the most interesting sights to me at the
Agricultural College when there some years ago.
He had a little plot of all the clovers known in the
world; and near bi" were plants not exactly clovers,
but nearly related to them, such as peas, vetches,
etc. Among the subjects treated of in the book
are Grasses for Cultivation, Grasses for Meadows,
Care of Grass Lands, Making Hay, Grass for the
Lawn, Garden, and Decoration; Enemies of Grasses
and Clovers; the Fungi of Forage Plants, including
corn-smut. Weeds in the Meadow is a department
that interested me greatly. The price, $2.50, maj'
be thought by some a little high; but it is a most
thorough piece of work by a most able man.
There are 457 pages, and the book is fully illustrat-
ed, for the most part excellently. AVe can mail it
on receipt of price given above. The author is
professor of foref try and botany in the Michigan
Agricultural College.

CAN BKES HE MADE TO HIBERNATE?

Since our article on page 343 was published, in re-
gard to the secret possessed by the Indians, of keep-
ing bees from fall to spring in a dormant state, sev-
eral communications have been received— one from
Mr. C. E. Jones, of Delaware, Ohio. Mr. .Tones says
that an old missionary assured him that he had bur-
ied bees in dry dirt, after causing them to fill them-
selves with hone.v, and kept them till spring. Friend
Jones himself has experimented with bumble-bees
in this way, and thinks that, because he succeeded
with the latter, it might be done with honey-bees.
Of course, this is a mistake. For years past, differ-
ent individuals have told about bees that were
brimstoned, and buried in the ground, but when dug
out in the spring (by accident, of course) they came
to life and were as good as ever. Now, while there
may be truth in these oft-repeated assertions, I
very much doubt it. When these statements are
sifted it turns out that somebody else did it besides
the narrator. If, howe\'er, there is a man who has
buried bees in dry dirt, and kept them months, and
afterward brought them to life, we shall be glad to
know it. And when such an individual shall go to
work and demonstrate it before good witnesses, we
will then give ui> that bees can be made to hiber-
nate. Now, don't feel hurt, any of you, dear friends.
We are not doubting anybody's word. W'e are only
asking for accurate facts in the matter.

HUTCHINSON'S NEW BOOK.

There have been some criticisms sent in, in re-
gard to this work. It is true, friend H., in the book,
invites the freest criticisms; but some of them are
not in as courteous a spirit as they ought to be, to
find place in a periodical. On page 2'S3 of the Amer-
ican Bee Journttl, Prof. Cook quotes me as follows:

" I read Mr. Hutchinson's new book on comb honey, as I
came here. It is so good that I have only one criticism— it is
too short."

It is true, I did say that, or something very much
like it, but I also added, or, at least, intended to add,
that I should give it the same criticism I did Dr. C.
C. Miller's new book— the absence of engravings to
make matters plain. A busy inan like myself coul^

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

409

afford to pay double price to have a book well illus-
trated, as a matter of ssiving in time, it nothing
else. I bave been asked how it is I should siiy the
book has but one fault, when there is so little mat-
ter (aside from the advertisements) for the price
asked. To which I reply, it I did not say it before,
that when I said the book was too short 1 meant it
was too short for the price asked. Friend Hutchin-
son gives Mr. Doolittle credit in two places for
having vehemently urged, for years past, this very
point of not using foundation in the brood-ehainber
for new swarms. It has occurred to me that per-
haps a little more credit should bave been accorded
to friend Doolittle; but Mr. Hutchinson has written
so brietly that he was compelled to only touch or
hint at a good many things.

WHOM SHALL WE TRUST V

One of our advertisers sends us a colony of Ital-
ian bees by express, and writes as follows:

Friend Root:— I get many incniiries about iny bees that I
advertised for safe iix Gleaninos— such inquiries as ' Have
you foul l>roo(l '. Are tliey gootl Italians ! Why do you sell so
"cheap ; Where did you get your queens to breed from ? Send
nie ten swarms. C. O. D. ; and if tliey are all right, I will buy
more." Mr. Root, yovi will see that my bees are all right by
the ones I send you. I bought the original queens for golden
Italians of Darrow & Ross, and every one is .is good .is the one
I send you, and some better. 1 lan send no bees C. O. D. While
it might be all right \vith some, with others it would be differ-
ent. I have 40 swarms to sell. No foul brood.

J. R. Reed. Milford, Wis.

Friend Reed sends us one of the colonies he
sends out, to convince us that his bees are all right;
but, nay friends, Thomas Horn did the very same
thing. All we can sa.v is. that the bees are good
fair Italians, and are well worth the price asked for
them. I do not believe it is practicable to send
bees C. O. D. There are people who would order
them, and when the bees got to the express office
the customer would not have the money to take
them out. There seems to be no other way but to
ask for cash in advance, or references from the
nearest bank; and I was on the point of saying,
that advertisers ought to furnish a reference from
the nearest bank. But Thomas Horn did this very
thing also; and yet he has damaged trade by the in-
.jury he has done, in the way of spoiling confidence
in our fellow-men, more than any one can estimate.
The only real remedy I can see in this dilticult mat-
ter is for each one to take pains to establish a repu-
tation for promptness and fair dealing, and it takes
months and years to do this. References from
your postmaster, banker, or express agent, are al-
ways in order, and we require such from every ad-
vertiser before his advertisement is inserted. If
anybody advertises bees or queens for sale, while
he has foul brood in his apiary, he deserves the con-
demnation all good men, and should be held up be-
fore the people at once; but I don't think there are
any who would do it. Nothing pleases customers
so much as sharp promptness in filling orders. Our
large trade In bees and queens has been mainly
built up by this one thing alone. We get better
prices than many of our advertisers, and people
are quite willing to pay better prices, providing
they have the assurance that their bees and queens
come by return mail or express, without any apolo-
gy, delays, or evasions.

M.\KINO THINGS PLAIN WHEN WRITING.

Oftentimes, in looking over the piles of commu-
nications which are written for Gleaninc5S, we
find it a great temptation to pick out those articles
which are written in a clear, plain hand, and on
onlj- one side of the sheet. But the articles of our

old correspondents are. of course, picked out first,
and handed to the printei-s. But a writer who care-
lessly puts down his ideas without much attention
to punctuation or capitalizing is often obliged to
wait some time before his communication appears
in prim. If it ever does. Said article, when the
thought is dug out and properly cloth<!d, is often
one of the valuat)le communications. Editors can
not always write these over when they have access
to good articles plainly written and well worded.
The reason is, they don't have time to wade
through, correct, and readjust the sentences, so
that an intelligent reader will not be obliged to
pause and re-read to see what the writer is trying
to get at. What we want is good plain handwriting,
devoid of all nourishes (or "spider-legs," as our
proof-reader calls them) or unnecessary " curli-
cues." These things make the world a good deal of
trouble, to say nothing of the vexation for the
poor compositors, who often " see their dinners
vanishing Into illimitable perspective " after wres-
tling with a " hieroglyphic," when engaged on
piecework. The chief difficulty with many writers
is, that they do not end a sentence with a round
period, and then begin a little further on with a
capital letter; but instead they make the last part
of one assertion the first of another, and often we
can not tell what they mean. This often makes
some feeling in advertisements. To show what we
mean, please read this sign, which a barber once
had in front of his shop. Here is how he wrote it:

What do you think I'll shave you for nothing and give you a
drink.

The first customer read it thus:

Wh.it do you think; I'll shave you for nothing, and give
you a drink.

After being shaved, and asking for the drink, he
was disgusted to know that the sign should be
read:

Please tell us, friends, how to read your " sign-
boards."

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The next meeting of the Darke Co. Union Bee-Keepers' Soei-
etv will be held at Greenville. O.. on Friday. Slav 27. 1887.

J. A. Roe, Asst. See.

The next meeting of the Northwestern Illinois and South-
western Wisconsin Bee-Keepers" Association will be held at
Rockton. 111.. May 24. 1887. O. A. Fuller, Sec.

Cherry Valley. "ill.

Williams Evaporator For Sale.

Used but little, good as new. F. O. B. on cars,
with parts numbered, for filOO cash.
Kid W. H. HART, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

During May and ,lune I will sell nuclei colonies in
Simplicity frames at the following prices.
Three frame, with choice tested Italian queen, $4.00
Two " '• " " " " 3.00

These colonies are first class in every respect, and
1 guaranteo safe arrival and satisfaction.

lOd F. W. MOATS, The Bend, Defiance Co., 0.

CHAPMAN HONEY-PLANTS.

We can furnish very nice little plants for 10 cts.
If wanted by mail, add two cents each extra for
postage and packing. These are good strong
plants that came up themselves near our old plants
of last season. They will make good strong plants
this year, but will probably not bloom until next
year, A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio,

410

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

o2>j:e3-i=*ieio:e

SECTIONS

Sections smooth on both sides, V or nearly square
STOOve, dovetailed ends, or to nail, at $8.50 j^er 1000.

B. WAIiKER Si CO.,
8tfd Capac, St. €lalr Co., Mlcli.

W. O. WiNsoR's Factory,

NOItWICH, < HIOANGO CO., N. Y.,

BEE-HiVES, FRAMES, FOUR-
PIECE SECTIONS, AND
Packing-Crates.

Price List t'fic. 6-8-10-12d

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN SllXrrTt'^rn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT the: I.OWEST PRICES.

XTA-XjI-S^iT Q-CXEEITS -S-OiTID BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3 tfd Hartford. ^Vashington Co., Wis.

lio:.

HXJig'rp,

Manufacturer of and dealer in every thing needed
in the apiary.

BEAUTIFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED, &C.

4tfd Bell Braneli, Wayne Co., Jnicli.

Price list free. (Near Detroit)

PUREIjm»EllUEENS

BRED FROM AN IMPORTED MOTHER,

Sent by mail; safe tiriival guaranteed, from April
until October. Tested gueens. $1.50; Untested
<!ueens, $1.00; per dozen. $S.OO. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, or money refunded. 9-13db

W^ alter MaW^illiams. Griffin. Ga.

PURE ITALIAN

Bees ^ Queens,

'I'ested Queens - . . - ^g.oo
Untested Queens - - - J. 00

Six Uiitet-ted Queens - - - 5.00

One ])ound bees, 90 cts ; ^ lb., tiO cts.
Add price of queen with bees. ftd

r. A. PKw, mi not. in OWN, jtio.

BEES FOR SALE.

15 Colonies hybrid bees, $5.00 per stand, in single-
story hives; in double-storv hives, #6.00. Address
OlOd L. B. STANGER, Unioutown, Del. Co., la.

Tlie "Gilt Edge" Apiary offers Italian queens
from imp. mother; untested, in April and May,
$1.00; unt'd, in June and after, 75cts. Tested queens
double above price. A. P. STAIR,

.5-lOdb Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

ITALIAIT QUEEITS

BEE-HIVES AND SUPPLIES.

OIVE PIECE V-GROOVE SECTIONS, BEE-
FEEDERS, ^VIRE NAILS, PER-
FORATED ZINC.

Scrub Brushes, a friend for the ladies, 65 cents
each : $4.a) per dozen. Alsike clover seed, $T..50 pei-
bushel; $:i.00 per peck ; 15 cents per pound.

B. J. MILLER & CO.,

4-lOdb

NAPPANEE, IND.

PRIME & GOVE,

BRISTOI-, ^ VEIRlvIOITT,

— M VNirFAf'TUUEUS OF-

Pee - Jleepers^ Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samjjles free.
5tfdb.

-HEDDON'S^

ISST

CmCULAE

NOW EEADT.
ADDI^ESS JAMES HEODON,
OOWAOIftC, MICH.

Itfdb

•QTnTC KEEPERS' SUIDE, Memoranda, and llkis-
J^JEdSd trateci catalogue, for l.sST. FREE. Reduc-
ed jiriccs. Addre.-^s JOS. NYSEWANDEB, re3 Moines. lowi.
_ 3tfdb

ATTENTION!

SECTIONS, BEE-HIVES, I10NE\ -BOXES,

FRAlTfES, ETC.

LAROKSr FACTORY IN THK WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. VV rite for free il-
lustrated Catalogue. G. B. liEW^IS & CO.,
Itfdb Watertowii, IVis.

PDQOflm TVE WEST

rOK THE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY JflYES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 32tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOKY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

1887

gli<:anin(;s in bee cultlue.

411

A LAWN MOWER Flp Premluimtaiian Bees.

FOR ONLY $5.00.

Isn't it true, that a neiitlj- kept lawn is evideuce ot
an intelligrent and progressise spirit possessed by
the owner? A lazy and shiftless man seldom has
any lawn at all. Many whose occupation keeps
them indoors a great part of the day. derive health
and enjoyment in takini; care of a lawn, even
though it be just a little one. And what makes life
pleasanter than to see pleasant homes as we happen
to pass along our country roads or village streets":
Where you see a handsome lawn outside, you will
almost always flud the magazines and progressive
journals of the day inside One impediment in the
way of these handsome lawns is the expense of a
lawn-mower; and as we have spent some time in
looking the matter up, and trying the difterent
kinds, especially those adapted to mowing around
bee-hives, I herewith give the result of it.

The one pictured seems to please us best of all
for working in the ajjiary; and another thing that
pleases me is that it costs for the 10 inch, only $3.00;
13 inch, the standard size, *5 .'jd, and the 1+ inch,
$6.0(1. The 10-inch one runs a little easier, of course,
and it may therefore be preferable foi- a lady or for
a child. Its simplicity is an advantage in the apia-
ry, for it will run up close to the entrances, and it
will cut weeds and grass of a considerable height
without difficulty. We can furnish them promptly
at the prices named. As the machine weighs but 50
lbs., it will probably go cheaper by freight.

A. I. nOOT, l^E3DI2SrA, OHIO.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my tree
bee and supply circular. IStfdb

OLTVER FOSTEK, Mt. Vernon. Linn Oo.. Iowa.

ON

30 DAYS

TRBAL.

THIS NEW

ELASTIC TRUSS

'Has a I'ad dilferent from all
others, is cup shape, with Self-
adjusting Ballincenter,adapt.s
itself to all pesitions of the
body while the ball inthecup

' presses back tho intes-
_ fines just as a person
CJOeS with the finger. With light pressure the Her
nia is held securely dav and nip-ht, .and a radical cure
certain. It isea.'^v, durnblc .-ind chcan. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. ■ EGGLESTO:i TKC83 CO., Chle«50, Uk

M2db

My (jueens and liees were awarded first premium
at the late ('licniingo Co. Fair. All interested, send
stamps for sample of bees, also for my new price list
and circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
fine queens. Untested queens, fl.Oo through the
season. Tested, * I. .">(). Mhs. OLIVEK (OLE,
6tfdb Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. V.

QXJEElSrS.

Untested Italians from choice mother, from May
15, «1.00 each. DAVID STRANG,

^itdb Lincoln. Liincoln Co<, Tenn>

ITALIAN QUEENS. i^;^««4\r;^FaVu«\*!

TE.STKI). ?;;.'.n(i; Intkstkip, ?i;i.OO. alter May 15, 1H87.
8d h-. f) . rrit.MCIi. M<iliini', Ohio.

OADAHT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. Seeadvei-tisementin another column.

$1.00 Queens.

Names insertedin this department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each inserting, or $2M per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. The.v also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatientof such delay as may be unavoidable.

C. F. Uhl. Millersburg, Holmes Co., Ohio.

Martin & Macy. N. Manchester, Wabash ('o., Ind.

HtJBBEE STAMPS

DATING, ADDRESSING, BUSINESS,
LETTER HEADS. ETC

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

IVEJ'JKLV. $1.0i> r 1: n VEAIl.

JONES, UcFEEBSON & CO., FulJlishers, Beetos, Ontario, Cacada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States hce-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
voliimf of s:t' patres. i'tfb

No. 1. No. ;5.

Address only, like
No. 1,$1..tO: with busi-
ness card, like No. 2.
#:J.()0 ; with movable
months and tlguresfor
A dating, like No. 3.*3.00.
Full outfit included—
pads, ink, box, etc.
Sent by mail postpaid.
Without ink and i)ad8
.^O cts. less.

Put your stamp on
every card, letter, pa-
per, bot)k, or anything
else that you may send
out b^- mail or express
and you will save your-
self and all who do bysiness with .>ou a " world of
trouble." I know, you see.

We have those suitable for druggists, grocery-
men. hnnlwHve d'^tilers. dentists, etc. Send for cir
cular. A. I. Root, Mediua, O.

No.

412

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange for good horses
and muies, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bees, for steam-engine, honey, or beeswax.
7-13db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, So. Quincy, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from Bronze Tur-
Iseys, Pekin Ducks and Langshan Chickens,
for Italian queens, or offers. Our stock is first-
class. E. W. PiTZEB, Hillsdale, Iowa. 9-lOd

OFFERED, dry goods in exchange for bee-keepers'
supplies, pure breed pigeons, fowls, pheas-
ants, or their eggs. Please state wants, and what
you have to offer, with prices. Samples on applica-
tion. Walter Sherman, Newport, R. I. lOd

WANTED.— To exchange 15 Simplicity hives (2-
story) half comb and half foundation, all in
good condition. Make us an offer.
lO-lld J. D. Halsted, Rye, N. Y.

WANTED. —To exchange a dulcimer for two 3-
frame Italian nuclei. Write for particulars.
lOd M. GuMBERT, Ohl, Jefferson Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange for brevier or long-prim-
er body-type, job type, etc., or for newspaper
press, a $100 photo outfit and 5 tubes.
lOd W. A. Kaler, Andersonville, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange, Winchester single-shot
rifle, cal. 45.75, warranted in every respect, al-
most new, for any useful article. If desired, I will
forward this rifle to you for inspection.
lOd Robert Gedye, La Salle, 111.

WANTED.- To exchange a trio of fine Wyan-
dottes or Light Brahmas, one year old, bred
from my prize strains, for a good bufl'alo-robe.
Must be a No. 1, as fowls are select.
lOd , Chas. McClave, New London, O.

WYANDOTTE and Houdan eggs or birds in ex-
change i^or bee supplies; see adv't in another
column .James Evans, Box 89, Schaghticoke, N. Y.
lOtfdb

P'rV'p C A T p* ~-^ complete apiary of 140 colo-
•T "Al OAxjLa* onies of fine premium bees in a
never-failing- locality. A bargain, if called for soon.
My bees and queens were awarded first premium at
the late St. Louis Fair, St. Louis, Mo. Address at
once. L. Werner. Edwards\Tlle, 111. 4tfdb

Pnn QqIo 100 colonies of Italian bees. From
rOr OdIC. H5.00 to ifS.OO per colony. Tested
queens, iu May, $2.00; after June 1. $1.50. Untested
queens, in May, $IM; six, $5.00; after June 1, Voc. ;
six, $4.00. Also bees by the pound: 2 and 3 frame
nuclei; hives, sections, fdn.. etc. Circular free.
.5-16db Address JNO. NEBBL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

f^fXgX liBS. FOUNDATION, 35 Cts. per

OvrVr pound; 5 to 7 feet to the pound. First

orders first served. Sample free.

10-lld 8. & A. M. SMITH, Mattoon, Illinois.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. Seo advertisement in
another column. 3btf d

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this because there is hardly value
enough to these queens to pay for buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

For Sale. — Five mismated Italian queens to
spare, at 50 cts. each, reared from pure Italian
mothers. Write soon if you want them.

Chas. McClave, New London, O.

For Sale.— About 10 hybrid queens, at 40c. each,
by x-eturn mail. G. D. Black,

Brandon, Buchanan Co., la.

I have 3 mismated Italian queens, of this year's
rearing, for sale at 3.5c. each, or the 3 for $1.00.

A. P. Stair, Whitney, St. Clair Co.. Ala.

I have about 12 black queens to spare— one and
two years old; prolific layers; 25 cts. each; or 5 to
one address, fl.OU. Luther Purdy,

Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

See Here !— 60 black and hybrid queens for sale;
are good laying queens, nearly all young, and are
sold to make room lor Italians. Ready now. Satis-
faction and safe arrival guaranteed. Return all
dead queens in same cage; all clipped. Price 30
and 45 cts. L. T. Ayers,

Rox t).57, Kankakee, Kankakee Co.. III.

I have five black and 10 hybrid queens that I will
sell for 20 and 30 cts. respectively, or the whole lot
for $3.00, ready by May 20. W. H. Laws,

Lavaca, Sebastian Co., Ark.

Hybrid queens, reared from select tested Italian
mother, for sale at .50 cts. each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. W. Beckham,
8-9 lOd Pleasant Hill, Lancaster Co., S. C.

Black and hybrid queens at you own price. First
come, first served. D. M. Kenzie,

Camp Parapet, Jefferson Parish, La.

HARRINGTON'S AD.

I have a tine lot of tested queens; will sell them in
the month of May at July prices:

SELECT TESTED - . - - $3.00

TESTED 2.00

rXTESTEIt, After Matj 'iO - - 1.00

Holy Land and Albinos same price. If you wish
something fine give me a call. I never had a case
of foul brood. My two apiaries are located SVj north
and 2 miles south respectively in a bee-line from
the Home of the Honey-Bees. tfdb

H. B. HARRINGTON, ITIecllna, Ohto.

Pnre iStt^tt^C^ For

Italian

BEES

Sale.

30 COIiONIES, AT ?5.00, ft6.00, AND $7.00
PER COLONY,

In Langstroth frames and latest improved hives,
for section boxes or extracted honey.

JAMES CRAIG, ■ Mt. Meeidiam, - ViEaiMU.

Stfdb

Pure Italian Bees For Sale.

Two-frame nuclei, $.3.00; 3-frame, $3.50.0 If larger
nuclei are wanted, add 50 cts. for each additional
frame. Full colony in A. I. Root's Simp, hive, $6.00,
each to contain a tested queen and plenty of bees
and brood, all on wired L. frames drawn from fdn.
To be shipped in May; safe arrival guaranteed. I
shall do by all as I would be done by. Address

7-iodb. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

413

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

HAS the j)ei'mission of the writer to publish the
following':

Forest City, Iowa, March a«, 1887.
W. Z. Hutchinson, Kogersvillu, Mich.— Dear Sir
and Friend:— I am in receipt of your pamphlet—
" The Production of Comb Honey." It is the neatest
little thing- I have seen lately. As a work of art it
is as near perfection as printer.s in ' country' ofHces
usually attain to. I venture the opinion that that
cover was the work of a bee-keeper, or at least orig:-
inated in his (your) creative brain. Nobody but a
bee-keeper would have thouffht of such a unique
and appropriate covering:. The subject is treated
in a very readable and creditable manner. I have
been practicing' substantially the same method, ex-
cept the non-use of foundation. I shall try that
this season. Respectfully yours, Eugene Secob.

JS^Reader, if you wish to enjoy the same plea-
sure as did Mr. Secor, send 35 cts., and a copy of the
book will be sent postpaid. lOtfdb.

LOOK HERE !

Dollar queens ready to ship; 500 lbs. of bees; 1000
lbs. comb foundation, and a large stock of supplies.
Wjll be sold at rock-bottom prices. Send for our
price list of 1S87, now out.

»iiniTH &c JACKSON,

P. O. Box 72. Tilbury Center, Kent Co.,
lOd Ont., Can.

A Cheap Smoker.

Martinsville, O., Apr. 11, 1887.
Messrs. Binyham & Hetherington, Abronia, Mich.:

Enclosed hnd *2 .50 for two large 2V3-inch Bingham
smokers (wide shield). They are for my neighbors.
I have one of the Bingham smokers that I have
used for six years, and it is as good as ever. Send
for half-dozen i-ates.

Respectfully, Amos R. Garner.

PRICES OF BINGHAM SMOKERS.

By Mail, Postpaid.

Doctor Smoker (wide shield) 3'/i inch $'Z 00

Conqueror Smoker (wide shield) 3 " 175

Large Smoker (wide shield) 2^ " 160

Extra Smoker (wide shield 2 " 126

Plain Smoker 2 " 100

Little Wonder Smoker lU " 65

B. & H .Honey-Knife 2 " 115

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half-dozen
rates. Address J, F. BINGHAM, or

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,
9i3db Abronia, Mich.

WANTED TO SELL.

Kio :{-frami' nucleii.* colonies of hybrid bees,

with queens, each $2 60

Two-story Simplicity hives (complete) each 1 .50

Chaff hives (have been used some) each 3 00

Highly bred hybrid queens, each 100

4J4X4I4 sections (V groove) per M 500

The photo of my apiary given as a premium on
supplies purchased to the amount of $5.00, cash or-
ders. Will exchange nuclei colonies or ext'd honey
for apiarian supplies, if new.

7tfdb J. M. YOUNG, Rock Bluffs, Nebraska.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., ' BEE-KEEPERS I CONN.

—SEND rOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. E. Newcoub, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.7.

4tfdh

WILL SELL tested queens at $1.25 each; untested
■' at 75 cts. each. Nuclei and full colonics for
sale, either Italians or Syrians.
8tfdb Israel Good, Sparta, Tenn.

Green Wire Cloth,

FUR

Window Screens and Shipping Bees,
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.

The following lot of wire cloth is a job lot of rem-
nants, and full rolls direct from the factory, that
are FIEST QUALITY, and the pieces are of such varie-
ty of size as to furnish any thing you want. Price
l?i cts. per sq. foot, for full pieces. If we have to
cut the size you want, 2 cts. per sq. ft.

When you order a piece, and somebody else has
got it ahead of you, we will substitute a piece the
nearest in size to the one ordered, unless you speci-
fy in your order that you do not want us to substi-
tute. The figures on the left indicate the width.

8 I 13 rolls, 67 sq. ft', each : 1 each of 66, 65, 64, 64, 63, 63. 62, 54, 40,

27, 24, 22, and 4 sq. ft.
12 1 .34 rolls of lOO sq. tt. each ; 3 of 102 sq. ft. ; 4 of 98, 2 of 97, and

I 1 each of 92, 52, 44, iZ, and 28 sq. ft.
14 I 1 roll each of 26, 14. and 5 sq. ft.

16 I 10 rolls of 133 sq. ft.; and 1 each of 132, 131, 131. 128, 128, 106,55,
I and 12 sq . ft.
4 rolls of 150 sq. ft; 6 of 147 sq. ft., and 1 each of 153, 148, 145,

145. 144, 130, 117, 69, 46, 37, 24, and 24 sq. ft.
1 roll each of 73, 73, 65, 46, and 16 sq. ft.
.36 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of 98, 90, 66, 52, 50, 60, 50,

44, 36, 32, 30, 30, 24, 24, 20, 20, 20, 12, 12. 8, 8, 6. and 6 sq. ft.
109 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each, and 1 each of 227, 215, 204, 199, 195,

and 7 sq. ft.
66 rolls of 2.33; 10 of 224; 1 of 222 and 1 of 267 sq. ft,
15 rolls of 250 sq. ft., and 1 each of U. 10. and 7 sq. ft.
8 rolls of 266. 2 of 256 8q. ft., and one each of 275. 99, 9«, 84,

80, 13, and 8 sq. ft.
85 rolls of 283 sq. ft., and 1 each of 142,142,13.3,130,74,64,17,
I 17, and 14 sq. ft.

1 13 rolls of 300 sq. ft., and 1 each of 288, 147, 120, 45, 36, 36. 34, SS,
I and 9 .sq. ft.
24 rolls of 316 sq. ft., and 1 each of 633. 300, 47. and 9 sq. ft.
1 1 roll of 17 sq. ft.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

INniANA. — Headquarters for pure ITALIAN
aUEENS. ^^At prices that will surprise you.
Write us for catalogue and full particulars.

Martin & Macy, North Manchester, Ind.
Eggs from high-class poultry for sale.

BEE-IeEPERS' SUPPLIES

Near your home in Western Pennsylvania and
in the oil-producing district of Butler Co.

SIMPLICITY, PORTICO, AND THREE
STYLES OF CHAFF HIVES.
Send for price list, if it is to your interest to deal
with me. C. P. BISH,

78910-11-l.Sd St. Joe Station, Butler Co., Pa.

BEES! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Iteady for spring delivery ut 60c to Sl.OO per lb.,
according to time, ('hoice ()ueens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

OT.irj<:it FOSTJiR. Mt. Vcrnoti.T.hm Co.. la.

CHEAP

.Sfiifl for Circular.
7tfdb

J ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,
BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI,

AND COMB FOUNDATION.
JAS. illcNElLiIj,

Hudson^ N. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS.

We have constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress K. ECKEKIflANN & WIl.li,
Betswax Bleacberi ft Beflners, 4-12b 37BAC0SE, K. T.

414

(iLeaNIj^gs in bejb culture.

May

POTATO BOXES JOB LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING,

iTERllY'S).

Tlifsc are made of
bas8\v()()il, bound with
galvanized iron. The
g-alvanized iron g-ives
strength, and the
basswood strength
ami lightness. These
hold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they are made especially for jiotatoes, the,\
can be used lor fruir, vegetables, picking- up stones
on the farm, and a thousand other purposes. When
piled one above the other, they protect the contents
from the sun and rain; and from their shape k
great many more bushels can be set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. They are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 3.5 c each ; 10, .f3.2,5; 100, f 30.00. In the flat,
including- nails and galvanized iron, fLV.^ for 10;
100, !i!16..50; 1(X)0, mhO.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

There is Some fun

And much sense in our lieautlful ohiomo card de-
scribed on pages H3 and 113. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what yon have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

"^^' J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

FOR PRICES OF

Berry - Baskets and Crates, Send to

MELLiiraEE, Habeols ii Geove, Columbiana, 0.

SEND P'OK SAMPLE BASKET KREE.
We also sell baskets in Hat. 7-lOdb

pXsTFPo^ijip :poxps

FOR ONR-POUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

This box has a bit of "red
laj)e " attached to it to carry
it Ijy. It makes a safe pack-
age for a sing-le section of
honey for the consumer to
carrj-, or it can be packed in a
trunk, if he wants. It can be
opened in an instant. The
liriee of the box is 3 cts. each,
s(>t ;ip; in the fiat, 1.5 cts. for
10; package of 35, ;iOcts.; $1.00 per 100; or -f 9.00 per
1000; 10,000, fSO. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
hundred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting- on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
$3.00 per 1000. A package of 3.5, labeled on both
sides, as above, .50 cts. By mail, 30 cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, oi
course. We have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
Hat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting- them on.

Your name and address, and the kind of honey,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so dt)ing- will be 30 cts. per
per 100; 250, .50 cts. ; .500, 75 cts. ; 1000, *1.00.

A. 1. UOOT, .Tlediua, OUlo.

Small Piecea at same Rate as full Rolls — id.
per Square Foot.

Two or more pieces, 5 per cent off; ten or more. 10
per cent discount.

You will notice in this lot some with heavier wire
than No. 19, and some with smaller mesh than two-
inch. Both of these are worth more at reg-ular
prices than two-inch No. 10; but as it is a job lot we
put it all in at the same i)riee.

jr By dividing' tlie immber ui ^iiuare feet in this col-
> junih by tlio width in the first column, you can ascer-
'■" itain the length of each piece. These flffures prive the
. number of square feet in each piece.

19 91, 8.5, .iO, 41, 40. 2.5. 2.5, 10.

18 70 15. 13 I.S. IK mesh. No. 17 wire, •i4.

19 150, ISO.
" 120,120.

19 -^20, 64 -28, No, 18, -^00. l>.i inch niesl>. 62.

-200, 170, 140, 130. 100. 100 88. 82, 64, 64. 56 50, .5(1, 40, .S2.

226 224.. 58, .58. 56.

41, .32, No. 18 wire. 90, 40, ;W.

75, 55, 17.

2.50, 237, 167. 125. l'2ft, 122. 45, 4(1

150.

144. 114. 75 No. 20 wire. :548, 312,

108, .S9

•i~ No. 18 wire.

270. 2.55. 246, -240 -JOi 204. 198, 195, 132. 126, 76, ?ft, 60,

33.

51.

.vire, 203 N.i. 18. ly. mesh. 189.

4.50 No. 18 wire .1-21

490, 415 ,-!85 3:!5. 33(1, :i25, 285. -JKO, 340, -225, 220. 210, 180,
100 140 130 80 M.
; 4;o, 3.35, 320 No. 17 wiie. 195.
I 438,312, No. 18 -nire. 228.

I 7.50, 720, 690 672, 636, 618, .558. 510, 43S. 438, 420, 270, 262, 252,
222 192 168 168,162,162,156.1^6.156,126,120,66,48.
We know of nothiufr nicer .o- better for a trellis for creeping
vines than the above nettinfr. The 12 to 24 inch is .iust the
thintr to train up green pe.as, fastening: the netting to stakes
by means of staples. It the stakes are set in substantially,
one each 12 or 15 feet will answ er. When the peas are stripped
off the stakes, netting: and all can be i oiled up and laid away
until another season. A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

OADANT'S POTODATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE andBETAIL.
See advertisement in another (•diiiinn. litfbd

SYRIAN ITALIAN AND ALBINO

BEES AND QUEENS

One lb, bees. 1 friime of bi-ond, and untested
<iueen, S3,25; 1 untested ((ueen. 75 cts.; 3 untested
(pieens, #1.25; test' d. *L50; h.^brid queen, 35 cents;
bees by the pound. 50 and 75 cts ; frames of brood
same. Write for anv thing not mentioned.
9-10-ll-13d N. K/i'OTTRELIi, Fayette, O.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Addi-ess
(Itfdb HENRY ALLEY", Wenham, Mass.

MUTH'S
HOl^EY-EXTRACTOR,

•«tll.\KE; OLAKS HONEV-JAKS.

TIN BUCKKTS, BRR-HI V KM.
HONEV-SECTIONS, &;«., A:*-.
PKKFECTION COL l>- HI. AST SITIOKERN.

Apply to OHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Uee-Keepers." Itfdb

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

419

Contents of this Number.

Advertising 428

Alsike in Droufjht 141

Apiarv of T. P. Andrews 426

Bees anil Wliisky 440

Bees on Tiill Trees 439

Bees, MovinK 441

Bees, Speed of 431

Beediseuse, Nameless .439

Benson's Letter 426

Blnstetl Hopes 442

Binnlih-hee, Hibernating.. 440

Caliloiniii 433

(^iirniiihins vs. Italians 440

Cases. Doulile tii-r 432

Cases, Sliit;lc tier 432

Cells Not Hatrliini^- 440

Clover, Kcil ami Alsike 427

Oockroaches 4:«

Cottoii, Mrs ■ 442

Counly, importance of 430

Cucunibii s vs. Cockroaches438

Ed^e .The Beveled 441

Editorials 447

Elevation, Effect of 4.31

Foul Brood 440,442.445

Gas, Natural 441

Heads of Grain 437

Hives on Legs 438

Honey vs. Sugar 438

Honey and Eggs 438

Honey by Feeding Sugar. . .437

Mice. Scent of 43«

Molasses-barrels 437

Myself and Neighbors 443

Noles and yueries 440

Overstocked Locality 442

Our Own Apiary 44.5

Patents. Moral 4:!0

Poppleton's Review 423

Potuto-beetles 440

lleports Discouraging 442

Kiports Kncouraging 441

Kolibins' Sale of Honey 4.33

SicUons. Device to Reinove.429
Section-case, Kretchnier's. .436

Smoker , The Bingham 44(>

South, The New 431

Sjiecial Notices 448

Stores CoiiMimed in Cellar, 437
Sui plus .inan's, Compli'd..447

Swarm, A Reduced 440

Swarms, Hiving.. .. 431

Swarming 434

Swarming Out 437

Tobacco Column 445

Trade Secrets 448

T Rail, Kretchmer's 436

T Tins, To Make 435

Whisky and Bees 440

Wintering in Cellar 4.37

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMEES.

FOUNDATION VERY NICE.

The foundation you sent is very nice— or, at least,
the one bo.x we looked into is very tiiie — the nicest
we ever received from you or from any one else.
RANDALiL & Seares.

Glrard, Erie Co., Pa., Apr. 22, 1887.

THE SMOKER JUST THE THING.

The smoker I ordered March 1st arrived April 2d.
It is just the thing I wanted. I tried it this week.
My wife says it makes too much smoke. Accept my
thanks for your promptness. M. A. Joiner.

Waterboro, Ga., Apr. 9, 1887.

THE SMITH PUMP PUT TO A SEVERE TEST.

The Smith force-pump has arrived, and has been
put to the most severe test. 1 am perfectly delight-
ed with the result, as it is a much betterarticle than
1 had any idea could be obtained for so small a sum.
W. B. Dillon, Sec. Coraopolis School-board,

May 11, 1887. Coraopolis, Pa.

THE WHEELBARROW A BEAUTY.

The bill of goods you shipped me came to hand in
due time and in good order. The wheelbarrow is a
beauty — the nicest that ever came to Southwestern
Wisconsin. "'Fables and Allegories" is a "daisy."
All the goods are No. 1. G. L. Hall.

Waldwick, Iowa Co., Wis., Apr. 27, 1887.

I commenced getting Gleanings something over
a year ago. When I saw your Tobacco Column, and
how much you were interesting yourself in it, I de-
termined to quit smoking for one year. I had quit
chewing something over ten years ago. The year
was up some time ago, and I have saved more than
the price of Gle.anings on that. W. S. Confer.

Hemlock, Pa., Apr. 11, 1887.

A PLEASED CUSTOMER.

The bees I received from you, shipped on the 19th,
arrived on the :i6th in magnificent style, and are do-
ing finely so far. E.xpress charges were 82.70. The
extreme care you seem to take in having your bees
reach your customers safely is very commendable,
and I must express my delight in receiving mine so
promptlj- and in such excellent shape, as these are
the flrst in the county. J. N. Coe.

Lincoln, New Mex., Apr. 29, 1887.

A kind word FROM FRIEND STALHAMMER, AWAY
OVER IN SWEDEN.

Your kindness and generosity toward me, in offer-
ing me Gleanings by way of exchange with my
very humble Svensk Bitidning (Swedish Bee Jour-
nal), far exceed any thing 1 could have expected,
but when getting so liberal a proposal I can not but
gratefully accept it.

I suppose I shall never be able to pay a visit to

you, a man not only a pre-eminent bee-keeper, but
also well conversant on any thing pertaing to agri-
culture, gardening, stock and poultry raising, etc.,
and trying to spread lir-oadcast all ovi^r the world
and amongst your fellow-creatures the results of
your experience, ingenuity, and faith, thus giving
us plenty of material and needed help, only because
you are and always will be a true Christian, above
ail. I hope you will kindly excuse my boldness in
sending you my photo. Vour good and kind heart
will also be sure to excuse me in offering you to
kindly accept the two following treatises of mine:
"Theoretical and Practical Matmal of Ree-Keep-
ing," and, "The New Way of ('ultivating Potatoes"
— my own way as well as that of Mr. Terry — the one
copy of the Manual to be forwarded to Mr. T., that
gentleman having already the treatise on potato
culture. I am fully convinced those books have
only a very small value to you, if any; Init T am
sending them as a testimony and token of my es-
teem and gratitude to both of you. I suppose it
will interest Mr. Terry very much to know that his
book is reproduced in my book, and now is trans-
lated into German and spread over all that country.
I beg you to kindly read the preamble of the treat-
ise on potato culture. There you will see the testi-
mony of the great esteem in which I hold you.

H. .1. STALHAMMER.

Gotheborg, Sweden, March 11. 18S7.

[Friend S., it was quite a pleasure to look your
books over, even though we could not read thera;
and it is gratifying to us to know that friend Ter-
ry's teachings have gone outside of our own lan-
guage.]

BEES by the POUND

.^t $x.as.

(jueens nor

Safe arrival and prompt delivery. N<
circulars. 275 colonies to draw from.

Address T. P. ANDREWS,

lid Farina, Fayette €0., Illinois.

I WILL SELL

combs, drawn from wired fdn.,
in metal-cornered frames, well
covered with bees, over two-thirds filled with hy-
brid i<e<(lrd brood, for 7.'ic each; 10 or move fr!)m("S,
20 per cent discount. Also a lew tested Italinn
queens at $1.50 each, one year old.
lid H. P. LANGDON, East Constable, N. Y.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee.
Ind. ; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Smith & Guodell.
Rock Falls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
2122 North Front Street. PhiFa, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas: J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y.; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sous, Mechanic
Fans,"Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander. Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwcll, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes. Waco, McLennan Co.. Texas. W. E. Clark,
Oriskanv, N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J.Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for mmples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied witn 1 50 Oomplimentary and u».«o-
licited testimonials, from as many liee-keepers, in
188;;. We Dunrantre every inch of our I'uniidation eqiinl
to k'rrmple in even/ respert.

CHAS. DADANT A: SON,

3btld Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

420

GLEA]!^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Juke

1 ARISE to say to the resid-
ers of Geeanings that

Doolittle

has concludfd to sell

BEES and QUEENS

during- lOQV at the
following- prices:

One colony bees * 7 00

Five " " 30 00

Ten " '• 50 00

One untested queen 1 00
Three " "3 00

1 untested queen reared
by nat'l swarming. 1 50

Three ditto 3 00

1 tested queen 2 00

3 " " 4 00

1 tested queen reared by
natural swarming-. 3 00

3 ditto 6 00

Tested^queens, 1886 rearing, each 4 00

Extra selected, 3 years old, each 10 00

tS*~Circular free, giving full particulars reg-ard-
ing- the bees, and each class of queens.

Address O. M. D001.I'rTliE,

BORODINO, Onon. Co., N Y.

MY 19TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
tlYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES. QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIES, and APIARIAN SLTPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name and address.
9-lld H. H. BROWN, Light Street, Col. Co., Pa.

(H(l Jielidhlf Hfdflrfiini-ti'fs for
13X3X31S injiuclei or by the I»OXJl\riI>.
Pure Italian Queeus also u specialty. Prices
very low. Instructive circular and price list free.
7-9-lld S. C. PeRkv. Portland, Ionia CO.. Mich.

T^ 111^ KEEPERS' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Tllus-
JOXdXd trated catalofjue, for 1887, FREE. Reduc-
ed prices. Address J03. NYSBWANDEE, Ees Uoines, Iowa.
3tt(U)

4103 LBS. OF HONEY GATHERED BY 40
COLONIES IN 7 DAYS.

We have purchased L C. Root's celebrated breed-
ing stock, which, together with our own, gives us
"the choicest collection of Italiiin bees in the world,
and one that has the

BEST HONEY-PRODUCING RECORD EXTANT.

We will spare a few lull colonies and nuclei con-
taining some very choice breeding queens of this
stock. Wr- make a specialty of rearing only first-
t'laixw Ita.i;.^!! Bees an<l Queens at the

KSriCKEKliOCKZlR BEB-rARnH

G. H. KNIOKEKBOGKEB, Proprietor, S. M. LOOK. Manager.
Our circular for 1887 contains an important letter
(regarding these bees) from L. C. Root, that every
bee-keeper should read. Send for it before order-
ing queens elsewhere. Address

KNICKEKBOCKEK BEE-FARITI,
7tfd l*ine Piaius, Diitclie«t»« Co., N. "V.

MAKE YOUR

-iPRICE LIST STICK.i-

Commf)n circulars are often thrown away with
only a passing thought, and soon forgotten. But
ourjbeautiful, instructive, amusing

^CHROMO^CARDh#-

Will stick. When the articles upon it are explain-
ed, the story will be repeated many times. Bees,
flowers, children, implements, brilliantlj-

PRINTED IN EIGHT COLORS.

Give it to a customer for honey or supplies, and
you will not be forgotten.

Sample package, 10 cts. One sample and price
list of cards, queens, foundation, and other things
useful, sent free. Address J. H. MARTIN,
3tfd Hartford, Wash Co., N. Y.

GITEN AWAY,

We will send tree by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearly sub-
scriber for the AMERICAN APICULTURIST.
Price $1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

7tfd Wenham, Mass.

BEE-KEEPERS' WHEELBARROWS.

Whe(?lliarrows, $4.00; queens, untested, $1.00;
tested, !?3.U0. Bees per pound, f 1.00, and lower as
the season advances. Send for price list. Otl'd

W. S. DORMAN, Mechanicsville, Iowa.

HERE WE ARE AGAIN FOR 1887.

For Sale! Italian Queens

Bred of imported mothers. Bees by the pound,
brood, nucleus, and full colonies. I never had foul
brood. Send for catalogue. €. F. UH1<,
9-lld Mlllersburg, Holmes Co., oKlo.

SI YPPLIESYERY LOW.
^<^ Very nice brood foundation, 38 cts.
per lb. Italian Bees in 10-frame L. hives,
plenty of honey, straight combs, with
quee!i,f5.(i0. Novice extractor, well made. $.5..50. All
supplies correspondingly low. E. Y. PEKKINS,
7tfd Jeffei'Kou, Greene Co., Iowa.

PURE ITALIArpENS

FOR 1887.

Tested - fi.no

Select Tested 1.3.5

Imported, best O.dO

After May 30. Order early, as I shall have only a
limitednumber. Address S. F. HEED,

N. Dorclie^iter, N. H.

Cast) for Beeswax!

Will pay 30c per lb. cash, or 33c in trade for any
quantit.y of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 35c per lb., or 38c for bei<t
selected wax.

Unless .you put your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

THE BEST NO. 2. SECTIONS

Ever sold for the price. Write for samples and par-
ticulars. M. H. HITNT,
!)01d (Near Detroit.) BELL BRANCH, WAYNE CO., MICH.

PIIRFTmarnilFFWS

BRED FROM AN IMPORTED MOTHER,

Sent by mail; safe arrival guaranteed, from April
until October. Tested queens, $1.50; Untested
queens, $1.00; per dozen, $8.00. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, or money refunded. 9-13db

Walter McAVilliams, Griffin. Ga.

BeigtionS.

Nice white poplar, 4-piece all dovetailed, 4^4x4^^
sections. Send for prices.
g-lSdb S. D. BIJEEiIi, Union City, lUioli.

1887

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

421

Fine Premium Italiaii Bees.

My (J 11 eons and bees were awurcletl lli'St preiiiiuui
at tile hite Chenaugo Co. Fair. All interested, send
staiiH)S for sample vi' bees, also for my new price list
and circular to suit the times, and method of rearing-
fine queens. Untested queens, $1.00 tliroii^'h the
season. Tested, $1.50. Mks. OLIVER COLE,

6tfdb Sherburne, Chenanjfo Co., N. Y.

--ilQTJEElSrS.

Untested Italians from choice mother, from May
15, $1.00 each. DAVID STRANG,

9tfdb Lincoln. Lincoln Co., Teun.

irlfi'i'.QDEENS

•EARLY^

01 CHEAP

611db Address W. I*. Davis, Ooodnisiii, IN, C

BEES! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready for spring delivery at 60c to f 1.00 per ib.,
according- to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tl<lb

OJ.II KH h(}STJ-:H, Mt. Vernon, JAnu Co., In.

WYANOOTTES and HOUDANS!

Egg:s for hatching-, fl.50 per sitting; two or more,
$1.00 each; eggs only are cheap; fowls flrst-class.
Also one white Wyandotte cockerel to spare, at
$3.00. JAMfiS EVANS,

lOtfdb Box 89. Schaghticoke, N. Y.

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO.

FOlt PRICE.S ON

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

New Factut'y. Low Prices. Quod Wor),.
34-lldb

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

»«11)ake: oLiASS honey-jaks,

tin buckets, bee-hi vk>,

HONEY-SECTIONS, &:c., &C.
PERFECTION 4 0I<U-BI.AST SITIOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S. — Send lO-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ree-Keepers." Itfdb

HOW TO RAISE COMrHONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. IStfdb

OLIVER FOSTKK, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

ON 30 DAYS' TRIAL.

THIS NEW

I ELASTIC TRUSS

Has a I'ad diirerent froin ail
other.'^. is cup shaiic, witli .Sulf-
.a<ljtisting ball in center, adapts
itself to all pesiUons of llio
body -while the ball inthecup
' presses back the intes-
_ tines just as a person

does with the finger, with Ught pressure the Her-
ri a is held securely (>aT and nipht, and a radical cure
certain. It iseasv, durablt' and chci;). Sent by mail. Cir-
culars tree. ' EliULESTOS TRUSS CO., ChJeago, 111.

l-12db

1887. 17tli Year in Queen-Rearing. 1887.
ITALIAN ANO SYRIAN QUEEN-SEES

AND THEIR CROSSES.

Tested queen in Ai)ril, May, and .lurie 82 00

Untested ' '• 1 (X)

After June 1.5th. tested, $l..i0; unte.'ited, Ihc. each.
Sent by mail, »nd safe arrival guaranteed. Also
nuclei and full colonies. No circulars. Address
579d W. P. Heiidersou, Murfreesboro, Tenn.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham Brood Fdn.,40c. per lb.; extra thin Van-
dervort Fdn., 4.5c. per lb. Wax made into fdn. for lo
and 20c. per lb.

3tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Cooper8\nlle, Mich.

PRIME & GOVE,

BRISTOL,

VERL/IOITT,

-MANUF.VCTUKEKS OF—

Pee - Jieepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shippin^i
Crates a Specialty. Price List and Samples free.
5tfdb.

-HEDDONl^
CmCULAE

NOW EEABT.
ADDRESS JAMES HEDBON,

Itfdb

ATTENTION !

SKCTIONS, BEE-HIVES, II0]\F:V-I«»XI':S,
FKAI?IES, ETC.

LAR(JESr FACTORY IN THE WORLD.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write lor free il-
lustrated Catalogue. O. B. liEIVIS A: CO.,
Itfdb Walertown, Wis.

PEflDIIDe W IK TgE WEST

FOS THE UANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

( HAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICF.

Nice Sections and Foundation. Specialties. A full
line of Supplies alwa.\s on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 22tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

D.%D.*IVT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY. Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

422

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

June

JI0NEY 06MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Boston.— HoJiej/.— We have no chang-es in price of
honey to note from Our last quotations. Our sales
are very slow. Blake & Kipley,

May 23, 1887. 57 Chatham St., Boston.

Chicago. — Honey.— Honey will sell slowly, and in
a small way, from this until fall. A little fancy
white comb brings 12@13 in 1-lb. sections, but it
rang-es chiefly at 10 for g-ood or ordinary offering.
Extracted has met with fair demand during the
past 30 days, and stock here now is very light.
Beeswax, 'Z5. R. A. Burnett,

May 31, 1887. 161 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.— florief/.- There is nothing- new in
the honey market since our last report. Demand
from manufacturers is fair for extracted honey. It
brings 3@.7 on arrival, according to quality. There
is a slow demand for comb honey, and prices are
nominal. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

May 21, 1887. Cincinnati, O.

Ci..EVEi>AND.—Hon6j/.^Choice white, 1-lb. sections,
sells at 12@13: 3-lb., iO@ll. Second quality, white,
1-lb., umn. Buckwheat, 8. E.xtracted, 5®6.
Beeswax.— '^c. A. C. Kendel,

May 21, 1887. 11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Columbus.— Honey.— We quote: Finest white clo-
ver, in 1-lb. sections, 12@14; dark and imperfect.
8@10. Extracted, slow, and sold mostly in small
jell-glasses and square bottles.

May 33, 1887. Earle Clickenger,

Columbus, O.

Detroit.— Honey.— There are no changes in the
honey or beeswax quotations since the 15th of May.

M. H. Hunt,
May 33, 1887. Bell Branch, Mich.

K.4.NS.\s City.— Honey.— The stock of best comb
and extracted honey on this market is getting very
light, but no change in quotations since our last re-
port. There will be very little honey on our market
by the first of June. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

May 23, 1887. Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Ho?iey. — Quotations on honey remain
the same— no change to denote in price or demand.
Yesterday we received our first shipment of new
honey for 1887—1200 lbs. from Arkansas. In this
section, honey promises to V)e about the usual crop.
Low prices have discouraged some of our bee-men,
while others claim it pays as well as any other farm
product.
Beeswax is easier, and Ic. lower.
' May 10, 1887. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

108 and 110 Market St.

IF YOU ARE WANTING

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boxes,

Send 2-€eiit Stamp for Cir<-ular to
6tfdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

First-Glass Hybrid Bees

Address J. C. SEIDEL,

Of the firm of A. F. Staufffer & Co.,
lOtfdb STERLING, ILL..

ITALIAN QXJEENS.

Reared from select mothers. Untested, $1.00;
Tested, $3.00. H. G. FRAITKE:,

&-16db North Manchester, Ind.

CLOSING OUT.

300 Chaff Eclectic hives, used one year, $1.00 each;
with combs and wired frames of fdn., |;1.50; 300 lbs.
fdn., 10.\14y2,30cts.; 100 chaff packing hives, $1.40;
1000 shipping-cases in flat, 7 cts. ; 3000 wood separat-
ors, h X 314 X 17, $2.50; 100 Simplicity section cases,
20 cts.; S. hive bodies and covers, 18 cts.; 3 4-frame
extractors (1 Stanley), large size, $8 and $20. Cash
with order. Address S. B. SEAMAN,

lid Harford Mills, Cortland Co., N. Y.

TTALIAN QUEENS" Purely bred from import-
■*■ FitOM THE ed mothers. Root's prices.

C^/^T T'T^TJT I Have two apiaries. Send
twN«^ LJ 1 JTi 1 for annual price list to
11 12d STAIR & CATHEB, Ashvllle, Ala.

Untested Italian Queens.

Ready June lOth; $1.00 each. After July 1st, 7.5 cts.
each; per half-dozen, $4.00. Tested queens, $1.50
each, lid F. S. MCCLELLAND. New Brighton, Pa.

Pure ItalianIees For Salk

Two-frame nuclei, $3.00; 3-frarae, $3.50. Full col-
ony in A. 1. Root's Simp, hive, $6.00. Each nuclei
and full colony to contain a tested queen and plen-
ty of bees and brood, all on wired L. frames, combs
drawn from fdn. To be shipped in June. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. I shall do by all as I would be
done by. Address

ii'' N. A.' KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.
SPECIAL PRICES

COMB FOUNDATION.

Brood fdn., not less than 15 lbs., per lb., 35c

Thin " " " " 10 " " " 46c

Clark cold-blast smokers, for crate of 5 $2.10

CATALOGUE OF BEE-HIVES, ETC., FREE.

Address R. B. liEAHV,

lltfdb Lock Box 11. Higglnsvllle, Mo.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested queens. $1M each; untested 75c. each; 3
for .$2.00. All bred from select imported mothers.
Bv return mail. 100 3-frame nuclei at $3.00 each,
lltfdb D. a. EDMISTON, ADEIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

^THE GILT EDGE APIARY^

Offers Italian queens from imported mother, cheap.
Write for terms and references. A. P. Stair,
lltfdb Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

NOW ryODR TIME.

UNTESTED QUEENS, SECURED BY NATURAL SWARM-
ING, 6 FOR $5.00, THIS MONTH AND NEXT.

Free Illustrated Price List.
JOHN A. THORNTON, LIMA, JLL

WANTED TO SELL.

100 3-frame nucleus colonies of hybrid bees,

with queens, each $3 50

Two-story Simplicity hives (complete) each — 1 50

Chaff hives (have beeji used some) each 3 00

Highly bred hybrid queens, each 100

414x414 sections (V g-roove) per M 5 00

The photo of my apiary given as a premium on
supplies purchased to the amount of $5.00, cash or-
ders. Will e.xchaiig-e nuclei colonies or ext'd honey
for apiarian supplies, if new.

7tfdb J. M. YOUNG, Rock Bluffs, Nebraska.

Vol. XV.

JUNE 1, 1887.

No. 11

TERMS : $1.00 PER ANNtTM. IN ADVANCE ;
2 Copies foi$1.90; 3for$2.75; 6 tor$4.00;
10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num-
ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffice.

TT ft-h n'hl -i oin o f1 n-n 7 -<? '7 ? f .<^'"^ *" different postoffices, not less
JlioOUjUvl/OfLiyLV l/fU J.O I O. | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BV -| "^^ %f tSrUnf^ers'a'J ^'o'staXiSHs

^. 1. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. bSimd''^!v%T^Z%^^!iT^^

FBIEND POPPLETON'S REVIE^?^/■.

THE "EXPLANATION AND DEFENSE."

^5% EFORE me lies a copy of the Bee -Keeper's
Kji Guide for April, 1886. According to the ta-
^^ bles published in this number, its editor had
■*^ been wintering bees in the cellar only three
winters; and the saving in stores by cellar
wintering was, upon an average, two pounds and
nearly one ounce per colony. I presume some of
my readers are ready to exclaim, " I guess you were
a little wild I Two pounds and one ounce of honey
will not pay four times over the expense of cellar
wintering." Not so fast, my friends. Have .you
any idea what it costs to winter bees in a cellar?
You, Mr. Editor, put it at 2.5 cents per colony, when
you were reporting the Michigan State Convention,
held in Lansing two or three years ago. Well, I'll
tell you, my friends, the conclusion 1 arrived at,
and I reached it in neither a wild nor a careless
manner, but by careful inquiry, by correspondence
and otherwise, and it is this: Bees can be wintered
in a cellar at a cost of three cents per colony! Count-
ing a man's time at one shilling per hour, they can
be carried in and out of a cellar for Z cents per colo-
ny, and the interest upon a cellar or repository will
vary from half a cent' per colony to one and a half
cents. My cellar under my house will hold 100 colo-
nies, and it cost not far from $10.00. The soil is hard
clay, the walls are given a slant, and no stone walls
are needed. Mr. R. L. Taylor has a new cellar un-
der his honey=house. The walls are stoned uj).
The cellar cost #50, (K), antl will hold 2,50 colonies. Mr.
J. H. Robertson has an outdoor cellar made of
boards, and the walls are filled with sawdust. I
think it cost him about $40.00, and I at one time saw
350 colonies inside of it.
After having made the aseertion in regard to tlje

saving of stores by cellar wintering, I then said:
" But, of far greater importance, it is only by the
cellar method that the wintering of bees can ever
be reduced to a perfect system."

With all the care that I took in writing my book,
to have it so worded that readers would be compelled
to understand it, I now see that the above is liable
to be misconstrued. If I understand Mr. Poppleton
he has, I think, misunderstood me upon this point.
By a "perfect system" I mean one that secures
uniform results. Prof. Cook, in his article in the
May 1st issue, covers this point so completely, and
in so few words, that I will quote them. He says;
"Now, why I prefer a cellar is this: If the cellar
is right, we are always safe, providing we look out
for food. With chafl' hives, we are not safe; at
least, it so seems to me, even in the latitude of
Central Ohio. Occasional Ij- a long, severe, unin-
terrupted winter comes, and the bees are swept
away, when those in the cellar are as safe as ever."

Friend Poppleton says: "I do not think that
yourself, or any one else who practices your generT
al system of management, will, as a rule, be suc-
cessful in outdoor wintering." No reasotis are
given for this belief (I wish there had been), and
I have puzzled over it quite a little without being
able to so much as arrive at a guess. 1 have always
worked a tow colonics upon the old plan (the same
as almost everybody works them), and have winter-
ed part of them upon the summer stands and part
in the cellar, and also wintered, upon their summer
stands, part of the colonies worked in the new
way, and I have failed to see that the latter winter-
ed one whit behind the others, whether In the cel-
lar or out of doors; while those worked upon the
" Hutchinson plan " have alwa^^ yiejtjed a greater
profit. Mr, Donane lives 3H miles from here. He
^oes not believe in "contraction" nor "starters

424

GLEANiiNUS 1-N BEE CULTURE.

June

only," nor does he practice "sugar feeding-" in the
fall. He came over a year ago and bought my
empty combs. He hives his swarms on ten L.
combs, and winters his bees in chaff hives. His
percentage of loss the last winter is much greater
than mine, with many weak colonies, while al-
most every colony of mine is " booming." I fail to
see why the cellar method of wintering is any
more essential to success with my methods of man-
agement than with any other method; but, even if
it were, 1 should still adhere to it because it is more
profitable, and, by cellar wintering, stores can be
profitably saved, and more uniform results se-
cured.

In the next paragraph Mr. P. brings up a point
that I had overlooked; viz., that spring protection
will enable us to successfully practice the spread-
ing of brood; and Mr. Doolittle, in the last number,
gives an excellent article on— well, T should call it
contvacting the brood, but I still feel that I have no
desire to change the following, taken from page 14
of "The Production of Comb Honey."

" Judging from my own experience, and the re-
ported experience of others, it is my opinion that
an experienced apiarist, having more time than
colonics, may somotimts, by exercising great cau-
tion, practice to advantage stimulative feeding, or
spreading of the brood, in the spring: but in a very
great majority of cases, if not in all cases, 1 think
it much better to simply see that bees have an
abundance of sealed stores, then pack them up
warmly and let them alone."

I wish to call attention to the words that I have
italicized. If an apiarist has more time than col-
onies, and can get no more colonies, it will be
profitable for him to so manipulate the ones he
possesses as to receive the greatest amount of hon-
ey per colony; but when the question is viewed in
a broader light, viz., that of securing the greatest
amount of honey with the least e.xpenditure of
capital and labor; when we attempt to combine
capital, labor, and the honey-producing area, in the
moxt piofitaJde manner, I believe that the spread-
ing of brood must step down and out.

In regard to separators, I have so many times
given my views to the public that I will not re-
peat them. When my honey takes first premiums
at fairs, and is pronounced by dealers as the " fin-
est," and they " didn't know it was raised without
separators " until T so informed them, why should I
trouble with separators? I have explained, in my
book, their advantages and disadvantages, the con-
ditions under which they are needed, and the
methods necessary to their abandonment.

I have never seen a two-piece section ; but if. as
friend P. says, " it has the good but none of the
bad points " of other sections, I am for it.

Friend P. takes a " square and decided issue "
with me in regard to using empty combs in the
brood-nest when hiving swarms, if we are raising
extracted honey. Candidly, I thought the taking of
surplus, either comb or extracted, from the brood-
apartment was one of the things of the past. It is
much more convenient to have the brood in one
apartment an4 the honey in the other. If Mr. P.
would use no larger brood-chamber than one that
will contain sufficient stores for winter, and de-
sires to winter his beds upon natural stores, I then
see no objection to n«lTig empty com'is in the
brood-nest whrii hiving swarms, in raising ex-
tracted honey; i. e., if the bees will store just as

much honey in the aggregate; but /prefer to have
autumn find the brood-nests nearly free from hon-
ey, because I can then fill them with sugar syrup
at a profit, and feel certain that the bees have the
best of food for winter. I will admit, that, in rais-
ing extracted honey, the profits arising from win-
tering bees upon sugar are very slight— not suffi-
cient, perhaps, to be of any great account; but the
safety attending the use of sugar for winter stores
is very great; and, in raising cumh honey, the
profits are considerable.

In regard to Italians vs. blacks, 1 have noticed
this: When the honey resources are poor, and
much work must be done to get any honey, the
Italians are superior, and will store the most hon-
ey; but in the '"short, sharp flows of honey," which
is the way we get most of our surplus here at the
North, the simon-pure blacks have no superiors.
It is surplus honey that we are utter, and I have
always secured just as much surplus from the
blacks as from the Italians, and. as explained in my
book, some of the manipulations are much more
easily performed and the honey has a finer ap-
pearance.

The references to the pages of the A. B. J. should
read " for 18S4," instead of 188*5.

Mr. P. has my sincere thanks for the fair and
kindly manner in which he has criticised.

And now, friend Root, a few words in regard to
your editorial remarks on page 408.

I do not think there is an idea in the book that
could be made clearer b>' using an engraving.
When reading it, was there any thing you failed to
understand, that a cut would have made plain?
If there is any obscurity that pictures will clear
away, I hope the friends will point it out, and en-
gravings shall be forthcoming in the first re-issue;
but if pictures are not needed, why use them?

And now about the price being too high. I hope
I may be pardoned for the apparent egotism with
which I explain its cost. The book contains 45
pages of reading-matter, they being about 3x4
inches in size, aside from the margin. To write
these pages I spent one whole month, writing
scarcely two pages a day. Before writing any
thing I tried to be certain that nij' facts were facts,
in fact; then I set to work to give them in the few-
est words possible. I wrote and re-wrote, and re-
modeled sentences and paragraphs over and over
again, until I felt that there was no redundancy,
no froth, and that my readers must understand me;
and having worked in this manner, I presume you
well know, friend Root, how pleasant it is to have
Dr. A. B. Mason say: " You just more than boiled
it down, didn't you?" and Mr. G. W. Alves say,
" The clearness with which the author states his
ideas, together with his enthusiasm, raises his per-
formance at times to sotne degree of brilliancy; "
and Prof. Cook says, " This book shows him at his
best," etc. I could have left the book at twice its
size with one-half the labor. To condense is work.
I agree with Mr. R. L. Taylor, that the value of a
book or paper does not dei)end upon the number
of words it contains, but rather upon the informa-
tion; and if you, friend Root, would be willing to
pay double price to have a book well illustrated,
as a matter of saving in time, why not, for the same
reason, pay at least an equal price for one that is
"boiled down"? How many times have I laid
down a bee. paper with the thought, " All the in-
formation that paper contains might have been

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

425

printed upon one (Jtifjc*, and I would g-ive more for
the paper if the information were all on one page,
and that tliat were all there was to it, as I should
then have been spared wading' through the froth."
Have you never felt this way? Am I not right?

Well, when it came to publishing, the only first-
class publishing house near here was at Flint, and
that one was overburdened with work, and could
work in a " form " only occasionally, and I had to go
to Flint, and go to Flint, for another montli, until
it almost seemed as though 1 lived there. Then the
getting-up of that cover, which has received so
many compliments, was an experiment, or, rather,
the result of a good many e.xperiments; but then 1
put my whole heart into the work, spared neither
time nor expense, used new type and the best of
paper, and was determined that the book should be
a little typographical ticin; and how I did enjoy the
work! but when it was finished, and I had figured
up the cost, I found that T could not sell the book
at less than 25 cts. and have a fair profit left. But
1 will say this much: If any purchaser is dissatis-
fied, and thinks the book is not worth the money, he
may return it, unsoiled, and I will cheerfully re-
fund the money.

I am more than willing to give friend Doolitlle,
or any one, all the credit that belongs to him; and
if having given him credit in " two places " is not
suflScient, I will continue to do so until everybody
is satisfied. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., May 20, 1887.

Friend IL, if you think there is nothine:
in your book that can be made clearer by
the use of engraving's, then you and I will
have to agi-ee to disagree. On page 12 you
speak of one section of Mr. Ileddon's hive.
I would l>y all means show what said section
looks like; and then under the picture I
woidd name it, '' One Section of Mr. Hed-
don's Hive." I like pictures, and I always
want a title to them— something to tell
what the pictui-e is intended to represent or
explain. It always vexes me wlien I am
compelled to read a couple of pages to tell
what the pictures in any book are intended
for. On the next page yon speak of spring
protection, and mention a rim 2x3 feet in
size by 18 inches deep, made of cheap thin
lumber. Well, it requires a mental effort on
my part to build up in imagination some-
thing 2 X ;; feet in size and 18 inches deep.
In the first place, I have to study over the
matter somewhat to know whether you
mean a box of the above dimensions, with-
out top or bottom, or whether it is some-
thing else. You say, again, its front edges
should rest on the end of a little bridge. 1
would have a i)icture of said bridge. A few
lines further you speak of a shade-board.
Show us a picture of the shade-board also.
A while ago Mr. Heddon and myself wrote
a column or more in regard to a misunder-
standing about the flat cover of liis hives.
When I came to see a picture of the cover,
however, it was as plain as could be. He
had one thing in mind, and I another. If I
am correct, some of the rest of the brethren
dipped into our controversy too, all for the
want of a picture. On page 14, you say. l)y
tacking a strip across the two boards used
for sides of the rim, they maybe united and
used for a shade-board. I should say, by all

means give a picture of said shade-board,
put together as you describe. I can not
even conjecture now what it would look^like.

It is not worth while for me to go through
the whole book in just that way; but I
think I should want at least a cut for every
page. These cuts cost money, of course,
and it re(iuires tlie i)ersonal supervision of
the author of the book to get the engraver
to understand exactly what the writer has
in mind. But, suppose it does— what of
that y And now to the other point. You
say your time on the book amounted to so
miich that you could not afford to sell it
for less than 2.5 cents. I know a great many
people differ with me right here. But I
presume no one will object if I again tell
the w.ay I feel about such things. In de-
ciding what to sell a book for. I would not
pay any attention to what it cost. I woidd
put it like this : What will ijeople be will-
ing to pay for the book, comparing it with
other similar books V Last summer a man
sold me some pears. I tried to pour them
into our own bushel boxes; but his bush-
els were so large! I couldn't get them in.
I asked him if he was not giving too many
pears for a bushel. He said he always lik-
ed to give good measure in every thing.
There may be extremes in this, but I think
it is a pretty good plan to go on.

There are three things we sell that people
are always pleased with. In fact, this has
been so invariably the rule in yenrs back,
that we send any one of these three things to
anybody, without pay. The reas<;n is, be-
cause we give so much for the money, that
even a dishonest man feels he has got a bar-
gain, and remits with a " thank you."' The
three things are, the ABC book, the cold-
blast smoker, and Gleanings. Practically
speaking, nobody ever has to be dunned to
get him to pay up for these three. Where
you say you will return the money to any-
body who is dissatisfied, we come practically
on to the same ground ; for after a man has
read the book througli, you give him his
money back, providing he" simply pays post-
age. Now, 1 do not mean by the above that
one is to continue selling a book he has put
out, at a price that will not pay cost. I
mean simply this : Give good measure com-
pared with what the world usually gives in
a book, and the large sales that \vill result
from so doing will eventually pay you a bet-
ter profit than the other way with smaller
sales. The book is surely valuable. It is
l)oiled down in the way you state ; but if, in
addition to this, you could have made the
pages attractive with nice pictures, right in
line Mith the valuable suggestions on every
page, the book would have started out with
a great boom, and this boom could be kept
up by additions in the way of an appendix
or otherwise, as fast as improvements come
up.

I have taken some space for these sugges-
tions, becausf^ I know they will be valuable
to many of our book-makers. I have pub-
lished books that have been quite a success,
and I have also published some that have
never realized a tenth of the money put out
upon them. I was thinking a day or two
ago. that if I ever felt called upon to write

426

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

anotliei- book it should be good measure,
full of pictures, and I would lay ray plans
for a new edition, with additions just as
fast as the book began to get the least bi t
stale or out of date.

OUR p. BENSON LETTER.

HIVIN JENNY'S SWARM.

fS^ HE summer Jo Stutl bilt his 2 story hen house,
I)" 1 hot day Jenny Hutehisen see a swarm of
s bees a cummin lickity brindle. rite strate for
thair house. It so happend that day that she
was all alone and not a sole at home but her.
Jenny's 1 a them g-irls whitch aint afeerd a. nothin
if she doant git flustered, and the 1st thot whitch
cum into her hed, as she shet her teeth 2g-ether,
was " Them air bees is mine." The bees was a slow-
in up sum, and a k-nda sailin roun & roun like, and
Jenny diddent no much about bees but she heerd
Carry Davis say that if you made a big noise so the
bees cooddent hear the king, thade settel. So she
just put both hands onto her waist, settled herself
back a little, shut her ize Vi open, opened her mouth
to its fool curapass, and let out sitch a yell yuda
thot it was 25 locomotives «& a wild Sue injun. That
started out the Wilsons whitch jined farms with the
Hutchasens. That was before Jack was married,
and he was a running the farm that yeer on ac-
count of his father had fell and unjointed his thie
bone. So when Jack heer Jenny a screechin and a
screemin like the injuns was a scalpin of her, he
made for his gun, thinkin they must be burglers to
Hutchasens. Mary cum a tarin acrost the paster
with a tin pale & a tirky egg into it, whitch she hed
bin huntin tirky nests. Sid see Jack git his gun, so
she called the dogs & followed, and Em she got the
ax & cum pirty neer outrunnin them all. The 4 got
there pirty much together, Mary's pale pirty well
painted over the inside with the yallow of the tirky

A. WHOOPIN AND

egg aod they found Jenny a hootin away as loud as
ever, standin right into the middle of the yard, her
ize kinda sot like. " Whair is he V " sez Jack. Sez
Mary " Whair's the lire ?" se;^ she. Jenny wuzzent
a goin to take no chances, and if noise was a goin to
make them bees settel she woodent risk stoiipin.
Besides she was encurridged by seein sum of the
bees begio to lite oato ^ Jinj. So she never let up a

minnit onto the hoopin & hoUerin but jest jirked
her hed towards where the bees was. Then thay
noad what was the matter. Mary diddent waist enny
time a considerin, but turned her tin pale upsidown
and took a stone & went to poundin for deer life,
the tirky egg a streemin down her dress. Em sez
to Jenny, sez she "Shut yure big mouth and get
sum pans and things. Thattle bring em down quick-
ernshootin." "Will it?" sez Jenny, and then she
tore into the house like mad and grahbed up the tin
pale, the tongs, the dish pan, and a pan of sower
milk a standin onto the table, which she delibertly
upset the milk onto the middle of the floor, whitch
she mite jistaswell throad it out door, but then
Jenny was flustered. P. Benson, A. B. S.

{To be konkloodcd.)

T. P. ANDREWS' APIARY.

MORE ABOUT IT.

T T is seventeen years since 1 became interested
/aP in bee culture, through the publications of H.
^t A. King, whose hive, the American, I adopted
-*■ and used for a few years. When I had increas-
ed up to about 80 colonies 1 transferred all my
combs into the standard L. frame, and have used it
since, exclusively. My main honey-crop has been
gathered from tickseed (coreopsis), though usual-
ly called Spanish needle. I have never had any sur-
plus from clover or basswood here, the absence of
which has caused our annual honey-crop to average
only moderate, as compared with more favored lo-
calities. Our bees have shown but little disposition
to swarm, even when run for comb honey.

During the honey-yield this fall I had my bees, 300
colonies, all at home. I had 130 hives out about
four miles; but about the middle of August, just
before the coreopsis bloomed, the drought had be-
come much more severe at my out apiary than at
home, where we had had some local showers. I ac-
cordingly moved the bees home; notwithstanding,
there were 300 or 400 more colonies owned within
about 2 miles of my apiary. With 600 or 700 colonies
in this locality I hoped to be able to throw some
light on the question of overstocking, but I am not
sure that I have reached any definite results. My
honey-crop, mostly extracted, does not exceed 20
lbs. to the colony, fall count. That looks like over-
stocking. But, on the other hand, at some points a
few miles away, bees have done no better than
here; while at other places near the timber, where
they had a run of honey-dew during June and July,
bees have secured a larger crop.

Tn regard to the picture which appeared in
Gleanings, page 14, perhaps I should explain
that the apiary is arranged in squares of 10 hives
each, with broad alleys running each way. The al-
leys run east and west. The view was taken from
the south, and does not show very well in the pic-
ture. The smaller building on the left is my honey-
house, where the extracting is done, and the sur-
plus combs are stored when removed from the
hives. The larger building is t\ie shop where I man-
ufacture and store my hives. The absence of large
trees is due to the fact that, when I bought this 10-
acre field, adjoining town, three years ago, there
was not a tree on it. I have put up the buildings,
but have to wait for the tvees to grow.

J'arina, lU, T. P. Andrews.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

427

RED CLOVER COMING UP MTHERE AL-
SIKE HAS BEEN SOWN.

FRIEND MUTH SUBMITS TO U^S SUMK COKBfiSPOND-
ENCE ON THE SUBJECT.

fRlEND ROOT:— It happens once in a while in
business, that an unpleasant feature turns
up, even between two well-meaning men. A
hasty conclusion, to which all of us are sub-
ject, is often the sole reason for an ill feeling-
and an unpleasant controversy. The object of this
letter is to enlig-hten some of our friends on the
subject of alsike- clover seed. Wherever I am
wrong, I will stand corrected.

A few years ago you sold to our friend Demaree
some alsike-clover seed, which, according to his
statement, turned out to be red clover. I believe
that every word friend D. said in the matter was
the whole truth and nothing but the truth, to the
best of his judgment. You claimed that the seed
sent was alsike. 1 can understand that your clerks
may have made a mistake, for mistakes are made
by the best of us, and why not by our clerks? But
I can not see why a farmer, being used to sowing
red-clover seed, would sow it for alsike, or vice versa,
without knowing the difference, as there is such a
great difference in the looks and the size of the
seed.

Again, I can not comprehend why that farmer
should not remember, the following season, wheth-
er the seed in question had the appearance of red-
clover seed, or whether it had not. Yourself and
friend Demaree will find my article interesting, 1
believe, as I have just now a case exactly like yours,
with the only difference that 1 can prove my side of
the case.

In February, 188.5, we sold to O. A. Cory, Frank-
fort, O., 1^4 bushels of alsike-clover seed. My son
put up the seed, and remembers exactly of putting
it up for friend (_'ory, because it was the rest of the
alsike seed we had purchased in the spring of IHHi.
We bad new seed in already, but closed out to our
friend Cory the tail end of the old seed. This fact
serves us now as the best reminder that we shipped,
to O. A. Cory, seed which we had bought and sold
for alsike, which looked like alsike seed, and which
we would hereafter buy again for alsike seed.

.June2, IHS6, Mr. Cory wrote me that the seed 1
had sent him in the spring of 188.5 had proved to be
red-clover seed, that he had sown the seed himself
on the field of a neighbor- who had now a large field
thickly set with red clover, but that he (Cory) was
minus the value of his money sent me, and that I
should refund part of the money.

Now, I will give you a copy of my letter, and his
reply:

Friend Ciiry: — Your favor is at hand, and contents
noted. To-day's mail brings you two papers of clo-
ver seed. The paper I. contains alsike seed; II.,
red-clover seed. The seeds are so different in ap-
pearance that no mistake should be made between
them. However, neither you nor I am as infallible
as the pope, but each one of us means fair business,
I believe. Now, as you sowed the seed yourself,
you can"t help but i-emember whether it resembled
the alsike or the red-clover seed, mailed and marked
for you to-day. If you say that the seed looked like
the sample mailed you in paper II., then one of our
young men made a mistake, for which I am liable,
and we shall credit your account with $6.00.
Waiting for your reply we are, etc.,
June 12, 1886. Chas. P. Muth.

COPY OF CORY'S REPLY.

Dear Sir:— Yours of June 12th is at hand. In an-
swer to your questions, I will say, first, the seed

was not a green nor a bright yellow, as your sample
of red clover sent me, but was quite dark, as if it
had lain on thf^ ground too long before thrashing,
and was about five-eighths the size of your sample,
and more than twice as large as the alsike got of
you this spring; second, the sample of clover sent
you is what grew from the seed you sent me, as
sure as there is day and night. I believe I make it
explicit this time. Remember, I don't question
your integrity. O. A. Cory.

Frankfort, O., June 1.5, 1886.

Vou will notice that our friend Cory does not an-
swer my questions as direct as would have been
desirable. He sent me afterward an order for some
goods, and stated that his clover measured .5 feet 3'/^
inches. I wrote him, July 34, 1886, as follows:

FrUnd Corj/-'— Inclosed find invoice and bill of
lading. I have seen, more than once, alsike 4'/^ ft.
high. It grows longer than "sapling" or "Eng-
lish " clover, but its stems are more slender. We
therefore recommend you to sow timothy with it.eo
as to have something to lean against. You never
saw red clover 4H to 5 feet high, as you now say
your alsike is (5 ft. 3'4 inches). Seed is taken from
the first crop. You can thrash it, and find the straw
as acceptable food to your stock as the first crop of
red clover. My son remembers most positively
that \hc seed we sent you finished our lot of alsike
of the previous season. So we are sure that it was
alsike seed we sent you. I am certain that you
would have told me, in reply to a former question,
"The seed I sowed looked like red-clover seed," if
such had been the case. Yo\i did not say so, because
you are an honest man, and you really thought that
yours was red clover. Alsike is a hybrid, and may
not grow every time alike. Our controvers.v throws
some light on an unpleasant experience between
two friends— brother Root and brother Demaree.
The latter had bought alsike seed of Root, and
claimed also that it was red-clover seed which grew
up. I shall accommodate both friends by writing
them our experience, and I really believe that Mr.
Root was no more to blame in theirs than 1 am in
our transaction. It is the h.\ brid in the clover
which causes the variety of growth. C. F. MuTii.

Now I must let follow, for a better understanding,
friend Cory's letter of July ;{Oth, and a copy of my
reply.

Mr. ('. F. Mntli :—\a.va surprised to find a man of
your intelligence and experience making the state-
ment that alsike clover is of much larger growth
than red or English. My father was one of the first
to introduce it in this country, about 25 .years ago,
and discarded it on account of the high price of
seed and its small growth, not being desirable for
any thing else than pasture for the fanner, of
A\'hich it makes abundance, if pastured judiciously,
which also improves its bloom. I am surprised,
also, that it so lately produces a large red bloom,
and that the stalks have reached the prodigious size
of a common pen-holder, for I had always looked at
it as possessing many of the characteristics of white
clover. If, from your statement, the largest clover
is the best proof of its being the genuine alsike,
then what you sold me for alsike two years ago was
no alsike, "and I was fooled again: but I must say
that is the way I want to be fooled, for it filled the
design for which its purchase was intended. Will
say, further, that its maximum growth did not ex-
ceed 15 inches, and the ground was of alluvial soil,
none better; and the stems were not so fine as
white clover, but not large like our common red. or
sapling either. But in reading your very e.xplicit
letter, I am reminded that the clover seed you sent
me was a "h.vbrid." Now, that makes all things
plain. Am I justified in buj'ing, and you in selling
me hybrid seed for pure alsike'r If you think it
just, then I prefer to purchase a cheaper kind, and
it may happen to prove as satisfactory for my pur-
pose as any — 1 am sure as well, or better, than the
pronounced hvbrid. O. A. Cory.

Chillicothe, O., July 30, 188T.

COPY OF my last LETTER TO CORY.

Deitr .Si'r .-—Inclosed please find receipt. Accept
tlianks. 1 have read your letter, and am surprised
at the animus. I am positive in telling you that
the alsike seed we sent you looked like alsike ex-
actly, and not a bit like red-clover seed. I. shall buy
again for alsike seed such as we have sent you.
The difference in the looks of the seed is too great

428

(iLEANlWGS IJSJ BEE CULTURE.

June

to be overlooked by an experienced hand. You
Itmnr that the seed you sowed did not look like red
clover, and weknoiv that the seed we sent you looked
like alsike seed. Both of our statements are truth-
ful. This matter will not create hard feelings be-
tween us, but it should convince us that, if your
statement is correct, tall and low clover is raised
from the alsike seed; and we know (and if we don't
we ought to know) that alsike is a hybrid plant.
We have raised alsike clover for several years, and
it was taller than red clover every time. A friend
on the River Road, within two miles of our city lim-
its, had alsike clover 4^ feet long. He invited me
to come down and see the bees "swarm" on it,
which I did. Will you tell me now that your bees,
this summer, did notfeed on the clover in question ?
And will you tell rae that you ever saw red clover
as tall as your alsike of this summer, which you say
is 5 ft. 3'/2 inches long- ? Reading: over your letter
once more, I notice that yon may sell the seed of
that clover in question for alsike. This looks like
an exhibition of g-ood sense, for I verily believe it
to be alsikeclover seed. Please send nie a sample
of the seed, when I will make you an offer for the
lot. C. F. MUTH.

Cincinnati, O., July 31, 1886.

Friend Muth, I can not snggest any good
explanation for the difficulty between you
and your customer. I will, however, say
this, that quite a good many have complain-
ed that red clover came up when they sowed
;ilsike seed ; and my opinion is, that the red
clover had been in the soil, and, owing to
some accidental ccmditions that were just
right for its germination, it started vigor-
ously, while for some other reason, perhaps
accidental, tlie alsike did not start as freely.
I suggested the above explanation to friend
Demaree, but he rejected it rather vehe-
mently. A neighbor of ours sowed alsike a
number of years ago. and it did not seem to
amount to any thing; but several years aft-
erward, r can" not how tell just how many,
l)y accident the groiuid was plowed up arid
every thing hapjiened to be especially favor-
able for the germination of this alsike seed,
and lie got an excellent stand — better than
is often secured when we do our best. Tlie
same thing has happened a good many
times with red clover.

The seed of alsike is so unlike the seed of
red clover that I do not see how anybc^ly
who has had any experience at all with the
two clovers could ever make a blunder in
sowing the seed. The seed of red clover is
so much larger it can be easily sifted out
•with almost any ordinary sieve. There is
no need of any admixture ever being found
in the market. We have just purchased the
best mill that can be found, for separating
clover-seeds. This mill is to be placed in
the basement of our new factory, and it is
to be run by power. By means of it we ex-
pect to be able to give pure clean seed, of
any of the clovers in use by bee-men.

i am afraid friend C. did not exactly un-
derstand your meaning when you said that
alsike is "a hybrid ; that is, it is said to be a
cross between the white and red clover.
Now, although it is a common thing for hy-
brid plants and animals to revert to one or
the other'original parents, I hardly believe
alsike is guilty of such a trick, for tlie reason
that^jit has been for so many years an estalj-
lished variety of clover, and it is not given
to sporting any more (so far as I can discov-
er) or perhaps not as much, as different
kinclfj of large red clover. Perhaps Prof.
Beal or Prof. Cook will be so kind as to give
us a hint on this rnatter. I should very

much like them to say whether they consid-
er my position on the question a right one.
I have never seen alsike so tall as jou men-
tion ; l)ut on very rich ground I have seen it
a tangled mass of vines, perhaps fully five
feet in length.

ADVEBTISING; MTTELY IT PAYS,
WHY IT DOES NOT PAY.

AND

BEE-JOURNALS " REDOLENT OP WAX AND SAW-
DUST," ETC.

J^EAR BRO.;ROOT:-Some thinjrs in Glean-
,'4c| iNGS sugg-est a few thougrhts. and this hap-
1^ pens often and always: but I seldom get so
'■^"^ far as to put pen to paper to give you the
benefit, or to bother you, as t he case may be.
I do not report progress in business or personal
matters, as my success has not been remarkable,
.but moderately fair. J have built up a fine apiary,
in which I have great satisfaction, but have not es-
tablished a trade or a name that extends very far.
Here comes up the question of advertising. I have
not advertised much, and I might say, as some do,
that advertising does not pay. We have advertis-
ed in our county papers, perhaps ten dollars'
worth, and I know of only two customers that we
got thereby— two or three dollars' worth of honey
sold, and more than half of thp.t to the printers. We
advertised in Gleanings about fifteen dollai-g, I be-
lieve, besides ten pounds of paper with printed
heading, and some printed postal cards, the in-
come of which is a continuous flow of circulars and
price lists from those who have bees and supplies
to sell, and very few inquiries from an.v who wish
to buy. Our sales of such wares as we deal in have
been to men near by whom we know personally,
who visit us, and whom we visit, and who have not
known of our advertising. Now, I think it unjust
and foolish to turn round and blame and abuse
the publisher for this. The fact is, we did not ad-
vertise enough. It is not those who make a sudden
and spasmodic appearance in print that get hold of
the attention of the public, and keep it, and in-
crease and extend their business, and make ad-
vertising pay. It is those who follow up the fickle
public, and take them by the button-hole by judi-
cious advertising from month to month, who make
their names and business familiar as household
words; and if they are reliable, prompt, and pro-
gressive, those who are attracted to them by the
printers' aid will stay with them on account of
their own worthiness; and if not — not.

It may have been an error, but I decided, soon
after coming to this place, that I could more profita-
bly devote my energy to building up a strong and
good apiary, and the production of honey, than to
attempt much in the wa> of selling queens, bees,
and supplies, though had I been associated with a
thorough business man instead of a professional
man, things might have taken another turn.

Here follows the question of bee-journals as con-
nected with the supply-business, or wholly sepa-
rate from it. This conies up once in awhile, and I
have seen some publications that harped upon it
continually, in a very unlovely and unhappy
strain. T do not think there are many bee-papers
in our country that are thus entirely disconnected,
nor do T think there is any thing particularly mer-
itorious in such a position, or anything unfair in
the opposite. I look at it from this point; It

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

429

seems to me a line thing for a man in the supply-
business to ptiblisli a ])rice list, and a journal too, if
he is able; and it usuallj' comes to pass in that way,
though some who have undertaken to issue a bee-
paper apart from the supply-business have found it
necessary to add that also, and to do the very thing
they had so much condemned in others. 1 do not
believe that the great multitude of bee-keepers And
fault with such arrangements. It is, as I think,
chiefly some publishers, or their sj^npathctic
friends, who complain; and I hope I am not un-
charitable in attributing to them an envious spirit.

Other things being equal, the bee-keepers pre-
fer a paper that comes to them all redolent of wax
and sawdust, of honey and the honey-comb, echo-
ing the clang and buzz of the planer, the saw, and
the anvil, the throb and jar of the press, the stir of
men and women at work, and the hum of happy
bees, and that which ennobles the whole, a voice
of daily prayer and praise, and counsel and encour-
agement in general business, and in all that af-
fects our homes and social life, in virtue and piety
a helper and a guide. I say, the people, the men
and women, the boys and girls, prefer such a pa-
per and love it, while few, comparatively, would
have any thing like the same interest in articles
of a more impersonal style, however scientific and
correct and useful, and perhaps rather theoretical
than practical. D. F. Savage.

Casky, Ky., Feb. 7, 1S87.

A DEVICE FOR REMOVING SECTIONS
FROM -WIDE FRAMES.

HOW OUR CALIt-ORNIA FHIEND WM. MUTH-RAS-

MUSSEN DOES IT.

f^ HE description and picture in April Gi.ean-
§)'' iNGS, of Dr. Miller's method of removing
< sections from the T super, as well as the
same description which I had previously
read in his own book, but did not quite un-
derstand until now, lead me to send you an article
which I wrote for the Pacific Rural Press nearly two
years ago, describing my device for removing sec-
tions from wide frames. As many bee-keepers, no
doubt, like mj^self, are using wide frames, and,
having once invested in them and got used to
them, do not care or feel able to change for what
may or may not be a better arrangement, perhaps
my device may be of interest and usefulness to
them. You will notice that ray device operates
very much like that of Dr. Miller's, only that the
sections must be taken off before the wide frame
can be removed. The only objection 1 find to it is,
that the space between the guide-back and the
nearest upright occasionally gets clogged with wax
or propolis. Instead of hinging the uprights to
the bottom-board, as mentioned in the article, to
facilitate cleaning, the guide-back with guide-posts
attached might be made removable for this purpose.
Against wide frames, as got from you, I have on-
ly this objection — that they are not exact, being
generally too large, and leave too much space for
propolizing. In many there is as much as one-
eight to three-sixteenths of an inch space between
the under side of the top-bar and the top of the
upper tier of sections. Next winter I shall over-
haul them all and form them over a block of just
the size of six sections, with merely play enough to
insert and remove the sections without crowding.

Tn favor of wide frames, I must say that, after
using them for five or six years, and gradually in-
creasing their number, until I now have about 700,
I have yet to find the first cell of brood in any sec-
tion placed in a wide frame, and 1 do not think I
could find one cell with pollen in 1000 sections. I
use no honey-board, but simply have a bee-space
between the brood-frames and wide-frames. I use
full sheets of worker fdn. in the sections, and I
find that it pays me, as my combs are perfect,
plump, and full weight; whereas the first year'
when I used only narrow starters, nearly every
comb fell 3 to 4 oz. short of a pound.

Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

Independence, Cai., Apr. 18. 1887.

Below we give the article referred to:

One of the difficulties in the production of comb
honey is to get the sections out of the wide frames
without injury, and with as little loss of time as
possible, to prevent the bees from uncapping the
cells, which they will do if they are given time
enough. If the separators and the wide frames
could be made so exact that the former could clasp
the latter and keep their place without falling off,
the separators might be removed and the bees
brushed off before they had time to do any harm.
But such accuracy seems to be out of the (juestion;
besides, separators are now made of such thin,
flimsy material that the turned-over ends have no
strength in them, and it therefore becomes neces-
sary to nail them permanentlj' to the frames. This
increases the difficulty of removing the sections,
and to obviate this difficulty 1 have devised, and all
through the present season used, the following
implement, as shown in the engraving:

MUTH-K.\SiMUSSEN'S DEVlCi;.

Two boards, I'Z'i inches long, S's inches wide and
Ji inch thick, and one board of the same length and
width, but flre-eighths of an inch thick, form the
uprights with the thick board in the middle, and
spaced so that they will slip easily through the
frame, between and outside of the separatbrs.
They are joined together and held in place at each
end'by a strip ^i inch thick, I's inches wide, and S%
inches long, let into the uprights, flush with the
bottom.

A one-inch dressed board, 16\i inches long and
nine inches wide, is provided with two strong
cleats underneath, and to one edge is nailed a thin
board, which forms the guide-back, and projects
three-eighths of an inch above the uprights. To this
back, and coming even with its top edge, arc fast-
ened two upright guide-posts, five-eighths by sev-
en-eighths of an inch thick, the narrow side nailed
to the board. To the two outside uprights, even
with their bottom edge, and projecting inward, are
nailed two strips of ordinary frame-material (not
shown in the engraving). By these strips the up-
rights are fastened, with nails or screws, to the one-
inch board in such a position that, when a wide
frame is laid on top of the uprights, the bottom bar
of the frame will slip easily down between the
guide-back and the nearest upright.

TO USE THE IMPr^EMENT.

First brush off all the bees you can, trim off any
comb or honey sticking under the bottom of the
frame, again lirush off the bees that have come out
from under the separators, then lay the frame
down on the uprights, separators downward, bot-
tom of frame between the two guide-posts, and
snug against the guide-back. Now press on the

4a0

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

corners of the frame, alternating' from the bottom
corners to tbe top corners, and the frame will sink
down and out of the way until the separators strike
the two connectinfj- strips at the ends of the up-
rights, and leave the sections lyinfr free on top of
the uprii/lits, when they may be quickly picked up
with tlie flnt;ers arid any bees remaining- on the un-
d<!•^ide trri;shed off And here let me say, in par-
enthesis, i hat for hrushinfj- bees nothing is better
than a single large featlier from the wing of an
eHgie or a vulture, the shaft of the feather insert-
ed in a short piece of hroom-handle, which makes it
convenient to manipulate, and prevents the feath-
er from l)eing l)lown away and lost.

TO REMOVE THE WIDE FRAMES.

Place the thumbs on top of the guide-posts, and,
with the other fingers grasping the side pieces of
the frame, lift it out of its place.

To facilitate cleaning the implement the up-
i-ights might be hinged at the front and fastened
with two iron pins at the back, but would then re-
quire a substantial bottom (instead of the two
pieces of frame-material above mentioned) to pre-
vent them from getting out of shape.

The device with the above dimensions is for wide
frames holding " Simplicity " sections, as used in
the " three-quarter Langstroth " hive. By making
the implement one fourth longer it will answer for
the standard Langstroth frame.

Independence, Cal. Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

THE IMPOETANCE OF GIVING YOUR
COUNTY.

A I^ITTLE STORY FROM REAL, LIFE.

TF the friends who are so careless and
M heedless as to send orders without giv-
^t ing their county, as well as town and
-*- State, could see this thing as we see it,
it seems to me they would make the
dust fly until they could get the name of the
county in which they live, printed on their
stationery. Let me give you one illustra-
tion among many. A neighbor of ours pur-
chased our forty-horse-power engine, and
told us to load it on the cars and he would
send directions for shipping. When the di-
rections came they were simply " Osceola
Junction, Michigan.'" and nothing further.
Now, the Postal Guide, the railroad guides,
Bradstreet's Directory, and, in fact, every
thing we could hunt up on the subject, made
no mention whatever of such a town as Os-
ceola Junction ; and in despair we started
the car containing the engine, hoping that,
when it got into the vicinity of Michigan,
somebody would know where Osceola Junc-
tion was. Very soon, however, came back a
telegram, saying the engine was stopped un-
til the county could be given. Meanwhile
the owner of the engine had loaded up his
household goods and marked them the same
address he gave us, while he went forward
to make arrangements for setting up his
new sawmill in the town of Osceola Juno
tion. We could not send him any bill of
lading, because we did not know \vhere his
postoflfice was; but we finally found (from
the railroad guide) there was a town called
Osceola, in Houghton Co., Michigan ; but it
is a new town, and tliere is no postoffice es-
tablished there. To make sure, we wrote to
the two nearest postoffices. Pretty soon came
a telegram from our friend. But even this
telegram did not tell us the county either,
and it was started from a point different
from any of the three heretofoie tried. Fi-
nally our friend was obliged to take an ex-
pensive trip frona the center of Michigan

back to Medina, to find out where his engine
and goods had gone to, only to learn that
they had gone away up into the northwest-
ern part of the State of Michigan, in the
Grand Traverse region, while Osceola Junc-
tion is really in the central part of the State.
It will probably cost him hundreds of dol-
lars before he gets his stuff where he wants
it. and gets his sawmill started — all for the
want of a county !

It now transpires that Osceola Junction is
in Osceola County, in the central part of the
State of Michigan, and the nearest postoffice
is Tustin ; but the town of Osceola is located
in Houghton County, in the northwestern
part of Michigan, about 360 miles from Os-
ceola Junction.

Now, then, quite a number of you have
written back saucily and sometimes mad,
because we told you 'we could not ship goods
until you would tell us what county you live
in ; and the very worst place in the world to
find is some new town on a railroad. Many
seem to tliink, that if they give the name of
the railroad and station it is enough ; but if
you will try shipping goods as we do, you
will find it is not. Now, once more, inas-
much as the railroad companies refuse to re-
ceive goods unless the county is given, and
as there are a good many towns of the same
name in almost every State, we must em-
phatically refuse to be in any way responsi-
ble for errors in shipment, unless you give
the name of the county you live in. I pre-
sume you will be astonished when I tell you
that we have letters from people who do not
know what coimty they live in ; and one
poor friend didn't even know the name of
his postoffice — at least, he did not know how
to spell it so we could identify it. If you
can not do any better, ask your postmaster
the name of your town, county, and State ;
then go to the nearest printing-office and tell
them to print it on your envelopes and sta-
tionery. You can then send money without
loss, and write letters, and not bother your
head about any thing but your signature.
By the way, I think you had better have
even that printed on your envelopes and on
every sheet of paper. If you would only all
do it, it would save you hundreds of dollars
and ever so much vexation and disappoint-
ment and ill temper.

MORAL PATENTS.

A KIND LETTER FROM THEODORE O. PEET, THE IN-
VENTOR OF THE PEET CAGE.

T SEE by April Gleanings that you have placed
j^ to my credit $35.00 as a deserving remunera-
^l tion, in addition to the f3-5,00 paid to me some

■*■ years ago for the privilege of making and sell-
ing the Peet queen-cage This is very gratify-
ing to me— not so much that I get the money (as at
present I am not particularly in need of it, although
we ail, and especially bee-men, can find a place for
all the dollars they can capture honestly), but it is a
satisfaction to know that ray little invention is ap-
preciated and spoken of in so kindly a manner.
You know 1 did not ask for the first f3'>.00, but of-
fered to allow you or any other man, who felt in-
clined, to use it and make and sell all he could ; but
as you insisted on paying for it, I consented to take

i88f

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

431

a $25.00 watch, which I hold and carry to-day— the
best timekeeper I ever owned, and which is a per-
petual reminder to me of yourself and ray own bee-
life in former years, when my wife used to say I
had bees on the brain. T must say, that I admire
your manly way of treating' the fraternity. I have
been So absorbed of late years in my business in
New York that I have had to droj) out almost
entirely from the cluster of bee-keepers; and
but for the fact that I receive a call now and then
from some of them I would forget all I ever knew
of bee culture. But I am a good deal like the old
war-horse that came to be hitched to an old dirt-
cart in his latter days. When hearing- a bugle-call
in the street he jumped to answer it, and cart and
all bounded througli the streets as though charging
an enemy in battle. I remember with great plea-
sure you and Scotield making me that little call last
fall on your return from the convention, and I
thank you for it, and shall, if opportunity ever oc-
curs, return it at the Home of the Honey-Bees. I
am pleased to see that Gleanings is still prosper-
ing, and that her child has grown so much like its
mother that she is recognized only by the date and
the juvenile department. I well remember the first
issue of the children's Gleanings; and, if I mis-
take not, 1 put my thought in complimentary shape
in an editorial in the Bee-Keepers' Exclianye, using,
as a boom, Longfellow's poem, "The Children's
Hour." Well, God has blessed you, friend R., and I
rejoice with i ou, and I give you my hand in hearty
shake, and say, with all my heart, " May he contin-
ue to bless you, not only with this world's goods,
but with his Holy Spirit, that you may glorify him
in this life and eujoj' him for ever."

Theodore O. Pbet.
Arlington, N. J., May 5, 1887.

HIVING SWARMS.

HOW liONG IT TAKES A BEE TO GO AND KKTURN
WITH A LOAD.

fKOM the ABC book and Cook's Manual
1 have gained more knowledge of apiculture
in one year than I should have gained in a
lifetime of experience without aid from any
other source. I could not think of going
without Gleanings. Especially do I like the Home
Talks and My Neighbors. I have been able to keep
my tobacco pledge. It will soon be two years since

1 threw away my pipe. I feel better, and am able
to do better mental work without it.

During the past two years, when bee-hunting, and
at other times, I have carefully timed bees, and tind
that, on an average, they will fly 100 feet to their
hive (or tree), unload, and return in 2 minutes.
They will tly half a mile and back in 7 minutes; one
mile in 12 minutes, and 2'/i miles in from 27 to 30
minutes. From this it will be seen that bees will
fly one mile in .5 minutes. Of course, on a very
windy day it would take them longer. Trips within

2 miles were made with surprising regularity.

On page 20 of his work on comb honey, W. Z.
Hutchinson says that the brood-nest should not be
contracted so as to be tall and thin, but should be
low and flat, but he gives no reasons. I should be
glad to hear them. Would it not be an advantage
in increasing artificially to leave the queen and the
fullest comb of brood in the (Ad hive, on the old
stand, the remainder of the contracted brood-nest

to be filled with starters only, and the super to be
placed above a zmc honey-board, the remainder of
the brood and combs to constitute the new swarm "i*
By this means all the advantages of the empty
brood-nest are secured, the same as in natural
swarming. I should like to know, also, if it pays to
hive the new swarms in an empty brood-nest, why
would it not also pay at the beginning of the honey-
harvest, when working for extracted honey, to pro-
ceed as above, but, instead of making a new colony
of the removed brood, to place It in the super, of
course using a queen-excluding honey-board, t
have tried Doolittle's queen-cell protector. It works
like a charm. William E. GoulD;

Fremont, Mich., May 5, 1887.

The facts you give us in regard to tlie
length of time it takes a bee to go and re-
turn are very valuable, friend G., and we
will try to have them embodied in the next
edition of our A B C book. I have made
some similar experiments, but I was in-
clined to think a bee would fly rather more
than a mile in five minutes, unless hindered
by the wind, intervening forests, or some-
thing of that sort.

THE NEW SOUTH.

THE EFFECT OF GRADUAL ELEVATION ON THE
HONEY-FLOW.

fl51 HE reason that I gave last fall why this sec-
^ tion should prove to be favorable for bees,
< that the sides of the mountains prolong the
flowering season, seemed to be questioned
by a friend in Tennessee. I would reply,
that I know not how small a difference in his sec-
tion would result from a very gradual slope for a
long distance; but it is a fact here, that an eleva-
tion of nearly 2500 feet in 3 miles does make a dif-
ference of from 4 to 7 days (according to the weath-
er in the spring); and to the top of " Flat Top,"
which towers above us 1000 feet higher, the flower-
ing and leafing out of the trees is several days lat-
er still; so that the flowering of the topis delayed
often two weeks after the trees in the valley. This
prolonging of the flowering season 1 consider con-
stitutes the slope of this mountain ridge a desira-
ble place for bee-raising, besides being adapted to
most of the varieties of fruits. Pure air, the best
of water, a mild climate, cheap land, good soil, and
low taxes, are reasons enough to invite industrious
and enterprising farmers and apiarists to come and
settle. As some proof, in 18.50 Virginia reported
more honey and wax than Ohio; and in 1860 she
raised almost as much; but since the days of im-
proved hives, of course Ohio has taken the lead.
Bring this same enterprising spirit into the South,
and I see no reason why she should not again equal
if not surpass the North, having longer summers
and shorter winters. I am not a bee-keeper. It is
only because I am fully occupied otherwise; but I
am not the less an interested reader of Gleanings.
In fact, it is my preference of all the fourteen
papers I take. 1 could heartily wish its subscrip-
tion-list were 70,000 rather than 7000. Now that 1
am telling my likes, it will not be transcending the
department of " home interests " if I name the
next best. It is the Sunday-School Times, published
weekly at 1031 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Penn.,
11 by 16 inches, 16 pages. To new subscribers. $1.00
per year. Though intended mainly to explain the

4H2

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JtrStE

Sunday-school lesson, with articles from about
fifteen different authors, it has other practical
subjects; but, as I take it, it makes the best Sunday
reading, especially where one does not have a
chance to attend the preached word. 1 must not
forget to state, that of the mountain slope some of
it is steep and rocky, but the most of it can be
plowed, and there is but very little that is not
suitable for fruit-growing. There are two or three
cheap properties for sale now; and since the South
has taken such a new start forward, it will not be
long before prices go up here as they have in
Georgia and Alabama. A. H. VanDoren.

Mons, Bedford Co., Va.

THE SINGLE-TIEB VS. THE DOUBLE-
TIEB CASE.

THE DECISION OF THOSE MOST COMPETENT TO
DECIDE.

Tf- S there seemed to be a little variety of
^Ki opinion as to wliether the double-tier
^K\ sliiyping-case is preferable to the sin-
■^^ gle-tier case, or vice versa, we sub-
mitted the matter to those who quote
prices on honey in Gleanings. We ac-
cordingly sent them the following note, to-
gether with a list of questions to be an-
swered :

Dear Sirs;— As you (luote prices regularly in our
journal, Gleanings in Bek Culture, we take it
for granted that you are competent to decide what
kind of a comb-honey shipping-case sells best with
you. We shall therefore be very greatly obliged if
you will answer, briefly, the Collowing questions,
a.s we desire to publish the same, together with
your replies, in Gleanings:

1. Do you prefer the single or the double tier
shipping-case for retailing and shipping comb hon-
ey? In other words, which kind of shipping-case is
the most salable, and the most easily handled— the
one having only one horizontal tier of sections, or
the one having two horizontal tiers of sections'?
Please give your preference in either case, and
your reasons therefor.

2. Bo yon prefer to have the shipping-case glass-
ed on one (n both sides, and why?

3. What size of shipping-case do you recommend —
that is, in your o])inion how many pounds of honey
should they hold to sell the most readily?

By answering the above questions you will not
only confer a favor upon bee-keepers, but a bene-
fit to yourselves as well. What we want is an ex-
pression from those most competent to decide in
this matter of shipping-cases, in order that bee-
keepers may crate their honey according as the
market seems to demand.

Very truly yours, A. I. Root.

1. We prefer the single-tier. It is less liable to
damage by leaking.

3. One side, because we believe in selling as little
glass as possible.

3. Twenty to 24 lbs. Clemons, Cloon & Co.

Kansas City, Mo., May 7. 1887.

1. 1 prefer the single-tier shipping-case. It has all
the advantages of any other, and none of the disad-
vantages.

2. Glassed on one side is sufficient; and, indeed, 1
am of the opinion that it has advantages over dou-
ble, or two sides.

3. For trade in general, crates should contain 12
to 24 lbs. each. R. A. Burnett.

Chicago, 111., May 9, 1887.

1. We prefer single-tier shipping-cases. Honey

carries better, and is easier to take out of the cases,
and is preferred by retailers.

3. In regard to glass ends, it does not make much
difference, if honey is packed straight, whether one
or both ehds are glass.

3. Twelve and 24 lb. cases suit our market, as
they are lighter to handle, less liable to breakage,
and are more convenient for family use; 12-lb.
packages are usually sold in cases as they are. Par-
ties in putting up honey should be careful to mark
their packages correctly— gross and tare, especially
the tare. The gross weight we can get if omitted.
W. B. Wescott & Co.

St. Louis, Mo., May 7, 1887.

1. We have handled two-tier shipping-cases from
the beginning of the time when comb honey was
shipped to our city in quantities and in good style.
As soon as some of our enterprising friends com-
menced to ship us single-tier cases, we found that
honey would arrive in better condition, and was,
consequently, of better sale. We are decidedly in
favor of single-tier honey-cases which hold no more
than 24 one-pound sections, or more than 1.5 two-
pound sections. If they hold less, it is nothing
against them.

2. They should have glass on each side, not on
their ends, so that the most part of the contents of
the case is exposed to view.

CH.4S. F. MuTH & Son.
Cincinnati, O., May 7, 1887.

1. I very much prefer the single-tier case for ship-
ping and retailing honey, as it is much more safely
shipped, and not so liable to be daubed with honey
from broken sections; and on account of its small-
er size, customers will often take a whole crate
when they intended buying only a few pounds, and
1 think they show off' honey to better advantage,
and are always the first to be sold when side by
side with the double-tier in commission-houses.

3. I also prefer glass on both sides, as 1 think it
helps the sale by helping the appearance.

3. The size that gives the best satisfaction in this
market holds 12 one-pound sections.

M. H. Hunt.

Bell Branch (near Detroit), Mich., May 10, 1887.

1. I prefer the single-tier case. It is inore salable,
easier to handle, less liable to break, and the bot-
tom tier is not soiled by leaking.

2. 1 prefer my shipping-cases glassed at the ends;
the glass being smaller, it is less expensive, and not
so liable to break.

3. Small cases sell best from 12 to 24 sections,
4J4x4M.

The importance (in my experience) of glass is
this: I had about 3000 lbs. shipped by freight, in
cases that could be easily seen, which canje thi-ough
in good shape, in cases holding 50 lbs. Again, I had
600 lbs., in cases of the same size, with one small
glass about 3 inches square in one end, and could
not be easily seen. The honey was about two-thirds
broken down, and the rest badly soiled. That is my
reason for single-tier cases, well glassed.

Earle Clickenger.

Columbus, Ohio, May 9, 1887.

1. We have no decided preference; have handled
the single and double tier crates largely, and found
good demand for both. We would rather indorse
the double-tier crate for one important reason;

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

433

namely, a dealer, purchasing or ordering honey,
will just as readily take a large crate as he would a
small one. This way more honey would be disposed
of at less expense to the producer.

3. We prefer to have the crates glassed on both
sides (provided the sections arc unglassed), as the
honey will show up to better advantage, besides
improving and adding to the appearance of the
crate.

3. For a single-tier crate, we prefer the crate to
hold 24 or 2.5 combs, either 4x6 or .5.Y.5.

For a do>ible-tier crate we would recommend a
crate to hold 32 combs, 16 to each tier, 4x4, showing
8 combs on each side. We can not indorse a larger
crate; for instance, one holding 48 combs, as it is
too heavy to be handled carefully while in transit.
H. Segelkkn,
Manager of Honey Dep't of

ThURBEH, WHYL.4ND & CO.

New York, May 9, 18H7.

After receiving the replies above, and as
the answers seemed to favor tlie single-tier
case, we wrote to Dr. Miller, knowing tliat
he rather preferred the double-tier case, and
requested him to give his preferences, and
brietly how to construct the case. His an-
swer appears below:

1. The double tier shipping-case has the objection
that there is danger of injury to tlio lower tier of
sections by the upper tier resting upon them. It
also presents a bad appearance, to have the bot-
toms of the upper tier and the tops of the lower
tier show iti the center of the glassed side. These
are the two principal objections to the double tier;
but by putting a bar across the middle of the glass-
ed side, and using, instead of a single piece of glass,
two pieces of the same size as are used in the single-
tier cases, the second objection disappears. 'I'he first
objection is removed by using a false bottom be-
tween the two tiers, so supported that no weight
comes upon the lower tier. We have, then, in favor
of tlie double tier, less cost per section, and a finer
appearance when piled up, as a greater proportion
of glassed surface appears in the double-tier pile.
Thus the double tier has the preference.

2. On one side, as it shows just as well and costs
less.

3. Twenty-four one-pound sections.
Marengo, 111. C. C. Mii.lkh.

CALIFORNIA.

HONKY-YIELUING PLANTS AND TKEES OF EI.,DOBA-
D(l COUNTY.

flUR honey season in Eldorado County com-
mences about the first of February, and ends
about the last of June. July, August, and
September are the dry months. In October
the fall Howers commence to bloom, and
continue in bloom until about November 1511).
The first thing that the bees work on here is the
willow, from which they obtain a great amount of
pollen. Manzanita commences to bloom a few days
later, and continues to bloom for about six weeks.
Manzanita is a pretty good honey-yielding bush.
I never saw a season yet that bees did not work on
It. Chaparall is next in bloom after manzanita.
Bees worked pretty hard on chaparall this seasoti.
California lilac commences to bloom after chapar-
all. There are five or six different species of Cali-
fornia lilac, all of which are good honey-yielding

bushes. California lilac is the most important of
all the honey-yielding bushes of the Sierras.

Maples, dogwood, wild cherry, and plum are good
houey-yielders. There are several species of wild
clover which the bees work on. The most imj)or-
tant one is Indian clover. Al)out the 15th of March,
madrona commences to bloom, and continues for
about two weeiis; bees work very hard on it some
seasons. Sometimes thousands of bees are at work
on a single tree.

Poison oak, snge, pennyroyal, and cardinal Hower
are good honey-yielders. Folocio commences to
bloom in May, and continues until the last of June.
It is the best honey-plant that we have here. Cal-
ifornia lilac yields more honey, but it is not as
good. The honey from folocio is of a beautiful
straw color, and weighs about 11 lbs. to the gallon.
Holl.v, buckeye, and wild coffee are good j-.oney-
bushes. In July and August, bees do not work
much— just enough to keep out of rol)liing each
other. Mints, smartweed. and hartshorn Ijlooni in
the fall. Hartshorn yields consideralile lioney.
Italian bees stored several pounds of hone.^• frotii it
while the black bees did nothing. S. L. W,\tkins.

Grizzly Flats, Cal.

HOW^ t DISPOSED OF 4600 POUNDS OF
HONEY.

SOME OOOD SUGGESTIONS FROM G. F. ROBHINR.

TTIRmND ROOT:— I have about finished my crop
E^ of lioney for I88fi, and now shall I tell you how
P' I did it? When the gathering season closed
'^ and the marketing season opened, I had gath-
ered in what I had carefully estimated at 4fi(.(i
lbs., of which 30,50 was comb honey and 1550 was ex-
tracted. Squads of honey had been raised, and city
and viUage markets were alike glutted. How 1
should dispose of this, the largest crop 1 have had.
with more competition in a day than I had ever had
before in a week, was the problem. This is how I
solved it :

1. I got one or two merchants in the three \'illages
near, to sell for me. They did from a little to noth-
ing for me. They sold for me about 2.50 lbs.

2. I worked my home market by personal effort foi-
all it was worth. No one. to whom I thought I had
any chance of selling, escaped me. I was more suc-
cessful. I sold nearly 800 lbs. in this way. Much of
this patronage was secured in exchange for work
and various commodities — nearly half, perhaps, in
which no money was handled.

3. By corresponding with parties in Kansas, with
whom I had had some business or personal ac-
quaintance, I sold 430 lbs. Another man in that
State ordered, through a relative here, 115 lbs. of
extracted honey.

4. I canvassed the hotels of Springfield. At only
one did I succeed in making a sale. That concern
took in, at difterent times, nearly 21K) lbs.

5. I worked, when convenient, with private pai--
ties in Springfield, including business men. I even
tried peddling a little, commencing with reluctance
and quitting with disgust. My efforts in these direc-
tions were the most barren of all. I sold in that
way, and traded, about 175 lbs.

6. I shipped about KiS lbs. to Cincinnati, about the
holidays, in 4S-lb. cases. It was the finest of my
honey — the very pick. But being in large cases it
seems to have dragged along- until in March, when I

434

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUNli

was willing to settle up at 9 cts. per lb. for the lot.
It netted me less than 8 cts. I shall not ship much
more at that rate.

7. I worked hard among the grocei-ies of Spriiig-
fleld. They took something over 1600 lbs. Here
was the tield of battle. Here I wrestled hard for
prices. Generally I either compromised or surren-
dered. 1 had to. The Muth 2-lb. honey-.iars took
fairly well. All I sold to grocers, of extracted hon-
ey, some 600 lbs., was in this shape. I realized from
10 to 12 cts. for comb honey, and about S^j cts. for
extracted. I got 12 cts. at the hotel. To private
parties I charged 14 cts. for comb, and 10 cts. for ex-
tracted. At home my price for nice comb honey
was 121/4 cts. Competition compelled me to come
down to that. I sold extracted at 8 and 10 cts. For
broken and some very inferior comb honey, I got 8
and 10 cts. I obtained Vi cts. for the comb hone.y I
shipped to Kansas, and about 8^,1 cts. for extracted,
packages thrown in. I shall try that kind of ship-
ping again.

1 gave away about 135 ll)s. to relatives, brothers
chiefly. All this foots up to about 4150 lbs. Allow-
ing 50 lbs. for lenkage and shrinkage, there are some
400 lbs. yet unaccounted for. What became of that?
Why, bless your heart, we ate it.

Yd 11 see T have worked hard to sell my honey to
advantage. I did not pack it up and lump it ofif to a
big city, and take the chances. Yet one will have to
produce cheaply Indeed to make a living at even the
prices I obtained. Mj' sales footed up to $432.85. I
obtained about 123.10 for beeswax — in round num-
bers, $445 from 57 sta^ids of bees in a flush season,
with glutted markets, or less than $400 net.

George F. Bobbins.

Mechanicsburg, 111., May 5, 1887.

S"WABM1NG, ETC.

SOME SEASON.4BLE HINTS FROM G. M. DOOLITTLE.

/^^ICKING up a bee-paper lately I found this
Kf statement given by quite a prominent apia-
^^ rist, regarding swarming: " If we allow bees
'*' to swarm they will cast their first swarm on
or about the commencement of the honey
season: and in about twelve days we may expect
the second swarm ; and in four days more the third.
I think this is the average time of swarming; there-
fore it is sixteen days from the time the old queen
leaves the hive with the first swarm until the third
swarm issues." Having allowed natural swarming
in my apiary during all of my 18 years of bee-keep-
ing, and believing that the above is not correct, also
knowing that much of the interest of bee-keeping
hovers about the natural swarming of bees, I
thought I could please the readers of Gleanings
no better at this time, just as swarming is about to
commence in the Middle and Northern States, than
to tell some facts as I find them, relative to when
swarms may be expected.

To the beginner this is a matter of much impor-
tance; for by them, hours and days are spent need-
lessly in watching bees, which a little knowledge of
the matter would save, as well as to do away with
much anxiety in the matter. As to when the first
Bwarm of the season will issue, be the apiary large
or small, I have never known it to fail that such a
one came with the sealing of the first queen-cell,
this being the rule with all swarms; but after

swarming gets under headway in a large apiary, es-
pecially with the Italian bees, some swarms issue
without any preparation for swarming at all; oth-
ers, when eggs are laid in queen-cells, etc. ; but I
ne\er knew such a case with the first swarm of the
season. Understand, I do not say that a first swarm
of the season never did issue without this prepara-
tion, but only that 1 never knew one to do so. Then
we have the sealing of the cell as the indication of
a first swarm. Now, all persons familiar with
queen-rearing know that the time the queen re-
mains sealed in the cell does not vary much fi-om
seven days; hence in seven days after the old queen
leaves with the first swarm, the first young queen
is hatched. If a second swarm is to issue, this
queen begins to peep or pii>e when from 6 to 8 hours
old. If she commences to peep I never knew a
swarm to fail to issue, unless the object of the bees
was thwarted by the keeper or exceptionally bad
weather. This piping is kept up for from 36 to 45
hours, when, unless kept back by foul weathei", the
second swarm issues.

An item worthy of note is, that the weather must
be very bad to keep after-swarms from issuing, for
they often issue on cloudy daj's, or on the least
streak of sunshine in a rainy day. Then, again,
they come out at all hours of the day, from five in
the morning till seven at night, while the time of
issuing of first swarms is usually between 9 a. m.
and 4 p. m. Then, as a rule, all second swarms may
be expected in 9 days after the issue of the first
swarm, instead of 13, as our friend quoted tells us.
If the bees conclude to swarm still further, after
the second swarm has issued, another queen is al-
lowed her liberty while the rest are kept confined
in their cells, being fed through holes in the cell, so
they are virtually of the same age and strength as
the one which has her liberty. The queen let loose
at once begins peeping, keeping it up for about the
same length of time the others did, so that the third
swarm comes two days after the second, or 11 days
after the first. If a fourth, fifth, or sixth swarm is-
sues they come out the next day after the third,
and each other, so that, should the sixth swarm is-
sue it would come on the 14th day after the first.
Five swarms is the highest number I ever knew cast
from one colony during our swarming period; but
I believe as high as six have been reported.

As I believe all after-swarms are a disadvantage,
I wish to tell the reader, before closing, what I con-
sider the simplest way of stopping them when the
first swarm is hived on a separate stand, instead of
on the Heddon plan. If the first swarm issued ac-
cording to rule, the first young queen will be hatch-
ed in 7 days, and, unless prevented, lead out a sec-
ond swarm on the 9th day. Taking advantage of
this fact I wait 8 days after the issue of the first,
when the hive is opened and all the queen-cells are
cut off, when we have a sure thing in the matter,
which can not be said regarding any other plan de-
pendent upon the cutting of queen-cells. Where a
jterson has not too many hives I find it as good a
way as any to listen for peeping in the evening
after it is thought.a young queen has hatched; and
if the queen is heard you are certain of her pres-
ence among the bees. It not heard, then listen the
tiext evening, and so on till she is heard, when you
know you are safe in cutting all cells. In cutting
these cells it is well to shake the bees oft the combs
or else you may fail to see all of them, in which
case, if one remains a swarm is sure to issue.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BfiE CULTURE.

43S

This article is written mainly for beginners, ior
all of the older heads have establit-lied plans ot one
kind or another, which— ahem!— are probablj' any
of them better than the above. If so, won't they
tell us about them? (i. M. Dooi.itti.k.

Borodino, N. V., May, 18S7.

THE T TINS.

THE NEW MACHINE FOR MAKtNO THEM.

11 EN the T tins were tirst made they
were simply two L tins soldered to-
gether th us : II in fact, this was

the only way ii in which they

conld be constructed with ordinary
tinners'' tools. As soon as there was a de-
mand for the T super, it became evident
that the T's must be made of one piece of
tin. However desirable this might be,
there was tlie dilhculty of bending the T's
out of one piece of tin. We studied on the
matter for some time, and finally Mr. I. E.
Good, of Nappanee, Ind., said he would sell
us the T-tin folder which he had construct-
ed. We told him to send it on, partly be-
cause we needed just such a machine, and
partly because we were curious as to its con-
struction.

Before we describe the machine itself it
will be necessary to explain how the T's are
bent, and we will therefore refer the reader
to the diagrams be-
low, all of which
are full size.

THE T TIN AND HOW MADE.

We first cut out a lot of tin into strips 13i
in. long and If in. wide. A quarter-inch
fold is made on each side of the tins, as in
Fig. 1. While the guage of the folder is set
we will fold all the troughs we
need. So far, common tinner's
tools are equal to the requiie-
ments. It is now necessary to
bend Fig. 1 at the point y, into
Fig. 3. In order to bring the fold ,

to the right place it will be neces- /

sary to have some sort of a pio- *

jection. as in Fig. 2. shown by the
heavy black line. This projection
should be held firmly, for the fold-
ing of the tin produces consideia-
ble strain. We next want some
kind of device whereby we can
easily, quickly, and accurately
make the foldat y. To illustrate
more clearly, we will suppose that
we have procured two boards
whose double thickness is such
that they will slip snugly between
the folds in Fig. 1. They should
be hinged at y. Now, then, hav-
ing the metal projection as in Fig. 2 secured
in the luoper position, we simply open the
two hinged boards as we would the covers
of a book. When nearly half open, the T

tin will be bent as in Fig. 2 ; finally it as-
sumes the form of Fig. 3.

This is, in fact, precisely the manner in
which oui' new T-tiu folder operates, a cut
of which we give below. It is lepresented
as ill the act of bending a tin which is now
bent as in Fig. 2. below. F and (i are two
cast-iron frames hinged on the sides, as
shown, so as to revolve on the line at A.
The lower iron fiame G is also hinged to a
piece of plaiik at the opposite side. A
strip of heavy strap iron (the purpose of
which WMS described and is represented in
Fig. 2 by the black line) of the length of the
machine is screwed on to the piece of plank
upon which the frames rest below A. as
shown. It projects just high enough to
make a f fold, as illustrated in Fig. 2, and
should then be on a level with the crack
between the iron frames.

To operate, grasp the lever shown on the
left ; press downward so that the front side
of the two frames is raised above the strip
of strap iron. Hold the lever down until
you can pick up a trough as II, and slip it on
to the rabbeted edge, which is just wide
enough to allow the trough to fit snugly.
Release the hand from the lever, permitting
the point A to drop into position. The strap
iron is now just right to make the fold at y,
Fig. 1. Now with the right hand grasp the
handle C. When revolved as in the engrav-
ing, the tin A is folded as shown in Fig. 2.
While C is revolving, the foot should press
on the treadle attached to the rod B, to hold
the frame from slipping above the strap
iron. When C is revolved to E, the tin is
bent into Fig. 3. The lever is now grasped,
a downward motion frees the frame from
the strap iron, wlien the T tin can be slipped
off and thrown upon the pile E.

The machine friend Good sent us, al-
though made of wood, did not differ sub-
stantially in principle from the iron one we
have just described. We found, however,
that where a large quantity of tins is desir-
ed, wood is hardly firm enough to stand the
strain of folding, hence necessity compelled

good's t-tin folder, with oun impkovemp:nt.

us to make one of cast iron, as shown above.

One who desires to fold T tins sufficient

for his own use will find the wooden machine

ample for all his purposes, and we will fur-

436

GJ.EANIKGS IN BEE CUlTUllt:.

Jtjke

nish it complete for $3.00. On the contrary,
a supply-dealeiwill need an iioii machine as
above, and we will furnish ir for $10.00.

With either jf the above niacl lines you
will need a common tinner's folder, and, for
that matter, a tinner's squaring shears, to
make the tin troughs as in Fig. 1 and H.
Moreover, it will oe absolutely necessary
that the tin be cut up into strips accurately,
and that the folds be made perfect. If you
purchase a T-tin machine you had better in-
struct your tinner to make tlie tin troughs.
Home-made machinery, which you might be
able to construct for the purpose, would not
generally be accurate enough.

In this connection 1 may mention why we
prefer to have our T tins made as in Fig. 3
instead of as in Fig. 4. It has been found
by experiment, that where the upright of the
T is not pressed together tightly, as 'in
Fig. 3, it will be a great deal stronger ; con-
sequently we make all our T tins like Fig. 3.

KKETCHMESR'S T-BAIL SECTION-CASE.

HOW CONSTRUCTED, AND SOME OF THEIR ADVAN-
TAGES.

f5^ HE illustration below will be recognized by
§)" many bee-keepers of the West, it being the
i T-rail section-case, composed of two. horizon-
tal rims, or hoops, arranged for tiw-pound
sections, first illustrated in 1880. In order to
space the sections correctly, the upright stem of
the inverted J. rail is made of wood, while the
horizontal part is a strip of tin, fastened to the up-
right wood, making a stiff T rail which supports the
sections K; separators, /, J, are set between the
sections, resting on the T rails; a wedge, O, within
the beveled case, clamps all closely, while a Sim-
plicitj- half- story covers the exposed part of the
sections, with proper bee-spaces above and below,
as they may be tiered up and alternated.

THE T-RAIL- SECTION-CASE.

About the year 1879 I constructed the same style
of section-ease for the one-pound, or ■Hi x 45^4 sec-
tions, with the T rails made of two pieces of tin,
which has since been improved, and of which I give
the following illustrations:

SECTION-CASE FILI^ED AND CLOSED.

SECTION-CASE OPEN; PART OE SEPARATOR H BROK-
EN A WAV.

This is composed of two horizontal rims, or hoops,
F, F, beveled on 3 sides from the center to the outer
edge (the side opposite the wedge being straight);
adjustable tin T rails support the sections; any
width of the -ti^jsection may be used. Separa-
tors, P, may be set between the sections, resting
on the T rails; a wide wooden separator, H, closes
the ends of each row of sections, which also pre-
vents the sections from being attached to the case;
and a double-beveled horizontal wedge, O, presses
all sections tightly. The pressure, being near the
center, holds the sections square, with equal pres-
sure at both top and bottom. This pressure leaves
no space for deposit of propolis. The inside bevels
of the case assist in adjusting the sections; the last
sections can be inserted or removed as readily as
the first one. The upper rim of the case is beveled
exactly like the lower one, and slips readily over
the sections, while the upper unbeveled edge holds
the sections tight and close, like a hoop on a barrel.
These section-cases are invertible, and may be al-
ternated and tiered up, with a bee-space at either
top or bottom, at pleasure.

As the case is made of two e<iual hopper-shaped
rims, the sections may be removed therefrom either
side up. We simply lift off the rim that is upper-
most, draw the wedge, and au.y or all sections may
be removed in the easiest possible manner; none
are cracked or broken, none are attached to the
case; and, being wedged, no room is left to propo-
lize the edges.

These eases fit innide of any Simplicily or L. hive
now in use, sitting either directly on the top of the
brood- frames, with or without a honey-board under
it, or can be made to fit even with the outside of
any hive. In the construction of this case, as above
described, strips of boards full 314 inches wide (usu-
ally too narrow for other parts of the hive), are first
ripped slanting in two, thus forming the upper and
lower part, and beveling them at the same opera-
tion. Where the bee-space is desired above the sec-
tions (as shown in one of the illustrations), we cut
on the inside a saw-kerf 's from the upper edge all
around. Into the end pieces we slip strips of tin,
and nail through it, securing at once the proper
distance. Projectious from the T rails enter into the
grooves cut into the sides, and in which they are
movable, to either the 4J4 or 6-to-L.-frame sections;
and by it, the upper T rails are removed with the up-
per rim; or, if loose T rails are desired, a piece of
heavy tin, ^4 inch square, is inserted and nailed into
this groove, which supports the rails, securing
proper distance and uniformity. E. Kretchmeh.

Coburg, Montgomery Co., la., May 9, 1887.

Your arrangement is quite ingenious,
friend K.; and, as I have said before, if we
were really satisfied that it is advisable or
desirable to reverse our sections, your plan

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

437

would be, pevhaps,' one of the simplest ar-
rangements that can be devised. We do
not notice any arrangement to clamp the
hopper-shapeiTrims, F, F, together, but per-
haps none is needed.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

SWARMING OUT IN MAKING AUTIFICIAL SWAKMS.

T DIVIDED a hive for a neigrhbor, and every thing
(glf went on nicely until the queen hatched. She
^r destroyed all the cells and swarmed out the
"*■ next day, taking with her about half of the
bees. I was not there when they swarmed, but
came along about si.x hours after. He had managed
to hive them nicely, and left the hive about :w feet
from where they settled. The bees were passing
fi-om one'hive to the other at a rapid rate, but were
quiet. I examined the hive they came from, and
they had not a queen. 1 tonic them back to their
old home, put them in, and in a few minutes they
were all quiet. What I do not understand is, why
the young queen should swarm out. It was not for
the want of honey, for they were in a new hive, and
every thing was tidy, and they had some brood.

WHY THE BEE.S DID NOT WORK IN AN ARTIFICIAL
SWARM.

I also divided a hive and put in a queen-cell. The
bees would not come out when the entrance was
open, and would have stayed there and starved had
they not been fed. After the queen was 24 hours
old the.>- began to stir out a little. They seem to be
doing nicely now. They had plenty of bees :o keep
the brood warn), and work at the same time. Why
did thej- act in such a manner ? J. F. Blenett.

Smithville, Monroe Co., Ind., May Ifi, 1887.

Friend 11, it is a little hard to tell why
the young queen swarmed out the next day
after she was liatched. Such things some-
times happen in making artificial swarms. —
In regard to the worker bees that would not
go out of the hive, it was because they were
not yet old enough. When you divide a colo-
ny, the flying bees wuU almost always go back
to their "old stand— that is, if the old stand
is not moved at all. Consequently no stores
will be brought in until these young bees
are old enough to take their flight, and go to
work. lu such cases, unless there is honey
in the combs, they are liable to starve right
in the height of clover or basswood bloom.
The only way is to feed them until they get
old enough ; but a better way is to do your
dividing m such a way that ybu will have at
least a few working bees thai will stay in the
nucleus. See directions for dividing," in any
of our text-books.

RELATIVE .\M0UNT OF STORES (.'ONSUMED IN OUT-
DOOR AND CELLAR WINTERING.

On page 8!I3, 1886, Dr. C. C. Miller asks, "Does cel-
laring lessen the vigor of bees?" Having expei'i-
mented on that point, also as to the amount of
stores saved, 1 give you my figures. Nov. 20, 1885, 1
put in the cellar 7H colonies and left 6 good strong
ones on their summer stands in double-walled hives,
with 'a-inch dead-air space and .5 inches cut straw
over the frames. 1 weighed all the same day. Apr.
20, 1886, I took the bees from the cellar, and weighed
all again. To make the average a fair one, 1 took

the weight of 37 of the best colonies from the cellar
a^iainst the 6 wintered out. The 37 in the cellar
consumed 9^4 lb&. each; and those out, 13 lbs. each.
To sum up, cellaring increased their vigor, and in .5
months used 26 per cent less stores.
Albion, N. Y. G. H. ASHBY.

CAN OLD MOLASSES-BARRELS BE USED FOR THE
STORAGE OF HONEY ?

How would it do to take syrup-barrels, say those
such as we get (i or 10 lbs. of syrup in, wash them
out and put extracted honey in them? Would it
injure the honey in any way? I don't intend to
ship the honey in them, only I want something to
answer the same as a tank. If they can not be got
clean enough by washing with water at the bung-
hole, I could knock one head out and then cover
them with a cloth and lid. If they won't injure
the honey it would be a big saving, as 1 can save
the barrels when I empty them of syrup for the
honey season. They do not cost me any thing, and
they will hold about 600 lbs. apiece, and 10 of them
will hold the amount that I would want a tank to
hold. I am told that such a tank would cost me 20
or 30 dollars. I have so far been keeping my honey
in the largest stone jars, also in large tin cans; but
they are too expensive. If you have had no expe-
rience in putting honey in such barrels, or can't
answer it to a certainty, perhaps some of the read-
ers of Gle.\nings can. C. M. Hicks.

Fairview, Md., Feb. 14, 1887.

Friend H., there is no way to make mo-
lasses-barrels, or wooden barrels of any
kind, keep honey as nicely as tin cans or
stone crocks, unless they are coated with
wax or parafline, or somiething similar. You
may wash the wood ever so clean, and dry
it ever so dry, and when it becomes soaked
with honey the wood will give the honey
more or less of a woody flavor ; and where
the barrels have been once used for molasses
the honey will be sure to have a molasses
taint. I would not undertake to use them
without waxing them, according to the di-
rections in the A B C book. You might try
one or two, to see if you do not find it as I
state.

HONEY MADE BY FEEDING SUGAR.

I inclose an ad vei-tisement which I cut from one
of our local i)apers. You will notice what a pretty
insinuation it contains regarding our "Northern"'
honey. Perhaps some of the readers of Gle.^n-
ings can tell us a little something of this extensive
or celebrated bce-l'arm. Charles H. Smith.

Pittsheld, Mass.. April 30, 1887.

NOT OSF. KLAKE OV S.SOW.

.\iul liver :ilMI illtfeivnt varieties of llo\ver> in 1)1. n, in nil winti'r
Ions:, nt
DR. D. K. FOX'S lEl.KBRATED APIAKY. iiK litK-KAKM
(of 1(H) hivesi, .lesuits' Beiiil. L:i. His Northern ageni has just
reeeived IflOO Ih.'^. of this jmie extiaeted oriinKe hlo>som honey,
fresh from theapiiry. This honey is as line flavored as any
ever introdiu-ed into Slassacliii.settsj and i^ warranted strictly
pure it l)einj; yatliei-ed tmni notliinK hut llnwers and has a
much nicer llavor than Nnrtlierii lionev made liv feedinc' the
bees on sufrar. Samples of this lioney can be foiiii I in all ihe
leadinvr yrroeerv stores in J'ittstield and vicinit.\ .

Thanks, friend S. To be sure, we want to
know all about Dr. 1). R. Fox, of Jesuits"
Bend, La. But is it not possible, and alto-
gether likely, that it is the ailvertiser in
your town who is responsible for these slurs,
and that friend Fox kntnvs nothing of itV
In any case, however, he sht)uld be notified
that he is reflecting on good and lionest
men. Perhaps some of tmr readers can tell

488

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULtUItE.

JtJNE

Us more about it. If they don't have one
flake of snow, they do sometimes have seri-
ous frosts, even in sunny Louisiana.

CUCUMBER PEELINGS Ff)H DRIVINi! OFF (;OCK-
ROAl'HES.

D. C. MeLeod, of Pleua, II)., asks lor a remedy for
cockroaches. Years ago it was asserted by some
bee-keepers that the roaches do no harm. As they
were then numerous in some of our hives, I watch-
ed them and found their habits really predatory;
but it seemed impossible to exterminate them.
When pursued they will dart from comb to comb
and from cell to cell with astonishing rapidity, and
never seem to cease incubating, winter or summer.
At that time 1 could find no remedy, but have since
been assured, by several, that the thin peelings of
green cucumbers placed on the frames will utterly
destroy them. You might try it, friend McL., on a
small scale at first, to find if it injures the bees, and
be sure to report pi'ogress to Gleanings.

W. A. J. Beauchamp.
Orange, Tex., Apr. 31}, 1.S87.

Friend B., I can not have very much faith
in any remedy that does not seem to have
either reason or sense about it, and I can't
see why cockroaches would not eat cucum-
bers as well as their natural food. If the
cucumbers were to have some Paris green
sprinkled over them, or something of that
sort, there would then be sometliing ration-
al in the proceeding ; but as this Paris green
might kill the bees too, I presume that will
not do.

A NOVEL WAY OF GETTING A fJOOD PRICE FOR
HONEY.

1 went into winter quarters with 72 colonies, lost
5. Last 3^ear I raised 1300 lbs. of extracted honey,
and sold it for 8 cts. per lb., or 1.5 lbs. for one dollar.
I raised 1500 lbs. comb honey, and sold it for 10 cts.
per lb. You may think that too cheap, but I think
it better than raising wheat at 75 cts. a bushel. I
know it is. Now a little about the way I sell my
honey. One year ago last winter I built me an Ice-
house and cooler, that I can keep eggs in. It cost
complete about $75.00. About the first of last Aug. 1
set my extractor on the spring wagon, filled it with
honey, put on about 3 egg-crates and some comb
honey, and away I went. Last year eggs were from 8
to 13 cts., while I peddled, and traded honey for
eggs. I kept my eggs until Nov. 1, and sold them
for 18''2 cts. So you see I got a good price for my
honey after all. 1 have room in my cooler forSOOO or
4(100 dozen, and e.vpect to till it next fall in that way.
I can sell about 2000 lbs. of honey in two weeks.

Sebewa, Mich. H. M. Brown.

Friend E., your suggestion is an excellent
one. Your "cold-storage room keeps the
eggs in good order from August 1st to No-
vember 1st, after which little or no ice will
be needed. If you succeeded in making
such a cold-storage room for $75.00, you did
extremely well.

A PLEA FOR HIVES ON LEGS.

I have come to the conclusion that the best way
to winter bees is outdoors on their summer stands.
The past winter has been a pretty severe test for
the "little fellows," at least in this neighborhood;
and yet I never have wintered bees so successfully;
in fact, I think they came through stronger, if any
thing, than they were last fall! During summer

and winter my hives are set on a bench about 1V4
feet from the ground, thus avoiding one great ob-
jection to bee-keeping— stooping. 1 can imagine
some skeptical bee-keeper mentally asking me this
question: "Would not the frogs and toads of the
neighborhood become fat over the weary, heavily
laden bees who missed the entrances to their
hives?" My answer is, most emphatically. No; not
if you do the way 1 do— scatter a little coal-ashes
round about and under the hives ;Jeave no hiding-
places for the pesky "frogs and toads;" that's the
Idea. Try this, and I'll warrant that you will soon
declare my "old, but good " plan the best. Where
the hives are up so high it is a good plan to have a
" windbreak " of some kind on the windward side
of the apiary. Since I began wintering bees by this
plan I have never lost a colony. W. M. Barnum.
Angelica, N. Y., May 7, 1887.

WILL THE SCENT OF MICE ON SECTIONS OTHER-
WISE UNIN.JURED PREVENT BEES FROM
OCCUPYING THEM?

I have quite a lot of old sections with founda-
tion pulled out, ready for work, which were left
over from last season; but as I had no honey-
house, they were left where the mice could have
access to them. They are not eaten by mice, nor In
any way spoiled, only the scent, perhaps, where
they have run over them. Now, I have been told
by an old bee-keeper (how much he knows I can't
tell), that bees will never work in sections or comb
that mice have run over, and I do not want to lose
the time In experimenting, to see if it is the case.
Supposing you know, I thought I would find out
at once. It will be a great loss to throw away all of
my old sections with comb in them, but I suppose
I had better do that than lose all. Gleanings has
just come; and to say that I value its aid, and that
it is one of my most welcome visitors, would be but
expressing things mildly. I never e.xpect to try to
do without it while I keep bees. L. S. Haines.

Greenville, III., May 3, 1887.

Your informant is entirely wrong, friend
H. We have had hundreds of brood-combs
eaten into more or less by the mice, and
have put them into hives, and the bees took
hold of them and filled up the holes as
promptly as one could wish. They also
liave the knack of entirely removing the
odor of mice ; for when the combs were put
into the hives, with the peculiar mouse
smell (which is decidedly offensive to me),
at the expiration of 24 hours, or about that
time, the bees had cleaned out the combs
and put in new pollen and honey. The of-
fensive odor had disappeared entirely, and
the combs smelled as sweet and clean as if
they had always been in the bee-hive. I
have never tried it for sections, because we
never let the mice get into our comb honey ;
but I think the bees would fix the sections
up all right, sweet and clean, if you thought
best to set them at it.

SEALED COMBS OF NATUR.\L STORES VS. FEEDING
GRANULATED SUGAR, ETC.

As we have wintered our bees successfully the
past winter, we will present you with a few
thoughts on that subject. During the first five
years of bee-keeping we always set aside sealed
combs of best clover honey, and scarcely knew a
loss from wintering during that time. But so many
of the leading bee-keepers declared in favor of

1887

GLEANINGS IK JiEE CULTUllE.

439

sugar stores, we became induced to feed largely of
granulated sugar, but have lost a great inany col-
onies so fed. Last season we i-eturucd to our old
practice of saving sealed honey for stores; and the
result is, we have lost but two out of fifty put in
the cellar. Now, if all would practice ihis method
instead of feeding sugar, how much honey would
be taken from the city markets, thereby raising its
value that much 1 On this matter of using honey
in every way we can, and in developing the home
market, depends the future price of honey; and to
illustrate what I have said in another article 1 will
give you a case in point. Mr. P.'s apiary of HO col-
onies is five miles from us. Mr. H. lives within ^0
rods of Mr. P.'s house and apiary. On one of our
trips we saw Mr. H.; and by showing him some fine
clover we took his order for $.").so worth. Mr. P.
saw us deliver it. and hailed us with " How did >ou
sell that man that honey? He has lived here for
years, and T have never sold him a pound." I ask-
ed Mr. H. how this was, and he replied, " He never
offered me any." Our books now show that we have
sold Mr. H. three times since then, to the amount
of $18.00, but have never sold him a pound except
when we offered it to him. Friends, do you see the
point? W. W. McKee, 50—48.

Dyersville, Iowa, May 13, 1885.

WHAT TO DO WHEN BEES GET A NOTION OF CLUS-
TERING ON TALL TREES.

My place is surrounded by tall oak-trees, and
bees seem to have a mania for settling in the ut-
most tops of them when swarming, notwithstand-
ing there are plenty of bushes all around where-
on they might settle. This causes me to lose every
year the greater part of my swarms. Now, I think
I have read somewhere of some device to be plac-
ed in front of the hive when the swarm issues, by
which the whole swarm can be caught up. If there
is such a thing as a successful swarm-catcher in '
use, I wish you would advise me of it. State pi'ice, j
and say whether it can be sent by mail. 1

Atlees Sta., Va., May 9, 1887. D. A. Kuyk. i

The Alley drone-trap, shown on page o of •
our catalogue, will cause the sw arm to re-
turn shortly to the hive. If, then, the
trap be detached from the entrance, and be
placed among the flying bees, tlie latter will
soon cluster about their (pieen in the trap, ;
and the swarm may be hived. On page 258
of the ABC of Bee Culture an automaiic
device is described for catchiug swarms |
while in the air. I think, however, if tlie
bees trouble you very much about cluster- 1
ing on the tops of tall trees I would clip the !
wings of all the queens. When a swarm ,
issues, catch the clipped queen at the en-
trance, cage her, fasten her cage upon a
pole (to which is attached a leafy bough),
and hold her majesty among the flying bees
before they cluster on the highest limb of
the trees. In a word, friend K., I would do
all I could to discourage the bees from clus-
tering at all by the methods I have given.

HOW MUCH COMB HONEY TO THE GALLON? — MAK-
ING BEES GO TO WORK.

I have sold 3.50 lbs. of comb boney, each cu.stomer
asking me to bring a stone jar that will hold 50 lbs.
What size of jar must I get to hold 50 lbs. in the
comb? As you well know, the jar never holds what
it is marked. What does honey weigh to the gallon |
when in the comb, well filled, capped over nicely? i

How much to the gallon when extracted? I am try-
ing to start in the bee-business, but my bees will not
swarm, which bothers nie very much, as bees are
what I am after. J do not understand artificial
swarming enough, or know enough of it to try. If
my bees lie out on the outside of /ho hive, please tell
me the cause of it, and what to do. J. O. IJai{Nes.
Hickman, Fulton Co., Ky., May 16, 1887.

It is commonly considered that there is
about 11 lbs. of extracted honey to the gal-
lon. If the lioney is very thick, VI lbs. should
be allowed. Aiiout an ouuce of comb will
hold a pound of lioney, so that it would gen-
erally take ab(Mit 12 "lbs. of comb honey to
make a gallon. A crock to hold 50 lbs. of
honey in the comb should then have a ca-
pacity of something over 4 gjillons. — In re-
gard to preventing the bees from clustering
outside, give them plenty of room inside. If
bees act lazy, and disinclined to work, right
in the heigiit of the honey season, I would
contract tlie brood-nest, biit give them an
abundance of loom in the surplus apartment.
I would refer you to the Ik ading of " Comb
Honey," in the ABC book, for further par-
ticulars about starting bees to work. You
say that your bees will not swarm, and you
seem to think this an undesirable trait. The
veterans would be very glad indeed if they
could prevent bees from swarming. If you
have a strain of non-swarming bees, friend
B., you do not need to be at all alarmed.
What you want to do is to make them go to
work.

THE NAMELESS BEE-DISEASE, AGAIN.

What is the matter with the bees? In some col-
onies the main foi'ce of the working class seems to
be engaged from about 10 o'clock in the morning
until about four in the afternoon in driving out
and killing a snu^ll bee about a size between a
house-fly and a common black bee. These bees are
very black, except occasionally one with a little
mark of Italian. This trouble is confined entirely
to the hybrids, so far as I have discovered yet.
One colony will soon be ruined. That one I have
examined closely, and I find these little intruders
hatching. There seems to be about every fiftieth
bee that has just emerged from the cell of that
stripe. I took 35 box hives last fall to transfer, and
keep for five years. They were all blacks, and of a
very low grade of hybrids, and this trouble seems
to be confined alone to the hybrids. I transferred
them this spring, and never discovered any thing
wrong until about two weeks ago. D. B. Bryan.

Desota, Ga.

Friend B., your bees have the disease de-
scribed under" the above head in our A B C
book. It is a little discouraging, that no
one has as yet been able to suggest the ori-
gin. The remedy is to give each hive thus
affected a new qtieen from a healthy colony,
then your bees will be all right again. I
think it is only by accident that you And it
among the hybrids only. It usually affects
all kinds of bees alike. I have sometimes
seen small black bees hatch out as a result
of letting the brood get partially chilled
while transferring. Your concluding sen-
tence suggests that this may possibly be
the trouble in your case, and not the name-
less bee-disease, which it very much resem-
bles, from your description.

440

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

FRIEND TERRY'S ADVICE IN REGARD TO POTATO-
BEETliES— SEE P. 408.

You see you are ahead of every one else, and
have g-ot to take all the beetles from all the nelg-h-
borhood. 1 think you will find picking an endless
job. I once planted very early and g'Ot into about
the same fix. I had to use poison. We delayed
planting a little this year, partly because we did
not want to get ahead of our neighbors and take all
their beetles. If all potatoes come up at once, we
get only our shai-e. I think you will find poisoning'
the cheaper way. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, O., May 14, 18S7.

But, friend T., we are ahead, and we did
not use poison either, although it might
have been easier. I took Blue Eyes, Cad-
die, and Huber, and one of the neighbor's
children, down into the potato-patch ; and
while the children took one row apiece I
took two rows, Huber carrying the tin cup
for me to drop the bugs in. We went
through the whole patch in alwnt an hour
and a half. I paid the children -5 cts. an
hour, or 5 cts. a hundred for the beetles, as
they might choose. Bine Eyes and her
schoolmate got 200 during the hour. I did
not count mine, but there was a big lot, I
tell you. The next d;\y one of our hands
followed them up again, getting every bug,
and picking every leaf that had eggs on it;
and now the patch is pretty well cleared.
It cost some money ; but if it is as yon state
it, haven't t benefited the neighborhood by
making such thorough work of the first
crop of bugs V I know you get less bugs;
but while you get 40 cts. a bushel for your
potatoes, I get 40 cts. a peck or more for
mine.— It is now May 20, and those potatoes
are. the greater part of them, budded ready
to blossom, and I tell you they are hand-
some.

. BEES CRAZV FOR WHISKY.

Do bees need whisky? As our well water is so
much impregnated with minerals as to render it un-
fit for domestic use, I have to haul water from a
spring about one-half mile distant. As my old bar-
rel was almost dilapidated, 1 purchased one of a
saloon-keeper (the only thing which I think is worth
buying of a saloon-keeper). As the barrel for some
time retained a sufficient quantity of whisky to im-
pregnate the water with its ofi'ensive taste and
smell, the bees seemed almost crazy after it. As
long as they could gain access to the whisky-water
they would not notice pure water, though it was
placed all around them. I have heard of box-hive
bee-keepers putting whisky in hives to keep swarms
from absconding when hived, but I do not know
whether whisky is any benefit to bees or not. I ab-
hor it too much to try it for any thing. I never
drank more than a quart in my life.

QUEEN-CELLS NOT HATCHING.

Can any one tell me why queen-cells will not
hatch? I have had no less than 40 fine cells reared
under the swarming impulse, and have had only
one cell hatch. I had a great many cells last season
that failed to hatch. I do not know the cause. The
queen larva begins to dry up or decay before it
comes to maturity. There is generally a g-reat
quantity of royal jelly in the bottom of the cells.
Not much surplus honey yet, but bees are unusually
strong at this date. It is getting too dry for bees
to do much. We have had only one shower in 53

days. I never saw it so dry here at this season of
year since I have been here, about 30 years. I have
not seen many reports from Texas in two seasons.
What is the matter? Are bee-keepers too busy in
gathering- and selling their honey, and counting
their money, to write, or are they all in Blasted
Hopes? G. W. Beard.

Milano, Texas, May 2, 1887.

Eriend B., I am inclined to think the
trouble with yoifr queen-cells is only a tran-
sient one. We have sometimes had a lot of
cells that seemed to act as you state ; but
they hatched out all right soon after, and
you have probal)ly had the same experience
by this time. — We are very sorry to hear
that the dry weather is commencing again
this season in Texas.

]S[0¥EP ;^]\ID QUE^IEg.

A HIBERNATING BUMBLE-BEE.

@N p. 302 friend Doolittle asks where and in what
state bumble-bees pass the winter. While
digging a hole in the ground, about the 1st of
April, 1870. when at a deplh of 18 inches I
threw out a bumble-bee which soon came to
life. There was nothing, apparently, for her tp eat,
so with friend Clarke 1 say it must have been hiber-
nation. F. D. Culver.
Quincy. Mich., May 11, 1887.

[To be sure, it was hibernation, friend C, and the
real genuine hibernation too; but if you will bur^'
up some honey-bees — queens, drones, and workers
— and have them come to life in the same way, we
will pay you $1U0 cash. You must, however, bury
them on our premises, and dig them out in our
presence.]

WHAT TO UO WITH A SWAUM THAT HAS REDUCED
ITSELF.

Please tell me what to do when a colony of bees is
about to go to nothing', after swarming. It has
swarmed three times this year— April 6th, 12th, and

14th. J. B. FOLLETT.

Divine, Tenn., May 7, 1887.

[i^ou have nothing to do, friend F.. but to see
that they have a queen. Don't you need the ABC
book?]

CARNIOLANS VERSUS ITALIANS.

I wish to learn something about the Cnrniolansand
albino bees. What points of superiority ai-e claim-
ed for them over the Italians? Do you consider
them as good or tietter than the Italians?
Trempeleau, Wis. W. M. Allen.

[We did not consider the Carniolans, after testing-
one colony one season, as good as the Italians— see
p. 551 for iS86. However, some of our good friends
do not agree with us.]

WAS IT FOUL BROOD ?

I had every sj'mptom of foul brood, such as has
been described in your journal: but I stopped it
before it advanced to a virulent form, by simply
removing the queen and introducing a young one.
In about 17 days after, the young queen had all
dead brood removed, and not one of the cappings
of brood was perforated. All looked healthy and
clean. George Str.vngwavs.

Elora, Ont., Canada.

[Some of our foreign friends claim that the re-
moval of the queen will sometimes cure foul brood.
But we feel pretty sure it would not have cured
ours.]

1887

GLKANINGS l^' BEE OULTL'KE.

441

THE BEVELED EDGE.

Please do not dispense wiih the beveled edge. It
is certainly not a niiisHnce. Paul Pkine.

Martinsburg, W. Va., Apr. 23, 1887.

[Here is my hand, friend P. 1 am g-lad to find
there is at least one man who tcels as I do alioiit it.
By the way, 1 should like to have some of the
friends who have been using the Simplicity hives
try some made with the old-tashioned square
edges.]

wide frames with slotted top and bottom

BAKS.

The surplus arrangement 1 have settled on as the
best suited to my own needs, is a modification of
the wide frame, the bottom-bar to be as wide as
the top-bar. and both slotted to match the sections,
with reversing device and metal corners. Sucli
frames will perfectly protect all the sections from
propolis, enable us to change the sections about at
will, easily dislodge bees when surplus is removed,
and handle honey with the least possible fatigue.

Ord, Neb., Apr. 29, 18s;. Mrs. E. A. RussEf,L.

MOVING BEES.

I moved 13 stands, side by side, in front of a board
wall for wintering— the furthest not over 20 feet
from summer stands. Will it be safe to move them
at any time back, or had they better be moved a
few feet at a time? Would there be much danger
of losing many bees by moving all at once that
distance? C. D. Gough.

Rock Spring, Mo.. Mar. 10, 1887.

[Friend G., it is a pretty hard matter to move
bees short distances without more or less loss— that
is, if you move them when the weather is warm
enough for them to fly every few days. As the sub-
ject is a complicated one, I think we had better re-
fer you to the ABC book. Some old bee-men rec-
ommend carrying them a couple of miles, and leav-
ing them three or four weeks. You can then move
them back and place them where you like, and they
will all stick to their hives.]

NATURAL GAS FOR HEATING A BEE-CELLAR.

If some of our large bee-men lived in Kokomo
they might have the satisfaction of heating their
bee-cGllars with natural gas. We have already
three wells that send forth over 15,000,000 feet per
day. It is a grand sight to see it burning; and as I
often watch it 1 think, "What would Bro. Root do
with it? He could save hundreds of dollars in fuel
and light." I shall use it in my house as soon as I
get the pipes in. No more wood or coal for me,
please. I shall turn my wood-bouse into' a bee-
hive shop; my wood-boxes will make hens' nests;
no dirt, no dust, only matches, for kindling-wood.

Kokomo, Ind. J. S. Scoven.

EARLY SWARMING.

J' HAVE had three swarms of bees come out this
[ spring. One swarmed on the 23d, one on the
I 2.5th, and one on the 26th of April. They were
■ all Italians, which shows to me their superi-
ority over the black bee. I will also state, that
the spring has been very backward here.
McMinnville, Or.. April 28, 1887. S. F. Harding.

our old FRIEND W. B. HOUSE.

My one swarm of bees has wintered through
splendidlj', with )in protiction but a very loose L.
hive and lots of upward ventilation. Temperature
several times was 40° below zero. W. B. House.

Detour, Chippewa Co., Mich., May ti, 1887.

109 WINTERED OUT OF 11.5.

My first swarm of bees came out March 2-tth. At
this date they are swarming quite liv.ly. 1 went
into winter with 115 colonies, and came out with 109,
very strong. A. R. Hillbun.

Viola, Pender Co.. N. C. Apr. 13. 1887.

alsike in six months' drought.

We were glad to find j'our alsike seed only $7.00
per bushel, as our failure of crops last year makes
close times. We sowed 2'/4 acres of alsike last
spring. It lived through our six months', drought
and trying winter, and now looks nice and green.

Pauline, Kan , .Mar. 13, 1887. Mrs. J. N. Martin.

71 colonies wintered out of 73 in the cel-
lar.

Allow us to report that we put in our cellar, Nov.
22, 73 colonies of bees in good condition, and to-day
placed on the stand 71, all apparently in fine order,
and well supplied with stores. Isn't that a good re-
port after such a hard winter? We had 140 days of
continuous sleighing. We are all delighted with
Gleanings, and prize it very highly.

.1. B. Darrow & Son.

West Eaton, N. Y.. April 22, 1887.

A net profit of $484 from 14 colonies.
This is a poor locality for bees, one cause of
which, probably, is because there are so many
sheep kept in this vicinity. Last year was an ex-
ception, for such another honey year* as we had
then was never before known. I gave you my re-
port last fall in rhyme, and will now give you the
profits in dollars and cents which I received from
only 14 colonies, left me on the first of May, without
any feeding or stimulating whatever, or doubling
of colonies. They gave me .500 lbs. of comb honey
and 1200 lbs. of extracted. The comb honey I sold
for 15 cts., and the extracted for from 10 to I2V2 cts.
per lb.— an average of 10?i cts. I increased to 62
by swarming and making colonies and three-frame
nuclei from the queen-cells left in the hives, and
feeding them up in the fall. This made 40 full colo-
nies and 22 three-frame nuclei, 5 or 6 of which I
placed close together for wintering in a store-box,
leaving 4 inches all around them for chalf. They
came through the winter without the loss of one,
not even a queen, and no necessity for feeding. I
have, this winter and spring, sold 46 colonies, and re-
ceived payment for them as follows:

25 full colonies. $8.00 each $200.00

21 3-frame nuclei, $5.00 '* 10.5.00

1 " " 2.00

,500 lbs. box honey. 15 cts. ^ lb 75.00

1200 lbs. extracted honey, lO^i cts. ^ lb 129.00

1 col'y left more than the original number. . . 8.00

Total $519.00

I fed, to build up nuclei for winter, sugar. . . —35.00

Net profit on 14 colonies $484.00

Average per colony 34.57

Whigville, Noble Co., O., Apr. 30, 1887. H. Large.

NO colonies lost out of 31 PUT INTO WINTER

quarters.
I now send you my result in wintering 31 colonies
of bees on their summer stands in I'j-story Sim-
plicity hives with the combined honey-crate left on
and filled with chaff. I remove three frames of the
ten, and ])ut chaff division-boards in their place,
put a Hill device on the seven remaining frames,
and a piece of burlap a little larger than the hive;
then after removing the slats from your combined
crate, I place the orate on and press it down. That

442

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

turns the edges of the burlap up all round, and
makes it tight all round. I then fill the crate full
of ehatf, and put on the '/2-stor.v cover, and all is
done. T did not look at my bees until May 3d. 1
found them all right. Queens were all alive, combs
bright, and lots of brood. I find the crates better
than any cushion, as I can lift off the cover any
time without disturbing the bees. .J. Eastman.
Fallsington, Bucks Co., Pa., May 9, 1887.

^EPe^Tg Dl?C0U^^6I]\[6.

WINTER LOSS.

fOU ask for "reports discouraging." I went
into winter with 18 colonies, all in Simplicity
chatf hives. I now have 11 left— 2 good colo-
ouies, the rest very weak. The best colony
is Carniolan, a daughter from an imported
queen from Frank Benton. Why they dwindled
down this spring I can not explain. I lost some in
the latter part of February, as the first two weeks
of February was warm. The bees began to raise
brood very fast, using all the honey in brood-nest,
then there came two weeks of steady cold weather,
and the bees starved with plenty of honey just out
of their reach. The others dwindled awaj- too
quick, with brood and honey, but no old bees to
nurse them. Samuel, Heath.

Rimer, Armstrong Co., Pa., May 7, 1887.

UNPAVdRABLE TO MRS. COTTON.

I am trying as liard as I can to make a success in
keeping bees. 1 have tried twice, and have failed
under the way Mrs. Lizzie Cotton manages bees,
and I have also lost money by her by following her
plans. I Hm now managing bees under your plans,
and things are looking more favorable. I use your
hives, and am a reader of the ABC book.

S. Woodbury, Vt., Apr. 13, 1887. W. F. Anoell.

OTHER WINTER LOSSES.

I see that you want more reports discouraging.
If all who have had bad luck in this part of the
State would send in their rein)rts it would fill
(tLEANiNGS half full. Last season was wet and cold
here; but little clover honey, considerable milk-
weed honey. Some have spoken of it as beautiful
golden honey. 1 consider it the poorest honey I
ever saw, and to that and pollen I attribute the
great loss the past winter. 1 don't think that the
winter was sevei-e. Louse nectar, as spoken of by
(Jeo. Wright, 1 know nothing about. My bees gath-
ered b\it little if any thing late in the fall. At the
close of the swarming season I had 34 swarms. I
took about 600 lbs. of comb honey, most of it the
miserable stuff spoken of. I use Vandcrvort's
chatf hive. The 34 swarms were well packed in
chatf; and with what honey they had in the brood-
I ranies there was enough and to spare. Tlie poor
quality of the honey, and too much pollen (not the
winter), reduced them to 15, and then from rather
weak to very weak. I do not think the cellar is
made in which they would have wintered on such
stores. S. B. Sakeoud.

Amasa, Pa., May 7, 1887.

IS IT FOUL BKOODV

I am not dead myself, but my Italian bees ai"e
dead— all died last summer with foul brood. It's the
fourth attempt 1 have made to get a start with Ital-

ians. I can not account for it. None of the native
bees had it, and I did not know what foul brood was
till 1 got some Italian bees. I had thought I would
write you about it ere this, but neglected to do so. I
have 20 hives in good condition. J. J. Keith.

Louisville, Ga., Feb. 25, 1887.

I can scarcely conceive how your Italians
conld have foiil brood, and not your black
bees. It is commonly considered that the
disease is no respecter of persons — at least a
bee personage. If it is a fact that you have
foul brood, I should suppose that you had
just purchased your Italians of some one
who already had the disease in his apiary,
and when the Italians were shipped you
they brought the disease witli them. One
thing, however, is certain : If you have the
real virulent foul brood it will attack the
brood of black bees just as quickly as it will
the brood of Italian bees. If you do not
think so, try it once. If, upon trial, it does
not have any effect upon the black bees,
then you certainly have not foul brood.

Bn^^TED pePEg.

locality overstocked, and no market for
honey.

J HAVE wintered 136 colonies of bees out of 163.
Those lost were nearly all nuclei. Bees have
wintered well here. This locality is overstock-
ed with bees. I believe there are 2000 colonies
within si.Y miles of this place. But the worst
part is, a good friend has purchased property here
and located an apiary of nearly 100 colonies just
eight rods from my apiary. Last season our bees
when swarming would very often get together and
cluster together. Sometimes we would not see
them swarm, and find them after they had clus-
tered; then we could not tell whose they were, but
we are good friends all the same.

There is no sale for honey here. Markets are
overstocked. One of our merchants told me a few
days ago that they had about 1000 lbs. of honey, for
which they would take6cts. per lb. They paid 10
cts. The outlook is gloomy. 1 should like to sell
out. I am discouraged. Put me in Blasted Hopes.
Nappanee, Ind. I. R. Good.

Why, friend G., I do not believe the mat-
ter is so very bad, after all ; and as you have
generally done pretty well with your bees I
don't ])elieve I would think of trying some
other calling. Other industries have their
times of depi'ession as well as ours.

75 PER CENT OF THE BEES DEAD.

As I am a young subsci'iber to Gleanings, and
see there " Reports Encouraging," I must join the
"Blasted Hopes'" column. Schoharie County is an
excellent place for bees in summer. Last season
was very poor, and the past winter memorable for
losses. Perhaps 75 percent of the bees are dead. I
had 15 last fall, and shall have but 6 left. I know of
one old veteran in the business, who, out of about
80 colonies, lost all but four, which he sold, includ-
ing his old hives, for $8.00. A very few may not
have lost more than a third. A man told me that
he had 14, and lost every one.

J. Van Wagenen, Jr.

Lawyersville. N. Y., May 7, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

443

They that turn many to rig-hteousness shall shine
as the stars for ever and ever.— Dan. 13: 3.

1^ F course, yon have noticed, dear reader,
'O how briglit and happy you feel after
^J having encouraged some fellow-being
^^ in the ways of righteousness; and. 1
suppose you know, too, how dismal
and dull one feels when he has liesitated or
neglected an opportunity of speaking a word
for righteousness. Well, when I left those
boys in that hotel in Michigan and went
into another room without saying a word to
them, I had just that sort of feeling— I felt
blue and dull ; I was in a sort of spiritual
darkness. Even the precious promises of
the Bible seemed to be dim and obscure.
There was a kind of feeling that wickedness
was going to keep on, and, may be, ulti-
mately prevail, and that there was not very
much use in trying to do any thing about it
any way. Well, did you ever feel that such
thoughts are wicked V I kiu:)w they are
wicked — they are Satan's promptings. But
whenever you sit still and let things go on
from bad to worse, without making a move-
ment or opening your mouth by way of pro-
test, you will be sure to feel this spiritual
darkness ; and doubt and want of faith in
regard to God's promises, and dim percep-
tions of spiritual truths, seem to be the con-
sequence. I made up my mind that I would
do bcLter when another such opportunity
should offer.

I reached Owosso promptly ; but Prof.
Cook was watching at one depot, and I
came in at another, as I have explained to
you. As soon as I learned that the two de-
pots were one-fourth mile or more distant, I
hastened to the one where I was expected.
A man informed me that Prof. Cook had
just been there, and that he had heard him
say that he was looking for somebody who
did not come. I inquired in the town for
him, but they had not seen him, and finally
I ascertained he had gone to his farm.

"•Well," said I to myself, "■if my plans
are frustrated, what plans has the Master
for me, under the circumstances V " The
only thing for me to do was to go to a livery
stable and get somebody to take me out to
the farm, about four miles.

Did you ever notice, dear reader, how
many people there are in towns and villages
sitting around idly ? In cold weather they
sit down by a stove, and neither move nor
speak for hours. I have often wondered
how it is possible that people can sit still.
doing absolutely nothing at all, when this
bright world is open before us. and when
such grand and wonderful opportunities
spread themselves out liefore every human
being. Why. if I were out of a joii I could
think of a hundred different things that I
should delight in doing at on(;e. I can re-
member a few times in childhood when I
had notliing to do ; but since my teens the
hours have been very scarce when there was
not something I wanted to do very much
indeed, just as soon as I could get a spare
moment.

Let me digress just enough to tell you

what it is I should like to do just now.
There are a great many tilings that 1 mean
to do this afternoon ; but there is one thing
that I have for several days been proposing
I would do as soon as it gets dark. It is
this : About a week ago, in crossing a plank
near the carp-pcmd I heard a sort of ticking
or snapping. Perhaps you would not have
thought any thing about it, l)ut passed right
along. Now. I have learned by experience
that dear old Dame Nature has wonderful
secrets to unfold; and oftentimes the only
hint she gives yo\i is some unusual noise oV
strange occurrence. I should have supposed
tlie noise was the work of insects; but in-
sects are not very plentiful just yet, and it
was down on the side of a bank near the
water. Even though somebodv was waiting
for me, I climbed down ; and by listening at
different points I decided pretty nearly
where the faint sound came from. Sure
enough, at the side of the bank where the
water trickled out from the carp-pond there
was a sort of bubbling in the mud. The
bubbles came with great regularity, and
their biirsting made the ticking or snapping
sound. It was gas of some kind, issuing
from the earth. It did not take me long to
build air-castles in the way of lighting oui'
manufactory and running our machinery l)y
means of natural gas found on our own
premises. I am sorry to say, how ever, that,
when tested by a lighted match, when I had
more leisure, "it did not prove to be the il-
luminating gas that has made such a stir in
different parts of Ohio. Nevertheless, I en-
joyed my discovery, and I am not through
witli it yet. Now, then, how can people sit
still when there is so much to be seen, so
much to be discovered, so much to be stud-
ied out, so many wonderful things of inter-
est all round about us ? When I started
for the livery stable I wondered if livery
stables were pretty much the same thing
tlie world over. I am afraid they are the
same, dear reader. By the stove sat a boy,
and he was a fair type of many of the boys
in America. He was not doing a thing
while he sat by the stove. I am not sure
that he even looked up when I came in. In
answer to my inquiries, he replied briefly.
A few minutes later the proprietor called
this boy by name and directed him to drive
me to Prof. Cook's farm. Although it was
near the tirst of April, it was a wintry day,
except that every thing was bright with a
flood of sunshine. For some time we rode
together in silence. What should a boy in his
teens have to do any way, with a man to-
w}u-(l fifty y What ideas could they be ex-
pected to" have in common ? Unless I made
an effort our whole journey would be one of
silence on both sides. Satan whispered, "This
boy has no intelligence, and he probably is
ml even thinking at all. There is not any
usp iu wasting your lu'eath in trying to wake
liim np out of his characteristic stolid indif-
ference to the woild in general." Another
voice said, "Christ died for him, whoever
he is. You beliavcd in a cowardly way but
a few hours ago. and you i-esolved to do bet-
ter next time. Now. then, old fellow, if
you really do love God and humanity, show
your faith by youv works.'"

444

GLEAJ^INGS IN BEE OULTUKE.

June

I spoke to him in regard to different
things ; but he replied by yes or no, without
even looking at me. When I was in the
jewehy business I always prided myself on
my ability to sell goods. If I wanted to sell
a man a watch, the first thing was. in ordi-
nary cases, to get acquainted with him and
make myself agreeable. When people be-
came acquainted with me they usually were
willing to trust my statements. VVhat I
said would have but little weight until I had
made mvself agreeable and pleasant. It is
a trade to sell watches; it is a trade to sell
goods of any kind, and an expert salesman
usually commands a large salary. It oc-
cUiTed to me that I should have to use much
the same energy in getting acquainted with
this boy tliat 1 used to in selling goods.
Finally I turned to him, determined to see
wliether I could break the shell of indiffer-
ence or bashfulness (was it the latter ?). I
asked him his name. He replied, briefly,
"Henry.'' Then I turned myself toward
him and commenced something like this :

"Henry, we are going to ride perhaps an
hour together, and I want to get ac(iuainted
with you. I wanted to know your first
name "itecause I want to talk with you as if
we had been friends a long while; and I
can't talk with anybody easily unless I call
them by their familiar name as other people
do. Perhaps you woidd like to know why I
wanted to get acquainted with you at all.
Well, Henry, it is because I love all the
boys. I want to see them grow up to be"
good men ; and, most of all, 1 want them to
become Christians."

At this he looked me full in the face in
some astonishment ; but when he fully un-
derstood that it was in regard to his soid's
salvation that I intended to speak, you
should have seen the transformation that
came into that boy's face. I had not seen
him smile before at all ; but now a faint
smile lighted up his boyish features. But
that smile was worth "every thing to me.
There was in it a look of innocent wonder
such as a baby shows in its first smile of
recognition. Nutv he was willing to talk. I
asked him about his father and mother.
The mother was a Christian, and it was the
old, old story. He had been in the habit of
going to Sunday-school ; but for a year past,
or more, he had decided he was getting to
be t(M) old. I wonder if Henry will forgive
me if I tell how he passed his Sundays.
With l>oyish frankness he admitted he had
learned to swear just a little; he had also
commenced to smoke cigars just a little ;
and lie knew how to play cards just a little.
He knew about other things too, just a little,
that I need not tell of here. I presume his
mother did not suspect what he frankly con-
fessed to me. 1 asked him what he thought
about the Bible and Jesus, and a future aft-
er this life is i)ast. He was not thinking
very much about them nowadays ; in fact,
these other things had driven them out of
his head. He had heard men speak sneer-
ingly about such things, and he was fast
learning to do so himself. Well, I worked
hard during that hour.* I plead with llen-

*Yes, I had worked as hard and earnestly as 1
used to work in selling a high-priced watch; but in

ry; I held up before him the future if he
kept on in the downward road ; then I told
him, on the other hand, of Gods love and of
his promises. I told him of our little band
of Christian workers in Medina — of our
prayer-meetings ; I told him of the boys I
had met in jail, and 1 spoke of the habits
that had brought them to prison. He was
deeply interested in all this, and I was sur-
prised that I could interest a boy in his
teens if I tried hai d He asked me many
questions, and I told him as much as I could
about the great world, with its opportuni-
ties that lie before him. When we were
ready to separate 1 felt that Henry was my
friend, and I knew that I was his friend. I
told him I might never see him again, but
that I should think of him often a"nd pray
for him.

" Henry, does your employer give you any
rules in regard to money you receive from
strangers? What I mean, is it yours, inde-
pendent of your wages, even if you tell him
about it V"

He replied that it was.

"Well, Henry, here is twenty-five cents,
which you are to use just as you please, only
use it "for some good purpose. Buy some-
thing with it to remember me by, if you
choose ; and please don't forget the prorhise
you have given me, to go back to Sunday-
school ; to stick closely to your mother, aiid
follow her advice. Try hard to talk to her
as you have talked to me here to-day. Don't
keep back any thing ; and, above all things,
my boy, don't forget Jesus who died for us
all. Don't ever again let his dear name
pass your lips in vain. Don't go with bad
boys ; don't stay where you hear bad talk ;
and may I hope to hear some time that you
are not "only a good man, but a good Chris-
tian man."

Xow, dear reader, how do you suppose I
felt as I took his childish hand in mine and
bade him good-by ? I hardly need tell you
that the darkness and clouds of the morn-
ing were gone. My faith was as bright and
clear in the Savior's love and the Savior's
promise as is the clear blue sky after a sum-
mer shower. And I was happy too. A
peace filled my heart that comes from no
other service or work. It was the peace
that Christ Jesus and he only can give.
Why, the memory of that forenoon's work
was' as a sweet perfume pervading my whole
being, even when 1 was thinking of' some-
thing else. Over and over again I woiild
forget myself and be wondering what it was
I was so "glad and happy about. It made my
whole visit pleasant ; it made me love eve-
rybody— even the sinful and wicked. And
do y<m not see now that it was nothing
more nor less than the fulfillment of the lit-
tle text at the head of this talk Y You may
verify it in your own experience, for you
probably have just such neighbors right
around you. May God help us to remember
the boys I May he help us to remember, too,

this case I was working unseltishly. In fact. I had
no thought of an.\- pay in anj' shape what!-ver. It
was simply for Chrixt'a sake: and without being-
aware of it I was standing where the ijromise
reached me when .lesiis said, "inasmuch as ye
have done it unto one of the least of these my
brethren, ye have done it unto me,"

1887

(JLEAJSliNGS IM HEK CULTUitE.

445

that a little earnest work may be the means
of stopping some of these liltle ones from
that which may end in shame and dihgiace
and ruin.

They that turn nuiny to righteousness shall shine
as the stars for ever and e\'er.— Dan. 1^: 3.

lf0B^CC0 C@l^^fM,N.

SOMETHING MOHK FROM FJllEND STOKKl.V.

BUR friends will recognize friend S. as
the bee-keeper who had lost his wife
(see Our Homes ftir March l-l).
Frimid Boot:— I have just tinished reading
the Tobacco Coluniuin Gleanings for Apiil
15. and the idea of giving- you my experience occur-
red to me. Some time in the autumn of 1843, at
which time I waslSyeaisof age. 1 commenced upon
a very small chew; but, I am proud to say, I never
finished it. Before we returned any of our jewels to
the Master, we numbered nine— the youngest mem-
ber l>eiDg now ID years old, and that little chew cov-
ers the extent of our indulgence in the habit, and a
few dimes' worth given to a good old mother, is
about the extent of our expenditures for tobacco.

Your zeal for the elevation of the human family
is laudable in the highest degree, and we trust that
it will find appreciative hearts. G. C. Stokelv.
Arnoldville, Tnd. Ter.. Apr. 27, 1887.

I am very glad to hear of this, friend S.,
and we are all glad to know that you are re-
ally among those who are seeking the king-
dom of God and his righteousness. And so
there are several of you to mourn the loss you
told ns about before. We are very glad in-
deed to lind you are on the riglit side of the
tobacco question. If the youngest is 10, it is
hardly likely that any of you will take to to-
bacco in the future.

I have quit the use of tobacco; and if I begin
again, I will pay the price of the smoker.
Planter, Ga., Apr. 10, 1887. T. M. O'Kellv.

I promise to quit the use of tt)bacco in any form ;
and, if I resume its use, I will pay for the smoker
sent me. E. J. Gould.

Lawrence, Kan., April 36, 18S7.

My brother has quit the use of tobacco; and if
you think he is entitled to a smoker, send one to
him, and if he commences to use tobacco again 1
will pay for the smoker. S. E. Si.mens.

Upland, Grant Co., Ind.. Apr. 36. 1887.

John Trego, the man you sent a smoker lo tor
quitting toliacco, requests you to send one to James
Wells, at Filley, (X'dar Co., Mo. Mr. Wells promis-
es to quit tobacco or pay for the smoker.

Virgil City, Mo., Apr. 31, 1887. E. Liston.

A friend of mine wants to quit using tobacco, and
he says he will pledge himself to quit if you will
send him a smoker. He will pay you for if if he
does not quit. His name is T. K. Roberts.

Boyce, La., Apr. 12, 1887. T. G. Mokgan.

Will you please send a smoker to Theodore Free-
man, Tioga. Pa., who has given up using tobacco,
and promises never to use it again ? Should he
break his pledge I will remit for smoker.

Mrs. W. E. Nicely.

Mitchell Creek, Pa., May J, lss7.

001^ 0W]SI ^PI^RY.

CONDUI.TEl> BY EKNEST R. ROOT.

FOUL BROOD— OUR OLD FRIEND THE ENE-
MY, AGAIN.

T AM sorry tt) be obliged to give a sub-
M head like the above. I had determined
W (hat I would uot again bring up this
''•*' disaareeable subject of foul brood; but
in justice to our readers and patrons, I
must tell the facts. In the last issue, in this
department 1 leported no foul brood, and I
believe 1 rather conveyed the idea that we
thought we had entirely eradicated the dis-
ease ; but jusl about the time tliat Glean-
ings had reached our readers, bringing this
intelligence, foul l>rood broke out. 1 was
just passing down the centi-al apiary when
one of our young men who was examining a
colony called out, '• What do you call this V
r nervously exainiiud the comb, and with a
toothpick I poked into two or three cells,
which my eyes told me K^o i)lainly contain-
ed foul brood. On drawing out t lie tooth-
pick, the same ropy, sticky, stringy matter
adhered to the end. The disease, however,
was then in only its incipient stage, and
probably a day or so before would not have
been apparent I now said to the boys,
"• We shall be almi^st sure to Hud other
cases adjacent to this one.'" A little later
in the day, when Hying bees had dispersed,
I threw off my coat, and, with smoker in
hand, proceeded to investigate. I singled
out first the hive that had its entrance open-
ing in the same direction, and in other re-
spects similarly situated. On opening it I
was not surprised to find that it was diseased.
I shall again refer to this point further on.
We soon discovered two or three more dis-
eased colonies, and. in the course of a week,
twelve or fifteen cases of veritable foul
brood were found.

Now. the question that will naturally
arise in the minds of many of you will be,
How was it, that, for six weeks, with no
foul brood, the disease should break out so
suddenly, and almost simultaneously V
The answer is this : I had previously in-
structed the boys to allow the colonies to
reduce their stores almost to the starvation
point ; that is, I desired to have the bees
consume all the stores left over from last
season. If said stores contained any dis-
eased matter, they would soon re^■eal theii'
true condition, it seems that the bees at
the time foul brood broke out had reached
the very bottom of the cells, where, evident-
ly. some of the honey was still diseased from
last year, but which, during the six weeks
of no foul brood, had been covered up by
the few stores the bees were gathering frora
fruit-bloom and other sources.

1 know that some of the readers will con-
demn us for being so sure that we had cured
foul brood; but it seemed to us then that
six weeks of healthy brood, and tlie colonies
nearly on the point of starvaticm. and still
no e\idences of foul brood, we had really
conquered our old enemy. We are remind-
ed strongly of this fact: That, during the
height of brood-rearing, foul brood, where
an apiar\ has been diseased previously, may

446

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

June

disappear for a period of as long as six
weeks, possibly longer, and yet reappear.
We are reminded, also, that fonl brood is a
subtile enemy. He will hide himself away,
and then when you have just drawn a
breath of relief, thinking that you have con-
quered him, he will rise up with renewed
stiength, and let you know, if you never did
before, that he is almost one of the invincl-
bles.

In last issue, we had decided to All orders
from the home apiary. We had not, how-
ever, sent out mcn'e than two or three be-
fore tl)e condition of the apiary was dis-
covered, so that the friends who" may have
purchased of us do not, I think, need to be
alarmed ; for, as we have repeatedly stated,
foul brood can not be communicated by
shipping bees and queens by the pound.

As soon as we became aware that foul
brood had reappeared, we immediately de-
cided to reinforce the Swamp Apiary. On
the supposition that we had cured foul
brood in the home apiary, the former had
been abandoned. Word was immediately
sent to friends Rice and Shook, located some
twelve miles south of us, to bring us a cou-
ple more loads of bees, in order that we
might continue filling orders as heretofore,
but with bees which ive l-new to he entirely
free from any traces of the disease. In re-
sponse to the order sent, early yesterday
morning (May 24th) they arrived with the
bees. We then drove over to the Swamp
Apiary, and in the course of the day you
miglit have seen 57 colonies scattered here
and there among the blackberry-bushes and
young l)eech-trees. In the evening of the
same day, orders for bees and queens then
on our books were filled, witliout causing a
delay of more than one or two days.

To me, the location of this new apiary is
rather pretty. There is quite a growth of
un<lerbrush,"long grasses, and weeds. The
wild and uncared - for appearance of the
place is peculiarly attractive ; and the shrub-
bery, together with small trees, will give the
bees sufflcieni landmarks by which they can
easily locate their own entrances.

In this connection I wish to make men-
tion of the chief factor which I think spread
foul brt)od in the home apiary. In the lat-
ter place, the readers of the A B (' book, and
those who have seen the picture of the apia-
ry, will remember that the hives are ar-
ranged with geometrical accuracy. The
grapevine trellises and general surround-
ings of each hive are almost identical in ap-
pearance — so much so that the bees of the
several hives are very frequently confound-
ed as to their real entrance. On almost any
bright day in early spring, when the bees
are out, v/e find scoi^es and scores of them
buzzing around at the back side of some
hive, having mistaken it for their own hive.
This general symmetry in the arrangement
of hives causes the bees to become mixed, to
a very great extent. Now, tlien, if one col-
(my is diseased, almost all the neighboring
hives will ])e pretty sure to have the disease
sooner or later, because the young bees from
the diseased colony, not being able to dis-
tinctly locate theirown hive, will enter oth-
er hives, the entrances to which have almost

the same appearance. In this way the in-
fection is carried. In the Swamp Apiary
we decided to abandon all rules of symme-
try— make the entrances and the general
surroundings of each liive peculiar to itself.
AVe did not do this because we feared foul
brood in the Swamp Apiary, but because
voung queens, if the entrances of different
hives are alike, are quite apt to get into the
wrong hive and so be killed. I am well
aware, that an apiary which has a symmet-
rical appearance lookfi nicer, and has a more
pleasing look to the eye, but I have felt con-
fident for some time that we ought to have
suttieient distinguishing features about each
hive and its location, so that the bi es will
not be continually getting into "the wrong
hive, and so waste valuable time, in the
height of the honey-fiow, in trying to deter-
mine where they belong.

THE BINGHAM SMOKER.

Some three or four months ago, at my re-
quest Mr. T. F. Bingham sent me one oif his
" Doctor" smokers. At first I did not like
it. I followed the directions which accom-
panied the smoker — that is, to use sound
hard wood for fuel. For some reason or
other I could irot make it work. That kind
of fuel was hard to light ; and when I suc-
ceeded it had a fashion of going out. I next
tried sawdust fuel. The latter material was
so combustible that the Bingham sent a
tongue of flame out of the nozzle for a dis-
tance of three or four inches, along with a
goodly number of sparks. Some of tlie
sparks lodged in my clothing, and a few in
my face until I actually became afraid of the
thing. After several unsuccessful attempts
1 laid the smoker on a shelf in the house api-
ary, and it remained there for a couple of
months. One day I concluded I would give
the thing a most thorough trial. I knew
that good bee-keepers had used it and liked
it, and so instead of using liard wood I de-
termined to try Dr. Millers plan; i. e., fill
the fire-box with planer shavings, and stuff-
ing the nozzle with green grass. As the
Bingham seemed inclined to send out a vol-
ley of sparks when shavings or other light
fuel was used, I thouglit that the idea of
stuffing the nozzle with green grass seemed
reasonable. I accordingly grabbed up a
handful of Excelsior, mixed with fine saw-
dust, lighted it, and sh(n^ed it down the itar-
rel. I then crammed in more Excelsior,
packing it down tightly. Into the nozzle of
the smoker I crammed a handful of green
grass, and adjusted it on to the barrel. The
results were highly satisfactory. I used the
smoker from three o'clock until seven in the
evening while I watched for foul brood. I
had a good volume of smoke, but not a sin-
gle spark. I have since used it. and will
now say. even at the risk of hurting our
trade in'theClark smoker, that the Bingham
is a first-class implement. The valve works
quickly, and a slight compression of the bel-
lows will send a very genlle whiff' of smoke.
It is always the same, as theie is nothing in
its construction to become clogged up with
soot. But without the green grass in the
nozzle, I cei'tainly could not tolerate the
sparks. The grass not only arrests sparks,
but prevents too great a draft for the shav?

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

447

in^s, which otherwise would be ignited into
flame, and shoot out at the nozzle. Friend
Bini^ham, why don't you recommend sliav-
ings and green grass, instead of liard wood V
But possibly 1 haven't caught tlie knack of
making it burn. May I venture to suggest,
that you liaven"t learned liow to use shav-
ings and grass V

in favor of the (Ilark, I must say that it
will send a stream of smoke to a gieater dis-
tance than the Bingham. It will till easier,
and light more quickly ; but it has not the
lasting qualities of the Bingham. At pres-
ent we are working to remedy some of the
defects in the Clark.

Gleanihcs in Bee Culture,

Published Semi - Mo >* thlt/ ,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

{.-♦—!

For Clubbing Eates, See First Page of Heading Matter.

He which couveiteth the sinner from the error of his way
shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a multitude of
sins.— James 6: 20.

Gleanings now has 7314 subscribers— more than
it ever had at any other time in its history.

THE "KENTON BEE-HIA^B."

The above is the title of a monthly bee-journal,
just started at Kenton, O. The editors are Smith &
Smith, whose names our readers will doubtless re-
member having- seen verj frequently in our adver-
tising columns. The first number has V4 pages, and
can be obtained by corresponding with the editors,
Kenton, O. Price 50 cents a year.

THE new .JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

The demand tor this new bucliwheat has been
enormous; but by repeated purchases we are still
able to furnish it at prices given In our issue for
April 1; viz., $1.75 per peck: half-pecli, $1.00; 1 lb.,
25 cts. ; \ lb., 8 cts. If wanted by mail, add 5 cts.
per 14 lb., or 18 cts. per whole pound, bag and post-
age. We mention it again, because it is now ap-
proaching the time to sow it, in most localities.
We think no bee-keeper can afford to neglect giv-
ing it a test. A quarter-pound package will give
you quite a start for ne.xt year, if you don't care to
go into it any further. For a picture and full de-
scription ot the plant, see page 167, March 1, '887.

two-frame nucleus, or .50 cents less with hybrid
queens. Further particulars can he obtained by
writing to triend Beach, as above. Kemember,
tiiese prices are given bnly on bees to be shipped
from Missouri, and you must state at the time of
ordering that you wish to take advantage of this
otter. Full colonies are ready to be shipped at once,
and nuclei any time after June 15. Send orders and
money to ua.

V.\HI()irsLV MAKKED HYBRIDS.

A SUBSCRIBER Sends us a cage of bees which he
says are from an untested queen. Some of the
bees are nicely marked Italians, and some of them
are almost black, while others have two yellow
bands. The queen, of course, proved to be hybrid.
Our correspondent wished to know how this can be,
as the bees in question are all from one queen. In
private correspondence we have explained this sev-
eral times; but for the benefit of beginners we will
say it is not uncommon, when bees are hybrids,
that variously marked bees will be found, all the
way from pure Italians to pure blacks. We would
refer our correspondent and others to the article
on "Hybrids," page VZ3 of the ABC book, where
the question is fully discussed.

FULL COLONIES AND NUCLEI OF ITALIAN BEES AT
GREATLY REDUCED PRICES— A SPECIAL L(JT.

For certain reasons, it is desirable to dispose of
at once 40 colonies of Italian bees and about 100 nu-
clei in the possession of Mr. G. A. Beach, of Quitman,
Nodaway Co., Mo. These bees are in Simplicity
fi-ames, are guaranteed to lie good Italians, and there
has never been any foul brood within '200 miles.
Until they are closed out, we will make the very
low price of $5.00 for a full colony, or $2.00 for a

COMPLICATED SURPLUS HONEY ARRANGEMENT.

Every few days some one sends us a surplus ar-
rangement which he has invented, and about which
he desires our opinion. In general, we can say they
have been sent in by those who have had but little
experience with bees, and as a rule they are al-
together too complicated for practical use. One
came today, marked on the side, "Patent applied
for." We should say it would cost to pro;Juce hon-
e.v on a large scale, with this sort of arrangement,
fully what honey will sell for at the present quota-
tions. We should remember that the idea nowa-
days is to construct surplus arrangemc-nts which
will produce honey at a minimum cost. The sim-
plest device that can be gotton up. consistent with
the objects sought and habits of the bees, is the one
destined to produce honey at the lowest possible
cost. The surplus arrangement referred to above
has separators, which we should say would cost two
or three cents apiece to make. Then there are
wedges, several sizes of sections, besides other
complications, which would make the case alto-
gether too expensive for the average honey-pro-
ducer. The ideas sought after by the inventor are
good, and his invention ingenious; but we hope our
friends will try to remember that we don't want a
surplus grraugement which can be adapted to eve-
ry hive, invertible or non invertible, contraetihle
or non contractible— in short, one which will do al-
most any thing any bee-keeper ever suggested.
A patent medicine which will cure ail diseases
known under the sun is worthless ; and 1 think we
can say, for the same reason, that surplus comb-
honey arrangements which will accomplish every
thing ever dreamed of are likewise worthless. As
a rule, our largest and most successful honey-pro-
ducers are using very simple arrangements.

FOUL BROOD IN WINTER.

A CORRESPONDENT wrltcs US that his bees died of
foul brood during the last winter, and he is located
in the Northern States. Of course, this would be im-
possible. Foul brood always disappears for the sea-
son at the approach of winter, or, at least, w hen
bees cease rearing brood. Our correspondent

448

G1.EANINGS IN BEE (CULTURE.

June

should remember that foul brood does not in any
manner affect the bees, but it is wholly a disease of
the hriiod. Wheii brood-rearin.u- crapes, of course
there is nothing for the malad.\' to work on. For
the same reason, removing the queen removes the
disease as soon as the brood is all hatched; and it
can not commence ag-ain until more brood is start-
ed. The bees referred to above probably died from
causes usually asci-ibed to wintering.

"OUR LITTI.E NEIGHBORS. "

We are pleased to inform our i-eaders that the
Kev. Jotin Dooly, 395 Broome St., New York, has
been giving- a lecture, entitled as above. Friend D.
has sent us an admission ticket, and on the back of
it we find it reads as follows:

Our Litti.k Neighbors.

Who they are; the Imvises they live hi; the way they live;
what they gossip about; their love; their hatred; their riches
—how they gain and lose them.

N. B.— Some of " otir little neitrhbors " are invited to be pres-
ent. If they do not come, thkir ears will burn; if they
come, tliey may make our ears burn.

Friend D. is an evangelist. He is and has been
holding services nearly every day in the week, in
the great metropolis of America, as above stated.
He takes up the subject of bee-keeping simply as a
recreation from his arduous duties. We sincerely
hope that he may tind in bees sufHcient rest to help
him in his glorious work.

".TRADE SECRETS."

The above is the title of a new work .just out,
written by John Phin, of the Industrial Publica-
tion Co., 15 Dey St., New York. It contains a large
amount of valuable information that can not be
readily found elsewhei-e. It gives not only formu-
la? for manufactui-ing an immense variety of arti-
cles, but important and trustworthy hints. In the
introduction there is information, full of interest-
ing incidents, explaining the whys and Avherefores.
The book is arranged in the convenient form of an
encyclopedia, and each recipe can be found in its
alphabetical place. We will take a case in point.
Under the head of "' Microscopes " the author gives
a very simple plan for making a simple lens, and
one, too, that has considerable power. On page 67
the author says, in speaking of one of the little
microscopes which he made, " We have one now
before us fjy which we can easily see corpuscles, or
glolniles, as the.v are sometimes called, of human
blood, and we can readily- see the ditterence be-
tween the blood of a man and that of a frog. We
can also see clearl.y the construction of the sting of
a bee and the eye of a fly." John Phin is well
known as a skilled microscopist, and we feel sure
that, when he makes the foregoing statements, he
knows what he is talking about. These micro-
scopes can be made for a very small amount of
money, and we have ho doubt that an enthusiast
on the suh.iect of microscopes could, with a small
nutla.y, make .just such a micioscope as there de-
scribed, [fnder the head of •Honey" we tind va-
rious recipes for making the artificial product.
The author very wiselj' says, along with the reci-
pes he gives, that pure honey can now be produced
so cheaply that it is almost impracticable to adul-
terate it to any large e.vtent. We have no doubt
that the work will be found valuable to many of
our tradesmen, and to others who would like to
know how some things ai'e made. The price of the
book is 60 cts., postpaid, and can be obtained of
the publishers as above.

6-INCH PKI.H.AM MlLli PO H S.4LE.

We have on hand a new 6-iiicli Felham mill that
we took in exchange for one of our milis. 1 believe
it does not have the latest improved frame, but it
is in flrst-class condition, and does good work— that
is, for a Pelham mill. We will sell it for $8.00, al-
though the retail price of one of that size is $9.00.
If necessary, we can send you a small sample of its
work by mail.

A 15-INCn POWER DRII.O FOR SALE.

The work in our machine-shop has increased to
such an extent that we have been obliged to pur-
chase some new and expensive pieces of machin-
ery. Among them is a new power-drill. We now
offer for sale our old power drill which we have
used for several years. It has a 15-inch swing, an
automatic or hand feed, and may be run by power
or by hand. It is just the thing for an ordinary
blacksmith shop. It cost originally f75.00; but as
the price of iron-working machinery has come down
considerably within a year or two past, we will offer
this drill at the low price of $15.00, boxed on the cars
at Medina. Any of you who would have use for
such a drill will find it is a rare opportunity. Let us
hear from you at once.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

The following have sent us their price lists:
J. B. Hains, Bedford, Ohio; an advertising sheet of bee-sup-
plies.

J.W.Clark, Clarksburg, Mo.; a 4-page circular of apiarian
supplies.

F. W. Holmes, Coopeisville. Mich.; a 10-page circular of Dun-
ham and Vandervort foundation, with a few other supplies.

G. W. Bercaw & Bro., Fostoria, O. ; a 16-page price list of rub-
ber stamps, especially designed for bee-keepers.

SYRIAN, ITALIAN, AND ALBINO

BEES a^d QUEENS.

Untested (jueen, 75c; tesied, $1.50; liees by the
pound, 75c; hytnid queen, wlien we have them, 50c;
frame of brood, 75c. Please don't send stamps.
ll-13-13d N. E. C'OTTRELiL., Fayette, O.

Costs less tliiiii ? rents per tceeJ>.

THE CANADSAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United Stares and Canada. Fitt.v-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

QXJEEIsrS.

I have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Koot's importation, 90 cts. each; 6 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates,
lltfdb B. T. BliEASDALK,

983 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Olilo.

ITALIAN^ O^EENS, l^!^^?^-^^^;^^

lltfdh T. A. PE^V, MiddletOAvn, Mo.

Two-frame nuclei, both frames containing brood,
with all adhering bees, and untested queen, from
imported mother, $3.35. Bees, per pound, $1.00.
Untested queen, $1.00. Safe arrival and satisfac-
tion guaranteed.

Mrs. a. f. proper,
Ud Portland, Jay Co., Ind.

1«87

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

449

STAlSTIiEY'S

Automatic Extractor

Self-Reversing Extractor in tlie World.

It is morf sitiiplf, and more easily operated than
auy other. Is always ready to run, and needs no ad-
justing. It is made of the best material, most of
the inside parts being- of steel. It works perfectly
on combs of unequal weight. It will not break even
the most fragile combs. It will extract from sec-
tions, or from combs containing brood, without dis-
placing any of it.
It is made for business, and will last a lifetime.
It is warranted to do perfect work in every in-
stance on any and all kinds of combs.

I can now fill orders pkomptly, as the work is all
done in my own shop.

4-frame, L. size, machine complete *2[) 00

3 ' ■ " " 16 00

•Z ' •• 13 00

Machines for odd sizes at a slight advance from
above prices. Address

lid a. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

CHOICE Itali.\n'Quekns from now on, one un-
tested, 75 cts.; six, $4; twelve, $7; tested, $1.25;
hybrid, 50 cts. GEO. W. BECKHAM,

lid Pleasant Hill, Lan. Co., S. C.

FROItl 2 TO 100 4-frame hives of bees for sale
in light boxes; hybrids, but no black workers,
and queen, $2.50; Italians, *3..50. Queens from first
grade imp. mother, (SOc. Safe arrival guai-anteed.
H-12d W. A. SANDERS, Oak Dower, Hart Co., Ga.

Tested Italian Queens, a"?5c''ea<;h?5Tr

$3; 12 tor .$6. .50. My (lueens are all bred with the
greatest of care from liest imported and home-bred
mothers. No foul brood ever known here. 75 cts.
per lb. for bees. Full colonies, $4.50.
lltfdb 1. K. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

ARTHUR TOOD, ^'^MM^T

Dadant Found ai i(>n, 40c, 45c, .50e, and Ode per lb.

J' rhiiilx. .\<>t<- CSiimifc of ^l<lii reus.
COLONIKS OF BEES FOK SALE i. HEAP.

During May and June 1 will sell nuclei colonies in
Simplicity frames at the following prices.
Three frame, with choice tested Italian queen, $4.00
Two " '• '• •' " " 3.00

These colonies are first class in every respect, and
I guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction. ll-12d

r. W. MOATS, The Bend, Defianee Co., 0.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY^

MASS., ^ BEE KEEPERS CONN.
—SEND rOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co. , N. Y.

4tf(lh

mirftni >talian queens, colonies,

■ ■HrflH' BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI,
UIILnl I AND COMB FOUNDATION.

Sfuil for Circular. JTAS. ITIcINEIlil*,

7tfdb HiidMOii, I\. V.

DO NOT MISS THIS CHANCE

TO GET ITALIAN QEEEHS AND BEES

.Vnd K<;<;S i'-OK H.lTCItlNO fronj seven varie-
ties of lliali-t'lass IPoiiltry. Choice breeding
stock, auii prices low .Send lor Circular and Price
List. CHAS. D. DUVAL.L,
Ttldb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

REMEMBER

Tin- |iiii-c ()i W. .1 Ki.iJsoN's Queens for this
iiiuiuh. 11 you don't, scuid to him for a inice list.
I£I<:tiEITIKICK also that ITIaiiy of tlie 4iii«ciie«
arc KaiKed I'roiii <'fllis obtained in Natural
Svvariiiiii:;!:. Safe arrival guaranteed.

1L-I2d

TV. J. £I.LISON,

Stateburg, Sumter Co., s< C.

CnR QAI r 10-INCH KOOT FDN. ITIILL.,
run ankS.. iml nttle uscjd, cost $2(1; will sell

for $11; no use lor it. C. C. VANDEVEEK,

lid .\rgusville, Schoharie Co., N. Y.

TTAL.IAN BEES AND QUEENS A 3PECIALT7. Tested
•*■ Queens in .luue, ^11.25 each. Untested, after June
1st, 7.5c; si.\, *4.0(); twelve, $7..5U. Bees by the lb..
7.5c; half lb., SOc; 2fr. nuclei after June 1st, $2.00;
3-fr. nuclei with untested queen, $2.75. Circular
free. Address JOHN NEBEL & SON,

5 ]6db High Hill, Mo.

T

HREE-FRAME NUCLEI WITH

ITALIAN QUEEN IN JULY FOR

lid lU. ^¥. !!«HEPIIEK1>, RoclieMtcr, O.

$2.25

W Z. HUTCHINSON,

1)

ROGERSVILLE, CRNESEE CO., MICH.,

ESIRES to brietly outline the contents of his lit-
tle book,

"THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY."

The " Introduction " gives a concise sketch of the
author's eAjjerienee in producing comb honey, and
explains how the book came to be written. The
first chapter, " Securing workers for the harvest,"
sets forth the advantages of cellar wintering coru-
bined with sp) hi{j protection. "Aside from food in
abundance, warmtJt is the one great thing needed to
jtromote safe, early breeding." The cheapest and
best method of securing this is given in detail. Un-
der the head of "Supers" the author names his fa-
vorite surplus case, and gives reasons for the pi"ef-
erence.

The next topic is that of "Separators," their ad-
vantages and disadvantages; the conditions under
which they are needed and the methods necessary
for their abandonment are briefly told.

Then " Sections" are taken up; the good and bad
qualities of the different kinds are mentioned; the
time for putting them on given, and the advantag-
es of having them filled with comb, especially in the
spring, fully explained.

The next three pages are devoted to "Tiering-
Up," in which the operations of this sj'stem are ex-
plicitly described, showing the ease with which it
enables a bee-keeper to handle a "honey-shower."
Then follow "Hiving swarms on empty combs;
Hiving swarms on foundation; and, Hiving swarms
on empty frames; " in which the question of profit-
ably dispensing with full sheets of foundation in
the brood-nest when hiving swarms is made per-
fectly clear, and thorough instructions given for its
accomplishment.

"The building of drone-comb."— This appears to
have been the great stumbling-stone in the road to
success with starters only, hence six pages have
been given up to this subject. n'7(y bees build it,
is well considered, and the way to prevent its con-
struction made plain. The next two pages are used
in answering the question, "What shall be used in
the sections i'" That is, when shall lt>undation be
used ? when combs ':' and when shall the bees be al-
lowed to huihl the combs 'i Under the Dead of "Se-
cretion and utilization of wa,\," attention is called
to the fact that we have been losing a hUj thing by
not utilizing the natural wax secretion. Illustra-
tions are given, and suggestions made.

The "Conclusion" requests "the freest of criti-
cism," and cautions all not to adoiJt the methods
advised upon too large a scale at first.

»:^g^' Price of the book, 25 oeiits.. Kitfdb

OASAKT'S 70UKSATI0K 7ACT0B7, WEOLESALE asdBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

450

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

Wants or Exchange Department. Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exc»ed 6 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange for good horses
and mules, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
SOtfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Dui'F, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bees, for steam-engine, honey, or beeswax.
7-13db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, Littleton, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange 15 Simplicity hives (2-
stor> ) half comb and half foundation, all in
good condition. Make us an offer.
10-lld J. D. HALSTtD, Hye, N. Y.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will in^eit notices free of
charge, as below. We do this bec'use there is hardly value
enough to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet i' is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have five black queens 1 will send to one address
for one dollar. W. P. Davis, Goodman, N. C.

I have half a dozen mismated Italian queens for
40 cents apiece, or f2 00 for the lot.

J. T. Van Petten, Linn, Kansas.

J have a few good hybrid queens, ready by re-
turn mail, at 40 cents each.

James H. Eaton, Bluffton, O.

I have some fine Italian hybrid queens now ready
to mail at .50 cents each, and guarantee safe deliv-
ery. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

Hybrid queens, reared from select tested Italian
mother, for sale at .50 cts. each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. W. Beckham,
8-9-lOd Pleasant Hill, Lancaster Co., S. C.

WYANDOTTE and Houdan eggs or birds in ex-
change for bee supplies; see adv't in another
column. James Evans, Box89. Scbaghticoke, N. Y.
lOtfdb

WANTED.— To exchange a second-hand Hall type-
writer for extractor, Italian bees, or bee-keep-
ers' supplies. E. P. Webster, Gambler, O. Ud

WANTED.— To exchange three city building lots,
25x102, in the city of St. Andrews Bay, Flori-
da, for Italian bees, comb foundation, or aTiy kind
of apiarian supplies. Titles to property are good.
Address B. G. LuttreliL,

, Luttrell, De Kalb Co., Ala.

WANTED. — To exchange eight thoroughbred
Newfoundland jjups or eight Yorkshire i)igs,
for hives, sections, or foundation. Satisfaction
guaranteed. D.C.Sullivan,

lid Ridgeway, Orleans Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange English lop-ear rabbits,
Guinea pigs, and water-spaniel dog pups for
bees by the pound. F. Grossman,

lltfdb Kamms, Cuyahoga Co.. O.

WANTED.— To exchange tested, untested, or mis-
mated pure-bred Italian queens, for a watch.
Ud A. P. Staik, Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

WANTED— To exchange 400 two-piece and 400 one-
piece 5 14x61.4 V -groove sees., for 1000 414x414
Forncrook one-pieoe sees, (send sample); or for 5
purely mated Italian queens, daughters of imported
mothers. J. M. Young, Rock Blutts, Neb. 11-13

WANTED.— To exchange, a good rifle and an ope-
ra-glHSS for Italian, Cyprian, or Albino (im-
ported or home-bred queens) bees. Address
lltfdb O'lTO Kleinow, Detroit, Mich.

See Here !— 60 black and hj'brid queens for sale;
are good laying queens, nearly all young, and are
sold to make room for Italians. Ready now. Satis-
faction and safe arrival guaranteed. Return all
dead queens in same cage; all clipped. Price 30
and 45 cts. L. T. Ayers,

Box 6.57, Kankakee, Kankakee Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange a pair of bantams for
tested Italian or Holy-Laud queen and a
pound of bees. Frank Shilling,

Jewett, Harrison Co., O.

WANTED.— Situation at once by a first-class bee-
keeper who thoroughly understands his busi-
ness. Prank Curl, 414 8th St., Des Moines, la.

WANTED.- Price lists from importers of Italian
queens; also your names and address on post-
al for my circular of (jueeus. etc.. for 1887.
lid S. H. Blosser, Dayton, Rockingham Co., Va.

WANTED.— To exchange my new catalogue of
bees, queens, new section-case, for your ad-
dress on a postal card. Address P. A. Eaton,
ll-12d Bluffton. Allen Cj>., O^

WANTED.— To exchange, hives, sections, frames,
crates, etc. (either flat or nailed), for white
paint, box nails, foundation, belting, or any thing
I can use. Send for free catalogue. 9-ll-13d

C. W. CosTELLOW, Waterboro, Me.

During the coming summer I wish to requeen my
apiary (almost entirely), and would sell my present
stock of queens (all reared from imported mothers.
Root's importatious) at from 35 to .50 cents each, or
3 for $1.00. to one address; and if any one gives me a
trial, I will give satisfaction for any thing reasona-
ble. Elias CoIjE, Ashley, Delaware Co., O.

A Cheap Smoker.

Martinsville, O., Apr. 11, 1887.
Messrs. BUigham A HetheringUm, Ahronixi. Mich.:

Enclosed find $3.50 for two large 3i4-inch Bingham
smokers (wide shield). They are for my neighboi-s.
I have one of the Bingham smokers that I have
used for six years, and it is as good as ever. Send
for half-dozen rates.

Resi>ectfully, Amos R. Garner.

PRICES OF BINGHAM SMOKERS.

By Mail, Postpaid.

Doctor Smoker (wide shield) 3'i inch *2 00

Conqueror Smoker (wide shield) 3 " 175

Large Smoker (wide shield) 2Vi " 150

Extra Smoker (wide shield 2 " 125

Plain Smoker 2 " 100

Little Wonder Smoker. l?i " 65

B. & H. Honey-Knife 2 " 115

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half-dozen
rates. Address T. F. BINGHAM, o''

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,
9l2db Abronia, Mich.

WILL SELL tested queens at .fl.35 each; untested
" at 75 cts. each. Nuclei and full colonies for
sale, either Italians or Syrians.
8tfdb Israel Good, Sparta, Tenn.

Oitr Cartons for encIo!,i,^g Hection Honey are the best &
lotvest priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or witlwut. In tlie Flat or set up.
printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
hauejust put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fillorders promptly, frice L,ist Free. Samples Gc.

14 oz. Glass Jars $5.25 per gross, including Corks cf La-
bels, I t-2 <S;2 gross ir\ a Case, Catalogue of Honey tables free,

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

1887

GLEANINGS JN BEE CULTURE.

455

Contents of this Number.

Alalmstcr Box 47S

AUBtl'alia 471

Bees DviliL' at Knt ranee ill

Bees on Windows 4K4

Buckwheat. Japanese 4Wi

Cai-penter Drone-bee 4iw

Carpets 4('i4

flits, Vain.' of, in Books. . . .4(U

Dress for Apiarist iOH

fcditurinls 4«.t

Kiitraife. I'ireetion of 47(!

ferii Ir W. .rkefs 477

Foul Hrocd 483

Koul liiood in New Zealand. 470

Foundation in Sections 469

Frames, Wide 4«i;

FWmes, WctiRinsr up 4fifi

Fun Sheets vs. Stirters .471
tJiass at Eiitfance. ..:.. . t71

Sat, Kee-kecper's........ .471
at. Miller's 4(i:(

Heads of Orain 469

Hives l^ainted Dark 475

Honey Sugarinp in Si(mmert72
Honey, Sour, Improving 473

llon.v-.Uw Honey 47.'!

Italians the Best 470

LaiitrHiroili Slandered 472

I.ookont Mountain 476

Our Own Apiary 482

I". licnson 462

I'cet < ':\txv a Success 4,s:i

<JMtMii,( 'itching in P. CaKe.470

Queens, fiO Killed 476

Kepoi ts Discouraginfr 468

Scieeri-(l.oors 472

.Sections, I'uttinK ToKether.47r)

Septic Diseases 466

Stokely's Comments, 468

Susp<n(h rs tor Apiarist 463

i^varms in Kmpty Hives. . . 460

Tohacco ( 'ohnnn 477

Trumpet Flower 475

T Supers 4B9

Veil, Miller's 463

Visit to a Bee-keeper 471

Water in Combs 470

Water We Drink 467

Windmill Story 473

Wax, How To Ship 484

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I received the tin separators and foundation, and
think the latter is exceedingly fine. Frcig-ht
charges were 87 cts. Clyde Bell.

Clarkaville, Ind., May 13, IBS?.

THOSE SPECTACLES.

1 received the spectacles I ordered from you, and
they suit me better than any other that 1 have yet
found, although I have bought several pair at a
higher price. G. B Shanklin.

Zoneton, Ky., May 8, 1887.

THE New tiAWN-MOWER AHEAD OF ALL OTHERS.

Mower received Monday night at 5:3C— quick work.
It is the uicest- working machine I ever used, and I
have worn out some that cost $VZM to $30.00. You
can say for me, that, no matter what the price may
be, no mower of the size can surpass it in any
point. J. E. Pond.

Foxboro, Mass., May 25, 1887.

THE FINEST MAPLE SUGAR.

Inclosed please find check to balance account.
The goods sent me were satisfactory in every way.
The maple sugar was the lincst I ever melted in the
N. E. corner of ray mouth. I judge your impres-
sion of Hollj' is not very good. ] live three miles
from there, it is like most other towns— good and
bad, and too much of the latter.

Holly, Mich , May 11, 1887. Geo. F. Brondige.

A PLEASED CUSTOMER.

I am under obligations to write to you, and words
are inadequate to express my sincere thanks for
your kindness in sending the ABC book. I don't
feel that I ought to accept it for the damage to the
saw, as the book is worth twice the amount the saw
cost, and I am willing to pay vou something for the
work. I would further say, it is a truly wonderful
treatise on bee culture. It is a delight to read it,
besides the great information it gives in every de-
partment pertaining to the subject. A. Crook.

Rosamond, Ind., May 30, 1887.

"A long way AHEAD."

I am just in receipt of goods ordered from you by
freight. Every thing is satisfactory and first class.
I know it is a good long distance to send for this
£lass of goods; but when you come to put them to-
gether, and use them, they are a long way ahead of
flny thi'ifr el-JC t have seen mnnuf'notured in this re-
gion .Hid I Hin more th:in pleased with your im-'ccs
and gonfis. Afcept thanks. J Swift.

State- Center, l:i , M:iy 17, 1S87

I roceiveil your c.nd, stating that .vou would ship
the bees May 16. I received them May isth at night,
in good condition. Thanks for your promptness. 1
put the bees up in a hive that had been roldied.
The.y went to work imratdiately. and are still al
work. I am well pleased with tliem. It' 1 enn learn
how to keep my bees from being robbed. T shall be
very thankful. E. W, Pettys.

Windsor, Broome Co., N. Y., May g,l, .887.

[See " Robbing," in the A B C]

POTATO BOXES

(TERRY'S).

These are mad<! of
liHFsw(H)d, bound with
galvanized iron. The
galvanized iron gives
strength, and the
basswood strength
and lightness. These
hold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they arc made especially for potatoes, they
can be used for fruit, vegetables, picking up stones
on the farm, and a thousand other purposes. When
piled one above the other, they protect the contentg
from the sun and rain; and from their shape a
great many more bushels can be set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. They are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 35 c each ; 10, $3.25; 100, *30.00. In the flat,
including nails and galvanized iron, $1.75 for 10;
100, »16.50; 1000, «160.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

Choice Italian Queens,

One untested, 75 cents; six, $4 00; twelve, $7.00.
Tested, $1.00, from natural swaiming. ]3-16db

Merican Stibbcnf>«, Oxford, Butler Co., O.

HEADQUARTERS IN ILLINOIS

For the Manufacture and Sale of

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

8 and 10 frame Simplicity hives furnished at a
great reduction in price. Nice sections and founda-
tion specialties. A full line of supplies alwaj-s on
hand. Write for my new price list
1315d F. M. ATWOOD, Rileyville, 111.

HELLO! HELLO! HELLO!

Smith & Jackson are ready to ship 75 queens, 500
pounds of bees, 1000 pounds of comb foundation, by
return mail. All bees and queens guaranteed sale
arrival. All mistakes made right. Send for our
price list for 1887, now out.

SMITH & JACKSON, Box 72.

Tilbury Center, Kent Co., Ont., Can.

For Sale!

16 H. P. UPBIOHT TIBILAH BOILKU.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
gauges, etc. Price on board cars, $3.50.1 0. IStl'db
WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS', WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btrd

HOW TO WINTER BEES,

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who applv. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

HARRMTON'S AD.

I have a fine lot of tested queens; will sell them in
the month of May at July prices:

SELECT TESTED . . . , .ftSMO

TESTED 'J. 00

TXTESTED, AfUr Mni/ HO - - t.OO

Holy Land and Albinos same price. If you wish
something fine give me a call. I never had a case
of foul brood. >f.v two apiaries are located SM north
and 3 miles south respective^' in a bee-line from
the Home of the Honey-Bees. tfdb

H. B. HARRINGTON, ITIedinn, Ohio.

4.5tj

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is :isst.'itc'(l liy liuiidrods ol practical iiiiil disiiitercst-
e<l l>oe-kcoi)er8 to be the eleimcst, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most reguhir
in color, evoncst, iind neatest, of any that is made.

II is kept for sale by Messi's. T. G. Newman &
Sun. Chicago, 111.; C F. Mnth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
licddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dongherty & Wiley,
liidianai)olis, Ind. : n. .I.Miller & Co. Nappanee,
Ind :('.][. Gr(^en, Waiikcshii, Wis. ; Siiiith & Goodell,
UocK Kails, 111.; Ezra Uaer, Di.xon, Lee Co., 111.: E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois: Arthur Todd,
212,J North Front Street. Phil'a.T'a.: K. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Yialloii, linyoii Goula. La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas: J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.: E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley. Dutchess Co., N. Y.; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, III. : .1. R. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwell, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co , Texas, W. B. Clark,
Oriskanv. N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J.Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples fret, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 50 Coiupliiiieutarj' and miso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee ever}/ inch >>f our fimndatinn equal
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT Ai SON,

Sbtfd llainllton, Hancock €o., IIIiiioiM.

*B^ Ml li KEBPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus-
XiXdld trated catalogue, for 1887, FREE. Reduc-
ed prices. Address JOS. NYSEWANDEB, Des Moines, Iowa.
3ttdb

Return n)ail, one, 60 cts.; '4 dozen, $3.3.t; dozen,
$6.,50; 2.5, $13..50; 5'J. W2^M. Money-order offlce, New
Iberia, La. J. W. K. SHAW ft CO., Lcreauville, Iboria Par., La.

Cash for Beeswax!

Will pay 30c per lb. cash, or 33c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 35c per lb., or 38c for hest
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the hox, and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not liold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

FKOin 2 TO 100 4-frame hives of bees for sale
in light boxes: hybrids, but no black workers,
and queen, $3.50; Italians, $3.50. Queens from first
grade imp. mother, 80c. Safe arrival guaranteed.
ll-13d AV. A. SANDERS, Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

NEW YORk7lMEW JERSEY,

MASS., ' BEE KEEPERS f CONN.

—SEND FOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co. , N. Y.

4tfdl)

During May and .liino I will sell nuclei colonies in
Simplicity frames at the following prices.
Three frame, with choice tested Italian queen, *4.00
Two '• '• " " •• " 3.00

These colonies are first class in every respect, and
I guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction. ll-13d

F. W. MOATS, The Bend, Defiance Co., 0.

CHEAP

Srml for Circular.

Ttfdb

f ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,
BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI,

AND COMB FOUNDATION.
JAS. mcNEILIi,

Hudson, N. ¥.

DONOTMISSTHIKHANCE

TO 6ET ITALIAN QEEENS AND BEES

And EiiOS FOK HATCHINO from seven varie-
ties of Higli-t'lass Poultry. Choice breeding
stock, and prices low. Send for Circular and Price
List CHAS. D. DUVALL,
Tttdb Speucerville, Mont. Co., Md.

REIVIEJVIBER"

The price of W. J. Ellison's Queens for this
month. If you don't, send to him for a price list.
REimEITIBER also that Many of tlie Queens
are Raised from Cells obtained In Natural
Swarming'. Safe arrival guaranteed.

W. J. ELLISON,

ll-]2d Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C.

TTAL.IA1V bees AMD QUEENS A SPECIALTY. Tested
■*■ queens in June, f 1.35 each. Untested, after June
1st, 75c; si.\, *4.00; twelve, $7.50. Bees by the lb..
7.5c; half lb., 50c; 2-fr. nuclei after June 1st, f 3.00;
3-fr. nuclei with untested queen, $3.75. Circular
free. Address JOHN NBBEL & SON,

5 16db High Hill, Mo.

Costs Ifss thnn 'J ceiis j>er irerk.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the Ignited States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbei'S make a volume of lOlO pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

QXJEEJlSrS.

1 have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Koot's importation, 90 cts. each; H f or $4.50. lean
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates.
Iltfdb R. T. RliGASDAIiF),

983 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS, ^^t^'::::::::::^^^o

Iltfdb

T. A. PEW, Middletown, 7>lo.

BE SURE

To send apostal card forour illustrated catalogueof

APIARIAN ^^L^^lt"^^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOWEST PRICES.

XT^a-XiUVlT QTTEEasrS JL-lsTlD BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3 tfd Hartford. V/ashington Co., Wis.

Manufacturer of and dealer in every thing needed
in the apiary.

BEAUTIFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED, &C.

4tfd Hell Rrancli, Wayne Co., ITIich.

Price list free, (Near Detroit)

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

457

Fine Premium Italian Bees.

My queens iiiifi bees were awarded first preiniiini
at the late Chenango Co. Fair. All interested, send
stamps for sample of bees, also for my new price list
and circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
fine queens. Untested queens, $1.00 through the
season. Tested, $1.50. Mks. OLIVEU COLE.
6tfdb Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. V.

Cheap

fnr PqcIi derates of two each, squ.

lUI l/aoll. (io-ib. honey cans. Root's
new, 70c a crate; 5 crates, 2 each, round 50-11). cans,
used once, 40c aerate: 1 No. 5 Novice extractor, ;Jd
hand, with knife, *4.ro. 500 top metal corners, ifl.OO.
12d <'. B. THWINC;, Hamilton, ITIo.

BEES ! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS^

Ready for spring delivery at 60c to |1. 00 per Ui.,
according to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. Ctfdb

OIjIVEM roSTJ^H, Mt. Vernon. TAnn Co., i«.

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAM & CO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

— FOR PIUCES ON —

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

And General Supplies tor Bee-keepers

Xcw Factor]). Low Priccf!. Good ITor/c
24-lldb

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

»iQ|JARF: (;L.AS$ HOMt;Y-JAUS,

TIN BIJ{'K&:TS, bee-iiives,
HONEV-SECTIONS, Ac, Ao.
PEKFECTION (OLn-BIiAST S.IIOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send JO-ccnt stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bce-Keepers." Itfdb

oisr:E:-i»iEC3:E:

SECTIONS

-A. SI'JESOI-A.X^T'K-.

Sections smooth on both sides, V or nearly square
groove, dovetailed ends, or to nail, at $:i.M per lOCO.

B. WAIiKER & CO.,
8tfd Capac, St. Clair Co., IVIicli.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. IStfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon. Linn Co., Iowa.

ON 30 PAYS' TRIAL7

THIS NEW

lEUSTIC TRUSS

' Has a Pad different from all
others. Is cup shane, with Self-
adjusting Ball in center, adapts
itself to all p«3ition3 of the
body while the ball in the cup
'presses back the intes-
_ tines just as a person
does with the f I nger. with light pressure the Her-
nia is held securely day and night, and a radical cure
certain. It ia easy, durable and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars tree. EGGLESTOM TBCBS CO., ChiMfOt Ilk

l-l:.Mii

COMB FOUNDATION.

Dunham IJrood Fdn., 40c. per lb.; e.\tra thin Vim-
dervort Fdn., i'>c. per lb. \\ n.\ made into IVln. for 10
and 'Me. pvv lb.

3-tfdb. F. W. HOLMES, Coopcrsville, Mich.

PRIME & GOVE,

BRISTOL, VEPII^OITT,

— jM .\ N I • !•' A CT U K K I! S O K—

Pee - Jieepers' Supplies.

White Popliir Dovetailed Sections and Shippinfr
Crates a Specialty-. Price List and Samples free,
.jtfdb.

CmCULAE

NOW READY.

ADDRESS JAMES HEDDON,
m» DOWAGIAO, MiGH.

SHIPPING GRATES

TXXS BIEST,

THE CHEAPEST.

Write for prices. fi. B. LEWIS A; CO.,

Itfdb Watertowii, Wis.

lEflDPHTEilS 1) TlSf

FOK THE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLKUTY J IIVES FUliNISIIhW
AT A GREAT liEDUCTION IN VRK E.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswa.x. 22tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.
WANTED TO SELL.

103 3 frame nucleu.^ colonies of hj brid bees,

with queens, each ^3 .'iO

Two-slor.v Simplicity hives (complete) each . . . 1 .■)0

ChaQ' hives (have lic'en used some) each 3 00

Highly lired hybrid queens, each 100

4'.iX4i4 sections {\ groove) per M 4 50

The photo of my apiary given as a premium on
supplies purchased to the amount of $.5.00, cash or-
deis. Will exchange nuclei colonies or e.xt'd honej'
for apiarian supplies, if new.

7tldb J. M. YOUNG, Rock Bluffs, Nebraska.

OASAKT'S FOUHCATIOH FACT0S7, WHOLESALE asdBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

4.58

GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE.

June

PONEY GdMW'

CITY MARKETS.

DKTHOiT.—J/one;/.— There is no good comb honey
in the market to quote. Beeswax, 23 to 24c.
June 10. Bell Branch, Mich. M. H. Hunt.

Chicago —Ilnneii —Very little comb honey here
now; tiiit what is offered is not jirime and prices are
unchanged. The demand for all grades is small.
Exiractcd 5@6; selling more freely.
Beeswax, 32c. R. A. Buknett,

Junes. Chicago, 111.

PHiLADEijPHiA.—J-/wHr;/.— Honey is in very light
request and prices merely nominal. The only in-
quiry whatever is for l-lb. sccti;.ns of choice goods;
iti other descriptions there is absolutely no move-
ment.

Beeswax is in light request and quotable at 22f034c
per lb. for pure Southern; and 20(ai»2c per lb. for
pure Western Paxcoast & Gkiffithp,

June 10. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston.— Ho?ici/. —No change in prices. Sale very
slow. Blake & Ripi.ey,

June 10. Boston, Mass.

K.4NSAS City.— Honey.— Our market is almost
bare of honey. Waiting now for the new crop.
June 11. Clemons, Cl,()On & Co.,

Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland.— Hojiej/.— The market is dull, there
being no movement in honey; dealers are awaiting
the new crop. Prices unchanged.

June 11. A. C. Kendel,

Cleveland, Ohio.

St. Louis.— JJone)/.— California has advanced her
price on extracted honey which I think will give us
a little better outlet for our home product in the
near future. E.xtracted is already a little firmer.
Comb honey, a large Stock still on hand; choice
white comb, l-lb. sections, 10c; off, 8@9c. Broken
comb, 6(a>7. Beeswax, '2\; selected, 23(51.35.

June 10. W. B. Wescott &Co.,

St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee.— Ho»iej/.— The old crop is getting
nearly out of sight; supply very small, and de-
mand limited; and values have undergone very
little change. Choice white comb, l-lb. sections,
12@12'/2; choice white comb, 2-1 b. sections, 10@11.
Dark comb not wanted; entirely nominal. Extract-
ed, finest white in kegs and pails, 6'4(5'7c; same in
bbls. and hall-bbls., 6(S'6V2; finest amber in bbls.,
4J4@5; dark in bbls.,4@4;4. Bfcswar. nominal, 25c.

June 10. A. V. Bishop,

Milwaukee, Wis.

St. Louis.— Uojiej/.— We quote choice comb 9@11
cts.; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained in bbls. 3'>2'5 4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages, J^ ct. advance
on above. Extracted in bbls., 414(5414 cts.; in cans,
5 cts. Market dull and receipts increasing.

Beeswax steady at 21 cts. for prime.

June 10. D. G. Tutt & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

CiNCiNN.A.Ti.—Honej/.— Demand for comb is slow
and prices are nominal. Demand for extracted
honey from manufacturers is improving. No
change in prices. It brings 3@7 cts. a lb. on arrival.
There is a good demand lor beeswax which brings
20@'22 cts. a lb. on arrival. C. F. Muth & Son,

June 13. Cincinnati, Ohio.

1 have 4(X) llis. of nice comb honey in one-pound
sections, for sale cheap, if bought soon

Louis Wekneh, Edwardsville, 111.

LOOK HERE!

Haven sells tested (jiieens lor $125; untested,
75 oeiits 2 frame, $•^^^): 3 frame, $3.00; 4 frame,
14 (HI. Full colony, ijlfi. 01. Bees 75 cents per pound.
All t)rei)ai(l. A<ld queen you want to the abn\'e.
IStfdb W. O. HAYHN, Fleasant Mound, 111.

CARNiOLANS.

GENTLEST, BEST HONEY-GATHERERS, AND

THE QUEENS THE MOST PROLIFIC OF

ANY KNOWN RACE.

Untested queens, each .f 1 00

Imported " " 5 00

Safe arrival by mail guaranteed. Ten cents ex-
tra on all home-bred queens, to Oregon, California,
Canada, and to cross the Atlantic.

Imported queens will be mailed direct by Mr. Ben-
ton from Laibach, Province of Carniola, and will be
the " finest selected queens." Send for circular.
S. W. MOURISON, M. D.,
Cliester Co. Oxl'ord, Pa.

Mention this paper. 12tfdb

Toll PuorvhnHu ^e ^^^ running fourteen
ICII E.VCI yUUUy hours a day on linn and
buckeye sections, V-groove, one-piece. We are up
with our orders, and can ship to customers at once,
the handsomest sections on the market for the
money. For s'&mple and prices address
12d J. B. inCJRRAY, Ada, OI1I0.

Bees Cheaper Than Ever.

I have had charge of A. I. Root's apiary for three
years. Have now started an apiary and am ready
to fill orders promptly. Untested queens, 75 cts.;
tested, $1.00; select tested, $1.50. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, wm. p. kimber,
otfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

3-f rame nuclei with untested Italian
queen, $2.00. 3-frame, with untested
Italian queen, $3 50. Full colonies,
$5.00, simplicity frames wired. Safe
arrival guaranteed. IStfdb

■ (Near Detroit) M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Uioh.

QUEEITSI QUEE2TS ! !

From the egg when not under swarming impulse.
Holy-Lands, Italians, and albinos, $1.00 and $3.00
each. None sent out that we would not use our-
selves. Satisfaction guaranteed. 12d
Pelliaiu & Williams, IHaysville, Ky.

Italian Bees and Queens.

Full colonies $6.00 (Simp, wired frames, combs
built on fdn.). Bees per lb., 80 cts. ; 14 lb., 50 cents.
Frame of brood and bees, 75 cts. Tested queens,
$1.50. Untested, $1.00. Queens reared from im-
ported mother. MISS A. M. TAYLOR,
lOtfdb Box 77. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

2 1 he Doac With pure Italian queen, only
LUb. DCCd |;3.oo; with hybrid queen, $1.75.
Pure queen, $1.00. Full colony in Simplicity hive,
$4.00. 1313d J. H. REED, Orleans, Orange Co., Ind.

IF

Vmi WANT Fine Honey-Gatlierers, try

I UU Moore's strain of Italians. See ad-
vertisement in another column.

BEES! Italian BEES! Italian BEES!

FULL. COliONlES, $4.50.

THKEE-FICIITIK NUCLF:I, $9.25.

lltfdb G. W. GILLET, Wellington, Ohio.

FOLDIIVG^ BOXES.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the best &

lowest priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mioa Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
Printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
have Just put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fill orders promptly. Price ZitSt Free. Samples Sc,

14 oz. Glass Jars $5.25 per gross, including Corl<3 cf La-
bels, 1 1-2 ^ 2 gross in a Case, Cataloque of Honey Lablea free.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S, Weymouth, Mass.

Tol. XV.

JUNK !5, 1887.

No. 1?.

TERMS: $1.00 PkkAnnum.in Advance; I Jpo+^J^l-i oJi nrl y-n 1 ^ "7 ^ I Clubs to different postoffices, not less
2CopiesforJ1.90;8for«2.75;5forM.(»; XVof/Ct'C't't'OAe't/CC/ Lfl/ J. O / «-> . than 80 cts. eacli. Sent postpaid, in tlie

" ■". and Canadas. To all other coun-

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num-

er. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be

PUBLISHED SKMI-MONTIILY BY

tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18

lay I _ , , .

made at club rates. Above are all to ^ / Pn/IT MPDIMA f) l-ll D cts. per year extra. To all countries
be sent to ONE posTOFFicE. j/J. /. tlUUI, mCUHvM, (////(/. Uoi of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

TIMELY

SUGGESTIONS ON
OF THE T SUPER.

THE USE

WHEN TO PUT ON AND WHEN TO TAKK OIF I'llF.
HIVE, ETC.

§TNCE tlie T super has taken sueli a
boom, beginners and others liavo re-
quested more especial instructions as
to how to put in the sections, exactly
when and how to put tlie first super
on, when to add another, about how many a
colony could take care of to advantage, and
when' to take the supers off, and tinally
when to remove them all. As there seemed
to be no one more fitted or competent to ans-
wer the foregoing questions, we requested
Dr. Miller to give minute directions, and to
give every little manipulation just as if he
were talking to beginners. We fancy that
some of the veterans will find some direc-
tions from the doctor that will be of some
service to them. "Without any prelimina-
ries Avliatever. he proceeds as follows :

Until you g-et the knack of it, putting sections in
T supers is a little awkward. Have the supers on
some plane surface, where the sections can't full
through if the tin T's are displaced. Place the T's
not very carefully over the sheet-iron supports.
Put a row of four sections (I'm supjjosing- you use
4^4 X 414 sections) along the side, which will fix the
T's in their places at that side of the super; now a
second row next the first, but leave a little space
between them, and then slip a separator in the
space. Continue in this way, pushing the rows
close together as more room is needed. Supposing
that you commenced filling the side of the super
next to you (the aide and not the end of the super
must be next you), the rows will be pushed togeth-

er till only two rows are lacking, then put in a row
close to the side next to you; then put two sections
at one end of the last row, and one at the other,
leaving the super full, all but one section. Putting
in tliis last section is the hardest part; and unless
your super is roomy, you will give up Tsupeisin
disgust and say it is too hard work to fill them.
Don't hurry the section in, but push it down steadi-
ly, holding it square in its place, and it may go in
with no trouble. One end, however, may catch on
one of the T's, and you must raise the section the
least trifle and crowd it enough to one side to al-
low it to pass down beside the objecting T. Some-
times it may be necessary to use a case-knife,
pushing down the section till one side is caught in-
side its T, then pushing down the knife inside the T
at the other end of the sections, when the latter can
be crowded into its place. My assistant, who has
had more experience than I in filling supers, says
she latterly prefers to put first a row of sections in
the side of the super furthest from her, the same
as I have already described, and, next, to put a row
in the side next to her, thus holding the T's in their
place for the rest of the work. Then the last two
separators can be coaxed into place, commencing
at one end, but taking care that this end docs not
get much the start of the other, or the separator
will be wedged fast. Possiblj' there ma.\' be so
loose a fit that one or both of these last two separa-
tors may be put in before the last row of sections

The general rule given for putting on sections is
when bits of white wax are seen along the tops of
the frames. I would rather not wait for this.
Where clover is the first surplus crop it is well to
put on supers when clover-bloom is out in full.
This, at least in my locality, occurs ten days or two
weeks after the first clover-blossoms are seen; but

460

GLEANINGS IK liEE OULTUUE.

JuNe

if you do not keep a shiirp lookout you may not see
these first blossoms. It is a decided iidvantago to
replace one of the central sections in the first su-
per with a section partly lilled that has been kept
over fi'om the previous season. You will find such
a section occupied very promptly; and althoug-h the
bees may empty all the honey out of it, they will
still remain, at least a few of them, on it; and as
goon as they have a surplus to dispose of they will
commence relilllng- this section. It is possible that
an empty section from which the honey has been
emptied the previous fall may do nearlj' or quite
as well, but 1 have never tried it.

When the first sui)er is well filled with bees, and
the work well started, the sections perhaps half
filled, a second super should be added. Peihaps
thul does not give exactly the right idea. On one
hive the super may be almost filled with honey, and
the colony not yet ready for a second super, while
another colony may be ready for a second super
before its first super is more than a quarter filled.
If a colony is very strong', and seems to have more
than enoug-h bees to occupy one super, if the hon-
ey-How is good and likely to continue, it may be
well to add a second sui)er in a short time after the
first, oven if little has been stored in the first. This
second super is to bo placed under the first, which
is raised for this purpose, and the bees will imme-
diately occupy it. Indeed, I have added supers
thus in rapid succession, always putting the empty
one next the brood-nest, until the bees were work-
ing in six supers at once, and, as a result, I had six
supers mostly filled with unfinished sections. The
strongest colonics will not often need more than
three supers at a time; for before the fourth is
needed, the first is ready to be taken off. Don't
wait for every section in the super to be finished
before taking off; for if you wait for the outside
ones to be finished, the central ones will become
dark. When all but six or eight of the outside
ones are sealed over, take off the super and i-eturn
the unfinished ones, to be finished in another super.
Whilst at the beginning of the harvest, the etfort
should be to urge the bees to occupy a large num-
ber of sections as quickly as possible; when the
harvest begins to wane, the opposite course should
be pursued. Here is a colony, for instance, that
has about filled all its sections, but they are not
capped over. If these are raised up, and a super of
empty sections put under, the bees will commence
work on the empty ones, and the honey-flow may
stop before the upper sections are finished. On
the other hand, if no empty sections are given, the
honey-flow may continue longer than anticipated,
and the bees become crowded for room. So, to-
ward the last of the season, instead of putting the
empty sections under, put them on top. The bees
will go on finishing the sections already occupied,
nearly if not quite as well as if no super had been
put on top. If the lices need more room they will
go up into the u|)per super, and if they don't need
it they will let it alone. When the honey-flow
ceases (and you will tell it by the bees becoming-
cross, and robbers troubling), it is best to takeoff
all the sections, making a clean sweep of it.

Friend Root, you said my little book was lacking
in pictures, and I never jawed back a word. But,
now, you have put Hutchinson's book along with
it, and I don't think that's fair. I don't think I
ever so fully appreciated the educating power of
an illustration as I have since your insisting upon

it so strongly, and I know of moi'e than one place
in my book where 1 studied how to clearly describe
something till my head ached, that a picture would
have cleared up in a twinkling. But in Hutchin-
son's book I can hardly see the same need of pio-
tures. It is merely a new use of old things, and I
am not sure that illustrations would help much.
The chief purpose of the book was to give in full
a peculiar system of management, and 1 am glad,
very glad, to add it to my small collection of books
on bee culture. He has told his story very concise-
ly; and whether I follow his plan or not, if I want
it at any time I can find it in compact form without
hunting through all the pages of the periodicals.
Then if you must have pictures, the cover of the
bookTs itself a beautiful one. I know T wouldn't
take 2.5 cts. for my copy. C. C Miiii-ER.

Marengo, 111.

SOMETHING SEASONABLE AND VAL-
UABLE FROM M. S. ROOT.

SWAISMS ENTERING EMPTY HIVES.

Y brother, M. S. Root, now of Na-
tional City, San Diego Co., Califor-
.^ nia, sends* me the following letter,
■^ wliich was written to himself. Some
of our readers will doitbtless remem-
ber, that on page 60S last year, my brother re-
lated an experience similar to the following:

M. S. Root:— In reading Gleanings I saw you
had some notion of embarking in the bee-business.
Now, let me give you a little circumstance that may
be to you a benefit. My nephew and I kept bees,
but concluded to divide, so he took his off and sold
all the bees; but there were some boxes left, and
some comb. To sa^•e the comb from the moth he
put three or four in a box spread out evenly, so
they did not touch by 3 inches. He then piled the
hives or boxes four and six high, so that it looked
like the stump of a tree. This is the way we save
comb in or out of doors. In this country.

One day, in course of time he walked out to see
if his comb was keeping all right, when he saw
some bees in one tier. On lifting the lid there was
a veritable swarm of Italian bees, so he took the
box, put in some more frames, and set it out for
business. He concluded to go through and see if
there were any more, and kept on till he fixed up
six good swarms. In a few days he went back
again and found some more in. About the time
swarming season was over he had 17 good swarms,
with no ettort on his part to collect them. There
was no chance for the old bees to come back, as
thej- were hauled three days' journey off. This
may be too late for your neighborhood for this
season, but I have been very bus.y. Mj' bees have
not swarmed much— only about 8 or 10 this season.

J. N. Gilchrist.

El Montecito, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.

Many thanks, brother Marsh. The item
yon funiisli is, I opine, one of mnch value,
i suppose your correspondent uses the terms
" boxes " where he means hives— or, at least,
we would call them hives. The point is
this: lie by accident stacked up his empty
hives in tie'rs, so they resembled trees in the
forest. Each hive contained tliree or four
combs, ]>laced far enough apart to be safe
from the moth-miller. The entrances to
these hives were also left open. Now, it is

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

4()1

my opinion that tlie arraiigenifnt wiil work
in any neij>hborlioo(l wliere many bees are
kept. I would .siii^gest, however, having
tlie hives in tlie sliade of trees — say scatter-
ed throngli an' ;ipi)le-orchard. or run tlie
tiers up so as to be among the branches of
the trees. There will be little or no danger
from moth-millers, for the combs are kept
at least two inches from each other. I
should suppose the bees would be more like-
ly to occupy the hives toward the top, or
those up among the limbs of the trees.
Many of our readers will remember that our
friend J. H. Martin, of Hartford, N. Y.,
advocated phicing hives in the tree-tops, a
good many years ago. Every little while
we have reports of new swarms t;iking pos-
session of hives, left ready for them during
swarming time; and now it only remains
for some enterprising bee-man to push tliis
matter forwartl to success. Suppose we have
as many facts as can be furnished cm the
subject ; and as it is now swarming time,
let us all experiment a little in regard to tiie
matter. We will have some hives i)ut up
among our evergreejts at once ; and insterd
of having the bees bother us by clusteiing
among the evergreen branches, as they do
almost every season, hold them clustered on
metal-cornered frames of comb. As theie
has been considerable trouble in our apiary
lately, from bees missing their location and
getting into neighboring hives, a few hives
set among the evergreens might be a help,
after they catch a truant swarm apiece.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRIEND HUTCHINSON'S REPLY TO ANSWKIJS AM)
QUESTIONS REGARDING HIS NEW BOOK.

J 'T is possible, friend Koot. that you arc correct
f about tlie need of cuts in my little book; lean
I not help thinking, though, that the majority of
■ those you mention, if not the whole of tliem,
would be superfluous. T am thankful, thoug-h,
for the criticisims, and I wish to say right here that
I should bo grateful to any one who will wiite and
tell me where he thinks a cut mig-ht be used to ad-
vantage; or, in fact, where he would have the book
different in any manner; and if there is any point
that is not fully understood, I shall be happy to ex-
plain, either bj- private correspondence ^ir through
the journals; and all the points that are brought up
shall be well considered in a re-issue. I should en-
joy verj' much indeed the work of getting up tirst-
class engravings for a book of my own writing.
You say, friend Root, that, had I added nics engrav-
ings, the book would have started out with a great
boom. It seems to me that it has started out with a
pretty good-sized boom as it is, as 1000 copies have al-
ready been sold, and the sale increases with each
week, while every mail brings complimentary let-
ters from pleased purchasers.

CONTRACTING THE BROOD-NEST.

On page 431, Mr. Gould asks me to explain why
the brood-nest should be so contracted as to be
low and flat instead of tall and thin. If side stor-
ing' were practiced, the tall and thin style would be
all right; but with top storing only, the space above
the brood-nest is too small to give room for a suffi-
cient number of boxes. Bees work the best in

boxes when the brood is near the boxes; and it
will be readily seen that a low flat brood-nest gives
the greatest possible opportunity for placing a
largi! number of boxes itj proximity to the brood.
My objection to side storing Is, that it adds
considerably to the complication of fixtures, and
very much to the labor.

Mr. Gould's plan of di\-iding colonics and allow-
ing the bees to build ctjinbs in the bi-oor'-nest will
probably prove satisluctoiy unless done just upon
the eve of swarming, when drone comb would be
the result. If done earlier, when the queen Is lay-
ing in full vigor, most of the comb built would
probably be worker, unless the queen were old.

MAKING FEEDERS W.\TER-T1G HT.

Lot me tell Dr. Miller that he can make feeders
water-tight by so putting them together that one
piece can not shrink away from another, and paint-
ing the joints with white lead before putting them
together. 1 have Oil Heddon feeders that 1 made
three ycai-s ago, and thej' have never given a par-
ticle of trouble by leaking'. Let me also add, that
in " feeding back " there must be no space in the
hive or about the feeder that is more than "bee-
space," or it will be filled with comb. At no time
are bees so pr.)i:e to build brace-combs as when be-
ing fed abundantly. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Kogersvillc, Mich , June 6, 188T.

There seems to be a sort of feeling among
newspaper men that an editor should never
own up to having made a mistake, and nev-
er apologize if lie can possibly lielp it. I
once heard of a man whose death was pub-
lished in the vilhige paper. He repaired at
once to the editorial sanctum, and com-
menced something like this :

" Mr. Editor, you published in yo;;r paper
last week a notice of my death.''

The editor nodded, and the man went on:

'• Well, yoii see 1 am not dead."

'• We see that you are alive now," replied
the editor, evading the question, as jou will
observe.

''But," said the man ,"I haven't been dead
at all ; in fact, I haven't even been sick, and
I want you to state it so in your next issue."

" We are quite willing to say you have
come to life,'' replied the editor. "l)ut we
can not very well say that you have not
been dead. It is hardly possible we should
have so stated it in the paper unless it were
a fact." And our friend from the^country
was obliged to go away without getting any
better satisfaction than the above. Now,
although I have never seen any thing quite
as bad as this, I have been very many
times greatly pained to notice the reluctance
with which an editor admits that he has
been even a little mistaken. Please look
back and remember liow seldom any editor
has frankly owned up that he had published
a mistake m regard to this matter of bogus
comb honey. It does not seem to be fash-
ionable to say right out in print, " We were
hasty," or, "• We were entirely in the wrong,
please excuse us. ' Perliaps you may won-
der, dear friends, what all this has to do
with friend Hutchinson's article al)Ove.
W^ell, it has just this to do with it : In crit-
icising his book because of the lack of cuts,
I thoughtlessly bore on stronger than I
should have done, and I want the readers of
Gleanings to forgive me, as well as friend

462

(jLr:A:NiNGS in bee culture.

June

H. himself. After I had dictated tlie reply,
I had a feeling that I had been a little off
from the track ; and when it occurred to me,
T liastened back to the office to have the re-
ply cut down, or taken out entirely ; but it
was already on the press, and could not be
changed. For my part, 1 should like to see
the book ilkislrated in the way I suggested;
but when I said it needed as "many ilhistra-
tions as there were pages I was probably ex-
travagant. The book has had quite a boom,
if you have already sold one thousand.

Now in regard to this other matter : 1 am
always glad to see the editors fully alive to
every item tliat appears in their publication ;
but it makes me feel sad to see tliem set a
bad example before their readers, by get-
ting into controversies, i^ditors are, liow-
ever, human, like other people ; and may
God give me enoagli grace and honesty of
purpose to own up frankly whenever I have
transgressed, or said more than I intended.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

HIVIN JENNY S SWAUM.

^ENNY gethcred up sum moar tin ware includin
^Iw' a horn, and when all were set agoin you jist
*\| otto herd em. My! if it wuzzent a racket.
^^ But before this, Jack hed drawed a bead on
the swarm with his gun and let fly, sayin, " If
that air charge hits the old king in the face, ittlc
spoil his snoot for him."

As mite be naterally e.xpected with sitch a racket,
the bees soon was all lit onto the lim. " She's a
suotly-goster," sez Sid. She ment it wuz a big
swarm. " Why, thuz mourn 3 bushel of bees," sez
Em. " Whattle 1 ever git cm into?" sez Jenny. " Git
a barl," sez Mary. So they got a barl that was layin
down on its side for a hen's nest, but just then
Jenny's bruther Will got home and sed that was his
hen's nest and they coodent no swarm of bees go
into it, not onlest he cood hev a peace of hunny.
Jenny flnclly had to prommice him the Ist peace of
bniuiy they made, and the barl was sot under the
swarm. "Now you must have a sheet under it,"
sez Mary. " Woont a table cloth do?" sez Jenny.
" No, it must be a sheet." So she got the sheet and
poot it under the barl and poot a cupple of sticks of
Are wood under the ej of the barl. Then it was
who shood shaik them down. " Jack izzcnt afecrd,"
sez Em. " What if they should take after a feller?"
sez Jack. " I ges you kin run," sez Mary. So Jack
took a long pole, and the rest all stood back, and he
highsts the pole kind a carefull like, shets his ize
and makes 1 quick jiib at the lim, and then drops
the pole and runs like the hole swarm was after
him. Then they all laffed for he had missed the
limb and Jack cum back and tride it agane. This
time he hit the lim and sum of the swarm fell on the
ground, but floo back onto the lim. " The barl aint
in the rite place," sez Jenny. " Rub it with tanzy
and thale go in," sezEm. Will got sum tanzy and
rubbed the barl, and poot it in the rite place, but
before he hed time to git back out of the way, Jack
give the lim a offle big punch and down cum the
hole swarm, sum of em rite onto Will. " Mercy me,
I got to git outa this," sez Will and he begun to
scatter lively. Jack poot boath hands on his nees
and jest doubled himself up a laffin at Will, when
just then 2 or 3 bees steered straight for Jack. Kun I

I guess he did run. Boath hands a tlyin like a wind-
mill, a strikin his hair and a nockin oft his hat.
Thay coodent coax him back no way. " Cum and
see them croll into the barl," sez Will. "No, I
haint well," sez Jack. " I got to go home and do
my chores. Sid, bring my gun and hat with you."

HIS HANDS FLYIN LIKE A WINDMILL.

In a little while the bees was pirty much all in the
barl, and the oddycnce was admirin them when 1 of
the dogs, being of a inquiring turn, came in ruther
close propinkquitty. A bee lit onto his back and
that dog gave 1 yelp and jumped mourn 10 feet into
the air. When he cum down he gave another yelp
and then he looked aroun to see whair the coal of
fire was on his back. Then he broke for the woods
like a streek of greese litenin, evrj^ spring givin a
yelp, and it was 10 days before that dog got back
home, lookin like hede bin throo a corn sheller.

P. Benson, A. B. S.
Konldiided.

DOOLITTLE DISPUTED.

THE PIPING OF QUEENS.

T THINK G. M. Doolittle is justly considered good
(M authority on most questions pertaining to bee
^l culture, and the man who calls in question any
"*■ assertion he makes ought to be well posted on
the disputed point, and know whereof he af-
firms. I have been a bee-keeper for more than 30
years, and positively know that his theory (see page
434, June 1st) in regard to after-swarms and piping
queens is not correct. I agree with him as to the
time between the issue of the first swarm and the
piping of the first queen, and the issuing of the sec-
ond swarm, which, as he says, will take place with
almost mathematical accuracy in nine or ten days
from the first swarm; but I most emphatically deny
that there is only one queen allowed to leave the
queen-cells at a time, or that only one pipes at a
time, or that, as a rule, only one queen accompan-
ies the recond, third, or, in fact, any after-swarm.
I know it, because I have many times heard two or
more queens piping at the same time. I have seen
and caught several in the same swarm, and I almost
always And one or more dead queens under the
hive when it is moved to its stand after hiving an
after-swarip. There may be exceptions; but as a
rule there will be two or more queens with after-
swarms, but more especially third and fourth
swarms. Friend D., examine this question and re-
port. A Dewey.
Marshfleld, Pa., June, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

463

SUITABLE DRESS FOR WORK AMONG
THE BEES IN HOT WEATHER.

FURTHER HINT.S

ANU SUQOESTIONS FROM DR.
MIIjLER.

fp^IIE following letter was sent to me
I'' from I)i-. Aliller. It was not written
^ for publi> ation ; bnt as it contains so
many matters of interest, we give it
below :

Dear Ernest :~\'ouv iirticle on page 30 interests
me much. 1 am glad to see you getting- down to
the minuticV— to the little details. I strongly sus-
pect, that in hut weather woolen may be better for
next tlie skin, and that you are right, both for fat
and lean people. I am making some irnjuiries that
may help us out.

I once had a hat of the same kind, I- think, as you
describe. I do not think I li^e it so well as the live-
cent hat I use. Their cost is so little that I gener-
ally keep a set at each apiary, a veil being sewed to
the rim of each. My wife says you would not wear
one, "they are such awful-looking things." It is
true, they are not models of beauty, after being
worn awhile, especially after being wot. They pre-
sent an appearance something like this:

I like them better, how-
ever, after they assume
this drooping habit. They
shade the face and eyes
better, and hold the veil in
better shape. They have a
look of such abject humili-
ty that no one is likely to
be very hard on you for
any thing you have done,
while you are covered by
one of them.

I wish you would try a
pair of Newburgh (N. Y.)
overalls. They are thor-
oughly made, no button
ever comes off. Each but-
ton about the waist has
plainly stamped upon it,
" Newbui-gh Overall." The material is good, and
they are neatly fitting; in fact, they are a standard
article.

You have said nothing about the suspenders. An
article of good, substantial, easy suspenders at low
cost is something very much needed. I doubt if
the right thing is yet invented. It should be some-
thing that will admit of stooping forward without
lifting you out of your seat or tearing off the back
buttons. This is usually accomplished to a certain
extent by the use of rubber. The rubber, however,
is not durable, and becomes worthless with age,
even if not used at all, and I want a pair of sus-
penders fitted to each pair of pants, to avoid ad-
justing them each time I change; and this makes
it that, on a pair of pants but little used, the rubber
is spoiled while the suspenders are very little worn.
I think the right suspender will have no rubber in
it. I have worn several pairs of Argosy suspend-
ers, made with cords and pulleys, without rubber,
and like them well, but they are expensive, costing
.50 cts., and the cord wears through in some spot be-
fore long, and then the whole thing must be thrown
aside.

Once while I was sitting in an office in Chicago, a
man came in with a pair of patent suspenders, in-

MILLiER'S BEE HAT
AND VEIL

tended to cover the ditliculty by mnintaining the
same easy feeling, no nuittir what position the
Avearer took. 1 tried on a paii-, and they certainly
were a success. I have since been sorry 1 did not
buy a pair, as 1 have never seen any like them
since. There was some sort of a patent device at-
tached, which it wa.^i claimed secured the proper ad-
justment upon any change of position, t)Ut I doubt
if this device liad any thing to do with it. I think
it was simply the way in which the suspenders were
fastened on the pants.

Since writing the above 1 have been experiment-
ing a little, and I think I have bit upon the principle
used in the suspenders last mentioned. Wove the
two back suspender buttons 6 or 8 inches further
apart, and use only the hindmost of the two front
buttons on each side; in other words, have no but-
tons before or behind, but two at eacli side, three
or four inches apart. Now put on a pair of the
plainest kind of suspenders, eiossed on the back in
the old-fashioned way, and I believe you will find
them easy for the stooping so common about bee-
work.

Now let John get us, on the 15 or 20 cent countei",
a pair of stout suspenders that are made of one
straight plain piece— no rubber, but heavy enough
to remain pretty rigid, with strong leather at each
end. Possibly there may be an advantage in hav-
ing the two buttons at each side in front; that is,
having each front end of the suspender attached to
two buttons.

Since the above was written I have made inquiry
as to the matter of cotton or woolen clothing for
those exjjosed to extreme heat. My brother in-law
is superintendent of iron and ^teel works, having
two or three thousand men under his control (from
the minors to the last workers on steel), and he says
all his experience is in favor of woolen clothing.
The only men he knows of who don't wear woolen
shirts when so exposed are puddlers, and they
strip to the waist; but as a very general thing they
wear woolen drawers. That is the result of an ex-
perience among iron and steel workers extending
over thirty years. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

Many tlianks, friend M., for yt)ur kind let-
ter. 1 am still wearing the underwear I
spoke of on page 30, current volume ; but I
have not seen the day. this spring that I de-
sired lo take it off, and we have had days
when the thermometer registered over 80^,
even in the month of May. You know, that
when warm weather comes very suddenly in
the season we feel the heat much more.
While others were complaining about the
very hot weather, I don't think i experienc-
ed any inconvenience. I know of several
who are wearing underwear, and they claim
that it is not only better on very hot days,
but quite a protection when the weather
changes stiddenly. and the air feels chilly
and damp. I do not know, but suspect, that
the great majority of those who are exposed
to a considerable amount of sun heat or arti-
ficial heat would l)e a great deal better off
with light underwear. I know that T have
not, for the past few years, suffered so much
from the heat as I formerly did when I re-
moved all underwear at the approach of hot
weather. I think it is a fact everywhere,
that where men are obliged to work with
and around melted metals or blast-fiuiiaces.

464

CLEANINGS IN BEP: CULTUllE.

JUNE

you will find them weaving woolen ; and 1
see no reason why, if this class of men find
need of this additional i)rotecti(in, bee-keep-
ers and others exposed to tlie direct rays of
the sun sliould not liave a similar protec-
tion. In regard to the headweai', I presume,
friend M., you take a good deal of comfort
in that old hat or hats. I like a hat that is
light, not unbecoming, porous, one that does
liot produce any pressure around tlie crown,
alld which will keep its shape, rain or no
rain. The bee-keeper's liat, which I like so
well, is made of linen ; and when it is oh my
head, during a hot day, I can feel the cool
breezes circulate through my hair. It iii so
light that I scarcely know wlien I have it
on ; and for the sake of convenience I wear
it all the time, in the office and out of doors.
1 notice, also, that the men in the field,
those making garden, working among the
bees, or piling hunber, are beginning to wear
them quite generally arcuiul the Home of
the IIoney-Bees. — In this connection I miglit
mention that tliose light rubber boots, de-
signed for ladies, are just the thing for wad-
ing in the grass, and for doing light work
among the bees. Yesterday, during tlie
rain, when we were locating some bees in
the Swamp Apiary, it was raining; and as
there was long tall grass and weeds, I should
have gotten the bottoms of my pantaloons
pretty well soaked had I not worn these
light rubber boots. Lest, however, some
one may take a notion to order said boots of
us, I will say tliat, although we sell almost
every thing under the sun, we don't want to
have any thing to do with selling boots.

CARPETS VS. BARE FLOORS.

FRIEND TERRY CONSIPEltS BOTH SIDES OF THE
SUi:.}ECT.

fRTEND ROOT:— At a number of lanneis' in-
stitutes last winter, speakers brought up the
question as to wiiether it would not lie bet-
ter for our health to abolish carpets from
our houses. One of the stronu:cst attaclis on
this way of covering- the fioorwas made by an elo
quent clerg-yman at the central institute at Colum-
bus. I also heard a well-known professor wax elo-
quent over bare tloors and rug's, and tell how un-
healthl'ul it is to have flooi-s covered with carpets.
He was evidently in earnest, as I found, when call-
ing' at his ofliee, a bare floor, except that there was
a small rug under his chair and talile. But he was
a bachelor, and some one else besides his wife had
to scrub the floors and shake the rug- almost daily.

Now let us bring a little plain common sense to
bear on this question. Firs-t, which is easier for the
Wife— to scrub flooi-s oi- to sweep carpets? I think
all will agree with me on the latter. It used to
worry me greatly to see my wife mopping and
scrubbing the floor in the kitchen of our old house,
two or three times a week. Hence when I built a
new one, andthe carpenter asked if I wanted a hard-
wood floor in the kitchen and pantry, I told him,
"No, sir; put in all pine floors." Since then, alt
floors have been carpeted, except in a store-room
upstairs, and the porch floors. Even the latter I
sometimes wish were carpeted, when I see ray wife
spending so much time keeping them clean. I

shouldn't wonder if she woi-ked harder on those
four porch floors than on all the cttrpetcd floors in
the house. Keeping carj^ets clean is a small job,
since we have good carpet-sweepers. Once in
a while, to be sure, wife has to go over those with
a broom, in the old-fashioned way, and she never
gave me any really satisfactory reason for it (T sus-
pect it is partly a hankering after the way she was
brought up in— mother's way); but usually a light
running•■o^•er with the litllo sweeper takes up all
dust in sight, and doesn't unnecessaiily stir up
what wasn't before in sight, to the discomfort of
every one. This machine sweeping is very easy
work, partlctilarli' if your correspondent keeps the
bearings well oiled. It doesn't take the muscle that
it used to, to scrub, and certainly the position oc-
cupied while at work is rather more dignified.

Which is the more comfortable floor to live on"?
The bare one, with here and there a rug, perhaps,
or the" one nicely covered with a good carpet?
Well, for ir.e, home v/ithout carpets would be al-
most as bad as without a mother. I presume the
advocates oi no carpets would agree with nie pret-
ty well in what has been said so faf; but they would
bring up the all-important i)oint of healthfulness,
and say thsit was to be considered first of all. Well,
if carpets arc injurious to our health, perhaps we
had better go backward a little in our civilization.
Let us see. AVhat is the claim against them? So
much dust containing injurious germs. A rug can
be rolled up carefully and taken outdoors, and shak-
en. Floors can be washed, and no dust raised. Sweep
a carpet that has been down for some time, and you
fill the room with dust. These particles get into
the lungs. They can take care of a moderate quan-
tity and work them off, or keep them out; but
when they come in too large quantities the door-
keepers in the lungs are overpowered. If the
germs in this dust are not positivel3' injurious in
themselves they may so use up the machinery pro-
\ided by nature to ward them ott' that other germs
that are injurious and that happen along, or to
which one may be accidentally exposed, ai-e able to
get a lodgment. This, I believe, is about the
ground taken by the scientific opposers of carpets.
It seems plausible; but I doubt, practically, wheth-
er one needs to abolish carpets on this ground.
Now, our homes shf)uld always be kept dry. Fires
should begin early in the fall, and be kept up late
in the spring. A little, once in a while, during- a
cool time in the summer, would be wise. The dust
collected under the carpets, so long as it is kept
dry, and is not disturbed, will injure no one. The
conditions are quite different from what they
would be in a damp cellar during warm weather.
The greater part of the dust under cari)ets is sim-
ply dirt or earth, that has been tracked in. There
may bo. and probably will be, under some condi-
tions, some injurious matter; but kept dry it is
quite harmless, particularly if let alone. When the
housewife sweeps, then comes the danger— when
the dust is stirred up so as to be floating thickly in
the air she breathes. If she will see the matter
as it is, and use a sweeper carefully, having- doors
and windows open when practical, so the wind can
take out the dust necessarily raised, as much as
possible, I think she may live to a ripe old age, for
all of the dust imbibed. Any way, I would sooner
my wife would die of too much dust in the lungs
rather than of too much hard work scrubbing- and
mopping. I should feel less directly to blame. I

1887

GLEANlifGS In bee CULTUliE.

405

know that too much hard work kills many farmers'
wives. I am not entirely certain about how many
deaths are the result from carpet dust, und(!r rea-
sonable conditions. At any rate, the latter death
would be the more diKnitied. It would sound best,
if the truth were told at the funeral, and it does
generally leak out around, now, if a man works his
wife to death, e\eM if the minister doesn't speak of
it.

Seriously, 1 think this pointof the unhealthfulness
of carpets has been carried too far, aeoordin^' to
our present knowledge, by some extremists. If
the ladies will lake up and clean the carpets, or,
rather, sec that the men clean them, when they get
so they can nut keep the surface reasonably clean
without raising- too much dust, and it they will use
a good sweeper instead of a broom, as far as pos-
sible—in fact, bring- their good common sense to
bear on the matter, I think they may not fear to
carpet every room in the house.

Of course, there are exceptional circumstances.
If some member of the family were taken sick
with some contagious disease, the carpet should be
taken up immecjiately from the sick-room floor.
Some breadths might be laid down, or some pieces,
to prevent noise in walking, and then be shaken
daily. This would give the sick one as pure air as
possible, and the pieces could be destroyed wheu
the patient got better, thus disposing of any germs
of disease that may have found lodgment in the
carpet: otherwise, at some future time, when the
carpet is taken up, another member of the family
might be stricken with the disease. On account of
purer air it might be well to have only rugs in all
sick-rooms, and a plain whitewashed wall would
also be better than a papered one.

I visited at a home last winter where all the low-
er floor was covered with Brussels carpet, kitchen
and all. The good wife did her own work, and her
husband told me he found she could keep a Brus-
sels carpet clean with less dust and sweeping, and
he valued his wife more than his money, it is
true, that no dust to speak of will go through these
carpets; so this is a way to avoid dirt under the
carpets. We took up one the other day that had
been down nearly four years. An ingrain carpet
would have got more under it in four weeks. I
think seriously of getting them for dining and
sitting rooms, as it will save so much taking up,
etc. But I must stop or I shall have the men after
me for getting- their -wives' ideas up too high. Nev-
er mind; the ladies will defend me with their
brooms— no, carpet-sweepers, I mean. That is the
only trouble with the sweepers— they are not so
bandy to drive out the dog with, or scare the hens
off the porch.

My wife has read this, as she always does all my
letters, before they are mailed. She says: "All
right; send it along; but remember, I have got a
clincher on you whenever I want a carpet cleaned,
in the future." Well, I must own 1 had rather
preach cleaning carpets than to practice. That is
one reason in favor of the Brussels. Perhaps that
man I told of was more selfish, after all, than care-
ful of his wife. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, O., May 2'., 1887.

Well done, old friend. Before I attempt-
ed to say a word in reply I just carried tlie
proof-sheet over to the house, and sat down
by the kitchen stove (even if it is the 2d of
June a fire was rather comfortable) and de-

sired my wife to sit down while I put her
through the catechism. Our kitchen and
pantry liave har(l-\v<K)d tloors, and we mean
to keep the tloois painted, but it has not
been done. This mopping business is some-
thing that has annoyed me more tlum a lit-
tle. While 1 was reading, one of the chil-
dren went to get a drink of water, and some
water drippe<i across tlie kitchen floor. My
wife put after tlie mop, in spite of any thiug
I could say, and she wotild not hear me
through until slie had mopi)ed iii» the clean
water tliat liad lieen dropped on the floor.
She did not tell me wliat hurt the clean wa-
ter would do, but the women-i'olks liave
some leason. Slie says she dislikes mop-
ping; but carpets in the kitchen, where
there are so many children as we have, get
so awful dirty she can not tolerate them. If
a hard floor is kept well painted, or soaked
with beeswax, the labor of keeping it clean
is very much less. I presume our bee-men
can ailord beeswax eiiongh to wax the kitch-
en floor, if anybody can. So long as the
floor is well waxed or painted, grease-spots,
or any other thing, do little or no harm ; but
since" the paint has got worn off, every spot
of grease has to be scrubbed and got out. I
can not tell why this is necessary, either. If
it Avere my kitchen, I think I should let the
grease soak into the wood as deep as it
wanted to. I wouldn't have it get no bad
that the children would slip down and grease
their clothes, but I should be very glad in-
deed to have some arrangement devised for
saving so much back-breaking work that
must all be done by the queen of the home.
I suggested Brussels carpets to Mrs. Root,
but she asked wiiere the dirt will go to if it
does not get through the carpet on to the
floor. I told her it would probably stay in
the carpet, but she says she would not have
that.

She wants to shake hands with your wife
on that " clincher.'' She says if you succeed
in getting the men-folks to take hold and
even help to clean the carpets, the women
of our land will owe you a big vote of thanks.
Come to think of it, she did not use those
very words, for she does not express herself
as strongly as I do ; but I am well enough
acquainted with her so I know that is just
about what she meant by what she did say.

In regard to porches, the house we always
lived in before we moved into our present
one had no porches at all ; but. like yourself,
when we built our present home we thought
that lots of porches would be nice ; but Mrs.
Root says now, that, if she were going to
have another house, she would cut the num-
ber of porches down to about two instead of
four. Why, it seems as if all outdoors, pret-
ty nearly, had conspired to make her use all
her spare time in scrubbing the porches.
Not only the children and the men-folks,
but spiders and flies, have put their heads
together to see how they could soil the
porches most; and then, to cap the climax,
the English sparrows discovered the porches
were just the place to roost; and when they
did not make trouble enough, they com-
menced building nests in them. I wonder
if we can not have porches made of tile, or
something that dirt would slip off from,

466

GLEANINGS IN Bi:E OULTUUE.

JuifE

with little or llo scrubbing. I think I have
seen carpets on porches in some of the cities,
laid down loosely, so as to be rolled up and
carried in when it rains. Will not some of
our lady contributors give us some sugges-
tions in regard to these very important mat-
ters? No doubt the men-folks are greatly
in need of reformation in this matter of
lessening the labor of their wives ; but I
am afraid it is also true that many wives,
through mistaken notions, overwork them-
selves.

WEDGING- UP 'WIDE FItAMES.

WM. MUTH-RASMUSSEN'S WAY.

TN my supers I use, for the production of comb
(£|p houey, 7 wide frames, holding' 6 Simplicity sec-
^r tions each, jiadk of the wide frames 1 place
■^ a follower, or division-board, and behind this
is a space of from >^ to Y2 inch, averaging- %
inch, in which I used to insert a wedge, in order to
crowd the frames snugly together. The w^edgc^s
were, however, very imsatisfactory, as each had to
be fitted to its particular super, and while crowd-
ing the follower at the top they would often force
it away from the wide frame at the bottom. Some-
times they would, when propolized, be very diflB-
cult to get out, and occasionally they would slip
down out of reach.

At first I thought of using screws (a la Hcddon)
instead of wedges; but partly from an aversion to
having the screw projecting outside the super, and
partly because I saw so many conflicting reports
about the desirability and i)racticability of screws,
I came to the conclusion that a spring of the prop-
er shape, strength, and clieapness was what was
wanted.

MtlTH-RASMUSSEN's SUPER-SPRING AND HOOK.

I send you by this mail such a spring, and the
accompanying drawings will more fully explain it.
The perpendicular arm, A, Fig. 1, which stands at a
right angle to the spring proper, serves two pur-
poses; viz.: 1. In inserting the spring between
the follower and the end of the super, and by plac-
ing the heel, C, of the hoolc, Fig. 3, on the perpendic-
ular arm, at B, the siiring is easily pushed down in-
to its place. 2. The perpendicular arm prevents the
spring from turning, when in place. To remove
the spring, insert the llattened point, D, of the
hook in the loop of the spring, at E, and pull up
as shown in Fig. 3.

The hook is made of the same material as the

spring, and is hammered flat, from C to T), so as
easily to enter the loop E.

For material, I used wire from an old spring-
mattress. I first tried wire which had been burned,
but found that I could not temper the springs.
Wire which has not been burned answers, however,
admirably. The bed-spring is first straightened out
and cut into lengths of 8 inches. The horizontal
arm is then bent in a vise. Next, the point G Is
slightly bent at a right angle to the! horizontal arm,
to prevent it from catching in the wood; and then
the loop E is bent, partly in the vise and partly by
hand. Finally, by placing a piece of iron or a
small cold-chisel, between ths prongs of the spring,
and with a hammer tapping at I, the spring is
given the right shape. It caO be opened or cohi-
pressed by hand to suit different distances, if it is
either too large or too small; but if it has to be
opened much it had bettcsr be done by bending it at
T, as much bending at E, where the sharpest turn
is made, might break it at that point.

Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

Independence, Cal , May 5, 1887.

Friend M., your device is quite ingenious.
The only objection I can make is, that it is
a little complicated ; that is, yoii are obliged
to have these wire springs and a hook to
pull Ihem out with. I presume, however, a
common button-hook would answer just as
well, and these are to be found in almost ev-
ery household. I quite agree with you, that
I should not want any screws sticking out
of the side of the super or honey-case. The
springs you describe should be made by ma-
chinery, at a very small expense, and may
be they ai e the best thing that can be de-
vised for the purpose. Are we to under-
stand that one spring is ail you use to each
division-board?

-^

HEDDON'S LETTER.

SEPTIC DISEASES.

T COME to Gi^EANiNOS with the above subject,
(df which is not only of interest to my understand-
W ing, but my health and life as well. I find that
"*■ some believe that radical impurities, in consid-
erable quantities, will pass down through many
feet of sand. I can hardly credit it. Here we dig
through 35 feet of sand to water. Now, if an old
privy-vault were six feet deep, and full, would its
impurities ever lead down through the remaining
19 feet of sand, reaching the water ? If so, how far
away would the well have to be, to be out of danger
of having its water thus tainted ? Will Prof. Cook,
Mr. Terry, or some one who knows, please give us
his experience ?

WIDE FRAMES.

1 have noticed the clash of views between W. H.
Shirley and yourself, as found on page 393, and I
think that friend Shirley is nearer right. For sev-
eral years we have used a few tin T cases, and, with
the exception of first cost, I find every thing favor-
ing the one-story wide frame, where separators are
to be used. AVhere no separators are desired, our
old-style case is so much better than all others that
I can not improve it, nor do I find that any one can.
All alterations have been found to be detrimental.
As you say, my break-joint slat honey-board is a
great protection to the sections above; but this is
more against brace-combs than propolis, to which

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

467

Mr. Shirley has reference. When sections taken
from a T super arc cleaner than those taken from
one-story wide frames, those wide frames are not
properly constrncted. T supers, in their best con-
struction, can protect sections no better, nor as
well, as ray well-known surplus case; and Mr. Shir-
ley has used hundreds of each side by side.

WINTEHING.

My bees have wintered better than usual, and
some in a higher and some in a lower temperature
than heretofore. At the same time, a few, standing-
by the side of the successful ones, have died with
diarrhea; and as temperature and humidity could
not have been the cause, and as the excreta is pol-
len and water, I am still firmly grounded in the
pollen theory.

WHOM SHAIilj WE THUST ?

I note the above in connection with the name of
.1. K. Reed, of Mil ford. Wis., on page 409. I have
had most satisfactory dealings with Mr. fleed, and I
wish the man success; not only because I believe
him to be honest, but becnuse he is a chronic inva-
lid and needs the good reputation he has earned in
his transactions with me. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich.

Frit'iid IL, I am astoni.slied at what you
say ill your opening paragrapli ; but as
the subject is one of such vital iniportance
I have decided to answer it by the article
given below.— In regard to wide frames
and T supers, my position was. for a good
many years, that the wide frame afforded
the best protection. So many were against
me, however, I was compelled to give in a
little in regard to T supers ; but it seems
now, friend H., you are getting back to
where I used to be. The wide frame is,
however, a more expensive arrangement than
the T super.— I am very glad indeed to have
you speak a good word for friend Reed. It
is always a pleasure to me to recommend
men for promptness and honesty.

THE WATER "WE DRINK, ETC.

THE CONSIDERATION OF A QUESTION PROPOUND-
ED BY FRIEND HEDDON ON PREVIOUS PA(;E.

T I'RESUME frieud Heddon has not had
M the experience in underd raining ground
W that friend Terry and myself have had.
'^■*- While visiting at riof. Cook's I found
he also had some splendid underdrain-
ing on his farm. Well, now, our soil is such
a stiff clay that farmers dig holes in the lots,
for watering cattle, that hold all summer ;
but for all that, we have proved by many
experiments that underdrains will draw tlie
water from 10 to 20 feet in each direction,
the distance depending upon the depth of
the undei'drain. For instance, it is laid
down in tlu^ books that underdrains 2 feet
deep should be 20 feet apart ; 8 feet deep, HO
feet apart ; and 4 feet deep, 40 feet apart.
When our underdrains were first put in, I
was a little skeptical about the water find-
ing its way to tlie underdrains as far as 20
feet off ; but soon I found the water passed
off from the surface of the ground quicker
and quicker, indicating that the water had
formed passageways, even down through
thp hard yellow clay subsoil. Now, if an

underdrain 4 feet deep drains the water out
of the ground for 20 feet in each direction,
vvliat would an underdrain do that is 5 or
0 feet dcepV Of course, tliere will be a limit
soiuewiiere ; but 1 am inclined to think tliat
a well tiiat is ^'o or more feet down to the sur-
face of the water, will, in the process of
years, take up siuface water for a distance
of seveial rods in every direction from the
well. Now, then, the point friend Ileddon
mnkes is, Avonld not this foul water become
so thoroughly filtered in passing through
such a mass of earth (or savd, as he terms it)
as to be practically pure and fit for drinking
when it reaches the water in the well?
This would be the case for some little time
after the well was first dug ; but all who
us,:; filtering material are aware that, sooner
or later, the filtering material becomes load-
ed, and (loos not act as a filter any longer.
Now. if a privy-vault were only 2o feet away
from the well,! feel quite satisfied that, in
the course of four or five years, it would af-
fect the water in the well. In sandy soils, I
should think it might in less than one year.
Tlie microscope, 1 believe, will indicate pos-
itively whether the well - water contains
matter of this description ; and a great
many times it is perceptible to the taste,
that the water of certain M'ells has become
contaminited by diainings from sinks, sta-
bles, pig-sties, or places such as friend H.
has mentioned. There is one reason why
the occupants of the dwelling do not notice
it. By being accustomed to it day by day
their perceptive faculties in regard totaste
become so accustomed to it that it is not no-
ticed. I remember, that, when I was a
small boy, father and I went to a tannery.
I said to him. "• Father how can those peo-
ple live in such an awful stench and smellV"

He asked one of the workmen how it was.
The reply was, that they did not notice any
smell at all ; and father told me that, after I
had remained there a little wliile. / would
not notice it either, and I found it to be the
case, and I i^resume many other people have
remarked the same thing over and over.
The people who are usiiig water that has
death and disease in it have become so grad-
ually accustomed to it that they don't dis-
cover by the taste any thing aniiss at all ; a
stranger, however, who has been accustom-
ed to pure spring water would be sickened
by a single glass, and w^ould at once pro-
nounce it unsafe.

I am inclined to think that the greater
part of our fevers, especially the typhoid
type, and possibly the class of throat dis-
eV.ses in the line of diphtheria, mostly have
their origin and growth from carelessness
in regard to the location of our wells. ^lany
of the cisterns are but little better. I be-
lieve Mr. Terry has given us the remedy,
but I am afraid that even that remedy is
not a perfect one. There is one thing we
can all do; and that is, we can have the
ground around our wells descend outward
in eveiy direction. This will carry the rain
water away, and standing water during
spring time and winter. Having the ground
around the well thoroughly underdrained,
and a good free outlet, accomplishes a good
deal ill thjs direptiqn. This surface water,

468

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

June

then is carried away, instead of getting
down into the well for an outlet.

Very much greater pains is also being
taken with sink-drains and cellar-drains. In
the construction of the cellars for the two
houses we are now building for John and
Ernest, I talked the matter over a good deal
with the builders, and those who are accus-
tomed to sucli work, and they say it is now-
adays customary to have the slop drain
of sewer-pipe from 4 to 6 inches in diameter,
and this large tile is laid with a good strong
fall, so that the slops pass off quickly and
surely. Nov/, there is so much danger from
foul gases coming up through this slop-
drain that a separate drain is constructed
for the cellar to drain off the surface water,
so it shall not get into the cellar. In our
case a ditch was dug under the cellar walls,
a fojt in depth; then a ]»Iace for the tile
was cut out into the bank, the tile being on
a level with the bottom of said ditch. After
the tile is laid, the ditch is lilled with cob-
ble-stones or broken wall-stones ; and on top
of this foot of loose stones the wall is placed.
With such an arrangement you will notice
that no water can possibly get into the cel-
lar, for the cellar bottoni is a foot higher
than the tile that drains it. Slop-drains
should also have some sort of a trap that
will make it impossible for a,ny gases to
rise up into the cellar, or into any room of
the building. These arrangements cost
some money; but, my friend, how much
money does it cost tahave typhoid fever in
your family? At one of our bee-conventions
Prof. Cook"^had one of the college professors
give lis a talk on statistics ; and in his talk
we were told just how many more cases of
typhoid fever occurred, when tlie water of
the wells stood very low on account of a
drought. The lowtr the water is in the
wells, the greater is the tendency for foul
waters to find a passage into thern, for the
]"easons given in the fore part of this article.
I should be very glad indeed to have both
Prof. Cook and Mr. Terry say how far I am
out of the way in the foregoing.

BLESSED ARE THEY THAT MOURN,
FOR THEY SHALL. BE COMFORTED.

SOMETHING FUHTHEll FROM BilO. G. C. STOKELY—
SEE OUR HOMES FOR MARCH 15.

R. ROOT:— Allow inc to ackiiowleilg'e your
tcndor of sympathy ixiirt Christian senti-
ments, kindly ottered to one in dire distress.
Although an utter strang-er to you, Icind
friend, I feel deeply grateful to you. I am
trying' earnestly to accei)t your admonitions in the
same spirit which prompted them, and I trust I
have profited by them. You have given to my few
poor words a prominence that I did not contem-
plate; but 1 hope your Chrlstianly effort has reach-
ed other hearts as well as my own. I have received
many e.xpressions of the deepest feeling from
friends. I know they are friends, for no other mo-
tive could induce these otters to me in this ob-
scure corner; but I know that only those whose ex-
periences are similar to my own can fully under-
stand my case. Well, it is from this class notably
that these expressions come, and I should flnd much

encouragement in the fact that, in many instances,
their heart-wringing sorrows have been e.^changed
for rejoicing.

As these kind words come from all over this
broad Christian land, it would be impossible to reply
in severalty, so I must beg a little space in Glean-
ings, because this must have been the medium
through which thej' learned my address, and I can
only say to each and all of them, " May God reward
you as he only can !"

It is a sad comment upon the gratitude, or, rath-
er, ingratitude, of the human heart, to say that im-
munity from suffering, uninterrupted sunshine,
never brings us to our senses or to our Savior; that,
while we are sailing over summer seas, we forget
to prepare for ilisaster, but so I have found it.
Friend R., your imaginary picture of my once joy-
ous but now poor broken home, is singularly truth-
ful; and equally true is your remark, that few
words ofttimcs express a great deal. When the
heart is sinking down, down, down, a great wave of
despair rolling over us, the weight of a dark world
crushing us yet lower down, then the agonized
spirit finds little use for words. But few words are
required to tell that hearts have bled— that joy is
dead, that hope has fled, that all seems starless
night. Our parent hive is queenless now; the flow
of our earthly sweetness has for ever ceased; but
we have the hope, and we cling to the promise, that
we shall begin anew where the flowers shall never
wither, and where the How shall continue through-
out the long summer of eternity. G. C. Stokely.

Arnoldville, Ind. T., May 24, 1887.

Friend S., I have often thought of the
very point you make, that when we have
uninterrupted sunshine and blessings in-
numerable, instead of bringing our hearts to
the Savior in praise and thanksgiving, it is
quite apt to lead us to get cold and indiffer-
ent; and at such times nothing but gfeat
trials brings us back to the foot of the cross.
May God be praised that you are indeed
rooted and grounded on the rock Christ
Jesus.

^EP0^¥g Di?cea^i?6i]M6.

"ten left to tell the STOItV;'* HOW SHALL WE

REPOPULATE HIVES WHERE BEES HAVE

DIED THE PREVIOUS SEASON?

ISERY always likes company— not that I an^
glad J. F. Patton (see p. 406) had the mis-
fortune to lose 18 out of 31 colonics last
winter, but I was especially interested in
his report in Gleanings, May 1,5. 1 packed
23 colonies in the fall, and there are only 10 left to
tell the story. Some of t hose si)eak feebly, while the
other 13 joined that " innumei-able caravan," and
have "gone where the woodbine twincth." Mr. P.
will surely be awarded the "first premium," be-
cause of his happy way of accepting the inevitable,
and we can not but admire his spirit of thankful-
ness for the remaining three. But I wonder if, aft-
er all, at times he doesn't have " rolled across his
peaceful breast " just a shallow wave of blasted
hopes.

Mr. Root, what is your opinion as to the best
method for us of repopulating these deserted habi-
tations—buying bees by the pound, frames of nu-
glei, or full colonies? In this vicinity tjiis winter's

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

469

loss has been quite heavy, and is larg-ely attril)Utable
to the Ions' severe winter— the liees l)eing: unable to
take suHioicnt flifrhls, so they beeanio uneasy and
diseased. I know mine did not die of starvation,
for til ey had an abundance of good stores. In pur-
suance of the above facts, is there any preventive,
except emigration to some fairer clime?

Makci.v a. Dougi.as.
Shorcham, Vt., IVIjiy ~>^, b'^f^T.

My gond fiieiKl, cinnuiistances have much
to do in decidiiij; tlie best way to stock your
hives again with bees. If new swarms can
be purchased cheaply near you, tiiat will be,
perliai>s, the simplest way ; and if you wish
to have the Italians, purchase some Italian
queens and then divide each swarm into
three or four parts, giving to the (pieeidess
parts one of your Italian (jueens. H' you
liave to send to a distance to buy the bees,
one pound of bees, with a (lueen put in (hir-
ing the month of June, will usually make a
good coh)ny l)y fall.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

A CAUPENTEFJ DHONE-BEK.

T SEND you by to-day's mail one drone carpen-
(M terbee. I caught him while he was looking for
^l a mate. The blossoms are out here, and now
^■^ is the time they are mating. If he is alive
when you receive him, you can handle him
without fear of a sting. If the drone carpenter
bee survives the winter, why will not the drone
bumble-beo? G. J. Fi.ansbukgh.

So. BL-thlehem, N. Y., May IG, 1887.

We sent the letter to Prof. Cook, and lie
replies as below:

The bee is in truth the drone carpenter bee, or
Xi/lucapa Viiyinica. That it should be around at
tliis season, and should mate now, does indeed
seem strange, and contrary to the habits and econ-
omy of its near congeners. It is true, however,
that these bees are very different from other species
of A'p'diV. They bore into solid wood (sec Manu-
n', page 2S), and thus make a nest, where they are
measurably well in'otected. Tims there would
not seem to be the same ne^cs.'-ity for them to come
late in the season. They also hibernate, and so
their living over the winter would not involve
such consumption of food as would that of the hon-
ey-bee. The whole subject needs investigating.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., May 23, 188T.

I'UTTING FOUNDATION IN SECTIONS.

I take my one-piece sections and rip through the
penter with my buzz-saw what is to be the top when
folded, ripping five or six at one time; then when
folding I fold and fasten in place one-half of the slit
top, and, alter pinching the fdn. to this piece, I fold
the other half down, which secures it so no bee can
pull it down unless they bite it off. I can put in the
fdn., when I am folding the sections, about as fast
as I can fold them without. I have tried this way
for two or |hrco years, and do not find that it weak-
ens them nuich. J. L. HYDE.

Poinfret Landing, Ct., May 31. J887.

your plan of putting foundatiofi iHto sec-

tions will work nicely, and, if I am correct,
has been used by various ones. The same
pi >ii is eini)loyed l)y our English friends for
fastening full siieets of foundation in the
top-bar of brood-frames. Tliei-e are one or
two objections, however, which I would urge
against this method. In the lirst place, it is
not every one who has a l)u/.z-saw. In the
second place, it mntilat^es, not to say disfig-
ures, the section. In the third place, I hard-
ly think it is as good a plan as the method of
fastening I'oundation to the top of the sec-
tion by compression. This is done with the
foundation fasleueis advertised for the pur-
pose, any one of which will fasten the foun-
dation neatly, (juickly, and sccinely into the
section, without the necessity of grooving
the under part of the section, or sawing into
it.

TIIK NEW .lAl'ANESE }UJClvWHEAT.

On the IKth of March you sent me a .5 cent packet
of.Tsipancse buckwheat. About the l.'jth of April I
planted one-half the seed (1 gave the other half to a
brother bee keeper) in a piece of ground, about
3x7 yards, in drill.s 1.5 inches apart. When (5 inches
high I gave it a hoeing. It is now waving and bow-
ing to the earth with maturing grain. This new
grain I expect to return to the earth in about two
weeks as a second crop. I think this variety of
buckwheat will do well here in the South, as it
seems to thrive here right along in dry weather— a
thing silveihuU fails to do. This latter neither
produces groin nor nectar in time if drought.

Whitney, Ala. A. P. Stair.

Friend S., your postal card upset me en-
tirely. Here I have been buying this buck-
wheat in ten-bushel lots at a time, and pay-
ing em rmous prices for it, when I might
just as well have had a crop maturing in
ample time to sow again this season as well
as not. It just makes me ashnmed of my-
self to think of it. Here I have green-
houses, hot-beds, cold-frames, nice ground,
and every arrangement to forward the crop,
and it never once entered my head that I
could raise two crops in a season and then
scatter the seed ever so much faster and
ever so unich more chetiply thnn I am now
doing it. There is no use in crying over
spilled milk. Our seed shall go into the
ground at once, and we shall liave a big
crop for next year, even if we don't do any
thing moie. 1 have understood there was
ditlicuUy in getting buckwheat to fill out the
iieads properly during the hottest summer
weather; l)ut I think good cultivation would
give a pretty lair crop, any way. While I
write, we have silverhull that sowed itself,
now in bloom, and it might just as well
have been tlie Japanese.

now AN A B c sohoijAr, after transfekking,

WAS REMINDED OF P. BENSON.

I had a colony of hybrids in an old-fashioned box
gum. 1 bought two Sira))licity hives of friend
.Jenkins, at Wettimpka, apd one pneinitested queen.
I began the operation about 4 o'clock in the after-
noon, and completed the job about •' o'clock. Wheri
I got through 1 resembled P. Benson's picture in
May 1st Glkanings. Jly face was swollen out of
shape; T got stung all over— face, hands, arms,
legs, and on my back. I got them all in the ne^y
hive, and then canae the job of djviding. I resortet^

470

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Juke

to my ABC book for instruction, and then pi'O-
ceeiied. I divided them all nicely, and introduced
my now queen. I kept her caged about 36 hours,
and released her. She was received nicely, but, lo!
in about tive days, to my great astonishment I
foil lid them all clustered on a peach-tree. On ex-
aniiuatiDn I found that the old colony had robbed
them of all stores, and they were compelled to
hunt a new lo \gin^. 1 hived them in the same hive,
and am feeding- them regularly. The old colony is
doing- as finely as I ever saw. I put them on
foundation, and in four days they had a full set of
as nice white pretty comb as F ever looked at.
There were 9 queen-cells built in the old hive when
I took the old coinb out. T put them hack in
frames. B G. Luttreli..

Luttre'.l, AI.H., May 16, 1887.

CATCHING THE QUEEN IN A PEET CAGE.

I was reading- in the A B C book to-night how
you catch and cage your queens. You say, pick
them up with the thumb and forc-flnger. Well,
now, I will give my way. I remove the comb that
contains the q\ieen that I want to cage, then set it
d)wn where it is handy to get at. The cut where
Ernest is introducing a queen with a Peet cage re-
minds me of it. With the smoker I drive most of
the bees away from around the queen, then with
the slide partly drawn I set it gently over her.
She leaves the combs and goes on the screen wire,
and also the few tees around her. Generally I get
enough bees in that way to send with her; then
gently push in the slide, and queen and bees are
caged without touching a bee Avith jour finger.

MY REPORT FOR 1886 AND '87.

In the spring of 1886 I commenced with 13 stocks,
and increased to 37. I bought two and lost one
queenless one, so 1 had 38 to commence this spring
with. They gave me .500 lbs. of honey, 400 lbs. of
comb, and 100 lbs. of extracted. 1 wintered in chaff
hives. I have built a bcc-cellar to winter my in-
crease in. W. D. SOPER.

Jackson, Mich., June 3, 1887.

BO BEES STORE WATER IN COMBS FOR WINTER USE?

About two weeks ago we took a colony of hybrids
out of a tree. Thej' had two large combs filled with
water. There must have been a gallon and a half of
water in the two combs. I suppose they stored the
water in the winter time, while it was handy, as the
nearest water in the summer time is about one mile
away. Bees haven't done very well this season. So
far it has been too wet. My first swarm came out
the first of March. I took 30 11)S. of manzanita hon-
ey from a colony of Italians the 1.5th of March, and
today I was looking at it and found every pound of
it candied. My black bees get about enough from
manzanita to live on, while the Italians are storing
it by the pound. S. L. Watkins.

Placerville, Cal., May 33, 1887.

Friend W., if it were not for the fact that
you do not liave rain in May in California, I
should say the water you" found in those
combs was surely rain water tliat had got in
by some means; but even this explanation
would be a little improbable, for it is quite
a diilicult feat, as many of the friends may
liave discovered, to get water into the cells
of a comb. I know that bees carry water in
large quantities, but 1 have never been able
to find nx»re than a few cells lull at a time
ill a bee-hive. They seem to use it up about

as fast as it is carried in. I can not for a
moment believe they liad struck on a plan
of storing water in winter to last all sum-
mer ; for even if they had sufficient ingenu-
ity, the water would very soon evaporate
and be gone, unless it were capped in the
way that lioney is capped.

ITALIANS THE BEST BEES.

My bees at this date were never in better condi-
tion. They have lots of brood, and are strong in
bees. The di-ones have flown since Maj' 1st. I nev-
er saw drones t^o early In the season. With me the
Italians are the most profitable bees. They work
the earliest in the morning, and quit the latest at
night. They "hold the fort" against robber bees,
and they are moth-proof. I had a colony reduced
to a mere handful. Thej' guarded the entrance bet-
ter against robbers than a whole swarm of blacks.

Douglas, Q. Fred Leininger.

Your experience, friend L., seems to be
the general verdict in regard to the justly
praised Italians.

A FRIENDL-y LETTER.

I feel as if I were somewhat acquainted wi.th you,
having read your A B C so much. Two or three
years ago a friend of mine "went into bees" and
had your book. I had no bees, nor did I expect to
have then, though I wished to; but I borrowed the
book, and read it with a great deal of interest. Last
year I bought my friend's bees and the book. My
daughter was reading it the other day, and she re-
marked, "If ever I go traveling, I am going to see
A. I. Root." My Ernest, 11 years old, is very much
interested in your account of your 14-year-old Er-
nest hiving the bees. Now he is married, as I see in
the A. B. J. I also saw his name as president of a
bee-convention. Blue Ejes is a big girl now — maj'
be grown. Mrs. M. E. Brown.

Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., April 14, 1887.

HONEY SEASON ENDED IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

I have had some trouble by bees destroying cells
giA'en them, and Mr. Doolittle has done us a favor
in devising " queen-cell protectors," and you have
also added another favor, in my humble opinion,
in manufacturing them so neatly. Our honey sea-
son closes with the end of May; in fact, the most of
it is over now. It has been a good honey year, de-
spite the dry weather we have had until a week
ago, and the high winds through the whole of April
and the first week in May. My hives are all full of
nice honey, but I could have doubled the quantity
if I could only have given them attention; but I
have been unable to do so, in consequence of sick-
ness. My colonies will average about 50 lbs. of sur-
plus. For ten days we have had some of the most
beautiful weather possible anj-whcre in the world,
which is sayiqg a good deal, but not too much.

J. W. Hudson, M. D.

Maysville, S. C, May 16, 1887.

A LETTER FROM NEW ZEALAND; FOUL BROOD
THERK.

I have not done much with the bees yet. Last
summer they had the swiirming fever, and my
spare time was taken up in making single Lang-
stroth hives. They have not done yet, although wo
ai-e within two months of midwinter. There was a
small swarm yesterday. We are having splendid
weather. Few places in the world can equal our
cjimftte. I increased from 6 colonies fo 40. 1 took

1887

GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTUKK.

471

only about 3J0 lbs. of honey. Next summer I hope
to make soraetliing out of them, although the price
of honey is very low— from 8 to 13 cts. per lb. We
shall have to find a market in Eng-land. There is a
large quantity of honey taken out of hollow trees
in the forests. One eousolation with us is, that the
bees winter on their summer stands. I should like,
though, if 1 had the time and means to put the
hives in rows and put up a roof and board ui) the
baek. We are kept pretty busy with our cheese
and butter farming, so I can not give that attention
to bees I should like. I am sorry to hear you have
had foul brood in your apiary. I hope by this time
you have got rid of it. We are not free from it in
this country. A neighbor, 8 miles off, has it among
his bees very badly. Charles Davy.

Waugachu, Wauganni, N. Z., Apr. 18, 1887.

A LETTER FROM QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA.

The price of honey has gone down half this last
eighteen months, with no sign of rising any more.
The price now by the bulk is 3 pence, or 4 cents. The
business is going ahead so fast that many are start-
ing in it. I have made a solar wax-extractor after
J. A. Green's pattern. It works well. I read, some
time ftgo, in Gleanings, about some stingless bees.
We have two sorts here, of no value as honey-pro-
ducers; but I have taken as much as 3 quarts from
a nest. All their comb is made of propolis, except
the brood-nest. The brood is in its own cocoon,
with no outer covering. S. W. Morrison, M. D., on
page 15, Jan. 1, 1886, refers to a so-called discovery
of a new use for honey, made by Dr. Comi, of Home.
In Book I. of " The Wars of the Jews," Chapter IX.,
by Flavius Josephus, written in the first century, he
speaks of Aristobulus being preserved above ground
in honey.

1 think the worst thing we have to deal with here
is excessive swarming. Mrs. Chaddock is put out
with it in America. In Queensland they swarm
from the first of September till the end of March,
with very little honey after the middle of November.

I agree with Mr. Hutchinson on giving our new
swarms starters only, as I tried it this season, and
shall never give full sheets or combs any more.

AUTHUR BENSLEY.

Rosewood Gate, Qu., Aus., Mai-ch 38, 1887.

house, and other l)uildings, to store away all of his
traps; j'es, and a honey-house, and racks on which
to hang his frames of comb. J. W. C. Gray.

Montieello, 111., May SO, 1887.

A VISIT TO A BEE-KEEPER.

I was recently across the country some miles to
visit a bee-keeper by the name of Johnson. He has
about 300 colonies. He winters them in a cellar
uiade especially for his bees. Among other ingen-
ious devices he has a smoker. It is simply cnor-
nious— more than four times as large as mine, and
of a peculiar construction, based upon a principle
which seems to me to be good. He says it will not
go out in a ^vhole day, and is always ready for " biz"
or buzz. Two years ago he threw away separators
and burned over a thousand old style sections. He
has an odd section, 4!iX5xl?4, with open sides, or
bee-spaces, all around. He says that these open-
side sections are just as ^ood in every way as the
separator; and that, out of 8000 lbs. last season, he
did not have fifty sections but that were first class.
He makes his own foundation, and during the win-
ter he makes his own hives He also crates all of
his sections, and has them ready by spring. His
hives are all covered with clapboards nailed to nar-
row strips. He says this is better than dense shade.
His crates are old style, and hold 3) sections, and
pongt;j|;ute a part o^" tfje hiye. He has a shop, too)-

PUTTING GLASS IN FRONT OF THE ENTRANCE TO
STOP ROBBING.

I bought a colony of hybrids the first of May.
They have worked well. May 30th I found that the
neighboring bees were robbing mine. I threw a
wet sheet over the hive, then consulted Gleanings
that a neighbor had lent riio. I followed the sug-
gestion of putting a pane of glass before the en-
tratice. They seem very quiet now. I do not know
how long to leave the glass on. It seems to worry
the bees. I think 1 shall enjoy taking care of my
bees when I understand better how to do it.

Mas. G. N. Harmon.

Lawrenceville, N. Y., June 1, 1887.

Glass, in some respects, works veiy nicely;
bnt one objection to it is, that it is apt to
worry the inmates of the hive as well as the
robbers. It should not be left before the
entrance more than an hour or so. A better
way is to contract the entrance so that not
more than one or two bees can get out at a
time. If you have a bee-tent, and they are
robbing badly, place the tent over the robbed
colony^

THE bee-keeper's HAT.

The bee-keeper's hat came to hand in good shape.
It is a novel proceeding, to get a full-grown hat out
of an envelope that cost only two cents for carriage.
I improved mine by making a band of light zinc
and attaching four small wires, which adds nothing
perceptible to the weight, but holds the crown tight
like a miniature tent. A. A. Parsons.

Avon. Ind., May 3J, 1887.

Yes, it is a little strange that we can get a
full-grown hat into a small envelope. In or-
der tliat oin- readers may get the full force
of friend P.'s remarks, I will say that the
brim is four inches wide, and the whole hat
fifteen ia diameter. By a sort of sleight-of-
hand movement it is folded so that it can
be gotten into an envelope. It is slipped
snugly into one not so very much larger
than "the common size used in corj-espond-
ence. When the envelope is received, open
and proceed to draw out the hat, and when
about two-thirds of the way, you will be
surprised to see it flop into shape. It is
true, its weight is insigniticant ; and as a
hat for holding out a bee-veil, I can scarcely
imagine any thing more perfect.

FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDATION VS. STARTEHS.

Will you kiridly state, througlj your valuable pa-
per, what are the reasons for using full sheets of
foundation in the brood-nest, instead of starters
only? A Beginner.

Ohio, III , May 31, 1887.

By the use of full sheets of foinidation in
the brood-nest we can secure perfect combs,
and we can also ol)lige the bees to build all
worker comb or all drone cornl). as circum^
stances in either case may demand. By the
non or limited use of foundation iii the
brood-nest, you are subject more or les^s to
the season and the inclination of the bees.
As a rule, without full sheets of foundation
>vp pan not secure nice, perfect, well-filjed

472

GLEANINGS IN HlOE CULTURE.

June

combs. Combs built by the bees fire, many
of them, imperfect, sometimes built on one
side of ihe comb-guide, sometimes bulging
clear out on one side, many times a good
deal of drone comb when "we want only
worker comb. Where one desires to run for
extracted honey, full sheets of foundation
are a great saving. As a general rule, a be-
ginner can not well dispense with fidl sheets
of foundation; but I believe that one who
has read W. Z. Hutchinson's book, experi-
menting carefully on a small scale at iirst,
will be able to dispense with full siieets of
found;! lion in the brood-nest, to considera-
ble advantage, providivg he is running for
mmb honey.

BEES DYING AT THE ENTHANCK.

One hive of my bees died at the entrance in the
same mannei" as some one reported their bees do-
iug some time ago, and I think you said that they
were poisoned. Almost any time ot day you can
see, on the entrance board, bees dying, shaking
first, then before they die they behave as it some
other bee had stung them. I thought at first that
some one had been poisoning canker-worms with
Paris green when the apple-trees were in bloom,
but they behave the same now after the blossoms
have gone. If they are not poisoned, and I think
they arc not, what is it? Can it b3 because they
can not get wattr or salt enough? or do they
get too much salt or potash, as some bees arc for
ever getting water out of the mud where we throw
the slops? J. L Hvni:.

Pomfret Landing, Conn., May 30, 1887.

From your description of the way the bees
act. dyiiig at the entrances, I am strongly
inclined to think you have what is called
the "nameless" IJee-disease. The symp-
toms are a s )rt of (juivering and twitching
motion, The abdomen is swollen, and the
bee looks decidedly as if he were really sick.
They will ciawl out at the entrance and
creep into the grass, as if desirous of the
gi-eiitest good to the greatest number by rid-
ding the colony of their miserable presence.
If >ou pinch the abdomen of the affected
bee, a l)ro\vnisli substance will burst forth.
This pecidiar disease r.ffects the bees alike
in warm and in cold weather. The cure is,
to destroy the queen and give the colony a
new one." This treatment has scarcely ever
failed. You suggest that your bees may
have been poisoned. As a ride, I think it
is always best to account for troubles of this
nature "from other sources.

WHAT AILS THAT COLONY?

My bees seem to have a strange way of doing bus-
iness. 'J'liey will swarm out, and almost invariably
l)itch for another hive. What is the cause? They
have plenty of honey. I have bad 2.5 swarms up to
date, and will begin extracting In a few days. 1
have already taken some comb honey. 1 never lost
a colony in wintering, and never fed five pounds of
sugar. J. H. Buhkage.

China Gnni-, N. C, May ti, 1887.

Friend 13., it is hard to see why your bees
swarm out as you describe, more tlum that
it is a soit of mania that sometimes gets
possession of apitiries in the spring. It usu-
ally takes phice when there are a good many
weak colonies. If you neve.r had any loss ju

wintering, however, I should suppose your
colonies were strong. Probably the first
swarm of the season went through with the
maneuver you describe, and the rest follow-
ed suit, like a tlock of sheep. I do not know
that it has ever been explained, why a swarm
of bees is quite sure to cluster in the same
spot one tliat came out the day before did.
In our back volumes a good deal has been
said on this matter.

SLANDEROUS STATBMENTS IN REGARD TO THE
REV. L. L. LANGSTROTH.

Was there ever any patent on the Langstroth
hive? If so, who was the patentee? Some parties
say it was patented about 1866, by Gould, or a name
similar to that. It always ran in my mind that Kov.
L. L. Langstroth was the inventor of that hive.
Will you please give a full statement of this? These
parties claim that Rev. Mr. Langstroth was a swin-
dler, and was intruding on Mr. Gould's rights. This
fellow says he has a book of this man's writings,
and will show it to me. If this is truth, i was badly
deceived. C. F. Uhl.

Millersburg, O., May 33, 1887.

Why, friend Uiil, the whole matter is ut-
terly ridiculotis. Mr. Langstroth is better
known in regard to bee culture than perhaps
any other one man in the world ; and whu-
ever knows siiiy thing about him knows him
to lie one of the kindest, fairest, and most
honorable men who have ever blessed this
fair earth. The man Gould has been as no-
torious for his evil deeds as Mr. Langstioth
has been for his good ones. We htive pub-
lislied this Gould as a, swindler and scoun-
drel a!nio.-5t ever since Gleanings had an
existence. lie was formerly connected with
what they called the " Common-sense '' bee-
hive. Such men are not. worth listening to.

WHY DOES HONEY SUGAR IN EARLY SUMMER?

Can you tell why honey sometimes sugars at this
season of the j ear? It is really hard to tell when it
begins to su,aar; but when once begun it seems
that every cell that has honey in it is more or less
affected, and will not extract. The honey does not
seem to sugar as in the winter, but is more like
mush-sugar. 1 have had it sugar once or twice in
spring since I have been keeping bees. What is the
best way to work it? Have you had any experience
with it? The weather is dry and warm. I think
the atmosphere in some way influences it.

Coruaca, S. C, May 24, 1887. J. D. Fooshe.

Friend F., this matter of the gninulation
of honey in the combs so as to resemble su-
gar is something hard to explain. A good
deal has been written on it, but it seems it
is lioney from some particuhir source that
l)ehaves itself in this manner. I do not
know that there is any remedy but to get rid
of it as best we can.

SCREEN-DOORS FOR HONHY-HOUSES; WINTER
LOSSES.

On p. 384 is a screen door illustrated. My advice
is (and I know whereof I speak), not to have any
screen-door, but ha\e a screen-w indow on the opi)o-
sito side of the honey-house from the door, with ex-
it-tubes in for the few bees, which are carried in on
the combs for extracting, to escape. I have had
the screen-door covered with robbers when I had to
open it to enter the }iouse; but after chang'ing the

1S87

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTUKi:.

473

screen to the back side of the house, I had no trou-
ble in opening the door, as the bees go to the side,
where they come out to get a second load. This is
safe advice, but you had better follow the advice of
somebody else about wintering, for I undertook to
control the tempt-riiture of my cellar with stoves
and Are. Out of 225 hives I now have 25 queens witli
a handful of bees each, left.

We have met with a great loss in the death of our
little boy, nine months old, after five weeks of sick-
ness. The little fellow had .iust learned to say " pa-
pa" and " mamma," and was the pet of father,
mother, brother and sister, and, in fact, the whole
household of the Windham Hotel. I hope his death
will prove to be a strong cord to draw us nearer to
the place where we trust he is now, enjoying more
than earth could have given liini. O. K. Coe.

Windham, N. Y., May 30, 18^7.

Friend C, you have our sympathy in your
great affliction ; but we rej.nce to know your
hopes are ancliored on the solid Rocli.—
Your testimony in legard to warming up
cellars by artificial heat is truly a pretty
strong one against it.

DOES HONEY FROM HONEY-DEW IMPROVE BY AGE?

Some time last year a friend gave me a 10 lb. can
of honey, gathered from honey-dew the year pre-
vious. He called it " bug-juice," and said I could
feed it to the bees. It had the color and taste of
honey from honey-dew. This honey was kept dur-
ing the winter in a cool dry cellar, and candied. In
April I reduced it for bee-feed, and on opening the
can I was surprised to see it look so nice. I put
some of it on the table on the sly, with a good arti-
cle of white-clover honey, requesting the family
and boarders to give their opinion on the two arti-
cles. They were equally divided, one-half prefer-
ring the " bugjuice." To the party that gave me
the honey, I sent a 3qt. Mason jar of it, as some-
thing new, and they pronounced it excellent.

Bloomington, 111., May 37, 1887. J. L. WolCOTT.

I have never heard that honey-dew honey
improved in the way you- mention, friend
W., and I hardly see liow it could happen,
unless the honey was in an open vessel, -so
the water could evaiiorate, and make it
of heavier body. I am, however, aware of
this : That very poor honey will granulate ;
but if you then slowly drain the liquid por-
tion from the granulated part, and after-
ward melt the comparatively dry residue,
you will have a very much superior article
of honey. The item following illustrates
this very fact of which I have been speaking:

SOUR HONEY IMPROVINO.

I wrote you some time since in regard to a lot of
honej', received of Westcott & Hull. Well, the
honey was badly soured; but since the weather is
cooler, it has granulated, and after skimming off
the thin soured portion on top, the lower portion is
very good clover honey. Now, Mr. Hoot, I am bet-
ter pleased than I was; but I do not wonder that
extracted honey is cheap when such sour, thin stufl'
as this is put on the market, and offered for sale to
people who think all honey on the market is
"fpade" honey (L did notquesiion the purity of the
honey). I thought 1 owed Messrs. W. & H. this (U.\-
planation to you. It may be this is an average lot
of honey on the St. Louis market; if so, the worir
der is that it sells at all. S. S. Lawing,.

.Henderson, Mo., Nov. 33, J8W,

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who writes a let-
ter for this department, tontaining somk valuable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OU OTHER MATTEHS, will receive
one of David Cook's excellent flve-eent Sunday-school books.
Many of these bool;s contain the same matter that yovi lind in
Sunday-school hooks costing from SI. 00 to 81.50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.. Sheer Olf, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or, The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and Uur Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc.. suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

JIMMY AND SAM INVESTIGATING.

fllE reader will remember that we left
Jimmy and Sam in the back yard
discussing how they could tind out
who had been stoning their windmill
the niglit previous. They immediate-
ly set to work to repair the damages, as they
desired to get it done before the school-bell
rang for the morning. They gathered to-
gether the portions of the mill that had been
broken olf. Witii hammer and wire nails
they soon had the windmill reconstructed,
and even the boys themselves were surpris-
ed to see how quickly they made the repairs.
"After all,'' said' Sam. '-the damage is
not so great as we had at first supposed, is it.
Jimmy?"

" No,'' said the latter ; '' and 1 don't be-
lieve that anybody Avould ever know that
any thing had ever ha])peiH'd to the thing."
They then hastened to school, for they h;i.d
not a minute to spare. At recess they no-
ticed that Jake seemed more sullen and ret-
icent than usual. Heretofore he had been
accustomed to mingle with the buys in their
general talk, Init to-day he and two or three
of his companions we're off by themselves.
Jimmy and Sam immediately found Frank,
a booii companion of theiis, and one to
whom they intended to communicate the
facts. As the three boys stepped to one
side, Fraidv exclaimed at once, •' You have
struck upon the identical fellow."

''IlushI" said Jimmy; ''don't talk so
loud ; we want to keep kind o' still like, and
not h^t the rest of the fellows know that any
thing unusual is up."

"That's so," said frank. "Come, let's
lis three walk down the street a piece, ami I
will tell what Jake did for me last night— at
least, I feel prettv sure it was Jake who did
it."

" Why, have yon been building a wind-
millV" said Sani.

" Oh, no!" replied the other; "but I had a
mighty nice patch of waterfneiops ip my
bacH yard. 1 planted them and tended

474

GLEANl^'GS IN BEE CULTIJKE.

June

tliem all myself, and 111 bet a dollar that
you couldn't find a better patch than these
anywhere. Well, they were just grow-
ing nice," continued Frank, as the other
boys started on, listening in silence. ''I
also had a patch of mushmelons right near
by. I watched them day by day. Three or
four days ago I was looking at the patch,
and 1 found one great big melon that I said
to myself would be ripe in a little while, for
I had been thumping it every once in a little
while, to see whether it was fit to pull.
Well, this morning, when I went out to pick
it, the melon was gone. Then theie were
two or three of my mushmelons that were
not ripe yet, and these were likewise miss-
ing. Then the scamp, whoever he was, not
contented with that, had gone and plugged
half the other melons. Of course, they
were not ripe, and now they will rot on my
hands. I tell you, 1 iras mad. My mouth
was all ready for a good watermelon, and I
knew it woiild be nice, crisp, and cool."

" So you think it was Jake, do you?" said
Sam.

" That is just what I think," said Frank.
" It was either Jake or one of his old
chums."

"What makes you think it was JakeV"
said Jimmy.

'• Why, the other day I saw him looking
over on tliat patch."

'' What are you going to do about it, any-
how?" said Siin.

"Iw'ill tell you," said Frank, looking all
around cautiously, to see if anybody was
within hearing ; " you know Jake lives
neighbor to me. Well, he and the rest of
his click are gcing to have a rooster-fight in
his l)arn to-night after school. I got an ink-
ling from one of the boys, who told me about
it. I will mau'/ige to get home somehow
from school before any one else, and then I
will secrete myself somewhere around the
barn, so I can see all that is going on, and
hear what Jake and his click have to say
about their rampage last night. They must
have been on a regular tear, for I have
heard enough to satisfy me; and when I
have a nice opportunity to slip away, I will
meet you two l);)ys at your workshop, and
report."

" Won't that be fun?" said the two boys.
"We will know for sure to-night, won't
we?"

At this juncture the school-bell rang; and
as the boys were at a considerable distance
from school they had to run in order to get
there in time. After school was out,
Frank gave a knowing wink to Sam and Jim-
my, and then proceeded around by the back
way. AVhen out of sight of tlie school-
children, he started off on an easy rim. He
socm got down to Jake's father's barn, and
liastily slipped himself down between the
hay and the side of one of the stables. Aft-
er working and twisting he finally got him-
self so that his eyes were just on a level
with a crack. He discovered the two coops
with the game roosters in, and with which
Jake and his companions were going to have
their cruel sport. He did not have to wait
long before he heard swearing and cjarse

talk. Jake led the way. " Come on, boys!"
said he; " see what I've got here."

Frank, in his hidden retreat, immediately
recognized some of his own property, but he
kept quiet.

" My! where did you get that melon?" re-
marked one of Jake's companions.

"Hush! don't talk so loud; don't you
know nothin'?"

"My! that's a fine erne," continued his
comyjanion ; " say! where did ye get it?''

" Why, last night me and Jack stole over
to Frank's back yard, and we just very nat-
urally laid hands on these things. Don't
you ever tell, now."

" No, I won't if you give me a good big
slice out of it.''

" Now, if you will keep quiet," Jake con-
tinued, " I will tell you something else.
After I got these melons last night I
thought it would be mighty nice to take the
conceit out of Jimmy and Sam ; so about
ten o'clock last night 1 went to Mr. Green's.
On my way I picked up by the creek some
pretty good-sized stones — some as big as
your "fist. Tliese I hurled with all my might
at the windmill, and if I didn't make
things rattle! I expected the boys would be
awful mad this morning, but for some rea-
son or nuther nothin' seems to have hap-
pened."

Jake's companions munched away at the
melon, and complimented him on his bold-
ness. After the crowd had finished eating
their stolen fruit they commenced tlieir cru-
el fun of rcoster-fighting, and took out some
old dirty pipes and proceeded to smoke.
This was not at all pleasant for Frank,
brought up, as he had been, unaccustomed
to such doings ; and just as soon as a favor-
able opportunity presented he slipped up on
to the haymow and jumped out of the door
on the opposite side of the barn, and got
home without any one knowing that nis
eyes and ears h;ul taken in the situation.
After supper that evening he hurried up
to the bee-hive factory, where he found the
two proprietors anxiously waiting. Frank
then related the whole conversation which
he heard in his hiding-place.

"I just knew it was Jake," said Jimmy,
after Frank had finished his story; "but
now we know for sure. I tell you, 1 will
give it to Jake to-morrow ; if he doesn't go
home with some black eyes, I am mistak-
en."

" Yes," said Sam ; " and if his crowd back
him up, we two will set in "

" Well, well, well," said Mr. Green, as his
head popped up suddenly from the barn
stairway into the workshop ; " are you hav-
ing a council of war?"

To tell the truth, the boys would rather
have seen some one else at just this mo-
ment. The latter, having now and then
caught a word sulflcient to make him be-
lieve something was brewing, had cau-
tiously slip])ed up the stairway and heard
the boys' conversation.

"Now, boys,"' said Mr. Green, "I fully
understand y()Ur situation. I have seen a
great deal more of the world than any of
you. I understand that you are going to
have revenge on the one who has been giy-

1887

GL>:iANlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

47c

iiig vent to his spite in the way lie did last
night. If I were you I would let this mat-
ter drop. If you now take revenge upon
Jake, there will not only be one set of bad
boys, but two sets of bad boys."

"Well," said Frank, " Jimmy and Sam
have fixed the windmill as good as it ever
was ; but how about my melons? Am I go-
ing to let Jake and his crowd repeat the
same operation again, and let them think I
don't know who did it?"

"Your situation is a little peculiar, that
is so. Well, I don't know but that you
ought to tell him that you know that he
stole those melons. Give him just enough
facts to convince iiim that you know all
about it, and he will think that one of the
boys told on him. You can then advise him
not to repeat it, or you will be obliged to do
something besides merely notifying him.
One thing more," continued Mr. Green.
"I see you have been fostering a desire
for revenge ; and as a means to this end you
are going to employ the method used by bad
boys— that is, give blow for blow. Boys,
there is nothing noble or manly about fight-
ing ; there is nothing in it that commands
the praise or admiration of the better class
of society. I hojio, therefore, that, so far as
possible, you will try to get that noble re-
venge upon your enemy."

" What do you mean by ' noble revenge ":* "
said Jimmy.

'' I mean, do good to them that hate you,"
said Mr. Green.

Frank and Sam wei e ready to admit that
Mr. a. was right ; but .linmiy declared that
it would make him "feel real good to blacik
Jake's eye;" but still, he agreed to do noth-
ing very serious, providing Jake would let
him alone.

To be couiinned Jidi/ 15.

JavEfimE IiE¥TER"Bo^.

"A chiel's aniang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

THE TUUMPKT IXOWER.

My pa had 61 colonies last fall, but lost 3 iti wiu-
tti-ing. He intends to start another apiaiT this
spiinj,', and my bister Katie, age 18, is to take care
of them. We live close to town, and can sell all the
hunoy that we can raise. Pa will sow IK2 bushels of
alsike clover this spring!-. Do you know that the
trumpet liou'er yields honey? We have a vine, or
bush, in our yard; and last summer, when it was in
bloom, we could shake half a teaspoonful of honey
out of a sing'le flower. It is easy to raise, very
pretty, and blooms a long- time.

Jennie Keplogle.

Centerville, Appanoose Co., la.

You say the trumpet flower had half a
teaspoonful in each blossom, but you don't
say whether the bees were able to' get it or
not— how is it, my friend? Of course, they
would have to take quite a number of trips
to and from the hive to carry half a tea-
spoonful of honey. Tlie trumpet flower has
been mentioned as a honey-plant in our
back numbers.

(•'IFTY YOUNO QUEENS KILI>EI).

I Ikivo two hives, all my own; but I had bad luck
with them. My i)retty queen jfot killed whoii papa
united them. Another young queen hatched which
killed 5 ) queens that must have hatched with her.
1 found them in front of the hive, dead. The colony
is doing \ery well now, and papa has very fine bees.

Atlanta, Ga. Maiiv Hanbukv.

Your statement is quite an astonishing
one, friend Mary. I have known a great
many young queens to hatch out and be
killed by a royal sister, but I do not think I
ever knew as many as fifty from one hive.

painting nivES dark.

I have one swarm of bees. Last summer it was
so warm that the honey melted; and when it began
to melt, the bees began to run out of the hive. It
was like so much molasses and wheat all mixed up.
i should like to come and see Mr. Root's bee-yard.
More than that, I should like to see how he has his
Lees arranged. Willie Carl.

Roaring Rranch, Pa.

1 fear, friend Willie, your hives must be
l)aiuted some dark color, and left in the sun.
A hive that is painted white will never, so
far as my experience goes, melt down
combs ; lliat is. where the entrance is large
enough, and unobstructed. If the bees get
fastened in the hives in hot weather, they
will create such a heat as to melt down the
combs ill any hive. Wiring the c tmbs as
we do, to keep them from being broken
down,1ielis them to stand a modeiate de-
gree of lieat.

A iu>vs experience in hiving swarms.

I will tell you how I got my bees. My eldest
brother came home one evening last summer, and
told my pa there was a sv,-arm of bees hanging on a
fence, a mile away. It was too late that evening
to go alter them, but early the next morning we
went there and found the bees. Before sunrise
we had them at home and hived. Pa said I might
have them. They wintered well. Last summer 1
got 48 lbs. of honey, which I sold. I got a little
more per lb. than pa did. My bees did not swarm
last sumiuL'i-, and so I have only one swarm yet.
It is a good one. Last summer I hived three
swarms in one afternoon, all myself. They were
largo swarms. I get stung sometimes, but it does
not swell on me. I guess I am too solid. I am 11
years old, and I weigh 120 lbs. We all like Glean-
ings very well. Pa had 63 swarms in the begin-
ning of winter, and lost two so far. I am bound to
be a bee-keeper, if I can make it win.

J. Warren Koutzon.

Findlay, O., Mar. 21, 1887.

speed in putting together sections.

1 tried my hand at putting up sections the other
day. The first hour 1 put up ;W6; the second hoiu-,
408. I think I did pretty well. The sections were
those that pa got of you. Alfred Higbee.

Elsie, Mich., May :.'ti, 18S7.

If you will turn to p. .50o, Jnne lo, ISSH. you
will see that your record is slightly ahead of
tluit of Pearl and Nettie Cranston, who pre-
viously have had the best record. You
folded 408 in (iO minutes, wliich would be
(Ji in one minute. Nettie and Pearl each
folded .5(30 in 75 minutes, which is just M

47G

ciJJOANiKGS In bee cuLTulit:.

June

per minute. So far as I know, your record
is ahead of any other in pntliiig together
tlie one-piece sections. Still, Iiuwever, your
record as compared witli that of Pearl and
Nettie is so nearly eiiual that perhaps we
had better say they are practically the same.
Who can beat 4US per lionrV To the first gh\
or boy who can equal .500 in one hour at a
stretch, we will send any thing tliat may be
selected from the ten-cent counter. Try
again, friend Alfred. Perhaps in the tliird
or fourth hour you may ])e able to win the
present. Let us hear from you, little folks.

BKOTHER WALTBH'S TJKES.

My oldest brother, Walter, who is 18 years old,
has VO hives of bees, part lii Simplicity and Ameri-
can liives. He has two smokers, <.iie Clark's cold
blast and the other a Quiiiby. He has his bees in
two apiaries, one at home and the other at Linn
Grove, four miles olT, where there are plenty of linn-
treos. The bees are building' queeiicells, and fixing
to swarm. They are g-alheriug- lots of pollen from
Cottonwood, willow, dog:wood, and sassafras. Bees
commenced gathering- pollen the 23d of January,
from elm. Walter has traded his Novice hoiicy-ex-
traclor for A. J. King's, made to take any size of
frames. Honej' sells at 10 cents per lb., and wa.\ at
17 cents. There are not many people who keep
bees around here. Kosai^ie E. Somehford.

Navasota, Texas, March 11, 1887.

WHAT BECAME OF P. BENSON AFTER HE SAWEU OFF
THAT 1. 1MB ?

Papa has bees, and I help him some. Last week a
swarm came out and settled on a limb of a tall oak,
near the top. Pai>a took a hoop otf a nail-keg, sew-
ed a sack around it, and fastened it to a long lath.
He got mil er them on a limb, held it under the
swarm, and rubbed it until the most of the bees fell
into the sack, Avhen he brought them down and
hived them. Thomas has three calves. What do
you think he has named them? P. Renson, Amos,
and Huber. What became of P. Benson when he
sawed the limb off between him and the tree"?

Ellie C. S.mylie, age 8.

Caseyville, Miss., May, 1887.

Thank you, friend Ellie. Your father's
arrangement for taking down swarms is al-
most exactly the same as that given in the
ABC book, under the head of " Swarming."
It answers very nicely, and has the advan-
tage that it is light, and easy to hold out un-
der the swarm.— 1 feel quite sure that P.
Benson, '' Amos," and Huber, will be not a
little pleased to know that three calves have
been named after them. — What became of
P. Benson after he sawed that limb oft', as
shown on page ]2()'? I am sorry to say he
has never yet told us. Our artist took the
picture of him when he was up in the tree,
but was in such a hurry to get away (before
the bees alighted) that lie did not take time
to wait for a second view— that is, of P.
Benson, his swarm, limb, saw, and all, after
they had settled on the ground.

DOES THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTRANCE HAVE
ANY THING TO DO WITH ROBBING?

I am a bee-keei)er and have good and bad bees—
T mean those that stiriK- Bees have done well here.
Some of our eolonits luce to the south and some to
the east. This malces a difference, and papa saya

that was the cause that two colonies got robbed.
When we found it out the hives were full of bees,
but all the stores were gone. Papa closed both
hives for two weeks, and fed them; after that time
one hive had brood in all stages, but the other one
was queenless. Sophie Lohf.

Island Station, Col.

I can hardly think, friend Sophie, that the
mere direction in wliich tlie entrance may
be pointing liad any thing to do with the
robbing you speak of. The entrances of
several hives may be similarly situated, and
be so near alike that bees will often become
confused; but I hardly see liow it could re-
sult in robbing. I am ratlier inclined to be-
lieve that the robbing of the two colonies
was due to some other reason. If the bees
are Italians, and the colony strong, with a
good queen, and the entrances of moderate
size, you need not fear that other bees will
rob til at colony.

WINTER LOSSES, REPORTED BY A LITTLE GIRL.

Papa had 20 swarms of bees last fall. He packed
18 of them in chaff and 2 in sawdust. He lost the
two latter, and one that was fed late in the fall, and
from which the chaff cushions were left off. The
rest ai e gatheringhoney and pollen. People around
here have not been very successful In wintering
their bees. Mr. P. had 103 swarms, and lost about
70; Mr. A. had 19, and lost 1; Mr. W. had several
swarms, and lost them all; Mr. F. aud Mr. D. also
lost all of theirs; Mr. S. had 4 swarms. chaff packed,
and they all wintered nicely. One of papa's best
swarms used to come out in all sorts of weather last
winter. Once it came out when it was snowing, and
at another time when it was only .5° above zero. We
have 176 chickens, but the hawks carry some off
every day. Clara Lindsey, age 11.

Harford, Susq. Co., Pa., May 7, 1887.

Friend Clara, I took your letter out first
from among all the rest, because the writing
is so clear and nice. It is really a pleasure
to lead the little letters that are written in a
plain hand. It is true, you little folks do a
great deal better than "the big folks, as a
rule ; but still there is a chance, I think, for
a gretit improvement in writing.— You have
given us quite a little item in regard to the
winter packing of bees. Your report would
seem to indicate that sawdust is not always
reliable for wintering bees. — The colony
which you say flew out so much during un-
seasonable weather, I should judge had dys-
entery, so that they were uneasy.

a report from lookout mountain; INSECTS
EATING BEES.

We take Gleanings, and like it very much. We
have a small apiary. Bees have Just begun to
swarm. They are all pure Italians. There have not
been many Howers for them to work on until lately,
when the white clover came in. The red clover
covers some fields, but I have not seen a single bee
working on it. The azelias ai-e in bloom, and the
chestnut will soon be. The bees have been gather-
ing honey-dew from the chestnut leaves. Until
lately the bees would go down into the valley, load
themselves, and fiy up again. By the time they
reached the top they would be so out of breath that
they alighted on the edge of the precipices, and
just panted. There is a rock on this mountain in
Chicamauga Cliff, called Bee-Rock. In it lived about

ISS7

GLiiAi^rNGs IN ]n<:E oai/niuE.

4?"?

a dozen swarms of bofs. I tliiiik tlioy luust liavo
been a swarm tliut liail run away and settled there,
and increased. Tliere are a goml man.V bce-( rees on
the nioiintain. Almost all of tlicso bees are Italians.
A largo insect like a buniblc-l.ee is the only enemy
the bees have hero. I s:iw one catching- a bee. 1
caught it and put it under a glass with several bees,
and it eauglit one, and then, seeing' another trying
to g-ot out, it caught and held It whiles it was eating
the other one. It nuikes a sniiill hole in the bee's
body, iind sucks the inside out, leaving only the
empty shell. (iK()i;(ii'; Lawson, age I!!.

Lookout Mountain, Tenn.

Why, CJeofge, why diui't yoii so and iii-
vesti,!f"iite tliaf bee-roc-k, and Iind out what
tliprt? is in ilV— Tiio insect yon mention, I
siionid siijipose from y( tir descrii)tion, is tlie
Asilus j//,s,vi(»rj(')(.s/.s', whicli lias beon fre-
quently described in onr text -books and
journals.

WHAT TO DO WITH A !■ E KT I I.K-WOItKK R COIiONV.

My bees are all doing well now, except one colo-
ny wliieh had two fertile workers but no queen. I
killed the fertile w(n-kers, iind am going to give
them a i]ueen-cell. Tlu'>' ha<l (juecn cells started.

In one of the hives where t he drones were, the
rjueen had qui; l:i,\ii;g-. and looked slim, as if for
flight. 1 think they will swarm soon. On the ITth
of Feb., 1^8T, we had a hard windstorm that upset
part of the hives. Some of the bees hiy on the
ground till the third day. and then the sun shone
and warmed them up and they enme to life and
crawled into ii hive. The thermometer registered
10 degrees above zero at So'clock on the morning of
the second day after the blow, and had lieen lower
in the tiight, so you see bees are not always dead
when you know they are.

T received the book you sent me for my lettei-,
and was \ cry much iile:ised with it. T am one year
and one month over tiflcen to-da.y, so I send five
cents to p-.iy f(n- it. T don't believe In begging, any-
how. CHAKI.IE STEWAltT.

Altona, Col., May, 1.S87.

Xevy sooil. friend rharlie; but I do not
believe I am (luile jnepared to acce})t your
statement, that bees ai(> not always dead
when you know they are. If the bees you
mention lay on tb.e ground three days while
the thermometer regiptered as low as 10
above zero, it is certainly ahead of anything
in all my experience in this matter ; in fact,
I do-iidt think I ever knew bees to come to
life after they liad lain dormant from cold
for as long a jjeriod as :> days. If you caught
and killed the fertile workers, you have
done sotnelhing more than most veteran
bee-keetiers can do. Are you 'sure that yon
killed tlie identical fertile workers? Asa
general thing, we can not distinguisli them
from any oilier l)ees. unless we can see
them in' the act of la} ing eggs in the cell,
rutting a queen-cell into a fertile-worker
colony might or miglit not cause the bees to
raise a good laying queen. Abotit the only
sure \\ay is to scatter th(^ brood into several
good colonies. I would give the fertile
workeis several fraint s of good brood and
young hatching bees. You can then give
them a queen-cell, or iirtroduce a queen, and
yet b(^ tolerably sure that every thing will be
well.

^peij^cc© C^ii^MN-

TOIIACCO, AND ITS EVIF. EFFECTS. OOOU ADVICE

FOR TilE BOYS, FROM ONE OF THE MED-

I(\Vr, PROFESSION.

fltllONI) KOO'l':-] k'liow there is mor(( rejoicing
o\or one sinner that rcpcnteth, etc., but I'm
wenk in mental lore, and have much faith in
an ounce of prevention. You will mistrust,
liy the (Uil)ious atmosphere al)out my person,
that I am a '• pill-peddler" by i)rofession; but what
bus that to do with tobacco'/ Well, 1 want it to fur-
nish a little weight to my testimony, and I want you
to listen to mo just the same as if I had been your old
and respected family doctor for the last forty years,
and Imd twice saved your great-grandmother from
having the smallpo.v. But, to the point: I have
seen many of the cauI effects of tobacco, but never
have seen any uood to come of it. I will give some
of its bad effects, as I have witnessed them: Palpi-
tation (d' the heart is one of the most common; diz-
ziness, weakness, trembling, and nervousness. I
have seen some very severe cases of dj spepsia
brought on tiy the use of tobacco, Avhieh were in-
curable until tobacco was discontinued. Hut the
most deplorable eli'ects which have been lately in-
\( stigated by some of the ablest minds of the pres-
ent age is over the mental faculties of the young.
I am sure theie is not a boj' or young man, no mat-
ter how much he maj' boast of his superior qualifi-
cat 'ons of worlhtessness or of evil doings, but that
wants to be eonsidercd bright and intelligent. Here
is just where the greatest evil of tobacco lies; and,
what is more deplorable, that evil is latent. If it
were ri.pid in its effects— if, I say, it knocked all
the understanding out of a full-grown Loy in just
thirteen minutes, and made him speechless until
after he had taken a cold shower bath, it would lie
a very sucei s^ful persuader; but, unfortunately, its
action is slow. Its poison gradually steals a perma-
nent position in the economj . It slowiy but surely
produces u sense of dullness, a languor, an indis-
Iiosition in the menial faculties of a growing brain,
a eertaiti iib-;eiit-mindedness, inability to remember
l)roper names, dates, and time. The reason for this
is because it retards nutrition by interfering with
digestion, and its direct sedative action on the brain
l)re\ cnts normal action.

Of the different modes of using tobacco, chewing
is the most obji etionable, because more enters the
system. Cigar smoking comes next; ai.d the least
objectionable is a clean clay pipe. But it makes me
nervous to think of a compromise. I would by all
means insist upon an "unconditional surrender."

Young man, if your mind is not fully matured;
if you ore not 35 or 30 years old, or if you have not
yet taken possession of all the knowledge .vou care
to possess, or if you don't want to forget all you
have Iciirned; if you want to be consideied brighr,
active, quick wittid, and the equal or suiu'iior of
your associates in mental discipline; if jou wantlo
bo in good health, and have a sweet V)reath and a
clean heart, stop the use of tobacco; foi-, 1 repeat,
it can do you no possible good, and may prove to
make your life most wretched.

I am sorry to say I was once a tobacco-user my-
self; but after seeing so much of the evil effects of
it, T have wisely concluded to stop— the smartest
thing- 1 was ever known to do in my life.

M. K. NicHor.s, M. D.

478

(jLEAJS'INGS in 13KE CULTURE.

June

I has'e quit the use of tobacco. I have used it
since I was 12 years old, but I never intend to use it
again; and if 30U thinly I am entitled to a smoker,
send it; and if I ever use tobacco again I will send
you the price of the smoker. M. N. Snider.

Lafayette, Lafayette Co., La., Apr. 1.5, 1887.

I have used tobacco for about 30 years, but have
given it up as a filthy habit. If your offer is open
for this year, and you think I am entitled to a
smoker, I shall be very thankful for it, and I prom-
ise to pay for it if 1 ever use tobacco again.

Peterboro, N. H.. May 3, 188T. G. W. Gilmore.

I have never used tobacco except in smoking, to
which 1 have been quite a slave for a number of
years. 1 will say, if you send me one of your smo-
kers I will quit the use of the weed; and I promise,
if I ever take up the liabit again, to pay you for it.

Salineville, O., Apr. 3.5, 1887. J. W. Manning.

Accept my thanks for the promptness of Gle.\n-
INGS, and for its teachings, for it has taught me
the evil of tobacco, and encouraged me to quit its
use. I have quit for good; and if I am entitled to a
smoker, please send it; and if 1 ever use the weed
again I will pay for the smoker. D. D. Slater.

Blackville, Barnwell Co., S. C, Mar. 30, 1887.

I am one of your boys who will never use tobacco.
I always used it to smoke the bees out of the bo.xcs,
but will never use tobacco again. I would never
have started to using the weed if it had not been
for my bees. If [ ever commence the use of tobac-
co again I will pay you double for the smoker.

Wall Rose, Pa., Apr. 33, 1887. CH.\RiaE Herr.

1 am very much pleased with the way you handle
the tobacco question in Gleanings. I am one who
has reformed. I used it for 13 jears, and quit about
5 i'cars ago. I have become more and moic set
against it every yesir, and I fully believe the day
will come when it will be looked on and dealt with
the same as whisky. S. H. Beaver.

Tamora, Neb., Apr. 30, 1887.

I have given up the use of tobacco, and should
like you to send me a smoker. I don't want to be
paid for doing right, for I am now 2d vice-president
of a missionary society, and expect to do right; but
I want to know that T shall have a smoker to pay
for if I break said pledge. It will always remind
me of my promise. R. S. Parham, Jr.

Stinson, Ga., April 19, 1887.

HEALTH IS BETTER.

I have quit the use of tobacco; and if you will
send me a smoker, and I commence using the weed
again, I will pay you full value for the smoker.
My health is better than it was when I used the
weed. I am interested in the bec-biisiness. Our
bees are doing as well as could be expected at this
time of year. C. P. Hutchins.

Massena, St. Law. Co., N. Y., May 4, 1887.

By request of two of my neighbors who have de-
cided to lay aside the expensive and filthy habit of
using tobacco, T ask a smoker sent them, if you
think them entitled or worthy. Please direct to
A. Spraggin, De Soto, Floyd Co., Ga., and J. F. Long,
Coosa, Floyd Co., Ga., and the smokers will be
thankfully received. The parties pi'omise to pay
you if they should be so unfortunate as to return
to tobacco. D. B. Bryan.

De Soto, Floyd Co., Ga , May .5, 1S87.

A PROMISE FROM A WOMAN.

I like Gleanings very much, and intend sub-
scribing for it. I am just beginning with bees this
spring, and wish to learn all the improved methods
of handling them. If you will send me a smoker I
will never use tobaccco again in any form. If I
should break my promise my husband would be
sure to let you know it, and pa^ you for the smoker,
for he is very much opposed to my using tobacco.
Mrs. LiLLiE Charrock.

Rising Fawn, Dade Co., Ga., May 4, 1887.

WHY WILL YOUNG MEN NOT TAKE WARNING?

Please send J. J. Gilbert a smoker. He quit the
use of tobacco the 14th of Dec, 1886. He com-
menced using it when he was ten years old, and is
now fifty. If he commences to chew or smoke
again he agrees to pay one dollar for the smoker.
I know of five old men in this neighborhood who
have quit in the last six or seven years. Why is it
that the young will not take warning? May God
1 less you in your efforts to do good. H. Freed.

New Stark, Hancock Co., O., Apr. 37, 1887.

NERVES AFFECTED.

I got neighbor Beckwith's Gleanings, and in
l)eriising it 1 saw that you were giving ail those
who would quit the use of tobacco a smoker. I
have quit the use of the vile weed. As to chewing
tobacco, I never expect to do it any more, whether
I get a smoker or not, and if ever you hear of my
using it I will give you ten times the worth of the
smokei-. 1 would advise everybody to quit. I
chewed until every nerve in me was affected, so
that when I laid down at night I would jerk all over.

Smithville, Tenn., May 3, 1887. A. B. Cheatham.

THE ALABASTER BOX OP HUMAN
SYMPATHY.

There caiue unto him a woninii h.iving an aUibabter box of
very precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at
meat.— Matt. 26 7.

Our alabaster box of love

And tenderness kept sealed
Until by death friends are removed,

Th'-se sorrows won't be healed.
Biit if. while thi y have ears to hear,

We often tlu'in may save
From many a pant; and briny tear,

Too late when in the grave.
The kind thing:s that you mean to say.

And acts you mean to do,
Say now before they're gone away,

And do befoie they go.
The flowers you mean to send their bier,

In life on them bestow;
They will appreciate them here,

But can not when they jiro.
Ch) ist's followers ealled it heterodox

Wlien Mary, with good sense.
Poured out her alabaster box.

Though worth three bundled iieiice.
If friends have boxes laid away

To break upon my head,
I'd have them broke while here I sta.y.

And not when I am dead.
I'd rather they would brinp: them out,

Or strew my patli witli llowei-s
While I'm beset with fears and doubts,

In these my weary hours.
I'd rather have a coftln plain.

Without a eulogy.
Than life without the sweets and gain

Of love anil sympathy..
Let's learn to anoint our dearest friends

Before their burial day;
Post-mortem kindness does not lend

To cheer the spirit's way.
The fragrance of the flowers may last,

Fragrance on coffins may;
But never can it backward cast

Over the weary way.
To all who cease to smoke, still make

A gift to smoke bee-rtocks;
And thus continue still to break

Your alabaster box. H. L.

1887

GLt^ANlNGS IN BEE CULTUi^E.

479

0a^ pejiEg.

Thou shalt have no other gods before uie.—
Ex. 20:3.

Y wife reminds me that she tears I
am getting to write tlie same tiling
over to you in these Home Papers;
to which charge I plead guilty, but
otter, as a reason, that God's truths
need repeating over and over again. As
for myself, I liave great cause to feel that I
need line upon line, precept upon precept ;
and sometimes I feel almost discouraged to
think I have to go over the same ground
again, and (i^ht the same battles over again,
liiat I have been lighting in the Christian
warfare for these years that are past. As I
grow older, temptations of a different char-
acter present themselves to me, to some ex-
tent ; but at the same time it is the old, old
story— the conflict with sin— with inborn sin
— with sins that are possessed in every hu-
man heart ; and one of my greatest conflicts
just now is to hold fast to that flrst and
greatest commandment at the head of our
talk to-day — '' Thou shalt have no other
gods before me/' I used to laugh at the
idea of the healhcn bowing down to images
of wood and stone ; but now I feel more like
bowing my head in shame and sorrow, be-
cause, as it often seems to me, I am but lit-
tle better than they; and considering the
light that surrounds us now, and the op-
portunities that were before them in thiise
dark ages, I do not know but I need more of
Christ's grace than they did. AVhat did God
mean when he gave this as tlie first and
greatest commandmentV Jesus makes the
matter plainer, especially to us of the pres-
ent day, when he says :

Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy
heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.
—Matt. 23:37.

He furtlier adds : " This is the first and
great commandment." The reason why
this is the first and great commandment is,
that it covers all the rest substantially. The
man who loves God, loves his fellow-man;
and the man who loves his fellow-man as
himself, will surely be in no danger of
wronging liis fellow-man, for he will take
more pleasure in seeing him happy than in
being happy himself.

This truth, like other scriptural truths,
seems easy and simple enough in the ab-
stract. We may hear it from the pulpit,
and may nod our heads approvingly, and we
may lament that all mankind do not see it
as we do ; but, alas ! alas ! when it comes
to putting it into practice in every-day life,
the depravity and deceitfulness of the hu-
man heart become painfully apparent. My
friends, I do not feel like speaking of the
sins of otliers when I take up this text to-
day, therefore I want to say, when I start
out to live this text, and try to make God's
righteousness foremost, it is with great
sadness that I contemplate the depravity of
my own heart. At every turn I see selfish-
ness taking the place of God. I see all sorts
of things belonging to this world threaten-
ing to take the place in which God alone

should stand. In my plans for giving em-
ployment to my fellow-men, wherein 1 have
found so much enjoyment, even there I find
plans creeping in for my own up-building —
for my own— shall 1 say my own honor and
glory V 1 have been fondly tliinking for
some years past, that I had_ got over all
ambitious plans and feelings ;' 1 have been
fondly hoping I was truly content to labor and
to put self aside— keeping out of the way or
out of sight as far as possible — not caring to
be mentioned ; not caring for praise, but
preferring, rather, in the language of the
closing words of the Lord's prayer, " Thine
is the kingdom, and the power, and the glo-
ry for ever."

1 know by past experience that there is
no comfort nor real substantial satisfaction
in the praise of the world ; I know by past
experience that there is no real enjoyment
in any thing the world has to offer, where
I can not take God along with me ; but for
all that, there are continual longings —there
is a continual grasping after things that I
know are not wisest and best. These con-
flicts are out of sight of the world, or, at
least, I take care that they do not result in
open action, and yet the world judges pretty
fairly after all. There is nothing so decep-
tive in this world as sin itself. I know by
past experience there is no comfort or sat-
isfaction in transgressing any of the ten
commandments, even in thought. It was
Jesus, remember, who suggested that we
could transgress in thought if not in deed.
1 have tasted of the pleasures of a sense of
God"s love and of his approval. Then why
should I for one instant contemplate swap-
ping these for any thing that this world has
to offer V I know by experience that David
spoke tlie truih when he said, '-If I cherish
iniquity in my heart, God will not hear
me ;" yet for all that, almost day after day
I voluntarily and of my own free will grieve
the presence of the Holy Spirit, and drive it
away. Vf\\y. oh why, shoiild I do this ? At
such times it is a comfort to me to read the
words of Paul— words which I feel sure
were uttered under circumstances at least
somewhat similar. Just think of saint
Paul himself, who was more devoted to the
kingdom of God and his righteousness than
any man who lived before, perhaps, or since,
saying of himself, " For the good that I
would. I do not ; but the evil which I would
not, that 1 do." And further on he says,
'' Oh wretched man that I am ! w'ho shall de-
liver me from the body of this death '/ ''
Over and over again, of late, I have been off
by myself, and breathed out this little verse,
and somehow peace and quietness have al-
ways come from it afterward. Some invisi-
ble presence has seemed to say, " There,
there, child, that is enough. Be careful to
remember how weak and imperfect and err-
ing you are. My grace is suflicient for thee."
And then come the words of that wonderful
little hymn.

Just as I am, without one plea.
But that thy blood was shed for me.

One of my great trials is to keep humble —
to forbear vising the authority which I might
use if I choose. At the noon service some

480

GLEAKINGS in bee CtJLTUTlE.

JiJNri

time ago, I spoke to the hands, in a little
talk, about authority. I told them that it
was my prayer that 1 might be able to keep
the authority that was invested in me, en-
tirely out of sight. I toUl them 1 wanted to
move around among tliem as a fellow-labor-
er, a companion, and a friend ; that I pray-
ed God I might be able to keep out of sight
and out of mind the fact tliat I was employ-
er, or "• boss,'' as it is so often termed ; and
I asked them, too, that those who have
charge of rooms, and tliose who have lielp
employed under them, would try to do the
same— try to so manage that it should never
be necessary to say, in a peremptory way,
'Do this," or, " Do that." It is an easy
thing for me to speak to my boys out on tlie
grounds, when 1 wish them to take up some
other work, something in this way : " Boys,
will you please let this drop that you are do-
ing liow, and come with me?" or, " I think,
boys, I wouldn't do this work the way you
are doing, but like this." Now, I know by
experience how much better this way an-
swers; and I know by experience tiiat cases
are very rare wliere one we employ disobeys,
if we explain to him exactly what is v/anted
of him; but for all tliat.'past experience
seems to amount to nothing. All these
years of practicing and experimenting and
studying upon the way that God's com-
mandments work in the hearts of men seem
to count for nothing. Every few days I find
myself away off the track— away out of the
straight and narrow path. In place of the
pleasant good-natured child of God who
used to stand in my slioes (if you will pardon
the expression), my better self has gone out,
and a usurper hascome in. A man stands
there whom I shudder to think of or look at.
He is selfish and cold and unfeeling, and
domineering. He has no care nor respect
for God nor for God's commands. His god
is self, and he cares nothing for conse-
quences. If you tell him a certain act is
wicked, he says, " Who cares if it is? If
you don't want to get hurt, get out of my
way.'" His heart is in the right attitude to
utter oaths and curses ; he has no love for

his fellow-man ; he has no respect for do

you shudder, dear reader, at such a picture?
and do you say that that is the effect of
overwork and a disordered imagination?
Alas! it is but too true ; and those who have
been striving to follow Christ may recog-
nize the picture from its semblance "to simi-
lar glimpses they may have had of their own
hearts. Without the Savior's love — without
the grace of God in my heart, I should have
been a fearful specimen of humanity. I
have sometimes looked in wjnder upon the
friends and neighbors about me. I have
even looked upon unbelievers — those M'ho
liave never made any profession whatever,
and I have firmly decided that none of them
have had even a glimpse of the way in which
Satan has tried to get hold of me. I can not
believe it possible that others have ever been
tempted as I have been, and yet I do not
know. Each heart has its own secrets, and
only God knows how many a poor wretch
has breathed the prayer, "■ God have mercy
on me a sinner.'" I have sometimes won-
dered—yes, even lately I have wondered

whether the dear Savior had any place in
heaven for sucli as I. I liave wondered
whether he could make any use of one
whose heart has been so full of wicked
thoughts and depravity, and yet I am not
sure the fault is altogether mine, for I often
think of the illustration in Pilgrim's Prog-
ress, where the evil one whispered evil sug-
gestions over Christian's shoulder, and then
persuaded him they came from liis own
heart. At such limes I turn with wonder-
fid Cdnil'ort to the saying that Christ Jesus
came into the world to save sinners. If be-
ing a sinner is one of tlie qualifications to
entitle one to Chiist's regard or love, surely
he came to save me ; and when I wonder if
it be possible that such a lieart as mine may
be really and truly cleansed, and be made fit
for the" courts above, then I remember the
text, ''The blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth
us from all sin." Jesus told Peter that Sa-
tan desired to sift him as wheat, and I have
wondered whether Satan hadn't decided that
his best time to open up on me witli all his
artillery was just about now, when I am get-
ting to "be nearly fifty years of age. May be
lie has been sifting me, and perhaps he will,
after awhile, go away. But I do not want
him to go and torment somebody else as he
has tormented me ; in fact, if I thought he
had got to busy himself tormenting some-
body, I think I would try to bear it; for I
have Christ by my side to strengthen and
comfort me. and some other poor soul may
not have. There is a little verse in our
hymns that reads :

Tempted and tried!

Oh, the terrible tide
May be racing and deep, may be wrathful and wide !

Yet its fury is vain,

For the Lord shall restrain.
And for ever and ever Jehovah shall reign.

There is one other thing I wish to speak
of, and yet I dislike to, for the reason that
only a part of the friends may understand
me ; but I will try to make it plain. Some
of you may imagine that much property
would make you happy ; you may think
that having money to buy whatever you
may want would surely enable you to be
peaceful and happy all the day long. Some
of you may think, who have struggled long
years with debt, that great happiness would
surely be the result of having a balance
ahead in the bank. Some of you have hard
work to get along on your farms and keep
things in order, as you would like to have
them, and think it would add to your en-
joyment of this world to have plenty of help
to do every thing you feel you would like to
do. Others may have thought that asuc-
cessful man must certainly be a happy one
— that one whose plans, inventions, and
projects all turn out to be prosperous and
successful would be the one who could give
praise to God from the bottom of his heart,
day after day. I want to tell you, my
friends, that you are mistaken. It is true,
that when we have worked hard for the ac-
complishment of some object, a sense of
happiness and of God's approval comes to
us after the toil and the hardship are over,
providing, of course, the work be a praise-
worthy one ; but money of itself does not

188?

GLEANINGS IN BiilU CULTURE.

4sl

bring happiness, neither does i)roperty, nor
having plenty of help an<l plenty of money
to pay your help promptly. On the con-
trary, these things bring trials that many
know nothing of. I have sometimes thought
Satan seemed to take it for granted that
plenty of money would spoil the best Chris-
tian, and that his best chance was to lay
siege to the Christian who had been i)ros-
pered in this world's goods. Some of you
may have thought it would be nice to have
people to do your work for you. My friend,
when you have once had the burden on
your shoulders, of keeping one hundred or
more men at work, and at work in a way
that will be profitable to you and to them-
selves, you may change your mind about it.
It may be nice and pleasant for a while ; but
when "the novelty wears off, and when you
find that you are harnessed up, and that
your time" is not your own, and that your
brains, yoiu* muscles, and your surplus en-
ergy, are not your own, yon may pine for
freedom.

Now, I do not complain of my lot in life ;
I do not mean to complain t)f the work
whereunto God has called me. At first
thought I might say, if Satan would just let
me alone, and take his fingers off from me
entirely, then I should be satisfied ; but if
God has, in his infinite wisilom, seen fit to
test and try me, perhaps iu a very small
measure as he did his servant Job, then I
hope I am willing to say, " Amen ; thy will,
not mine, be done.''

It may be a simple matter to some Chris-
tians to keep iii heart as well as deed this
first commandment— •' Thou shalt. have no
otlier gods before me ;" but it has not been
by any means an easy task for me to keep
this command as I think it ought to be kept.
The question may be asked, " IIow shall we
know when we are letting any of the things
of this world get where they are in danger
of coming before God?" My test is this:
Whenever any thing takes so much of my
thought and time that it seems to stand be-
tween me and God, I feci I am surely in
danger of breaking the first commandment.
AVhenever you are so absorbed in business,
pleasure, or in laying plans for this world,
that you are forgetting your Maker, and
seem to be getting away from him, then are
you in danger. The sense of this danger
seems to be more acute with me when the
time comes for me to write these Home Pa-
pers. WJien the printers inform me that
they are ready for Our Homes, then comes
a test of my spirituality. If I have been get-
ting off the track, my faith and love toward
God seem to be dull and cold. At such
times I often feel myself totally unfit for any
such sacred office as ministering to those
who are hungering for the bread of life ;
and woe betide me if any thing that has
happened dims my sense of the presence of
Gods love in my heart. Sometimes these
things that seem to come between my men-
tal vision and God come in such strange and
unexpected ways— in such guise, as it were,
that I fail to detect the presence of Satan,
until I begin to feel my spirituality gone.
Sometimes a disposition takes hold of me to
have my own w^ay, no matter what may be

the consequences. Again, Satan whispers
that I can not help myself ; the tide of af-
fairs is sweeping me along without my being
to blame at all. At another time the things
of this world that come between me and
God's love seem to be too great for all my
strengtli. Even going off by myself does not
always seem to answer. They get between
me and (iod, even wiiile on bended knees.
I will now tell you how 1 have triumphed
over Satan in such cases.

You have perhaps noticed a child that
had got his temper up, and it seemed almost
impossible to conquer it. May be you have
seen a boy in school who be"liaved as if he
would die rather than give up ; or two men
engaged in a lawsuit. They seem deter-
mined to lose all jthe property they have, in
a contest that is insignificant. Well, a good
many times there is wisdom in dodging such
issues. I think there is wisdom in the parent
who evades the necessity of stirring up a
child's stubbornness and evil temper; the
same with the boy in school, and the same
with a neighbor. May be you think it
strange that I should talk about dodging
Satan. Well, I have dodged him a good
many times, and I will tell you how I do it.
He plants himself right before me. If
I stop and look at him, or argue the case, it
seems as if he comes out best— at least I
never get ahead of him in that way. If I go
off by myself to pray, if I dont look out he
is before me, even there. Now. then, /io?r
shall we dodge him? Why, my good friends,
if you are ever in such a predicament, just
use your plain common sense. Pick up a
hoe and go out into the field and hoe pota-
toes until yon are tired and hungry; or,
better still, busy your mind and body in
something that will do somebody some good,
and keep busy.* Raise potatoes if nothing
else offers. Put your heart and soul into it.
and, before you know it, God's love will
come into your heart again, and you will
feel the approving voice, '' Well done, thou
good and faithful servant." To tell the
truth, that is just where I stand this morn-
ing. I tried facing Satan, and did not make
any headway. I left him, and, naturally
enough, when I got busy with mind and
body, in some good work, 1 had soon forgot-
ten all about him, and was surprised when I
discovered that he was gone. At such times
a peace comes into my mind that I can not
exactly describe. It is the peace that God
gives to every one wiio has dropped and
abandoned folly, and chosen wisdom— toone
who, by his acts in life, as well as by words,
has declared he has no other god in the wide
universe than the one true God wiio created
the heavens and the earth. To him he is
loyal, honest, and true. IntheGospel Hymns
is a verse composed from the text, " He said

* When Moody was in Cleveland some years asro,
some leading- skeptics and infidels wanted to discuss
the matter with him. They challeng-ed him to meet
them and arg-iie the case. He refused to arjz-ue or
discuss with them. When somebody protested
against such a course, and asked an explanation, he
replied, " My friends, I have no time." And he was
right. The man who is doing good to his fellow-
men in the way that Moody was and is. has no time
to discuss theology, and a great many times we
waste our time, and get ourselves into trouble, by
attempting to discuss or dally with Satan.

482

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUIJE

imto her, Thy sins are forgiven/' as found
in the seventh chapter of Luke. The last
verse of the hymn describes the reward God
gives to those who liave put the world be-
hind them, and who liave triumphed over
Satan, and stand before him true and loyal,
with the first commandment given from
Sinai. The verse is tliis :
In the sky, after tempest, as sliineth Ihe bow,—
In the friance of the sunbeam, as melteth the snow.
He looked on that lost one; "her sins were forgiven."
And the sinner went forth in the beauty of heav( n.

WINTEKING BEES IN A CYCLONE-
HOUSE.

0aR 0WN 'ft.FiM^.

CONDUCTED BY EBNEST K. ROOT.

A BKGINNER'S EXPEKIENCE.

T PURCHASED 10 nucleus swarms from Oliver
(gl? Foster, some hives from A. I. Root, and started
^t in the bee-business. We had a very dry season
■^ —no rain for 3 months, from June 1st, but the
bees managed to fill the brood-chamber all
right, and made 200 lbs. in the section boxes. This
I took for my share and gave them the rest. As
soon as cold set in I carried them into a cycloue-
house, built all under ground, with a roof of dirt
four feet thick, with a stovepipe in the center, for
a vent. The cave, or cellar, was very damp, so I
screwed some narrow strips of board on the side of
the hives, near the cover. The strips were six inch-
es longer at each end than the hive, making the
hives look something like a box for carrying coal in.
Then I made racks along each side of the luouse
and hung my bees up by the handles on their hives;
but I first took them out of the portico hive and
put them in the upper story so »s to avoid a perma-
nent bottom-board. I then made a bottom-board
by putting on screen, such as we use on our doors,
and in the same way, and hung it on the bottom
of the hive with hooks, so the bees could not come
out, but so one could take it oil' while they were
asleep, turn it over, and hook it on again, or jar off
any dead bees or any other litter, and give them
plenty of air. After that I took some old newspa-
pers and spread one of the four sheets over the
hive, then put the cover on tight, letting the paper
extend outside all around. Thus 1 shut off the air
above, knowing that too much air might give them
a sore throat. Then I thought if, alter going to all
that trouble, they wanted to die they would cer-
tainly be very ungrateful. But they did not die. I
looked at them as often as once a month, and al-
ways found them di-y, and clustering up next the
paper, and all over the frames. However, I found
considerable moisture in the toi>of the cover. This
I threw off, generally, so Iput alittle blockunderthe
paper to raise it in the center and allow the mois-
ture to run out under the cover, in case it fell back
on the paper. Sometimes the little busybodies ate
through the paper, in which case I just spread an-
other over that one.

I carried them out as soon as maples blossomed,
and put them into the porticos again. They had
lioney enough to have wintered again, so I let them
keep it. Up to date two have cast off' swarms, and
all are doing as well as could be expected, since the
drought is on us again, and on to stay, according to
all appearances. The temperature of that cyclone-
house ranged from 36 to 40°. Now you know how a
greenhorn winters bees. Ed. Parker.

Union, Iowa, May 23, 1887.

FOUL BROOD.

§INCE our last report, foul brood seems
to have gotten under way in every
portion of the home apiary. We have
been treating sometimes as many as
live or six colonies daily. To-day,
June 10, the boys have found a dozen cases
of foul brocd, and Uiis afternoon we are go-
ing to treat them— by complete extermina-
tion as at first V oh, no! We shall employ
the starvation method, or perhaps, more ex-
actly, a modification of it. As we have been
experimenting upon tlie cases developed in
the last few days, and have not as yet ar-
rived at any definite conclusion, I vvill not
give the exact modus operandi. Suffice it to
say. we liave now liad 40 cases of foul brood
in the hist three or four weeks. But, more
anon.

THE DOOLITTLE QUEEN-CELL PROTECTOR.

During this spring and summer we have
been giving the Doolittle queen-cell pro-
tector a pretty thorough trial. All the cells
we have raised this season were placed in
the wire protectois before insertion in the
liive ; but for some reason or other we have
not met with very good success. Mr. Spaf-
ford showed me some of the cells which had
been gnawed into. Upon inquiry I found
he had not puslied the apex of the cells into
the apex of the wire cone, and the bees had,
in consequence, crawled into the mouth of
the protector, and so gained access to the
sides of the cell. I then told Mr. S., here-
after to push the apex of the cell down in
such a way as to close the mouth of the
queen-cell protector. lie then obtained
somewhat better results. But even then
cells would be found with the capping torn
off, with the young queen within not fully
mature.

I feel pretty sure that Mr. Doolittle ob-
tains better results tlian we have so far. It
is possible that the manner in which we con-
struct the protectors makes a difference.
We sent a sample to Mr. Doolittle when we
first made them, and he pronounced them
all right. Perhaps there is some trouble
from the way in which we manipulate the
cells in the hive. At any rate, we should be
glad to be shown where the trouble lies.

CONSIGNMENT OF IMPORTED QUEENS;

TW^ENTY-FIVE QUEENS RECEIVED,

AND NOT ONE DEAD.

Shortly after our last issue was out, we
received a consignment of 25 imported
queens from Italy, l^pon opening the box-
es we found that every queen was alive and
hearty. Not only that, but the queens were
unusually nice ones. I do not remember to
have seen as nice a lot. One was sent off as
soon as it arrived, and the remaining 24
were introduced successfully, as usual, in the

PEET CAGE.

If there is such a thing as " absolute and
unvarying success'- in bee culture, the Peet
cage, in our own apiary, has come as near
reaching this high standard as any thing we
have ever tried. When we found that

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

483

all the imported queens were alive, I felt
morally certain that every one of the said
queens would be introduced successfully in
the liives. We gave Neighbor II. ten to take
to his apiary, sent one away, and the re-
maining 14: we introduced in the Swamp
Apiary. Both the queens whicli Neighbor
II. took, and tliose which we reserved, were
introduced with entire success. In order to
make room for some of the imported queens
which we introduced we were obliged to
cage the queens where we hud just taken
out a queen to fill an order. That is, we
took the old queen out, and at the same op
eration caged an imported one in lier place.
In one or two cases the imported was out
and laying in twelve hours from the time
the former queen was removed.

After the 14 queens were all caged on the
combs, I told the boys not to release them,
and, as far as possible, to let them entirely
alone ; if, in opening a liive, they discover-
ed that the queen seemed weakly, and lia-
ble not to live much longer in confinement
(which I thought was hardly probable), they
might then release her.

I believe a large part of the losses occur-
ring from introducing by the Feet process
is, that beginners become unduly anxious
for the queen. If she is not out in 24 hours,
they think they must release her. This fuss-
ing, opening the hive, and pulling off the
cage, is liable to cause the bees to ball the
queen. If the beginner let the Peet cage
do the work itself, he will be vastly more
sure of success, providing the cage has been
placed over a few cells of honey, and on
good old hard comb. I mentioned this
fact in connection with the Peet cage, on
page 1001, last year. Since that time two
or three seem to rather doubt whether it
were best to let the Peet cage shift for it-
self ; but from almost constant experiments,
year after year, I feel more satisfied than
ever that it is far better to let the Peet
cage do its work automatically. The two
men we have in our apiary this season are
beginners ; but when they commenced work
I gave them instructions something as
above, on introducing queens. We intro-
duced a large number of queens this spring,
and, with the exception of one or two vir-
gin queens they have not lost a single fer-
tile queen. I have taken this occasion to
reiterate these facts for the benefit of be-
ginners, and to show how the best results
may be obtained with the Peet cage.

THE HYDE APIAKY.

Something over a week ago Mr. Spafford
and I drove down to the Hyde apiary, put
on the honey-boards, T supers, and, in fact,
got every thing ready for a flow of comb
honey. We aimed to put each colony, so
far as possible, under different conditions,
for the purpose of more accurately getting at
results.

NO HONEY.

At the present writing, no honey has come
in, and the bees have been for nearly a
mouth on the point of starvation — barely
sustaining themselves. If honey does not
start pretty soon now, \ye .shall not expect
wuch fronj clover.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Senii-ltlonthly ,

.£^. I. I^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

iviEX5iisr.a., OHIO.
TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbing Bates, See Tirst Page of Beading Matter.

I^^EIDi:tT^=^, J-Cri>TE IS, IBS'Z.

WANTED, Gr.EANINGS FOR MARCH 1, 188T.

If mailed us at once we will allow 10 cents each
for the above.

THE WHITE-CLOVER CROP AT THE PRESENT WRIT-
ING.

There seems to be a general complaint, that,
while the bloom is most bountiful, very little honey
Is coming in. We presume this is on account of
much rain. At such times clover usually yields
bountifully just before its close; in fact, a few re-
ports already state that white-clover honey is com-
ing in bountifully. Much rain usua'ly, for the time
being, spoils the honey-flow.

MR. THOMAS HORN.

Our friends will remember that Mr. Horn said,
on page 319:

I am preparing the notes just as rapidly as possible, and will
finish this evening so as to go out in to-morrow's mail.

Tnos. Horn.
And again on page 408:

Friend Root: — I mailed, as promised, all notes excepting a
tew ret.ained tor further investigation, which 1 have since
mailed; and now to the best of my knowledge all have their
notes. If I have overlooked any, if they will kindly inform
me I will mail them at once. Thomas Horn.

Now, we think it best to be slow to condemn; but
when we tell our readers that complaints have been
coming continually during several weelcs past, say-
ing that Mr. Horn has as yet sent no note at all, we
feel very much inclined to think the time has come
when forbearance ceases to be a virtue. May Slst
we wrote Mr. Horn, asking him for an explanation;
but up to the time of going to press, no word has
been received. I may mention, also, that I have
been severely censured for accepting his advertise-
ment again, even though he did promise to give
notes to all his customers. Perhaps some of the
sufferers may become impatient at our way of do-
ing business, but we hope they will be patient ^a lit-
tle longer. And now, friends, since we have heard
of so many who nave not got their notes, will all of
those who /(are received them please inform us at
once by postal? We want to know exactly how
many have received Mr. Horn's note in the way of
settlement. It seems very plain and certain that
Mr. Horn can give his notes for the amounts he is
owing, if he has any disposition to be fair and hon-
est. However, we think it best to wait a little, as
the case stands.

BEESWA.X, AND HOW TO SEND IT TO MARKET.

In years past I have repeatedly cautioned the
friends about sending heavy shipments of beeswax
by express, for the reason that the express charges
are sometimes almost equal to the value of the wax.

484

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

One friend away down south actually sent several
cakes of beeswax by mail. The postage on the wax
was It) cts. per lb., as everybody knows, and was
worth, when it got here, 32 cts. per lb., and so all he
got for hiswax wasGots. Now, if you send wax by ex-
press, especially where you live away off, it is pret-
ty much the same way. Better sell it near home for
what it will bring- you, or wait until you have TOO
lbs. or more to ship by freight. In fact, 1 can not
imagine any excuse for sending beeswax by ex-
press at all. If you say you are owing us, and are
anxious to pay the account, please remember we
are never in so much of a hurry that we want any-
body to pay express charges on beeswax. A great
many times several neighbors can club together
and thus got a cheap freight shipment. Another
thing: If you must send small lots of wax, don't, we
beg of you, go and put it in a great heavy box, but
simply tie it up in a bag. A good s-trong phosphate-
bag that can be bought for five cents almost any-
where is just as good as any thing else, and then
you have no express or fi eight charges to pay on a
box that is ol no use when it gets here. Yoii may
think wc are taking a good deal of space for so sim-
ple a matter. Dear friends, little packages of wax,
with large express or freight chaiges, are coming
to us on almost every train, and 1 hope wc arc just
as anxious to save you expense as we are to save
our own money.

DELAYS ON ORDERS DURING THE PAST MONTH.

The season just closed has been the heaviest in
the way of business ever known at the Home of the
Honey-Bees. Notwithstanding the new factory put
up last summer and fall, which we hoped would en-
able us to meet any possible demand for sections
and bee-hives, we have been perhaps as badly be-
hind as we ever wei'e before. We are, however, as
we go to press, nearly caught up. The only depart-
ment that has been inadequate is the wood-working
establishment— especially in the matter of sections.
Some of the friends who waited until the months of
May and June, and then sent in orders for odd-sized
goods, were obliged to wait, some of them, for as
much as two or three weeks. The reason for this
is, when we are running full blast, with every saw
going, we can make three or four thousand regular-
sized sections where we could make one that re-
quires us to stop and readjust the machinery.
Under such circumstances it does not seem fair to
make the friends who order regular goods suffer for
those who order sometting irregular. There may
be some who feel hard because we have not filled
orders in regular rotation. We have before ex-
plained the difficulty in doing this strictly. One of
you may order something that wo have an abun-
dance of in stock, while your neighbors order the
very thing we arc out of and can not furnish; and
as most of the orders are made up of a variety of
goods, a great many times an order is already to
ship, with the exception of one thing, and this may
be the state of affairs for a week. Sometimes it
will answer to send a part of the goods at one time,
and the rest at some future time; but as this makes
additional charges we dare not often do this, unless
the order is a large one. We are making prepara-
tions now to make up a stock of goods' this fall, in
order that we may not be in the same predicaihcnt
another season; but very likely the result is, we
shall have a great many things to keep over. Styles
may change, goods made up may be supei'seded by

something better; but there is no other way that I
know of to prevent these very annoying and [)er-
plexing delays. Now, we distinctly state in our
price list, page 3, that we can not be responsible for
delays in orders sent in during April, May, and
June. We should like, however, to have those who
have suffered by our lack of promptness to state
briefly what amount will make the damage satis-
factory. We do not think we should stand o?l the
loss you are out of pocket thereby, for an extensive
bee-keeper who waits until May or June before
sending in his orders to a supply-dealer is certainly
at least partly to blame. We wish, however, to have
every thing arranged pleasantly, so far as it is in
our power, before commencing another season's
business.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

H

ROGERSVILLE, GRNESEE CO., MICH.,

AS received scores of unsolicited testimonials in
regard to the excellency of his little book—

"THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY,"

and it is with pleasure that he publishes the follow-
ing selections:

Success to the little book, fresh and live ideas.—
E. E. Hasty, Richards, O., March 28, 1887.

It is the best book on the production of comb hon-
ey I ever read.— F. W. Holmes, Coopersville. Mich.,
March 29, 3887.

I congratulate you on getting up such a complete
treatise upon the subject in so small a book.— W. H.
Shirley, Mill Grove, Mich., March 27, 1887.

Your little work on "The Production of Comb
Honey" is a valuable acquisition, and coincides
with my experience.— Dr. L. C. Whiting, East Sag-
inaw, Mich., April 33, 1887.

It is simply at the head, in every respect, so far
as it goes. All can say that there are larger books
—those that cover more ground, but none that cov-
er their ground nearly as well.— James Hcddon, Do-
wagiac, Mich., April 2, 1887.

You have given us a valuable work. Though
terse, it lacks nothing in comt>leteness. We need
more such books— those that give facts in the few-
est words. — For four years I have practiced essen-
tially the system you give, and know its superior
worth.— Dr. G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, Ohio,
April 17, 1887.

Your book received last night and read through
before I could sleep. To be sure, I knew the most
of it from your articles in the bcc-papers, but it is
nice to have it all together in a neat little book like
yours. You just more than boiled it down, didn't
you?— Dr. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O., Mar. 39,1887.

Friend H.: Have just received your little book.
Much that it contains will be found new, I think,
with the majority. The cost in production must in
some way be lessened. You set out the primary el-
ements by which such lessening of cost may be
made. I say heartily that I think your little book
should be studied carefully by every producer of
comb honey. With kind regards— J. E. Pond, Fox-
boro, Mass.. March 28, 1887.

Your lovely little book gave sister and me much
pleasure, and the author will please accept many
thanks. Since criticism is invited, permit me to
say that we reach the conclusion too soon. Had the
book been less interesting we might not have dis-
covered the fault— might even have thought it a
merit— hut since the book is as good as it is pretty,
its brevity is a serious fault; a fault which will
surely be amended in the second edition.

With the hope that it may everywhere receive the
cordial welcome that it merits, 1 am yours truly-
"Cyula Linswik."

'tS^~ Price of the book, 25 cents. Stamps taken;
either U. S. or Canadian. lOtfdb

OADAHT'S FOUHDATIOM FACTOET, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement tP another column,

18S7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

485

A Cheap Smoker.

>rAKTiNSViLi.K, ()., Ayv. 11, 1887.
Messrs. BUigliain <t Hetlieriimtaii, Alnonia, Mich.:

Enclosed tlnd $3.5(1 tor two large ^'/^-incli Hing'ham
smokers (wide shield). They are for my neighbors.
I have one of the liingbam smokers that 1 have
used for six years, and it is as good as ever. Send
for half dozen rates.

Respectfully, Amos I{. G.vknkh.

PRICES OF BINGHAM SMOKERS.

By Mail, Postpaid.

Doctor Smoker (wide shield) 3'2 inch $2 (10

Conqueror Smoker (wide shield) 3 " 175

Large Smoker (wide shield) 2;4 " 1 •''0

Extra Smoker (wide shield 3 " 12.5

Plain Smoker 2 " 100

Little Wonder Smoker lU " fS

B. & H. Honey-Knife 2 " 115

TO SELL AGAIN, apply for dozen or half-dozen
rates. Address T. F. BINGHAM, or

BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON,
9-12db Abronia, Mich.

Took At THisf

My improved Smoker can Vic taken apart to clean
it by turning a button. Lay the tube on the coals
and let it burn out. The valve will come off in the
same way to clean. Send fl.OO for a Smoker and
see how well you will like it. 1 will please you or
return your money. I have tested it all of last
season in my apiary of 79 hives, and it gave perfect
satisfaction. If wanted by mail, add 2.5 cts. to pay
postage. Address AV. H. smiTH,

9-16b Brookton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

WILL SELL tested queens at $1.25 each; vnitested
" at 75 cts. each. Nuclei and full colonies for
sale, either Italians or Syrians.
8tfdb ISRAKti Good, Sparta, Tenn.

TTAIilAN QIJEENS Purely bred from import-

* FROM THE ed mothers. Root's prices.

0/*^T T'T~"T_T I Have two apiaries. Send

)w>^ w 1 xX 1 for annual price list to

ll-12d STAIR & CATHER, Asbvllle, Ala.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

^THC GILT EDGE APIARY^

Offers Italian queens from imported mother, cheap.
Write for terms and references. A. P. Stair,
lltfdb Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

IF YOU ARE WANTING

ITALIAN, HYBRID, or GERMAN BROWN BEES,

Simplicity Hives, or Section Boses,

Send. 2-€ent Stamp for Circular to
etfdb THOMAS CEDYE,

Box 653. La Salle, La Salle Co., III.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

First-Class Hybrid Bees

Address J. G. SEtDEL,

or the liriu ol A. F. Staiin'cr A; €o.,
lOtfdb STKKLINO, ILL.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Reared from select mothers. Untested, $l.tK);
Tested, $2.00. H. «. FRAiraE,

5-16db Nortb manche«»ter, Ind.

SPECIAL PRICES

COMB FOUNDATION.

Brood fdn., not less than 1.') lbs, per lb., a5c

Thin " '• " " 10 " " " 46c

Clark cold-blast smokers, for crate of .5 $2.10

CATALOGUE OF BEE-HIVES, ETC., FREE.

Address R. R. LEAHY,

lltfdb lioek Rox 11. Higglnsvllle, mo.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENSi

Tested queens, .*1..")() each; untested 7.5c. each; ii
for $2.00. All bred from select imported mothers.
By return mail. lOll 2-frame nuclei at $2.00 each,
lltfdb D. 0. EDMISTON, ADEIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

FULL COLONIES oflTALIAN BEES

"^a^J-Quecns-for-Sale.b-

10 L. frames of bees, queen, brood, and honey, all
for $5.00. Tested queens. $1.2,5 each. 10-12d

A. G. RRUSH, Susqurliaiina, Pa.

ITALIAN % ALBINO QUEENS,

One queen, warranted ))urely mated, after

June 1st.. $ 80

'/4 dozen " " " 4.50

Tested selected youngr, large and light-colored 2 00
Full colonies in Langstroth or Simplicity hives,

with select tested queen, after May 15th ... .6 00
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. In the
past seasons that I have advertised in Gleanings
and other bee-joui-nals I have endeavored to please
all, and am not aware that I have one dissatisfied
customer; if any, shall he pleased to have a state-
ment. My stocks are perfectly healthy. No foul
hrood in this vicinity.
8tfd Address E. L. WEST(^OTT,

Fair Haven, Rutland Co., Vt.

Jhere is Some fun

And much sense in our beautiful chromo card de-
scribed on pages 83 and 112. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what you have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

4tfd

J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

FOUL BROOD, NO ! !

I never had a case nor saw one, but I have seen
and had hundreds of good queens, and will sell you
one of them for 65 cts., or 5 for $3.1X1. 26 B. Leghorn
eggs for $1.0t). Orders for queens booked now, and
for eggs, filled now. Catalogue for stamp.
248d C. M. GOOD8PEED, Thorn Hill, N. Y.

W. O. WiNSOR's Factory,

NORWICH, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.,

BEE-HIVES, FRAMES, FOUR-
PIECE SECTIONS, AND
Packing-Crates.

I'rice hist free.

6-8-10-12d

•48(j

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

June

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half oUr
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and ymi must Say you want your aa. in this de-
partment,or wb will not he responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according: to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for boni-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED. — To exchange fot* good horses
anrt mules, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

W

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Hara-
bnrgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
boxes, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff, Crcighton, Ohio.

ANTRD —To exchange Barnes foot-power saws
and bet's, lor stoam-cngine. honcv. or beeswax.
7-12db C. W. & A. H. K. Blood, Littkton, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange English lop-ear labbits,
Guinea ])igs. and watpr-spanicl dog pups for
bees by the pound. F. Gkossman,

lltfdb Kainms. Cuyahoga Co.. O.

WANTED— To ( xclmnge 400 1 wo-piecc and 400 one-
pitce 5 liiXti'i V-grr,ovc sees., for 1000 4V4X4>4
Forncrook one-piece sees, (send sample): or fnv 5
purely mated I tsiluui queens, daughters of imported
mothers. J. M. Young, Kock Bluffs, Neb. 11-12

WANTED.— To exchange my new catalogue of
bees, queens, new section-case, for .your ad-
dress on a postal card. Address F. A. Eaton.
ll-12d Bluffton. Allen Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange three city building lots,
25x102. in the city of St. Andrews Bay, Flori-
da, for Italian bees, comb foundation, or any kind
of apiarian supplies. Titles to property are good.
Address B. G. Luttrell,

Luttrell, De Kalb Co., Ala.

WANTED.— An experienced apiarist wants per-
manent position, or to take off this season's
honey crop. Southern States. H. Henkv,
12d Blandon, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Quinby hives and Sim-

VV pliclty one story, with 8 frames of drawn-out

combs, for bees of any kind, or white paint. 12tfdb

Mns. Oliver Cole, Sherburne, Chen. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange a "Star" bicycle for
bees. Just the horse for a bee-keeper. 1213d
Box 375. C. H. Smith, Pittstteld, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian and hybrid bees
in Simplicity hives for a flrst-class 50-inch
bicycle. D. S. Bassett,

12tl'db Farnumsville, Wor. Co., Mass.

WANTED. - To exchange 40 lots (7 acres), situated
4 miles north of State House at Indianapolis,
for land south or west. Good house and other
buildings; ground set in fruits. Will trade for im-
proved farm or lands well located. 12d
John Cadwallader, North Indianapolis, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange 16 American hives with
frames and old combs, hives in good order and
newly painted, for 3 good Italian swai-ms. 12d

J. Ferris Patton,
163d St. and Morris Ave., New York, N. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1855.

BEESWAX HEADQUARTERS,

We have constantly on hand a large stock of Do-
mestic and Imported Beeswax in original shape,
which we offer to manufacturers of Comb Founda-
tion at lowest prices. We guarantee all our bees-
wax absolutely pure. Write to us for prices. Ad-
dress R. ECKERinANN & WILL,
Beeswax Bleachero & Beflsers, 4-12b S7BACUSE, IT. 7.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black ol' hybrid qtlfechs
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
ch.irgre, as below. We do this bee 'use there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f'-r buying them up and keej)-
ing them in stock; and yet if is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced onesi

In ltftlianl*iug I Oflefa haVe albino and Italidtl
que&ng that are mismated, which I will sell at 20 ctsi
each. Blacks at 12 cts. each^ when I have them.

J. F. HixON, Sir Johns Kun, Morgan Co., W. Va.

1 have 12 more hybrid queens which I will send by-
return mail at 3J cents each, or 4 1or ^hOO; Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

G. D. Black, Brandon, Buchanan Co., Iowa.

I have 10 hybrid querns, ready by return mail at
35 cents each. Satisfaction guaranteed.

Markwood Jerviss, Maumce, Lucas Co., O.

I will sell black queens for 25 cents and hybrids
for 40 cents, by return mail. Wings clipped, and
raised in 1«86. Geo. L. Ferris,

Five Corners, Cay. Co., N. Y.

Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale.— Black,
35 cents? hybrid, 40 cents; mismated, 45 Cents.

W. G. Haven, Pleasant Mound, III.

1 will pay 25 cents for 35, .50, or To hybrid qtleerts,
if sent to nie in small lots during this month and
the early part of July O. U. Coe,

Windham, Greene Co., N. Y.

J. P,

Makes a syecialty of rearing Fln6 Warranted
Italian tlucen^ from his choice strains of Ital-
ians, which is the result of 7 years careful breeding.
Send for circular telling how they are reared, and
see what his customers say. Prices, warranted
queens, each $1.00; per V2 <■ oz., $5.00. Safe arrival
and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Address
J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton, Co., Ky.

1 r|r| 5 -frame: hives of Italian

AvrVf bees with young queen in light boxes,

S4.00; 2-frame nuclei with youngqueen, 12,00; same

3-frame. S!2.75. Untested queens, 75 cents. lltfdb

L. HEIINF, Bellmore, Queens Co., N. V.

QQ cn nat* M for sections with the V groove,
S>O.OU pCI Ifl. and smooth both sides.
12d E. S. MILLER, Dryden, MIcli.

Comb Foundation.

10 lbs. or more, 30 and 40
cts., to close out present
stock. Samples free. 400 lbs. warrantal selected
yellow beeswax, 25 cts. ; also from 300 to 500 1st class
brood and upper-story combs. For price, state kind
and number wanted. 12d H. L. QEAHAM, Qrandviow, la.

THE CHANCE OF A LIFETIME.

A good 2-frame nucleus and young Avarranted
queen for only $2.5U. Just think of it. And

more! All ordering during June will receive next
spring a present of 2 doz. of Ohio and Souhegan
raspberry plants. No circulars. Order from this
adv't. Write you name, P. O., Express Office, and
County and State of each plainly. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Will begin shipping June 25. First
come, first served. S. A. Dyke, Pomeroy, O.

tP.dsiddddd'ddddsidjiddi;i^dddjid{i.l

BT niG 30 CMTS

of note
p.iper

H^ybTK^ar'^ HANDSOME BOX

'•and envelopes CAR I AhlC^v^"^ '=°"'^'"-s — •
put up specially rUIl LflllICO Pen and Pencil.

Address GEORGE E. STEVENS,

Bookseller and stationer, cincinn.\ti, Ohio.

"fl-Cjr.CjMiri./Mi Itii ir^iM^m Fi ifii I f'l iiifi ^1 il I ^ifi iffn iriiiiilTi

ISS7

(JLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

491

Contents of this Number.

Hcl

Air.n.inr. ,\ iil Dry 514

AllHllii ill I't-ah 513

AlsiU<> Clover ^01

Apifntr ' 51l>

Api:. Oorsnt.'i 499

Uccs oil Windows r>2()

Bees iirnl (i rapes 500

Kees. What Ails' 511

Beo-tiook. young's 520

Benson Letter 498

Bnirtsti-eet, U^e ol' 512

Rumble lie.-s 511

Burinah Letter 499

<\>inbs Filled with Syrup. ..512

I'omb-cart 507

Cuba 50B

Dandelion u Pest 51»

Dodlittle Cell-protector 514

Dra^ron Hies 496

Dnine brood, De-troyinjj. .511

Editorials ' 519

KKK-layiug 509

Eutoea V'iseida 510

Express Companies 513

Foul Brood in Piff. Rnees .W7

Foul Brood- -SufTR-estions, ..ii:i

Foul Brood in Laive Apis .'Mt<

Foul Brood, by A. I. Hoot.. .MX Wells

Foundation, Flat-bottom

Foundation. Natural-bast

511

juinbles 520

Hoiiev. .\rlitlcial 505

H.mm; Thomas 519

Kid.ler. K. P 520

Kintr-birds 510, 514

MeFadden Mystery. . . .,.197, 505

Mvsell and Neiehhors 515

Ni'ilesaiid i^nei ies 510

Our Own .\pial \ 510

Paiiil, White, lorHives 496

Pollen. Milkweed 510

yu.'er s. \iiirin 507

Queens Missinp 514

Oneeiis in Wrong Hive. ...506

Seetions.To Handle 517

.SewaK'e. etc 504,508

Smokers, Hard Wood for....5'i6
Swarinint; before Sunday. .511

Sweet Clover in L'tah 512

Tacks in liottom bar 511

Tobaero Column 521

Transferrint; when Idle.

Water. Drinking ..

Water we Drink

(1 Cisterns

Pdre Italian Bees For Sale.

Two-l'raine nuclei, .?2 .'lO; :M'raTne, ¥3 00. Full col-
ony in A. I. Roofs Slinp. hive, $')M. Each nucleus
and lull colony to contain a tested Ital. queen and
plenty of bees and hrood, all on wired L. frs., combs
drawn from fdn. Each of the above with a $1.00
queen, .50c less. To be shipped in July. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. Address IV. A. KN.\I»I',
13d Rofliester, Lorain Co., Oliio, U. S. A.

1 ITALIAN QUEENS, COLONIES,
I BEES BY THE LB., NUCLEI,
I AND COMB FOUNDATION.

CHEAP

Sfiiil for ('irciiUn-.
7tfdb

2 1 he Dane \\ilh pure Italian queen, only
LUO. DCtJb 1300; with hybrid ijueen, $1.7.5.
Pure queen, $1.00. Full colony in Simplicity hive,
$4.00. 1213d J. H. REED, Orleans, Oransfe Co.. Ind.

JAS. ilI«M<:iL.l.,

Hii«l*<oii, M. ¥.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested .lueens, $1..5ll each; untested 7.5c. each; :!
for $a.OO. "All bred from select imported mothers.
By return mail. 100 li-frame nuclei with untested
qiieen at $2.00 each.
1 Itfdb D. a. EDMISTON, ABBIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

MY 19TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN.
1*1 CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES. QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLON I KS, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send iiir their name and address.
9-lld H. H. Blion'K, Light Street, Col. Co., Pa.

Foundation- Mill For Sale.

We have on hand a 14-inch foundation-mill foi-
making- heavy foundation that was laid aside to
give place to our power-mills. This mill is in ex-
cellent condition and makes very nice heavy brood
foundation. The regular price of a 14-inch mill is
$40, but we will sell this for $20.

A. I. KOOT, ITIo<1iii<i,, O.

A Barometer for Gardeners and Farmers.

We have Anally succeeded in getting a wonuer-
fully pretty little aneroid barometer that we can
seU as low as $3.50. One of them has been careful-
ly tested by the side of our mercurial barometer,
and it follows the rising and failing of the mercury
with wonderful accuracy. It seems to me that
these little instruments ought to pay for them-
selves over and over again for any farmer or gar-
dener, or any person who is dependent on the vicis-
situdes of the weather. The instrument much re-
sembles a pretty little clock, and it may be sent by
mail safely for 10 cts. extra for postage. You will
remember that my method of using aiiy barometer
is to pay little or no attention to where the indica-
tor or "mercury stands. When you wish to know
what the weather will be. tap the instrument with
the eiiil of your linger. If the indicator (or mercu-
ry) falls, theie is a prospect of rain: If it rises, you
are pretty safe in deciding there will be no rain
very soon. If a considerable storm is approaching,
the mercury will keep falling for some hours, and
it will drop a little every time j ou touch it. even
though you tap it as often as once an hour. When
it keeps dropping for several hours, look out for a
Storm or a l>ig wind. If it keeps rising for several
hours, go on with your work and you will very sel-
dom be misled, ' A. I. HOOT, Medina, O.

DADAST'S rOTJNDATIOS PAOTOEY, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. Stfbd

POTATO BOXES

(TERRY'S).

These are made of
basswood, bound with
galvanized iron. The
galvanized iron gives
strength, and the
basswood strength
and lightness. These
hold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they are made especially for potatoes, they
can be used for fruit, vegetables, picking up stones
on the farm, and a thousand other purposes. When
piled one above the other, they pi-otect the contents
from the sun and rain; and from their shape tx
great many more bushels can be set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. Thej- are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 25 c each ; 10, $2.25; 100, $30.00. In the flat,
including nails and galvanized iron, $1.75 for 10;
100, $16.50; 1000, $150.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

PASTj:poAPP poxjss

FOR ONE-POUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

This box has a bit of " red
tape " attached to it to carry
it by. It makes a safe pack-
age for a single section of
honey for the consumer to
carry, or it can lie packed in a
trunk, if he wants. It can be
opened in an instant. The
price of the box is 3 cts. each,

set up; in the Hat, 15 cts. for

10; package of 3.5, ;!0 cts.; $1.00 per 100; or $9.00 per
1000; 10,000, $80. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
hundred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
$3.00 per 1000. A package of 35, labeled on both
sides, as above, 50 cts. By mail, 'SO cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. We have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
flat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting- them on.

Your name and address, and the kind of honey,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so doing will be 30 cts. per
100; 250. .50 cts.; .500, 75 cts.; 1000, $1.00.

A. I. BOOT, ITIedina, Ohio.

492

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.July

COMMON SENSE

Automatic Door -Check.

SOMETHING THAT EVERY GOOD HOUSEWIFE
HAS BEEN LOOKING FOR.

Who has not felt the need of
some simple and etfective de-,
vice for holding- a door at any
desired position? Many times
you want to let in a very small
amount of air, and it is difficult
to fasten the door just where
you want it. Many people use
a couple of bricks, but these
are unhandy, and ungainly look-
ing things.

The accompanying cut shows
the nicest thing i'or the purpose
we have ever found. It is verj-
simple, and yet very effective.
It is attached to the corner of
the door with four screws. Von
place your door just where you
want it and press your toe on
the upper end, pressing it hard
against the floor. In the mean-
time the small dog catches it
and holds it there and your door
is securely fastened. When you
want to release it to shut or
open the door, simply touch
your toe to the dog, and the
spring inside presses the cen-
ter bar up out of the way. The
lower end has a rubber cap in-
serted so that it may be used
on a carpeted floor, or even on
a nice hard-flnished floor, with-
out injury.

If you try one you will want one lor every door
in your house. The price is only 35 cts. ; by mail,
postpaid, 45 cts.

A. I. ROOT, ITIcdina, Oliio.

■j g\g\ 5-FRAlWE HIVKS OF ITAIilAN

AvFvF bees with young queen in light boxes,

$4.0U; 2-frame nuclei with youngqueen, f'^ 00; same

3-frame. $2.76. Untested queens, 75 cents. lltfdb

li. HEINE, BelJniore, Queens Co., N. Y.

LOOK AT THIS!

My improved Smoker can be taken apart to clean
it by turning a button. Lay the tube on the coals
and let it burn out. The valve will come otf in the
same way to clean. Send f 1.00 for a Smoker and
see how well you will like it. 1 will please you or
return your money. I have tested it all of last
season in my apiary of 79 hives, and it gave perfect
satisfaction. If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. to pay
postage. Address inr. H. SITIITH,

9-16b Brookton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

^THE GILT EDGE APIARY^^

Offers Italian queens from imported mother, cheap.
Write for terms and references. A. P. Stair,
lltfdb Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

WILL SELL tested queens at $1.25 each; untested
at 75 cts. each. Nuclei and full colonies for
sale, either Italians or Syrians.
8tfdb IsbaeIj Good, Sparta, Tenn.

Bl SUG 30 CHITS

1 ^yWsr°n^a^"l HANDSOME BOXt?peTl

' and envelopes CUD I A HIEC^n'' ci'iitjininK newi,'
I put up specially rUll LHUIbO Pen aii'l Pencil I

I Address GEORGE E. STEVENS, ll

y Bookseller and stationer, Cincinn.\ti. Ohio, pj

PDQOflllTEIlS I) THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 23tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

Choice Italian Queens.

One untested, 75 cents; six, $4.00; twelve, $7.00.
Tested, $1.00, from natural swarming. 12-16db

Merlcan Stibbens, Oxford, Butler Co., O.

HEADQUARTERS IN II.LINOIS

For the Manufacture and Sale of

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

8 and 10 frame Simplicity hives furnished at a
great reduction in price. Nice sections and founda-
tion specialties. A full line of supplies always on
hand. Write for my new price list
13-15d F. M. ATWOOD, Rileyville, 111.

HARRINGTON'S AD.

I have a fine lot of tested queens; will sell them in
the month of May at July prices:

SELECT TESTED .... $S.OO

TESTED 'J.OO

UNTESTED, After May 20 - - l.OO

Holy Land and Albinos same price. If you wish
something fine give me a call. I never had a case
of foul brood. My two apiaries are located 3!4 north
and 3 miles south respectively in a bee-line from
the Home of the Honey-Bees. tfdb

H. B. HARRINGTON, Medina, Ohio.

For Sale!

16 H. P. UPRIGHT TUBUI^AR BOILER.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
gauges, etc. Price on board cars, $3.50.00. 12tfdb
WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

BEES! 300 COLONIES ITALIANS.

Ready for spring delivery at 60c to $1.00 per lb.,
according to time. Choice queens and brood cheap-
er in proportion. Also ADJUSTABLE HONEY-
CASE, hives, and supplies. Circular free. 6tfdb

OIjIVER EOSTI^H. Mt. y< rtion. TAnn Co.. Jh.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. IStfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who apply. Address
6tfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Reared from select mothers. Untested, $1.00;
Tested, $3.00. H. G. FRAME,

.5-lfidb North Manchester, Ind.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

18S7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

m\

T ARISE to say to the read-
I . ers ol Geeanings that

Doolittle

has ooiiclmicd to sell

15RES and QUEENS

during- XOOV at the
following- prices:

One colony bees $ 7 00

Five " " :W00

Ten " ■' 50 00

One untested (lueen . 100
Three " " 3 00

1 untested queen reared
by nat'l swarming-. 1 50

Three ditto 3 00

I tested queen 3 00

;? " '• 4 00

1 tested queen reared by
natural swarming-. 3 00

3 ditto 6 00

Tested.queens, 1886 rearing, each 4 00

E.xtra selected, 3 years old, each 10 00

lE^~Circular free, giving full particulars regard-
ing the bees, and each class of queens.

Address G. ITI. DOOI^ITTLE:,

BORODINO, Onon. Co., N Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS. WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertispiment in
another column. 3htfri

Stanley's Special Offer for July.

A $20.00 Stanley Automatic Extractor
For Only $16.00.

To those who will agree lo exhibit my extractors
at fairs and conventions the coming fall I will sell,
during the month of July, a Stanley Automatic Ex-
tractor to take four standard L. frames, and war-
ranted perfect in every way, for only .$1(5.(0. This
machine sold last seaso'n for $21.00, and ihc present
season for !?30.00: but I make this liberal offer to
those who arc willing to assist in the .';ale of ma-
chine. Do not think tbat this is a reduction in price,
but only a special offer for one month. Every ma-
chine is made with baskets largo enough to take
sections if need be, and all late improvements will
be attached with no extra charge, i^ou do not need
a circular to order from as this advertisement is my
warrantee of the machine. If yo\i do not use the L.
frame, I shall be pleased to quote you reduced
prices on any odd size of frame for the above-ham-
ed time.

Do not ask for time on a machine, but inclose
$16.00 and send along your order.

Remit by P. O. money order; exp. money order;
reg. letter, or N. Y. draft. If vou send local check,
add 35c.

g. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

GIVEN AWAY,

We will send free by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each yearlv sub-
scriber for the AMERICAN APICULTDBIST.
Price $1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the $1.00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST.

7tfd Wenham, Mass.

LOOK HERE!

Hayen sells tested queens for $1.35; untested,
T5 cents. 3 frame, $2.00; 3 frame, $3.00; 4 frame,
Ifl.lX). Full colony, . 56.0.3. Bees 75 cents per pound.
All prepaid. Add queen you want to the above.
]3tfdb W. a. HAYEN, Pleasant iTIound, 111.

FOLDIIVG^ BOXK^T^

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the best &
lowest priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
Printed, or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
have just put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fill orders promptly. Price liiSt Free. Samples Sc.

i4 oz. OlnsStTars $5.25 per gross, including Corks ^ La-
bels. 1 1-2 (^ 2 gross in a Case. Catalogue of Honey tables free.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

Fine Premium Italian Bees.

My queens and bees were awarded first premium
at the late Chenango Co. Fair. All interested, send
stamps for samiile of bees, also for my new price list
and circular to suit the times, and method of rearing
flue queens. Untested queens, $1.00 through the
season. Tested, $1.. 50. Mks. OLIVER COLE,
6tfdb Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

MUTH'S
HOUEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN RITCKETS, REE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, A:c., &c.
PERFECTION COLD-R1.AST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.—Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ree-Keepers." Itfdb

BEES! Italian BEES! Italian BEES!

Fl'LiL, COL.OMES, 84.50.

THREE-FRAITIE NICLEI, $a.25.

lltfdb G. W. GILLET, Wellington, Ohio.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

WOULD respectifuily call the attention of all who
use foundation, to the fact that he has written,
published, and now offers for sale a neat little book
of 45 pages, entitled

"THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY,"

in which, among other things, is made as clear as
possible the question of when, where, and how to
use Foundation. When empty combs are prefera-
ble. When the bees should' be allowed to build
their own combs. How to prevent the building of
drone-comb, etc., etc., etc.

The price of this book is only 35 cents, and the
knowledge gained from its perusal will enable its
possessor to save more than the price of the book.
In foundation, upon crtr7( su'aroi hived: and secure
more honey into the bargain. Don't wait until the
swarming season is over, but send for the book
NOW— and be ready to test, this season, the plans
and methods it advises.

Stamps taken; either U. S. or Canadian.

Fine Italian Queens, reared from best select-
ed, tested. Imported mother, *1.00 each. lOtfdb

You can not look over the back No's of Glean-
ings or any other Periodical with satisfaction, unless
they are in some kind of a Binder. Who has not
said— "Dear me, what a bother— I rrnist have last
month's Journal and it is nowhere to be found "V
Put each No. in the Emerson Binder as soon as it
comes, and j-ou can sit down happy, any time you
wish to find anything you may have previously seen,
even though it were months ago.

Binders for Glkanings (will hold them for one
year), gilt lettered, for 60 ets. ; by mail, 13 cts. extra
Ten, fS.OO; 100, $45.00. Table of prices of Binders
for any Periodical, mailed on application. Send in
your orders. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

The Canadian 1'. O. authorities refuse to receive these
throiiph the mails, as they exceed the proper weight for mer-
cbaudise.

4H4

GLEANiJMGS IN HEE CULTURE.

July

peNEY C@MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Columbus.— Hodciy.— Market very quiet; very lit-
tle demand at present. Pure white clover, 16@18e;
E.xtracted, 8(ail0. L(>ok for good prices here soon
for good honey, as, from all reports, the honey-crop
will be an entire failure in this section of country.
No new honey on th^ market yet.

June 23. Earl Clickenger,

117 S. 4ih St., Columbus, O.

Cincinnati.— Ho?i6y.— Demand for choice comb
honey and extracted clover honey, in small pack-
ages, for table use, continues fair for the season,
while demand from manufacturer.-* is good for dark
grades. Prices are the same as last quoted.

Beeswax.— There is a good demand for this, which
brings 20@23c for good to choice yellow.

June 28. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, O.

Cleveland.— Hojwjy.-Tlie market is very dull
just now; nothing doing at all; everybody waiting
for the new crop. Prices nominal at last quotations.

June 21. A. C. KiCNnF.L,

115 Ontario St., C.eveland, O.

Chicago.— Honej/.— No change in honey since last
quotations. R. A. Buiinett,

June 23. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— Hone?/. —No comb honey in market to
quote. Beeswax, 23c. M'. H. Hunt,

June 32. Bell Mraneh, Mich.

Philadelphia.— flonej/.— No movement, nominal.
Beeswax, quiet; white, 26@38; choice yellow,
22@24; common, 18@20; dark, 16@18.
June 23. Pancoast & Griffiths,

Philadelphia, Pa.

St. Louis.— Ho)iej/.—We quote comb honey still
dull at 8@10, fair to choice 1-lb. sections. Large
stock of honey still on the market.

Extracted honey in cans, good white choice, .5@}6.
Bbls., 4@4i/2; Southern, 39i@4.

Beeswax.— Ready sale; original lots, 21c. Selected
yellow on orders, 2.5c. W. B. Wescott & Co.,

June 28. St. Louis, Mo.

New York.— Ho nej/.— The market is clear of comb
honey, with the e.xception of a few small lots of off
grades. Buckwheat, new Southern extracted, is
arriving now. Quality runs fair, and same is selling
at about 50c per gallon.

Beeswax,— New Southern is coming in, and sells at
from 33@33c. Thurber, Whvland & Co.,

June 23. New York City.

Kansas City .—Honey .—Our market is entirely
bare of choice white comb honey, and very little
extracted. We are in good shape for the new crop.
We have advices of a shipment of comb from North
Carolina which will be the first of the season. We
have no quotations to make.

June 33. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Ho»i6j/.— Since our last there are no
material changes to note. D. G. Tutt & Co.,

June 32. St. Louis, Mo.

Boston.— Honej/.— Best white 1 lb. sections, 13®
14c; 3 lbs., ll@13c; extracted, .5@8c. Wax 35c per lb.
New white extracted will sell well in kegs and M-
barrels. Blake & Ripley,

June 32. Boston, Mass.

Wanted.— To buy 300 to 500 lbs. new white comb
honey in 1-lb. sections. Address

C. H. OSBORN, Jr., Cor. .5th Ave. & Hunter St.,
Columbus, Ohio.

Cheap Honey.— We are extracting alsike and
white clover; will sell the same at 6 ctg. per lb. by
the quantity. Address J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

For Sale.— 400 lbs. of comb honey, cheap, if
bought soon; all in 1-lb, sections; 12 and 34 lb.
crates. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

Untested Italian (jueens.

Being nearly 100 queens ahead of orders, I will
sell during July at 75 cents each, and $8.00 by the
dozen, by return mail. Safe arri\al and satisfac-
tion guaranteed as usual.

13 P. L. VIALLON, Bayou Goula, La.

8-FRAME NUCLEI !

F. HOLTKE SELLS FOR $3.00.

Eight frames of bees and brood with .$1.00 queen
in «xl3 in. frames, equal to 5 Simplicity frames, for
only $3 00. Must be sold by the tirst of Aug., on ac-
count of sickness. FRED'K nOLi'rKF:,
1314d Carlstadt, Bergen Co., N. J.

IT IS A POSITIVE FACT

That you can get ITAlilAlV QirKENS, SECOIVU

TO NO\E, from the old and reliable

KNICKERBOCKER BEE-FARM.

Biy Hitiittt Moil. J —( i:.stahli.-ilitil ISSO.

Warranted fl.OO. Tested $3.(j0. Special rates on
large orders. Circular giving description of our bees
free. Address Knickerbocker Bee-Farm,
Box 41. 131517d Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

AFTER JULY FIRST

I will sell In-owii or hybrid bees at 50 cents per lb.
Black or brown queens 25 cts.; hybrid 511 cts.; one-
dollar queens 75 cents. Queens the same price by
mail. THOMAS GEDVE,

13141.5d LaSalle, LaSalle Co., 111.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS

— FOR 1887.) —

Tested, $1.00; Select tested, .$1 25; Imported, best,
$5.00. All my queens are reared by natural swarm-
ing now, and sent out by return mail. Write me
for low prices on two and three frame nuclei with
any of the above queens in each. Address

S. F. RKED.
13d • N. Dor«liestcr, N. H.

Italian Queens by Return Mail.

Untested tiO cts., or fte.OO per dozen. Bees .50 cents
per lb. ]3tfdb GEO. STUCKMAN, Nappauee. Ind.

BY RETURN MAIL.

Six warranted Italian queens $ 5 00

Fourteen" " " 10 00

Safe arrival guaranteed.
13tfdb H. AliLEV, Weiiham, Masjii.

A MISTAKE !

You will make a mistake if .\ou do not send for
one of those Sfranie

.^^LHolirxo ISTixoloi

with untested queen, and convince yourselves as to
their Beauty, Genllciies»>, and Honey-Gath-
ering; Qualities. Price S3. 40. The finest bee in
the world! C. H. SMITH,

13d Pittsfield, Mass.

Honey-Vessels Cheap.

For .50 cts. I will give the addresses where 3-qt. tin
pails with covers can be had at $7.00 per 100: 5-gal.
kegs (basswood) for 17 cts. apiece, and 30-lb. bass-
wood pails, with covers (nice for shipping candied
honey in ; just the thing), for $1.50 per doz.
13 T. D. WAIJvAR, Port Andrew, Wis.

Vol. XV.

JULY 1, 1887.

No. 13.

TERMS : $1.00 PER ANNUM

2 Copies for$1.90; 3for '"

10 or more, 75 cts. each

bor, 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be

made at club rates. Above are all

V>e sent to ONE poSTOFFiCE.

7,l,'^,tfJr'^^\] Established in 187S.

ih. Single num- i published semi-monthly by

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f Clubs to different postoffices, not less
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.1 U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
I tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries
L NOT Of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

PAINTING HIVES.

WHAT COLOR AND WHAT KIND OF PAINT SHALL
WE USB?

«AVrN<T just finished painting' a lot of bee-
hives I thoug-ht a few words on the matter
might be of interest to the readers of Glean-
ings. In days of box hives, arg;uments were
used against painting- hives, some of which
were valid, and, to my linowledg'e, the painting- of
a hive which is closed bee-tight by wood, top and all,
is a great d sadvantage to the rapid breeding of
bees in early spring. When I first began keeping
bees I had si.x box hives, four of which were paint-
ed and two uupainted. 1 liept them three years,
and the two unpainted ones always swarmed from
a wecli to ten days in advance of the others. On
all cool nights the moisture would come out at the
entrance of the painted ones, so as to stand in
drops of water in the morning; while the unpainted
were as dry about the entrance as at mid-day.
This caused me to decide against painting hives,
so my first frame hives were not painted; but after
I began to use bee-quilts, and chaff and sawdust
cushions, 1 found that this did away with all the
objections to paint, except its cost, for all the
moisture arising from the bees readily passed off
through the cushions, so the present finds me
painting all of my hives.

WHY paint.
My reason for painting hives is. first, durability;
and, secondly, looks. As to the looks part, no one,
1 think, will venture to say but that a well-painted
hive is far more attractive to the eye than an un-
painted one; but when it comes to durability, tak-
en together with profitableness, some think it
would be more profitable not to paint, and renew

the hive as often as is required. The reason for
such a decision lies, I think, in the hives not being
properly painted. Most of the painted hives which
I have seen are not painted at the most essential
points; namely, where the hive sits on the bottom-
board, and where the cap, or cover, rests on the
hives. All joints where the water can get in and
find a lodging are the first places to decay, and
need paint there much more than they do on the
plain sides of the hive where the wet soon dries
out. Properly painted, and kept so, a hive will last
a lifetime.

what COLOR TO PAINT.

After using nearly all colors on hives, I have
come to the conclusion that white is the only satis-
factory one to use, for two reasons; the first and
greatest of which is, that the bees can be left stand-
ing in the sun the year round in hives so painted,
and be comfortable, without the lifting and ex-
I pense of shade-boards, with no danger of combs
melting down; and, second, the right kind of white
paint does not want renewing nearly so often by
having the oil drawn out of it as do the colors. It
is hard work to get any colored paint that will stay
good over three years, while white lasts six, eight,
and even ten years in very good condition. But
for the overworked bee-keeper, the first is of the
most importance. A man who can lift a 15 or 20
pound stone, a shade-board, and a cover, from each
hive (replacing them in tuin) all day, must have an
iron constitution, and one which I believe could be
more profitably employed, and might be, if, in-
stead of thin boards, white paint were used.

WHAT PAINT TO USE.

Several years ago the editor of Gleanings rec-
ommended the Averill paint as the best for hives,
while, if I am correct, he now recommends white

496

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lULY

lead and oil as the best. Seeing his former recom-
meudation I was induced to try the Averill, which
gave good satisfaction, except that it sometimes
cracked or peeled off. For a hard stonelike finish,
to my mind no paint can equal the Averill outside
white; but for sticking to a smooth Surface, proba-
bly lead and linseed oil is equal to any thing, so for
the past few yeai-s I have painted my hives by
putting on two coats of lead and oil, and, after
thoroughly dry, giving them a coat of Averill.
This gives them a hard glassy finish, which Avill re-
sist sun and rain for years, lasting fully twice as
long as three coats of lead paint would do. How T
came to Use the Averill in tilis way was, that at one
time I had to do with the property of others, the
buildings of which had been painted every thi-ee
years with lead and oil. This had so accumulated
that the surface of the buildings was very rough;
and the oil being driven out it washed with every
driving rain so that the grass and ground would be
white with lead. I thought to try Averill, giving
only one coat, and the result was eight years of
excellent service, and at the end of that time it was
much better than the lead paint was after two years.

OBJECTIONS TO ALL WHITE.

The only objection to having the hives all of one
color, and sitting in symmetrical shape, is the dan-
ger of bees mixing and of queens getting lost on re-
turning from their wedding-flight. To ovei-come
this I use a board in front of each hiA'e, which ans-
wers the twofold purpose of keeping grass and
weeds down, and by its position enables the bees of
each hive to recognize their home. A day or two
in the winter is pleasantly and profitably spent
making (and cleating so they will not warp) these
boards. If you wish them to look nii;e, paint them
in colors. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y.. June, 188".

We have taken your article down to our
painter. He agrees with you in the main in
what you say, but says that he thinks the
kind of paint we are now using, the lead and
zinc, is equnl to or better than two coats of
white lead and the Averill over it. The
Averill paint is going out of use almost al-
together ; whereas white lead, mixed with
one-third zinc, is now in almost general use
among painters. A few years ago, after
discontinuing the use of the Averill. we
came to the conclusion that white lead was
the best ; but our experience lately confirms
us in saying that the addition of oxide of
zinc makes the paint far more durable.
It is with this that we are painting all our
hives. It is possible, however, that two
coats of white lead, covered with Averill
paint, might be still more durable. Eight
years of good service is about all we ought
to expect ; and I am not sure that the lead-
and-zinc ])aint could equal it. We agree
with you in what you say in regard to the
use of white as a color. For many years we
have had all our hives painted white, and
we rarely have trouble with combs breaking
down. In this connection, friend I)., we
should like to ask if painting the front of
the hives in different colors makes any dif-
ference with the bees as to their ability to
distinguish their own hive. We do know,
that where the hives are all painted white,
though similarly situated otherwise, causes
more or less troul)le from young queens get-

ting lost, and Ijees intermingling from one
hive to another. We would refer you to
what A. W. Osborn says in this connection,
in another column.

DRAGON-FLIES OF THE SOUTH.

PROF. COOK ON THE DARNING-NEEDIiE OP OUR
CHILDHOOD DAYS.

f?^ HE large insects sent by Mr. W. j. Drumright,
^ of Sarasota, Fla., of which he says, "These
^ large mosquito-hawks came in such numbers
as to nearly stop the bees from flying, just
as the bloom was at its best. I send you two
of the pests; can not you or Prof. Cook give us its
name, history, and especially the duration of its
winged state," are our largest dragon-flies, or darn-
ing-needles. In Europe such insects are called
horse-stingers. Their scientific name is ^Eshna
heros, Fab., or ^E. conatricta, Say. They are too
much broken to permit of identification. Surely
they are objects of real'beautj', as their shining
green eyes, which form the,major part of their big
heads and the brilliant green stripes which mark the
side of their thorax, can not but attract attention,
and no one can fail to admire the graceful flight of
these gems of the insect-world. These dragon-flies
belong to the order Neuroptera, or nerve-winged in-
sects, so named because of the intricate venation
of their wings, making them to resemble lace,
hence their common name as well, lace-wings.

All of these insects are predaceous— that is, they
live upon other insects— and that in all stages; as
la^va^ with no trace of wings; as pupa^, when the
wings are short -mere pods— and as imago, when they
are full fledged, and sexually perfect. While these
large, active, four-winged insects are the terror of
the insect-world, they are entirely harmless to high-
er animals; hence the English term of horse-sting-
ers is entirely inappropriate; and the story which
filled many of us American children with fear
till we learned better, that these insects would,
upon occasion, sew up our ear.-, is likewise entirely
without foundation. These dragon-flies are i-eally
as harmless as a house-fly, and never harm any one.
From their predaceous character these insects do
very great good, as they destroy multitudes of our
injurious insects. With the exception of two or
three speciesof our largest ones, like .E. heni». Fab.;
.E. conMricta, Say., and Anax Juniuti, Say., I have
not any reports of any that destroy bees. Strangely
enough, these species, though found all over our
country, have been complained of only by Southern
bee-keepers. I have heard of their doing quite se-
rious mischief on different occasions in several of
the Southern States. The larVie are also vei\v pre-
daceous. They, however, live only in the water;
and as they prey on aquatic insects they do us no
harm. These larvif are very curious in one or two
respects. First, they have terrible jaws, which are
masked by a dipper-like hinged kind of tongue.
Thus they appear very harmless; but let a delicate
mouthful in the shape of some water-maggot come
along, and the mouth-cover is quickly unhinged
and the morsel taken in. This curious mouth could
not but interest any person who might take time to
observe and study it. These larva- are also pecu-
liar in the position of their breathing-organs. These
are in the rectum. Water is slowly drawn into this
posterior end of the alimentary canal, which bathes

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

497

their gills, ami thus f urnisbes the life-giving- oxy-
gen, and then iS forced violently out, which sends
the insect rapidly forward. Thus this arrangement
serves both for respirsUion and locomotion.

The imago, or mature dragon-llies, live for weeks,
and may ho seen mating on the wing, and flying
over water, depositing their eggs, either by gluing
them to aquatic plants, or dropping them into the
water.

There seems to be no way to protect against these
savage marauders except to capture them by the
use of a long-handled net. This has been practiced
with considerable satisfaction in several Southern
apiaries. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., June 16, 1887.

DANIEL McFADDEN, AND HIS PLAN
OF W^INTBRING BEES.

IS IT A HO.\X

fOK some weeks past I have been unable to
give much attention to bee-literature. The
death of ff dear brother and sister, within
less ihan a month of each other— the first
break, so far as brothers and sisters ai"e con-
cerned. In a family circle of nine that has been un-
broken for over sixty years, have been events that,
with their attendant and consequent duties, have
fully occupied both mind and time. On reading up
the bee-,iournals awaiting i)erusal, I find, among
other matters calculated to awaken the cacoctlics
scribcndi, that extraordinary letter signed Daniel
McFaddcn, which appeared in Gi^banixgs for
May 1. Not the letter itself merely, but the sub-
heading and foot-note are extraordinary. The sub-
heading announces, " W. F. Clarke's Hibernation
Theory Established on a firm Basis." Now, I most
emphatically demur tc this. The letter does not
affect my theory, or in any way whatever relate to
it, nearly or remotely. It is hard for me not to think
that, whoever prefixed that sub-heading, " A. I." or
'• E. R.," or somebody else about the office, must
have known, quite as well as I do, that ray theory
is not involved in the absurd story about " winter-
ing bees up toward the north pole without any
stores whatever." It may have been meant as a
joke at my expense, and Gi.eanings does appear
to be getting somewhat Jocose; witness the "P.
Benson " letters; but I confess I do not like jokes
that are cracked at the expense of truth and fact.
Such jokes do harm. We have a conspicuous ex-
ample of this in the Wiley joke about artificial
comb manufacture. I have an abhorrence of
lying, even in jest. What too many people are in
the habit of calling " fooling" I honestly believe
to be as truly telling lies as any other form of that
crying and common sin.

But in view of the extraordinary foot-note, I am
not sure that Gleanixgs regards the narative as a
hoax at all. It is discussed as though it were sober
earnest, and matter of fact. I have read some-
where that the onlj- way to get into a Scotchman's
head the perception of a joke, is by the aid of a
mallet and chisel; and I am inclined to think there
are others besides Scotch people of whom that is
true. You have written to George Watson; but
although two issues of Gleanings have appeared
since the McFadden letter was published, there
appears to be no response. I doubt if there ever
will be; and if there is, it is most likely it will come

from a fictitious party who is one of the ring of
impostors- which is trying to palm off a method of
wintering on the bee-keeping public, which is " too-
too " absurd and ridiculous for any thing.

1 have never dreamed, and consequently never
argued, that bees could be wintered in a " frozen
stiff " condition, and " wholly without food." One
of my articles on this subject was headed "Chilled
Bees not Hibernating Bees," and I have invariably
contended that bees, in order to sink into that state
of repose which I believe to be essentially hiberna-
tion, must be in a temperature which makes them
feel comfortable. Excess, either of cold or heat,
breaks up the hibernating condition. The effect of
extreme cold is first to rouse an abnormal activity,
then to induce an enormous consumption of food,
and finally to bring on diarrhea, which is fatal to
the very existence of the colony.

A common mistake in discussing this matter is
that of supposing that there is only one kind of
hibernation. Of this, the bear is usually taken as
the only admissible type or example. But the bear
is not " frozen stiff;" and though he consumes no
food in winter when in the hibernating state, there
are stores of adipose matter packed away in his
carcass, by drawing on which, life is sustained dur-
ing his long sleep. Other hibernating creatures
— sqviirrels for instance— do not sleep all winter
long, but wake at intervals, take a good square
meal, and then go to sleep again. We know that
bees can not lay up stores of fat in their little bod-
ies, like the bear, and that they must feed, at least
semi-occasionally. In a thoroughly normal winter
temperature, favorable to a snug and profound
repose, bees consume very little honey; there is
but slight waste of tissue, and they come out of
winter quarters refreshed and rejuvenated by a
long season of rest and quiet.

The foot-note says: "Bees have over and over
again been wintered with so small an amount of
stores, that more than one of the bee-friends have
been almost persuaded that bees could live for
months without any food at all; but yet all experi-
ments made directly to prove this have somehow
failed, and most of us have settled down to the
belief with Professor Cook, that bees do not hiber-
nate." There are some queer statements in this
sentence, on which more light is needed. Who
among the "bee-friends" ever became "almost
persuaded " that " bees could live for months with-
out any food at all"? I fail to recall one; but the
foot-note asserts this of "more than one."

Wm. F. Clarke.

Guelph, Out., Can., June 4, 188T.

My good friend Clarke, we may have been
thoughtless, and we may have taken liber^
ties in speaking of your hibernation theory.
If so, we beg pardon. But I am sure you
are getting just a little uncharitable. George
Watson"s letter in this same issue, I think,
shows it. Mr. Watson is certainly a good
straightforward man, although he may be
mistaken, like the rest of us. You will
notice, by the date of his letter, that it was
not published immediately on receipt, on
accoimt of the press of other matter. Friend
C., it was myself who put on the heading,
and who wrote the foot-note ; and it was
myself, also, who gave a report, years ago,
in regard to a colony of bees that was win-
tered in the cellar Avith so very little stores

498

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

it seemed as if tliey must liave lived for
some weelis without any, comparatively.
Accounts have been published in the same
line, all through our journals, and many
more could be picked up now if it were
worth while to look into the matter. Doo-
little has had something on this subject
already, and i)erhaps he may enlighten us
further. Perhaps we had better lay aside
jokes, khd ask in sober earnest how long
chilled bees may be kept alive.

OUH P. BENSON LETTER.

HEXAGONV HIVE.

'P to the i)reseut time thair is (3) three strains
of hives; the box hive, the Langstroth hive
and the invertable hive. I hev now estab-
lished a noo strain, whitch malses 4 (four). It
is the Hexag-ony Hive. This is bound to sou-
porseed all others, bekoz it is natcheral to bees to
bild evry thing hexagony shape. A hexagony is a
square with six sides, and that's the way the bees
bild thair sells, so a hexagony hive looks natcheral
to them and soots their ideah and will attrack bees
wharever it is poot. In fact, it will attrack bees
from other hives, as it will be seen in the pickter
thay is more bees goin to the hive than is commin
away. In this way the hive is always kep strong.
Under the hive you see the base whitch is a hexa-
gony cut in 3. On the top is a hexagony surpluss
department. This is filled with hexagony hunuy
boxes. A hexagony hunny box is filled sooner than
enny other, bekoz it just fits the sells, and the bees
will fill it a good eel sooner.

p. BENSON'S HEXAGONY HIVE.

In the summer of 18 hunderd and 86 I made the
discuvvery that by turnin a hive upside down the
bees wood make just twicst as mutch hunny. You
see when they find the hive upside down they think
thev got in the roug hive, and if thay doant wurk
twicet as hard thay think thay will git poot out.
But the he.xagony Hive ken be inverted on (6) six
diffei'ent sides, so thay think it's (6) six diffei-ent
hives and thay will poot in 6 times as mutch hunny.

Now sum buddy will go to wurk and git up a 8
square hive and think he ken git 8 times as mutch
hunny, but heal be phonled. A 8 square hive izzent

natcheral, bee§ doant bild sells with 8 sides, and
thay will see through the desepshun.

Kites for the Hexagony Hive fol" sail. State rites
is (')$) five dollars apeace. This will eutightel the
oaner to yuse the hive on his oan land enny whair
in the State. If he moves into a different State heal
hefto by anuther rite. But he mussent make enny
hives. He ken by the hives of me at cost. Thay
cost .5 dollars $ apeace, whitch barely pays for the
mateerial and my time a makin bl- them. My time
is middlin valyouable.

This hive is a invensiun whitch I am not asham-
ed to go down to posterity.

P. Benson, A. B. Sighentist P. S. Mr. Root, what
roilty wood you give for the excloosiv and sole rite
to make, sell, and yuse the Hexagony Hive? This
wood keep the thing so nobuddy else cood make or
yuse them, and wood pirty mutch giv you a monop-
pelly. P. Benson, A. B. S.

Bli^?TED }l0PEg.

AVANTED-A PARTNER IN BLASTED HOPES ;
SOMETHING ABOUT THE BEVELED EDGE.

^f^^ RO. ROOT:— You ask for reports discouraging.
IPjl Well, here we come, complaining that our
f^ bees will not swarm, nor store any honey in
■*^ the boxes above the brood-nest. I have
seven colonies in Langstroth hives, ten
frames, that have not cast a swarm in two years.
Tell P. Benson to send me some of the seeds of
that celebrated apple-tree of his. Now as to honey
for the family, that is just a rarity. I sent to Jas.
Heddon three years ago, and got 300 lbs. of his fine
honey, and we lived fat while that lasted, but that
has given out long ago. Tell Bro. I. R. Good, of
Nappanee, Ind., to move down here to my house,
and bring all of his bees with him. I want him and
his bees. If he can't come, tell him to send me his
bees any way. We are not overstocked here. I
have a fine apple-orchard of 100 or more trees un-
der which I can set our hives. I want a partner in
the bee-business— a male partner— one who likes
bees. I have a female partner for life in other
things, but she don't like bees. She sometimes
looks "bevel edged " at me, and says, "You had
better put down those old bee-journals and get
your Bible." Mine are all black bees, and they can
sting too. I tried to divide a colony yesterday
evening, and now my face is all swollen up. They
came at me zip, zip, zip, and then I skip, skip, skip.
Send me a male partner, or else put me in Blasted
Hopes. J- G- Nance.

Belleview, Ky., June 3, 1887.

Many thanks, friend N. We have heard
of women looking sharply at their other
half, but we never before heard of one look-
ing "beveled edge" at him. The term,
even if newlv coined in the sense in which
you use it, is full of meaning— at least to a
bee-keeper. Now, then, where is the male
partner who will offer himself to our friendV

ALL, DEAD BUT TEN.

I packed last fall in Doolittle chaff hives, and ac-
cording to his directions, 21 good colonics. May 11,
188T, all dead but two. As near as I can find out,
two-thirds of the bees in Fond du Lac Co. are dead.

Lamartine, Wis., May 11, 1887. C. S. Nash.

1S87

GLEANINGS IN i3EE CULTURE.

4H!>

TRANSFEHRING AVHEN BEES ARE
IDLE.

A littIjK advice.

aN the 18tli iiist. I transferred a colony of
bees at Langhornc, Pa. The weather was
very warm, the bees were idle, and hang-
ing out of their hives. First I set the
old box hive on a piece of carpet and set
a two-story Simplicity hive in its place. Next 1
opened the bo.x hive, and the bees liew around me
as if three or four colonies were swarming at once;
then for the first time I used a bee-veil. It was
very useful. The bees from 3 colonies flew so thick
I could not see what I was doing. I used my smok-
er for a few minutes, which settled the bees I was
transferring, but robbers then became more troub-
lesome; and when 1 opened the old box hive they
grew still more vicious. They clustered around the
new hive as if they were swarming. For a time
smoke would not check them; and after they were
checked they would repeat as soon as the smoker
was idle. I looked to see where they came from,
and found many of them came from two adjoining
hives, so I gave each of them a little smoke, which
stopped the robbing. Not only honey-bees, but
even bumble-bees made a visit to the box hive. '
They had a good share of the smoke too. The i
combs were soft, like dough. I could not help let- j
ting the honey run, because the combs were not
tough enough to hold together. I managed to get
the brood-comb in nicely, but the honey-comb was
very hard to bo made to stay in frames. I put
what honey I did not transfer, into a wash-boiler.
The robbers flew about the boiler, watching for a
chance to pop in; and whenever I would open the
boiler, a lot would rush in. The hive was small and
had no place for hot air to escape. I suppose the
cause of the combs being so soft was because the
bees were packed inside and outside of the hive.
The honey of this hive was the exact color of buck-
wheat. Can any apiarist tell what kind of honey it
is? I could not find the queen. The}- were black
bees. They bunched so much that it was impossi-
ble for any apiarist to And her. It took me three
hours to transfer that one colony of bees. I will
never transfer a hive again when bees are idle. I
will wait until they commence working, and I ad-
vise all bee-keepers to do the same. I never have
any trouble in transferring when bees are busy;
but let them alone when they are idle, unless you
have a bee-tent. E. E. Gray.

Yardley, Pa., May ii, 1887.

Friend G., I have been through just about
such experiences as the one you mention,
and I long ago decided that I never wanted
to transfer any more bees when they were
not working. The combs were softened, as
you suggest, by the heat developed by the
bees in that srnall close hive. I pity the
man who gets into such a fix as you were. —
Now a word about smoking bees to prevent
robbing : Every time we get a new man at
work in our apiary, I have quite a time to
make him understand that he can not stop
robbing by the use of smoke. When a colo-
ny is being robbed, the first thing to be done
is to induce them to defend themselves ; and
how can they repel their assailants, or or-
ganize themselves for a good square fight,
when smoke is being continually blown in

their eyes V A few days ago they had some
trouble at the Swamp Apiary. Some bees
just purchased were set in a warm place,
and they began passing the honey through
the wire-cloth frames over the top of the
hives. Robbers soon came in great numbers
and made desperate attempts to force the
entrances of several hives that had just been
located. One of the boys said he kept the
robbers away by smoking them for half an
hour, and then he was obliged to stop in or-
der to replenish his smoker, and he had to go
quite a little distance to get some rotten
wood. I told him that I very much pre-
ferred he should have no smoker around
when bees were robbing. If you can find
the hives from which the robbers are com-
ing, it will do very well to smoke them ; but
by no means smoke the bees that are being
robbed. Make the hive tight, contract the
entrance, shut up or get out of the way eve-
ry bit of loose honey, and then get tiie be-
sieged colony to defend themselves. Where
robbers are hovering around the hive trying
to get in, you will often start robbing right
speedily by driving the sentinels of the hive
back into their home, with a smoker.

A LETTER FROM OUR OLD FRIEND
A. BUNKER.

He Reports Further in Regard to Apis Indi-
ca and Apis Dorsata.

H(JNEY FIFTY CENTS PER POUND.

fRIEND ROOT:— My long silence has not been
caused by loss of interest in the great " bee-
family " or the bees; but the many cares of a
large mission, in time of war, have called for
all our strength. Over a year ago the British
army marched to Mandalay and easily dethroned
King Theebaw, and thought the work of subjecting
Burmah complete. But, how mistaken I During
the last rains, where troops were shut up in towns
near the large rivers, almost the whole Burmese
fighting population in the interior formed them-
selves into bands, numbering each from ten to three
thousand, fairly armed. This alarmed the authori-
ties, and at the close of the rains troops were rapid-
ly brought into the province, till the British forces
of all arms here numbered fully 35,000 men. These
troops were broken up into small bands also, and
scattered all over the country to meet the many
bands of dacoits, so called, now ravaging the coun-
try with pillage and fire. The larger bands were
first attacked and broken up, and at this date the
official bulletins announce the country as "■ pacified
throughout its whole extent." This, however, is
not apparent to those who dwell among the peo-
ple. The countrj' swarms with small bands of
tens and fifties who move rapidly from point to
point, and burn, kill, or rob, as they will, wherever
they can do so without fear of English guns. The
object of these marauding bands seems to be plun-
der, and they care not what destruction they work
in securing it. Being great cowards, they seldom
attack the English or the Karens, but] they are^ter-
ribly cruel where they have the power. The most
cruel tortures are inflicted, even on their own
countrymen, in order to force them to reveal their
bidden hoards. The helpless of every age are

500

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

July

roasted before the flre, beaten with rods, pricked
and cut with knives, covered with kerosene oil and
set on flre— no words can describe the ferocious bru-
tality of these idolators.

The Karen Christians have been most loyal and
helpful to the g-overnment, but the officials have
been obliged to work with them largely through us
missionaries, as wo alone understand the Karens
and their language. The Burmese have, of course,
been especially hostile to the Karens, because of
this loyalty, and iu the flrst few months of the war
they did them much harm, burning their chapels
and schoolhouses, and destroying their villages.
The government, however, soon rr cognized the
help they had in the Karens, and organized them
into "levies," with arms for general defense— a
sort of "home guards." Tbey have done much in
putting- down lawlessness. So much has this once
"no people" risen in pulilic favor and interest,
that an officer, of some experience in the province,
has thought them worthy a book, and has recently
published one concerning them.

This war has thus brought to the front the Karen
Christian, but it has also, under God's providence,
done more. It has taught the many heathen
Karens the difference between the God of the
Christians and the dumb idols of the Burmans, and
they are now moving rapidly toward Christianity in
many parts of the province.

In all our cares of a Christian population of eight
or ten thousand, during these troublesome times,
our recreation has been the " blessed bees." We
have had eleven swarms under study during the
year. Observations g-iven you in previous letters
concerning the ^2J's Indica have been confirmed.
We have been able to overcome the propensity of
this bee to abscond, or migrate, at the end of the two
breeding seasons, by cutting out all brood comb as
soon as the young- beos have hatched out. It would
appear that this bee migrates only on account of
the moth; for where the moth can not reach the
comb the bees almost always remain; yet even then
they bite down the old comb, after using it for
breeding purposes two or threte times. I have kept
one swarm two years, and several a year, by thus
cutting out all dark comb at the end of the breed-
ing season.

Etforts to import European bees into this country
have not been successful. Mr. Douglas, of Calcut-
ta, left England early in the year on his return to
India, with 30 stocks of Italians, and reached Cal-
cutta with only two alive. Shortly after reaching
India Mr. Douglas was taken ill of cholera, and died.
So has passed away perhaps the only skilled bee-
keeper in all India. He was indefatigable in his
etforts to introduce the European bee into this
vast country.

This is a good year tor A. Dorsata. Swarms of
this bee have returned in large numbers, and those
Karen villages domesticating- this bee have large
yields of honey. One village near here expects to
gather about thirty barrels as its harvest of sweets.

At the time of writing, I am in camp on a lone
mountain in an old forest. A short distance from
my camp stands a gigantic wood-oil, or dammer-
oil tree. It is nearly four feet in diameter, and runs
up nearly one hundred feet without a limb, as
straight as a candle; then the limbs branch otf in a
nearly horizontal jiosition, and under these the A.
Dorsata have their brood-combs. A dozen or more,
from two to three cubits in length, are seen. What

a roar of humming wing-s you hear as these bees
hasten to and fro with their loads of sweets!

Extracted honey is selling here at about 50 cts.
pei-"pound. Section honey! Ah! I wish you bee-folks
could have this market for a while. I have succeed-
ed in teaching my little A. 7. swarms to put honey
in sections, by giving them all the honev they can
store away; but the honey thus stored is dark and
thick, though the combs are beautifully white.
This section honey is very ditterent from my re-
membrance of home honey. A. Bunkeh.

Toungoo, Burmah, April 30, 188T.

Friend B.. I suppose we are to understand
that the Apis dorsata lias, then, been really
domesticated by the natives. Now, if you
have told us how they domesticate them, I
do not remember to "have noticed it. Do
you mean the colonies hanging on those
great trees 100 feet to the first limbs? In
that case they may be domesticated, but I
should think the domestication was pretty
high up. Have they ever been brought
down to the ground, and made to work in
hives, and can it be done? Why in the
world do your people hold honey at 50 cts.
per Ib.r' It seems to me that, with only a
moderate pasturage, bee-keeping would pay
wonderfully at these figures. Why, we
could almost ship our nice section honey to
you, if we could be sure of getting any tiling
like the above price. You say one village
expects to have about ;^0 barrels. Well, if
those oO barrels is to be Ai)is-dorsata honey,
that is another big fact. By the way, if we
had a barrel here that we eoiild declare pos-
itively was gathered by the Apis dorsata, I
do not know but that ive could get 60 cts. a
pound. We coitld for a limited quantity,
any way.

DO BEES EAT GRAPES?

SOME OUlGtNAL FACTS FHOM FKIEND nOOIjITTLiE
IN REGARD TO THE MATTER.

'E clip the following from the Rural
New-Yorker of June 11 :

Much discussion has taken place of late
in the bee-papers and elsewhere relative to
bees eating grapes, the bee-keepers insist-
ing that bees do not attack sound grapes,
some going so far as to claim that it is impossible
for the bee, on account of the construction of its
mouth, to bite into a sound grape, while many
grape-growers claim that bees do bite into and de-
vour sound grapes. In this the latter are upheld
by the late decision in California, by a .jury who
decided against the bees in that " bees and grapes "
lawsuit. However, as this case has been appealed
by the bee-keepers, it may be decided difl'erently at
the next trial, when the necessary proof is fully
brought in. I am not among the number who
claim that a bee can not bite into a sound grape,
for I see no reason why an insect which can so
gnaw as to enlarge the entrance to its hive made of
solid wood, or bite holes through cotton cloth and
other fabrics, could not do so if it were intent on
such a procedure; but I do claim that the bee nev-
er does bite into a sound grape, for the simple rea-
son that it was never made to bite into even the
most delicate flower to get sweets, and that all open-
ings made in grapes, peaches, pears, and plums,
can be traced to other sources.

Among the beehives in my apiary are many
choice varieties of grapes which were never work-
ed upon by the bees to any extent until last season,
at which time the vines of certain kinds were liter-
ally swarming with bees. The kinds most injured
were the Lady and Belinda among- the white; the
Salem and Agawani among the red, and the Worden
among the black. On a careful examination, I

1S87

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

oOl

found that the froubk- with the Wonlen iind Belin-
da came from their eraekmy: open; hut for a time
the work on the others l)atHed me, for it was not
until I had neai-ly made nj) my mind that the bees
were the real olfctidcrs that l' discovered the trnth
in the case. How 1 knew that the two above-named
kinds cracked open was, that I found scores of
them so cracked early on dewy mornings, before
the bees had touched them, while the rupture was
yet fresh, jiiving- these a very dilferent appearance
from that of those worked upon by the bees the
day before. If I had not examined them thus ear-
ly, I should not have detected the cause; for by
lb o'clock the bees were so thick on them that I
could see no ditferenee between the old and newly
cracked ones. But when I came to apply the crack-
ing- test to the rest of the grapes it failed to reveal
that such was the cause of the trouble. I examin-
ed the bunches of t;rapes very carefully in early
morning:, but found all sound, except those worked
upon previously, and ag-ain at ID o'clock I watched
the same bunches and could not discover any thing
different, except that bees were all over them,
snckinff at the ruptured ones which I had marked
in the morning-, while on the next morning: I found
that many more of the grapes had been worked up-
on after my 10 o'clock examination. I expected, of
course, if the bees were the offenders that they
would tear the grapes open when they first came
on them, while they were huug-ry, so did not watch
in the afternoon.

After finding- that there was no mistake in that
the bunches of grapes were gradually being eaten
up, 1 began to watch all day, reasoning that the
bees, after sucking those dry which were open at
10 A. M., would tear open others, and I wished if
possible to detect them at it. After watching all
the forenoon 1 became almost discouraged; but at
about 1 p. M., T saw on a bunch of grapes a stinging
wasp, such as build paper nests in nooks and
crannies about our buildings. In a moment more
I saw this wasp bite a triangular piece of skin out
of a sound grape, and go to sucking the juice from
it. The bees now tried to get at the ruptured place,
but the wasp kept them away with its feet, so that
in no case did 1 see a wasp and the bees getting
juice from the same grape. I soon saw more
wasps, so that by two o'clock I judged that at least
100 grapes had been oi>ened on a single vine. At
about three o'clock all the wasps had gone, and the
l)ees were having a good time at the grapes which
the wasps had ruptured, but in not a single instance
could I detect a bee opening a grape, although the
bees ran frantically over the grapes in search of
places from which to get the juice.

Later on I detected the work of mice on one vine
which stood near a pile of rubbish, the mice seem-
ing not only to like the sweet juice of the Agawam*
grape, but the seeds as well. It was easy to tell
the work of the mice, for they tore open nearly
every grape of the bunch worked upon. This gave
the bees a fine chance on such bunches the next
day. Thus after carefully watching all fruits
worked upon by the bees, and in these cases of the
grapes nearly deciding against tliese industrious
insects, I wish to place it upon record that, so far,
I have found the bee innocent, and do not believe a
bee ever attacked sound fruit, although I allow
that it could be so, if it had been ordained that it
should thus get its living. It seems to me that it
must be plain to all, that the bee was created for
the fertilization of flowers, and that the honey was
placed in there to attract the bees for that sole pur-
pose; for all trees and plants capable of self-fertili-
zation secrete no honey, as all will find if they give
the subject close attention. G. M. D()Ol.ittIjE.

Borodino, N. Y.

The above gives some liglit on the sub-
ject, but still it leaves the impression that
l)ees are not much to blame in the matter —
they work only on grapes that have been
tirst spoiled by other insects. The question
then arises, Are bees really a hindrance to
grape-growing V that is, do they damage
grapes that otherwise would have been sala-
ble V It seems to me. the bees are still a
little more to blame than even friend l)oo-
little puts it. I have seen clusters of grapes
that looked tolerably fair before the bees
had been ovei- them ; but after they had

covered the bunches up, and fought over
them, there was not much of any thing left.
I can not say now that wasps were not the
cause of their destruction, as in the case
friend 1). mentions ; but I hardly think they
have ((Iwdi/s been present when grapes have
been entirely used up by the bees.

ALSIKE CLOVEK.

PHOF. COOK OFFERS SOME SUGGESTIONS RELATIVE
TO THE DISPUTE BETAVEF.N MUTH AND CORY.

Tlor»ITOK GLEANINdS:— As per your request on
pi) page 428, I will write a word as to the matter
l^'j' of alsike clover. I will first quote from Dr.
•*" W. J. Deal's new work on grasses, which, Mr.
Editor, I think you ought to keep in stock,
and, with the many other valuable works which you
sell in that line, distribute it among your many pa-
trons. I assure you, as we should expect from the
author, it is a most valuable work. Dr. Beal, under
the head of "Alsike Clover," after describing the
plant, with a good ilhistration, says: "Found in
Europe, North Africa, West Asia: introduced into
North America. Its common name is derived from
a iiarish in Sweden. In appearance it is so nearly
intermediate between red and white clover that
Linn.eus supposed it was a hybrid, and hence its
specific name— T*-i/o;u/»» lujhridunu Linn. It is not
a hybrid. Alsike likes rather moist land containing
some clay. It is smoother and more delicate than
red clover, and the stems are weaker — so much so
that it is quite likely to lodge. The stem remains
green after seeding. It stands dry weather well, is
not apt to winter-kill, the flowers continue for a
long time, and abound in nectar, which can be
reached by honey-bees. Alsike clover has a good
reputation for pasture, and is a favorite with bee-
keepers. It frequently yields from 3 to 8 bushels of
seed to the acre, and these are only half the size of
those of red clover, hence only half as much seed is
sown to the acre. The seed is produced from the
first crop, though it is often pastured a while early
in the season. It is two or three years in coming to
full size, and does best for pasture when sown with
some stout grasses. The after-math is very light.
When ripe it shells more easily than red clover, and
is more apt to waste, hence more care is needed in
the harvesting."

No one will question such an authority, and hence
the idea of atavism, to account for the phenomenon
as explained by Mr. Muth, is at once set aside.

As alsike is a distinct species, and not a hybrid, a
variation so marked that any one would mistake it
for red clover is not w-ithin the range of possibili-
ties; at least, it so occurs to me. Again, the seed is
very different — as Dr. Beal says, only half as large.
Mr. Muth also makes this evident. Still, the aver-
age man has rarely had his observing faculties so
cultivated that he might not make a mistake. A
dealer like Mr. Muth, or a scientist like Dr. Beal,
could not be deceived, while a farmer might quite
likely not note the difference. Many of us, having
eyes, see not, especially little things.

Again, red clover and alsike clover are very close-
ly related; and granting the seed to be equallj'
good in each case, we might safely conclude that
conditions that would lead the seeds of one to ger-
minate and grow would alsoeft'ect a like result with
the other. If the seeds were all good, my observa-

502

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

tion would lead me to say that, if the red-clover
seed grew, the alsike would do the same. Still, there
is room for a doubt here. The one might be much
drier, possibly, than the other, and so be more tardy
in its development.

In such a case as that between Messrs. Muth and
Cory, then, 1 should conclude either that Mr. Muth
was mistaken in the seed — the more likely supposi-
tion, it seems to me— or else that Mr. Cory was mis-
taken in his identification of the plants, which
seems hardly possible. It is barely possible that
very excellent land, with as excellent care and till-
age, might produce specimens that would deceive a
man of feebly developed observiii;;- powers. How-
ever, I should not expect this. No one who knows
them could doubt for a moment the honesty, either
of Mr. Root or of Mr. Muth; but it is quite possible
that, in their great hurry and press of bu.siness, a
lot of clover might he brought in that should escape
the usual close inspection, and pass out similarly
unscrutinized, and thus a sample of red clover go
forth as alsike. The fact of their large business
makes this all the more possible. True, special cir-
cumstances make this less probable in the case of
Mr. Muth; yet which one of us has not had experi-
ence that proves it is easy to be mistaken, even
when we are most sure?

I have stated this case to Dr. Beal and to one oth-
er close-observing scientific gentleman, and both
agree with me in the conclusions as shown above.
Should I sow alsike (?) clover seed when no clover
had grown for years, and yet where the ground had
been cultivated, and red clover appeared, I should
not doubt for a moment that 1 had mistaken the
seed. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., .June, 1887.

Why, my good friend Cook, I am afraid
you do not read Gleanings any better tlian
I read some other boolis and journals. Dr.
BeaFs work was noticed in quite a lengthy
editorial, and we do offer the book for sale.
— Your reasoning I should pronounce sound,
even if it reflected a little on nayself. There
is one other difflculty. however, in the mat-
ter of the clover seed I sent to friend Dema-
ree. At that time I had never dealt in any
sort of red-clover seed, and there was none
in oiu- establishment — or, at least, there was
none to my knowledge. Our alsike was put
all together in a large bin, and friend Dem-
aree was furnished'seed from this bin, with
all the rest of our customers. Had we been
dealing in red-clover seed, as we have been
of late years (peavine clover), I should have
at once "decided that the clerks had gone to
the wrong place. In Mutli's case, it is quite
a mj; stery ; for I agree with you, that both
parties seem to be honest and straightfor-
ward.

THE "WATER WE DRINK.

OUR WELLS AND CISTERNS; SANITARY DRAINAGE,
ETC.

fRIEND ROOT:— Gleanings is just at hand. I,
too, was very much surprised at Heddon on
septic diseases. He has for years been giving
us what he considered the cause of bee-dis-
ease, and I think he may now with pleasure
and profit give his attention to some of the ills that
afflict the human family. It might be that his throat

difticulties arise from some other cause than bee-
poison. I think your article upon the subject of
drainage and vaults will awaken inquiry. I have
not used a vault for over ;iO years. I use a box
Avhich rests upon two pieces of scantling. T often
scatter in some ashes, oi-, what is better, a little
dry earth; and when it is full I draw it out and
dumi) into the ash-pit, and in spring and fall I haul
to the garden and spade in.

I have known of several eases of typhoid fever,
diphtheria, and death, from bad di-ainage and poison-
ed well-water. People will say it can not be their
well-water, for it is clear and sparkling; neverthe-
less, there is death in the cup.

About six years ago I had the pleasure of hearing
a lecture upon this subject by Prof. Kedzie, while I
was in the Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Mich. I in-
close a scrap which is the substance of that lecture,
that I fortunately preserved. Use it as you think
best. I am deeply interested in the subject. I look
upon bad drainage and vaults as two of the greatest
curses that afflict the human family, and a disgrace
to our civilization. Geo. Thompson.

Geneva, 111., June 18, 1887.

The paper inclosed by friend T. seems to
be so very valuable, and striking as it does
right where the interest of many of our
readers has been centering for some months
back, we think it worth while to give the
article entire.

The pi-esent age is (characterized by a thorough
and exhaustive examination of the relation of
causes to physical health and life. Every alleged
cause is also subjected to the cross-examination of
test-tube and crucible, balance and spectroscope.
Every witness must bear the tests of physical
science. Sanitary science now demands causes as
well as results, and has planted its feet on the solid
platform of positive physical science.

Filth is the capital crime of physical existence.
Air and water are the great purifiers and prime
necessities of life. To breathe is the first and last
of life. The moments of our existence are but
pearls on a thread of air. The thread breads; life
is gone. Less obviously, but no less certainly, wa-
ter reaches from birth to burial. Air has no vital
action ni the absence of water.

The oceans of air are too vast for human defile-
ment in mass. It can be defiled only in spots. Wa-
ter we deal with only in detail, and in small amounts
it is easily capable of defilement. The special office
of water is to purify; but in purifying it becomes
itself impure. It comes to be soiled, and therefore
is useless when soiled. It must be purified or got
rid of. To purify, it must be pure. If filthy it
becomes a source of danger.

By soil-water is meant water which is in or drawn
from earth, water which has been freely in contact
with the soil by falling on it and percolating and
filtering through it and thus being connected with
materials in soil held in suspension and solution.
It is the water of wells and springs, not of lakes and
rivers, which is exposed to the oxidization of the
air and the effects of the agitation of currents.
The spring pumps itself all the while, but the well
is pumped at intervals, and so offensive materials
may be worse in wells. The power of dilution of
specific poisons like cholera or typhoid is not per-
fectly known; but the danger of non-specific poi^
sons is diminished by dilution.

Water may exist in soils in three forms:

1. " Hygroscopic" water, which may exist in the
dryest soils, as shown by minute drops when heated
in a test-tube.

2. "Capillary" water, which makes soil damp and
of darker color, but will not flow out by the action
of gravity.

3. "Free" water, which flows in drains, springs,
and wells. With this the sanitarian has to deal.

The water which will flow into a well may be re-
garded as drainage from surrounding pervious soil.
It will flow with a pressure in proportion to the
depth of the well, diminished by the friction of wa-
ter on the particles of soil. The distance irom

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Wi

which water will flow into a well depends on the
soil. [This, Prof. Kedzie represented on a chart
by an inverted cone, with its base at the surface of
the soil, and its apex touching the surface of the
water in the well.] The diameter of the circle of
surface varies with the porosity of the soil. If a
tenaciou.s clay, the diameter of the surface of this
cone of flitiation may be only 30 to 40 feet; while in
sand or gravel it may be tiO to 200 feet. Any soluble
material within this cone of filtration will How into
the well, caleulatiMg- the soil to be uniform in tex-
ture. But if there are strataof uneiji'i' permeabil-
ity, or if there are cracks, seams, or water-paths in
impervious clays, the water will follow these seems
almost an indefinite distance, and there will be a
wide departure from the limits given. Materials
without the cone may come through these seams.

This is an appalling- picture, but there are certain
conservative agencies to tone down the startling
outlines. The soil is not a passive agent, but may
act on such substances in solution in water in three
ways.

First. As a simple mechanical filter to separate
substances held in suspension. The texture of the
soil is the chief factor in this action. [This he illus-
trated by the filtration of a blue precipitate thrown
down in well-water by the action of ferrocyanide of
potassium. The colored material was left on the
soil in the tunnel, while the water was clear, prov-
ing the soil a very perfect filter.]'

Second. Soil may act as a mordant to fix and re-
move coloring' materials from solution in water. In
18I56, Rronner, of Baden, noticed that color, odor,
and nearly all taste, are remoA-ed from filthy water
by filtration. All have noticed that subterranean
waters are usually colored.

Third. Soils may produce chemical decomposi-
tions, making- changes that will not take place in
simple solutions. A similar experiment reveals the
brown deposit of chloride of ammonium cast by a
re-agent in well-water, but a mere discoloration on
filtered water, showing the soil had taken out almost
every trace of ammonium. This is a fact of high-
est importance to the sanitarian. This power, how-
ever, is limited. By using the soil made foul by the
last experiment, a considerable deposit is found
after filtration, showing- the power of the soil to
withdraw these materials and fix them in soluble
and safe forms is limited.

Soil is a sanitary filter. It removes color, odor,
and substances, but this power is limited. The
greater the amount of soil for filtering-, the longer is
the time before this exhaustion of power takes
place. The amount of soil has an intimate relation
to its power of purifying-. Hence the value of deep
wells, provided the water filters through the entire
amount of soil. The sides of the well should be
made impervious, and then the water must filter
down. Supposing- the sides are of iron, there is
some assurance of safety. This is true of " drive-
wells." The water can not come through the sides;
also worms and reptiles can not get into it. A
drive-well is a very safe form of well.

But there is danger that the limit of power be ex-
hausted by increase of contamination. Think of a
privy-vault or cesspool within this cone of filtra-
tion. If this appears revolting, blame the facts.

" See if all is well with your well." Neglect which
borders on crime could hardly go further. I here
quote from Buck's Hygiene as follows:

Dr. Simon has described this coinnion and deplorablo negrlect
in the followintr terse sentences: '• There are houses, there are
groups of houses, tlure an- whole villages, there are consider-
able sections of towns, there are entire and not small towns,
where prevails slovenliness in every thing which relates to the
removal of refuse matter - slovenliness which, in Very many
cases, amounts lo nttci- liestialily of iHt:lcct in the local habit;
where within or just outsiilc of each liousc. or in sp^u-cs com-
mon to many houses, lies for an Indelinite time, undergoing fe-
tid deeomijosition, more or less of the putieflalile refuse which
house-lite and some sorts of trade-life produce; excrement of
man and brute, garbage of all sorts, and ponded slop-waters;
sometimes lying bare on the common snifacc. sometimes unin-
tentionally .stoied out of sight; re-colli'ctioii in drains or sew-
ers whichcan not carry them away; -"irHnini- lielil in recep-
tacles si)cc!ally provided to favor acciimulai I'm. as privy-pits
or other cesspools for excrement and slop-water, and so-called
dust-bins, receiving kitchen-refuse and other tilth. And with
this state of things, be it on a large or small scale, two chief
sources of danger to life arise: One, volatile etfluvia from the
refuse pollutes the surrounding air and every thing which it
contains; the other is. that the liijuid )i:irts of the refuse pass,
bv soakage or leak:ige, into thi- surrounding' soil, to mingle
there, of course, in whatever water the soil yields, and in cer-
tain cases thus to occasion the deadliest pollution of wells and
springs. To a really immense extent, to an extent which, in-
deed, persons unpracticed in sanitary inspection could seai-ce
ly find themselves able to imagine, dangers of these two sorts
are now prevailing throughout this country, not only in their
slighter degrees, but in degrees which are gross and scandal-

ous, ahd very often, I re
in unc(|iiivociil linigiiatri
rv oig:iin/,;iUon of tlic c
niinistr:itors lo<-:il and
inglhc real sl:ili' ol the
in many ins(;i nccs, Hk

.c-.t.(nily bestial. ,\n(l I state all this
because I I'cel that, if the new sanita-
)uritry is to hillill its jjurpose. the ad-
ciitr:il, nnist begin by fully recogniz-
•:.sc. and with tlie consciou>ness thai.
II have to inl i-oducc foT- llii> lirst

timc,:is nitosav!it;-e lile.lhe rudiments of sanitary civil iz:ition.
The e.vteiil lo wliicli soil I., polluted hv e.vircta and othci- ref-
)ise nuitler, in the r\ir;il :in(l small Urban districts in Kngland,
and the (bingcr of llie cnni aminatioii of drinking-walcr from
this source. ui:iv he leai iieil Horn the reporl of the Hivcis-Pol-
luting Coiuun-sii.oers In w liieli th.-v s:iv. tli:it, e>tim;iliiig th«
town |ioiuil,ii lou .,! Ci e;,i 1 1 n I ;u 1 1 :i 1 ;i I M lul liilccM millions, the
remaining i«,Ue miiIIimh- ,,| eoimtrv i"ipul;iti(ui dci-ivc their
water alirce-t , x.lii-neiN I i ,,u. >|]:. IIoh ueils. ;iu(I Ihesc a re. so
far as the coriniiissioiiei s kuow.almosi r,lu:,>s lioriihly pollut-
ed by sewage :uul by aninuil ni:itters ol llu- uio^t disgusting
origin. The common pr;ictice in vilLiKcs. :iihI even in small
touns. is to dispose of the sewage :ui(l lo pioMde f,,itlie water-
suiiplv of c:ii-li ci>lt:ige, or p:iir ol Coll :] g( s upon I lie iPi-cinisesi
In the liltic v:u-d or g;irdeii all;iclicd tn e:nh tencuient , (U- pair
of ti'iicMienls, two holes :irc dut; in the p. ,i ..u> ,-. .d . Inloont;
of these, usual Iv the shall..weidf the two.:, 1 1 the lillby liquids
ol the house :lie discll:l HJ . d. Ki.Mri I lie other, which is sunk
below the w:iler-liiie ol the |i.,j..u^ -I latum, the w:dei- used for
drinking and i>tlier iloiiie,-li.' pmiio^e^ is piimia-d. The.-e two
holes :iii' not iiiifiecpieiit h w ii li in tvveUe leet of each othet-.
and sdMictiiiie^ e\eii el.is,!'. The .•.uiieiils ,,f the li Itli- hole or
cesspool soak :i»;i\ thinly;!, the sun . .niidi iig soi 1 . and mingle
with lheu:iter Ih h,w. A- the cjiteiii^ ..I the v.:ilir li(de, ol-
well,:iic pniiiiie<l f .iit tlie.\ :it e iniiiiedKitily icpleiiished from
the suir(juiidiiig clisKUstiiig nn.xlure. :Lnd it is. therefore, not
very surijrising lo be assured tloit such :i well dees not become
dry, evi-n in siininicr. rnfortuiuitelv e.\( r<'nicntitious liquids,
especially after they lni\-e soaked thiouuli a lew leet of porous
soil, do not imii:iii' the i>al;itability cd the water; :ind this pol-
luted liquid is coiisuiiied from year to ye:ir without a suspicion

of its character, until the i-e-sj I ;ihd well receive infected

sewage, and then an onlbi e;ik of e|iideinic disease compels at-
tention to the polluied \\:ilei. Indeed, our acquaintance with
a very large prop<ii tioii id this class of potable waters has
been made in conseqiunce of the occuri-ence of severe out-
breaks of typhoid fever among the jiersons using them.

Prof. Kedzie added:

" I do not know that any condition at all corres-
ponding to this can be found in Battle Creek, but I
have had the misfortune to find analogous condi-
tions and similar results elsewhere in this State."

Prof. Kedzie gave several instances which had
come under his observation. One family was always
sick. There was no constitutional reason, and they
were people of good habits. He suspected the well.
The husband smelled the clean water, and said,
" Doctor, you must be mistaken." He went linger-
inglj' down to the grave; a nephew followed, and a
son. The widow became bed-ridden. The premises
were sold to a good family, and they became sick.
He insisted on a new well, and they regained their
health.

In Lansing, a man's only daughter was sick. He
did not believe it was the well, but a conduit was
found fron the privy to the well, and the water was
exceedingly foul. Many were sick. Standing by
the well, with a dipper he could throw water on five
privies. One of the best men in Lansing sickened
and died. The well was pronounced bad. The
family took it personally, but a sewer was found
broken within three feet of the well. Water from
town pumps had been found to be very bad in some
places. If this is the condition of the town-pump,
what is the condition of the town-hearse':*

There are many widows because disease and
death have been carried into the house by the wa-
ter-pail. The question arises. Must careless sur-
roundings bring- this? Such is the law of sowing-
and reaping. "The law of the harvest is to reap more
than you sow. Sow an act, and you reap a habit;
sow your habit, and you reap your character; sow a
character, and you reap a destiny." Nature is in-
exorable, and knows no mercy. Her laws are
written on two tables of stone. The first is, " Do
this and thou Shalt surely live;" the second, " Thou
Shalt not do that, lest thou die."

Nature has placed animal and vegetable life in
reciprocal relations to each other, in opposite scale-
pans, in the balance of life. Plants thrive on the
remains of animal life, and destroy the bad. From
the poisonous carbonic acid they give back the life-
sustaining oxj-gen, and take the deadly carbon.
The poisonous remains of animals are the appropri-
ate and grateful food of plants. When man puts
asunder what nature has put together, disease
comes in as a protest against the disturbance of
nature's harmonies. From the organic nitrogen
and phosphorous thrown out as deadly \vaste fi-om
animal systems, the jilant forms the gluten and al-
bumen of muscle and brain. Animnls and vegeta-
bles are dual and reciprocal forms of life. Each
feeds and protects the other. Only when put asun-
der do cholera, typhoid, and diphtheria, step in as
avenging ministers of violated law.

Crowded cities disturli the reciprocal relations of

504

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

these two, and are unnatural. When we place our-
selves in abnormal relations we must be more care-
ful. We should place ourselves under the green
flag- ot nature's protection, and cherish our grass-
plats.

. In conclusion, the speaker beautifully alluded to
the vision of St. John in the apoeal^ pse,of the pure
river of water of life, clear as crystal, and of the
tree of life on either side of the river; the leaves of
which were for the healing of the nations. Blessed
trees of life, whose leaves even here on earth ai-e
for the healing of the nations!

THE DISPOSAL OF SEMTAGE IN LARGE
CITIES AND TOWNS.

THE WAY THE MATTER IS MANAGED BV THE EKIENDS
OVER IN ENGLANt*.

f?^ HE disposal of sewerag-e was at one time a
a" matter of very great trouble and expense to
> many of the towns in England, not only
caused by ihc trouble of collecting and cart-
ing it away, but by numerous lawsuits on
account of the nuisance caused by the great heaps
of refuse, and the fouling of the water of the rivers
and brooks into which the liquid portion Howed.
Many methods were employed. One large town,
after buying a farm to run it on, and going to great
expense, which failed on account of the land being
so low and already too wet, built a large factory to
convert it into manure in a dry state, with an im-
mense chimney-stack to carry off the vapors. Sew-
eragef-arms, however, seemed to be the most ration-
al way to dispose of it, and get rid of the trouble;
but it was a long time before any of them were able
to make expenses. One of the first to make a suc-
cess of it was Bedford, and I will take that town as
an example. The fact of its being the place where
Bunyan was imprisoned may add some little interest
to the place. I was there in 1879, and the old jail was
standing in much the same condition as when he
"Was an inmate.

The first step toward the solution of the sewerage
problem was the construction of two sets of sewers
—one for rain or storm water only, and the other
set for the sewerage and water used to flood them.
These last empty into large tanks, constructed for
the purpose. These are many feet square, and
about eight feet deep, and walled and floored with
bricks. The sewerage is let into these in turn, and a
certain amount of water, if necessary to reduce it to
the proper consistency. Then it is all stirred up by
chains worked through it by steam power. After a
time it is allowed to settle awhile, and then the
water is run ott', comparatively cleai', on to any por-
tion of the farm ready to receive it. All the water
being run oft', the sediment is thi-own out and given
away, but more often carted away at the expense of
the town; for by repeated trials it is proved to be
of no value, all the fertilizing properties having
been carried away by the water.

Rye grass is the principal crop grown, that being
more readily disposed of. It is cut several times a
year, averaging 40 tons (of 2240 lbs.) per acre per
annum; in fact, some part is always being cut. It
sells to horse and cow keepers at 25 cents per cwt.
(112 lbs.). They also grow large crops of mangel-
wurtzel, Swede (rutabaga) cabbages, onions, etc.
When I was there last, the mangels would average
about 35 lbs. weight each. A friend of mine told
me he sent a boy with a horse and cart to get a load,
and he came back without any— said there were
none he could lift into the cart. They had onions

valued at $350 per acre— 2 cents ijer lb. being the
usual price. To work such a farm with any chance of
success requires a porous subsoil, well drained, so
that the water will all get flltsred, and run away so
pure that any river or brook into which it runs may
not be any the worse for it. The filtering power, or
capabilities of the soil, should be so great as not to
be liable to be overtaxed, for you will see that it is
not a case of taking and irrigating just as much and
as often as you please, but you have to dispose of
all that comes; and in a wet season, when you are
least able to get rid of it, more will come than at
other times.

In England, very few farms are owned by those
who work them for a living. Nearly all are let out
to yearly tenants, subject to six months' notice to
quit. Leases are the exception. Good land brings
a yearly rent of ten or twelve dollars per acre;
some pasture land much more. There is always a
written agreement, signed by both landlord and
tenant, the pi-ovisions of which are very stringent.

No ha.v, straw, roots, or manure, can be sold off,
excepting potatoes; no field is to be sown with two
white straws in succession— that is, wheat, barley,
or oats, must not follow one another; no grass is to
be mown for hay without a corresponding dressing
of manure. The most generally approved plan is
what is called the " four-course " system, which has
to be worked much as follows:

First Year.— After the land has been well work-
ed, a heavy dressing of barnyard manure is plowed
under, and some artificial sown broad cast and
worked in. The crop planted or sown has to be
turnips, Swedes, or mangels. Half of these, a.t least,
have to be eaten on the ground by sheep. The
rest can be hauled home to be fed to the stock kept
in the yards during the winter.

Second Year.— The ground having been plowed
and prepared in time, barley or oats, but more fre-
quently barley, is sown, and with the barley a mix-
ture of rye, grass, and clovers.

At harvest-time, when the barley is harvested,
there is a good pasture of clover and grass which
comes in very handy for the young lambs not long
weaned, and can be grazed all winter, and stands
for the crop of the

Third Year.— This can be either pastured the
whole of the season, or only part of the time, and
mown once for hay. In either case it has a good
dressing of farmyard manure, some time during the
summer, and in the fall it is plowed under for
wheat, which is the ci-op of the fourth year, and
completes the four courses.

There will be a better crop of wheat if the clover
has been mown for hay than if it has been all eaten
off. The cutting causes fresh roots to strike into
the ground, and these, which seem to be very nour-
ishing to the wheat, give better results than even
the manure left on the field by the stock that eats
off the crop. Something was said in your instruc-
tive and always welcome journal about 37 bushels
of wheat per acre being a large crop. My father is
still living, and working a farm near Kidderminster,
England; and by following pretty well the system
described he gets 60 bushels of wheat per acre. If
the farmers working the old worn-out farms of En-
gland were to raise no more wheat per acre than is
made on the fertile and inexhaustible soil of this
country, they could not pay their rents.

Hondo, Tex., Mar. 31, 1887. Geo. E. Hailes.

Friend IL, your article is an extremely in-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

505

teresting one to me, and I am a little sur-
prised to learn that the valuable part of all
this foul matter can be washed out by stir-
ring it up in the way you mention. The un-
dertaking seems to he quite an expensive
one, liowever. Now, inasmucli as a large
part of liic expense is due to the water com-
bined with this foul refuse, is it not possible
to lessen the labor of moving about from
place to place by evaporating a large part of
this water, and at the same time avoid tak-
ing theref]'om any thing valuable for agri-
cultural purposes V Some of the friends
thought it was astonishing because I spoke
of 40buslielsof wheat to the acre, sometime
batik. An English gardener in my employ
(and a Cluistian gentleman of veracity) says
he has seen a lield of 20 acres that yielded 72
bushels of wheat to the acre. This was, of
course, in England. He said he could not
tell what means were employed to secure
this wonderful crop of grain ; but it was the
result of intelligent work on ground that
was natuially favorable for such a crop.

ERRONEOUS OPINIONS IN REGARD
TO THE HONEY-BUSINESS.

AI.SO SOMKTllINC IN UEGARD TO MANUFACTURED
CO.MB HONEY.

BNEof our subscribers forwards us the
following, taken from an editorial in
the Wellington EnterpvUe of June 8 :
At ii mec'tinfr of the Northern Ohio Bee-
Keopers' Association recently held at the
Gregory House. New London, it was decided that
the next meeting should he held in Wellington
ne.\t October. Wc will weiconie the gentlemen to
our town, but whether the little bee sanctions such
meetings is a (question, (iive us the old lashioned
hive with iileuty of white clover and buckwheat
for the bee to subsist on, and then let the little in-
sect perform its worlv as nature has dictated, and
we will guarantee a far superior article of honey
will he placed upon the market than at present.
The bee needs no educating.

Bee-keepers do not propose to " educate "
bees; they simply give them facilities for
indulging in their ruling passion — gathering
honey — in a way intinitely better tlian that
which Nature provides. When it is found
best not to build bank-barns for horses and
cattle, then it may be V)est not to provide
good hives for oiir bees. Those who " let
Nature have her own way '' are those who
never hoe their ct)rn, comb their hair, wash
their face, build a house, nor sow grain, but
simply live wild. Nature gives man a
swamp, and he mtikes a park of it. Natixre
never has " her own way " so perfectly as
through the medium of sanctified common
sense.

Now, then, friends of tlie EnteTprise, are
you not in danger of discouraging enterprise
and progress in the remarks you make V
Wlien you intimate that lioney of the olden
time was superior to that gathered by the
bees of the present time, are you not mak-
ing a mistake, and casting a slur upon a
great Ijody of honest and em'nest people ?
It is true, that we produce tons of honey
now where we used to produce pounds; but
I think you are mistaken in intimating that
there is a difference in quality. Bees gather
honey now^ exactly as they did in the olden
times, and I do not believe it true that

either clover or buckwheat has deteriorated
one particle in their product. On the con-
trary, the honey gathered now from alsike
clover seems to be considered, witiiout a
dissenting voice, quite a good deal in ad-
vance of the honey from the old-fashioned
white clover. If \ on will apply to some bee-
keeper near you, I think he will give you
the means ofsatisfying you of this.

Two or three years ago our newspapers
were fidl of slanderous statements about
the adulteration of comb honey ; but most
of these very papers have kindly and cour-
teously apologized for their mistaken state-
ments. In regard to liquid honey, it is now
otfered at too low a price, I presume in your
own town as well as elsewliere, to make it
an object to adulterate it. Some years ago
we offered $1000 to any one who would in-
form us where spurious comb honey was
manufactured. The offer still holds good ;
but every effort to tind a single pound of
artificial comb honey has so far failed.

From the same paper of June 15 we clip
the following, which is, as you notice, taken
from the Hartford ./ournaZ.- ,

A process for making artiticial honey has been
invented, and accepted by all the bees that have
tried it. This leaves the bees free to gather honey
all the day from every opening flower in the season
of honey-making without wasting time as wax-
workers.

Now, altiiough the above does not make
any definite statement, it is, without ques-
tion, a sort of clip at this old exploded piece
of slander. There is no process in use for
making artihcial comb honey, and no such
thing has ever been invented. Bee-keepers
are, as a rule, honest men, and they would
no more try to build up a trade with bogus
honey than they would by making bogus
dollars. If they" were so foolish, they w^ould
probably turn out just about as badly as
bogus-money makers.

MORE ABOUT THE McFADDEN MYS-
TERY.

WINTERING BEES IN A CHILLED CONDITION.

XN answer to yours of the 13th, asking for infor-
£|p mation regarding Danie McFadden, I would
^l say that I suppose ho is the same D. McFadden

■*■ whom I had the honor of entertaining for a
few days about a month ago, as he was passing
through here going west, and I assure you that I
was surprised at the intelligence displayed by him
in our conversation about bees. I thought, previ-
ous to his acquaintance, that I knew all about bees;
but I discovered that I knew absolutely nothing,
and I therefore am resolved to adopt his method of
keeping bees over winter. Either j-ou or I have
misunderstood Mr. McFadden as to freezing the
bees. I understood him to say that he on]y chilled
them. The bee-business is his business, and it is all
he wants, as he says that he and his father-in-law,
who is an Indian, bj' the name of Muskegen, or
Musquegan, or something like that, have made
large amounts of money out of bees: and, to tell
the truth, I did intend to make something out of
the discovery myself; but I find from your commu-
nications that he has kept his word, for he told me
that he would like to let the world know of this
great Indian discovery about the wintering of bees.

SOB

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

July

How he made so much money was trading: honey
for furs; and, as he put it himself, It counted both
ways, and he told me that he would not live among-
the so-called civilized people on any account. He
spoke about a love disappointment which was the
cause of driving hini to live with the Indians, and
he afterward married an Indian girl, and claims to
be delighted with the life he is leading. He de-
clares that the Indians are more intelligent than
the white people; that every herb that grows, they
can tell what it is good for in the line of medicine,
and they caacure almost any disease. He appears
to be clear-headed and reasonable in his arguments,
ftnd states that any thing that is not known to the
Indians is not worth knowing. I am going to com-
municate with him, or endeavor to do so, as I am
greatly taken up with his ideas, especially about
bees* and am therefore anxious to attain all the
knowledge I possibly can, and have all faith in
what this man states. Why would not this work as
Well with bees as it does with flies and insects,
Vhich we See crawl out when the warm weather
comes?

I am writing to McFadden today, but do not ex-
peat to get an answer before August, if then; but
when I do I will let you know, and I shall be pleased
to give you any further information that I can.

McFadden was to leave for his home among the
Indians about the Stith of last month.

G. Watson.

Alliston, Out., Can., April 30, 1887.

Thanks, friend W.; but I am afraid you
are placing too much faith in McFadden 's
statements. No doubt he has learned many
valuable facts from his Indian relatives by
marriage ; but when he declares broadly
that the Indians are more intelligent than
white people, we must considei- him care-
less and reckless in his statements, if noth-
ing more. If there is a man living who can
keep bees over winter, or even for one
month, in a chilled condition, we are ready
to pay the man for his services in perform-
ing the experiment.

^ I ^

30,000 LBS. OF HONEY FROM 80 COL-
ONIES IN CUBA.

VALUABLE ITEMS FROM A. W. OSBORN ; COM-
MENTS ON "OUR OWN APIARY" FOR
JUNE 1st.

fRIEND ROOT:— Last year being a poor one for
bees, it was impossible to get more than 80
colonies in condition to store surplus, when
the winter flow began. After the heat of
summer had gone, the natural conditions for
the secretion of honey seemed more favorable, and
the 80 colonies we had in condition worked with a
vengeance, filling their top stories every week, for
nearly four months. At the end of that time we
had taken 30,000 lbs. of extracted honey from the
80 colonies. Now, friend Hoot, this amount of
honey was stored by hybrid bees— hybrids from the
Holy-Land and Italian queens, mated with black
drones; and another thing in their favor, my little
son, 13 years old, and myself, took every pound of
honey, and did not wear a hat or bee-veil. We have
now increased to 500 colonies, and still we use no
protection whatever. So much for the abused
hybrids. They get the honey all the same, and [
would sooner handle our strain of bees, than any
pure race I ever saw.

FOUL BROOD IN LARGE APIARIES APT TO REAP-
PEAR.

In Ernest's report, June 1, I see that foul brood
has made its appearance in his apiary again this
spring. " Didn't I tell you so? " After many years
of experience with foul brood I have never seen
it cleaned out of a large apiary in any other way
than Are and water for the combs and hives, and
starvation for the bees. I do not say that it can
not be done, but I say I have never seen it. We
have seen reports where it has been done, but in
some of these I know there is room for doubt. I
can truthfully say, thei-e is none in this apiary. I
sincerely hope Ernest may clean it out. I would
not fool with it, but go to work and melt every
comb, boil every hive, and starve every bee that is
infected. In that way he will get rid of it.

HOW TO USE HARD WOOD IN THE BINGHAM
SMOKER.

The Bingham smoker, Ernest says he has a little
trouble with. After using the Bingham for 10
years, I will tell j'ou how I manage it. I use hard
sound wood, about like your hard maple. I saw it
up the right length for the smoker, and split it
about % or Vz inch square, and I prefer to have it
pretty much green— not left to season more than a
daj' or two, for in that condition it Will burn all
that is necessary, throw less sparks, and give a
much stronger and denser smoke.

HOW TO START WITH GREEN WOOD.

As I have told you before, our smoker is lighted
as soon as daylight, and does not go out until too
late in the evening to work with bees. Well, the last
thing to be done with the smoker at night is to see
that it is freshly filled with wood, then well blown
up and set down for the wood to season and char;
and when I think it is about right, I lay a little flat
stone over the chimney, and smother the fli-e. The
next morning I have a smoker full of as fine char-
coal as you ever saw. This charcoal lights very
easily when put on top of a few shavings, and will
start the green wood ofil in good shape. It is a
little trouble, I know; but I never knew a good
ci-op of honey secured without trouble. When T
keep my smoker well filled with green wood I am
not troubled with sparks. Take out that little wire
screen, between the bellows and fire-box, punch
out the wire cloth, and return the casing, to keep
the wind from coming out there: for if the wire
screen is left in it soon fills up from fuzz from the
bellows, and makes it work hard.

QUEENS MISTAKING THEIR HIVES.

As I have told you, our hives here are all painted
white, with no difference in looks at all, and set so
closely together that many of them touch one
another. When I expect a queen to go out I lean
an old weather-beaten board up against the white
hive, which makes an object that is easily seen, and
the queen marks her location by it. When I have
two queens go out of hives that sit very closely to-
gether, I put a board to one and a red tile to the
other (the tiles are about 16 inches long, and six or
eight inches wide. In this way the queens hardly
ever fail to get back to their own hives.

About the workers getting mixed, or getting in
the wrong hives, and killing queens, that they do
go into other hives I have no doubt; but as to their
killing queens under such circumstances, I have
my doubts; for if such a thing were common, we
should have plenty of queenless hives; but we do
not have.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

507

Now, friend Root, I am sure that the average
bee-man loses very many queens in shaking- the
combs in handling- beos; and I quit that practice,
tor the reason that I was satisfied I shook many
(jueens outside the hive, and they never got back.
I proceed as follows: I raise the cover while my
son pours in the smoke. When the bees are well
smoked down I raise a comb and hold it with one
hand and brush the bees with the other, while my
son smokes and brushes the other side (no shaking-).
In this way there is no turning- of the comb, and it
is very quickly cleared of bees, and the gentle vol-
ume of smoke constantly going- over the top of the
hive keeps the bees down, and rapid and effectual
work is done; as soon as a full comb is taken out an
empty one is put in; and thus we proceed from hive
to hive, getting over a large number in the least
possible time, and no loss of queens, and very few
stings.

THE COMB-CAKT.

I wish Ernest would make and use one. I know
he would not be without one again. Do not make
it to clear the ground more than about 5 inches; for
if you do, when the front or back end rests on the
ground there will be danger of the combs slipping
one way or the other. Begin loading at the back
end, pulling the cart from hive to hive. When
full, push It before you and it will astonish you
with what perfect ease you can handle TO combs
of honej'.

rS FOl^L BROOD MORE APT TO AFFECT SOME RACES
OF BEES THAN OTHERS?

1 most certainly agree with you in your remarks
upon J. J. Keith's statement (page 443), where he
speaks of foul brood among his Italian bees, and
not the blacks; for if there is any ditference in the
two it is in favor of the yellow bees. I should
say that he did not have the virulent foul brood.
Once in a great wliile brood will die in the cell; and
one who has not had much experience with foul
brood would think it was the simon-pure stuff. 1
have had two such cases since I have been here in
Cuba, and 1 came to the conclusion that it was the
fault of the queen, owing, as 1 thought, to a con-
stitutional weakness in the queen; and upon re-
moving her and substituting another, the trouble
was removed. Let's hear from Prof. Cook upon
this matter.

I pi-efer the beveled-edge hive. 1 have used both
extensively. T would not have the square sides.

A. W. OSBORN.

Havana, Cuba, Apartado 378, June 16, 1887.

Many thanks, friend O. You are liardly a
candidate for Blasted Hopes yet, are yon V
Your yield from 80 colonies was large, not
to say enormous— 375 lbs. per colony. We
should very much like to know what was
your greatest yield from any one colony, and
about how much said colony in its best days
stored in one day. — In regard to the matter
of foul brood, we are afraid, as you say, that
in large apiaries it is difficult, if not well
nigh impossible, to cure the disease in one
.season. At the present writing, June 22,
we are having one or two cases appear daily.
This is somewhat better than a week or two
ago.— We think it is quite likely that sound
hard green wood would work nicely in the
Bingham smoker, when it is got well going.
We will try it and see. If any one has any
better way of using the Bingliam or Clark
smoker we want to know it. On the other

hand, friend O., I hope you will try sawdust
mixed with e.xcelsior, and then stop the noz-
zle with grass, as described in the issue for
June 1, department of Our Own Apiary.

VIRGIN QUEENS.

IS IT ADVISABLE TO DESTROY THEM WHEN 30
DAYS OR MORE OLD?

fRIEND ROOT:— Not presuming to dispute
what is laid down in your ABC book, never-
theless your advice to destroy queens that do
not lay within 31 days after they are hatched
does not agree with my experience. For the
past few years, early in March I place my bees on
their summer stands from the cellar, and the first
warm day after they have had a fiight I examine all
as to the condition of their stores, keeping a sharp
lookout for queenless colonies. I usually find from
three to five colonies, out of .50 or 60, tliat are queen-
less. T then hunt around until I find a comb with
eggs. Out of this I give to each queenless colony a
small piece of comb with eggs in it. If the colony
is strong enough they seldom fail to raise a queen,
but it is then 6 weeks or more before drones are fly-
ing. Those queens begin flying soon after drones
begin to fly, and prove very fair ones, but never the
best, but are al)Out as good or equal to those reared
in any other manner ai'tificially. I have watched
this matter carefully by examining colonies for
drones and drone brood, and lam almost convinced,
but not positive, that those queens are 31 days old
or more before they are fertilized. Now, friend K.,
let me stop and tell you, for you are doing a great
deal of good that you are unaware of, and may nev-
er hear of in this world, not only tome, but to many
others. You will say, or think, " There must be
some mistake. I don't doubt the queens were prob-
ably fertilized long before they began to lay, by
drones that escaped your scrutiny, which possibly
might be the case, but I am skeptical."

This has been the worst season, up to a week ago,
1 ever experienced. There is nearly 100 acres of al-
sike clover in my locality. It failed to yield honey,
I think, because of the long drought last summer
and this spring. I was making great expectations,
as this was the first season it blossomed. Red do-
er, for three or four days, gave a good flow of honey
—the first crop at that, but my bees were destitute
at the time, and barely filled their hives only in the
strong colonies. I have noticed before, when red
clover is dwarfed it yields honey bountifully, and
the bees swarm on it; but when it is so rank they
do not notice it— at least, that is the way it acts in
this locality. M. F. Tatman.

Rossville, Kan., June 30, 1887.

We are always very glad to receive criti-
cisms, or to be corrected, where our state-
ment is apparently wrong, in the A B C of
Bee Culture ; but," friend T., you and the
ABC book do not differ so essentially, aft-
er all. If you will read carefully the matter
under the head of Queens, especially that
part under the sub-head, " How Old may a
Queen be iind still become Fertilized V "^ p.
202, you will lind the following : " I think I
would destroy all queens that do not lay at
the age of 20 days, if the season, flow of
honey, flight of drones, etc., are all right."'
Notice the last part of the quotation. Dur-

508

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

JULY

iiig certain times of the year, wlien there are
no drones either early in the spring or late
in tlie fall, we sometimes wait two or three
weeks, or even a month, before the yonng
queen becomes fertilized. Late in the fall,
it is our practice to wait a little longer on
young queens than we would where the es-
sential conditions are present; that is, " if
the season, flow^ of honey, flight of drones,
etc., are all right.''

PROF. COOK IN REGARD TO DRINK-
ING-WATER, SEWAGE, ETC.

HE TEI.IiS US SOMETHING OF HOW GREAT IS THE
DANGER.

T DO think you are entirely correct on the drain-
(^ age, or sewerag'e question. I should seriously
^t dislike to use water in a well dug wholly in

'*- land or g-round that was even many feet from
a soui'ce of contagion. I know of an epidemic
of typhoid fever which desti'oyed two bright young
lives last summer, and nearly cut short several
more, and clearly from just such a cause. That the
germs may be passed through porous soil for a
long distance is positively proved. That such
germs may also be stored in such soil, constantly
threatening life, although their presence is un-
known and unsuspected, is equally true. But when
a person's constitution, through some lack of vigor,
is susceptible, they then lay their fatal grip upon
him, and he becomes a victim to these same un-
wholesome wells. There are two points of vast
practical moment. 1. Get water from some strat-
um which is well underneath a stratum of claj'.
This may rccjuire a deep drive, or bored well. The
drive-well patent has now expired. 3. So arrange
privy-vaults and other sources of tilth and conta-
gion, that the matter shall all go on to the soil and
enrich it, and not possibly, by any mf-ans, into our
wells to poison us. 1 might add another point: Be
sure that no drain can befoul the cellar air, and
thus bring diphtheria to our homes. These three
points are the first I should look after in entering
a new home. A. ,T. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

A BEGINNER'S TWO-YEARS' EXPERI-
ENCE.

SOME NOTES FROM A SOUTHERN JOURNALIST;

HOW HE KEPT BEES; THE RESULT AND THE

MORAL OF THE MATTER.

■JTp BOUT two years ago I became so worn down
gfl^ with editorial and similar work at the desk,

jrI? having been at it for something like 2.5 years,
•^^^ that I concluded to stop for a season and
take to the " poetry of labor" and try the
" catching enthusiasm " of the busy bee. I had oft-
en read about bee culture during my editorial ca-
reer, and, in fact, had a copy of the ABC book,
which I received from you some nine years ago
for advertising in a newspaper I was then editing
and managing. The long-continued and hard work
of the kind mentioned had very much worn me
down, so that I became at times so weak I could
scarcely hold my arms over the desk to examine a
newspaper. I frequently had palpitation, and had
to take stimulants of some kind, often to enable me
to go through the day's work. Being nearly 50

years old, I knew I should not be able to hold out
much longer unless I took a rest, and so last Octo-
ber, two years ago, 1 resigned the position I then
held as manager of the advertising department of a
large patent-medicine firm, and commenced to read
about bees. I bought every book I could get on
bee culture, several old volumes of Gleanings, and
these I read and re-read until I was a walking en-
cyclopedia on bee culture, as I thought. In the
winter I procured an old gum of hybrids, bought
for Italians; and, having ordered and received
hives, and every thing I needed, from A.I. Root, all
of which gave the utmost satisfaction, I set about;
and, being naturally a mechanic, I placed all the
goods, hives, frames, crates, etc., together; and,
with the hives neatly set out in our beautiful side
yard, 30 x 80 feet, and painted white, the whole, to-
gether with neatly arranged vines, flowers, etc.,
formed a picture of surpassing beauty. I had ten
hives and an old gum which I was to transfer to
movable frames.

About this time I bought two colonies of Italians
in shipping-boxes; and the gentlemen who sold
them to me candidly wrote me that two colonies
were enough, and that he did not desire to sell me
any more. I placed those two colonies in two Sim-
plicity hives, and the gum I transferred, making, as
I know now, a rather unworkmanlike job of it; but
I was intensely interested in bees, and I intended to
make it a success. In fact, the bee-business took
possession of me. I could sit by the hives for hours
and admire the beauties as they worked, and I nev-
er tired in being in the apiary, where I stayed and
worked, until, from the pale desk-man, I became as
brown and sunburnt as an Indian. But I didn't
mind the sun-burning— I was " in for the war," and
intended to serve it through and make honey, bees,
queens, etc.

Well, the first spring and summer I had to feed
those bees through the entire season, adding sever-
al swarms, and also four other colonies which I
bought. I worked and fed, and looked daily to see
the sections filled out with honey; but, alas! thej'
did not fill, and so the season went through without
a single section being filled out, and I was out of
pocket S<150 for bees and fixtures, and $25.00 for
sugar fed to the bees. Total loss $17.5, and a whole
year's work gone for nothing, which would have
netted me at least .$1800 if I had been working as I
did the last year of my desk experience. But not-
withstanding all this I did not lose faith in the bees;
and when winter came on I packed my favorite
hive well, packed partially the others, and so the
year closed, as we went into winter quarters.

During the next winter I read and re-read again,
and procured several other books on bee culture,
determined to make it a success the next season if
possible. It is true, I remembered the sweltering
days spent in the apiary the year before, as well as
the loss; but the thing that I was after was not to
be beaten out by my ill success the year previous,
and so I reasoned the cause pro and con, and I at
last came to the conclusion that the reason of fail-
ure last season was not so much that the season
was rainy, and then too dry, but that I started with
too small colonies, and resolved that the following
spring I would "take time by the forelock" and
have strong colonies to begin with. Early in Feb-
ruary I commenced to feed those colonies, which,
with the beginning of the second year, amounted to
ten, or at least those which showed that they had

l8St

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

509

little stored. Wheii the spring- openerl I had strong-
colonies— all of them— and T can tell you that the
way they buzzed over the fences and went for the
flowers was pleasant indeed to their keeper. I
thinic I managed theui correctly the second year,
and the result of this " stick fast " disposition of
mine is, that the hives are full of honey, the sec-
tions are filled with beautifu) combs, and I think
that, if nothing- happens to prevent, I shall reap as
my reward at least one hundred pounds of honey
from each colony, aud that, too, when we have had
two droughts, one which lasted all through the
spring, when we had not a particle of rain in nine
weeks, and a May and June drought also. I verily
believe, that, if we had had an ordinarily good sea-
son, I should have made a great deal more honey
than 1 did; but I am satisfied with my second year's
work; and while it does not pay heavy in dollars
and cents, I have reaped a world of pleasure, and
my palpitation and weakness have gone. I may
say that my health is now very good, and I feel that,
with the coming fall, I shall be again ready for al-
most any kind of work. I have worked two seasons
when the thermometer ranged 100 and sometimes
102' in the shade, and when my clothing was wring-
ing wet. through and through; but I found after
the work I could then take a bath and feel about
as well as ever, and more particularly if I lay down
a7i hour or two after the bath. I may also add, that
before this experience I was much troubled with
insomnia; but that, too, has vanished, and eA'ery
night 1 sleep soundly.

For the benefit of other beginners, and after two
years of arduous experience, I will add that I found
the greatest satisfaction from the use of wide
frames in the second story. I have tried both the
crates and the wide frames, and I have noticed that,
several times, when I had baited the bees in the
crates, they would commence putting honey In the
sections in the crates, and for some cause would
afterward carrj' it down, and cease work in the sec-
tions altogether. There is still another objection to
the crates; and that is, that when it becomes nec-
essary to take out frames of brood to prevent the
bees from swarming, and yet to keep the colonies
strong, it could not be done with the crates; but
with the wide frames these surplus frames of brood
could be placed upstairs, and the bees be prevented
from swarming, by placing sheets of empty founda-
tion in their places from time to time, and at the
same time the colony would be kept rousing strong.
With me I had no trouble in getting the bees to
Avork in the wide frame.s by simply lifting a frame
of brood and bees up into the second story, and
placing this frame between two wide frames con-
taining sections with foundation starters. For two
seasons I noticed that it was much better to use
wide frames than the crates, and I shall hold to
them until I am convinced to the contrary. It may
be true, that in the North, where you have a heavy
flow of honey, that the crates may do as well; but
they did not work as well with me. I therefore, for
reasons stated, consider the wide frames far superi-
or to crates, and more especially with beginners. I
think the one fact of being able to use the wide
frames in such a way that brood-frames can be
placed with them in the upper story, to prevent
swarming, and at the same time to keep the colony
strong, is a great inducement to use them.

I think after this I shall abandon the bee-business
for something that is more profitable. I may keep

a few colonies wherever I happen to be, for my own
amusement and instruction, but I do not think it
could be made to pay as a regular business in the
South, unless one made his own pasturage, for
which purjiose I have not the land. If I had the
land to make the pasturage, or if I were in a honey-
country, I would certainly select bee culture as one
of the most pleasant of all callings. I truly tliink
it is the most beautiful business in the world.

I have had all sorts of experiences— robbing, unit-
ing, dividing, queen-raising, and some of the queens
I raised from the egg now have very large colonies;
and withal I must say that, in a busy life of more
than forty years, 1 know of no business that is half
as ennobling as working with bees. It is truly " the
poetry of labor," and as truly they " teach the art
of order to a peopled kingdom." I never again will
be entirely without bees.

I can now say, all honor to those who work with
the bees. I never knew a bee-keeper but that he
was honest, industrious, and loved the works of his
Creator. If they are like myself, and I presume the
most of them are, they can see much of God in the
bees, the flowers, the whisperings of the winds—
" sermons in stones, and good in every thing." Cer-
tainly, all bee-keejiers must, with the Psalmist, oft-
en exclaim, "How wonderful are thy w^orks, O
Lord!" T. E. Hanbury.

Atlanta, Ga., June. 1887.

OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING
EGG-LAYING OF QUEENS.

THE

E.\CEPTIONS TO GENERAL RULES.

TN my apiary I have had queens whose eggs pro-
^ duced drt)nes only. They, having deformed or
^i cramped wings, and after many ineffectual ef-
"*■ forts, for a week or ten days, to fly, returned
to the interior of the hive and commenced to
deposit eggs which produced drones alone.

1 had one queen, perfect In her appearance, ex-
cept the right wing was wanting, and that side rep-
resented by only ii stub next the body, where the
wing comes out, that, in some way, became fer-
tilized, or partly so, but she was not very prolific,
and I removed her.

I also had in my apiary, several years since, two
queens, very prolific layers, but whose eggs pro-
duced neither workei's nor drones. They would not
hatch, but dry up In the cells. I now have a still
different case to report from either of the above.

In May, 1886, 1 had half a dozen or more cells, ten
days old, from a favorite queen, which were placed
in us many nuclei containing from three to five
Langstroth frames, filled with comb honey, and
covered with bees. The queen I wish to inform you
about now was from one of these cells, placed in a
five-frame nuclei. As to outside appearance she
was perfect in limb and wing, aud of ordinary size.
The hive was examined every two or three days,
after she emerged from the cell, when the 12th and
14th days were reached without fertilization or the
depositing of eggs. The 31st and 22d day came aud
passed without signs of fertilization. Accepting-
thc Huber theory as regards retarded impregna-
tion, I was satisfied that she would, in a few days,
deposit eggs which would prodvice only drones. I
did not examine again until about the 32d m- 33d
day, when I found the combs well filled with eggs,
many hatched, and some larvse showing several

510

CJLEANLVGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

July

days' advancement; but a few days later, when the
capping commenced, to my astonishment it did not
indicate drone brood, but had the flat caps instead
of the rounded which are placed over drone brood—
whether in drone or worker cells, and on the 21st or
22d day after she commenced laying, as usual the
worker bees were appearing. The queen is now in
my apiary, a valuable one. and keeps up a ten-
frame colony as prolific as If she had met the
drones the 6th or 8th day of her life. So this is an-
other exception to the generally accepted rule or
theory as regards the fertilization of the queen-
bee. The hive was not within ten or twelve feet
of any other, and I am well satisfied there was no
loss or exchanging of queens, but that she was the
identical queen hatched fiom the cell given in May,
and did not lay an egg until she was 27 or 28 days
old. I did not notice the evidences of copulation,
and can not tell when that took place ; but I think it
must have been two or three days before she com-
menced laying. W.P.Henderson.
Murfreesboro, Tenn., June, 1887.

JS[©¥Ef5 ;^]VD QUEl^IE^.

no FIRST SWARMS LEAyE- BEFORE THEY HAVE A
CAPPED yUEEN-CEI.L?

fOW about Mr. Doollttle's assertion, that the
first swarm of bees never leaves till the
queen-cells, or some of them, are capped?
With us the exceptions to this rule are very
common. I should say that one-third of our
first swarms leave before cells are capped. Is this
due to locality, or more likely to difference in the
strain of bees? Our bees are now largely of Syr-
ian extract, and that may account for the differ-
ence. How have others found ItV A. J. Cook.
Agricultural College, Mich., June, 1887.
[I believe that, when we had nothing but black
bees, the rule given by friend Doolittle used to be
pretty certain; but when the Italians came they
swarmed quite frequently without any sort of prep-
aration in the way of queen-cells. Perhaps we
have not quite understood Mr. D.; for I presume
he is as well acquainted with the above facts as al-
most any one of us.]

EUTOCA VISCIDA.

The plant sent from J. P. Israel, Olivenhaln, Cal.,

Is Eutocaviscida, Henth. It has no common name.

Experiment Station,

Columbus, O., June 11, 1887. Per Crakj.

LOTS OF HONEY.

We commenced this spring with 13 swarms, and
have had 36 now. We had one swarm the 7th of
May. Our bees are making lots of honey. We lost
.5 swarms. F. D. Shepkey.

Sparta, Mich., June, 1887.

WET WEATHER.

Constant wet weather during the past ten days has
caused us a loss of one-fourth of our crop of honey.
Colonies have been scarcely self-sustaining yet, and
today many are dying for want of food— a verj' un-
usual thing after Juno 1. S. W. Morrison.

Oxford, Pa., June 8. 1887.

WINTEUINO BEES IN THE SNOW.

My mode of wintering bees is as follows: Place
the hives on some level foundation, and pack them
in rows as closely together as possible. Cover them
with boards the width of the hive. With the first
snow, cover the boards up with snow as much as

possible, and add with each snowfall, until covered
to a depth of 3 or 4 feet. They will come out all
right in the spring. Any one wanting more partic-
ulars about my experience In this covering can ad-
dress me. L. H. Spencer.

Streaton, 111., June 30, 1887.

[Your plan would probably work all right with
you; but with a January thaw, such as most of us
have, followed by a cold snap, it might be disas-
trous to the bees.]

celery.

I got one packet of Golden-leaf bleaching celery
from Burpee last spring, and I raised the nicest and
best I ever saw. I bleached it with boards 13 in.
wide. The season was very dry. I ran water be-
tween the rows. Wm. Astry.

Franklin Square, Col. Co., O., Mar. 8, 1887.

HOW to get rid of black ants.

I have found a remedy for black ants that Infest
hives. It is new to me, but perhaps not to you. It
is fine salt sprinkled over them and In the cracks
through which they crawl. I have driven away
whole nests. Bees are in good condition. There is
lots of white clover. H. Stillings.

Boling, Kan., May 24, 1887.

a suggestion on miller's plan of removing
sections.

I have been looking over Dr. Miller's article in
Gleanings, on taking sections out of supers. In
place of knocking and pounding, why not have a
small light lever attached to your table, and when
you get your super in i)lace just bear down gently
on your super till it drops off? Aaron Brogler.

Jacksboro, Tenn., May 33, 1887.

clover.

Is mammoth clover as good for bees as the com-
mon red? We wish to seed .")0 or 60 acres to clover
— alsike mostly I think, the coming spring.

Mrs. J. N. Martin.

Pauline, Kan., Jan. !), 1887.

[Mammoth clover Is fully as good as the common
red, and I believe it usually yields a good deal more
honey, although I believe alsike is generally con-
sidered more profitable, when we consider both
honey and seed.]

more proof that king-birds DO not swallow

BEES.

King-birds do kill bees. They catch them on the
wing, and just give them one snap and let the bee
fall. It does not look as if they had time to suck
the honey, but I believe they do. I have sat in one
place and shot seven of those birds without getting
off the seat. I have not been pestered with them
for two years. S. Templeton.

Aroma, Ind., May 22, 1887.

milkweed pollen.

I am in the bee-business, and on reading your
book I try to keep posted; but here is something
new to me. What this is on my bees I can not tell.
They come out of the hive and fall off the alighting-
board, crawl around a little and soon die. T send
you a few inclosed, to investigate.

A. M. McDonald.

Blum, Hill Co., Tex., Apr. 26, 1887.

[Why, friend M., your bees have got the milkweed
pollen clinging to their legs. Haven't you seen it
pictured in the ABC book? The question is. How
do they get it in April? There can't be any mistake
about it, for it is the veritable saddlebags append-
ages, so familiar to us every fall. I hardly believe,
however, that enough of your bees will die from
this cause to produce any great loss.]

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

oil

LOSSES IN MlCHiOAN.

Our bees are doing- well. The cold winter took a
third of them. But that is not as bad as one of our
neighbors suffered. He lost '.i'i out of 33. Bees are
worth $5.00 a swarm here this spring.

Hebek Wai.dhon.

Palo, Ionia Co., Mich., May :M, 1H87.

HOW TO DISTINGUISH THE BTiMBLiE-HEES TH.\T
don't STING.

In answer to your foot notes, page 183, you can
tell the drone bumble-bee by a white spot on the
head. When I was a boy, and used the shingle, I
could tell them ten feet away. The white spot is
square. When I saw one with a square white spot
I knew that he could not sting. Jos. Fogard.

Marion, 111., Mar. \2. 18S7.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

WHAT IS THE TKOUBLE WITH THE BEES ?

INCLOSE in this a sample of a bee, or of some-
thing else, which I find in one of my hives. The
colony is hybrid, and strong and healthy. I
have referred to all the authorities which I
have— the ABC book, Langstroth, the Ameri-
can Bes Journal, and Gleanings, and all that I have
been able to find is a short note on page 439 of the
last Gleanings, where a man in Georgia has been
led to observe the same thing. He says his bees,
from ten in the morning till evening, are driving
out and killing a bee, in size between a bee and a
house-fly, very black, with occasionally the mark
of an Italian. The insect that I observe is more
like a wasp than a bee, sometimes with one broad
band. My opinion is, that they are confined to the
hybrids, and that it is caused by introducing or
mixing. I should like very much to hear the
opinion of our teachers, on the subject.

W. P. England.
White Pine, Lycoming Co., Pa., June 8, 1887.

The specimens of bees were received. Aft-
er carefully examining them and reading
your letter, I am strongly of the opinion
that, before they hatched, they had been
overheated or chilled — more likely the for-
mer. It is sometimes a mistake with begin-
ners, when a colony is being robbed badly,
to close the entrance up tight, even though
in warm weather, and the sun be pouring
down hot. The result is, that the bees be-
come almost suffocated, and, in consequence,
overheated ; the temperature of the brood
is, therefore, raised considerably above its
normal degree of heat, and what brood is
not killed outright will hatch out into small
black-looking little bees. Sometimes these
bees will hatch out with defective wings, or
none at all. Was not the brood in your hive
overheated at some time or other, either
from the cause that I have mentioned or for
some other reason ? The reason why the
bees were carrying them out was because
they were not perfect bees, not having had
the proper conditions for healthy growth.
Since reading your letter I am strongly in-
clined to believe that Mr. Bryan (page 439)
had this very same trouble. Mr. B. said

that he had been tiansferring. If the brood
had been exposed to the diiect rays of the
sun for any length of time, it would hatch
out with such bees as those vou sent.

double-pointed tacks as a continuation ok

THE bottom-bar.

1 have a little invention, or convenience, that 1
have been using for two years in ray hives, in the
end-bars of my frames— a projection 'i inch from
the bottom, a double- pointed tack driven in as
shown in the drawing, B.
If you have never used
any before, just try a
few and report, it is al-
most impossible to kill
a single bee. The bees
can in nowise glue the
end-bars to the hive. 1
have seen hives where
half the frames were stuck fast to the end-board.
In handling such frames you have to be extremely
careful, or you will kill a lot of bees; and when you
kill bees it makes the others mad, and I don't blame
them. I will use it on my frames as long as I can
raise money to buy the tacks. F. P. Hish.

Henton, III., May 31, 1887.

D. A. Jones has the bottom-bar to his
frame project beyond the end-bar a little,
answering the same purpose of your double-
pointed tacks. You will also find the same
thing figured in the old back volumes of our
bee-journals. The Langstroth hives were
at one time all made with a blind-staple
driven in exactly as you have it. After us-
ing frames in this way, however, almost ev-
ery bee-keeper who had them sooner or later
pulled out the staples and threw them away.
The staples themselves killed the bees and
bumped the end of the hive when frames
were being replaced, and 1 believe there
were other objections.

HOW TO MAKE .\ SWARM COME OUT BEFORE SUN-
DAY; destroying drone BROOD.

Having a swarm hanging out much, and fearing
it might swarm on the Sabbath, I overhauled it and
found only several small queen-cells just started.
I exchanged a frame of its brood with one having a
capped queeu-cell, and to my delight it swarmed
the next day. I did fear they would destroy the
cell on the comb given them; but after the swarm
issued I found it all right.

I practice destroying drones in undesirable
swarms. This I have done by shaving otf the cap-
pings and heads, as you have suggested. But late-
ly I have driven a dozen or fifteen sharp large tacks
through the sole of an old rubber boot. With this I
hackle their heads off. This device is better to
work in the dej)ressions in the comb. J often find
drone larvtt, and for this I have a pepper-box of
fine dry salt that I sprinkle them with. It is all
very soon thrown out, and generally filled with
honey instead of brood again. S. L. Haskin.

Waterville, Minn., June 10, 1887.

honey-cases and T SUrPOKTS.

Having used the T-tin supports for honey-racks
many years past, the very beautiful ones you sent
me in last order are such an improvement on any
I ever made that I am delighted to know that I can

512

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

get such. Your zinc-wood honey-boards are also ex-
cellent, and used in connection with the T-tin sup-
ported honey-case, with long- separators, slotted to
set down halt' way in T's, fill all the requii-ements
of a perfect case.

If tin separators are used, and T tins slipped in
on top, to correspond with bottom ones, there is no
place for propolis, and the wide frame i.s of no fur-
ther use. One serious objection to the wide frame
is the additional si)iice between brood-nest and sec-
tions. The metal honey-board and the wood and
metal is a vast improvement on tlie wood alone,
for this reason. J. VV. Porter.

Charlottesville, Va., May 21, ]887.

alfalfa and sweet clover in utah; its cli-
matk: peculiaiuties as relating to

THE wintering OE BEES.

Alfalfa, or, as we more commonly call it, lucerne,
and sweet clover, are staple grasses with us, and
the best honey-producing plants knovvn in this
country. Lucerne is just coming in blossom; and
the sweet-clover will begin to blossom in about
three weeks, so that we shall have no lack of blos-
soms until frost comes, which is frequentlj' not till
October. Sweet clover— the old garden sweet clover
when 1 was a boy— is, in this country, a prevailing
weed, growing along all the ditches, and spreading
over all the damp unfilled corners of the country,
and it is rich in honey, continuing to bloom until
frost checks its yield.

Thei-e has been a good deal said in Gleanings
in regard to the care and management of bees that
does not apply to bees and bee-keepers in this sec-
tion of the country. For instance, the moth. 1
have not heard of one here. Wintering is another
subject that does not trouble us. Drones were seen
last winter in every month, although it is an unu-
sual event. The winter was so mild that it reached
far into spring. It is not unusual here to have
April weather in February, and then probably have
March in May. The great trick in wintering bees
here is to keep sufficient honey in store for emei'-
gencies like the last winter, and they come more
and more frequently. We can not take as much
honey in a single season here per swarm, perhaps,
as you can, on account of the open winters, when
bees tly perhaps every day in the mouth of January
or February, and they must eat the more for that
exercise. 1 would have sent you, according to your
wish, the plant I spoke o.f, that unfolds its blossom
as soon as it bi-eaks through the snow, but it would
cost me one or two hard days' climbing up and
down to do it, and my legs are getting older than
they were when I saw the blossoms.

O. B. Huntington.

Springville, Utah, June 14, 1887.

HOW bradstreet may be used in selling hon-
ey.
I have sold comb honey in a town of 2500, in
Northwest Missouri, for tour years, at from 20 cts.
at first to 15 cts. this last year. The last sale I made
there was at 113 cts., because honey had been ship-
ped in from Kansas City, and sold for California
honey; but I know by the style of package it was
from Iowa or Missouri. But it could be shipped
and sold so low because it was sold through a com-
mission man. I know I could have gotten 15 cts.
for the same honey, and not call it a wrong name
either. Bee-men, you are to blame for the low
prices of honey. The commission man will sell

quick if he sells for two-thirds the value. Why not
sell to the retailer direct? My plan is to go to the
bank and get the names of a few dealers in good
towns from Bradstreet, then write a postal, and
state the net jtrice, quality, and quantity, I have
ready to ship; state that I guarantee safe arrival h\
freight, and trust the party for a short time for the
pay. I have sold to parties that I never heard of in
this way. A better way would be to have the cash
before shipping, but I do not think much would be
sold so. for a busy dealer will not take time to hunt
up your standing. Extracted honey I would sell at
home if possible. I will peddle all my honey before
sending to commission men. They may do the best
they can, but we are the losers.

The season is discouraging; bees are light, and
clover dying from drought. I have hopes of a good
linn flow, for the trees are covered with buds.

Hopkins, Mo., June 9, 1887. J. C. Stewart— 50.

IS IT PRACTICAL TO FILL COMB WITH SYRUP, AND
SELL IT AGAIN?

On page 1(J9, March 1st issue, we read an article
entitled, " False Statements in Regard to the Honey
Business." Now, it may be that 1 do not under-
stand what is meant by artificial honey; but do you
not think melted white sugar, fed to bees, and
stored in comb, would be counterfeit, or artificial
honey? Or do you think this is never done? Hus-
band and 1 think that we have known this to be oft-
en done. Honey has been brought to our town so
white, or so bluish-white, that our bees could make
nothing like it, and it was a wonder to me why it
was, until I began to read about the counterfeit in
the papers, especially the Tribune, two years ago.

Lodi, Ohio, Mar. 7, 1887. Augusta Mohler.

Yes, white-sugar syrup, fed to bees and
stored in sections, would be counterfeit
honey ; at tlie same time, it could not be
called manufactured comb honey. While it
is joossihle to fill combs with syrup, it is im-
practicable. It has been proven, over and
over again, that no one can feed syrup to
bees, to cause them to store it in sections,
and yet make any profit by the operation, at
the prices at which first quality of comb
honey is now quoted in the market. I feel
pretty sure that the honey you saw. with the
bluish cast, was genuine honey. Editors of
newspapers seem to think that, if sections
of comb lione> are clean of propolis, bees'
legs, and dirt, such as used to accompany
the old-fashioned box honey, the honey is
necessarily counterfeit. Some of the nicest
comb lioney that I ever saw, and which I
knetv to be absolutely genuine, had this blu-
ish cast about it. The fact that your bees
coultl not make honey that was bluish white,
does not indicate that the combs were filled
with syrup to give it this tint. It simply in-
dicates that your locality, and the fiora in
your section of country, do not afford honey
such as will make comb honey look bluish
white. Another thing: If honey be left on
the hive until it is travel-stained and dirty,
it will have a yellovvisli cast about it. The
honey you speak of was probably taken off
the hive just as soon as it was capped over.

AN EXPERIMENT WITH A SWARM.

My first swarm came out on the 21st of the pres-
ent month, and I settled them on a plum-tree and
then hived them. It was the largest swarm T ever

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

513

saw. I got them all in and moved them to their
place at dark, but the next day they all came out
again, and I could not induce them to settle. I fol-
lowed them about a (juarter of a mile to the woods,
where they settled in a white-oak tree about 50 feet
high. I let them stay there about four hours, and
then cut the tree, and hived them nicely and that
night I brought them home. They went to work
right otr. I looked them over to-day and found a
nice large hybrid queen, so I think they are all
I'ight. I have caught :J10 drones from the old Amer-
ican hive, which this swarm came out of since it
swarmed. Charles Wittek.

Salem, Ind., May 27, 1887.

DANDELION A PEST IN IOWA.

B. Kenyon, of Oakland, Cal.. in Gleanings for
May ].5th, inquires about dandelion. You suggest
ten colonies to the acre. We have more than ten
acres to the colony, and I think our bees would all
starve if nothing but dandelion were accessible.
With us, dandelion has almost become an intolera-
ble nuisance. It is everywhere. It takes possession
of everj' lawn, every strawberry-patch. It is war to
the death to keep it even in subjection. It is open
only two or three hours in the forenoon. I wish
there were a commercial value on the root, even if
not more than a cent a pound. Good wages could
be made here at that price. The seeds germinate
anywhere, even on a dry tough sod, and in a year
or two the roots are down from six to twelve inches.
It is the invincible. We have it by the thousands of
acres.

DRY WEATHER.

We are suffering from a wonderful drought. My
experience of thirty years in Fayette Co., Iowa, has
never seen any thing like it. We usually suffer
from excessive wet. We have had no rain of any
consequence for a year now — only light showers at
long intervals. Unless we get rain, the honey-crop
must be a failure. Next to dandelion we have white
clover. Indeed, in our gardens and strawberrj--
patches it is a question which shall take posses-
sion. B. F. Little, 107—70.

Brush Creek, la.. May, 1887.

Friend L., they already make use of dan-
delion down East, and pay a big price tor it
besides ; but it is not the common dandelion
that is a pest in your vicinity. We have
sold it to some extent in our town, and it al-
ready commands a pretty good figure.

EXPRESS COMP.\NY REFUSING TO RECEIVE BEES.

It appears that we are about to have trouble in
shipping bees. On the 2d inst. I shipped two colo-
nies on the packet to Evansville, Ind., to have them
expressed to Michigan. The express agent refused
to take them until the clerk guaranteed the pay-
ment of expressage. About the same time I had
Mr. Hughes, agent here for the boat, to ship one
hive to St. Louis, to have it expressed from there to
Washington Territory. On the return of the boat
t" .Tohnsonville, on this river, the captain received
a telegram from the boat agent at St. Louis, which
said, " Express refuse bees unless prepaid *;{0. See
Hughes, Clifton." Under the circumstances I could
only instruct the captain to bring the bees back and
send the man the ^4.00 paid for them. When the
man ordered the one colony he wrote me that he
would want ten colonies more if this one was satis-
factory when received.

Now, friend Root, can't you and others do some-

thing to help out bee-keepers who have a surplus of
bees and can not get rid of them in any other way
than to brimstone them? I prepaid ten colonies In
hives to Indianapolis, which went through at (juite
moderate charges. I do not know how we can ad-
vertise bees, and agree to prepay the express, as we
can not tell where the orders will come from. I
have shipped bees to different States, from Nebras-
ka to Maine. C. Weeks.
Clifton, Tenn., May », 1887.

Friend W., I do not think there need be
any appreliension of trouble in the diretition
you mention. We have for years been oblig-
ed to guarantee express charges on bees and
every thing else we ship, or else take the
risk of delays. In regard to the bees you
wanted to ship to Washington Territory,
had you asked your agent about it Ijefore
putting them up he would have told you the
charges would be enormous, and would have
to be prepaid. We receive orders to ship
goods by express every few days, where the
result would be disastrous if we undertook
to ship as directed.

A SUOGESTION IN REGARD TO THE TREATMENT OE

FOUL BKOOD, AT THE HOME OF THE

HONEY-BEES.

I have just finished reading Our Own Ai)iary, on
page 483. It appears to me, if I understand your
treatment of foul-bi'oody swarms, that you destroy
all the brood in the infected swarms. Why not
save all the brood that will hatch, by giving the
brood from two or three infected swarms to one in
the same condition, until the brood is hatched, and
in this way save a good swarm of bees from the
combs of two swarms treated? There can be no
danger when honey is coming in, as at present,
only a delay of a few days. L. C. Whiting.

East Saginaw, Mich., June 18, 1887.

Your suggestion might be put success-
fully in operation under some circumstanc-
es ; but in our own case, the policy of de-
stroying all the brood as soon as the dis-
ease makes itself apparent 1 think is the
wiser one. In the first place, while foul
brood exists among our bees, bees are of al-
most no value whatever to us. Of course,
we can not fill orders for bees and queens
from the home apiary ; and as our locality is
already overstocked, we can not run them
for honey ; so you see our apiary at present,
instead "of being a source of income, is a
source of expense, and the few hatched bees
which we might save in the manner you
mention would not begin to cover the risks
attendant upon such practice. As long as
there is a possibility of danger by leaving
infected brood anywhere in the apiary, I can
not see that it is Vvise. at least for ourselves,
to stack the infected brood in a colony by
themselves. Another thing : We have been
experimenting lately to determine whether
foul brood would ever cure itself. We left
some colonies from ;i week to two weeks ;
and while the disease apparently disappear-
ed for a time, sooner or later it reappeared.
While we were making these experiments
we liad something like a dozen colonies that
were diseased at one time, and which had
not been treated. It was easy to observe
that foul brood broke out tdmost every-
where in the apiary during this time. Since

514

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

we have adopted the policy of treating the
colony immediately, foul brood is now get-
ting to be under our control, and only an
occasional colony shows evidences of the
malady. The point is, friend W.. that,
while you have a number of diseased colo-
onies in the apiary, the intermingling of
bees from one hive to another is almost sure
to carry the infection everywhere ; so I
think the policy of taking diseased brood-
combs, and allowing the bees to hatch out,
and putting said brood-combs in a colony
by themselves, is as unwise as it is danger-
ous.

WHY WERE THE QUEENS MISSING?

In March I had 1.5 colonies of bees (Italians) to
put out. They had all wintered well. All swarms
appeared to be strong, and had plenty of honey.
After they had been on their summer stands about
a month 1 noticed ^lat two of the colonies did not
seem to be making the headway that the others
were. 1 examined them and found that they were
queenless, with a small patch of brood that might
have been is davs old, and without any queen-cells.
Since that time I have lost Ave more queens, mak-
ing seven in all. The queens disappeared first, and
1 think there is hardly a possibility of their having
gone out in a swarm. In all cases from lU lo 30 lbs.
of sealed honey was left in the hive. What was the
cause? After the bees were set out, the weather
was mild, the bees Hying every day.

Mazomanie, Wis., May 39, 1887. P. F. Sticknev.

Although I have several times noticed
queens disappearing from a good many
hives, all at about one time in the spring of
the year, I have never been able to account
for it. It usually occurs when bees have
what is called " spring dwindling," and ev-
ery thing in the hive seems to be upset, as
it were. They almost always die when
there is only a small patch of brood in the
hives, and not enough bees to cover and
care for the broody

THE DOOLITTLE QUEEN-CELL PKUTECTOH.

I came in the house this morning and said to my
wife, " Well, Doolittle's queen-cell pi-otcctor is a
daisy— one of the best inventions for a queen-
breeder." And I must say 1 was not a little sur-
prised when, in a few minutes after, I read in the
last issue of Gleanings of your partial failure. It
has worked to perfection in every instance with
me. I was very particular in every instance to fit
the cell in the apex of the cage, so no bees could
get at the side; then I removed one frame from the
hive and hung the cage in the space, so it had plen-
ty of room without pressing the cage. Perhaps this
was unnecessary. Then I was sure to have the col-
ony or nucleus queenlgss from 13 to 24 hours be-
fore I introduced the cells. 1 consider it a bonan-
za. Frank A. Eaton.

Bluffton, Ohio, June 17, 1887.

Thanks, friend Eaton. We are very glad
to receive your report ; the more so, because
our experiments with the Doolittle queen-
cell protector seem to be a partial failure. 1
can not very well understand now why we
did not succeed better. I have this to say,
however, that the protectors were tried dur-
ing a dearth of honey, after apple-bloom and
before clover — a time when, above all others,
bees seem most disposed to tear down (|ueen-

cells. There were something like two or
three dozen queen-cells tried in the protect-
or, and yet out of this number only two
hatched successfully. In former seasons we
have not had such poor success with queen-
cells liatching, even witiiout the protector.
It is possible that the peculiarity of the sea-
son has much to do with the results ; and we
dont therefore propose to abandon trying
the protector because we at first seemingly
failed. We sliall give some to Neighbor II.,
and let him try his hand at it. We hope to
give, ere long, a better report, because we
feel pretty sure that such a man as Mr. Doo-
little would not say it worked successfully
unless it did.

uo king-birds swallow their victims?

In Gleanings of May 15, 1887, p. 395, W. A. Wick-
ham asks the question, " Do king-birds," or, what I
have always heard them called, bee-birds, "swallow
their victims?" and seems to think they do not. I
killed one to-day that had four drones in his crop,
l)ut no workers. I killed a frying-si/.e chicken that
had 64 drones in its crop, and no worker-bees. In
May 1st issue, p. 357, Grant Scofleld thinks chickens
catch worker-bees. I think that is a mistake. 1
have noticed them catch drones often, but never a
worker. They know the difference as well as we do.

I. T. McCracken.

Rosebud, Ala., June 15, 1887.

Thanks, friend ('. While recent reports
seem to indicate that kingbirds do not swal-
low their victims, yours goes to prove that
they do — at least sometimes. As there
seems to be a diversity of opinion in regard
to this matter, we should be glad to hear
from our readers; that is, do king-birds
swallow worker-bees, or do they simply
crush them in their bills, extract the nec-
tar, and then cast the robbed victim awayV
Grant Scofleld, to whom you refer, said that,
on dissecting the crop of a chicken, he dis-
covered that it hail eaten ten times as many
workers as drones. The fact that you dis-
covei'ed no workers in the crop of tlie chick-
en you dissected does not prove at all that
chickens may not sometimes eat worker-
bees. It simply proves that .(/(xn- chickens
did not.

DAMP AND DRV AIR; A WELL THAT TELLS WHEN
IT IS GOING TO RAIN.

Some time ago the question was asked, which was
heavier— damp air or dry. One of my little boys who
reads Gleanings to me while I am busy doing oth-
er things, said, " Whj-, pa, if damp air is the heavi-
er, why don't the clouds come down? It must be
awful damp up there." Does not the mercury in
the barometer rise in tine weather? If it will inter-
est you any, I will give you an account of a singular
well that we had that would foretell a change in
the weather sooner and more accurately than our
barometer, which was a good one too. 1 have asked
many for an ex])Ianation of its peculiar action, but
could never get any satisfactori' answer. I can only
explain it by the change in the weifiht of the air.

Hondo, Texas, March 31, 1887. Geo. E. Hailes.

Friend II., your boy's suggestion seems to
be a clincher." I'ou may thank liim for me.
By all means, tell us about the singular fea-
ture of your well. You know we liave been
discussing wells and the temperature of
well-water for some time back.

l88t

GLfiANli^GS iH BEE CULTURE.

5lS

JljYgELF WD MY ]\[EI6PB01^S.

Whether therefore ye cat, or drink, orwhatsoevei*
ye do, do all to the glory ol God— I. Cor. 10: 31.

tINCE mv last talk to you, my dear
friends, 1 have been learning some les-
sons ; but the memory of those lessons
is very pleasant. Satan's evil sug-
gestions seem to have mostly passed
away, and in place of them these" lessons
witii ])leasant memories come. I am getting
better ((diiiaintcd with the small boys than I
ever have been before, yet almost all my life
I have been much with them and among
them. The results of getting acquainted
are just like those 1 have so many times
told you about. When we understand each
other better, we have better opinions of
each other. A few days ago a boy was set
to work hoeing weeds out of the strawber-
ries. It was after a rain, and the ground
was very soft and mellow, and I don't know
how anybody could ask for a nicer job.
Why, the work itself is soextremely fascinat-
ing that I would ao out among the plants,
and work after dark as long as I could see,
just because I loved to work in the mellow
soil, and see the plants grow. I was busy,
however, and didn't look after my young
friend that morning as I intended to do, and
he made very little progress with his work.
Satan whispered that any one whi) would
take pay for such a miserable show of being
busy should be sent liome forthwith, with-
out wasting words or any more money in the
attempt to make him useful. I was begin-
ning, however, to get a glimpse of these
boy's' peculiarities and dispositions ; and so
instead of listening to Satan T went and got
a hoe with a great big wheel attached to it.
The wheel is as large, or larger, than a good-
sized hoop, and it was a very good tool to
Avork with in good ground. I took iiim off
to another field, and told him I wanted him
to cultivate the beets with this machine. 1
found I had made no mistake. The tool
suited his boyish spirits, and pretty soon lie
was all in a glow of perspiration from the
violent exercise, and he had accomplished a
man's work, and was ready for more of the
same kind. I told him I was afraid the
work was too hard for him ; but he insisted
that it was just what he liked. From that
time until tliis he has been a valuable hand,
but I have been careful to give him some
kind of a job that would enlist his energies
and abilities.

A good many times it is desirable to send
something after the wagon, that is some-
where on the streets of our town every aft-
ernoon. Well, a good many boys would be
gone hours, and perhaps come back and not
find the wagon at all. One, in fact, wheeled
a heavy load aroun<l the town from nine
o'clock till noon, and did not fiiid the wagon
even then. I gave him careful directions
and had him try his luck another day ; but
it was about the same. He hadn't any fac-
ulty for finding the wagon, and I had to de-
cide that it was a mistake to send him on
such an errand. This same boy. however,
did exceedingly well at other kinds of work.
Well, we soon found out that the boy who

took such a fancy to the wheel-hoe would
lind the wagon awi time, in short meter, and
he would do it with very meager directions.
When (luestioiied how he always found it so
quickly, it was discovered that he had rare
observing powers. He is one of the boys
who know everybody, and every thing that
is going on. We have another boy who will
never earn his salt picking peas by the bush-
el, lie is, however, worth almost as mu(di
as a man in any kind of work that can be
done with horses. lie lias made friends
with one of the biggest and stoutest horses
on tlie place, and he will perform teats with
this horse that 1 would not think of at-
tempting myself. One of them is to take
the horse up into the bank-barn and make
him turn the wagon around when the horse
lias only a couple of yards between his fore
feet and the edge of the floor over the bay.
I would not have permitted him to attempt
it had he not been doing it before I knew it.
He loves the horse, and the horse has such
confidence that he will not get him into
trouble that he obeys every word the boy
says to him. I hardly need tell you that he
governs the horse entirely by kindness, and
by constantly appealing to the intelligence
of the noble animal. This boy has made me
love horses more than I ever loved them be-
fore.

A short time ago our people took it into
their heads that they wanted me on the
school-board again. At first I declared I
could not possibly take another burden
upon myself ; but then, again, came the
thought," by accepting the office I might pos-
sibly have opportunities for feeding Christ's
lambs that I would not have otherwise. I
did not think of the text at the head of this
talk to-day. but the spirit of it came into
my mind, and I decided to accept the call.
Very soon it became necessary for us to
visit the first primary school ; in fact, our
large union schoolhoiise is beginning to
prove too small for the swarms of little ones
who are now ready to be taught. I knew^
the lady who had charge of this department,
for she" is an earnest Christian, and 1 had
met her several times at our teachers' meet-
ings. Now, I haven't been in a primary
school before for a good many years. If the
same is true of yourself, my friends, I would
advise you to "take time "and go to school
some day with the little folks of the house-
hold. There were p>2 pupils in her room.
Tliey are the same kind of little folks that I
ofteii have around me, teasing for a job ; in
fact, some of them who work for me morn-
ings and evenings were right before me.

The first thing that attracted my atten-
tion on coming into the room was, that 1
did not see any of the tired, wearied looks
that I used to see on the faces of small chil-
dren when it was time for recess, or time
for school to be out. These little folks, on
the contrary, looked as if they had been hav-
ing fun, and expected very soon to have
some more. I soon decided they were not
disappointed either. Miss Smitli has made
the care of children a study for many years.
She not only is conversant with all that has
been done, but she has invented some plans
of her own to make teaching accord with the

M

(jLlCANtNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

natural restless dispositions of rliese little
folks. They were hiirdly asked to sit still at
all, but at the same time there was sucli a
system about their motions that the school
was not a noisy one. Before some little
urchin began to feel a disposition to twitch
around, the whole school twisted around in
regular ordei', in obedience to some signal
from tlie teacher. Then tliey stood up ;
then a little hymn was sung that required
them to swing their arms. A great part of
the exercises was child's play — yes, a good
deal of such child's play as you see going on
with the baby, and those a little older. Then
they read a few sentences together. To
prevent them from getting into a mechani-
cal way of reading the lessons without look-
ing on the book, she had them read back-
ward. Pretty soon she asked who would
stand upon thetloorand sing for the gentle-
men. I thought possibly that three or four
among the whole school might volunteer.
To my surprise, almost every little hand in
tlie school was raised, and yon could see
by their faces how they regarded the two
who were selected as the lucky ones. What
pretty little childish songs those were! ('hil-
dren tire very quickly of almost any thing.
They will pick peas awhile, they w^ill pull
weeds awhile, and so on with a great many
other things. But if you want them to work
well you must change w^ork often. Miss
Smith seemed to recognize this, so she had
a variety of primers that occasionally took
the place of the standard schoolbooks. The
primers were wisely edited and wisely chos-
en, and an involuntary " thank God" well-
ed up as I turned over the one I held in my
hand. Thank God, that strong pure-mind-
ed men and women were giving their best
energies to the work of understanding child-
ish minds, and ministering to childish
tastes. What a thrill of joy it gave me to
And that Miss Smith was" working in the
same line I had been, and that she was rec-
ognizing, as I had been, that in the care of
these little ones we may apply the text, " In-
asmuch as ye have done it unto one of the
least of these my brethren, ye have done it
unto me."

I remember the time when I was required
to sit for hours together on a hard bench,
without any desk before me, without even
a slate and pencil. If I shuffled my little
feet so as to make a noise, I was in danger
of the master's ruler. My dogs-eared First
Header was the only thing I was permitted
to look at. although I had read every page
of it until 1 could almost repeat it off by
heart. I had noticed that the little folks
who worked for me were always ready to go
when it was schooltime. They never seem-
ed to dread going to school. There was an
air of cheerfulness I had never understood
until I visited that school. I tell you, my
friends, that, before those children are teii
years old, a foundation will be laid for a
good solid Christian character that will go
a great way toward shaping the course of
their future lives. I am told that like im-
provements are being inaugurated all over
oin- land. Thank God, that in this land of
liberty w^e are l>eginning to recognize the
importance of commencing with the chil-

dren. Thank God, that the tyranny (and I
don't know but it is right to say cruelty)
that has been exercised in teaching and
managing these little ones is passing away.
It seems to me to be a glimpse of the new
heaven and new earth that is promised in
the Scripture. People give me credit for
ability in interesting and keeping busy
these little folks. My friends, I don't de-
serve half the credit in that line that has
been accorded to me. I am ashamed of my-
self when I think of my shortcomings in
this direction. By tits and starts I have,
perhaps, been trying to take up these tasks
for the glory of God; but it is only now and
then that I have had glimpses of the possi-
bilities in this direction. It begins to dawn
on my understanding now just a little. I
am beginning to understand the field unex-
plored that is contained in the words of the
little text at the head of this talk, '' Wheth-
er therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever
ye do, do all to the glory of God." I sup-
jjose t'ne latter would include making gar-
den, and hiring the juveniles to catch pota-
to-bugs, transplant celery-plants, pull weeds,
etc. I repeat, '' Whatsoever ye do. do all to
the glory of God." It may be true, there
are not many in this world who apply this
rule to their every action. It may be true,
that humanity 1ms not come up to very
great possibilities in this line as yet; but for
all that, there are glimpses of what even
one Christian life might be, that sometimes
almost bewilder me. Oh if my poor life
could only have more of that spirit in it !
Lord, help us! May the great Father help
you, my friends, who are hungering and
thirsting, and who are longing to see these
little ones led in wisdom's ways ! Pray for
me, that I may do my work better; and
while we learn to have a wider and broader
charity for small boys who are inclined to
shirk over the tasks we give them, may God
help us to have a wider and broader charity
for all humanity, old as well as young!

©OR 0WN ^PI^^Y.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

APIFUGE.

fllOSE who take the British Bee Journal
' have doubtless noticed considerable
said in regard to "• apifuge." The deri-
vation of the word is from two Latin
words — apis, meaning bee, and/w^o, I
route, I drive, or I scare. Literally its An-
glo-Saxon English name would be " bee-
scarer," answering the same purpose, I sup-
pose, as the scarecrow, so familiar to farmers'
boys. It is claimed that a few drops of this
liquid, sprinkled on the hands and well rub-
bed over the flesh, will make the bees loth
to sting those parts so covered. In other
words, they will be so scared that they won't
dare to sting. It is even stated by some
that it will dispense largely with the use of
smoke. My curiosity having been aroused
as to the merits of this wonderful stuff, I
sent for a couple of bottles of it. A few
days ago they arrived. The liquid smells

l88t

GL:BAK1KGS JH BEfi CULTtJflE.

31?

not unlike wintergreeii and tansy ; but whe-
ther or not these enter as ingredients, I am
not prepared to say-
Well, my hands having been duly smeared
with tliisapifuge as directed. I selected a
hybrid colony wliich had a dash of Cyprian
blood in it. I opened the hive, without
smoke. As honey was coming in freely,
they were not disposed to act very vicious.
I ])laced my hands over the bees, but could
not notice that the liquid had any eftect. <
Had they been disposed to sting, as I have
seen them sometimes, I do not think they
would have hesitated to stick their little
weapon into my hands, apifuge or no api-
fuge. I next poured a few drops of the
liquid down among the bees. They imme-
diately sent up a wild humming iii the vi-
cinity where the liquid had spattered. Two
or three bees received a drop or two. These
latter died immediately from the effects of
the stuff. I then dropped some of the liquid
at the entrance. The incoming bees, laden
with honey, as soon as they approached
within an' inch or two of the alighting-
board, hovered about for some little time.
After considerable circling they crawled into
the entrance. I am convinced of this much:
That the liquid is exceedingly offensive to
them — that is. before it is dried. I notice
that one or two of the correspondents of the
B. B. J. claim that bees which at first seem-
ed inclined to be hostile, on being presented
with the odor of the apifuge became imme-
diately quiet, and seemed to regard the
hands of the intruder with kindly intent;
and not only that, but the odor was so sooth-
ing that the bees apparently enjrtyed it. I
must say, however, that my experience with
it is quite different.

When the hands are freshly besmeared
with the apifuge. the bees will be repelled to
a slight extent ; but when the liquid is dried
there is no appreciable effect on the bees. I
have since tried it in the .Swamp Apiary
upon some cross hybrids. Did they become
quiet under the benign iiiHuence of the api-
fuge ? Not at all. On the contrary, I was
obliged to start for the smoker. Whatever
may be the merits of apifuge. I can not but
think that the behavior of the apiarist, and
his control of his nerves, has more to do in
the prevention of stings than any liquid that
can be compounded. If the apifuge has any
effect whatever upon the hands of beginners
it seems to me it would make them feel
more secure, and so give them better control
of the nerves.

KLAT-HOTTOM VEKSUS NATITRAL-BASE
FOUNDATIftN.

There seems to have been a little diversi-
ty of opinion in regard to the two makes of
foundation as above. By some it is thought
that Hat-bottom foundation, inasmuch as it
is a deviation from nature, is not so econom-
ical as the natural base. Our good friend
Mr. T. F. Bingham, however, seems to
think — or, at least, so expressed it a few
months ago to the writer in person — that
the Hat-bottom foimdation, as it had so lit-
tle side wall, was better for the surplus
department ; that when the comb, on being
drawn out and eaten, the disagreeable

" backbone ■' could not be delected, or would
not be so apparent, as with the natural-base
fouiKhition

A few years ago we made some experi-
ments that seemed to prove then that bees
had to waste considerable valuable time in
converting the llat-bottom cells into natu-
ral-base cells. As we have sold considerable
rtat-bottom foundation this year. I deter-
mined to experiment again, at least on a
small scale. As honey was not coming in
to any great extent, I selected the strong-
est hybrid colony we had. I contracted the
brood-nest down to only two frames. 1 am
aware that, for general purposes, this is
carrying contraction too far ; but for my'
own purpose I desired to have the bees in
question store into sections almost every
particle of the little honey that they hail
gathered, in order to induce them to pull
out foundation for the purpose above
named. Tw^o T supers were prepared and
filled with sections, 4i- x Ai x If, no sep-
arators being used. Half of the sections
were filled with full sheets of our thinnest
flat-bottom foundation. The other half was
filled witli full sheets of our thinnest natu-
ral-base foundation. When the sections
were put into the crate they were arranged
in alternation, in order that we might the
better compare results as the bees began to
pull them out. We waited three or four
days before honey came in enough for the
bees to make any demonstration '' upstairs."'
Just as soon as they did so, however, I
watched them closely. Each section having
flat-bottom foundation in it was marked
with a cross, so that, as the work progress-
ed, I could easily distinguish the kind of
foundation v/hich we put in. Some sections
were filled out a little in advance of others.
Which sections do you think they were V
They were those which had no cross-marks
on the tops (natural base). Although the
sections bearing the crosses had an equal
advantage with those next to them, the
bees, instead of pulling out the flat-bottom
foundation immediately, tore holes in it and
remodeled the base before they attempted to
draw it out. This consumed considerable
time, and the result showed quite plainly
that the bees would convert into comb, in
less time, foundation having a natural base
than foundation having flat bottom. A sec-
ond examination has confirmed me in all
the above statements.

It may be. however, that, if I had the op-
portunity of conducting the experiment on
a larger scale, I might see little if any differ-
ence in favor of either; at all events. Dr.
C. C. Miller, having purchased some 50 lbs.
of the rtat-bottom foundation, has this same
matter under experiment, if I am correct.

HOW TO HANDLE SECTIONS FILLED WITH
HONEY.

During Dr. Miller's late visit, among oth-
er little hints that he spoke of in connection
with our pursuit he mentioned a little trick
in handling sections filled with honey, so as
to pick them up rapidly, and yet with entire
safety to the nice and evenly filled combs.
From the engraving on next page, tlie read-
I er will catch the idea.

518

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

:METir()D OF HANDLING SECTIONS.

Grasp tlie two sections, placed as seen in
the engraving, in sucli a way that the thumb
and finger cover the two upper corners adja-
cent to each other. You will observe that
you can thus with one hand pick up two
sections ; and as you proceed to put them to
one side, the two pairs maybe placed togeth-
er compactly. This method of picking up
sections is, peiiiaps, in common use among
not a few of our readers ; but among some
of the friends, especially beginners, the idea
may prevent them from damaging the sale
of otherwise marketable honey.

FOUL BROOD.

Our old friend the enemy is still witli us,
and does not seem disposed to give us any
rest this season. We are still experiment-
ing on different methods of cure. We have
now under experiment the plan recommend-
ed by C'. r. Muth, of Cincinnati — that is, to
spray the combs with salicylic acid in solu-
tion. As yet we have not reached any defi-
nite conclusion in regard to it. We have
also under contemplation Frank Cheshire's
phenol cure. There are so many factors
which must be taken into consideration, and
which, in spite of us, seem determined to
upset our efforts in getting exact results,
that we will not report just at present.

FOUL BROOD, BY A. I. ROOT.

ALSO SOMETHING IN REGARD TO PUTTING UP AND
SHIPPING BEES BY THE POUND.

fHE friends will notice, perhaps, that
Ernest has told all about foul brood
in our apiary ; and he has covered the
ground so well that I have but a sin-
gle point to make. It is this : Al-
though we have been at work nearly a year
with this pestilence, there has at no time
been more than a few cells of foul brood in
a comb. Most cases that we have treated
by fire have had only from three or four to
a dozen cells in tiie hive. In fact, all the
foul brood that has been in our apiary has
done no damage practically whatever. Our
colonies are strong, healthy, and prosperous.
They had never wintered so well in the
world as last winter. One might ask, "What
is the use of making all this fuss for noth-
ing?" I reply, "Only that we may by no

possibility send foul brood to any of the
rest of you.'" Finding only two or three
cells in the Swamp Apiary was enough to
condemn it. so far as using the bees to fill
orders was concerned. When we succeed
in stopping this occasional breaking-out of
it we may accomplish something of benefit
to the world. From what I have seen of it,
I think it quite likely that it might be a con-
siderable time before it protluces any effect
so far as honey-gathering is concerned at all.
If we use none of our bees and queens,
how% then, do we fill orders V Well, the re-
sponsibility fell fiist on Neighbor II.,
whose apiaries are several miles distant.
When we began to draw on his apiaries,
however, until they seemed in danger of
ruining his stock by taking away too many
bees, we were obliged to hunt up nice stock
among our neighbors. He found a place a
few miles away, where there were nice bees,
originally from our own stock, and I asked
him to give an account of his trip, which he
does as follows :

D. L. .JONES'S apiary; the ROADS, ETC.

After making- many promises to visit Jones's apia-
ry (not D. A. Jones, of Canada, but D. L. Jones, of
Le Ro\-, O.), I started with a buggy full of bee-
cages, and about the time I started it began to
rain; and as the honest farmers had been working
out their tax due the State of Ohio, when it was so
wet that they could not work anywhere else, I had
the full benefit of our now system of road-makjng.
I found a nice pile of sods scraped up in the center
of the road, that looked like a row prepared to set
out sweet potato plants. As T had but one horse
it was impossible to drive in the center of the road.
I had to go on one side, with two wheels on the
ridge and two in the ditch, with one side of the
buggy two feet higher than the other. Don't do so
any more, brother farmers of the State of Ohio. We
can afford to be cheated out of the tax, better than
the suffering public can afford to bump over the
roads after you have scraped sods in them.

But I got there after a while, and found an apia-
ry of 37 colonies of nice bright Italians. The hives
were in three rows, on a well-kept lawn, and so full
of bees that it was nothing but fun to put up
pounds of bees. I got to work just as the noon
whistle blew, and at 15 minutes past one I had ffi
pounds of bees and 12 queens tacked up in 23 sep-
arate cages.

This is the moral that Bro. Root wants you to
draw from this story: That, with the modern
appliances for handling bees it does not take long
to weigh and put up quite a good many orders,
provided you have the bees and the tools to do it
with. H. B. Harrington.

Medina, O., June 20, 1887.

There is just one point I wish to make in
Neighbor it.'s communication above. Some
years ago Mr. II. A. Burch gave as a reason
for not filling his orders, that he had so
many of them he could not get around to all
his business, and it was out of the question
to find competent help to put up the bees
and send them off. Mr. Horn has lately
made the same or a similar plea. Now, I do
not want to be uncharitable, but I can not
tmderstand how any man could ever be
swamped by having too much business, es-
pecially business where he gets cash before

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

519

he sends off liis goods. Now, then, to the
point : Neiglibor H. drove several miles
away from home, jumped out of his buggy,
put lip 23 separate packages of bees contain-
ing queens, and did it all in 7.5 minutes. I
do not believe I could do half as well as that
myself. You see, lie had to open the hives,
hiint the queens, shake the bees from the
combs, weigh out the retjuired amount, be
sure the queens were put in, then close up the
hive. Simplicity hives and metal-cornered
frames were probably a large factor in en-
abling him to do this. Suppose, now, a
man should have such a run of business
that lie had four or five hundred dollars'
worth of ordeis for bees and queens on hand
at once. How long would it take him to fill
them all, providing he had the bees and
(jueens from which to fill orders V The
above also speaks well for the cages, tunnel,
and other arrangements that I invented
several years ago for the purpose of making
this kind of buying and selling possible.
The 23 cages of bees which he put up in an
hour and a quarter are worth over $50, at
our regular retail prices.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

Published Semi- Mo tit hi >/.

J^. I. I^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

^WEEXJI^ST-fi., OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbing Bates, See First Page of Reading Matter.

Blessed is the man unto whom the Loid imputeth not In-
iqiiily, and in whose spirit there is no guile.— Psalm 32:2.

Our subscription-list now numbers 7491, a gain of
177 within the last month. Thanks.

GLEANINGS AS AN ADVEKTlSINCi MEDIUM.

We are pleased to append the following from one
of our advertisers. With our large and increasing
subscription-list, a responsible advertiser, who of-
fers good goods at reasonable prices, can hardly
fail to bi'ing some sort of return. If you do not
hear from your adv't, either your goods are not in
demand or the price is too high.

The little advertisement in Gleanings of June 1st brought
me orders for queens from ten State.* — Pennsylvania. New
York, Virginia, New Jersey, Michigan. Ulinois, Iowa, Kansas,
Nebraska, and Ohio, and 1 have been compelled to send some
queens that I did not wish to, and could not well afford to, in
order to fill orders. It seems that, from the orders received,
Gleanings is a good advertising medium. Please announce
that I have no more queens at i>resent. Elias Cole.

Ashley, Ohio. .lune 24. 1887.

WATERBURY WATCHES— A NEW ARRANGEMENT.

The manufacturers have recentlj' decided not to
allow anybodj^ to offer Watcrbury watches as pre-
miums for getting up clubs, or for any other pur-
pose. The new arrangement is, that all Water-
bury watches shall be sold for *3..50 each, no more,
no less. This is to be the price of one or the price
of a hundred. Bona-flde dealers in watches get
wholesale prices, as a matter of course; but all
dealers are to buy of the factory direct, and no
middlemen. The watch, in its recently perfected

state, is simply a wonder for the insignitlcant price
of J!:J..50. For my own use as a timepiece 1 would
rather have it than any watch I ever before carried,
at any price, and 1 have carried watches that cost
$100 or more. All the Watcrbury watches we sell
are tested by myself individually, by carrying each
watch in my jiocket one whole 34 hours.

THE HONEY-CROP FOR 1H87.

At this writing, June 30, the entire yield from
white clover has been a little more than enough to
keep up brood-rearing; and reports from other
localities are, as a rule, a good deal the same.
Basswood opened a little earlier, and is now nearly
in its height, and honey is coming in fairly; but it
is hardly probable there will be a full crop in many
localities. In view of this I think I would not be in
haste to get rid of nice honej'.

.JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

Now is the time to sow buckwheat for grain and
for honey, in most localities. It is true, it can be
sown later, and give a crop of grain if the frost
holds off ; but it is always more or less risky. Bet-
ter get it in some time in July, if you can. We have
an acre of the Japanese that is looking beautiful
now in the morning sun. The first leaves are about
the size of a quarter-dollar, and the piece, to me, is
a thing of beauty when I first get up in the morn-
ing. We have secured another lot of the seed, and
can furnish it at the prices given in our issue of
June 1, page 447. Buckwheat does nicely on ground
where early potatoes have been dug. Every bee-
keeper should test his locality for buckwheat, and I
think it will pay him to make a small test of all the
ditt'erent varieties. Buckwheat can almost always
be got in on land from which a crop has just been
taken, so it costs comparatively nothing, except
preparing the soil and sowing the seed. With us it
pays to make the ground rich, and work it up ex-
tremely fine.

MB. THOMAS HORN.

I uo not see but that we shall be obliged to have
an article with the above heading in every issue
for some time to come, I hope, however, the
articles may grow shorter and shorter. As we go to
press, not one single individual has written us that
he has received a note from Mr. Horn. A letter
from his vicinity, however, informs us he has had
bad luck, and left the place to hunt for work. We
might have supposed that Mr. Horn meant to be
straightforward and square, but was simply un-
fortunate. His recent positive statement, however,
to the effect he had sent notes to all he was owing,
when he hadn't sent any note at all, seems to indicate
he is not now (if he ever has been) even a truthful
man. This seems to put rather another phase on
the matter of first receiving the advertisement of a
dishonest man and a swindler. In that view of the
case I feel as if I ought to make some arrangement
with the friends who have lost by sending him
orders. It may be well, however, to wait a little.
Meanwhile, is it indeed true that not one of you, my
friends, have received even a note from Mr. Horny

MR. K. P. KIDDER.

We have had quite a few inquiries in regard to
the standing and responsibility of this gentleman;
but 1 am glad to say that we have had no com-
plaints from any one who has ever sent to him for
goods. Many of his advertisements, however,
promise a good deal for only a small sum of money.

520

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

We have sent him the money once or twice, to see
whether his goods caaic up to representation. The
money was returned, sayinji' he was at present out
of the article. The advertisement below we find in
the Farm and Fireside, Springfield, O.

TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS A YEAR KEEPING BEES

on new plan, and no .stings. Also, how to raise good pork at

2 cts. a pound, net, without grain. Particulars sent tree.

Address K. P. Kidder.

Burlinglon, \'t.

The heading is, as you must admit, exceedingly
taking, and we wrote at once and asked Mr. Kidder
to please give us further particulars; and as the
pork we raise costs us quite a bit more than 3 cts.
a pound, we are quite anxious to learn all about
the new plan. Up to date, however, no reply has
come to hand. Have any of our i-eaders been more
successful?

IS THE nEE-STING USED FOR ANY f)THEK PURPOSE
THAN AS A WEAPON OF DEFENSE?

Our good friend M. H. Tweed, of Allegheny City,
Pa., sends us the following, clipped from the Pitts-
burg Chronicle of June 7:

At a meeting of the Physiological Society iif Berlin, it was
given out as a fact, that, when tlie bee has tilled his r-ell. and
has eomiih'ted the lid, a droii id furmic acid, dhtii incd from
the iioisou liag rviniiectcd with the sting, is added (u tlic honey
by perforating the lid with the sting. This fcnnic acid pre-
serves honey and every other s'igar solution from fermenta-
tion. Most of the insects that have a stinging apparatus simi-
lar to that of bees are collectors and storers of honey, so that
the sting has a double function— it is a weapon and a pickle.

We are not much acquainted with the Physiologi-
cal Society of Berlin, but it seems to me they had
better be sure their facts are facts before they give
them out. The item above will probably have some
such a run as did Prof. Wylie's " scientific pleasant-
ry;" but until somebody can give us some positive
facts, gleaned from direct observation, we shall re-
fuse to believe that honey needs to be pickled, and
that the bees use their stings to pickle it before it
will keep without fermentation in the hive.

STILL ANOTHER BEE-BOOK.

We have just received from Ivar S. Young, of
Christiana, Norway, a copy of his work on bee cul-
ture, entitled "Practical Manual of Bee Culture."
The book contains 100 pages, 5x6 inches in size,
German type. The printing is exquisitely beauti-
ful—in fact, the best we have seen in any bee-book,
with the exception of Frank Cheshire's. In the
book there are 61 cuts of the highest order of en-
graving, printed to correspond. Those represent-
ing the different parts of the bee, as well as those
showing parts of bee-plants, are beautiful indeed.
One thing which seems odd to American bee-keep-
ers is the "heavy part" which straw plays in the
apiculture of Europe, even as far north as those
countries intersected by the Arctic circle. On the
other hand, some of the most universally adopted
principles of American apiculture are alluded to
by our European friends more as things of curiosi-
ty than as something demanding serious attention.
In one respect, however, we think they are far be-
hind the age; and that is, in the use of the tobacco-
pllie while handling swarms of bees. Here, at
least, we are sure tobacco is a detriment; and
would it not be .lust as well, friends, not to go to
the expense of engraving so useless an appendage,
even though you should prefer to use it while work-
ing in the apiarj? The price of the book is not
stated. The language is Norwegian.

bees and flies on the WINDOWS.

My friend, are there any dead bees or dead tiies
lying on the sill of any of your windows, in the
house, garret, down cellar, on the window of your

honey-house, the windows of your shop, barn, or
any out-buildings that contain windows? If so, let
me tell you that it Is against the laws of God, if not
the laws of man, to let the little creatures die thus,
when the matter is so simply remedied. Raise the
window just enough so the bees can creep under
the lower edge of the sash, and they will get out
themselves. The same is true of files. A great
many times I have seen big green flies spotting and
soiling the windows badly, when just a little aper-
ture at the bottom of the sash would let them out
Into the open air. Why, it is a pleasure to me to
raise the windows just a little, and let the bees,
flies, and other insects shoot out and enjoy their
God-given liberty. Another thing, it is painfully
untidy to me to see dead insects accumulating on
window-sills. I presume that, as a matter of course,
a good wife will take care of the windows in the
house unless it is some room that you claim espe-
cially for your own. But please do take time
enough yourself to see to the other buildings I
have mentioned. When I go into any of the rooms
of our factory, and see a great lot of bees on the
window-sill that have buzzed themselves to death
while big men and women stood right near day aft-
er day, who could not take time or thought enough
to let them out, it has almost made me feel indig-
nant. I try to attend to all of these things; but
sometimes when we have severe storms it is neces-
sary to shut the windows clear down, and after
that nobod.y seems to take pains to open them un-
less I see to it personally. Now take a careful look,
will you? and see if there are any windows that are
murdering and torturing God's creatures in your
vicinity. As a matter of dollars and cents it will
also pay .you, for it is a great deal cheaper to let out
the insects than It is to scrub off the stains that
they make on the glass; for 1 suppose every win-
dow gets scrubbed once in a year or two, (?) if not
oftener.

gPECI^Ii ]S[0¥ICEg.

honey-jumbles.

The last ten barrels of these delicious cakes for
lunch are greatly superior to any thing we have
had heretofore. The manufacturers seem to have
beaten themselves this time. As tasting Is, how-
ever, much ahead of any description, we will send
a dozen by mail, as samples, on receipt of 20 cts. If
you want more, you can have a whole barrel for an
even *5.00.

FULL COLONIES AND NUCLEI AT GREATLY RE-
DUCED PRICES.

The bees and nuclei referred to on page 347,
issue for June 1, will be sold during this month at a
discount of 10 per cent from prices given there.
This will make a full colony of full-blooded Italians
for only f4..50, and a two-frame nucleus, tested
queen, $1.8(1. Surely they should all go off' nt these
prices where anybody is in want of bees. Remem-
ber, this offer is onl.v on this special lot, to be
shipped from Quitman, Nodaway Co., Mo. We
guarantee them to be fully up to representation.

circuIjARs received.

The following have sent us their price lists:

Stair^iS Cather, Ashville, Ala., send us a 4-page list of I lalian
ciueens.

H. H. Brown, Light Street. Pa., sends us his list of queens.
bees, foundation, etc.

J. H. Houaril, H(dnic, England sends us two catalogues of
ever.v thing iii itaining to bee culture. They are very attract-
ively printed, one being lithographed.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

521

3F0B^CC© (^dhUm-

TOBACCO AND THE HONEY-TRADE; FALSEHOOD
VERSUS TRUTH.

T HAVE taken iniich interest in your Tobacco
lat ^^olumn. If our papers over the country gen-
^l erally were as ready to publish such solid j
■*■ truths in regard to the evil effects of tobacco, ]
and keep them before their readers as they are i
the slanderous report about the manufacturing- of i
artificial honey, they would confer an evei-lasting
blessing upon mankind and womankind. I say
womankind, because, with us, the snutf-box with
very man.v of the women is as indispensable as to-
bacco in its other forms is with most of the men. '
Surely, if more such stubborn facts as given in this
timely piece were known throughout the land there
would be a wonderful let-up in the use of this vile {
stuff. On the other hand, so much has been said of j
late about the adulteration of honey, that, again j
and again, right in our little town of Uvalde, where
honey is comparatively- cheap (extracted 5 to 7 cts.),
and sugar high, about 10 cts. per lb., have I heard
my brother bee-keepers accused of selling "nothing <
but sugar" for extracted honey, and no doubt the
same has often been said of me. Last fall I found
much difficulty in trying to sell nice white section
honey among the people in a neighboring city, put
up in the 12-lb. Heddon shipping-crates bought of
you, simply because many of them thought it im-
possible for the bees to do such work, and that
surely it must be some of that manufactured hon-
ey they had so often read about. It is useless to
tell them what any sane person ought to know, that
we can't afford to buy sugar for 10 cts. and sell it for
7, or that A. I. Root, one of the largest bee-supply
men in the world, has a standing offer of $1000 to
any person who will just show him the place where
comb honey is manufactured. What a power is the
press' and if it would only take up the refrain of
Gleanings' Tobacco Column, what a revolution
would in time spread over our mighty land ! Allow
me also to commend Gleanings for its many time-
ly articles devoted to our health and homes.
Uvalde, Texas, May 24, lJi87. J. D. Felix.

Be of good cheer, friend F. I know how
foolishly stubborn the world seems to be in
this matter of the adulteration of honey ;
but light is breaking, and intelligent people
are beginning to rebuke these slanderous
falsehoods whenever they are heard.

fell on my knees and pi-ayed, " Father, forgive me.
1 have sinned." Relief came to my troubled soul,
and I arose from my knees a new man at heart. I
then determined to give up the use of a thing that
cost me so much. I have been without the weed
for nearly two months, and T have now not much
longing for the stuff'. A. H. Austen.

Mason, Texas, May 7, 1887.

the evil tendencies OV tobacco ir,LUSTRATEI>.
HOW one VICE LEADS TO ANOTHER.

I have been a user of tobacco for about one year
steady, and four years off and on. I tried to quit
several times, but my appetite for the weed over-
came the desire to quit its use. My eyes soon be-
gan to hurt, and I lost 10 lbs. in weight in less than
a month, and I never felt well. This feeling made
me want stronger stimulants, and I took to drink-
ing whiskj', and going to dance parties. I stopped
going to church and all religious worship, and was
going down hill as fast as I could go. About April
13th I went to prayer-meeting and was convicted of
mj' sin. I went home deeply troubled. My troub-
les lasted all next day: but a little after night,
when in my room, something seemed to whisper,
"This may be your last chance; heed not the call,
and the door may be closed for ever." 'Twas then I

A neighbor bee-keeper of mine came in the oth-
er day to buy some queens. When about to leave
he said, " I liave quit chewing tobacco. 1 have not
taken a chew in three weeks, and I have been a
constant user of it for over fifty years. With God's
grace to sustain me, I do not expect to use it any
more."

"And you will pay for a smoker if you doV" I said.

" I will," he replied.

Please send him a smoker and a copy of Glean-
ings that you put this in, to David Hughes, Hack-
berry, Lavaca Co., Tex. J. K. Mullin.

Oakland, Texas, May 9, 1887.

I have been chewing tobacco, but have quit. If I
ever chew or smoke again, I will send you 70 cents
for the smoker. F. L. Sufpern.

Voorhies, HI., April 19, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco, and will never use
it again. If I ever use it again I will pay for the
smoker. J. W. Tribble.

Prescott. Ark., May 5, 1887.

If your offer of a smoker holds good to non-sub-
scribers, please send one, as I promise to abstain
from the use of tobacco, and to pay for the smoker
if I use it again. Theo. B. Hendrickson.

Springdale, Pa., May 16, 1887.

.joining the ranks of many.

I have been a smoker ever since childhood; and
seeing so many giving- up the habit I will say that 1
promise to quit; and if ever I smoke again I will
pay you for smoker you send. W. V. Johnson.

Fairmount, Ark., April 13, 1887.

As 1 am in the apiary business, and have been an
inveterate smoker of the weed, I claim a smoker of
you. I promise I will never use the poison again;
but if I do I will pay you your price in full for the
smoker. J. B. Mayo, M. D.

Bear, Montgomery Co., Ark., Apr. 13, 1887.

the boy who signed the pledge.

I am the boy you gave the smoker to, and am 14
years old. I signed your pledge last fall and I have
kept it. I will try to get some more boys who chew
tobacco to sign the pledge if I can. R. Reed.

Jolietteville, Ind.. June 3, 1887.

I think you are the means of doing a great
amount of good as a reformer. My brother has
stopped smoking. Will you send me a smoker? He
desires it to be sent to me. If he ever smokes
again I will pay for the smoker.

Prairie City, 111., May 7, 1887. COKA A. Castle.

QUIT USING AT .51 YEARS OF AGE.

You may send a smoker to Thos. Harden. He
has (juit using the weed, at .51 years of age, so I
think he deserves one to strengthen his resolu-
tion. If he resumes I'll see that you get your pay.
Our bees are storing honey rapidly.

Mrs. Maggie Goodrich.

Rock Falls, Tex., May 4, 1887.

-522

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

-J V LY

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. In this de-
partment, or we will not bo responsible tor any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange, hives, sections, frames,
crates, etc. (either flat or nailed), for white
paint, box nails, foundation, belting, or any thing
1 can use. Send for free catalogue. 9-ll-13d

C. W. COSTELLOW, Waterboro, Me.

EGGS for hatching.— Wyandottes, Polands, Ham-
burgs, and Leghorns, in exchange for section
bo.\es, or foundation. Circulars free.
4tfdb. A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange English lop-ear rabbits,
Guinea pigs, and water-spaniel dog pups for
bees by the pound. F. Grossman,

lltfdb Kamms. Cuyahoga Co.. O.

WANTED.— To exchange a "Star" bicycle for
bees. Just the horse for a bee-keeper. 1313d
Box 37.5. C. H. Smith, Pittstield, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian and hybrid bees
in Simplicity hives for a first-class 50inch
bicycle. D. S. Bassktt,

12tfdb Farnumsville, Wor. Co., Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 organett, 1 German ac-
cordeon, for bees by the pound, or full colony.
Make offers, and address S. F. Reed,

13tfdb N. Dorchester. N. H.

WANTED.- 1 will exchange tested or untested
purely bred Italian queens for a microscope
or telescope. A. P. Stair,

13d Whitney, St. Clair Co., Ala.

WANTED.— To exchange for 3-f rame nuclei with
tested queen, pure Italians or Holy-Land bees,
one 61nch Pelham foundation mill, complete, with
dipping-tank. Give prices of bens.
13d Address F. Thiele. Caroline, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange a bee-keeper's complete
printing outfit, for a Barnes hand-power circu-
lar rip saw, Barnes foot lathe, or anything useful
of equal value. M. W. Shepherd,

13d Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— A situation in some apiary; 10 years'
practical experience in bee culture. Guaran-
tee satisfaction in my work.
13d L. Werner, Edwardville, 111.

FOR SALE CHEAP!

35 colonies of Italian bees in 8-franie hives, L.
frame, with untested queen, $.5.00 each; tested
queen, f5..50; with hybrid queen, *4.50. Two-frame
nuclei with untested (jueen, $2.00 each. The bees
are in good condition. Also mj' 8-frame hive for
comb honey, complete hive, or arranged for comb
houej', including body, bottom-board, v^-story cover,
8 brood-frames, 1 section case, 1 sink honey-board,
all complete, no paint, for only fl.40. 13d

J. M. KINZIE, Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

UNTESTED ITALIAN QUEENS.

Single queen (55 cts.; 5 for *3.00; 13 for *6.50. Bees
per pound, same price. I. R. (iOOI),
IStfdb Nappanee, Ind.

An 80-acre farm in Franklin Co., 111. About 60
acres in cultivation, 3 good wells, 'A mile from
school, 3 miles from P. O., .5'/^ miles from Co. seat.
For particulars as to price, address John W. Lillie,
Ewing College, 1 II., or to me here. 13tfd

JOHN A. LlLLlE, Raton, Colfax Co., N. Mex.

DABAHT'S rOTODATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

F"or the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this because there is hardly value
enough to these queens to pay for buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock ; and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have some fine mismated Italian queens from
imported mothers, to sell at 50 cts. each, and guar-
antee safe arrival. W. A. Sanders,

Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

I have a lot of hybrid and mismated Italian queens
that I will sell at 40 nts. each, or 3 for $1.00.

J. M. Kinzie, Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

I am requeening my apiary of Italian bees, and
will sell queens at .50 cents apiece. Satisfaction and
safe arrival guaranteed. Harry G. Camp,

Winona, Col. Co., O.

I have ten good hybrid queens for sale at 50 cts.
each; five to one address, $3.00. 1 will also sell
virgin Italian and hybrid queens at twenty-five and
fifteen cents each. W. E. Morrison,

Alvinston, Ont., Can.

1 will sell black queens for 35 cents and hybrids
for 40 cents, by return mail. Wings clipped, and
raised in 1886. Geo. L. Ferris,

Five Corners, Cay. Co., N. Y.

Bi>ACK and Hybrid Queens For Sale.— Black,
35 cents; hybrid, 40 cents; mismated, 45 cents.

W. G. Hayen, Pleasant Mound, III.

Pure Italian Bees & Queens for Sale.

Untested queens, 75 cents each ; 3 for $3.00. Tested
queens. $ I. .50 each; 3 for $4.(X). Full colony in Sim-
plicity hive, $5.00. Three-frame nucleus with un-
tested queen, $3.00; with tested queen, $3.50. Safe
arrival guaranteed. If you think they are not pure,
send your address and I will send you a sample.
Queens for sale in July and August. Address or
call on 13d BEN. J. COLE, Reno, W^sh. Co., O.

Bees at Living Prices.

Pure Italians and hybrids with untested queen,
$1.35 per pound; with tested queen. $l.T5per pound.
Send for price list. W. S. DORMAN,
13d Mechanicsville, lo'wa.

ITALIAN QCEENS.

Reared from one of A. I. Root's very best six-dol-
lar selected tested imported (jueens, and from the
purest and best of home-bred cjueeus, and the cells
built and hatched in full colonies. Warranted
queens, $1.00; five for $4.00. Warranted queens rear-
ed by natural swarming, $1 50; two for $2.50; tested
queens, $1.35. Selected tested queens, reared by
natural swarming to breed from, $3. .50. Safe arriv-
al and satisfaction guaranteed. Remit by registered
letter or money order, payable at Salem, O. 13d

!:<'. H. !Si(;ATTEK<;OOU, 1*. lU., AVinona, O.

UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE

1 will sell select tested Italian queens at $1.00 each,
by return mail prompt. Satisfaction guaranteed.
13d Walter S. Pouder, Grosbeck, Ham. Co., O.

THE NEBRASKA APIARY.

3-frame nucleus hybrid bees (all fra's containing
brood) with queens, $3.35; full colonies of bees in
one-story 10-fr. Simp, hives, $5.50; chatt' hives (see
in cut of apiary, Apr. 1.5th Gleanings), .$3 50; two-
story Simj). hives set up all complete and well paint-
ed, $1.75; 4I4X4I4 V-grooved sec. (less," than 500,'2ct.
each); per M.. $4..50. Photo of apiary " to boot " on
cash orders of $5,011 and over. J. M. YOl'NG,
IStfdb Rock Bluffs, Cass Co., Neb.

188?

GLEANINGS IN i5Ei<i CULTURE.

52?

Contents of this Number.

Alsike. When to Cut M~

Australia 540

KeeXock 547

Boes. Chilled 54»

Boiison Letter 534

Camera for IJrawipg 544

Uaiiiiolans 537

Carniolans and Italiaiu 643

Cell-protecti.rs 545, 547

Coniiis. Surplus 537

Cypiiau'. H!:,! Italiiins 5J3

Oooliitle's .Swar'pThe .ry-537

Drones. Xuinbor Caii^iit 541

Editorials 55()

Ext'g- froui .".roo.l Combs ..53:!

Falsi- Stall i;i. iits 54(i

Fo\il P.i\K><!. T.'Cin-e 54(1

FouiiilatiiM ill S.clious 535

FrauK's, Id". . i sible 538

(iilhooh-'H Visit 538

Harvesi in Micliiaau 532

Heads of Ciain 51«

Holl.yh..(k 549

Honey in Mississippi 541

lioney-Lunrd, Wotid zinc. ..635

HiiMSf lor Apiai-j' 531

Illustrations 544

Italians, Are they Best? 543

J,.-inK-stroth 547

Our Own Ai-iiary 555

(.lui'cn. Her Inlluonce 5S9

(.luoi'us Pi|)inu 645

lioot.L. C, hi> old Homo. 550

Hcrccn-doois, To Open 547

Soctiim.Last one in Sopor. 544
Sections in Wiilc; FraiiiL's. . .!i35

Sec-tions. Tn Push Out 53fi

Section^, |;(iii ]„.i Hour 550

Sljlt, il li< Ml iri.avd 555

Stiirv »illi :i Mural 539

Super ^priiiBS 643

Suo.'r. Shuck's Reversible.. 540

Sui)er, Two-part 540

Swa ruiin.!!:. Per-.sistcnt 547

Swai Miinj,-, I'll Tell When.. 533

Whisky anil Slniffs 541

Wl)ite-Vl(,\e!- Vield 533

Winler'ii in Cellar and out. 541
Winter'^ Pond's Exper'ts..544
Wire in Foundation 535

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS A SPECIALTY. Tested
•»• iiuet'iis ill .111 lie. $1.25 each. Untested, after .liuie
1st, 75c; S'x, $4.(10: twelve, :5;7.50. Bees bj- the Ih.,
75c; half It)., .5' e: 3 fr. nuclei after .Tune 1st, $3 00;
:M'r. nuclei with untested queen, $3.75. Circular
free. Acklross JOHN NEBEL & SON,

5-l(idb HiOH HlT>L, Mo.

PASj^poApp poxps

FOR ONK-POUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

This box has a bit ot " red
tape" attached to it to carr.\
it b.\ . It makes a sale ptick-
aye lor a single section ot
iiiiiie.v lor the cousuuicr to
euiTVjOr it can be packed in a
i ruuk, if lie wants. It can be
Djieiied in an instant. The
price of the box is 3 cts. each,
set up; in the Hat, 15 cts. for
10; package of 35, :iO els ; ¥1.00 per 100; or iJS.l.O per
101 0; 10,000, S80. If wanted by mail, add SI. 00 per
htaidred for postag-e. Colored lithof^rraph labi Is for
putting' on the side.^, two kinds, one for each side,
#3.00 per lOilO. A package ot 35, labeled on both
sides, as above, 50 cts. By mail, 30 cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. Wc have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
flat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting- them on.

Your name and address, and the kind of hone.y,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so doing- will be 30 cts. per
100; 250, .50 cts.; 500, 75 cts.: 1000, $1.00.

A. S. ROUT, Medina, Ohio.

Our Cartons for enclosing SecttoH Honey are thebeat&

lotvest priced in the market. Made in one uiece. Witli or without
Tape Handles. With Mica fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
frinted or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
hauejust put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fill orders promptly. Price IjiSt Free, Samples 6c.

li oz. GlnsStTars $5.25 per gross, including Corks <f La-
bels, 1 1-2 S( 2 gross in a Case, Catalogue of Honey tables free.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

Bees Clieaper Than Ever.

I have had charge of A. 1. Hoot's apiary for three
years. Have now started an apiary and am ready
to.fill., orders promptly. Untested queens, 75 cts.;
tested, $!. 00; select tested, fl.. 50. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, wm. p. kimber,
etfdb Medina Co. Medina, Ohio.

SHTPPINFCRATES

TSS BSST,

THE CHEAPEST.

Write for prices.
Itfdb

c:. B. L.t!:wis &. CO.,

^Vatertown, Wis.

T

FOE THE MANUFACTUHE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 22tfdb

A. F. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

Co.sts I<:s,<i ihdii '* friifn iicr irrcl:.

THE FIRST BQLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTARIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee ot its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weeldy i xcellcnt articles from leading bee-
keepers in the Ignited States and Csinada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currenc.v and stamps at par. Samples free.

1 put up speciahy rUH LADlCS'Pen and'PencU,

li Address CEORCE E. STEVENS,

j| Bookseller .-nj stationeh, Cincinn.\ti. Ohio.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent to all who applj-. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

Jhere is Some fun

And much sense in our beautiful chromo card de-
scribed on pages 83 and 112. Sense to tell people in
a neat way what you have to sell; and fun to take
in the money. Look it up, or address

J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.

Irtl'd

ONTESTEO ITALIAN QUEENS.

Single queen 05 cts.; 5 for
per pound, same price. I.
13tfdi)

?3.00; 13 for .^t5..'>0
R. GOOD,

Nappanee, Ind

Bees

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

528

GLEANINGS IN liEE CUJ/rURE.

July

CARNIOLANS.

GENTLEST, BEST HONEY-GATHERERS, AND

THE QUEENS THE MOST PROLIFIC OF

ANY KNOWN RACE.

Untested queens, each !?1 (10

Send foi- circular. Address

S. W. ItCOKRISON, m. D.,
Cbester Co. Oxford, Pa.

Mention this paper. IStfdb

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

1)

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

ESIRES to call attention to the t.vpographical
neatness and "get up " of his little book,

"THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY."

It is printed from new type (brevier); the matter
leaded; the paper is heavy, delicately tinted and
super-calendered; and the press-work is a "credit
to the craft." But it is the cover, which is bright-
yellow card-hoard, passed through a comb-founda-
tion mill, that has brought forth the most enthusi-
astic encomiums. The work is very nicely done,
and, at the first glance, the cover would almost be
taken for foundation; while the beautiful twig of
basswood upon the l>ack of the cover and the artis-
tic lettering upon the front, printed as they are up-
on a corrugated surface- all combine to give the
liook a peculiarly neat and tasty appearance.

Dr. A. B. Mason writes:— The cover is nice, print-
ing .ft/if, and contents grand.

Dr. C. C. Miller says:— Nothing less than a genius
would have gotten up that cover.

E. Kretchmer says:— It is a surprise, in style and
workmanship. Nothing could be added to im-
prove it.

Louis Werner writes:— Tt is the best bee-book I
ever had, and I do not see liow yon can print such
a neat book for so small a price.

James Heddon writes:— Your hook is a "dandy."
The "get up " is nowhere equaled. You have out-
done us all on the book problem, and 1 am glad of it.

Chas. Dadant & Son write:— The book is at hand,
and though we do not agree with all it contains, we
must say that it is as neat and tastefully gotten up
as any thing we ever saw.

The Bee-Keepers' Magazine says:— "The Produc-
tion of Comb Honey " 1.5 the title of a unique little
i.vork of 45 pages, by the pen of W. Z. Hutchinson.
Mr. Hutchinson struck a liappy idea v/hen he de-
signed the cover of his work.

Prof. Cook otfei-ed congi-atulations again and
again, saying:— It is decidedly the most unique lit-
tle tiling I have seen in a long time. Why, that
cover alone ought to sell it, to say nothing of the
good things inside.

The above are fair specimens of scores of similar
testimonials that I have received, nnsolicited.

{#" Reader, if you wish to see a little typograph-
ical "gem," send 25 cents for "The Production of
Comb Honey."— Stamps taken; either U. S. or Can-
adian.

Fine Italian Queens*, reared from best select-
ed, tested, imported mother, 75 cts. each, by return
mail.

Tested Italian Queens

REDUCED TO $1.00 EACH.

Untested. 75 cents each. Bred either from im-
ported Bellinzona (dark strain) or albino (liglit
strain), as preferred. (Jrders filled promptly, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. 9ttdb

Chas. D. Duvall, Spencerville, Mont. Co.. Md.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must s\Y you want your art. in tliis de-
partment, or we will not bu responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian and hybrid bees
In Simplicity hives for a flrst-class 50-inch
bicycle. D. S. Bassett,

IrJtfdb Farnumsville, Wor. Co., Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 organett, 1 German ac-
cordeon, tor bees by the pound, or full colony.
Make offers, and address S. F. Reed,

IStfdb N. Dorchester. N. H.

WANTED.— To exchange a Given foundation
press, the size is for Simplicity frames, for a
bicycle. 141516d Thos. Hartley, Oilman, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
Vi varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. 14tfdb A. H. Duff. Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange large hotel in good bus-
iness city near Des Moines, Iowa, worth $7000
cash, for small farm or city propertj', in good lo-
cality tor bees. For particulars address 14tfdb
J. A. OSBUN & Son, Knoxville, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange tested Italian queens at
$1.00 each, untested 80 cents, and bees at 80 cts.
per pound, for a good lever watch. 1415d

S. C. Perky, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich.

117 ANTED. —To exchange good colonies of bees in
VV 10-frame L. hives, for a new organ, western
land, potatoes, or any thing I can use. 14tfdb

J. V. Caldwell, Cambridge, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange bees, a Barnes com. saw
and set of carpenter's tools, for flrst-class bi-
cycle. 14d J. C. MiLLiMAN, Elk Grove, Wis.

WANTED.- To exchange pure-bred fox-hound
puppies or .$75.00 Baker gun. for colonies of
bees. Gun nearly new. B. Chase, Earlville, N. Y.

WANTED. — To exchange pure Italian bees in
Simplicity hives, for gun, heavy, lO-g. B. L.
shot-gun or repeating rifle, 32, 32, 88,40, or 44 caliber.
14d S. .1. Hall, Shiloh Hill, Rand. Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange new Centennial incuba-
tor, for Barnes' saw. Box 1, Mulberry, Pa.

POTATO BOXES

(TERRY'S).

These are made of
basswood, bound with
galvanized iron. The
galvanized iron gives
strength, and the
basswood strength
and lightness. These
hold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they are made especially for potatoes, they
can be used for fruit, vegetables, picking up stones
on the farm, and a thousand other purposes. When
piled one above the other, they protect the contents
from the sun and rain; and from their shape a
great many more bushels can be set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. They are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 25 c each; 10, $2.25; 100, »20.00. In the flat,
including nails and galvanized iron, $1.75 for 10;
100, $16..50: 1000, .$1.50.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

1887

GLfiANl^tGS IN BEE CtJLTUUfi.

51^9

Made to ordor, any lotifrth up to 20 inches. T snpcrs,
chatf hives, sind .'Jiipplies on hand and made to
order. Send for prices. S. D. BUELL,

CHOICE Italian QUEENS

65 CENTS.

< , lU. 4;04»I>M>KI<:D, Xhoru Hill,

Kox :il, Onoii. Co., IN. V.

MOORE'S RED-CLOVER ITALIANS!

READ THE FOLLOW^ING:

This cf'rtifics. that hist year I bonsht of .J. P.
Moore tuo colonies of Italian t)ees; and this scasou
I found them working on the tirst cropof red clover
in great niimtiei's. .iiist like a swarm.

.1. N. Kavensch.vft, Morgan, Ky., July 7, 1887.

Reduced prices: Warranted queens, each 75 cts.;
:> tor $3.00. Tested (jueens, $1.00 each. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free.
14-I6d J. P. inooRE:,

ITIorgaii, Pendleton <;o., Ky.

DADANT'S FOTODATIOM FACTORY, WHOLESALE AND
KRTAIT.. See advertisement in another column.

Cast) for Beeswax!

Will pay :^0c i)er lb. cash, or 2oe in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our K. K. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 25c per lb., or 2Sc for heat
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
us b3' mail of amount sent, I can not hold mysc^lf
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Ohio.

COEVl^ON SENSE

Automatic Door -Check.

SOMETHING THAT EVERY GOOD HOUSEWIFE
HAS BEEN LOOKING FOR.

Who has not felt the need of
some simple and effective dc
vice for holding a door at anj
desii'ed position? Many times
> on want to let in a vef.y small
amount of air, and it is difficult
to fasten the door .just where
you want it. Many people use
a couple of bricks, but these
are unhandy, and ungainly look-
ing things.

The accompanying cut shows
the nicest thing i'or the purpose
we have ever found. It is verj-
simple, and yet very effective.
It is attached to the corner of
the door with four screws. You
place your door just where you
want it and press your toe on
the upper end, pressing it hai-d
against the floor. In the mean-
time the small dog catches it
and holds it there and vour door
is securel.v fastened. When you
want to "release it lo shut or
open the door, simply touch
.\our toe to the dog, and the
spring insid(! i^re.'^ses the cen-
ter bar up out of the way. The
lower end has a rubber caj) in
serted so that it may be used
on a carpeted floor, or even on
a nice hard-tinished floor, with-
out in,iurj'.

If you trj- one you will want one lor e\ery door
in your house. The price is only 35 cts.; by mail,
postpaid, 45 cts.

A. 1. ROOT, Medina, Oliio.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to di.spose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as belnw. We do this bec'use there is hardly value
enough to these queens to pay for buying them up and keep-
ing I hem in stock; and yet if is often'.imes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I am requeeningmy apiary of Italian bees, and
will sell queens at 50 cents apiece. Satisfaction and
safe arrival guaranteed. Hakry G. Camp,

Winona, Col. Co., O.

I have one black queen for .sale at 25 cents. Mis-
mated Italians, or hybrids, 50 cts.

K. H. Bailey, Ausablc Forks, N. V.

Black and hybrid queens for sale; black, 15 cts.;
hybrid, 35 cts.; mismated, 40 cts.

W. G. Hayen, Pleasant Mound, Bond Co., 111.

For Sale.— 3 mismated Italian queens, at 50 cents
each. Safe arrival guaranteed.

Chas. McClave, New London, O.

During the latter part of July I will sell 40 hybrid
queens at 35 cts., or five for a dollar. All of '86 and
'87 rearing. Stamps taken. Satisfaction guai-an-
teed. L. H. Robey,

Worthlngton, Marion Co., W. Va.

I have some fine mismated Italian queens for sale
at 40 and 50 cts. each J. W. Shely,

Nicholasville, Ky.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS

The T super was received July 3, and in good con-
dition. I never saw much nicer lumber. The tins
are " dandies." Accept thanks. W. A. Lawrence.

Wayland, N. Y., July 4, 1887.

THE double-wheel HOES.

The Planet Jr. double-wheel lioe, cultivator, and
plow came to hand in good order one week from the
day it was ordered. It gives perfect satisfaclioiL
My three bo\ s delight working with it.

Pittsburgh, Pa., June 21, 1S87. T. C. Davis.

THE WHEEIjBARKOW.

The two wheelbarrows I ordered of you came ail
right, in ,iust 7 da.\ s from the time I sent the order,
in splendid condition We are well pleased with
them. I don't know how such a neat little barrow
cau be made for $4 00. I would not take $5.00 for
mine. Bees are working on basswood very lively.

Morristown, Ind., June 20, 18s7. M. Talbekt.

A HOUSEHOLD NECESSITY.

Gle.vnings has come to be a household necessity
with us. Mrs. L. says we can not do without it, and
my little girl i.s much interested in the young folks'
department. I got a good deal of help from all de-
partments in the matrazine, and I will sa.v, with Mr.
Pond, that you will never know here how much
good you are doing. W. B. Longley.

Norridgewock, Me., May 13, 1887.

IN DEFENSE OF OUK GOODS; THAT WAX-E.\TRACT-
OR.

I was reading in Gle.anings, page 387. 1887, a lit-
tle complaint against you and your goods from P.
Schons. I don't see how he got such a bad wax-ex-
tractor as he said he did. fori purchased one of you
in 1881). It worked like a charm. In place of losing
5 lbs. of wax, as Mr. S. said he did, I am fully satis-
tied that I gained 10 lbs. in using the extractor in
place of extracting the old way. And he complains
of his goods coming too late'. In regard to that, I
purchased goods of you in 188t). They came four
days sooner than I expected them to come, and I
told you to send them by express, which you did. I
did not ask you to mark them as corn, as Mr. S.
would like you to mark his goods. I have always
found you square in your dealings. An.v one who
is making complaint of you is doing more than I
can do. John H. Pence.

Terre Haute, Ohio, June 13, 1887.

530

gLeaKings m BEi: cuLtUKl:.

JULY

peNEY C6MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

St. Louis.— Hone;/.— We quote choice comb 8@.10
ets.; latter is foi- choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained in bhls., liiitcM cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and In No. 1 packages, ^i cent advance
oh above. Extracted in bbls., ikfJ^^Vi cts.; in cans,
5 cts. Market dull and receiptH increasing.

Beeswax steady at 'Zl cts. for prime.

.Tuly 11. D. G. TuTT & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St.. St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— Honey.— The crop of 1886 has been ex-
hausted, 90 far as this market is concerned, in coinb
honey. A little of the new crop has come forward
and sold at 1.5(« 16c in one-pound sections. Quite a
quantity could be sold now in a small way. Ex-
tracted, 5(0, To. Beeswax, 33c. R. A. Burnett,

July 9. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.— Ho?iej/. —Demand is fair for the
season for nice comb honey and extracted in square
glass .iars and tin buckets for table use. There is
also a good demand from manufacturers for dark
grades of extracted honey. Prices for comb honey
are nominal, no new being in our market as yet.
Extracted brings liff'Tc per lb. on arrival. Beeswax
is in good demand and brings 30(«i33c per lb. on ar-
rival for good to choice yellow.

July 9. Chas. F. Muth & Son.

Cincinnati, ().

CoIjUMBUS.— HoK*-!/ — The honey market in this
section of Ohio will no doubt be very good for
shippers, as all this section of country, so far as 1
can learn from the best sources, will he very scarce,
and no doubt a large quantity can be sold here. 1
shall. not have anywhere near "enough to supply my
demands, and 1 should like to hear from all those
having- quantities. Prices rule about as follows:
Extracted, 8(3) lOc; comb, pure white clover, ITjC'ISc.
No new honey in as yet.

July 9. " Eaul Clickenger,

117 S. 4ih St., Cohirabus, <).

Detroit.— Hone;/.— New honey in small lots, nice-
ly put up, brings VZ% cts., and likely to improve in
price, as the crop iq, Michigan is short. Bees}rax,2iic.

July 13. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Boston.— ifoRcy— We have no change in prices
to report. Sales very light. Fancy white extracted
in good demand, with a very limited supply.

July 11. Blake & Kipi.ey,

57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Kansas CiTV.— Hdnej/. —There is no new honey
in our market yet. Can't give quotations. Beeswax,
ISftiSflc. CIjEMONS, Ci.oon & Co.,

July 11. Kansas Cit3', Mo.

Philadelphia.— /ioHci/.— No movement, nominal.
Beeswax, quiet; white, 26@28; choice yellow,
33@,24; common, 18@30; dark, 16^;18.
July 13. Pancoast & Griffiths.

Philadelphia, Pa.

St. Louis.— Hojiei/.— Think the old stock of honey
Is pretty well closed out; some few lots still on
the market. White clover, 1-lb. sections, as to qual-
ity, 80' 10c; extracted, clover, bbls., 4(5/ nc; cans,
5(5)5;4c. Southern honey, some new coming in; ex-
tracted, in bbls..o!4c; sold ,50*10 lbs. to-day. Beeswax,
21c; original selected, 33'4c.

July II. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

108 and 110 Market St., St. Louis, J[o.

For Sale!

16 H. I». IJPKItJHT Tl BILAR BOILKR.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
gauges, etc. Price on board cars, $350. UO. f3tfdb
WAITS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

IABANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. ritfbd

STANLEY'S

Special Offer for July,

See Gleanings, July 1, Page 493.

UNTESTED ITALIAN QUEENS.

Cells built in full colonies. Single queen, 60 cts.
6 for S3.25; 13 for S6.00.
14tfdb 1. GOOD, Sparta, Teiiii.

FOR SAIjE.— Over 100 colonies of bees, that have
averaged $10.00 per colony for four j^ears. With
good local supply trade. Situated in the county
seat of Uvalde t'o. Correspondence solicited.
]4-1.5d D. M. EDWARDS, Uvalde, Uvalde Co., Tex.

Highest Quality Italian Queens

at LiOAvest Price*. Untested, 75 cts. Selected
tested, reared in 1886, $1..50; 3-fr. nucleus with un-
tested queen, $3.01); with tested queen, $3.50. Bees,
.50 cts. per lb. FEANK M. BALDWIN, Marion, Ind. 14-1.5d

Beautiful Italian Queens.

J. F.Wood wishes to inform the readers of Gi-ean-
iNGS that he is now tilling all orders promptly for
those golden queens, that have given universal sat-
isfaction to all his customers the past two seasons,
at 75 cts. each. I use no lamp iiursery. Do not fail
to send for my 1887 circular. Address 14-15-16d

JAMES r. WOOD, North Prescott, Mass.

ITALIAN QUEENS

■ From Selected Moth-
ers. Warranted, $1. Select tested, $3. Bees, per
lb., 75c. 3-franie nuclei, with tested queen, $3. Full
colonies in Sim. hive, $6. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Fifteen years' practical experience.
14d CHAS. McCLAVE, New London, Ohio.

BEE-KEEPERS

Will And it to their interest to write to the Hub
Mfg. Co., New Hampton, lowii, and learn how
to keep their honey-houses clear of bees, flies, etc.,
at S^a cents per window. Information free.

Italian Bees and Queens.

Full colonies, ifii.OO. Bees, per lb., 75 cts. Frame
of brood and bees. 75 cts. Tested queen, $1.25. Un-
tested, 75 cts. Mismated, 35 cts. Queens reared
from imported mother. MISS A. M. TAYLOR,
14tfdb Box 77. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

HEADQUARTERS IN ILLINOIS

For the Manufacture and Sale of

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

8 and 10 frame Simplicity hives furnished at a
great reduction in price. Nice sections and founda-
tion specialties. A full line of supplies always on
hand. Write for my new price list
13-1.5d P. M. ATWOOD, Riley ville. 111.

LOOKATTHIS!

My improved Smoker can be taken apart to clean
it by turning a button. Lay the tube on the coals
and let it burn out. The valve will come off in the
same way to clean. Send $1.00 for a Smoker and
see how well you will like it. 1 will please you or
return your money. I have tested it all of last
season in my apiary of 79 hives, and it gave perfect
satisfaction. If wanted by mail, add 35 cts. to pay
postage. Address W. H. SMITH,

!t-16b Brookton. Tompkins Co., N. Y.

Vo!. XT.

JULY 15, 1887.

No. 14.

TERMS: $1.00 Pek ANNUM, IN ADVANCE;! TT'o//^ 7> ZV c> 7> /3 /"Z 7 "M 1 Si 'V '^ ^ Clubs to different postoffices, NOT LESS
2Copiesfui-$1.90; 3torS2.75,5for$4.00; JZiOLll/UVLo fLt/U/ Vrl/ J. O t O . \ than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

" ■ ' "• • I U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-

I tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18

cts. per year extra. To all countries

L NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num
ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be
made at club rates. Above are all to

be sent to one postoffick.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLT BY

L I. ROOT, MEDINA. OHIO.

A HOUSE FOR THE APIARY.

VltOF. COOK GIVES US HIS IDEAS ON THE SUBJECT.

K. ROOT:— I have been giving' much thoug'ht
of liite to the plan for an ideal house for the
apiary. You will remember we talked of it
while you were here. 1 have also conferred
with such authorities as Messrs. Hutchinson,
Doolittle, Dr. Miller, Heddon, etc. It seems to me
that this is a question of exceeding importance, and
I wish to submit my drawings and reasons for this
plan for criticisms, that we may secure the very
best. The house is three stories— a cellar 7 ft. high;
first tloor 8 ft., and chamber 6 ft. at the lowest part.
The cellar is for wintering bees: the rooms above
are for honey, extracting, and shop; the chamber is
for storage. The cellar has two rooms. One, for
bees in winter, is 18 x 34 ft. This is entirely under
ground, with a good stone wall, grouted below and
plastered above, with a double floor grouted be-
tween — to secure against mice and cold alike, and
with the partition wall double, with double doors.
At the center of the partition wall a small chimney
runs from the bottom of the cellar up to and through
the roof. Just within the wall of this room is a
einall gutter which e.xtends nearly around the room,
as seen in the drawing, from one end of a cistern to
the underground sub-earth ventilation-pipe which
runs 2110 feet or more underground. Thus this pipe
of four-inch glazed tile serves for sub-earth ventila-
tion, overfiow-pipe for a cellar cistern, and it can be
made to empty the cistern and cool the bee-cellar at
any time, the water passing through the small
gutter.

In the other room of the cellar, which is s x -24 ft..
there is a cistern 8 X 14 ft., and ."> ft. high. As will
be seen, this extends 2 ft. into the bee-cellar, yet the

partition is tight, except a small hole ,iust at the
bottom, so we may say we have two cisterns— one a
small one in the bee-cellar, the other a large one in
the other cellar, though they are connected at the
bottom. The other room, which is a sort of vesti-
bule for the bee-cellar, has two windows— one (1 X 2)
by 2 ft., and stairs to the room above, which are cov-
ered by double trap-doors. This room is entirely
under ground, though the outer double door, which
is 4 ft. wide, is, because of a natural slope of the
ground, on a level with the outside, or else is inclin-
ed so we can easily run a wheelbarrow into the cel-
lar. The windows may receive light by a half-cir-
cular excavation, or, if desired, may be above the
earth at this south-east corner of the house.

Here, then, we have an arrangement by which wo
can control the temperature perfectly, from Octo-
ber to May; and from an experience extending now
over eight years, I am sure that, with enough good
food, bees are entirely safe in such a cellar. By aid
of the cistern there is no occasion to use ice to re-
duce the temperature in spring; and we can, by aid
of sub-earth ventilation and cistern water, keep the
temperature .iust to our liking all through the win-
ter, with almost no trouble and at no expense. This
is no theory: it is demonstrated fact. As the bees
can be wheeled into the cellar, their removal to or
from the cellar is a very light task.

On the ground tloor, which is on a level with the
earth outside, there are three rooms. One on the
south-west, 12 X 1.5 ft., is for extracting and extract-
ed honey. It has a hard-wood floor, wide outer
door, and only one thickness of wall, so that in sum-
mer it is kept very warm, and so enables us to ripen
honey without leaving It in the hive till it is all
capped. This is also a demonstrated fact. The
joists above are .just so wide that they serve as

532

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

July

frame - supports The windows are i)oised with
weights, and these and the door have an outer
g-auze hinged frame. In case of the windows, this
extends three inches above the outer wall, leaving'
a half-inch space, so that tiees can easily pass out,
while they do not pass in.

A second room on the south-east is also the same
size, but Is double walled, lathed and plastered. It
contains a stove, but luis no outer door. It is for
comb honey, for an office, and has trap-doors to cel-
lar stairs. 1 find that some are not in favor of this
room, but 1 think it very desirable.

(Vllar,7 foet liigh,
(ii-outerl (111 tilt- l)()t-
tom. and plaslercfl
with water-linic (u-
C'eile<l iibove.

3(1 leet, outside measure. \^J

Fig. 1. Diagram of cellar.

REFERENCES AND REMARKS TO FIG. 1.

D, 1-ft. double doors.

i, KUtter.

.i, stone wall iy. feet, or all the way up.

1, double wall lined with paper.

il, passageway from cellar, with stone abutments on each
side, and level with outside, so a wheelbarrow can be run in
and out.

O, drain of 6-inch tile— Dr. Miller says 10-ineh— following the
dotted lines 200 feet, and all the way below frost or variable-
temperature mark.

W, cellar windows, \xiy, ft., double; outer glass, and imier
wood. Both are hinged above so as to open in easily.

Fig. 2. Diagram of first floor.

REFERENCES AND REMARKS TO FKJ. 3.

1). doors, the double one at the bottom having a sill so low
:i wheelbarrow can be run over it, outside door being of gauze.

W, windows, all of which have wire gauze screens outside,
and hinged to swing out. Sc reens on four sr>uth windows to
extend 4 iurlies alMi\ i- u|i|m r Jajiib, uitli ^, iiicli space.

Posts H n. Studding, t.. <li;njibci-, allcinal. 1-.: and IR inches
apart I. 'I Hide studding I^ Icet long and 1 lootajiart.

Floor, double, one foot apart, an<l with grouting.

Cellar and house monse-pioof.

The entire north side of the building- is for a shop.
This is 12 X 30 ft. It has a pump from the cistern
below, and stairs to the chamber above. It has an
outside door, four windows, and a door into each of
the other rooms. There will also be a stove in this
room. In winter, then, when we have a fire in
either room, the chimney will be lieated, and the
air drawn from the Uee-cellar. The wind, too, pass-
ing over the chimney, will suck the air from tiie
cellar. In both cases the air is supplied through the
long sub-earth pipe, and so is tempered by the tem-
perature of the earth, and is kept sweet and pure.
This is both theory and demonstrated fact. This
room is large enough so that a small engine and
some machinery can be introduced if desired. I
find that this house, large enough for a large apia-
rj\can be built for .¥.")0U; and for safety and conven-
ience I believe it fills the bill. I can not agree with
Mr. Heddon, that we had better have double-walled
houses above ground. I think the cellar far better
and more convenient. I shall be very glad to have
this plan criticised in the next number of Clean-
ings, for, as stated before, this is a matter of great
importance to all bee - keepers in the Northern
States and in Canada. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., June, 1887.

Since the above was in type, friend Cook
sends us the following note :

Some of our best apiarists say the walls above
should be double, with one-foot space all around
filled with sawdust; and some object to dividing
the south half of the building into two parts. I
still think the double-walled space a useless ex-
pense, but will so make the building that it can be
thus changed at any time. I also wish the two sep-
arate south rooms. A. .1. Cook.

You have made exactly what we want,
friend Cook, and 1 heartily indoi se your re-
marks in regard to criticisms. Let us have
this thing fully discussed. To start the
matter going, I would inquire if you expect
the one who operates the extractor, to work
in a room hot enough to evaporate the liquid
honey properly. Extracting is often done in
the very warmest weatlier ; an<l for my part
I should want lots of doors and windows, to
be covered with wire cloth, whenever the
bees might be disposed to be meddlesome.
And why do yon have a separate space for
the comb and liquid honey during the ripen-
ing processV Or liave 1 misunderstood your
description? I presume the chamber is to
be also used for ripening honey. If so,
would it have to be finished off oil the plan
suggested by friend Dtiolittle, so that it will
ripen the comb honey enough to prevent
dripping from unsealed cells? There is a
vast field open on this subje<;t for questions
and answers, but I will not occupy more
space at present.

WHAT HAS THE HARVEST BEEN?
and shall we be in a hurry about selling

WH.4T we have?

XT has been pretty slim here— the poorest since I
(fflf have been in the business. In a letter justre-
^l ceived from Mr. Heddon, he says: "Clover,
-*• one-fourth crop. Basswood blossomed full,
but no better crop than clover. It went right
by like a cyclone— all over before we knew it was

18«7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

583

drawing- to a close.'* This expresses the situation
e.vaetly. Well, what an? we g'oing- to do about it?
We can keep our dishes rig'ht side up, and 1 jx-o-
suine niost of us iiavo lost nothing' I'roiii luck of
care in tliis direction, lnit we can't make lioney-
showers. Those of iis who are fortninite enoug-h to
luive any surplus will probably find ready sale for
onr honey at a x'ood Hg^ure. Prices will probably
not go so hig-li thai, our income will be what it would
luive been had the harvest been abundant; still,
this is not impossible. Farmers sometimes make
the most money during' the years when crojjs are
light. Twenty-tl\(' or even twenty cents per pound
for comb honey would be a big- boost for those of
ns who have a few hundred pounds tt) sell. That
these flg-ures may be reached, does not seem at all
improbable. Already honey is being' quoted at
IH to Itt cts., while nearly every market is re{)orted
as bare of honey. Honey - dealers are becoming-
really intei-ested in the situation. Only a few days
ago I received a letter from Thurber, Whyland &
Co., makiua- inquiries in regard to the honey-crop,
and asking-, ■• What is the outlook?" Those who
have honey to sell should not be in a hurry to mar-
ket. Certainly nothing- can be lost bj- waiting until
November or December.

And now a word about the bees. Many of them
Avill probably be short of stores, and, unless fed,
will die of starvation the coming- winter. Many
bee-keo'.iers will " lose their heads," become dis-
gusted and discoui-agcd with the bee-business, and
the bees will be neglected. Honey will bring' a big
price, and by ne.\t spring their courage will return,
and those who have bees to sell will have no difficul-
ty in getting- good prices. So, to those who will at-
tend strictly to business the short crop of this year
may be a blessing in disguise. See that the bees
are well cared for; that they go into winter quar-
ters in flrst-class condition. This will probably be
one of the years when it will pay to winter the bees
on sugar, as the difference in price between honey
and sug'ar will be greater than it has been in several
years. Keep a stiff upper lip, and, if you must re-
treat, do so in good order. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Kog-ersville, Mich., July H, 1887.

SOME SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS.

FEEDING A COLONY FROM WHICH A fiV/AKM HAS
ISSUED.

■Jfo COKRESPONDENT writes us: "I wish you
^fti. would tell us in GuE.iNiNGS some quick, relia-
^Ir ble method C)f determining- from which col-
•^^*^ onyaswarm has issued, said swarm having-
come out in the absence of the apiarist, and
Is found by him on his return hanging- on a limb."
Well, here is the way I do. Finding' such a swarm,
and not knowing' where it came from, I take a box
which will hold about a ijuart, and g'ct about a tea-
cupful of the bees in it, which are kept contined
while the rest of the swarm is being hived. If one
side of the box is of g-lassit can be positively known
if you get the queen with your few bees, yet she is
not very apt to be where you will get her. Having
the swarm hived, they are to be carried to where
they are to stand, when T uncover the box, and
with a kind of whirling motion I toss the bees out
of the bo.\ into the air. After circling about a
moment or so they will return tt) the hi\e the

swarm came from, commencing to fan their wings
in front of the entrance, thus (luickly and certainly
telling you where they came from, .\fter throwing
them in the air 1 wait a moment or two, wh<!n [
rapidly pass through the bee yard till 1 see them
fanning at a hive. In this way it is easy tf) know
all about it, even in a large apiary of :IW or '.M) colo-
nies.

VIKM) KKOM WMT-rK ci.ovioi;.

Another writes: "I hav(? seen it stated as pi'ocif
that there is no such a thing as overstocking si lo-
cality with bees, that a single acre of white clover
will furnish, in a good season, at least 100 pounds
of surplus each, to 2.5 or ;Ji) colonies. Is this a fact?"
Let us figure a little. That would be 2.500 lbs., at
the lowest estimate, in suritlus honey, for an acre
of white clov'er in a single season, to say nothing
about what the bees consume. Then a square
mile would give 1,600,000 lbs. of s\iriilus; and if, as I
claim, the flight of bees reaches four to five miles
from the apiarj' in every direction, we should have
the enormous amount of — well, we have lost our
breath trj'ing to comprehend that product, as it
exceeds the prodtiction of the world. Talk about
legislation for bee-keepers! All Dr. Miller has to
do is to fence off a few acres of his farm, and he is a
rich man; yet the above estimate was made, if my
memory serves me right, by one of our most noted
writers on the honey-bee. I never saw an acre
of c'over which I thought yielded 50 lbs. of honey;
for had it done so, when more bees were added to
my locality the average yield would not have de-
creased as it has done. When it comes to basswood,
with a good yield, I do not know that we have ever
been overstocked; for at such times a bee could
load up on a single sprig of blossoms, and, when he
returned, could get another load again ; yet it is not
often that even basswood j'ields like this. xVt such
times it is no great stretch of the imagination to
believe a large tree in the open lot would produce
50 pounds, or as much as an acre of clover: but
when we really come down to the truth of the
matter, what do we know about it? Well, even ad-
mitting we know very little about it, 1 think we
know only enough to credit the quoted stateiuent
as fallacious.

BXTIIACTING FROM BKOOD-COMBS.

Still another writes: " Shall I extract the honey
from the brood-combs when working the apiary for
comb honey? Some of my colonies have several
frames neai-ly filled with honey, and are crowding
the queens, not going info the sections at all." I
am led to mistrust that the colonies spoken of
above have not been rightly managed, or they
would not be in this condition. I find that, when
bees are allowed to begin the storing of any great
amount of honey in the brood-nest, they will con-
tinue so to do to a greater or less extent the entire
season; that is, a colony that is allowed to cramp
the queen'once is very likely to continue it through-
out the whole season. Very much depends on the
control which is had over the brood-nest during
the preparation of the colony for the season's
work— such control as can be had only by an apia-
rist who is thoroughly familiar with all the habits
of the bee, and who, by the use of division-
boards, reduces the size of the brood-nest to the
necessities of the colony, or enlarges it as is requir-
ed to meet the demands of the queen, thus manag-
ing the brood-chamber .so that, at the commence-

5-6i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

ment of the honey-flow, it will be entirely filled
with brood, leavins' but little if any space in which
the bees may deposit honey, but forcing- or com-
pelling- them to go into the sections for the neces-
sary room to store it. This, 1 think, is the only way
that comb honey can be secured successfully. A few
extra combs, and the use of the extractor on them,
■would spoil the whole thing-. Some prefer a half-
depth brood-chamber instead of the division-
boards to accomplish the obove object; but what-
ever plan is used, the principle is the same. I
tbink it is safe to say that few if any of the bee-
keepers of the present time use the extractor on
the combs of the brood-chamber while working- for
comb honey. G. M. Doolittle.

Horodino, N. Y., June 1, 1887.

In justice to frieud Doolittle, it is proper
to state that the foregoing article should
have appeared in Gleanings for June 15 :
but by an oversight it v/as omitted. We re-
gret this, inasmuch as the subject treats of
swarming. No doubt the article will be
found seasonable even yet, in some localities.
— Friend D., your method of telling where
the swarm came from is quite ingenious,
and I know it will work, fori have tried it
many times since yoti or somebody else gave
it several years ago. While it is true, ttutt
we are comparatively unable to tell about
how much honey an acre of clover or even
basswood will furnish, 1 am inclined to
think it has been put too high. See my
tigures in regard to the spider plant, in the
A B C book. If an acre of buckwheat fur-
nishes oO lbs. of honey during the Avhole
time it is in bloom, I am inclined to think it
is an extra good crop, and I do not believe
white clover often does better. 1 know a
large basswood-tree, in an open lot, will
yield a great amount of honey ; but it seems
to me quite doubtful if any single tree ever
produces as much as -50 lbs. in one season.
Honey from all these sources, when tirst
gathered, is comparatively watery, and
must be evaporated a great deal before it
becomes honey such as we would put on the
market. I thiuk you are right about ex-
tracting from brood-combs. .Vlthough we
have sold many extractois to bee-keepers
who were working for comb honey exclu-
sively, I have always been sorry to sell them
one when they gave as a reason for wanting
it, that there was too much honey in the
brood-combs.

OUB P. BENSON LETTER.

GRAND enterprise! !! AMERICAN BEE-KEEPKRS'
STORE.

BEE-KEEPERS arise in yure mite! Trooth is
mitey and will prevale. The g-rate coz of the
depreshen in the bunny mai-ket is the lo
price of hunny. This is projuiced by the
commition men. So mutch bizness is poot
into thare hands that sum ol them is makin munny
at it. And the way thay do with the hunny is a
outrag. I will sightl instants. A man by the name of
Mut from Jirmany sot up in the commition bizness
a sellin of hunny. Hunny was sent to him from ev-
ery '.1. Now what did hedo with that hunny? Why
he sold it for all sorts of things. Hunny is a dellick-

asy and hed ot to be poot on the table of the ritch,
but this retch, Mut, sold it to ritch and poor alike
and tried to git every ;buddy to buy it. Think of
that, poor peapel that cood hardly afford to by but-
ter, a eatin nice hunny onto thair bread. But that
wuzzent the werst. He sold hunny even for me-
canuickle purpusses. Sura of it he soled to bake
with, \- siuu to print with, and some to maik hams
with. Think of that! a taking good hunny to poot
on greezy hams. He allso sold sum in the jirman
language.

I think I hov now shone quite clearly that the
commition meu is the trubble, and as I have the
good of bee-keepers at hart 1 have thot out a plan
whairby in whitch evry bee-keeper ken set his oan
price on his hunny. The hunny shood all go to 1
common seenter and then it can be controaled.
Sum men goze around and sells thair hunny to the
farmers. Enuy man which does that lax common
scents. If the farmers wants hunny, let them cum
for it. Oil the bee-keepers will send thair hunny to
1 scentral point and I will be thair agent and re-
seeve it in a fine, large billding maid for that pur-
puss. It will be called t'le Amen-ican Uee-Keepers'

I'. lSK.\SON S n(».M;V-ST<JRE.

Store. Evry man will send me his hunny and set
his oan price to it, and 1 will sell it at a nominal
commition of ^4 of 1 per scent. For instants, if he
wants 30 scents for his hunny, for evry scent he
wants to git, he will send me 14 of 1 scent, so he will
send me 10 scents, and when I sell the hunny I will
send him 30 scents. The commition must be sent in
advance as I doant do a credit bizness, for I doant
want to encurridge enuy buddy going in det. Det
hez bin the rooin of menny a man. You see thair
will be no trubble in this wa for them that thinks
hunny ot to bring 10 (ten) scents ken poot that price
on thair hunny and them that wants it ken poot (30)
thirty scents onto thair hunny. In order to help
bare expenses I will charge 1 scent a pound each
month for stowridge, and if the stowridge gits moar
than the price of the hunny, 1 will take the hunny
for part pay and thay ken send a post office order
for the ballence.

Enny 1 whitch rites letters of inquiry will send
his reel name not nesseriy for publickashen but as
a garntea of good faith. P. Benson, A. B. S.

Whitch it stands for Agent Bee-Keepers' Store.

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUtlE.

m

THE USE OF WIRE IN FOUNDATION.

THE SLATTED WOOD-ZfNC HONEY-BOAHU.

fROM the Canadian Bee Journal of June
29 we take the following article, with
the answer by the editor. Theie is so
much of interest and so much of prac-
tical value in it that we feel sure our
readers in tlie States can not afford to lose
the benefits of the suggestions offered by
friend Jones :

I have tried luy extractor, and it does the work all
right; but 1 Ciiii not get (he foimdation comb to
work. It goes all out of shape as soon as the bees
begin to work it out. Do you put it in full size of
frames, or do you allow for stretching? I tried
three dilferent hives tilled with foundation, but had
to take the frames out about the second or third
day, and take the greater part of the foundation
out. I fastened it only at the top, and allowed the
bottom to hang loose.

HONEY-BOARDS.

Do you use the metal honey-board on the two-
story hive to prevent (lueens getting into the upper
halfi* Can it not be taken off after the lower half
contains young broodV It is quite a hindrance to
the bees getting up and down. Please let me have
a little information on the above points.

KOI'NDATION IN SECTIONS.

I have also some trouble with foundation in the
section bo.xes becoming displaced. Should it be
fastened on more than one side or not?

Howick, P. Q., .June 31, 1887. Wm. Gebbie.

The following is the answer to the above,
by the editor, D. A. Jones :

Unless foundation is made heavier than is profit-
able it will usually sag, and our customers prefer it
made the thickness that we send it out. We now
use wired frames when we put In full sheets, and
we think that if you will use wire once you will be
satisfied with the result. We have not used it very
much; but where the wire is used, the foundation
may be much lighter -say one-third. This reduces
the expense of foundation per hive one-third, which
is quite an item in a large apiary. Deduct from
that the cost of the wire, which is a mere tritlo, and
the wiring will yet leave you twenty-five per cent
advantage. Thin foundation may be used in frames,
however, as we frequently use it in full sheets by
placing one frame with foundation between two
combs, crowding the combs up close enough so the
bees do not cluster on the foundation but hang
their whole weight there while drawing it out and
attaching it to the frame and leaving only about
half an inch space between combs, and foundation
on either side. This allows the bees to rest much
of their weight on the combs until the foundation
is partially drawn out. Foundation placed in strong
colonies for, say, one day in the above way, will be
drawn out and attached to the frame sufficiently to
allow large swarms to be hi\ed without breaking
down, even in hot weather. Before we used wire we
had some strong colonies draw out enough founda-
tion in a week to hive three or four swarms; and as
soon as one lot of foundation was drawn out it
could be removed and put in empty hives for fu-
ture use, and fresh frames filled with foundation
could be put in their places.

We use the perforated metal honey-board, or,
rather, the wood-and-metal honey-bf)ard, which is a
great improvement on the metal one, inasmuch as
the wood holds the metal from sagging, and always
keeps the distance of the bee-space the same. It
prevents the storing of pollen in sections or combs
above, and also prevents drones from passing up,
moving over the sections and soiling them; but the
most important point is to prevent the queen from
ascending to the second story and filling it with
brood. We find that it is unnecessary and a great
waste of surplus to raise a large <)uantity of brood
and bees that will hatch just as the honey season is
over; they become consumers rather than produc-
ers in the large amount of time and stores consum-
ed in feeding larvii'. Then after they are hatched
it is usually about ten da>s before they commence
gathering honey so that you can see when you
know the time your honey-flow ceases about the
right time to crowd the (lueea up on fewer combs.

It should be done from thirty to thirty-five days be-
fore the end of the honey-How. These bees hatched
just at the end of the honey-season, and are rather
too old to go into winter (luarters, but many of them
die before they aic set in, or soon aftei'. Those
raised later on. that have not worn themselves out
in search of stores, are the ones most desirable for
wintering; then when they are set out in the spring
they are more vigorous, and do not die oft so early,
or " spring dwindle," like those that are old when
set into winter quarters. This is a very important
matter, and should receive attention; and if care-
fully managed it will save at least twenty-flv-e
pounds of honey per csolony.

These perforated wood-and-metal queen-exclud-
ers do not prevent the bees from storing honey
in the upper story, or sections, and should be left
on until the upper stories and sections are removed.
There is ten times as much room for the bees to en-
ter the upper story as at the entrance to the hive.
This same perforated metal, made into drone-traps,
does not prevent the bees from passing in and out;
therefore, when they have ten times as much room
as an ordinary entrance, besides many of the bees
do not require to enter the second story and remain
below, we fail to sec how it can in any way lessen
the honey croj). Careful observers are using it
more extensively every j ear. We sell thousands of
feet of it, and the sale is increasing.

If your sections are warm and the wax cool, and
you press it on firmly, it will not come off. If .vou
drop a piece of hot wax on a cold surface it cools so
quickly that it will slip oil' by pushing it with your
finger-nail, or if you drop cold wax on a hot surface
it will incorporate in the wood and can not be re-
moved, therefore you will readily see the necessity
of having your sections warm, foundation cold, and
pressing very firmly.

We have never had so many good reports about
our foundation before. This is the first intimation
of any difticulty this season.

MILLER'S PLAN OF REMOVING SEC-
TIONS FROM WIDE FRAMES.

OUR FRIEND " CHAKME " TEI.T.S HOW TO DO IT.

fINCE the T super, the Heddon crate,
I and other similar surplus receptacles
have begun to assert their superior
merits, the old eight - section wide
frame has been superseded in many
cases; but there is a very large number
of our readers who, though recognizing
some of the superior advantages of the
more recent improvements, yet, from lack
of means, and for fear they may not like
them any better, will still continue to use for
some time their double - tier wide frames.
One very great objection to these latter is
the amount of labor entailed in securing a
crop of honey by their use. The chief diffi-
culty seems to be in removing the sections,
after they are filled, easily, quickly, and
without damage to the sections. Dr. Miller
invented a plan which we think is equal if
not superior to any other method we have
seen. On page 80 of " A Year Among the
Bees," in discussing the different methods
of removing the sections from wide frames,
he says : " I adopted a plan which allowed
them to be taken out very rapidly. This
was Charlie's specialty, and he became so
expert at it that I think it would be difficult
for any one to take out sections faster, no
matter what kind of a surplus case might
be used. At his best he can take out 960
sections per hour. Moreover I have some
doubt if there is any surplus case used from
which the sections are more easily and rap-
idly taken than from these same wide
frames.''
As there are many of our readers, doubt-

SB'J

(iLExVMNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

less, who would like to have further partic-
ulars in regard to this plau of removing
sections, we requested the two Millers, with
the assistance of the engravings below, to
describe the plan in full— the senior Miller
to tell how to construct the machine itself,
and the junior Miller to particularize just
how he was able to remove 960 sections per
hour at his best. The doctor describes the
machine as follows :

llONh \FrbH KKMOVED
I KAME.

FKOM WIDE

The cuts show pretty well just what the machine
is, onlj- the engraving- makes the two back strips
look as it' thej' were part of the ends instead of sep-
arate pieces nailed on. The ends (B, Fig-. 2) are 11x4,
with a notch cut out of the upper front corner, two
inches square. The bottom is 30 by i\ inches, and
is nailed upon the end-pieces, project-
ing back 'a in., as 's-lnoh stutf is used
in making- the mauhlno. At the top
of the end-piece, B, is nailed on a
back strip 2 .x 20 in., and at the bottom
a strip 'b in. sq. by 20 in. long-. From
one of these pieces to the other is
stretched tightly a piece of .strong- cot
ton cloth, occupying- the whole width
of the machine, and this cloth servos
as a cushion for the sections to fall
ag-ainst wlien pushed out. If a framt
is now hung- in the machine (as at Fig
1), and we attempt to push out the
sections, the upper i)ait will be held
firmly in place, but the lower part ot
the frame will swing- back against tht
cloth. To prevent this, stops must bt
nailed on the inside of the end-pieces
for the lower end of the wide frame to
rest ag-ainst; but these stops must em
not be thick enoug-h to interfere with
the sections as they ai-e pushed out.
shaped pieces should hv. in front of these stops,
so that the frame may enter easily, but when
pushed back to place will have very little play side-
wise. Perhaps it is best to have the stop and
the wedge-shaped piece all in one piece. If we now
attempt to push out sections they will, as soon as
free from the frame, drop from the frame upon the
bottom of the machine, a distance a little more
than the thickness of the bottom-bar of the wide
frame. It is better that they should not have this
drop, so a strip is nailed upon the bottom about two
inches in width, and thick enoug-h so the sections

will have the least possible drop as they are pushed
out of the frame.

The machine is now complete, except that a
piece of board should be nailed under the front
part of the bottom, so that, when the machine is
fastened upon the table (by screws, nails, or clamps)
the top shall tip back two or three inches. It must
be made very firm, and it is a g-ood plan to have the
table pushed back against the wall, and a solid box
or boxes flU up the space between the machine and
the wall.

The push-stick (C, Fig-. 2) appears rather heavy in
the engraving-. It should be made of some tough
hard wood, about 9 inches long and ?•£ of an inch
square. At one end, cut a shoulder clear around, I4
of an inch deep, leaving a tenon I4 inch square and
14 inch long- at the end of the stick. The stick ta-
pers to the other end, so that, for about 2 inches, it
shall not be more than }4 of an inch thick, the ex-
treme end being- a little less than that.

Marengo, 111. C. C. Miller.

The following is from the pen of V. C.
Miller, Jr., describing how to manipulate :

Place a pile of supers so that, as you stand in
front of the maciiine, you can reach the frames
easily. Besides your stick, you will need a large
jack-knife and a common case-knife. Hang a frame
in the machine and you are ready to begin opera-
tions. Take the case knife (I use a stiff round-
pointed one) and run it down between the sections
and separator to loosen the tin, noticing if the comb
is built on the tin anywhere. If it is, be sure to cut
it loose, to save its tearing and making a bad
leak.

Next run the jack-knife between the sections and

1. THE METHOD OF PUSHING THE SECTIONS FROM THE
WIDE FRAMES, WITH THE PITSH-STICK.

Wedge-

bottom-bar, taking pains to get exactly in the mid-
dle of the frame and under the corners of the two
middle sections. The advantage of the jack-knife
is in its being wedge-shaped, and so loosening the
bottom-bar more completely than the case-knife.
Care should be taken never to pry under the middle
of the common section, as they will spring just a
little, making a crack in the comb, allowing- the
honey to leak, although so slowly that it will proba-
bly not be noticed till after the section is crated,
making a dauby package to put on the market.

Loosen the top-bar in the same manner. Now
take the end of the push-stick with the shoulder,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEt: CULTUUE.

oH?

and start each corner. I usually go around in this
order:

1

This keeps the tops of the sections a triHe ahead
of the bottom. Possibly it is habit or prejudice,
hut it doesn't seem as if the sections bind iiuite so
niiicli so, !is tlie.\' do if the J)ottom is ahead.

As soon as you liave started two or three pretty
solid corners yon will realize the advantage of the
shoulder on the push-stick to Ijeep it from slipping-
and gouo-iiifr the section. Change enils with your
stick, and pusli ear(>fully around in the same order
as before, e.vcept that you push in the middle of the
frame .just under the top-bar, above and in the mid-
dle just over the bottom-bar below. Keep going:
around till you g-et the sections clear from the
frame. I usually g'o around about three or four
times. If you push one corner too far ahead it
racks the section, causing- a leak.

Take the empty frame off the machine, and hang
it back in one side of your super. In taking- the
sections otf the machine I take two in each hand,
catching- the corners of two between my thumb and
foreflng-er; and in putting- them down I take care
to pile them nicely. You need have no fear of
making too larg-e a pile on account of mashing-
down the bottom sections, as I have seen between
twenty-five and thirty thousand in a pile, with noth-
ing at all between the tiers; the only thing about it
ditferent from the ordinary way was, that one layer
faced one way, and the next layer the other way,
and so on up, instead of having them all run one
way and overlap one another, as is generally done.

('. C. MlF,LKH,.Tl{.

Upon readiiiy' ('. C. Millei', Jr.'s. part of
tlie programme, we are convinced that he is
a veritable " son of his father.'' I thin]<; it
is not too miH'li to say of C'. V. ]SIiIler, Sr.,
that lie lias a very f-iraple and clear way of
expressing his ideas; and if we can judge
any thing from the article received froin the
son, we should say that ('. ('. Miller. ,lr.,
will follow closely in his father's footsteps.
We think om* readers will lind the two arti-
cles will throw considerable light on just
how to remove sections from wide frames.

IS DOOIiITTLE'S THEORY OF SWARM-
ING CORRECT?

gUEKNS RE.MAININf! IN THEIU CEI.r-S, AND BEING
FED.

0N page 4;M, ,Iune 1, Mr. Doolittle gives us some
interesting reading about swarming, etc.
His article is e.vcellent. Enough is said in a
nutshell to convnice any intelligent reader
of its truthfulness and solid fuels. .lune 1.5,
page 4t!2, we see Mr. Dewey disagrees a little. Head-
raits Doolittle as good authoritj% but the man to
contradict him must be well posted. Of course, it
takes an old veteran of thirty years' service to
command the fiooi- and make Doolittle take his
seat among his junior brethren. Several queens
must be heard piping, and be hatched and liberated
in the hive before swarming takes place. I will
here admit, that Mr. Dewey is right in what he has
seen and heard, but is wrong in disputing Doolittle;
for Doolittle is also correct in what he has seen and

written at)out in his article. Both these facts, and
many others, occur within the bee-hive and with
bees. Only last year I was pleased to see, where
only one (jueen hatched in a hive, three Were pip-
ing. I searched diligt-ntly (for I wanted to capture
them) for the other two, and flnaliy discovered
them in their cells, ])okiiig out their tongues
through a small hole, and being fed by the bees,
but also guarded, whicli confinement caused them
to pipe. 1 smoked the bees off the comb and cut
out the queen-cells, when they immediately cut
themselves out of their little prisons. The piping
of the queen in tliis hive ceased at once while T -was
working with the bees.

I had a (jucen several years ago that kept up
piping- for about a week while being caged, lean
remember another that acted strangely. A cell
was introduced into a populous colony, with cells
of their own. In a few days she hatched and was
heard piping, when my father and I agreed to stop
swarming by tearing out all the cells. No use.
She kept up her music a few days longer, when out
with a swarm she went, leaving the parent stock
without queen, cell, or eggs. I mention these in-
cidents to show how strangley bees will act some-
times. In laying down my pen I want to say to Mr.
Dewey, continue experimenting- and gathering
knowledge as do Mr. Doolittle and many others.

Worden, 111., .lune 2:t, 1887. H. R. Dow.

VARIOUS MATTERS, FROM CHALON
FOWLS.

WHAT TO DO WITH SURPLUS COMBS AFTEH CON-
TKACTINO.

T WlLl^ explain to our readers, that, dur-
M ing my college days in Oberlin, friend
W Fowls would frequently give his famil-
■^ iar knock on the door while I was wres-
tling with an idiom in the dead lan-
guages, or tugging over a problem in mathe-
matics. His visits were always welcome;
and as he is an enthusiast on the subject of
bees, and full of ucav experiments, J used to
enjoy an hour or so chat with him. a\s I
had "not heard from my former visitor for
some time, I wrote him ashoi't time ago, ask-
ing him in regard to some of the things which
he had under experiment— whether he still
held the snme opinitm about some things
that he did a few years ago while I
was at Oberlin. The reader will readily di-
vine the questions which J asked, from the
replies which friend F. makes. Ilis letter
is as follows :

CARNIOLAN BEES.

Friend Ernest:— Yours was received some time
ago, but I did not answer at once, as I wanted to
take time enough to answer your questions. Bees
wintered well, but came through short of stores.
They have been on short rations all the sjn-ing. As
a consequence, they have not bred uj) as well as usu-
al. Bees will breed better, I find, with sealed honey
along- the top of the frame. I have one swarm of
Carniolan bees with imported queen, and they did
winter splendidly, and, having plenty of honey, bred
up early and swarmed in May.

If I remember rightly, you once reported the Car-
niolan bees would not i-epel robbers very well. Ours
do, equal to the best Italians. I have not tested
their honey-gathering qualities much yet. They

5:-!S

(iLl'LVJVlNGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

July

are quiet on the comb, but I don't know about the
crosses. I g'ot a dollar Carniolan of Dr. Morrison,
and her bees are the worst to run and clu.ster and
drop oH' that I ever saw. If I have to use much
smoke they will all boil out of the hive.

KEVEKSIHLla FKAMKS.

You ask if 1 still like reversible frames as well as
1 did a year or so ago. 1 will answer, Yankee like,
by askinji' if you have ever heard of any one who
has given reversing a fair trial who did not like it
better. To use them for only a Swarm or two, I do
not think a fair trial. I hived forty swarms on
them two years ago, besides the few we had last
year; and were it not for the fact that I can get the
brood well up toward the top-bar by contraction I
would use them, even if they cost ten cents extra
instead of one. T have over 500 reversible frames,
and wish every comb in my apiary were reversible.
With new swarms I have reduced reversing to a
practical system. I give new swarms five or six
frames filled with foundation. If more frames are
given them than the queen can occupy, the cen-
tral ones will be solid with biood and the outside
ones solid with honey, provided they are reversed
at the right time. The jiioper time to reverse the
first time is altout the twelfth or thirteenth day aft-
er hiving. At that time the frame will have honey
at the top, sealed br-ood in the center, and eggs and
larvM" near the bottom. If any of the honey is cap-
ped in the top of the frame it should be lightly
mashed down with the flat side of a knife. In nine
or ten days more they should be reversed again,
when the combs will be solid with brood; but they
need to be reversed now so as to throw the larva-
and eggs above and the sealed brood below, where
the bees are not inclined to store honey, and the
queen will till up the comb with eggs as fast as the
bees hatch, so that in nine or ten days more the
capped brood is all replaced by eggs and lavva^,
when they are to bo reversed again, and so on as
long as honey is coming in fast enough to crowd the
queen. The object is to reverse just often enough
so as never to let any brood hatch in the upper pai't
of the frames.

I will try to answer your other questions more
briefly.

I use theold-style Hcddon super; wide frames are
out of date with me, and I don't use separators,
but put full-sized starters In the sections and get
combs straight enough when there is a good flow of
honey. I think it might pay to use separators when
honey is coming in slow ly, but my supers will not
admit of their use any wa,\ .

The white clover began to " give down " the 18th.
The bees are whitening the combs along the top-
bars now, whi<'h tends to make the apiaiist " feel
good."

rtll.HOOI.Y'S VISIT.

I was just putting on the supers when along came
neighbor Gilhooly.

"Hello, Fowls, you are shifting about, I see.
Now, what are you trying to get that big swarm
from that big chaff hive into that little Heddon
hive for?"

" I am going to run them lor comb honey, and my
supers fit this hive."

"But you can't put ten frames in an eight-frame
hive, and you have two frames in there now."

" No, they are dummies, made to fill the place of
each outside frame. Thei-e, you see here are six

frames well filled with brood, and that just fills the
hive."

" But here are four left covered with bees."

"Yes, and I will just Shake them down here In
front."

"But they'll hardly find room in there between
those six frames of brood."

" Well, then they can go up in the super."

"I suppose you have that row of old sections in
your super with comb in for bait; but why didn't
you put them in the middle instead of the end?
They would work at them more readily right over
the center of the brood-nest."

" Yes, but they will occupy them promptly any
way; and as they will be finished before the others,
I would rather give the empty sections the most de-
sirable place over that part of the frames contain-
ing the most brood."

"Why, look here, Fowls; here are eggs and larva^ in
these four frames you have left in the chaff hive."

" Well, I'll put them in here. You see I have a lot
of nuclei here, and their queens are not mated
yet."

" What! are you raising queens for market too?"

"No; but I am starting nuclei as fast as I can
get the cells, so as to have their queens laying by
swarming time. I wish I could have a nucleus with
a laying queen ready for every swarm that comes
out."

" What now? some new hobby?"

" Why, that's the way I prevent after-swarms. I
hive the new swarm on the old stand, so as to get
all the flying bees, and set the old hive to one side
till evening, when I carry it, with the comb of
brood and young bees, and unite with one of these
nuclei. In a few days the nuclei will be a powerful
swarm lor business."

" But, won't they swarm?"

" Not usually. The nucleus with a laying queen
stops all that for at least the time being; but if they
do, it will be a prime swarm any way."

"Why, Fowls, what does this mean? You must be
crazy to saw new brood-frames in two."

" Oh, no! that's the way I make half-depth brood-
frames."

" A'n't you going to have any bottom-bar?"

" No; they are only 4^4 inches deep."

"Well, what's your object in using them any
way?"

"Oh! I just want to try Hutchinson's new de-
parture, hiving new swarms in empty brood-cham-
bei'S."

" Well, why don't you use your regular Simplicity
frames? "

•' I tried that last year, and it didn't work well.
His directions are, to contract the brood-nest; and
if you contract on the side, it makes it too narrow."

" But I don't see your hives to fit these little bot-
tomless frames."

"Well, they are easily made, .lust make a box
half an Inch smaller all around than the Simplicity
or chatf hive; drop it in the bottom, put in the lit-
tle frame, then the queen-excluding honey-board
and super, and you are all right."

" Well, neighbor Fowls, it seems to me your new
swarms treated in this way will be in mighty bad
shape this fall for wintering."

"Perhaps so, if I were to leave them so; l)ut 1
can easily shake them off the little combs, and let
them have some old black combs for wintering."

" What will you do with the brood?"

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

0«!*

" Let the bees care for it till it hatches in the up-
per story."
'• Well, I must 1)0 goinji."

" Well, call ag-aiu." Chai.on Fowls.

Ohorliii, Ohio, June 2:i, ISST.

M;my thanks, friend Fowls. You seem to
be as full of enthusiasm as you used to be,
and I think the readers of Glkaninos will
all agree with us that your visit, through the
medium of Glkanin<{s, has been prolitable
to all.— In regard to reversing, 1 do not be-
lieve 1 can answer your Yankee (juestion.
For some reason or other we have not heartl
very much lately in regard to it. Knowing
that you were once an advocate of the prin-
ciple', 1 desired to know what you thought
of it. even up to the present time, and am
glad you like it. If I am correct, you are
using Simplicity reversible wired corners.
We are using them in our own apiaries, to
the exclusion of all others. Your idea,
whether original with yourself or not. of
bringing the brood close to the surplus de-
partment above, by means of reversing, is
good. Since receiving your manuscript we
have tried a colony with the frames reversed
as you direct. Up to the present time the
plan seems to be working favorably, but we
have hardly had time to see whattlie results
would be. Mr. Gilhooly's visit reminds me
somewhat of the visits I used to make you.
I do not know that I propounded so many
practical questions ; but I am sure that all
of us, as well as your friend Gilhooly, will
understand your system of contracting, and
what you do with the surplus combs after
contraction. Your method of converting
Simplicity or chaff hives into small Ileddon
hives, with half-depth frames, is quite feas-
ible. Those who do not wish to go to any
great expense in testing the Heddon and
Hutchinson systems can do so in the way
you suggest, at a very small outlay, and yet
arrive at practical results. We are in hopes
that Mr. Gilhooly will call on you again, and
that your reporter Mill be as faithful in
transcribing the conversation as he did the
above.

INFLUENCE OF THE QUEEN.

HER MA.JESTY, THE KULER.

SF late I have noticed that some have been
speculating, or, rather, guessing, at the
sphere or influence e.verted by the queen.
Some have said, that the swarming impulse
was due to the influence of the workers, and
that the issuing of swarms was also from the same
source. I have no doubt but that these sayings
have been to a very great extent the result of
guesswork, or the theoretical speculations of those
who never probed the mutter very deep. Now, the
word queen would be a term misapplied if it did
not refer to a personage having power to rule;
further, I do not believe that it would be an
overstretch of facts were I to say that the entire
creation, so far as animated nature is concerned,
is governed or controlled to agreat extent by a lead-
ing head or ruler. Take, for instance, a herd of
cattle, and it will be noticed that some member of
the herd invariably directs the course and footsteps
of the rest. If they get into mischief, some particu-

lar member is the leader. This same principle can
be traced from man on down to the insect-world.
It seems to me, that at this stage of progression
this (juestion ought to be settled, although it looks
at tli-st sight as if it were a matter of but Utile
practical utility; yet when we come to write out
the minutiic, .just such (juestions become important
and ofttimes become the most dillicult to answer.
Now. I do not expect to be able to settle this ques-
tion in the minds of all ; but ti> those who doubt the
inHueiice and ruling power of the (pieen, let inc
say, go to a colony of bees OT or liO minutes before a
swarm issues; place your ear to the hive»and ket-p
it there until the swarm issues; then tell me the re-
sult of what you hear, and see if it does not corres-
liond with the following:

1. The busy hum f)f worker bees, broken only by
the piping of an excited ()ueen. This state of affairs
continues, and finall.v .vou hear a low, peculiar gut-
tural sound, and simultaneously with this sound
j'ou will hear a great roar, and the issuing of a
swarm is the order of the moment. Now keep your
ear at the side of the hive, and you will hear the
loud roar of the bees gradually subsiding; again
will you hear the low guttural command of the
queen, and again will the worker-bees pour forth
with greater vigor, and this continues until the
queen leaves the hive. When the order of march
settles to a gradual quiet movement, you .will no
longer see the bees coming forth in gushes, at the
command of their supreme ruler. The above ap-
plies more particularly to first swarms; after-
swarms issue from a different impulse; yet the
same command precedes all swarms of first or
after origin. There are other conditions in which
bees will swarm out or leave the hive in a body,
where this command may or may not be heard.

Siam, Towa, June 14,1887. K. B. Bobbins.

On one occasion, several years ago, while
we were standing at the entrance, in front
of the hive, we heard a sharp piping of the
queen. It was long and continued. Imme-
diately after, there was a rush for the en-
trance, and a large swarm issued. On other
occasions we have stood at the entrance of
hives, immediately prior to and at the time
the swarm issued. Init did not hear the sharp
note of the queen. Both of these instances
were with first swarms. In the second case
the ([ueen may have uttered a sharp note ;
but certain it is, we did not hear it. We
should be glad to hear from others as to
whether they have noticed this singular
phenomenon hefore the issuing of swarms.

A SHORT STORY "WITH A MORAL, IN
TWO CHAPTERS.

CHAPTER I.— BLASTED HOPES.

I HE best imported (|ueen you sent me arrived
safely; but while inti-oducing her she flew
|> off the frames and I have not seen her since,
although I left the hive open an hour, think-
ing she might come back. If she entered
one of the seventy stands we have, I shall never be
any the wiser. If you have another best imported
queen as nice as this one, please send her at once.
Mrs. a. F. Proper.
Portland, Ind., July .5. 1887.

Now, none but those who have passed

510

GLEANlxN'CIS IN BEE CULTURE.

.1 V LV

tlirongli a similar experience can realize just
how our good friend felt at the loss of that
select imported queen. Imasine. if you
please, six dollars or more taking wings and
Hying awny riglit before your face and eyes;
and to add to the disappointment, tlie queen
happened to be one that exactly j)leased, so
far as looks were concerned. Did you ever
have a ([ueen that just suited you to a. dot —
so much so that you felt like saying, ''Tliere.
I would not take a ten-dollar bill ft)r that
' lady " j'lst as he stands there on the comb'":'
Then to have her missing is one of the most
))erple.\ing and provoking things I know of.
This story, however, was to hiive two chap-
ters, and I take great pleasure in presenting
you now with chapter two.

CHAPTER II. — BLASTED UOl'RS DISPELLED, AND

[(RIGHT HOPES ENCOURAOINf, TAKING

THEIR PLACE.

[ oniered another queen of yon this uioruing in
the place of the one which tiew away while intro-
ducing-, July 1. I had a swarm come off in the moru-
ing of that day; and while cutting out the cells one
yoiuig queen hatched, but the ne.xt day I found her
dead in front of the hive. This afternoon I thought
1 would look in and see wtiat was the matter, and
give them another cell. I was astonislu-d to fliid
eggs in several combs, and on looking further I
found my imported queen, as large a.s life, and ap-
])arently very much at home. I know I can not be
mistaken, for I noticed particularly when the queen
arrived, that she had the point of the right wing
clipped off a very little in a rounding manner, and
her shape seems a little ditferent from the rest of
my queens. She is in another part of the apiary al-
together from where I introduce;! her, and the sur-
roundings are not at all alike. I hope you will not
have sent another when this rrsiches you. for I can
not make use of two imported (lucens, and there is
no one here to whom I could sell such an expensive
(jueen. This will reach .\'ou by the next mail; and
if you are not very pronqit, 1 think it will reach you
in time. Mrs. A. F. Proper.

Portland, Ind.. July .5, issv.

Now, then, friends, if you know what it is
to feel keen disappointment you may also
know what it is to feel real pleasure. I have
sometimes thought that it is only by these
strong contrasts that Me are enabled to
take in, to the fidlest extent, the pleasant
things of this world. He who has never
known sickness knows not the joy of full
health ; so it is only he who has known loss
that can feel, to the fidlest extent, a thrill
of success. If our good friend is not light-
hearted, I am no judge. — Now one word in
regard to queens getting into other hives.
There is oftentimes something very strange
about the way they turn up in unexpected
places, and I have been able to exi)lain it
only by supposing they crawled or hopped
about at random until they accidentally
came near enough to heal' the hum of some
hive. ]Jeing attracted by this they crawl in,
sometimes to be stnngto deatii, but very
often to be well received, and supplant the
reigning queen, as in the above. A laying
queen will almost always receive the prefer-
ence over a yoiuig queen that has not com-
menced to lay; and lliis is a hint in intro
ducing. We can nearly always let a laying
queen right loose in any hive where there is

a young queen recently hatched. Luckily
for our friend, our imported (jueens were
out, and we were waiting for another ship-
ment, or we should probably have made
trouble by our usual promptness.

THE TWO PART SUPER.

SUGGESTIONS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP SUPERS,
FROM .T. M. SHUCK.

ITH the aid of the cuts, little description is
needed. The sections tu-e set in one half,
and the separators between the end sec-
tions in the rows, and the supers are slip-
ped in, then the other half of the super is
slipped over the sections, and the two i)arts locked
together bj' the clasps shown at the ends of the
case. The T supports for the sections are made ei-
ther by nailing metal strips to the outer edges of
the partitions of the rows of sections, or wholly of
tin, as shown in the engraving. The T rails in this

SHUCK S RL\'Ki:slBLlJ

siiper are nailed fast in their places, and the super
is made very stiff and serviceable. With proper use
it should last fifty years or more. The blank tops
and bottoms to the sections shown in the cut are to
keep the tops and bottoms of sections clean, and
they serve the purpose admirably, as the sections
come from the super cleaner than they can be
scraped after coming fi-om any other case I ever
saw. The super may be used either with or without
these blanks. The separators at the ends of the
rows of sections prevent the bees from propolizing
the super and thus fastening the sections; and the
super is slipped otf the sections as easily, and in less
time, than it takes to put the sections into the super.

1887

GLEANINGS JN BEE CULTURE.

541

With the tins lor supports, separators the full
leng-thot' the case maybe used between the sections
as well as at the ends of the rows of the sections.
Full bee-space is provided at the bottom and top of
the super, and the super is invortible without any
adjusting-, t'ussinff, or tinkering. .1. M. Shuck.

Des Moines, Iowa, .June i;(, 1887.

LITTLE HONEY IN MISSISSIPPI.

HOW MANY DKONKS MAY BE CAUGHT IN A KKONK-
TRAP.

Y bees commenced well and early in the
spring:, but at present they are gathering
but little honey. 1 commenced this spring
with H colonies. I bought 3 in bo.x hives,
which I transferred into new hives. One
colony, the Italians, cast a very large swarm on the
38th of April. Two black colonies cast swarms on
the 29th. The same two blacks cast swarms a few
days later, making 5 new swarms. None of the
others have swarmed, and I believe they have giv-
en up all idea of swarming, as they went to work
killing off their drones. One of the colonies I
bought I did not transfer until May 26, waiting for
them to swarm out; but they seemed to have an
oversupply of drones, so I set my Alley drone-trap
in front of it two evenings, and myself and wife
counted what we caught, and were surprised to
tind we had about 22tKi, and there still seemed to be
plenty, which the bees went to work at and are
killing.
I have taken otf in Mb. sections, about JJUO lbs.
I sent and got an extractor, and thought to use
it; but as the honey-How slacked off T have not
done so.

I learned, a few days ago, that friend Gentry's
bees were dying, and that he said from starvation.
He had shipped some honey in barrels, so he order-
ed it sent back to feed his bees with. I understand
that another gentleman at Beulah was losing his
bees in the same way. They have their ai)iaries
some 7 or 8 miles apart, on the east side of the
Mississippi River, while my own is located on the
west side, and near the river. Mine are in a dense-
ly wooded country. I have sold what honey I have
had so far at home, or at our little county seat, at
from 12 to 15 cts. per section. My neighbor bee-
keepers run for extracted honey, and generally
ship in molasses-barrels, and get but little for it.

WHISKY VERSUS BEE-STINGS.

On Saturday, June 4, a negro man in the neigh-
borhood (Henry Wilson) having, a few days before,
found a bee-tree, concluded that he would cut it
and get the honey; so, filling himself with whisky
he cut the tree and went straight in to where the
bees were. They covered him up. There being a
bayou of water close at hand, he sprang into it,
thinking thereby to get clear of the bees; but, not
80. They still clung to him. His companions got
him out, but before they could get the bees off
from him he was dead. Thus you see bees and
whisky will not work well together.

R. J. Mathews.

Kiverton, Bolivar Co., Miss., June 2:^, 1887.

Friend M., [ do not want to liave anybody
think I am glad to hear that any due is
dead ; but when I saw your heading I was a

little afraid that you might have another
item recommending whisky as a remedial
agent for bee-stings ; but I "am just fanatic
enough to prefer not to have reiK)rts of that
kind, even when appearances indicate that
whisky saved a life, lietter let a man die
occasionally than to start so nian\ to diink-
ing because '' the doctor advised it.^" Well.
you see your report is just the kind we
wanted. This colored man got full of whis-
ky, evidently with the idea that it would
counteract the poison of the sting. It di«I
not. however, and he died. Perhaps we
can't tell exactly whether it was the whisky,
the stings, or the water, that killed him.
But this we do know pretty surely— if he
had not taken the whisky he would not have
died. In regard to selling off the honey so
as to let the bees die, I would advise your
friends not to extract (piite so closely.
Leave a pretty good siipi)ly in the brood-
chamber.

CELLAR WINTERING AND OUTDOOR
WINTERING.

FRIEND I'OPPLETON CONSIUERS A STRONG STATE-
MENT IN MR. HUTCHINSON'S NEW HOOK.

fRIEND ROOT:-On the first page of Glean-
ings for June 1, appears a review of a letter
of mine to friend Hutchinson. The differ-
ences of views between friend H. and myself
are on subjects of interest to bee-keepers;
and a further discussion, not controversy, may be
wise.

In figuring up the cost of cellar wintering, friend
H. has only, it seems to me, gi\en the shell and
left out the kernel of the matter. He has allowed
nothing for the wear and tear, and even a cellar
won't last always without some work and e.xpense
on it, and he has made no calculation whatever
for care and supervision of the cellar while the
bees are in it. I have had but little practical ex-
perience with cellar wintering, but have always
understood that the best-constructed cellars had to
be watched more or less during the winter, to pre-
serve proper temperature, etc. Nearly all persons
with whom I have at times talked, who have win-
tered bees successfully in cellars, have insisted on
the necessity of keeping fires in the rooms over the
bee-cellar all winter. This supervision, if really
necessarj-, as I am led to believe it is, is really
much more costly than all the items enumerated by
Mr. H.; and, above all, it is one of the things which
can not be trusted to any one except the master
himself.

During four different winters I have been away
from my bees (in Florida) from about Dec. Ist un-
til the latter part of March, and later. I should not
have dared to risk this, had my bees been in any
ordinary cellar, such as could ha\e been built for
less than three or four times the cost of those he
bases his ai-guments on. This being free to do
something else in winter has been worth man.\-
times over the value of the 2(X) or 300 lbs. of honey
that cellar wintering would have saved me. I still
think that the amount saved by cellar wintering,
all things considered, is too infinitesimal to he
taken into a<^count.

Frienil H., your explanation of what you meant
by a "perfect system " only makes it worse than

5i2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

J ULY

before. The truth is, that no system can be called
perfect until it has proved its perfection by several
years" trial and success by many different persons
ill different localities. Many of us older heads have
snpjiosed that we had found the royal road to suc-
cess, and would reach it, too, for a series of years,
when sonic climatic or tood changes wonld occur,
and the goal would be still ahead. In .\;our cjuota-
tion fi-om Frot. Cook, I see two " its," and ))i'rffcLi<iii
contains no "it's." Neither do 1 think that the
prolessor is rig-lit in his opinion tliat chaff hives are
not safe in scA'ere winters, if iiropeiin constructcil
(Uid fimidlctl. 1 think they will be found fully as
safe as cellars, but wintering- in cellars is much the
best understood by the ma.iority of beekeepers,
and it ought to be, for it has been practiced and ex-
I)erimented with about four times as long, at least,
as have chaff hives. 1 venture the prediction, that
neither of us will live long enough to see a perfect
system of wintering in tliat Northern climate.

My reasons for saying- what 1 did at)out your
management not being adapted to outdooi- winter-
ing was based on my own experience. For several
years, almost the only losses I had were among the
half-dozen or so colonies that 1 had worked on the
top-story plan. I could give my theory why 1
think such cokmies wintered poorest, but I don't
think it is worth while to take np the space, as the
production of comb honey compels that method of
management; neither is it necessary to point out
the very obvious reasons why your neighbor, Mr.
Donane, failed with chaff hives.

Friend H., an " experienced apiarist " is the very
one who can make it pay to take time to practice
spreading- brood, especially so as this work comes
previous to the honey season when one has time to
carefor, including this work, at least four times as
large an apiary as he can care for during the honey
season. It is when one takes into consideration
how "to secure the greatest amount of honey with
the least expenditure of capital and labor " within
a given field that we see the need of doing- every
thing- in our power to increase the average pro-
ducts of our colonies; and spreading of the brood is
valuable, partly because it comes before the real
working season is on us.

No, the taking of honey from the brood-nest is
nnt one of the things of the past, nor is it likely
to be soon. For several years 1 worked a few
colonies on the double-story plan, on purpose to
test this luatter of which was the most profitable to
use, and I came to very decidedly prefer the single-
story plan for extracted honey. 1 also watched my
neighbors quite closely, and those who used that
plan succeeded best in l>oth getting honey and in
wintering. The question of " best food for winter"
opens up the very important subject of what is
good honey for wintering purposos, which is too
important to be put oft' to the end of a rambling ar-
ticle on other matters. 1 have never seen any
thing yet on that which fully meets my views, al-
though it lies at the very foundation of successful
wintering. 1 have often thought 1 should like to
add my mite to that subject, liut ill health has so
far prevented.

I can not understand by what reasons Mr. H. has
arrived at the conclusion that it is profitable to
feed sugar-stores when raising comb honey, but not
when producing extracted. It seems to me that
the saiue rule applies to both in this respect.

So far as the comparative value of Italians and

blacks is concerned, I suppose Mr. H. and myself
will continue to agree to disagree, we having ar-
rived at ditt'ei-ent conclusions in that matter. To
do justice to ourselves would require an entire ar-
ticle for each of the different topics discussed by
us; but time and space forbid. It will be noticed,
that these topics are all side issues from the main
one treated of in Mr. H.'s book. A friendly discus-
sion is necessary to bring- out the true facts and
theories of our chosen pursuit; but it is worse than
folly to conduct it in any other than a fair and
kindly manner. We should always bear in mind
that others have the same right to their opinions
that we have, and that possibly they may be right
and we wrong. O. O. Poppi.eton.

Hawks Park, Fla., June 37, 1»S7.

Friend P., it occurred to me that friend
Hutchinson's statement in regard to cellar
wintering was altogether too strong ; but I
thought best to let somebody else take it
up. Our bees have wintered so well in
chaff hives for a good man}' years past, we
could hardly ask for any thing better. Now.
if somebody were to ask me how much 1
should want to put all these bees in the cel-
lar, look out for the temperature, ventila-
tion, dampness, and all these other things,
and then take them out in the spring and
get them all right on their summer stands, I
should very likely say I should not want to
undertake it for less than 50 cts. per colony.
It is true, we don't need to carry in those
great heavy chaff hives; but in that case
the combs must be taken out and put into
lighter hives ; then, as I usually want them
in chaff hives again in the "spring, they
would all have to be put back again into chair
hives. We have a cellai' already made and
unoccupied ; but to fix it for bees it would
have to be darkened, arrangements made
for sub-eaith or some other kind of ventila-
tion ; doors and windows would have to be
operated (hiring our Iretiuent warm spells
in the middle of tlie winter, by opening
them at ni.uht and closing in the day time,
etc. J think we could winter our bees in
that way, without any question, and very
likely with considerable saving of honey;
but one hundred debars would be no tempt-
ation at all for us to go back to the old
plan of cellar wintering, that we worked on
years ago; and I feel quite sure that we
should not save one hundred dollars' worth
of stores. May be I have become stubborn
in the matter; but when the bees do so well
by letting them entirely alone, it seems to
me I am excusable for being a little bit
prejudiced against putting bees into cellars.
Our variable Ohio climate, very likely, has
much to do with our decision in regard to
wintering. Ernest adds, that our 200 colonies
did not consume, on an average, more than
from seven to ten poimds of stores per hive
during the past winttr. If this be true,
there could not liave been a very great
amount saved in the consumption of stores
by putting them in the cellar. Me also adds,
that one hive, on which the chaff' packing
was omitted by luistake, consumed perhaps
nearly double "the amount of stores given
above; so it mttkes a difference, you see, as
to how our bees are fixed to go into winter
quarters outdoors.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

o4H

ITALIANS. CARNIOLANS, HOLY
LANDS, AND CYPRIANS.

WHICH RACE IS THE BEST, AND UI'ON WHA'C ClU
TEKION SHOULD WE BASE OUR .lUDOMENTSV

'E notice that tlie difl'erent races of bees
have their ehiimpions, and undoubtedly
they think tliey are really siii)erior to the
pure Italians. Now, if these claimed jioints
of superiority over the Italian bee can be
niaiiituiiied by actual practice, then we must ai'-
knowledge the Ftalian bee is in the background; and
the ne.vt point to arrivi- at is, >vhich of the other
races stands at the head, all points considered? It is
claimed for the Carniolans, that they are the
most g-entle of all bees, do not gather i)ropolis, are
excelled by none as honey gatherers, are better
nurse-bees, breed up earlier in the spring and later
in the fall. The champions ot the Holy Lands have
about the same story to rep( at, and the advocates
of Cyprian superiority will tell us, "If we know
how to handle Cyps they are just as gentle as any
other bees;" and some even go so far as to say they
handle theirs without smoke, but do not say wheth-
er the bees make them smoke for so doing or not.
The great majority tell iis that the Italian bees are
the best— first, last, aiui nlways, and with that class
we stand; but we are ready and willing to accept
some other bees instead, whenever their superiori-
ty is shown. Can breeders of anj' other race of bees
show such yields of honey as have been produced
by Italians? Will not the Italians breed up as ear-
ly in the spring as need be, if they have been win-
tered as they should be? And, again, will not the
Italians breed up just as late in tlie fall as the sea-
son will really warrant them in doing? Is it any
e.xtra quality, when any race of bees will breed ex-
cessively in season and out of season, as it is claim-
ed the Carniolans do? and is it any point of superi-
ority when we say they will not gather propolis? If
so, why is it, and how is it? A breeder of Holy
Lands states one point where his bees are better
than the Italians, and we certainly believe it, if it is
true; and that is, the Holy Lands never sting any
one when they are astray, but the Italians are
guilty of constantly prodding it to a person if he
gets near them when astray. It is not perfectly
clear to our mind just what is meant by the word
"astray "when used in this connection. Is it the
bees or the bee-keepers that are liable to get astray?
We fear greatly that it is the bee-keev>ers who are
guilty of such actions; and perhaps a real good
healthy half-dozen Italians would do much toward
bringing them back to the path of rectitude. But,
letting this all pass, is there any one foolish enough
to keep bees because they do not sting, or because
thej' do not gather propolis? or because they are
very prolific? We think not. We keep bees because
we get our bread and butler by so doing, and for
the pennies to lay aside for a rainy day; and now if
there is any race of bees that will furnish us more
bread and butter, and put more pennies in our
jjocket, they are the very bees we are looking for,
and the ones we want to hear al)out.
Rochester, <)., .July 5. 18s7. M. W. Shki'HEUD.

Friend S., we think your remarks are right
to the point. We keep bees for the pennies
they may bring us. That race which, from
its superior merits, can give us the most
pennies is the one destined sooner or hiter
to be our clioice. From our own experience.

as well as from tlie multitude of reports
which pass oiu' eyes, we never yet have
found a race of bees wiiicli would produce
viore pounds of honey than tlie justly prais-
ed Italians. That race of bees which will
make a decided increase in our honey-tnop
from year to year will very soon crowd
themselves among us. As long as the large
majority stick by the daughters of sunny
Italy, and their crosses, and so few, com-
paratively, say any thing in favor of the oth-
er races, we must concede the pahn to the
Italians.

MUTH-RASMUSSEN'S SUPER-SPRING.

VARIOUS MATTERS.

TN your foot-note to my article, p. 46(5, you ask;
la! "Are we to understand that one spring is all
^v you use to each division-board?" Yes, certain-
■*■ ly. One spring is enough. The springs are
quite strong, and it requires even some little
force to push them down into place, if they are prop-
erly adjusted to the space between the division-
board and the super. Experience will soon teach
what tension is necessary. A button-hook might
perhaps do to draw the spring with (I have not tried
it), but it would be too small and short for replacing
the spring. This can, however, be done by pressing
with a small Hat stick (as the side-piece of a brood-
frame), or any other flat implement you may hap-
pen to have at hand, on top of the loop of the spring.
I find that it hurts my hand to try to force the
spring down without some such aid. The button-
hook, if strong enough, might be carried in the
pocket; but as my hands, when at work with the
bees, are always more or less sticky with honey and
propolis, I avoid as much as possible putting them
in the pockets, and prefer having all the re()Uired
implements in the tool-box, which I carry around
with me.

To avoid misunderstanding, let me say to the
readers of Gi^eanings, that in my original draw-
ings I had represented the spring in the position
which it occupies in the super. If you will turn the
page around, so that the eye of the hook is up, you
will have the correct position— and I think a better
view— of the spring.

In my written explanations I therefore called the
arm A " horizontal," which it will always be, when
in use. The engraver has, however, turned the
spring over on its side, and to correspond with this
position the editor calls the arm A " perpendicu-
lar." Yet in the second column he uses the word
" horizontal" twice. Here is where the misunder-
standing might come in, as if the "horizontar' arm
and the "perpendicular " arm were two ditterent
parts of the spring, while in reality they are one
and the same thing.

Now let me object a little to your objection. While
you admit that the device is quite ingenious, and
perhaps the best thing that can be devised for the
purpose, yet^ you cry out. " A little complicated,"
which is only a slight variation of your usual ex-
pression, " Too much machinery." Something must
certainly be used to keej) the frames close together,
and what can be more simple and etfectual than a
spring which will adjust itself to slightly varying
distances? Vou must acknowledge that it is a
great way ahead of wedges, and also that it is much
(juicker adjusted than screws. The space it occu-

544

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

-July

pies is too narrow to admit of drawing it out with
the fingers, and therefore it becomes necessary to
have a booli for that purpose. One hook is enough
for each operator, and the expense for springs is
only a trifle, besides being a permanent investment.
In fact, they need not cost any thing, if you can
find some old bed-springs, for you can malie tliem
yourself when you have leisure, and all the tools re-
quired are a vise, a hammer, and a chisel. If the
springs should come into general use it might per-
haps pay to make them by machinery; but then the
trouble of many different sizes might arise. I
therefore think it better that each one should make
his own springs, using only the original shape as a
pattern.

Let nie here say, that the super-spring is not in-
tended for reversing-arrangements. For such you
must use something that can not slip, and here the
screw is perhaps the best implement.

TO GET THE LAST SECTION IN THE T SUPEK.

On p. 460, Dr. Miller
speaks of the difficul-
ty of getting the last
section into the T su-
per. I have never, as
yet, seen the T super;
but from the descrip-
tions I think 1 can
form a pretty correct
idea of what if is like.
Let me suggest, that
the doctor try the implement here illustrated. A
strip of tin, c a, 36 inches long, is cut off, the width
of a section, and bent in the shape of the letter U.
In the bend is fastened a semicircular block of wood,
a, as thick as the width of the tin, and with a diam-
eter of 4i'4 inches, or a little over. The U is placed
upside down on the T tins, between the two adjoin-
ing sections, h h, and the last section, c, is slipped
into the top of the U and pushed down between its
smooth sides, wbere it will have nothing to catch on.
When the section is in place, withdraw the U.

" Too much machinery," I hear you say again.
Well, let the doctor try it and report. If it does not
give satisfaction, there is not much loss.

ABOUT ILLUSTRATIONS.

There is no doubt that illustrations are a valuable
aid to the full understanding of much that we read.
I shall soon give a description of an e.xcellent and
cheap home-made cameraobscuni, with the help of
which any one can easily illustrate what he wishes
to describe. The artist's camera which you adver-
tised some years ago, and which I bought of you, is
too small, and necessitates transferring the picture;
while with the one I have in view, you draw direct-
ly on the paper, and on a larger scale, which will be
easier for most artists. Wm. Muth-Kasmussen.

Independence, Cal., June 37, 1887.

I plead guilty, friend M., to the charge
that I so often make, of complication, or too
much machinery ; and that is just exactly
what I should say of your invention figured
above ; that is, it seems to me I would
rather get along without it than to have it
around. But I might be mistaken, if I made
it my regular business. Ernest says he has
been bothered to some extent by this very
matter, and there is no question but that
your device will work every time. Will the
friends who make a trial of it please report?

MTINTBRING BEES.

.1. E. POND'S EXPERIMENTS.

HY is there such a difference in the results
from wintering our bees'? One is uniform-
ly successful, while another loses a large
percentage, if not all, although in practic-
ally the same locality, and under the same
climatic differences. I am led to ask the above
question by reading of the ill luck (I suppose) of
many in the same situation as regards climate as
myself, while I ha\'e not lost a colony Ijy reason of
the weather for over 16 yeai'S, and wintering, too,
on summer stands. With this question in my mind
I prepared my bees (ten colonies) last fall for the
purpose of experimenting. Some were in chaff
hives, some in double-walled hives with dead-air
space, two in 's-inch, and two in 'j-inch hives, and
all on Simplicity L. frames, 17?8 long and it's deep.
They all came safely through, and in excellent con-
dition, with but little difference in strength, al-
though with considerable difference in the amount
of stores consumed; and, strange to say, a colony
in a chaff" hive consumed the most, and one in a
i4-inch-thick hive the least; and this, too, by care-
ful weighing on the same day in fall and spring, 31*4
lbs. being the most consumed, and Wi lbs. the least,
from November 11th to March 5th, each colony be-
ing as nearly like every other in the fall as ten
hives could well be made, as regards strength and
stores, and all being hived on nine frames in a 14^4-
inch-wide brood-chamber.

Some of these colonies were kept in two-story
hives with full access to every part. Some had a
Hill device over the frames, the others having an
inch or more space over the tops of frames, given
by putting on a rim about an inch deep covered
with common burlap. All the hives were given full
width of entrance, and all had 5 or 6 inches of for-
est-leaves packed moderately hard on top of the
frames, over the covering quilt made of burlap, top
ventilation lieing given by boring a two-inch hole
in each end of the cover. The colonies were all
prepared alike, except the difference mentioned in
the hives, and all had a southern exposure, with a
thick hedge 6^4 feet high on the north and west
sides. The brood-chambers of all were prepared as
follows:

Nine frames, the upper halves tilled with sealed
stores; none in the lower half; in November the
hives were all examined, and the clusters forced by
changing frames to the west side of the hives.
Those wintered in two-story hives had three or four
frames of honey in the upper story, the rest being
empty. The queens in these were confined to
the lower story, the workers having access to
the upper, if they chose to go there, which they
did, and from which they transferred all the honey.
My deductions from the above are. that cold does
not kill our bees, and that, if the hives are so pre-
pared that the excess of moisture is so disposed of
that it can not freeze in the brood-nest, there will be
no trouble with bees dying in winter, or dwindling,
or being depopulated by diarrhea in spring. In the
matter of stores, the cells were practically all seal-
ed, and pollen was distributed through the hives as
it ordinarily would be in the fall, none of it being-
removed when being pj-epared for winter.

If this immunity from loss in my apiary were but
a single instance, I should deem the matter one of

1887

GLEA241NGS IN BEE CULTURE.

546

chance and g-ood luck only; but when, with the
same form of protection. I obtain the same
results year alter year, 1 have the rig'ht to
think and believe that 1 have solved the winter
in-oblem, and the best of reasons for making- no
change in my wintering- method. I can but say,
that the "bridge that carri(\s me safe over " will
probably carry others safe over also, and I advise
them to do as I have done, this coming fall. One
thing, however, must be understood: 1 am particu-
lar in preparing my bees in precisely the same way
and manner each year; and while a (liffercnt i)lan
may be eiiuall.v safe, 1 can only ailvise doing jiist as
I have done, asa change may bring ditfercnt results
from those I have invariably found to follow my
own course of procedure.

This wintering (juestion is the most troublesome
one we have. Settle it, and bee-keeping is placed on
a sure and certain lootiiiu-. I C any try the method
outlined above, I shou'd like to have them report
next spring the results they Hud, stating- full partic-
ulars at the same time. .1. E. Pon'd, Jk.

Foxboro, Mass., .Tune ~'7, It^i-V.

THE PIPING OF QUEENS.

CP:LL-l'l«()-rECT()l{S, KTC.

fN page WZ, Gi-EA.MNO.s for .June 1,5, 1 see Mr.
Dewey thinks Doolittle is not correct regard-
ing the piping of queens, and after-swarms,
as I gave on page 4'j4. Bi-o. Dewey says: "I
most emphatically deny that there is only
one (jueen allowed to leave the queen-cells at a time,
or that only one pipes at a time, or that, as a rule,
only one <iueen accompanies the second, third, or,
in fact, any after-swarm." Now, friend Dewey,
won't you please turn to page 434 again, and read
carefully and see if Doolittle said any thing to con-
flict with your views, or made any assertion to the
etfect that onli/ onr (pieen piped at a time, or that
()M?.j/ ""6 'lueen accompanied after-swarms? I have
carefully read my article over, and do not see any
such assertion made No one can say all that could
be said on an.v sub.jcct in one article; and as it
is necessary to condense matter as much as possi-
ble, to give to all room in Gi.kaning.s for a few
words. I do not go over all the ground of the past,
many times, in order to he brief. All who have
read my writings in the pa«t. know that I believe
that more than one (jueen pij es at a tinjc, and that
more than one queen goes with after-swarms; and,
to nntke all plain to new beginners, I will sa.y this in
addition to what is written on pnge 434: A queen
pipes only when there are other (lueens {in cells)
in the hive, of mature age. To make it a little
plainer: A young queen ma.> mature and hatch two
or more days before any of her rival sisters come to
maturity; but as far as 1 have observed, she rarelj-
if ever peeps till some of those sisters come to ma-
turity. As soon as this occurs, the first hatched
seems to get in a rage and begins to peep; and in
from si.v to eight hours after maturity, although
kept back in the cells, these rivals begin to peep,
often half a dozen answering (the oni- having her
liberty) at a time. These (jueens being in their cells
g-ive off a kind of muffled sound, so it is easy t- lling
their peep from the one which is out. I spoke only
of the liberated queen as regarding piping on page
434. This is plain, is it not, friend Dewey? Well,
when second swarming commences this ([ueeu that

has had her liberty all the while, leads, or is about
the first bee out, often Hying back and forth sev-
eral times, as if to urge the bees out. In the hurr.y
and bustle of swarming, the queen-cells are left to
themselves for a time, and one or two, sometimes
more, of the mature (|ueens I have spoken of, hasti-
ly finish biting the cover of the cell off, and get out
with the bees in the air before the guards in the
hive realize what has happened, so that two or
three ((ueens with a second swarm is quite a fre-
(|uent occurrence: but it is a rare thing- to And
moi-e than three with such a swarm. Now, if a
third swarm is to issue, the guards collect about the
cells again, allowing one queen her liberty, and
keeping the rest in their cells. If more than one
are out in the hive, all are killed but one; for
queens at liberty with the bees intent on swarming,
soon get together and all but one are killed. At
third swarming- there are fewer bees and more nni-
ture<iueens, as a rule, than at the time of second
swarming-, so that, when the cell-guards become
"routed" by the hurry and bustle of another
swarm, more queens leave the cells, so that 1 have
known as many as from 13 to 30 queens with a third
swarm, but rarely more than from 3 to .5. Thus you
will see " we two D.'s " agree pretty well finally,
after the rest of the story left untold on page 434 is
brought out.

Now, what 1 do claim, which many of the brethren
don't seem willing to admit, is, that queens at ma-
turity are white-looking, feeble things, and can no
more peep nor fl.y than a newly hatched worker;
and all queens which can fly at hatching matured
from eight hours to a week before, but were kept
back and were fed in the cells by the guard-bees.
Who ever knew a queen which had .just cut through
the covering to her cell, in a queen or lamp nurser.v,
to be able to fly? If any one ever did, then I am
down. If not, those opposing may well investigate.

(^UEEN-CELT/ PROTECTORS.

Before closing I wish to say a word or two about
those queen-cell protectors, spoken of on page 483.
I see Ernest and the apiarist are not having suc-
cess with them. 1 can not understand this, for
many very flattering reports come to me from those
using them, and I have not had a single failure
from the first cell tried, some two years ago, till the
present moment. The sample protector sent me
has been in almost constant use for the past si.v
weeks, giving birth to (jueen after (jueen, with a
certainty which only those can appreciate who in
years gone b3- have ha,d cells by the dozen destroyed.
The cell is pushed down in the apex of the cone as
far as it will go, so that there is barely room for the
cover of the cell to come open when the (lueen
bites it ott'. I said I had not made a failure, by
which I meant that in no case had the queen been
destroj-ed before maturity. Where such a caged
cell is put in a full colony for the purpose of super
seding a laying (jueen, if the bees think their old
queen doesn't need replacing they kill the young
queen and drag her out at the entrance. I use only
cells that will hatch in from 6 to 3t) hours in the cell-
protector. Perhaps using too "young" cells maybe
your trouble. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. V., .July. ,887.

You may be ri.i;lit. friend D., in your last
suggestion. At any rate, when we were
using the cell-protectors there was an almost
entire lack of honev, and the bees were more

.54(1

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

July

than once on the point of starvation. At
siicli times they seem determined to tear
dowTi queen-cells. Tliere have been so
many favorable reports in regard to the
(]ueen-cell protectors, that we feel sure we
must have made some mistake somewhere.
On account of foul brood being in our apia-
ries we can not raise any more queens this
season, and consequentlj are not able to
test the protectors. We hope to make a
further trial next \ear.— In regard to the
piping of queens, if you will turn to page oo7,
current issue, you will see that there is still
another D. discussing this same question.
D. No. o says D. No. 1 and No. 'I are both
right, ;is you state.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

FALSE STATKMENTS IN HEGARD TO LIQUID HONEY.

f^llE boss of the printing-office hands us
§)': the following, which he cut from the
^ Cleveland Leader:
An siiithority on canned goods reveals the
interesting- lact that most of the jellies in
the inaiiset are made of apple-parings and cores.
Sometimes the stock is kept so long that it will not
make jelly, then t hey make strained honey out of it.
—Plnladdiihia Sunii'cal ami Medical Reporter.

Friends of the Philadelphia Surgical and
Medical Eeprjrter, and newspapers in gener-
al, we beg to contradict your report. %We
don't know about the jelly part of it, but we
are inclined to think it is as untrue as the
part is in regard to honey. Nothing like
even poor honey can be made from apple-
parings and cores ; and inasmuch as tliere
is scarcely a town or village now in the
United States where good pure honey is not
kept on sale by some honest bee-keeper, we
insist that the whole story is an impossibili-
ty. People are too well "posted to be hum-
bugged in such a way, even if the world is
l)ad enough to do it. There may be poor
honey occasionally put on the market ; but
the sensational scare, that it is made of stale
apple-parings and coies, is an untruth. We
should be glad to l)e told where any such ar-
ticle is kept for sale.

A LETTER FROM AUSTRALIA ; THE DOOLITTLE

METHOD OF INTRODUCING QUEENS

A SUCCESS.

We have been introducing queens hy Mr. Doo-
little's method, and have always found it to suc-
ceed to a marvel. There is no doubt, that iiv mak-
ing his plan known to the public he has conferred
an immense benefit on bee-keepers, vvhich I think
they should acknowledge in some practical form.
I may say, too, that I. W. Garrett tells us he has
tried it, and never found it to fail. We inti-oduced
a laying queen two days ago, and in eighteen
hours found her laying, and the bees working
away not ten yards from their old home, as if they
had been there all their lives. All our first experi-
ments were with virgin queens, all of which we
found laying at the end of the week. In December
last I wrote to D. Stroud, of South Africa, about the
South-African bees, and asked him for a list of his
prices. We did not take the Jiritish Bee Journal,
nor know of any one who did; but, strange to say.

we have had no reply from him. As we are only ai
days i)ost from the Cape, there has been plenty of
time. Again, last month I wrote, sending him two
black queens in a Benton mailing-cage, as an ex-
periment, to see whether they would reach him
alive, and to show him the kind of cage now in use.
From his communication to you he did not appear
to know very much about some of the late inven-
tions. We have lately been considering whether
the Italian bee is really best suited to our part of
the world ; hei-e our principal honey crop (from the
eucalypte) comes to us in the autumn, and, except
in the orchard or clover districts, the bees scarcely
do much more than make a good living in the
spring and summer. In an old number of Glean-
ings which was sent to me, I noticed that excep-
tion was taken to some race of bees because they
spent their spring months in brood-rearing, in-
stead of honey -gathering. Now, it seems to me
that this is just the bee we want, so as to have our
colonies strong, and in full working order by the
autumn: but I have forgotton which particular
race of bees it was. Will j'ou give this matter your
best consideration, my dear Mr. Root? bearing in
mind that our climate is. as a general thing, a very
dry one, and that we are not obliged to winter our
bees, and let us know which you think would be
the best race of bees for us. T. F. Bradley.

Campbelltown, N. S. W., Aus., Apr. 18, 1887.

The bees which you probably liave in
mind are the Holy-Land bees. " They will
satisfy you in the amount of brood. As to
where they may be found, see our advertis-
ing columns. It is pretty hard to say whicli
would be the best bees for your locality. As
a general rule you will not Bnd a better race
than Italians.

FOUL BROOD, TO CURE.

Your favor of the 18th inst. is at hand, also the
A B C of Bee Culture. I am satisfied your method
of treatment of foul brood, as so admirably detailed
in j'our very recent issue of the ABC, would be em-
inently satisfactoi'y where this dreadful disease is
in its incipient stages, and when its presence is the
result of bees having access to honey from colonies
so atfected. The conditions of my colonies, and the
sources whence it comes, are such as to render any
thing but the most persistent, thorough, and heroic
treatment worse than useless. The development is
rapid, and of a most positive and unmistakable
character.

Now, here is our method: Cage all the queens for,
say, 30 days, to stop brood-rearing. Confine the bees
in cages from 34 to 48 hours until their honey-sacks
are exhausted. Boil thoroughly and i-epaint the
hives. Beeswa.x all the combs, and destro}' frames.
Move the bees iJ'i miles in the country, and put on
new frames and full foundation. Now, friend Root,
do you think this would eradicate the disease? The
destrui'tion of the hive involves too much expense,
if we can possibly avoid it. The work of renovat-
ing will commence as soon as basswood How ceases.

Eureka, 111., June -M, 1887. S. W. Lakin.

The plan which you propose for curing
foul brood, I think will work all right.
While there would be considerable advan-
tage, perhaps, in caging queens for a period
of 20 days to prevent brood-rearing, yet our
experience has repeatedly shown that the
starvation plan (that is, l)urning the bi'ood-
combs, and placing the affected bees an(l

Iss?

GLEANtJ^GS IK H1<:E CULTUUE.

511

queens in clean hives on frames of fdn., and
boiling or steaming old liivesi is entirely
successful so far as the colony treated is
itself concerned. Your suggestion in re-
gard to taking bees, as fast as treated, to an
entirely new location, is good ; and where
you can do this without much expense, 1
would advise you to do it. You will then
luive all the colonies treated. awa> from the
baneful influences of bees intermingling,
and carrying honey from infected colonies
into the newlv formed swainiis.

ANOTHEH DEVICE EOK OPENING SCBEEN-DOORS.

You ask in Gleanings, May 15, for some im-
proveiiicnt or simpler arrang-ement of J. A. Green's
screen-door opener. Well, here is mine. Make a
roller a little longer than the width of the door;
fasten it just under the door with two brackets, at
the end near the door-hinges; fasten to the roller
an arm projecting- up. An end of an old steel wagon-
spring- is good. At the other end, and clear from
the door, have another arm raised a little above a
level, then by pressing this last arm down it will
turn the roller, and the other arm will open the
door: thus:

1^

FlIADEN BUKG'S IT. AN KUli Ol'ENING SCBEEN-
DOORS.

I use no cord, no pulleys; nothing- unsightly; it
can be so balanced that it will not hinder the door
from closing-. A. A. Fradenburg.

Port Washington, O., May 23, 1887.

FATHER LANOSTROTH, AND WHAT A NEIGHBOR
SAYS OF HIM.

In Gleanings of June 1.5, C. F. Uhl makes this
inquiry. •' Was there ever any patent on the
Langstroth hive? If so, who was the patentee?"
Now, for the information of friencl Uhl and others,
I will state that the Kev. L. L. Langstroth leceived
letters-patent on his movable-comb hive, Oct. .5,
ISK. Reissued May 36, 186H, and 1 think a further
extension afterward; and as to his being- a fraud
and swindler, nothing could be further from the
truth. After almost 30 years' acquaintance with
him (I can fully indorse all you say of himilhave
always found him to be an honorable and truly
(christian gentleman; in fact, one of " the salt of
theeai-th;" and though it has been his lot to be
sorelj' afflicted, the reason wJty we can not tell; but,
" Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right ? "

O.xford, ( )., June 27, 1887. J. Coulter. Sr.

WHY DO MY BEES SW.\RM OUT AG.\1N ?

Myself and neighbors have been troubled a great
deal with bees leaving the hive after having been
hived for from three to ten days, and having brood
well started, and no visible reason for their doing
so. Thinking that perhaps others had been trou-
bled in the same waj-, your advice might be of inter-
est. I have tried both chaif and Simplicity hives,
■with and without brood given them when hived,

and single and double swarms, and there is no ap-
parent difference, and they frequently come out
two or three times, but always cluster and finally
accept the hive and stay. They invariably have
brood if they stay long enough to start it.

M. E. KiMSEY.

Salem Center, Ind., .lunc 34, 1887.

Friend K., your experience if very unusu-
al indeed ; in fact, w^e have always laid it
down as a rule, that bees never swarm out
after they have commenced brood-rearing. 1
think it is a sort of mania that they have
gotten into, and that you will not be trou-
bled with it very long. Bees sometimes get
into such ways of doing, and the whole
apiary seems to be for a time infected with
this kind of behavior.

WHEN TO CUT ALSIKE FOR SEED; DOOLITTI.E
QUEEN-CELL, PROTECTOR.

As alsike clover is gaining rapidly in favor with
farmers as a hay and pasture crop, especially on
suitable soils, and is also one of the best honey-
plants, perhaps the experience of one of our most
successful growers here will be of use to many. He
is the one who harvested the 13-acre crop last year.
His name is H. E. W^ilson. He has v^iised alsike
for many years. He sows only two quarts per acre,
and prefers sowing- in the fall, drilling it in with
wheat. He harvests the seed crop when in the
best condition for hay, when the stalk, leaves, and
some of the last blossoms are yet green. He says
he gets more seed than when i-iper, besides a good
crop of hay. His 13 acres yielded almost 6 bushels
to the acre. He sold the big- load for .<6.3.') per bush-
el; the rest at retail for *7.00. Mi-. Conrad Atwell
and A. D. Macham, of this place, will harvest seed,
and probably many others. Mr. Macham has pas-
tured his this spring, in order to delay the harvest,
as it generally comes in the midst of the wheat har-
vest. His crop looks promising now.

THE DOOLITTLE QUEEN-CELL PROTECTOR A SUC-
CESS.

I made a (jueen-cell-protector mold according to
your directions. My block is three inches thick. 1
cut a shoulder on all four sides of the block '72 inch
down, leaving- the face of the block just the size of
the piece of wire cloth for the protector, which
helps to place the i)iece on evenly and quicklj- over
the mold. I have used the protector for 13 queen-
cells, and have failed with only one, and that looked
as though it was destroyed by a worm. I make the
hole in the point not very large, and see that the
point of the (jueen-cell fills the hole. The queen-
cell protector is a great help to me, as I am dividing-
many colonies of bees. H. S. HoxiE.

Holloway. Mich.. June 24, 1887.

THE BBE-ROCK.

The bees, up to the present date, have gathered
but little honey, and have made no surplus
whatever. They have plenty for brood - rear-
ing, but have never swarmed any. The import-
ed queen I bought of you last July has been very
prolific this season. I have raised a gi-eat many
(lueens from her. I see in the last number of
Gleanings a sketch of what is called the "Bee
Kock " in Tenn. I have often heard of that rock,
and should like to hear further reports from it.

Webbville, Ky., June 34, 1887. L. J. Webb.

m

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing some valuable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS, will receive

one of David Cook's excellent tive-cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these books contain the same matter that you lind in
Sunday-school hooks costing from $1.00 to $1..50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz. : Sheer Off, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and our Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS^ BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

GETTING UEADY FOR A BOOM IN 15EE-
SUPI'LIES ; THE HUMAN HAND.

TTpCCORDING to the advice of Mr.
^rfe, Green, the boys decided to postpone

jR* indefinitely their taking revenge on
■■^^ Jake. As honey would be soon com-
ing in, he advised tlieni to get every
thing in readiness. The saw-mandrel and
saws which they had sent for liad arrived.
The next thing to be accomplished was to
construct a suitable saw-table ; and as it re-
quires considerable mechanical skill to
make a good strong table, Mr. Green
thought best to help the boys, as he had
done on the windmill. He accordingly se-
lected some pieces of hard wood at the plan-
ing-mill, and had it dressed out in shape to
be put together. The two boys, with Mr.
Green's assistance, soon had a good strong
and rigid saw-table. This they located in
the barn-loft, in position to be easily con-
nected with the windmill. When at last
every thing was in running order, as luck
would have it, or, rather, ''lad luck," as the
boys were pleased to call it. there was not a
lireath of wind. They waited two or three
days, and still no wind. On the fourth day
there was a very little breeze, but hardly
sufficient to keep the windmill in motion,
even without the saw-table and connections.
By this time honey was beginning to come
in. Mr. CJreen was needing some hives,
frames, and supers. The boys had no lum-
ber, and no capital to start with in the sup-
ply-business, and, worse than all, no wind ;
but Mr. G. readily consented to furnish
them the lumber, and pay them a certain
amount for manufacturing it into hives,
supers, frames, etc. As to the wind, he en-
joined upon them patience. He accordingly
purchased at the planing-mill some selected
white-pine lumber, planed on both sides,
some of it i inches thick for bives, and some
i inch for supers. After the lumber was

piled and sticked up in the barn-loft, the
boys waited again for tiie wind. They could
hardly wait, for there was notliing else that
could supply them the re(iuisite power. As
it was hot summer weather there were only
light breezes, and these were not sufficient
to do them any good. Mr. Green told them
the\' would liave to wait luitil a thunder-
shower should come uji. and take advantage
of the wind which might accompany or fol-
low it. In the meantime, he gave the boys
a little lecture on being careful with buzz-
saws. Said he, '■ boys, you will never begin
to realize the value of your fingers until you
have lost one. No invention of man, how-
ever ingenious, has ever yet supplied us
with what God has given us.

" Suppose, boys, that a man were to for-
get all about the use of hands, and should
suddenly find himself without any. Let us
then imagine that he has the power to have
made on the ends of his arms any thing he
pleases, for the purpose of doing the work of
the world. The tool, if we may so call it,
must be able to hold a hammer, pick up a
grain of sand, play on the piano, hold a pen,
repair a watch, open a liive, and, in short,
do the entire work of the world. What do
you suppose, boys, the hand would look likeV
How would you have such a hand madeV

The boys realized at once that such a
problem could be solved only by an infinite
mind, and they were silent. Jimmie looked
at his hand, and seemed to see in it some-
thing more than blind chance.

" A human invention for the purpose of
taking the place of the hand,"' continued
Mr. (Jreen, " would probably consist of a
great deal of machinery ; and even after the
hand were done it wouhl doubtless i)rove an
entire failure; but God uses only four fin-
gers, one thumb, five nails, nineteen bones.
skin, and muscles; and yet in the human
hand, our wisest men tell us, we iiave the
highest exhibition of God's wisdom of any
thing in the physical world."

" I never thought so before," said Sam ;
'' but I believe that is all true— every word
of it— for I find my hand is jus/ the thing for
all my work."

"A buzz-saw" continued Mr. Green,
" does not seem to recognize the difference
between a common board and your precious
fingers. In fact, it seems to take special de-
light in mutilating and tearing to pieces
some of the most wonderful pieces of work
that God has ever made. You may think
your little buzz-saw will not do a very great
amount of damage ; but a friend of mine
who was running just a hand-power buzz-
saw had his hand so mutilated on this same
saw that he had to have it amputated.
Now. boys, remember to be careful. Don't
ever let your fingers get near a running saw.
There is no need of it, and it is a terrible
risk to run. To avoid any possible accident,
I must insist on your using what sawyers
call 'push-sticks.' They look like the little
wooden pistols that the boys hold fire-crack-
ers in. On the under side, at the muzzle
end, a notch is cut, about half an inch
square. The object of the notch is to catch
hold of the lumber more easily and safely.

" Now, boys," said he, " in shoving lum-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

54ij

ber througli the Siiw, gnisp hold of the han-
dle of your wooden pistol. Should the saw
strike the push-stick, it will do no harm. If
you are handling small pieces, drive a wire
hail just back of the notch, so as to project
through. This nail will stick into lumber,
and draw the pieces back so you can take
off another slice. I omitted to say,'' he con-
tinued. " that the pistol needs to be made of
seven-eighths pine, and the handle should be
whittled and sandpapered so that no sharp
corners project, otherwise Tyour right hand
will become blistered and sore." Mr. (ireen
then left them to make their push-sticks.

The boys waited three or four more days,
and anxiously watched Mr. Green's barorhe-
ter, to see whether the mercury were falling.
Mr. (ireen had told them, that when the
mercury drops quite perceptibly in a short
time, it indicates one of two things —
either wind or rain, and probably both. If
ever that mercurial column was watched by
two pairs of eager eyes it was during the
time that our two young mechanics were
waiting for wind. The boys watched until
it seemed as if there never was such a snm-
mer as that before. They argued, '' If we
don't get some rain pretty soon, the farms
will all dry up, and there won't be any hon-
ey, and then, of conrse, nobody will want to
buy hives of us." They felt almost inclined
to complain again at the Creator of all things
because he had not made a wind just when
two little boys wanted to have him do so.

One evening, just before the boys sepa-
rated to go to their respective homes, they
noticed that the barometer indicated a
storm. Mr. (^reen said that it might
amount to something. The boys went to
bed with expectant hearts. Along in the
night, Sam heard his window-sliutters
rattle. He hastily put on his clothes, got
bis lantern, and started for the barn. On
the way thither he was overtaken by Jim-
mie and his lantern. As they clambered
up into the barn-loft, they said, "• Now we
will see if we can't make some hives ; for
if we don't take advantage of this wind we
shall not be able to make any hives at all.''

" Hark ! hear the big drops of rain i)at-
ter on the roof."

Continued Aug. 15.

JavENiiiE IiET^fer-Bbx.

" A cMel's amang ye takin' notes :
An' faith, he'll prentlt."

HOLLYHOCK AS A HONEY-PLANT.

The bees are gathering a lot of honey now. They
make most of the honey from sumac and cotton-
bloom. The bees are making honej' from buck-
wheat too. How do you think hollyhock would do
as a honey-plant? Bees get quite a lot of honey
from it when in bloom. Eliza Martin, age 11.

Hackett City, Ark., June 24, 1887.

Although the hollyhock has not been test-
ed on a large scale, yet we are of the opinion
that it would not amoiuit to much as a hon-
ey-plant. We occasionally see a few bees
hovering around the blossoms, but it seems
to be the pollen they are after, rather than

the nectar. Are you sui'e that your bees
gathered honey to any extent from holly-
hock V ■

.iohn's poetry.
1 saw in Gleanin(js several pieces of poetry
about bees, so I have written one.
I have a busy little swarm

That works from morn till night.
And makes a person jump and scream
When they begin to bite,
llderton, Ont., Can. John G. Kicndall.

HERMAN'S LETTER.

My pa's bees did not do well last season. It was
too dry. Pa has an A B C book, and takes Glean-
ings. Ho likes it very much, especially the Home
talks. 1 am in a hurry to know how Sam and Jim
are getting along with their windmill.

Herman Blaik, age II.

Lockhart's, W. Va., Apr. 30, 1887.

horses stung.

Pa got ready to go to town last fall, and the team
was left a few minutes, when the horses got start-
ed and upset the bee-hive. The bees came out and
stung the horses. Papa ran out and ran them back
up the hill to get the bee.s off. Two neighbors
happened to be passing, and helped to get the bees
off. Rosa Naylor, age U.

Lockhart, Jackson Co., W. Va., Apr. 5, 1887.

GLEANINGS AN OLD FRIEND.

Pa has 36 swarms, 10 new and 20 old ones. Pa told
my brother and me if we would hive the bees when
he was awa.v he would give me twenty cents and
my brother five cents. He went away, but no bees
swarmed. Wc like (Jleanings very u>uch. Pa
had not taken it in a long while; but when we took
it again it seemed like one of the family.

Flint, Mich. Fanny Boston.

A SWARM OF BUMBLE-BEES.

Pa packs his bees with chatf and straw on sum-
mer stands. He makes his hives of rustic work,
with a shingle roof, and paints them red, white, and
blue. While clearing land my brother Howard and
1 found 4 bumble-bee nests. We hived them all in a
tin can, and got three queens. The fourth flew
awaj-. One of the queens killed the other two-
They are doing well, considering there were but a
few. I was stung on the finger while we were hiv-
ing them. George C. Allen, age 11.

Snohomish, W. T.

CHILLED BEES.

Papa's bees made lots of honey last summer.
The most of it was nice and white, and it was in
one-pound sections. Papa traded some for butter,
pound for pound. He sells the white for 12V2 cts.,
and dark for 10 cts., in the neighborhood. Papa
lost three stands of bees last winter, and mamma
lost one. Some bees came out late one evening in
the spring, and alighted on the peach-tree stump.
We did not see them until the next morning. They
looked as if they were dead. We brought them in
to the fire, and brother Wesley put them in a five-
pound cap with comb and honey, and the.>' soon
came to life, and they are the strongest hive on
the place. Last summer they swarmed once, and
filled 72 sections with honey, and had in the hive
enough to keep them through the winter.

Daisy White.

Broad Run Sta., Va.

.>5U

GLt^ANlKGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

July

HONEV-CAKES, PUI.LTNG OUT STINGS, ETC.

Father had 13 stands of bees Jast I'all.aiKl has only
ten now. They are doing- nicely. Mother makes
honey-cakes. One of the recipes that father likes
best is as follows: 1 cup of honey; 1 of sugar; lot
butter; some milk; 2^4 lbs. of Hour; scant 'i cup of
shortening-; 1 eg-g; llai-ge toaspoonful of saleratus;
cin7iamon and cloves, 1 teaspoonful of each. Bake
slowly in two long- shallow tins.

I have read, " Never pull a sting- out, because
when you get hold of it with your fingers you jam
all the poison into your flesh; but squeeze it out
and then you squeeze the poison out with it." I
see king-birds have been written about twice in
Gleanings. 1 will tell what I know about them.
It was in the honey season that we noticed them.
They would sit up on a high limb, frequently take a
circle, and alight again with a poor little bee. Fa-
ther got provoked and shot them and opened one.
The bird did not have any bees in its crop, or, rather,
we could not find any crop, but the gizzard was full
of bees. My uncle, Albert Peck, living at Wheat-
field, Mich., winters his bees successfully in the de-
pot, therefore the noise, of course, does not affect
them as some claim. Iva A. Peck, age 14.

.Jackson, Mich.

SECTrONS FOLDED AT THE HATE OF 1200 PER
HOUK.

My bi-other Perl and I each put one-piece sections
together at the rate of 1200 in one hour. We did
not put that many together, but put up 20 in
one minute, which is at that rate. We put them
together Monday before' noon, ready for use. It is
pleasant work for us, and it might be we could do
better. They were the sections which Kred got of
you. Fred's bees have not swarmed this year, but
are lying out considerably, and making lots of
honey. Nettie H. Cuanston.

Woodstock, Ohio.

Thank you, friend Nettie. Why. we I'eel
as if we were acquainted with all the Cran-
ston children. On p. 47() we offered to give
auy of the juveniles any thing they might
choose from the ten-cent counter, providing
they could beat the record of Alfred Higbee,
who folded sections at the rate of 6ii per
minute. But here you have gone so far as
to fold 20 in one minute — considerably more
than (is per minute, is it not? When I first
read the statement, that you could fold at
the rate of 1200 per hour. Ithought it sound-
ed something like a ''fish-story.'' I accord-
ingly took your letter to the lady who has
charge of our sample-room ; and when I told
her there was a little girl down in Cham-
paign Co., ()., who could fold sections at the
rate of 1200 an liour. she said flatly that it
was impossible, and I almost felt inclined to
think she was right. About the best record
we had made in our sample-room was 750 an
hour, and that was by one of the girls who
had become quite expert. As we have some
girls here who can fold as many sections as
anybody ever did, I requested the one whom
I thought ccfuld make the best record to
keep count and see how many she could fold
in one minute. To my surprise she folded
20 the first minute antl 21 the second min-
ute ; but I tell you, she had no time for false
motions. So we are obliged to admit, friend

Nettie, that the rate of 20 per miuute is en-
tirely possible ; and if the sections were all
piled on one side, and every thing in readi-
ness, the 1200 for a whole hour might be
made, providing the little girl or boy did not
get tired out. Well, friend Nettie, as you
have fulfilled the conditions we made on p.
476, please let us know what you choose
from the ten-cent counter, and we will mail
it to you.

OUR friend l. c. root; his old home, as re-
ported BY a little girl.

This spring papa bought Mr. L. C. Roofs place,
half a mile from Mohawk, New York. We left
Mickleton, New Jersey, on the 26th of March.
The farmei-s there were planting potatoes. Ar-
riving at Mohawk we were told there were six
feet of snow in the woods, and we found good
sleighing. All our goods were brought over from
the station on sleds. It was some time before we
saw a vehicle on wheels — every thing was on run-
ners. We like our new home very much. Mr. Root
had things fixed up very nicelj', especially for bee-
keeping. His cellars for wintering bees are com-
plete. He and others had about 200 hives in the cel-
lar last winter. We children were very much inter-
ested in seeing them take the bees out and work
among them. Mr. Root did not wear any veil. The
bees seemed to know when he came around. They
never thought of stinging him, but they did the
other men.

Mr. Root was here a week, getting his bees ready
to ship. We became quite well acquainted with
him, and found him to be a very fine man. We like
him very much. We think jSIr. Root must be sorry
to leave his home here, as it is very cozy and com-
fortable. Papa has to hives of bees, 30 of which
are in Simplicity hives. He bought 30 of Mr. Root.
Mr. R. uses the Quinby hive. Papa's bees are doing-
well. They have been gathering honey from fruit-
bloom. They are building- up nicely. Young bees
were tiying to-day. He has a nice bee-yard to keep
them in. In our old home, papa always wintered
them on their summer stands. I think there wa.s
not a month during the winter but there was a day
warm enough for bees to have a fly.

I am the elder daughter. I have one sister and
two brothers. I am 11 years old. We go to church
and Sunday-school. Two years ago I went to Sun-
day-school every Sunday in the year. My sister
missed only one Sunday, being sick. We lived one
mile from the church. Papa thinks you and Ernest
write mueli alike. Oftentimes in reading an article
he can not te!l which of you wrote it till he sees the
name. Hope L. Haines.

Mohawk, N. Y., May 27, 1S87.

A great many thanks. Hope. Your report
of our old friend L. C. Root and his home is
real good ; and we believe there are many
others who will bear you out in all the kind
words you have said of Mr. Root. While a
veteran reporter might have said a great
many things in regard to Mr. Hoot's former
home and surroundings which you have left
out, yet when we want to get at little details
— something that we all want to know — we
must confess that the little folks carry off
the palm. Your letter will be read with in-
terest, and we think it deserving of a nice
panel chromo, so we send you one.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ool

0a^ JlejiEg.

Ye are not your own, tor ye are bought with a
price.— I. Cor. 6: 19, 20.

^f^* RO. ROOT:— I have long- wanted an opportu-
P« nity to say a few words to you, and now I
1^ have it. You have opened the way in Our
■*^ Homes, p. 479. I liave admired your zeal lor
years, but lamented that it lacked knowl-
edge; i. e., the knowledge that you were cleansed
from all unrig-htcousness. The work which Christ
came to do is but half done in jour case, for want
of consecration and faith. You confessed your
sins, and he pardoned you— yea, a thousand times
and more, and now in this talk (Our Homes) you
have confessed your unrighteousness, unciean-
ness, and depravitj'; now believe that he cleanses
you from aJf unrighteousness. You received your
pardon by faith, now receive your cleansing' by
faith, and hold it by faith— a continuous faith —
no matter what the devil says about it. He
is a liar. The blood of Jesus Christ his Son cloaus-
eth us (continuously) from all sin (that is, the
justified believer, who by faith applies it). Re-
ceive ye the Holy Ghost. He will satisfy your
longings, and lead you into all truth and greater
usefulness. You have made atearfvil disclosure of
your state (and yet 1 knew it all), for it is the state
of cai-nality which can not be subjected to God;
but it can be cleansed out by the blood of Christ.
I know it!

Thank you, dear brother, for your kind
admonition. No doubt you are in tlie main
right ; but, if you will excuse me, I am led
to believe that we are not only unlike in
our tastes and dispositions, but that we
are, in many respects, in our religious expe-
riences also. Furthermore, I am led to be-
lieve that God has different lines of work
for each one of us to do. Perhaps he calls in
different directions and in different ways. I
know I have many temptations and many
conflicts with Satan, and sometimes I have
wondered whether it was because of my
transgressions, or because God wished to
take me through particular experiences, that
I might be the means of leading others
through like trials. May be both are true.

At one of our prayer-rheetings, some years
ago, I mentioned the fact that I had some-
times thought it strange that I should be so
continually tempted and tried. After meet-
ing, a good brother who was, liy the way. a
minister, suggested that it was not altogeth-
er improbable that it was well for me that I
was tried in these different ways. Said he,
" You have much in your life that might
make you proud and overbearing. If the
world saw no weakness in you, and you were
aware of it, you might get to holding your
head higher than you do now. Is it notpos-
sible there is a providence in this fact V and
may not these things contribute to keep you
humble? As it is, you constantly /eeZ your
need of Christ's pardoning power."'

Since my last Home Papei- there have
beenseveval letters similar to the one I have
given above, and there seems to be some cu-
riosity, and perhaps anxiety, to know in just
what'ways I have been tried. I have felt
moved to give you one little incident as an
illustration.

I have several times mentioned what I
call my ■■ Swamp (Jarden,'' within a quarter
of a mile of our factory. Almost on the
summit of a hill, there has been, since the
recollection of the oldest inhabitant, a sort
of bog, pond, or morass, inliabited by frogs,
turtles, and snakes, and gi()\vn up with
buslies and raidv weeds. Even in the driest
summer weather, water has stood there
most of the time ; and depths of vegetable
mold, decayed leaves, moss, etc., extend
downward many feet. During the winter
the bushes were all cleared off, and the
swamp nicely drained ; and some time in
May we were getting it ready for celer> -
plants. I was enjoying myself wonderfully
in helping to get out the roots, logs, and va-
rious trash ; and before I knew it I was
dripping with perspiration. My underclo-
thing had been all laid aside a few days be-
cause it was so near summer time. While
at work I noticed a delightful breeze spring-
ing up from the northeast ; but it seemed so
delicious I paid but little attention to it.
more than to thank (iod for that wonderful-
ly bracing gift of cool fresh air, and fo)' the
breeze that sprang up in the forenoon to le-
fresh the outdoor laborer. My friend, did
you ever taste such a breeze when working
in the cornfield, or when otherwise occupied
in the open air ? Pretty soon, however, tlie
breeze became fresher and cooler, and I Ije-
gan to feel a kind of chill through my thin
cotton shirt, the only covering for my arms
and chest. I put on my vest, but I was
chilly still ; and as my' coat was at the
house, I thought I could not take any harm,
as the sun shone so very warm. By and by,
liowever, I began to think best to start for
home and get a coat. I was chill> when I
got it; but I reasoned that a warm" coat, all
wool, worn during such a hot simimer flay,
would certainly fetch up the temperature
soon ; but as soon as I got home I was called
to attend a funeral, and was assigned a place
in an open doorway. I had by this time be-
gun to dread that northeast breeze, and
to wish it would not blow ; ])ut under the
circumstances, and as the room was crowd-
ed, I decided to keep my place in the open
doorway, rather than make any disturbance,
even though I felt uncomfortably chilly all
through the services. At dinner time I was
given a place again near an open doorway,
and I thought best to keep it, rather than to
incur the confusion of changing places. Avhen
everybody was tired and hungry. After
dinner I itound I could not stand as much of
a breeze from the open windows as many of
the girls in the otlice, wlio often feel like
complaining because I want the room so
thoroughly ventilated during working hours.
.Just now. however. I begged to have the
windows put down a little while. By this
time it seemed as if nothing could warm me
up. so I went home and got some hot lemon-
ade, put on my overcoat, and afterward my
winter i'ur cap. The temperature of my
system, however, seemed to have got into a
sort of falling way. and I kept getting cold-
ei" and colder. By night time I was ready to
be blanketed in bed. as friend Terry direct-
ed a lew months ago. The blankets didn't
seem to do much good, however. Mv teeth

GLEANINGS liN liEE (CULTURE.

July

chattered as if 1 liad the ague, and a gather-
ing in my head told me tlie old earache of
my boyhood was coming, unless I had a hot
brick "under it. The Bath bricks used for
warming- feet nowadays are just the thing,
and my good wife soon had one under my
liead, so hot it almost scorched the bed-
clothing. I got warm, and into a sweat ;
but racking pains were darting through me
all over, and I was a good candidate for
lung fever, or something of that sort. The
doctors can probably tell what the matter
was. Some of you may be surprised that a
man nearly fifty years of age should not have
known better than to expose himself in tlie
way 1 did. I did know better; but it had
been some time since I had had a, lesson like
the above, and I was getting careless. I
suppose that most of you have heard of lives
being lost under similar circumstances.
VVhen you get heated up. and in a heavy
perspiration, don't sit down in a draft to
cool off. Take warning from tlie experience
of Uncle Amos.

We are now ready for the spiritual teach-
ings that came to me in consequence of the
above imprudence. It has been many long
years since 1 passed through the suffering I
did that night Sleep seemed to be impossi-
ble; and yet when my wife asked what was
the matter, and where I was suffering, I
could not really tell. Over and over again
during the night I would sit up in bed and
wonder whether I was made of old bo((rds,
warped and checked and split., or whethei- I
was really flesh and blood, in my own home.
The chill, or whatever it was, had left me
light-headed ; and even when I sat up I did
not seem to know what I was or where I
was. I simply knew that I was suffering in
every part of my body, in a way 1 had hard-
ly ever sufferedbefore; and in this phase of
bodily pain, Satan seemed to think :

"I wonder, now, if this will not be a good
time to offer some suggestions to that pious
chap. I have tried him with almost every
thing, and he has snubbed me and misused
me so much I should like to humiliate him a
little."

r didn't think at the time that it was Sa-
tan ; but afterward, as I pondered over it,
I felt sure enough. Now, you may be a lit-
tle curious, dear reader, to know how Satan
could torment a body while sick and suffer-
ing. Well, Satan did come to me in a new
phase. He came to me with an experience
I had never had before. 1 suppose most of
you know that my disposition is naturally
hopeful. When even a small boy I was noted
for being hai)py. cheerful, aiid contented
most of the time. It didn't require com-
panions and playmates or playthings to
make me happy, either. The things of in-
terest to be found in our dooryard, or, in
the winter time, even indoors, were enough
to furnish me with a vast fund of enjoy-
ment. In fact, life, under all circumstances,
has been a rare gift. I love to live People
have sometimes asked the question, " Does
it pay?" I have always said, '-To be sure,
it pays, a hundred times over." When I
have heard people talk about death being
welcome, it has always seemed strange to
me. This life may be painful, it may be

unpleasant ; we may have many great trials ;
but I have always felt, that life is to be pre-
ferred under any conditions, to non-exist-
ence. I think I have said, sometimes, while
discussing this matter, that I would unhes-
itatingly take the penitentiary for life, even
if while there I should be deprived of hands
and feet, sight, hearing, and, in short, every
thing else it is possible to take away and
still leave existence. My wife used to sug-
gest killing a lame chicken, to "put it oul
of its misery ; " but I always replied, "Why.
my dear wife, how do yoii know that it is
out of its misery wlien it is killed? " She
always insisted, however, that everybody
knows that a dead chicken does not sutler ;
but the latter has never been really clear to
me. The chicken had tasted the "pleasures
of existence ; and I was never satisfied that
it would be happier dead than alive, even
with a painful leg.

Perhaps, dear friends, you think there is
no point here, and that this is aside from
our text and from the letter from our friend.
The point is this : For the lirst time in my
life— at least, so far as I can remember—
Satan suggested slipping off this rickett\ ,
pain-racked frame, and with it this siii-
stained life of trial and suffering. Now, do
not be in haste to jump at the conclusion
that I permitted the terrible thought of
suicide to once enter my mind. I did not,
any more than so fai- as I am going to tell
you. When Satan whispered that this life
is but a series of trials and hardships any
way, the old thought about the dead chicken
came into my mind, and I began to feel like
assenting to my wife's philosophy. Since
becoming a Christian I liave not dreaded
death, because with it has come the thought
that it would come when the Savior called ;
and I am sure it will be a glad moment for
me Avhen I can feel absolutely certain that
he calls me anywhere— wheth"^er to life or to
death. But that night a feeling came that I
was getting old, and that it would be rather
a relief to give up care and worry and pain,
and take rest. Satan did not ssiy any thing
about what sort of rest it was to" be ;" but to
my feverish brain that night the idea seem-
ed" inviting. Then my mind recurred to the
boy I found with his neck across the rail-
road track ; and I thought of his philosophy,
that in this way be could keep his promise
to his mother, never to drink any thing
more, and it seemed quite reasonable. Then
I remembered those I had known, others I had
heard of, who decided they would not stand
suffering and torture any longer, and accord-
ingly took upon themselves the terrible re-
sponsibility of ending life. Dear reader,
have you ever had any experience of the
rapidity and speed with which Satan
can push ahead whenever he succeeds in
getting a listener? Some of you may ask,
" Why, brother Root, where was that little
prayer of yours, that has all along these
years rung out involuntarily — " Lord,
help "? AYell, it did ring out; may be there
were only a few brief mimitcs before it sound-
ed ; but "in those few brief moments I was
made to feel that dangers awaited my frail
bark of life that I had never dreamed of be-
fore. I was made to feel that new and nn-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

heard-of temptalioiis and trials were proba-
bly yet in store lor me. Riglit close after the
prayer uttered. '• Lord, help!'' came Scrip-
ture texts, many oL' them, to comfort me. It
seemed'as if ministering augels were near —
as if they had been all the time waiting
with bated breath until bidden to approach
and offer comfort ; and one of the brightest
and most precious of these texts was the
one at the head of this paper—" Ye are
not your own, ye are bought with a price."
May God be praised for the conciousness
that this is really so.

We are in the habit of thinking that we
can do what we ple;ise with that wliich is
our own. If you want to tear your own
house down, you can do so : but you can not
tear down your neighbor's house. You can,
under certain restrictions, destroy property,
if you choose ; but you can not destroy your
neigbor's property. Well, my friends,"is it
not true, that a great part of the world seem
to be laboring under the delusion that they
can do any thing they choose with these
bodies— these temples of the Holy Ghost?
But, hold on a minute, dear brother. The
text says, " Ye are not your own, ye are
bought with a price." You may say this
text is for the beneiit of Christians; that
those who have no faith in God or the i3ible,
and who see things differently, may decide
that they can do what they please with
their own bodies ; but, my friend, I believe
that good common sense will decide here as
elsewhere, that the Bible teachings are true,
whether you have faith in God and the Bi-
ble or not. No one, since the world began,
has ever had the right for a single moment
to put himself out of existence. God gave
life, and it is God alone who has the right to
take it away. Probably none of us have any
comprehension of the depths of suffering
that a human being may be called upon to
bear ; but whatever comes, there is no ques-
tion but that it is our duty to bear it. Of
course, we are privileged to do every thing
in the power of science or medicine to alle-
viate this pain ; but when we fail we must
bear it, and try to bear it patiently.

You know how strongly I have taught
faith in prayer, all along these years. 1 ou
know how earnestly I have enjoined every
suffering son of Adam to go to the Savior
when in trouble. Now, then : When we
are suffering excruciating pain from sick-
ness, toothache, earache, rheumatism, neu-
ralgia, or all these things, does God hear,
and does he care? To l)e sure, he does both.
He may not think it best, however, to spare
us these trials. I have been trying to tell
you of a way in which he has not spared my
poor self. I have not suffered very much
bodily pain, it is true : but 1 have been pes-
tered and tormented by the Prince of dark-
ness more or less ever since I started out to
be a Christian.

I have many times received much com-
fort in reading the experiences of the veter-
an Paul. You remember that thorn in the
flesh. Paul wanted it taken away, but God
decided differently, lie told Paul, however,
that his grace was sufficient, and it seems as
if he had told me this many times. Well,
during the night in question my suffering

was at a time— that is, so it seemed to my
poor weak self— almost more than 1 could
l)ear. I think it (|uite probable, however,
that it did not compare with much that my
kind and sympathizing wife has been called
upon to suffer in many ways. Be that as it
may, it was to rvc about all I could stand ;
and when these texts came thronging to my
memory 1 begged piteously that God would
have compassion on his poor weak child,
and give him a respite, if consistent with
his holy will' Now please, dear friends, be-
lieve that I am trying to give you plain and
simple facts, without exaggeration or coloi-
ing, when I am telling you the experiences
of this brief hour. I remember this vividly
— the answer to my prayer came. 1 believe,
almost instantly. The phantoms of my fe-
verish brain seemed to vanish. 1 was cowt-
paratively free from pain, I was myself once
more, arid happy — yes, very happy, after the
pain and the contlict. 1 stopped counting
the tickings of the clock, and the hours as
they struck, and slept peacefully, for I was
at peace wit;h my Maker.

You may notice in the above, that there
is an intimation that I was out of my
head a part of the time, as a result of the
fever. Suppose a person should commit
suicide under similar circumstances, when
he did not know what he w^as doing, and do
not such things often occur? My friend, it
is my opinion, after what I have heard and
read, and the experiences I have been
through, that Satan is more or less in league
with what we call insanity. I don't want
to judge harshly, and I don't want to be un-
charitable ; but I do feel satisfied of this :
That no insanity will ever be the cause of
my committing any such terrible crime.

One of Satan's suggestions at the time I
have been mentioning, was like this: " Sup-
pose you were doomed to suffer thus, not
only one night, but weeks, months, or years.
You know many people do suffer in this
way, and good Christian people too ; would
you bear it without a murmur?" Now,
dear friends, I did not answer l)ack that I
would not bear it : but the pain and the de-
lirum goaded me so that I felt very much
inclined to say mentally, that I woidd not
bear such pain, or worse yiain, months or
years, for anybody or any thing. 1 don't
think I formed any idea in my mind just
what I would do to get rid of" bearing it,
but there was a stubbo)-nness and obstinacy
in my heart that oiight not to be in the
heart of a Christian — no, not even when he
is sick. Job's wife suggested to him that
he should curse God and die. Job, how-
ever, was man enough to tell her she spoke
as one of the foolisli women. '' Have we
received good at the liand of God, and shall
we not receive evil?" And the Bible says,
that in all this Job did not sin with his lips.
Perhaps he sinned inwardly, something as I
did; but I believe, unfriends, a human be-
ing under torture does pretty well when he
keeps perfect comniand and control of the
words that pass his lips. Satan commenced
again : '• You are partly crazy now. Is it
not (juite probaljle that you might be so de-
lirous with fever as not to be aware of what
you are doing? In that case, even God

.554

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

liimself could have nothing laid up against

J'OU.'"

This kind of logic sonuds t'oulisli in the
clear ligiit of day; but to my tortured and
feverish imagination that night there seem-
ed to he a sort of taking suggestion in such
philosophy. 1 think I have now confessed
the entire extent of how far I listened to
these suggestions, and I am going to try to
make his suggestions prohtable by turning
his words against liim. I suppose you have
found it to be true, that your dreams at
night partake largely of the events and of
your thoughts of the day. If you permit
evil thouahts to find a lodging-place in your
heart, evil dreams will follow. Well, I feel
quite sure that insanity is something in the
same line. We all know that insanity is
often caused outright by sinfulness. Giv-
ing way to temper itself may make a man
insane. Then many of us. at least, are
partly if net wliolly to blame for becoming
insane. Futhermore, we are partly or whol-
ly to blame fnv our conduct, or for things
that hai)i)fji while we are insane. If the
truth could be known. I feel satisHed that a
large pait of t lie s;iicides that occur under
the intlnence of insanity are theconseciuence
of sill in some form before the insanity comes.

Perfect obedience and perfect allegiance
to God and liis laws are certainly a- great
safeguard against these evils. One whose
whole attitude of thought and action is,
"Not my will, but thine, be done. 'Ms not
likely to be insane; and one whose whole
life is thoroughly imbued witli the thought
of our text, it seems to me, would be hardly
likely to commit suicide, even if he were out
of his head through the effects of fever or
other sickness. I have before mentioned facts
that indicate that thoughts of self-murder
grow little by little in the human heart, and
I have been wondering whether theie is any
thing in my life during the past few years
that had been encouraging a place for such
llioughts in my own heart. I have all my life
l)een nervous, impatient, and full of anx-
iety. When property accumulated on my
hands I discovered tliat this must not be,
or 1 should break down mider it. With
God's help I have been climbing above these
liuman weaknesses. Going to sleep before
(»u]- warehouse liad stopped burning, was an
illustration. Well, now, there is such a
thing as slipping over into wrong, even in
this direction. I do not mean in the way of
trusting God, but in the way of indifference.
Suppose some of the boys should run in and
announce, " Mr. Root, your horses have run
away, and they are smashing every thing to
pieces.'' Now, it would be out oif place to
jump up and run and induce the men all over
the establishment to stop their w:)rk, and
run and make a great ado, when they could
not do a particle of good. In view of this it
might be well for me to tell the boy to go
back to his work, and that the men in
charge of the team would take (-are of the
horses. Slionld I. however, omit to go very
soon and look after things, I should be sin-
ning b\ indifference wliere I had no right to
be indifferent. I do not know but that I
have been in danger of going too far in say-
ing, when people are sick, " Just let thein

alone and they will get well as quick, or
quicker, than if you fuss with doctors and
drugs and herbs.""

Just a word in regard to my severe cold.
The next nu)rning I was a good deal sadder,
if not very much wisei'. Toward noon I
got around to look after things, with a good
warm undershirt and my overcoat and fur
cap on. I felt pretty sick until I began to
perspire freely out in the sun, then I began
to feel tolerably like myself. For two days
I perspired imtil all the clothing next to my
body was dripping wet. The disease was
broken. I did not have a cough, nor even a
cold in my head, nor on my lungs. I fol-
lowed Terry's plan, but 1 did not lie in bed.
In the evening it was very necessary that I
should be present at a meeting of the school-
board. I went lumdled up ; but in spite of
my heavy winter clothing, toward the close
of our deliberations I began to get chilly.
My son-in-law, fearing I might suffer by be-
ing out so late, had Meg and the buggy at
the foot of the stairs; and just as soon as
I came out he whirled me rapidly home-
ward. When 1 got thei'e, how ever, the chill
had come back. I ran into the iiouse, and
called my wife to pull down the big blankets
again, and she covered me up, overcoat, fur
cap, and all. Ihit the gasoline-stove had to
be lighted, and the soapstone made hot
again before I could check the chill. Now,
I didn't take an> medicine whatever — not
even catnip tea ; and yet I doubt if many
recover with the aid of a physician any
quicker than I did. A few years ago, hot
whisky-sling would have been the thing ;
but I am glad that we have proof that heavy
clothing and hot soapstones are better and
cheaper than whisky-slings.

Among the many letters in regard to
temptation comes one with a, clipping from
the Parish Visitor, New York. The title of
the article is,

TEMPTATION A .MEANS OF GRACE.

]f you are strongly tempted, give thanks for it.
It is no occasion for mourning or discouragement,
but the reverse. Tt is a sign that you arc in the
■'high places" of Christian experience, where
"wicked spirits " (Eph. 6:13) are peculiarly numer-
ous and strong. It is a sure sign that the Spirit of
God is in you, for " the tiesh lusteth against the
Spirit;" it is the presence of the Spirit there that
calls forth the malice of Satan. It was when Jesus
was "full of the Holy Ghost" that he was tempted
of tlie devil.

The best, if not the only, way to triumph over
a temptation, is to turn it into a means of grace.
You are beset behind and before, without and with-
in. You find your will itself, seemingly, if not
actually, consenting to the snare presented. What
then? "Christ is by your side; yes, nearer still; he
is within you. There is nothing in him that con-
sents to this snare. Take refuge there. Let the
force of the temptation drive yon instantly into the
safe shelter of his purity and power, and so become
a mighty means of grace to advance you to a posi-
tion in t;hrist which, but for it, you might never
reach. Nothing will so foil the tempter and his
wiles. Nothing will so strengthen your Christian
character and standing.

We are reminded here of the characteristic and
suggestive remark of a very qtiaint but godly man,
who had an original way of putting things, peculiar
to himself, and who, moreover, was always keenly
alive to the designs of Satan, and singularly suc-
cessful in defeating them. He was asked. " What
do you do when the devil tempts you so that you
feel dry and cold, and without any spirituality?"
" Take him to a ivayer-mcetiuii" was the prompt re-
ply; "he don't trouble me l<uig when he finds
where he has to go."

1.S8?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

The most successful preneral is the one who knows
best how to make use of the enemy's stnitaji'i'ms to
his own advantase. So must we turn the weapons
of our spii'itual enemy against himself if we
would come off vi<'torious in tlie conlliet.

The coiicludino- thought in the above has
been wonderfully true in my exiteiience. i
Jim sure it will never be a safe thing for me
to give np going to prayer-meeting. When
I liave battled alone unsnccessfully with
evil, standing up before (Christian friends
and neighbors, telling them of my trials,
and asking them for their prayers, has al-
ways given me a new start and a new por-
tion of God's grace ; and above all, dear
broiiier, whether you are sick or whether
you are well, and under whatever condition
or circumstance you may be, hold fast to the
thoiiglit, " ^'e are not your own. ye are
bought with a price."

Sun ot my soul! thou Savior dear,
It is not night if thou be near:
Ch, may no earth-horn cloud arise
To hide thee from thv servant's eves'

5f0B^cc0 {^%mW'

THE EFFECT OP TOBACCO ON OFFSPRINO.

T HAVE not watched Mr. Root's Tobacco Column
^ very closely, and, may be from selfish motives,
^l for it has never been of any particulai- interest
"*" to me, never having' made a habit of smoking.
I am, however, surprised that Mr. Root did not
know that tobacco killed others than the smokers,
althoug-h perhaps indirectly. Mr. Terry says some
constitutions can bear the poison. Permit me to
state, 1 think not. Let us take those constitutions
which appear to bear the ])oison, and our best physi-
cians say of them, the effects of the poison may not
be very marked in the smoker, but the effects are
greater in the offspring, and the nervous system is
iujured in the children of such a man; and at such
times, when others would not succumb to a disease,
such constitutions are unable to withstand the
crisis.

For children of God to use toijacco is very incon-
sistent. They smoke, and what are they doing-,
even were it not physically injurious? Are they
walking according to the Spirit of God, as we are di-
rected to do, or according to the flesh, as we are
warned not to do ? Certainly the latter. I can nev-
er see a man smoke, especially a young man, with-
out thinking he is gratifying his flesh, and building
it uj) and giving himself trouble in other respects,
without one redeeming feature. I will lay aside
the extravagance and selfishness of such, and dwell
only upon the fostering of what is fleshly, and
therefore the smothering of the Spirit of God in his
holy temple, who dwells in us, and whose temple
we should seek not to defile. For the unsaved, he
which has not eternal life, the injury which he may
do to those unborn, and he who has their welfare at
heart, and is not utterlj' selfish, will surely give
the benefit of a doubt, even should a doubt exist
in his mind as to the injury caused by the use of
tobacco to such; but such a doubt will not exist in
the mind of one unprejudiced, and who has read
the opinions of authorities. R.- V. Hot/rKUMAN.

Brantford, Canad^^^

I have been telling my neighbors that you pro-
posed making any person a present of a smoker

who would quit the use of tobacco. Some say they
will ()uit chewing, but will have to smoke, hut I tell
thetn that won't do. David E. Derrick, of Opossoin,
Tenn., says he has been smoking the weed for some-
time, and has quit entirely; and he says if you will
send him a smoker, and he ever uses the weed
again, he will pay for the smoker; and 1 will also
pay you for one if he uses any more tobacco. I do
not use it, and never did. I am trying to get all my
neighbors to quit the habit. M. M. DKKurCK.

Stony Point, Tenn.

Accept our thanks for the kindly interest
you take in this department, and for the ef-
foi'ts you are putting forth to make largcu'
the number of men clean from the tilthy
habit.

I have quit the use of tobacco, and I promise to
pay for the smoker if I ever use tobacco again,
which 1 am sure I never shall. C. Witter.

Salem, Ind.. May 13, 1887.,

I have resolved to quit using tobacco for a Clark
smoker. If I commence again, I will pay your
price. P. A. Cook.

Cherokee. Tex., May 2, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco, so please send me
a smoker. If I commence the use of tobacco
again 1 will pay you for the smoker.

J. P. Weathekt-v.

Woods, Tillamook, Co., Ore., April 20, ISMT.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

AVHAT HAS THE HARVEST BEEN?"

IIITE clover in this locality was al-
most a total failure ; in fact, during
the time it was in bloom we had to
feed some colonies or incur the risk
of their swarming out or starving
altogether. As it has sometimes happened
in other years, the conditions of weather,
which are entirely unfavorable for the secre-
tion of nectar from clover, are eminently
favorable for a heavy flow from basswood.
So it was this year. The yield from bass-
wood has been exceptionally good — quite
counterbalancing the entire lack from clover.
Neighbor Shane, located some six or seven
miles from us, reports that he has had one
of the best yields of basswood honey he has
had for years.

THE T SUPER, AND THE SLATTED HONEY-
BOARD.

Our experiments this season have fully
sustained what Dr. Miller and others have
said in favor of the T super, and I am not
sorry that we followed the doctor's instruc-
tions as to its proper construction as closely
as we did. Indeed, I can not help regret-
ting that we did not take his word for it one
step further: i. e., make the super liH in.
wide instead of lo^, as we ditl ; Init I shall
have occasion to s])eak of this further on.

Judging from our experiments with the
T super this season, I can scarcely conceive
how, used in connection with the slatted
honey-board, it can give any more satis-
factory results when properly manipulated.

.55h

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

To use it without the honey-board would be
simply intolerable, and my experiments with
the plain zinc honey-boards, with which
there is no provision for a bee space, con-
vinces me that this latter is about as bad as
no honey-board.* To get clean sections with
the T super, we must have a honey-board
with some sort of provision for bee-spaces
above and below the sections. If Mr. Iled-
don first called the attention of bee-keepers
to the advantages of a slatted honey-board
with a bee-space provided for above and be-
low, he deserves a vote of thanks, so tliere!

GETTING BEES INTO SECTIONS, AND WHAT
SOMETIMES PREVENTS THEIR GOING UP.

Here at the Home of the Honey-Bees the
locality is greatly overstocked, there being
something over oOO good colonies in this
vicinity. Each colony can not, as a conse-
quence, secure more than its proportional
amount of nectar, and tliis amount is not
large. When in most localities the l)ees
would pass up readily and without trouble
into the sections, in our locality we must do
a considerable amount of coaxing; and, as
a means to this end, try those conditions
which ai'e the most favorable forgetting the
bees up into the sections.

On some colonies we placed T supers
without contracting the brood-nest ; but
never a bee thought it his duty to make
even an inspection tour above.

In other colonies the brood-nest was con-
tracted from two to six brood-frames, de-
pending upon the strength of the colonies.
Where contraction was carried to extremes,
the bees did not fail to go above and com-
mence work. Colonies whose brood-cham-
bers were reduced to not less than six frames
sometimes did, but as a general rule did not,
go above. Those that did make some sort
of demonstration above had sections on top
with full sheets of foundation, and with no
tin scijaralors. In every case the presence of
full sheets of foundation, or the absence of
I'm separators, made a very appreciable dif-
ference in the readiness with wliich the bees
entered the sections. I had long known
that full sheets were considered a material
advantage. I knew, also, that Dr. Miller
prefered wood separators, stating that the
latter seemed to be preferred by the bees;
but I did not know that bees showed their
aversion to the metal so plainh/. During a
heavy flow of honey in a locality not over-
stocked, it is possible they would indicate
no decided preference in favor of either wood
or tin separators. How is this, friends V
J jet us hear from you.

T-SUPER COVERS NECESSARY.

When we put on the supers at the Hyde
ai>iary, nt the beginning of the honey-flow,
we had forgotton to bring along T-super
covers. We did not think them so very im-
portant then, and so matters went for a week
oi- ten days. .Vt last we went down, taking
with us the T-super covers and more supers.
On our arrival, Mrs. Hyde informed us that
the l)ees liad not gone into the sections yet.
I was a little surprised, but did not then
suspect the cause. At any rate, the T-su-

* 1 should have said here, that if the plain zinc boards are
l)eesi)ai'ed on both sides with the quarter-inch strips thev
will answer perfectly well.

per covers were placed on all tlie supers.
At our next visit, shortly after, Mrs. H.
tcld us that the bees quite promptly enter-
ed the sections after the super covers were
placed on. The trouble was, with the whole
capacity of the upper story of the hive, the
bees could not generate sufHcient heat for
wax-working in the sections, and for the
proper evaporation of honey. .]iist so soon,
however, as the super was closed with the
cover, the bees improved the opportunity.

OUGHT THE T-.SUPEll TO I'.E ADAPTED TO
AN EIGHT OK TEN FRAME HIVE V

When a ten-frame hive is contracted to
six frames, and then covered with a super
18* in. wide (equal to the whole width of the
hive) the bees are very much indisposed to
have any thing to do with the two outside
rows of sections— those rows which iiroject
over and away from the brood. It is a mis-
take to carry contraction too far, and yet
with a T super wide enough to cover ten L.
frames, contraction can not lie carried to six
frames without removing the brood entirely
away from the two outside rows of sections.
If our supers were made 12i in. wide, con-
traction could be extended to (> frames, it
seems to me, to far better advantage. How
is this, friends ?

THE SOLAR W AX-EXTRACITOR.

When honey from bass wood began to come
in briskly, as a natural consequence burr-
combs commenced to crowd up on top of
the frames. We liave lieretofore taken
these bits of comb and honey after tliey have
been scraped off, ate what we could, aiid the
rest were dumped into an old pan in the
honey-house, to lie around and bait robbers.
One day while T was walking through the
apiary I noticed the boys wadding up the
wax into a ball, and stutting it down at one
side of the hive. The bees, after extracting
the adhering honey, would fasten the balls
securely to the side of the hive, and it would
be quite difficult to remove them afterward.
1 told the boys to bring out the solar wax-
extractor and set it in position, which they
did. Thereafter the chunks of wax and
honey were dumped into the extractor. In
a few minutes the comb would melt and run
down through the perforated metal. In the
course of ten days we found that we had se-
cured, just from these little pieces of wax,
IH lbs. of nice yellow wax — as nice as any
one ever saw, and nearly .") lbs. of basswood
honey. The color of the latter was a little
dark, but its flavor, it seemed to me, was
quite as good as that which we take in the
ordinary way with the honey-extractor.

The solar wax-extractor, as you are aware,
is automatic. It can be located in the
sun, right where you want to work, and you
do not have to run away down to the honey-
house to put away a ciiunk of honey that
your poor stomach has long ago refused to
take care of. In three or four days your
wax and honey accumulations will probably
have jiretty nearly filled the pan. At night,
after the siin has gone down, tlie wax will
harden into a nice yellow cake, and the
honey can be drawn oft' at the honey-gate
near the lower part of the pan. You thus
keep your apiary neat and tidy ; and not

Iss-J

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

only tliat, you have yotir refuse put ini-
mediateh into marketable shape. I.iet us
see: In ten days, just irom little bits of
scraps we obtained in lljs. of an extra quality
of wax. At the lowest figures, or 22 cent's
per pound, this would amount to $2.8(1; 5
lbs. of basswood honey at, say, a low cal-
eulation, 7 cts., '^'i cts. ' Total, |o.21.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Setni-Monthhf.
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

n^EiDinsr^s., 0^3:10.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbisg Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

i^/diEiDiisr^A^, JTJL^" IS, laaT'.

It is the Lord : let him do wliat seemeth him good.— I. Sam.
.•!: 18.
Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?— Gen. 18:26.

THOMAS WM. COWAN.

The following- card comes to hand from Professor
Cook:

Ml!. Editor :— A letter from Mr. Cowan, editor of the B. B. .1.,
tells me tli.it he sailed on the illh for America. Mr. Cowan is a
jfentlemaii of culture, a in.ni of generous heart and purpose,
ami perhaps the most tlioroiigiilv informed bee-keei)er inEn^j-
land. Let us all show hini (hat ur :!pi)reeiate real worth, by
giving him a most hospitable uclmme and entertainment
while he is with us. I wish we eonlii keep biiii till our N'orth-
Anieriean Association meets in November, but 1 fear we can
not. A. .1. Cook.

.\grieultural College. Mich., July 11, 1887.

All right, friend Cooli. We heartily second all you
.say. Wc hereby extend to Mr. Cowan a hearty invi-
tation to call upon his friends in Medina. If he can
make it convenient to stop off with us for a while
we will ffive him a hearty welcome.

A WELL-BALANCEI> JOURNAL.

That is what we are trying- to have Gleanings,
but there seems to be a constant tendency toward
jriving- undue prominence to certain matters ; but
if we consider all the different subjects within our
scope, at least to some e.xtent, we are obliged to be
continually repressing- as well as encourag-ing-.
■Just at present the number of kinds words for the
Homo Papers, accompanied by Scripture texts, and
strong- earnest words from good men and women,
would seem to all demand a place, but space for-
1)ids. Sometimes, it is true, 1 take the liberty of
adding a page or two to give you something I deem
valuable in regard to some of mj' pet hobbies and
industries. But this costs money, and I don't feel
as if I ought to do it unless 1 can feel pretty certain
that our readers will be l>eneflted enough to war-
rent the expenditui-e.

THOMAS HORN.

I HOi'E, dear friends, wc are getting near the last
chapter. Now, while 1 really can not see wherein I
have been at fault in the inattcr, nor can 1 see
clearly how 1 shall be able to guard against similar
impositions in the future. I have decided to make
good the amounts that our subscribers lost by send-
ing to Mr. Horn. Tell me briefly how much money
you sent him, for which you received nothing, and
we will place the amount to your credit, to be taken

inhe€8 and ijunrvK at oui- regular prices. .\s a mat-
ter of course, no bees or queens will be taken from
any apiary where foul brood does now exist or has
existed for si. \- months or more. We can not agree
to pay (express charges, however, as did Mr. Horn;
and I hereby protest against any other advertiser
making any such or similar offer. No one can pay
express charges to any point, when it is often likely
to be much more than the amount of money re-
ceived. We ha\o a record of the names and of the
amounts, in a book; but the whole correspondence
was sent to Mr. Horn, to enable him to fix the
amounts of notes he was to send out. Nobody has
ever yet received a note from him, so far as we can
learn, and it is on this account that I propose to set-
tle as above, if Mr. Horn can tell such willful
falsehoods now, when there seems to be no object
in it, he probably was a swindler in the outset.

^PECI^li ]^0WICEg.

WANTED— BACK NUMBERS OF GLEANINGS.

At the present time we are making up and bind-
ing a few back volumes of Gleanings, from the
time it started up to the present time. We find
that we lack the following: March and November,
1881; Jan. 15, Feb. 15, March 1 and 15, and Dec. 1, of
1883. Any of our readers who may have a copj' of
the above numbers to spare, we would gladly pay
them 10 cts. for each copy.

REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF I'ARAFFINE.

There are manj' uses to which this article maj- be
applied at this time of year, and later, such as wax-
ing honey barrels and kegs, and waxing bee-feeders
for feeding up your bees in the fall, etc. We are
pleased to an notice the following low prices: 15 cts.
per single pound. In cakes of about 12 lbs., 12'4 cts.
per lb. In original cases of about 250 Ihs., 10 cts. per
pound.

A CARLOAD OF BASKETS.

As a light and cheap package for handling and
shi])ping small wares, nothing compares with what
is commonly called the " market basket." We have
for .years, in our counter store, given away a basket
when a customer bought enough goods to fill it;
and merchants are more and more finding out that
it is cheaper for them, and a great convenience
to their customers, to practice the same thing.
Ever since we have been making- the Clark smoker
we have been shipping them by express in baskets,
5 in a basket, because we could not begin to make a
rrate to hold 5 smokers, for twice what a basket
costs, and then the crate would weigh as much, or
inoi-e, than the smokers. I Ijelieve tljere are many
uses to which we might put these market baskets il'
we get them cheap enough, and always have them
handy by. We use so many that we buy them by
the carload, and thus get bottom prices. One great
objection to shipping baskets is the enormous
freight charges demanded by the railroad compa-
nies. Baskets with handles on, and nested in the
ordinary way, are charged at four times first-class
freight; but the last carload we received a few days
ago are so packed that the.y will go as double first-
class freight, the same as bee-hives nailed up.

These baskets in question are put ijp, three sizes
in a nest, as follows: Three ^s-bushel, four ^i-bush-
el, and four Vs-bushel baskets, making in all eleven
baskets in each nest. All include handles, but they
are loose, and have to be tacked in after you get
them. They are the celebrated " Diamond" basket,
and better than any other we have ever had. As
the.y come to us thus nested, and as they ship at a
lower rate of freight than iu any other shape, we
have decided to sell them bj' the nest, at the follow-
ing prices: 85 cts. per nest of 11 baskets; $3.25 for 10
nests; *30.(X) per 100 nests. At this verj- nominal
price, your baskets cost you about 3 cts. each. We
also include tacks to nail the handles in with, at
these prices. Each nest weighs 8 lbs., and you can
tell what the size is l)y turning a half-bushel basket
upside down on top of another.

S.'iS

GLEANINGS IN EEE CULTURE.

July

is asserted b>- hundreds of pi-iie'iieiU and disinterest-
ed bee-Ijeepers to be the clciinest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
ill color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

[t is kept tor sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111. : C. ¥. Muth, Cincinnati, O. ; .Tas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.: B. J.Miller & Co.. "Nappanee.
Tnd.;C. H.Green, Waukesha, Wis.: Smith & Goodell,
Rock Palls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Di.\on, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
ai22 North Front Street. Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchnier,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111. ; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
.los. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Tread well, Barrytowu, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. CUark,
Oriskany, N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J. Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
[owa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for ifcimples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Complimentary and m?iso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarmitee every inch of our foundation eq-na}
to na.mple in evei^y r'espect.

CHAS. DADAN'l' A; SON,
;!btfd Iflstniiltoii, Hancoc-k Co., II1iii)oi»>.

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ?iSerrrt'^To"rf: SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOWKST PRICES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2ttrt Hartford, > V a«5hinstoii Co.. Wis.

>ranufacturer of and dealer in every thing needed
in the apiary.

BEAUTSFUL SECTIONS, FOUNDATION,

ALSIKS CLOVER SEED, &C.

4tld ISell Braiicli, Uayne Co., Mirli.

Price list free. (Near Detroit)

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

:*ttli.\KK «L.ASS HONEY-JAKS,

TIN B5JCK.ETS, KEK-MIVES,
HONEV-SECTIONS, A:c., &;c.
PEKFECTION COI.D-B1.AST SITIOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S. — Send lOccnt stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ree-Keepers." Itfdb

BEES! Italian BEES! Italian BEES!

FI!1.L COLONIES, $4..'j0.

THKEE-FRAItlE NlJCIiEI, $2.25.

lltldb G. W. GILLET, Wellington, Ohio.

Sections smooth on both sides, '\' or nvarly square
groove, dovetailed ends, or to naii, at >?o.50"per KKiO.

B. 'tVAIiKKie A; CO.,
Stfd Capac, St. Clair Co., Mich.

Pure Italian Bees For Sals.

Two-frame nuclei, ij^g 50; :!-frame, S^3 00. Full col-
ony in A. I. Root's Simp, hive, $5.00. Each nucleus
and full colony to contain a tested Ital. queen and
plenty of bees and brood, all on wired L. frs., combs
drawn from fdn. Each of the above with a $1.00
queen, .50c less. To be shipped in July. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. Address N. A. KNAPl*,
13d Rochester, Loraiit Co., Ohio, U. S. X.

ITALIAN QIJEENSo

Reared from select mothei'S. Untested, 75 ets.;
Tested, *3.00. H. G. FRAME,

5-16db North Manchester, Tiid.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested queens, $1..50 each; untested 75c. each; :>
for $2.00. All bred from select imported mothers.
By return mail. 100 2-frame nuclei with untested
queen at S^2.00 each,
ntfdb D. 0. EDMISTON, ADEUN, LEN. CO., MICH.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., -^BEE-KEEPERSH- CONN.
—SEND FOB, MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcoms, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.Y.

^^itfdl>^

BY RETURN MAIL=

Six warranted Italian queens # 5 00

Fourteen" '• '• 10 Oi)

.Safe arrival guaranteed,
ir.tfdb H. AL,l.Ey, Wciiham, Mas**.

8-FRAME NOGLEf !

F. H6LTKE SELLS FOB $3.00.

Eight frames oi bees and brood with !?1.00 queen
in fi.\13 in. frames, equal to 5 Simplicity frames, for
only foM. Must be sold bv the first of Aug., on ac-
count of sickness. FRED'K B-aOLiTKE,
l;jl4d Carlstadt, Berf;en Co., N. J.

THE rJEBf?ASICA AFSARY.

o-frame nucleus hybrid bees (all fra's containing
brood) with queeus, -^S.S'j; full colonies of bees in
one-story 10-fr. Simp, hives, $5. .50; chaff hives (see
in cut of apiary, Apr. 15th Gi^eanings), $3..50; two-
story Simp, hives set up all complete and well paint-
ed, .¥1.75; 414x41^ V-grooved sec. (less than .W),^2Ct.
each); per M.. $4. .50. Photo of apiary " to boot " on
cash orders of *5.0;l and over. J. M. YOUNG,
i:itfdb Rock Bluffs, Cass Co., Neb.

Choice Ifalian Queens.

One untested, 75 cents; six, f4.ni»; twelve, $7.00.
Tested, f 1.00, from natural swarming. 12-lt)db

Merican Stibbcns, Oxford, Riitler Co., O.

AFTER JULY FIRST

1 will yell brown or hybrid bees at .50 cents per lb.
Black or brown (jueens 25 ets. ; hybrid ,50 cts. ; one-
dollar queens 75 cents. Queens the same price by
mail. THOMAS GEDVE,

131415d liaSalle, LaSalle Co., 111.

l88t

GLEAi^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

568

Contents of this Number,

Alli'V Tiap lor Swarms 580

Alsii;.' nnd ("iKiractenstics 580

Alsikr ti n. Long 502

Kfi's, Clnllcl 56r,

Hoiiscm lA'ttfi- 57(1

Bets Hiul Chickens 590, 59'->

liet' hriilge 590

Bi'O-kfepei-s' Union 577

Hcc-Muu-titi 58R

Ki'\. I. .1 IjI'j.'s 591

Hla-l,'.i ll,,|M-s 5<u

Bli>l.i iHMtl,. 588

IBuU'r. fSf.tii.ii-ieniover 575

Cailiolic Acid 580

Carp-1'onds fiOo

Caution to Beginners 579

Oainiolans 692

Carpets 575

Carpet-sweepers 572

Cell-protectors 591

Chickens and Bees 590. 592

Colonies, Weak .592

Conveniences for Kitchen.. .572

Editorial fiOO

Fertile Workers .571

Foundation. Extra-thin. . .5ti8
Galvanism for Wiring Fr's.591

(Jasoliue-stoves .572

Heads of Grain .589

Hives, Decoy 592

Hives. Painting 565

TntrodiiciiiK. Mishaps in... 578

llalians Ahead 593

King liirils .591

Losses ill Maine .59H

M yscil and Nciirhbors ,595

Notes and i.iu.ries 592

(Uir ( »wn .\piary r579

I'ast and I'rcsoiit .567

rtienol lor Foul Brood 601

I'olli^n in Old Combs 591

(.liiecn of the Home .571

I.I1U-C11 as liuI.T 570

Vuecns. P|pint;of 569

(.iiiern c<'ll I'lotector 566

t,)uec't\ c'cUs. C.-ipped .565

yueens. T«.i in Hive .589

i^iuecns, SMpersedin;,' ,590

lirpoits liisrourag-inK .59:!

HeportsKnc'ouraginw 59t

Ke|iositorv. Up ground. .. . .592

Sections. Clean 580

Sections, Keinoving 569

Story fiuiii Real Life 594

Sugar Feeding .574

Supers. Size of 509

Swarming, Theory of .592

Swamp Garden, Our 600

Tobacco Column . 596

Wint'g, Cellar and Outdoor 560

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The goods we ordered from j'on this spring- pleas-
ed us very much; the platform scales are cheap. I
can weigh my bees, honey, or family on them.

Voungstown, Ohio. W. A. Mitchell.

I write this to let you know that I am well pleased
with the ABC book. I have learned more about
the honey-bee from that book than I could have
learned in any other way for a long- time.

Stony Point, Tenn. M. M. Derrick.

TH.\.T. IMPORTED QUEEN.

The imported ciueen I got last season did well,
and is doing- well yet; her bees are very dark, all
well marked. Quiet, and as good as any in the
apiary tog-ather honey, and she has laid more eggs
by half than any other (jueen I have.

Wyoming, Ont., June 31, 1887. A. E. Harvey.

PROMPTNESS AND GOOD WORK.

The extractor ordered of you was received in
good order, and to say that I am well pleased would
be putting it lightly. It is more than I expected
for the amount of money it cost. My order went
out the 18th of June, and on the 23d my extractor
was at Morristown— just five days' — quick work,
you see. L. Dver.

Morristown, Ind., June 27, 1887.

OUR 50-CENT HAND-SAW.

The package containing the oO-cent hand-saw,
etc., was received yesterday, only six days since I
sent the order. I was not expecting it so soon. Ac-
cept thanks; that saw is so nice I keep congratulat-
ing myself on having sense enough to send for it.
Your AB(^ told me what to do with the drone-layers
in two of my Italian colonies, and one of them has a
nice yellow queen now. You see, I have learned
only just a little. Mary L. Beck.

Bethel, O., May 20, 1887.

BEES ARRIVED IN FINE CONDITION.

I have waited a few days after the arrival of the
bees, to see how they behaved. They reached this
place on the noon of June 3d, filled with life, and
seemingly happy to make a visit to New Hamp-
shire. I gave them a new hive, and every bee
entered the new residence. The next morning
they were placed in the apiarj', and from that time
to this have represented themselves as ijerfectly
contented. On examination we found the (ivieeii,
and trust that both queen and bees are in the best
condition. The metal corners are a success, and
with these one can make a very nice and substan-
tial frame. We have no trouble in attaching them
to the frames, as we followed the directions sent
with the package. H. C. Bi.inn.

Sliaker Villa<:e, N, H., June S, IS**:.

Hurrah for the Fair!

Now is the time to work uji your home market,
and there is no better place than at your local fair.
Don't let the chance of advertising your business
slip by. A fine exhiliit and a judicious distribution

%}iE BWfiWnEUh cpi^ojisie C^I^D^

Will set the business buoininu;. A leaflet or cir-
cular will soon be thrown away or lost; but this
card will be taken home and studied by a score of
persons, making your name a hoiiseliold word

for miles around. Our card is especially gotten up
for bee-keepers, brilliantlj' printed in eight colors,
and is both instructive and amusing. Send for free
samples, and get out of that old-fogj' rut.

^^MTALIAN V QUEENS.-I^'

I am also trying to breed a superior strain of Ital-
ian (jueens, a cross between the old Quinby stock
and Doolittle's, bred in an apiary three miles from
other bees. I can almost guarantee their purity.
They will not disappoint you.

Address J. H. 3VE.<a--.El.TIlXr,

l5tfd Wash. Co. Hartford, N. Y.

$2. FULL SWAEMS. $2.

Fine ltali;in>:, Hayhurst's stock, before Aug. 20.
Full swarm with queen, no combs, $2.00. Same
with 8 brood combs, S3.0I). Same with 8 combs in
S. hive, $4.00. C. B. THWING, Hamilton, Mo.

Highest Quality Italian Queens

at Lowest Prices. Untested, 75 cts. Selected
tested, reared in 1886, $1,50; 2-fr. nucleus with un-
tested queen, $2.00; with tested queen. $2. .50. Bees,
50 cts. per lb. PEANK U. BALDWIN, Marion, Ind. 14-15d

Beautiful Italian Queens.

.1. F. Wood wishes to inform the readers of Glean-
ings that he is no-iv filling all orders promptly for
those golden queens, that have given universal sat-
isfaction to all his customers the past two seasons,
at 75 cts. each. 1 ^ise no lamp mirgery. Do not fail
to send for mv 1887 circular. Address 1415 16d

JAMES r. WOOD, North Prescott, Mass.

BEES, 50 Cts. Per lib.; 5 lbs., $2.00; 10 lbs. and
a tested Italian queen, for $4.00.
15d C. G. FENN, Washington, Conn.

ItaSiasi Bees and Queens.

Full colonies, $6.00. Bees, per lb., 75 cts. Frame
of brood and bees, 75 cts. Tested queen, $1.25. Un-
tested, 75 cts. Mismated, 36 cts. Queens reared
from imported mother. MISS A. M. TAYLOR,
Htfdb Box 77. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

HEADQUARTERS IN ILLINOIS

For the Manufacture and Sale of

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

8 and HI fraiiie Simplicity hi\es furnished at a
great reduction in price. Nice sections andfovinda-
tion specialties. A full line of supplies alwa.vs on
hand. Write for my new price list
]2-1.5d F. M. ATWOOD, Rileyville, 111.

Tested Italian Queens

REDUCED TO $1.00 EACH.

Untested. 75 cents each. Bred either from im-
ported Bellinzona (dark strain) or albino (light
strain), as preferred. Orders filled promptly, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. 9tfdb

Chas. D. Duvall, Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3l)tfd

564

gLeanIngs In bee cuLxultfe.

Atro.

P0NEY 0@MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We quote choice comb 8(&),10
cts.; latter is for choice white clovei- in good condi-
tion. Strained in bhls., :5ii@4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 pacliages, ^i cent advance
oil above. E.^traCted in bbls., 4i^4(rt4'4 cts.; in cans,
.') cts. Market dull and receipts increasing.

Beeswax Steady at 'M cts. for pritnfe.

;Itilyai. D. G.TuTT &Co.,

20(5 N. Commefcial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee.— H()?iej/.— The old crop of honey is
very nearly out of sight in this market, and many
are now ready for the new crop. We quote as fol-
lows:

Choice comb, 1-lb. sections, new^ 14(515

old, 13(ai3i/2

2-lb. " not salable, iO@ll

t5xtraeted, white, in kegs and bbls.s 7(5*7V4

Tin, small, IV^m

dark, in kegs and bbls., 6@6i4

tin, small, BVa

Seeswaxt 35. A. V. Bishop,

July 31. Milwaukee, Wis.

Philadei,phi.\.—Ho7icv.— Honey and wax very
quiet. Quotable nominally as last reported.
July 33. Pancoast & Griffiths.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston.— Hojiey. —1-lb. sections, 13@15

3-lb. sections, 11@13

Extracted, 5@7

Beeswax, 'i6. Blake & Ripley,

July 33. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

New Yokk.— HoHey.— The honey outlook in New
York and Pennsylvania is very good.
Beeswax, fair demand ; selling at 33@33c.
July 33. Thurber, Whyland & Co.,

New York City.

St. Louis.— Hojie;/.— There is no change to report
on old honey or wax since our last report. There is
some light demand for choice new white-clover
honey in comb, 1-lb. sections, at 13' 2; good fair
stock, 13c. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

July 33. 108 and 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Detroit.— J/tmejy.— Very little new comb honey
in market. Demand better and prices advancing.
We made a sale to-day at 14c.
Beeswax, 33c. M. H. Hunt,

July 33. Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago.— Hojicy.— Old crop of honey is exhaust-
ed, some few consignments of the new crop coming
forward, and selling at 16c for choice one-pound
combs. Not any two-pound sections are at present
here. Extracted honey, 5Cg)1.

Beeswax, 33u; light offerings. R. A. Burnett.

July 31. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cleveland.— Ho?)f!/.— There is no new honey
coming forward, and we can not give detinite
prices. Considering the shortness of the crop, how-
ever, we think 15(5il6 for best white 1-lb. sections
should be obtained. A. C. Kendel,

July 26. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Wanted.- All the bee-men who see this adv't to
send us one hundred pounds of 1-lb. and 3-lb. sec-
tions of white comb honey, as sample, by express,
stating quantity, and price for same, cash, delivered
in Kansas City, Mo. Clemons, Cloon & Co.

15-16d Cor. 4th & Walnut St's.

Wanted.— To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 35 lbs. each.

I. T. Cahson & Co.,
15-16d 335 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

Bees for Sale in Florida,

In Langstroth hives, at $3.00 to $4,011 per colony.
J. li. Wolfeiideii, KvIiD^itoii, Alacli. Co., Fla.

Tliat Have Stood tlifi Severe INortliern
Wiiitei'fii are tlie Hardiest.

1 have a limited number of Italian bees for sale

at #5.00 i)cr swarm in shipping-case; also a few

queens, tested, $1 25: untested, 75 cts. Must be

.sold during August. Send at once. 15d

WM. H. HUSE, Manchester, N. H.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,
Has received many complluientar.N' letters in re-
gard to his little book,

"THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY."

The following is a sami)le:

Friend Hittchinscm :—Youi- little book was read
with very great interest; and as I closed it 1 said to
my wife, "I wish Mr. H. were here this evening. 1
think I could keej) him busy awhile with questions."
There is a great deal in your book which 1 know by
exi)erience to be correct; and if your whole plan is
found to be so, and is generally adopted, it will
certainly work a revolution in bee-keeping.

Yours Truly. E. M. Hayhuhst.

Kansas City, Mo., Ain-il 10, 1887.

Price of hook 25 cents. Stamps taken, either V.
S. or Canadian.

Fine Italian Qiieens, reared from best select-
ed, tested, imported mother, 75 cts. each, by return
mail. lOtfdb

A good, improved 160-acre farm, with 20 acres
choice timber. Also

82 COLONIES OF BEES

in good condition; must be sold before Sept. 1st.
AVHO WANTS A BAROAIN ?
Call, or address Wm. H. KING,

l5d Newtonville, Buchanan Co., Iowa.

HONEY - STAND

-FOR —

RETAILING EXTRACTED HONEY.

As the honey crop is in, and the time for fairs is
approaching, you may be looking about for some-
thing neat and tasty for showing up your honey in
nice shape. The above cut represents a nice stand
for extracted honey, in different styles of packages.
The ends are made of blackwalnut, and the shelves
and back of basswood, stained dark color. We can
furnish the above, nailed and lettered, complete, as
shown, without the tin cans or tumblers, for ^1.00,
or 10 for .«7..50. In the Hat, 60 cts. each, or f .5.00 for 10.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

Vol. XT.

AUG 1, 1887.

No. 15.

TERMS : $1.00 Per Annum

2 Copies for$1.90; 3 for82.

10 or more, 75 cts. each.

ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be

made at club rates. Above are all to

\)e sent to one postoffice.

lifl^tfJr'&^l] Established in 1873.

. Single num- y published semimonthly by

"'' """^ "J/l. /. ROOT, MEDINA. OHIO.

f Clubs to different postoffices, not less
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
J U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
1 tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries
L NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

PAINTING HIVES, ETC.

nddLITTI.E S VIEWS ON THE .SUB.IECT.

@N page 49ti, current volume of GIjE.xnings, the
editor asks if painting the front of the hives
in different colors makes anj' rtilferciice with
the bees as to their ability to disting-uish their
own hive. Yes, I think it does; but the hive
has not so much to do with it as does the alightinjr-
board, or projecting |>art to the bottom-board. Sev-
eral times 1 have been oblig-ed to change bottom-
boards to some old hives, tiie bottoms to which had
been made of basswood; and when the new bright
pine bottom-boards took the place of the old (^nes,
the bees returning from the field would hover about
for a long time before they dared to drop upon this
(to them) strange object. This reluctance to enter
the hive would last for two or three days, when
finally they became used to it, and in two weeks a
change back again to a dai-k weather-beaten board
would cause the same reluctance to entering again.
As my bottom-board projects ten inches in front of
the hive, for an alighting-lioard it will be seen that
the whole width would present quite a different ap-
pearance. Again. 1 now use one hive for two nu-
clei, with the entrances only about 16 inches apart,
and facing the same direction, the hives being-
painted all alike; yet by the use of the elcuted
boards spoken of in the last paragi-aph of my article
on page -tne, I never lose a queen by her entering
the wrong entrance. Bj' changing this board 1
can cause the same lusitancy with the bees about
entering their own home, spoken of above.

( 1111,1, EI> BEES.

Page 4iis, .Tilly 1 (ii.K \N i Nos, has something to say

about chilled bees, saying, '• Perhaps Doolittle may
enlighten us further." Out of some five ditlerent
experiments along the McFadden line to see how
long I could keep half a teacupful of bees alive
after being chilled, 4'2 days was the latest point at
which any could b<' brought to life again by warmth
with moisture, and ;}?4 days by dry heat. Moist
warm air seems to be more effective in restoring
such bees than dry or stove heat. These bees were
shaken on the snow, with a temperature a little
above the freezing-jiciint; and as soon as they
ceased to move T picked them up and carried them
to the cellar, of the same temperature in which bees
winter well. From the cellar, a few were taken
every half-day, and warmed, with the alcove result.
All of them had empty stomachs, and I still have a
desire to try bees gorged with honey, to see if that
makes any difference. In two instances, after pick-
ing up haU a teacupful of bees, and leaving them
ill a Clip or pile, they came to life again; while if
scattered about, none did. It would seem that this
would bo against the McFadden plan, if nothing
else about it is. Prof. Boynton was sanguine that
the thing would work, but he has gone out of bees,
and I have lost track of him.

C.VI'PEI) (^UEEN-CELLS AND i'lBST SWAKMS.

It would seem as if Prof. Cook must have read my
article on swarming rather carelessly (page .'ilO,
.luly 1). I did not say that first swarms never leave
without sealed (lueen-cells, as the professor will see
if he carefully reads my article again. I said the
first swarm of the season, by which I meant, if Prof.
Cook has 20 colonies to cast swarms, the first of
those 20 swarms will not issue without one or more
capped (lueen-cells; and with me this rule holds

bm

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilJa.

AtJtJ.

grood, no matter what variety the bees are. After
this first one, others often come with no prepara-
tion for swarming, as Prof. Cook tells of, as I con-
ceded in my former article. Then again, friend
Cook, Doolittle made no "assertion" regarding
even the fli-st swarm of the season. I said I had
never known them to do otherwise, but did not say
blit they might. Candidly, friend C, did you ever
know the very first swarm that issued in an apiary
to do so before the queen-cells were sealed?

QUEEN-CELL PROTECTOliS.

1 wish to say a few words more regarding queen-
ei>ll protectors. Since writing last about them I
sent for ten of friend Root's make, and I find them
too flaring, or too large at the big end. The taper
wants to be so slim that the protector strikes the
sides of the cell before the point comes to the apex
of the protector, keeping it back from ^a to ^4 of
an inch, while these last allow the point to stick
through about that far, so the bees can tear the end
off if they wish. When just right it is impossible
for the bees to bite into the cell — at least, so it
seems to me.

Now a word about using them. Instead of fold-
ing the ends of the wire Oloth over the cell, as
friend Root directs, put a wooden plug or a piece of
corncob in after the cell, and fold the wire cloth
over that, or, better still, clip off what of the wire
runs above this stopper. In using, lift a comb from
the hive; and in a place near the brood, mash with
the finger a few cells down to the base of the comb;
and in this indentation in the comb place the base
of the protector, pressing it in by bearing against
the side of the protector and stopper. This imbeds
it in the comb so it will stay; and when it is lowered
Into the hive the combs come together as if nothing
were there, after which it is impossible for it to fall
out. This does not injure the combs any; for as
soon as the protector Is taken out, the bees raise
the cells again. To avoid chilling the cells in cool
weather, take to a warm room to fix In the protect-
ors; and when ready to go to the hives, put the pro-
tectors around next to the body, in front, under
the waistbands to the pants, the same as cartridges
would be slipped in a belt. This keeps them in an
upright position, snug and warm, and allows of
stooping to open hives, etc. Embryo queens are
easily chilled, and I mistrust this may account tor
some of the failures. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., July 18, 1887.

Many thanks to you, friend D., for the re-
sult of your experiments in keeping chilled
bees. I am astonished to Iviiow tliat you
succeeded in keeping them as much as four
days and a half; but I was prepared, after
all, to hear that the period might be longer
than we had formerly put it, for I liave
made a few bees come to life at different
times, when it seemed to me as if they had
been out of stores a good deal longer than
24 or 48 hours. Now, who will help us test
this matter by chilling some bees when they
are full of lioney ? Take some from a hive
right in tlie height of the clover or basswood
How, for instance, and chill them in an ice-
house, just so they won't move, and keep
them there. Thanks, also, for the sugges-
tion in regard to the queen-cell protector.
This illustrates once more how small a mat-
ter will make all the difference between suc-
cess and failure.

CELLAR VS. OUTDOOR AVINTERING.

SOME EXCELLENT IDEAS PKOM FRIEND HUTCHIN-
SON IN KEG.VUD TO THE MATTEH.

TT is a pleasure indeed to discuss apicultural
|l[ problems with such a man as O. O. Poppleton—
^L one who can lay aside prejudices, and calmly
"*■ and fairly try to find truth. I am glad to note
with what unanimitj' most of the bee-journals
and their Contributors are dropping personalities^
discussing principles instead of men.

It is true, that these matters under discussion be-
tween friend Poppleton and myself arc foreign to
the main topic of my little book; but they are im-
portant and seasonable.

In regard to caring for bees in the cellai", thei-e
may be a grain of truth in what Mr. Poppleton says.
If a man wishes to leave his bees uncared for all
winter, and go off to the land of flowers, it may be
better to protect them thoroughly upon their sum-
mer stands. Most of our bee-keepers, however,
stay at home winters, and to them this question of
supervision is not a weighty one. Take my own
ease, for instance. My bees were kept in a cellar
under the sitting-room, hence there was no expense
for a fire on account of the bees, or else there was
no expense for a fire to keep ourselves warm. I pre-
sume the majority of beekeepers are situated in
exactly this manner. And now about the supervi-
sion in regard to temperature. We ripped apart, for
a short distance, two breadths of the carpet, bored
a bole in the floor, and suspended a thermometer by
means of a string attached to a cork that just filled
the hole in the floor. A rug was kept over the slit
in the carpet. Our little girls kept watch of the
temperature. It seemed to afford them considera-
ble pleasure to have each one guess what the " tem-
puchary " (as the youngest one called it) was, and
then look and see who had guessed the nearest.
The "tempuchary" varied from 40 to fs-; most of
the time it was 45°. When we had extremely cold
weather, accompanied by high winds, the mercury
would sink to 4((°. Upon several occasions I kept a
lamp-stove burning all night in the hatchway, and
burned, jterhaps, between one and two gallons of
oil. Had there been a double door to the hatchway
I do not think this burning of lamps would have
been necessary. The mercury reached 48' during
warm days upon the approach of spring. Nearly
all cellars need a drain, and it is just about as easy
to make the drain so that it can be used for a sub-
earth ventilator as not. My own cellar drain is so
arranged; but I have not allowed the air to pass in
tlirough the drain for the last two winters. Do you
ask why? Well, I had my doubts as to its benefits;
and, besides this, it lowered the temperature. Had
the pipe been longer it might not have done so; it
is only about 70 feet. I had 20 colonies buried in a
clamp last winter. They were put in about the
middle of November. A wooden tube, 3 in. square
and about 8 feet long, extended from near the bot-
tom of the clamp up through the covering of earth,
and projected 4 or .5 Itct above the surface. At the
bottom of this tube was kept a thermometer, whence
it could easily be drawn by means of a string. When
the bees were first put up, the temperature in the
clamp was 47. It gi-adually sank, and in a week
had reached 4,")°. Here it remained until steady
cold weather came on, when it again gradually fell
until it reached 43°, where it remained unchanged
for nearly four months. When the warm days of

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

567

April came it g-radually rose to 45°, at which point
it was when the bees were removed. Now, the bees
in this clami> wintered splendidly, and there were
no lires and no supervision, and tlie conditions \fere
the same as though they had been in an outdoor cel-
lar. I am aware that some beekeepers use a fire to
warm their bee-cellars, and, with some cellars, this
may be necessary; but with an underground cellar
that receives a steady supply of heat Irom the
earth, tires are wholly unnecessarj-; and all the su-
pervision that is needed does not amount to any
thing- practically, so iar as cost is concerned— at
least, not to the man who lives at home wintei'S.

Mr. P. speaks of the " wear and tear" of putting-
bees in tlic cellar and taking them out again. 1
fail to see where there is any "wear and tear." He
further says, a cellar won't last always, and must
be repaired. This is true of some cellars. A cellar
stoned up, and under a building, such a one as Mr.
Taylor's or Mr. Heddon's, will require no repairs
for a lifetime. You, friend Root, speak of the cost
of preparing the cellar for wintering bees; that the
windows must be darkened; sub-earth ventilation
furnished, etc. Candidly, my friend, do you, or
does atiyhody know that all these things are needed'?
Do we Inioio that a cellar must be dark? and if Wv!
do know it, is it expensive to darken the cellar'?
Where is the man who knows that sub-earth venti-
lation, or axy v'entilation for a bee-cellar is needed?

Friend P. says there arc two " ifs " in the quota-
tion from Prof. Cook; and then in the next sen-
tence he (Pojipleton) says, " Chaff hives are safe in
severe winters it" (there it is again) "they are
properly consti-iicted and handled ;" but the really
weak point is this i)art of the argument is found in
this sentence; " Many of us older heads have sup-
posed that we had found the royal road to success,
and would reach it, too, for a series of years, when
some climatic or fiMid changes \vou\d occur, and the
goal would be still ahead." 1 wish to call attention
to the part I have italicized. The two " ifs " in my
quotations from Prof. Cook are surmountable. We
can have the cellar right; ditto the food; but in
outdoor wintering those climatic changes are an
element of uncertainty, the damages from -svhich
can be only partly averted by chaff hives or pro-
tection of some kind. In the cellar we can have
the conditions the same every winter. I have yet
to lose a colony having cane sugar for stores, and
Avintered in a warm cellar, and by the methods
that I now employ I can have the winter stores con-
sist of so large a per cent of sugar, and that, too, in
such a position that it will almost surely be used
<luriiig the winter, and all with so little labor, that
the danuigeof loss from unsuitable food practically
amounts to but little. It is so slight that I prefer
to take the risk rather than to perform more labor
and take no risk. 1 will admit, that some honey is
equal to sugar for wintering purposes; and I sin-
cerely w-ish that friend P. could give us an article
iipon the subject of getting good honey for winter-
ing our bees, and also tell us why he thinks that
colonies worked upon the top-story p\au do not
winter so well; yes, and point out " the very obvi-
ous reasons " why neighbor Doane's bees did not
winter so well as mine.

Yes, friend P., it is an experienced apiarist who
can make it pay to spread the brood, if anyone can.
It is also true, that the time for doing this work
comes before the rush of the honey harvest; and I
do not doubt that, combined with spring protection,

many apiarists might find it profitable; but I feel
satisfled that the same results, or nearly as good re-
sults, nuiy be secured with no labor; and certainly
no bee-keeper need spread the brood in the spring,
simply for a luck of something to do. What I mean
by accomplishing the same results with no labor is,
using hives having a brood-nest of such capacity
that a queen of ordinary proliflcness can and will
keep the combs filled with brood without "horse-
whipping "her by spreading the brood. We can
often increase our profits by increasing the num-
ber of our colonies, rather than by increasing the
average products of those colonies we already pos-
sess. In other words, "securing- the greatest amount
of honey with the least expenditure of capital and
labor "does not necessarily mean securing large
yields per colony.

I will explain why 1 consider it moi-e profitable to
winter bees upon sugar when raising comb honey.
The prices of extracted honey and sugar are very
nearly the same; or, at least, they have been, hence
the profit could not be very great, while the price
of comb honej- is twice as great. I am aware that
many believe that twice as much extracted as comb
honey can be produced, and perhaps this is true in
a majority of cases; but those who are well up in
the production of comb honej% and emjdoy the
best methods, know that they can secure at least
three-fourths as much comb as extracted honey.

I feel now very much as though I had had my
" say " upon this subject; and I should be very glad
indeed to let some one else speak.

w. z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Mich., July 20, 1887.

I am very glad indeed to know, friend 11.,
that you have re.-jently succeeded so well
with clamps. But are you satisfied now just
where the cause of your former failures lay?
and do you think the clamp as safe, or safer,
than a good cellar ? and in regard to cellar
wintering or outdoor winteritrg, have both
yon and friend Poppleton taken into consid-
eration different localities V Wliile it is no
doubt safest in Michigan to winter in the
cellar, I do not believe the climate of Ohio
will warrant the same conclusion for our lo-
cality.

THE PAST, AND THE PROSPECT.

BRIGHTNESS THROUGH DISCOURAGE.MENT.

OST of the readers of Gleanings are aware
by this time, no doubt, that the honey crop
of this season is likely to be exceedingly
short. My locality is no exception to the
general rule, unless it is in being rather
worse, if anj thing, than the average. In fact, the
season here has been most exceptionally bad. It
opened badly. Fruit-blossoms produced scarcely a
ripple on the apiarian sea. White clover came in
abundance, but, except for two or three days, its
blossoms remained almost unvisited by the bees.
Hasswood bloomed early and freelj', but the taste
of basswood honey never became perceptible in
the hives. Mustard and sweet clover came at
about the same time. For about two weeks the
bees worked well on these in the early morning,
continuing with less \igor on sweet clover through-
out the day.
Mustard is gone now, and sweet clover, in the in-

568

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Aug.

tense drought that prevails, yields scarcely any
honey. Strong- colonies, devoted to extracted hon-
ey, are gaining very slowly. Colonies run for coml)
honey are doing nothing, except that some of them
are putting a little into the brood-chamber. Ordi-
nary colonics are not gaining at all; and many, I
think, have less honey in their hives than they had
in the spring. I have heard of several cases where
bees were found starving during what is usually
our best honey-How.

As a matter of course, there has been little or uo
swarming. Only one colonj^ in my apiary tried it,
and that, on being returned, thought better of it
and did not repeat the attempt. All colonies are
unusually weak. Unless we have heavy rains soon,
heart's-ease will fail, and with it our only hope of
anj' income from bees this year.

What is the lesson to be learned from this? Dark
as the prospect is, it is not without some points of
brightness. In the first i)lace, the markets will
probably be cleared of all of last year's honey.
This of itself is by no means a small thing in the
establishment of better prices for this year's crop.
Only those who have had a large experience in sell-
ing direct to retailers can have an adequate idea
of the depressing effect on the market exerted by
even a small quantity of unsalable honey. I can
recollect instances where it would have paid me to
have bought out a retailer's stock of honey at his
own price, rather than let it remain on his hands,
spoiling his trade, preventing the sale of other
honey, and lowering its price. Now, if those who
have any honej' for sale this year would onlj- hold
it back until the market is bare of all old hon-
ey, and the demand for new begins to be urgent,
they might realize almost, if not quite, as much for
their short crop as they would have for a full one:
at the same time preparing the way for better
prices next year. Honey will probablj- be in great-
er demand this year than last, for the same drought
that made a failure of the honey crop produced a
great shortage in the yield of small fruits, so that
there should be an unusual demand for honey as a
table-sauce.

Many bees will probably starve the coming win-
ter, which, I think, will be a good thing for bee-
keeping as a whole. In fact, I know of only one
thing that would do moi-e to put bee-keeping on a
soiuid and remunerati\e basis than a wholesale
reduction of the number of bees kept, and that is a
corresponding reduction in the number of careless
and incompetent bee-keepers. I know this idea is
not popular with some, but it is my honest opin-
ion.

Although many of those who meet with losses
will become discouraged and give up the business,
there will be enough who will go at it again to make
the trade in bees and (jueens good.

Look at it which way we will, I think there is
much of encouragement to the careful and energet-
ic apiarist. The present loss may be hard to bear;
but when all things are considered, it may give
greater results than a more apparent success.

So failure wins; the coiistqiieiKc
Of loss hccoines its recoiiipcnse.

At any rate, good management will go far to re-
trieve our losses and prevent them from becoming-
defeats. Stick to the bees, then, and give them the
best of care. If there is any chance for a fall crop,
be sure that the bees can ma.ke the most of it.
Above all, be sure that your bees go into winter

quarters in as good condition as you know how to
put them. To insure that, begin now.
Dayton, 111., July 14, 1887. J. A. Green.

Fiieiul G., you are on the right track, I am
sure. Tlie siiort crop has brightened things
here at the Home of the Honey-Bees al-
ready. The hivge lot of glassed sections
of honey we have been trying in vain to
sell for two years is now almost gone, and
probably will all be gone before this reach-
es our friends. Every thing in the shape of
honey, that has been standing idle for years
back, most of it, is V)eing moved off at a
price that pays cost, interest on the capital
that has been lying idle, and a little more.
Tlie scarcity of fruits in our own town has
started a brisk local trade. For some years
back I have been In the habit of enjoying
droughts or excessive rains; tliat is, so far
as 1 can enjoy any thing that harms my
neighbor, for these tilings mean better prices.
The dry weather has spoiled most of the cu-
cumbers in the gardens of Medina, and, as a
consecjuence, we are getting extra prices for
the product of our vines ; and thus, you see,
the money we put into sub-irrigation a year
ago is beginning to come back ; and the cu-
cumbers planted over those bog-holes are now
booming. The real wide-awake bee-keeper
need not be worried nor troubled. But w^e
sliould also learn a lesson by having a little
aliead to carry us over bad seasons. And we
should learn a lesson about being in a hurry
to make investments and to enlarge our bus-
iness. Go slow and go sure. Keep in mind
all the while tliat sickness, drought, floods,
and tornadoes may be expected at almost
any time. If they do not come, all right;
and when they do come, you are, at least in
a measure, prepared for them.

EXTKA-THIN FOUNDATION.

C. C. MIT.LEK DISCUSSES THE WIDTH Of SUPEUS,
ETC.

Jo FEW years ago I tried some e.vtrathiii li^ii-
Ss bottom ft)undatioii. and decided against it.
K Afterward 1 ti-ieil some extra thin with nat-
'^ ural base, and was not pleased with that.
This year I decide d lo use some Hat-bottom
thin, in spite of any objections, because I thought
there could be less objection on the y>iivt of consum-
ers to the thinnest foundation (I use sections full
of foundation), and because the thinnest foundation
would cost less per section, even if it cost more iter
pound. I have not had an opportunity to test it
this year in a full honey-How, for the worst drought
ever known here has prevailed, and on the 20th of
July there is less honey in the hives than when
taken from the cellar. Only a very few colonies
have stored anything in s.UJers, except some in the
bait sections. But what little observation I have
been able to make agrees with my former observa-
tions—that when bees have in their possession ex-
tra-thin foundation they are liable to dig holes in it
and tear it down at the sides, at such times as they
are storing little or no honey. I am inclined to the
opinion, that, when honey is yielding well, this ob-
jection may not hold; but there are so many times
when the difficulty may occur that I think I never

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

56i)

care to use extra-tliin fouudation again. I some-
what (luestion whether bee-men themselves are not
about the only ones who raise any objection to
comb honey containing' what is ordinarily classed
as thin foundation, say 10 or 11 feet to the pound.
Klat bottomed loundution suffered more than that
with natural base; but as they were not used in the
same super, no positive conclusion could be reach-
ed. The e.viieriment as described on pafj'e 517, by
Mr. Koot, seems perl'ectly fair and conclusive, ex-
cept as to one particular. Were the two kinds of
foundation used, cxiictly alike as to the number of
feet per poundV and was the base of the same
thickness in each caseV

SIZE OF SUPEHS.

On i)!ige ■5.")ti, in Our Own Apiary, a dejjartment,
by the waj', which is always intensely interesting-,
the question is ra sed, whether the T super should
be adapted to an eight or ten frame hive. I am in-
clined to think 1 should answer "No." The lib.
section having become so generally used, settles the
length of the supei-. The width must be settled by
the number of sections to be used; and for con-
venience in handling-, and other reasons, I would
not think of any thing mi»r thau 12'r inches inside;
and it is possibly worth considering- whether there
might not be some advantage in having it less. So
I should settle upon the size of the super somewhat
independently of the size of the hive, and, if neces-
sary, make the honey-board, or something else, act
as an " adapter " between the two. My hives are
ten-frame, although they rarely have ten frames in
them. They are IT'4 inches wide outside, and 30!2
inches long (not the best size), and the supers are
31 inches narrower, and Ig inches shorter than the
hives. To make one fit the other, a stick U inches
square, and the same length as the top-bar of a
brood-frame, is placed in the hive at the right place,
to support one side of the super, or honey-board,
rather; then a little stick laid across the back end
covers partly or wholly the space left by the differ-
ence in length. When a super is init on, there may
be anywhere from i to H frames in the hive; and if
less than 8 there are not enough frames to be un-
der the whole of the super. The best way is to flU
out with dummies each side of the super, a close
division-board shutting in a hive at the open side.
Si)\ou sec I consider the size of the hive and the
size of the super as two almost independent things.

PIPING OV (^UKENS.

I d n't want to get mixed up with Doolittle and
the other D's in a discussion, for I don't want to gpt
worsted; but I can at least ask a few questions.
Do we do well to throw away the old word
"quahk"':* Doolittle uses the word "pipe," or
" peep," indiscriminately, as applying to the noise
made by a queen, whether in or out of the cell. I
wiiih 1 had a hive with young queens right by me,
that I could describe accui-ately the noises made;
but I will tell as nearly as I can what comes up
from memory, and Doolittle can bring me up with a
sharj) turn it I get it wrong. If 1 am not mistaken,
the old-fashioned way was to say the free queen
was "piping," and that those in the cells were
" quahking." In piping, the queen emits several
sharp tones, the first one ()Uite prolonged, followed
by shorter ones; then the queen or queens in the
cells (juahk (pronounced the same as "quack," only
giving n the broad sound as in fall), and this quahk
is not merely a muffled peep, as the quahk consists
of several tones of equal duration, quite short, as

compared with the piping, and of lower or coarser
pitch. So if we admit this distinction in terms,
would not the truth be somewhat like this: A sin-
gle queen is heard piping, and is replied to, general-
ly, before she has finished piping, by several
queens quahking in their cells';"

REMOVING SE(^T10NS.

Friend Aaron Brogler (page .510), when sections
are well glued in supers, gently bearing down upon
them with a small light lever will have no immedi-
ate effect; it would take a pressurt; of perhaps 50 to
250 potinds' weight to immediately start them, if
applied over the whole surface. Striking at one
corner readily starts it at that point, and then it is
easy to follow up your vantage ground. If you are
willing to take time enough, the gentle pressure
may answer; for a superful of sections that will
resist a weight of .500 pounds may yield to a weight
of ten pounds if continued Umy enough, always
supposing that the propolis is warm enough.

Thanks, friend Muth-Rasmussen, for your sug-
gestion, page .5+4, as to getting the last section in
the super. If the block of wood is too much in the
way, as I think it might be, then I would have two
separate pieces of tin, each bent something like
this:

Emma sometimes uses two case-knives, but I
think this might be better.

I agree with you, friend Root, as to the "too
much machinery; " and in general nothing is need-
ed but a little care and patience to get in the last
section; but now and then you come to a refractory
one that just won't go in, and for such cases you'd
be glad to have some " machinery " ready to lay
your hands upon. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., July 33, 1887.

In answer to your questions, friend Miller,
I will say that our flat-bottom thin founda-
tion ruiis from 12 to 15 feet to the pound,
and our natural base about 10 feet to tlie
pound. The base in the latter is not quite
so thin. However, the difference in weight
of the two makes is almost wholly made up
in side wall. With these facts in view, per-
haps my experiments, as related on p. -517,
would be less positive. At any rate, I think
we can be sure of this much : The bees al-
ways remodel the flat-bottom base before
they make any use of it. Necessarily, I in-
fer, they must expend more labor. That the
bees (lid manifest an aversion to the one and
a preference for the other in the same super,
was clearly evident ; though, as before re-
marked, the difference in weight per foot, as
well as the peculiarity of the honey-flow,
might have affected the result. We should
be glad to hear from others who have tested
the flat-bottomed foundation.— You say you
would not have the inside widtli of a super
more than 12i inch. As we have made them
this season, our super is 13^ inches, inside
width. We can alter it to 12i inches, inside

GLEANlJMGiS IN \iEE CULTURE.

Aug.

width, with a very little change in the hon-
ey-board, and yet not increase the cost of
either. As Dr. Miller has freely expressed
himself, what think the rest of you V Are
the advantaojes such as to warrant the
change in the super?

THE QUEEN AS HULER.

DOES SHE GIVE THE SIGNAL FOK SWARMING?

'HILE reading R. B. Robbins' letter in Glean-
ings tor July 15th, regarding- the piping of
queens previous to swarming, I was re-
minded of mj' own experience in this line.
A year or two ago I was standing by a chaff
hive containing quite a strong colony of Italian
bees, preparing to look through the colony. I had
taken the cover off; and before I lifted the oil-cloth
mat off the frames I heard the clear, distinct piping,
or call, of the (jueen. She gave three or four loud
calls— different from the teeting of young queens.
Almost instantly the bees on the outside of the
hive, and on the alighting-board, started with a rush
for the inside of the hive, and in a very short time
every bee was in the hive. I suspected what was
coming, so I put the cover on the hive and waited
for the next move. I soon heard another call from
the queen, but not just like the other, or first call.
Before I could count ten, out poured the bees in a
torrent. The swarm was large, and I soon had it in
a new hive. ] then looked through the hive whence
this swarm came, and found several queen-cells but
no queen. Two days after, the young queen hatch-
ed out.

This is the second time J have heard the piping of
the queen just before the swarm issued. The first
time, the bees were in a hive where I could not ex-
amine the condition of the bees; but as soon as I
heard the call of the queen, and saw the bees rush
into the hive, I went to the house for help, and a
hive for the coming swarm. When I got back the
bees were out, and beginning to cluster. Whether
the queen always calls this way before a swarm
comes out, I do not know; but I have noticed many
times that the bees lying out always go into the hive
before the swarm comes out, and go in as though in
response to some call or signal, to fill themselves
with honey, I suppose. E.xcepting the times noted
] have not been near enough to hear the queen, so I
do not know about her i)iping; but I do know that I
heard her call in both cases above stated.

Bees here are in an almost starving condition.
Some colonies have Jess than a pound of honey. All
of my queens are laying, ns in springtime. I fear 1
shall have to feed or let them starve. I will kill
them, before the latter shall happen.
Moweaqua, 111., July 20, 1887. D. C. Avars.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

p. BENSON'S GRATE UKE-PAPER.

T AM gittin reddy to publish a noo paper. It will
j^P be devoted to bees, bee-keepers, aperrists, apa-
lll culchcr, bee - kecpin and kindered subjex.
"*• Terms invariable in advance. It will be weak-
ly. It will be entighteled The American Glean-
ings Magazeen and Advance Gide Bee Jirnal of
Apaculclicr.

It is with reluctants that I undergo this noo en-
terprize, but I feel it my dooty to yield to the noo-
merous solissytashens of my multitoodiness friends,
whitch thay need a paper whitch will emboddy in a
sucksinked form the burning thots of 1 far advanst
in the most advanst stages of apaculcher, whitch I
am him, P. Benson, A. B. S., or to give my fool
tightel, Apieulturistical Bee-Keepin Sighentist.

Sura bee-papers is published alrcddy, but the eddi-
ters is defishent. For cdditor it wants a noo man
which will go at the root of things and ally to him-
self evry aid to clime the hill of sighents, 1 which
will grasp the rudder with a firm hand, and soar
grandly aloft in the grate possibilities of the futer
of bee culcher, soar till the blew volted skies sir-
rounded his ambroshell locks with vesper chimes
of majestick sighlents, and all down the ages to the
remotest end of time shall go resoundin the name
of that lofty giant of intelleck, P. Benson, A. B. S.,
whitch is the responsive edditer of that well noan
and popular paper herein described and set Ith as
aforesaid in this prospectus.

This valooable paper will be an indispensable ad-
junk to evry aperry and bee-keeper. It will be
printed on the 1st of the weak and paper of pinkish
culler. It will print the highest prices for hunney
whitch will stiffen the markets. It will print re-
poarts of bigger crops of hunny than enny paper
in existents. It will print loer prices for hunny
than enny paper, whitch will make hunny so cheap
that evry buddy will eet it and thus increase the de-
mand, whitch will increece the price to the pro-
juicer. It will print repoarts of failyures, and this
will projuice the feelin that hunny is skerce and
evry buddy will want it and will be willing to pay
enny price for it.

Subscribe for this grate paper now. The demand
has bin alreddy so grate that the 1st number is
eggszosted, but it will be give as premyum to them
whitch sends in thair subscripshen befour Krismus.
Send for this grate paper now. Evry buddy wants
it and it will be impossable to supply Yt the demand.

THE MODDEL BE-PAPEK.

The above seen is taken frum life and shows with
what wrapped atlOshun this paper is devoured by
the entire family sircle on its weakly arrivle.

Subscribe to wunst. P. Benson, A. B. S.,

Edditer and Propriter.

1887

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

571

THE QUEEN OF THE HOME.

How HER LABORS MAY BE LIGHTENED AND HER
DUTIES BE MADE PLEASANTER.

fEW tilings that have ever appeared in Glean-
ings hrtve intercepted mc any more, Bro. Root,
than the articles wiitten by yourself and our
g-ood friends Prof. Cook and T. R. 'Perry,
looking- to the betterment of our homes, and
especially to making'- lighter work and pleasanter
life for the "queens of our homes." I am sure
those writings will bear good fruit in many homes.
I have studied much upon this matter, and I must
confess yet to great ignorance. Tt is much easier
to see what is wrong than to tell how to right it. I
believe there are thousands of homes where a Hen-
ry Bergh is needed to arrest husbands for cruelty
to— wives, where the husbands suppose they are
doing about as well as good husbands ought, and if
their eyes were opened they might do very differ-
ently. I am judging onl3' by myself. Add to this
ignorance a confirmed habit of carelessness on the
part of husbands, and it's no wonder that wives feel
jaded and discouraged. The fact is, that some rel-
ics of barbarism still remain, and we are not so far
removed from the savage who looks upon his wife
as his slave, no drudgery too great for her, if it
ministers to his pleasure in the slightest degree.

We read with complacent approval the advice of
tliose who tell the good wives how to welcome the
husband home where every thing is bright and
cheerful, the " snow-white cloth " is laid, and all
that, the " neat ribbon at the throat," etc. Now,
there's some sense in that, and a good deal of non-
sense. The implied thought seems to be, that, un-
der all circumstances, every thing in the way of
ease and comfort for the wife must be set aside,
and her gracious lord and master is to accept it as a
dog snaps up a piece of meat, and then growls for
more. There are plenty of times when a woman's
work is in such shape that it is nothing short of
cruelty for her to be obliged to straighten up every
thing in applepie order, and get up a good dinner
at the regular time, and in fine style. It is not a
very unusual thing to hear something like this:
" Mr. A. is not going to be home to diiuier to-day, so
we needn't make any fuss about it; just have a
picked-up dinner. That will give us a chance to get
along so much better with oui- work when we are so
hurried." In this case the four or five members of
the family are well suited with the dinner involving
less work; but if the sixth member is present, in
the i)erson of Mr. A., the master of the house, an
entii'e change of programme must be made, and
the wife and mother lies down at night aching at
every joint, with the somewhat doubtful comjiensa-
tion of feeling thnt Mr. A. has had his regular din-
ner.

A great many of our women have a pretty hard
time of it at best, with work that seems to me more
or less unnecessary; but it is a difficult thing to
see the way out of it clearly. But if men had
their eyes open they could many times help to make
labor lighter. In the case mentioned above, if the
husband should happen to notice that work about
the house was somewhat pressing, he might say,
" You're so busy to-day I don't believe I would
make anj- elaborate preparation for dinner; just
manage to make the least work about it possible;"
and then after dinner he could say, and say it truth-
fully, if he felt as he ought, " Well, now, this is a

good dinner. I have really enjoyed it. Why can't
you do this way oltener'/"

It is not a very unusual thing in my own home to
have meals that rccpiire very little labor. In the
summer time it is more or less an absolute necessi-
ty, for the two ladies of the house, the two house-
servants, and two of the field-hands in the apiary,
are all one and the same pair. In the winter time,
when they are particularly engaged at some sewing,
some preparation for Christmas, or what not, and
none of us feel that a very hearty supper is neces-
sary, a waiter may be brought into the sitting-room,
filled with all that may be needful, and perched
upon the organ-stool, some milk or weak coffee
heated on the open anthracite fire, and we all help
ourselves in a very informal manner. This saves
the trouble of starting a fire in the kitchen, setting
the table, clearing oft the table, and washing a lot of
dishes. Now, my dear brother-reader, don't rush to
the conclusion that because such things are done in
my house, therefore the lady of the house is a very
slovenly sort of housekeeper. I warmly resent any
such insinuation; she's just as good as your wife,
and takes great pleasure in a well-kept house.
Moreover, she by no means deserves the credit of a
state of affairs that renders it possible, on occasion,
to make her work a little lighter. I want you to
understand distinctly, that I arrogate to myself the
credit b3' insisting at times, in a very peremptory
manner, upon lightened labor, and condescending
to show no disapprobation at any little move in
that direction not suggested by myself. Neither do
I want to make you understand that I'm a model
husband. I'm not. I'm simply selfish, and can be
happier myself, and get more work done, by having
bright faces about me. A very little grumbling on
my part, or showing byword or look that the full
tale of what fashion, or what yon may please to call
it, e.\acts, would be made more pleasing to me, and
it would be given ungrudgingly and without stint,
at whatever sacrifice of health and strength. My
brothers, very largely in our own hands lies the pow-
er to shorten or lengthen, to make bright or burden-
some, the lives of the " queens of our homes."

Marengo, 111. C. C. Miller.

Friend C. (.'., 1 ao^ree with you exactly in
your position to-day. Suppose two brotiiers
were livincr together, and that they kept
house, cooking for themselves, as often
happens. Suppose, also, they should divide
their duMes so that one supplied the need-
ful food. During hot weather, or during a
time when they were greatly crowded with
their duties, if they should see fit to decide
between themselves to have occasionally a
meal that required very little care or prep-
aration, what Avould there be wrong about
it ? and wouldn't it be a Cliristian-like act
for the brother who did not cook, to tell the
other, under circumstances such as I have
mentioned, that he would not mind having
a simple pitcher of milk and a slice of bread
for his supper, or, if the case might demand,
even breakfast and dinner? It would sim-
ply be a brotherly act. Now, then : Ought
not a man to be as self-sacrificing and
thoughtftd of his wife as of his brother?
The question is really ridiculous. The
(pieen of the home stands in a nearer rela-
tionship to the '• lord of the home " than
any other that can be mentioned. Just be-
fore marriage, we of the sterner sex are in

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Aug.

the liabit of making littU' speeches sonie-
tbiuff like the following': ''My dear one,
this broad uiiiveise can fiiriiisli no pleasure
like the one of caring for yon, waiting on
you, lieing near you, and ministei-ing to
vour wants and comforts so long as a kinil
I'rovidence shall permit me to live and
breathe.'' Xo doubt we didn't all of us use
just exactly those words, but did we not
think as well as say something that came
pretty near it ? Now, to come down from
the honeymoon to something plain and i)rac-
tical, let me suggest to you how simple a
meal may be occasionally partaken of. and,
after all, one that suits me to a dot. It is a
pitcher of cold milk and a bowl of cerealine.
You probably won't consume the whole
pitcher of milk ithat is, unless you are a
very big man with a very strong appetite),
therefore the pitcher can be set back into
the refrigerator or cellar, without any wash-
ing. The bowl and one spoon will comprise
all the dishes to be washed for each individ-
uhI. I don't quite understand it, but this
cerealine is excellent food, without any
cooking whatever. Pour the milk on it and
let it stand two or three minutes, and it is
ahead of any cold mush to eat in milk I ever
came acro.ss, and I tell you I am very fond
of cold mush and milk too. This cerealine
is sold at nearly all the groceries, and costs
only ]() ets. for a package of five pounds.
Now, some of you may not fancy such a
supper as this, even if" I do. Oh, yes! I
want to say, also, that, it is tiptop to work
on. I can go and work in the garden aftej'
such a supper as well, or better, than on any
other I know of. My wife, however, some-
times feels sorry for me (or, at least, she
says so, and she is always truthful), and so
she gives me a dish of raspberries, huckle-
berries, or something of that sort, to sprinkle
in. This makes the pie, you know, or fruit ;
and as they are sprinkled out of a pint
basket right into the bowl of milk, even this
addition does not make any more dishes to
\vash. If you have not the cerealine handy,
you can substitute a slice of nice bread.
C'erealinte is, however, I believe, sold in al-
most every grocery in the United Slates at
the pi'ice I'have mentioned, or a little more.

MRS. HARRISON TALKS TO US ABOUT
GASOLINE-STOVES.

ALSO A WOHD IN HEG.VRD TO CARPET-SWEEPER'S,
PORCHES, ETC.

H. EDITOR:— I have been very much inter-
ested in what has been written with refer-
ence to saving women's worls, and especi-
all3' Prof. Cook's kitchen. 1 cast about to
sec how 1 could lighten labor, and took gas-
oline-stoves under consideration. Women who had
used them spoke hijrhly of them as saving- from
cleaning' uji soot, ashes, coal, kindlings, etc., and
the labor of making- tires. After examining-
many different kinds 1 i)urchased one wliich I
thought had the most good points, and I call it my
"hired girl." It is very obedient and satisfactory.
I was afraid of it at first, both for myself and the
"orphans;" btU their curiosity was soon satisfied;

and as the tire is all put out by turning down the
reservoir to fill it, I think it is safer than a kerosene-
lamp. On cool days I make a lire in the coal-stove,
and use it; and 1 find at night that I am a great
deal more tired than when I use the gasoline. Bi-
tuminous coal costs, delivered, $l.r>0 a ton, and gas-
oline 15 ets. per gallon. Early in the season, i:i cts.
Dealers in stoves are also interested in its sale, and
kept the price down until they had sold many
stoves.

I also carpeted the kitchen. I tried this once be-
fore, but the dust from soft coal was such a nui-
sance that I took it up, but get along with comfort,
using gasoline. It I were a poet 1 would sing its
prnises— such a relief from heat I One room does
now where it took two before; and such a saving of
steps while ironing! The ironing-board can be
placed within reach of the irons.

1 don't think any mother who does her own work
should sport many porches, especially if they are
near a driveway. No lady loves to see them dusty,
and harboring spiders, etc.; and to avoid this she
must constantly clean them. They should be in-
dulged in only by those able to hire a man to take
care of a horse, carriage, wash windows, walks, etc.

Carpet-sweepers lighten labor, but they do not
fill the bill as a perfect sweeper. They do not
sweep corners or near walls. If a room is thor-
oughly swept with a good brush broom once a
week, and dampened meal be thrown upon the car-
pet, the sweeper can be used the lest of the time.
It is very convenient to gather up clippings, ravel-
ings, etc., and indispensable in a sick-room. Every
woman should have one.

Bees barely make a living this season, owing to
the severe drought last year and this; and I get
fresh air in the hammock, in lieu of running the
lawn-mower, hiving bees, taking ofl' sections, etc.

Peoria, 111., June 'i'^. Mrs. L. Harrison.

MORE KITCHEN CONVENIENCES.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO LIGHTEN THE HOUSEHOLD
DUTIES'::'

^HIEND ROOT:— When farmers goto visit their
^ friends they ai"e apt to spend much of their
time looking at the crops, or the stock or
barns. This is well; but they ought also to
examine the home, and its surroundings and
equipments. Why shouldn't we be just as anxious
to get suggestions as to how we could make our
homes a little pleasanter, or a little more conven-
ient for our wives and daughters to work in, as to
learn how best to fix our barns, or take care of our
crops'? In fact, ought we not to take much better
care of our dear ones than of our stock'? But do all
farmers do this? I fear not. Let me picture a case
that I saw with my own eyrs, and which has too
many duplicates. The farmer showed me through
a fine— yes, magnificent barn, with all the latest im-
provements and conveniences for the comfort of
the stock. His horses were fat, and showed that
they were never overworked. In the harness-room
I noticed nets to keep the flies off from them when
they were at work. When in the house I asked to
see the kitchen. Were there screens on the win-
dows and dooi'S so his wife could work without be-
ing bothered with flies? No. Were there any of
the numerous little conveniences that are found iu
the best kitchens nowadays? There were not. Did

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

57o

the good wife look as hearty and well kept as the
fine horses in the barn? Not by a good deal. The
poorest-kept stock on the I'arra was in the kitchen.
I was tolling- of this at iiii institute a few montlis
after, when a mnii in the audience said: '* Do you
not understand all that, Mr. Terry? If one of those
horses should die from overwork and poor care,
there would be faOO dollars gone. If the wile should
die, he could yet another far uothitm."

I think that was a pretty harsh judgment. I
should rather say that such men, in their eagerness
and strife to get ahead, have been thoughtless.
They do not see these things as an outsider does.
They have meant well, but have got a little otf the
track. 1 hope every farmer who takes Gr..EANiNOS
will eye his wife closely, and see if there are any
grounds for saying she is not well kept. I hope he
will go into the kitchen, in particular, and see if it
is fully up to the times in conveniences and com-
forts; and then whenever he visits a friend 1 hope
he will look the home over carefully. If there are
any little improvements that he hasn't got, may he
go home and plan to get them as fast as he can. If
his friend's home is lacking in some little things
that go to make the work lighter and pleasanter, he
might (juietly suggest them to him. Also, he might
write to you for publication what he did or what he
saw abroad that was valuable, and thus let his light
shine to brighten homes, perchance, that he could
never otherwise reach.

This reminds me of some things I saw in a kitchen
away up in Evansville, Wis. When at an institute
near there I talked to the farmers as much about
improving their homes as their crops, so Mr. B. S.
Hoxie, a wcll-kuown architect and builder, invited
me to see his home. There was one thing that
many a farmer's wife sorely needs, and that was a
dumb-waiter, as they are called. I do not remem-
ber seeing any mention of one in GLEANiNCfs since
I have read it. This waiter is simply a long box,
say two feet square and six feet long, open on one
of the sides, and with shelves in it. It is hung with
weights and pulleys, so that it can be let down from
the kitchen or j)antry into the cellar, or drawn up,
easily. The good wife, after a meal, can draw up
the waiter and put on it every thing that needs to
go to the cellar, and thus save herself many a wea-
ry step. A box of potatoes, the butter, lax-d, etc.,
can be kept on it so that she need not run down
cellar very often. I have seen my wife go down
cellar at least half a dozen times while getting a
meal and clearing it away. I sometimes think she
might plan to take more at once, but it is easier,
perhaps, for me to think so than for her to do it. I
had never heard of a dumb-waiter, or, at least, not
so as to fully understand its value, when we built
our bouse, so we did not get one put in. After hav-
ing seen them in use in several homes we have de-
cided to have one in (jur pantry soon. It is a very
simple atl'air. It works just like a sash in a window-
frame hung with weights and pulleys. The weights
balance tht- weight of box and contents, so it will
stand an\where, up or down. The space into which
the waiter comes may be inclosed, both above and
below, with a door on one side, if it is desired. The
cost need be but a few dollars. I saw one last win-
ter in a dining-room, as there was no cellar under
the kitchen. It was inclosed in a fancy manner,
and looked like a little china closet. You may have
one in your fine home, fi'lend Root. If so, you
would do a good deed to give some pictures of it.

so all could see that it is simple an.d not beyond
their reach.

There were lots of other nice things in Mr. Hox-
ie's kitchen; but I will stof) to speak of only one
that WHS entirely new to me. It was the arrange-
ment of tlour-box and shelf for making up bread,
etc. On one side of the kitchen I noticed a little
shelf about one foot wide by two and a half long.
The space beneath was inclosed, and there were two
doors with their trimmings. 1 couldn't make out
what it was for, so I asked. Friend Hoxie went to
it and let down over the top a large leaf, or bread-
board, that was hinged to the wall and fastened up,
and which 1 had not noticed. When this was let
down it was just the right height to make up bread
on. When through, one had only to hook it up and
it was put up out of the way, and the used side hack.
I was so interested in looking at this that I forgot
the little doors below until my I'riend opened one,
and there was the dour right where you could dip it
on to your board easily and not get any on the
floor. This was by all odds the neatest and best
flour-box arrangement I ever saw. It is Mr. Hoxie's
invention, and not patented, and he would be
pleased to have every one use it. I give a cross-
section view of the two boxes in the inclosed space

CROSS-SECTION OF FLOUR-BOXES— TOP VIEW.

under the little shelf. The shelf is held up by a
board down to the floor at each end. The front and
end of each box, B, C, are made of wood. The
curved side, D, which has to be curved in order to
open, you know, is made of tin. The hinges are at
A. The box swings right around out. E shows the
end-board that holds up the shelf. The dotted lines
show bread-board down and one flour-box open. I
have just thought that it would be nice to put sugar
in the other box. Of course, these boxes want to
fit exactly, so no dust can get in.

Mr. Hoxie has built a great many houses in
Evansville— no, not houses, but homes. He has
made it a life-study to give a man the most con-
veniences and comforts possible for the money. Of
course, I greatly enjoyed visiting such a man's
home. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, Ohio, July 16, 1887.

Friend T., we have no such dumb-waiter
as you mention, in our house, l)iit we have
two of them in tlie factory. One connects
the dining-room with the kitchen, and 1
don't know how we should get along with-
out it. During dinner-time, the cooked
food is sent right up to the waiters ; and
when dinner is over, the dishes and all sur-
plus go right back down into the kitchen.
We will try to give you a drawing of it in
another number, including a description of
some little device of our own to make it con-
venient The other one carries the printed
sheets from our large printing-press, up-
stairs to the folding- room ; and when " pa-
per day" comes, and especially if it should

.574

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

be a little late, I tell you this dumb-waiter
lias to do considerable business. They are
indeed very great helps. If the whole ap-
paratus could be made by machinery, so as
to be shipped to customers, with the neces-
sary castings, weights, cords, etc., it would
be, very likely, the cheapest way they could
be got up. ^\'e will try to look into the mat-
ter a little. In using ours we always have
an attendant above and one below. Ours
are arranged to work so smoothly we send
up and down, milk, eggs, and every thing
refiauretl ; l)iit the waiter moves so steadily
that nothing is ever slopped or broken by
starting or stopping.

FAILUBE OF THE HONEY CROP.

MKS. AXTELL WRITES IN REGARD TO HONEY-DEW,
FERTILE WORKER.S, SUGAR FEEDING, ETC.

K. AXTELL aiut T have railed in soeuiing-
much of a honey cri-dp this summer, on ac-
oount of the ilroug-lit. Bees were in fi'ood
condition the first part of .June; and if we
could have had one or two more good
showers of rain, by the first of June, we probably
should have had our usual amount. However, the
bees got enoug-h to crowd the brood-nest, so they
are provided for. Had our hives only a small
brood-nest we should surely have had to feed sugar
before our bees could gather freely again. Pas-
tures are brown, and almost dried up bare.

While Mr. Axtell was back on the farm one day
this week, near a thrifty osage orange hedge, he
heard a humming of bees. He lifted the limbs of
the hedge, and peeped in to see what it was that
called the bees there. He saw the leaves in places
covered with a sweet, sticky substance. It was not
over all the leaves, but more in spots. Just above
the leaves that had the honey-like substance were
thousands, I suppose, of one kind of aphides. They
were white; and on shaking the limb they would
jump like grasshoppers, unlike any I ever saw be-
fore. There was so much white fuzz, or dust, upon
them they made the leaves or limbs they clustered
on white. 1 do not think there were enough to
cause bees to store any in sections, as they seem to
have entirely left ott' storing surplus; but they
were very lively, flying as if after honey. It seem-
ed to me a wise providence to thus in time of
drought provide for even the little bee.

FOUL BROOD, AND SUGGESTIONS REGARDING.

We sympathize with you in your being so unfor-
tunate as to have foul brood in your apiary. As
yoar colonies seem to recover, and you appear at
times to get rid of it, I can not but think there is
somewhere in the vicinity of your bees some care-
less beekeeper who has it. Perhaps he may be a
farmer with a few hives who does not look after
his bees, and occasionally a colony has it so bad
that it dies, and leaves the honey; then, of course,
the neighboring- bees would come in for their share
and thus spread it. It seems to me I would try
feeding phenolated syrup, and keep it up for a
while— enough to reach a little to all the bees in the
neighborhood, if you should have any reason to
fear the above dangers mentioned were possible.

LAYING QUEENS FOR SWARMING TI.ME.

Making nuclei and rearing young queens before
swarming time, so the queens are all ready for use,
is a nice thing. It is very easy then to manage an

apiary, when one has plenty of young queens al-
ready in nuclei awaiting swarms. It is entirely an-
other thing when one has all the bees he desires,
to find his honey harvest suddenly cut oft' with no
swarms. It was precisely in this situation that we
found ourselves this season. We have accordingly
decided that, in future, we shall be very careful
about raising queens and dividing up colonies into
nuclei, unless we are prettj^ sure to have a honey-
harvest. If the spring were quite wet, and the clo-
ver abundant, I suppo.se we should be i)retty cer-
tain of a honey harvest, which always brings with
it more or less swarming.

This time I do not mind having made so luanj- nu-
clei as I would if I had broken up good colonies. As
it was, I used onlj- the colonies that had failing and
rejected queens; and this leads me to mention that
Mr. A.xtell and I much prefer home-bred queens;
that is, queens raised in our own apiaries. Queens
that have come to us through the mails are invaria-
bly short-li\ed, and seldom build up into choice col-
onies. We think this is because of the confinement,
and perhaps of too much shaking by the |)OStmas-
ters. We do, however, appro\ e of getting a queen
to raise queens from occasionally.

In the spring we had several queenless colonies
which I purposed to build up strong. Although I
gave them young bees I could not get them to start
cells like bees that had not been queenless long. I
never had tried queenless colonies before; that is,
queenless for so long a time as those may have
been. Possibly the spring had something to do with
it. as it had been ususually dry.

FERTILE WORKERS.

We found one colony that had fertile workers in
the spring. I gave them a coiBb of brood with ad-
hering bees, but the fertile workers went ahead
laying all the same; then we gave them a comb of
larvtf, eggs, and a queen-cell with adhering bees.
This time they destroyed the cell, and the fertile
workers still held sway. It being a fair colony, and
I had given it brood so much that I disliked to waste
the bees, I took them to a hive with a rejected
queen, which I meant to replace soon. 1 brushed
the bees of the fertile-worker colony all down at a
distance in front, so the young bees and the fertile
workers would crawl into that hive. The young
bees would be received, but the fertile workers were
killed, and the old bees that were not fertile work-
ers flew back home, and that was the last of the
fertile workers in that hive. In a few days I open-
ed the hive and found nice cells started upon the
combs I had given them. They had a young (jueen
in a few days.

SUGAR FKEDING.

Mr. Axtell and I think bee-keepers ought, if possi
ble, to entirely discard feeding sugar to bees, be-
cause of the growing distrust there is in the minds
of people about sugared honey. Only a few weeks
ago we received a letter from an intelligent Chris-
tian man in Chicago, wishing' our word for it that
our honey was strictly i)ui e. He wanted to be sure
of it before he recommended it to others, as he was
expecting to handle our honey this year. We even
felt sorry to tell him we used small starters of comb
foundation, and sent him a piece about as large as
we generally use for a section, as we use only small
starters. He wrote as if people thought there was
a great deal of adulterated honey. We wrote him
as well as we could, telling him we did not think the
comb honey ofl;ered on the market was ever manu-

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

hto

factured; aud as for the honey in the comb being
adulterated, we thoujfht that was never done to any
amount; that some bee-keepers did feed their bees
refined sugar for wintering, but that, probably, was
all consumed, and but the merest tritle could ever
find its way, if any, into the section honey; that we
had not for several years fed one pound of sugar
or other sweets beside their own honey gathered
from the tlowers.

\Vc believe if all bee-keepers could constantlj' af-
firm, that they feed no sweets whatever, but were
always careful to let bees have more than enough
of honey for their sustenance the year round, the
adulterated and sugared honey we so often read of
would soon die out.

If at any time we fail to keep enough for them to
live on, and are obliged to feed, let us do so, but
keep silent about it and not report it to the world
for everybody to read, but see to it that we never
need do so again. Let us also use as little founda-
tion in section hone.v as possible, and say less about
that. Mrs. L. C. Axtet,!..

Koseville, III., .Inly 1, 1887.

I agree with all you say. my good friend,
but 1 suppose you l^now this same matter of
foul brood makes it desirable, many times,
to feed sugar instead of honey. If there is
foul brood in your apiary, you do nt)t want
to feed your own honey, with the chance of
starting the disease again, when you can
purchase sugar cheaper that can not start
it ; and if you are obliged to purchase some-
thing to feed, as many bee-keepers are
obliged to do such a season as the present
one. there is more or less danger in purchas-
ing honey. I know it sounds bad to talk
about bee keepers buying sugar by the bar-
lel, to feed their bees ; and I agree witii you
that it behooves us to say as little a,l)out it
as possible ; that is, do not needlessly intro-
duce the subject. If, however, anybody in-
(luires about it, tell them the plain irutii,
that you do feed your bees sugar in prepar-
ing them for winter, during poor seasons,
but that you take such pains that it is ab-
solutely certain that what you sell as honey
is by no possibility sugar syrup.

CARPETS VS. BAKE FLOORS, AGAIN.

A PAINTED CAKPET.

JN Gleanings for June 15, 1 noticed particularly
the article, *' Carpets vs. Bare Floors;" and if
you will allow me, I should like to say a few
words on the subject of floors.
A few years ago we had to spend about half
of our working time in scrubbing, sweeping, and
dusting; and as 1 found my strength yearly de-
creasing, and I could not get half as much time as
was really needed for other things, I made up my
mind there must be a change made in some way,
and this is the way it was accomplished: In the
first place, I covered my kitchen tabic with oil
cloth (and that alone was a paying investment, for
it has saved me many a backache); then I carried an
old brussels carpet to an empty room in the tower;
and after stretching and tacking it down wrong side
up, I gave it three coats of good light ocher paint,
and left it there four weeks to get thoroughly drj^
and hard, after which T tacked it down on the kitch-
ei\ floor. I find it makes the nicest kind of a floor

covering for a kitchen, as it is so easily cleaned,
and it is so durable. It has been inconstant wear
over three years, and the paint has not worn
through anywhere yet.

I next turned my attention to the dining-room.
It was a room that we used constantly, so that it
not only required a great deal of sweeping and
dusting, but it cost us (luite a sum to keep it de-
cently carpeted. We first painted the floor, but we
did not like it very well, for the flooring was poor,
and paint did not entirely hide its deficiencies;
so a year ago we had a new Hoor laid down over the
old one. It was of well-seasoned ash boards, about
thiee inches wide; and before laying we stained
half of them blackwalnut color, and after it was
down we soaked it well with a mixture of oil, turpen-
tine, and beeswax. We think now it is the pretti-
est room in the house, and it is certainly the clean-
est, for we have scarcely any dust. I bought a few
remnants of brussels carpet foi' fifty cents a yard,
and put around in the parts of the room used
most; these are light and easy to shake, and are
pretty too. So, now, as the walls are painted, and
the butternut woodwork varnished, houseclean-
ing in that i;art of the house does not appall me.
Mrs. C. B. Haywood.
Vpsilanti. Mich., .lune 21, 18ST.

BULL'S DEVICE TO REMOVE SECTIONS
FROM SUPERS.

ITS MODE OF CONSTRUCTION.

N compliance with the request of some parties
who have written to me for a more detailed de-
scription of my machine for removing sections
from supers, mentioned on page 34.2, Glean-
ings for May 1st, I have promised that, if the
editor permits, 1 would endeavor to give the desir-
ed information through his columns, so that one
explanation might answer for all who wish to know
about it. Although the machine is not intricate,
yet I think it can be more easily explained and bet-
ter understood by the use of illustrations, so I will
endeavor to give a rude sketch, or outline, of the
different parts, to assist in conveying, if possible, a
clear idea of its structure and workings.

The frame of the machine is
composed of four pieces — two
end -pieces, one bed -piece, and
one top-beam, all of which should
be made of l?4-inch i)lank, after
being dressed on both sides. Pine
or basswood will do. The dimen-
sions may be varied to suit cir-
cumstances. If you \visli to stand
up to work, nuike it high enough
to be convenient for that pur-
pose; if you i)refer to sit down
when emptyingsupors, make the
end-pieces shorter.

Vig. 1 is a diagram of one of the
end-pieces, which should be 1") in.
wide at the lower end, and 6 in.
wide above the bed-piece. The
distance between the Ited-piece fig. I.*

and top-beam is 'i'Z in., the lower part to be of such
length as will give the desired height to the bearing-

* The diagram.* are not iiiadt' cxat'tl.v to the scale; the read-
er wiU, therefore, fret his exact dimen-ions from theontoxt.
Editor.

I rf I /)

6?6

GLEAMN&S IK BEii CULTUllE.

AtrG.

board, which is to rest on the bed-piece; a, a, a, are
mortises to receive tenons on the bed-piece and
top-bbara; b, b, rabbet, I4 in. deep, whole width of
the end-piece, to form a seat for the ends of the
bfed-piece and top-beatn, to keep them from warp-
inff out of sha]>c, and to give firmness to the frame;
c, c, are cleats fastened to the end-pieces with
screws, to serve as guides to hold the follower in its
ilroper place when it Is pressed Upon the super; d is
!i round hole to I'eeeive theg-udg-eOnof the Cylibder;
'hiis hole oilght not to lie niade <luite thl-ough to the
outside.

1 °

0

f

t

" g

°h

h''

S°

1 °

~^l

t

t

FIG. 3.

¥he diagram above shows the bed-piece, aud is
represented by Y in Fig. 6. It is IJ4 inches thick,
24V2 long, and 1.5 wide; e, e^ e, e, are tenons to cor-
respond with the mortises a, a, in Pig. 1, and reach
through far enough to receive a pin through the
holes f, etc., outside of the end-pieces; g, g, are
holes for ropes to pass through, and connect the fol-
lower with the cylinder; h, h, are dowel-pins to hold
the bearing-board in place.

FIG. 3.
Pig. 3 is the top-beam, 34'/2 inches long, 6 wide, and
corresponds to U in Fig. 6. The hole in the center,
at I, is to allow the"passage of a rope, S, in Fig. 6, to
connect the follower with the spring, to draw it up-
ward out of the way when placing the supers upon
the bearing-board. The follower Is composed of
three pieces— one sliding-beam and two presser-feet.
QJ

1

L PIG. 4. J

Fig. 4 represents the sllding-beam. It should be
made of hard wood, 24 in. long, 6 in. wide, and one
inch thick. J is a staple or hook to receive the rope
(S, Fig. 6) attached to the spring above; the small
hooks beneath are for the i-opes or straps to con-
nect with the cylinder R, Fig. 6; 1, 1, are gains, or
notches, '4 inch deep, to form a seat for the presser-
feet, and to hold them in place; m, m, are holes for
pins or bolts to hold the presser-feet last to the slid-
Ing-beam.

Fig. 5, corresponding to Q, Fig. 6,

shows the form of the presser'

feet. These should be made of

f some kind of hard wood, 10 inches

, wide, 11 inches high, and ^4 of an

I inch thick. A mortise is made at

j,,jQ 5 the u])i)cr end, .'> inches deep, one

inch wide, and open at the top, as shown. A hole is

bored through where the dotted line is seen in the

notch. These presser-feet stand at right angles to

the sliding-beam, the notch 1, Fig. 4, fitting into the

notch, or shoulder, seen in Fig. 5. A bolt or pin

passing through the hole indicated by the dotted

line, holds the presser-feet securely to the sUding-

bcam ; and this constitutes the follower. When the

machine is put together, the ends of the sliding-
beam are ])laced between the guides, c, c. Fig. 1,
whifcih form grooves in which it slides up and down
when in use.

The cylinder, indicated by R, Fig. 6, may be made
of a piece of solid wood ii inches long and fi inches
in diameter. It should be turned off very true and
round, of equal size at both ends, having an axis, or
gudgeon, at eaclh end, to fit into the hole d. Fig. 1.

FIG. 6.— BULT/S M.\CHINE COMPLETE, FOR EMPTYING
T SUPERS.

The front side of this cylinder must be in a per-
pendicular line with the center of the sliding-beam
of the follower. Two ropes (a piece of clothes-line
will do) are attached to hooks on sliding-beam. Fig.
4. They then pass down through the bed-piece at g,
g. Fig. 2, and fasten to the cylinder near each end,
as shown in Fig. ti. A third rope is fastened to the
cylinder at or near the center, wound once or more
around it, as shown. A loop is made in the end to
receive the treadle, V, Fig. 6. Any suitable stick 6
or 8 feet long will answer for the treadle. Insert
one end into the loop In the rope; let the other end
rest on the floor, back of the operator. When the
treadle Is pressed downward it will cause the cylin-
der to revolve in such a manner as to wind up the
ropes which are attached to the follower, and draw
it downward with equal force at both ends. It can
not draw one end any faster than the other. The
guides hold the follower from canting sidewise,
thus obviating all danger of twisting the super and
breaking the sections or comb.

TO MAKE THE BEARING-BOARD FOR THK T SUPER.

Take four pieces, l''.i X 314 X ll^.., inches. Nail on
to two sides of each of those blocks a piece of board
J4, inch thick, 4;'4 long, and IPi wide, thus forming
a sort of bpx without ends, 11?4 inches long, 4Ji
deep, and 3^4 wide, outside measure. These are for
the sections to bear upon when the super is being-
removed, and so construt^ted that all the pressure
will be near the corner of the section, so as not to
spring the bottom-bar and break the comb.

Those blocks are all set ui)on a bottom-board, and
spaced off to correspond with the rows of sections
in supers, being careful to have the end of each
block in line with all the others. When properly
placed they should be fastened with screws to the
board. A little more than Vt inch of space is al-
lowed between these blocks for the passage of the
T tins in the supers. When completed, the bearing-

l88t

(JLEANli^GS IK BEE CULTllRE.

511

board will i)resent the appearance of X, Fig-. 6, only
there should be four ilivisions instead of thi-ce, as
shown.

TO MAKE A BEAIMNG-BOAHD FOR WIUE FRAMES.

Take a piece of plank 2 X S^s, and 10 inches long.
Cut two pieces of boards 17 inches wide, 4 long:, and
I4 thick. Nail these o!i to the edges of the plank,
having- the grain of the timber in the boards run
crcsswise of the grain in the other, which will give
much greater strength to the board. When nailing
together, allow the plank, which forms the bottom,
to e.vtend one inch beyond the side-boards at both
ends, as shown at W, Fig. ti. This forms a sort of
box with open ends, 2 inches deep inside, 17 inches
long, and Hi wide, outside measure, which is a little
scant the inside dimensions of the wide frame. It is
now ready for use, except that each bearing-board
should have two dowel-pins in the bottom, to fit into
the holes h, h, in bed-iiiece. Fig. a, to prevent it from
moving out of its place when in use. (ireat care
should be exercised to get those dowel-pins in the
right place; and perhaps the surest way to do that
would be to set the bearing-board on to the 'bed-
piece, place a super on it, bring the follower down
to the super, to see if they meet just right; then
pass the point of a bit up through the bed-piece and
bore into the bearing-board, being careful not to let
it move while doingthis, and it can not be far out of
the waj-. The dowel-pins should be driven tight
into the bearing-board, but tit loosely in the bcd-
jiiece, so as to be readily removable.

To remove sections from wide frames, the frame
with sections must be laid down upon the bearing-
board flatwise, with the separator on the under
side. The presserfeet of the follower bear upon
the ends of the wide frame, which slips down out-
side of the bearings; and the separator goes down
inside between them, and the sections will be left
free and clear, resting on top of the bearings. The
operation is performed in much less time than it
takes me to describe it.

The process of emptying the T supers is also very
simple. Set the super upon the bearing-board;
place one foot upon the treadle, and bear down. If
every thing is in proper order, the sections will all
be out of the super before you hardly realize what
is being done. 'J'o insure success, every thing
should be made with .some degree of accuracy.

.TOSHUA fJlM,.

Seymoui-, Outag. Co., Wis., May :.'4, ISST.

THE NATIONAL BEE - KEEPERS'
UNION.

WHAT IT It

AND WHAT IT HAS IfONK FOR THE
BEE-KEEPEK.

E are glad to note, that the National
IJee-Keepers" Union has fully dem-
onstrated its usefulness and its abil-
ity to defend the rights of its pat-
rons. Through this medium of
strength the bee-keeper has more tlian once
been enabled to accomplish what he could
not have done single-handed. While we do
not favor trades-unions in general, we must
say that the Bee-Keepers' Union, uuder the
present etlicient management, iuis done good
work for the cause it represents, and that,
too, without theevil results which have lieen
so characteristic of other trades-unions. It

is with pleasure, therefore, that we make
the following extracts from the Second An-
nual Report :

To review the work of the National Bee-Keepers'
Union at the end of the second year is a very itloas-
ing duty, for we do not discover any thing which
could have been done more satisfactorily— the re-
sults having been all that could be desired.

THE UNION VICTORIOUS EVERY TI.ME !

In all the attacks against the pursuit of bee-keep-
ing-, which the National Bee-Keepers' Union has
deemed it expedient to vindicate, it has scored a
victory! What no individual apiarist could have
achieved single handed, it has satisfactorily accom-
plished in a short time.

In the face of this showing, it is strange that any
bee-keeper should hesitate to become a member ol'
this organization. It ought to have thousands of
members where it now has only hundreds. It is to
the interest of every apiarist to become a member.
Nay, it is not only that, b\it it is a duty, which, if
neglected, will operate to his or her disadvantage.
As the Union will defend only its members, who be-
came such before any lawsuits were commenced
against them— all should take time by the fore-
lock, and join the Union at once!

MAILING QUEKN-BKP:S AND ATTF.NDING WORKERS.

The first thing which demanded the attention of
the Union during the past year was the action of
the postmaster at Griffin, Ga. who refused to re-
ceive a queen-bee in the mails, because of the at-
tending workers, the postal regulations permitting
only queen-bees in the mails— not drones or work-
ers!

The Manager of the I'nion, Prof. Cook (Vice-Pres-
dent), and the Hon. Edwin Willits, each made an
appeal to the Postofflce Dejjartment at Washington
to have his action overruled. It was only a technic-
ality; but as necessary attendants were essential
when mailing queen-bees, it was a vital point to
apiarists.

The General Superintendent of the Railway Mail
Service ordered the regulations to he revised so as
to read, " Queen-bees with necessary attendants,"
and so advised the postmaster in Georgia, the Man-
ager of the Union, and others. Since that time we
have heard no complaint on that score.

SENDING QUEENS TO CAN.\DA.

Complaint was made that queen-bees sent to Can-
ada bad been stopped at Suspension Bridge. This
was referred by the Manager of the Union to the
Superintendent of F'oreign Mails, and that difficulty
was promptly removed. It was occasioned by the
offlciousness of the postmaster at Suspension
Bridge, N. Y.. and he was notified to " let the bees
pass."' So ended that trouble.

CALIFORNIA FRUIT-BEE.S TROUBLE.

The Bohn case, mentioned in my last Report, was
appealea to the Superior Court. The decision there
given was on technicalities, and practically ended
the difficulties. The expenses of the suit and ap-
peal amounted to $384..i0; of this the Union has
paid one-half and Mr. Bohn the other half. In this
case the resistance of the Bee-Keepers' Union was
too much for the fruit-growers— and that trouble
which was proclaimed by a Nebraska apiai-ist to be
too much for the Union to compete with is now all
conquered, the raisin-growers admitting that they
were mistaken.

Foolish warfare against bees seems to be the rage!
The idea that fruit suffers because of the presence?
of bees is simply- ridiculous. The good they do in
fertilizing the iru it-trees far outweighs any possi-
ble evil that ma.\ follow their presence.

REMOV.M, OF UKES FROM CITIES .\ND VILLAGES.

M. Darling, of Waterbury, Conn., was sued for
*r)0() damages l)y a neighbor, and to compel the re-
moval of his bees. The case was instigated by mal-
ice and jealousy, and was dismissed as soon as it
was discovered that he was backed up by the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Union. The expenses were.*.")0,
of which the TTnion paid one-half.

S. W. Rich, of Hobart, N. Y., was sued by a jeal-
ous and disagreeable neighbor for $1,500 damages,
and also to compel him to remove his apiary out-
side the city limits. This suit is defended by the
Union, and is as yet undecided.

C. C. Richardson, a gardener, was sued for keep-
ing honey-bees on his land in Tipton, lud., alleging
that they were a nuisance. This was also de-

678

GLEANlJSGS IK BEE CULTUliE.

AtTft.

tended by the IJiiinii, and, as a result, it was dis-
missed by the court. The costs wei-e *20; one-half
of it was paid liy the I'nion. This is tlie case which
was so badly misrepresented at the Indianapolis
convention by an nfticious neig'hbor, and it is with
much satisfaction that 1 am now able to say that
the Fnion was too much for the enemies of the
pursuit of beekeeping'.

The city council of Fort Wayne, Ind., passed an
ordinance against keeping bees within the city lim-
its. If enforced it would practically wipe out the
pursuit of bee-keeping- there. Such a pressure was
l)roug-ht to liear by the bee-keepers, backed uii by
the Union, that the ordinance is a dead letter, and
it is expected that it will soon be repealed, if it has
not already been done.

In Arkadelphia, Ark., the City Council ordered
Z. A. Clark to remove his bees from within the city
limits within 30 days. Major J. L. Witherspoon, ex-
Attorney General of Arkansas (who stands at the
head of the Bar of the State), was employed to at-
tend to the matter on behalf of the bees. The Na-
tional Bee - Keepers' Union backs up Mr. Z. A.
Clark to flg-ht the case on its merits.

The thirty days have expired, and the bees are
still there. Public opinion is strong: against their
removal, and the newspapers are teeming- with rid-
icule of the order to remove them.

The Union will stand by Mr. Clark in this matter,
and see it through, for it would be very detrimen-
tal to the pursuit to allow a decision against bee-
keeping to be put upon record on the plea of its be-
ing a nuisance.

PROPOSED LEGISLATION IN MICHIGAN AGAINST
BEE-KEEPING.

The McCormick bill introduced in the Legislature,
"intended to wipe apiculture out of Michigan," as
Prof. Cook stated it, raised such a buzzing about
his ears that it was tabled on his own motion, and
there died. The President of the Union (Mr. Hed-
don), as well as Vice-President Cook and the Gener-
al Manager, all labored with Mr. McCormick to
bring about the before-mentioned result.

Here wo have another result of the benefits to be
derived from organization and combined effort. The
members of the Bee-Keepei's' Union have many
triumphs to feel proud over, and this adds another
laurel.

FIN.^NCIAL STATEMENT FOR THE TWO YE.\RS,

From July 1, 1885, to June 30, 1887.

From 620 memberships at $1.25 each $775.00

Paid S. I. Freeborn's suit $131.00

Paid G. Bohn's suit 192.25

Paid M. Darling's suit 25.00

Paid C. C. Richardson's suit 10.00

Printing, stamps, stationery, etc 192. .50

Defense Fund— Cr $2(51.25

Defense Fund— Dr 37.00

Balance on hand July 1, 1887 $22+.'?5

I estimate that the amount remaining in the
treasui-y will about cover the expense of the sever-
al suits still before the courts and in an unfinished
state.

THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

It now becomes ray duty under the Constitution
to call for $1.25 for the coming year (assessment $1.C0,
and dues 25 cents) from each member. I therefore
inclose a blank to be used for that purpose, and
also a voting-blank. Kill up all the blanks, and
send to the manager, with a postal note or money
order for $1.25. It must be sent by Aug. 1, 1887, or
the vote will be lost.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

I now submit my second annual report, with the
hope that it will I'ncet with the approbation of ev-
ery member. If 1 have failed in any particular to
act for the general interest of the pursuit of bee-
keeping, it has been unintentional— that having
been my only aim. I ani now both ready and willing
to transfer the oiHcc to my successor as soon as such
is elected. Fi-aternally, Thomas G. Newman,
General MMnager.

Every bee-keepei- luivin^ any interests at
stake, who would secure the benefits of the
Union, ought surely to become a member.
Remember, " it will defend only its mem-
bers who became snch before any laws'.iits
were commenced against them."

MISHAPS IN INTKODUCING QUEENS.

ALSO SOMl'.TIl INC. ABOUT HE1N(J POSITIVE, WHEN
VOU MAY BE MISTAKEN.

PRESUME that every one who rears
queens for sale has had more or less
complaint that the queen sent was pure
black with no Italian blooil about her;
and this oftentimes happens when the
queen-breeder has no blacks in his apiary,
or none that he knows of in the vicinity. In
past years there have been some unkind
words, and perhaps some unkind feelings, in
regard to this very matter; and to illustrate
how easy it is to be mistaken we give the
following from a friend to whom we sent a
queen May 16. A little over a month after-
ward, you will notice, we received the fol-
lowing letter :

F^'icnd Root:

I must say that the untested queen you sent me
in May last was a black queen instead of an Italian;
and if j'ou don't believe it, you send me an untested
queen at your expense, and I will send this one to
you, and j'Ou can see for yourself, for I know, for I
have tried her. I think you ought to make some
amendment on her; if not, I think I will send to
some other place hereafter. P. J. Long.

Selbyville, Del., June 25, 1887.

We replied, stating that we thought it im-
possible that the queen he received had no
Italian blood about her at all. and suggested
that the queen we sent him was lost, and
that one already in the hive, or that got in
by some outside mishap, was in her place.
Some time after, we received the following
apology and acknowledgment of his mis-
take :

I was mistaken about that (jueen, I suppose, but
she is not in the stand that 1 put her in. There is a
black one in there, but I have noticed all of the
stands, and found in one of them some Italians, and
I suppose she has left the stand that I put her in
and got into another one, from the looks of the
bees. There are about a fifth or sixth of them Ital-
ians, and I think that she is in there with the black
queen, bj- the looks of the bees. I will beg to be ex-
cused for writing what I did to you, for I would not
have done it for twice the worth of the queen, if I
had known it; but by a black queen being in there
I thought you perhaps had got hold of a black one
Instead of Italian, by not noticing- close. 1 don't
want you to think that I was trying to cheat you
out of a queen, for I don't mean to do any thing of
the kind, for I want to deal with my fellow-men
fair and square, if 1 possibly can. I am glad to find
her in another stand; and more so, as I hope you
won't think hard of my writing what I did, for 1
thought I was right. P. J. Long.

Selbyville, Del., July 3, 1887.

Friend L., we didn't think you were try-
ing to cheat us, for it is not likely that even
a bad man would uiulertake to get another
queen in such a way ; but we did think you
were :i little hasty and a little more positive
than need be. When things of this kind
come up, we all need to go slow, and to have
much charity for our fellow-men— the kind
of charity that ihinketh no evil ; and this is
what I need every day and every hour.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

57U

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Feb. 15.
(IIIAPTEU XXXVII.

Whilo tlio cai-di rciiuiiiiclh, seedtime and harvest,
atirt night shall not cease. — Gen. 8: 33.

After writing the last chapter of my book |
1 decided tliat I wanted a little more experi-
ence in several line^ of the work before go-
ing further. Tlie principal point 1 liave
been trying to get before my readers is, that
those who are out of employment can find
plenty to do close by their homes, and tliat
they may, if they choose, also lind happiness
in doing it. My wife suggests, however,
that inasmuch as people do not all have
tastes alike, it is doubtless true that not
many men find the enjoyment and happiness
in market gardening that I do, and no doubt
she is correct; but it seems to me that al-
most any individual who has been for some
time witliout work, and especially if he lias
seen his family suffer for the necessaries
of life, may be pretty sure to enjoy that
which gives him something to do. It is
true, however, that one can not expect to at-
tain the greatest success in any work where
his heart is not in it.

The past six months has been an excellent
time for every thing i)ertaining to the work
1 have been mapping ont in the former
pages of this book. The trouble about low
l)rices has seemed to vanish — at least in the
locality of Medina; and from the market
reports 1 judge it is to a certain extent true
throughont the country in general. Good
l»roducts command excellent prices every-
where, and I have not heard of a glut from
stagnation in any line of produce in the way
of \ egetables or small fruits. Even the
friends in the South, away down in Florida,
seem to be getting satisfactory prices for al-
most all they have to sell. The greatest
drawback, or hindrance, to the matter liere,
seems to be in being right up to the market,
iti crowding every product ahead as fast as
it can go — that is, in getting these things
ready just about the time people begin to
want tliem. J^ast spring was not nearly as
favorable here as it has been in former
years for early gardening. Severe freezes
came so much later than usual that much of
our stuff was spoiled in spite of the precau-
tions we look. A fierce wind, with a zero
freeze, made havoc with our sashes, mats,
cloth frames, etc.; and this is one great
trouble with the frames covered with cloth
instead of glass. Unless the frames are

and cold and heat, and .suininer and winter, and day

fastened down very securely, the wind takes
them and sometimes carries them long dis-
tances ; and when this occurs during a se-
vere freeze it is disastrous to the contents of
the cold frames. .Vt one time a cloth-cov-
ered frame was blown or whirled over on
the greenhonse, breaking qnite a little glass
there. It is true, we may have weeks and
months when they keep their places perfect-
ly, and every thing seems to be working
nicely ; but a windy time comes, and the
owner is almost tempted to wish he had
never heard of cheap cloth frames instead of
glass sash. (Jlass sash lie safely where you
put them, providing they are not left in such
a way that the wind gets under them and
throws them over. The cloth has, however,
so many advantages besides cheapness, that
I have been thinking it wotdd piiy to have
some arrangement to hold the frames in
place. Last spring we succeeded in having
an abundance of nice lettuce all through
February, March, April, May, and even
June; but just now, liuwever, toward the
latter part of -luly we find ourselves short.
Lettuce sells now in Medina pretty fairly
during eveiy moTith of the year. In Febru-
ary, March, and April, we find no (jilliculty
in getting JO cts. a pound. In May it went
down to lid cts.; in June, 10 cts.; and now in
July it sells at 5 cts. I suppose you know,
however, that it pays an excellent profit at
even 5 cts., if properly managed.

During the winter months, when there
was but little to be carried on the wagon,
one of our enterprising boys decided there
was no use of having more than one peison
in charge of the wagon ; and he declared he
could sell almost as much stuff alone by
himself, without having even a boy along.
We have a big stout horse— one that is eciual
to any thing in the way of bad roads, but a
horse that will stand anywhere you leave
him, and as long as you want him to stand.
Such a horse is an acquisition for a market-
wagon. This young man also did all his
loading up and preparing his stuff, or pretty
nearly all, diu'ing the afternoon ; then he
was ready to stail out the next morning,
feeling sure that every thing was just as he
placed it the night l)efore; and where there
were two on the wagon this could not well

58(J

GLEAN IJSGS IN UEE CULTURE.

Aug.

be. When sleighing was good we procured
H pair of runners that slipped on to the wag-
on in place of t])e wheels, and with this ar-
rangement he found he could get around so
rapidly as to meet almost all of his custom-
ers before any of liis vegetables had time
to freeze, even with niodeiate protection.
When garden-stuff began to get more plen-
tiful I thought he would nci'd more help;
but he was intercsled in seeing liow long
he could get along without the bey, and I
believe he kept it up until the leceipts from
the wagon began to be about lifteen or twen-
ty dollars a day. During strawberry time,
however, when the receipts ran up one day
to a little over $32.00, he decided he needed
a boy to help handle the stuff. Of course,
he had a little more wages, as an encourage-
ment to take charge of the whole institu-
tion. I used to estimate that it required
about one-fourth of the value of garden-
stuff to get it converted into cash. During
this last spring, however, with tlie arrange-
ment I have mentioned, the exy)ense was
something like this: Horse and wagon half
a day, 70 cts.; man to go willi it half a day,
80 cts.; total, $1.-50. Now, if we sold $15.00
worth of goods during the forenoon, the
cost of selling was only ten per cent ; but
we have not been able to keep the expense
of selling as low as this much of the time.

Now, in regard to getting the stuff on the
market when none is to be had elsewliere, so
we can have the monopoly: In the lattei'
part of' the winter we had the (mly celery
that was in Medina. This same ycung man
gave me an agreeab'e surprise by telling me
he could get 40 cts. a, pound for all the celery
Ave had left. Theie was none to be had
elsewhere, and we liave a few customers
who will pay almost any price to get such
delicacies in the winter time. In the same
Avay we got 40 cts. a jiound for our choice
lettuce. 1 supi)( se the friends who have
been through a similar experience know
what a pleasant feeling it is to lind you are
going to get enough for your product to pay
for all the trouble and bother, including bad
luck and reverses. AVhen prices are low it
is always well to do the best you can, and
try to make both ends meet. Jt certainly is
not very pleasant to sit down and figure up
that you have paid out more money in se-
curing a crop than you can g"t for it at mar-
ket prices. But we often have to meet this
state of affairs — at least we do now and
then. In such cases we ought to look over
the ground carefully and see whether our
crop may not be put away so as to be kept

until the glut in the market is over. We
managed to house oiu- celery so that most of
it kept very nicely ; but the expense of put-
ting the crop away (during a snowstorm),
the boards required to cover the crop, and
the expense of banking it to keep out the
frost, cost so much that I felt a good deal
disheartened. I had not expected to get
over 16 or 20 cts. a pound for it : but when
Mr. Weed sold it tor forty cts., then came the
agreeable feeling that we could go to work
to improve on our plans another season,
with the assiu-ance that we need not be
afraid to invest some money in doing it
well. I do like to do any thing well that I
undertake. It was the same way with the
lettuce. I discovered that I could safely
make a nice little greenhouse in a good sun-
ny exposure, for the sole piu-pose of growing
lettuce alone, and nothing else.

In regard to outdoor crops I have been
agreeably pleased to discover that we ]ieed
not be afraid to go to the expense of
thorough underdraining, manuring, and
even ridging the ground up in the way we
have, so as to have it dry enough to work in
the spring. After the last severe freeze in
April I decided it would be safe to at least
try a good many of the hardier vegetables
in the open ground, if 1 could get a piece of
ground thoroughly prepared. The trouble
was, it was all too wet when the frost got
out. The most promising piece of ground
was where celery had been last year, and
the ground was left in high ridges during
the winter. These ridges were mellow, and
would work nicely when every thing else
was wet and sticky. I w ent over the ground
with a potato-fork, and tried it every fore-
noon and every afternoon, to find the very
earliest hour when it wo;i!d do to put heavy
horses on to it; and, by the way, we can't
expect to do very much on outdoor crops by
spading up by hand. 1 have tried it some;
but a team with inii)rove(l machinery does
so much more, it seems as if we had better
wait a little, until the ground gets so that
horses can go on it. This celery ground had
been manured the summer before, so heavi-
ly that the celery was almost burned by the
quantities of stable nia'iiire piled on to it.
We plowed the ri-lj^cs down, harrowed it,
then worked in a little more of the very
nicest manure we ould get, and the ground
was ready for our crops. A storm was com-
ing on, and there was but little lime. This
season we have a grain-drill to sow our
seeds with instead of doing it by hand. The
grain-drill was brought out hastily, and a

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

5BI

part of the tubes were stopped up with
wooden blocks, so that we could sow peas
in a double row, then a space three feet, and
then another double row, letting tiie phos-
phate attaclinient sow phosphate all ovei-
tlie ground. It took perhaps lifteen min-
utes to sow tiie peas, as above. Had we
done it the old way by hand, the ground
would need marking out with some sort of
furrower; tin-u we shoiiUl liave to sow our
phosphate in tiie furrow, and sprinkle in
the peas, eitiu-r by hand or by some sort of
hand-drill ; tlieii tiiey must be covered over
with a Iiorse or liy hand. The grain-drill
did it all in Uiese Ii'W miimtes, and covered
the seed perfectly, liefore tlie drill was put
away in the li»ol-sned, however, I sowed two
double rows of spinach the same way we
sowed our peas; thou a couple of ro.vs of
Eclipse beets, aiul the machine was ready
to go in under cover before the storm came.
It iveem.s lo me I never had any piece of
work so satisfactorily and quickly done as it
sowed the beets and spinach. All the time
occupied was in letting the team walk from
one end of the field to the other. I left
spaces between the beets, for early cabbage.
These we managed to get in, the same day.
They were our best plants, from the cold
frames, and wintered outdoors, so of course
they could stand a freeze. The freeze came,
and tlie cabbages looked for a good while as
though they would never do any thing.
They stood there ; they did not die, it is
true, but they did not seem to grow a bit.
The weather was so cold that the beets and
peas were so slow in starting that I began
to be afraid that they were not going to
start, but they did. The spinach, howe. er.
came up the first of any thing. It was loo
cold for any kind of weeds, so the hardy
spinach had the full use of the grouml. liy
and by the cabbages got started ; and after a
while the beets began to come up quite
thickly. The spinach never received any
hoeing or weeding whatever. Before weeds
liad a chance to make their appearance, the
leaves covered the ground ; and when the
vegetable was worth $2.00 a barrel at whole-
sale, we could easily get a barrel of extra
nice from a rod of row.

Now, very likely many of you know noth-
ing about spinach. When we first put it on
our lunch-room table a great many would
not take it at all— said they didn't like
" greens.'' I explained to them that spin-
ach was not greens at all — that it is a deli-
cious vegetable more like asparagus. Final-
ly they got to tasting it. and pretty soon

spinach was in big demand. Let me re-
mind the housewives not to cook it as
greens. Cook it :;s you do asparagus, and
it will pretty soon go otT fast enougli. It
seemed for a time :;s if our town could not
get euou<.'h of it ; and after the plant began
to send up seed-stalks a yard high, we sold it
for greens even then. These two rows,
however, were too much for our Mediiui
market. It could not be all disposed of be-
foie it would probably get too old and hai'd
for !.se. As it was a. new vegetable to us,
however, we did not know just when it
would cease to b^ edible; l)ut as there was
more than our town could consume, it began
to be a (piestion wluit we should do with it.
I remembered hearing about a kind of cab-
bage that grew so fast that cue head would
support a cow— that is, as many leaves
would grow over night as she could eat dur-
ing the day ; ;iud when I saw our Jersey cow
looking wis!ifidly at the beautiful daik-
green rows of spinach, I pulled her an arm-
ful to let her taste them ; and from that daj
forward she had spinach to her heart's con •
tent. Ill fact, she prefened spinach to any
thing else that could be olTered her, and it
seemed almost impossible to give her more
than she could disp;^se of. Did it affect the
milk ? Not at all, luitil the plant s had gone so
far in perfecting si ed-stalUs tii;;t they were
slightly bittei-. then the milk began to taste
of it. Now, this plant m;ide this luxuriant
growth almost before any thing else began
to look green ; and I liereby give notice to
the agricultural papers, and to farmers in
general, that spinach may be raised for
cows befoie you can raise any thing else I
know of, unless, indeed, it is rye, and I am
sure that spinach will go away ahead of rye
in the amount cf foliage it produces. If it
happens to be worth two or three dollars a
barrel in the market, why, of course you
woidd not think of giving it to your cows.
The books tell us it can be wintered over
just as well as wheat or rye. I have never
succeeded in doing it. however; but I am
going to try harder again this fall and win-
ter, and I think I shall succeed. After we
had used and sold all we could of those two
rows, I kept the cow on ir, for quite a long
time, and then there was considerable still
left to go to seed. When the seed got
brown we cut it with a cradle, and it is now
stored away on the barn floor, dry enough to
thrash, and fan out with a fanning-mill, so I
have my own seed for next year. There is
just one thing about this great crop of spin-
ach that I think it may perhaps be well to

582

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUUE.

Aug.

mention. .Josepli Harris, of the Ajnerican
Ayrmilhtrist, lias been writing a great deal
about nitrate of soda, especially its pn)perty
ot furnishing nitrogen very early in the
spring, much cheaper than we can get from
stable manure. I bouglit a bagful ; and as
some of the jiapers said it was especially
suited for spinach, I put a pretty good-sized
sprinkling on just one-half of the two rows
(when the plants were small) and put it on to
the poorest end of the piece of ground.
Well, I watched and watched to see any
effect produced , until I concluded it was not
going to do any good at all upon our soil,
and forgot about it ; but wlien I began feed-
ing it to the cow I noticed the spinach was
a great deal lai-ger and stronger where the
nitrate of soda was, although, as T said be-
fore, this end of the lield had always been
much the poorest ground.

Well, about the time spinach failed we be-
gan to get nice beets from that patch. They
came up very thickly, and we did not thin
them at all, proposing to use the thinnings
for beet-greens. From those two rows of
beets we have sold beets all over town — have
supplied the lunch - room, and there are a
good many tliere yet. The beets were put
in between the cabbages, so the ground they
grew up on cost notliing, in one sense ; in
another sense it did cost, because we tramp-
ed the gronnd down so hard around the cab-
bages in going for the beets in all kinds of
weather. On this account the cabbages
have not done as well as they did last sea-
son ; but last season we thought they were
doing great things when we succeeded in
getting 3 cents a pound for them. This
year, however, Mr. Weed started them at 5
cents a ijound, and they brought it without
any trouble, and we are even to-day (July
19th) getting 5 cents a pound for every cab-
bage as fast as it makes any kind of firm
head, and we don't have enough to supply
the wagon.

The peas did beautifully. They were half
Landreth's P^xtra Early, and half American
Wonder. The American Wonder was only
about three days later, and a great deal bet-
ter in quality. We got 40 cents a peck, for
most of the peas ; but the crop was so great
that at one time we feared we should not be
able to dispose of all of it in Medina. One
week later, however, we discovered that our
peas were gone just as we had got a big trade
started in them ; and the worst of it was, we
hadn't a pea anywhere else on our ten-acre
farm that was yet in blossom. A year ago
we had too many peas and cabbages in July,

so I concluded this season not to plant so ex-
tensively, and there is where I made a blun-
der. The quantity we had last year would
have been exactly right for this, for our
market has impioved so much. Last year
people were discussing my right to raise gar-
den-stuff. This season, however, they have
all given it up— every one of tliem, and ev-
eryl)ody seemed by actual consent and good
nature to decide I was the chap to raise
garden-stuff, and therefore they would not
raise any at all. I am ashamed of my lack
of faith. Faith in what, do you askV Why,
faith in good gardening and good steady
work in any line of agricultural industry.
It is impossible for me to say just now how
mucli money we receive from the product
of the half-acre 1 have been speaking of ;
but it would be a large sum. A crop of nice
cabbages how stands where the peas stood.
The beets and cabbages are pretty much
gone ; but even yet they give a good daily
income. We are waiting for them all to
mature before putting another crop in their
place. I hardly believe T shall plant beets
between cabbages again. The beets do not
get out of the way soon enough. I presume
I put more manure on that half-acre than I
ever put on any other piece of ground be-
fore ; but now that we have got it up to a
high state of cultivation, it is only just fun
to raise a crop on it. The last cabbages were
planted in a dry time, but they took right
hold and grew without any rain, almost as
if rich ground like that didn't need any rain.
The soil has been kept light and soft by
constant stirring, keeping what some of the
agricultural papers call a "dust blanket"' all
around the plants. This dust blanket serves
as a mulch ; and when we get just a little
shower of rain, the dust blanket takes it all
up, much as a sponge would, while hard
lumpy soil would let the water all run off
and be lost.

MAKING llEPEATED PLANTINGS.

It seems hard for us to remember that it
costs but little to put in the seed for early
stuff, even if it is killed by frost, or does not
germinate. You see, it all depends on hav-
ing things on the market first; and it is so
natural to procrastinate, or delay, that it is
almost impossible to avoid falling into the
common way of doing things the world over.
The man who has his vegetables and fruits
on the market first, takes the big prices.
Now, there is not any need of saying, " It is
no use — somebody else will get ahead of
me ;'" for season after season we see it dem-
onstrated right before our eyes, that not

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

583

only days but weeks of beautiful weather j
come and go, unimproved. As an illustra- ;
tion, during the winter I read up tlie matter
of early cucumbers, in our books and agri-
cultural papers, until I was impatient for
the time to come when I could start some in
coM frames ; and several hundred squash-
boxes, such as are sliown in ChapterXXIA".,
were made u]) in anticipation of the time
when they would be used for squaslies, cu-
cumbers, etc. Well, how many do you sup-
pose we used for tlie altove pinposeV Not
one. And how many hills of cucumbers do
you suppose we put in our cold frames,
where they could be protected from frost
when a cold night cameV Not one. We
started some cucumbers in the greenhouse,
it is true, and transplanted them outdoors
as soon ;is we could get the ground suitably
prepared ; but by this time there proved to
be no further need of the boxes to keep off
frost, and no further need of the sasli on
cold frames. We transplanted our cucum-
bers from the greenhouse into the cold
frames, intending to put on the sash ; but
there was not a night cold enough to need
the sash after we got around to doing it.
Well, at the same time we transplanted
these cucumbers we put a few seeds in the
open ground right beside them. This open
ground was in a cold frame, and very rich
with manure. The weather was so favora-
ble that the seeds came up almost as if by
magic, and this, too, without any sash over
them, remember. 1 didn't put on the sash,
because we had a succession of warm show-
ers ; and the seeds that were planted beside
the transplanted plants for cucumbers, gave
cucumbers exactly the same time as the lat-
ter, although the plants in the greenhouse had
three or four large leaves on them when set
out, and some of them even had a blossom
or two. But, my friends, even slipshod
management like this paid a big profit. A
cold frame the size of six sash gave a peck
of cucumbers a day in July, that sold for 5
cents each, or by the pound at a uniform
price of H) cents per pound, w^hich I think is
by far the better way. Even at this date,
all the cucumbers we get from the open
field bring 10 cents per pound right along ;
and in June they sold readily at 20 cents a
pound, in considerable numbers too. Of
course, the market may be overstocked in a
town the size of ours : and while they take
from a half to a whole bushel of cucumbers
a day, and pay good prices, if w^e were to
produce twice that quantity we should very
likely overstock the market, and in a little

time people would get tired of them. To
avoid this you must have a variety. When
people tire of oiu' thing, give them some-
thing else. Something new is constantly
wanted ; and when it starts out you can get
excellent prices for it. Oui- first green corn,
put oil the market July is, brought 120 cents
per dozen. It is Ford's Early corn ; :ind al-
though the ears are very small, the quality
is so good that people don't mind paying a
good price for tlie lirst. By our blunder in
not having a crop of new peas for a week or
two, our people got (juite hungry for them ;
and when we commenced on the Stratagems
this week they went off at 40 cents a peck
quite readily, even when two or three bush-
els per day were put on the wagon.

KAWS(>N"s S(iUASn-BOXKS, AND DO TIIEY
PAY?

Now ill regard to getting the ground ready,
and trylny a few seeds, even before we have
reason to expect they will amount to any
thing. We did this with the peas pretty
well. We sowed our first in the latter part
of February. We fixed the ground the
best we knew how, and manured it lavishly ;
and although they started during March
they did not get ahead of some sowed a
month later, and both, the February sowing
and the March sowing produced peas fit for
the tahle only three or four days before
those put in with a grain-drill in April ; so
you see this year not much was gained liy
sowing them very early. "Witli cucumbers,
however, we did a very nice thing in sowing
a long row on the creek-bottom ground fully
two weeks before anybody would suppose it
W'Ould answer. The weather was so favora-
ble they did not need the squash-boxes at
all, as I have told you ; that is, they did not
need them on account of frost. They did
need them, however, on account of bugs.
One morning in May, one of my men told
me our squashes would have to be taken
care of or the bugs would destroy them.
The wagon was not ready just then to bring
the boxes out to the field, and so I didn't at-
tend to it right away. I had been through
the patch in the morning, and didn't see any
bugs, and therefore I began to conclude that
may be we shouldn't need to bring the boxes
out at all. I happened to pass through the
vines, however, about ten o'clock. Imagine
my surprise to find swarms of strijied yellow
Inigs all over the vines; and to my great
surprise, some of my beautiful squashes,
with the first leaf almost as large as your
hand (providing your hand is a very small
one) literally torn to bits by those voracious

5h4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

insects. I had heard that boxes without any
thing over tlie top would keep off the bugs,
and lialf a dozen boys were sent for the boxes
in a lua-ry, I tell you. The bugs were scared
off, tlie boxes placed carefully over tlie vines,
and the soft mellow dirt banked around the
lower edges to make them tight. Tlie ])ugs
were foiled for three or foin- lionrs. Tlie
weatlun- was too hot to put in tlie glass, so
we tacked i)ieces of mosqnito-netting over
the tops. I didn't discover liow mncli harm
the bugs were doing again until after sun-
down ; Init I sawtlien tliere wasn't a moment
to lose. We couldn't even wait till morn-
ing. T found some of the women still in the
book-bindery at the factory. I asked them
to cut me 200 ineces of moscjiiito-bai- as
quickly as possible. Then I called the chil-
dren, aged ]-espectively 14, 8, and 4, got a
pocketful of small t-acks, and two or three
three-cent hammers. On the way to the
field we met one of our eldest daughter's
schoolmates, a youjig miss tliirteen or foiu"-
teen, and I secured her services. When we
got down by the carp-pond a small boy came
up with the oft-repeated qhestion, —
•' Ml'. Root, can't you give me a job? "
•• Yes, sir,'' said I. •' if you will go right to
Work now.''

lie replied that he liad not intended to
work until morning, but if I were very par-
ticular he guessed he would help. Tliis boy
was about six years old. Caddie's cousin
Mabel, also eight years old, made up the
number, and we seven had the mosquito-
netting put on nicely before it was dark.
Resides cliasing the bugs, we stopped up
the crevices below again. It was Saturday
night was one reason why I InuTied ; but it
saved our Hubbard squashes and Boston
marrow squaslies and cucumbers. Tlie bugs
swarmed all over the boxes, and looked
through the mosquito-netting, and probably
lamented that they were foiled. We left
part of the vines without the covering, to
see what they would do. .\.l)out half of

them survived until Monday morning, and
then we made another disappointing discov-
ery. The yellow bugs, after working for
two days at the pioblem, discovered they
could get through tlie mosquito-netting by
dint of hard kicking, and Monday tliey could
be seen on almost every box, half way
through the netting, kicking their lieels up
in the air. They didn't get in, however, to
do very much harm, and the rest of the
vines were covered witli boxes protected by
grenadine, sncli as we use foi- bee -veils.
This fabric costs a little more pei' yard, but
it is absolutely secure. The vines under
tliese lioxes covered with grenadine were
the handsomest I ever saw in all my life.
Tliere was not a speck or blemish on the
brigiit-green leaves; and, oh how they did
grow ! In a little time they raised up the
netting so that it looked as if tliey might
raise the wooden boxes too, if we didn't
give them room, and in eiglit or ten days
the l)ugs were gone. We tumbled off tlie
boxes, put them into tlie wagon, and stowed
tliem away in the tool-house ; but they had
paid their cost in satisfaction if not in dol-
lars and cents. We have not sold tlie squash-
es yet, so we can not tell how they will come
out ; but tliere is a lot of them now, as big
as goose-eggs.

There is a point 1 wish to make right here
in regard to (ighling bugs and insect ene-
mies. I do love to have something that is
absolute and certain. Where we use Paris
green, slug-shot, and most other poisons,
the matter is imperfect and uncertain. The
bugs are mostly killed ; but if a rain comes
we have to go over the same thing again,
and sometimes the poison does not seem to
work. It is true, it is some trouble to put
the squash-boxes on and take them off
again ; but it is absolute and sure ; and I
believe that next season we will use these
same boxes for our early potatoes, instead
of having children pick the bugs off by hand,
as we have done during this past season.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

TILTH VERSUS MANURE.
He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread.

-Pro V. ^8:19.

I have been making a good many experi-
ments during the past few months, to ascer-
tani how far tilth may take the place of
manure. In the previous chapter I spoke of
the dust blanket to mulch plants, as a rem-

edy for drought. Now, we can't have a dust
blanket unless we have the dust ; and the
only way to get the dust is to make the soil
so line that it works like dust. It may be
damp dust, but it should be thoroughly lined

1887

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

•585

up. to get the best lesults. The Acme har-
row, figured in Chapter XVI., is a splendid
machine, in conmn-tion with the roller, to
get this dust ; but it has never worked deep
enough to really suit me, especially in stub-
born clay soils. 'J'liis spring and summer
we have been using a disk harrow tluit
pleases me much.

This machine can be made to cut down so
deeply, by adjusting the position of the
disks, that it almost plows the ground ; in
fact, after digging your early potatoes it
will do a very good job of plowing and har-
rowing, if yoii pass it over the ground re-
peatedly, and cross it in different directions.
It not only cuts up tlie linnps, but it scrapes
them as you woidd scrape an apple with the
point of a case-knife. It also pushes sods,
vines, litter, etc., down deep into the ground,
instead of tearing them up. It, however,
leaves the surface much more uneven than
the Acme harrow, and on this account I
prefer to follow it with the Acme or Thomas
smoothing-liarrow, shown in Chapter X\'1II.
Some of you may smile at the idea of having
so many tools for a farm of ten acres; but,
my friend, if tools enable you to get double
the cTop you would have without them, or if
you do the work in half the time you could
do it with ordinary tools, they will eventu-
ally prove to be a saving.

I want to tell you of a little experiment
I made, to show what tilth will do. We had
some musk-melons on the creek-bottom
ground, that were so nearly used up by the
bugs and drought that I had almost decided
to' plow them up and put in some other crop.
We didn't have enough squash-boxes to go
over tlie nuisk-melons, and they were, so to
speak, left out in the cold. A gi'eat many
of them were used up entirely, and tlie rest
looked as if it were utterly impossible they
should be of any use. I thought, before
plowing them up, I would experiment on
them some, so I picked out a nice steel rake.

The handle had been broken off, so it was
not longer tlian an ordinary hoe-handle.
The rake had been used so much that the
teeth were bright and sharp. Well, with
this rake I went around several of the mel-
on-plants, and scratched away the surface
dirt until I got down to where I could see
the white roots coming out on the stem of
the plant. This operation of scratching the
dirt away with that sharp-toothed rake
lined the grouiul up almost like dust. I
then fined up the earth for pretty nearly a
yard in each direction around the plant.
When I had a sufficient iiuantity I banked

it up around the plant, clear up to the leaves,
and I made the bank Hat on top, instead of
sharp, the way a good many hill up pota-
toes. This gave the plant a dust blanket
three or four inches in depth, and perhaps
three or four feet across the level top.

A point comes in right here that I wish
to consider, in making plants grow. On or-
dinary ground we do not have more than
from four to six inches of good rich mellow
soil. If you plow down deeper than six
inches you turn up lumps of hard subsoil
that will spoil your whole crop, as many of
you have learned by past experience. Now,
instead of plowing down six inches more to
get a depth of soil a foit, suppose you scrape
off this surface soil from a part of the
ground, so as to make it double depth on
another part ; you then have ten or twelve
inches of line meWow fertile soil; and this
will give you a good big crop of almost any
thing. 1 first noticed it in scraping off the
surface soil where we wanted a road at one
end of our long piece of groinid. Where I
doubled the dust blanket I could raise mag-
nificent cauliflower, and great whopping po-
tatoes, with a good many in a hill ; but with
a single thickness of dust blanket, the re-
sults were only ordinary. Well, now,
around my meltii - phr.its I had a double
thickness of dust blanket. The melons were
six feet apart, and it was no trouble at all to
get fine dirt enough to Hx each plant as I
have described. What was the effecty Why,
those poor, miserable, starved, sickly mel-
on-plants of a mcmth or six weeks ago are
now the finest I ever owned in my life. I
didn't know before that a poor, miserable,
sickly plant could be transformed by tilth
alone. Wlien I was satisfied with the way
it worked 1 cultivated the ground between
the melon-plants until it was about as hue
as I could get it with a horse, then I got one
of my boys, who would do exactly as I told
him, and not according to his own notion
of things. I told him I wanted all of our
melons, squashes, and cucumbers lixed like
the sample I did while he was watching.
Now, he, like all the rest, was so prone to
just pile up the dirt in a sharp hill that it
was some little time before I got him to do
as I did ; and, by the way, there are a good
many boys and men who absolutely will not
place the soil so as to make a broad hill
around the plant, to catch the rain. They
have so long been accustomed to piling the
dirt up into a sharp-pointed cone that they
won't do it in any other way. Well, this
matter of scraping the dirt away with a

586

GLEANINGS IN BEE (3ULTURE.

Aug.

rake until you begin to strike the roots is
another point that I can't get boys and raen
to do. They will start out all right; but
when I come back to examine the plants,
and try to put my fingers down among the
roots, I find the dirt so hard that it is very
plain the rake-teeth never went down there
at all. This is the great secret of making
things grow, however. If the ground is
loose and porous, the air gets down around
the roots, and the soil keeps very much
damper than if it were packed hard and
stubborn. When rain comes, your dust

planted plants are to-day great stout stalks
of celery that would do very well to put on
the table, while thosf taken from the seed-
bed are spindling and feeble in comparison.
Now, when you get your transplant'-^'d
plants with a great strong mass of fibrous
roots to each plant, do not, under any cir-
cumstances, pull them up so as to tear the
roots off, nor let any man or boy do it. If
you don't watch them carefully they surely
will ; and it does not seem to make much
difference how many times they have be-^ni
cautioned and talked to. Before trying to

blanket of several inches in thickness soaks i remove any plant, soak the ground thor-

up the water like a sponge, and holds it,
even duriug a pretty long drought ; while a
soil that had not been worked up into dust
would neither catch nor hold hardly any
of the water that fell.

TKANSl'LANTINO IN JULY AND AUGUST.

In spite of all that has been said on this
subject, it seems there is no end to the time
and money wasted in this simple operation.
During a rainy time, when it rains every aft-
ernoon, or almost every night, almost any
kind of plant will grow if a little dirt is over
the roots in any sort of shape; but where
you want to put out cabbage and celery
plants in July or August, and during a time
of drought, there must be different manage-
ment. In the first place, you want trans-
planted plants. A cabbage-plant or celery-

oughly with water, no matter if it has been
raining within an hour. 8oak the ground
until it is so soft that every thing is in a
mush. If possible, soak the ground two or
three hours before you wish to remove the
plants, then soak it again just as you take
it up.

Few people have any comprehension of the
amount of water that a small spot of ground
will take up ; and if you want to get your
plants up nicely you must pour on water at
intervals until the plants will come up with-
out the snapping or breaking of a single
fibrous root. As the plants are pulled up, lay
tliem down gently in a market basket stood
on end. When you carry tiiem to the field
don't carry the basket by the handle, but
take hold of the upper end of it. If a boy

plant grown in the seed-bed, with the soil | drops plants, don't let him pick them up l)y

ever so good, and with the plants scattered
over plenty of ground, is pretty sure to send
down a single tap-root, with a few roots run-
ning out each way. When they are pulled
up, the little roots snap off', and the tap-
root breaks off", a great portion of it. By
digging them out with a spadiug-fork you
can get more of the roots ; but even then
the plant is not to be compared to one that
has been transplanted according to the di-
rections in the fore part of these writings.
About six weeks ago we had some very
large, fine-looking celery-plants standing in
the seed-bed. They were almost too large
to transplant, so I decided to put them into
the rows in the field, just as they were. We
had plenty of rain ; but the greater part of
them died. At the same time, we put in
one or two rows of transplanted plants.
Tliese had great bunches of roots, something
like a small liriish-heap ; and when the plants
were pulled up, the ground being properly
wetted beforehand, this mass of roots
brought along with it a great lot of the rich
soil of the plant-bed. Well, these trans-

the tops and drop tliem into the furrow. In-
sist that he liandle them by the roots, and
keep every particle of wet dirt adhering to
them all he possibly can. Don't be satisfied
by once telling him, for he will soon get
tired, and begin to pull them out of the bas-
ket by the tops, letting the dirt slip off or
rattle off. Keep your eye on your boy and
on your plants. Set them in place in the
furrow ; press the soft earth about them ;
and if the weather is dry, firm the dirt
around each plant, by setting your foot on
each side of it. You can do this after you
have got them all in the ground. Now fin-
ish off' with your dust blanket, by pulling up
some soft fine dirt around each plant, with
a rake. If the ground is moist from a re-
cent rain, you can omit the firming. Plants
set out in this manner will grow right along;
and instead of being discouraged and hin-
dered they only seem to rejoice at having
plenty of room and plenty of daylight all
around tliem, compared with their crowded
situation in the plant-bed from which tiiey
had just beei. removed.

To be continued.

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtttE.

08?

PROF. COOK'S CELLAR FOR WINTER-
ING BEES.

I)H. ( . ('. MIMiF.R S (CRITICISMS.

fKOF. t'OOK'S ideal houso lor tho apiary is
ecjuiiled. I venture to sai', by lew in aetual
existence. To tlie many who may contem-
plate l)uil(lin{i', however, the rigrht plan is ol'
so much importance that his plans deserve
what 1 know he desires— the closest discussion.

Nothing' is said abf)Ut the number of colonies for
which provision is to bv made— a mattei- that can
not lie ijinored. It is bettei- to htive too much than
loo little room; and one i.'^ hardly sure, at any time,
lo what number he may increase. I should think
I'rol. Cook's plan is ample lor .500 colonies, e.vcept
in the matter of cellar room. 1 question whether
his house could be built in this locality for $500.
Mine is 18 .\- :i4, three-fifths the size of his, less ex-
pensively furnished, and I think it cost about $400.

I should like the chamber higher than 6 ft. at the
lowest part. The cost for two feet more in heis'ht
is little, and it often happens that one wants to
stack up things as high or higher than he can
reach; 16- foot posts will make each story higher.

The timbers for the lower floor should be made of
extra strength, if honey is to be stored there; and
this reminds me that, in such a case, 'MX24 may not
be large enough for .500 colonies. M.v honey is
stored in a separate Ijuilding, which makes a dif-
ference. I suspect it would be better to have all in
one building.

Does it pay to give up two fifths of the cellar
room for the sake of having that outside room'? Of
course, if there are bees enough onlj- to All the
70pm 18x:i4, it may be better to put in a partition;
but even in that case I believe T would rather have
the one room ;}0X24. I have an impression, from no
little experience and observation, that the fewer
colonies in a cellar, or the larger the cellar for a
given number of bees, the better they will winter.

His idea of having the cellar entirely under
ground is capital. If the lay of the land does not
make it so, it cau be made so by heavy banking.

He says the cellar should be " grouted below and
plastered above, with a double floor grouted be-
tween." If by being " grouted below " he means a
floor of cement, or grout, 1 i-aisc question. 1 have
one cellar room with a cement bottom, and I have
an impression that the earth floors do a little to-
ward purifying the air. The reverse, however, may
be the case. How is that, professor':' Ami just
how is the "double floor grouted between" made?
My shop cellar is not yet plastered overhead. Is
there any thing I can do, better than to have com-
mon lath and plaster for a ceiling'?

If there is any danger from rats, it is a matter of
little cost and much importance to have the cellar
wall extend a foot below the level of the floor. Dig
a trench a foot deep, around the cellar, under
where the wall is to be placed, and fill it up with
small stones and grout. No rat will ever under-
mine this. A rat does not dig dowm to get under a
wall, but gets inside and digs out.

Four-inch glazed tile is mentioned for a sub-ven-
tilation pipe in the text: and in the reference to
figure it is called six-inch. Which is right'? Glazed
tile is much more expensive than unglazed, but
perhaps its greater durability may make the glazed
preferable. If four-inch tile is used, little or noth-
ing is gained b.v having the drain more than 100

feet long. If there is any point at which I consider
Prof. Cook an unsafe adviser, it is at the point of
ventilation. Although 1 can not give positive
proof for m.\' position, I have had a good deal of
I)resumptive cvidenci^ based on a good deal of ex-
perience, that it is well to have a cellar thoroughly
ventilated. As he says in remarks upon diagram, I
prefer a ten-inch tile. The difference in cost is not
great between that and smaller tile; and if at any
time the ten-inch tile admits air too rapidly it can
be lessened to any desired extent. The ideal cellar
for wintering bees will have a larger ai'ea for en-
trance than for exit of air, the walls at all points
being as nearly as possible air-tight.

I don't .see how emptying the cistern will do much
toward cooling the cellar. Little or no rain will en-
ter it after freezing weathei-, and the water will ac-
quire nearly the same temperature as the cellar, so
I don't feel so sanguine that " we have an arrange-
ment by which we can control the temperature
perfectly from October to May." I do have
faith that some day some one will get sub-
ventilation to such a point that, through the whole
winter, sufficient air of the right temperature shall
l)ass through a cellar to control the temperature of
the cellar.

I wouldn't use a wheelbarrow to take bees in or
out of a cellar. I object, even, to any one stepping
heavily when carrying them. On taking in, shak-
ing upmakes them moreuneasy; and on taking out,
it makes them fly out before being placed on the
stand.

1 am not sure that I like the professor's southeast
room for comb honey and office. For wintering
comb honey it might be good; but it is not the best
place for ripening honey in summer and fall. As
to an office, I am afraid I shouldn't use it much if I
had it. Until the last year I never had so much as
a desk, and even now my office is as likely as not to
be the diningtable. A literary man, or a man in
Prof. Cook's position, may need an office; but there
isn't much chance for office work in bee-keeping.

The diagram shows the double doors opening at
opposite sides, thus:

I think mine are more convenient, opening at the
same side of the doorway, but hinged on different
sides of the jamb.

It might be economy of room, and a little more
convenient, if the stairway were c'.ose to the out-
side door. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, III.

Friend M.. since you mention it I want to
suggest that tlie floor on which the honey is
to stand should be made exceedingly stout
and strong. Three or tour times in "my ex-
perience Ilnive seen floors seriously injured
l)y the honey that has been piled on them.
Our extracted honey rests directly on the
ground, in the basement. I presume there
would l)e an objection to placing comb hon-
ey this way ; but please remeniber that the
floor that is to hold the honey must be made
to stand the ettect of a trernendous weight,
as well as the ravages of time. I would
have good stone underpinning, and tim-
bers that will not rot or break. I would also
say, by all means have the wintering-cellar
under" ground. Sawdust walls do very well

o88

c;li:anings iK bee ouLTimE.

Aug.

until we have a freeze that is unusual in
severity and duration ; then a cellar is away
ahead. By all means, fence out rats. I
also agreewith you in regard to ample ven-
tilation. Have the sub - earth ventilator
large, or two of them. When the air is pure,
the bees are (juiet. Wlien it smells close
and bad, then is the time they begin to get
up a roar. — Friend M.. while reading your
objections to a wheelbarrow I could not
help wondering if you were not tliinking of
that old-fashioned "home-made one of yours.
Please bear in mind that the new light
wheelbarrows we have for sale do not wake
up all the babies in the neighborhood when
you are wheeling a bee-hive. Put a coat of
sawdust on the floor, and neither the step-
ping nor the barrow will give back any
sound. May be your wife might have some
different ideas iii regard to having a desk in
an office, in place of using a dining-table.

BLISTER-BEETLE LARV^5i; ON BEES.

A WONDERFUr.I.Y STRANGE AND CURIOUS FOE.

fHB insects sent by Mr. Hammond. Elleuburs'
Center, N. Y., are interesting-, as this is the
first time, so far as I know, that such in-
sects have been reportcil as disturbing' bees
this side of California. Ry referring' to my
Bee-Keeper's Guide, p. 329 (10th to 14th thousand),
there will be found an illustration of a similar in-
sect, or possibly the same species, which was dis-
covered by Mr. Itainbow, of Fall Brook, Cal. He
says he found as many as seven of the insects on a
sing-ie worker bee. Mr. Hammond says they make
the bees uncomfortable, if we may judge by the
actions of the latter, as "they try to rub the para-
sites otr, and twist as thoug-h they itched and were
trying- to scratch themselves." There were three
bees sent in a small tin liox, and twelve of the para-
sites.

as those discovered by Mr. Hammond upon his bees
— Orawl upon some aster, goldenrod, etc., and wait
for some bee to come along. As soon as a bee
aliglits upon the plant they crawl upon it and so
find a safe and easy transit to a hive, where it is
said that they pass from the bees and subsist on
eggs. As they seem to adhere to the bees so te-
naciously and persistently, may it not be that they
alsf) feed upon pollen that has adhered to -the bee?
As their mouth parts are fitted for biting rather
than piei-cing- and sucking, we can hardly think
that they do any \ery serious harm to the bees.
This form of the insect, generally known as triun-
gulin, was supposed by even so good a naturalist
as Keaumur to be a louse, it is supposed that,
once in the hi^'e or in a bee-nest— Newport, as
early as 1841, found these insects in the nest of
anthophora, a wild bee— they live on eggs. Soon
a second larval form appears, which is larger, but
slow and awkward in its motions. Newport says
this feeds upon the honey. Tt probably also feeds
upon pollen, as honey alone could hai'dly supply
Its needs. Soon it changes again, when it looks
like a pujia, though this soon transforms into a
third larva, and then to true pupa, a!id last into the
mature beetle.

Fabre denominated these curious changes hy-
permetamorphoses, to distinguish them from the
usual transformations of insects. These changes
were first described fully by Fabre in 1858.

The second and third larval conditions are quite
degraded, and remind one of bot-Hy maggots and
othei' dipterous larv.e. The first, or pseudo-pupa,
looks very much like a real pupa. As these insects
have never been studied in full except in the nests
of wild bees, it is a question of much interest
whether they go through all their changes in the
hive of our honej-bccs, and whether they do live
on eggs and honey as Newport and Fabre suggest,
or whether tliey may not feed upon the pollen of
the hive or the food of the larval bees, and possibly
on the young or immature bees. These questions
are very interesting- ones, and their answer would
satisfy Mr. Hammond's query as to the extent of
harm they may do, and the probability of their
spreading. The ver.v fact that, as yet, they have
never done serious harm, makes it probable that
they will not do so. If Mr. Hammond will send me
fifty or a hundred of these triungulins in a close
tin box, with a few of the bees on which they are
found, T will try hard to find out just what they
will do. A. .7. Cook.

Agricultural College, July, 1HS7.

T.ARVA OE BMSTEH-BEETI^E, TAKEN PROM HONEY-
BEE.

These insects are really the larvte of some blister-
beetle. As Meloe AnuufiticolUs is a very common
species in all our Northern States, it is not unlike-
ly that this larva belongs to that species. This
beetle, which is also illustrated in the Manual of the
Apiary, page 3'i9, is of a dark-blue color, has short
wing-covers, and the gravid fenuilo has a very lai'ge
abdomen, which should not astonish us when we
remember that she may lay fiom 3000 to 4000 soft
whitish cylindrical eggs. We have several species
of blister-beetles, all of which, I believe, have vesi-
catory properties, and might be used as satisfacto-
rily in medical practice as is the " Spanish fiy "
—more properly the Spanish beetle. The meloe
beetles lay their numerous eggs in patches in the
earth. The eggs hatch, and the young— the same I

THE BEE-MARTJN.

HAS HE A MEANS OE .\TTRA('TING BEES'?

§1NCE it seems to be a universally admited fact
that the bee-martin is destructive to honey-
bees, are you aware that he is provided with
a natiu'jil means of attracting the unwary
bee and other honey-gathering insects within
his reach? Having heard this a few days ago for
the first time, and being just the least bit skeptical
—although we got our information from a reliable
source — and observing a bee-martin innocently
perched on the top branch of an apple-tree in our
apiary, we determined to make a sacrifice of him in
the interest of science, or, more properly speaking,

l88?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtRE.

md

for the gratiflcation of curiosity, and accoraing-Iy
had our little boy dispatch him with bis slins-shot.
On examination we found it just as represented; to
wit, that while on the wing-, or not in quest of food,
the baclf of bis head is smooth, sleek, and l>lack;
but when he starts out for a meal he perches upon
an exposed twig-, sets his decoy, and waits for the
lurement of prey. The decoy consists of a good im-
itation of a blight attractive little flower on the top
of the head, in which white, lemon-yellow, and deep
orangeeolors are beautifully blended, which tlie bird
lias the power of displaying at pleasure. It is the be-
lief among old bee-hunters that he uses this to at-
tract bees and other insects that gather honey from
tlowers, and is thus enabled to secure his meals
without much exertion. It is a regular •" won't you
walk into my parlor?" game he plays, and his hos-
pitality is about on a par with that of the spider.

The long--continued dry spell here has materially
lessened this season's honey crop; in fact, it will be
next to a complete failure, unless the fall flow
should be unusually good. In our apiary the col-
onies ha\e the lower frames all filled with honey,
but thus far they have stored very little in the sec-
tion boxes. They disposed of the di-ones some time
ago, and are now apparently laying up stores for
the coming- winter.

We have aimed to keep our colonies strong and
active; and hence, by destroying- (jueen-cells, have
))revented swarming to a great extent, having no
desire to increase our present stock. We have the
Carniolans from Germany; Italians, hybrids, and
blacks; but for gentleness and docility in handling,
the Carniolans take the palm by a large majority.

Taylorville, III., July 4, lf-87. J. F. H.\rnek.

ALSIKE AND ITS PECULIAR CHARAC-
TERISTICS.

A POSSIBLF. EXPLANATION FOR THE MISUNDER-
STANDING BETWEEN FRIENDS MUTH AND ( ORY.

TN looking Gleanings over, my eyes struck Prof.
M Cook's article on alsike clover. I am surprised
^l that any one should have any trouble in Identi-
-*■ fying it from red clover. Friend Cook is sound
in his conclusions, but I think there is one
point he does not fully reach. Alsike will germinate
whei'c common clover will; but if we have a dry
spell after it comes up it is quite apf to die almost
entirely, where the size and vigor of the red would
carry it safely through. It does not sport. I have
watched (sujiposing it to be a hybrid) for five years
carefully, to find some variation of the set type, and
have publicly offered faO.iX) for a cross between al-
sike and small red clover, but all to no purpose. In
its root formation, alsike varies; and the tint or
color of the blossoms ranges from almost clear
white to almost red, but urver reaches either ex-
treme. Clover seed will remain in the soil for years,
and then, under favoi-able conditions, germinate
and grow. Has not alsike been sown on land where
red-clover seed already existed, and the alsike ger-
minated, and died of drought, while the greater
size of seed, and the greater depth of root, enabled
the red to survive, and thus cause the purchaser to
suppose be has been supplied with the wrong kind
of seed? This is no theory. It hew occurred right
here on my farm, and also with my neighbors.

C. M. G00D8PEEI).
Thorn Hill. N. Y., July 11, 1887.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDG.

kind WORDS IN REGARD TO THOMAS HORN.

fRIEND ROOT:— In the case of " Thomas Horn
vs. duped (Histomers," I think your proposi-
tion to settle his delinquences a bad prece-
dent, as there is certainly no just claim on
you, that I can see. At the same time, 1 con-
sider it a very generous otter on your part. If you
are going to warrant and insure the honesty of ad-
vertisers in Glea.nings, 1 think you will go under,
unless you charge a premium extra. If you make
reasonable search into the standing of each new
advertiser before inserting his advertisement, 1
think it all in reason required of you. This is the
second time, to my knowledge, that you have pro-
posed to let yourself be mulcted on account of
faithless advertisers. I would advise you to stop
right here now, and insert, in large letters, at the
bead of advertisements, in front and back of
Gleanings, that you will not hereafter pay any
delinquences of advertisers— that you take proper
and reasonable care to find out their standing; and
having done this much, you will no longer assure
and defend. C. Garwood.

Baltimore, Md., July I'.i, 1H87.
Friend G.. I am very much obliged to yon
indeed for yonr kind words and kind coini-
sel. I knovV it is, in one sense, establishinj"-
something of a precedent ; but in this case
it seems pretty evident we were taken in by
a bad. unpiincipled man. For a long time I
had so nuicli charity for him that 1 believ-
ed he was simply unfortunate, or lacking in
judgment. The" evidence now is, that lie is
iintruthl ul ; and a man who will lie, will, as
a general thing, steal, sooner or later. If it
is true, then, that I unconsciously permitted
a liar and thief to occupy our advertising
pages, 1 feel somewhat responsible. These
are hard words I am using, I know ; and if
they come to tlie eyes of Mr. Horn or his
friends, and they show me I am mistaken,
or too severe, 1 am ready and willing to take
them back. If one of our advertisers
sliould, by lack of judgment or the force
of circumstances, make a business failure,
I should not propose to pay his debts for
him ; but where I am satisfied I have let a
bad man impose upon our readers. I feel
better to shoulder the responsibility. I
want to do^vhat is right, and I have found
it an excellent rule to make it a point to do
a little more than what seems exactly right.
In this way we make allov/ance for the
sellishness there is in even the best of us.

TWO QUEENS IN A HIVE.

Last spring I bought a colony of hybrid bees
from a neighbor. I remfived the old queen, and in-
serted a queen-cell. In course of time T had a nice
tested queen which I shipped to a customer. I
then removed a (lueen that had her wing cut ott',
and introduced her in the colony from which I sold
the (|uecu. It was bard to get the bees to take her.
.\fter being caged about a week, 1 saw it would be
safe to let her out, so I put a plug of the Good can-
dy in the cage so they could eat her out, and closed
up the hive. I took sick and didn't get to look after
her for a couple of weeks, then I opened the hive.

590

cjLea^'IKgs in uee cultdke.

AvCi.

The first frame I took out had a nice young queen
on, which was laying, so I put her bacli, thinking
they had killed the queen that was clipped. The
other day I wanted an untested queen for a cus-
tomer. I went to that hive, and commenced taking
out the frames at one side. To my surprise, there
was my queen with her wing cut. I took out the
rest of the frames, and at the other side of the
hive was the other queen, both laying right along.
[ have often had two queens in one hive, when the
one was to be superseded on account of old age,
but I consider this a rare occurrence; for the queen
that has her wing cut, that is in the hive now, is
only one year old— a good layer, and as tine a queen
as you want to see, and there are no signs of their
superseding her. C. M. Hicks.

Fairview, Md., July iO, 1887.

The fact you relate is not so very un-
common, especially when the second queen
was raised in the hive with the old queen.
Only recently we had a colony which had
had two queens in the hive for two months.
We do not know how much longer the state
of domestic affairs might have existed; but
needing an extra queen for a ([ueenless hive,
we removed one of the queens.

SUPERSEDING QUEENS ; A QUESTION.

Four years ago I bought three queens from I. K.
Good, and two of them died; but the other lived till
about a month ago, and proved to be a very prolific
one until this spring. T noticed that the colony did
not recruit as fast as it should, therefore I sup-
posed the queen had died, and I 0])ened the hive
and made an examination and found her apparent-
ly well. But I noticed that the brood and eggs she
laid were very irregular, and not very much ot it.
I also noticed that the bees had prepared cells
ready for her reception, but she would deposit an
egg only here and there over the combs. I did not
like to kill her, so I thought 1 would wait a little for
further developments of the case. About the 1st
of June a friend of mine came to see me and I told
him about it. He said I must be mistaken about
the queen being alive; and to satisfy him that I
was not, we opened the hive and found her. But
here came the surprise to us both— a colony of
about a quart of bees, with cells, started as though
they were going to swarm. The queen was still
laying; but we noticed that she was not well. Her
wings looked as though they had been singed by
fire, and she looked very stupid, so we closed the
hive to wait for further developments of the ease,
and see if they were going to swarm or not. The
queen-cells looked as though they were about five
days old at the time. In about ten days I opened
the hive and found a fine young queen hatched,
and the rest of the queen-cells torn down, and the
old queen lying at the entrance of the hive dead.
This young queen has been laying some time, and
the bees are working with a will. But heretofore,
in the later days of the old queen, the bees wei-e
almost dormant. What we want to know is, if the
(lueen knew that she was going to die, and had the
bees form queen-cells, and she deposited eggs in
them, for a young queen, or did the bees form the
<iueen-cells and put the eggs into them? and, when
they were sure of a young (jueen, kill the old one
and throw her out of the hive? or did the bees and
(jueen work together in order to save the colony?

IJnkville, Ind., July l;J, 1887. J. Kunz.

Friend K., your experience is nothing
new, as you will see by the A B C book ; in
fact, it is the usual way for queens to be su-
perseded, only you are wrong in thinking
the young queen killed her mother. I do
not believe they ever do this, for we have so
many times found a young queen assisting
the old one ; and there have been so many
reports in om- back volumes of this same
thing, in my ojiinion it occurs very much
oltener than we know of. I have known
old (]neens to do very good service, even
when their wings were shriveled up, and
when they moved about on their combs like
an old gentleman or old lady. When queens
begin to look old in this way, one or more
cells are usually to be found ; and the first
queen that hatches usually destroys the other
cells. Tnless honey is coming in bountiful-
ly, the old queen may remain in the hive
several weeks or even months, after the
young queen commences laying; but sooner
or later she becomes too feeble to hang on
the combs, drops to the bottom of the hive,
and is dragged out as any other useless
piece of furniture.

BEES AND CHICKENS.

As 1 first mentioned chickens as drone-brood and
drone-eaters some time ago, perhaps the readers of
Gi-EANiNOs are under the impression that I keep
both in one yard, which is not the case, as I well know
how much the disadvantages outweigh the advan-
tages in so doing, as described by Grant Scofleld a
few months ago. But he has missed, or not j'et
experienced, the worst of the evils derived there-
from, and of which I should like to inform your
readers, r^ast year I had several hatches of young
chickens, of which some escaped through the fence.
Thej' soon made good drone-catchers and bee-eat-
ers. Three got stung over the eyes, of which but
one recovered, and two died in great agony after
several days. 1 would have killed them to relieve
them, but for the fancy stock. While I agree with
all, that bees and chickens are nice to keep togeth-
er, they should be strictly kept in separate yards.

Hammonton, N. J. C. H. Luttgens.

FHADENBIIKGS PORTABLE BEE-BRIDGE.

I have .lust come in from doing a good job for the
bees in the apiary ; and that is, putting a substantial
bridge to each hive. I have always seen the lack
of some good device lor the bees which drop short
of the alighting-board to crawl over, and get into
the hive. But I have it at last. Taiic a piece of
board, equal in length to the width of your hive,
and from 6 to 12 inches wide. Bevel both edges
from the same side.

Then drive 2 common wire staples on one side,
one near each end. This is the bridge complete.
Now take a hammer, 2 wire nails one inch long, and
a pair of nipi)ers. Go to a hive in the apiary and
drive the nails in the front edge of the alighting-
board, the same distance apart, and corresponding
to the staples on the bridge. Leave iV inch of the
heads out. Next take the nippers and bend the
head up so as to form a hook. You can then slip
the staples of the bridge over these hooks, and let the
other beveled edge rest on the ground. You want
one to every hive in your apiary. It is cheap, dur-
able, and easily applied; and if the staples and
nails are all driven by a gauge, all will be inter-

1887

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTUllE.

591

chang-eable, and readily taken ofl' if desired, and no
bee-hive will be complete in the future without
one. A. A. Fbadenburc.

Port Washington, O., June 30, 1887.

Friend F., your bridge foi- liive-eiilrances
is exactly wliat we iisfd ten or twelve years
ago; and it' I ;ini not mistaken they were
descril)ed in Gleanings. Tlie wariiing of
the l»oards under the sun an<l rain w;is one
great objection. We jiiit in (tieats to i)re-
vent this, but they got to be tioublesonie.
"Whenever a hive \v;is to lie n)o\ ed tlr.'y
would be lloiiping iiiound; and when t;il\en
oil' lliey wi're thrown nsid;'. and got to kidd-
ing about the iipiai) so thai we tin;ill\ Itan-
ished them entir.'ly, iir.'l'erring the sand and
sawdust, witli salt sprinkled over tlie latter.
when weeds tlneatened to intiude.

A r..\LVANU' CIIKRKNT KOK ASSISTING IN WIUINC!
KOUNUATION.

I don't think we in Australia can teach you
much about bee-keeping; but we have a way of
fastening foundation into wired frames, that 7 have
not seen mentioned in any American books or
journals. It is McEllery's method, and I Inclose
a clipping from the Australian Bee-Kespei'n Jour-
nal, showing how to do it. It is a good thing.

H. Lindsay Mit-lek.

Warrnambool, Victoria, Aus., May Iti, 1887.

KI.XING FOUNDATION IN WIRED FRAMES— MC-
ELLERV'S METHOD.

The methods usually adopted for fixing founda-
tion in wired frames are either to rub the wires in-
to the foundation with a grooved button-hook, or some
tool of the kind, or to press it in with " Blood's
roller " (an American device), or, better, with Mr.
Root's " rocking tool," an instrument like a portion
of the periphery of a wheel, with a few sharp teeth
on it. Each tooth is rolled on to the wires, and
imbeds them in the foundation. Foundation fixed
by any of these methods is apt to part from the
wires and curl up in very warm weather, or when
used for newly hived swarms. The fact is, there is
no real union between the wax and the wires un-
less the wires are heated. I have tried several
plans for doing this, but none so satisfactory as
warming the wires with a galvanic current from a
good large single-battery cell. The mode is very
simple. Lay the foundation on a board which fits
inside the frame; now lay the frame horizontally
over the foundation, so that the wires lie nice and
evenly on the foundation; take the wires from the
two poles of the battery, one in each hand, and
touch the two ends of each frame wli-e for a
moment, one end with the positive and the other
with the negative wire of the battery, and the
frame wire becomes heated, and melts its way down
to the septum or mid7-ib of the foundation; touch
each wire of the frame in succession in this way,
and the whole is fixed (juicker than by any of the
other modes, and so firmly that you can tear the
foundation away only by piecemeal. If your bat-
tery is not strong enough to beat the "wire the
whole width of the frame, do it in steps, and you
will find even then yovi can do it more (juickly than
by any of the other i)lans, with the satisfaction of
knowing that the wires are as firmly attached as is
the case with the foundation where the wires are
imbedded during the process of manufacture.

WHAT BECOMES OF THE FEW REMAINING BEES
AFTER HIVING A SWARM.

Some of my friends and myself have been dis-
cussing the questi on of what becomes of the few
remaining bees usually left in the tree, or upon the
limb, after liiving the young swarm that clustered
thereon. Some claim that they return to the moth-
er hive; others claim that just as soon as the young
swarm find that thej' have a home of their own
they will visit the tree, or limb, where they cluster-
ed, for several days after they have been hived, and

it is )ny helUf, for the express purpose of calling in
all absentw.H which may have been left, and they
will return with them to the new hive. Now, Mr.
Root, will you be kind enough to give us your opin-
ion in regard to them? E. B. Ripley.

So. Windsor, Conn., July 4, 1887.

It is iny opinion, friend K.. alter consider-
able close obseivation, that the bees scatter
and go wherever tlie> iiapix-n to— into tlie
parent iiive if it is near l)y ; if more conve-
nient, into other hives, and sometimes, if
llie new swarm is located so near they can
liiid it. liu'y go in a body to join tiieir "com-
rades.

WHAT TO IX) >V1TH l>OLI,EN IN ()I,U C(JMBS.

(Jan you tell me what to do with combs that the
bees have literally packed with pollen? They cer-
tainly have no use for so much, and it takes up so
much room. K. J. Mathews.

Riverton, Boli\ ar Co., Miss., June 3;5, 1887.

Friend M., it is (]uite a difficult matter in-
deed to get the i)Ollen out of coml»s uidess
you can nuike the bef^s take it out for rear-
ing brood; and in this way we have disposed
of all we have had in our brood-rearing op-
erations, many times needing even more. In
our back volumes, plans have been given to
throw it out with the extractor, after being
softened with warm water, or by steaming
the combs. It is a nice operation, however ;
for if the pollen is not warm enough it will
not come out ; and if you get the combs too
warm, the wax will be so soft as to break
them out of the frames.

evidence THAT KING-BIRDS DO SWALLOW WORK-
ER BEES.

I notice in Gleanings, July 1st, page 514, in
your foot-notes to I. T. McCracken's article, thHt
you would like to hear from the readers in regard
to king-birds swallowing bees. Some weeks ago
there was a couple of kingbirds sitting on a bush
close to the house, and my brother had observed
them catching some of the iiassing bees, and men-
tioned that we had better shoot them. I said I be-
lieved there were no shells loaded with fine shot,
and so paid no attention to them for a few hours,
when, on stepping out into the yard, I noticed them
picking up bees rather too fast to suit me. I then
went into the house, found one or two loaded shells,
took out the gun, and shot one of the birds. Uiion
examination I found that it contained what I
should have pronounced the remains of (luite a
number of worker bees. It may be that some of
the birds get up to the business so well that they
just catch the bees in their beak, and, after S(iuee/,-
ingoutthe honey, drop it; but my opinion is, that
very few birds are so highly educated.

Bluffton, Mo., July 13, 1887. S. E. Miller.

yUKEN-CELL PROTECTORS; THE BEVELKD EDGE
OR SQUARE .lOINT, ETC.

I wish to report my luck with Doolittle's (pieen-
cell protector. I have used them constantlj' this
season in my apiary, and I will say I have the first
cell to be destroyed; but I have lost more young
(picens after they had hatched from the protector,
than by the old process; hut 1 think the cause was,
that the bees were not gathei-Ing honey, and they
killed them. The tii'st show of honey in sections
was the 16th of June. I think the protectors are a
prize to bee-keepers, as it is more quickly done, and

.592

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

that is a great saving of time. The honey-crop will
be small in this section, unless there is a very heavy
flow from fall flowers. Bees do not swarm very
much here. Out of 31 colonies, only 13 swarms up
to date. They are extra strong- in bees, hangi rig-
out in all kinds of weather.

Please do not do away with bevel edge of hives,
as they are no account with a flat edge. I have
them both. Give me beveled-edge hives and metal-
cornered frames, and it is a pleasure to keep bees.

King-birds are a pest to bee-keepei"S. They de-
stroy more queens and workers than all the toads.
They do not swallow the workers, but simply take
them, one after another, on the wing, until they
alight, then they press out the nectar and throw
the mass of bees out. This is a fact. 1 use a gun
freely. Josi.vh Eastbukn.

Fallsington, Pa., .July 7, 188T.

]\[8¥Ef5 M^ QaE^IEJS.

HOW TO MAKE AN UP-GROUND WINTER REPOSIT-
ORY.

WISH to construct a cellar above ground, to
winter my bees in, about 40 stands. I wish to
make it of lumber, having double walls filled
with sawdu.st. Will you please say how much
space you would leave for sawdust? Would
two feet be about right? H. Lathroi>.

Browntown, Wis., July 20, 1887.
[Two feet would no doubt be an absolute i)rotec-
tion against frost, friend L.; but I don't believe
there is any need of such very thick walls. The
house for wintering that we used for many years
had only eight inches of si)ace, and there was never
any trouble by frost getting inside, that 1 remem-
ber of.]

DECOY HIVES.

Two instances of the same place being occupied
by swarms coming year alter year are reported here
—one in a hollovv apple-tree, the hole being stop()ed
with a board, the other in a house.

W. M. IJadcock.

Masking Kidge, N. J.. June 35. 1887.

favorable to FLORIDA.

1 have good news for this part of Florida. We
have had our gallbcrry bloom, and are having saw-
palmetto bloom, with black mangrove and cabbage-
palmetto to hear from. My best colonj- up to May
13 gave me 109 lbs. in 4^4 x f'^xPa sections, and
others are doing well. This colony has not swarm-
ed this season; and, by the way, they are black, or
native bees. S. C. Corwin.

Sarasota, Fla., May IB, 1887.

the theory or swarming.

What is the theory about swarming, further than
overcrowding? When I was young I thought the
young queen led out the young bees to establish a
home of their own. We now know that the old
queen leads out the old bees, and others that wish to
follow. It seems unnatural for the old bees to pack
up and abandon the product of their hard summer's
work. P. S. Dilworth.

Allegheny, Pa., July, 1887.

[You are right, friend D. It does seem unnatural
for bees to work for stores, and fight for the de-
fense of these stores as they do, and then to volun-
tarily nbandon it, and start to commence anew in
an absolutely empty hive. But facts arc stranger
than fiction, as you have probably heard. This mat-
ter is pretty thoroughly discussed in the ABC book.]

chickens .4S worker e.aters.

On page 514, under the head of "Do King-Birds
Swallow Their Victims?" I. T. MeCracken claims
that chickens do not eat worker bees. I will say
here, that chickens (?o eat workers or drones. 1
have seen a chicken stand by the hive and catch
tlie bees as they go in. laden with pollen.

Blackville, S. C, July 13, 1887. D. D. Slater.

A stalk of ALSIKE 5 FT. 7 IN. LONG.

I see a little talk in Gleanings about alsike clo-
ver. I will send you one stalk. This stalk was
five feet seven inches long when first taken from
the field. I have about ^, acre, all of which will
compare with this stalk. This is the pink-edged al-
sike. A. E. Griffith.

Copley, Ohio, July 13, 1887.

FURTHER TESTIMONY FROM PROF. COOK.

I have received a stalk of clover from Mr. Grilhth,
Copley, O., with the request that 1 comment upon it
in Gleanings. 1. It is alsike clover; 3. It is fully 6
feet long and U of an inch in circumference. A
farmer just in my study says he had this year a
field of alsike clover on low clay land, that yielded
as heavily as any field of red clover he ever saw.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., July 18, 1887.

WATER-LEAF.

I inclose you a specimen of what is certainly a re-
markable honey-producing plant. What is it? Can
it be cultivated to any advantage? Each stalk pro-
duces quite a number of clusters like the one in-
closed. You will notice the bloom has been oH' lor
some days. Wm. Iden.

Etna Green, Ind., June 34, 1887.

The specimen from Wm. Iden is water-leaf {Hy-
(ifopltijllum nptjrndiculatuin ).

Experiment.\l Station, per Craig.

.V (JOOD WORD for THE CARNIOLANS.

Tlie Carniolan queen Dr. Morrison sent me last
summer produces bees, the most gentle I ever saw;
and they are great honey-gatherers too— as good as
an3' we have seen, even the Syrio-Italians. They
are a verj' strong- colony in a Langstroth chatt' hive;
and while we were making a cistern, ground was
thrown against them, and then we had to lift them
and turn them around, which we did without
snK)ke. No smoke or veil is required when hand-
ling them. IlA MiCHENER.

Low Banks, Ont., Can., June 37, 1887.

STRENGTHENING WEAK COLONIES.

Standing in my yard are 'Z'i colonies, all of them
good and strong. This is the way I make strong-
stocks out of weak ones. When I get a weak
swarm I put it in a hive and fix it in as good shape
as possible; then when another small swarm comes
ofl:' I lay a newspaper in front of the weak hive, get
my small swarm, put it on the iiaper, stai-t them for
the hive, and they go in and go to work, and I have
a swarm of bees that even this year (for there is no
honey in the white clover) fill their hi\e up in a
week or ten days. W. M. Webster.

Kendall. Mich., June 20, 1887.

[Your plan will work usually, whenever the bees
are swarming, friend W.; but unless there is a fiow
of honey, a great numy times your reinforcements
will be stung to deat'i almost as soon ns they ap-
proach the entrance. Better have your smoker in
good trim, and watch them uruil you are sure they
are well received]

1887

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTUitE.

593

;^EP01^¥f5 Dlf5C0Ul^/I^IN6.

NOT A SPOONFirr, OF HONEY.

f ROM the looks of a late Gt-kantngs it would
seem as II' you had no one to help you keep
up the d >p artinent (l(;voted to Reports Dis-
ct)urag-ing-. Well, If that is the case we
should like to lielji you out a little. We have
not had a swarm to issue this season, and have
heard of only one or two who did, and those were
early in the spring' from hi\'es where the surplus
honey had been left on over winter. We also hear
that John Nebel & Sons an(i T. Anderson, two of
the leading- bee-keepers of this county, are faring
no better than ourselves. Mr. C. H. McFaddin, of
Clarksburg-, Mo., reports the same thing-. We have
not had a spoonful of this year's honey.
Mhitfton, Mo., July 7, 1SH7. Miller Bros.

The honey croj) is a failui-e in this section. White
elover failed, and no surplus from that source— on-
ly a little from basswood. H. R. Boardman.

East Townsend, O., July 13, 1887.

Bees are doing- poorly here. Unless buckwheat
and late fall flowers g-ive us a flow of honey we
shall have to feed to keep them alive throug-h the
winter. T. T. Davidson.

Parkershurg-, W. Va., July 5, 1887.

The honey crop is a failure here. It will not pay

one per cent on capital invested. 1 will g-ive you

the whys and wherefores shortly. xVll the whole

State is in the same boat. J. P. Israel^

Olivenhain, Cal., May 30, 1887.

I'ooR prospects.

Bees are doing- but little here. No swarms yet,
and none of ray 300 colonie^are making- surplus
honey. We are having- extremely dry weather,
with cool nights and north winds. We do not think
we shall g-et any elover honey. .1. V. Caluwf.ll.

Cambridge, 111., June 10, 1887.

THE WORST season SINCE HE HAS KEPT BEES.

Bees are not doing much in the way of surplus
honey, althoug-h there is an abundance of bloom,
both clover and basswood. The weather has been
most unfavorable since I have kept bees. Mine
have not filled half a dozen sections to the hive; a
little better In the boxes for extracting-.

Morristown, Ind., June 37, 1887. L. Dyer.

HONEY SCARCE.

I see by last Gleanings that the honey cro|) is
jroing- to be a failure in a g-reat many localities this
year. There is no surplus here from clover or linn.
Oats and corn are drying up with heat, and very
poor prospects for any buckwheat honey. If we
don't get rain soon it will be a failure. The de-
mand for honey is increasing. 1 think lOcent
clover sections will be scarce this year.

Rimer, Pa., July 8, 1887. S. Heath.

ITALIANS AHEAD.

The prospect here is g loomy ; drought— unmitigated
drought— cold nights, no dew, pastures burned up;
white elover bloomed ten days earlier than usual,
but yielded no honey. I have only a few stocks of
bees, all blacks but one. The blacks I shall have to
feed. The Italian stock Is tilling one or two hiood-
corabs, and may live. The Italians rise earlier and
go to bed later than the blacks. J. Hamilton.
Season, 111.

FAILITRE OF HONEY CROP FOB C. C.MILLER.

Our surplus-honey crop has come and gone, and
many colonies have less honey than when taken
from the cellar. 'I'he worst drought ever known
here has prevailed, and clover in some places Is
burned dead, root and lininch. From whatlcan
learn, the drought has extended over a large sur-
face. July 1 the drought was broken by a glorious
pour of rain; and, if too late to save the honey crop,
it is some comfort to know it has saved the corn
«rop- C.c. Miller.

Marengo, 111., July 7, 1887.

the winter losses of bees in MAINE.

A word as to the honey prospects for the season
in Maine may not be uninteresting to your readers.
The season opened late, (me of the hardest winters
ever known lingering into spring. This fact caust-d
a great many weak colonies of btes where all did
not die outright. I think, as near as I can gather
statistics of bees in this State, that the loss by dy-
ing might be set at about iO per cent of the whole
number of colonics; add to this the weak colonies,
of which every ai)lary has a share, the loss, as com-
pared with last season, is fully .50 per cent. As far
as I can learn, bees wintered in the cellar, at a tem-
perature of 40 to 44°, passed the winter in much
better, shape than where the hives stood on their
summer stands. Bees which were in chatf hives, or
otherwise thoroughly protected, wintered with
much less loss than when unprotected. In my case,
0 out of 11 colonies came through the winter and
died in May.

The harvest of honey from fruit-bloom has not
been equal to the average one; the cause being, no
doubt, the weak condition of the colonies. Last
year, swarms issued as early as May Si, and kept it
up through the close harvest of honey. This year,
the earliest swarm 1 have heard of issued al)out the
13th of June.

In many sections of the State, the spring, up to
June 30, was exceptionally di-y, but little rain fall-
ing after the last of April. But the exces.-ive
amount of snow of last winter coming upon the
ground before it was frozen any, and remaining till
settled warm weather, gSve us fields free from win-
ter-kill, and white clover in abundance. The clover
is just now coming fairly into blossom, and bees
are at work upon it. We are hopeful of a bountiful
honey-harvest from the clovei-. L. F. Abbott.

Lewiston, Me., June 31, 1887.

PROSPECTS poor.

Never, in the recollection of the oldest inhabi-
tant, has there been so complete a failure in honey
as 1 am bound to report from this section of coun-
try this season. There was a very profuse white-
clover bloom, but almost an entire absence of nec-
tar. Linden produced a very meager How, and
many colonies have not the wherewith to pass them
over another winter, and will have to be fed,
should we have no fall harvest. Last season, in an
apiary of 49 colonies I harvested 4473 lbs. of honey
by Aug. 13; whereas, up to the present date not one
ounce has been taken, and probal)ly will not be
very soon. This state of circumstances seems to
embrace a large per cent of the State, and probably
of the whole country. If we are to credit reports
from various sections. 1 am constantly interrogat-
ed by friends and neighbors as to why our bees
don't swarm; and my answer has been, " No honey
in the bloom; " but the question comes here: Why

594

gleani:ngs in bee cultuue.

Aug.

this absence of honey ? I should like to hear
friends Koot and Cook theorize on this subject.
Should we not be able to remedy the difficulty, it
would at least be a satisfaction to know the cause.
During the height of our clover bloom, when hill
and valley were robed in white, bees were in a
starving condition, and no nectar whatever coming
in. To say that 1 am discouraged is not the fact in
the case. I shall ever keep the guiding star of
hope in view, believing it to be " an evil wind that
blows no man good; " and though misfortunes
come, we must make the best of circumstances,
and wield them to our own good.

Spring, III., July -1, 18SV. .1. M. Hamhaugh.

Friend II., so far as I am concerned I can
not even suggest the leason why there
should have been little or no lioney in the
white-clover bloom this year, and this, too,
over such a vast expanse of country. It
was not there, and that is all we know aboitt
it. Tlie same thing has happened before;
but never befor;^ has it been so general, the
country over. It seems to me it is like in-
quiring why it rains som-.^times and does not
at others ; that is, so far as 7 can see it is a
matter entirely beyond our control.

Bli^^TED p0PEg.

NO BREAD AND BUTTER AND HONEY, THIS YEAR.

fES, we have it terribly— never had it before.
We can truly sympathize with those who
have had a like experience. We started out
in the spring with 48 swarms, all in good
shape; yes, ihey were booming, and our
prospects were bright. They were arranged in
four rows in the apiary, seven feet apart each
way. They looked nice in their little white cottage-
roofed houses— were admired and gazed at by all
who passed. I was proud of them. I was, for a
fact, and here may be the cause of my present con-
dition. As the season advanced, the drought came
with a relentless grip. Th^e hot sun soon used up
what little white clover escaped the severe winter,
and, in fact, ail other tlowers. As a result, to date.
I have not a single new swarm nor a pound of sur-
plus honey; and as I look over the apiary this
morning there are three vacant places, and many
more must follow soon. It is truly sad, thus to part
with ray little friends; but sadder still the pleading
of my little grandchildren, Beth and Joe, who
beseechingly plead, " (Jrandpa, we want some bread
a' butte' honey," and I am powerless to give the
honey. It was never so before.

But I am not alone. Others in this vicinity are in
the same condition. Those who were near the
linn had a slight show. We are not thus located.
The prospect for fall Howers is exceedingly slim.
We have not had a good rain since May, 1886. But
T am bound to take u]) with friend Hutchinson's
advice — " keep a stiff upper lip." J. Swift.

State Center, la., July 18, 1887.
We like the ring of your words, friend
Swift, even tliough they do sound forth
Blasted Hopes. We sincerely hope and be-
lieve that yon will " keep a stitt' upper li)*,"
and that in another year grandpa may be
enabled to sweeten the months of the dear
little ones with '' bread a' butte' luniev."

NOT ONE POUND OF HONEY.

At last I must go into Blasted Hopes. The
drought in this part of Wisconsin has killed the
clover, root and branch, so that our great honey
crop from white clover, beginning June 1st, lasting
40 days, is an entire failure. Bees bred up strong
on raspberries, but no swarming. I do not think
there is one pound of honey to the hive in my yard,
as we never have any fall yield here. I can not see
any possible chance to save even one single swarm
from extermination. There will not be one pound
of surplus raised in this vicinity. E. A. Morgan.

Columbus. Col. Co., Wis., June 30, 188T.

THE BEST SEASON.

fHIS has been the best season we have had in
■ a long time, but the bees have swarmed too
much. I presume I have had 300 swarms.
Most of the first swarms have sent off from
one to three. It has been a continual How of
honey since spring. If I could keep my bees from
swarming I could made piles of honey. I shall
make, or shall have made, about 6000 lbs., mostly in
sections, 3 x 3— a little less than a pound, for which
I expect to get from five to six cents above the
market price of one-pound sections, or, at least, I
have years before. C. M. Lincoln.

Rupert, Vt., July 30, 1887.

ANOTHER STORY FR(JM REAL LIFE.
CHAPTER I.— .JUNE 15.

You say you want reports discouraging. I will
give you one that takes the lead of them all. Last
fall I had five swarms, and now I have none. My
last one died the 14tfi of this month, from the want
of stores. Bees are not making their living here
now.

CH.\PTER II. — .JULY 1.5.

Bees are doing well. The.v are making lots of hon-
ey here now. The nth of July there was a swarm
came from some other place, and went into one of
my hives that had bees in last year. They are do
ing nicely. C. H. Stewart.

Altona, Col.

DOING THEIR DUTY.

Bees in this locality are doing their duty, gather-
ing the sweets. This spring I transferred ten col-
onies from the old-fashioned hive to a hive that
suits me some better. They have the lower part all
tilled snug and. good, and ai-e at work now tilling
the sections, which consist of 15 I-lb. sections on
each stand. Basswood is just in full bloom, and a
good prospect for a large yield of honey. I have
alsike clover sown, 4 or 5 acres. I also have buck-
wheat in full bloom. S. B. Tedrow.

Caledonia, O., July 3, 1887.

NO cause FOR COMPLAINT.

There is no surplus from white clover, but we
have had a good start in sections from alsike. Bass-
wood is in full bloom, but the crop, I think, will be
short. Teasels so far have not been touched. They
will be in full bloom as basswood closes, and will
give us at least 10 days additional. If it were not
for this I fear 1 should be left with many partly
tilled sections. Taking the season as a whole, there
is no cause for complaint. C. M. Goodspeed,

Thorn Hill, N. V., July H, IS*^"-

1887

gleani:ngs in bee cultuue.

o<)5

J^YgELF WD m ]^EI6FB0^g.

The servant of the Lord must not strive; but be
g'entle unlo all men, apt to teach, patient.— II. TiiM.
3:24.

J' IJELIEVE we are, us a rule, in the habit
[ of underestimating our neighbors ; that
I is, we consider ourselves about right,
■ but we see ///e/;- faults and failings very
plainly. 1 don't believe we have chari-
ty enoughl I don't believe that, as a geiier-
al thing, we pay enough attention to their
good ([ualities and lovable traits — at least, I
know that is the case with myself; but if
there is any thing hopeful in tlie fact that 1
am beginning to see my own faults lately,
as I never saw them iVefore, 1 think I may
take courage. A few days ago I undertook
to remonstrate a little with my wife in re-
gard to something she had said. She instant-
ly replied that I was guilty of the very same
thing ; namely, hasty and thoughtless words.
I told her she must not take me as a pat-
tern. Her reply was, that I never need ex-
pect her to do any better than I did. It
was said a good deal in jest ; but it has
troubled me since ; that is, I have felt troub-
led to think that my example is not better.
I am not only a professing Christian myself,
but I take upon myself the responsibility of
teaching. Many look up to me as a spiritu-
al teacher: and I tell you, my friends, it is
important that one who undertakes to be a
servant of the Lord be gentle unto all men.

i^ow, although our neighbors are, as a
rule, good people, and people who mean to
obey the laws of the land, if not the laws of
(tOcI, there are some exceptions. Some-
times we have neighbors who are very bad.
What shall we do with them ? "Let them
severely alone," some may answer ; but the
Bible does not say so. On the ctmtrary, it
says we are to take an enemy and heap coals
of "tire upon his head. It says we are to love
Itad people, and do good to those who hate
us. Well. I believe I have a good many
times shown considerable grace in loving my
enemies, and in doing good to those who
hate me. Suppose, now, for instance, yon
liave a neighbor who is guilty of crime.
What shall you do in this case ?" The world
says. ''Have him promptly arrested; '' and
the Bible says, also, that a good many times
the welfare of this very neighbor demands
that he be arrested and punished accord-
ing to law. We ought to be very, very care-
ful however. I think, in such matters.' If it
is really true, that you have a neighlior who
has repeatedly transgressed the laws, and
proposes to transgress them right straight
along, presuming on the good nature or
easy way of those about him, no doulit he
should be taught a lesson by promi)t punish-
ment. A servant of the Lord, however,
should be very sure that he is right in decid-
ing tlie law is the last alternative.

In our county jail I meet, every week,
those who have committed crime. I sit
down beside them, and. by friendly talk,
get accpiainted ; and they, as a general
tiling, tell me plainly all a1)0ut the matter,
making due allowance, of course, for the
different standpoints from which we see

things. Some of my good friends have
censured me sever;'ly for going near these
men — for showing sympathy or kindness
for those who have behaved "themselves so
badly; and 1 have sometimes thought there
may be such a tiling as treating a criminal
so as to encourage him in thinking his of-
fense is a very light one— that he has been
wronged and injured— that the laws, and
the otilcers of the law, are too severe. My
disposition, perhaps, would lead me to l)e
weak in this respect. It is very hard for me
to be severe and stern AvhenI am talking
with somebody pleasantly and iiuietly.
When indignation tills my i)reast, however,
I get harsh enough and stern enough, as
everybody knows who knows me at all. In
writing this last sentence that little prayer
wells up, ''Lord, help;" and I tell you
there is need of that prayer often. AVell, as
I have said, a good many have wondered
sometimes that I have patience, and could
condescend to be pleasant and affable with
those who are guilty of terrible and despica-
ble crimes. Well, I go in to see tliose peo-
ple, not as a judge, and not as one who is
called upon to decide in any way whatever
as to who is right or who is wrong. I go,
simply as a s]iiritual adviser, and I go with
the word of God in my hand, holding up
Christ the Savior, to all, guilty or innocent.
I feel that the Lord has called me to this
kind of work, and I am happy in doing it.
I believe these men are better men, even if
they do not become Christians, because of
the talks we have had together; because of
the i)ortions of Scripture I have read and
applied witli them ; b;'cause of the Gospel
Ilymns we have sung together.

With all these years of practice in this
line, you would naturally suppose me to be
the proper person to talk with a criminal,
out of jail as well as in jail. If a man
should steal one of my horses, and I should
catch him in the very act, you would natu-
rally expect me to behave myself according
to the teachings of the tex't ; that, even
though I made haste to recover ray proper-
ty, and make him give up his criminal in-
tentions, I would be gentle and patient.
My friends, I ought to be, I know ; but I am
afraid it would turn out a good deal as my
good wife intimated. I ani afraid I should
not want anybody to pattern after me just
about that time. "Perhaps yon ask, '' Broth-
er Root, what ought a Christian man to do,
if he finds somebody in the middle of the
night, attempting to get away with his best
horse V " And this is the question that con-
fronts me this bright summer morning.
Most of you would say. '• If he had any
thing to shoot him witli, he ought to shoot
the horse-thief — that is. unless he gave him-
self up at once." Well, perhaps he ought
to shoot the thief, rather than let him get
away with the stolen property ; but 1 think
it will be a good deal better for vie not to
have any thing aiound to shoot with, at
such times. If I could shoot a man, with a
prayer in my heart for him at the time, may
be it would be the thing to do; but I am
afraid that Satan would ]>ut in a word, and,
before I knew it, he would have the man-
agement of pretty much the whole affair.

596

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

To tell the honest truth, I am afraid of the
prince of darkness. I am afraid of getting
out of the reach of the Savior, for even one
single moment. Yes, it is true, that, al-
though 1 have taught and plead and urged
men to turn from evil to that which is right
and good, for years, I am afraid of /uy.se//.

Perhai)s von wonder what has suggested
all this. Well, to tell the trutli, I have had
a little experience in meeting crime in the
wide open air, with no prison-bars about me
or the criminal. lie, of course, said he was
not guilty, as almost all criminals do when
they are in jail ; but I had more of the facts
in my possession than he was aware of.
Was t gentle and patient V No, I was not.
lie was slow about restoring the stolen
property, and tried to make out that it was
not stolen, and that he ought not to be
obliged to return it— at least hot all of it. I
talked penitentiary to him, but 1 did not
talk it lovingly. I did not talk it as I
talk with th{- friends in jail: I did not talk
it as a Christian ought to talk it, and I fe;-l
ashamed of myself to think I behaved so
y>oorly when God saw lit to try me in an
open-air conllict with evil. It came on me
unexpectedly, and my armor was off. I am
afraid the poor fellow said, as he went
away, "• I have heard a good deal of talk
about Mr. Root's Christianity, and of his
great love for liis fellow-men — even those
who are unfortunate or bad ; but I did not
notice any of it shining in his countenance
to-day.'' You may say, " Why, Mr. Root,
even a minister of the gT)spel would perhaps
do no better than you did. If he sliould find
a man in the night, attem])ting to steal his
horse, it is quite probable that he would be
as harsh and severe as you have been, for
the circumstances demand it. There is no
time for soft words or exhortations to re-
pentance, vmder such circumstances.'' To
which I reply, that I am sure there is a bet-
ter way than the way I did. I am sure that
(rod's grace is sufficient for even such
emergencies ; and I am sure, too, that a man
can act promptly and quickly; he can de-
mand instant and immediate obedience of
one who is caught in the act of committing
crime, and yet he can do it with love in
his heart, and with a spirit that may do
much toward reclaiming the lost one. If
you want light in this matter, read the life
of Christ while he was here on earth. Notice
carefully liis way of meeting crime. Read,
also, how Paul rhet wickedness and sin and
crime. Keep in mind, that the loss of
property is nothing compared to the loss of
a hvmian soul. 1 do not know how much
has been done in tliis line, but it seems to
me as if a vast field for Christian work were
open here. I w^onder if there is any such
thing as a Christian detective. There are
Christian policemen and Christian sheriffs
and constables and marshals, and various
other officers of the law ; but my ])rayer now
is. " Lord, help us all, in meeting sin and
crime and Satan, in a way that will be most
effective in disarming and robbing him of
his power to ruin mankind ; and, Lord,
help us who profess to be thy servants, to
be gentle unto all men — apt to teach, pa-
tient."

OUR ONE-STORY CHAFF HIVE.

ITS ADVANTAGES

OVER THE
HIVE.

TWO-STORY CHAFF

T SHOULD like to say a few words in favor of
j£|[ your one-story chaff hive. I have used a good
^l many different hives in my time, having- kept
"*• l)ecs for nearly 49 years. For the last three
seasons I have been using- your one-story chaff
hive, with a Simi>licity body and cover on top, as
an upper stoi-y, and I consider this combination as
making one of the best and most convenient hives
now in use. And I will here add, that, with me, it
has come to stay.

All bee-keepers who have ever used the two-
story chaff hive, I think, are pretty unanimous in
agreeing that it is one of the best (if not the vei-y
best) of hives for outdoor wintering that has ever
been invented; but for a summer hive it has (in my
estimation) some very objectionable features about
it; and especially for raising comb honey on the
improved or modern plan, now so extensively
practiced by our most scientific bee-keepers.

The greatest objection that I have to the two-
story chaff hive is, that it is always a two-story
hive, which makes it rather inconvenient to get at
the brood-chamber, and also in putting on and tak-
ing oft' our surplus arrangements for raising comb
honey; but in the one-story chaff hive we retain all
the good qualities and get rid of the bad ones, and
get a much cheaper hive, and a more convenient
one to handle and to work with I have wintered
bees in this hive (on their summer stands) for the
last two winters, and they came out in splendid
condition in every instance, and I don't see any
good reason why it should not be just as good a
hive to winter in as the two-story chaff' hive. You
may, perhaps, say, " Why not use our half-story (as
we make it) in place of the Simplicity body and
cover V " I will answer, Because of the following
reasons: First, your half-stoi-y is too shallow; it
will not admit of putting on more than one tier
of sections at one time. Second, in using a chaff
cushion or quilt over your bees in putting them up
for wintci-ing, you would be obliged to turn your
half-story upside down, and drop your cushion or
quilt into the half story, and put it on in that way,
which I consider a very poor one, for the reason
that it gives you no chance to tuck down the cush-
ion nice and snug, and make it all nice and tight in
the corners of the hive, so as not to give too free
upward ventilation, which I consider very impor-
tant. A good many of our bee-keepers use loose
chaff' or forest-leaves in the upper story, for a win-
ter protection; and with this material you would
still be worse oft' with the half-story.

G. W. Harrison.

Wharton, Wyandot Co., O., July 14, 188T.

Friend II., the points you make in favor
of the single-story chaff hive agree with
our experience. It has wintered colonies
with us for the past three or four years suc-
cessfully. If in colder climates it will do as
well as the two-story hive it will surely take
the lead. Our experience has taught us that
a Simplicitv body and cover is much better
than the oiie-half-story cover alone for cov-
ering the small hive in winter. We should
be glad to leceive reports from other locali-
ties where these single-story chaft hives may
be in use.

18S7

GLEANIJ^GS IN llEE GULTUUE.

ot)7

q^oB^cce C^i^^MN.

THE EVII. KFb'ECTS OF TOBACCO ON THE SYSTEM.

T QUIT the use of tobacco more than three years
JR ajio, and I think it was the best tiling' 1 ever
Iff (lid. For the i>ast ten years my health was very
•^ bad. I had palpitation of the heart for about
ten j'ears, and for about three years I was
bothered with dyspepsia, weakness, trembling, and
nervousness. I never tboug-ht that tobacco was at
the foundation of all this trouble till something
more than three years ago, when palpitation came
very near ending my life. I had three of the best
doctors in the town of Hickoi-y, N. ('., and they said
there was but little chance for nie. Before I finally
recovered, the doctors said that it all came from
using tobacco, and they told me to quit the use of
it. 1 haven't used any since that time, and as a
consefjuence my health has been better for the past
three years than it had been for the past ten or
twelve years before. T had used tobacco for twenty
years or more, but 1 am very sure that I shall never
use another crumb as long as I live, as 1 have en-
joyed so much better health since.

Hickory, N. C, July 1, 1887. .Tames Drum.

Friend D., your letter reinimls me of a
certain relative who visited us about a year
ago. He kept a drugstore ; and when he
was Wiiiting tor customers he used to chew
jind smoke. Ills liealth l)egau to fail, and
no one thought of the re;ison until finally he
was taken one da\ on the street, with bleed-
ing at the lungs. " A long fit of sickness fol-
lowed, from whicli he just made out to re-
cover. Ilis physician then told him that
tobacco was the cause of it all. He broke
short off. and jtassed through a terrible scene
of mental suffering, much as intemperate
men do wlien they suddenly break off from
stimulants. At the end of one year, howev-
er, he became bright, happy, and well, and
now laments that a great part of his life was
made miseral)le and almost useless by being
a slave to tobacco^

I have quit the use of tobacco; and if I commence
it again 1 will send you the money for the smoker.
Beason, III., May 31, 1887. J. Hamilton.

1 have quit the use of tobacco. If I ever resume
the use of the weed I will pay you for the smoker.
Danville, Ind.. May 22, 1887. (!. W. McPheeteks.

I used tobacco for two or three years, but have
quit for over a year. If I break my promise I will
I)ay you for the smoker. C. F. Andkew.

New Salem, III., May 10, 1887.

I have been an occasional smokers of cigars, but
am going to give it up- If you send a smoker, I
will pay you for it, if 1 commence the habit again.

Berlin, Wis., May 20, 1887. J. W. CoON.

1 have used tobacco for the past thirty years, hut
will use it no longer; and if I do I will pay you the
full or double price of the smoker.

A. W. Beckwith.

l't)quoiioc Bridge, (joiin., .June 19, 1887.

If you will send a smoker to me I will quit the
use of tobacco; and if I ever use it again 1 will pay
J.5.U0 for it. A. D. Benton, Jk.

Benton, Ind., June .5, 1887.

We need a smoker; and Henry says if you will
send him one he will (juit using tobacco; and if he
does not, I will make him pay for it. .1. IImmel.

New Cioshcn, Ind., June 2, 1887.

has used tobacco 40 YEA us.

I smoked and chewed tobacco for over +0 years.
1 have (juit it altogether, and will stay quit, or pay
for the smoker, if you will send me one.

Bolivar, Pa., June 7, 1887. W. Keynolds.

I have quit the use of tobacco in all its forms.
Please send me a smoker; and if I commence again
I will send you the full price.

Mks. S. a. Bowman.

Wabbaseka, Ark., May 24, 1887.

My husband used tobacco 16 years, and has quit.
Please send him a smoker. If he commences again
I will send you the price of the smoker.

Mks. Walter McAlistek.

Eden, TIL, May 27, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco. If I ever again
commence the use of it 1 assure you T will send
you the 70 cts. for the smoker. But I don't think I
ever shall. E. Keich.

Greensboro, (ia., June 6, 1887.

I used to chew tobacco a good deal, but I have
given it up. T shall be very much obliged to you if
you will send me a smoker. If I begin to use it
again I will send you the price of it.

Brightseat, Md., Apr. 6, 1887. W. Barkon.

Friend B. F. Heashey has quit the use of tobacco
for over two years, and he thinks he is entitled to a
smoker. He says if he commences the use of it, he
will pay for the smoker.

Ashland, ().

My father has <iuit tobacco. He used it lor about
25 years. If you think he is entitled to a smoker,
please send him one; and if he commences again I
will pay for the smoker. J. K. Alexander.

Alexandriana, N. (_"., July 4, 1887.

I have (|uit the use of tobacco, and will promise
to pay for the smoker if I use the weed again.
There are other bees kept in this vicinity, to whose
owners I will recommend the smoker if I like it.

C. M. Leonard.

Bridgewater, Mass., June 11, 1887.

1 have been a user of tobacco for years. Vou
have led me to see the folly of its use, besides the
injury it is doing me. If I use it again 1 will pay
for the smoker. J. D. Powell.

Green Kidge, N. Y^^

Pa has quit using tobacco in every form, and is
trying to get everybody else to quit. He has two
stands of Italian bees, and if you will send him a
smoker I will see it paid for if he uses any more to-
bacco. J. i?. Brown.

Kiver Side, N. C, June 1, 1887.

In conversation with Mr. Silas Holley, of Locust
Grove, Fulton Co.. Pa., he told me that he had quit
using tobacco a short time; since. 1 informed him
that you would send him a smoker if he would
l)romise to never use tobacco again. He said he
would certainly promise. If you send Mr. Holly a
smoker I will see that you get your pay if he begins
again. I showed him Gleanincs. B. M. Starr.

Washington, Md., June 11, J887.

508

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

I hereby promise not to use tobacco in any form
in the future, if you will send me a smoker; and if I
break my pledge [ am to pay you for the smoker.

Smithville, W. Va., May 31, 1887. S. E. Smith.

I will promise you not to use tobacco after this
date, if you send me a smoker; if I do, I will send
you the money for it. W. A. Ladd.

Randolph, Portag-eCo., O., June 30, 1887.

A USEK FOR 37 YEARS.

I used tobacco 37 years ; and on the last day of last
December I quit, and intend to stay quit. Send me
a smoker; and if I break over I will pay you for it.

Levi S. Davis.

Andersonville, Jnd., June 7, 1887.

I apply for a smoker for my husband. He prom-
ised if he got one that he would never use tobacco to
smoke the bees, or any other way, again. If he
does I will at once send you *1.00 for the smoker.

Barron, Wis., June 1, 1887. C. M. Hansen.

I have given up the use of tobacco entirely. It
has been 33 days since I tasted any; and as I am
a bee-keeper I take advantage of your liberal offer.
If I get to smoking and chewing again, I will
send you pay lor the smoker. T. E. Reid.

Greensboro, Ga., June 1, 1887.

Below are the names of two young men who have
given up the use of tobacco. If they are entitled
to a smoker, please send them one. T. J. Webb,
and Jesse Sexton. I have given up the use of tobac-
co; if I commence its use again in any form I will
pay for the smoker. L. J. Webb.

Webbville, Ky., June 19, 1887.

I have two brethren in Christ, who, by the help of
God, have quit the use of tobacco, and have prom-
ised me if you sent them a smoker they would pay
for it if they used the weed again. I will stand
good for them. Their names are Rev. J. D. String-
er, Dripping Springs, Hays Co., Tex., and Thos.
Roundtree, same place. J. H. Morrand.

Dripping Springs, Hays Co., Tex., May 31, 1887.

a hard fight.

My father has quit the use of tobacco. He is now
51 years old. He has not taken a chew or a smoke
for two years. I heard him telling a neighbor to-
day that it was the hardest flght he ever had, to
brealc off. Please send him a smoker as a pledge;
and if he ever takes to the use of it T will pay for
the smoker. W.Henderson.

Roney's Point, W. Va., May 19, 1887.

'•aftf:r a severe struggle."
I notice through Gleanings, that you make a
remarkable offer to those who will abandon the use
of the "tilthy weed." I have been a great user of
tobacco, but have given up the habit, after a severe
struggle. If you will send me a smoker I will
promise faithfully to pay you for the same, should
1 fail to " hold out." William West.

Galena, Md., May 36, 1887.

Mr. John Dunn, of this place, has quit the use of
tobacco. Mr. Dunn came to my place last fall, to
see me i)ut up my bees for winter; and while look-
ing on he said if he would have a smoker he could
handle his bees better too. I told him how he
could get one very cheap— by laying away his to-
bacco. He did not like to do that, but said he
would try, and I am glad to tell you that yesterday

he came to my place again and told me that he had
not used any tobacco since he had been here in the
fall, and is willing now to pledge himself never to
use it again. He also promises, if he ever uses to-
bacco again, to pay you well for the smoker. Mr.
Dunn is a young man about 20 years old, and stands
high in society. J. H. Hime.

McAlisterville, Pa., June 7, 1887.

I have a young man in my employ who has been
addicted to the vile habit of using tobacco, for a
considerable length of time. I told him that if he
would discontinue the use of it you would give him
a smoker. By considerable persuasion I induced
him to leave oft' the habit. He has not now chewed
any for a considerable length of time, and he says
if ever he chews again he will pay for the smoker.

J. G. Chaney.

Westboro, Clinton Co., O., June 7, 1887.

0a^ 0WN ^Pi^i^Y.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

A CAUTION TO BEGINNERS.

@l^R honev-flow began to taper off about
the loth of .Tnly, and on the LSth it
stopped abruptly. The aroma of un-
ripened basswood honey was strong,
and one could detect it quite plainly a
rod or two from the apiary. The sudden
cessation of the flow of nectar, and the
aforesaid aroma of new honey, made the
robbers so persistent that we could scarcely
work over the hives, even with the teut.
A day or so ago, as 1 sat at my desk, Mr.
S., one of the apiarists, came in and said :

'' Ernest, the robbers are acting pretty
bad. I wish you would come and tell m'e
what to do. " They seem to be getting
worse."

As we proceeded together, said I, " You
must have given the robbers a sip of hon-
ey."

'■'■ Why,'" he said, '• I just took off a wide
frame rilled with sections of hcmey, leaving
one or two sections partially tilled, on top of
the frames. I then carried the tilled sec-
tions to the honey-house. When I return-
ed, a minute after, the robbers were boiling
over every thing. I immediately closed the
hive and threw a tent over it."

When 1 got to the scene of operations I
found that there were several good handfuls
of bees here and there, around different por-
tions of the tent, tumbling over each other
in their vain endeavor to effect an entrance
through the mosipiito-netting. Not to be
thwarted, the little lovers of ill-gotten
sweets had suddenly pounced, with all the
energy imaginable, upon the entrances of
the adjacent hives. The inmates of these
hives, evidentlv astounded at such a pell-
mell invasion, did not at flrst repel tlieir
foe, and for a few moments a general up-
roar seemed imminent. Over a weaker col-
ony, Mr. Smith had placed another tent.
The stock of tents by this time had run out ;
and in despair, Mr. S., as before related,
asketl for further instructions. He had, in
fact, under the circumstances, done all that

iasl

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

599

could be done; for by the time 1 got tliere
tlie bees of the neighboring- liives hud begun
to appreliend the danger before them, and,
in consequence, were lighting their invaders
with as much vim as tiie latter liad attaclvcd
tiiem at the onset. I told Mr. Smith not to
examine any more hives for the time being,
but in the mean time to mow grass ai'ound
the hives. While doing this, however, he
was to watch the actions of the robbers.

For two days after it was well nigh out
of the (|U('stion to work with the bees at all,
even with the aid of the tent. While the
latter prevented the robbers from entering
the hive for the time being, yet when it was
removed they would pounce upon the en-
trance of the stock just examined, in the
manner I have described. On the third day
after the robbers had gotten their sip of the
new bass wood honey, by working carefully
with the tent the work with the hives was
resumed as before.

As is stated in the heading, this incident
is not related for the benefit of veterans, but
for beginners. To these latter (who prob-
ably form the major part of my readers) 1
reiterate : Do not, under any considera-
tion, let robbers at this season' of the year
get a sip of new^ honey. If you find a few
robbers hovering around just as you get
your hive open, close it up immediately.
Before opening it again, use your bee-tent.
If you have no such c(mvenience, do the
necessary work with the bees at twilight or
by lantern light at night. While old veter-
ans might l)andle bees during the middle
hours of the day at this time of the year,
you certainly had best not try it.

Again, be sure that your honey, as fast as
taken off, is put where no bees can get at it.
If your lumey is stored in a honey-house
or honey-room, it is always safer to have it
in such shape that, even should you or some
one else leave the door open, tlie bees will
be unable to gain access to the h(mey. If
your honey is exposed in the room, ancl ac-
cessible to bees, some careless individual
(most likely yourself) will forget and leave
the door open. What follows, I need not
describe in detail. Your tirst intimation of
trouble is, that the bees are roaring in the
air. The liigh key-note arouses your sus-
picions. Not greatly surprised, you step in-
to the honey-house. In an open can of ex-
tracted honey you tind about a peck of bees
squirming in the honey. In one corner of
the room is your section honey, uncapped, the
honey which you had but yesterday admired
and thought so nice. We have been in
just these circumstances; and you, my dear
beginners, are liable to get there too if you
are not careful.

CLEAN SECTIONS.

We used both wide frames and T supers in
our apiaries. While the Oiled sections fiom
tlie supers needed little if any scraping, those
from the wide frames had pretty heavy rings
of propolis around tlie edges, and would re-
quire considerable scraping to get them in
marketable shape. It is in just the crevice
between the wide fiame and the section
that the bees seem particularly fond of de-
positing propolis. As Nature abhors a vacu-

um, so the bee abhors a crack. This, his in-
stinct has taught him, must be lilled up
with his glue. The construction of the T
super is such that the number of cracks and
crevices is com))aratively few. Wlien sec-
tions from the T surplus arrangement and
the Ileddon crate come out so cieaii, it is a
mystery to me why so many bee-keepers
have to go and invent blanks in their sec-
tion-crates, to (H)ver the tops and bottoms of
the sections. These blanks will form, when
in contact with the sections, the nicest place
for propolis to be secreted, and consequent-
ly thwart the object for which they were in-
tended.

THE ALLEY TKAP AS A SWARM - CATCIIEU.

A correspondent Avishes me to report my
experiments with the Alley trap, as I prom-
ised last year I would do. In response to
this request I will say that, just before the
swarming season opened, I attached Alley
traps to the entrances of a dozen or so of the
strongest colonies in the Hyde apiary, of
wiiich I have made frequent mention. On
all hives, whether portico or Simplicity, I
found it necessary to secure the traps to the
front of tlie hives, " toe-nail '' fashion. I
then directed the lady who was to watch for
swarms, that, when one came forth, she was
to fasten the trap (if the queen entered it)
among the Hying bees, on a rake. After be-
ing clustered, the bees were to be hived in
the ordinary way. Some two weeks after,
when I went down I saw that about half the
traps, under the influence of the sun and
rain, and tiie consequent shrinkage and
swelling, had become partially detached
from the hive — enough so to allow the bees
to pass in and out, back of the traps. As
queen-catchers, these, of course, were use-
less. Upon inquiry, Mrs. Hyde told me she
had caught two swarms by placing the ti-ap
among the flying bees, and that the Alley
trap, with tliese two, was a success. The
other sw^arms, in consequence of the loosen-
ing of the trap, had to be hived in the good
old-fashioned way.

FOUL BROOD TREATED BY CARBOLIC ACID.

In the treatment of fonl brood recently
we have been (|uite successful ; and present
indications seem to show that we are mas-
ter of the situation. Our mode of treat-
ment, as we now' practice it, is as follows :

With a coarse comb — or, better, a wire
brush — rake open all the brood-cells, wheth-
er diseased or not, in the affected colony.
The bees will recap about half of it. With
a weak solution of carbolic acid, spray
thoroughly tlie bees, brood-frames, mats,
and the inside of the liive. To make this
solution, go to the drugstore and get some
pure crystals of carbolic acid. Dilute this
about three hundred times with hot water.
When cold it is ready to use. In two days
after the first uncapping and spiaying,
spray again, but do not uncap. In three (U-
four days more, give them another dose, and
so on till the l)ees have cleaned the '-nasty
stuff "out of the cells. Don't burn any
more colonies until you hear from me again.
I am exiJcrimenting, and do not wish to re-
poit the experiments in detail until next
issue.

HOO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

AU(4.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

fuhli shell St mi -Mo nth I !/.

j^. X. I^ooT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHEB,

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

!— ♦■- !

Fer Clubbing Rates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

liiftlireii, if a jiiaii bi- ovnlakcn ill a fault.
itual, restore such a ime in tlie spirit of meek
thyself, lest thou also be temi)tecl.— Gal. (i:l.

Our subscrii)tion list now nunibei'S 759:J. Still
saininfj, you see.

THANKFULNESS.

We are, here at Medina, just now rejoicing- on ac-
count of a drenching- rain, followed up by small
showers afterward. How is it with you, friends?

THE AVEBSTER FUMir.ATOR.

In speaking- of the Webster fumig-ator, the editor
of the Revue Internationale, published at Nyon,
Switzerland, seems to have had an exi)erience ex-
actly similar to our own, as given on page T.56, 1886.
Our proof-reader translates a few lines:

With colonies of ordinary disposition, the odorous
air, expelled by the bellows, suffices to repel the
bees, and cause them to fill themselves with honey;
but on those which are aggressive it has no efifect,
and the addition of a few droi)S of ammonia, even,
is not sufficient to quiet them.

BLACK AND HYBRIDS QUEENS.

In our price lists we have g-iven prices on these,
but we also state that we can furnish them only
when we happen to have them. Well, as there are
no blaclis or hybrids now in our vicinity, we prefer
not to furnish them at all. We might buy them, it
is true; but the prices are so low during- the sum-
mer months it does not pay for the trouble of
handling. Those who want them sliould send or-
ders to the names mentioned in that deptirtment,
to be found in every issue.

AN INA^ENTION WANTED.

Friend Terrv's article has suggested to me that
the host of lieen, sharp inventors among the read-
ers of Gleanings might furnish a man who has the
time and talent to make a dumb-waitei- that can be
put in an.v house in a few hours, and made to worl<
all light. I have in mind an arrangement that can
be loaded on to a wagon, a good deal as our pump-
men load up pumps, go in the house, cut a hole
through the floor, put the machine in in good work-
ing order, explain to the housewife how to use it,
drive on to the next house, and so on. I presume
the whole thing could be boxed up and shipped like
a bee-hive, with pi-inted instructions, etc. Who will
make it?

CARP-PONDS, AND HOW BROOK EISH GET INTO
THEM.

The above puzzling question is answered by Mil-
ton P. Peirce, author of the book on carp culture,
and editor of the Journal of Fish Culture, Philadel-
phia. Friend Peirce says that various water-birds,
in moving- from one body of water to another in

the summer, may carry the spawn of diiTei-ent
kinds of fish on their legs and feathers. Turtles,
musk-rats, and various reptiles, may also do the
same. The spawn hatches, and the little fish take
possession. Birds that frequent bodies of water
are. as a rule, very shy, and thus escape observa-
tion, which is one reason why we don't see them
oftener. The matter is fully discusshd in a recent
number of the Journal of Fish Culture.

OUR SWAMP GARDEN.

While every thing is parched up with the
drought, it is refreshing indeed to have one little
plot of ground that seems absolutely exempt from
drought. This is our swamp garden. The celery
looks as bright and fresh this hot, dusty .July after-
noon (the 39th) as if there had been a rain only yes-
terday. The Karly Ohio potatoes, planted the 1.5th
of .Tune, were looking as bright and fresh as the
ccleri', and more than knee-high, and they are just
(!oming into blossom. This wet swamp was all
transformed into this luxuriant garden by a single
underdrain which is perhaps IS inches below the
surface. The plants all have their roots in moist,
black vegetable mold; and without a particle -of
manure, almost all kinds of vegetables are just
booming. So much for reclaiming one useless bog.

THOMAS HORN.

Please remember, dear friends, that our offer in
our last issue was to our suhscrihers only, who lost
money by sending- it to Mr. Horn. We can by no
means undertake to make good such losses to peo-
ple who do not care enough about our journal to
pay the regular subscription price. Quite a num-
ber have asked if the amount might be applied on
other goods than bees and queens. We have de-
cided to allow it to apply on subscriptions for
(rLEANiNGS, A B (■ books at retail prices, or to ad-
vertising space in our journal, or to bees and
queens at our regular advertised pi-ices, and the
latter may be taken now or at any future time, as
you choose. Another thing, friends: I don't think
I have written any thing encouraging the idea that
I propose to make good any thing more than the
money sent to Mi-. Horn, in answer to his flaming-
advertisement of bees and (lucens, express charges
lirepaid, etc. This advertisement appeared in
(Jlkanings when it ought not to have been accept-
ed. Of course, I have nothing to do with other
dealings you may have had with Mr. Horn, in the
way of hives, extractors, giving him advertising-
space, or things of that sort.

A FRIEND IN NEUD IS A FRIKND INDEED.

Two postal cards, which read as follows, have
made me feel quite happy:

Mr. Hoot:— I see you otl'er to pay Thomas Horn's debts, or a
part of them, at least. I lost $(i.90 in eash by ordering queens
and liees c.f liini, Ijiit lan not accept payment of you, as I can
u,tt ,-«■<■ \\\i\ ynii >lioiil(l p:iv his debts. I hope all the rest of
111!' Iri'ini^ will iiil a> I ilo about it, and not ask you to pay.

s.ir ('ity, la.. .lnl\ L'.'i, IssT. Wksi.ky Cheney.

Mr. .-v. I. KooT;'-I am obliRed to you for offering: to pay me
the amount due from Thomas Horn. You nia.y cancel mine, as
I do not think you owe it I think it Horn will let you pay his
debts, he must'have been from the start what you intimated.

Reading, Pa., .luly 27, 1887. Irwin D. Althouse.

I am very much obliged indeed, friends, for your
kind encouragement. As we do not all see things
alike, however, 1 i)refer i)aying- tho?e who think I
am resiionsible for having inserted such an adver-
tisement. Especially do I value your kind words,
because there have been quite a few rather unkind
words in regard to this very matter.

i88?

GLliANlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

601

CURING FOUI. BKOOD WITH PHENOL.

In vipw of what Ernest has >viitteii ill this num-
ber, I t'oel as if J individually owed an apology to
the friends both in our own country and across the
watei', who have remonstrated because we were
stubborn in objecting to drugs for the cure of the
disease. It has been mostly if not entirely my own
fault. I told the boys that we did not want any
drugs or medicine about our lu^e-hives. Well, al-
though we are not at present prei)ared to say that
phenol, or carbolic acid (which we suppose t<i be the
same thing) is a positive cure for foul brood, we
have done enough to settle the (|uestion, I think,
that it has a decided etTeet on it. Ten or fifteen col-
onics of the worst cases we have had in our apiary
have had the disease arrested, at least for the time
being'. The bees cleaned out the diseased cells, and
refilled them with good brood. This good brood has
been found, however, in only a few eases, where the
disease appeared in only a mild form. We have
done this much, any way: We have proved that the
acid, for the time being at least, kills the fungoid
growth, and it seems (|uite evident that, when we
get sufficiently acquainted with the method of using
it, it may prove to be an entire remedy. Destroy-
ing infected colonies by fire is at best a slow pro-
cess; and with large apiaries like ours it is a ques-
tion whether it will kill it out. Where a whole eolo-
n3-, however, is thoroughly sprayed with the diluted
acid, we are inclined to think they will not commu-
nicate the disease to other colonies.

Single can lots, at 7 -/J and 8'/2 cts. per lb, respect-
ively. Small samples free on application. Prices
are advancing all around, owing to the scarcity of
the present year's crop, and we may advance in the
near future.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The stark Co. Bec-kec|M
iiK'ftinH' in Ci-angi' Hall,
Tuesday. -\ii«-. 9, 1887.

ill liolil i(s ne.\t iviiUlai-

;■ Hank, at Cantnn, ().,on

M.vitK Thomson, Sec.

FOR SAI^E

An so-acre farm in Franklin Co., 111. About Bll
acres in cultivation, 2 good wells, '2 mile from
school, ;! miles from P. ().,.')'2 miles from Co. seat.
For particulars as to price, address John W. Lillie,
Ewing College, 111., or to me here llitfd

.lOHN A. LILLIE, Haton, Colfa.\ Co, N. Me.v.

VZ colonies of Italian and Holy-Land bees in Uoofs
chatf hives, 12 colonies in Heddon's hives. F'ree on
board cars here. Hives new and well painted. All
combs 013 foundation in si)lendid sbai)e. If you
have any thing to trade write me at once. l-5tfdb
S. C. KIRKPATRICK, Hodgenville, Ky.

UNTESTED DAHCiHTERS PROM CNE OF
Doolittle's best queens, only .50 cents each.
Tested queens, $1.0il each.
IStfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

gPECI^Ii ]\[0¥ICEg.

green's solar wax-extractor.
The solar wax-extractor mentioned in the last
issue, is a substantial and well-built machine. It
is the same as the one illustrated on page 28 of our
price list. For the benefit of a few of our readers i
who have written about solar wa.x-e.\traetors, we
will say the price is $3.00, with complete directions
for using them.

goods for fairs at a reduction.
Inquiries begin to come in about prices on goods
to be used for exhibition affairs. According to our
yearly custom we have decided to otter one each of
the following articles at (2.5 '. ) tioeiiti;-tivc per cent
iliscfntnt from highest catalogue prices, on the
following conditions: viz. : 1. You must state in
your order, as nearly as possible, the time and
place at which the fair is to he held (and send us ti
premium list if po.ssihle), where you are going to
e.xhibit the goods; 2. You will agree to distribute
JKdiciounly among bee-keepers, and those likely to
become such, the catalogues and sample copies of
Gleanings we send along with the goods.

A 1! ("s of Bee (.'ultuie-all yon van sell.

Bec-liiu>li either kiiiil.

Allev.s (liune-ll;i|i. i

Hee-eiitr.uii'e k'uaiil.

hvr anil (jiieeii ea^e.s.

One jioiiml of iDiiib foundation of different prrades. |

Conih f.'iiiMlation machine.

Parker's and Grav's foundation-fasteners.

Wire-iiiilie<kler.

Honey-extractor.

(iray's or Simplicity feeder.

One of any st;yle of hive we advertise, put up complete.

Perforated zinc honey-board.

One box of 500 section's. ,

Clark's smoker. '

Solar wax-extractor.

THE OUTLOOK FOR HONEY. j

Notwithstanding the fact that the new croyj of
honey is already on the market, we have disposed
of more old honey within the last two weeks than
we had sold six months previous; consequently our
stock of old comb honey is nearly cleaned up. We
still have on hand a large (juantity of extracted
honey, especially of California sage. We are sell-
ing this, and basswood in eases of 2 cans containing
60 lbs. each, at 7 cts. per lb., and clover at 8 cts.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS

FOR 1887. —

Tested, *1.00; Select tested, !$1 25; Imported, best,
!iS5.()0. All my queens are reared by natural swarm-
ing now, and sent out by return mall. Write me
for low prices on two and three frame nuclei with
any of the above queens in each. Address

S. F. REED,
l,5d N. Dorcliester, N. H.

PASTFPOAPP poxps

FOR ONE-POUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

This box has a bit of "red
lui)e " attached to it to carry
it b.y. It makes a safe jjack-
age for a single section of
honey for the consumer to
carry, or it can be packed in a
trunk, if he wants. It can be
opened in an instant. The
price of the box is 2 cts. each,
set up; in the Hat, 15 cts. for
10; packugeof 25, ;?U cts.; $1.00 per 100; or -fil.OO per
lOCO; 10,000, *80. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
huJidred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
$3 on per 1000. A package of 25, labeled on both
sides, as above, .50 cts. I5y mail, :iO cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. We have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
fiat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting them on.

Your name and address, and the kind of hone.v,
may be printed on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so iloing will be IW cts. per
100; 250, 50 cts.; 500, 75 cts.: 1000, «1. 00.

A. I. ROOT, ITIedinst, Olitu.

602

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Auo.

Stanley's Little Gem.

An Automatic Honey - Extractor

FOR ONLY $10.00.

A XEW MACIIiyJ::, AMJ ,Jl ST WHAT IS
WAXTi:!} JiT THE MASSES.

Seud for circular, with lull depcription. Machines
sent C. O. D. it desired, with privilege to examine.

''^ G. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

TODD'S HONEY-CANDIES sell well at Fairs — average
wholesale price. Kic ^ lb.; retail, 30 cts. Mail sam-
ples, 3.5 cts. Honey and Bekswax wanted on Com-
mission, by AKTHUE TODD, 2122 N. Frott St., Philadelphia, Pa.
1.5-18db

"POR SALiE.— Over 100 colonies of bees, that have
•*■ averag-ed .1*10.00 per colony for four years. With
good local supply trade. Situated In the county
seat of Uvalde Co. Correspondence solicited.
U-15d D. M. EDWARDS, Uvalde, Uvalde Co., Tex.

untestedItauan queens.

Cells built in full colonics. Single ijueen, 00 cts.;
6 for .«3.2."); 13 for *ti.O().
Utfdb I. (;OOU, Sparta, Teun.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be Inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be respo^jsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange full colonies of bees in
8-fr. L. hives, for 75 lbs. light extracted honey,
or 135 lbs. dark, per colony. L. B. Bei.l,

Breeksville, Cuy'a Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 organett, 1 German ae-
cordeon, for bees hy the pound, or full colony.
Make offers, and address S. F. Reed,

13tfdb N. Dorchester. N. H.

WANTED.— To exchange a Given foundation
press, the size is for Simplicity frames, for a
bicycle. 141516d Thos. Hartley, Oilman, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars tree. Utfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange tested Italian queens at
$1.00 each, untested 80 cents, and bees at 80 cts.
per pound, for a good lever watch. 1415d

S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange good colonies of bees in
10-frarae L. hives, for a new organ, western
land, potatoes, or any thing I can use. 14tfdb

J. V. CAiiDWELi,, Cambridge, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange bees (see ad.) for good
bicycle, caligraph, or Remington type-writer,
or candied honey. C. B. Thwino, Hamilton, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange Newfoundland dog pup-
py, four months old, weight 60 lbs., for Italian
bees in L. hives, or thoroughbred fowls.
ISd Yautico Poultry Yards, Nutley, N. J.

117 ANTED.— To exchange for a 3-horse engine, coal
Vt oil preferred, a large new Mason & Hamlin cab-
inet organ, bought from the factory last Christmas,
in most excellent condition. Send for full descrip-
tion of organ, and references. A. R. Herman,
15d Burnett's Creek, White Co., Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange full colonies of bees for
pure-bred poultry, or offers.
15d Phil TiSHEK, Haiuiibal, Monroe Co., O.

50 G. M. Doolittle's
Golden Italian QUEENS Now Ready.

Best select tested $2 00

Tested i OO

Untested .fjo

Send at once. Stamps taken.
15d L. L. HEARN, FrenchvlUe, West Va.

For SaleT

16 H. P. UPRIGHT TUBinLAR BOILER.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
gauges, etc. Price on board cars, 13.50.00. 12tfdb
WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

FOR SAI.E.— From 50 to 75 colonies of Italian
and hybrid bees in our 10-frame L. hives, with
the portico projections, or without. Frames are all
wired, and combs are perfectly straight. Price of
strong colonies, in good condition, as follows:

1 colony of Italians $5 00

3 " " " 9 50

5 " " " 33 00

Hybrids, in correspondence with the above, will
be 50 cts. less. Satisfaction guaranteed. Further
information will be cheerfully furnished.

A. F. irNTERKIRCHER,
15d JTIaiicliester, M^aslitenaw Co., inicli.

bee-Reepers

Will find it to their interest to write to the Hub
Mfg. Co., New Haiupton, loiva., and learn how
to keep their honey-houses clear of bees, flies, etc.,
at 8;*^ cents per window. Information free.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the best &
lott'est priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or witliout
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
hauejust put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared iofillorders promptly, frice JjiSt Free. Samples Sc.

14: oz, Glass tTnrs $5.25 per gross, including Corks cf La-
bels, 1 1-2 4' 2 gross in a Case, Catalogue of Honey tables free,

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
Sec advertisement in another column. otfbd

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is hai-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet :t is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not aftoi-d higher-priced ones.

I will sell a few hybrid queens at .50 cts. each.
Safe arrival guaranteed. L. B. Bei.l,

Breeksville, Cuy'a Co., O.

I have some fine mismated Italian queens to sell
at .50 cts., or I will exchange for a honey-extractor.
Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed.

Mahkwood Jerviss, Maumee, Lucas Co., O.

1 am requecning my apiary, and will sell hybrid
queens for 40c ai)iece, or '.i for $1.00. Wing clipped.
Geo. L. Fekkis, Five Corners, Cay. Co., N. V.

I have a few good prolific hybrid queens for sale
at 40 cts. each. I will also sell black queens at 35
cts. each. Satisfaction guaranteed.

Fred Leininger, Douglas, Putnam Co., O.

I have 40 good hybrid queens (with clipped wings)
for sale at 35 cts. each ; four to one address, $1.00.
Queens raised in 1886. Geo. H. Denman,

Pittsford, Hillsdale Co., Mich.

Hybrid queens for sale at .50 cents each.

R. H. Batlev, Ausable Forks, N. Y

188?

GLEAKINGS IK HE^ CULTURE.

r,07

Contents of this Number.

Acid in Syrups 62(1

Alley Traps 620

Bees and Fruit 622

Bees Decpiviiifr 620

Bees ill Sill), -IS 61S

Bffs ,Mi\iiil; 611

Bees ..II Kr.l ( l.ivcr 626

Bees Slai vinn in June 622

Bee-house, Martin's 616

Bee-stahber 615

Benson Letter 613

Blood-poisonine: 630

Buzz-saw, To Use 627

Carbolic Acid 6'in

Carniolans 622

Cappin;,',Wliite and Yellow.617

Capping. t.Hiirk 62".l

('alalpatiiT 629

Clamp, Wintering 609

Convenleuues, Household.. .610

Cuba, Again 611

Drone-guards 620

Drought in Illinois 622

Editorial 636

Fire— J. B. Mason 623

Foul Brood 626, 635

Foundation, Flat-bottom. . .609

Rleanings 611

Honey as Food 62(1

Huiiiv tor Wintering 61.')

llonrV, IMuish 622

Kcttlc-scinper 618

K iii^'-bi Ills 622, 623, 626

Jlillcr.C. C 613

.Mitihill Hive 621

Mosipiito-hawk 621, 629

Jloth-traps 621

Notes and Queries 626

Nucleus, To Strengthen a... 624

Our Own Apiarv 6.^5

Paint 611

I'll tfs. Free 618

Queen as Kuler 624

Reports Discouraging 625

Keports Kniiiuraging 625

Koliliiii;^-, Do. .Utile on 619

Sawdust t..r I'acliing 621

Sections in T Supers 616

Starvation for Foul Brood. .635

Stinging, To Prevent 624

Stinging, Severe 626

Tins, T, on Common Folder.622

Tobacco Column (.34

Transferring 621

Turkeys, the Three 630

Washing-fluid 617

Water We Drink 611

Zinc Strips 623

Holy-Land Queens by Return Mail.

I' utt'Steil, 75 c'ts., or $7.00 per dozen. Bees, 50 cts.
per lb. GEO. D. RAUDENHUSH,

16d Reading, Pa.

FOR SALE ITALIAN QUEENS

I WIB V^kkl Prom Selected Moth-
er."*. Warrauted,;$l. Select tested, $3. Bees, per
lb., 75c. 3-frame nuclei, with tested queen, $3. Full
colonies in Sim. hive, $8. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Fifteen years' practical experience.
16d CHAS. McCLAVE, New London, Ohio.

F-OLOITVGi^ BOXES.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the best &
lowest priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
Printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
have just put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fill orders promptly. Price liiSt Free. Samples Be.

14 oz, Glass Jars $S.25 per gross, including Corl<3 cf La-
bels. 1 1-2 £(2 gross in a Case, Catalogue of Honey tables free,

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

CHOICE Italian QUEENS

65 CENTS.

€. M. GOODSPEED, Tborn Hill,

Box 31, Onou. Co., N. Y.

BE SURE

To send a jiostal card lor our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ?ifeXir'ifT;fn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing-
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOWEST PRICES.

XT-a.Xji.a.iT

2tfd

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, ^'ashington Co., Viris.

DABANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
coiunin. 3btf d

UNTESTED DAUGHTERS FROM ONE OF
Doolittle's best queens, only 50 cents each.
Tested queens, $1.00 each.
15tfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

FOR SALE OR TRADE.

1^ colonies ot Italian and Holy-Land bees in Root's
chaff hives, lU colonies in Heddon's hives. Free on
board cars here. Hives new and well i)ainted. All
combs on foundation in splendid sbu|)e. If you
have any thing to trade write me at once. 15tfdb
S. C. klRKPATRK'K, Hodgenville, Ky.

For Sale!

16 H. P. UPRIGHT TUBI L.AR BOILER.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
gauges, etc. Price on board cars, $250.00. 12tfdb
WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

UNTESTED ITALIAN QUEENS.

Cells built in full colonies. Single queen, 60 cts.;
6 for «3.35; 13 for $6.00.
14tfdb I. GOOD, Sparta, Teiin.

TODD'S HONEY-CANDIES sell well at Fairs — average
wholesale price, Kic |» lb.; retail, 31) cts. Mail sam-
ples, 35 cts. Honk V and Bekswax wanted on Com-
mission, by AKTHUE TODD, 2122 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa,
15 -18d b

THE VERY BEST.

Select Italian queens to breed from, by return
mail, only $1.00 each. Full colonies also for sale.

Address at once S. F. REED,

16-17d N. DorcUester, N. H.

Beautiful Italian Queens.

J. F.Wood wishes to inform the readers of Glean-
ings that he is now filling all orders promptly for
those golden queens, that have given univex-sal sat-
isfaction to all his customers the past two seasons,
at 75 cts. each. 1 use no lamp nurisery. Do not fail
to send for my 1S87 circular. Address 14-15-16d

JAMES F. WOOD, North Preseott, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. Hhtfd

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Reared from select mothers. Untested, 75 cts. ;
Tested, $3.00. H. G. FRAME,

5-16db North ITIancliester, Ind.

BISHUOCfNI!

HANDSOME BOX

in stamps, yr
I get by first i
and envelopes CnD I A illPCi''"'' '

I put up specially rUll LfllllCd Pen

Address CEORCE "
I Bookseller Mid stationef

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested queens, fl.25 each; untested 65c. each; 5
for $3.00. All bred from select imported mothers.
By return mall. 100 3-fraine nuclei with untested
queen at 12.00 each,
ntfdb D. a. EDMISTON, ADRIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

TTA1.IAN BEES AND aUEEHS A SPECIALTY. Tested
■*^ queens in June, $1.25 each. Untested, after June
1st, 7.5c; si.x, $4.00; twelve. $7.50. Bees by the lb.,
75c; half lb., 50c; 2-fr. nuclei after June 1st, $3.00;
3-fr. nuclei with untested queen, $3.75. Circular
free. Address JOHN NEBEL & SON,

5-16db High Hill,, Mo.

XXOPy £ X 1j aBIBX^S* Ou^Larj^e Orders.

C. M. CRAY, MEDINA, 0.

608

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTIJKE.

AlTGi.

P0NEY C@MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Louis.— HrtJiey.— We quote choice comb 10@12
Cts.; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained, in bhls., 4(54^4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages, ^4, cent advance
on above. E.xtracted, in bbls., 4i4f^"5'4 cts.; in cans,

r)'2(5),fi cts.

Beeswax, 31 cts. for prime.

Market vei'.v firm at alioVe prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Aug. 2. D. G. TuTT & Co.,

306 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Kansas City. — Honey. — We quote new crop:
Choice white 2-lb sections, . . - . 14

Dark 2-lb. sections, 11@13

Choice white 1-lb. sections, ... - 16@18

Dark, 1-lb. sections, 13@14

California, 2 lb. white, - . ^ . - 14

2-lb. extracted, - . - . ]3@13

Extracted, new crop.
Choice white, . - . ^ . ^ . 8@10

Dark, . - - 5@7

California white, 8

amber 6@7

Beeswax,. 20@22. Crops of 1886 exhausted.

July 38. Hamblin & Bearss,

.514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Honey.— The old stock of neai'-by
honey is well cleaned up in this market and wo look
for better prices on new crop, which, from our infor-
mation, will not be over 60' of last year's crop.

We quote: Choice now white-clover honey, 1-lb.
sections, 13!4 : good fair slock, ]0(*11. Extracted,
cans, 6@7; bbls., 5(55^2. Southern honey, extracted,
bbls., 3'/2®4V2. Beeswax, 21. Demand good.

W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Aug. 10. 108 and 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Neav York.— Honey.— Hone.y has not commenced
to come into this market yet, but if the present cool
weather continues, we may expect shipments very
soon. We quote, until prices are better established,
fancy white 1-lb. sections I'lft 16

Off grades l@3c per lb. less

Fancy white, 2-lb. sections, 12@14

Beeswax, 22@23.

Aug. 11. McCaul & Hildreth Bros.,

38 and 30 West Broadway, New York City.

Cleveland.— Hojiey.— The market looks better
than for several years. Choice 1-lb. sections of
white honey sell as fast as it arrives, at 16c; 3-lbs.
14f5 15. Second grade. 1.3@-14, but slow. Extracted
4(rt)6. Beeswax 2.5. A. C. Ken del,

Aug. 9. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Chicago —Honey.— Offerings light, yet suflHcient
to meet the demand, as the higher prices asked
keep out speculations, few believing that it will
touch any higher figure. The best grades white
comb, 17 c in 1-lb. sections. Extracted, n(a.S per lb.
Beeswax, 33u. R. A. Burnett,

July 21. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— Honcy.—No new honey in the commis-
sion houses, and but little has been sold. All the
city papers continue to quote it below actual prices
received. Best white has sold from 'i:l^.i,(ii 14c.
Beeswax, 33c. M. H. Hint,

Aug. 10. Bell Branch, Mich.

Kansas City.— Honey.— A few cases new honey
in market; 1-lb. comb we quote at 16c; no extracted.
Beeswax, 18@33. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,
July 30. Kansas City, Mo.

Philadelphi.a..— Honey.— Honey not wanted yet,
and unsalable.

Bees ira.r, quiet: Choice yellow, 32(a'33

Inferior dark, 2(l@21

White, 26@,2s

Aug. 10. Pancoast & Griffiths.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston.— Honcy.—No change in honey.

Blake & Ripley,
Aug. 10. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Wanted.— All the bee-men who see this adv't to
send us one hundred pounds of 1-lb. and 2-lb. sec-
tions of white comb honey, as .sample, by express,
stating quantity, and price for same, cash, delivered
in Kansas City, Mo. Clemons, Cloon & Co.

15-16d Cor. 4th & Walnut St'S.

Wanted.— To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 25 lbs. each.

1. T. Causon & Co.,
15-]6d 825 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Reared troui the purest and best home - bred
queens, and the cells reared and hatched in full
colonies. Untested queens 75 cts.. five for $3.50.
Tested ¥125. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed. HARRY G. CAMP,
16d Winona, Col. Co., O.

OADAHT'S POTODATION FA0T0E7, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See adveii;isement in another column. 3tfbd

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must hot
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is Intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange a Given foundation
press, the size is for Simplicity frames, for a
bicycle. 141516d Thos. Hartley, Oilman, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. 14tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange 20 full colonies of bees,
in lots of 5, 10, 15, and 30, on Langstroth frames,
bees are Italians and hybrids, for extracted or
comb honey. Markwood JerVis,

16d Maumee, Lucas Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell a few colonies of
extra Italian bees. P. W. Corya,

16d Moores Hill, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange Pelham fdn. mill, 10 in.,
for " Acme " harrow or cultivator.
16d J. P. Moore, Morgan, Ky.

WANTED.— To correspond with parties having
land to sell or exchange, which they know to
be in a good honey location. Address
16d L. C. Calveht, Poplar Flat, Ky.

WANTED.— To exchange one city building lot, 52
xl02 ft., in St. Andrew's Bay, Florida, for bees,
hives, or any kind of apiarian sui)i>lies. Address
16d W. P. W. Duke, Nettleborough, Clarke Co., Ala.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this because there is hai-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet It is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I am requeening my apiary, and will sell hybrid
queens at 35 cts.

T. H. Kloer, Terre Haute, Vigo Co., Ind.

For Sale.— Three mismated Italian queens, bred
from pure mothei's. Safe arrival guaranteed: 40
cts. each. Chas. McCl.we, New London, O.

I have a few mismated Italian queens of this
season's raising which 1 will mail at 35 cts. each, or
4forfl.0<). Frank M.Baldwin,

Marion, Grant Co., Ind.

Vol. XT.

AUG. 15, 1887.

No. 16.

TERMS: 81.00 Per ANNTTM.IN Advance; 1 T? (%+ riJ-J ■! oTi n r} -i-vt 1 Si '7 ^ ^ Clubs to different postoffices, NOT LESS
2Copiesfor$1.90;3for82.76;5for«4.00; HtfilUjUH/O lH^W Lib ±0 i O .\ than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \ ptrtishfd sfvi-vovthiv rv ' U- S. and Canadas. To all other coun-

ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be [ ^ bllshed skjii monthly b^ , ^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ Universal Postal Union, 18

made at club rates. Above are all to /J / DnDT MP HI hi A H U I H cts. per year extra. To all countries
be sent to ONE POSTOFFiCK. }M, J. nUU I , IVlLUUVft, (//7/(/. L NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

FLAT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION.

FItlENI) W. 7,. H. DECIDES .\GAINST IT.

T AM inclined to agree mo.st thoroiig-hly witii Dr.
j^ Miller upon thj.s sub.iect. Two or three times,
^l in different years, I have e.xperimented, in a
"*■ small way, with tiat-bottonied foundation, by
filling alternate sections with that and the oth-
er alternates with Given. This same digging- of
holes, and tearing-down of the edges near the top
of the foundation, always appeared unless it might
have been during the height of a good hone.v-How;
and even then the bees would often gnaw and pull
down one edge, so that the opposite edge would
strike the side of the sections, and thus give the
foundation a kink. I must admit, however, that,
when the combs were finally finished, but few of
these imperfections showed. The greatest objec-
tion I had against the Hat-bottomed foundation was,
that the bees drew it out more slowly, and did not
finish up the sections as guickly as they did those
having tiiven foundation; but my neighbors,
Doane and West, used the flat-bottomed exclusive-
ly, or nearly so, and were so enthusiastic in its
praise that I finally thought that perhaps the bees
didn't like it so well: but when they had no Given
by its side, with which they might make unpleasant
comparisons, they might be better satisfied, and
would work accordingly: and, as a result of my
cogitations, I used the Hat-bottomed this year ex-
clusively. I wish now I had not. 1 wish I had used
one-half Given. My experiments had hitherto been
too much of a one-horse character, a class of ex-
periments in which my faith is somewhat limited:
and now, when I used the Hat-bottomed foundation
upon a large scale, I neglected to use any other
with which to compare it. I feel like kicking my-

j self cver.y time I think of it. The faults I have
I mentioned were just as observable, however, and I
i believe I received less honey by its use, but I do
not know it, and can not prove it. That the bees
change the base of the cells, there is not a particle
of dotibt; and that the " fish-bone " is reduced to a
minimum is also true, and that more sections can
be filled with foundation for less money is another
fact; but that all this puts more money into our
pockets remains to be proved. All things consider-
' ed, no foundation has given me the satisfaction
that has the Given. I shall, however, use flat-bot-
tomed foundation again another year, and I shall
try to use it in such a manner as to enable me to
prove something.

CI>AMP WINTERING.

You, friend Koot, ask if I am satisfied now just
where the cause of of my former failures lay, in
wintering bees in clamps. Friend R., that word
"failures " should be used in tlie singular, as I have

I met with only one failure since I began wintering
bees in clamjis several years ago. That lailure was
caused by putting too many in one pit and burying
them too deejily. No, I do not think a clamp any
safer than a good cellar, and 1 have continued the
practice more for the desire of proving it a success
than for any thing else. Yes, friend R., I have tak-
en into account the difference in localities. lam
speaking of mj' locality. Upon this point, please
allow me to quote from a recent article of mine in
the 4. B. J.: " As we approach the e()Uiitor, less
protection is needed by bees, and finally a point is
reached where chaff hives and cellars never come.
Before this point is reached, however, there is an-
other point where some protection is needed win-
ters; where chaff hives and the various kinds of

, packing are probably a sufficient shield against the

610

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

cold; and by means of which our bees can be win-
tered to better advantage, and, it is likely, with no
g-reater consumption of stores, than in a cellar.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rog^ersviile, Genesee Co., Mich.

Friend TI.. you speak of the Given founda-
tian continually. l)nt .say nothing of that
made by rolh; Init 1 believe tlu' latter is the
kind generally in use the world over. If I
am not mistaken, even Ileddon. although so
enthusiastic on the Given foundation at one
time, has abandoned it ; and, by the way, I
don't believe he has ever told us just why.
Will he please speak out? If I am not mis-
taken, a good many otliers who formerly
used the Given foundation-press have given
it up ; and, in fact, at present there are no
more Given presses made, that I know of.
If I am mistaken, I expect, of course, to be
corrected ; but if I am not, why confine your
remarks to flat bottom and to Given, or do
you mean us to infer that the (iiven is so
near like that made on rolls there is practic-
ally no difference ? You say more sections
can be tilled with foundation for less money
by using flat bottom. I think, if we try
hard, we can malve as many square feet to
the pound as anybody wants, and with nat-
ural base ; but friend Miller and some others
think they don't want foundation running
more than, say, about 12 square feet to the
pound. — In regard to clamp and cellar win-
tering, I believe we now entirely agree ; but
with the experience I have had with the
climate of Medina County, O., I should say
we don't want our bees in clamps or cellars.
Others may, however, like cellar wintering,
and succeed best with it, even here.

HOUSEHOLD CONVENIENCES, ETC.

DR. C. C. MILLEU T.^J.KS TO US ABOUT CUPBOARDS,

HANDY TABLES, AND OUTDOOR AIR FOR THE

MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS.

fHREE or four years ag-o I put in my leisure
time one winter at a bit of carpentry. At
the back end of the house was built on an
addition for a summer kitchen. Then this
was prolonged to make a honey-room, with
no partition between the honey-room and the
kitchen. This winter of which I speak, I got some
flooring and studs, and put up a partition between
the kitchen and honey-room, also lined the walls of
the kitchen with flooring, and ceiled it overhead
with the same. Then on one side of the kitchen I
built a cupboard that occupied all the room 1 could
g'et between the corner of the room and the door,
making the four cupboard doors run within an inch
of the Hoor, and within 3 inches of the ceiling.
This made a cupboard 8 ft. long, 9 ft. high, and 1 ft.
deep. It is quite common to let a cupboard run to
within perhaps two feet of the ceiling. This makes
just so much space about wasted, sometimes worse
than wasted, for it is merely a place to catch dirt.
Better let it run clear to the celling.

The cupboard whose contents were to be re-
moved to this kitchen cupboard had shelves far
apart, measuring from lOV-i to 14 inches in height.
Instead of taking this for a pattern, 1 measured the
actual depth occupied by the articles on the differ-
ent shelves, and made the new shelves just far

enough apart for their accommodation. Com-
mencing 31 inches above the floor, leaving this
space to set and hang different articles, I made the
shelves from 6 to li inches in height, thus giving
me 8 shelves instead of 4, as in the old. Now, there
is nothing remarkable about this kitchen or cup-
board. Any boe-kcei)er handy with tools could do
the same work; but taking the two together, and
my wife would rather give up any other room in
the house. She says that I can not realize how
many steps are saved by the present arrangement.
Formerly the dishes had to be carried through
the dining-room to the kitchen, and back again to
the pantry, but now they are lifted from the cup-
board to the table and from the table back to the
cupboard, with scarcely a step between. We bee-
keepers are great for planning about our bee-work.
If we had the housework to do, don't you think wo
should plan some to make the work lighter':' and
can we not do the planning, even if the queens, and
not ourselves, do the work'?

One day, on account of sickness, if I remember
rightly, I undertook to skim the milk. There was
no room on th* shelves to skim it, and I had no
choice but to set it on the floor or carry it out into
another room. Next day I ordered a light table
made to set the milk on for skimming; and yet,
for aught I know, it had been needed just as much
for years. It only shows that I was not as observ-
ing as I should have been. It occurs to me that,
from what I have said above, some one may infer
that we generally eat in the kitchen. The infer-
ence is an entirely correct one. When we have
company we can use the dining-room ; but for our
little family the kitchen is plenty large; and al-
though home made it is nicely papered, so that it
looks as good as if bought out of a carptnter-shop.
I much prefer to eat there, and thus save work.

And now I have a conundrum to propose, to
which I should like one or more answers. What can
be done in winter time to give to the women-folks a
regular outdoor airing every day? I don't mean
those who can afford to ride out every day. That
may do for some, but for most it is not convenient,
if not impracticable. And yet it is a serious matter
for a woman to stay indoors day in and day out, and
hardly ever get a sniff of outside air. Is there any
thing they can be called upon to do, in the way of
some appropriate duty that will oblige them to be
outdoors regularly a certain length of time each
day'? They can bring in wood and water, but in
many cases that is too hard work ; and yet, since
studying upon this question, it does not worry me
as much as it formerly did to see a woman lugging
in wood on a cold winter day. My wife having been
brought up on a farm, she has quite a taste for
poultry; and by careful selection had built up a
beautiful flock of Plymouth Rocks. I succeeded in
convincing her th.-xt there was no particular profit
in them; and as it interferred with the bee-work
she very reluctantly consented in the fall to give
them up the next spring. In the winter, however,
I found she spent so much time pleasantly outdoors
with the hens that I changed my mind and conclud-
ed it was profitable to keep them. But all can not
keep hens. What can they do? C. C. Midler.

Miu-engo, 111.

Friend M.,if you hadgone into the pantry
wlien at our house, and used your eyes, you
would have seen exactly the arrangement
yon mention — a cupboard opening into the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

611

pantry on one side, and into the dining-room
on tin"' otlicr. In rcu'ard to using tlie kitcli-
en foi' a dining-room, we ol'teii use the i)an-
try for meals ; and it is always in the i)an-
try that 1 get my sui)i)er Sunday evenings,
after prayer-meeting. I rather enjoy it,
too, for the room is so suiall we eat by twos,
and Sue and I are generally the last two, so
we luive a little hit of Sunday evening alone
by ourselves, just as we used to have a, hit of
Sunday evening all to ourselves about 2o or
30 years ago.— I agree with you in regard to
the outdoor business. Let the women and
everybody else have something to eall them
outdoors regularly every day all winter long.
Poultry is certainly one of the best indus-
tries. A cari)-pond close by might tempt
them out to slide and skate, and I believe
my wife would beat any of her girls in slid-
ing, even now ; but I fear that she wouldn't
want to stay on the ice long enough to put
on skates.

CUBA, AGAIN.

FRIEND OSBURN TELLS US SOMETHING ABOUT
THE GREATEST YIELDS OF HONEY.

fRlEND ROOT:— You wish to know what was
our greatest yield from any one colony, and
about how much said colony in its best days
stored in one day. It would be impossible for
me to give you a statement or record of what
any one of our colonies did last winter; for my lit-
tle son and myself being- alone it was all we could
do to take the honey as fast as it came in, and do
what other work there is connected with the har-
vesting of a crop. But 1 can give you the result of
one colony's work for 59 days while I was at San
Miguel, three years ago this winter, flive No. 43.3,
from the :Slst of December until the 2Tth day of
February, stored 620 lbs. of honey. The yield per
day was nothing to what colonies have been known
to store; but taking the whole flfty-nine days, the
amount secured will compare favorably enough
with other large yields; for, in truth, it is a big
yield. If my health is spared me, I shall take one
more honey crop in Cuba (this winter), then I shall
return to California; for my obligations to my chil-
dren will not admit of my keeping them here any
longer than this winter. I expect to be obliged to
leave Cuba with a cherished ambition unsatisfied ;
i. e., taking from a given number of colonies (say
100) .')00 lbs. to the colony. I think it is possible;
and had it not been for the many ifs in the way last
spring, my son being taken sick on the 7th of
March, and the large increase we wanted to makv-
(430 colonies from 80), I am satisfied I should have
realized what I wished to; that is, .50,000 lbs. from
100 colonies. This winter our apiary will be so large
that it will be quite impossible to keep the honey
of any otie colony or number of colonies separate.

Speaking a little further about large yields from
single colonies, that sj'stem of reporting is wrong.
While there may not be any injustice intended, it is
apt to put too glowing a face on bee-keeping for a
beginner, while the veterans know that such re-
sults are possible only Avhen all conditions are fa-
vorable. You and I, Mr. Root, have been in the
business some time, and we know that, when a col-
ony fills their top combs every week isay50 1b8.)
week in and week out, it is good business, and there

are more colonies that will not do it than there are
that will. Rut in an e.\i>erience of many years it
has not often happened that we have met with the
e.xact combination for such large yields in individ-
ual colonies, and I am compelled to say that, when
we have, it has always been hybrids.

Yes, I have used gi-ass in the nozzle of my smok-
er, but 1 do not know that I got the right twist to it,
for it never gave very good satisfaction. It would
soon burn out, and the ashes and partly burnt
grass would all be blown in the hive, which would
cause the bees to make faces at such treatment;
but I have much faith in the sawdust for fuel, al-
though I have never tried it. I think, if it is press-
ed down hard, and dampened a little, it would work
nicely. I will add one word more about burning
green wood. After the smoker has been burning a
spell and wants more wood, I press to one side the
wood that remains in the smoker, and is partly
burnt, and put the green sticks in the other side.
That keeps the fire and charred wood close togeth-
er; and by the time it is burned out, the green will
be seasoned and burning too.

BEES MIXING.

I told you in my last article how close our hives
sit to one another. Well, many of them are very
strong, and, under the influence of this Cuban cli-
mate, lie out on the front of the hive, the alighting-
board, and on the ground, and they mix and mingle
together, until it would seem that they were all one
family. Do they quarrel and fight? No, they seem
to have a good time of it— a sort of old-tashioned
quilting or husking bee. Whether they go into one
another's hives or not, I can not say; but one thing
1 do know— they are not bad enough, under such
circumstances, to kill another fellow's mamma.

PAINT.

After trying many of the mixed paints and white
lead, we have at last settled down on zinc as giving
us the best satisfaction.

GLEANINGS.

One word as to its being an " all-around journal."
I think no well-balanced mind can find any fault
with the make-up and the matter that grace its
pages from month to month; and the subject,
" The Water We Drink," I have been deei)ly inter-
ested in. I fully agree with you and Prof. Cook in
what you say; and the article contributed by
Geo. Thompson is worth more than the price of
Gleanings for one year. It contains so much sub-
stantial good that every man, woman, and child
should read it. It is just what I am heart and soul
interested in.

the water we drink.

After three years' living here, my children and
myself put up with water as best we could, such as
comes from open wells, that the oldest man could
not remember the time when they were cleaned,
and from springs that run through pastures, and
were the receptacles of decayed vegetation. 1 sug-
gested to Mr. Dussaq that we have a bored well of
our own, and we had it. Need I tell you it is a
bigger prize than was ever drawn at the Havana
Lottery'? The soil here is a stitt' hard clay. After
going down 20 ft. in this clay we struck water, pure
and unadulterated. The hole is 2'4 inches, and a
2-inch pipe put down, with a good pump. I will tell
you how it is fixed around the top, to exclude sur-
face water. For about 'S ft. from the top down, the
hole is six inches across. We first begati filling in
around the pipe at the bottom of this ti-inch hole

G12

GLEANlxVGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

with new sacking (gummy sack), tamping it down
hard, then claj', to within one foot of the top;
then water-lime, made into a stiff mortar, and
rounded up around the pipe until it seems impossi-
ble for one bit of water to get in, or not until it is
well filtered, at all events.

One word about sinks, slop-holes, and water-
closets. A sink with a drain or a pipe to it I could
never have about the house; the same with old
slop-holes; and as for the water-closet with the old-
fashioned pit under it, that would have to take it-
self off the premises with the old filthy pipe of the
sink and slop hole. All these three abominations
can be dispensed with, and are, 1 think, among our
most intelligent people of to-da.Y. A. W. Osburn.

Havana, Cuba. Aug. 5, 1887.

Thanks, friend O., for your excellent re-
port in regard to Cuba, and the Immense
yields of honey you get there. You failed,
however, to tell us how much yon received
per pound for your great crops; and that,
you know, would be quite an interesting
item in securing the •">0,000 lbs. from 100
colonies. — Thanks for your suggestions in
regard to drilling for water ; and I hope we
may all of us come up to your concluding
remarks. I don't see, however, the harm
that slops may do if carried into the garden,
even by pipes properly arranged so that the
roots of growing plants may absorb the fetid
matter.

DOCTORING WITHOUT MEDICINE.

A RE.MEDY FOR NERVOUS l'R()STR.\TIOX.

T HAVE before told you something of my
M experience with ' nervous exliaustioh
^t wlien overworked mentally ; and 1 hope,
■^ dear friends, you will bear a little with
me in talking al)out my ailments, so
long as I can tell you how I have triumplied
over disease. When business is up to its
liighest notch, say just preceding or during
the honey months, 1 almost always break
down, or come pretty near it. At such times
there are three things that usually wind me
up and set me going. One is a good square
meal ; the second is getting out of the office
and going out into the open tields, and the
third is sleep. I have been in the liabit of
getting strength by either of tliese three
methods which is most convenient. The
tields cause me to neglect work, so I often
push through my tasks as well as I can un- !
til dinner-time. If dinner does not restore!
me, a great many times I am oliliged to go I
home and take a nap to keep from breaking
down altogether.

Well, I noticed a good many times that,
when 1 pushed ahead until dinner-time, by ,
the time I was seated at the table I was so
much exhausted that I felt like grasping a
glass of milk, or something else nourishing,
much as an intemperate man would reach
for his morning dram before, he could steady
his nerves so as to dress himself. In fact, I
would often sit down to a meal all in a tre-
mor, and with a dizzy faintness. Usually
I felt tolerably well about the time uiy meal
was linished. Sometimes, however, I didn't
get level, if tliat is the right expression, un-
til half an hour afterward. At such times,
although I had excellent dinners, they didn't

seem to sit just right. During the past sum-
mer I have felt great relief by taking a nap
each forenoon or each afternoon ; and final-
ly I began to notice that, when business
crowded so that these naps came just before
mi^al-time, I could sit down at' my meals
without the symptoms of exhaustion 1 haw
mentioned. Then it occurred to m;' that
Dr. Salisbury, of Cleveland, () , used to urge
and almost insist thatIsho:ild n 'vei' eat a
meal without hrst being rested thonnighh
for twenty minutes or half an hour on a
lounge or bed. lie said it was fai' better to
hav;' a good sleep befor;^ eating ; but if 1
could not sleep, lie still without sleep. My
vvif- has urged this very point for y.'ars";
but I have usually been so busy just before
meal-time I could not get around to it. For
some time back, however. I have l)een tak-
ing just half an hour's sleep before dinner
and supper ; and if any sort of patent med-
icine had ever given given me such a lift in
the way of health, it would very likely have
been "boomed'' about as well as I could
boom it. The philosophy of it seems to be
this : If you want a man to do a good piece
of work.' he should be well fed and well
rested. Yes, the same is tine, even of a
horse. Well, Dr. S. declared it was a task
for a weak constitution to properly digest a
meal of victuals ; and he declared further,
that no constitution could digest food prop-
erly when it was exhausted and run down to
the very last notch ; and if anyone attem])ts
to get along in that way he will sooner or
later tind hiinself broken down entirely.

iMow, then, ye tired liousewives. remem-
ber this : You are not saving time by sit-
ting down to your meals, so completely ex-
hausted and worn out that the hand trembles
with fatigue that raises the food to your
lips. You will get along faster, and ac-
complish more, by taking the kind of rest I
have told you of. If it seems to you impos-
sible, and yon are inclined to sniile at the
idea of a half-hour nap before dinner and
supper, then I shall direct my appeals to
your husbands, your sons, and your daugh-
ters. As you value the life and the presence
of this patient, hard-woiking nidtlK r, uinhr
her take that needful rest, just as my wife
and children have been making me use the
good common sense God has given us all.

SHIPPING QUEENS IN THE PEET
CAGE.

TROUBLE WITH THE GOOD C.\NDV.

}HAVE ha
ha\e in n

HAVE had trouble with shipping queens in the
with the " Good " candy, and also
mind the e.vpei ieiice of another breeder
who had similar trouble With the best of cAre,
sometimes a whole sliipment would arrive
dead. Probably only those who have had such ex-
perience know how discouraging it is. I now make
the candy pretty thin (granulated sugar will do to
make it with), and put a sufficient quantity of it in
a small piece of cheese-cloth, and i)rcss it into the
" feed-hole " and then i)ut a sponge filled with
sweetened water in the other. I do not generally
put more than si.\ bees into the cage and they can
suok all the " juice " they need, out through the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Bia

cheese-cloth. I have had as perfect success, since
using- this plan, as I could dc^sire, and I have mailed
theui quite far. I aui indebted to Mr. G. D. Ulacli,
nrandon, Iowa, for the idea. ('. Weckesser.

Marshallville, <)., Aug-. 8, 1887.

I feel ([iiite certain, Iriend W., that the
trouble is somewhere with your candy. If
yoii liave noticed what we have said iii ref-
erence to the matter, you will see that we
insist on using only powdered sugar, or
granidated s'.igar powdered up with a ham-
mer, oi', l)etter still, a pestle-mortar, to a
smooth powder. Tiiis will hold honey so
the hees can get it, and they will eat it. hon-
ey and sugar both, and it can not possioly
daub them when placed in Feet cages. Wie
have tried almost aJl methods in the way of
sponges, water, etc.. but our success with
the Peet cage and the Good candy is so
much better than with any other arrange-
ment we think we shall stick to it, and we
use these cages by the thousand, as yovi may
know.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

G. 1-. S. ,S; G. K. B. S. M. CO.

■ AN. 17.— In yoony un thare is stj-cng-th. VVhare-
fore 1 hev combined myself with four (4) uth-
thers tor the pirpuss of maniafacturin bee-
supplies of oil descripshens. At a meetin of
the stock-holders to-day the followin offasirs
was elected:
P. Benson, A. B. S., President.
J. F. Wilsen, \' ice-President.
W. T. Hutch, Seckitary.
C. Mills, Tresharer.

The Board of Directers is me and Jack Wilsen
and Will Hutch and Charlie Mills and Gordus Stull.
The ti^htel of the corporashen is the Grand Unit-
ed States and Grate Britten Bee-Supply Maniafac-
turin Co. Thay was a fool meetin of the Board to-
day.

MEETIN OF FOOL BOARD. .}AS. 17.

Jan. 29.— Bizniss of the G. U. S. & G. B. B. S. M.
Co. is jist a boomin. Met Will Hutch the seekitarj-,
to-day and he toald me a order hed cum for a bee-
vale with 50 cents in postag-e stamjjs; and what
shood he do with the stamps. I took them and poot
them in my pawket. A bird & a hand is worth 2 &
a bush.

Feb. 1.— A stormy seshun of the board to-day.
Charlie Mills, refurrin to the postig-e stamps, iiUim-
midated that T hed enibezzelled the funs of the
cumpany, by takin them stamps in a syruptishus
manner. I kindly but firmly informed him that his
reesignaslien wood be excepted. He retorturod
that me and the cumpenny cood g'o to thunder;

and with that he wockt oflf, and that was the last of
him. Charlie alwazc was rather rufr, but then he
never hed ennj' bringin up. The ballence of the
seshen was harmoanus.

March 7.— To-day we got a order for a swarm of
bees. The board met to consult whare to git the
bees. Ole Miss Hoover, she that used to was Feby
Roadman, hed :t swarms and was handy by, but she
wanted the i)ay rite down, so we cood do better to
by of Scotch Marget, who was a mile and a Vi out.
Me and Will Hutch was deputized to go after the
bees, and we was to go ne.xt day at nite. Next
niornin Jack Wilson cum over to git me to help
bild a tirky-coop for Mary. Her tirkys kep a stray-
in off to Perry Davuses. I told him I wood if heed
take my place to go after the bees. So in the even-
in him & Will Hutch went for the bees. Jack stood
otf at a respectable distauts (he's ruther moddest)
and gave instruxyens whare to i)kig up the bees.
When all was sckewered thay started. The verry
1st step. Jack sez, sez ho, "Thare's a loose bee,
Will," and with that he dropt the hive and lit out,
a pawin the wind with both hands. The minnit he
dropt the hive, the bees begins to pour out onto
Will, and with that Will gits mad and ups and kicks
that thair hive into 10 thousand peaces. Will al-
waze was a leetel hi in the temper. Naterrally thay
was both mad, Will blamin Jack for droppin the
hive, & Jack a blamin Will for not shuttin them up
titer; and when I woodent take sides with both of
them thay rezined.

MEETIN OF FOOL BOAKP, MARfH 8.

March 8.— Today Gordus Stull told me I hed ot
to of gone myself for the bees, bein president; &1
wurd brot on another, & I woodent stand it & dis-
charged him on the spot. Its all the better. Thair
will be less chants for dessenshun in the board.

VENTILATING BEE-CELLARS.

Are We Sure They Need It?

DO WE WANT BEES IN A CELLAR AT ALL IN OHIO
.\ND OTHER SIMILAR LATITUDES?

0N page .567 friend Hutchinson saj's: "Where
is the man who A'noics that sub-earth venti-
lation, or any ventilation for a bee-cellar, is
needed V " It is not very safe for me to be
very positive about any thing that I think I
know about bees, as there are so many chances
to be mistaken; but I feel about as sure of
the need of ventilation as I do of almost any
of the points of bee culture with regard to
which Bro. H would not call my knowledge in
question. I do not suppose that, in the strictest
sense of the word. W. Z., or. indeed, any one, doubts

61-1

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

the need of some ventilation. Bees, I suppose, nev-
er go through a winter without respiration; and
for this, at least a small amount of air must from
time to time be changed. But without any hair-
splitting, I suppose those who claim no ventilation
is needed, mean that we need take no pains to se-
cure the very little that is needed, and that even
through the walls of a hive may come that little, and
in the closest cellar enough air will be for<!ed
through the little crevices to supply all needs.

I think it is true, that no cellar is made so tight
but that, if the cellar is warm enough, some little
change of air will be constantly taking place.
Years ago I wintered 8 colonies in a cellar which
was as tight as I could well make it. In ordinary
language, the cellar had no ventilation whatever.
Those colonies came through in the finest possible
condition, and I suspect that many a man with a
like experience draws the conclusion that no ven-
tilation whatever is needed. He is right so far as
he is concerned, for the little air forced through
the cracks of the cellar is enough for the few colo-
nies. But when I put 201) colonies or more in that
same cellar, the case was materially changed. I
made some provision for ventilation by providing
exit thi'ough chimneys for the exhausted air. In
the coldest weather this was generally sufficient.
The bees at times became uneasy and noisy, the
noise gradually increasing, and I concluded the
bees were too cold. I put a wood fire in the cellar
in the afternoon, letting it die ovit in the evening,
and in the morning I found the bees perfectly
quiet. This was done many times, and always with
the same result. But, one thing puzzled me: Go-
into the cellar the morning after firing up, and
finding the bees (juiet, I nearly always found the
thermometer standing just where it did before I
put in the fire. I asked myself the question, "If
the bees were noisy yesterday because the ther-
mometer was at 40°, why does not 40° make them
noisy today?" I finally concluded that the fire
had increased the change of air, and the bees were
quiet, not because warmer, but because they had
better air; and to this day I have found no better
answer to the question. The air is changed in a
cellar, because the outer air, heavier because cold-
er, forces its way into the cellar by means of its
greater gravity to displace the inner, or warmer
air. The greater the difterence between the tem-
perature within and without, the more rapid will
be the ventilation. Now, suppose a warm spell
comes toward spring, when the thermometer stands
at 45°, out and in. These are the trying times; for
the air, being of equal density without and within,
ventilation ceases. At such times the bees become
very noisy; and as soon as it is dark I open all win-
dows and doors. Upon this the noise greatly in-
creases; and to one hearing it for the first time it is
something alarming. By morning, however, all is
quiet, even if the bright sun is shining in the en-
trance of the hives. Now, on what other hypothe-
sis can this be explained, than that the bees needed
ventilation, and were quiet when they got it?

And now let me ask friend Hutchinson, " Where
is the man who knows that ventilation for a bee-
cellar, or, indeed, for any cellar, is tiot needed?
DMn'tyou think it was needed when you put the
wooden tube in your clamp? or did you have the
tube solely to let down the thermometer? Admit
the need of ventilation, and sub-ventilation is easi-
ly proven necessary in cold localities until some

cheaper way is found to provide fresh air at a suf-
ficiently high temperature.

Mr. Boot thinks it better, all things considered,
to winter outdoors, and I think he is right. I think
it better to winter in cellar, and I think I am right.
But the climate of Marengo is not that of Medina.

Now, I should like to ask you, friend Root, why
do you think your bees winter better out of than
in the cellar? It can hardly be temperature, for
j'ou can secure any temperature desirable in the
cellar. Is it because of the light? The cellar can
be made light; and I may remark, in passing, that,
if ever perfection is reached in cellar wintering, it
is possible that no effort will be made to secure
darkness. Do you prefer outdoors because bees
have a chance to fly through the winter? This can
be evened up by taking out the bees and giving
them a chance to fly every time the outdoor bees
Hy; but nearly every one objects to this taking-out
as unnecessary, if not injurious. I suspect that, in
the final analysis, it will be found that the main
difference is, that, outdoors, the hive is at all times
surrounded by a pure atmosphere. But, friend
Root, please say what you think is the why.

I think many of us will thank the editor for the
useful hints in chapters 37 and 38 of " What to Do,"
and I thank you for calling attention to cerealine,
which I had never before tried. Tt is a nice and
convenient food; only are you not mistaken about
five pounds for 16 cents? It-costs more than twice
as much here. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, III., Aug. 9, 1887.

Fiii'nd M., you have given me at least one
new idea in the above, and it is in regard to
the very question you asked me to answer.
The great trouble in cellar wintering was
where we had a good many colonies in one
cellar, and when the tempeiature outside
was about the same as inside. At such times
the bees were uneasy, and the air in the cel-
lar was very bad and close. I know the cel-
lar at such times needed ventilation, not
only for the good of the bees, but for the
good of the people who lived over the cellar,
and I tried to get it by opening the doors and
windows during the night time. This made
matters belter, but it did not remedy the
difficulty. With your explanation, I now
believe it was because even the doors and
windows didn't ventilate the cellar 'fully
when the temperature was about the same
outside as inside, and little or no breeze was
stirring. Sometimes we have warm foggy
spells here in Febniary, and I have seen
them even in December and January — yes, a
whole week without a bit of frost. At such
times I don't want bees in a cellar; and in
regard to taking the bees out for a tly Avhen
the bees liy outdoors, this would be entirely
out of the question, for most winters our
bees have a good fly ev.'ry month in the
season. — In regard to the price of cerealine,
Ernest made the purclmi-c, and insisted he
got 5 lbs. for 16 cts. Investigation shows,
however, that the package held only 2 lbs.
instead of 5. As the article is very light,
even 2 lbs. makes a great big package, and I
think it is a boon to humanity, even at 8 cts.
per lb. I may remark tiiat it costs 1-1 cts. per
package at wholesale in New York. Possi-
bly the price might be got down a little by
buying in large quantities of the manufac-
turers.

188?

GLt:AKLNGS In bee cuLtUre.

«i.3

A NEW BEE-ENEMY.

PKOF. COOK TKI.1,8 IS OF ANOTHKK CITKIOUS IN-
SKCT.

K. W. J. ELLISON, of Statebiirg-, S. (.'., sends
nic a hug which sucks the blood and life
from his bees. As I have never heard of
this bug as a bee-enemy, I am much inter-
ested in it. Indeed, I knew of only one bee-
kiiler among' the bugs proper, before this one came:
that is, the curious stinging- bug, Phymata eroKH.
Fab., which is fully described and illustrated in ray
Manual, last edition, p. liS'.i. This new bee-stabber —
1 will christen it the bee-stabber— as Mr. K. says it
stabs the bee and sucks it dry— is known in science
as Kuthyrlix/nchus Flofidamts, Linu. As would be in-
ferred by its generic name, it has a very powerful
four-.iointed beak, which is shown magnified in the
Hgure. From the specific name given bj' the great
Swedish natui-alist, Linna-us, we should expect it to
occur in Florida as well as in South Carolina. Prob-
ably the one described by Linnicus came from
Florida. This insect was also described b.v Th. Ssiy,
as Fentatnma emarginata. His description of this
insect, like all his descriptions, is. very accurate, as
will be seen by looking at the figure which T send.

Ascribe, name, and will e.v))lain their habits. Jn
sending insects, be sure to put them into a close
strong box, so that they may not be crushed in
transit. It is not necessaiy to give them any ven-
tilation, nor usually to furnish any food. Cateriiil-
lars should have some of their food in the box with
them. A. J. (^OOK.

Agricultural College, Mich.

BEE-STABBER— Bl((/i?y'''!/'lt'''"S Fl(t)ida)Hh<.

which is drawn natural size. "From Georgia.
Body purplish blue." This one is greenish blue.
" Rostrum pale fulvous; thorax at posterior angles,
with a cylindrical emarginate spine; scutel having
three orbicular fulvous spots; feet at base pale ful-
vous; beneath, under the i-ostrum, region of the
feet, middle of the ventral base, anus, and triangu-
lar lateral spot, fulvous. Length one-half inch.

" Female.— Thorax with the anterior and lateral
margins and longitudinal line in the middle dull
fulvous: the two basal spots of the scutel some-
times confluent. Length three-fifths of an inch."
The one I have from South Cai-oliua, as will be seen
by the Hgure, is a female. Mr. Say received his
specimen from Savannah, Ga.

The near relatives of this insect are often preda-
ceous, and so are very valuable. Usually, however,
few are so brave as to attack bees, and are wholly
our friends, as they destroy manj- of our most de-
structive insect-foes. This one, no doubt, also does
much good, and it Is only to be regretted that he
has this one sin to account foi*. I presume, howev-
er, that he will not draw very hea\ilj"on the apiary,
and so from his general good character we may ex-
cuse this one dereliction. Should he so prey upon
our bees that we feel the loss, then I could only sug-
gest the same remedy that I have recommended
for the "bee-hawks'— the large dragon-flies that
attack and destroy our bees— to capture '.them by
hand. I should be very glad if Mr. Ellison could
send me a dozen of these handsome bugs. Indeed,
I am glad to get insects from bee-keeping subscrib-
ers of Gr.EANiNOS and all others, and will gladly de-

BEST HONEY FOB WINTEEING.

O. O. I'OI'PI.KTON (ilVES US HIS VIEWS ON THE
MATTER.

/P|EPEATEDLY, during the past ten years or
^f more, have correspondents to our bee-peri-
ls odicals stated that they " reserve frames of
f: sealed clover honey, to be returned to the
bees for winter stores." Others have seem-
ed to prefer basswood honey, while others have
been fully as positive that fall stores were as good
if not safer winter food. Only a few weeks ago,
replies to a query in the question department of
one of our journals showed a great diversity of
oi)iuion among several of our leading apiarists.
Now. why all this diversity of opinion, and what
are really the facts in the matter? And as this
thing of obtaining the best winter food for our bees
lies at the very foundation of successful wintering,
I will give my views, hoping to draw out the ideas
of others until some slight advance on our present
knowledge be made. I will confine myself entirely
to the question of best honey, not touching the
feeding of sugar syrup at all, leaving that to those
who have experience in the use of that kind of
food.

For reasons not worth while to mention, a large
number of bee-keepers will not or can not use su-
gar, so this subject of best honey can not be dis-
missed by simjily giving the advice, " Use sugar."

During the first ten or twelve years I kept bees
in Iowa, the crop of early or white honey was
usuallj' quite small, rarely being one-third of the
entire crop, while the yield from buckwheat and
fall flowers was abundant. For the last five or six
years conditions have entirely changed, so that
three-fourths or more of my crop have been white,
mostly from the clovers, while the yield of dark or
fall honey has been very light. With this change
of the honey season came a change in the result of
wintering, and the cause had to be investigated. I
think that nearly all fruit-raisers have noticed the
fact that, as a rule, a full crop meant also a crop
of good quality, while a light crop meant also an
inferior quality of fruit as well as small quanti-
ty. This seems to be a rule of very wide applica-
tion, the conditions necessary to the production of
a full crop seeming to be also necessary to the
bringing it to its most perfect condition. Thi? rule,
which is so prevalent in the fruit kingdom, seems
also to govern in the flower world, in all that per-
tains to the secretion of nectar. So far as I have
observed for a number of j'ears past, whenever any
one kind of flowers .\ields honey largely, especially
if the yield is long continued, the ijualitj- of the
honey is almost certain to be good; while if the
yield is light, the quality will be correspondingly
poor. Wet and dry weather modifies this rule
somewhat, but to a much less extent than T used to
suppose was the case.

Several years ago, at the time when my liarvest of
white honey was so light, I noticed over and over

GlH

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

again that, if any colonies ^died during the winter,
it was almost certain to be one'whieh had had quite
a quantity of white honey when going into winter
quarters; and when I found any combs in the
spring containing white honey, even if fully sealed,
it was very apt to be more or less fermented, while
fermented dark or fall honey was rarely if ever
seen. This occurred so often that I finally adopted
the rule of management, never to leave any light
honey at all in the combs during winter. I stated,
at one or more conventions, that I had adopted
such a rule, but I didn't understand the reason for
doing so as well then as I do now. As 1 have al-
ready said, some five or si.x years agOj the relative
yields of early and late honey radically changed,
and with it came a corresponding change in quali-
ties, and the immediate result was a serious loss in
wintering— not so disastrous a loss as I suffered
before using chaff hives, but yet too serious to be
at all funny— some 40 per cent one winter. This
set me to studying on what was the cause of such a
complete change, and I am now satisfied that the
whole story can be told in the words, " A change in
the quality of the winter stores."

I noticed, while extracting, that the fall honey
was different from what I usually obtained. Had
samples of these later crops and of former ones
been submitted to experts, I have no doubt that
each would have unhesitatingly pronounced one
sample as having been taken from unsealed, the
other from sealed combs, even when no such differ-
ence was the case. The truth is, the samples would
have been entirely different when first taken from
the flowers; and no amount of curing, either in or
out of the hive, could have made them equal.

I have also noticed for a long time past,
that the first yield from any particular
flower, such as clover, basswood, buck-
wheat, etc., was almost invariably of poor-
er quality than the later yield from the
same source would be. This is particu
larly true if the yield continues for some
time, say from two to six weeks. It has
been not at all uncommon to obtain a bet-
ter quality of honey, both in body and
flavor, from unsealed combs, filled two
to four weeks after the commencement
of clover harvest, than from sealed combs
filled at the oommeneeraent of the same
harvest. This fact wants keeping in mind
when selecting winter stores.

The following is a brief summing-up of
the opinions 1 have arrived at:

That there is no essential difference in the value
of the different kinds of honey for winter stores;
that the relative value of the different kinds of
honey varies in localities and seasons; that the par-
ticular source which gives us the best yield of hon-
ey each season is usually of the best quality ; also,
that, where honey is used as a winter food, much
better success will be attained when these facts
are observed and acted on.

There are, of course, many other considerations
to be taken into account in connection with winter
food for bees, but I have confined myself closely to
the point of what is the best honey for winter
stores, and I hope others will give their views and
see if we can not come nearer to an agreement on
this point, which is so vital 'a one In connection
with successful wintering. O. O. Poppleton.

Hawks Park, Fla., Aug. 1, 1887.

This is an important as well as an inter-
I esting question, and we should be glad to
I hear from others in regard to the subject.

ANOTHEB PLAN FOR A BEE-HOUSE
AND \^^OBKSHOP.

SUGGESTIONS FROM .T. H. MARTIN.

fAVING in view the enlargement of my build-
ings, and the addition of a shop, I have
drawn up diagrams as below. My buildings
now are nearly like the diagram, with the
exception of the shop. The extracting-room
is provided with a double door, through which a
load of honey for extracting can be wheeled up
close to the extractor. In this room I have a stove
for rendering wax, etc. Near by should be a closet,
or what I call a pantry, in which to set kettles, boil-
ers, pans, and such utensils. When extracting I
have all of the windows in the extracting-room
darkened, except the one near the extractor. This
is let down at the top, and a board 6 inches wide,
having two holes five inches in diameter, into which
are inserted two double cones of wire cloth, with a
small aperture at the points, just large enough for
a bee to pass out. I have found that bees would
cluster upon the point of a single cone, and work
through, while the double cone is effective. A cur-
tain of thin cotton cloth hangs down from the cones
over the window-sash, allowing all bees to easily
crawl up and escape. Our room is kept very free
from bees, even when bees are troublesome. Ordi-
narily we work with the doors wide open.
I now have a drop of 3 feet from the extracting-

1^^/ X 15

\^ STORE ROOM qI-

ENUNE Q

%5-x 15
SHOP

j VE NTILMOR

\A/\NTERINQ
CELLAR
/g"X12.

DDUB LC WAL L

L J CISTERN

MARTIN S PLiAN Of A UJit-IluU »i!i.

room to the store-room below. This drop should be
5 or 6 ft. down, instead of three, to allow us to place
a 300 or 400 lb. tank, to connect with the extractor
in the next room. This tank is not so much for cur-
ing honey as to allow any particles to rise that may
get through our double strainers. A half-barrel is
placed upon a balance under a honey-gate of the
tank. The barrel is connected with the arm of the
honey-gate, which closes the gate automatically
when the barrel is nearly full. You thus save time.
If you are called to dinner, and forget that the hon-
ey is running, it will not run out all over the floor.
I now have to roll all of my honey in barrels up out
of the store-room. A door is to be cut, and so ar-
ranged that a wagon can be backed up to it, and
barrels loaded in with no lifting. Our stoi-e-room
has been full of barrels, and such a door is neces-
sary.

mi

gLeakings In bee cULtIjue.

(in

I now store my surplus coiubs, etc., over

tup; WlNTErUNG-CELriAR.

My proposed etilargrment will frive ine a large
room over both cellar and store-room, for storing
these hives of surplus combs, empty hives, orates,
sections, and empty barrels and cans. The door in
the end of the building enables me to enter with
my cart or a wheelbarrow. Access is also had from
the e.\tracting-room up a short stairs, in this large
room r will store and crate comb honey. The doors
and windows fi-om the shop, extracting-room, and
large store-room, all look out upon the apiary, so
our bees are in view at all times. When we find it
pays to put in 2i) or more acres of honey-plants, and
keep in one locality 500 swarms of bees, our build-
ings will need anothei- enlargement, and it will be a
very busy place.

This is not perfect, but it is good so far as it goes,
and as far as bee keeping- is advanced at the pres-
ent time. I should like any criticisms you may
make. I think you can possibly make suggestions
in regard to a planer, saw-tables, etc. The cellar,
as shown, will hold 200 hives, put in quite close.
Chaff packing is fully as successful with me as cel-
lar wintering. .1. H. Makti.n.

Hartford, N. V.

In our W(iO(l-working department we have
tried to arrange every machine so that as
the stuff is finished from one it will be han-
dy to the next machine. It is a waste of
time to have tlie machinery so arranged
that tlie stuff' will have to be moved from
one part of the room to the other before
completion. Your wood-working room seems
to be well arranged, though where the room
is small and the number of machines are
few it does not make very much difference.

WHITE AND YELLOW CAPPING OF
COMB HONEY.

THK COLOK OK CAPl'INGS UUE TO THE K1M> OP
BEES.

'R have had a remarkable season heie. Up
to June 35 it looked as though we should
have no surplus honey, and not even
enough to winter on. Bloom was abun-
dant in orchard, field, and forest, and yet
there appeared to be little secretion of nectar up to
the 35th. White clover came out early; and yet,
with fleMs whitened by it, no honey came in more
than to encourage development of brood. Too
much cool wet weather in May, and too much rain
in early June, was the cause, doubtless. Since the
date named there has been a fine season, and honey
of very tine quality from white clover and blue
thistle, and chestnut bloom is very abundant also.

I mentioned last year the yellow capping of comb
honey, and soon perceived it to be a trait peculiar
to some bees. I am now quite sure of it, notwith-
standing the opinions adverse of many to that
theory. Some strains of Italians cap without an
air-chamber, giving a water color to light honey,
others a dull, dingy color. I speak now of natural
work, not travel-soiled combs. T remember of see-
ing no refei-ence to it In print, and should like to
ask about it. In thirty years' experience with bees
I never saw this yellow capping till two years ago.
[..ast winter, I saw a large lot of j'cUow-capped
honey in Washington City, from Pennsylvania.

My conviction, that it is an inbred trait, comes
from observing that some bees always do it and
others never, no matter what the sources of honey
supply. Such is the evidence. For extracted hon-
ey it makes no difference. Can it be possible that
bees in the same aj)iary, at the same time, from the
same field, would so widely vary the product— one
colony all yellow cap and another as white as
snow, as a lesult of a different selection of food?
I ask the attention of friend Doolittle to this.

One of the greatest advances made in late years
is the invention of the wood-zinc honey-board.
Its use simplifies and lightens the manipulation ot
comb honey, and I find its use most valuable.
AVhoever invented and presented to the public this
honey-board deserves the thanks of the fraternity.

Charlottesville, Va., July 4, 1887. J. W. Pouteh.

DR. MASON'S WASHING-FLUID.

HOW IT MAY BE USED FOK REMOVING PROPOLIS
FROM THE HANDS ; ITS OTHER USES.

fRIEND ROOT:— On page 346 you ask Mrs. Ma-
son to give her " opinion " in regard to the
waslnng-tiuid (the recipe for which is on the
above page) injuring clothes, or making
them wear out faster. She has used the
preparation four or five years, and is satisfied that
it does not injure the clothes in washing as direct-
ed. Suppose our shirts, sheets, etc., do wear out a
week or ten days sooner by using the fluid than
they would without its use, it saves much time,
and •' wear and tear " of the nerves and muscles of
those who do the washing. If the fluid were worth
nothing for washing clothes, it certainly is very
valuable for removing propolis from the hands,
and I believe that lady bee keepers, professional
men, teachers and others, who wish to have clean
hands will be thankful for the recipe, if they once
try it. I have improved some in the use of the
fluid since I gave the description on the above-
named page. I fill a pint bottle about a third full
of it, and then fill up with water, and have the bot-
tle near the wash-dish; and when I want to remove
the propolis from my hands I pour a little in the
wash-dish and wash with it. I also have a bottle of
honey vinegar by the bottle of fluid; and as soon as
the propolis is washed off, pour a little vinegar in
one hand and wash with it; then rinse with water.

You say, " Now, are you sure the potash and bo-
rax make it any more effective'/ " Yes, sir; I am, for
I have tried both.

Last week I found a new use for it. I have a Given
press for making foundation, and have used a
strong solution of concentrated lye to prevent
sticking. When wanted last week, the lye solution
was missing, and I thought perhaps the washing-
fluid would do. I tried it as i)repared for the hands,
and it worked very nicely— better than the lye solu-
tion, and it does not injure the brush so much, and
the foundation is not slii)pery to the hands. I like
it better when it is about half washing-fluid and
half water. I have used it several times this week
with perfect satisfaction.

On page 381 of Gleanings for May 15, Mr. Dil-
worth speaks a good word for Basilicon ointment;
and although you (and myself also) " don't believe
much in medicines," I believe it is one of the best
medicines, where such is needed, that 1 know of,
and "should be in ever.v house." Most bee-keepers

6i8

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

Au&.

KETTLE-SCRAPER.

have the material'for making it; and that such as
wish may make it, I give the recipe: Rosin, five
ounces; lard, eight ounces; beeswax, two ounces.
Melt together, strain through linen (cotton will do),
and stir constantly till cool. It is the best thing I
know of for a burn. Soda or saleratus is good, but
l-equires more attention.

A TOOL FOR SCRAPING KETTLES.

On page 258, April 1, Dr.
C. C. Miller speaks of a " 10-
cent dish-cloth of iron rings"
\ for cleaning pots and ket-
O ties. Please let me tell of a
household convenience that
\ our folks think a great deal
I of for that purpose, and
! they have several of differ-
' ent sizes. The accompany-
ing diagram shows what
they are. One of our boys
cut them out of scraps of galvanized sheet iron,
with a pair of common shears, and punched the
holes, by which to hang them up, with a small
punch. Mrs. M. says they are the best things she
ever had for scraping kettles, pans, etc., and that
she would not be without them. Every side and
corner has its use. A. B. Mason.
Auburndale, O.

We have never found any thing better
than common sturcli paste lathered over the
rolls to prevent the wax from sticking ; but
on certain days we do have trouble with the
w^ax sticking some. We w^ilJ try to give your
washing-fluid a test on our comb-mill rolls.
— Your kettle-scraper is easily made, and
we have no doubt but that it would be
found to be a very useful tool in the kitch-
en. Our wire dish-cloth is intended for the
same purpose, but whetlier it would do its
work any better, we can not say.

FREE PUFFS.

GIVING THE PUBLIC AN INSIGHT INTO OUR IN-
DUSTRY.

TN placing our product before the public there is
(mP one method bj' which we can draw attention to
^l the importance of our industry, and the
agreeableness of the product, which is some-
what overlooked. We i-ead of marvelous finds
of honey, stories of the freaks of bees, etc., in our
daily and weekly press, but seldom do we see an
article useful to our interests. Short articles in the
newspapers, an illustrated page in Harper's, Prank
Leslie's, or the Graphic, an able article for the
magazines, all of them could be made charming by
enough of the marvelous or novel to draw atten-
tion. Describe the condition of the industry here,
as compared with it abroad; the apiaries of New
Zealand, with a description of them, would inter-
est the public much more than a description of a
precisely similarly managed apiary in the next
town. The workings of the honey-e.xtractor could
be explained very well in an attractive description
of a California apiary. The heading, " Honey by
the Ton," will help to make it readable. I have
some honey-labels with a description of the process
of extracting printed thereon. A popular doctor
in a neighboring town, after reading it, and tasting

the honey, astounded me by asking me if this was
a machine of my own invention. I was most happy
to inform him that it was not, and that there were
many different manufactures of extractors, and
that thousands of them were in use in the U. S.,
whirling out many tons of honey annually. Upon
that he bade me adieu, with an incredulous smile,
and doubtless upon arriving home told his wife

what that crank from tried to gull him with.

The ignorance of 99 hundreths of the people on
this subject calls for the action of hundreds of
pens all over the country, with a good story, anec-
dote, or ludicrous situation, to make readable the
instruction we have to impart. Then, and not be-
fore, will our product melt from our gaze by the
thousands of tons. J. H. Larrabee.

Larrabee's Pt., Vt.

We agree with yon, friend L., that some
such means ought to be utilized. The arti-
cles designed for the purpose should be in-
teresting and popvtlar. leaving out all tech-
nicalities. They should show that tons of
honey can be produced honestly.

GETTING BEES INTO SUPERS.

HOW TO PUT SECTIONS IN T SUPERS.

fHE T suoers j'ou sent are very nice indeed.
The fdn. fastener is a very handy little ma-
chine, and works just prime. I had a little
trouble in getting my bees into the supers;
but then I had been using wide frames when
T received the supers. I took all the sections (56)
out of the frames, and put them in two supers, put-
ting all the filled ones in the top one, and those
partly filled, and those with fdn. only, in the bot-
tom, so you see there was considerable inducement
for the bees to go right into the supers. I am using
eight frames in the brood-chamber. They have
been pretty well filled with brood, but as yet I do not
know how they work in the outside row of sections,
but will take particular notice when I put on a new
super.

Thei-e has been a good deal said about inserting
the last section in the supers. I find no difiiculty.
The way I do it is this: For convenience I will num-
ber the rows of sections from 1 to 7—1 being on the
side of the super furthest from me, and 1 on the
side next to where I stand. I first place the super
on a flat surface, to keep the sections from falling
through, in case the T tins slip out of place. I then
put in my T tins, then row of sections No. 1, then
No. 7, then 3, 3, 4. and 5, putting a separator after
each row. Instead of putting in the 6th row 1 push
the Tth back in its place— that is, the space left for
the 6th row, leaving the last row to be inserted next
to the side of super, giving one smooth side to work
against. In putting this last row in 1 draw the su-
per a little forward, so that I can guide the hottom
of the section with my left hand, while I push down
gently and evenly with my right. In putting this
last row in I commence in the left-hand corner,
making the last section come in the right-hand cor-
ner. I prefer this, for then I have two smooth, sol-
id sides to slide the section against, so that, by using
your left hand on the bottom, and your right on the
top, pressing the section close against the side and
end, you will find the difiiculty very much lessened;
at least, such is the case with me. To make the sep-
arators go in easy, I i-ound the corners a trifle, and

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

619

find a greater improvement than il' left perfectly
square. I have tried to make this perfectly i)lain,
and hope you will l)o able to understand it.

Theodoke Jennings.
Rye, N. v.. July :i:i, 18S7.

Putting partly tilled sections into the su-
pers is one of the best ways of getting the
bees to commence work above. This meth-
od has been recommended several times
before.

THE OTHER SIDE.

DDOMTTLE'S EXl'EKIENCE WITH ROlJBlNtJ.

TT is said, writers give the bright side of bee cul-
^ ture more largely than the dark, which T am
^l free to admit; for when in a happy mood we

"*■ are more lliient talkers than when sad or per-
plexed. As I have been perplexed and troubl-
ed for the past week or more with would-he robbers
I thought perhaps not a few of the readers of
Gleanings would be glad to hear about it. If any
thing about bee-keeping makes me feel " duber-
some " it is to have robbers hovering all day long
about every hive in the yard that they think there
is a possible chance of getting into. About a week
ago the little honey that had been coming slowly in
stopped short off, so that there was nothing for the
bees to do; while with every day the heat has been
intense, which is just the time to put all the possi-
ble vim into a robber. Add to this the running of
a queen-rearing business in which I was often
sending out 30 to 40 (jueens a da3', and the reader
will take in the situation. The cover could not be
gotten olf a nucleus before there was a host of
marauders ready to pile in, so that, had it not been
for the bee-tent, T could not have done any thing
at all, except very early in the morning and late at
night, both of which times are very unpleasant to
work with bees. The bee-tent would hold the rob-
bers at bay while the hive was' being opened and
closed ; but when the bees, kept outside by the tent,
would tlock in upon the i-emoval of the same, in
would go the robbers, when a fight would ensue,
which, in some instances, would have resulted iu
victory for the latter, had 1 not promptly closed the
hives to some of the weaker nuclei. Then I never
before saw robbers so determined or cunning be-
fore. They would hover all day long at the entrance
of a nucleus, Ave and six at a time, and alight down
with fanning wings as a tired bee would do after
being from home a long time, and in this way get
past the tired guards. Again, when some of the
guards would catch a robber, other robbers would
catch hold of the robber also, and hold on, pulling
back till said bee got away, when they would whirl
around as if looking for another robber, and run in-
to the hive. In this way they would worry out the
guai-ds of the smaller nuclei, and keep me on the
.lump all the while. Talk about the pleasure of bee-
keeping when a man has to go on a jump from ear-
ly morning till after dark at night, in the scorching
sun most of the time, with the mercury up from
90° to 95° In the shade, then add this robbing per-
plexity, and you have something— dfliyhtfi/lfjy un-
pleasant.

Well, there is a pleasant part to it after all, and
that is what I wanted most to tell the readers
about. The bright side again, you see. What was
it could make such a time bright and pleasant?
Just this: I beat the robbersl Coming off victor

makes days of struggle and hard toil look pleasant.
From such a struggle, with victory, a satisfaction
comes that can not be had through ease or indo-
lence. In watching I often noticed that, when a
robl)er slipped by the outside guards into a hive, he
would often be led out V)y a bee from the inside of
the hive. This set me to thinking, the result of
which was the fixing of every nucleus and weak
colony as follows: Heretofore 1 had the entrance to
the hive right direct on to the combs. I now. as fast
as I opened a nucleus, took the frame having the
most honey In it and set it clear to the opposite
side of the hive from the entrance, then the frame
having the next most next to that, and the one
having the most brood in it last, as I usually use
three frames to each nucleus, Iteeping them (the
nuclei) in full-sized hives. I now drew up the
division-board and closed the hive. This left the
entrance on one side or end of the hive, while the
nucleus with its three combs was on the other. If
a robber slipped by the outside and inside guards
he now had to travel over a foot of space, all along
which were scattered guards ready to seize him.
If he succeeded in getting by them through strata-
gem he first came to the division-board; and if he
got around that, the next thing was a comb of
brood better protected with bees than any other
part of the hive. The result is, that, although rob-
bers still hover around, yet not one nucleus, since
fixed in this way, has allowed a robber to get a load
of honey, if there were bees enough in it to protect
it at all. Of course, if I tried to open hives right
along without the help of the tent, probably some
robbing would be done; but with the help of the
tent I am now once more boss of the situation in
this the worst time of scarcity I ever saw in hot
weather. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y.. Aug. 3, 1887.

Friend 1)., we have had an experience in
robbing this season, quite similar to yours,
as you will see by tlie department of Our
Own Apiary, last issue. I do not think that
we have had a season when Itees seemed
more persistent and more determined to
thieve than they have this. We have been
obliged to use a tent exclusively, and one
which was particularly bee-tight. In for-
mer seasons it made but little difference
whether the tent had one or more holes or
not ; in fact, a few holes in the peak of the
tent were quite an advantage ; but this
year we found that we had to put an entire-
ly new covering over each tent, for we dis-
covered that the robbers this year had learn-
ed the trick of going down the holes. We
don't recollect that we ever had them do
this before. T5y using the greatest care we
think we have also come off victorious— at
least, we have managed to make the rob-
bers think there is no use trying, and so on-
ly a few stray bees will hover around the
tent ; bnt we find it necessary, upon open-
ing a hive, to always use a tent. Our tents
are so very light, and easily handled, we
would just about as soon work with them as
without. — Your plan of crowding the nucle-
us over to one side of the hive, so that the
sentinels, or "guards," as you call them, are
strewed all the way from the outer entrance
to the inner entrance, we feel sure \\\\\
work. —Beginners will take a little comfort
in knt)wing that even one of our old veter-

(320

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

ans are sometimes troubled with robbers ;
but in ordinary seasons, and with ordinary
good care, we believe there is no excu.se for
letting robl)ing get started to any very great
extent. Of course, a disposition at this
time of tlie year, with part of the bees, to
pilfer, can not be avoided; bat we can pre-
vent this pilfering leading to very bad re-
sults, as a general rule.

DRONE-GUARDS AND ALLEY TRAPS.

DOES THE USE OF PEUFORATED METAL HINDER

THE BEES ENOUGH TO DECREASE THE

NUMBER OF POUNDS OK HONEY

PER COLONyV

}H AVE a sniaU apiary, 9 colonies, one mile north
of town, on the creek— good pasture, basswood
included. The pasturag-e is better than at
home here, where I have 51 colonies. My home
apiary is made up of what I consider good
stock— pure Italians and good hybrids. The 9 colo-
nies north are common stock, or Italians run down
to wicked 3;3d (?) blood. On these '.i I placed the
"guards"! purchased of you, to prevent swarms
from absconding. On examination to-day I find
some colonies with not one pound of honey in the
brood-chamber, and all will want about l.'i lbs. of
syrup each, to winter them, while one good large
colony of hybrids, in the same kind of hive, and in
the same location, owned by a farmer, has the
brood-chamber well filled with honey, the same as
my home apiary. Here my colonies had " plenty
and to spare," to the extent that I divided (having
no swarms) a few days since, and increased my
stock considerably, giving all new colonies nearly
enough honey to winter them, with plenty of brood
and bees, and leaving some to spare in all colonies.
From some of the latter I got some surplus also.

Now, all this talk centers in the question. Did
those "guai-ds" (which were partly clogged with
dead drones) interfere with the workers, or was it
the " blood " that told? The colon5' in the same lo-
cation referred to did not have a guard on. If I
were certain it was the " blood " which caused the
" break " in this heretofore energetic and well-dis-
ciplined army, I would depose the pi-esent female
incumbent and Inaugurate a new dynasty.
Nevada, O., Aug. 5, 1887. Wm. M. Young.

I am rather inclined to believe that both
the blood and the guards were responsible
for the difference in results. The guards
which you purchased, we tind, on looking
up in our bill-book, were what we call en-
trance-guards, and are designed not so much
to catch queens when they are about to is-
sue with the swarm as to prevent drones
from passing the entrance. During the
time that drones are tiying they should be
removed occasionally, and cleaned of drones
which may have become lodged in the met-
al. If you had used the Alley drone and
queen trap combined there would be no
trouble from drones clogging the metal.
J Jut even these mnst be removed occasion-
ally to dump out the drones that may be
"upstairs."" From our experience thissea-
son I am not sure but even the Alley trap
(if kept at the entrance during the whole
season) might so hinder the bees as to af-
fect appreciably the honey crop.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

DO BEES EVER TRY TO DECEIVE EACH OTHER?

T HAVE been feeding up a weak colony, and rob-
(£|f bers were attracted by the food. Some of them
^r forced their way into the hive. I contracted
■^ the entrance to three-fourths of an inch, and
then they defended themselves. After half an
hour or so I noticed what I believed to be a number
of robbers coming with just a little pollen on their
legs, by which they expected, as I suppose, to gain
admittance into the hive. Some with pollen on
their legs were readily admitted, while others with
just a little pollen would act just like I'obbers, by
tiying all around about the entrance, and dodging
whenever called upon by the sentinels for the pass-
word. Were these latter bees robbers?

Corn is in full tassel and pollen -is plentiful, but
honej' is scarce. White clover, which is our main
honey crop, gave us but little honey this summer,
owing to the long severe drought in May and June.
June 23d I sowed the bushel of buckwheat that I got
of you, and on the 19th of July it began to bloom-
just 37 days after sowing. The alsike clover seed I
got of you was sown April 1st, and perished in the
drought. I shall sow earlier next year. I have a
thought of raising buckwheat in the future, instead
of common wheat. It will give me pasture for my
bees, and make more money as grain than wheat.
We get from 10 to 30 bushels of wheat per acre, and
get 60 cts per bushel for it. Now, if buckwheat will
yield 10 bushels per acre, and sell for $1.00 per bush-
el, it will pay as well, or better, than wheat. Then,
too, it is such a trouble to get our wheat thrashed
out. They don't like to come to thrash unless you
have 300 bushels or more— at least, they charged me
$1.").00 to come and set a machine in my field. I want
to get some instructions as to the cultivation and
harvesting of buckwheat. No one here knows any
thing about it. J. G. Nance.

Belleview, Ky., July 38, 1887.

Friend N., I have spent a good deal of
time in trying to determine just the point
you make; that is, whether bees have
enough brains to attempt to obtain honey
(not money) by false pretenses. Although
appearances, as you have shown, would
seem to suggest' at first that they do, I
think it is a mistake. The bees that had
a little pollen on their legs did not place it
there in order to make believe they were
honest: they belonged to a chtss that had,
by daily robbing, got uneasy and discon-
tented. They were not ready for honest
labor ; but finally finding notlling to steal
they put out for the fields for the purpose of
gathering pollen, like the rest. The day,
liowever, was hot, and the lab(n- fatiguing—
especially to bees that had had a taste of
the excitement of robbing, and so they came
back home with half a load, and flevv about
the apiary to see if there were not a chance
for some excitement. Now, under such cir-
cumstances they would be seen trying hard
to rob. with little hits of pollen on their
legs. (Jther robbers which you saw catching
hold of robbers, seemingly just to make be-
lieve the> were sentinels, were likewise of
this class of demoralized old fellows. They
were hanging around, as we sometimes see

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

621

linman beings, with their hands in tlieir
pockets, sitting on hitching-posts ; and as
Satan alwajs tinds some mischief for idle
hands to do, the.\ were ready to pick and
pnll at anybody who came along. It any
trouble is "started, these people grab hold
and make a pretense of being eager to re-
store law and order, trying to pass them-
selves oil', as it were, lor good honest citi-
zens working hard tor law and order, while
the truth is, they are sneak thieves wait-
ing for a chance to steal, where there is no
danger of getting into trouble.

In regard to buckwheat versus v^iieat, if
your land is suitable you ought to get thirty
or forty bushels an acre, instead of ten. The
crop, however, is quite uncertain, and it is
a hard matter to lay down rules for the (Cul-
tivation of buckwheat in all localities. The
price paid for it is also quite uncertain. It
is not nearly as regular as wheat. I should
be very glad indeed to have a little treatise
entirely" on the cultivation of buckwheat.
At the present time we have a crop of nice
buckwheat in full bloom, and yet the bees
scarcely notice it. In an adjoining county I
saw a tield of nice buckwheat in full bloom
a few days ago. The proprietor had sown
this expressly for his bees, but he said the
bees didn't work on it at all. It may be be-
cause it is too early in the season.

TROUBLE In TRANSl'ERRING.

I transt'erred a colony of bees into a Simplicity
hive last evening. It was very weak, but had some
honey and some brood. In about one hour after I
had transferred them, the bees had nearly all left
the hive. The queen was, or seemed to be, very
much excited. She ran all over the combs. Now,
will you please tell me what was the cause of those
bees leaving the hive? Did I make a mistake in
transferring- them, or did they get discouraged be-
cause they were so weak? My wife and L transfer-
red four colonies before, and had the best of suc-
cess. She can beat me working with bees. She
never wears a veil in transferring, while I have to
wear one. N. F. Gripe.

Montevallo, Mo.. July 30, 1887.

Once in a great while, friend C, a colony
will seem to be displeased with their new
arrangements after being transferred, and
under such circumstances the bees and
queen will desert. It has been my impres-
sion, however, that the work was not very
skillfully done when sucli things happen as
you mention. I may, however, be mistaken.
In your case the queen seemed to be alarm-
ed and frightened, and she perhaps com-
municated her demoralized state to the
whole colony. I have been a great many
times puzzled to know where the bees and
queen went to, but concluded they had gone
into other colonies, but I have always been
unable to find where.

THE MOSyUlTO-HAWK, AND HOW THE BRAZILIANS
CATCH IT.

I paid a visit the other day to a Portuguese gen-
tleman who lives at Carlos Pass, in this county,
and he told me how the apiarists of Brazil rid them-
selves of this terrible enemy of the bees, the mos-
quito-hawk, or dragon-Hy. The method employed
is to stick stakes in the ground throughout the

whole apiary, the sides near the top of the stakes
being pierced thickly with holes about the size of a
leadpencil. These holes are to receive small pins,
about four inches long. These pins are covered
thinly with a sticky substance called in Portuguese
"gomodiigo." Now, when the bee-hawk seizes a
bee he alights on the tirst twig near him, to eat his
victim; and as these little wooden pins are a very
inviting place for him to alight, he is almost sure to
alight on one of them, and, twining his legs around
the pin, is caught and held fast by tli(^ gomo, and
is killed by the ajiiarist, and another coat of gum is
put on the stick, and it is ready for another hawk.

Now, as almost all the damage done by these
hawks is done an hour before dark, the apiarist can
be on hand and kill nearly all that visit his yard;
and as the hawk, on being caught, liberates the bee
he has caught, I believe this plan is worthy of a
fair trial. Will you please tell me if gomo di igo is
bird-lime, and where can I get it? May be Prof.
Cook can tell us how to make it. For stakes, the
Brazilians use canebrakes or reeds, called " canis-
ta," or " pitto." The Cubans call it " caiia brava."

W. W. Wilson.

Punta Rassa, Florida, July 35, 1887.

Friend W., I should think the substance
is bird-lime, or something ([uite like it.
Some years ago we discussed the matter of
bird-liine pretty fully, and several recipes
were given for making it. The idea seems
to be quite sensible as well as ingenious ;
and where mosquito-hawks are a pest I
have no doubt it would fix them.

THE working op THE MITCHELL HIVE ; A PAT-
ENT MOTH-TRAP, AND HOW A FARMER WAS
SWINDLED BV IT.

I am in a section of country where Mr. Mitchell
has been selling quite a number of hives. Among
the many small apiaries that I have visited I found
but one L. -frame hive. Mostly the American and
the Mitchell hive are used. One man said when he
first saw a Mitchell hive he thought it looked nice,
and every thing looked as though it would just be
fun to take honey from such a hive. But when he
undertook to take lionej'he remembered about bees
using propolis in every crack, and said it was a
wonderful job to take honey out, as every thing
was glued tight. A Mr. Kieffer, not far fri>m me,
said a man came around to him one day with a i>at-
ent wire-bottom bee-box to prevent moth and rob-
bers from getting in. Mr. Kieffer agreed to pay
him $20.00 for the township right. After the patent-
right man made out the right, or paper, to that ef-
fect, Mr. Kiett'er handed him his I^SO.OO. Each man
went his way. After Mr. K. had ^one home, he
thought that night he would read over his township
right, and was very much surprised to find he had
paid the money for a farm-right instead of a towii-
8/jfp-right. The swindler, of course, had left on the
first train, for some other i)lace.

D. E. Baughey.

Waynesboro, Pa., July 11. 1887.

Friend H., your neighbcu- was swindled
without question ; but even had he received
what he paid for, I do not see that it would
make any great difference, for I don't be-
lieve I know of a farm-right, township-
right, or State-right to a patent hive that I
should consider worth a copper. That old-
fashioned way of doing business seems to
be passing out of date and out of memory.

cd-2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

THE DROUGHT IN ILLINOIS.

I think there has been less raiu the last 1154
months than since I have been in the State, in the
same time— 3;J years; but 8 months before that was
very wet, both lull and spring-. Bees wore in g-ood
order the first part of April, but they had to draw
on wliat winter stores they had left in Maj'.

DO BEES EVEH STAKVE liV .TUNE?

One jear ago they were booming', now the re-
verse. Some worked a little in sections, others not.
There i.'J plenty of white clover, but it turned
brown so quick it had lime to secrete but little nec-
tar, as it was very dry and hot. Some days it was
above 100° in the shade; and in the sun, against a
buildmg-, it ran up to the top— 180°. Little apples
fall oft' and soon bake brown; so did blue grass.
Hay is about i^ the crop of last year. Small grain
is also short, and the ne.vt two months will decide
on our staple here— King Corn. I still hope the
bees will get enough this fall for winter.

Limerick, 111., June 28, 1887. E. Pickup.

]>ees do sometimes starve, even in June.
Reports recently seem to indicate that some
will starve this year unless fed.

the cells? 1 took some comb honey about a month
ago that was so blue I did not know what it was
gathered from, unless it was from the elder. It
was in bloom, and the bees at work on it, when the
honey was gathered. The comb was very white. I
see that you refer to such honey in a former issue,
p.oge.M2. .1. C. S.MVLIE.

Casey ville. Miss., .luly 9, 1887.

J am inclined to think that tlie honey you
mention was from the juice of raspberries.
Wiien there has been a dearth of honey dur-
ing the time raspberries were ripe, 1 have
dissected bees which came in heavily laden.
The liquid which came from the honey-
sacks of these bees was of a bluish tint. The
taste was strikingly like the raspberry.
While the honey above may not liave been
entirely from this source, yet it probably had
enough of raspberry juice to color it.

CAKNIOLANS, AND THEIR DISPO.*<ITION TO SWARM.

I am a novice in bee keeping, yet I have had what
seems to me a strange experience, if the books I
have read are to be relied on. 1 have a colony of
Carniolan bees, in a chaff hive, which east its first
swarm on the 15th inst. It swarmed again on the
36th, and a third time on the 28tli. The last being
small, it was hived with the second swarm. In hiv- 1
ing them it was discovered that there was more
than one queen with the last swarm. We examined <
the swarming-bo.x, and took from it four large tine-
looking queens. We afterward thought it best to
examine the condition of the parent hive. We !
found it in fine condition, e.xeept that it had been '•
very much reduced by swarming. We found, also,
four other iiueens with as many as ten (lueen-cells i
yet to come out, still in the hive. We removed the
()ueen-cells and two of the (lueens, and left two still
in the hive. The hive contains about 75 lbs. of hon-
ey, but very little brood, and no fresh-laid eggs. I
.lust how it will work out, I can not, with my limit- j
ed experience, estimate. ,1. ('. Boude. I

Lexington, Aa., June 2!i, lt-'87.

One of the characteristics of the Carnio- j
lans is their great propensity to swarm. In I
this view of the c;ise I do not know that \
what you relate would be any thing strange, i
Kven Italians: will sometimes behave them-
.selves very much as did your Carniolan
swarm. Sometimes as many as 20 young i
(|ueens are found in a single second swarm. |
Not long ago, one of our correspondents said j
positively there were over 100 in one of his j
second swarms. See ''Queen-Rearing'' and !
" Swanning,'Mn the A I> C of Hee Culture,
for further particulars.

bees .-VND fruit; honey of BLUISH TINT.

1 agree with Mr. I>oolittle as regards bees eating i
fruit. I have several large fig-trees. Sometimes j
the trees are covered with bees until it looks dan- !
gerous to go near them; yet I have never seen a !
bee eating a tig that was not very ripe and bursted
open. It has rained every day for three weeks.
Hces, of course, are gathering no hoiiey, conse-
ijuently they are eating fruit. What do they do
with the fi Mit when they eat if? Do they store it in

how TO make

tinner's common

tins with
folder.

T have made T tins on an ordinary tin-folder. My
plan is as follows: 1 took strips of common rooting
tin, and bent them first like this, ^^^''^^^ exact-
ly in the middle. 1 then set the machine and bent
one edge thus: ^^^/ I next set the

machine the same as at first, ajid finished the first
bend, so that the tin looked like this,
which was as far as the foldei- would

bend it. 1 then laid it on top of the -^

machine, so that the last b^nd was
close to the joint, and the other bend underneath. I
next moved the folder around and on to the tin, and
pressed the fold together thus: 1 took
one screw out at each end of the fold-
ing-plate (these screws hinge -~^ this

plate to the machine), pushed it away, put in the
tin, pulled the folding-plate back, and held it there
while I bent the other edge, and the tin was done.
The machine 1 used was a common tinner's folder.
The above may be of use to some who do not care
to send a distance for a few T tins.

W. E. Peterman.

Trappe, Mont. Co., Pa., July 26, 1887.

Friend P., you have shown that a tinner's
folder can be made to fold T tins. While it
is possible to make them in an ordinary
folder, yet it is im])racticable to make very
many. We gave your letter to the foreman
of our tinning department. Lie succeeded
in making a very nice T tin. but he says he
does not think he could make o\er 100 a day
by thaty)laii, whereas he can make witli our
T-folder as many as 2-500. Another thing,
he says that yoiir plan strains the folder,
and niight therefore injure it.

KINU-BIKDS DESTROVERS OF YOUNG QUEENS.

In (i LEANINGS for July 1st the question is asked,
" Do king-birds swallow their victims? " If they
are veiy hungry, I think peihaps they may do so,
and that chickens, under like conditions, may do
the same thing; but give king-birds plenty of
queens and moth millers to eat, and chickens plen-
ty of corn and wheat, and my opinion is that you
will find very few worker bees in either king-birds
or chickens. For the last seven or eight years 1
have kept from 1">0 to 2r>(l stands of bees here on the
banks of Feather l{i\(ir, where king-birds are
plentiful. I have shot a great many of them, and
ha\e always failed to find any part of the bee in their

1887

GLEANINGS JN BEE CULTUUE.

623

crops; and taking into consideration the fact that
they come around when the drones are out, and al-
most always go away when they go in, 1 conclude
that their missio!i is the destruction of (lucens
onlj-. In fact, I have seen them dart down where
drones were flying- thickly, catch something' and
make off with it, and about a dozen or more bees
follow it as far as the eye could reach. Now, I
think if there were no king-birds few queens would
be lost. T. G. H. .Ione.s.

Nicolaus, Sutter Co., t'al.. .July 13. 1S87.

ARE THK STRIPS OF ZINC IN THE SliA'I'TK.D HON-
EY-BO.VRDS A HCNDRANCK TO THE lUOKS V

1 have been using-, this summer, your slatted
wood-zinc honey-board, the Heddon slatted honey-
board, and the Hutchinson (|ueen-excluding- honey-
board, ten of each kind. 1 think the wood boards
of either kind are of very little if any hindrance to
the bees going- into the sections to work, but I have
not been able to get a single colony to work well
through the zinc. In one of T)r. C. C. Miller's let-
ters he spoke of one of his friends who was able to
kee|> the (jueen from laying- in the boxes, without
the use of a <]ueen-excluding honey-board. Dr. M.
also said he could prevent the (lueen from going
iiito the boxes. His friend said it was one of the
secrets of the trade. Now, if he or the doctor
would divulge that secret I think he would do many
bee-keepers a kindness.

KING-BIROS.

I have found bees in the crops of king-birds.
They are often in my j'ard, catching bees by sun-
rise, and late in the evening, when no drones are
flying. The English sparrows catch many bees for
me. 1 often see the large dragon-flies near my
yard, catching the bees, and they do it very nicely
too.

White clover was a failure here. Basswood did
very little. Sumac has turned out honey well, and
is yielding some yet. E. D. Howell.

New Hampton, N. Y., July, 188T.

In our experience this season with the
slatted honey-board, and tlie same with
strips of perforated zinc slid in between the
slats, we could see no decided difference in
favor of either. However, it seems to me
that under certain circumstances the bees
would more readily enter sections where the
strips were not used between the slats. If
we are correct. Dr. Miller uses no perforated
metal in his honey-boards, and we think,
also, he has no trouble from the (jueeu going
into the supers and laying. 1 am sure
there is no secret about it ; but whatever it
is. Dr. Miller will, on seeing this, give us
further light. There is this to be said, how-
ever, in favor of the slatted wood-zinc hon-
ey-board : When contraction is carried to
such an extent tliat the brood-uest is re-
duced to one-third of its former capacity,
the qtieen, on tinding her Held of labors lim-
ited oelow, will pass'above into the sections.
To prevent this the strips of perforated zinc
have been added to the i»laiii slatted honey-
board.

PERSISTENT SWARMING, AND THE CAUSK.

1 am going to write to you to see if you or any of
the readers of Gle.\nings can tell me the cause of
our bees acting so funny. Wo started out this
spring with five hives, an<l we have had but one
swarm fi-om them. It was a small swarm. We put

them in a Simplicity hive. They all went in, and
were quiet the rest of the day; but the next morn-
ing, before we had eaten breakfast, they came out
again and we put them in another hive, Init they
would not stay. They came out about every half-
hour that day, and we put them back every time.
We went out the next morning to see what had be-
come of them. They were still in the hive, and arc
there yet, but are not doing anything. That was
on the 30th. C. C. Bruce.

Helena, Ark., .lune ai, 1887.

Fiieiid 15.. the old stereoty])ed remedy for
troubles of tiiis sort is a fraine of comb coii-
taiuiug iiiis;'al;-(l brood. Of course, there
are excei)lioiis occasionally to this itile ; but
tliey ai-e so few I should call it almost inva-
rial)le.

BAD NEWS FROM .1. B. MASON & SONS; DOING BUSI-
NESS WITHOUT HAVING PROPERTY INSURED.

I seat myself to write you with a heavy heart.
Saturday morning, at half past two o'clock. Are
was discovered in our sho)) and store. The alarm
was given, and every thing- done that could be done
with what facilities there were at hand, but it could
not be saved— nothing was saved— 3000 dollars' worth
of goods burned up in a very short time. After
years of struggling along to build up a business it
seems very hard. You know, friend Root, some-
thing how to sympathize with us. I don't know-
that you do wholly, for it has taken every thing we
had but our bees; and we want to say through
Gleanings that we shall be unable to fill any more
orders for this reason, at any rate, except for bees
and queens. J. B. Mason & Sons.

Mechanic Falls, Me.. Aug. 1, 1887.

I am sure the readers of Gleanings all
extend their sympathy to friend Mason in
his trouble ; but I scanned the letter through
anxiously to see whether or not he was in-
sured; and I wish to sa\ once more, that
dealers, in bee-keepers' supplies especially,
should make it a point to carry some insur-
ance just as snon as tlie> begin to do any
business of any accoimt. If the insurance
cover even a part of the stock, it furnishes
ready money to start up in business again ;
but where there is no insurance whatever,
the result is many times almost ruinous. If
you can not afford to pay tlie trifling amount
needed to insure the property, don't go into
that kind of business. I once knew of a
wholesale house doing a large business, that
refused to give credit to a man of moderate
means unless he would constantly carry in-
surance. Ii;surance helps a man to pay bis
honest debts, and thus keep liis name good,
where, without insurance, it might be en-
tirely out of his power. I do not mean l)y
the above that you should carry thi' matter
of insurance to extremes, but carry a mod-
erate insurance, i:atroni/,ing some one you
know — yoin- u;'ighbors or lellow-townsmen ;
and have an airangement nutde so it can
not run out and iu^ neglected. We trust to
hear that friend Mason had at least some
insurance on liis factory. ^Vhen our ware-
house was burned, the iusurance covered
only a littl/ more than lialf the amount lost ;
but this iuotie.\ iu ready cash enabled us to
replace iiromptly and without delay every
thing lost that was necessary to go ahead
with business.

t)24

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

A " KECIPE " TO PREVENT STINGING.

Please give a recipe for stopping- bees from sting-
ing' every one wlio goes out of tlie lioiise. I divided
four colonies, and ever since they want full posses- ,
sion of the yard. A. S. V'ansvoc.

Indianola, la., June 38, 1887.

If yoii want to make bees very cross — so
cross, indeed, that it is liardly safe to vc^ii-
tiire into the apiary, just let them get to
robbing. In transferring, let the bees lielp
themselves liberally to the sweets ; let them '
get into the honey-house, and get to going
there on your new honey. Friend V.. the
only way we know of to pievent bees from
being cross is just the converse of the al)ove.
Be very careful not to let the bees get start-
ed. DoiTt let even one bee get a sip of hon-
ey that does not rigiitly belong to him. If
you have jnire Italians, and robbing is a
thing unknown in youi- apiary, almost any '
one can go into it with impunity. Even
cross hybrids, if you are careful, and do not
let robbing get started, will be kind o' de-
cent.

STRENGTHENING .\ NUCTjEUS ; QUESTIONS BY A
BEGINNER.

To helj) a weak swarm, will it be safe to take
combs, bees and all, out of a strong- one and put the
same into the hive with the weak oneV Will the
bees light, or will there not be danger of having the
queen killed? Would it work, in case the weak one
had no queen? J. B. Baumberger.

Washington, Kan., June 37, 1887.

The l)est way to strengthen a weak colony
liaving a (pieeh is to give them one or two
frames of hatching brood. In a few days
there will be a large force of young bees. If
you desire to fiuther strengthen tlie colony,
give them another frame or two of hatching
brood. In colder weather be careful not to
give them more frames than the bees can
cover easily. You can take frames of brood
with adhering bees from a strong colony, and
put them into the weaker one ; but if the
latter has a queen there is danger that the
l)ees from the stronger colony will kill the
queen, tliough they probably would not, be-
cause all the old bees would return to their
old stand, leaving the young ones on the
coml)S. These, of course, woidd not be like-
ly to molest their jiew mother. If tlie weak
colony has no ([ueen you can do almost any
thing with tliem in the way of uniting tliat
you wisli, with no troid)le. See "Nuclei,'''
in the A B C book^

A CHEAPI.V EXTEMPORIZEU SOLAR WAX-EXTRACT-
OR.

I have a good sun wax-extractor which I made as
follows: I first took otf a large pressed-tin pan.
Into this I fitted, about half way from the bottom,
half a barrel-hoop, with wire cloth tacked on. plac-
ed inside of the pan to receive the comb and wax
refuse. The whole was then covered with a sheet
of glass, and it was done. It certainly is a grand
affair to keep all small pieces in, as well as any
cappings, as the sun reduces the wax very quickly.

A. L. Klar.

Pana, Christian Co., 111., July 8, 1887.

Your wax-extractor is complete, except
that it has no reflector other than the flar-
ing sides of the pan. In hot weather it
niiglit do very well without a retlector ; but

we find that ours works a great deal better
and faster when the retlector is up than
when it is not.

BEE REPORT.

1 began the season with 30 colonies. By taking-
two frames and brood from each of the several
hives, placing in their stead frames of fdn., I have
made five additional colonies. Into two of the new-
made hives I carried, with the brood-frames, a
queen, and allowed the hives from which the
queens were i-emoved, to create a (lueen. The oth-
er three new-made cok>nies had to make Iheir own
queens. All now have laying queens. I had only
one natural swarm. If others came they abscond-
ed, unknown to me. About one-third in number of
the hives were stored in sections from 10 to 30 lbs.
each. In other apiaries I have not heard of any
natural swarming, and all say that honey-storing
is very limited.

I see our bees work on the sunflower and mus-
tard bloom very vigorously. I have sown half an
acre to buckwheat. I suppose that amount is hard-
ly a circumstance for so many bees as we have.
Every little will help, but I should think that, for
30 or more colonies, less than five acres sown to any
blooming plant would be poor dependence.

John Cadwallader.

North Indianapolis, Ind., July 17, 1887.

BEST PACKING FOR WINTER.

I wish Ernest to tell us what he is satisfied is the
best material to make or fill the cushions with to
lay over the bees in winter. I do not like chaff, as
it gets musty; and then when laid aside in summer,
mice are sure to tear the whole to pieces. I should
like soft dry planer chips if I could get them. Now,
I can't see why the common dry sawdust (not the
long stringy kind) would not be as good a thing as
could be had. When we want to pack our ice we
ask for nothing but sawdust to keep out the heat;
and why not to keep out tlie cold from the bees?
WHiat do you say? I use the Hill device in princi-
ple, so the cushion can not rest heavily on the
frames, and it leaves a space for the bees.

Moscow, Vt., July 11, 1887. J. W. Smith.

For winter packing over and around the
brood-nest, we prefer wheat chaff. It is
cheap, light, and always obtainable — at
least, in most localities. The sawdust which
you speak of might answer just as well.
Our principal objection to it is, that it makes
the cushions too heavy to handle. As to
mice gnawing into chaff cushions, we scarce-
ly ever have any trouble from that source.
During summer we always store our cush-
ions in a mouse-proof room.

the queen as RUIiER.

Mr. K. B. Bobbins" experience with a swarm, July
1,5th issue, together with the foot-notes of the editor,
corroborates very closely my experience this last
spring. 1 was looking at my bees, and ui)on open-
ing one hive I noticed the queen near the top of the
frame, running and twisting herself in wild excite-
ment, and all at once I heard a sharp "iieop, peep,
peep." This lasted nearly a (juarter of a minute,
when suddenly every bee in the hive was uttering
the same shrill note, and they rushed for the en-
trance. Not familiar with such proceedings I at
once called for my smoker, l)ut soon saw that it was
only a natural swarm, and so I did not need smoke.
I kept the enameled cloth oft, through the whole

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

B2o

in'oceeding's; and wlien they settled I lit'tcil out all
the frames to look lor cells. I noticed two cells
nearly half built. It was, no doubt, a natural
swarm, and the bees all appeared perfectly quiet in
the hive until the (jueen bejran her jicepin^. for I
did not use any smoke to excite them.

B. (i. LUTTKKM,.

Luttrell, DeKalb Co., Ala., July ^'0, 18W.

l^EP6R¥f5 Digceni^/i^iNfi.

THE IJRV SEASON.

f^ HE honey season here has not been a success-
^ ful one, speaking- generally. We have had
< one of the most trying- seasons for years,
there being- no rain of any consequence since
the latter part of May. The fruit-bloom was
a total failure, and bees were very late in breeding-
up; and the exti-eme dry weather having- cut off the
supply of nectar from white clover and basswood,
it has been about all bees could do to gather enough
to live on thi-ough the season, and be well supplied
for the coming- winter. Many farmers are now
feeding their stock hay twice a day, and all stock
eat it with as much relish as they would in Decem-
ber. Buckwheat has not come up at all, and corn
will not be half a crop. It seems as though our
lines were cast in hard places; but we ne^er say
"die," but look for a better show next year, Provi-
idence permitting-. M. W. Shepherd.

Rochester, O., Aug. 6, 1887.

No honey yet— rain, rain.
Bethel, Vt., July 12, 18S7.

Mrs. C. S. Davis.

bees F.\IL,ED— 102° IN THE SHADE.

Bees have failed in this section of country, and in
Kastern Illinois the weather is very dry. The tem-
perature was 102° in the shade for several days.

Sylvania, Ind., July 2fi, 18HT. C. V. Lindlev.

The season is very poor here— not more than one-
fourth of a crop. My bees are, however, in g-ood
condition. I have my 1S2 colonies (spring- count) in
three apiaries, and have had fifteen swarms in all.

Edinburg, O., July 15, 1887. Chas. R. Bingham.

liACK 2000 LBS. OF HONEY FROM LASTYEAR'S CROP.

My .58 colonies of tiees will lack 2000 lbs. of mak-
ing as much honey as thej' did last year. This is
the worst season for honey I have ever struck since
1 have been keeping bees. J. K. Nichols.

Danville, Ind., July 25, 1887.

"WHAT HAS THE HARVEST BEEN?"

The above heading in July 1.5th No., 1887, pages
.5:32 and .533, will answer for many around me. W. Z.
H. has told it as it is and will be before spring
comes again. I. R. Green.

Unadilla, N. Y., July 26, 1887.

POOREST EVER KNEW.

The honey season has closed out, and has been
the poorest I ever knew. No honey has been made
from white clover. The basswood season was very
short. Bees have had nothing to do but rob one an-
other. A. A. Irish.

Big Spring, Mich., July 19, 1887.

NO RAIN YET.

Bees are not doing any thing- this summer. In
the spring it was too wet, and now it is too dry. If
we do not get rain soon it will he a question in my

mind whether the.\ will nuike honey enough to
winter on. G. H. Holmes.

Defiance, O., Aug. 1, 1887.

H.\l) TO feed, for THE THE FIRST TIME IN MANY
YEARS.

Bees. have not dime any thing. They opened up
strong, and used u]> all their stores before white
clover, so we had to feed— the first time for many
years. White clover did not yield any honey. We
have had no swarms. I don't suppose there are 50
lbs. of honey in the brood-nests of my 60 hives. We
have had plenty of rain lately, so -sve have good
hopes for the fall yield, which, with me. has always
been the best. Gustave Gross.

Greenville, Hi , July 23, 1887.

1^EP0K3F^ ENC0a^^6IN6.

FILLED THE HIVE FULL IN EIGHT DAYS.

E have 31 colonies in good shape. They are
working for^coinb honey. 1 hived a swarm
June 10th, and June 28th they had filled the
hive and a31-lb. section case full of honey,
from linden. They are now working on a
second case I placed under the first.

Geo. W. Baldwin.
Forest City, Mo., July 13, 1887.

Bees are doing grand. Geo. S. Wason.

Hawkesburg, Ont., July 25, 1887.

Basswood boomed for 7 days, the best I over
knew. It came out July 1. D. Hoxie.

Wautoma, Wis., July 9, 1887.

THREE TONS OF HONEY.

Bees are doing finely. I commenced the season
with 26, and increased to 60. I shall get about 3
tons of honey this season, one-third comb.

Honey Grove, Tex., July 28, 1887. G. F. Tvr.ER.

BASSWOOD GOOD.

White clover was a failure with us. Basswood
was good. Mj- bees are gathering honey from
sweet clover. No other honey-bearing plants are in
bloom, and won't be till August. If it continues
dry much longer, fall honey will be scarce.

Hillsdale, la., July 13. 1887. E. W. Pitzer.

SW.^RMINO WELL.

The increase of swarms is favorable— about dou-
ble in average apiaries. The honey-yield was light
—I think not more than half an average. In my
apiary I had 19 swarms the first of May, and in
June increased to 38. Up to the middle of July I
got 500 lbs. of comb and 100 of extracted. The
average of this locality is about 20 Uis. per hive.
At this date the bees are working well.

Ionia, Mich , July 28, 1887. H. Smith.

HONEY ADVANCED IN PRICE.

The honey crop in this State, as a general thing,
has been a failure, as near as I can learn. Too
much wet weather, T think, has been one^of the rea-
sons, althongli we had a good clover and basswood
bloom, consequently honey has advanced. I am
now selling comb honey ii\ 1 and 2 lb. sections at
Sets, per pound more than last year. Some of the
farmers who keep a few swarms of bees have lately
sold their honey at 10 and 12 cts., and are now sorry
they rushed otf what little they had.

E. li. Westcott.

Fair Haven, Vt.. .Inly 21, 1887.

626

GLEANli\GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

WHAT IS THE MATTER OF THE BEES?

HAVE three colonies, the bees of wliich crawl

out of the hive and die; some of them turn on

their backs and die in that position. Those that

die appear to be pulled, and look to be nearly

one-half larger than their natural size. I have

never had any thing like it. The brood appears in

g-ood condition. I can't see any pin-holes, but a few

dead grubs, which I thought was caused by not

having bees enough to take care of the brood.

The queens arc vigorous, and look all right, and

there is no unusual smell in the hive.

Massillon, ()., May 19, 188T. H. Beatty.

[Friend B.. we can not tell you what the trouble

is, unless it is dysentery or spring dwindling. See

the ABC book for a full description and discussion

of the matter.]

HONEV ( ANDYING AS SOON AS GATHERED.

Our honey down here candied as soon as gather-
ed, so that we can not extract any. What is the
cause? Will bees use it in rearing brood? It is so
hai-d that you can cut it with a knife.

Pleasant Hill. S. C, July 4. G. W. Beckham.

[It is rather unusual 1o have honej^ candy so soon.
You do not state the probable source of the honey
in question. The bees will probably use it this
time of year, without any trouble.]

BLACK BEES ON RED CLOVER.

There is a clover-field one mile from my place.
My neighbor sowed red clover for his black bees —
" make honey out of it," he said. I see mine flying
in that direction. I suppose they gather honey
from there. A. Henno.

Aurora, Ark., July 15, 1887.

the season for MRS. HARRISON.

Not one of our colonies has died from starvation
ui> to date, August 6th, although we have not fed
any, excepting three swarms, which are all we have
had this season. The price of honey is on the rise,
notwithstanding that convention to boost the price
failed to materialize. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, III.

COOK'S house for the apiary.

Perhaps criticisms by the "smaller fry " are not
in order, but I'll make the venture. If cars run-
ning past an apiary will disturb the bees in winter,
would not the use of an engine and machinery in
the shop of Prof. Cook also produce a detrimental
ettect upon the bees? William E. (jould.

Fremont, Mich., July ao, 1887.

SEVERE stinging.

We had a case of severe stinging ten days ago.
Mr. M. went u)) in a tree 30 or 40 teet after a swarm,
sawed the limb off, which fell so as to dislodge the
bees, when they returned and alighted on his head,
smothering him and stinging at the same time,
which almost cost him his life, friends and physi-
cians watching for IM hours, expecting him to die.
He is up now, though whether feeling entirely well
or not I can not say. M. L. Brewer.

Philo, 111., June33, 1887.

extracted f) LBS.

The season with us is a rather discouraging one.
Clover was a failure, and basswood not much bet-
ter, but then; seems to be considei-able honey
gathered from red clover at this date, and we hope
to get enough to winter, without feeding. I ha^e

already extracted six pounds, and I hope to get a
few more. We will, however, not complain, but
" get the dish right side up " for next season, and
drive at something else, meanwhile, to " make both
ends meet." Christian Weckesser.

Marshallville, O., Aug. 8, 1887.

IS IT necessary to use acid in syrups, for win-
ter feed?

Can vinegar, or any thing else, be used as a sub-
stitute for tartaric acid in making sugar syrup, on
which to winter bees? If so, please give me the
proportion to use. John Ma.ior.

Cokeville, Pa., July 10, 1887.

[Yes, you can use vinegar as a substitute for tar-
taric acid in sugar syrup; but our experience for a
good many years, without the admixture of either
acids in the syrup, has shown that they are not
needed. It is thought by some that the acid will
prevent granulation, but we never have any trou-
ble with the syrup granulating, made with sugar
and water only.]

muth's plan of curing foul brood a success.

I have bad a l)ig tight with foul brood. I lost near-
ly all about three years ago, but I am all right now.
I destroyed neither bees nor hives. I followed Mr.
Mvith's plan. I drove the bees into clean combs and
used an atomizer with medicine as he directs, two
or three times for two weelis. I see one man adver-
tises, "Foul brood, no! Never saw a case." F^or
my i)art, I should have more confidence in him if he
had had such experience. His apiary may be rotten
before he knows it. M. G. Young.

Highland, N. Y., June 37, 1887.

do king-birds swallow worker-bees?

On page .514 you ask, "Do king-birds swallow
worker-bees?" In May, 1884, I killed about 30 king-
birds in my apiary, and opened a dozen of them. I
found worker-bees in every one of them. I believe
it was before any drones had hatched. Tell those
bee-keepers who found nothing in the crop, to look
in the gizzard. I very much doubt if a king-bird
has any crop. 1 think their food passes from the
mouth directly to the gizzard. When drones or
queens are flying they take them in preference to
workers.

Mauston, Wis., July 11. 18S7. F. Wilcox.

[Many thanks, friend W. In addition to your let-
ter we have had two or three others, saying that
king-birds do swallow worker-bees. One instance
showing that such is the case is worth more than
any number of others trying to prove that these
birds do not swallow bees.]

the guilty king-bird, again.

I shot a king-bird last week in my yard, opened
its crop, and found seven of my bees in it. We call
them bee-martins. They have a little crown of
bright-yellow feathers on top of the head, which re-
sembles a flower. K. B. Williams.

Winchester, Tenn., July 3o, 1887.

THE EATING OF COMB HONEY, AND ITS EFFECT ON
the SYSTEM.

I should like to hear from you in regard to the ef-
fects of eating comb honey. I am quite healthy,
and regular in my habits, but I find, when I eat lib-
erally of it, that I become (juite constipated. I at-
tribute it to the wax, but I may be mistaken. Is it
thoroughly soluble in the stomach?

P. J. Christian.

New Orleans, La., July 17, 18S7.

[I can hardly think that wax has any thing to do
in the matter. There are very few who can eat
either extracted or comb honey in a large (luan-
tity at a time without some bad ett'ects.]

1887

GLICAKINGS IN B£E CULTUKE.

62?

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing some valuable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BKKS OR OTHER MATTERS, will receive
one of David Cook's excellent live-cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these books contain the same matter that you llnd in
Sunday-school hooks costing from 81.00 to 81.50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.: Sheer Off. Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part l.,and Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

I,KSS(»NS ON now TO USK A BU/Z-SAW.

'E left the boys up in the baiii-loft, lis-
tening to the great drops of rain pat-
tering on the roof. The drops became
inoie frecnient until it amounted to
quite a shower. It li;id been very
liot and dr> , and this rain was not only wel-
comed by our two young mechanics, but by
the farmers throughout the country. The
harder it rained the harder it seemed to
blow% until Sam and Jimmy began to fear
that their windmill would take wings. By
the noise the mill was making they knew
slie was ready to go to work— saw, oi' do any
thing else that her little masters might think
proi)er. Jimmy ;ind Sam could htirdly re-
frain from dancing up and down on the
floor; but when their enthusiasm had sub-
sided a little they began to iiiint for a good
place to hang their lanterns, so that they
could see the buzz-saw. Jimmy Avas just t)n
the point of putting on the belt that con-
nected the buzz-saw directly with the wind-
mill, when he saw Mr. (ireen. wlio had just
come in.

" Well,"' said Mr. (Ti'een. explaining to the
boys, '' I felt a little afraid you might get
hurt. Besides, it is past bedtime for you
liotli, and growing boys ought never to lose
any sleep. I know that three or four hours
from your regular amount of sleep does not
seem to amount to very much ; but I am
sure that it does not pay. In view of the
fact that you are .liable to get hurt here at
night, and that it is late, I think you had
better postitone your work until to-morrow
morning."

'• Mebbe we sha'n't have any wind, fmar-
rer," said Jimmy.

" Yes,"' said Sam, " we only just wanted
to try and see how our buzz-saw worked.
You know we have been waiting here for
nearly a week ; and if we wait till to-mor-
low morning we run our chances of not get-
ting any wind."

"I feel pretty sure," replied Mr. (Ireen,
" that this wind will not die down by to-
morrow morning, nor during the whole day.
As I came in I noticed that the air was get-
ting considerably cooler. You will notice
that tiie rain has stopped ; and wlien this is
the case the wind is pretty sure to continue
for 24 or 4S hours. At any rate, 1 can not
think it safe for >ou boys to work here to-
niglit. To-morrow morning, I will agree to
instruct you in the use of the buzz-saw more
particularly. In watching the sawyers at
the planing-mill you have no doubt imag-
ined that it was very easy to cut lioards in
two; but as you lia\e never done this kind
of work you will need somebody to show you
liefore you attempt it."

The boys reluctantly complied. Jimmy,
on his way home, however, grumbled some-
what to himself — he knew he wouldn't get
hurt ; he could '"cut boards in two just as
easy as rolling off a log."

The next morning, before breakfast, both
Jimmy and Sam were on hand. As Mr.
Green had predicted, there was quite a cool
breeze — a splendid kite-flying day. so the
'boys thought ; at any rate, their windmill
seemed to say. '' Come on, boys; you see I
am ready again for you this morning. 1
will work for you to-day for nothing, and
l)oard myself."'

As was his custom, Mr. Green was up as
usual, and so he and the two boys went up
into tlie barn-loft. Jimmy, impatient to see
the buzz-saw going, started to put on the
belt. Mr. Green, seeing this, called out, —

'■ You are trying to put the belt on the
wrong side of "the wheel. You may crowd
and try as Umg as you please, but you will
never get it to catch in that way. In put-
ting on a belt while the pulley is at full
speed, be sure to put it on the side that is
traveling aivay from the opposite pulley.
You then need only to catch the belt to the
rim, and it will climb on in a twinkling. It
is a real art to be able to slip a belt on to a
pulley."'

To" illustrate his remarks, Mr. Green took
the belt in his hand, and let it barely touch
the rim. It had hardly done so. however,
before the buzz-saw beg"an to whirl and hum.
Sam was so eager to try the saw that he got
a board and was going to push it against the
saw, when Mr. (Jreen objected.

" What do you call them wheels ' pullies '
for ? " said Jimmy.

'• P»/k_(/,"" returned Mr. G.. " is a term
used by machinists in distinction from com-
mon wheels. I now want you both to try
putting on this belt, while I am here to help.
Just watch me while I take it off. You see,
I am going to crowd it off from the same
side I put it on."

Having said this, he took a stick in his
hand and bore on one side of the belt till it
slipped olf.

'• Now watch again w'hile I put it on. Sam,
suppose you try it," said he, handing the
stick to Sam. Sam found it was very easy
to take the belt off, but he was not so suc-
cessful in iiutting it on again. He tried sev-
eral times before he succeeded. Jimmy tlien
made an attempt, and with about the same
results.

628

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUttE.

Aug.

" Now,'' said Mr. Green, '■you are ready
to try sawing off aboard.'" So saying he
took ii lis'ure-foui' gange, placed a lioard up
securely against it, and pushed slowl>-. The
windmill and the saw both tlien went to
work, and for tiic^ tirst time showed that
they^'were equal to the task of cutting off
boards nice and sipiare. Mr. (ireen found
that the saw would not stand crowding ;it
all, otheiwise it would stall the windmill.
He then tried some half-inch stuff'. Tiie
saw would cut through that very easily and
quickly.

" Now, Jimmy, vou see how well you can
do it."

Jimmy grabbed uy) the board, and pro-
ceeded to cut off a length as if he were an
old hand at the business. Before he knew
it, somehow or other the saw caught the
board and jerked it out of his hand.

" What did that?" said Jinmiy.

" The trouble was," said Mr. Green, "you
should liave held the board square against
the gang;' when the saw-teeth entered the
board ; for when you began to crowd, it
pinched. One of two things had to follow —
either the saw Avould have to stop entirely,
or else wrencli tlie board away. I forgot to
caution you before you tried sawing. At all
events, I will say now, be very careful. It
not unfrequently happens that men lose
their hands, or "are knocked insensible, by
such a little mishap as that. In the tirst
instance, the saw would so jerk the board
as to throw the hand right on the running
saw. In the second instance, the momen-
tum whicli the board would acquire from
the saw would be sulticient to knock a man
down if it should strike him right, and pos-
sibly even kill him."

•Jimmy tried it again and was more suc-
cessful. Then Sam tried his hand. In view
of. Jimmy's mishap he was even more suc-
cessful.

^ Ilarkl" said Sam. " I guess ma is calling
us to breakfast.''

■• Yes," said Mr. Green, looking at his
watch, '• it is high time now."

After breakfast, .limray and Sam, along
with Ted, climbed up into the barn-loit.
They then waited for Mr. (ireeii to come up
and give them further instructions. In the
mean time .Jimm>- tried his hand at slijjpiug
on the belt, which he did with entire suc-
cess. Just then a teamster from the mill
called out at the barn-door below. He had
just come with a load of lumber, which Mr.
Green had ordered for the hive-stuff. The
two boys hastened down, leaving Ted up-
stairs with the buzz-saw running. As there
was not room abt)ve in the barn-loft for very
much lumber, Mr. Green had arranged a
place in an unoccupied stall below. Here
the boys were engaged for a few minutes in
taking indoors and piling the lumber in said
stall. When the boards were all neatly
stacked up, .Jimmy heard a giggling up-
stairs ; then a sharp click, as if window
glass were breaking ; another giggle, and
another sharp click.

"My! "said Sam, just recollecting him-
self, "■ we left Ted upstairs.''

"That's so, by cracky ! '' said Jimmy.

So saying, the boys hastily clambered up

into the barn-loft. As they got upstairs
Ted was laughing, and saying, " See 'em
zip." The buzz-saw was humming at full
speed; and with a bundle of sticks in his
hand, every now and then he would drop
one on the teeth of the saw. With tlie ac-
quired momentum of the teeth, the sticks
shot across the barn like bullets, traveling
at the rate of about three thousand feet a
minute. Some of the sticks had hit Jim-
my's and Sam's window, whicli our readers
will remember they had fastened into the
side of the barn, right over their work-

bench.

'' Just see "em zip ! '
boys could interfere:

said Ted, before the
and another stick

went whizzing across the barn, nearly hit-
ting Sam.

" Look here, you little brat," said Jim-
my; " who said you might do that ? "

"Nobody," said Ted ; " just see 'em zip;"
and another stick went whizzing, and an-
other little hole was made in the window.

•limmy was so enraged that he grabbed
his little brother by the nape of his neck,
and hustled him downstairs about as fast
as he knew how. Ted then began to set up
one of his roars. He wanted to go back and
shoot some more sticks.

" No, sir ; you won't go up into that barn
again in a hurry, I guess. I never can take you
anywiiere but you're into some sort o' mis-
chief." So saying, he hustled him off home.
Jimmy's mother came out, and was prepar-
ed to give him a scolding. Jimmy had got
used to them, and so did not mind it. Aft-
er his mother had said all she had to say, he
hurried liack. to liiul Sam mourning at the
loss of his window.

" My ! " said Sam, " it that stick had hit
me I believe it would have gone right
tlirough me. Why, just look there I It went
clean thiougli lliat window, making a nice
round hole."'

By this time Mr. Green came in. Tpon
the boys" telling what had happened, he said
that was pretty dangerous business. It was
a wonder that some of them did not get
seriously hurt— more than all. that Ted had
not cut his lingers, or got caught in the belt.
He did not blame Ted, but he did blame the
boys for being so forgetful and careless as to
leave so small a boy alone near running ma-
chinery.

Vontinued Sept. 15.

JaVENILE liEWTE^-B©^.

" A chiers aniang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit. "

A YOITNG gUEEN.

How lonjj- will <i queen live wittiout attendants? I
put a younj^- queen in a cag-e at about tive o'clock in
the afternoon, June l!0, and slie lived by herself un-
til some time in the nijiht of Julj' 'i.

\jr.v. W. Wrtght, age 13.

Palmyra, Mo., July 8, 1SS7.

A queen by herself will not live very long;
but if she has a few bees with her, and a lit-
tle Good candy, she will live from a week to
two weeks.

l88t

GLfiAKlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

fi25)

A SELECTION.

Listen to the lionf>v-lH'e

As it fiances nurrily
To til.' little I'airii's' (hum -
HliiiiiiLinti. liiiiLiniiiiu'. hiiiiuiiiii^. liinii.

Never idle. ii.'V.-r still.
HulumiHiC. luiiiiiiiiiiu'. luiiii.

Geokoe Ellison.
Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C, July 2;J, 1S87.

HOW PA TAKES DOWN A SWAKM.

When my father has a swarm up hig'h in a tree he
takes a long pole and fastens a bo.v to the end of it,
then he raises it up; aii<l when the box is under the
swarm he bumps it up against the limb till the bees
fall into the box, then he lowers it and puts them
into a hive he has ready. Ernest C. Hilton.

Los Alamos, Santa Barbara Co., Cal.

LOVING .JESUS.

1 am seven years old, and I g'O to Sabbath-school.
I wish all little boys and girls who go would try to
get those to go who do not, and learn to love Jesus.
I think it is in Sabbath-sehool they will be taught to
be good, and to do good, and help other.s to learn
of Jesus. Jesus said, " Suffer little children to
come unto me, and forbid them not; for of such is
the kingdom of heaven." Fkances Nelson.

Talley Cavy, Pa., Mar. 18, 1887.

folding sections.

I put sections together at the rate of 660 per hour.
They were the one-piece sections. Pa has about 40
stands of bees. I have one. They have not swarm-
ed this year. They are all Italians. They made no
honey last spring, but are getting some from sutnac
now. Charles Weltv.

Nashville, Mo., July 31, 1887.

Try again, friend Charlie, and see if you
can not equal the record of Nettie Cranston,
as recorded on pa^e .5.50, July 1.5th. If you
turn back you will set' that the little girl has
nearly doubled your rate of folding.

ESTHER'S LETTER.

We drained our fish-pond, and did not find any
carp. The clover is jielding very little honey, on
account of dry weather, but we are getting some
rain now. The fog is very heavy, and the little
chickens don't like it. They make a very loud
peeping. Lem wants to go out and see what is the
matter with his chicks. He has the chicken-pox, so
he dare not, but he doesn't know it. The straw-
berries all dried up, but the grapes are fine. The
Concords are the largest, but the \'ergennes and
Pocklington have the least foxiness on the grape.
Esther Triedley.

Silver City, Iowa, July 3, 1887.

THE mosquito HAWK.

Pa has two hives of bees. Brother George has
five, and 1 have one. We keep our bees in what is
called the Golden bee-hive. Pa says he does not
like it, because the loj) story is too small. He
knocked oft the bottom of the bottom story, and put
it on one of his hives instead of tlie small top storj'.
I am the one who attends to the bees and takes the
honey. What is called the " mosquito hawk " is a
great enemy to the bees. You see them every
evening Hying around the hives, and now and then
you see one catch a bee and go off. T like to work
with bees when they are not too cross.

John.sonville, S. C. May 12, 1887. S. O. Eddy.

how TO TAKE A SWARM DOWN KRO.M AN APPLE-
TREE.

I should like to tell that other Kred (sec page 68)
how to take bees down from the tops of apple-trees,
without getting stung. Fasten the swarming-box
under the cluster, as near to it as possible. Take
one end of a ball of wooi-twine, climb the tree, tie
the twine around the limb just above the cluster,
then get down. Take the ball, and go away as far
as you please, and shake until the bees are all in the
swarming-box, then carry them to the hive.

Fred Gillett, age 11.

Brighton, Lorain Co., Ohio.

QUICK CAPPING OF HONEY.

My pa takes Gleanings, and he said he had nev-
er read of honey being capped in three days after it
was gathered. But we had some in 1886, and the
year before, that the bees began to cap the third
day after it was gathered. At the fair, pa talked
with a man who had been keeping bees for a long-
time, and this man said he had " never heard tell
of " honey being capped in less time than six days,
and we want your opinion. We took 9fl,5 lbs. of hon-
ey in 18f-'H. and increased from i;! to 19 swarms.

Eaton, Preble Co , O. Lolo R. Flora, age Vi.

I should say it was rather (luick work for
bees to cap honey over in three days after it
was gathered, iloney must have been com-
ing in at a great rate.

DIFFERENCE IN LOCALITIES BUT A SHORT DIS-
TANCE APART.

Our bees have not gathered enough honey to keep
them all alive. We have had to feed some. My pa
has 48 hives of bees. They are a little weak. Bees
all around us are doing well. Eight or nine miles
south and east they have had plenty of rain. If it
does not rain soon I don't know what bees are to do
here. Robert Willis.

Jonah, Williamson Co., Tex., July 13, 1887.

Yes, Robert , a distance of only a few miles
oftentimes makes quite a difference in the
honey crop.

bees .\nd fish.

My pa has a new way of feeding his bees. He
takes a little glass tumbler and fills it with syrup,
puts on the lid, turns it upside down, and it runs out
enough for the bees to eat it as fast as it runs out.
Pa is building a workshop and a granary, and he is
going to have a room in it to keep his honey to sell.
We have three fish-ponds. When pa goes to the
ponds every morning to feed the fish he smacks his
hands and calls them, and then he throws bread in
to the fish, and they come up and eat it. The cranes
eat up some of them. Pa saw a crane at one of his
ponds this morning. He shot at it, but did not kill
it. Susie Cooper.

Traveler's Best, S. C, July 5, 1887.

the CATAI.1PA-TREE.

One year ago I made up my mind to liavc an api-
ary. As I was only thirteen years old, I bought one
colony which lias increased to three. The lolony
which I bought I have transferred into a Simplicity
hive. They have not made much surplus honey.

We have the catalpa, or cigar tree, here, and the
bees work on them all the time they are in bloom.
If you were under the trees it would sound as if
there were a swarm going over your head. One of
my colonies seems to be very weak. Pa and I look-

(iB()

GLEANINGS IN BUE CULtURE.

Aug.

ed for the queen, but could uot find her. Pa does
not know much about bees?, but could tell a few
thinfis about seeds, for he has been a clerk in that
business for 22 years. The last twelve were spent
in the employ of Peter Henderson & Co. Last
March he came here to the latid of peaches and
berries to try his hand at fruit-growing-.
Redden, Dei. E. S. Compton.

BLOOD-POISONING FROM BEE-STINGS.

Mr. J. S. Starn was hiving a swarm of bees for a
neighbor, when he was stung twice— once on the
nose and once on the chin. In about three weeks
he was taken sick. They sent for a doctor. He
said it was blood-poisoii. His throat came very
near swelling shut, l)ut it broke and saved his life.

This section is very good for bees. We have
fruit bloom, black locust, white clover, and bass-
wood. About half a mile from here is a ten-acre
field of alsike. The bees have a regular i)icnic on
it. The honey has the flavor of white clover. We
have sweet clover along the roadside. A friend
told papa that one cup of honey would sweeten
three times as much as much as one cup of sugar.
Macv M. Elms, aged 11.

East Monroe, Highland Co., O.

Are you sure, t'liend Macy, that the bee-
stings which Mr. Starn received tliree weeks
before, had any thing to do with the swelling
of his throat ? The effects of bee-stings are
immediate.

A QUEER COLONY.

Pa takes Gleanings, and he likes it very well.
He says he would rather stop any other paper than
Gleanings. I like to read the little juvenile let-
ters. We have one colony of Italian bees. Our
bees swarmed four times this summer, so we have
five colonies in all. Our bees swarmed very queer-
ly. The 13th of June a swarm came out, and they
all went back into the hive again; and 11 days after
that they swarmed again, about 0 o'clock, and went
back again in the afternoon. They swarmed again
at 3 o'clock, and clustered on an apple-tree near
their hive; the next day at 9 o'clock they swarmed
again, and clustered on the same apple-tree. The
, next day at 10 o'clock they swarmed and clustered
on a little cherry-tree; two days after that they
swarmed, and clustered on an apple-tree, and after
they were hived a little while they all went home
again. Two days after, they swarmed again, about
half-past 8, and they are all doing nicely now. Pa
winters his bees down cellar. He made a Hill de-
vice for them, and they came out nice in the spring.
Katie M. Zehr, age 12.

Indian River, N. Y., July 17, 1887.

Your colony, friend Katie, behaved itself
in rather an unusual manner. Do we infer
that they returned to the parent colony as
often as they swarmed ?

swarming, and the service the little polks
MAY render; how a queen looks after

SHE IS STUNG.

We have 86 colonies, and sometimes it is lively
with them. One day seven swarms came off at once.
When the swarm is small, pa puts two together or
takes the queen, and then the bees go back into the
hive. Two days ago a little swai-m came off, and pa
found the queen alter they had alighted. They
stayed on the tree. He looked after and found an-
other queen. We put them both under a goblet.
They caught each other, and one of them stung the

other. She doubled uj) like a burnt shuck, and in a
little while she died. After pa got the second queen
he shook the bees off. and then they settled in three
or four places. All of them vvent back in the hive,
except about a teacupful. The next morning Edith
took a strawberry-box and put them in it; then she
asked i)a to look at her swarm, and there was a
queen in it. He made her a little hive, and she put
them into it. Pa gives ten cents a swarm to the one
who sees or finds it first. I have found 13, Edith 13,
Fred (), Grace 3. Pa generally finds them first. He
chewed tobacco for 2,5 years, but he quit four years
ago. He says he feels much better now, than be-
fore he quit chewing. Jasper D. Tracy.
Longmont, Col., July 11, 1887.

' Thank you, friend Jasper. Your father's
plan of jiaying his children ten cents for
ever> swarin they discover first, and report,
is a good one. Have you all learned the
s warming-note, so that your ears tell you
what your eyes may expect V I should like
to know how many of you can tell the rob-
bing-note—that high key, or angry hum. It
seems to me that, if one of you find a case of
robl)ing before any one else, he ought to be
rewarded with— well, say oO cents. Perhaps
even a dollar would not "be too much, where
the consequences might have V)een rather se-
rious. Beginners often find it ditficult to de-
tect robbing at its start ; but practice will
soon enable them to tell every time.

THREE LITTLE TURKEYS, AND THEIR STEPMOTHER.

Mr. Bdtfo?-;- We had two hens hatch chicks at the
same time. All the chicks were given to one hen,
which were placed in a coop at the apiary, some dis-
tance from the barn, where the hatching occurred.
The hen whose chicks had been removed stayed
around the nest for two days, clucking for her lost
babies. At this time another hen in the yard gave
indications of weaning her brood of turkeys, which
had dwindled to three. They were four weeks old,
and their big mcjuths had seemingly disgusted the
hen. At evening she left her three little turkeys.
The hen which was bereft of her own natural brood
was sitting on tlie empty nest where she had
hatched.

1 said to my wife, " Lot us try an experiment."

We placed the three little orphaned turkeys under
this hen. She uttered two or three notes which
seemed to say, " Take care, now," as though not
well pleased. But it was near dark, and all became
quiet. In the morning the hen was found using
most assiduous motherl.v care over the three little
turkeys, which were very offish, and reluctant in
accepting the profuse attentions of their new step-
mother. The hen which had hatched and cared for
the turkeys until they were four weeks old did not
come near or recognize them, and in a short time
the persistent attentions of the new stepmother
overcame their turkish prejudices, and they very
soon became cordially the most loyal little turks on
the ranch. Their stei)mother would attack any an-
imated nature, from a half-grown chicken to a full-
grown cow, which would chance to come near her
turkeys. For three weeks there has been no abate-
ment of the care these little turkeys have had from
the hen which adopted them. Is this case a i-esult
of reason on the part of the hen, or of strong nat-
ural instinctV It looks like reason. Who can an-
swer'r' John Cadwallader.

North Indianapolis, Ind., July 17, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

631

dm peMEg.

For where your treasure is, there will your heart
be also.— Matt. 6: 31.

Though I walk through the valley ol' the shadow
of death, I will tear no evil.— Ps.m.m 2;i: 4.

ONNIE and Caddie and I took a two-
days' vacation. They are a^ed respect-
ll^J ively fourteen and nine, and 1 liad
long talked with them about sliowing
them the liome of my boyiiood ; and I
wanted especially to showlliem the beauti-
ful soft-water spring.s tiiat gnsh out of the
hillsides and rocks of old Sunnnit (bounty.
Well, we fotind the springs ; and as it was
in the midst of an August drought w:- en-
joyed them, I assure you. But as I shall
have a special article on springs ere long, I
vk^ill not tell you about tlieni just now.

In visiting a relative, by chance I met an
old schoolmate. We liadirtseen each other
for more than thirty years. My recollec-
tion of her was of a good-natured, light-
hearted schoolgirl, and, to tell the truth, I
had so nearly forgotten that stich a person
existed I had to make an effort to refresh
my memory before I could exactly locate
her. Then" we talked about the old school-
house, and of the time wlien the trustees de-
cided to build a better one, and of the vari-
ous other events tluit happened when we
were careless, heedless children. Then the
intervening years were gone over. The
talk lasted from twenty minutes to half an
hour, and during that interval several times
the thought cante into my mind as to
whether this old schoolmate was a (Chris-
tian, and were her hopes centered in Christ
Jesus ? 1 thought I would bring the sub-
ject in before I Avent away, but there did
not seem to be any good opportunity.
When she smiled she looked much like the
girlish schoolmate of former days ; but when
the smile had passed there was a look some-
what akin to sadness; and this look, with
the gray hairs and occasionally a wrinkle,
seemed to indicate that she liad had her
trials and sorrows as well as the rest of us.
1 tried to think of some way of liroaching
the subject of the Clhristian's hope ; but
others were present, and I was afraid they
would think me eccentric, or odd. Now, I
do V)elieve, friends, that it is a Christian duty
to avoid eccentricity, and especially to avoid
any thing that would look as if we wanted
to attract attention to our peculiarities. A
Christian shoitld strive to have his litV count
all it possibly can, and he can not take any
risks. I am sure, however, that Satan often
offers these suggestions, that we shall do
more harm than good by speaking out. and
I feel sure it was so in this case, because, as
I passed otit through the beautiful dooryaid,
a weight of gloom rested on my spirits be-
cause I was going away without si>eaking a
word for the Master. I did not tell her of
the great change that came into my life
during about the middle of thes(^ thirty
years. I did not tell her of the joyous in-
si)iration that makes life worth living, and
tiiat comes to every one whose hoi^es are
founded, not on self , but on Christ . I esus.
Conscience whispered, that Caddie and Con-

nie, for whom my wife and I have been
praying so much, might get an impression,
from the talk tliey had listened to during
these twenty or thirty minutes, that all
there is in this life is to go along quietly and
take good and evil as they come, looking on
it all as an idle show, or, like some simple
panorama for our entertainment. I don't
think they could have gatheretl any thing
from our talk, to the effect that either one
of us regarded liie as a sacred and solemn
gift from God, or that we regarded it as a
great and inestimable privilege to live, and
to work for the upbuilding of mankind.
The memory of that fac;- comes back to me
over and over again ; but the opportunity
was allowed to slip by, and may never come
again. If it does, I am going to tell her
how sorry I felt tliat I did not tell her of the
new-born hope that had come into my life
in middle age, and made this world — nay,
the whole universe — so intensely real, be-
cause, during the last part of my life, I have
been living for something, wliile before I
was living for nothing or worse than noth-
ing— for self and selfish ptirposes, and for
selfish ends.

This friend had heard of me during these
years, and had no doul)t heard that I was an
earnest and enthusiastic Christian. I can
imagine that she might say, after I had gone.
"• Why, I've heard so much about Mr. Root's
Christianity, and that he never lost an op-
portunity of speaking to every one about
their soul's salvation. I did not see any
thing about him different from people gen-
erally, or people of the world. There was
nothing in his looks or actions, and surely
not one single sentence in his talk, to indi-
cate that he had any such faith or earnest
convictions ;is I have heartl about."' If my
treasure was in heaven, why did not my talk
have some reference to it in some way ? In
other words, why did she not see that my
heart and soul were where this treasure was
also? It was because I didn't act natural.
I had somehow got it into my head, that,
when I met old friends, the way to do was
to make a sort of fashionable call, as people
generally do. My friends, it is a blunder
and a mistake, and I will tell you how I
know it.

It had been so many years since I visited
my relatives whom I proposed to call on
next, that I \vas obliged to ask directions.
I didn't understand the directions, or, ra-
ther, I didit't listen very carefully, and so 1
called at the wrong house. Ijy the way,
Connie says I was stopping at the wrong
bouse every little while. I told her it didn't
matter, any way. foi- they were all otu- neigh-
bors at all hoiises, and that I liked to see
folks, and talk with them, even if they were
entire strangeis. When 1 suggested that
we had reached the place, she demurred.

" Why,"' said 1, ''the lady said one cousin
lived on one side of the road, and another
cousin on the other side, and hei-e are the
two houses on opjiosite sides of the road.
Besides that, see those chaff' hives so nicely
arranged (.ver there. We can not be very
much mistaken in calling where there are
bee-hives."

Accordingly, we three passed up the shady

H-A2

GLEAN LNHa IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

gravel walk : and just as I got before the
screen-door, wliom should 1 meet but a very
dear friend whom I supposed at the time
Wds away off in Michigan? She huighingly
welcomed ns, saying at the same time slie
was pretty sure I made a mistake or I would
not have called there. Connie laught'd too.
declaring it was really so. But it was not a
very bad mistake after all, for the place was
owned by still another relative, and one of
the younger ones owned the bees. The fam-
ily "were all away, however, exceyjt the
two ladies, and with these I had a most
pleasant half-hour. 1 had the same feeling
as before, and I had also been waiting for
an opportunity to sp'/akwitli them in regard
to tlie matter "that was nearest my heart. I
hope, dear ie;ider, I can truthfully say, a
matter that is always uppermost, whatever
may for tlie time being take m.\ attention.
The opjiortunity came in tliis wa\ : One of
the ladies, who "was a !)ee-keeper, asked if I
had ever heard of any one swallowing a bee.
When I replied in the negative, slie remark-
ed that their liired man had, a few days pre-
viously, swallowed one wliile drinking. ITe
was watching his hoises at the time, and
drinking hurriedly, and therefore did not
see what he had done until he felt the bee
stinging him part wa>' down his throat. lie
came to her in gn^at trouble, and asked
wliat had better be done. Although she
was not very positive, she instinctively
gufssed that the safest thing woidd be not
to alarm him needlessly ; so she assiu'ed him
there was little probability of its giving him
any trouble at all. and thought he need not
feel any anxiety in regard to it. He accord-
ingly went on with his work, and it turned
out as she surmised. I was at first startled
when she mentioned the occurrence, and re-
marked that r should have feaied, more
than any thing else, the danger from swell-
ing so "as to cause suffocation. Perhaps
many of the readers of Gleanings may re-
member a case that was reported in Eng-
land, of a man who was strangled to death
by being stung liy a bee in his mouth or
throat. The talk then turned on the im-
portance of being cool and self-possessed
when things of this kind come up that may
cause fright, and I told the ladies of a little
experience of my own which had a moral to
it ; and as this moral may be profitable to
you also, I wish to tell it here :

As long ago as when I was a boy in my
teens I was, and have been since, troubled
with a chronic sore throat. The first time
I was alarmed by it I was sleeping alone in
my store. While sound asleep, an irrita-
tion in my throat caused a spasmodic clos-
ing of some part of the respiratory organs
I sprang to my feet, and for a few "moments
it seemed (loid)tful whether I should ever
be able to force my breath again through
the passage that had closed so strangely and
so suddenly. During that time I mentally
faced deatii. i thought of dying alone by
myself, before I could manage to call any-
body, and make myself heard, as there
were none very near. Dear reader, at that
time T had no faith or hope in Christ Jesus.
I was taking care of myself, and doing as T
pleased ; but when I stood at death's door, I

felt troubled, I tell you. You know how
the mind reviews events at such a time.
My past life passed before me with light-
ning rapidity. I summoned all the courage
J could, and tried to face the issue, but it
was hard work. There was no comfort any-
where. I was away out at sea, in utter
darktiess. No gleam or ray of hope showed
itself in any direction ; no friendly arm was
near me to" lean upon. After some pretty
hard struggles for the breath of life, the
spasmodic action passed away, and I could
breathe, though with difficulty, once more.
Ever since that moment I have realized
what a privilege it is to be able to breathe
easily and without pain. I wonder now
that I didn't say "thank God "when the
danger was passed ; but as I didn't recog-
nize any overruling power then, there was
nobody to thank. Uf course, I consulted a
physician at once, lie prescribed cauteriz-
ing the throat with nitrate of silver. After
submittingfor several months to the painful
treatment, resulting in no perceptible good,
I tried other physicians, and have been try-
ing. My opinion now, however, is, that
honest hard work in the oijen air has been
worth more to me than any doctor.

Some years afterward, in consequence of
a slight cold, this throat trouble again be-
gan to be acute. In the middle of the night
my breath stopped again short and sudden-
ly. I sprang from my bed and got out on
the fioor. and tried in vain to open the pass-
age that had been shut by the spasmodic ac-
tion. By an effort that made the sweat
come from every pore in my body, a very
little air could be forced in and out of
my lungs ; but it was evident that life could
not last long in this way. Again I was
oV)liged to face grim death. For a time 1
was frightened and demoralized, and forgot
every thing except the intense and all-ab-
sorbing fight for breath. No one except him
who has passed through such an experience
can understand it. I not only felt that I
would have given worlds for the privilege of
breathing free again, but I felt that I must
have breath. I tried to reconcile myself,
and submit to death, if my time had come,
but there was no submission. It seemed as
though a long time elapsed, but I presume
it was only a few brief seconds ; but amid
the agony {menial agony, for as yet I had
suffered V)ut little, comparatively, physical-
ly) came that little prayer, "Lord, help."'
In an instant a feeling of thankfulness (that
is, thankfulness compared with the former
darkness) began to well up that there was
help and aid ; and while 1 prayed for breath
I prayed also for grace to submit, if it were
the Lord's will that I should never draw
breath more. It was a battle between self
and Christ— much such a battle as I had
fought many times before. But Christ tri-
umphed, and comparative peace came — not
that I was willing to give up life, by any
means, but I felt willing to submit it to the
Judge of all the earth, feeling sure he would
do all things right, ^ly wife was near me,
shaking with excitement and sympathy, es-
pecially to think that she was powerless;
for (liffeient physicians had told us before,
that nothing could be done in such cases. I

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

683

kept stiainiiiij every iieive, to force n
little air through that shut- up passage ; and
as the peace tliat only God can give under
like circumstances liegan to come into my
soul, the stul)liorn muscles l)egan to relax a
little. And can you, my friends, think for
a moment how I rejoiced to feel that terri-
bly labored breathing begin to come and go
a little easier? In a few moments I j'ould
bi'eathe almost naturally ; but my lungs and
windpipe were smarting as if they had been
torn and lacerated by the terrible muscular
effort. 1 began to think after that, that
fright had much to do with it.

Some time afti-rward, whil;' in thv apiary,
I was stung on my neck. It was a pretty
bad sting in a very tender spot, but I
thought nothing of it until I began to feel a
swelling in my throat, and symptoms of a
closing of that terrible air-passage. Al-
ready a wheezing sound that announces it,
had commenced. Somvthing whispered (is
it possible that it was Satan V i that now 1
should di;', sure. If my throat becam;^ swol-
len from the effects of a bee-sting, 1 should
surely die as the poor fri-.-nd who has bin^n
spoken of over across the water died. I felt
weak and faint. The blood rushed to my face,
and the sweat began to pour forth again.
This time, however, I had grace enough to
say promptly, " (iet tlu^e behind me. Satan.
r am trusting in th,^ Lord -Fesus t'hrist. and
he has power not only to still the winds and
the waves, but to raise the dead if he choose.
I am in his hands ; and whether I die or
whether I live, blessed be his holy name."'

The fright and excitement began to abate,
and, to my great relief, the spasmodic action
of the breathing-apparatus also began to
subside; and, my friends, although I even
now thank (iod for the privilege of free and
easy breathing, I thank him a thousand
times more for the privilege of feeling safe
and secure, no matter whether it be through
life or through death. I have had one ex-
perience in facing death alone, with noth-
ing but midnight darkness and gloom— with
no hope or faith : and I have had another,
with the comforting feeling that the great
God of the universe is always ready, and al-
ways watching over the children he loves.
if they will only put their trust in him.

Are not two spari'ows sold for a t'artliinjr? and one
of them shall not fall on the "round without your
Father.— Matt. 10: 29.

The point comes in here, that suggests
that many times people lose their lives by
the excitement caused by fright or the ef-
fects of imagination. Physicians have al-
ready told us much about cases of this kind.
Well, if this be true, a faith in God does
much — yes, very much — to prolong life.

The Lord is mj' lig'ht and ray salvation; whom
shall I fear? The Lord is the strength of my life;
of whom shall I be afraid?— Ps.\i>m 27: 1.

Now, when my C(»usin told of the experi-
ence of the hired man, and that she assured
liim there was little piobabiliLy that any
harm would come from it, she did a wise
and kind thing. People may be st) fright-
ened as to very much aggravate the danger
of a bee-sting," and, if I am correct, the dan-
ger of many other diseases may be averted
by a quiet, peaceful trust in the Lord, es-

pecially in matters where we are helpless.
M> i'riends were l)oth jtrofessing Chiistians ;
and when I told them of my experience, as
I have told you. I was itleased to notice
how tlieir countenaiu^es lighted \\\k We
then had many talks of (iod's kindness in
times of severe trial, and this opened the
way to sometiiing in regard to faith in pray-
er. When we i)arte(l we had all been
strengthened in our Christian experience;
and I believe the result of tliat half-hour's
talk will cause us to remember, as long as
we live, that we are not only related by
tlesh-and-biood ties, but through the love of
Christ Jesus, the friend of humanity. At
the close of my lirst visit I went away feel-
ing sad and self-condemned. I went away
feeling cold and indifferent, and away from
God, and, I am afraid, with a smaller amount
of I'aith ; but after this last visit I passed
down on their l)eautiful walk under shad\
trees, with a feeling of gladness and thanks-
giving and praise in my heart — with a feel-
ing that no words could express, and no
tongue tell, of the comforts that come to
those who are striving to lay up treasures in
heaven rather than on earth, and with a
feeling that I can hardly describe, but some-
thing like this: A feeling that it is indeed
true, that God has placed it in the power of
each and e\ ery one of us to strengthen the
faith and hold u]) the feeble hands of those
round about us; that during a half-hour's
visit we may talk of the w^orld and of world-
ly things in a way that will encourage the
feeling that this world is all there is to live
for; or, on the contrary, we may, in even
one half-hour, raise ourselves and those
about us to a contemplation of spiritual
things that shall infuse new energy; that
shall give inspiration in the pursuit of these
things in eveiy-day life; that shall ennoble
and lift up, and help all to take anotliei- ste])
lieavenward.

A trust in Christ contributes to make us
brave in life and brave in death ; and this
bravery is not of the defiant kind eithei-, but
it is a tiusting and contiding courage. Je-
sus l)raved death when it w'as constantly in
his power to sink his enemies into oblivion ;
but putting all thought of self and of bodily
suffering out of the (luestion, he died that
his enemies and persecutors might live. It
was as hard for him to die as for any of us ;
and with human weakness he shrank from
it just as we would. Indeed, at one time he
uttered the words, '' My God. my (iod. wliy
hast thou foisaken me V"'"

Now, my friends, if this talk to day has
been the means of heli)ing you to tiiist in
the time of trial in the kind Father who
placed us here for his own wise purposes, I
shall fee] glad and happy that I have given
you this little bit of my experience ; and I
know, fri:^nds, by personal experience, that
there is no comfort and no satisfaction in
encouraging skei)ticism and unbelief; while
I do know. also, that he who trusts in the
Jj'ird has his f-et i)lant-ed on the solid rock;
and the comforting thought may l»e always
in his heart, no matter what dangers threat-
en.—

Though T walk through the valley of the shadow
of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me;
thy lod and thystatl they comfort me.— Psai,m23: 4.

684

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

5f0B^CC0 CdhUm-

ITS ORIGIN, AND HOAV INTRODUCED TO CIVILIZED

NATIONS.

fROM one of my books I copy the following:
" Until the discovery of America, the tobacco-
plant was unknown to Europeans. The sail-
ors who accompanied Columbus noticed the
natives puffing- smoke from their mouths and
nostrils, and soon learned that this arose from the
smoking- of the dried leaves of a plant." I suppose
the Europeans thought that what was good for
Indians was good for them, so they picked up their
filthy habit; but they knew no better. I like the
description King James gave of its use; he said,
" It is a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the
nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs."
Think of the many thousand who will go to the
bottomless pit through tobacco. I wish more
would try to do what you arc doing, and may God
be with you in that work. "The poisonous nature
of tobacco is mainly due to one of its elements
called nicotine. This is a deadly poison. Experi-
ments show that two drops, placed on the tongue
of a fowl, causes death almost instantly." That
fact alone ought to persuade thcin to stop; but they
are such slaves, and their will is so weakened, they
don't.

I have a neighbor who, I think, would not stop its
use for one hundred smokers. What we want is to
keep the younger ones from it. The older people
won't last always.

There is not much use of repeating it, for nearly
every one knows that " tobacco, like alcohol, in-
jures the brain, deranges the entire nervous sys-
tem, spoils the appetite for wholesome food, low-
ers the life forces, injures the lungs and heart, and
depresses the spirit. When indulged in by young
persons it saps the foundation of health, and
dwarfs the body and mind."

" It is rare to find an inebriate who does not use
tobacco; and careful inquiry will prove the state-
ment that, in nine cases out of ten, the tobacco
habit was first formed." Keep the young from it
if you don't want them to be drunkards.
Wayland, N. Y. W. A. Lawrence.

I have quit using tobacco; and if I ever use it
again I will pay you in full for a smoker.
New Portage, O. Isaac Fuitz.

I have(iuit using tobacco, and never intend using
it again. If I should 1 will pay the price of the
smoker. H. W. IJukkum.

Walla Walla, Wash. Ter.

I hereby promise to quit the use of tobacco in ev-
ery form; and if you send me the smoker, and I use
tobacco again I agree to pay you for the smoker.

Wise, W. Va. Eli Collins.

I have quit the use of tobacco altogether, after
using it for 1.5 years, and I e.xpect to stay quit. If
I am entitled to a smoker, send me one; and if I be-
gin again I will pay you in full for it.

New Florence. Pa. Geo. K. Stewart.

I used tobacco for twelve years, but quit about
two months ago. If you will be so kind as to send
me a smoker I shall be ever so much obliged; and if
I ever go to using the weed I will pay you your
price for the smoker. N. K. Cripe.

Montevallo, Mo., July 20, 1887.

Mr. W. W. Hallenberger says he will quit the use
of tobacco if you will send him a smoker. He will
pay for the same if he resumes the use of the weed.

Sherwood, O. P. E. Kintner.

I have quit the use of tobacco, and I should like
to have a smoker. If you will please send me one,
if I ever use tobacco again I will pay for it.

Ambrosia, La., July 2, 188". W. A. Walters.

I have quit using tobacco; and if you think I
should have a smoker, send me one; and if I ever
recommence the use of it I will pay you for the
smoker, and I will try all I can to get others to quit
the lilthy weed. J. Sulouff.

Coeolamus, Pa., July 2, 1887.

I began using tobacco three years ago, for the
purpose of smoking bees; but I found it injurious
to my health, and I quit the use of it. If I am en-
titled to a smoker, send it along, as I promise nev-
er to use tobacco again. If I do I will pay you for
the smoker. E. McClain.

Potosi, Wis.; June 20, 1887.

My uncle has been a slave to tobacco for 11 years,
but quit the use of it about 7 months ago, and would
be pleased if you would send him one of your
smokers; and if he again takes up the use of it he
will paj' you for it. His name is J. E. Ried, Green-
boro, Greene Co., Ga. T. E. Ried.

Greensboro, Ga , July 2, 1887.

I have been thinking of quitting tobacco for some
time, but could not get exactly ready to make the
commencement. Now, if you will send me a smok-
er I will promise faithfully to never chew any
more of the filthy stuff; and should I ever use any
more I will pay you $1.00 for the smoker.

Luttrell, Ala., July 1, 1887. S. C. Stone.

I quit using tobacco the 12th day of March, 1884,
and have not used any since, and I never intend
to use anymore. If you think I am entitled to a
smoker, I should be very glad if you would send me
one; and if I should ever use the weed again I will
send you the price of the smoker. J. Offutt.

Derden, Tex., June 22, 1887,

another name for the tobacco column.

Mr. A. Y. Gulley, 60 years old last May, has been
using tobacco for 50 years, and he now promises to
quit if you will send him a smoker, and to pay for it
if he ever uses tobacco again. He was so unfor-
tunate as to have his house and nearly all it con-
tained burned up a short while ago; and among his
other losses were several colonics of bees. He
saved one colony only ; and as he is very fond of
bees he hopes to get a start again.

Wm. E. Cunningham.

Hartwell, Ga., June 13, 1887.

It has been a long time since I wrote you. I
want you to send Ben Miller, Oakland, Colorado Co.,
Te.x., a smoker. He promises to quit tobacco, and
also promises to pay if he uses it again. He can not
write, and therefore requests me to write for him.
Also please send one to uncle G. R. Berry, Lampas-
as, Lampasas Co., Te.x. He is an old man and well
to do, and says he is able to pay for a smoker; but if
he takes the pledge and the smoker as a reminder,
it will help him to fight the buttle.

AM.\Nn.\ Atchley,

Lampasas, Tex., July it, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

635

0UR 0WN ^PI^l^Y.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST B. ROOT.

KOITL r.KOOD.

Tj^ 8 I promised in oiii- last issue, I will
^Mk now j)r(»('('{'(l to i^ive fiii't her facts in

j^r relation to foul biood; but before do-
■^^ ins wo I nnist i»ri'face a little.

1 have found it exceediniily dillicult
to arrive at any tiling- definite. Certain pet
theories, the truth of which I tliou.uht I had
or could establish, I had to abandon. Over
and over aurain 1 have had to ciumu'e mv
mind, until absolute certainty seemed well
nijili unattainable. Inferences based ujion
insutticient or false data have doiu' not a lit-
tle to make our knowledge upon the subject
of foul l)rood perplexing- and uncertain. In
view of this I have tried to report only such
as I felt satisfied at tlie time were facts and
not feebly supported theories. For the same
reason 1 have hitherto not tJiousht it best
to say much concerning' acid treatments
whicli I have been trying for the last three
or four months. It is with some hesitation
that I consent to do so now ; and were it not
for the fact that m> present knowledge of
carbolic and salicylic acid treatments might
render assistance to some brother bee-keep-
er experimenting in the same line, I would
refrain from making any mention of them
until I had fullv satisfied myself as to wheth-
er they were effective or not.

THE CONSIDEUATION OF DIFFERENT
METHODS OF CURE.

Complete extermination by fire, of a dis-
eased colony and all its belongings, is effec-
tive as far as the cure of the colony itself is con-
cerned; but in bm'ning up a colony it is next
to impossible to destroy every bee. One, and
more proliably a dozen, inmates of the dis-
eased hive will get back to its old stand. Of
course they will enter the nearest hives and
so carry the infection. Aside from this, com-
plete extermination is too expensive.

THE STARVATION PLAN.

While this method is also effective as far
as the cure of the colony iisei/ is concerned
(notice the italicized word), yet the disease
is spread in much the same way as the first
case ; that is. the bees on being put back
into entirely different quarters on their old
stand will naturally seek to find their old
brood-nest in others adjacent to their old
stands.

I have referred to this intermingling of
bees once before ; but it is nevertheless a
fact, and it has been demonstrated over and
over again. In a word, then, my ol)jection
to the two plans of treating a colony just
mentioned, is, that, while a cure is effected
for the colony itself, yet the cure is at the
expense of giving the disease to the neigh-
boring hives.

TREATING AVITH CARROLK' ACID.

Well, then, now to the'point : We want a
method of treatment which will not only
cure the colony itself, but prevent the spread
of the disease to other neighboring hives.
With this end in view I have been "experi-
menting with salicylic and carbolic acid.

Our method of administering the acids is
somewhat different, I believe, from the
methods usually employed. I will fiist
speak of carbolic acid.

Tills, as far as we are able to observe up
to this writing, seeins to prevent the spread
of the disease to neigliboring colonies ; and
we think, when i)roperly administered, it
cheeks the disease in the hive itself, and
finally cures it. Our method of treatment
was only briefly outlined in our last issue.
Since then we have modified the plan some-
what, and I will therefore recapitulate in
part.

Get a bottle of pure carbolic-acid crystals.
Be sure that the latter are white. Your
druggist may try to convince you that the
yellow are just as pure ; and if he does not
have the crystals lie may try to sell you the
liquid. Get what you call for or none at all.
The bottle which" I got will hold nearly a
quart of crystals, and cost 50 cts. This
amount wil"! make over a barrel of liquid
when reduced for the bees. Having pro-
cured the crystals you are to dilute them by
weight, avoirdupois. I say avoirdupois, be-
cause this will be more convenient. With a
pair of accurate scales, weigh out exactly
one ounce of crystals. The easiest way to
do this is to place the receptacle (a small
teacup, for instance) on a pair of scales with
which you can take out the tare of the cup.
Place the bottle in the sunlight, or near a
stove, and let a few of the crystals melt.
Now pour into the cup until the" scales show
exactly one ounce. The crystals, when
melted in the cup, should look a little yel-
low and oily. Having done this, weigh oiit
500 ounces (3H lbs.) of water. Heat it, and
then thoroughly mix the ounce of melted
crystals with the water, and allow it to cool.

After sundown, oi)en your diseased hive
and uncap every single brood-cell of all the
combs, whether diseased or not, with a wire
brush or coarse comb. Be careful not to
mutilate the larva? any more than necessary.
You must rake the cells open, not strike the
brush into them. With a spray-diffuser,
spray a fine mist over the bees, brood, and
the entire inside of the hive.

Be careful not to get too much on the bees
and brood. By no means drench them, or
you will either kill the bees or cause them to
leave the combs and cluster on the outside
of the hive. The robbers are then pretty
sure to take possession and — you know the
rest — your labor is for naught; nay, you are
a great deal worse off than liefore.

I have tried yucca brushes to paint the
combs and for spraying bees. I have tried
using a watering-pot ; but these drench the
bees so that theVesnlts are apt to follow as
I have described. The only thing that you
can use with any degree of success is an at-
omizer. In three or four days after the first
spraying, spray again, but do not uncap;
and so on for a coui)le of weeks.

To those of >on who can not get an atom-
izer, we will furnish you one for spi ayiiig a
few colonies, for 75 cts., or 10 cts. extra by
mail.

If you can not get the carbolic-acid crys-
tals you call for, write us. We can not state
yet what we can furnish it for.

636

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTURE.

AUG.

Now, my dear reader. I have given you
full particulars in regard to the treatuient
of diseased colonies with carholic acid. Al-
though the acid treatment has so far been
very promising, I am not sui-e that even that
will be an ultimate success, l^eniember the
point in its favor so far is, that it prevents
the spread of the disease into other healthy
colonies. 1 shall have something further to
say about carbolic acid in oui- next issue,
and also give the leasons why I jirefer car-
bolic.acid to salicylic.

ROBHEHS.

In consequence of the great scarcity of
nectar and the dry weather, robbers "are
most persistent in their efforts to thieve. We
manage to get along in the daytime after a
fashion, with tlie tent, ])ut the little thieves
have learned the trick of dropping down in
the grass around the bottom fringe of the
tent and crawling under. AVe are obliged
to do some of our work by twilight.

HONEY THAT FOAMS IN THE CELLS.

WHEKE DID IT COME B'ROM /'

T SEND you by this mail a sample of honey. Can
fM you tell what it is? Is it of the celebrated
^r bark-louse variety— something- I never saw?
"*■ In case it is not, what then do you think of it
for wintering?

The honey season has been a poor one; very little
clover, and no basswood at'all. July 12th I extract-
ed what I thought would save the bees from starv-
ing during the honey-dearth, which generally sets in
about July loth and lasts till late in August. But
in spite of the honey-dearth, my bees went to work
with a will. Then the combs soon began to fill,
and the honey looked nice and transparent in the
comb; but as I came to extract it I found it dark.
My first thought was honey-dew; but when I hunt-
ed up the description of the latter I began to think
mine is not dark and bitter enough to be the real
stuff. But, however, it is the queerest thing I ever
saw. When first gathered it foams in the comb,
like soapsuds, and some swarms hang outside for
lack of room, and, in reality, they have nothing in
the comb but a little foam. They draw the cells
up, cup-shaped, and then put a convex cap on it, as
on drone brood. When I pull the capping off there
is nothing but a little foam in the cell, hardly enough
to form a drop. Others, however, work it in a
more business-like manner. They fill the cells full,
avoid fanning, to a great extent, and cap the cells
in the oi-dinary way. I have tried to trace the bees,
but generally lose sight of them when they ap-
proach the woods and marsh, but I am a good deal
of the' opinion they ai-e in the marsh or else go
across it. .1. .Iohannsen.

Port Clinton, O., July 27, 1887.
Friend J., the sample you send may be
honey-dew, or the secretion of aphides ; but
if so, it is lighter in color, and rather better
in flavor, than the general run of aphis hon-
ey. I have before heard of honey that
foamed out of the cell, and I believe this
has often been the caseiluring our winter-
ing troubles and si)ring d\vin<lling. If the
honey finally settles down, and is capped
over, with the cells full of thick solid honey,
I think I would risk it : if it remains foamy,
I do not believe I would.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The goods came to hand to day. They beat any
thing I have ever seen in that line. A. Bagley.
Siloam, ArK., Aug. S, 1887.

Goods are at hand, and we, are much pleased.
Mrs. K. says she thinks your profit is small on the
2.i-c. socks, for 50 cts. would not more than buy such
hose here. Mii.ton Knowt.es.

Crystal River, Pla., Aug. 2, 1887.

My little adv't in last Gleanings has brought all
the orders that I can possibly fill. I very much dis-
like to cut down prices ol queens, but T thought
that dull times and jjoor honey seasons demanded
it. Please announce that 1 have no more queens
to spare. Wai>ter Poi'deu.

Groesbeck, O., July 14, 1887.

THOMAS HORN.

In the Thomas Horn case I fail to sec where you
have been at fault; and your offer of settlement
must satisfy the most unreasonable ones. I sent
Horn $1.00 for a tested Italian queen, and rccei\'ed
iiothing. I am not willing it should be your loss, so
please mark my claim settled.

E. Van Fradenbitiu!.

West Fulton, N. Y., July 2tj, 1887.

paying another's debts.

1 wrote you yesterday, ordei'ing queens on Thos.
Horn's account; but after due consideration I can
not see how any man can consistently ask you to
pay Horn's debts, and I do not think that any one
can honestly hold you responsible for them. Now,
then, I countermand my oi'der, and thank you the
same as though I had received the bees.

Edgerton, Kan., Aug. 2, 1887. B. T. DeTar.

CHEAP AND good. TH.\T MAPLE SUGAR.

The box of goods ordered of you came all right,
and every thing was entirely satisfactory. The ar-
ticles ordered were cheap, and good too. I have
been buying maple sugar for 2.'> years past; but
never, in all that time, got any pure, in my opinion,
until I received yours. It is absolutely pure, and of
the best quality. Many thanks f(n- promptness and
low prices. Wm. M. Keer.

Salineville, ()., Aug. 5, 1887.

the novice extractor.

The goods came on the 24th, in perfect order,
freight reasonable. Accept thanks for your excel-
lent manner of packing. The extractor is the first
"Novice"! ever saw; and I must say I like it
much better than I expected to— in fact, I could not
be better pleased with one. I gave the solar wax-
extractor a trial yesterday and found it satisfactory
for extracting wax. I see by the wrapper on
Gleanings my subscription has expired; as I can
not think of doing without it, send it on another
year. Miss A. M. Taylor.

Mulberry Grove, 111., June 28, 1887.

THE bee-keeper's HAT.

My buckwheat came sooner than I expected. I
have it sown, and now it is raining almost a deluge.
My clover seed is all right; and the hat — well, I
don't see how any bee-keeper can aftord to do with-
out one when the cost is so trifling. I fear I shall
have to get me another, as my girls have captured
mine already.

THOMAS HORN.

As to the Thomas Horn business, J consider you
an honest man. You put the advertisement in your
pai)er for us to read, and I and many others thought
we might make a good thing out of nothing. We
were all more dishonest than you, for we wanted
something without paying for it. I don't think I
would pav a red cent to any one of his dupes, as
you put the adv't in as all other periodicals do,
thinking he was honest. W. K. James.

Loudon, Tenn., Aug. 4, 1H87.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Southwi-sU'iii luwa Hfekec-i)ers' .Society will hold its
ne.\t annual meetiiiK »! Enu-ison. .Mills Co., la., on Thul-sday,
Sept. 1, 1887. All interested are invited. E. W . PiTi-.F.R, Sec.

Hillsdale, la.

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULtUUE.

(j;->7

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

J^HhJished Sttui- 3lonthh/.

— — — •©♦-♦o*

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

i^:eit)Ii^.£^, OHIO.
TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

^PECI^Ii pieTICEg.

For Clubbing Bates, See First Page of Eeading Matter.

When thou passest throvigh the waters, 1 will be with thee:
and through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee.— Isa. 4S:2,

SENDING IN ORDERS FOR GOODS WANTED NEXT
SEASON.

With the poor honey crop that has been secured
In most localities, we presume it will not be a very
great inducement to make purchases so long- ahead.
Where one has money, however, that he has no
particular use for, quite a saving may be made by
purchasing- Id the fall, especially where you have de-
cided as to what goods j-ou expect to use, so there
is almost no possibility but that they will be want-
etl. It is also very convenient to have the goods on
hand all ready for use long before they are needed;
and it is such a convenience to us to fill orders dur-
ing these months of comparative leisure, we have
decided to make the large discount on orders re-
ceived during the month of September, as given in
the next column.

THE AUSTRALASIAN BEE-.IOURNAI..

J'JST as we go to press. Vol. I. No. 1 of the Aus-
tndotiian Dec-Journal comes to hand. It is edited
by I. Hopkins, and published by Hopkins. Hayr cV
Co., at Auckland, N. Z. It is well printed on good
paper, and altogether in make-up and general ar-
rangement it iiresents quite a creditable appear-
ance. Mr. Hopkihs was the editor of a former
journal, entitled the ^cw Zealand a?jd Australian
Bee Journal, which, after two years of existence,
died for want of patronge (but not, we believe,
from the lack of editoral talent). Since this time
the progress of apiculture has so far advanced in
Australia and the neighboring islands that the
present management feel warranted in starting an-
other journal.

GETTING A GOOD YIELD DURING SEASONS THAT
OTHERS GET LITTLE OR NONE.

We have two bee-keepers in Medina Covinty who
have secured quite nice crops of beautiful comb
honey. One is W. H. Shane, of Chatham Center,
and the other is M. G. Chase, of Whittlesey. Both
of them use I's-inch sections — the kind that D. A.
.lones .sends out as his regular-width sections. The
honey is the nicest we ever handled. Mr. Shane has
tliis season secured about 6000 lbs.; and, strangest
of all, he has always had a crop of fine honey ever
since he commenced keeping bees, and he keeiJS
this up right along, even when bee-keepers north,
south, east, and west, universally say there is no
honey at all. It is just so in market-gardening.
Give us a man with sufilicient energy and eater-
prise, and he will have a crop, no matter what the
season may be. We have just paid 16 cts. for over
half a ton of the above honey.

DISCOUNT ON GOODS BOUGHT THIS FALL FOR NEXT

SEASON'S USE.

After Sept. 1, until further notice we will give a
discount of ten per cent on goods strictly for next
season's use, except the following: Machinery of all
kinds lor manufacturing; all tin and glass lioney-
ri'ee]it:icles; tin plate; all counter goods. On Sim-
plicity, portico, and chaff hives, we can give onlj-
five per cent. The principal goods included under
the 10'. discount are foundation, frames, sections,
zinc, extractors, comb-foundation machines.

A KOl'K-COLOIt LABEI, FOR ONLY 7.') CTS. PER
THOITSAND.

Just think of it I we can furnish you a very neat
/«wj--t'oJ(jr label, with your name and address, with
the choice of having either " comb " or " extract-
ed " before the word " honey," for only 75 cts. per
thousand ; .50 cts. per 500, or 30 cts. for 3.50, postpaid.
The size of the label is 2!,4 x 1 inch— -just right to go
round the neck of a bottle, to put on a section, or to
adorn the front of a honey-tumbler. Send for our
special label catalogue for samples of this and
many other pretty designs in label work.

EXTRACTED CLOVER HONEY WANTED.

SiN(^E our last we have sold out entirely our stock
of extracted clover honey, and shall have no more
to offer till we succeed in getting some more. We
shall be pleased to receive samples (with your name
and address plainly marked on them), and the price
you will sell for of either this or last year's crop,
clover or basswood extracted honey. If you have
not any tiling to send a sample in, remember we will
mail you, free, a small vial in a wooden block,
in which to send us a sample. Remember, too, that
we will pay more for honey in our 60-lb. square
shipping-cans than in any other package. We want
only flrst-class honey.

LATER.

We have just sold the last of our stock of extract-
ed basswood honey, and can fill no more orders till
we get another lot. We have one case of Scans of
raspberry honey at 7c per lb. We have also 12 flve-
gallon iron-jacket cans of a poorer quality of fall
honey, 50 lbs. to the can, that we offer at 6 cts., can
included. The can is worth 50 cents.

WHITE COMB HONEY.

We have closed out our entire stock of old comb
honey, including the large lot of glassed honey we
have "mentioned several times. We have, however,
secured some of the nicest white comb honey of
this year's crop that we ever handled. It is in sec-
tions I's wide, averaging about ^i lb. each, 28 sec-
tions in a single-tier case. This honey is so nice that
we shall have to get 18 cts. per lb. in case lot, case
included.

ASH KEGS

FOK EXTRA<'TEI) HONEY.

16-17d M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. Seeadvertisementin another column.

FOR SALE--A FARM IN TENNESSEE

A !iO-acre farm, U miles from Nashxille; heavily
timbered, 50 acres with a new rail fence, about 15
acres clear, half of this in a young flourishing
orchard; 'i of an acre in grapes. Plenty of room
lor a large family; a good stable for about 15 head
of cattle, good ice-cold spring water, sho)) with a
water-wheel suitable for hive-making, or to turn a
corn-rail", with farm - implements, .50 Italian bee
swarms in Langstroth hives, 18 head of cattle;
horse and wagon; a French-buhr mill, and a com-
mon thrasher, on the place, to be run by water
power. All for $2,500. A very good i)lace for a man
to start a saw-mill, by steam or water power. For
particulars, address I. IiANZ,

16d Joeltoii, Davidnioii Co., Tenn.

fi38

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

AUS;

PDdDOmS K TJE WEST

FOE THE MAOTFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY IIIVFS FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDL-CTIUN IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A lull
line of Supplies always on hand. Write lor our new
Price List. Cash paid lor Bceswa.v. KUIil

A. F. Stauffer, Sterling, ill.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay 30c per lb. cash, or 33c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 35c per lb., or 38c for best
selected wax.

Unless you put your name 07i the box, and notify
us by mail of amount sent. I can not hold myself
responsible for mistalies. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS.
CHROMO CARDS.

CHROMO CARDS ^
ITALIAN QUEENS '

Hurrah for the Fair! Did you see our ad. last
issue? Keep vour eye peeled. Don't be a bat. Get
out of your oid-fogy rut. We have a brilliant cir-
cular. If you wish to be convinced, cast your line
this way. J. H. MARTIN,

letfd Hartford, AVasli. €o., N. Y.

ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS

AT A VERY LOW PRICE.

Address OTTO KL.KINOW, Detroit, Midi.

(Opp. Fort Wayne d^ate).

16d

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has published a neat little book of i'^ pages, entitled
"The Production of Comb Honey." Its distinctive
feature is the thorough manner in which it treats
of the use and non-use of foundation. Many other
points are, however, touched upon. For instance,
it tells how to make the most out of unfinished sec-
tions, and how to winter bees with the least ex-
pense, and bring them through to the honey harvest
in the best possible shape.

Price of book, 35 cents. Stamps taken, either U.
S. or Canadian.

Flue Italian Queens, reared from best select-
ed, tested, imported mother, 75 cts. each, by return
mail. lOtfdb

Lnml Asency. Cheap Farms.
Lists Free. GRIFFIN <fe
JEIEVIS, I'etersburK, Va.

200 PEKIN DUCKS.

AT

$2.00 A PAIK, OR ANY NlJriBER
$1.00 EACH, B\ EXPRESS.

Pay better than raising chickens; no creek neces-
sary. Extra large; two-thirds grown; very hardy;
no trouble to raise. Satisfaction guaranteed.
16-18db H. Q. WEBSTER, BLAINE, BOONE CO., ILL.

SHIPPING ORATES

THE CHEAPEST.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Hcddon, Uowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.: H. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee,
Ind. : C. H. Green, Waukesha, Wis.; Smith & Goodell,
Rock Falls, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
■iVZi North Front Street. Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon. Bayou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls. Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall &
Treadvvell, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard &
IJarnes. Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark,
Oriskanv. N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis.. E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J.Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

\Vrlte for sampler /?ce, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 60 Complimentary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch of our foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADAlVr Ac SON,

3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

Write for prices.
Itfdb

G. R. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, W^is.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., BEE-KEEPERS f CONN.

—SEND FOR MY NEW FRIGE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N.Y.

4tfdb

Choice Italian Queens.

One untestei!, ;.T cents; si.x, $4.00; twelve, $7.00.
Tested, $1.00, from natural swarming. 13-16db

merican Stibbens, Oxford, Butter Co., O.

(Jn.ft.s /c.v.s- than 'i rents per ireil,-.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

HO^nxTwiNTERBEES;

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent by mail for 10 cents. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTEACTOR,

S<l|]AKE (JL.ASS HONE¥-JAKS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac, &c.
PERFECTION COI^D-Bl.AST SMOKEBS.

Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

1.S.S7

GLEAN LN'CiS IN UEE CULTURE.

(i4:?

Contents of this Number.

Abscondiujf 659

Alsike a Hybrid Ml

Apifujre 657

Australia 668

Bee Rotan.v 66:t

Bees at Entranoi' 861

Bees on Fruit 662

Bee-keepiiipr as a Business. .649

Benson Letter 648

UlisterbeetU's 658

Brood-chambers, Largre 661

Brood-frame Measurem'ts. 662

Canip-meetingrs 653

Chapman Plant 654

Colony. Non-swarming 660

Crop, Always Getting' a — 646

Crops, Short 659

Doctoring' . 645

KUitorial 671

Entrance-sereens 659

Foul Brood. Is II ! 664

Foundation, Best 645

Foundation, Given 646

Foundation, Flat-bottom.. 662

Frtuioe's Report 655

(iilhciolv's Visit 650

Hat. Kce keeper's 646

Heads of (irain 660

Hoiiev for Fruit 6.58

lIciMiV hoards 656

Hon.'V ilcw for Winter «!J5

Itiilia'iisand Blacks 662

Ituliaiis in l)rou;,'lit 657

Mvsrlf and N.-ik'libors 667

Our Own Aiiiary 671

(Queens, ( ictlintr out of See's 645

yu('sticiM-F!o.\ 665

Reports Discouragini; 664

Reports KiK-ouraging 663

Rueky-Mountain Plant 663

Salaries, High and Low 649

Sections, Removing 656

Sewage 662

Swarming. Doolittle on 654

Swann-catchers. . .. 651

Tobacco Column 669

Vitis Bipinnata 663

Winter. Pieparing for 647

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOE.

!«(tif.\KK: 4;l.A!«s honey-jars,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES.
HONEY-SECTIONS, &:c.. Sec.
FKKFECTION COLD-Bl<AST SMOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cont stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-KeepevP." Itfdb

F-OLDIIVGS^ BOXES.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the best &

lotveat priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mioa fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
Printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
hauejust put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared tofillorders promptly. Price liiSt Free. Samples 5c.

14 oz. Glass Jars $S.25 per gross, including Corks 4 La-
bels, 11-2^2 gross In a Case. Catalogue of Honey tables free.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has published a neat little book of in pages, entitled
"The Production of Comb Honey." Its distinctive
feature is the thorough manner in which it treats
of the use and non-use of foundation. Many other
points are, however, touched upon. For instance,
it tells how to make the most out of unfinished sec-
tions, and how to winter bees with the least ex-
pense, and bring them through to the honey harvest
in the best possible shape.

Price of book, 25 cents. Stamps taken, either U.
S. or Canadian.

Flue Italian Queens, reared from best select-
ed, tested, imported mother, 7.5 cts. each, by return
mail. lOtfdb

Land Agency. Cheap Farms.
1-isls Free. ORIFFI9I <Ss
.lEUVIS, Petersburg, Va.

DADANT'S FOnHDATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. Seeadvertiseraontin another column.

VIRGINIA

SHIPPING CRATES

TXZS BBST,

THE CHEAPEST.

WE ARE RK.\nY TO RECEIVE

SHIPMENTS OF NICE COMB HONEY

In I and 2 lb. Sections,

For which we stmll pay cash, or sell on commission,
to suit shipper. Coi-rospondence solicited.

IMHtl CHAS. F. MUTH k SON., Cincinnati, 0.

"W ANTED.

To correspond with parties who have any honey,
apples, potatoes, peaches, or fruits and vegetables
of any kind for sale or shipment.

EAKL.E OI^ICKENGER & CO.,
117 South 4tli St., Columbus, Otaio.

OADAHT'S FOUKSATIOK FACT0B7, WHOLESALE aniBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

FOR SALE CHEAP.

An apiary of 75 stands of bees, with 10 acres of
good land; localit.v is good; has a carp-pond stock-
ed. Will sell all bee-hxings. Would take a good
team in exchange for part pay, or flUOO will buy the
whole. It is a good bargain. Correspondence so-
licited, joiiy riiOiVFooT,

17d hlootninf/dale, 1'nn liiiren Co., Midi,

^ f" ft B (^ r" Besl ancK'honitPSt Machine in the
k b IVl I b *^'' ''^' f">'»'(Mviii(;ri<-kft an.l Wire
I L Im Ij ["Fcmit t.. th(.' po-'ts ill till- tit-Ill Not
■ ■■■»*'■■ r\i-fllccl l)y any lor ease, speed, per-
fect work and low price lllustr.ited circular and
terms FREK. Adiir.-ss. M
(Patentee and Manufactureri

II. OARRKTT.

Mansfieltl. Ohio.

GET YOUR QUEENS FROM AN

EXPERIENCED BREEDER,
AND PAY A FAIR PRICE

1 am now filling orders for pure Italian queens
(cells built in full colonies) for 75 cts. each, safe ar-
rival guaranteed, and every queen warranted to be
mated with a pure Italian drone. I am three miles
from any other race of bees, and have not had to
replace a queen that proved mismated, this season.
My strain of bees was developed from queens per-
sonally selected from the apiary of W. W. Cary, and
from the best queen obtainable from G. M. Uoolit-
tle. Send for circular, with recommendations from
large hone.y-producers. Address

17d JAMES WOOD, North Prescott, Mass,

NOW IS YOUR CHANGE!

The rest of the season I will sell tested Italian
queens for $1.00 each; selected tested, $1,50; un-
tested, 75 cts. Try them, and you will not be disap-
pointed. Address J. V. HIXON,
ITd liock 53, Wash. Co., Md.

^jJddcic'EEi

BY SENDING SOW

Write for prices.
Ufdb

B. LEWIS 6l CO.,
Watertowu, Wl*.

I

\
1

HANDSOME BOX [?p.r|

M^ufu^Tpe'ci^uy FOR LADIES^p:' -:-,'"Kf." 1

I Address CEORCE E. STEVENS, 1

y BOOKSELLEK and Sr.M'IONER, CINCINNATI. ' iHIO. fl

I in stamps, you wil
^get by first mail

THE VERY BEST.

Select Italian queens to breed from, by return
mail, only Sl.OO each. Full colonies also for sale.

Address at once S. F. REED,

16 17d N. Dorchester, N. H.

F]i^ RUBBER PRINTING-STAMPS

FOR BEE-KTEEPERS, Etc.
Send for catalogue. Ci. W. BERC.-VIV,

9-10-ll-13-U-15d Fostoria, Olilo.

644

gLea^^d^^gs in bee ctjLTutit:.

i^EPT.

JleNEY CeMMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— i3(f?icj/.— The demand from manu-
tacturers is very good of late for extracted South-
ern honey, and fair for clover honey in small pack-
ages for table use. Our stocls of Southern honey
has been reduced considerably, and we shall be
in the market ag:ain this fall. There were few ar-
rivals lately, and prices may be quoted at 3(«)7c on
arrival, according to quality.

Comb honey has been sold out, perhaps better
than ever before at this time of year. Only rem-
nants of dark honey are left over. Choice white
comb honey would bring readily 15c in the .iobbing
way. No arrivals of new comb honey have readied
Our citj- yet, thnt we know of.

Beeswax Is in fair demand, and brings 20@23c for
good to choice yellow on arrival.

Aug. 19. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Ave's.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

St. Louis.— Honejy.— We quote choice comb 10@13
cts.; latter is for clioice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained, in bbls., 4(51^4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages. J^ cent advance
on above. Extracted, in bbls., 454@5'/4 cts.; in cans, j
5!'2@6 cts.

Beeswax, 21 cts. for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Aug. 25. D. G. TuTT & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

New York.— Hojiej/.— Our market is opening up
earlier than usual, and at higher prices. We quote
as follows, until further notice:

Fancy white, 1-lb. sections, 16(5)18; same in 2-lb.
sections, 13@'14; fair to good, 1-lb. sections, 13@15;
same in 2-lb. sections, 10(gil2. White-clover extract-
ed, In kegs or barrels, 7(aiS. Beeswax, 2l(a>22.

Aug. 24. McCAUL & HiLDRETH BROS..

38 and 30 West Broadway, New York City.

Columbus.— HoHfy.—Our market is no better ofl'
than last reported. We can't hear of an.v, scarcely,
and no one will put a price. We are having a num-
ber of calls, but no honey to fill orders. We are
still in hopes that we shall be able to get. honey
from some locality. There can be no price put
upon it, as we can't guess the extent of the scarcity.
So far there is none to get here.

Aug. 23. E. Clickenger & Co..

Columbus, Ohio.

Kansas CiTy.—Ho?iej/.— White comb, 1-lb. sec-
tions, 16@18c; dark, 15@16c; white, 3 lbs., 15@,17c;
dark, 2 lbs., 14((>'15c; California, white, 1 lb., ].5@17c;
dark, 1 lb., MfSlSc; white, 3 lbs., 1.5@16c; dark, 3 lbs.,
14c; California extracted, white, 7@,7i4c; dark, 6@
6'/^c. No white-clover extracted in market.

Bee.sM;f(a;.-No. 1, 20(rt)22c; No. 2, 16(a:18c.

Aug. 24. Clemons, Cl,oon & Co.,

Cor. 4th & Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

Milwaukee.— Hodfj/.— This market is in good
condition to receive shipments of honey— comb
honey wanted. New 1-lb. sections, white, 16@17;
same, in 3 lbs., 14(5*1.5. New extracted, in barrels,
7@7l^: same in kegs, 7J4@8. New extracted, in kegs,
dark, 6@,6^. We would advise shipments.
Beeswax, 2.5o. A. V. Bishop,

Aug. 22. Milwaukee, Wis.

Cleveland.— Hoiiry. —The market is in excellent
condition; all receipts to date have been promptly
sold at 16c for best 1-lb. white unglassed, and there
is now every indication of a slight advance; 3-lbs.
would sell at about 3c less. Choice white extracted
is wanted at 7(5)8. Beeswax. 25. A. C. Kendel,

Aug. 23. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Kansas City.— Ho/ie;/.- Choice white 2-lb. sec-
tions, 15c; dark, 3 lbs., 13(5(13c; choice white 1-lb.
sections, 18c; dark, 1 lb., 18(5>14c; California, 2 lbs.,
13{5'15c. Extracted, choice white. 8(5)10c; dark, .5(gi6c;
California white, 8c; amber, 6(n-7c. Beeswax, 20f522c.

Aug. 25. Hamblin «& Rearss,

514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Ho/i(!7.—Thei-e is a little better feeling
in the honey market. From our information, crop
will be short fully one-third from last year's crop,
and in some districts almost entire failure. Choide
white-clover comb honey, l-Ui. sections, 13® 13c;
fair, 10(q>llc. New white clover, extracted, in cans,
7(5 8c; bbls., .5@6c. Southern honey, bbls.. choice,
4V2(«5c; fair, 3'. 2^5 4c; baker's, 3(gi3'2. Beeswax,
steady, 31e. We look for good active demand for
honey this fall. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Aug. 35. lOS & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— H<u(f)y.— Honey is in brisk demand in a
small Way at 17© 18c per pound for white 1-lb. sec-
tions. Extracted is also active at 6(5j7c for white.
There is very little comb or extracted hone.y on this
market. fifcsuYcr, 22(3 24c. R.A.Burnett.

Aug. 23. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.— Ho?ic;/.— The market is entirely
bare of old honey. We expect now honey about
the first of the month. The price will range, for
white clover, from 13(5 15c. Do. 3-1 b.. 10(5) 12c.

Aug. 24. Thurber, Whylanu & Co..

New York City.

Detroit. — Honey. — New comb honey is very
scarce, and (juoted at 16(5j18 for best white comb in
1-lb. sections. Extracted, 10(512c.
Beeswax, 2.")C. M. H. Hunt,

Aug. 10. Bell Branch, Mich.

Boston.— 7-/o)!e?/.— Present indications point to a
very short crop of honev, and present prices for
new honey are from 30(5'22c for 1-lb. sections, and
18(530c for 2 lbs. Blake & Ripley,

Aug. 25. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Wanted.— I should like to buy 100, 200, or 300 lbs.
of extracted honey, if I can get it cheap enough. I
should like clover honey.

Mrs. M. a. Wilkins, Seneca, Nemaha Co., Kan.

Wanted. — To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 25 lbs. each.

I. T. Carson & Co.,
15-16d 335 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

Having resijinoil my position with Thurlier. Whyland & Co.,
I beg to inform yon that 1 liavo assiinicil tin- management of
the lioney, maiilo sinrar. and \va.\ (iopartnicnt of the well-
known house of F. (t. Sti-ohnicjer A Co.. New Yofk. I feel as-
sured that, with their facilities, I can meet your wants in the
above line. Thanking- you for past favors, and asking for the
future your kind consideration, I remain yours very truly ,-

Xew York. H. Sehelken.

TO BEE-KEEPERS.

In the interest of the bee keeping public, as well as in order
to increase business, we wish to make generally known that
we deal especially in honey and beeswax. Our personal ac-
quaintance with the trade all through this country, and our
connections in foreign markets, enable us to handle any quan-
tity of comb and extracted honey and wax most advantageous-
ly.' It is our aim, not only to sujiply the demand, but also to
create demand, esi)ecially in those parts of the country which
heretofore have been overlooked or neglected. Honey at pres-
ent prices r>u^;ht to be usi-il as a regular food-product by all
classes. It is to the interest o( rvery thouglitfnl apiarist to in-
crease the consumption in ordei- to e(iiialize llie i'apidl.v in-
creasing prodr.rl ii.n, and thus to upbobl iirices. But it is also
absolutelv nortssary to otter to consumers the ijure and per-
fect article only, in order to maintain their confidence. We
trust that, witli'thc cooperation of the beekeei>ers, we can at-
tain our object. We solicit eorrespcjndence and consignments.
On the latter, cash will be advanced. Promjjt returns guaran-
teed. F. G. Strohmeyer & Co.

122 Water St.. New York, August, lfi87.

Referring to the foregoing circular we beg to call .your at-
tention to the fact that we are the only house in the United
Statc-s making a specialtv of the following articles:

Comb and extracted honey; maple sugar and maple syrup;
beeswax; Brazil lorCarnaubai wax; Japan wax; Afiicanwax;
paraffine; ceresin; ozokerit; stearic acid: bitumen; laundry
wax. Thus offering a complete line of goods, we guarantee
the same to be always of best and carefully selected quality,
all of them bearing our trademark, F, G. S, & Co.

If you Wish to Obtain the

Highest Price for Honey

THIS SEASON,

WRITE TO HEADQUARTERS,

F. <J. STROHiTIEYER & CO.,

"Wholesale Woiiey inercliants,
17-4db 1^2 Water St., New York.

Vol. XV.

SEPT. 1, 1887.

No. 17.

TERMS :$1.0C Per ANNUM. IN AdvancR;! 1? c,+ rtT\l -i oTn n rl -i-vt 1 Q '7 ^ f Clubs to different postofflces. NOT LESS
2Copiesfor«1.90;3for«2.75,6forM.OO; -LVOt'tt't/t't'OAt'txtt' LrO J. O tO. | than 90 cts. eacli. Sent postpaid, in the
10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \ T>iiRii<;nFn «i.mi MnvTHTv rv -' U. S. and Caiiadas. To all other coun-

ber.Sots. Additions to clubs may be [ published skmi monthly by ] tries ot the Universal Postal Union. 18

made at club rates. Above are all to k I DHHT M CD H\/ A /lU/fi M^**- per year extra. To all countries
be sent to ONE POSTOFFICE. )/i, I. flUU I , IVI LUIIvn, (////l/. LnoxoI: the U.P.U.,42cts.per yearextra.

THE BEST FOUNDATION.

nit. MU.I.KH TELLS US WHY HE HAS OIVEN Ul' THE
OIVEN FOUNDATION, ETC.

T USED Given foundation, and liked it better
(Mp than any tiling I had previously used. Perhaps
'It there was some prejudice about it, and I don't
"*■ Itnow that I could have proved it was better;
but the bees took hold of it nicely, and the wa.\
in it seemed softer than in other kinds of founda-
tion—at least, the side walls did. But as you say,
friend Root, I have given up Given, and for the
same reason, probably, that others have -simply
because it's not on the market. You never otfered
it for sale, and I'm not sure that anybody did; and
if it had been on the market, I think I should never
have given up using it— at least, not till last spring.
If I remember rightly, the Dadants refused to
make it, because they couldn't succeed in making a
nice article, and perhaps that's the reason you and
others don't make it. I don't think I ever saw
Given foundation as uniform in thickness as that
made on a mill; but in spite of that, if it had been
as readily obtained I should have taken it in pref-
erence to any other up to the time I was in Medina
last spring.

One day while I was sitting In Ernest's corner
talking, Mr. Calvert came in with a long strip of
foundation, and said, with a smile beaming all over
his pleasant face, "We've made a discovery;" and
then he showed us the foundation. .Judging from
its looks alone I should prefer it to tlie (iiven, and I
got a lot of it; but owing to the failure of the sea-
son it has never been used.

COMMON SENSE IN DOCTORING.

1 am heartily glad, friend Root, that your wife, or
somebody else, is bringing you to your senses.

Perhaps you remember how I urged with all my
might that the lounge was the medicine you need-
ed; and I think Knmctimia you rested yourself when
exhausted, by rushing about outdoors just about in
the same way that a drink of whisky would have
rested you.

But I can hardly see how the tired housewives
are to follow your advice to rest before dinner.
In most cases (ask your wife if I am not right) the
attention of the wife and mother is urgently need-
ed in getting the meal ready up to the time of sit-
ting down to the table, and we hardly want to eat
without the presence of the mother at the table; so
where is the chance for the nap before dinner?
But an after-dinner rest can be taken; and upon
this the husbands, sons, and daughters should in-
sist. I know an old lady who takes a snooze every
day after dinner, sitting in her chair, and hei*
daughter worries that there is just so much delay
in getting the work done up. It is not unkindness,
but ignorance, on the part of the daughter; for if
she understood that that snooze is just lengthen-
ing so much the life of a fondly loved mother, the
old lady would find herself forcibly taken and laid
upon a bed for a more comfortable nap; and wo be
to the one who should wake her! Two of the pre-
vailing feminine sins are making up a bed as soon
as it is vacated in the morning, and rushing at the
work as soon as dinner is over.

KEEPING QUEENS OUT OF SECTIONS.

I wish I knew the place to which friend Howell,
on page 633, refers. I don't remember distinctly
about it, but this much I know: That very rarely
does a queen trouble the sections (so rarely that it's
hardly worth considering), and there is no secret
about it. I am not sure that I have any thing to do
with the matter. The slat honey-board, I suppose.

H-it)

gLeaniKgs IK BKh: ctjjyruUE.

vSepi*.

is something of an obstacle; the presence of sepa-
rators may help, although I have no trouble without
separators, and the distance of the sections from
center to center (about tvvo inches) also helps.
Still, I have not bad trouble, even with ]ii-inch sec-
tions. Some say the queen g-oes up to lay drone
eggs because there is no drone comb below. I have
generally no drone comb below, but then the sec-
tions are filled with worker foundation. So in my
case, the conditions are, the slat honey-board, sep-
arators, and two-inch sections filled with worker
foundation. I suspect that the essentials are the
honey-board and full-sized starters. Possibly if the
brood-chamber is too much contracted, the queen
might be forced up.

THE BEE-KE£PER'S HAT.

1 have worn one nearly all summer, and I like it
better than the five-cent hat. which is high praise.
The women-folks prefer the five-cent hat because
of its more drooping habit, thus making them less
sunburnt; but I don't think there is any thing
wicked in being sunburnt.

GETTING A GOOD CHOP IN ANY SEASON.

There you go again, friend Root, riling me by
your remark on page 637: "Give us a man with
sufficient energy and enterprise, and he will have a
crop, no matter what the season may be." Now, I
had this spring the best lot of bees I ever had, and
never worked harder to have every thing in good
shape, and never had less to reproach myself with
as to my own management, but 1 have no crop.
Colonies that were strong and in good condition in
the spring, and have continued so right along, have
gained not a pound; and when I open them, the
vacant, uncapped cells at the top of the brood-
combs stare me in the face. Now, will you tell us
the management or " energy and enterprise '" that
would secure a crop in such a case? Heretofore
my lack of energy may have been at fault; but
with the present season of drought I plead " not
guilty." C. C. MiLLEK.

Marengo, 111.

Look here, old friend ! nven't you a little
cool about taking the position yon do, that
tired honsewives can not doctor without med-
icine, as I have been recommending V Im
agine the husband or a child saying to the
mother of the household, " Dear mother, we
are well aware that your life would probably
be spared to iis fully ten years longer if you
could take a short nap just before dinner :
but the way we are situated, I think you will
have to do the best you can ; and when you
die we shall have to get somebody else to
take your place. We can not possibly spare
you to take your nap, the way things are
now ; but may be you might get some qui-
nine, or some" sort of bitters, of the doctor,
that would strengthen you up a little. It is
quite likely that it will not enable you to
live any longer in the end, but you see it is
quite impossible that we should spare you
for even twenty minutes, just before dinner
time.'" I want every husband, every son,
and every daughter, to read the above and
ponder on it. Has it not some sort of appli-
cation to the state of affairs in your house-
hold V — I declare, friend M., I entirely for-
got all about you when I made my sweeping
assertion. If I should take it back now, you
would all say I did it out of resi^ect to pres-
ent company, and then the rest would all

laugh, and the matter would be worse off
than if 1 let it alone. Why, is it indeed
true you did not get any honey at all in any
one of your apiaries V 1 will tell you what
the trouble is : You have too many colonies
in one location. Dr. Mason, you know, rec-
ommends only ten in one place ; or. at least,
if he did not say that, it was something to
that effect. Kow, may be if you try again
with a small number of colonies in a good lo-
cality you will conclude I was pretty nearly
right, after all.

GIVEN FOUNDATION.

THE KEASON WHY FRIEND HEDDON HAS GIVEN IT
UP.

0N page 610, in your foot-notes to friend Hutch-
inson's article, you call upon me to state
what may be my present idea of Given comb
foundation, and why I do not handle it now,
and why I have changed my mind, etc. How
simple, seemingly, complex problems appear, when
fully understood! After all I have written and
said in favor of the Given press, had I changed my
mind, after more experience, it would have been a
duty to have publicly stated the change, and the
reasons for it, and a duty which I should have
promptly and pleasurably fulfilled. Now, if you will
look over my writings you will find that, while 1
have always given a decided preference for the
press, as a means of making wax into foundation,
I have given the foundation only a little prefer-
ence, at the same time saying that the best rolled
foundation was good enough for any one. The
difference is slight, but it has always been, with us,
in favor of the Given foundation.

I have worked no less than seven roller mills,
of four different makes, and nearly as many differ-
ent Given presses, and to-day I would use no other
machine than the Given press. My preference for
it, for speed, ease of operation, etc., is radical.
Now, why don't I use it':' Why, because 1 dou't use
any. Well, why don't I deal in Given foundation? Be-
cause 1 can't buy it in large quantities at wholesale
rates. I tried to do so, before I adopted the Dadant
foundation. No one makes it to wholesale, in sufli-
ciently large quantities to supply me. Some one
might agree to, but fail. I can't fill orders with
promises. I preferred to become one of Dadant's
jobbers. I will tell you why.

1. They make a most excellent article of rolled
foundation. It is made upon honor and .iudgment.

3. They are almost specialists (please remember
that I alwajs plead for specialty), and that greatly
aids the fact that, their work is nearly perfection,
and t»at they are always ready to fill orders prompt-
ly-

3. These men are so honest and fair in deal, that
no energy need be expended in watching and weigh-
ing after them. They seem to have found out that
honesty is truly the best business policy, and they
appear to feel that thei-e is no pleasure to the heart
in injustice. They seem to recognize the fact that
virtue is its own reward. I can't agree with many
of their mechanical deductions, but I do most
heartily indorse their integrity, and their consisten-
cy in its adoption and use. In this special sphere, I
hold this firm as worthy of the position of a guiding-
star to our fraternity.

I used to think, and it was nearer true then than

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

H47

now, that the ownership of from 40 fo^O colonies of
bees warranted the purchase and use of a comb-
foundation machine; but since the many improve-
ments in its manufacture, I have found that such
is not the case. You are very well aware, that not
only special skill is required, but special room and
llxtures, and plenty of it: and although I now have
between B\'c and si.\ himdred colonies, and use
foundation in full sheets everywhere, and sell
about ten times as much as I use, I prefer to pur-
chase rather than to make my foundation, devoting
more time and energy to other departments. When
I look at the e.\tremely low prices of your counter
goods, I do not forget that specialty in manufac-
ture has done much to aid inventive genius in so
cheaply supplying us. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Aug. 23, 18HT.

Friend H., yoti have given Dadant & Son
a pretty big puft' ; but I am glad to see it,
because r think they are deserving. In re-
gard to Inlying foundation instead of mak-
ing it for forty or fifty colonies, if I am
right it depends a good deal on how much
spare time the owner has. Where lie has
not as many irons in the fire as you and I
have, friend Ileddon. but, on the contrary,
has spare time, especially in the fall and
winter, he can make very good wages in-
deed in making liis own foundation, and
supplying his neighbors for several miles
around, even if he does not make a business
of furnishing supplies and shipping to order.
Since you speak of it. I believe I have never
heard any one say that he ever sent an or-
der for foundation to the Dadants, and it
was neglected or delayed.

PKEPARING FOR WINTER.

FKIEND DOOLITTLE TELLS US HOW TO DO IT ANU
WHEN TO DO tT.

fp^ HAT prince among bee-keepers of twenty
^h years ago, Elisha Gallup, once wrote that
^ August and September were the months in
which to prepare bees for winter; and after
the experience of last fall and winter (which
winter was the worst season for bees ever known
in this locality, they being confined to their hives
on the summer stands for Ave months without
Hight), I am ready to agree with Gallup exactly.
A year ago I commenced getting the bees ready in
August, ttnishing in September, and I never had
bees winter as well during a severe winter in all of
my 18 years of experience. As I am again getting
ready for next winter, I thought perhaps some of
the readers of Gleanings would like to know how
I did It. By beginning at this date to put all in
readiness as far as possible, I give the bees a
chance to get their stores for winter placed just
where they wish them, so that, by the middle of
October, they are ready to go into that quiescent
state so conducive to the best results. Working
along this line. I proceed as follows:

I go to each hive, open it, and carefully remove
each comb, noting the amount of bees, age of
queen, square inches of brood, and pounds of hon-
ey. The pounds of honey are found by weighing a
few combs of varying fullness till the eye gets so
trained that every comb can be counted olf as to
weight ot honey with an accuracy approaching

perfection, while the square inches of brood is
gotten by measuring a few ditferent-sized patches,
when it is easy to estimate it afterward. The age
of the queen is told l)y looking at the last year's
record, if her wings are clipped; if not clipped, T
know she is of the present year's rearing, as the
wings of all my queens are clipped in fruit-liloom,
and the amount of bees is told by observing their
appearance on the combs. When I go over the
hives in this way, 1 have some pieces of sections so
that, as soon as a hive is closed, I can write down
all about the condition of the inside. The piece of
section may read something like this: "Aug. 20,
1887; 20 lbs. honey; 450 sq. inch, brood. Bees, plen-
ty, with good Italian queen, reared in '85."

This piece is now laid on top of the honey-board
or quilt to the hive, and the cover put on, when two
little tlat stones are put on the cap to tell me that,
inside said hive, they are short of honey, but have
brood to spare. For instance, if the stone is at the
front right-hand corner, it says, short of honey; if
at the left back corner, it says, brood to spare; if at
the right back corner, it says, honey to spare; and
if at the left front corner, it says, short of bees and
brood; while, if all is as I wish it for winter, a stone
is placed in the center of the cover. In this way
I make these little stones tell me, at a glance over
the apiary, just what each hive contains, so that it
is now but a few minutes' work to go over the yard
and equalize all so that each is in a similar condi-
tion for winter, when the little stones are taken otf
and slijiped under the bottom-board of the hiv(>,
where they belong when not in use. If any are
still short of stores (25 lbs. is what I allow each colo-
ny) after equalizing, I feed to make up the de-
fliiiency, generally using honey, as I prefer it to
sugar stores after i-epeated trials. As 1 write this
out it looks like a long tedious job, and the readers
of Gleanings will doubtless say that, rather than
go through all this operation, they will simply lift
the hives as heretofore and " guess" that all have
enough to carry them through. But to handle
three or lour hives is to become an expert; audit
the readers will only try it they will soon find that,
after a little, they can count off honey, brood, and
bees, as fast as they can handle frames, which, to-
gether with the satisfaction of fciiouHHy just what
each hive contains, will never allow them to go
back to the " lifting-guessing " plan again.

Then I have also learned a new plan of uniting
nuclei or queen-rearing colonies for winter, so
that they can be ready early instead of being only
poorly fixed at best when left till October, as they

usually are. It is this:

The latter part of August, select the strongest
ones from the lot, or as many as j'ou desire to win-
ter, and go to the others and take all but a little
brood away from them, dividing said brood among
those selected for winter. In doing this I take all
the bees along (less the iiueen) that adhere to their
frames. These frames of bees and brood are set
right in the selected hives, and so far I have not
hail a single bee or queen killed. The bees hatch-
ing from this brood are the ones which go througli
the winter, and I like uniting in the brood form
much better than in the hee form. T'he bees left in
the now small nuclei are used up, and mostly die
of old age by the time T am through ((ueen-rearing
for the season. G. M. Ddolittle.

Borodino. N. V., -Vug. 18, 1887.

1 lielieve. friend I).,tl>(' substance of the

648

GLEANINGS IN BEE (CULTURE.

Sept.

above has been given us before — possibly
some years ago ; and it is quite interesting,
to me at least, to know that you have made
no material change in your "manner. Very
likely no change is needed, especially if it is
successful. I think I should prefer the slates
to the pieces of secti<ms and little stones you
use. Perhaps tlie plan is the best one for
you, however. Ernest suggests, while I am
dictating this, that the stones have an ad-
vantage over the slates, inasmuch as they
can be seen quite a distance away, and this
surely is a valuable point. In case of your
sickness or absence, however, it might be a
little difficult for a new hand to get the hang
of the meaning of the stones placed in dif-
ferent positions. Doesn't a heavy wind
tumble them off sometimes? — Your plan of
uniting colonies is similar to the one we
have used for many years, only I should
make the attempt to put, in some colony
near by, the old bees wliich are left, because
[ felt sorry for them if for no other reason.

OUB P. BENSON LETTER.

P. Benson A. B. S. H/s CattUloy & Prise List
Kontinude.

HUNNV STRAINERS— $1.3.5.

fHESE air made of table cloths kairfoolly wore
to the rite thickness, soze to strain the bun-
ny throo and leave the dead bees & bee bred
in the cloth. This is less than the cost of
mateerial, without cliarg-in enny thing- for
the trubbel of havin them wore down, but thay ar
offered at this low prise for a short time to intro-
juice them.

HUN NY BOXES— 5 CtS.

Flattened by the 100 $5.35.

COBM EXTRACTERS.

Cobm extractors, per pair . - - - $ ..50.
These extracters is yused to lift the cobms out of
the hive, soze not to git stung-. By taking- it at nite,
when the bees kant see to tiy, the most timmid ken
extrack the cobms out of the hive without a sting.

TIN PANS FOR SWARMING— $ ..50.

These pans is construckted ackordin to the latest
improovements of moddern sighents, with thair
acowstick propperties intensyfide & condenst, soze
to maik a moast outra.ils nois whareby the bees is
in.iuiced to lite moar promp than enny other nois.

3-PI.V' BEE-MITTENS— $1.30.

These mittens has never bin noan to f ale. Thay
ar made of three thickness of sheepswool, & giv
curridge to the opperrater so he ken go at the bees
with undanted bravery.

RESEAT POK HUNNY— $3.00.

This reseat ken maik the finest hunny out of
harmless mateerials to be found in evry fammaly,
sitch as shooger, wotter, glew, starch, & so forth.
The ingrediences doant cost to eckseed 5 sents a
pound, makin the prophet grate. If this is soled at
(35) twenty-flve sents its a clean prophet of 30 sents.
You ken eezy maik 300 pounds in a day besides
dooin the chores, and this wood be forty ($40) dol-
lers a day, or neerly fifteen thousand a yeer. The

e.xack amount is $14,(500 dollars. As 1 have oanly a
fue of these reseats s'ou better send soon.

WUR.M ANNIGHHIGHLATEH. — $ .75.

Next to the moth miller the wax wunn is the
wurst ennemy on the subject to the bee. When a
swarm is took up the wax wurm jfits info the cobms
and eats them up, and it's so hard to find and pick
them out that I have devised a implement entitled
the wurm anni^hhighlater whitch is automatic in
its axion, and gits out the last wunn.

p. BENSON'S WURM ANNIGHHIGHLATER.
DRIED TANZY, PER PACKIUGE.— $ .25.

To rub on hives to maik swarms stay.

Olways send a little more than the prise, to allow
for liucktuashen in the market. If enny of my
customers is dissatisflde the munny ken be cheer-
foolly refunded to me.

In riting letters of inquiry, inclose yure real
name, not nesserly for publickashen but as a garn-
tea of good faith. Also a postidge stamp.

P. Benson, A. B. S.

ON THE RIGHT PLATFORM.

OUR FRIEND .1. M. .JENKINS ON THE SUPPLY-BUSI-
NESS.

fRIEND KOOT:—The honey season has proven
a failure for surplus with me, but I think the
bees will have plenty for winter. We had a
drought 'in April and May, and that is when
our best honey is gathered, and it is the
main crop. They are doing as well in summer as
usual, but they can't make any surplus of it, and it
is not much good any way. But " the harvest "
with me in the supplj'-business has been fair, and I
am satisfied. I have taken in about $1,500, or about
double what 1 did last year, and I think my pros-
pects for doubting it again next year are good. I
am now building an addition to my factory, that 1
may have more room.

My business here is small and insignificant com-
pared to yours and probably others' ; but I feel sure
of success after two seasons' experience, and I am
willing- to put more into it. I have learned how to
greatly reduce expenses and thus increase the
nroflts, and the end is not yet. I might also say,
that I have made only one enemy that I know of
among- my customers, and I don't know whether he
failed to answer my last letter for shame or anger,
and I don't know how he feels now. 1 always do
my best to please, and give satisfaction, and if dif-
ferences arise (as they surely will) I do any thing, or
offer an.v thiiig, to satisfy the customer. I am sim-
ply trying to follow the teachings of A. I Root, and
of Him who said, " Do unto others as you would
have others do unto you." I never want any man
to feel that he didn't get his money's worth of me.
or that I got the best of him in a bargain. I make
as pi'ompt shipments us possible; and if I have to
delay the shipment more than 34 hours, T explain at

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

649

once and let the customer know what to expect.
In our inexperience we have a few times left out
parts of a shipment, as rabbets, or pieces of Irames,
and T always forward the same by postage or ex-
press paid, and apologize. Friend R., that is the
kind of " platform " 1 am ruuning on. I tell you all
this because I am under everlasting obligations to
you, and I feel that you have a right to know what
I am doing. I might also add, that I decline credit
to all alike. * .T. M. .Tknkins.

Wetumpka. Ala., Aug. 33. 1887.

BEE-KEEPING AS A LIFE BUSINESS.

C. C. Mtr-LEK GIVES US SOME EXCELLENT FACTS IN
REGARD TO THE MATTER.

/ i^T seems a pity he should settle down into
k mF nothing but a bee-keeper, when he might
be successful in almost any line of busi-
ness he should undertake." Such expres-
sions I have heard, when, so far as I could
see, the only reasons for it were that it was thought
the man might make more money at some other
business than bee-keeping. I am aware that too
much has been said of the bright side of bee-keep-
ing in the way of urging every one into it, and 1
have protested against it; for in nine cases out of
ten, the person who chooses bee-keeping as his life
liusiness, merelji for the money there is in it, will
meet with disappointment. But for once I want to I
take the other side, and say something in the way
of urging the choice of this business upon a cer-
tain class. Here is a yoiiog man about to settle
down in life. His college course of study is per-
haps finished (and I would urge upon every young
man to get a collegiate education, whether he ex-
pects to spend his life in apiary, farm, counting-
house, or pulpit); and the question is, whether bee-
keeping shall be his vocation. He has aptitude for
the business; what little experience he has had in
it has been successful; and he would really like to
spend his life at it if he thought he could make as
much money at it as at merchandise, albeit the
continement of a merchant's life is not to his taste.
But the matter of monej' stands first in considera-
tion, and he decides in favor of mercantile life. My
young friend, you are making a mistake. In the
first place, it is by no means certain that you will
be one of the successful merchants. But suppose
you are. and that you make double or ten times as
much money as you could at bee-keeping. You go
on at your business, looking forward to tlie time
when you can retire, and enjoy life. There are
events that may hinder the realization of your ex-
pectations. You may not live long enough. If
you do, you will find that your tastes have some-
what changed, and that the life to which you have
for years looked forward with bright expectations
is mainly a disappointment. On the other hand, if
you follow your inclinations, and adopt the pursuit
of a l)ee-keeper, there is no necessitj- for looking
forward to a certain time in the future for your en-
joyment of life. You can take your enjoyment as
you go— nii.xed, it is true, with pain and toil, but
still a life of enjoyment. You have one important
advantage over the merchant: your outdoor life
gives you a physical vigor he can not enjoy. He
has poorer food than you, even if he eats from the
same dish, for he has not the same hunger to spice

it. The mere fact of existence is a pleasure to a
perfectly healthy animal, be he man or beast; and
the man who eats his food with a thorough relish is
the better man for it, i)hysically, mentally, and per-
haps morally and spiritually.

HIGH VERSUS LOW SALARIES.

There is another view that is worth taking, and
it applies to all callings— bee-keeping or what not.
Compare two positions in life. A man in Chicago
has a salary of $3000, and his brother in a country
village has one half as much, $1000. Which has the
better place? Perhaps the Chicago man, perhaps
not. Throwing aside all other considerations, and
taking just a dollar-and-cent point of view, if the
country man's annual expenses are $600, and those
of the city man's $1700 (and there may be that ilif-
ference, even when each seems to be living equally
well), the i-esult will be that the countryman will
lay by one-third more annually than the city man,
in which case the $1000 salary will be better than
the $3000. Suppose, however, that the annual ex-
pense in the city is $ir)00, and $600 in the country.
In this case, $500 is annually saved out of the $3000,
and $-tO() out of the $1000. Is the salary that clears
the $r)00 one-fourth better than the salary that
clears the $400'/ And it is to this particular point
I want to call the especial attention of the young.
Nine out of ten of the young will be dazzled bj' the
larger salary; and when to this is added the larger
annual saving, the question is definitely settled in
their mind. If they think far enough ahead they
may find a factor they have omitted from the prob-
lem. When the time comes to retire from service
—it may never come, and it may be forced upon
one before he desires it— when this time comes, the
city man will be so fixed in his habits and mode of
living, his family in their social circle, that he
must continue his same life and same expense of
living. Even if he had thought of going back to his
former country life, he will now find it impractica-
ble; the rule is, that men do not. Now let our two
men be compared after the same number of years
of service, say lo years. In that time the one sav-
ing $500 per annum has $7,500 ahead; and the other,
saving $400 per annum, has $6000 ahead. But what
is this worth to each of them? The first, spending
$1500 per year, can live on his $7,500 just 5 years;
and the second, spending $600 per year, can live on
his $6000 just 10 years. So you see, when looked at
from this point of view, the $1000 salary is worth
just double as much as the $3000. In other words,
the $3000 man lays by each year enough to supiiort
him 4 months, while the $1000 lays by enough each
year to keep him S months. Some of you young
men that are itching to get into places to make
money faster, think this over. It may make you a
little more content where you are. C. C. Miller.
Marengo, 111.

Friend M., while readinf>- your excellent
suggestions, a text kept all the while riin-
niug thiough my mind. This text is one of
my particular favorites just now. Even
though most of you have heard it perhaps a
hundred times, I will repeat it here : "■ Laj;;
not up for yourselves treasures on earth, '
etc. Now. 1 do believe that too many young
men choose an occupation from llie stand-
point of money, just as you put it : and
whoever does this will make a failure in
one way if not another. I have had consid-
j erable experience in mercantile business,

650

gleani:ngs ln bee cultuke.

Sept.

as well as in outdoor work, and 1 would not
give up the privilege of spending half of my
time out in the open ;iir, for any salary that
could be offered. It is not only the open
air with me, but it is the opportunity of
meeting face to face C-Jod's work, and of en-
Joying direct his great and wondrous gifts ;
and 1 would not stay in a store, from day-
light till dark, as I have done year after year
in times past, losing the relish for food, as I
used to lose it — losing also the keen zest and
pleasure that even existence gives — for any
salary that could be mentioned. In fact, I
hope that the larger the salary that might be
offered, the less I should want it.

A VISIT "WITH GILHOOLY.

OVERCOATS FOK HEES, ETC.

T WAS just di-iving- past neighbor Gilhooly's apia-
j^[ ry, consoling myself with the thought that I
^r was not the only one in the bee-business who
■^ had " got left " this year, when out came neigh-
bor Gilhooly himself, in hat and veil, smoker
in hand, and a kind of body-guard of cross bees
hanging around him.

" Hold on, neighbor Fowls, I want to talk bees
with you."

'• Whoa! Well, 1 have no objections'if your escort
there don't talk back. But what makes you work
so early in the morning, when those fellows are so
troublesome?"

"Oh! on account of robbers. I'd rather take a
tew extra stings now, than to be bothered with so
many pesky robbers later in the day."

" But you have a tentV"

" Yes, but it's getting full of holes; and besides, a
gust of wind would, likely enough, tip it up just at
the worst time."

" I see you arc working on that row of new
swarms— taking off honey, I reckon?"

" Now, neighbor Fowls, that's downright cruel of
you to talk like that; but I suppose I'll have to for-
give you, as you're in the same boat. Well, I did
take off some unfinished sections there, but 1 am
hunting out the poorest queens, to remove them."

" Going to give them new queens, I suppose'/"

" No, I'm just going to double them up. You see,
they're light, both in stores and bees; and as I've
always lost more of the new swarms, I thought I'd
make big swarms of them and see if I can't winter
new swarms as well as you do."

" Very good, but your old swarms still have the
advantage in one respect, and the most important
one too, neighbor Gilhooly."

" What's that— in having a young queen?"

" Yes, that is an advantage if she is a better lay-
er; but that wasn't what I was driving at. Your
new swarms have new combs, haven't they?"

" Yes, built on foundation."

" Well, those new combs are colder than the old
black combs your old swarms have."

" Do you reallj' think there is so much differ-
ence?"

"To be sure, 1 do. See hero neighbor Gilhooly,
what was your object in sending that poor neigh-
bor that parcel of bedding last winter?"

" Why, to keep him from freezing. You know
his old house lets in the cold; but what's this to do
with the been?"

"Just this: A l)ee-hive lets In the cold too; and to
keep them warm you must give them warmer bed-
ding. You must exchange your new combs for old
lilack ones."

" How do you save the brood in the new combs,
and keep the queen from laying in them?"

" Why, that's very simple— by using the queen-ex-
cluding honey-boards. Take an extra hive, with
your old combs in it, contracted just as you want it
for winter, put it on the stand, shake the bees and
queen in front, then put your combs of brood in
the top .story, with queen-excluder between, and
leave them three weeks."

" But 1 can't see that the bees will have their bed-
ding, as you call it, around them— only a few will be
crowded in the cells; the rest will be clustered be-
tween the combs."

" Where they have eaten out the honey there will
be at least half of them encased in a warm over-
coat."

" How do you make that out?"

" Why, calling the cells half an inch deep, that
would make an inch of empty cells; allowing one-
fourth for the aforesaid overcoat, that would be
equal to three-fourths of an inch, and you wouldn't
have more room than that between the combs."

" Well, your warm overcoats won't help those
fellows between the combs much— they'll be in
their shirt-sleeves."

" True; but they will keep warm with the warmth
of their fellows. Just imagine a crowd of thousands
of men, half in overcoats and half in shirt-sleeves,
crowded together hundreds deep in all directions,
all pressing toward the center."

"Yes, just to get a sight of Her Majesty, the
queen."

" Correct; like the English, you know, when ev-
ery Englishman wanted to see the Queen at her ju-
bilee.glWel], I must go on. Get up, Jenny!"

Oberlin, Ohio, Aug. 23, 1887. Chalon Fowls.

Thanks, friend F. We have enjoyed the
account of your visit with Mr. Gilhooly. In
regard to old combs versus newly built
combs for winter, we have this to say : Last
winter we wintered 40 colonies on combs
which had just been drawn ottt on founda-
tion. By far the larger part of these combs
had never liad any brood in them, and yet
every one of the 40 colonies wintered per-
fectly. I know it is generally considered
that old tough combs are preferable ; but
are we perfectly sure of it? It is true, the
old combs are filled with cocoons, and
theoretically they would make the combs
warmer for the bees. Although you do not
say so, yet I suppose that these cocoons are
in reality what you call ''overcoats;" but do
these little overcoats make a very percepti-
ble difference in the way in which bees pass
the winter? We .should be glad to hear
from others.

I think I shall have to correct Ernest a
little, in his remarks above. Years ago,
when we were more intent on increase than
on getting honey, or even rearing queens for
sale, we used to have much more trouble in
getting colonies through the spring, where
they had newly built combs, than with old
tough black combs ; and I believe it is gen-
erally conceded that the old black combs are
far the best t\)r the brood-nest for winter.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

651

SWARMING AND SWARM-CATCHERS.

VALUAULE SUGGESTIONS FROM W. F. CLARKE.

lug-,

I OR one, I have settled down to the beliel' that
) swarming: is to bo accepted as one of the un-
changeable conditions of bee-life. In com-
mon with many others, I hailed f lie plan of
division sometimes called " artificial swarm-
and practiced it long: enoug'h to become con-
vinced that it was indeed artificial and abnormal. 1
never had a stock of bees that was thus started on
an independent career, whose energ-y, industry, and
efficiency would begin to compare wilh those quali-
ties as displayed by a natural swarm. I have also
tried clipping the queen's wing, and abandoned it
for several reasons. First and foremost, it is a
fraud on the bees. Nature is constructed on hon-
est principles, and 1 believe that even a stock of
bees resents deception and imposture. They start
for that grand gala-time which Nature provides
them once a year; and instead of having a holiday
excursion they are obliged to turn back in dire
confusion and disappointment. It is their annual
celebration of independence; and man, by wicked
artifices, prevents their enjoyment of it. They feel
and act as if balked, which they are, and no mis-
take. Again, dissatisfaction springs up in the hive.
They become disloyal toward their queen. They
don't want a leader who can't lead. Something is
the matter with the queen. They cabal, scheme,
and finally conclude to supersede the reigning mon-
arch. I have no doubt many of our queen-troubles
have arisen from clipping and otherwise disturbing
the queen. Furthermore, it is very difficult forme

gone outside my own lot of about an acre in extent,
to find a clustering-place, except once.

When things are handy foi- cutting off the bough
(m which the cluster hangs, that is a nice way of
getting possession of your swarm. Dut it has its
objections. A properly trimmed Norway spruce is
disfigured by the removal of an important bough,
and the symmetry of an a))ple-tree is spoiled Ijy cut-
ting ott' here and there a large branch. It is re-
markable what a tendency there is in swarms to
pick out certain trees, and they soon get cut out of
all shape by sawing off limbs. Besides this, it is not
easy to saw off a limb without jarring it; and some-
times at the critical moment of separation between
bough and trunk thei-e is a serious jar, and, lo!
half the cluster parts company with the rest; or
the whole swarm becomes disorganized, and, quick
as wink, is " over the woods and far away." If you
get your bough and cluster safely to the new hive,
you are not beyond the reach of mishap. The
queen may rise in the air again instead of going
into the hive, and then it is " love's labor lost."

Various devices have been suggested for taking
swarms, most of which I have tried and found
wanting in some particular or other. I can not
discuss them in detail here, for I find that this arti-
cle is getting lengthy, and the special object of it
is not yet reached. I want to describe and illus-
trate a very simple method of taking swai-ms, which
I have evolved during the season just passed, and
found more satisfactory than any other with which
I have experimented. The idea of it was evolved
from an apparatus figured in the A B C of Bee Cul-
ture, page 336, as follows:

FIG. 1. A SWARM-CATCHER.

to handle a queen without hurting her. I have not
that delicacy of touch, nor that control of my
nerves, which is necessary for handling such soft-
bodied little creatures. I think real injury often
done to queens in the process of clipping impairs
their efficiency, and leads to their being superseded.
I forbear discussing other preventives of swarm-
ing, lest this article should become too long.

Taking it for granted that we are going to let our
bees swarm within due limits, we ought to arrange
accordingly. First, we want a spacious bee-yard,
or, rather, bee-garden, for I don't believe in a bee-
yard, like a door-yard, devoid of trees and shrub-
bery. An apiary should be located on a roomy
lot, and be environed by evei-greens and low-
growing deciduous trees. My experience has
been, that bees prefer Norway spruces and ap-
ple-trees to all others, for clustering on. In my lot
they have had a choice of maples, willows, moun-
tainash, chestnut, plum, cherry, pear, and various
other trees, together with lilac, syringas, and other
shrubs, also pines, balsams, and other evergreens;
and in over twenty years they have invariably
chosen Norway spruces or apple-trees to <-luster on.
I may add, that in all that time they have never

The drawback to this device is its being horizon-
tal. You must climb a ladder, get even with the
cluster, and in such a fi-ee position that you can
readily operate the handle; for unless, as described
in the ABC, you instantly twist the bag so as to
confine the bees, a large portion of them will get
away, and, in all probability, along with them you
will lose the queen. This drawback is obviated by
the use of a wooden handle, as shown in Fig. '.I.
The construction of the swarm-catcher is also
shown, together with the manner in which it is
shoved under the swarm. The rod is made in
joints, the two lower joints being of stout bamboo,
and the upper one of tough ash. Fig. 'Z shows
the device with the lower joint removed, and which
I have so far found quite long enough for such
swarms as I have taken with it. As soon as the
swarm has dropped into the bag, slant the rod a
little, give it one twist, and the bees are all your
prisoners. Not a solitary one of them can escape,
and the bag lies against the rod snug and secure
(see Fig. 3), to await your convenience. If the
hive is not ((uite ready for the reception of the bees
they can wait a little while. The bag lieing made
of cheese-cloth, or some such porous material, thej-

652

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Sept.

will not smother. When all is ready, their infallible
entrance into the hive may be secured by the hoop
of the bag being so piacerl that the bees must escape
into the hive or not at all.

FIG. li. W. F. CLAKKE'S SWAHM ING-UEVICE.

The superiority of this plan over all swarming-
boxes, even those with a frame of comb in them,
lies in this— that you are not dependent on the will
of the bees whether they enter or not. Bees are
freaky little creatures. You poke a box among
them as the cluster is forming; and if they do not
take a notion to enter, you must secure them in
some other way. Or if you are too persistent in ob-
truding your box upon them they abscond, and so
get rid of the annoyance. Or, again, j'ou coax
them into your box, and then lose them at the en-
trance of the hive.

1 have tried the method— I do not know whose it
is, but I first saw it practiced at Mr. Heddon's— of
shaking the cluster into a light box or large tin
pan, and instantly covering the bees with a muslin
or linen cloth. It is better than some of the modes
practiced, hut not wholly satisfactory to mc. You
can not always get a good fair shake; and if you
do, perhaps fail in getting the cover on properly, or
after it is on it is brushed aside while you are climb-
ing down from the tree; and, lastly, perhaps there
is a miss in getting the queen out of the box or pan
into the hive.

Tt will, perhaps, be said that my device will an-
swer very well where the cluster hangs in a nice
convenient shape as in the pictures; but when it

gets among small limbs of trees, and in awkward
places, it will not work. To which I reply, that ap-
ple trees with properly trimmed open heads and
Norway spruces with symmetrical branches, offer

FIG. 3. MANNER OF CONFINING THE BEES.

no chance for the tanglingup of swarms we some-
times witness. There will be here and there an ex-
ceptional case; but an apiary having a right en-
vironment, such as described at the outset of this
article, will give off swarms that will cluster in a
ship-shape form, nearly every time. If we sur-
round our bees with high trees, or thickety trees, or
plant the apiary where there are no trees at all, we
must, of course, take the consequences. Swarms
like, above all things, to cluster on trees; and if we
provide such as are convenient for ourselves as
well as them, they will use them, so reducing our
trouble and risk of loss to the minimum point.

Wm. F. Clarke.
Guelph, Ont., Can., July 36, 1887.

Many thanks, old friend, for having given
so much prominence to our swarm-catcher,
with your improvements. Perhaps I should
remark, that the implement, as we repre-
sent it in the A B C book, was invented and
used by one of oiu' girls who assisted in the
apiary, and who afterward for several years
managed qtiite an apiary herself. I believe
she used the implement very much as you
suggest. The rim around the bag was made
of wire. This wire was so springy that,
when held upright, it would tip over" by the
weight of the bag in pretty nearly a horizon-
tal position. She always insisted that it
was much more convenient than our swarm-
ing-box. I believe a good many, however,
rather prefer to lead bees than to drive them ;
and my experience with bees shut up in a
bag has not been satisfactory. They always
behave as if there were a good deal of pro-
test al)Out the whole proceeding ; whereas
in a swarraing-box, or a half-bushel basket,
which I like about as well, they behave as
though they were acting according to their
own pleasure, and I rather prefer to man-
age bees in that way when it can be done.
I have often, however, had second and third
swarms when T fairlv ;iched to get them in-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

H53

side of a bag, or in some other place where
I could make them stay and behave accord-
ing to my notions instead of tlieirs. — I want
to congiatiilate you, friend C, on the pic-
ture you sketched, of a tine old gentleman —
farmer ov bee-keeper. Just to look at his
placid face and deliberate (I was going to
say movements) position, is an encourage-
ment. When you feel inclined, jilease give
us some more from real life, along with your
writings, and we extend the same invitation
to the rest of our readers.

MRS. CHADDOCK'S LETTER.

HEK EXPEKIENCE AT A CAMP-MEETING DURING
DHY WEATHER.

R^^ EES have done nothing- this summer— have not
I3i g-athered enougli honey to winter on— will
f^ have to be fed, or starve to death. We
-*^ have not had a good old-fashioned soaking-
rain for 14 months. We had no winter rains
—only snows. The spring rains that we usually
have, that stop plowing for days, did not come this
spring. Not a single hour was lost on account of
wet weather. We had a middling sort of rain on
the 3d of Jul}', and that is the last. Every thing
of the grass kind is dried up. Our pasture fields,
blue-grass sod, and timothy and clover, are as dry
as the highway, and almost as dusty. Vesterdaj',
as we rode along past the woods pasture, Jessie
said, " That pasture is rather low, isn't it?" We all
laughed — "rather low " was pretty good where not
a spear of grass could be seen, and a great cloud of
dust rising u)) whenever the sheep walked about.
We pump our stock-well dry every day, and then
water the cows and calves at the house-well. Our
pastures dried up the second week in June, and we
have been feeding dry hay and green corn ever
since. We had just six weeks of green pasture this
year— a pretty short summer. We live away from
the public highway, and all the dust we get at
home is of our own raising; but as it is, we get
enough. We can hardly get the washing dried
without having- it all covered with dust, and it
comes into the house, and settles on every thing.
They say dust is a good disinfectant. 1 feel sure
that we have had enough dust sprinkled over us,
sifted down our backs, and breathed into our lungs,
to disinfect us as long as we live.

Last Sunday we went to camp-meeting. Every-
body was there. They had a big tank of water, and
a great crowd stood around it with tins and dippers
and buckets, waiting for a chance. I went uj) with
my two daughters to get a drink. We did not have
a tin, and we stood there a good while. Finally a
brisk young man, in a striped seer-sucker, said,
" Let me have your tin, Henry; here are two ladies
who want a drink." Jessie snickered (she is fif-
teen), and Minnie pressed my arm. The brisk
young man held the tin at the faucet till it was full,
and then passed it over my head to the two ladirs.
Jessie took it, and, extending it to me, said, as
sweet as peaches, "Won't you have a drink, mam-
ma? " And I took it and drank. That was early in
the day, while i)eople were yet calm and polite to
each other. Before long, when the heat grew in-
tense, they pushed each other away by main force,
and Jammed and almost quarreled over whose cup
should be tilled Hrst. Then the whole thing ran

dry, andjthere was not a drop for anybody, and the
strong- were^no stronger than the weak.

There is a mineral well on the caniii-grounds, but
the water is sweetish'and saltish, and sourish and bit-
terish, and very tew like the taste of it; but then,
everybody drank it, and it was fun to see the wry
faces andthe spitting and sputtering.

T do not see how bee-keepers can attord to go to
conventions. 1 can not. 1 paid out $3.5.00 for hives
and foundation, and we have not a pound of honey
to eat. Won't some brother be kind enough to
pass around the hat? Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111.

Why, Mrs. ('., do you really mean to say
you had such a state of affairs at a camp-
meetinyf Had it been at a circus, or even a
political meeting, I should not have been
very much surprised ; or had it been a tem-
perance meeting, it would not have been so
very strange, where the people wanted to
show their zeal for cold water. You did
not tell us any thing about the sermon ; but
the text surely could not have been any
thing about '"in honor preferring one an-
other."' We hope the preacher was not too
severe on the three or four millions of Isra-
elites wlio. when tliey came into the " great
and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery
serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where
there was no water,'' murmured against Mo-
ses ; for if the Israelites simply murmured,
surely the people of Illinois should not
strive. It seems to me that water-tank
must have afforded an excellent opportuni-
ty for people to show their Christian spirit.
And now, my good friend, have you not
omitted to mention that a great niany did
show a spirit of self-sacritice, and^ stood
back and went away thirsty, because they
preferred to suffer rather than to see others
suffer? When Jesus stood at the well, wait-
ing for water, and, if I am correct, not
getting any after all, he spoke these wonder-
ful words : " Whosoever drinlceth of the
water that I shall give him, shall never
thirst." I do not know that I have ever
been where there was not water enough for
the crowd to drink ; and if I should ever get
in such a gathering, it seems to me I should
enjoy the opportunity of furnishing water
myself for all who might care for it. A few
days ago it was mentioned in my hearing,
that they were selling lemonade and pies at
their camp-meetings, and this, too, on Sun-
day. I remonstrated. My wife took me to
task, and asked if I were not uncharitable,
suggesting that people who w'ere from a dis-
tance must have refreshment. I replied
that, under such circumstances, they should
have crackers to eat and water to drink ;
and if anybody was not willing to pay for
the crackers I should enjoy footing the bill
myself. I am very glad to hear you had such
a gathering at that camp-meeting that the
supply of water provided was not adequate;
but I should be still more glad to hear that
that great gathering drank of the water of
life as well as of the water contained in the
tank mentioned. Had they striven as ea-
gerly for the water of life, '• flowing, freely
flowing,'' as they did for the natural sub-
stance, it would have been a beautiful com-
ment on Clirists words, '• The kingdom of

654

glea:nikgs in bee cultuue.

Sept.

heaven suffereth violence, and the violent
take it by force."

COUNTING CHICKENS BEFORE THEY
ARE HATCHED.

DOOLITTLE'S SWARMING THEORY NOT HOI.DING
TRUE.

T NEVER came as nigh getting a big crop of hon-
lyP ey in all my life as I did this season, and yet
^t miss it entirely. 1 commenced the season with
"*■ 55 colonies, some strong and some weak. They
were like the fellow's fence - rails. He said
some of them were too long and some too short, but
they would make a good average. Well, by the first
of May the most of them had built up to be quite
strong and ready for swarming or storing bushels
of surplus honey, or any thing else they might take
a fancy to. I, being in high spirits, had all my
nans with the right sides up to catch the honey
shower whenever it should come; and even my
grocer, who has sold honey for me for several years,
had promised to sell for me this year for nothing,
because he said it was an advantage to his business.
You have heard the proverb, " Never count your
chickens before they are hatched." Well, I couldn't
count mine; they were too numerous— in my imagi-
nation; but 1 can count 'em easily enough now.
Prom .55 colonies, spring count, I have V good
swarms, and had 5") one-pound sections of empty
comb filled with nice honey, and the bees are all in
good condition now and ready for the fall flow of
honey, if it comes; but that "if" is in the way, and
I can't move it; for we never do get any surplus
here in the fall after a very dry summer. Now, do
not put me in Blasted Hopes, for I am not one of
the blasted kind. You had me io there ouce, and 1
didn't stay there three months. You can't keep a
fellow in there who has any get-up about him, and
it's no use trying. Suppose you could, there's
enough of us here in this township in about the
same fi.x to fill up the whole department. Accord-
ing to the assessor's report there ai-e or were in this
township, before swarming was over, .5.50 colonies
of bees, divided perhaps among one hundred own-
ers, and I have not heard quite as good a report
from any of them as I make myself.

Mr. Doolittle's theory of swarming does not agree
with my experience and observation; in fact, his
rule, page 4IM, is the exception, and his exception is
the rule all through the season from first to last
with me, be the apiary large or small, and be the
bees black or white, yellow or brown. Here are the
facts of this season's observations: Out of 7
swarms in an apiary of 55 (all natural swarms), the
first came out on the 10th of May; and if they had
any queen-cells at all there was nothing but eggs in
them, because it was fully sixteen days from the
time they swarmed till there was a queen hatched
in the old hive. The next five had queen-cells more
or less advanced, but none capped till the 7th. The
last one came out on the 15t^ day of June, and left
capped queen-cells almost ready to hatch. From
these facts T infer that the rule laid down by Mr.
D. for the benefit of beginners is more likely to
mislead than to benefit them, and these facts from
my experience of the past season are not excep-
tional, but rather corroborative, of my last sixteen
years of modern apiculture. .Tacois C(iPEr,ANn.

Allendale, Ills., Aug. '.», lss7.

ANOTHER use: FOR THE CHAPMAN
HONEY-PLANT.

A NEW OIL EXTRACTED KKOM ITS SEED.

ueTE take the following from the Buffalo
Express, of Aug. 8, referring to the
Chapman plant as an oil-producer as
well as a honey-producer:

Some years ago a Mr. Chapman, of Marcellus,
N. Y., while spending a winter in Florida, gathered
a large quantity of seeds of various kuuls; and on
his return to the North in the spring, he planted
them in his garden. Among the plants which sprang
therefrom he noticed one which had never been
brought to his attention in the tropics. It grew up
a strong thrifty plant with large prickly leaves,
somewhat like those of a thistle, but the first year
failed to blossom. The following summer, however,
it bore about 30 compact ball-like flowers, from one
to two inches in diameter, which emitted a fragrant
odor and proved an irresistible attraction to all the
bees in the neighborhood. Indeed, so great was the
excitement of the honey-gatherers over the floral
stranger that Mr. Chapman one day kept account
of the number of visits paid a single blossom from
sunrise to sundown, and the visitors' register show-
ed 2170 calls. Because of this peculiarity the plant
was christened ^e "honey-bee plant," and by this
name, or by the commercial title of " Chapman's
honey-bee plant," it has become widely known
among the bee-keepers of the country. It has been
ascertained that the plant is a native of Southern
France, where it is treated as a weed.

Believing that the seeds of the plant would be in
active demand as soon as its qualities became
known, Mr. Chapman saved the seeds from the
original and planted them the following season.
This was repeated again and again until he now has
ten acres under cultivation. The plant flourishes
in a clay soil, which will raise nothing else save
thistles, and is so hardy that a failure of the crop
need never be feared. The seeds are now in active
demand among bee-keepers at a dollar a pound.

Some time ago the seeds of the honey-bee plant,
which resemble oats in form, were brought to the
attention of Mr. F. S. Pease, the well-known oil-
dealer of this city, who is the authority for the
statement herein made. He perceived that they
were rich in vegetable oil. Learning that the plants
grew with very little attention, and produced a
large quantity of seed which could be easily beaten
out from the balls, the idea occurred to him that
possibly the plant might some day hold a prominent
commercial position as an oil-producer, thus serv-
ing a double purpose during the period of its exist-
ence. Acting upon this thought, Mr. Pease two
years'ago procured a quantity of seed and extract-
ed therefrom the oil for experimental purposes. It
w,as found to be equal to the best linseed oil for all
pur])oses, but in its qualities more closely akin to
the poppy-seed oil. It does not solidify, and shows
no disposition to acidulate. A two-years' test has
demonstrated that it has a commercial value equal
to linseed oil.

This raises the question as to whether it can be
manufactured profitably. The linseed-oil cake
which comes from the compress after the oil has
been extracted is a valuable commercial product.
The residuum of the honey-plant seed possesses
qualities so closely allied to quinine that the taste
and after-effects are apparently almost identical
with those of the costly drug.

To determine the full value of his discovery Mr.
Pease will go to New York this week, accompanied
by Mrs. Pease, to attend the meeting of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science.
Mrs. Pease will read a paper in the botanical sec-
tion upon the honey-bee plant, while the oil itself,
and the bitter residuum left after the extraction,
will be brought to the attention of the chemical
section.

Should the honey-bee plant prove worth cultiva-
tion for its honey, oil, and quinine substitute, some
of the farms in Erie County which are now scarcely
worth the ;;taxes paid for the'privilege of being a
real estate owner, may experience a rise in value
such as comes with the discovery of mineral oil be-
neath the most barren soil.

Tlie question now arises. Can tiiis seed be
raised cheaply enough to compete with tlax

Iss7

GLEA^1N(J8 IN |{i<:e cujyrtiiiK.

()r„'5

seed ? From what I know of the two plants,
T should say it can not. I may. however, be
mistaken. The Chapman lioiiey-plant also
requires two seasons, while tlax requires
only a small part of one season. If its hit-
ter quality can compete with (piinine, and
answer tlic same ])urpos(', there may be a
great opening' in this line ; that is, if qui-
nine is to be used to the extent it has been.
The yield of honey from our plants is about
the same this year as last. The blossoms
came fully two weeks earlier ; in fact, it be-
gan to blossom before the basswood yield
was over. Friend Chapman had a sample
of the oil at the Indianapolis Convention,
and he has also a home-made machine lor
extracting the oil. A small quantity of
seed gives a comparatively large quantity of
oil.

REPORT FROM E. PRANCE

SON.

EXTKACTINO TOO CLOSELY IN THE FALI-.

"^ AST j-car we got 4~,0fl0 pounds of honey; this
1^ year we got .5000 pounds, with a fail* prospect
<l*n' of having to feed it all back, or its equal in
■^" something else, to winter the bees. We will
feed sugar if we can not get honey. All we
are trying to do now is to keep the bees alive
until another year.

The following is the uumlier of colonies in the fall
of 18S6 and spring of 1887:

Water's yard, fall

South yard, tall

Adkinson's yard, fall.

Cravin's yard, fall

Burney's yard. fall. . .
Home yard , fall

. 89: .spring of 1887, 68; loss .21

. 69; ■■ ■' 58; loss 11

. 94; '■ ■' 45; loss 49

113; " ■' 104; loss 9

. 76; " •■ 74; loss 2

. 66; '• " 61; loss 5

Total, .507 410 97

The spring of 1887 opened out well, and we expect-
ed to get a good crop of honey. We had every thing
ready. We moved bees from the Cravin yard to the
south j'ard, and to the Adkinson yard, to nuike
them more equal in numbers. We moved the whole
of the Burney yard two miles on to Mr. Gunlow's
place.

We had kept bees at Burney's 20 years. Then
why did we move them? The timber had been cut
away since I first located the yard there, leaving it
too windy. But we lost only two out of 76— the best
showing of any of the 6 yards. I will tell how that
happened, further on. Another reason for moving
them was to get more room. We never had over .50
colonies, spring count, and at Burney's we wanted
room to keep 80. We can carry help to work 80 col-
onies in a day, and we want to work all our yards
up to that point. By the above report it will be
seen there is a big difference in the winter losses,
Burney's being the best and Adkinson's the worst.

I think I know just where the trouble lies. We
went over all of our bees last year in just a week;
that is, all were extracted every week— just a week
from one extracting to the ne.xt— for each yard.
We commenced to extract first, from the Waters
yard; on the next day from the south yard; on the
third day from Adkinson's; on the fourth, from
Cravin; then from Burney, and last at home.

HONEY-UEW A HAD WINTER F(JOD.

We kept the same rotation through the extracting
season. We had here, just at the close of the bass-
wood run, a great flow of honey-dew— very dark,
thick, stickj- stuff'. Wlien the bees failed to obtain

any thing from the basswood they commenced on
the honey-dew and filled all the empty room they
had with that miserable truck. Those that got the
most fared the worst. When wo commenced to ex-
tract the last time around, we thought the Pass-
wood was good for a week yet, during which time
the bees could fill their hives. To make sure, we
left in each hive two full combs of good basswood
honey in the Waters yard, for it is two miles from
basswood. They soon left the basswood for honey-
dew. By the 29th of January the bees in that yard
had a fly, and showed that they had the dysentery
badly. But from the fact that their location was in
a warm valley (which gave them a chance for a
cleansing flight quite often) they would have all
died.

But, to return. The next day we extracted the
south yard. We left in about one-fourth of their
honey. They were well located in a warm valley,
with basswood all around them. But in that place
the basswood was earlier, and, as a consequence,
ceased yielding nectar early. But the bees which
were tilled up with honey-dew had dysentery bad-
ly, and ran down to very weak colonies, 11 of them
having died. The Adkinson yard was worked in
the morning of the same day as the south yard, but
we took out about all the honey. The celebration
for the ith of July was on the 3d, as the 4th came on
Sunday. We were making three days' work in two
days, so we traveled to get to the Adkinson yard
before daylight in the morning, and could not see
how far along the basswood was, and hence we
made a mistake. We took out too much of their
good honej', and left them to fill up with honey-dew,
which they did, and over half of the bees in that
yard died in consequence. Kight here we quit ex-
tracting, and see the results. Out of the Cravin
yard of 113 colonies in the fall, we lost nine, four of
them being queenless. Out of the Burnes' yard of
7*5 colonies we lost only two, and one of those was
queenless. The home yard, Cravin yard, and Bur-
ney yard all came through healthy and strong.
There was not a single case of dysentery in any of
the three yards. They all three had plenty of good
hasswood himeyto winter on. The other three yards
had but little good honey, and wintered mostly on
honey-dew. Some kinds of honey-dew honey may
be good for bees to winter on, but I am satisfied
that what we hnd here won't do. It was gathered
from the oak. Bees wintered about here in cellars
were no better off— nearly all died. One man had
37, and lost 30. Another had 50 and lost all; still an-
other had 30 or 40 in the cellar. He lost all. He
was extracting clean a week after we quit. They
filled up with honey-dew and died. E. France.

Platteville, Wis., Aug. 11, 1887.

Friend F., you give us a very valuable set
of facts indeed in regard to this matter of
extracting too closely in the fall. With the
number of apiaries you have to work, you
have an opportunity of getting results that
are almost without a possibility of mistake,
and correct in the deductions. I do not
think, however, it was entirely the fault of
the honey-dew. Many years ago we extract-
ed very closely, just as you mention, and the
bees died badly, although we had no honey-
dew at all. The next season we worked
for increase entirely, to build up our shat-
tered fortunes, or, rather, our dwindled col-
onies. Every pound of honey gathered was

(joli

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

capped over and ripened in the hives, and
saved for winter stores ; and although we
increased from 11 to -18, not a colony was
lost. We have since had opportunities of
testing the matter, and we have always
found much the best results in wintering
wliere we stopped using the extractor a
week or two liefore the honey-flow entirely
ceased.

REMOVING SECTIONS FROM THE
T SUPERS.

IS THE Sr.ATTKI) IIONEY-BOARD A NECESSARY IM-
PLEMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF COMB
HONEY?

f^HE late numbers of Gleanings have had
§)'■ several articles on removing sections from
s the T supers, by Dr. Miller and others. We
have used them (iiiite extensively in our
apiaries for the past four years, and I should
like to have some of our brother bee-keepers tell
me what the object is in removing' them all at once.
We always clean our sections as we remove them,
one at a time, and then they go right into the ship-
ping-case. If we do not have our shipping-case
ready when the crates come from the hives they
are packed up on each other, with a sheet of paper
between them to catch drip if any; but we hardly
ever have any.

In Gleanings of July 15th, Ernest says, to use it
without the honey-board would be simply intolera-
ble. After using them both ways, we much prefer
to have no honey-board under our sections; for by
e.xperimenting we are convinced that much more
honey can be obtained, especially in a poor season
like the past, by the non-use of honey-boards of all
kinds. I could not but notice how much sooner the
bees commenced in the sections, without any hon-
ey-boards to crawl through. If the bee-space be-
tween the brood-frames and sections is right, and
the bees are not crowded for room, they will not
build any comb to speak of between sections and
frames; and when we wish to examine brood-
frames below we do not have the trouble to pry off
a honey-board in order to do so. We have never
practiced contracting to any extent, as we do not
see any advantages obtained in so doing; for by
using eight-frame hives, 1;* inches inside measure,
we can secure all the honey we ought to take from
the bees, and then we do not have to be to the trou-
ble of feeding for winter, and by so doing have so
much trouble by bees robbing each other. We
rarely ever have a case of robbing, as we do no
feeding, unless a few colonies need a little to help
them in the spring.

The past season has been a queer one. We never
saw half as much white clover; but, as a great
many have reported, it did not secrete any honey,
owing, we think, to cool nights and too much rain.
If it were not for blue thistle coming in bloom
about June 15th our crop of honey would have been
very small. As it is we have secured half a crop of
nice comb honey, and hope to realize more for it
than a full crop last year. H. W. Bass.

Front Royal, Va., Aug. 15, 1887.

It seems to me, friend B., there is consid-
erable advantage in removing the sections
all at once, or en masse^ as Dr. Miller terms
it. By removing all the sections at one

time, and cleaning them at another, we se-
cure some of the advantages of the division
of labor, so called. If you take the sections
out one by one from the T super, you will
have to fuss ;i while before you can get out
the tirst one ; and I feel quite sure that, by
Dr. Miller's plan, we can remove all the sec-
tions at one operation while you are taking
out three or four by your plan". We tried the
doctor's plan of emptying the T super, as he
describes it on page 2-19, and were very much
pleased with it.— On page ;>56 I said, that to
dispense with our slatted honey-board would
be simply intolerable, and I think so yet. 1
grant there is a possibility of getting per-
haps a trifle more honey ; and it is possible,
also, that the l)ees would enter the sections
a little sooner ; but liow tibout the burr-
combs which the bees would surely attach to
the exposed bottoms of the sections V When
you come to tier up, placing a super of emp-
ty sections under the one already partly fill-
ed with honey, what do you do with the
burr-combs that are attached to the bottom
of the sections in the super'? Although I
knew what would be the probable result, I
tried it this summer, just to see how it would
seem, and I vowed I would never do it again.
In pulling up the super, the lower brood-
frames stuck and dropped down, as one of
the boys proceeded to slowly tear away the
super from off the brood-nest. The bottoms
of the sections were covered w^ith little
chunks of honey, which dripped and drizzled
as he handled it. Now, suppose we had put
an empty super in its place, and placed this
dauby super on top of the clean one, about
the time we had secured our crop of honey
we should have had our two supers stuck
and gummed together. Why, it seems to me
that, to run say 100 colonies in this way,
without slatted "honey-boards, would be" m-
tolerable''' indeed. You say that you have
used the T supers quite extensively for the
past four years. Did you not, when you
dispensed with the use of slatted honey-
boards, use a super something like our ccmi-
bined crate— that is, one having slats in the
bottom, upon wliich the sections are to rest?
If you did, then the task of securing comb
honey may not have been so intolerable aft-
er all. Still, even then I should prefer the
slatted honey-board. Is there any one else
who can secure satisfactory results with the
T super or Heddon case, without the slatted
honey-board ? Perhaps Dr. Miller or Mr.
Ileddon or W.Z. II. will say what they think
about it.— With the eight-frame hive, con-
tracting is not so essential as with the ten-
frame hive. Still, I think that taking out
two frames and replacing them with dum-
mies must be decidedly an advantage. If I
am correct, it is the practice of some of those
who use contraction to fill out the brood-nest
to its full capacity, just as the honey-harvest
has nearly come to an end, so that extra
brood-frames may be filled with honey when
the inflow has entirely ceased.

In addition to what Ernest has said above,
I would remark that, by the use of the slat-
ted honey-board, a case of sections comes
ofP at any time with perfect ease — so mtich
so, that at one of our Michigan conventions
;i one-armed friend said he could pick up

1887

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

(>.M

any casfefrom any hive in his apiary, filled
or not filled, with his single hand, and
could do it without any ditliculty whatever.
If you omit the slatted honey-board this
would be absolutely impossible.

APIFUGE AND ITS DERIVATION,
AGAIN.

SOMETHING FROM OUR FOREIGN FRIEND, MR.
GRIMSHAW, THE ORIGINATOR OF IT.

J^% EAK SIR:— I observe in July Gleanings that
aI oI you make some remarks on my discovery,
^fhA apifuge; and as they are somewhat mislead-
"*^ ins' (through inadvertence, I douht not), per-
haps you, with true international courtesy,
will permit me to direct you and your readers into
the right path.

The word " apifuge " is derived from apis (a bee)
and/ityeo (to avoid, retreat from, leave alone, etc.),
not from fugo, to scare or put to Hight. This I well
explained in the British Bee Journal. It therefore, is
not, as you saj', a bee-scarer, for its effects on them
are of quite a passive and pacific character. If bees
liked it they would cover the hands, etc., and be a
nuisance; on the other hand, if they disliked it they
would sting. As it is, "they who come to scoff re-
main to pray," for bees dart at the hand sometimes,
intending to sting; but in an indescribably short
time they^sample, so to speak, the surface before in-
serting the dart; and, finding this strange substance
on the skin, submit to its influence and tly away.

1 must say, that I was in a measure disappointed
at your testimony being so mildly favorable,
considering your impartiality, and although you
yourself did not get stung whilst manipulating a
lot having Cyprian blood in them. 1 judged j ou se-
lected a Cypriote lot in order to fairly test " api-
fuge," and, finding it answer, I repeat T felt chiigrin-
ed that you did not tell us of its success. I should
like you to try it again on the very worst demons
you have, and judge whether or not bees will sting
the skin on which it is rubbed, so long as the per-
fume of apifuge remains. It is no small recom-
mendation, that it is not only a preventive against,
but a cure for, stings. Ratt. Grimshaw.

Crag Hill, England, Aug. 1887.

Most certainly, friend G., we are quite
willing to be directed in the right path. If
our readers will permit, I will take a little
space here to discuss some Latin deriva-
tions. The formation of the word " api-
fuge'' is such that it can be derived from
apis and fugo as well as from apis andfuyio.
( The latter you write fugeo; do you not mean
fugiof) It seems to me that fugo wotdd be a
more natural verb from which to derive the
suffix. For instance, '' vermifuge," a sub-
stance for expelling or driving out worms,
takes its derivation, according to Webster,
from vermis, a worm, and fugare. to drive
away, to route, to scare, to put to flight. If
we translate " apifuge '' literally, as derived
from apis and fugio, our English equivalent
would De '" beeavoider ;" that is, the liquid
itself avoids bees. In other words, are you
not putting the cart before the horse? How-
ever, I do not know that it .makes any prac-
tical difference one way or the other ; but I
should prefer to have the suffix derived from
fugo, as is the suffix in the case of vermi-

fuge. I am sorry if what I said was so
mildly favorable to apifuge as to detract
from its real merits. As I stated on page
ol7, I can not help thinking yet that the be-
havior and the control of the nerves has
more to do with tiie i)rev(Mition of stings on
the hands of the apiarist than any liquid that
can be compounded. Again. I can hardly
think that any prei)aration smeared over the
hands or on the face would prevent any bee,
that was fully intent on stinging, from ac-
complishing his purpose. Many times have
1 seen a Cyprian mark out his spot of attack
at long range, and, without the least shad-
ow of preliminary as to whether this or
that spot was softer or more desirable, he
would strike tail foremost. From my ex-
perience with the liquid I hardly think the
'■Cyp'' would have changed his mind. Lest
you may still think I am prejudiced, 1 take
the following from the pen of one of your
own countrymen, as found on page 348 for
Aug. 11, of the British Bee Journal:

In' answer to " E. W. P." (1164), you think that api-
fuge would liave more effect than smoke or carbol-
ic fumes. Well, I for one should be inclined to
doubt it. Two > oars ago I got some bees of a neigh-
bor, who said they were so wicked he could not
manage them. I found smoke of little use; thej'
retreated beiore volumes f)f it, but always returned
to the charge whenever the smoker was laid down.
Then carbolic-acid fumes were tried, and had some
effect, but were not quite satisfactory, because
these bees would, under the influence of the fumes,
allow the hive to be opened and some of the frames
to be lifted quietly, then all of a sudden they would
attack in a cloud. " I still kept this breed of bees, be-
cause they were such good workers, though almost
unmanageable, and dangerous to passers-by on the
road near.

When apifu>e came before the public, I hastened
to get a bottle, and, after donning a veil, rubbed
my hands and wrists with this invisible soap, and
proceeded boldly to the " wicked " hive. Gently I
turned back the quilt, spread out my hands to bless
them into peace and quietness, but I think there
was some mistake amongst those bees, because
they never stayed to feel the pleasant scent of api-
fuge. Straight they shot at face, hands, and body;
and sting! did they notV My hands were about cov-
ered with their lances, and they went at my clothes
in perfect madness. 1 didn't run, I am too well
hardened for that, but wince I did, till I got a
knife and cleared the back of my hands from poi-
son-t)ags. Not to be beaten, I again put some api-
fuge on my hands, and with no better results, so
closed that hive as soon as possible. That apifuge
is useful in some cases, I know; but, after repeated
trials, T think that it is utterly useless with these
particular bees. I disturb these bees as little as
possible now, and when I do, always using a cloth
saturated with carbolic acid. I ma.v say that these
bees are crossbreds, black, with just a touch of Li-
gurian, the <iue,:n being very black.

George D. Clark.

Kirklandhill, Dunbar, Eng., Aug. 1, 1887.

AN ABC SCHOLAR'S EXPERIENCE.

the superiority of ITALIANS DURING DROUGHT.

T COMMENCED bee-keeping a year ago, at which
^ time I bought 18 full stocks, ten of which were
^t Italian. Again last February I purchased flf •
"*■ teen colonies of blacks. I allowed seven
of the Italian colonies to swarm this spring.
I now have forty colonies in all. On the 8th of
April two swarms came out, and I hived them suc-
cessfully; and after a day or two I discovered that
neither had queens. Canyon account for this? I
gave them queens, and they did well in building up
strong. I am now Italianizing all my blacks, giving
them first-class queens.

t>58

gLeanikgs in bee culture.

Sept.

This is an "off" year in this county for honey. "We
usually commence extracting- about the first week
in May, and extract every eig^ht days until the 10th
of June. This year there has been no extracting- in
the best localities. During- the second week in May,
Italians and blacks filled up the brood-chamber and
then stopped short off. Italinns held their own and
increased a little, while the blacks have lost all they
did have. They have plentj' of bees, as I have not
allowed any of them to swarm. My Italians last
fall g-athered considerable honey, while my blacks
had to be fed. I am done with black bees. It was
cold here all during- fruit-bloom last spring-, and we
had a killing- frf)st that resulted disastrously to
peaches; then it was drj' from the first of March to
the middle of May. This, I think, is the cause of
failure in tlic honey crop.

I am the only man in our county who has Italians.
If it had been a good honey season I would have in-
creased to about eighty colonies. My apiary is sit-
uated in the town of Madison, and it is quite a curi-
osity to some people here who never saw an apiary.
My hives are all painted white, and arranged just
the same as shown in the cut on front of your price
list and catalogue. A j-oung- lady was out riding-,
not long- since, in my neighborhood, and spied my
apiary afar otf. She suddenly exclaimed, "Oh! I
did not know there was a cemetery iu this part of
town." She is a stranger hero.

There is no trouble in wintering here if the colo-
nies are strong and liave plenty of stores. AVe just
leave them on their summer stands, and they go
safely through the cold. R. H. C.\.mpbei.l.

Madison, Ga , May 28, 1887.

I believe it is a common thing, friend C,
for strangers to call a well-kept apiary a
" cemetery.'' This is oftener the case where
Simplicity hives are used without grape-
vines. Since our grapevines have grown
up, people, in passing through our town on
tlie cars, are not nearly so apt to call our
place a cemetery.

A LETTER PROM AUSTRALIA.

HONEY AS A FRUIT-PRESEKVEU.

T ENJOY. Gleanings thoroughly, particularly
/af now that you have added the articles on g-ar-
^l dening; for, with the exception of work among
"*• the bees, nothing makes me happier than pok-
ing and rooting- about in the garden. So Glean-
ings gives me double pleasure now. I must also
thank you for your ABC. It has been a great help
to us; but, plain as it is, I don't know that we
should manage so well but for the advice and
practical hints we get from our good friend Mr.
Garrett, who has done more for bee-keeping and
bee - keepers than any one else in the colony.
Mr. Parker, of Glenbroke, and Mr. Hudson, of
Bathurst, and others like ourselves, have secured
very great assistance from him; and among other
good things he introduced us to Mr. Root and the
Home of the Honey-Bees. Inspired by what you
said about gi-owing vines, I got eight young vines
in the middle of summer— quite the wrong time to
do it, and by patience and great care I have man-
aged to rear six fine strong plants; the other two
look delicate, but I have hopes of even them; at
any rate, I won't give them up as long as there is a
green twig left. Our bees have not done so well

this year Ss we hoped they would. It has been a
very wet season, but we must not grumble, as it
has been preceded by many years of drought; but,
unfortunately, the bees, particularly the Italians,
would insist upon throwing out their brood after it
had been raining a couple of days; and this, with
plenty of stores in the hive. I had actually to feed
them with honey to coax them to leave their brood
alone; and even this did not always have the de-
sired effect.

We have made some foundation with the comb-
mill, and we think it is very nice; in fact, we often
stop work to admire it, it does look so very pretty,
and we find the bees like the fresh home-made wax
much better than what we got from New Zealand,
for they will work eagerly on the one when they
won't touch the other.

Among the many ways of utilizing honey, written
about in Gleanings, I have not noticed that any
one advocates its use for preserving fruit. I know
oranges, both whole and as marmalade, are simply
delicious, preserved in honey, and so are mangoes
Now, why should not Mrs. Chaddock or Mrs. Harri-
son try it with some of your beautiful fruits, or
dear Mrs. Jennie Gulp. I am sure she could if she
tried. I mean to do it, and will tell you how I suc-
ceed. I am determined not to fail. Who knows
but that I may send you some to taste?

Sophie A. Bradley.

Campbelltown, Victoria, Aus., Feb. 22, 1887.

MORE ABOUT BLISTER-BEETLES.

A blister-beetle that comes as a friend in-

STE.\D OF AN ENEMY.

T WAS much interested in Prof. Cook's account of
^ the blister-beetle larvae on bees; and thinking
^i that perhaps some of the readers of Glean-
■^ ings might come to the conclusion that the in-
sects of this family are all injurious, 1 send a
few notes on the haliits of some species closely re-
lated to the one of which Prof. Cook writes.

During the summer of 1885 a large part of Central
Illinois suffered from an outbreak of two or three
species of our common grasshoppers, manj' farm-
ers having their crops almost wholly destroyed.
As many people throughout the infested region
feared that the insects would be present the next
season following in overwhelming numbers, I was
instructed by Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomolo-
gist, to investigate the condition of the grasshop-
per eggs late in fall and early in the spring, in or-
der that we might know what probability there was
of serious damage. The grasshopper eggs are
small, yellowish, cylindrical objects, about a third
of an inch long, and are laid in masses, or " pods,"
containing- fifty to one hundred eggs each. These
pods may readily be found in sod land, about an
inch below the surface; and by examining a suffi-
cient tiumber of them at any one time a very fair
idea of the pei-centage of embi-yo grasshoppers then
alive can be obtained. In the investigations men-
tioned I found a large proportion of the egg-pods to
contain a peculiar whitish grub which was leisurely
eating the eggs about him, having generally al-
ready destroyed from one-half to three-fourths of
the eggs in the pod. These were the larvii? of the
blister-beetles, which had been very common the
summer preceding, and had entailed so large a
progeny upon the land that, aided by a common red

1887

GJ.EANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

659

mite and two or three other insects, they so entire-
ly checked the g-rasshopper outbreak that the pests
were very scarce the succeeding- season.

These blister-beetles are ol'ten known as the "old-
t'ashioned potato-biiM-s," and have a life-history
similar to that described by Prof. Cook for Melw,
except that they attack frrasshopper egg's instead
of bees. Their very curious life-history was first
worked out by Dr. C. V. Riley.

These insects are very abundant throughout the
West the present season, and are doing- considera-
ble ruiscliief (perhaps as compensation for the good
they did when young) by eating- potato and tomato
vines, cabbages, beets, corn, and, in fact, almost
any green thing they can find. They can be driven
out of small fields, much like a flock of chickens—
generally a better method than poisoning them,
because we can not afford to dispense with the ser-
vices of their young as grasshopper-destroyers.

C. M. Weed.

State Laboratory of Natui-al History, Champaign,
111.

ENTRANCE - SCEEENS TO PREVENT
ROBBING.

FRIEND HAYHURST GIVES US A VERY VALUABLE
SUGGESTION.

fRIEND ERNEST:— When reading "A Caution
to Beginners," on p. 598, the thought occurred
to me, " 1 wonder if I can not give E. a little
lift in that matter." Suppose you try my way
of circumventing the thieves. Out of some
quarter-inch stuff, two inches wide, make five or six
little frames, six inches in width, and as long as
your hives are wide. Tack pieces of wire cloth on
one side of these, thus making screens to be adjust-
ed over the entrances of your hives. This can be
done quickly by "toeing" a wire nail through each
end into the front of the hive. When you remove
the tent from a hive just operated upon, allow time
for most of the flyers to get into the hive, then shut
out the robbers with one of these enti-ance-screens,
which may be left in place until you have gone
through five or six more hives, by which time the
first one will have matters straightened up and be
I'eadyfor battle if necessary. The screens should
be made at least as large as mentioned, so as to al-
low some of the bees to cluster outside of the en-
trance if they wish to; and in very hot weather,
with the sun shining directly on the hives, it is not
safe to leave the screens on very long, else the
bees, finding themselves shut in, may start to " run-
ning" and soon smother.

I have used these screens for a number of years,
and they have enabled me, on many occasions, to
put up from twenty to thirty or more 1-lb. packages
at a time, regardless of the weather or time of day,
and at seasons when it would be sure to start rob-
bing if I should attempt to put up one package in
the usual way. E. M. Hayhurst.

Kansas City, Mo., Aug. 12, 1887.
As I have alreatly liad something similar,
I feel very sure your })lan will work. I in-
fer from your descrii)tioii that you are usin^
a hive with a Laii.iistroth i)ortico. It is a
pretty difficult matter to close tlie entrance
of a Simi)licity hive with any kind of wire
screen. Ilowever. I will try to put your
plan, in some form, into execution, and give
it a thorough trial.

THE BLESSINGS OF A SHORT CROP
OF HONEY.

AliSCONDlNG SHORTLY AFTER SHIPMENT.

T^TOl'R old reliable Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, in
I^IP your July 15th No., has been aiding you in
^JC putting backbone into some of us. We were
"*■ getting ourselves into position to do some
small blowing on humbuggery of bee-kee|>-
ing as an aid to family supi)ort; but his suggestion,
that a failure in crop may not be fully a failure in
purse, and that the little honej' made may bring as
rauchasa largeryield would, bracesupour sanguine
temperament, and we have no bees for sale yet. An-
other year maj' serve us better; if not, you may
have opportunity to advertise some cheap i)ure Ital-
ians.

About one year ago, though late in the season, we
determined to purchase 30 swarms of bees, and do
as others had— make money, or an attempt at it.
We soon had ordered from Charles D. Duvall, Spen-
cerville, Md., Id swarms by express, which came to
hand promptly and in good condition, excepting 2
inside cages were overheated, and two-thirds per-
ished. They arrived about noon; and as soon as
practical all were transferred into good eight-frame
hives; and before night, work was going on as
though they were still among their native hills. At
11 next day, one colony became dissatisfied, and,
without giving a reason or warning, abru])tly left
the hive; but we soon took them from a pear-tree
near, and, after putting them back, seeing- discon-
tent, we closed the hive till near night, then gave
them their freedom. Next morning, about 7, they
dropped from the hive, and within one minute were
hastening toward the east, in spite of much water
thrown among them. Some few were shut up in
the hive, but the swarm was lost. A few hours
later (Sunday morning, of course) two swarms more
came out, mixed up, and alighted together on
the heavy fork of a pear-tree. Though not quite
tyros in the business it was not pleasant to get
these bees into two hives again, neither was it
profitable; for by 10 next day they left by the same
route of their fellows the day before. In short,
five of the ten swarms left, all taking the same east-
erly direction. If going by instinct to their old lo-
cation, they should have gone northwest.

About this time, Aug. 20, our second importation
arrived from South Carolina, by express. They
were transferred without trouble, and appeared to
enter right into the spirit of their calling; and
though late, many of them laid by stores sufficient
for the winter. Others, weaker and less active, had
to be fed to carry them through. What much sur-
prised us was, that in April, after the bees had been
working at least a month, we found one swarm
dead and another nearly so— starved to death. They
had apparently been so engaged with their brood
development as to overlook their supply of food,
and a few cold non-working days ruined them. And
now the outcome: The thirteen colonies fully win-
tered have given us but four new swarms, and they
were mostly late; the last, July 27th. Most of the
brood frames are well filled with winter stores, but
the honey-boxes have received but little attention,
a few being nearly filled, but none yet completely
capped.

During oxu- long heated season the bees have
hung out, fanning themselves, apparently trying to
keep cool, while care for the future did not seem to

660

GLEANINGS IK iJEE CULTURE.

Sept.

enter into their calculations. For fully a month
their stores hav^c not increased, and some have
been living on their earlier g-athering-s rather than
expose themselves to "sunstroke." I should think
the richest honey should be gathered in hot weath-
er, but the bees ought to know. .J. C. Frisbee.
Suffolk, Va., Aug. 1.5, 1887.

Friend r., it is very strange indeed that
so many of your colonies swarmed out and
went off in "the same direction. I know it
is a fact that bees, after liaving been ship-
ped or moved, sometimes take a notion to
desert their hives ; but I don't know that I
ever heard of so^many following suit. You
probably will never have a like occurence
again.— I think W. Z. II. was right, for the
small crop of honey has made a stir and ex-
citement in the honey-market, such as was
never known before since I can remember.
It is now^ called for and bought up at good
prices as soon as it makes its appearance,
and I should not be surprised if prices go up
a good deal higher than they are now be-
fore another crop comes to our relief. We
are sold out here at the Home of the Honey-
Bees about all the time, with the exception
of our carload of California honey that we
have had for several years, and some extra
nice comb honey which we are selling at IS
cents a pound wholesale. We are now
offering 7 cents for basswood honey, and 8
cents for a nice article of clover, delivered
here ; and if it does not come at these prices
we shall have to keep raising.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

QirESTTONS BY A BEGINNER.

^TISIHIS is my first year with bees. 1 bought
'fK' four colonies last fall in 10-franie portico
^1? L. hives. They were buried during- winter
"*" according to the instructions of a local
bee - keeper. They came out in spring
rather weak; but as the hives were full of honey
they built up rapidly. One hive cast a swarm
in June; and as others were clustering and had
queen-cells nearly ready to cap over, I swarmed
them artificially as per the ABC book. The colony
that swarmed naturally also swarmed again in a
few days. I saved all, and now have nine, with but
very little honey. The four I bought had over 160
lbs. of honey to go through the winter on, but I
weakened the parent stocks by taking out frames
containing both brood and honey, for the artificial
swarms; and also one frame each for the natural
swarms. Basswood was budded heavily; and as we
had plenty near by we supposed they would at least
fill their brood-frames with winter stores. They
worked like beavei-s while the basswood lasted, but
there are still some empty frames, and some with a
little comb and honey. Now, 1 study the ABC and
Gleanings, and am well i)aid for all time so spent;
but it is somewhat like a beginner joining an ad-
vanced singing-class — all very interesting and fine;
still, one feels the need of the rudiments. For in-
stance, I might open every hive I have, and I could
not tell whether it were better to unite the swarms
or to feed them for winter. Neither could I deter-
mine the number of frames to leave in the hive;

whether it were best to contract or not, and to what
extent. A writer in the American Apiculturist of
last year said he aimed to have all brood hatch by
Oct. 1st, as he wants no " baby bees " for wintering.
He does not tell how to control brood-rearing, and I
am yet in the dark. Now about wintering. 1 don't
care to go to the expense of chaff hives. Can I not
safely jiack chaff around and over the hives, placing
them first all close together? I dislike to bury
them, for they came out so weak last spring that I
should rather try some other i)l!in.

I do not write this in a critical mood on account of
what I fail to find in the ABC and Gleanings.
They are admirable publications, and no doubt you
have gone over the same ground many times be-
fore; but a discussion of the best way to manage
colonies in this poor year, that are short of stores,
and weak, would help me greatly, and perhaps oth-
ers, just now. c. H. Murray.

Plainfleld, Will Co.. 111., Aug. 6, 1887.

Friend M.,the things you mention can not
be learned all at once. The more your heart
is in it, however, the quicker will these dif-
ficulties become easy. Perhaps no one can
tell you positively "whetlier it is better to
unite your colonies or feed them up just as
they are. Sometimes one way would be the
wiser, and sometimes the other. As a rule,
however, safety is on the side of the strong
colonies. — I do not think it makes very much
difference how^ many frames you leave in
the hives, providing they contain an abund-
ance of stores. It is qii'ite likely, however,
that just about so many as the cluster cov-
ers, and no more, will be best. So yon see
the quantity of bees has much to do with the
quantity of" combs needed.— I shall have to
disagree witli the writer alluded to. I have
induced bees to rear brood every month in
the year, by feeding them pollen and honey;
and" the colonies that raised brood largely
clear up into November seemed to winter
best. I feel quite sure, however, that it is
by no means necessary to have brood-rear-
ing after the tirst of October. Bees will usu-
ally stop rearing brood at that time of their
own accord. — Packing chaff' around the hives
you have will answer just about as well as
chaff hives. After you have put it on or
taken it off, however, year after year for
several seasons, I think you will conclude
the chaff hives are a saving of time, and
money too, in the end.

A NON-SW ARMING COLONY.

We have had a swarm of bees for three years, and
have them yet. They have swarmed but once, and
then they went back. This is the third summer,
and no sign of swarming. We took the bees, not
being able to buy. I have tried to have the widow
who owns them share the expense of an Italian
queen, but she very graciously tells me every time
to do as I think best. They have barely lived
through the winter, so you see we have solved the
problem of successful wintering. Had they been
our own, her head would have come oft' three years
ago. She is a drone-laying queen.

Inland, Mich., June 13, 1887. H. T. Davidson.

Friend D., bee-keepers are not usually par-
ticular whether bees swarm or not, so they
produce nice large crops of honey. Now, 1

1887

GJ.EANING.S IN BEE CULTURE.

661

should not think of replacing tlie qneen just
to get swarms. Yon do not say.any thing
about the amount of honey received. If sat-
isfactory, let them go on. " I presume you do
not mean by the term " drone-laying queen''
that yoiu- queen produces all drones ; for in
the latter case the colony is already virtual-
ly extinct. Unless the drt)ne-layihg queen
is removed, and that promptly, the colony is
lost.

QUESTIONS ON WINTERING, BY A BEGINNER.

I shall be pleased to have you answer the follow-
ing: questions in Gleanings: InalO-frame Lang--
stroth chaff hive is it best to leave the frames just as
the bees have them filled for winter, or would it be
better to change the center frames to the outside of
the hive, and bring- the outside frames to the center,
as they ai-e better filled with honey? How many
frames should be left in the hive when 10 frames are
used? and if any are taken out, how should the space
be filled for wintering on summer stands? Do bees
sleep? has'been a question asked lue. The honey
crop in this county is less than half a crop, and but
very few swarms. P. M. Little.

New Waterford, ()., Aug. 23, 1887.

By all means, friend L., leave the frames
just as the bees tix them. They know how
they want their stores fixed for winter, a
great deal better than you do. The number
of frames to be left on the hive depends on
the quantity of bees in the colony ; but in
most cases 1 think six or seven are quite
sufficient, putting a chaff division-board on
each side, in place of the combs removed.

BEES DROPPING DOWN BEFORE THE ENTRANCE.

For information I must appeal to you in regard
to my bees. I, as well as one of my neighbors, was
somewhat puzzled over our bees on the loth of this
month. On the 1.5th it was cloudy all day, and rath-
er muggy. Bees worked well on buckwheat (which is
out in bloom;) but about 10 or 11 o'clock they ap-
peared to drop or fall in front and all around the
hives as far as 10 or 15 feet from the hives. The
ground and grass, and, in fact, every thing they
could cling to, was crowded with them. They ap-
peared to be heavilj' loaded. A great many had
pollen; and as soon as they would alight they would
appear to be overdone. They did not disappear
until about the same time next day. I should not
have thought so much of it had not my neighbor's
acted just the same way. I thought it might be an
unusual occurrence, but it may be common.

John W. Goddard.

Upper Black Eddy, Pa., Aug. 17, 1887.

Friend (t., 1 have seen bees, when heavily
laden, drop down around the hives as far
away as a yard, or four or five feet, perhaps ;
and when the weather suddenly turns cool
they often get so chilled they stay in the sun
until it warms them up before they will go
into the hive ; but I think I never saw them
so far away as tifteeji feet around the
hive ; and I have never seen them away
from home at night unless the weather
had turned chilly after they went out for
food. As you state it, it seems to be some-
thing quite unusual. I do not believe that
bees usually supersede their queens unless
the queen "is in some way defective, or fails
to keep the combs filled with eggs as she

ought to do, and we hRve kept queens as
many as two and even three seasons. Where
they coniinence (pieen-cells, it is generally
thouglit to be an indication that they con-
template either swarming or supersedure ;
V)ut this is by no means always true.

LARGE brood-chambers, TO PREVENT BEES FROM
STARVING DURING POOR SEASONS.

This present year, it seems to me, would settle
the question of hirge or small brood-chambers.
Ours, 7 Quinby frames, we think none too small, and
we wish this year it had been 8, as it is a calamity to
us to have our bees run out of honey.

Roseville, Ills., Aug. 1.5, 1887. Mrs. L. C. Axtell.

I am very well aware. Mrs. A., that a
good many colonies could be saved by
having the brood-chamber larger ; but the
question then arises. Is it policy to carry a
surplus of honey, perhaps for several years,
just because the bee-keeper might be care-
less, and neglect to look after their needs
during a dearth of honey? By no means let
us permit the bees to starve. If we have
small brood-chambers, we must be more
careful, and must look after the wants of
our little friends better than if we permit-
ted them at all times to carry a surplus.

IS ALSIKE A HYBRID.''

In regard to a discussion between friends Muth
and Cory, concerning alsike turning to red clover, I
wish to relate a little experience in the matter. I
sowed about three acres of alsike with oats. It
came up and grew nicely; the second year it was
two to three feet tall— a purple bloom, and the bees
worked on it strong. The next year red clover
sprang up almost entirely. I plowed it under and
put in wheat, all but a little gravelly corner, which
has sprung up this spring in alsike again. It eems
to be a hybrid, crossed between red and white. It
first goes to one and then the other. There can be
no mistake about the way this clover did. The
seed sown was not half as large as red, and a dark-
ishbrowu seed. C. L. Gough.

Rock Spring, Mo., June 6, 1887.

Friend G., our best authorities seem to de-
cide that alsike is not a hybrid — see recent
articles on this subject in Gleanings ; we
are therefore obliged to conclude that red-
clover seed had been for some years in your
soil ; but the conditions not being just right
it had not before germinated. I believe it is
a fact, that red clover very often comes up,
and sometimes so as to rhake quite a good
stand, where no alsike has been sown at all.
A great many times the matter is passed by,
without giving it any particular notice, arid
this is one reason why so many insist that
alsike fin all v turns to red clover.

ABSCONDING, AND LEAVING COMBS OF HONEY AND
BROOD.

The six queens arrived safely, and we divided four
of our most prosperous stocks, giving them, of
course, a queen, which they took. They all appear-
ed to do well. One day last week we found two of
the divided colonies had taken flight. Is this a com-
mon occurrence, with hrood and honey in the cham-

662

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

her, with six combs in each hiveV We account for it
only by supposing- tlie gathering- ot honey -was slow
work for them at this season, and they were dis-
couraged. Do you think it a good plan to work
over the bees much? VVm. E. Payson.

Boston, Mass., Aug-. 11, 1887.

Friend P., this is a very iiiuisual thing in-
deed, to happen in tlie month of Angust. I
shonld think it must be caused by the dearth
of honey, and I shonld also suppose there
must 'have been only a very small quantity
of honey remaining in the hives.

DO ITALIAN BEES GATHER HONEY FROM DIFFERENT
PLANTS THAN BLACK BEES?

On page 36 of the ABC book you say you found
Italians apparently just as thick on wild plants aft-
er taking- away four bee-trees as before, indicating
that there were more trees in the same vicinity.
Now, I don't understand that. I thought Italians
worked on the same flowers, whether they were in a
tree or in one of your best Simplicity hives. I don't
see why finding them on wild plants should indicate
that they came from the woods. L. W. Nash.

Kennebunk, Me., July 27, 1S87.

You misapprehend, friend M. Italians do,
as a rule, work on precisely the same flow-
ers that black bees do. Tlie point made in
the A B G book is this : After I had captur-
ed and taken home four colonies of Italians,
about as many were found working on the
blossoms in that vicinity as before— indicat-
ing there were still more stocks of Italians
that I hadn't captured. You see, this was
when Italians were tirst brought to Medina
County, and only this one swarm had es-
caped and gone into the woods. Italians
will many times be found working on red
clover when common bees are almost exclu-
sively on buckwheat, indicating that the
Italians more readily get the honey from
red clover. This is the only case I know of
where the different races choose different
honey-producing plants.

BROOD-FRAME MEASUREMENTS.

Will you please answer the following questions?

1. What should be the exact width of end-bars of
closed-end fi-ames?

3. What is the e.rrtct thickness of worker-brood
comb?

;i. What is the exact space that should be left be-
tween the worker-brood combs as they hang in the
hive? M. A. Kelley.

Milton, W. Va., .July 20, 1887.

The width of end -bars of closed -end
frames should be about 11 inches. In the
new Ileddon hives which Mr. II. sent us, we
notice the width of his end-bars is a scant
IHnch. — The thickness of brood-combs is
usually rated at i inches.— The space that
should be left between the worker brood-
combs should be i inch. In other words,
the combs should be spaced so that they are
distant from center to center If inches.
Some, however, claim that the distance
should be H inches. The former measure-
ment is the one adopted in the ten-frame
Langstroth hive. We can not give you the
exact measurements in all cases which you
call for, as the authorities differ somewhat.
The measurements which Mr. L. gives us, I
think we consider about right.

THE DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE.

In regard to the disposal of impure water from
closets, kitchens, sinks, etc., only two ways can
actually be considered safe. The first is to under-
drain a sufficient plot of ground and turn into the
cesspool waters a large quantity of pure water.
The whole will be absorbed by the earth and vege-
tation (meadow or muck patches). The plan as
stated in engineering books has been successfully
carried out. I am inclined to think, that eventually
the roots (especially of neighborhood trees) will
choke the drains, atid require frequent repairs.
The other and far the better way is to kill all germs
at once with some substance cheap enough. The
sulphate of iron (copperas) is said to be the best in
all respects, though lime might perhaps do as well.
It must be remembered, that, though the dead
matter in water is easily decomposed and Absorbed
b.y the earth, it is not so, or probably not so, with
the living germs. Adrian Getaz.

Knoxville, Tenn., June 23, 1887.

BEES WORKING ON FRUIT.

Can you tell me what makes the bees eat the
peaches so this year? They are eating all there are
around here. They eat at them till they commence
to rot, then stop. Some say it is the Italians, be-
cause this is the first time thej; have eaten them.
They trimmed a tree clean for us, and now they are
starting on another. The peaches don't seem to
ripen as they ought to this year.

How would it do to put an alighting-board on
the chafl' hives, like the one you put on the Simp,
bottoms, only make them about 4 inches wide in-
stead of that V-shaped piece? F. S. Berry.

Montoursville, Pa., Aug. 6, 1887.

If the bees seem more disposed to attack
the fruit this year than in former seasons, I
think the trouble is not so much due to the
race of bees as to the extended drought
which we have had almost everywhere. In
conseciuence of the very dry weather there
has been little or no nectar in the blossoms.
If you had nice ripe fruit, particularly if it
were damaged in any way, I think it was
not strange if the bees did attack it, because
there was nothing they could get besides the
stolen sweets from fruit. — Y"ou could make
the same kind of entrance on the chaff hive
as we have on the Simplicity, but we can not
see that there would be any advantage in it.
On the other hand, tliere would be several
reasons why it would not be as good. The
alighting-board to the Simplicity hive might
afford a good place for the bees to alight, but
it would not answer at all for contracting
the entrances as can be done with the Sim-
plicity. Again, it would project out too
much ; and, furthermore, it would be much
more expensive than the little V-shaped
strips we put on.

FLAT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION — SOMETHING IN ITS
FAVOR.

During the honey-seasous of 1886 and 1887 I ex-
perimented in a smitll way with flat-bottomed
foundation in supers. I have tested it in every way
which my imagination could suggest, to see if I
could discover whether the bees have any choice be-
tween that and that with natural base. When bees
were storing- honey moderately well, I have put on
supers with sections filled alternately with flat-bot-
tom and natural-base foundation; and on examina-

1887

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

H68

tion the next day it would all be drawn out so near-
ly equal that I could see no ditto rence therein, and
could tell which had the fiat bottom only by the
mark which I made iijion the sections. Ajiain, il'
very thin Hat-bottomed foundation be put in the
supers at a time when no honey Is bcinf,"- stored, and
this state of things continue for any consideralile
time, the bees will ."sometimes appear to nibble it
off or cut it awaj'. I think that they use the wax
for capping other combs, while at the same time
they will leave heavier foundatoin untouched. My
limited experience inclines me to the conclusion
that, when there is a good flow of lionej', the thin
fiat-bottomed foundation will be accepted and aji-
propriated by the bees without any hesitation; and
ifjsuch are the facts, then thei-e would be quite a
saving- for the apiarist to use the thin foundation;
and, what is better still, the honey would contain
more natural comb, and less of manufactured wa.\,
which is so often compared to fishbone in honey.
Seymour, Wis. Joshua Bull.

Thanks for tlie results of your experi-
nients. We are glad to lit^ar something in
favor of tlat-bottomed fonndation. even if it
is not of a very positive natnre. We are in-
clined to think that, (hiring a good flow of
honey, the bees would show little difference
in favor of either the flat-bottom or the nat-
nral-base fonndation. We should be glad to
hear from others who may have compared
these two kinds of foundation.

REPOKT FIIOM INDIANA.

The honey crop in this section of the State will be
very lig-ht. There will be but little surplus. The
whole season has been very poor. The spring-
opened with prospects fine, but it has been very
dry nearly the whole season. White clover, though
blooming well at first, seemed to produce but little
honey. The hot sun seemed to check secretion.
Basswood produced but little. Goldenrod is coming-
info bloom, but not a bee is to be seen on it. It is
three weeks earlier than 1 ever saw it before. We
have had over four weeks of steady and extremely
.varm weather, and the last two weeks hot. The
thermometer has avoraged above 86° the past week.
It has reached every day 90 and above; several days
100 and above, up to 104. We have had two fine
rains since the 4th of July, but the sun has come
out so hot that it seemed to do vegetation Ijut little
good. Corn and potatoes arc badly injured, and
the ground is so dry that farmers can not plow
for wheat. Bees have generally gathered enough
to winter on. I don't think the honey market will
be overstocked this season, and prices will be good.

A. D. Stocking.

Cedar Beach, Tnd., Aug. :J, 1S87.

Bee Bmnw,

ORj HONEY - PLANTS TO BE NAMED.

VITIS BIPINNATA.

ip S I have found one of the greatest honey-vines
[^ in the South, and can not find any one who
K can give me the name, I inclose you a small
*^ twig of the vine. It blooms from earlj'
spring until fall. Bees are booming on it
now, and have been for over a month since 1 first
discovered it. Please give the name. It is plenti-

ful in this country. It has ripe fruit and blossoms
on it now. F. M. Davidson.

Collinsville, Ala., July 19, 1887.

[The plant you send us is Vitin Jnpiimata, T. and
G. The botanies say nothing of its qualities as a
honey-plant. 1 Experimental Station.

Columbus, O., Aug. 2, 1887. Per Craig.

THE ROCKV-MOUNTAIN BEE-PLANT.

I am trying to find a name for the plant of which
I inclose a specimen. Is it what is called the Rocky-
Mountain bee-plant? As you see, it has a purple
bloom; it grows about 18 linches high, sending out
branches in every direction. C. E. Caukoli,.

Parma, Col., July 26, 1887.

The specimen of plant yon s.-nd is the
Rocky-Mountain bee-plant," as you suggest.
Yow will tind a full description" of it in the
A B C of Bee Cultur-.

DEFE.\TEU, BUT NOT DISCOURAGED.

]^\ EES have done quite poorly this i-eason. I had
ISi only one stand out of .30 that went into the
f^ supers. It made about 12 lbs. of marketable
"**' honey. I have one stand of h3'brids which
secured about 59 lbs. while many of the
blacks did almost nothing, and are now in a starv-
ing condition. White clover commenced yielding
honey on two occasions, but each time it was stop-
ped by heavy rains. Basswood gave honey about
two days. There is j'et some prospect of a crop of
fall honey, which will be most gratefully received.
If my bees had all been Italians or hybrids, like the
one mentioned above, I should have done quite
well. I have heard of bees fighting and stinging
the operator when a hive was opened (when rob-
bers were troublesome). I have handled blacks for
4 years, and have now 3.5 stands, yet I have never
had the experience mentioned. Are not blacks in-
ferior to Italians in poor seasons, and equal in good
ones? N. J. Flint.

Georgeville, Mo.

Friend F., do you mean to say that rob-
bing in your apiary does not iiici'ease the
danger of stings when you open a hive V
The point is this : When there is a dearth of
honey, and the bees tind nothing in the
fields, they liang about the hives or in the
honey-house. If every thing is kept out of
their" reach, however, little harm is done;
but let them get a notion that honey may be
stolen from neighboring hives a Iniudred
times faster than they can get it fiom the
fields, and bees, like human beings, begin to
develop bad and vicious tempers ; and after
this thing lias got well started, we have
more trouble with stings than we ever had
before. In fact, it not only troubles the pro-
prietor, but his neighbors, and the teams in
the street, if he d<>es not lake prompt mea-
sures to stop it. My impression is, that the
troul)le witli bees in or near towns or cities
has pretty much all come about by this sort
of carelessness. I liave not h;i(l much expe-
rience with black bees in this line, of late
years ; but 1 never noticed that they were
very miicli different from Italians. I do
kiuiw, iiowever, that hybrids are ever so
much worse than either race pure, when

664

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

robbing and stinging get to be the order of
the day.

OVER ONE TON OF HONEY.

The season came to a close very suddenly. The
honey crop was light in this county. I shall have
something over one ton, almost all box.

Komulus, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1887. J. F. Hunt.

ENOUGH TO WINTER ON.

Our bees gathered about enough in one week to
winter on. They stored it above, and it was taken
as surplus. The j)rospect is now that I shall feed as
much as I have taken. There is, therefore, now
really no surplus. 1 have some hopes yet from red
clover and aster. S. W. Morrison.

O.xford, Pa., Aug. 9, 1887.

RECEIVED $5011 FOR A LAST YEAR'S CROP.

It is getting rather late to send in my report for
1886, but better late than never. 1 have just got
through disposing of my last year's crop. I had
3335 lbs. of white-clover honey, for which I received
I'ZVt cts. per lb., amounting to $405.95. Then I had
nearly 700 lbs. of very dark honey, which I sold for
5 cts. per box. 1 also had .500 or 600 lbs. of extract-
ed. We ate of it give some away, and what I sold
brought me $37.00. Altogether I received between
$490 and $500 for my crop. I started in the spring
with 51 colonies, increased to 68. J. A. Kennedy.

FarmingdHlc, III., June 13, 1887.

l^EP0^Tg DlgC0nR^6ips[^i.

"NOT MUCH HONEY."

T FIND, ill looking over my bees, that there are
(^ some colonies that have not got honey enough
^r to winter on. The weather has been so very

"*■ dry all summer that bees in this part of the
State have done nothing. One gentleman liv-
ing not far from this city ran his apiary of 40 colo-
nies for comb honey, and said he did not get a
pound. Another, of about one hundred colonies,
ran half for comb the other half for extracted, and
got only about 300 lbs. of extracted, so you see it is
considerably discouraging. A gentleman living
eight miles from hero ran 40 colonies for comb
honey, and got about 1000 pounds. He uses the
Simplicity hive, but took out three brood-frames
and put wide frames on the side with sections in.
The side storing seems to be good. A. E. Smith.
Darlington, Wis., Aug. 13, 1887.

BEES STARVING.

Bees are Starving as fast as time rolls around. I
came from Texas a few days ago and found half
ray bees starved out. I am feeding the others. It
has been the dryest time since 1881. Grass, weeds,
corn, and all are burning up. There is a good pros-
pect to-night for a rain. If we should have such,
bees would store winter food from Spanish needle
yet. If this is not discouraging I hope such a time
won't come. W. W. Addison.

Bumpus, III., Aug. 11, 1887.

HALF A CROP.

The honey-crop in this section is less than half.
It Is very dry. Honey is moving moderately at 14
and 15 cents. The market is getting firmer. It
gives us more light in regard to the kind of founda-
tion to be used in sections. Poorly drawn founda-

tion, with some honey on each side, is not very
tempting to the consumer's appetite, and I have
good reason to believe that there is much such
goods that goes on to the market, and I am afraid of
the consequences. A. A. Harrison.

McLane, Pa.. Aug. 15, 1887.

HONEYED VISIONS GONE ; IS IT FOUL BROOD?

I " swarmed out " with a new " queen " on March
30, and have been very busy since, fixing up. You
have been asking, through Gleanings, for " Re-
ports Discouraging." While I myself am not dis-
couraged, and still less ready for " Blasted Hopes,"
my report for this spring, and the prospects for this
summer, certainly present a discouraging front.
All my sweet hopes and honeyed visions have be-
taken themselves to ignominious flight, leaving
my pocket-book under the elephant's foot. I went
into winter quarters with 10 full colonies, 3 five-
frame, and 3 four-irame colonies. One colony was
in a two story Root chaff hive; the remaining 14
were in Simplicities, with chaff on top and sides;
and notwithstanding a severe winter they came
through in good condition. All were rearing brood
nicely when fruit-bloom commenced (about the 15th
of April). In the midst of fruit-bloom we had a
week of wet weather which put them almost on the
starvation-point. It checked breeding to some ex-
tent, and caused them to kill their young drones.

About the first of May I purchased 4 more colo-
nies, making me 19 in all. In the latter part of
April and the first part of May T moved them about
IVi miles; when I moved the second lot I examined
them (May 3) to see if an.v combs were broken
down, and was astonished to find 3 colonies with
diseased brood. The symptoms did not, nor do they
yet, tally with those given in the ABC and in va-
I'ious numbers of Gleanings, of foul brood. A
friend told me he had a colony similarly affected
last year, which he cured by introducing a new
queen; so I thought I would try that. I gave them
capped queen-cells. The queens ai'e not yet laying.
A few days ago I found three more colonies in dif-
ferent parts of the yard taking the same disease, so
I determined to try Prof. McLain's remedy, given on
page 697, Gleanings, 1886, except that I could not ex-
tract the honey, which is hardly necessary, since
the most of my colonies have very little honey
(white clover is a failure). The peculiarity of the
disease is, that about three-fourths of the brood
dies just before it is ready to cap over. Very little
dies after it is sealed. The greater part of the af-
fected larvie shrink, just as if something had suck-
ed their juices, and finally dry up entirely; now and
then one turns to a brownish-looking mess. This
seems to be the case only with those that die about
the seventh day from hatching. There are no
sunken cappings nor pinholes. Of course, there is
an unnatural smell about the hive, but not what
that from true foul brood is, judging by the de-
scriptions in A B C and Gleanings. A. L. Heim.

Chandler, Ind.

From the facts you relate. I should rather
judge the disease you found among your
l)ees was foul brood. You know, I presume,
there is one phase of it where the brood dies
before being capped. However, in our ex-
perience we never noticed unsealed dead
brood without finding some in cells capped
over. I think, if you were to rake over the
cells of capped brood, where you lind the

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

6H5

unsealed diseased brood you would be pret-
ty sure to find diseased brood. You did not
say whether you were successful in treating
foiil brood by McLaiu's method.

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in for this department stiould be briefly
stated, and free from any possible ambiguity. The tjuesiion
or questions should be written upon a separate slip of paper,
and marked, " For Our Question-Box."

IVhen Should ivf tjo ti> irovU to Raise tin- liv.it
Queens '.'

Question No. 1. If the bees supersede their queen
in the fall or spring, is such queen as good as one
raised in the swarming season ? M. E. W.

Yes.
Yes.
Not with nie.

Dadant & Son.

Paul L. Viallon.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

Yes. I thinlj they are, providing there is a good
strong colony of bees at the time. E. France.

I have but few queens superseded. Their suc-
cessors, even when raised in the spring or fall, have
shown no signs of inferiority.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

If raised in a strong colony, the old queen being
present till the young one is raised, I thinlc ihe dif-
ference, if any, is slight. C. C. Miller.

Theoretically, no; yet I have had queens super-
seded in the interims of the honey-harvest which
■were among the best 1 have ever had or seen.

A. J. Cook.

Yes, providing the old queen keeps laying or
stays in the hive till the queen-cells are capped
over. If the supersedure comes from the death of
the old queen, no. G. M. Doolittle.

Yes. Mr. Langstroth said at Detroit, that he had
noticed, when bees superseded their queen, that it
iuvariablj' proved to be a good one. They are dis-
satisfied with their queen, and undertake to rear a
better one, and do it. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Under certain circumstances, such a queen might
be good, and no doubt as good as many of the
queens raised in the swarming season; biU as a
rule, governed by natural principles, such a queen
will not be as good as one raised in the swarming
season. James Heddon.

I have watched this point closely for a number of
years, and have been able to detect no difference,
unless it was that such queens are not usually as
long lived as others. O. O. Poppleton.

It would be well if we had more positive data than
seem to exist at present as to the value of queens
reared out of season. In default of this it will help
some for bee-men to give their impressions, as I
proceed to do.

1. Queens reared too early are worthless for lack
of fertilization.

2. Queens reared late enough to be fertilized will
average a little below, but not very much below,
queens reared under the swarming impulse.

3. Queens reared after swarming is over are liable
to ho <|iiit(' inl'orinr, but not certain t<i be so.

K. E. Hastv.

It seems to me, friends, there is one point
in the above that you have not touched up-
on. It is this : Some colonies, as you know,
will rear an extra queen to work side by side
with her mother ; and as fast as these extra
queens are taken away they will rear more.
At different times, when this suljject has
been up, the importance of developing this
trait has been mentioned. Now, these
queens, no matter when they are reared
(providing, of course, the weather is warm
and the bees are getting pollen and honey),
are among the best and longest lived we
have had. Have you not found it so V

ffoir mnny fouiuls per Colony <lo our Best
liee-keepers fjet, on an Arerat/e'.'

Question No. 2. Wliat do you consider an average
yield of honey per colony (mention whether comb
or extracted) in your locality V S. J. M.

Extracted, 50 lbs.; comb, 2.5 lbs.

Sixty lbs. of extracted.

Dauant & Son.
Dr. a. B. Mason.

100 to 135 lbs. extracted; 75 to 100 lbs. comb honey.

Paul L. Viallon.
Fifty lbs. of comb; 80 of extracted.

W. Z. Hutchinson.
Fifty lbs., spring count, taking an average of sev-
eral years. I have had little experience with ex-
tracted honey. Mrs. L. Harrison.

About 75 lbs. of extracted, or .50 lbs. of comb hon-
ey, and an increase of nearly 100 per cent, would
perhaps be about an average in all the years I have
kept bees here. James Heddon.

My own average for over a dozen years past in
Northern Iowa was 110 lbs. per colony of extracted
honey. My experience is too small in this locality
to give any estimate. O. O. Poppleton.

According to my records for the past 12 years, my
bees in different parts of this, Ventura Co. (Cal).,
have yielded me about S5 lbs. per hive annually,
spring count, all extracted honey. I suppose mine
will about average with others of the county.

R. Wilkin.

My average yield has been not far from 75 lbs.
comb honey, and 1.50 lbs. extracted, according as
worked for, each year for the past 14 years, a larger
average yield for the first 7 years than the last 7.
G. M. Doolittle.

In estimating 50 lbs. comb and 75 extracted, I
should think 1 was quite low. 1 have takcn'KXl lbs.
of comb several years in succession; lut a few
such years as the present will bring it away down.

A. J. Cook.

For 18 years the average yield has been 39(2 lbs.
comb honey. Greatest yield per colony in anyone
year, 117 lbs.; least, 0. With good management and
no overstocking, I think the average might be .50.

C. C. Miller.

We have run for extracted honey for several
years past. Taking the years 18h;j, "84, '85. and 'SB-
four years in succession- our average was 103 lbs.
per colonj', spring count. But this year our yield
was only .5t)40 lbs., or about 12 lbs. per colony, as we
had 415 colonies, and we are not sure but we shall
have to feed back all we got, if not more, to winter

am

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUKK.

Sept.

the bees. See Gleanings, page 976, 1886 ; also this
issue, pag-e 655. E. France.

My locality is a very poor one, and the average
yield of section honey is less than 20 lbs. To part-
ly balance this, the spread of fall flowers and the
supply of spring pollen are so large that it seems
to make little difference how many colonies are
kept. Even in very had seasons there is pretty
sure to be some surplus; and with the yield as low
as 10 lbs. per colony one can get quite a pile of hon-
ey if he keeps colonies enough. It is a live man's
business to see just where his main chance is, in his
own location and circumstances, and go in on it.

E. E. Hasty.

Many thanks, friends, for the care whicli
you have given these reports. It did not oc-
cur to me before, that any tiling of so much
value could be put into so small space. I
vi^as especially pleased to see our jolly friend
C. C. Miller i»ut in that 31)^ lbs. I can imag-
ine a mischievous smile twinkling on his
countenance when he put in Uvdt half-pound.
Old fellow, why didn't you say 40 lbs., when
you came so near it ? I suppose you have
heard of the witness who, when asked how
far he stood f luin the parties who were fight-
ing, replied, •• Just 17 feet it inches." When
asked how he came to be so accurate, he
said he expected some lawyer or other blun-
dering fool would ask the question, and so
he took his rule out of his pocket and mea-
sured the distance exactly. Now, friend M.,
I don't mean to say that of you, but I feel
glad that you sat down and took time and
pains to tell us exactly what we have a right
to expect, without any guesswork about it.

How nitiny Poiimlts j'cr Colon// hni'r lu'vii Secured

by our Ja.f/icrts. n ml Itoir iniieli (hiin Oner-

stoehitifi .Ijf'ert tliesr He.siilts '.'

Question No. ■>.— What is the largest yield (comb
or extracted) you have ever known in your locality,
from a single colony ? In your judgment, what is
the largest number of colonies that could have
been kept in that one place, that season, without
diminishing the yield of that one colony ? M.

Two hundred and fifty pounds of extracted. Ten.

Du. A. B. Mason.
1. 195 lbs. comb. 2. Perhaps 80. C. C. Mieler.

1. About 450 lbs. extracted. 2. About 100 colonies.

Dadant & Son.

A single colony, spring count, 200 lbs. The old
colony, 130 lbs., and its swarm, 80 lbs.

Mrs. L. Harbison.

First, 309 lbs. comb. Second, .566 lbs. extracted.
Third, 150 colonies. The above yields were taken
by myself in 1877. G. M. Dooeittle.

1. 303 lbs. The average of all was nearly 300 lbs.,
and I think that, if there had been 500 colonies, the
yield would have been as much. It was the best
season I ever had. Paue L. Viaelon.

To the first part of your question I will answer,
410 lbs., 48 of which were comb, the rest being ex-
tracted honey. The latter part of your question re-
lating to overstocking is one that has puzzled me
much, and on which my 18 years of bee-keeping,
most of which has been on an extended scale, does
not warrant me in attciiii)tiiig to answer.

.).\MES Heddon.

In 1887 my bees, 416 hives, at Sespe Apiary, yielded
me an average of 185 lbs. extracted. There were
about 1000 colonies besides these, within two miles
of mine. Localities where only a few were kept
yielded perhaps one-fourth more. We rarely keep
an account of the yield of a single hive here.

R. Wilkin.

In 1886 we had 13 colonies that averaged 164 lbs.
There were 61 colonies in that apiary. I never saw
a location yet where I would believe 100 colonies
could store as large an average yield of honey as
would a less number. We keep from 60 to 80 colo-
nies in a place. I think that enough for profit.

E France.

1 have never kept the honey of each colony by it-
self with sutticient exactness to answer the ([uery.
The year 1886 was the best season 1 over had, when
50 colonies stored 6800 lbs. of comb honey and 300
lbs. extracted. I tliink 100 colonies might have been
kept without lowering the yield pro rata very much.
W. Z. Hutchinson.

I can not say. The largest net return I ever knew
from a single colony was $70. On several occasions
our bees have netted us $30 or over, per colony. I
should prefer not to have more than 100 colonies at
one place, though on certain years I believe more
could be kept with no loss. A. J. Cook.

I worked my apiary as a whole, and not as so
many single colonies, and know but little about
yields from single colonies. The largest amount of
e.xtracted I know of getting from one colony was
375 lbs., and from another 160 of comb. Any answer
to the second part of the question would be pure
speculation. (). O. Poppleton.

My own best yield is 143 lbs. of sections from a
colony and its increase. I can not at this moment
tell if my immediate neighbors have surpassed it or
not. Very likely one colony more would have de-
creased the yield some; but I do not think that a
hundred more would have decreased it more than
one-fourth. I agree with the prevalent opinion
about overstocking as to most locations, but my lo-
cation is peculiar (see last answer). In working on
basswood also, my bees have to go four or five
miles to reach it; and when they get there, there is
a good deal of it; so the number of colonies does
not seem to signify much. E. E. Hasty.

These answers seem to indicate that but
little is known positively in regard to this
vexed (luestion of overstocking. I can im-
agine just how Dr. Mason straightened up
his portly form when he brought his fist
down, and declared that not more than ten
colonies could have been kept in the yard
with the one that gave 250 lbs. in one sea-
son, without affecting the result, and 1 am
inclined to agree with you generally. We
have had so many large reports from small
apiaries — that is, large compared with the
reports per colony from large apiaries— that
I do believe a small apiary will, as a rule,
give the best results ; but the question then
arises. Will it not pay us better to keep 100
colonies, even with a much smaller average
per colony, than to have our bees located m
so many different places V I don't l)elieve.
however, tluit it is best to increase to such
an extent that we get down so low as 10 lbs.
per colony on the average, as friend Hasty
puts it.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKK.

667

J^jYgEIiF MJ) fIY]\[EI6}IB0KS.

Why beholdcst thou the mote that is in thy broth-
or's eye. but considerest not the beani that is in
thine own eye?— Matt. 7: ;!.

IIYdowe see our neighbors' faults
so plainly and so easily, while it is
with so niMch diffimilty that we can
he made to see and comprehend our
own? I have just been thinking of
one reason for this state of affairs. There
are several reasons, but I am pretty sure
tills one is an important factor. It comes
in something this way : The world says,
" Every man should first look out for num-
ber one."' The Bible says. '' Not so. Tlion
shalt love thy neighbor" as thyself." The
world says, '^ Look upon every man as a
thief until he has proved himself to be an
honest man." The Bible says to this, as J
understand it, '' Not so ; but, rather, look
upon every man as an honest man until he
has proved himself to be a thief." Now,
when I say this I also say. but by no
means intrust even an honest man with a
large amount of property in a reckless way.
Even while you recognize that your neigh-
bor is as good a man as yourself, you are not
to lie in haste to place temptation in his
way. Many of the troubles and jangles that
come al)ont among the bee-friends are be-
cause things are left loosely. Business is
done in a sort of heedless and careless way.
One man sends on a lot of honey or bees-
wax, and does not even know how much he
has sent. Now, friends, it seems to me you
have no right to do things in this way, no
matter whom you are dealing with. If you
want to feel kind and charitable toward
your neighbors, keep things straight as you
go along. Instead of trying to remember
the particulars of a transaction, write it
down in white and black. If yju keep bees
on shares, have a clear understanding as to
how it is to be done, and write it down and
have both parties sign the paper, but don't
either of yon sign it without reading it
through carefully" Having done this, abide
by the paper, no matter who loses or gains.
If you want to have confidence in" your
neighbors, keep business close and snug. If
you are intrusting work to others whom you
have employed to work for you, keep an eye
on them, tf you want the work well done,
make arrangements so you can look after it
often, then see whether yoin* hired help un-
derstands exactly what your wishes are.
Many people lose their confidence in their
neighbors and in their fellow-men, because
of their own heedlessness in this respect.

Friend Terry, in his potato-book, express-
es strong doubts as to whether artificial fer-
tilizers are of any value to the average
farmer. I think very likely he carries the
matter to extremes ; but of this I am sure:
Thatia great many pay out money for fertil-
izers when it does them no good whatever.
What, then, are we to do'? The agricultural

Eapers of late are recommending that each
iirmer shall test fertilizers on his own
grounds; that is, don"t get enthusiastic, and
take it for granted that because others have
done well by the use of phosphates you can
lie well also. A good many, the first time

they try phosphate or bone dust, in their
zeal will put on double the usual quantity.
They take it foi' granted, that if a little is
good more is better. Now, it is a very diffi-
cult matter indeed to be able to say positive-
ly what it was that gave you a crop. If you
occasionally withhold the fertilizers from a
strip of ground right through your lot. this
affords pretty good evidence. In my earlier
experiments with guano I killed so many of
my choice plants that I began to wonder
whether guano i)ossessed any value at all or
not. I became so disgusted "with it, in fact,
that the bag was iillowed to stand in the
greenhouse, without being used at all.
Finally we had some celery-plants in boxes,
that stood so long before being transplanted
they began to look yellow and as if half
starved. Wateiing them rejieatedly did lit-
tle or no good, for so many waterings had
washed all of the fertilizing material out of
the dirt contained in the shallow boxes.
One of the boys suggested sprinkling a little
guano among the plants before they were
watered. It acted like a charm. The'plants
started up with vigor. The foliage became
dark green, and the growth rank. A lea-
spoonful of guano to (me of the boxes help-
ed them wonderfully ; but a handftd might
have killed them all. Now, my friends,
while you have faith in God and faith in
humanity, and feel anxious to do something
for Christ and something to help your fel-
low-men, you might commence exactly as
we commenced with guano. If a friend of
yours is in straitened circumstances, and
needs a little assistance, be carefid about
overdoing the business. Giving him so
much help all at once may work as much
mischief as the guano woidd if put on the
strawberry-plants. Look into his circum-
stances carefully, and give him a little as-
sistance at first ; then watch and see how it
works. If good comes of it, help him a lit-
tle more in the same way, and so on with all
your deal and intercourse with humanity.
This is reason and judgment. Don't he in
haste to do some big thing.

Last evening a missionary just returned
from Africa made a remark something like
this : A man who is doing mission work at
home will probably do successful work in
Africa. If he is not bringing souls to Christ
in his own neighborhood, he will rarely suc-
ceed in doing so in Africa. If you want to
be a missionary, commence right where you
are, commence with little things. When
you succeed with the neighbors you have,
with commonplace individuals, you will
probably succeed in a wider field; but don't
start out in a wider field all at once.

I have just been pained by a letter from a
> ounger brother of mine, lie is trying to
be a Christian, nnd trying to be a good
member of society : but he has troubles and
trials and tribulations beyond those com-
mon to most men. Why is it. he says, that
when I am trying to do right, I get deceived
and wronged at almost every turn '? The
trouble is. my friends, he is trying to do too
much. He owns a large farm close to a
growing city; but instead of staying at
home, and keeping an eye on every acre of
that farm, he has two or three times tried

668

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

starting buHiness in town. He intrusted-
his stock, buildings, and land, to hired ten-
ants. First, he didn"t gft any rent The
next time, he let his land out on shares.
The result was, that two or three of his
horses were work(^d to death, and other
things managed in much the same way.
lie trusted too much to humanity in one
way, because he didn't have his business
imder his personal supervision. I am afraid
he rushes to the conclusion that these peo-
ple are all l)ad and seltish and evil. I pre-
sume, dear friends, they are no worse than
the neiglibors you have right around you,
or, to come still closer home, no worse than
you or I. Maybe they hadn't sound judg-
ment to undertake the management of a
large farm, and ought not to have been
trusted in this way. When you have faith
in the good i^itentions of youi' neighbors,
remember they are frail and human. Thus
without having any hard feelings toward
them particularly, you may remember they
are selfish. Many a good steady hard-work-
ing man has been made to show to a great
disadvantage simply because he has been
l)ushed into some place he was not compe-
tent to till. Some people do not seem capa-
ble of having money in their possession
without paying it out foolishly. Now, 1
don't believe it is right to call such people
thieves because they pay out money that
does not belong to "them. I have known
quite a number who seemed to be honest
and upright and straight in every particular
until some money or property was injudi-
ciously put in their hands for safe keeping.
At first sight one would be tempted to think
that they yielded to temptation ; but a more
careful investigation seemed to indicate
there was no particular temptation about it.
They simply let the money slip without be-
ing hardly aware they were responsible for
it. Had "they been tried first with a very
little money or a very little property, to give
them a little practice in the way of assum-
ing responsibility, they would probably
have turned out all right. Hut it was like
the guano in my experiments with straw-
berries. They hadn't even been educated
up to the point of bearing responsibility by
careful tests on a small scale. Now, dear
friends, I want you to think kindly of those
about you; 1 want you to think kindly of
all your neighbors— even the bad ones. I
want you to think kindly of the criminals
in your county jail ; and if the suggestions I
have thrown out in this pa])er shall be the
means of causing you to inquire whether the
bad state of affairs is not owing a great deal
to injudicious acts such as 1 have mention-
ed, I shall have accomplished my purpose.

A poor unfortunate fellow-being is now
confined in our county jail for attempting a
crime that makes all "good men and women
shudder. In fact, a mob gathered round
him and might have taken his life had he
not been rescued by the proper authorities.
The man is a laborer in a neighboring stone-
quarry. During a kindly ta.lk with him I
felt pretty well convinced that he was noth-
ing but a connnon])lace individual, not pai-
ticidarlv worse nor better than thousands of
others. ' I did not notice any thing vicious

about him, nor any signs that he was lost to
good feelings and good impulses. A slight
stoppage in their work at the quarry induced
him and some of his fellow-laborers to take
a holiday at a beautiful lake near the center
of our county. This lake is quite a fashion-
able pleasure-resort ; but. alas I a beer-sa-
loon disfigures its grounds. This man is a
foreigner by birth, and, of course, he must
have some beer. \"ery likely something be-
sides lieer crazed his brain and inflamed his
passions ; but for (lod's sake, friends, don't
be in haste to conclude that such or such a
one is absolutely bad. Don't be in a liurr>
to say that the best place forhim is inside of
the penitentiary walls •. and don't be so has-
ty in your condemnation as to say the mob
ought to have killed him under the circum-
stances. Christ died for even such as he. I
would not save him from the penitentiary :
I think he ought to go : and I suppose it "is
best to let the law take its course, even
where these feeble-minded people are so
thoughtless as to use money which they have
no right to use. But does it not behoove us
all, especially those of us who are followers
of Christ, to be careful how our careless or
heedless acts make our friends and neigh-
bors stand to bad advantage before the
world V Be sure, dear friends, there is not
a beam in thine own eye before you under-
take to pluck out the niote from thy broth-
er's eye.

TAILOR BEES, ETC.

PKOl'. ( OOK TEL1.S US SOMETHING ABOUT DIFFER-
ENT MEMBERS OF THE BEE AND WASP FAMILY.

E received from John Linersridge,
Anguilla, Sharkey Co., Miss., a lot of
bits of leaves, cut u\) in round circles,
done uj) in brown paper. He said he
found it in one corner of a hive, but
did not know what to call it. We recog-
nized it as the work of the tailor bees, as
has been often mentioned in our journals ;
but as there was quite a (|uantity of circular
leaves made concave, or cup-shaped, and
nested into each other in this nest, we for-
warded it to Prof. Cook who replies :

EiHtnr Glrariinu":

These arc the ourious cells of the interesting-
" tailor" bees— Migaihik (see Manual, p. 28). These
bees cut regular pieces— circular or oblong— from
rose and other leaves, and by ingeniously fastening-
them together they form these hollow cylinders,
which are stored with food, and then each is stock-
ed with an egg-. Often there are many such cells
placed end to end at one place. I know a lady who
left her knitting-work alone for a time, and upon
taking it up found several of these cells within
its folds. I have often found them in grrass.
The cells are about one inch long, and one-third of
j an inch in diameter. The bees are about the size of
I a common honey-bee, which they somewhat resem-
ble. They may be told, however, by the brig-ht
shining- yellow hair on the under side of their ab-
t domens, and also by the curious way in which they
raise this part of their body as they walk over the
tlowers. These yellow hairs are used to g-ather pol-
len, and such bees will be seen, ofttimes, with these
hairs fairly loaded with the golden pollen-dust.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

669

THE DIGGER-WASH.

The larg'e wasp sent bs' one of your customers—
you did not mention tlie locality, for wliich I am
sorry— is the luindsome "digg-er" wasp, Stiztia spcvi-
osu)<. I have received it from Kentuelvy, Tennes-
see, Southern Indiana, and Southern Illinois. There
is another, still larg-er, found in the Southern States
—Stizii'^ (jiaiidis. These wasps are black, or dark-
colored, marked with handsome yellow spots on
the abdomen. The thorax is brown.

This one sent has been known before to capture
the cicada— usually, but incorrectly, called locust.
1 presume the insect captured in this case was a
cicada, or harvest-tiy. The tji'ue locusts are srass-
hoppei'S, and so, of course, belong- to quite another
order of insects. These wasps are called digger
wasps, as they dig holes in the earth, where they
place their prey, after which they lay an egg in the
captured insect, when they proceed to cover all
with earth. A still more interesting fact is yet to
be told. , The wasp is armed with a powerful sting.
By aid of this .she is able to paralyze large insects
like our largest spiders, cUdda', etc. Thus the prey
of these wasps is simply stunned, and not killed,
and so the young of the wasp, when the egg hatches,
has right at its command fresh tender insect-steak,
and has only to eat and grow fat. I doubt if these
wasps ever do apiarists any serious harm. They
are not sutticiently common. In Europe, however,
similar wasps are a serious annoyance to bee-keep-
ers. A. J. Cook.
Agricultural College, Mich.

You have before told us something about
this wasp that has the knaclv of putting
away his fresh meat so it does not spoil —
that is. paralyzing them by stinging so the
victim will keep many days or even weeks
in a state neither dead nor alive. Perhaps
we might call it hibernation, only they nev-
er come out of it. Now. here is an interest-
ing question for naturalists : How long may
these insects be kept in this comatose state,
induced by the stinging of tliis peculiar wasp?

A NAP BEFORE DINNER.

.MKS. L. HARRISON GIVES TS HER E.YPEKIENCE IN
REG.-VRD TO THE MATTER.

J^S| KO. ROOT:— Ive always thought you had a
^i mistaken idea with reference to work—
Iti "clear over the horse" on that sub.iect, and
^^ isn't that the. cause why you are suffering
with nervous prostration;' Is there any rea-
son why a person should toil from early morn till
dewy eve, without any restV I know women who
always have '• catch-up. work," and never allow
themselves an idle moment; but the ma.ior part of
them are nervous, and very fretful and unhappy at
times. My mother worked every wakeful moment,
and taught me to do the same: but when I saw her
old at fifty, and in her grave twenty years before
her brothers her seniors, ] made up my mind that
henceforth I would rest when tired. 1 have arisen
at five in the morninji', and worked \ery hard until
eleven, and then left ofl' and had a nap and an
hour's rest before T ate my dinner: then 1 was aide
to do another half-day's work. If I could not get
this rest I was good for nothing the rest of the day.
.\n after-dinner nap didn't refresh me as the
former. I've always thought that that hour's rest
was worth more to my family than any other. Since

I've been keeping bees, I can not command this
rest-hour, as the bees will not i-espect it at all; but
I make up for it, as well as I can, by retiring earlier.

Bro. Root, when you are irritable and cross, don't
attribute it to the " Evil One," but see if your
stomach, liver, and nerves are not more to blame
than this active gentleman. He may be entirely
innocent of the charge. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

Well, I am really glad, sister II., to have
your testimony in regard to my new hobby
of doctoring without medicine : that is. doc-
toring some comi)]aints without medicine ;
and 1 am glad to liear you say tluit the after-
dinner nap did not answer. You are partly
right, no doubt, in your closing remarks:
that is, the part of our bodies intended to di-
gest our food, and send the results of it into
the proper channels, must liave time and el-
bow-room to do its work. Digestion can not
go on in a natural way when we feel as if a
breath of wind would blow us over. I be-
lieve, however, that tlie Ev\\ One is always
watching his best chances. The Bible says,
you know, that he is constantly going about
like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may
devour. Well, when we are so foolish as to
overtax our strength and energies, Satan is
always at hand ; but a good Christian — one
who has faith, and is rooted and grounded
in Christ Jesus— should be able to say, •' Get
thee behind me, Satan," even at such times.
By all means, fortify yourself physically
against disease and all the consequences
that follow, and at the same time be sure
your feet are always planted on that Rock
that stands, though heaven and earth should
pass away. J am glad to hear you say that
you more titan make up for the hour or half-
hour that might seem to be lost.

5^0B^CC0 CQW^MN.

SMOKERS FOR TOBArCO-USERS WHO ARE NOT
SUBSCRIBERS TO GLEANINGS.

XF your offer of a smoker extends to non-subscrib-
^ ers, you may send me one. I have just quit
^r smoking, after using it more or less for fifteen
-*■ years; and if I use it again 1 will pay you for
the smoker. 1 think I shall be as well off, both
temporally and si>iritually, without it.

New Lyme, O., July '.il, IHST. J. N. Kichmonu.

Friend R.. when we hist proposed giving
a smoker to any one of our subscribers who
would give up "tobacco, we had no thought
of extending the otter to any but our sub-
scribers, or. if you choose, to the Gleax-
iNGs family ; thai is, those who read and
contribute to the support of the journal.
And by the way, friend R.. I hope you will
excuse me for saying that it seems to me
that any one who" proposes to take advan-
tage of "this lil)eral otter should be willing to
subscrilte for tlie journal making the otter.
Recollect, there is no ^eruniarii protit in giv-
ing a smoker to those who give up using
tobacco. We give .\ou the smoker simply
for your own gootl, or. if you ciioose. to en-
courage voii in rigid doing, and with the
understanding that you save money instead
of losing money by accepting our little gift.

670

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ski't.

Now, taking it iu that light, would you have
the heart to ask us to give you this iiuyjle-
meut outright, when you don't care enough
for our journal to subscribe for it ? Aside
from this, there is another point involved :
lie who receives a smoker for giving up to-
l)acco expects to have his name appended to
his promise to abstain ; and this promise,
with the signature, is to be printed in
Gleanings. He himself reads this prom-
ise in Gleanings, and his friends all read
it ; and if he is ever tempted to break his
pledge we hope and expect that somebody
who reads Gleanings will remind him of
the broken promise. PJut if lie is not a sub-
scriber to Gleanings, how shall anybody
know of the public contract and agreement
he has entered into V 1 think, my friend,
your own good and your own safety depend
iipon your being a subscriber. Tliere is one
case, however, under which we think best
to deviate from the above rule. Where any
subscriber to Gleanings writes us that/ie
will pay for the smoker if the friend l)reaks
his pledge, this answers every purpose ; and,
in fact, 1 rather prefer to give tliem away in
that manner: for the subscriber who is
sufficiently interested to get pledges in this
way will be quite certain to watch over his
weak friend, and straighten him up if he
shows symptoms of wanting to slip out of
his contract: for almost any man. woman,
or child, would rather pay the small amount
of 70 cents than to have it said he had bro-
ken a promise given in print over his own
signature.

I will pay for the smokei sent it' I break my i)rom-
ise which I hereby make. T. H. Vail.

Rvans Center, Eric Co., N. Y.

I have quit the use of tobacco, and aiu trying to
raise bees; but so far I have been very unsuccess-
ful. I think perhaps by the aid of your smoker I
could be more successful. If I begin the use of to-
bacco I will pay you for it. W. W. R.iMSEV.

Ashbeysburg-, Ky., July 30, 1887.

I have been a moderate smoker for about two
years; and if it is not imposing on your generosity
you can send me a smoker. Send one also to a be-
ginner in bee-business, by the name of Frank
Schlingloof; and if either one of us commences
again, I agree to pay you for both of them.

Kenton, O., .luly 20, 188T. ('. D. Mooke.

Please send a smoker to Mr. Lee Clow, Ozan,

I Hempstead Co., Ark., for he ha? (|Uit the use of to-

j bacco, and he says he will take the pledge. He has

i been a slave to its use for 35 years; he is now .'i-t

years old, and he says he will pay for the smoker it

he uses the weed again. J. W. Tayloh.

Ozan, Ark., .Inly 36, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco. If I use it any
more i will pay you for the smoker.

F. M. Thoknton.
Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga., July 1, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco, and vvill never use
it again. Please send me a smoker. If I ever use
the weed again I will pay for the smoker.

Alburgh Springs, Vt. W. A. Crellkk.

By the grace of God I will quit the use of tobacco.
If you will send me a smoker, if I ever use tobacco
again I will pay for the smoker. May the good
work go on ! G. H. Reed.

Anneville, Tex.

My friend Henry McClarin has quit using tobac-
co, and is working for me. Send a smoker; and if
he uses tobacco again I will pay for the smoker.

D. C. L^NDERHILL.

Manatee, ¥'\a,., June 34, 1887.

We received the smokers the 1st inst., and I was
truly surprised at such a nice smoker. 1 have not
only quit smoking and chewing, but ha\'e resolved
never to taste a drop of that poison, liquor.

Kenton, O., Aug. 3, 1887. C. L. Moore.

I do not use tobacco^ and do what I can to dis-
suade others from using it. Mr. Rolen Itouten, a
neighbor of ours, and once a slave to tobacco, has
quit, and says send him a smoker. If he ever uses
it again he will pay you for the smoker, and 1 will
see that he does. H. F. C.autkh.

Henry, Tenn., July lit, 1887.

I notice that you propose to give a smoker to anj-
one who will agree to quit the use of tobacco, and
to pay for the smoker should he use it again. At
the solicitation of my wife, I will take a smoker on
those condition.^; and should 1 begin the use of to-
bacco again I will remit you the price of the smoker
promptly. J. A. Daniel.

Rockport, Aransas Co., Texas.

I have been using tobacco, both chewing and
smoking, for 33 years. For the last sixteen years 1
have been keeping bees, and always used tobacco-
smoke about the hives; but now you make warjup-
on the weed, so 1 will quit. But las you seem to be
interested in this matter, making a " hobby " of it,
as it were, I shall be i)leased to let you have your
own way; so please send along the smoker. by mail;
and if I ever give up and take to the use of the
filthy weed I will pay you for two smokers.

M. a. Kelley.

Milton, Cabell Co., W. Va., July 36, 1887.

I commenced using tobacco at the age of I.^), and
have ever since until about 6 or 8 months ago when
my health failed and 1 decided to quit, and have
succeeded so far. Will you send me a smoker/ I
promise you 1 will pay for it if I ever use tobacco
again. We are having a very poor season here. I
have taken only 13 lbs. of honey, and the bees^are
not storing any at jiresent. I have 18 colonies to
date. We have just had a tew good showers of
rain, and the buckwheat will soon be up. We sel-
dom get any thing but'. tall honey. F. J. D.\hn.

Sturgis, Mich., July ;6, 1887.

My uncle, Mr. F. S. Meuer, has only four stands
of bees, all in Simplicity hives. They are doing
well. He was in Bastrop about two months ago,
and transferred a swarm, that was in a common
box hive, into a Simplicity hive, for my other un-
cle, Mr. P. S. RoUeigh. He is well pleased with his
new stand now. I'ncle showed him a copy of
Gleanings, and he read it through. He was well
pleased with the Tobacco Column, and ho has ijuit
using tobacco since he read it. If you think he is
worthy of a'smoker, please send it to him. If he
ever uses tobacco again he will pay you for the
smoker, and will also send two dollars and a half
extra. F. A. lU'KniN.

Monroe, La., .luly s, 1887.

\SHl

GLEANINGS IN HkK GlU/rnHK.

(Sl\

A GOOD PLEDGE TO TAKE.

I hiivt' fteeii looking!- over the Tobacco Column in
(!hEANiN(is, and thoujrht tliat somcthinji- like this
woiilfl look better:

" Dear Sir:— I have left ofV th<> tllthy habit of
.sraokiDK and chewing- tobacco, and am saving about
two dollars a month by so doing. Inclosed is that
amount, the savings of' the last month, and [want
one of the best smokers made for that price. I not
only save my money, but my wife says it does not
make her sick every time 1 come into the house.
If I ever commence the use of the weed again I
hope that I shall have to handle cross hybrid bees
ivithout a smoker. I am giving- the amount I for-
merly spent for tobacco to my wife, and she will
soon have enough money to buy the best silk dress
in town. L. C. Whitney."

Thanks, friend W. Your pledge is a capi-
tal one. By all means give the tobacco
money to her who has been so faithful.
Where is the good wife who will not make it
go farther than it formerly did ? We should
like to have some of the old tobacco-users,
who have quit for a year or more, tell how
much they have saved since — whether they
an' any better physically and morally. On
the other hand, if any" man is sorry he
tried to give up tobacco, and afterward re-
sumed its use, we should be glad to hear
from him likewise, and his reasons for so
doing. This column is open.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

FOUL BROOD.

SAID in the last issue I would have
something further in reference to car-
bolic acid as a bacteriacideforthe germs
of foul brood. Recent developments,
however, have been such that I deem it
unwise to say any thing further. In the
mean time we shall continue experiment-
ing, and when we have arrived at some-
thing definite we will report. Perhaps it
would be well to remark, that we have se-
cured the services of Mr. K. II, Sargent, a
graduate of the course in Natural History
of Cornell University, Mr. S. was one of
my old chums and classmates. He has had
considerable experience with bees ; and
when I told him about our experience with
foul brood he became at once interested.
He is familiar with the growths, such as
are found in diseases like cholera, yellow
fever, and certain others. Having a little
leisure time before going back to take a
post-graduate course in the University, I
asked him to try what he could do in culti-
vating foul-brood germs in gelatine. He
has done so, and has met with apparent
success. In due time he will send in writ-
ten reports from the University, where he
will continue his experiments. After he
has succeeded in getting what he knoivs
to be the real germs of foul brood, be-
yond any possibility of doubt, growing in
beef gelatine, he is then to experiment,
with the view of determining what agencies,
whether dilute or not, will utterly kill the
growth. If carbolic acid or absolute phenol
will kill it. what dilution is necessary V

Mr. Sargent will have access to all the ap-
paratus of the University. He will also
hav<' the advice and assistance of one or
more of the professors. I am sure that a
nimibei- of our rcadeis will await the results
of his experiments in this line, with consid-
erable interest.

OTIIKK USES OF CAHU(M.IC ACID,

Wliiie experimenting, for the purpose of
disinfecting diseased hives and combs, I
have found that carbolic acid, when diluted
to not more than 200 times, makes a very
good apifuge — that is, the bees flee from it.
One day a swarm came out and persisted,
in sydte of all our efforts, in clustering upon
one particular limb, inconveniently situat-
ed. Again and again we shook the limb,
and succeeded in getting a portion of the
bees, at least, to cluster on the comb which
we held before them. The other portion
still directed their flight toward the afore-
said limb. Knowing that bees have a great
aversion for carbolic acid we sprayed some
of it, diluted 200 times, on the limb. Every
bee, as he approached the much-sought-for
place of clustering, on discovering it had a
very perceptible as well as disagreeable
odor, departed in evident disgust. Shortly
afterward, however, we had the bees clustei--
ing just where we wanted them to cluster :
i. e., on the comb. During swarming times
the apiarist will find carbolic acid, at a dilu-
tion of 200 times, quite convenient.

Something over a month ago the robbers
had a little taste of honey while one of the
boys was working over one of the hives.
After he had closed the hive there was quite
a swarm of robbers tuml)ling over each
other, as they endeavored to pass into the
crack where we afterward discovered one or
two be;^s could get in at a time. I sprayed
carbolic acid around that portion of the
hive. The robbers left it immediately.
Nor did they attempt to get near the crack
again until the liquid had evaporated ; and
even then they regarded the odor with evi-
dent aversion. In the British Bee Journal,
carbolic acid has been mentioned as an
agent for driving bees out of sections. I
have not yet tried it, but I believe, when
the acid is strong enough, and properly ad-
ministered over the tops of the sections,
that it will drive the bees down out of the
surplus deitartment into the brood-nest.
There was so little honey coming in this
year that I did not ha^'e an opportunity to
try this and other things I wanted to do.

'Later.— Since writing the above, Mr. Sar-
gent and I have just viewed, through a pow-
ier of 1200 diameters, the microscopic growth
which infects tlie larva^. Although we are
not perfectly sure of it, yet we have good
reason to believe that they are the real
germs. That which we discovered is ovoid
and somewhat transparent. Wlien magnified
1200 diameters, or more than a million
areas, these microbes appear to be only
about half as large as a pinhead— so ven ,
verv small are tliev- To-night Mr. Sargent
starts for thf University, where he will pur-
sue his investigations as mentioned above.
Still latfr.~lt seems that what we saw, as
above mentioned, was only the spore.t of foul
brood.

til2

GLliANING8 IN BfiE CtlLttJilE.

^BPl".

Gleanincs in Bee Culture.

J* lihlish ed Srm i - Mo ii th I if .

:— •<*-*o»

.^. I. lE^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

iviEisiisr^a., OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbing Rates, See First Page of Reading Matter.

thilikeLli no evil.— I. Ci>r. VA.h.

We have today, Seyit. 1, 7638 subscribers.

Wk have a powder-gun that kills bouse-tlies by the
use of pyrethrum, as dead as door-nails, and we
killed them in Ernest's new house, without shutting-
the outside doors for the very g-ood reason that his
house didn't have any outside doors, as yet, to shut
up. I will tell you more about it, when T get to the
next chapter In my new book.

HONOK TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.

In Our Own Apiary, p. ^*'i, mentioning the Ship-
ment of 2."> queens without a single one being dead,
we carelessly omitted to say the (jueens were sent
us by Charles Bianconcini, Bologna, Italy. He has,
since then, sent us a second shipment, only two be-
ing dead, and the third shipment is expected daily.
We take pleasure in recommending friend B. to any
who would like to try their hand at importing; and
our readers who are writing us for queens, from
California, New Zealand, Sandwich Islands, and
Australia, we think had better, by all means, send
their orders direct to Italy. I presume, however, it
would not pay to order less than ten or a dozen at
one shipment.

GLEANINGS POSTERS AT FAIRS.

To those who propose to exhibit some of our
goods at their county fairs, we shall be pleased to
send a few Gleanings posters, and sample copies
of our journal, empowering the exhibitor to act as
agent, and receive subscriptions for Gleanings.
For every subscription so received, at $1.00 each, we
will allow 2.5', commission. Remember that, if you
wish to take advantage of this olfer, you must not
cut on the regular price of one dollar, nor can you
say in any printed price list or circular that you
will take subscriptions for a less amount than one
dollar. The idea is, to get you to obtain subscrip-
tions by personal work, and to extend the subscrip-
tion-list of Gleanings. This docs not apply to re-
newals. We have no objection to your remaining
agent after fair time, but subject to the conditions
above named.

THOMAS WM. COWAN.

Among other places which the editor of the
British Ber Journal expects to visit is Medina. We
are not advised as to the exact time when he will
be with us, but it will not be many days hence.
Mr. Cowan is not only a practical bee-keeper, but a
careful" student in microscopy. In connection
therewith he has made the anatomy of the bee, and
Ihe'gerras of foul brood, a special study. We hope
our distinguished visitor will not fail to bring

along his microscope and microscopical slides.
As foul brood is still a problem with us, Mr. Cow-
an's knowledge and personal investigations on the
subject will be eagerly sought after, particularlly
by Ernest, with whom microscopy has been a fa-
vorite pastime. Our friend and brother - editor
should not fail to visit the Home of the Honey-Bees,
so called, with its throng of busy workers.

GOOD news FOR THOSE HAVING HONEY FOR SALE.

The following is just at hand:

Friend HooT: Yours of the S6th is at hand. I am surprised
at thf otter of 7 cts. for the honej-. delivered in Medina. I am
ottered '.) cents here, f. o. b., and could not take less this year.
Newman holds his at 10 cts. in barrels, and mine is worth one
cent more in cans. Heddon gets 10 cts in cans, f. o. b. at Dow-
asiac, and the best I will do is 10 cts., f. o. b. at Glenwood.
W^hen you realize and advocate higher prices, you must set an
example for others to follow. 6. S. COMPTON.

Glenwood, Cass Co., Mich., Aug. 29, 1887.

The above state of affairs may not be general, of
course, but I shall be very glad to know that bee-
keepers are getting the prices mentioned for their
honey once more. It looks as if they might rejoice
at the prospect of not only a good demand for comb
honey, but for extracted also; and if we keep up the
standard of our product I am inclined to think the
prices will not go back again where they have been.
At present we dare not give any quotations on the
prices of ttoney we have for sale. When we get
some we will let you know what we will take for it ;
but for the present we are sold out, with the ex-
ception of the California hone.v, which we offer at 8
cents.

iafer.— Since writing the above I notice that
Blake & Ripley, of Boston, quote comb in one-
pound sections at 30 and 33 cts. What do you think
of that, friends? And, by the way, I wonder if any-
body remembers how much abuse I got years ago
when I first trotted out my section that held exact-
ly a pound of honey. Look at our market reports
now, and see how it has turned out.

gPECI^Ii ]S[0¥ICES.

DISCOUNT ON GOODS BOUGHT THIS FALL FOR NEXT
season's USE.

Until further notice we will give a discount of
ten per cent on goods strictly for next season's
use, except the following: Machinery of all kinds
for manufacturing; all tin and glass honey-recep-
tacles; tin plate, and all counter goods. On Sim-
plicity, portico, and chaff' hives, we can give only
,^re per cent. The principal goods included under
the 10'/. discount are foundation, frames, sections,
zinc, extractors, comb-foundation machines.

.\ FOUK-COLOR LABEL FOR ONLV 7.5 CTS. PER
THOUSAND.

Just think ofiti we can furnish you a very neat
four-color label, with your name and address, with
the choice of having either "comb" or *' extract-
ed" before the word " honey," for onl.y 75 cts. per
thousand; .50 cts. per 50O, or 30 cts. for 2.50, postpaid.
The size of the label is 3^2 x 1 inch— just right to go
round the neck of a bottle, to put on a section, or to
adorn the front of a honey-tumbler. Send for our
special label catalogue for samples of this and
many other pretty designs in label work.

THOSE BEES IN MISSOURI.

As the lot is not yet disposed of (see editorial on
page 447, issue for June 1) we will, until further no-
tice, make an additional discount, besides that men-
tioned on page 520, of 10 per cent. This will make a
full-sized colony only i4.05, and a two-frame nucle-
us .$1.62. If anybody wants bees at this time of
year, they surely can make it pay to take them at
these figures. It is true, you are to take the risk of
getting them through the winter; but for several

188?

(tLEaKINGS in hue CULTUliE.

nn

years now there has been conipiirati\el.\- little trou-
ble in wintering-; and in the South there is no trou-
ble at all, providing- you have sulHcient stores.

NEXT season's SUI'PIvY OK SKt'TIONS.

\Vk wish to say to dealers who are in the habit of
supplying- theirconimunity with sections, and who
do not make them, that we shall be g-lad to hear
from you, stating- about how many \()u will proba-
bly need. In order to keep our faetory running-
through the tall, and also to avoid such a rush in
the spring-, we will otter, to dealers, prices on see-
lions, fi-om now till .lanuary, never l)efore men-
tioned. We already have in stock over half a mil-
lion -t'l X 4S sections, of different widths. If you
can not buy your supply si.\ months ahead, perhaps
we can contract with you on satisfactory terms. We
invite correspondence, and ask you to state, as
nearly as you can, how many you will be likely to
need.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS

use his reckoning- hardly a bit— only about one

timeout of a dozen: However, I am sure my bees

beg Mr. D.'s pardon for tlieir disrespectful conduct.

Shorehaiii, \'1. Miss .Maucia A. DorouAS.

Tyler's Flour - Receptacle.

A Much-Needed Household Convenience.

Y'ou may be pleased to hear that, with your hives,
I have taken the silver medal at the Sydney show.

F. A. Hudson.
Milt hurst, N. S. Wales, Aus., June 14. 188T.

OITK TEN-CENT BAT..LOONS.

Th(' balloons came all right. I have sent one up
9 times, and still have it as good as new.

Munnsville, N. Y., July 1, li*H;. F. I). Woot.vek.

I am glad to see once more in Gleanings some-
thing: on market g-ardening. T renewed ni.v sub-
scription on purpose to get those articles, and 1 was
much disappointed when thev stopped.

W. G llltAINAKIl.

Gouverneur, N. V., Aug. .5, ISST.

I received my bees on the 22d all light, only about
100 dead ones in the bo.v. I turned them loose on 3
frames of black brood, and they went right to work,
and to-day I see they have stored about 10 lbs. of
honey, and I see that the queeu has laid quite a
number of eg-g-s. I am well pleased with my bees.

SlNGI^ETON Si'ENCER.

Ladew, Wash. Ter., Aug. 1, 1887.

I feel that I owe all of my success in bee culture
to you and your .iournal. Long- may you live to en-
joy the benefits of your hard labor. 1 have taken
your .iournal for several years, and can truly say
that I enjoy every article in it, and especially Our
Homes. As I am a farmer, I like your market-gar-
den reports. 8. A. Markham.

Ellington, N. Y., July 13, 1887.

I am highly pleased with the smoker, and, in fact,
I never have had a poor thing from you. The Nov-
ice honey-e.xtractor 1 bought of you gives entire
satisfaction. It simply can't be beat for the cost of
the same. The honeypails are fine, and ^ don't see
how they can be made for the price, and material
furnished. • 15. E. Rice.

Uoscobel, Wis., July 18, 1887.

(JIjEanings and her contkibutoks.

The wrapper of Gle.\nings informed me that my
year's subscription has expired. Please find one
dollar inclosed for another year. Through the in-
fluence of a kind friend I began taking it, and now I
look forward to the advent of each number with
pleasure and anticipation. Why, 1 would not think
of getting along without hearing from those numer-
ous acquaintances whose faces I have never seen.
Their thoughts are often very in.spiring. Our
Homes always contains a lesson for me. The To-
bacco Column is especially interesting too. It just
makes me glad that so many are finally intiuenced
to quit, and sometimes 1 am temjjfed to write those
conquering heroes a letter of cong-ratulation upon
their victory, for I do want to lend my voice and
vote to help in this great cause. P. Henson is a
genius. What woiild the " sighentifle " world do
without him?

Mr. Doolittle's article on swarming, for beginners,
I read more than once, so as to know when to ex-
pect second swarms, etc. You see I had confidence
to believe that it was so. if it wasn't so. if Mr. Doo-
little said so, and what do you think? my bees didn't

In looking about for improved appliances to make
our homes convenient and attractive in evei-y way
possible, we found the above implement. As soon
as we saw it we felt that it was something- everj'
housewife would want. It is a can, made to hold
just one sack of 49 lbs. of flour, is neatly japanned,
striped and lettered, as shown above. But the
most neat and convenient thing about it is the flour-
sifter in the bottom. The can is hung upon a stout
nail on the wall just above yourtable. Instead of
reaching- down into the ordinary flour-box or can to
scoop it out, getting it on to your sleeve, you simply
open the door at the bottom, place your pan under-
neath, and turn the crank of the sifter till you get
all you want. Your flour is then all ready to use.
while in the old way it must be sifted after you get
it out of the box or whatever is used. You will
notice, also, from the cut on the right, that the sifter
is easily cleaned of allaccumulations without empty-
ing the can. The most approved flour-boxes will
cost more to rig them up than this device, and you
will readily see they are not so handy when done.
We can furnish these flour-cans, crated ready to
ship, for f3. 75 each, or we will send a crate of si.x,
direct from the factory at Rome. M. Y.. for §T„'.0().
They are so light that if one is ordered alone it will
probably go cheaper by express.

JL. I. ROOT, l^^ediaa, O.

I SHALL greatly reduce the number of my col-
onies; and as 1 hate to kill valuable (lueens. 1
offer them at H;") cents for tested Italians, and :{.t cfs.
for hybrid queens. None older than 2 years. Ship-
ped by return mail. T. H. KLOER,
17d Terre Haute, Vigo Co., Ind.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOR Y, WHOLE
SALE AND KETATL. See advertispment in
another column. :?btfd

<)Y4

GLEANINGS IK BEE OULTllUE.

Sept.

FOn SALE OE TEADE.

'Pen full coloDies of hybrid bees on 8 Simplicity
inetal-cornei-ert reversible frames. Shii)ping--cases
will answer for temporary hives. Bees are in fine
condition, /''irr ifidlirm a colony on board cai's.
Will exchange for a Barnes foot-power saw with at-
tachments. J. P. mcp;lkath,

lV-18d Asbury, Warren Co., N. .1.

LOOK HERE!

A complete hive for comb hone>-, for only $1.50.
Planer-sawed, V-groove sections a specialty. Price
list free. J. M. KINZIK A: <'6.,

ITtfdb Kocliester, Oakland €o., ITIlcli.

BEES

ITAliIANS, Very Fine and Gen-
tle, Good L. Hive, Combs built on
fdn., wired. Must sell.
I G. AV. KRODBECK,

5U Fletcber Av., Indianapolis, Iiid.

ASH KEGS

FOR EXTRACTED HONEY.

16-17d M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y.

Cost.s lis.s tluni •' rcHt.s ]>cr irer/,-.

THE CAHADIAN BEE JOURHAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTARIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a g-uaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent by mail for 10 cents. Address
ettdb HENRY ALLEY, Wcnhara, Mass.

CARNIOLANS.

GENTLEST, BEST HONEY-GATHERERS, AND

THE QUEENS THE MOST PROLIFIC OF

ANY KNOWN RACE.

Untested queens, each $1 00

Send postal for descrij^tive circular. Address

s. w. mroRRisoiv, m. d.,

<'liester €o. Oxford, Fa.

Mention this pajter.

A Barometer for Gardeners and Farmers.

We have finally succeeded in getting a wonder-
fully pretty little aneroid barometer that we can
sell as low as $:J..50. One of them has been careful-
ly tested by the side of our mercurial barometer,
and it follows the rising and falling of the mercury
with wonderful accuracy. It seems to me that
these little instruments ought to pay for them-
selves over and over again for any farmer or gar-
dener, or any jjerson who is dependent on the vicis-
situdes of the weather. The instrument much re-
sembles a pretty little clock, and it may be sent by
mail safely for 10 ets. extra for postage. You will
remember that my method of using any barometer
is to pay little or no attention to where the indica-
tor or mercury stands. When you wish to know
what the weather will be, tap the instrument with
the end of your finger. If the Indicator (or mercu-
ry) falls, there is a prospect of rain; if it rises, yon
are pretty safe in deciding there will be no rain
very soon. If a considerable storm is approaching,
the mercury will keep falling for some hours, and
it will drop a little every time you touch it, even
though you tap it as often as once an hour. When
it keeps dropping for several hours, look out for a
storm or a big wind. If it keeps rising for several
hours, go on with your work and you will very sel-
dom be misled. " A.I. ROOT, Medina, O.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 6 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Ciiculars free. Utfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED. — Honey in e.\chan};e for the following:
White Hoi. Turkey.^, S. S. Hamburgs, printing
outfit, accordion, magic lantern, microscope, books,
curiosities, and mineral cabinet. Address

Jno. C. Capehart, Spring Hill, Kan. Co., W. Va.

WANTED. — To exchange Alderbrook Poultry
Farm, of 13 acres, buildings all new, for person-
al property or offers.
17-18d D. E. Dakrow, West Eaton, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange small-fruit plants, straw-
berries, raspberries, and blackberries, tor full
colonies of bees. Circulars free.
17d P. D. Miller, Grapevillc, Wcstm'd Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To sell, or exchange for apiarian sup-
Vt plies or good type-writer, one Model improved
printing-press, No. 2, with 7 fonts of type, different
kinds, and chase. Whole outfit cost $6^. "Corres-
pondence solicited. Address
]7-18d J. A. Wilson, Hanover, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives and all-
wood brood-frames, made up or in the flat, for
extracted honey. C. P. Bish,

1718d St. Joe Station, Butler Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange a Given press and dies,
L. size, 3 tanks, 1 wax-strainer, % doz. dipping-
boards, and wrenches. J. Swallow,
17d 3816 Mo. Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is ha'"dly value
enough to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I am Italianizing my apiary, and will sell good hy-
brid queens for ;}0 cts. apiece, or four to one ad-
dress, .f 1.00. Stamps taken.

Watson Allen, Bernardsville, N. J.

I have some hybrid queens to spare all through
September, that I want to replace with tested
tjueens, at 30 cts. each ; four for fl.OO, and I guaran-
tee safe arrival.

W. A. Sanders, Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

1 will sell nice hybrid queens, of this year's rais-
ing, for 35 cts. each, or four for $1.00.

Geo. H. Denman, Pittsford, Hillsdale Co., Mich.

Ten mismated golden Italian queens by return
mail, 30 cts. each; also 30 purely mated Italians,
rather dark color, at ."iO cts. each. These are one
year old, clipi)ed. L. L. Heabn,

Frenchville, Mercer Co., W. Va.

I have some 25 or 30 hybrid queens, which 1 will
sell at 30 cts. each, or four for $1.00.

,1as. Erwin, Christianshurg, Shelby Co., Ky.

Forty untested Italian queens at 50 cts. each.
17-18d M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y,

Black queens, 20 cts. ; hybrid, 30c; mismated, 35c.
W. G. Hayen, Pleasant Mound, Bond Co., 111.

About one-half dozen mismated Italian queens
for sale at 30 cts. each.

Wm. H. Hijse, Manchester, N. H.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

679

Contents of this Number.

Bark Lief 694

Bee Bot.iny 694

Bee EatiimoloKy 694

Bees and Fniit 704

Bees Dc.ul Near Hive 710

Bees Kc tnsiiiK' Food 705

Bees in Didcniit Apiaries. .689

Bees SIcaliiif; Kggs 710

Bees. Cross 681

Bee-Kiini 693

Bee-Keepin(ir. Conditions for 690

BeeSpacf Below 705

Bee-Tent, France's 687

Benson Letter 684

Bridfre to (.'lean Sections. . . .687

Brood. Dead 693

Brood-Nest. Ui.sturbingr 693

Cellars, Ventilating 703

Clamp for Five Colonies 705

Cowan, T. W 715

Cuba 693

Editorial 717

Energ-.v. etc 704

Fair, Ohio 704

Florida 688

Foul Brood 681

Heads of Grain 703

Horeules' Club 694

Hone.y for Fruits 683

Honey Granulating 689

Honey, E.ieeted 703

Honey, Best for Winter . . .686

Hone.V, lOxfd and Conih 691

HoneV-HoarrI, Slatted 685

Houseliold ( ■oin enii'niTs. . . 703

Italians Ahead 692

Ivy 709

Juvenile Department 707

Melissa 693

Nap Before Dinner 686

Notes and Queries 693

Our Own Apiary 715

Question-Box 705

Reports Discouragring 692

Reports Encouraging 692

Scale Lice 694

Season of 1887 685

Soldier Bug 694

Spiders, Red 694

Stopper tor Supers 704

Supersed ire. Signs of 693

Supers, T 690

Tobacco Column 714

Vinegar, Honey 693

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The bee-keepers of Connecticut will meet in room 50 of the
Statehouse. Hartford, Sept. 24, at 11 a.m., for the purpose of or-
ganizing a State society. .\11 are invited. E. H. Cook.

The fifth annual meeting and liasket picnic of the Progres-
sive Bce-Keepcrs' Association will lie lield on Thursday, Sept.
22,1887. at Mountain Apiary, thr residence of John R. Reed,
near Chester X Roads. Geaiiga Co..O. All interested are cor-
dially invited to attend. A full attendance of the members is
desired. Miss Dema Bennett, Sec.

The North American Bee-Keepers' Society and the North-
western Bee Kei'iiers' Society will meet in .joint convention at
the Commercial Hotel, corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets.
Chicago, .m Wednesday. Thursday, and Friday, Nov. 16. 17, and
18, 1887. Arrangements have been made with the hotel, for
back room, one bed. iwo )iersons. $1.75 per day, each; front
room, S2.00 per d.iy. each pcison. This date occurs during the
second weeli of tlu' Fat-Stock Show, when excursion rates will
be very low. ^ W.Z.Hutchinson.

The Board of Agriculture of Nebraska have set apart ample
and suitable space for the display of bees and honey at the
State Fair, and now it is to the interest of Nebr.iska licc-keep-
ers to improve this op])ortnnity and show the peoide that this
is a honey country, and that we need not admit any shipping
of honey into our State. Shall we not now aw.ike' and meet
with our products the sweetest of the sweets -the pressure of
commeicc, anil thus jir.ivc ourselves u|i with the day' The su-
perintenileiit of the .\piarian Department. Mr. E. W. Wbitcomb.
of Friend. Neb., w.cild be riad to see you. and al-.. a sample of
your iJioducts. at the St lie Fair. A meetioK- <■! the State Bee-
Keepers' Association will also be held on Wediiesdav and
Thursday evcniniis duiing the fair, in the I'.otanical Lecture-
room of the State I'niversity. This room is on the tirst door
of tlie Chemical Building, east of the main biiildiUK-, south en-
trance. All arc invited to attend these meetings. Tbe.v will
he free and interesting. H. N. P.4TTKRKo.\. Sec.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS, WHOLE
SALE ANT) RRTAIT,. See artvertisfiment in
Hiintber column. 3htf<i

FOLDIIVG^ KOXKS.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Money are the bests,
lowest pinced in the market. Made in one oiece. Witli or luitlwut
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
£*rint€<i or not. Any way to suit. We (ire bound to satisfy you. We
have just put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared tofillorders promptly. Price List Free. Samples Sc.

14 oz. Glass tXars $S. 25 per gross, including Corks tf La-
bels, 1 1-2 cf 2 aross in a Cose. Cataloaue of Honcj tables tree.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

Land Atroncy. Cheap Farms.
Lists Krpp. ORIPFIN A
.lEKVIS, Petersburg, Va.

VIRGINIA

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent b}' mail tor 10 cents. Address
tittdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3htfd

BE SURE

To send a j)ostal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ^Lrrft^^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOUDEST PRICES.

XT.A.XjXJi.iCr

3tfd

<a■U■EE3^TS -a.iTI3 BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford. W^ashington Co., Wis.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this liead at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. Yoti
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange Hig-h-Ciass Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars tree. 14tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED. — To exchange Alderbrook Poultry
Farm, of 12 acres, buildings all new, for person-
al property or offers.
1T-I8d D. E. Dak ROW, West Eaton, N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell, or exchange for apiarian sup-
plies or good tj'pe-writer, one Model improved
printing-press. No. 3, with 7 fonts of type, dilferent
kinds, and chase. Whole outfit cost $6,5.

pondence solicited.
17-18d

Uorres-
Address
J. A. Wilson, Hanover, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives and all-
wood brood-frames, made up or in the flat, for
extracted honey. C. P. Bish,

17-18d St. Joe Station, Butler Co., Pa.

WANTED. — Honey, beeswax, sections, bicycle,
firearms, Gray's anatom.v, standard poets, and
otters, for No. 1 scroll-saw (Barnes), B. com. scroll
and c. saw, fiute, bees, carp, tools, printing-press,
power-saw, set cyclopedia, 2 vols. N. A. Review.
J. C. MiLLMAN, Elk Grove, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange bee-keepers' suviplics
for alsike-clover.gseed, buckwheat, any kind,
or a lawn-mower, new. IStfdb

Bright Bros., Mazeppa, .Minn.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have bhack or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will Insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is hai-dly value
enough to these queens to pay for buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock ; and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

Forty untested Italian queens at .50 cts. each.
17-18d M. ISBELii, Norwich, N. Y.

Pure Italians, inismated, 40 cts. Brown and hy-
brid, 1.5 to 40 cts. Stamps taken.

F. C. MORROAV, Wallaceburg, Ark.

1 have 7 black and 20 hybrid queens that I will
mail at 20 and 2.5 cts. each, respectively.

W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Sebastian Co., Ark.

I have five hybrid queens of this season's raising,
which I will mail at 35 cents each.
J. 'H. .Johnson, Middaugh. Northamiiton Co., Pa.

1 have a number of choice mismated Italian
(lueens at 1^0 cents each. Oliver Foster,

Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

680

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

PONEY G%MW'

CITY MARKETS.

Nkw York.— Honey.— Stoc'ks of old honey are en-
tirely exhausted. Crops in California and the
Northwest are almost a failure. In consequence of
these facts we ha^'e a very larfre demand in this
market, and anticipate hififher prices. For the pres-
ent we quote:

Fancy white, 1-lb. sections, paper boxes, llffbW

" " " " glassed or unbiassed

17(5'18
" 3-lb " glassed, - - 14@16

Lower grades, l(^2c per lb. less.

Buckwheat, 1-lb. sections, paper boxes, - IKSIS
" " " glassed or unglassed,

ICKSjll
3-lb. " glassed, - - 9@10
Extracted, white, 7(i/i8; dark, .5(a;6.
Aug. 30. F. G. Stkohmeyer & Co.,

123 Water St., New York.

Columbus.— Honey. — Honey-market is as yet very
unsettled, and all those who are holding are afraid
to name prices. We are daily in receipt of letters
of inquiry for honey, but can't name prices, or fur-
nish. The few we have heard from ask for prices,
while only an occasional one names a price. Honey
will bring readily, in one-lb. sections, lS(aj2dc. There
is none in this market.

Sept. 9. E. Clickenoeb & Co.,

Columbus, Ohio.

St. Louis.— Honety.— We quote choice comb 13i4@.
13'/2; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained, in bbls. 4@-ti4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages. \ cent advance
on above. Extracted, in bbls., 4V2@5i4 cts.; in cans,
6'/2@7 cts.

Beeswax. SO'^i cts. for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Sept. 10. D G. TuTT & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St.. St. Louis, Mo.

Boston.— Honej/ —Present indications point to a
very short crop of honev. and present prices for
new honey are from 20@22c for lib sections, and
18@3('c lor 3 lbs. Blake & IliPLEy,

Sept. 10. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

New Yokk.— Honey.— The market is quite excit-
ed. Fancy goods are selling at 14(a),20c.
Sept. 10. Thuhbek, Whyland & Co.,

New York.

Detroit.— Ho?ie![/.—Bestj white comb honey in
one-pound sections, 17@18. 'Not much offered.
Beeswax, 33c. M. H. Hunt,

Sept. 10. Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago.— Hofiey— Honey market is steady at 18c
per pound for choice 1-lb. sections of white-clover
or basswood hone.y. Extracted honey, also, wanted
at 7@8 cents for best grades. Not much honey here,
market. Beesivax, 23@25c. R. A. Burnett,

Sept. 10. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Kansas City.— Honey.— Demand is good. 1-lb.
comb, white, 16@18; 3-lb. comb, white, l.')@16. White-
clover extracted, 9@10; Cal. 3-lb. sections. 15®17.

Sept. 10. Clemons, Ocoon & Co.,

Cor. 4th & Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

Clevel.\nd.— Honey.— The market is very active;

all lots of choice white 1-lbs. sell readily on arrival.

at 17@18 cents per lb.; V,i@2 lbs.. 15("16. Second

quality. 1-lb., 14@16; dark, 8(gj10. Extracted, white

clover, 8 cents. Basswood, 6@7.
Beeswax, 25. A. C. Kendel,

Sept. 9. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Kansas (^Iity.— Honey.— There is no stock of hon-
ey in our market, and prices are Arm. Business is
good in all lines, and we look for a large trade the
next three months. We think the honey-trade a
failure this year, and other sweets will take its
place. Beeswax.- There is not 1000 pounds in the
city. Price, 31 cents.

Hamblin & Bearss,

Sept. 9. .-.14 Walnut St., Kansas Citv, Mo.

St. Louis.— Ho?ie(/.— Our honey-market is in bet-
ter shape. Most of the old stock is worked off.
Choice white-clover, comb, in 1-lb. sections, single
layer, 13(f(),14; white-clover, new extracted, in 10 to 25
lb. cans, 7c. Southern, in bbls.. choice, 4(aJ5.

Sept. 1. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

103 & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Editor Bee Gleanings:— We have numerous inquir-
ies from .your subscribers concerning our honey
market, etc. For the benefit of all, we would say
of om- market that the demand so far this season
has been iinprecedentedly good, and prices well
sustained; and although it is a quite well-settled
fact that the honey crop is short, we believe some
will "get left" by holding too high; and we think
prices now are reasonably high We quote white
basswood and clover, 15(Si2bc; mixed clover, etc., 12
@;15; buckwheat, 12rg,14. The ran sres in above prices
are on account of different-size combs, glassed, un-
glassed. and various styles, etc. Extracted honey,
white, in tin pails, kegs, etc., lOfT'^Hc; mixed, 8@9;
buckwheat, 7'§i8. H. R. Wright,

338 Broadway, Albany, N. T.

Wholesale commission dealer. Liberal advance
made on consignments.

Sept. 8.

Wanted.— A few hundred pounds of choice comb
hone.v, and several ban-els of extracted. Send sam-
ple if possible, and quote price.

James A. Green, Dayton, 111.

Wanted.— To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 35 lbs. each.

I. T. Carson & Co.,
1.5-16d 335 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

If you Wish to Obtain the

Highest Price for Honey

THIS SEASON,

WRITE TO HEADQUARTERS,

F. G. STROHMEYEU & €0.,

Wholesale Honey Mercliants,
17 4db 122 IVater St., NewYork.

WE ARE READY TO RECEIVE

SHIPMENTS OF NICE COMB HONEY

In I and 2 lb. Sections,

For which we shall pay cash, or sell on commission,
to suit shipper. Correspondence solicited.

17-18d CHAS. r. MUTH & SON., Cincinnati, 0.

NOTICE!

TO DEALERS IN BEE-SUPPLIES.

We are now read.v to figure with you for your
next season's supplies.

G. B. LEWIS «fc CO.,

■Waterto-wrn, "Wis.

ADVERTISERS.

My newspaper catalogue will be issued soon for
1888. Circulation .5000. Rates per line, 10 cts. ; one
inch, $1.00. Write for particulars. 35 per cent dis-
count for cash. C. M. COODSPEED,

Thorn Hill, W. Y.

^THE^E R Y BEST.

Select Italian queens to breed from, by return
mail, only 11.00 each. Full colonies also for sale.

Address at once S. F. REED,

16-1 7d IV. Dorchester, N. H.

Vol. XV.

SEPT. 15, ISS7.

No. IS.

TERMS :»1.0C Per Annttm.wAdvaitct:;'] Jp aj- nhl l ah P r1 in T R7Si f Clubs to different postofflces, not less
2Copiesfor«1.90; 3forS2.76, 5for84.00; -C/Ot/tt'C/l't'O/t'fc/W/ blV J. O / C* . | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \.
ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be ■
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffick.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLT BY

U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
I tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18

^. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO. [l'SiSild'^!^%':iiJ^.,,^i^y'.S^'^^^

CROSS BEES AND FOUL BROOD.

80MK V.\LU.\BI,E SUGGESTIONS FHOM FKIENl)
DOOLTTTLE.

fN page B34 of the present volume of Gi^ean-
INGS, Mr. Vansyoc wants a recipe for stop-
ping bees from stinging, and friend Root
seems to take It for grant f>d that Bro. V.'s
bees have had access to stolen sweets, or, in
other words, the.v " got to robbing." This may
have been the rase, yet there is nothing in the
communication of Mr. V. to show that such was the
case, except that his bees were cross. T am well
aware that robbing will make bees cross, but I am
also aware that improper handling will make them
equally so; and the bad eft'ects from such handling
last much longer along the stinging line than it
does when produced by robbing. A bee, made
cross from bad handling, will follow a person
around the apiary in an angry tone for days and
even weeks, stinging whenever a chance is offered;
while the crossness coming from robbing ceases
with the end ot such thieving. I have known bees
made so cross b.v careless handling in taking off
honey, on a dark cloudy day in the middle of the
honey-harvest, when there was no disposition to
rob, that not a person could get out of the door of
the house on the side next the bee-.vard, for a week
after, without getting stung. When once a whole
aoiary gets thus aroused T know of no way to cure
the trouble except to keep away from them for a
week or two, till they get over what appears to
them to be an unpardonable insult. No person
should go through an experience like the above
without learning wisdom, and not handle bees
roughly or at all at such times. Tf absolutely nec-
essary to handle bees at such times, they should be
thoroughly subdued before opening the hive.

When such a course is pursued, no general uprising-
will occur.

Abo%'e T spoke of a bee thoroughl.v angry follow-
ing a person about the iipiary for days, intent on
stinging. Now, in the rapid opening of hives nec-
essary in a large apiary, a bee or two from certain
hives will become angr.v: and if you continue to
work right on, as we must, these will aggregate to
quite a number during the day. so that very likely
a person visiting the apiary would sa.v, "How cross
your bees are I" when in realit.v there would not be
more than ten or fifteen bees in the whole yard but
that were the most quiet kind; but these ten or
flfteeu bees, being ever on the alert, give a bad
coloring to the whole. For years 1 was bothered
with cross bees greeting me ever.v time I went into
the apiary; and being desirous to have it otherwise
I finally fell to studying on the matter, the result of
which was the making of a wooden paddle about a
foot long and five inches wide at the large end.
This paddle I carried along with the tools T used
about the apiary; and if a bee became so enraged
that it followed me a rod from its hive, keeping up
its angry tone, I took up the paddle and killed it by
a vigorous blow from the same. Since adopting
this plan, some five or six years ago, I,./or any of
my neighbors or friends, can pass all through'and
about the apiary without fear of being greeted by
cross bees. Some may object to this killing of a
few bees, but 1 find that a bee once thoroughly
angry seems to have no idea of honey-gathering
afterward, but hangs about the entrance of the
hive ever after that, ready to dart out at any ob-

l ject which may come along. Try this plan, friends,

] and see if you do not agree with me.

! KOUr. BROOD.

I w!is very much surprised at the premises taken
i regarding curing foul brood by the starvation plan.

682

(JLEAXINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

on page 635. I can see no need of tVie " intermingling'
of bees " as there spoken of; and when the Jones
plan of starvation is fully carried out, no harm
could come, even did the bees intermingle after
they had passed through the starvation process.
With the late M. Quinby, I claim the starvation
which Bro. Jones puts the bees through is not only
cruel but useless. That new svvarms from foul-
broody colonies, hived in an empty hive, never have
the disease afterward, proves Quinby correct.
That such new swarms, hived on a new stand, do
not spread the disease along the intermingling line,
points to the conclusion that a driven colony left on
its own stand would not. I should sooner think
that the colonies on either side of the driven colony
had caught the contagion by robbing, than that it
came by the intermingling of bees. Robbing on a
small scale is carried on in the apiary far more
than most people are aware; and if any apiarist
will watch closely he will become convinced that
there ai-e few days, when honey is not coming in
freely, but that a bee-load or two of honey get
from one hive to another. That foul brood can be
cured by the Quinby or Jones process, I know; for I
cured my whole apiary in 1873 and '73; and from
what I read on page 63.5 it must be a quicker, more
simple, and more effectual plan than the carbolic-
acid plan there delineated. As a rule, when bees
do intermingle they don't carry a load of honey out
of their own hive into another, so that this could
not be the cause of the spreading of foul brood,
except in very rare cases. If you accept any other
theory of the spreading of foul brood than through
the honey— such as, that tlie disease is in the tissues
of the old bees, and in the ovaries of the queen, as
put forth by ISIr. Cheshire, you put an effectu-
al barrier on the queen-tralHc, and an untold catas-
trophe on bee-keeping throughout the world.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Borodino, N. Y., Sept. 7, T887.

Yes, friend D., we did presuppose that
Mr. V.'s bees had got to robbing, although
tliere was nothing in his little note that con-
veyed this intelligence in so many words.
When a beginner reports that his bees are
cross, and wants to know what to do, as a
general rule we suppose tliat lie has allowed
them to get to robbing, and we advise him
to immediately take measures to allay the
trouble. We "are well aware, that rough
handling does make bees exceedingly cross,
and this may have been the trouble with the
bees of Mr. V. As it is, we are glad you
have spoken of it. We will put it this way :
Bees may be made cross by one or two
ways : Namely, robbing and" rough hand-
ling.

In regard to foul brood, you seem to be
somewhat astonished at my statements,
made in reference to the starvation plan.
You say you see no need of the intermin-
gling of bees when the Jones plan of starva-
tion is fully carried out. If you will turn
back to pages 680, Aug. 1, I88ii, and 482, for
1887, you will see that we do not and have
not practiced Mr. Jones's plan of curing foul
brood, exactly as descril)ed in his book. We
caused the bees, to consume all the honey in
their sacks, in drawing out full sheets of
foundation, after which we feed them.
During all this time the bees are allowed
their libeity. for we have found it is almost

impossible to shake all the bees from the
diseased hive into clean hives with frames
of foundation. There will be perhaps a
hundred in the air ; and over and over again
have we noticed a large percentage of these
bees flying into four or five different hives
whose entrances were situated similarly to
the parent stand. Perhaps you might say,
this could be avoided. Perhaps it might be;
but we have never been spry enough to close
the hive and get our tools and every thing
away so that the old hive might look natu-
ral before the bees in the air decided to make
for home. You see, if we close the hive up
immediately these flying bees would most
surely enter the neighboring hives. More
than " this, 1 can not help thinking that
there is considerable intermingling when
the bees are quietly domiciled in their new
quarters. Let us give a little fact in point :
A year or so ago, you will remember, we
had two Carniolan swarms in our apiary.
At this time it was a most noticeable fact,
that stray Carniolans were in not a few of
the neighboring hives, especially in those
whose entrances were in the same direction.
We likewise found Italians among the Car-
niolans ; therefore I can not but think from
this and other facts which have come under
my observation, that bees do intermingle to
quite a large extent ; and wliile J am ready
to admit, that this quiet steuling, or "rob-
bing on a small scale,'' as you term it, may
be one of the ways h\ which the contagion
may be spread, yet I think the intermin-
gling does the greater part of the mischief.

Speaking of the starvation plan, you say,
it seems to be a quicker, more simple, and
more effectual plan, than the carbolic-acid
plan which I described on pag<j 635. If
you turn back to this page you will see that
I did not recommend the carbolic-acid treat-
ment as being the best. I intended to give
only my present knowledge of it. I am not
sure, even now, that the treatment by acids
is the best method of curing foul brood ; but
the fact remains, that ever since we began
using carbolic-acid we have checked the
spread of the disease in new colonies, and
so confined the disease to only those colo-
nies under treatment. On the other hand,
when we were using the modification of the
-Jones plan, the disease spread all over the
apiary, where colonies had. but a week or
two before, been perfectl> healthy, never
having had a trace of the disease.

To your last sentence I must take a little
exception. While it is possible that foul
brood may be spread b\ means of the bees
or queens, aside from the agency of honey,
yet I do not think that even then we need
to be very greatl\ alarmed. Granting that
it is possible for queens to give the disease to
healthy colonies, I can hardly see that this
fact should ''put an effectual barrier on
the (jueen-tralHc, and an untold catastrophe
on bee-keeping throughout the world." In
reference to this point I can do no better
than to refer you to pag;' 291 of the .1. />'. /.
for 1885. Brother Newman there editorial-
ly gives these pertinent remarks :

Wouldn't it be as consistentto require the suspen-
sion of all business in the United States of America,
because, forsooth, the cholera is expected here this

lS8t

GLEANINGS IN BEJi: CULTUHE.

()88

summer (aye, It is reported to be already hero in
some isolated cases), and the circulating- medium-
money, with which business is ti-ansacted, consist-
ing- of gold, silver, nickel, copper, and, worst ol' all,
paper— is charg-cd with spreading- contagious dis-
eases?

Many ot the thousands of fllthy "greenbacks "
now circulating- over the country have been in the
possession of diseased persons, and, of course, when
they pass into the hands and pockets of those in
good health, they endanger the lives of all into
whose hands they pass. Still we must live— we
must do business— we must have and use money.
In other words, we are compelled to take tlw rixk
daily, and yet but few, comparatively, ever catch
the contagioiril,

In addition to Ernest's remarks, lest there
be some misapprehension I will say that we
have sent neither bees, queens, nor I'raines
of brood from our own apiary since foul
brood appeared. Neighbor H.has the im-
ported queens, and does all the queen-rear-
ing.— I want to add a little in regard to the
paddle for killing bees. I have for yeais
been in tlie habit of doing the same thing
whenever I had reason to believe that four
or five cross bees were making more troiilile
than their lives were worth ; but I do not
like a paddle so broad as the one friend
Doolittle mentions. It catches air too
much, and not only blows the bee away
without hurting hirn. but the resistance of
the air makes it hard to strike quickly. A
strip of wood 18 inches long, i inch thick,
and 2 inches wide, suits me better, and I
believe the bottom-bar of a Langstroth
frame is still better, after you have had suf-
ficient practice to strike' the bee on the
wing, and hit him the first clip. At our
county fair, which is just over, we had a
good deal of practice in this line. Tlie bees
came arotind our honey-stand ; but by
knocking them down with such a stick, just
as fast as they appeared, they soon stopped
coming. At such places, however, you
want to step on the bee and kill him at once
after you have knocked him down, or he
may crawl up somebody's clothing and
make it unpleasant for the honey-man.
Commence when the bee first makes his ap-
pearance around the honey, and follow him
up till you kill him, and you are master of
the situation. The same is true in regard
to the candy and lemonade stands. Let a
hundred or a thousand bees, however, get
to carrying oft' sweets, and there is a good
chance for a lawsuit or something worse.

SWEETENING FRUITS WITH HONEY.

MRS. CHADDOCK GIVES HER EXPERIENOK.

T HAVE read Sophia A. Bradley's letter from
jM? Australia, and in reply I would say that I have
^i tried honey for preserving- many kinds of
■*■ fruits. About fifteen years ago, when I had
my first crop of honey. I could not sell it, so I
used it for canning and preserving- fruits. I put up
peaches and blackberries, all sweetened with honey.
I made raspberry and blackberry jams, and peach-
butter. We liked the fruit nlmoxt as well as that
sweetened with sug-ar; but honey is troublesome to
use,' because it burns so easily. I cook all my
fruit in milk-crocks; but in using honey to sweeten
with I had to put the crocks in water in skillets,
with nailsor pebbles underneath; and it took longer,
and was more trouble, than the old way. Then it

makes so much juice in everything. This juice
does not jell for me as sugar and fruit-juices do,
but is always runny. 1 like honey for medicltlc bet-
ter than for fruits. We had a hired hand one year
who had sore eyes, and nothing seemed to help him.
I told him that I had read that honey was good for
sore eyes. I dropped a droj) in each of his eyes
every morning, noon, and night, and they were well
in a week. It hurts, though. Honey is good for
deafness. A good many people go through life
with dull hearing powers, on account of hardened
wax in the ear. I think honey loosens this wax. I
know all that 1 have tried it on get better. One or
two drops, dropped into the ear at one time, is suffi-
cient. Won't Mrs. li. Harrison try this and report'/

I also believe that honey and nothing else will
cure any common sore throat. Take a teaspoonful
every half-hour.

Mr. Root asks if such a bad state of affairs could
happen at a camp meeting-. You make me smile.
W^hy, my dear friend, I saw just the same folks at
that camp-meeting that 1 saw at the various Sun-
day-school conventions that I have been attending
all summer. I saw the same faces at the Fourth-of-
,Tuly celebration, and at the temperance convention
last Sunday, only at the camp-meeting there were
more of them. The day was broiling hot, and the
water-supply insufficient. The people were not so
much to blame, when we consider that no refresh-
ments of any kind were to be sold on the grounds.
It would seem that, if it were ungodly to sell lemon-
ade and watermelons on Sunday, it would have
been only common every-day Christianity to give
everybody all the cold water they wanted. Now, if
T had been running that camp-meeting I'd have let
all the watermelons come in— watermelons are so
good and cooling, and I'd have had great tanks of
cold water sitting all about, with half a dozen tin
cups chained to each one; then I would have used
all the rest of my strength in trying to prevent
smoking on the grounds. The tents, the tabernacle,
and three or four acres of horses and buggies wore
on top of a rising ground, the road leading from the
bottom lands. The road that all the people came in
by was new and narrow, crooked, and rough, with
saplings and hazel-brush growing thickly at the
sides. The young trees all over the ground, ex-
cepting just around the tents, were so close togeth-
er that it was difficult to drive among them. The
ground was covered with old dry leaves; the weeds
and grass were dead, and as dry as tinder. It need-
ed only a young man with a cigar and a match to
have started a conflagration that would have burn-
ed up hundreds of horses before they could have
been gotten out. Perhaps you will say that the
young man and the cigar and the match were not
present. He was there; he lighted the match, held
it to his cigar, then threw it down among the leaves,
and in a moment there was a blaze. They ran with
blankets and quilts and jugs of water, and trampled
and smothered and drowned it out before any dam-
age was done except to the blankets and quilts.
But this happened down on the creek, where there
was plentj' of room, and while people were eating
dinner, before the water gave out. Yes, if it had
been my camp-meeting I'd have gone up into the
tabernacle and selected a hundred of the strongest
of the brothers, and armed each of them with a club,
and stationed them all about the grounds, with or-
ders to arrest every man with a pipe or a cigar, and
march them otf the gi-ounds.

B84

gLea^i:ngs in bee cultuke.

Sept.

You ask If I have omitted to meution the folks
who stood back and gave the others a chance. Well,
I did not notice any one particularly who was
standing back to set a good example. There might
have been many; but where there is such a crowd,
with people coming and going, passing and repass-
ing, and raising a cloud of dust all the time that
drifted in on the speakers and hearers, we can't
see very well, and a man standing alone would
hardly be noticed.

I think your wife did right to remonstrate with
you about the refreshments at the camp-meeting.
It seems to me when you and your wife have a dif-
ference of opinion, she is generally in the right.
You say I did not say any thing about the sermon.
The meeting in the afternoon was a children's
meeting, lead by two women. They gave very good
advice about raising children, but they Iny too
much stress against /rts7(ioji. I claim that there are
vices a thousand times more injurious to children's
bodies and souls than a low ribbons and rufides
can possibly be. "We heard afterward that they
had a rousing good sermon at night, but we did not
stay to hear it. We went home to get a drink !

Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., Sept. 6, 1887.

I believe you me right about using lioney
for preserves, Mrs. C; in fact, I believe I
have mentioned the sauoe thing before.
There is too much water in it to take the
place of sugar, and this seems to be some-
what the case witli even very dry candied
lioney. — Now, in regard to tlie caimp-meet-
ing. I shall have to think, my good friend,
that you have not the faculty of noticing
the good qualities of the great world at
large as much as you do the weaknesses and
the comicalities, if that is the word, or else
I shall have to conclude that our real good
faithful Christians do not go to camp-meet-
ing very often. I do not believe in any
thing on Sunday that savors of money-
making, or that gets people interested in
any kind of trade or traffic. Think of some
good Christian brother saying that he did
splendidly with a load of watermelons
which he took to camp-raeeting last Sunday !
I do think something ought to be done with
that young man with the cigar; but I be-
lieve I would rather risk having the good
brothers armed with CInist's words than
with the clubs you mention. — I believe as
you do, that we- should be careful how we
make a fuss about ribbons and ruffles. The
excessive use of them may be bad, but it is
not to be compared to late hours and many
other things.

OUE p. BENSON LETTER.

PRISE LIST & CATTLELOG OF P. BENSON A. B. S.

TN order to save so menney inkuiries I have kind-
j^^ ly gave mi consent to publish a list of hives &
^i uther things whitch mi numerus admirers will
■*■ be glad to see. Them whitch cums on a wheel-
barro to get things will please hitch thare
wheeibarro whare it will not upset & bark peaple's
shins.

The quallityof my goods is in all cases as lo as
consistent with the price. Terms, invariable in ad-

vance. Drafts, munny orders or postidge stamps.

Five per sent off for cash.

Hexagony Hive complete ---.--.- $5.00.

This hive gets B times the hunny & has took 1st
premyem wharever eggzibbated. I hev skewered
letters pattent on to this hive.

Material for the same flattened - - - . $4.75.
As this hive gits 6 times the hunney it makes it less
than $1.00 a hive.
Pattent Yourecky Feeder,

The cheepest feeder noan.
Kite to use each feeder, -

10 cts.

$1 00

AFTER.

Abuv shows the elfex of yusin the
Youreeky feeder.

P. Benson's electriek loshen 50 cents a vile.

This sellybrated loshen is fed to bees to increase
egg produxyen. Also to hens, poletry & silkwurms.
P. Brazillyon bee sting preventative f 125 a bottle.

This indispensable adjunk of the aperry consists
of equall parts ohpium, lodnum & parrygorrick,
combined by a seacret prossess noan oanly to me.
If enny wun takes 10 table spoonfools before breck-
f list, not a bee will sting you that day.
P. Benson's exsellsir moth miller trap - - $ 50.

Thisyouneak device lit on the neck of a bottle
fool of sweetened woter &-is then hung in the aper-
ry. It will altrack moth millers whitch kant git
out.

Hunny plants and seeds of every descripshen.
Prises on applekashen.

Beleavin that artaflshell pastyourage is the she
tanker of sucksess in bee keepin, I hev dovoated a
feeled of 10 achers to the excloosiv produckshen of
hunny plants A seeds so that my customers ken
rely on a pewer artickel.

P. S. It will be purceeved that this is the 1st ^ of
my cattlelog. Tne last Yi (half) was printed two (3)
weeks ago. Sum peeple is so shiffless thay never
finish up onnything thay begin. I me not that sort,
so 1 was I ound ido liov this cattlelog linished if I
never begun it. Orders is cummin in in a noomer-
ous manner.

BEING IMPOSED UPON.

A (iOOD-NATURED COMPr.AiNT.

}SEE by Gleanings how many people you let
impose upon you, and so I am going to try it a
little. I bought a swarm of bees last spring;
and, as you know, this is a very poor year for
a beginner. I have so far paid out fl5.0;l for
them, and shall get little return this season. Now,
I want your ABC book very much, but haven't the
dollar to pay for it, and I am going to tell you the
reasons why you may send it to me for nothing, if
you want to:

1. Because you let other people impose upon you,
and I don't see why I can't.
3. I take Gleanings, and hope to right along.
3. I sent to you for half a bushel of alsike seed

188?

GLEANINGS iN BEE CULTURE.

68.')

last spring:, and ordered it to come by freight, with
three weeks for it to come in before we needed it,
and you sent it by express, which cost me 75 cents;
and when we got it from the express office there
was a hole torn in the sack. You could press a
good-sized ejrg through it. T don't think there was
much seed lost, but it was a bother, and I want
your ABC book so bad. If you do not want to
send it, please don't. I shall not be at all mad. I
hare made out as bad a case as *1 can, only to tell
you how badly I got stung yesterday.

Mks. Chas. Pennington.
Cottage Grove, Minn., Aug. 11, 1887.

My good friend, if people are imposing up-
on me there is one pleasant thing about it—
I don't know it; and, you know, '' where
ignorance is bliss, "tis folly to be wise."
May be I do sometimes do a'little more than
my part in trying to have things pleasant
and satisfactory ; but what harm does it do,
when I have all I need, and more too, of all
that the world can furnish V May be it is
true, that my wants are not very great ; and
if this is true, I am glad again. Your tu st
and second reasons do not count very much
for a smoker ; but if our clerks disobeyed
orders, as per your No. 3, I think we liad
better send you the book and call it square.
If it is more than you ought to have under
the circumstances, why, just lend it to your
neighbors, and do good with it, and that
will make it all right, so far as I am con-
cerned.

THAT BEFORE-DINNEK NAP.

AI.SO SOME IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS IX HEGAHH
TO THE USE OF SLATTED HONEY-BOAUDS.

fRIEND ROOT:— I want to flght some more
about the nap before dinner, and I shall be
heartily glad if you whip. I consider it a
matter of exceeding importance that we
should understand this matter thoroughly,
and know just what ought to be done. We are
agreed that the twenty minutes' rest before dinner
is desirable, and i have I'aised the question, " Where
is the chance for it?"— a question which you
haven't answered. I venture to say that 999 out of
every 1000 women in the Gleanings constituency
will say the thing can't be done. Of course, I mean
where the woman has no help, and the thing to be
regularly continued. I can think of some meals
where it is practicable, as a meal of bread and milk,
or of cerealiue and milk, or any meal where every
thing is cold and no cooking done, and perhaps it
would be better for all if there were more such
meals. Hut in most cases there is a cooked dinner.
Suppose it is a plain dinner of beefsteak and pota-
toes, plain boiled. "Just before dinner time,"
when the steak is done and the potatoes boiled, let
the cook lie down for twenty minutes, and in what
shape will the dinner be?

Now, Mr. Root, you didn't ask your wife about it,
did you? I have great respect for her opinions; and
if she agrees with you I shall say the thing is feasi-
ble, and try my best to put it in practice. The aft-
er-dinner rest I freijuenlly insist upon, sometimes
" by force and arms." Our good friend Mrs. Harri-
son (p. 669) takes an hour's rest before eating her

dinner— does she cook the dinner before that hour's
rest? I suggested to my wife that it would be the
right thing for her to rest before dinner, and she
replied, " I guess you'd get some funny meals."
Then with a good-natured laugh she added, " There
are some things men know precious little about."

IS THE SLATTED HONEY-BOAKD DESIRABLE?

Referring to page 656, I have given a pretty fair
trial to the plan of using stipers without shitted
honey-boards. I can hardl.v believe that I got any
more honey than with. By the use of a bait section,
which I s^hould use in any case, I have no troulile
about getting the bees to occupy the si-ctions
promptly, as soon as they have any thing to store
in them. Until this year I did not suppose they
would occupy them when honey was not yielding;
but during the terrible drought this summer I
found supers filled with bees, although they were
not storing an ounce, and all the sections except
one had nothing in them except empty foundation.
Between the top-bars of the brood-frames and what
is placed immediately over, I have always found
brace-combs and honey, or else bee-glue, if honey
is stored above. It is possible that just such a space
might be made that neither glue nor comb would
be placed in it, but in actual practice I have never
reached it. (By the way, if T had not so many hives
already on hand I would give a trial to the plan of
J. B. Hall, of Woodstock, Canada. He showed me
frames that he uses, with top-bars an inch thick:
and, if I am not mistaken, he said no brace-combs
were built over such top-bars.) Now, there is waste
in having the space filled over the top bars; and if
a honey-biiard is used, this waste occurs once in a
season; whereas if no honey board is used, and
three supers are put on in a season, putting each
super, as is the practice, next the brood-nest, there
will be three times as much waste. So if the honey-
board is no hindrance to the bees going up (as I
think it is not, with proper management), it looks
as if more honey could be obtained with than with-
out honey-boards. I dislike tbe job of cleaning up
these honey-boards when they are taken otT at the
close of the season. It is a sticky, dauby job, if at
once cleaned off; but as there is no hurry about it I
put a lot of them over a hive, confined so no robbers
can get at them; and after the bees have cleaned
off all honey I clean off the wax at my leisure. Bad
as this is, it is several times worse if no honey-board
is used. Instead of one job for the season, each su-
per, when changed from its place immediately over
the frames, must be cleaned off; and this with the
dripping honey in the way, right in the busy time
when every minute counts.

HONEY SEASON OF 1887.

The worst I ever knew. One word tells the whole
story— drought. My colonies have been strong all
through the summer, and I have taken in all some-
thing like 300 pounds of section honey, mostly from
the Wilson apiary, a good share of this being a sin-
gle section (the bait) in a super. In some cases, if
not all, the bees filled this one section of empty
comb when there was abundance of empty room in
the brood-combs. A curious feature has been the
absence of troul)le from robbers throughout the
entire season, possibl.v because they have been
handled so little. At this date, Sept. 6. the bees
seem to be working quite husilj', at least in the
forenoon, but iio gain of honey appears in the
brood-combs. They are. however, full of brood,

68H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept,

which must ttake no little honey; and on looking
through a hive, the full combs of brood look as if
the bees thought it were spring. There are other
appearances of spring since the rains, such as the
reviving of the brown pastures, and the dandelions
are coming out in bloom. The present outlook is,
that I shall buy about two tons of sugar this month
for my bees. C. C. Miller.

Marengo. HI.

Friend M., Mrs. Root and I have a stand-
ing disagreement about that before-dinner
nap. There is not any disagreement about
my nap before dinner at all, for I always
find a place fixed, a pillow ready, doors clos-
ed, and children chased otf ; and if I don't
get to sleep awful quick, I notice she stands
sentinel all around that part of the house.
There is not any question but that this is
the only thing for me ; but although her
health is not much better than mine, espe-
cially when she works more than she ought
to, she utterly repudiates the idea of a nap
before dinner, for herself . She says by ac-
tions, that it is quite important that my life
should be prolonged, but that in her case it
is not very much matter. Now, that stirs
me up every time I think of it, and I am
disappointed in you, friend M.,to think that
you made such a feeble fight for the queens
of our homes, as Prof. Cook calls them.
What shall we doV Why. have one of the
grown-up daughters bring things to dinner
smoking hot, or else get some relative,
whose health does not need this nap ; or, if
you can not do that, get some good sensible
woman, and pay her a good round price for
being sensible, that your wife's life may
be prolonged. Mrs. Root generally comes
out ahead in all disagreements, but I don't
believe she will this time. — Thanks for the
important points you bring out in regard to
the use of the slatted honey-board. I think
I shall have to apologize to friend Heddon
right here. He tried to make me see this very
thing some time ago, and it did get through
my understanding exactly.

BEST HONEY FOR "WINTERING.

"bug-juice" a winter feed.

SN page 61,5, Aug. Gleanings, O. O. Poppleton
gives his experience and conclusions on the
best honey for wintering; and as your loot-
notes call for others on the same I will give
mine, which in some respects is right the re-
verse of friend P.'s. He says, that " the longer and
more abundant the flow of honey, the better the
quality." In 1878 we had the most prolific growth of
white clover that I ever saw. It was fairly a
butden all over the ground, and every head was
brimful of nectar, and it held in bloom for fully
three months, and of course the hives were full of
it for winter stores; but, alas! it proved the worst
that could be, for nearly evei-y bee died the follow-
ing winter. It was my first winter in trying to keep
a large quantity of bees, and so my first loss. I no-
ticed that the honey that year was almost as clear
as water, and almost as thin too; even that which
was fully ripened and capped by the bees would
flow like water, almost, when a comb was broken.
Ever since then I have found that, whenever
clover honey comes in rather slowly it is always

very thick and heavy, and of a golden tinge; but
when it comes in faster it is more clear, and
thinner.

Now, to sum up my conclusions of ten years' ex-
perience, I will say that I do not care from what
source the bees get their honey for winter use, nor
how early or late in the season; so long as it is
" thick and well ripened " I am fully convinced
that it is all right for them ; and 1 have further con-
cluded that it has not been the " honey," but some-
thing else that has been the cause of our past great
losses in wintering.

I am now going to tell you something that
will not be believed by many who rend it. I should
have written it long ago, but I concluded that
it would not be believed; nevertheless, I tried it
and I know it. It will be remembered, that a few
years ago there was a general prolific flow of honey-
dew, or " bug-juice." Well, I got my share of it, and
but very little of any other honey, and a great deal
was said against leaving it in the combs for winter
stores. The editor of the A. B. J. was particularly
emphatic against it; but as 1 had nothing else for
them I left it in, and my bees nearly all died with
the dysentery. Two years later I had quite a quan-
tity of this same dark strong honey-dew honey that
I had extracted and kept over, as it was not fit to
sell, and I could not eat it myself. I fed it to half a
dozen or more light stocks during the winter, by
putting the candied honey on the frames right over
the cluster. I have written up this way of winter-
ing several times before. They had nothing but
dry combs when cold weather began, and I could
never ask for bees to winter nicer. They were dry
and healthy all the time, and their only food the
whole winter was the " bug-juice." I will finish by
repeating that I don't care what their stores are, so
long as it is not thin and watery, and I can have
other conditions to suit me. A. A. Fradenburg.

Port Washington, O., Aug. 29. 1887.

Friend F., by reference to our back num-
bers you will find at least one other experi- '
ment in this line. A Mr. Pierson, of Ghent,
Summit Co., O., lost his bees terribly by
spring dwindling. Several were at this
time asking if we would advise them to use
combs of se;iled stores that came from hives
where the bees died. I believe our veterans,
including the editors of the bee-journals,
most of them, advised against using these
stores that seemed to be so disastrous dur-
ing at least one winter. Friend Pierson
said, however, he was going to try it. He
accordingly prepared quite a number of col-
onies witli combs of sealed stores taken
from hives wlierethe bees had died so badly.
Now, although these bees had nothing else
whatever, every colony wintered splendidly.
This experiment .seemed to indicate that
it was not the quality of stores that killed
the bees, and I am Inclined to think yet that
a good deal of these disastrous losses were
in consequence of a sort of distemper or con-
tagion that got Among the bees and swept
oft' whole apiaries. May be proper care and
protection will do very much to enable the
bees to withstaiul the distemper. I should
be very glad indeed to think it is the re-
sult of "skill and experience, that enables us
to winter lately without losses when we had
such terrible disaster, winter after winter,
ten or twelve years ago.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

687

A BRIDGE FOB CLEANING SECTIONS.

A DESCKIPTION.

T|p T the convention at Albany last winter I made
gfl^ mention of a bridge I invented for cleaning
^K propolis from honey-sections. If 1 am not
•*^ mistaken you said you would make mention
of it through (ji-eaninos. As the time for
crating honey is near at hand, I am quite sure the
bee-fraternity, if they once use one, would consider
it indispensable : for myself, I would not do with-
out mine for ten dollars. It is n:ade as follows:

Take a piece of heavy tinned wire cloth. It must
be heavy wire, so as not to bend down when the
sections of honey are put on it. Cut it about 1'^ or
13 inches square; turn every edge at right angles,
% inch. Make a frame that will fit nicely inside of
the folded edges, and tack fast. Get out for this
frame 4 strips, "4 x 1 inch, or about. This bridge is
then completed. Lay it on a table, or whatever you
wish to clean your sections on, and go to work. I
think you will exclaim " Eureka! " The propolis
goes shrough the meshes of the wire, as do also
the drips of honey from the unsealed cells around
the edges, and does not daub and muss up the sec-
tions. It does away with the bother of brushing
away the dirt, and wiping up drips of honey. When
the refuse accumulates under the bridge, raise it
up and clear it, and proceed again.

The honey season here has been a very unsatis-
factory one. The yield is about half a crop. White
clover yielded very little. Basswood was in full
bloom, but yielded sparingly. Bees worked well on
sweet clover until the excessive rains set in in
July; since then it has been .too wet. They have
worked some on buckwheat, but now we are hav-
ing a flood of rain, and storing from that source is
at an end; and as buckwheat is the last source
from which bees store surplus, we shall have to be
contented with half a crop. G. J. Fi^ansbukg.

So. Bethlehem, N. Y., Aug. 33, 1887.

Friend F., since you mention it I remem-
ber quite well your little device, and I thank
you for calling my attention to it again.
Please excuse my carelessness. The simple
idea of itself, of placing your w^oik on a strip
of wire cloth, properly supported,;is one for
which we owe \ ou a vote of thanks.

REPORT FROM E. FRANCE & SON.

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 65.5, LAST ISSUE.

OW

about this year? We did not mind the

MIoss of the 97 colonies that died, for we still
had fifteen more colonies than we had a year
ago; and by the time white clover should
have blossomed we had all our bees strong
and in good condition, ready for the harvest —
which did not come. The dry weather last year
killed out the clover; so when the time came
this year for it to blossom I discovered there was
none to blossom, except on low ground. The
drought of this year drove the stock on to the low
ground to got a living. They kept the clover crop-
ped so close that the blossoms were picked off be-
fore they had time to open. As a consequence, our
bees never got a taste of clover honey. We have
but very few fruit-trees here, but we had a good
crop of dandelion that helped a little. Our bees had
plenty of last year's honey and honey-dew to work

on in their hives, and they used it to raise brood.
There was no hoTiey coming in. so the queens had
full swing and tilled all the empty combs with eggs.
These came right on, and were soon bees.

There were a good many young queens of last
year's hatching which were not clipped. We were
very anxious to clip them, as the bees were getting
very strong, and would be very likely to swarm.
Those unclipped quecms would be sure to go to the
woods with their swarms. We could not open them,
as there was no honey coming in, without starting
robbers to work. We usually clip queens and start
a few new colonies when fruit-blossoms and dan-
delions are out; but we could not do it this year.
I managed to work in the home yard, some even-
ings; then we (in all, four men) went to one of the
other yards and worked each of us two colonies and
then had to (luit, as we could network any more.
Word began to come in from all the yards that the
bees were swarming and going off. W^e never had
such a time before.

FRANCE'S BEE-TENT.

We started for home, determined to make a tout.
1 told my son to build a tent while on the road home,
and I would do so myself, our two hired boys to do
the same thing— that is, build it in our minds. We
traveled about a mile as still as a Quaker meeting,
and then began to talk a little. We soon all decided
it should be eight feet square, to work one of our
quadruple hives, with four of us at work. It must
be as large at the top as at the bottom, and it must
be high enough to stand up iu. Having decided on
the general plan of it, we made one in detail as fol-
lows :

We first got out four legs 7 feet 3 inches high, 3
inches square. Near the bottom end we dro\c in
two staples— one about 8 inches higher than the
other. We next had four iron pins made out of half-
inch round iron, and about 18 inches long. These
we slipped into the staples at the foot of the posts,
and drove them into the ground, to hold the foot of
the post in place. A head was providcil for on top
of the irons, by which to i)ull them out of the
ground. We bored a % hole down in the upper end
of the posts, 6 inches deep. We then got out four
straight-grained inch boards, each 3 inches wide,
and 7i4 feet long. These were for the top. One
inch from the end of each piece we bored a half-
inch hole, and rounded the ends so the square cor-
ners would not tciu- the cloth. For a covering w(!
used cheese-cloth costing 5 cents a yard. This was
made into a large sack so as to slip over the frame
easily when put together.

The tent is now ready to put up. It takes four
men (boys will do) to handle it. Fjach one takes
a post and a top-board, and an 8 inch bolt, ^« of an
inch in size. Set up the posts; lay on the top-pieces,
and drop the bolt through the two boards at the
corner, down into the hole in the top of the posts.
Next, drive the iron i)ins itUo the ground, and you
are read.\- for the cover, which is theti slii>ped over
the frame. Kaise up one side and step inside.

Wo are safe from outside bees; besides, those in-
side won't be likel.v to sting, for they soon find out
that they arc in a trap, and will only try to get out.
W'e found the tent was .iust the thing. „ We could
work the four colonies that were in the tent. Hav-
ing finished operations and closed up the hive, each
of the four hands takes a post and pulls up the pin.
At the words, " All ready!" they all raised up the
tent, bodily. The tent is carried and set over an-

688

GLEANINGS IN BKK CULTURE.

Sept.

other hive. The corners are then set out so as to
tighten the cloth. The pins are driven in as before.
If there is a strong wind, the tent is stas'ed with
some stout string. We used some of the tarred
twine so common in the stores.

With the tent we worked all the bees over, clip-
ped the queens, and made new colonies, filling out
the old colonies with combs from the dead ones, as
long as we had them. This gave room for the
queens to lay more eggs and raise more bees, which
they did; but as long as there was no honey coming
in they would not build new combs. When our old
combs were used up we filled out the old colonies
with empty frames with lii-inch starters of founda-
tion. But until the basswood blossomed they would
not build combs. They swarmed; but as the queens
were clipped they could not go off. They would go
back, and perhaps two or three swarms would come
out at the same time, when they would be quite
sure to all bunch together on one hive. I think I
have found this summer a full barrel of bees hang-
ing on and under one of our large quadruple hives.
They were the worst about that soon after the bass-
wood commenced to blossom. At that time we got
over them as fast as we could, which was about
once a week. We would find from one to two hives
in that fix in going about once around. Such a
sight, and so many bees, I never saw before. If I
could have sold them by the pound I could have
made a fortune. I went to work and divided them
up into new colonies, making five or six colonics out
of the bunch of bees and brood-combs from other
hives. The bees appeared to h^ tired of fooling,
and they accepted a homo, stayed where I put them,
and went to work. When 1 saw we were not going
to get any honey except what we could get from
basswood, T decided to make just as few new colo-
nies as possible. But the bees had nothing to do
but to raise bees. The^- had plenty of their old fall
honey to feed the young brood. We had a pretty
fair run of basswood honey for about 12 days. As
soon as the bees got at work on the basswood we
started the extractor, and emptied out seven barrels
of (about 2500 pounds) the old dark last year's hon-
ey-dew. We now wanted the bees to fill up on bass-
wood honey to winter on, but there was too much
brood in the combs, so wo exti'acted most of the
combs the second time, and get out seven barrels
more. This last was basswood honey. We took it out
to give room for more, expecting to feed it back. I
don't know yet whether it will be wanted for feed
or not, as we have not examined latelj' to see how
well they are off for honey.

Now, had 1 known just how the season would have
been I would have had all the combs full of honey
at the close of the basswood season. If I had taken
all the queens away just before basswood came
out, there would not have been any more eggs laid;
and what brood they had on hand would have been
about all hatched out, and their places in the combs
filled with honey. Then they would have been in
good shape to winter. As for (lueens, I would have
let them raise a young one while they were filling
up, or I could have kept some of the old ones in
nuclei to fill vacant places. Then I should have
had no trouble about the bees swarming and bunch-
ing up.

I don't know just how much our bees have in-
creased, as there are three yards not counted up.
The other three yards had 198 colonies in the spring.
They have now 2t9— an increase of .")!. I think per-

haps the other three yards have increased about
the same, which will just about make up our win-
ter loss. I don't know whether the bees have as
much honey now on hand as they had at the close
of the basswood flow or not, as I have not looked
lately. But, such a call for honey ! Orders come
with every mail. Last year we had a big crop, and
worked hard to get rid of it at low figures; but
this year we got none and everybody wants to buy.
The dry weather this year, I think, will cut clover
crop off for next year. But we are not in Blasted
Hopes yet. We have lots of bees, and are going to
try hard to winter them. We had a good rain last
night for the first time since July 3. E. France.
Platteville, Wis., Aug. 11, 188V.

May be your plan of a bee-tent might ans-
wer the best of any thing that could be de-
vised, for your own use ; but I should object
to it in our own apiary for several reasons.
First, whenever it becomes necessary to re-
move the tent to another hive you are oblig-
ed literally to " pull up stakes ; '' second, to
use it to any advantage it requires four men
(or boys) to handle it ; third, it would take
too long, it seems to me, to put it together
ready for use, and slip over it the cheese-
cloth sack. While it is a great convenience
to have the top as large as the bottom, yet
we prefer to have a tent with a gable top, for
this reason : The bees inside will keep work-
ing toward the central line ; and having
reached there they will escape through the
openings at the top. Different apiarists
may have different ideas as to what a tent
should be ; but here at the Home of the
Honey-Bees we prefer to have one weighing
not over five pounds — a tent that one man
can handle easily — one which can be folded
quickly, and opened out just as quickly. 1
believe it is no more trouble to use our tent
over the hives than it is to work the hives
without a tent. I believe if I had quadru-
ple hives, as you have, I should make the
same kind of a tent that we advertise, but
perhaps two or three times as large. How-
ever, as 1 said before, each one has his pref-
erences and his own ideas of convenience.

— ^ — I ^

FLORIDA.

HOW W. S. HAHT ANli HIS NEIGHBORS SUCCEEDED
THIS SEASON.

fHE honey-season in this part of Florida closed
about the last of July, and left us with about
one-fifth of a crop, as a rule. My own re-
port is, nine 400-lb. barrels from about 100
colonies. The bees in my immediate nelgh-
boi'hood have not done as well as those a few miles
either north or south of here. To the north and on
the peninsula, they had a fall flow that we did not
get, and that helped to keep the bees there in bet-
tor shape for the summer flow. To the south, the
black mangrove was not hurt as badly as here by
the great freeze of 1!^86, therefore yielded more
freely. In fact, bee keepers from that way tell me
that the blossoms often hung full of honey from
morning until night, and that their bees being in
poor shape was the only reason for their not get-
ting a full crop of mangrove honej'.

The season of 1886 proving an almost total failure,
from the etfects of the big freeze early in that year,
then all the first part of this season proving equally

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

689

poor, many of our apiarists got discouraged, and
either gave up the business for the present or else
let their bees take care of themselves, to a great ex-
tent. My own have been taken care of in a very
slijtshod manner for the past two seasons, as there
was more profit to me in giving my time to
my orange - groves. The prospect now is, that
next season will give us a full crop again, and
J now feel that 1 can again invite brother bee-keep-
ers to come to this country, with as good a prospect
of their being successful in their line here as any
where else in the I'. S. They must remember, how-
ever, that the ordering of the honey crop does not lie
with me; and as I am thoroughly human, my
judgment may err.

The two who seem to have best success along this
river this season are Mrs. Dr. Goodwin, located
three miles north, on the peninsula, who took, I am
told nine barrels of honey from about 4.") colonies;
and Mr. Storer, five miles south, on the main land,
who took 1.5 barrels from about 1^5 colonies. These
barrels, I suppose, hold about 400 lbs. each. I have
so far received no other reports that compare with
these, although there may be others who have done
as well, whom I have not heard from. The comb-
honey producers have not reported yet. The season
has been exceptionally dry through the summer
months, but I do not think that its being so short-
ened the crop to any extent. W. S. Hart.

Hawks Park, Fla., Aug. 33, 1887.

CAUSE OF SOUTHERN HONEY GBANU-
LATING.

I should advise you not to lay out any more
money on bees and stipplies just at present.
Takewhat you liave, and make them bring
some return.

DUES IT PAY TO KB",EP BEES .■*

KEEPING BEES IN DIFFERENT API-
ARIES.

SOME EXCELLENT SlIfiOESTIONS EROM THE l)A-

UANTS.

K. G. W. BECKHAM, of South Carolina, asks
in Gleanings, Aug. 1.5, p. 63t5, the cause of
his honey candying. 1 believe his honey
and ours of this year, or what surplus we
got. was gathered from the ))ines, secreted
by a plant-louse, as illustrated in Cook's Manual,
P'ig. 133. I saw large drops of it dry on the pine
buds, and they were nearly^as white as granulated
sugar. I left two cases of this honey, which was ta-
ken during May, our honey season, to have them
completed. Two weeks ago, when removed, the bees
had taken it nearly all below, leaving me a lot of
nice combs in sections for next year's use.

This is my lourth]year with bees. 1 began in 1884
with 4 colonies; expenses, $85.08. I received on
hives, etc., $3!i.tJ7. No surplus Jhoney received. I
began in 1885 with 6 colonies; expenses, $34.39. Re-
ceived 45 lbs. of honey, valued at^#«.00. I began in
]88tj with 10 colonies; expenses, $16.80. Surplus
honey, 41 lbs. Value, $5.00. Keceipts in full. $15.00.
I began in 1887 with 11 colonies. Increased to 17;
expenses, $11.35.3. Surplus honej', .37 lbs. Value,
S4..50. Value of stock on] hand, including bees,
*75.00. Expenses for the 4 years, $137.53. Receipts
for same, including stock on hand, $130.17. So you
see I am out over $7.00 in money, and my time in
manipulating; the bees. Zi Would you advise my
keeping bees with the expectation of getting a
profit"/' G. W. O'Kei.lev.

Harmony (Jrove, Ga., Aug. 3», 1887.
I should say that the hrst thing \ ou need
to do in order to make your bees pay in the
future, is to cut down the items of expense.
We can manage to get along on much small-
er outlays, if we only think so, many times.

J5^ EAR MR. ROOT:- The reading of the answers
j<| oj to (^uery 3, and of the remarks that you add-
W^ f''!' have called to my mind one of our great
""■^ arguments in favorof keeping bees in sever-
al locations a few miles apart. A great
many imagine that the dividing of bees into several
apiaries is attended with more expense than profit.
Yet it is a fact, that we have succeeded better with
a number of small apiaries than wo used to do with
only one or two large ones. Leavi ng aside the ques-
tion of overstocking, there is a decided advantage
in keeping bees in different places, as the yield is
not everywhere the same. Taking the present
season as an instance, in our locality, the yield of
different apiaries only a few miles apart is quite
different, and we find a profit in apiaries placed on
the lowlands while the crop is a total failure in oth-
er places. On the other hand, in wet seasons the
yield on the hills is very great, while it is almost
null on the bottoms. An apiarist can have no idea
of the difference that a few miles will make, owing
to rains, the soil, and the pasturage, until he tries
bee-keeping in different apiaries. We have apiaries
located a few miles north of us, in the hills, that
usually yield a good crop of clover, and that pro-
duce little else; on the other hand, our lower api-
aries, on the Mississippi bottoms, yield nothing
but fall honey, but in this they never fail. There-
fore, on the principle of not putting *all of one's
eggs into one basket, we believe in spreading the
bees and occupying ditt'ercnt fields. We do not
agree with those who think that bees can go safely
four or five miles for honey. We have apiaries
three miles apart, that yield altogether different
crops, both in quality and quantity, and such would
not be the case if bees could travel as far as rep-
resented. Our home apiary is only two miles from
the river bottoms, and our bees hardly ever reach
it. We have seen seasons when we were comiielled
to feed, while those who had bees ne.xt to the bot-
toms harvested a fair crop. The crop of each of
six different apiaries ditters in quantity, quality,
taste, and color. C. P. Dadant.

Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111., Sept. 8, 1887.

Why, my good friend, you have suggest-
ed a very important point indeed, and one
that I fear has been a great deal overlooked.
This matter of putting your eggs all ui one
basket is a serious one in many kinds of
l)usiness ; at least, where a new hand starts
out bv putting all the eggs he has got, or
can scrape up, into one single basket, if
the basket is ui)set, he is down completely ;
and since >ou suggest it, I have noticed a
very great difference in the honey-flow,
even in a short distance. When friend
Doolittle claimed that bees coidd fly four or
Ave miles, you may remember that I was
very slow to be convinced; and with the
facts you have given above, I still think
that, even if it be pnssibletox bees to fly such

690

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Sept.

great distances as mentioned by friend
March, of Washington Territory, I do not
believe they often do it where we have
ordinary landscape, diversified with forests,
hills, valleys, etc. When we first bronght
the Italian bees into Medina County,! went
to considerable time and expense to ascer-
tain how far they were in the habit of going
for stores, and my experience was decidedly
like yoms. At one time, when there was
almost nothing to be found except a buck-
wheat field two miles away, they did store
some buckwheat honey, carried that dis-
tance, but this was the exception. Italians
were seldom seen working on clover, bass-
wood, or any thing else, more than just
about a mile and a half from the apiary.
Now, if you were compelled to feed your bees
when you have positive evidence there was
forage only two miles away, it seems to me
the experiment is pretty conclusive. Is it
not possible, however, that the bees that
were gathering stores procured these stores,
say a mile or more in some other direction
away from the home apiary V If we are go-
ing to scatter our bees in different api-
aries, it is quite important to know just how
far apart we ought to scatter them. Friend
Cowan informed us that Captain Ilether-
ington had at present, I believe, 2800 dif-
ferent colonies of liees, and these were lo-
cated in something like 40 different apiaries,
if I remember correctly — some as far away
as six miles from the central home apiary.

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS FOR
EXCLUSIVE BEE-KEEPING?

DK. 0. C. MTLIjEU CONSini'.liS THE SUBJECT.

Jp CORRBSPONDENT has lately asked my opin-
^ ion as to the advisability of his givinjr up his
r other business and keeping bees e.xclusively ;
^ and questions arc frequently asked, bearing
in the same direction. So many things must
be taken into consideration that it is exceedingly
diffloult to give any thing like a definite answer;
but 1 will try to give some hints that may help to-
ward making a decision; and if I should say any
thing in any way misleading, 1 feel sure it will not
escape Mr. Root's sharp eyes, and I will trust to
him to set me straight.

I suspect we are growing toward the time when
honey will be largely raised by men who have no
other business, and I suppose there may be a num-
ber such now; and yet, aside from myself, I do not
know of a single individual for certain. Mr. Root,
how many do you know who make honey-raising
their exclusive business? I have often thought I
should very much like to know their names. Per-
haps it would not be uninteresting to others for
you to bring them out. Of course, 1 do not mean
those in some business connected with bee-keeping,
for that would bring in such men as yourself, G. B.
Lewis, etc. Now, if there are very few exclusively
in the business, it is just so much evidence that, of
the thousands of beekeepers, nearly all have con-
cluded that it was advisable for them to turn their
attention partly to some other pursuit. In this
material age, perhaps most have summed vip the
whole matter in these few words: "There isn't
money enough in it." For those whose sole aim is
to make the most money in the shortest possible

time, it would be hazardous to recommend bee-
keeping as a sole pursuit. But there are some who
care more for happiness than money— some who,
like Mr. Root, could not be induced by any salary to
give up a life that suits them for one less healthy
and happy. To such I would say, be a little slow
about putting yourself in a position to depend en-
tirely upon bee-keeping. Whilst you may make a
success in a series of years, the good years over-
balancing the bad ones, you are not sure but the
very next year may bring an entire failure, and you
must be ready for it. Better give up your hold of
other business gradually, if you can.

I doubt if any one should go into bee-keeping ex-
clusively until he has at least enough ahead to go
through one year without making anything. For
it is so unlikely that two consecutive years of en-
tire failure would occur, that, if I had a strong
taste for bee culture, I think I should take the risk
of giving up every other business if I had one year's
living ahead. Of course, I include in this that
a sufficient apiary is owned and paid for. What
is a sufficient apiary? That depends. First, figure
up how much you need for annual living. Then
count for an average location perhaps .$4.00 profit
per colony, or, better still, find out what your ac-
tual profit for a number of yeai-s has been. Divid-
ing the annual living expenses by the profit per
colony will give the number of colonies required.
But it will not do if you have kept bees one or two
years, having ten colonies with a profit of f 10.00 per
colony, to count that you can average the same
straight along with 100 or more colonies. It maybe,
that the very next year would bring down the aver-
age of j'our 10 colonies. Moreover, it is pretty cer-
tain that 100 colonies would not give you the same
yield per colony that ten would. Another thing:
If you have never kept more than ten colonies, it is
not certain that your part of the work will be as
well done with 100. So don't jump into the mid-
dle of things, and buy a large number of colonies,
but yrotv into the business.

I am aware that, in the foi-egoing, ray advice is
somewhat vague; but the nature of the case hardly
allows any thing else. If you have the right taste
for the business, and the right stuff in you, work
your way up— stick to it; and although you may
not die a millionaire, you will live a happier life, eat
better-tasting victuals, and be more comfort to
those about you, than the majority of millionaires.
If I may be excused for referring to my own case, I
turned my back on a city life with .f3500 a year and
all expenses paid, settled down as principal of a vil-
lage school at $1300 a year, and paid my own ex-
penses, that I might work into bee-keeping. The
time may come when I shall regret it; but it is not
here yet; and for the past ten years I have tried
what exclusive bee-keeping means.

T SUPEUS FOR BEOINNEKS.

In my book I hesitated somewhat about recom-
mending T supers for others, and have been asked
whether I would recommend them for beginners
over wide frames. I think it i-equires no more skill,
if as much, to use the T supers, and I would advise
their trial, even for beginners. There is no telling,
however, how soon something better than the T
super may take its place. C. C. Mit,nEK.

Marengo, 111., Sept. .5, 1887.

Friend M., I can not call to mind just now
many who make the production of honey
their sole business ; for, in fact, it is not

1887

GLEAK1NG8 IK JiEE CULTURE.

Oi)l

very common for people to put all their eggs
into one basket, in any line of agricultural
industry. Our neighbors Shane and Ciiase
are working principally, 1 suppose, for hon-
ey, yet both of them do something at farm-
ing, if 1 am correct. Friend Doolittle is
emphatically a honey-raiser, but he receives
at least a mOderate income in writing for
different periodicals, and I believe the same
might be said of yourself and a good many
others. Most specialists have, however, I
believe, followed your plan by getting en-
tirely into bee culture by a series of steps.
Sometimes they get out of bee culture also
by a series of .steps, and I think this is a far
better way than to abandon the business in
disgust, and sell off the fixtures for what
they will bring. Bee-keepers may some-
times make a good income the very lirst
year, but I believe that such is not general-
ly the case. My experience is greatly in
favor of persistently holding on to any line
of work that seems to be to your taste. You
will eventually reap your reward, if \< u
stick to your work long enough.

COMB VERSUS EXTRACTED HONEY.

.7. A. GREEN'S EXPERIENCE.

fHE question as to whether it Is more profita-
ble to produce comb or extracted honey
will probably never be settled to the satis-
faction of all. One man declares that ho
can get thffee times as much extracted as
comb honey, while another insists that he can se-
cure nearlj- if not quite as much comb as he could
of extracted, and both are ready to saj- that the
other man does not know how to raise honey.
Both are practical honey-producers, and prove the
excellence of their methods by raising- large crops
of honey. Somewhere between these two extremes
lies the truth.

1 suspect that a great deal of the difference in re-
sults is to be attributed to environment. Much de-
pends on the locality and the character of the
honey-flow, and still more on the method and the
man. I am almost inclined, though, to cull the
character of the honey-flow the most important
consideration. With only a light flow of honey, es-
pecially when in connection with cool weather,
bees will store honey in emptj- combs when they
Avill do little or nothing in the way of comb-build-
ing. Let the honey-flow be increased, and the dif-
ference lessens until at a certain point it is at its
lowest. At this time, I think the best method will
secure fully three-fourths as much comb honey as
could be had of extracted. Going beyond this
point, as is done in our best honey-flows, we find
that bees that are well supplied with empty combs
will bring in a much larger quantity— sometimes
three or four times as much— than they can build
combs for.

With the honey-yield .iust right, there will not be
a very great difference in the amount of comb or
extracted honey that can be secured; but above or
below this point, those who run for extracted honey
will come out ahead.

The generally accepted proportion of twice as
much extracted as comb is nearly right on an aver-
age, with the balance a little in I'avor of comb if

the extracted honey is well ripened. Three times
as much of the half-ripe article usually extracted
as honey can be easily secured.

There are other things to be taken into considera-
tion besides the comparative amounts of comb and
extracted honey that can be secured from a given
number of colonies. A man can take care of a great
many more colonies run for extracted honey than
for comb, because bees properly managed for ex-
tracted honey never swarm, and because the work
of taking off honey, instead of being crowded into
a few busy weeks, interfered with at the same
time by swarming and other distractions, may be
distributed through the season, or done wholesale
at a time when there is no other work to hinder, at
the pleasure of the apiarist. An apiary away from
home can be managed much more safely, and
with less trouble, if run lor extracted honey.

When it comes to marketing the honey, if it is to
be shipped off' to be sold on commission, there is a
great saving of labor and expense in favor of ex-
tracted honey, as it requires no manipulation to
make it ready for market. Barrels, too, cost far
less than crates, and are practically safe from in-
jury in transportation, while comb honey is always
liable to breakiige.

If the honey is to be put into small packages to be
sold at retail, the labor and expense of packages
bring the price nearly up to that of comb honey,
as comb can be sold in a home market without any
expense for packages, which is not so easy for ex-
tracted, except at home or by peddling. If you are
in a neighborhood where people will pay nearly or
quite as much for extracted as for comb— there
are such places— it will be to your interest, of
course, to produce extracted honey.

Each one must decide for himself as to which
will be more profitable in his locality; but a little
advice may be acceptable to some. It you want to
keep bees with the minimum of labor and atten-
tion, produce exti-acted honey. If you can not pro-
duce nice white comb honey of good quality, pro-
duce extracted honey. If you have a good home
mai'ket at fair prices for extracted honey, by all
means supply that market. But if you are obliged
to ship your honey off' to be sold on commission,
you will find, as a rule, that comb honey will pay
you better. If you can secure most of your crop in
nice white comb, you will probably get more money
out of it in that shape than if it were extracted.
If in your home market a prejudice exists against
extracted honey, as is too often the case, it will not
pay you, as a general thing, to fight that prejudice.
There are many places where only a definite
amount of honey Vill be used, and you can sell
just as much comb honey as you can of extracted.
There is a double loss in selling extracted honey in
such a market. In producing extracted honey you
must sell twice as manj- pounds, while you can get
only half as much per pound. Where the market is
limited, the result is evident.

I wish, in another article, to tell of my " combina-
tion system," in which the production of extracted
honey is so combined with that of comb as to get
rid of many of the shortcomings and annoyances
that uie met when woi-king lor coiiib alone, at the
same time producing the choicest extracted honc.^•.

Dayton. 111., Aug. ;:.5, 18S7. .1. A. Giieen.

Th;uii-;s, friend (Jre/n. I should deem the
above a very fair consideration in regard to
this complicated and very iniiuirtant unit-

692

GLEANINGS IJ^ BEE CULTURE.

8ept.

ter. By all means, tell lis about your com-
bination system.

20 CTS. PER LB. FOR A TON OF HONEY.

Up gentleman of this State by the name of
9!^ Chas. McGee has lately received 20 cts. per
^^ pound for his honey that he sent off to u
■*^^ commission liouse. How will that do for
prices? He had about a ton, I utaderstand,
of white comb honey, all closed out at once. I in-
tend to ship them immediately 2.5 or ;50 hundred of
comb honey. I will not g-ive you McGee's or the
firm's address this time, for fear too many might
rush in their honey atjjne central point, and lower
prices. I will later, if wanted. E. L. Westcott.

Fair Haven, Vt., Sept. 6, 1887.
Yonr letter is encouraging indeed. It is
well that you and your friend did not try to
rush off your crop as soon as you secured it.
We are bound to have good prices, at this
rate.

70 LBS. PER COLONY.

1 have averaged 70 lbs. of honey to the swarm,
spring count, from basswood. I have not got any
honey from any thing else, on account of the
drought. At present I have 90 colonies.

Kickapoo, Wis., Aug. 20, 1887. G. W. Wilson.

14 BARRELS OF HONEY.

We have had a very bad year for honey here.
The spring was too dry. The first honey-flow we
had, to amount to any thing, began about July 1,
and lasted until August 1,5th. I have extracted
about 14 ban-els of honey.

4— F. S. Elder & Bro., 112—120.

Lake Village, Ark., Aug. 24, 1887.

27,640 LBS. OF HONEY i'ROM SENECA COUNTY, NEW
YORK.

The Seneca Co. Bee keepers' Association met Aug.
27th, to compare notes and give in reports. Number
of colonies given, 1540; number of pounds of honey,
27,640; for sale to date, 20,000 pounds. All bee-keep-
ers but one report less than half a crop. The honey
is mostly in 1-pound sections.

Geo. Lamoreaux, Sec.

North Hector, N. Y., Sept. 10. 1887.

1668 LBS. OK HONEY FROM 11 COLONIES, SPRING
COUNT.

I put eleven hives in the cellar last fall. T took
out in the spring, the same number, all strong. I
increased to 32, two of which are artificial swarms.
1 extracted 1668 lbs. of white honey, and sold it all
for ten cents per pound around home. There was
no buckwheat honey, the weather being too dry.
My hives are all shaded with grapevines, on the A.
I. Koot style. Geo. Sloason.

Hawkesbury, Out., Can.

Well done, friend S. It does us good to
see a report like yours, after such a season
as'we have had. Was there any one else in
your locality who did as well?

IS A poor season always followed by a good

one? the ITALIANS " A THOUSAND MILES
.\HEAD."

The season of 1887 will no doubt be remembered
by a great many bee-keepers as one of the poorest

ever witnessed. I have watched the reports given
in the bee-papeis with much interest; and with a
very few exceptions the reports are discouraging.
There was plenty of white clover, but it has not
yielded honey. Ked clover yielded bountifully.
Basswood yielded scarcely any thing. The colonies
at present are nearly at the starvation-point. The
average yield per colony in this locality has never
been less, up to this time, for years. Honey, too,
is not of as fine a quality as usual. Sections filled
slowly never have as fine an appearance, and weigh
less, than those filled rapidly. I am not discourag-
ed yet. even if the season of 1887 was a ))Oor one.
There Is always a good season following a bad one.
There is always" a chance for success. The ques-
tion of Italians or blacks has turned itself right side
out again, and will likely open the eyes of some.
This slow^season has left the blacks a thousand miles
in the shade. The Italians have stored some sur-
plus, while the blacks have scarcely got a living. I
can trulj- say. that the justly praised Italians are,
in my apiary, far ahead of the common bees. They
can be handled without smoke, at any time, and
they are good protectors of their homes.
Douglas, O., Aug. 5, 1887. Fred Leininger.

^EPei^Tg Digceni^^6iN6.

WILL HAVE TO FEED BACK.

J^^ EES in this vicinity have done very poorly this
pji season. I have heard of very few swarms,
^^ and little or no surplus honey. We have had
■^^ only one swarm, and it came off late. It has
not yet nuide enough honey to keep it till
cold weather. The white-clover crop was good as
long as it lasted, but the dry weather cut it short,
as it did most other crops. We took from 30 to .50
lbs. of white-clover honey per colony from some of
our hive.^, but we shall have to give it all back and
buy sugar besides, for I do not think we have a col-
ony that has enough honey to winter. Some have
none at all. If other bees are no better off for
stores than ours, and there should be no feeding-
done, I believe two thirds, at least, of the bees
will starve before spring. Gleanings is a good
paper. I could not well got along without it. The
imported queen we purchased of you last spring is
a good layer. Her bees are as gentle as any we
have. Levi J. Ray.

Xenia, O., Aug. 21, 1887.

1.50 LBS. OF HONEY FROM 55 COLONIES.

Crops all burned up here. Bees have gathered
enough to winter on, and I have taken 1.50 lbs. of
honey from .55 colonies, spring count, and had 10 or
12 swarms. Wc may get some fall honey yet.

Muncie, Kan., Aug. 8, 1887. Jas. A. Nelson.

HONEY CROP NON EST.

The honey crop this season hei-e has been, practi-
cally speaking, non. I shall have to feed the most
of my bees. I know a man who keeps 110 colonies
about four miles from here, who got less than five
hundred pounds surplus this season, and he isn't a
beginner cither, having grown gray in the bee-busi-
ness. He delights to talk of that grand old mark,
Mr. M. Qniiiby. He is, in fact, one of the old Quinby
school. W hat a delight it is to spend half a day in
company with him, sitting under an apple-tree over-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

693

looking- the apiary, drinking in the knowledge as it
tails from his lips! It would be amusing: for one to
listen to our arguments on the black vs. Italian
bee. He keeps blacks, while I endeavor to keep
the pure Italians. Geo. Shiuek.

Clean, N. V., Sept. 9, 1887.

DROUGHT IN CUBA.

Those that have suffered in consequence of the
drought in the r. S. are not alone in misfortune,
for we have had, and are still having, a most disas-
trous dearth of honey. 1 thought last year the
worst I had seen since I had been on the island, but
this beats last year. We shall lose a great many
colonies— just how many I can not tell. Such is bee-
keeping in Cuba. A. W. Osbukn.

Havana, Cuba. W. I.. Aug. ~'0, 1887.

HOO r,BS. OF HONEY FROM 40 COLONIES, SPUING
COUNT.

I commenced this spring with 40 colonies. I have
now %, and only 600 lbs. of surplus honey. The most
of my bees are in good condition for winter. It hns
been very dry all summer. Basswood was good
about a week. My bees are Italians, hybrids, and
blacks. I have watched them close for 3 years. The
Italians come out behind. This year has been their
favorite time. A hard year, it is said, Italians work
when others lie still, but this year they have not
given me a pound of surplus. They are nicer to
handle, but I can not keep bees for the fun of it, in
my old age. I have just visited two other apiaries
of 140 each. They told me their hybrids were their
best honey-gatherers. J. B. Wheaton.

Ithaca, Gratiot Co., Mich.. Sept. 6, 1887.

■59 colonies, 400 lbs. of comb and 100 of extracted.
Poor enough. Geo. A. Mathews.

Katonah, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1887.

MELISSA, OR bee-balm.

The first of .Tune found me with 63 swarms of
bees, in fair condition for securing the h<mey crop.
The clover bloomed, but gave very little nectar.
Time passed on. with an addition of 30 swarms and
no surplus honey stored to this date, Aug. 23. Our
late rains have revived vegetation, and the clover
is sending out a second bloom, and the fall bloom is
revived, and we are in hopes the bees will yet gather
enough to winter on, if no more. I have had a little
trial with melissa, or " bee-balm," this season. Tt
commenced blooming the fore part of J uly, and still
is in bloom. I think it will continue until frost.
The bees are on it from morning until dark. T
think it is superior to all other honey-plants that I
have ever seen. C. M. Bliss.

Fox Lake, Wis.

poor enough.

If you will accept a report from me, though very
discouraging, I will give you a few facts. From
April 28 to May 30 the weather was alarmingly dry.
There was but little honey from apple-bloom; clo-
ver, none of any account. There was a good How
from locust. Basswood we have but little of. June,
July, and August have been so wet that crops have
been damaged to a great extent. Black bees gave
me 34 lbs. per colony; hybrids the same.

All colonies are strong in bees, but there is no
surplus. Black blood is preferable for me in my
locality, though hybrids are my choice. Bees
wintered badly generally. Mine did fairly. I lost
6 out of 34. Some lost about all in chaff hives, well
packed. Severe March weather did the work.
Buckwheat honey is coming in now well, and there
Is a prospect for fall bloom. T have taken from

]\[e¥E;s MB QaERiEg.

shall the brood-nest be disturbed?
Y lower stories are full of honey and brood.
Would you let it all remain for winter, or
remove all but 3 or 4 frames?

D. O. McCampbell.
Harmontown, Miss., Sept. 8. 1887.
[It depends entirely on the amount of bees to be
wintered, friend M. If it is a powerful colony of
bees, leave the whole entire lower story. If an or-
dinary colony, say .5 or 7 frames; if not up to the
average, perhaps only 3 or 4 frames, as you suggest.
And, by the way, a powerful colony will winter
about as well just as they are, as any way you can
fix them. See discussions in regard to this matter
in our back volumes.]

CELLAR wintering.

I am putting a cellar under my house. It will be
completed about Sept. 30. Can a few colonies of
bees be wintered successfully in the cellar the fol-
lowing winter? Merrit Baldwin.

Steamburg, Pa., Aug. 30, 1887.

[Yes, if your cellar is dry you can winter a few
colonies successfully; that is, if you carefully ob-
serve the conditions required for cellar wintering.
You will do well to read some of C. C. Miller's re-
cent articles on the subject. See also " Cellar Win-
tering." in the A B C of Bee Culture.]

DEAD brood.

What is the matter with my bees? I have four
good strong stands of Italians, with nice young
queens, and they are all uncapping their brood
when it is about 17 or 18 days old. Some of the
brood is turning black. Whether they are all dead
or not, I do not know, but they are motionless.
They have all got plenty of honey to winter, but
scarcely any surplus. A Subscriber.

[I should judge you have what is called "dead
brood "ill your hives. Brood that has been neg-
lected, or subjected to conditions unnatural to its
growth, will die, and has a gray-black appearance.]

what are the indications, if any, that a
queen will be superseded ?
Will some of your veteran bee-keepers give your
readers an article on why bees supersede their
queens, and how to tell when bees are going to su-
persede a queen? I have read for years the vari-
ous journals, and never saw a really concise and
good article on this subject. Many a fine and
prized queen has often been lost in this way—" un-
expectedly missing," and it would be a real ser\ice
to your readers to know more about this important
subject. A Bee-Keeper.

HOW to make a tester for honey vinegar.

I am making honey vinegar. For a test I have
tried to use the egg. and the ball of wax with shot
inside, without satisfaction. How to get the shot
inside is a puzzle, as the apple dumplings were to
King George, who was fond of the dumplings, but
could not imagine " how the apples were got in." I
find it better to eat the c^g, and pour melted wax
into one half of the shell. In the ball thus formed,
stick three wire nails, another in the topto lift it by.
Mix some water and honey, 1 lb. to the gallon, and
try the tester. D. F. Savage.

Hopkinsville, Ky.. Aug. 19, 18S7.

694

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

Bee B^t^ny,

OR, HONEY - PLANTS TO BE NAMED.

HEKCITLES' CT.tIB— A BEE-PFiANT.

fROF. COOK:— In looking over your " Bee-Keep-
er's Guide/* tenth edition, T can find no de-
scription of the inclosed honey-plant, which
is plentiful on the blutts of Lookout Moun-
tain. It has just come into blossom, and is
worked on freely by the Italians, but not by the
smaller common bees. The tree or shrub grows to
10 or 13 feet high, has a thorny trunk, the limbs and
tlower-stalks branching out at the top of the trunk,
like a palm-tree. Sourvvood is very plentiful here;
and as this tree blossoms just as the sourwood
ceases to bloom, it may be of value, providing the
quality of the honey is good ; but it is such a queer-
looking tree or plant that I am doubtful about it.
Can you tell whether the sourwood grows from the
seed, and whether it can bo grown as far north as
Maryland and Ohio? It is a beautiful tree, and
yields bountifully of beaut il'ul white honey.

Dh. C. F. Parker.
Valley Head, DeKalb Co., Ala., Aug. 15, 1887.
In reply, Prof. Cook says :
Friend Root :— The plant referred to above by Dr.
Parker, of which he sends the leaves and fruit, is
the curious Hei-cules' club— Aralia ^pinosa. This
tree grows along I'ivcrbanks from Pennsylvania
south. We have it growing on our grounds here at
the Michigan Agricultural College, so it is quite
hardy. It gi-ows from 6 to 30 feet high. The bare
trunk is armed with strong spines, and, like the
palm, is crowned with great leaves with ovate-ser-
rate leaflets, among which are the flowers.

Mr. P. asks about the quality of the honey. The
bees work freely on the flowers here — are even
now, Aug. 35th, at work on them; yet as we have
only a few of the trees I can not speak of the hon-
ey. Can not Dr. J. P. H. Brown, of Augusta, Ga.,
tell us of it? Mr. Parker says of this plant that it
comes into bloom just as sourwood is going out. He
also asks if the sourwood, or sorrel tree, will grow
from the seed, and whether it will grow as far north
as Michigan and Ohio. I answer yes, to both ques-
tions. We grow it here, though, like the peach,
which it somewhat resembles, it " kills back " in se-
vere winters. A. J. Cook.
Michigan Agricultural College.

Bee En^^M^i^Q^y,

Or Enemies of Bees Among the Insect Tribe.

BARK, OR SC.\LE l.ICE, AND RED SPIDERS.

fROF. CO(^K.— Inclosed find some leaves which
arc covered with insects, which please exam-
ine and tell us what they are and what will
exterminate them. Henry Dunham.

Nashville, Tenn., Aug. IS, 1887.

Trol'. Cook replies :

On the leaves sent by Mr. Dunham, Nashville, I
found scale-lice and the little mite known generally
as the " red spider." The seale-lice were the im-
mature forms of the bark, or scale-lice, which were
so common a few years ago all through the North,
and which so injured the trees, and which secreted
the nectar which so annoyed the bee-keepers. For-

tunately for our beautiful shade-trees, and also for
our bee-keeping industry, numerous insect-enemies
attacked them so vehemently that they were van-
quished, and our trees saved. I found that the
kerosene-and-soap mi.xture would kill these lice. It
was made by mi.\ing a quart of water, a quart of
soft soap, and a pint of kerosene together, then
stirring all vigorously till they were permanently
mixed. This is easily done by pumping the liquid
by means of a force-pump back into the vessel con-
taining it. We then dilute so that we shall have
one part of kerosene to ten or twelve of water.
This may be sprayed on to the trees just as the eggs
hatch in July, or the limbs of the trees may be
washed with it late in the fall or early spring, when
the lice have migrated from the leaves, and are
sapping the branches.

The " red spiders " are often very serious ene-
mies in very dry seasons like the present. They
spin a web on the leaves. Frequent drenching of
the plants with water will Kill them. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

I presume, friend Cook, the red spider you
mention is the same one that troubles flo-
rists so much in their greenhouses. I be-
lieve, however, that Peter Henderson states
that it is caused by liaving the atmosphere
too dry. If tliis is" the case it is easily man-
aged in the greenhouse ; but during" a dry
season like the present it would be a pretty
big job to drench " all outdoors " with wa-
ter. I did not know that the red spider ever
made trouble in the open air.

THE SPINED soldier BUG, AGAIN.

An Indiana subscriber to Gleanings sends me
several of these very useful hemipterons, with the
request that I describe them and give their habits.

This bug is about the size of the " bee-stabber,"
described in Gleanings for Aug. 15. It is common
all over our country; and as it is a ravenous feeder
and lives almost wholly on insects that injure the
farmer and gardener, it does immense good. 1 have
never heard that it attacks bees, and I hope it will
be long before it forms such a habit. I shall be
pleased if any reader of Gleanings who may have
seen it about bees will tell me if he has seen it mo-

SI'INEU SOLDIER BUG.

lest his pets of the hive. The figure I send will give
a good idea of this bug. Its scientific name is unu-
sually appropi-iate —"spined soldier bug;" spined,
from the spines on the thorax. These sharp spines
will enable one to identify this bug. The color is
gray to bi-own. The jointed beak shown in the fig-
ure is a most interesting weapon. Within are some
long slim needle-like organs which can be forced
into its prey. These so wound the unfortunate vic-
tim that the blood oozes out, when, by the use of the
large grooved labium, or the jointed beak, this nu-
tritious iicjuid is sucked up. All of these bugs have
the same style of mouth parts— a large grooved
sheath which conceals the sharp strong needle-like
piercers. A. J. CoOK.

Michigan Agricultural College.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

695

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Omtinued from Auy. 1.
CHAPTER XXXIX.

For ill thu wildoriioss shall waters break out, and springs in the desert,
shall become a pool, and the thirsty land f^prings of water.— Isa. ;i.5: fi, 7.

And the parched ground

god's gifts
It h;is always liecii an intensely interest-
ing subject to me to look about me and see
what God lia.s placed within our reach, that
we have never yet discovered or developed.
It is for this reason that I have always l)een
deeply interested in mining for coal and
the useful metals; and when the oil excite-
ment broke out some years ago, the news of
the treasitres to be found by drilling down
into Mother Earth naturally thrilled my be-
ing with intense interest. In the same way
I have been interested in the develop-
ments of natural gas. But I believe that
natural gas and oil are by no means all that
nature has in store for us, lying hidden be-
neath the soil of our hills and valleys. In
fact, I do not believe it is well for every one
to start out in the oil or gas business.
" Every man to his trade "is a good rule
here as in most other things.

For some years back I have been studying
hard on the problem of water for irrigation
during our dry si)ells which occur to a great-
er or less extent every season. A little
over a year ago I was enthusiastic about
saving the rain water that comes so lavishly
in the winter and spring. In Chapter VII.
I told you about the underground reser-
voirs for collecting these waters and holding
'them until needed. Well, the principal
trouble with these reservoirs during a pro-
tracted drought is, that they become empty,
and the ground directly over them dries out
even wovt^e than where the ground is simply
underdrained. I do not believe we can
store water profitably for six months by
simply making excavations in the ground ;
for even a pretty good-sized pond will soak
away and evaporate until it is gone, or
nearly gone, even without drawing on it for
irrigating purposes. Our carp-pond would
hold perhaps .'>000 barrels ; but during the
recent drought, even though none of the
water was used for the purpose mentioned,
the water has disappeared until the hsli
would like to have perished had we not
brought a reinforcement of water in the
way I am going to tell you of. Now, anoth-
er thing is to be considered in this problem of
storing up the waters from the rain and
snow until they shall be needed. An im-
mense reservoir is required. To water an

acre of ground properly would re(iuire, say,
500 or 1000 barrels of water every tw^o
weeks ; and to store this amount for even
three months' time would require a cistern
or reservoir beyond the reach of even most
of our market-gardeners. In favorable lo-
calities, very likely the water might be dam-
med up l)y a pond ; but few aie so situated
as to avail themselves of this.

The next feasible plan would be to make
use of running streams, and this is already
being d(me to a great extent, especially in
the western parts of this country, and the
area thus irrigated is being rapidly en-
larged year by year. Not only streams, but
rivers, are utilized entirely in this way.
No great reservoirs are needed, because the
moving water furnishes the supply day by
day as fast as it is consumed. Along the
Rocky Mountains the melting snows fur-
nish unfailing streams. Many of our read-
ers are familiar with the method of irriga-
tion ; namely, running the water in a fur-
row imtil the ground is irrigated, say for
four or five feet on each side. At Arling-
ton, Mass., I saw friend Rawson tr.rning
water between every other row of celery.
When the ground was sufficiently wet in
one furrow, the water was turned into
the next, and so on. Well, compiuatively
few of us have unfailing streams that How
on a level, higher up than the groiuid to be
irrigated, therefore this plan can be utilized
only in certain favored locahties. Then
again comes the question, '■ What shall the
rest of us do V" In many localities, springs
on the hillsides, or at the foot of the hill-
sides, furnish large amounts of water that
are allowed to go to waste year after year,
because nobody has yet had sufficient energy
and enterprise to recognize them as God's
gifts, and make use of them. A neighbor
of mine, a few miles away, had for years a
spring on a hillside, that :,anuoyed him by
spoiling a great part of one of hisbestfields.
In accordance with a suggestion from my-
self, however, he arranged it with very little
labor so as to run between every alternate
row of his cabbages. He constructed a
little pond which filled up during the day
time, and at nightfall the contents of this
pond \\as let loose so as to pass down be-

Gun

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sei't.

tween two rows of cabbages. At the very
first trial he succeeded in getting a splendid
crop when cabbages were a failure every-
where else. How I have often longed and
wished for a spring like friend Green's! But
ours is a clay soil, and no sandy hills or
great rocks are in our vicinity to make it
even probable that such a spring was to be
found. Year after year I longed for a
spring ; but although 1 had carefully scanned
every foot of ground that we called our own
I could think of no way to get water from
that source. The matter was, however,
very much on my mind ; and although I
often thanked God for the gifts that had
been discovered on our ten acres of ground,
I had never yet quite faith enough to ask
him to give us a spring. I bad, however,
often come around to the conclusion that a
spring that would give even a slender
stream of water continuously and daily
would be worth more than a great reservoir
to hold the waters that come sometimes
with such superabundance.

^A'hen I first came on our grounds I notic-
ed that the stream we call Champion Brook
occupied perhaps ten times as much ground
by twisting back and forth across the lot as
it would if made to go in a straight and nar-
row channel ; therefore one of my first pro-
jects was to cut this straight and narrow
channel, from the point where the stream
enters our lot, to a culvert under the railroad
where it .escapes. Now, this culvert, al-
though it is large enough for a two-horse
wagon with a big load on it to drive through,
at certain seasons in the year, during heavy
freshets it was in the habit of getting filled
up so the water covered several acres of my
low ground ; while during dry seasons like
the present one, Champion Brook is nothing
but a dry bed of stones and gravel. Just
now I suppose you might follow up this bed
a mile and not find enough water for a cow
to drink. So you see the great amount of
water that does so much damage at one
season affords us no relief at another. By
making this straight channel, however, so
as to shoot the water perfectly straight to-
ward the culvert, I found that it passed
through so much more rapidly that there
has never been a back-up since it was cut
through, unless it was caused by the ice ;
and at such times a couple of men with
poles can stop its damming up. even then. I
want to say to you right here, that if any
of you have similar plans of making a
stream go straight through your lots, don't
fall into the error that I did, and imagine

that you must dig a channel wide enough
and deep enough to carry all the water. Let
Nature do the work in this way : First cut
a ditch, just as you do to lay tile, in a per-
fectly straight line, where you want the
channel to be. Make this ditch deep enough
to start the water through it, and no more ;
then dam up the old channel and all the low
places along the margin of your new water-
course, so as to force all tlie water that
passes, to go in the new channel. Now keep
an eye on it, and after every freshet dig out
and dam up and repair, and pretty soon
Nature will have formed the channel at a
comparatively small expense. Of course,
you are to assist Nature by deepening it
over hard spots of clay, or by cutting out
stones, until you have a regular slant from
where it comes on to your land to where it
goes out. When there is very little water
running, watch the ripples and you can see
where there is too much fall and where
there is too little. Get some old-country-
man who is skillful with spade and pick,
and he will fix it nicely for you. The sides
of the bank should be just sloping enough
so it will not cave in. The idea is, to have
them sod over eventually, and this will keep
your channel where you want it. If in cul-
tivating crops your rows run toward this
ditch or channel, you can make the bank
sloping enough so that the horses, in cul-
tivating, can walk down the slope and have
your turning - around ground along this
slope. This utilizes room, and such a slant
will not cave in, especially if you keep the
bottom cleared out. The sides of the ditch
should be something like the sides of a let-
ter V. Perhaps you had better have enough
room on the bottom to make a comfortable
footpath in dry weather. Well, last spring,
in my anxiety to save my crops from a
freshet, I directed Mr. Walker to clean it
out and make a very nice straight channel
for the water to run in. Along a good part
of the stream he went down to the rock, or
a sort of slate or shale. In order to get a
regular fall I directed him to cut into this
rock with a stone-mason's pick, .and he did
it so nicely that it became a favorite place
for the children to play, on this clean rocky
bottom.

Some time in July it became evident that
a planting of celery would die unless we
watered it. We did not want to take the
water out of the carp-pond ; and as none
was running in the creek, we decided to
scoop out what we could in the low i)laces.
There was one spot in particular where

188^

GLfiAKlNGS IN BEE CULTUMli.

69?

there seemed to be quite a little Water ; and
one of the boys told me that it ran in there
as fast as they scooped it out. I noticed
something of a depression, and asked Mr.
Walker if he didn't find tlie rock there. lie
replied that lie did not — at least, nothing
hardly solid encugh to be called a rock. It
was a sort of blue clay that could be whittled
into fantastic shapes with a knife. In fact,
there is now on our numtlepiece a little
Bible that I carved out with my penknife,
of soft shale, and the children had often
amused themselves by carving figures of
this material. Well, when Henry told me
that the water came in at this spot as fast as
they scooped it out, I pulled off my shoes,
waded in, and took the pail. I ladled it out
for the boys while they passed it to others on
the bank. The bottom of the cavity seemed
to be softer and softer as I scraped it with
the edge of the tin pail. Finally I scooped
through into some beautiful yielding gray
and white river sand, apparently, and out
of this sand was water springing forth,
something in the language of the text —
"• For in the wilderness shall waters break
out, and streams in the desert."' Our gar-
den was looking very much like a desert just
then under the influence of the scorching
July sun. When they got all tlie water
they wanted I scooped out the sand, and
threw it on ttie banks of the stream, tlien
threw the surplus water away down stream
until I stood in a little well, perhaps two
feet deep. By holding my pail up near the
side whence the water flowed out of the
sand, it was filled up quickly. I was afraid
it could not be true ; that is, I hadn't faith
to believe that it would hold out. Again
and again I filled it. Finally I pulled out
my Waterbury watch, even though my
fingers were somewhat muddy ; and while I
timed the filling of the pail, my hand fairly
trembled with excitement. There was no
mistake about it. God had given us a
spring, and one that poured forth beautiful
pure water at the rate of a three-gallon pail-
ful a minute. How quickly the figures be-
gan to run across my mind's eye — 8 gallons
a minute is ISO gallons an hour; and calling
HO gallons a barrel, we have G barrels during
every hour of the '.H ; 1-44 barrels of water in
a day ! Can it be possible ! A large iron
tank was brought and placed on the bank
on the side of the creek. A new pitcher
pump which Ernest had purchased to put
in his new house was brought down and
screwed to an iron pipe. Then Henry
mounted a dry-goods box on the bank, and

worked until the tank was full. As the
spring showed no traces of giving out, a
piece of hose used in our greenhouse was
procured ; and by folding one end over the
tank so as to have a siphon, we soon had a
stream of living water flowing between the
rows of celery. As we had already been
waiting some weeks for a rain, that we
might put out some celeiy-plants, we decide
ed to wait no longer. One of the boys, with
the wheel-hoe before mentioned, made some
nice little furrows very (juickly. With the
hose v/e then carried the water to the high-
est point in the furrow, and let it flow both
ways. Wlien the furrow was pretty well
soaked its whole length, our plants were set
out; and although the burning July sun
blazed right on to them, they took hold and
grew^ as well as any celery-plants I ever saw.
The merits of spring water were well es-
tablished. Henry found, however, that he
could, with his pitcher-pump, draw moi'e
than a pailful a minute, so that a beautiful
live spring was seen bubbling forth in that
hole I had scooped out in the creek bottom.
The boys were by this time in full sympathy
with the experiment, and the quicksand
was scooped out until the whole rock was
found, perhaps a foot below the clay. Into
this rock we chipped a hole perhaps a foot
deeper, and now we had about two pailfuls
of wattr a minute ; and, best of all, when
the pump stopped working, the cavity
speedily filled up, and living water was flow-
ing forth down the heretofore dried-up
channel. When our proof-reader, Mr. W.
P. Root (who is also organist during our
noon meeting), asked me to look into the 85th
chapter of Isaiah for something to read for
our noon service, I was almost startled to
find these words : "■ And the parched ground
shall become a pool, and the thirsty land
springs of water." Here was the water, and
all that was needed to get it was to scrape
the bottom of that old dry channel with
nothing but a tin pail.

I had not dared to ask God to send me a
spring where there were no indications that
there might be one ; but in his loving kind-
ness he has given us something we did not
even ask for. He knew I wanted it, how-
ever, and therefore he gave it ; but it was,
as I believe, because he expected me to
make good use of it. One of my neighbors
hearing of it, came down to see the spring
we were ; rejoicing over, and said that his
cows were out of water, and he had just
been wondering what he should do.
Through his farm ran a creek just like

698

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

mine ; and on getting down he found the
same kind of quicksjind, and water in
abundance. Investigation on different
poihts along our creek showed no less than
a dozen similar springs, but none that gave
the quantity of the one I have mentioned.
This subterranean vein of quicksand varies
in thickness at different points, ftnd doubt-
less extends oft' under the hills in many di-
rections if not in all directions ; and after
much study and investigation I am inclined
to think that this water is held in the sand
and gravel only by a sort of capillary attrac-
tion. Here is the reservoir that we could
not afford to make, made already by the
finger of the great Father himself; and in-
stead of holding tltou^^andfi of barrels of wa-
ter, it no doubt contains millions. All that
is necessary to get the water is to create a
cavity or vacuum, and the water rushes in.
When the stream of pure water came out of
the sand and rock, and flowed down toward
the tube connected with the pump, I ran up
to the house and summoned mother and all

the children, ('onstance (the one we call-
ed '• Blue Eyes "' for so many years) is now
a big strong girl of fourteen, and she is just
begiiming to take quite all interest in these
things that have made me happy for so
many years. When I explained that this
bed of sand and gravel probably went away
up under the hill, and may be under our
house and factory, she made a remark some-
thing like this : '• O pa! I do so want to see
what is inside of tlie hills! I want to see the
springs and the rocks."

" Well, my girls, I am very glad indeed to
see you anxious to know more about this
beautiful earth that God has given us. I
have been long thinking of taking you on a
trip to see the home of my boyhood, amid
the springs and hills of Summit County. If
mother approves, we will take Meg and the
buggy and go off for a holiday, starting aft-
er dinner.''

At this, Caddie joined in with Constance,
and they could hardly keep still until the
time arrived to start.

CHAPTER XL.

He looketli on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hilld, and they smoke.— P.SAT.m 104:33.

The memory of that three days' visit with
the children will always be a pleasant re-
membrance. How th(uoughly I got ac-
quainted witli them during these few days,
when we three were so much alone togeth-
er ! For several days afterward I caught
myself feeling lonesome without them.

Now, then, in regard to the hills. We
passed the first night at the old homestead
where my mother's father first located in
the woods, years ago. A part of his first
purchase included the highest hill in the
vicinity round about there ; and I told the
children the night before, that, if they
would get up early enough, we would go up
and see the sunrise from the summit of
grandpa's hill. Now, grandfather Hart
had a great taste for natural science, al-
though he had no modern advantages in
the way of education, and this great hill had
been for years a hobby of his. While we
stood on the summit of that hill the next
morning, taking in the beautiful scenery
spread out before us as it was lighted up by
the morning sun, I told Caddie and Connie
that it was nothing strange that they, in

common with myself, should want to know
what is inside of these great hills ; for the
very blood in our veins was that which stirred
grandpa, perhaps fifty years ago, to want to
know what was inside of this great hill. In
fact, foitune-tellers got hold of the idea that
this hill was his hobby, and one after anoth-
er offered to tell, for a certain sum of mon-
ey, what was hidden beneath its lofty sum-
mit. I remember an advertisement that
appeared in one of the papers somewhat
later, of an instrument called a "• goldome-
ter " that would tell whether gold or other
valuable metals, or even coal, was hidden in
the earth beneath. Grandfather sent two
dollars, but that was the last of it. When I
told the girls that he became so curious that
he made investigations into the hillside,
they were impatient to be led to the spot.
Then I took them to a little mound, or
grassy knoll, off a little to one side, where
for years there had been a single little grave.
Years befoie I was born, a little child
named Amos, in climbing up to get some-
thing from the mantlepiece, fell with his
face into a kettle of boiling maple syrup.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

699

He lived several days afterward, but most of
the time was calling plaintively for water.
When he died, as they were far away in the
woods, a lonely giave was made on the spot
where we stood ; and when 1 told the chil-
dren that their i)apa was named after this
little one, a sad and solemn look came over
their faces. Cousin Ray then piloted us to
another spot on the slope at the foot of this
great hill ; and after he had pnlled off a lot
of brush and sticks from a cavity in the
ground, he took hold of an iron ring and be-
gan to pull. I thought of the stories in the
Arabian Nights, and wondered if some gen-
ie was going to raise up and tell us about
the gold or silver, or, possibly, even common-
place coal that lay hidden beneath this old
mountain, as it seemed to be, almost, in our
eyes. Well, the lid came up and we peered
down. We did not see any genie, however,
but only the reiiection of our own faces in a
beautiful cool spring that bubbled up in the
bottom. I notice in Summit County, that
where springs are found, of late years, they
use a great many tubes made of stoneware,
to place over them. These tubes are like a
great stoneware crock without any bottom,
and many holes are made through the sides,
to permit the water to flow in. About half
way to the bottom of this spring a pipe
came in it through the side of the stone
crock ; and over the end of this pipe was a
tin can pierced with many holes. A few
rods further down the slope we came to the
lane where the cattle and horses go to pas-
ture. The pipe that came from the spring
ponred into a trough tliat ran under a fence
so as to water the stock in two different lots.
From this trough it poured into a second
trongh that stood in the lane. A tin cup
hung on a post, and from this tin cup we
took draughts of cool spring water— tlie
veritable soft water of the springs of Sum-
mit County.

Grandfather did not find any gold in re-
ward for his investigations, by digging into
the hillside ; but I told Uncle J^en's folks I
shonkl consider that spring worth more than
gold or silver or coal either, if I had it. Aft-
er the water poured out of that last trough
it ran under a bridge, and then down into
the pasture lot. For sixteen years it had
been running right on that one spot. Did it
cause a great luxuriance in growth over the
other grass and weeds in that held? By no
means. Let me tell you. my friend, if you
don't know it already, that pouring water
on to a piece of ground continually, day aft-
er day, vjon^t make things grow. In fact.

all this spring did to this pasture lot was to
make a mucky swamp where the cows got mir-
ed if they attempted to go across or through it.
To make things grow you must saturate the
ground and then let it dry out. When suffi-
ciently dry, saturate it again, and so on.
This rule applies to flower-pots, window-
gardens, dooryards, and every thing else
where we practice irrigation. Nothing but
swamp-weeds or genuine water-plants will
grow where it is constantly wet. Close by
this swamp-bog formed by that spring was a
great lot of rich sheep-manure, for Uncle Ben
deals largely in sheep and cattle, buying and
selling them by the carload. 1 tried to get
my cousins, Ray and .Judd, interested in
starting a celery-garden where that spring
was spoiling the ground ; but although Na-
ture had placed every thing so very handy
and convenient, there it lay year after year,
untouched and unused. Why, I almost felt
as if 1 must take off my coat and show them
what could be done with that spring of water.

Before night I found there were hundreds
of other similar springs all over Summit
County, doing that very same trick — rvui-
ning down the hillsides, making swamp-
bjgs, and doing no good to anybody. I did
rejoice to find^^one gentleman, a friend of
our bee-journal, by the way, layiug under-
drains to get rid of this surplus water, and T
believe he proposed making a garden. There
it was on my old homestead, right where I
used to make garden thirty-five years ago, and
I had thought of that spot, with its wealth of
spring water, time and again dining these
years that are past. I have not time here to
tell you of the springs we found on that
trip ; but some of them pour forth water
enough to run quite a water-power, and yet
they do nothing, winter or summer, more
than to water the stock.

AnotheJ- relative, in Tallmadge, has
brought a spring down a hill, and up again
to his house on the opposite hillside. Here
it gives a constant stream for the use of all
the household. Then it goes to the barn,
and fills a large tank where the stock can
drink every day in the year ; and after that

now, what do you suppose it does after

thatV Why, it just runs off on the ground,
and has done so for years, doing no good to
anybody. Where it leaves the kitclien it is
on higher ground than the kitchen garden ;
and although the kitchen garden suffers
just like other gardens, from the lack of
rain, nobody has yet ventured to turn this
surplus water between the rows of vegeta-
bles.

700

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

At Moffadore (Summit Cotiiity) I had an
oppoitimity of satisfying Connie's desire to
know what there is inside of these great
hills. The railroad company had purchased
one of the largest of them, just for the grav-
el ; and at the time we were there they had
taken off just about half of the hill, leaving
the strata of sand, gravel, and cjccasionally
clay, plainly visiljle. But a richer treat
awaited ns in a sandbank lielonging to my
nephew, who lives on a hillside. He, too,
has grandfather Hart's blood in his veins,
and has also inherited a disposition to want
to know what there is in the hills. Like
grandfather of old, he w as not satisfied un-
til he had dug a hole in the side of Ms hill,
and there he found the most beautiful, clean
yellow sand. This particular hill has also
strata of sand, gravel, clay, etc. ; and here
the strata seem to curve witli the curve of
the hill. In fact, the ditferent layers are
much like tlie layers seen in cutting into an
onion. But there is something stranger still
about it : Near the convex surface of the
top of the hill the layers seem to have been
separated by some convulsion of nature, so
as to leave cavities, or pockets, if I may be
allowed the term. Now, the beautiful sand
he found was between the strata, within
these pockets. Near the summit of the hill
the vein was perhaps two feet thick ; biit it
curved downward toward the valley until it
disappeared in a sharp edge. The diagram
below will illustrate this plainer ; and if you
will use your eyes at the first opportunity,
you may glean many wonderful facts in re-
gard to the formation of this earth upon
which we live.

SECTION OF IIII.L AT MOGADOKE, O.

My nephew is also something of a rnarket-
gardener, and his celery, cabbages, etc., were
suffering from the lack of water, like those
of the rest of us. I assured him there were
springs at the base of this strange hill, for I
thought the spring water must be conduct-
ed along through the different strata. He
insisted there were no springs high enough
up to take the water on to his garden. At
the foot of tlie hill was the usual muck
swamp which we find so fretiuently in Sum-
mit County. 1 pushed down among the
bogs, and found a ditch he had been cutting
through to get rid of the siirplus water.

" Why, look here, Horner. You surely
have springs that fuinish the water for this
ditch."

"Why, no, Uncle Amos. You see the
ditch is now about all dry. See here ; there
is not a bit of water running.''

'' But, my young friend, will you please to
look heref"

I showed him that, a few rods below where
he stood, there was quite a good stream of
water. And, by the way, I have several
times found springs by following up ditches
or runs. Wlien you find running water in
one place, and none a distance above the
spot, you have got track of a spring. Pret-
ty soon I reached my hand in a hole in the
bank, and out came water enough to fill an
inch pipe. He promised to follow it up to
its source, and see if he could not find it high
enough to turn on to his garden ; and I am
quite sure that many of you, my friends,
may find springs on your own land, if you
will search diligently.

In visiting the ({len. at Cuyahoga Falls
(Summit County), we had another wonder-
ful lesson in regard to the interior of the
earth. The Cuyahoga Biver has cut through
the soft sandstone, in some places to a depth
of several hundred feet ; and the straight
walls, as they rise up, reveal to human eyes
the wonderful rocky structure of old Moth-
er Earth. Sti'ata and pockets are visible
here without u umber; and in one place a
thin layer of brown rock has been crimped
by some convulsion in former years, so that
it has lapped over on itself, like the figure
shown below.

KINK IN A STRATUM OF SANDSTONE, TO I'.E
SEEN AT (;iTYAHOGA FALLS, O.

Now, after this crimping, or doubling-up,
the great rocks settled down so as to flatten
it down all solid together; but it is plainly
evident by the grain of this curved strata,
that it was formed by some great convulsion
at some stage of the formation of these won-
derful rocks. Frcmi many of the strata,
beautiful springs flow forth ; and one great
overhanging rock sends forth so many of
them that it has been aptly named '• Weep-
ing Rock."

In the afternoon we stopped at the house
of a Mr. Babb, a mile or two west of the
town of Cuyahoga Falls. The bottom of
Mr. Babb's cellar is cut into the solid sand-
stone that comes clear to the surface of the
hill whereon stands his beautifid dwelling.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

701

In the middle of the cellar a s((uaie hole is
cut in the rock, perhaps a foot deeper than
the stone cellar floor. Into this cavity a
stream of soft wnter hows, which I should
think capable of hlling a two-iiieh pipe. The
cool water passes around their milk-cans,
forming a sort of sprinji-iiouse, and then it
comes out into the dooryard, where it fills a
tish-pond cut in the rock, perhaps '20 or 30 ft.
across. Several >ears ago this little pond
was filled with most beautiful speckled trout.
The water is constantly moving and con-
stantly overrtowing, and tliis gives the sur-
face a mirror-like brightness that is most
fascinating to passers-bj-. Aftei- leaving
this reservoir the water pours in a series of
waterfalls down a rocky gorge. As we start-
ed along with Meg and the buggy I ejacu-
lated,'' O children I here is a hydraulic ram.''

" Why, where is a hydraulic ram, pa V and
what is it V Where do you see it V "

I was obliged to say that 1 didn't see it at
all ; and then came the question, " Why, pa,
how can you say, ■■ Here is a hydraulic ram,"
w^hen you confess you don't see it. and have
not seen it?"

I told them that, although I had scarcely
ever seen one in my life, I knew the click-
ing sound, or the series of thumps, or, per-
haps more correctly, pulsations, we heard,
were caused by a hydraulic ram; and in a
moment more there it was bv the roadside.

hydraulic: RAM, FOR ELEVATING WATER.

There it stood, all by itself, but yet hard
at work, and it was to me a thing of life and
beauty. It made the water fiy and spatter;
but in doing so it pushed perhaps a fourth of
the whole stream away up to the top of a
hill, and poured it into a tank over the
fence, for the stock to drink. Besides this,
it sent it up into a great bank barn on the
hillside; and, in fact, it pushed it up hill
and down, wherever it was wanted, over
that hilly farm. At one time I felt (|uite
sanguine about carrying my spring water by
a hydraulic ram ; but when I told the manu-

facturers that I could not get more than a
foot, or at most two feet, fall on my prem-
ises, they kindly informed me that it would
not be best to try to use one. The address
of the maker is Allen (iawthrop, Jr., Wil-
mington, Del. But perhaps many of you,
my friends, can make use of this ingenious
little machine. I was surprised and pleased
to learn that they are now manufactured for
the very low sum of only $11.00.

Well, there is something else that we
kept track of during our visit, besides the
springs, and it was windmills. They are
now dotting the landscape here and there
through almost all of Ohio, and I feel like
thanking God whenever I see one. 1 will
tell you why. Mrs. Root is a nice cook— at
least so, they say in our home, and she is
rather particular about her materials for
cooking. I have told you before how she
complained when the boys carelessly gave
the cow spinach that had gone to seed— S(»
much so that it was bitter. At another
time one of the small boys gave her a lot of
onions. P]verybody who tasted of the milk
after that knew it, I tell you. Well, ever
since this dry weather the water in Cham-
pion Brook dried up so it stood only in stag-
nant pools, and Mrs. Root complained again
of the milk. She finally insisted that Henr\
should give the cow a pailful of clean water
from that new spring we were rejoicing
over so much, as often as the cow would
drink it. lie did so, and the milk was all
right. Futhermore, Bossy showed her pref-
erence by coming up to the fence near the
spring, and making a fuss every time she
wanted fresh water. Well, the windmills
scattered over the land indicate nice pure
water for the cows ; and pure water for the
cows means a smaller liability of typhoid
fevers and such like diseases that often take
away our loved ones during the dry weath-
er of August. I told Connie and Caddie to
watch the windmills and see what particu-
lar ones ran with the lightest breeze. They
soon learned to call them by name, and we
noticed certain makes that were almost al-
w;iys pumping. By the time we got home
we had decided i)retty much what kind of a
mill we wanted. Then a lot of letters were
dispatched to makers of windmills. I
wonder, my friend, if you are as ignorant of
the real cost of a good windmill as I was.
When one manufacturer named 5?30.00 as
the price of a windmill, all complete, except
the tower, 1 thought he must have made a
mistake ; but when others offered them at
prices var\iiig from $3.s.(K) to JoO.OO, 1 felt

70:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sei't.

like thanking God again that these beauti-
fnl machines were at length otfered for so
small a sum. My plans were pretty quickly
matured. When I scooped the water out
with that tin pail I noticed a pure silvery
stream that came out ol' the sand and rock.
It came from the northern bank of the
brook, and a few feet away— far enough
to get into the solid ground — Jacob w^as di-
rected to dig a well. He is a stout German
boy, and it is just fun for him to dig. In a
little more than a day he had thrown out
the yellow dirt, so that he got a glimpse of
the blue clay.

As before, we found this blue clay just
about one foot in thickness; and when we
got through that, that gray quicksand full
of water presented itself. The transition
from th(! clay to the sand is so sudden and
abrupt that we cut out a great chunk of the
clay off from the top of the quicksand. It
came off as e'.ean as you would slip the cus-
tard from the crust of a piece of custard pie.
In fact, I turned the block over and washed
its under surface ; and when the sand was
cleaned away, there was the smooth bottom
to the block of clay. Then comes the ques-
tion, Why doesn't this immense weight of
clay and earth sink down into that soft
yielding semi-liquid quicksand ? I presume
the only reason is, that^there is no place for
the quicksand to go to get out of the way,
so the solid earth rests on it, much as it
would rest on a body of confined water.
This bed of quicksand is perhaps one or one
and a half feet through, and then we come
to a slaty rock. Jacob dug down into this
rock perhaps a foot, to make room for the
pump ; and as it was then diinier time the
well was left. I told the boys to get back as
soon as they could, because there w^ould be
so mu(,'li water in the well. In just 80 min-
utes we were on the spot, and, to my great
astonishment, we had quite a well of water.
A little figuring revealed the fact that at
least five barrels had run in in 30 minutes.
Now, 10 barrels an hour would be 240 l)arrels
a day ; but we were not sirre that the spring
would give this amount continuously.

Well, friends, as I write this morning,
Sept. 9, the windmill is pumping away, and
the carp-pond is partly filled up — at least
there is water enough so the fish are rejoic-
ing in it ; and it is not stagnant pool water
either. It is clear running spring water.
The windmill delivers it into a tank clos<'
by the well, and this tank is for irrigating
tlie creek-l)ottom garden. In case the wa-

ter is not used as fast as it comes in, how-
ever, a pipe takes the overriow and carries it
over to the bank of the carp-pond. Before
going to the pond, however, it fills a large
tub made of the larger half of a cask or bar-
rel. This tub is for the Jersey cow; and
she admires it so much that she comes and
takes a big drink whenever any visitors
come to see our spring and waterworks.

When the tub is filled nearly to the top
with surplus, it pours over into the pond, as
before mentioned, and the windmill keeps
up a stream of running water, the volume
varying according to the strength of the
breeze. 1 do not know that I ever put up
any piece of machinery that has given me
so much pleasure as this mill. It is the
Eureka, manufactured by Smith & Wood-
ward, Kalamazoo, Mich.

Now, for irrigation we need a large reser-
voir or reservoirs for storing the water dur-
ing the occasional days when the wind does
not blow ; and although our well gives us so
large a volume, I felt as if I could hardly
spare the water in the springs that fill tiie
I chainiel of the brook. This channel, you
I will remember, is one that is cut straight
; through the land artificially. In places it is
I five or six feet deep. Well, by putting some
heavy planks across it at the lower side of
our grounds, we have dammed the water up
I so it sets back as far up as the windmill and
pump, and even further. Just a couple of
j plank set in against firm posts, with their
joints made tight with the afore-mentioned
i clay that came out of the well, have given
us a reservoir that will hold one or two thou-
sand barrels, at an expense of only four or
five dollars; and during a very windy day,
when the water is pretty much out of the
i well, it passes through from this reservoir,
I through this porous quicksand that I have
' mentioned; so you see, during a drought
like the present one I have a reservoir to
draw on besides the capacity of the well. As
' soon as the children saw^ this long pond,
Ruber petitioned for a little boat. The boat
is made, i^ainted white, and christened the
''Ma\rtower ;" and could you see the chil-
dren enjoy themselves scudding up and down
, this canal of clear spring water, you would,
I think, agree with me, that the arrange-
ment is worth all it cost to make home pleas-
ant foi- the children, if nothing further. I
used to say I would give $-300 for a living
spring on our preuiises, and here it. is pour-
ing forth a steady stream almost constantly,
at a cost of (•onsi(leral)ly less than even $100,

To be continued.

1887

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

70:^

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

HOW MANY COLONIES CAN BE KEPT IN A CELr.AR,
WITHOUT VENTIT.ATION?

T|p FTER reading Dr. C. C. Miller's article on
gflk "Ventilating Hco-eellars " I thought the

iPJ^ very point I was looking lor was ijassed over
■^"^ by both the doctor and yourself. He states,
" Years ago I wintered 8 colonies in a cellar
which was as tight as I could well make it," etc.
"Those colonies came through in the finest possi-
ble condition— lor the little air forced through the
cracks of the ceUar is enough for the few colo-
nies. . . . Rut Avhen I put ~0() colonies or more in
that xaiiir c!ellar, the case was nuiterially changed."
N'erygood; but where between the H and the 3()0
would the ventilation in that cellar commence to be
needed? What should be the number of cubic feet
to each colony, so managed in that cellar as to need
no ventilation? It would seem to me, if these
((uestions could be answered from observation
taken, we should be on the right road to solving the
problem of wintering bees. Even should one wish
to put more than that or a certain number in a
given cellar, we should know something of the
amount of ventilation that would be needed.

A. E. Smith.
Darlington, Wis., Aug. 22, 1887.

household CONVENIENCES — another VIEW.

I have been greatly interested in the articles on
home conveniences, written by Dr. Miller, Prof.
Cook, and others, and can heartily indorse all of
them; still, one point has not been mentioned, if I
remember right. If we admit, for argument's
sake, that our liouses are inconvenient, our women
overworked, and we are thoughtle.ss, I still think
there may be a little fault somewhere else. The
writers I have mentioned have shown us that it is
our duty to provide conveniences, and to remove
inconveniences. How shall we know what conven-
iences to furnish — or, rather, whether a change
made by us will be an improvement oi- not? Few of
us are obliged to do our own housekeeping: but we
are required to supply pi-o\isions, ere; and as the
latter duty takes nearly all our time we can not
watch others to notice whether they are doing need-
less work or not; neither can we realize inconven-
iences they may labor under, as we could were we
in their places. That is the way I look at the mat-
ter now, and I can suggest but one way to remove
the difBculty. If the women who do our house-
keeping will carefully think over their work, and see
what causes them needless steps, and suggest an im-
provement, then I think we shall do our part, and
their work will be made as easy as jMSSible. If 1
were a wile or housekeeper I should do this, not in
a fault-Hnding way, but pleasantly. Lots of men
would make their wives' work easier if circum-
stances permitted. G. A. Hukd.
South Acton, Me., Aug. 3!t, 1887.

Fi'ieiul IL, by all means consult the wo-
men in regard to the improvements yon are
going to make ; but a good many women, as
well as other people, never think of there be-
ing a better way, many times, iniless some
one suggests it" to them. A t\'W days ago
one of our women in the factory was lilling
glass jars with tinnatoes. i)reparator.\ to

canning. She used a table-spoon, and was
so long in getting the tomatoes in the jar I
feared they would be so cold they would not
keep. I asked lier why she did "not use the
little tin tunnel we have on purpose. Now,
although banging within a few feet of where
she was at work, she did not even know we
had one. A little more observation showed
me that she was trying to get the solid part
of a tomato without the juice. I asked her
why she did not use a perforated skimmer.
She replied to this, also, that she did not
know we had such an implement, and I was
surprised to tind there never had been one in
the kitchen. Right at the head of the stairs
— close by where they are at wovk — is our
counter store, where four different patterns
of perforated skimmers and wire dippers
were hanging over the counters, and had been
for yeais. In fact, we sell them by the hun-
dreds. I carried them one of each, and told
them to keep them and use them, and they
were astonished to see what a handy thing a
wire ladle is. Now, this we meet at every
turn. People take slow and laborious meth-
ods of doing things, and wear themselves
out with fatigue, when implements for do-
ing the work better and cheaper aie often,
perhaps, right within a few yards of them. I
have sometimes thought that we need more
brains ;i gieat deal worse than we need more
tools; and please, friend II., don't rush to
the conclusion that it is the women-folks
alone who don"t make use of, or who don't
take short cuts with, the appliances that ai'e
already riglit at hand.

K.IKCTED HONEy.

It seems from the contents of the Amcricnn Bi't-
Jouinal of late, that the bee-keeping world is in a
rage for a new name for extracted honey ; and
every name that could be thought of, almost, has
been suggested; but none of them seem to suit
Bro. Newman. Well, so far as I am concerned the
name " extracted " is as good as I want; but if
anybody else wants another name, and nothing but
a change will do them, then by all means let them
call it by some word that simply expresses the
trutli in the case. Now, every Latin scholar knows
that the word " extracted " means " drawn out "
—from e.r, out, and traho, I draw; and we all know
that the honey is not drawn out, but thrown out.
W^ell, if it is thrown out, then let us use the word
that expresses that, and nothing more; to wit,
ejected — from e, out, and jncere to throw or cast.
Consequently we will call it ejected honey, if we
must have a change; l)ut I insist that a change is
not absohUely necessary. However, if you want a
change, Bro. Root, and the word T have suggested
suits you. I hereby give you all the right and title
that I may have (as the first one to suggest it) to
the patent. So I shall in a few dajs order of you
a " honey-ejector"— ha! ha I

Bees are working finely on my buckwheat.
Weather is dry and cool. J. (!. Nance.

Bellview, Ky., Aug. :!l. 1887.

Friend X., the principal reason why I
should prefer the name ■' extracted '' alone,
is, that I very inucli doubt whether the
name could be ch;inged, even if we tried ever
so hard. When people get accustomed to a
term, and use it a dozen times a day or
more, the world over, it is a bigger t;isk to

704

CJLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Sept.

bring about the change than one who had
not already tried it would imagine. Re-
forms ill naming things in bee culture have
been talked about for years, and some of
them have been agreed upon, but that was
the end of it. A very few tried for a little
while to use the new name, and then got
discouraged and gave it up. Shall we not
let well enough alone V

GRAND DISPLAY OF BEES, QUEENS, HONEY, APIA-
RIAN SUPPI-IES. ETC., AT THE OHIO STATE
FAIR, 1887.

Notwithstanding the dry season, one of the most
attractive sights at the State fair con id have been
seen in tht apiarian department of Agricultural
Hall. Many of the stalwart bee-men of the State
were there with bees, queens, honey, and supplies.
The following persons were awarded premiums:
Elias Cole, of Ashley, O., five premiums, aggregat-
ing $30.00. Aaron Benedict, of Bennington, O., flrst
on bees and second on feeder. C. E. .Tones, of Dela-
ware, ()., was awarded 8 premiums. Dr. Bcsse, of
Delaware, O., received four premiums. W. P. Craw-
ford, of Delaware, O., three premiums. G. W. New-
love, of Columbus, O., flrst on thin foundation.
Chas. McClave, of New London, O., received two
l)remiuras. The deepest regret prevailed, caused
by the absence of the newly elected officers, the
president and secretary of the Ohio State Bee-keep-
ers'Association. Hoping that we may never have
the opportunity to allude to their absence again,
when their presence is expected, we will forgive
the past and hope for better in the future.

Bloomington, Ohio. S. R. Morris.

The president very much regrets his ab-
sence at the State fair— the more so. because
the bee-men of our State did so well under
adverse circumstances. If the real truth
were told, he would have to confess that the
(late of the fair quite slipped his mind un-
til after it was too late to get to Columbus
in time. He and the secretary will try to
make amends by doing all they can to make
a rousing good convention, to be held in
Columbus some lime in mid-winter.

DO BEES EVER PUNCTURE FRUIT?

Does the honey-bee ever puncture the skin of any
or our fruits, and afterward suck the juice? This
subject has been under discussion at some length
in the meetings of the Portage Co. Horticultural
Society, and also of several papers read before the
Garrettsville Antiquarian and Scientific Society.
This will be again presented before the first-named
society this month. I desire the opinion of the
most noted bee-keepers on this important subject.
I shall be pleased to learn your opinion at an early
date; and when published I will forward you a
printed copy of the paper on this subject.

Geo. J. Streator.

Garrettsville, O., Sept. 1, 1887.

Friend S., this matter lias been discussed
over and over again for years, through our
bee-journals ; and the sum and substance
of a great amount of the testimony seems to
be about this : As a rule, bees do not and
can not puncture fruit, even if they wanted
to ever so much. A great many would stop
right here, I presume. My opinion is, that
they can puncture fiuitto some extent when
theylgetjisufticiently excited, and when they
are'in sufficient ninnbers. .\s an illiistra-

tioh : I have seen bees so excited around
overripe grapes that great clusters of bees
covered the bunches, so that not a grape
was visible. The bees were at such times
rolling over each other, and fighting for the
grapes. When bees get on such a raid as
this, tliey will almost cut through inch
boards, and at such times the grapes disap-
pear — good, bad, and indifferent. Now, I
can not say positively that there were any
perfectly sound berries in any of the bunch-
es ; but my opinion is, after the best in-
vestigations J could make, that the bees had
got a going so savagely they managed to cut
into the grapes in some way or other — per-
haps by starting an opening where the stems
joined the fruit. May be they pushed so
hard they crowded the fruit loose on the
stems ; and from what I know of bees I
think the latter is quite probable. It is no
more than fair, however, to add that we
have good crops of Concord grapes year
after year, right over our bee-hives. There
are 400 or 500 bearing vines, and the bees
have never yet worked on the grapes enough
to destroy a single pound. Most seasons
they never notice them at all.

HOW TO M.A.KE THE STOPPER, AS SHOWN ON P. 576.

When giving a description of my machine for
emptying supers I omitted to explain the stops
which hold the supers in proper position upon the
bearing-board. They are shown in Fig. 6, at Z, page
.576. They are formed by fastening to each of the
end-pieces of the machine a piece of board three or
four inches wide and '5 inch thick (the width and
thickness are immaterial), and long enough to e.v-
tend backward as far as the back side of the super
will require to go when being emptied. These are
sawed off square at the back end, and another piece
reaching across from one to the other is nailed on
to them. This forms a stopper to keep the super
from going too far back. A block is nailed into
each corner of this stopper, of suitable dimensions,
so that when the super is placed upon the bearing-
board, and pushed backward against the stopper, it
goes loosely between said blocks, by means of which
it is held accurately in place while the follower is
bi'ought down upon it to remove it from the sec-
tions. The stopper for wide frames is made by flrst
nailing a strip j^; thick, and as wide as the thickness
of the bottom piece of bearing-board, on to the back
side. Over this is nailed a piece of board which ex-
tends upward above the upright bearings, high
enough to form the stopper. Joshua Bult^.

Seymour, Wis., Aug. 17, 1887.

SUFFICIENT ENERGY AND ENTERPRISE, ETC.

On page 637, speaking of two Medina bee-keepers
who got a big yield while their neighbors, north,
south, east, and west, got nearly nothing, comment-
ing upon it you observe, " Give us a man with suffi-
cient energy and enterprise, and he will have a
crop, no matter what the season may be." You
certainly ought to know the way at Medina, but
this time you are off to the " Lake of the Dismal
Swamp." .J. Hamilton.

Beason, Til.

Well, I declare, friend II., I don't know
but that I have got myself in a tight place
this time. I don't believe I shall back out
just yet, liowever, even if you and Dr. Miller

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

705

do crowd hie pretty hiiid. A man witli siif-
ttcient energy and enterprise would })roba-
bly, in the course of time, stai"t a honey-
farm, and raise phmts enough to furnish the
lioney. If a dry season came, so nobody
else got any, he would put u\> a windmill
and irrigate his grounds so as to get a big
crop when the price was away up. There,
don't you think I have made out a pretty
good case, after all? I want to refer the
above answer to Dr. C. V. Miller as well.

long, at the surlacc of the earth, is large enough.
As ineiitionod above, the sides may slant to a
" ppilij." No hole will be needed in the tops of the
hives; but it would be well to have as much "open-
ness" as possible at the bottoms Of the hi\'es.

W. Z. Hutchinson.
Uogersville, Mich., Sept. I, 1887.

BEES REFUSING TO TAKE FEED.

We have been feeding- our bees at the entrance
I in Simplicity feeders) at dusk. It rains so often at
night that we decided to feed in the upper story.
We did so, and the bees at first took the feed (ex-
tracted honey) readily. We then thought we would
give them more at one time, and so gave each col-
ony 4 feeders full instead of one. The result is,
that the feeders have been in the upper story of
each hive about four days; and the bees, though
they have free access to it, the same as when they
had only one feeder, refuse to take any of the feed.
It can not be that there is nectar in the flowers,
for bees are gathering absolutely none.

E. & W. MONEV.

Cobham, Virginia, Aug. :J7, 1887.

As you state it, friend M., I can not think
of any reason why the bees should refuse
to take the feed, uidess it was something
they disliked. It is, however, true that any
colony of bees will in time get tired of being
fed. I have made a single colony take a
whole bai'i'el of sugar ; but toward the last
they got so they would haidly taste it. Had
the same kind of stores been secreted by
the flowers in the open air, they would have
labored with unabated energy until all was
gathered, and more too. I have sometimes
thouglit that bees reasoned something like
this : "■ This fond is already inside of our
hive, and is our property. Why should we
be in such haste to get it down into the
combs V It can just as well stay here in the
feeder until we need it." Tlie above, bear
in mind, is only conjecture ; l)ut I have oft-
entimes seen colonies act in that way, when
in some of my experiments I have under-
taken to feed them excessive quantities.

HOW TO .MAKE A CLAMP TO WINTEK FIVE COL-
ONIES.

1 want to make a clamp to put five colonies of
bees in. Shall I need a drain to keep it dry? How
deep should 1 make the pit? Will it need to have
an inlet, and what size should it be, and what the
size for the outlet? Will there need to be a hole in
the top of each hive? Subscribek.

We sent the above to friend Hutchinson,
and he replies as follow\s :—

I have made clamps upon a sandy knoll, and no
drain was made or needed. Ordinarily I would have
a drain. A 2-inch tile will answer for a drain. I
would have the pit deep enough so that the tops of
the hives would be but little, if any, above the sur-
face level of the ground, and at the same time al-
low a space of about 18 inches below the hives. The
sides of the pit may be made slanting, and termi-
nate in an angle or point, at the bottom. For five
colonieF an excavation 4 feet wide and 7 or 8 feet

I'l'TTINT. THE BEE-SPACE BELOW IN THE T SUPER.

I have found it a decided improvement on T su-
pers, which are to be used over zinc honey-boards,
to turn up the metal supports ?4 inch, thus making
a bee-space below. This prevents gluing sections
to the honey-board, gives free access to supers, and
brings the sections flush with the tops of supers, so
that the enamel cloth lies down smoothly on the
sections. C. B. Thwino.

Hamilton, Mo., Aug. 33, 1887.

Yes, you can so arrange the L tins in the
T super as to leave a bee- space under the
sections. This we at first suggested, as you
will see by referring to page 1-56, current vol-
itme. lUit if you will turn to page 217 you
will see good reasons for putting the bee-
space on top of the sections. If you have
only the plain sheets of zinc, I should still
prefer'to' have the bee-space above. You
then liave to set the supers on two quarter-
inch stiii)s, to provide for the bee-space un-
der tlie sections. I should never cover the
sections with an enamel cloth, for the bees
will projiolize it to the edges of the sections.
Better use a T-super cover, bee spaced above
the sections.

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in lor this department should be'brietty
stated, and free from .iny possible ambiguity. The question
or questions should be written upon a separate slip of paper,
and marl?ed, " For Our Question-Box."

Question Nit. 4 — Ts it wise to abandon the beveled
edge on the Simplicity hive for the plain unhevel-
ed or square ,ioint when there are many thousands
of beveled-edge hives in use ? Are there any ad-
vantages to be gained in dispensing with the bevel-
ed edge ? If so, what are they ? S. J. M.

I have had no e.vperience with the Simplicity
hive. Mrs. L. Harrlson.

I have ne\er used the beveled edge, so I could not
say. G. M. Doolittle.

Being a manufacturer, I will avoid answering
this question. Paul L. Viallon.

I do not really like the beveletl edge, but would

not change if I had many in use.

O. (). Foppi.eton.

1 believe it would be in my locality. One advan-
tage would be, more convenient to make; less
trouble to adjust. In my locality every crook ami
turn is crowded full of propolis.

Dr. a. H. Masu.n.

We do not like the beveled edge, because it is al-
most impossible to make the oil cloth, mat, or oth-
er covering, fit well on it. We would not use the
beveled edge, even if every one else were using it.

Dadant & Son.

706

GLEANINGS IN BEE (CULTURE.

Sept.

1 much prefer the bevel omitted. If I had hives
with the beveled edge, I do not thinl< I should throw
them asvay. Yes. They are much more simple,
cheaper, less apt to split, and more readily closed
without crushing- bees. A. J. (jOOk.

Perhaps not on the Siinplicit>- liivc. Uniformity
is a great boon. The advaniages of square joints
over beveled edges arc mainly to be found in the
perfect lateral movement they allow when adjust-
ing- the edg-es together when bees arc contaim-d
within the stories. .Tamks Heddon.

On this 1 have nothing- to say, as I do not use
beveled-edge hives. We keep all our bees in quad-
ruple hives, and they have square joints. 1 should
think those thin beveled edges would get split off
in handling. E. Fk.\nce.

If my hives were all of the beveled-edge pattern,
I would do some hard thinking- before I made any
change. If all the hives in the world were beveled,
and 1 were commencing- anew, I would have square
joints, for the sake of simplicity and ease of mani])-
ulation. C. C. Mili^er.

The beveled edge is " a delusion and a snare." It
was devised to keep the water out; but instead it
seems to suck the water in worse than the square
joint. Still, it may be better for Mr. Koot's factory
to go on making the bevel rather than to change.
My favorite way of supering is with no upper story
at all, consequently I am not bothered with either
bevel joint or square joint, and yet all the surplus
is take^ by top storing. E. E. Hasty.

I fail to see what bearing the number of beveled-
edge hives in use has upon the question of their
abandonment. The objections to the beveled edges
are, that they are more difficult to make, and an-
swer no useful purpose. They afford greater facili-
ties for the bees to stick the two stories together
with propolis, and when stuck together they are
more difficult to separate— it being well nigh im-
possible to insert a knife or screwdriver, without
mutilating the edges of the hive. When using
hives two stories high these beveled edges are reg-
ular " bee-killers," as they go together upon the
telescope principle, and there is no chance to avoid
killing bees if the colony is so strong that the edges
of the hives are covered with bees. With a plain
edge the upper story may be put in position with a
cornerwise movement that will brush away instead
of killing the bees. No joint can fit any closer than
a plain square joint: and if there is any crack, the
bees soon stop it with propolis.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

I am not at all surprised, friends, at the
answers given to the above query ; for, as
you will notice, very few have evei- used it
at all. Some of the other friends seem to
be unacquainted with the way in which the
Simplicity hive is designed to be used. In
regard to propolis fastening the liives to-
gether, the Simplicity hive was never in-
tended to be used so the bees could fasten
the joints with pro])olis. Tiie enamel cloth is
to be fitted so closely that no bee ever gets
above it with a load of propolis, therefore
tlie cover always conies up as easily as the
cover of a tool-chest. 1 am well awai'e.
however, tliat very few take pains enough
to keep the bees from Idling these cracks

with propolis. In our apiary we use the
Simplicity hive mainly for qiieen-rearing ;
and one great point in making the hive with
beveled edges is to give us facility in hand-
ling them while empty— piling them into a
wagon, for instance, tiering them up in a
honey-liouse, or stacking them up outdoors,
if you choose. They never slip or jostle,
and do not tumble down or get 1)lown otf .
Friend Hasty says they do not keep the
water out any l)etter than the square joints.
My experience Jiardly agrees with him in
this ; and besides, if they don't keep the
water out they certainly do keep the wind
out better than a poorly made square joint ;
that is, unless said joint is filled with propo-
lis, and we don't want any propolis at all to
hold the cover on or to hold the upper story
on. The only way we can change our meth-
od with the thousands of hives already in
use, is to make them the usual way unless
ordered otherwise than we have been pre-
pared to do. Our books will show, however,
that not one customer in a thousand wishes
them made with square joints, especially if
they have already commenced with the bev-
eled joints. If we are going to use the sto-
ries in the shallow form recommended by
friend Heddon, perhaps the square joint
would be preferable, for the reasons that
have been already discussed in our pages.

Vue.sfioji No. ,>. — How much do you estimate it
costs you per pound, in an average season, to pro-
duce comb honey ? How much for extracted ? If
you can not say exactly, estimate as nearly as you
can. L. M. K.

Three cents for extracted honey. K. Wilkin.

About half a cent for extracted.

Dr. a. B. Mason.
For comb hone.v, 8 and W cents. For extracted,
3 and 4 cents. Dadant & Son.

For comb, 10 cents. I can not tell as to extracted,
with my limited experience. Mrs. L. Harrison.

As nearly as I could make it, I find that it cost
me at least 3 cents per pound for comb honey, and 3
cents for extracted honey. Paul L. Viallon.

According to the price of other commodities and
of labor, both skilled and unskilled, I should say
10 cents for comb and 6 cents for extracted.

G. M. DOOIilTTUE.

For comb honey, to put on the market, it costs
me something- like 5 cents per pound, independent
of labor. If labor be added, the cost may reach IH
cents. C. C. Miller.

There is such a vast ditt'erence between seasons,
different bee-keepers, and different locations, that
I will not pretend to definitely answer this question
in figures and amounts, nor do I attach much value
to any number of attempted answers to it.

James Heddon.

The answer to this depends almost entirely on
the estimate placed on one's own value, which de-
prives all such answers of much value to others. I
could make a fair living- in Iowa, raising extracted
honey at ti cents per lb., net, wholesale.

O. O. Poppleton.

One of ray intelligent bee-friends says that ex-
tracted honey costs 5 cents and comb 8, and that

1887

GLEANIJNUS IN iiEE CULTUUK.

707

all over that is proBt. 1 I'eol that, from my own e.v-
perieuce, 1 could htirdly {>-ive an iiitelligrent answer.

A. J. Took.

We don't raise comb honey. As to the cost of
producing- e.xtracted honej', see Gleanings for
ISSV, page 14:5, where I have given a detailed ac-
count of the cost fur the jear IJ^sti; vi/.., ;i'2 cents
per pound. But avertige last > ear with this, then
this is about double last year's tig-ures.

E. France.

1 have always raised extracted honey in connec-
tion with queen rearing, or with comb-honey pro-
ductions; it hns come from odds and ends, hence 1
can not estimate tlie cost. I linow exactly what it
has cost me to raise comb honey, but 1 had a little
rather not tell. It is a little too rosy-hued, and
might cause an un<lue influ.x into the bee-keeping
ranks. It has cost me less and less each year, too,
as I have adopted improved methods and fixtures.
W. Z. Hutchinson.

Lumping it off at random, T say that in labor and
cash supplies my comb honey costs me 10 cents per
pound. By charging fiuicy ))riccs for labor, valu-
ing buildings, hives, bees, etc., at high prices, and
computing interest at high rates, it would be easy
to say that the honey costs me 30 cents per pound;
but I'm not going to say that. We all know about
the prosperous merchant who spends his life sell-
inggoods for less than cost, and dies worth a million ;
but it's just as comfortable to say we are making a
living when we are. The point is, What would we
be making at " that other business " if we gave
bee-keeping up? And if we could sell our services
for somewhat more, is not the comfort of being
one's own master enough to turn the balance? Ex-
tracted honey, I produce too little of to figure on.

E. E. Hasty.

Question No. 6'.— Is extracted honey that is arti-
ficially ripened, equal to that ripened by the bees ?

G. A. K.

Not to my taste. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Almost, but not entirely. K. Wilkin.

Yes, entirely so, if properly done. A. J. Cook.
Most certainly so, if properly done.

O. O. POPPLETON.

In my judgment it is not— nowhere near it.

.lAMES Heddon.
No. I have always found a perceptible difference
in the taste. Paul L. Viallon.

Yes, when intelligently handled under right con-
ditions as to air and temperature.

Mrs. L. Hahkison.

It dei>ends on the season. In a wet season, .yes,
and better; in a dry season, the bees are ahead.

G. M. DOOI.ITTLE.

Ves. We never ripened honey artificially; but if
properly ripened, we do not see why it should not
be as good. Dadant & Son.

I think not quite. Is the calf raised by hand e(jual
to the one that sucks the cow? He may be made so,
perhaps, but mostly he isn't. E. E. Hastv.

We have never used any artificial means to ripen
honey. We don't extract until the honey is thick
enough to keep well, therefore I can not say.

E. France.

No. Some of it, perhaps, is, and it is possible that
one who knows his business nuiy equal the bees.

C. C. Miller.

I believe it is, very nearly; so near that I don't
wait for the bees to ripen it. A specimen of it,
shown at the last Michigan bee-convention, was
pronounced " good enough for !inyliod.\- " by J'rof.
Cook, T. V. Bingham, Mr. MePherson, oC the <'<tiia-
dian Bcc Jiyurnnt. and others. Dn. A. 15. Mason.

Every boy or girl, under 1.") years of age. who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing somk valuabi.k fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OK OTHER MATTEIIS, will reciive

one of David Cook's excellent five-cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these books contain the same matter that you find in
Sunday-school books costing from SI. 00 to $1.50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. Vve have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.: Sheer Off, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or, The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part 1., and Our Homes, Part H. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We liave also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

WIND AS A MfJTIVE POWELl ; MOIIE LES-
SONS IN HANDLING BUZZ-SAWS.

fllE next day the wind ct)ntinued to
blow, and the air grew decidedly cool-
er. In fact, it really felt cold, after
the warm weather. The Avindmill
was revolving- at a fair rate of speed.
The boys decided that, as other factories
and shops started up at 7 o'clock, they would
do likewise. Accordingly, promptly after
breakfast they were on hand. It was agreed
that Sam should saw. The night before,
the two had taken up into the loft as many
boards as tliey thought they would need for
the day. These long boards (12 feet long)
were piled up so as to be convenient to llie
saw-table. Jimmy held (me end wliile Sam
gauged the proper length of the boards, and
held them s(iuMre against the figure four,
while the s;iw was cutting tlirough. .Vt tirsl
Jimmy and Sam (piarreled somewhat. Jim-
my complained that Sam was careless, and
tlnit he (lidn"t hold the boards up scjuare
against the gaiiuc. Sam, in turn, accused
his companion of not doing hi^ part ciu'-
rectly.

" How do \(ni suppose I am going to hold
the boards s(iii;iie against the liguie-foiir
gauge if you keej) wlio])ping your end of the
board one wav and then the otlierV"" said
SamV

To make matters worse, they would get
just about in the middle of a board, and

708

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

then the windmill would seem to stop and
take a breath. At other times it would
scold, and seemed to whine because its little
masters gave it too much work to do. Fi-
nally Ihey succeeded in cutting off a dozen
lengths of boards, or such a matter, and
then the windmill began to run^so slow that
it was impracticable to cut boards. The
boys, impatient to continue their work with-
out interruption, were obliged to wait until
another gust of wind came along.

"• I tell you." said Jimmy, '" it is a con-
founded nuisance to work this way."

" I know it is," said Sam, " but it is a
good deal better than cutting off boards 1)y
hand. I wonder why the wind does not blow
all the time. OH in the field there the wind
seems to be waving the trees. There must
be something wrong with our windmill.
There is pa down there. Lefs ask him
what he thinks about it." While they were
talking thus. Mr. Green came into the barn
to see how they were i)rogressing.

'' Well, boys, you have made a start, have
you not? VVhy aren't you at work now?"
said he, as a twinkle gleamed in his eye.

■"Say, pa, what is the reason those trees
are waving their tops, and yet our windmill
won't run?"

■■ I have just been thinking of this very
same thingmyself." said Mr. Green, '' and I
think T have an explanation for it. The
wind is, as you notice, in a southwesterly
direction ; directly in range is a maple-tree
standing in front oi' the mill. When the
wind changes a little, I think you will not
experience quite the same trouble."

•' But, pa, yesterday, when the wind was
directly in the west, the windmill had this
fashion of humming a while, and slacking
up and stopping just when we wanted to
work."

" Suppose, boys, we get on top of the barn
where we can (ibserve matters a little more
closely."

This propositiou was no sooner put forth
than it was put into execution. From tlie
roof, Mr. Green mounted the short wind-
mill-tower, in ordei- that he might better de-
tect the breeze.

'■'■ See," said he ; " clear over yonder, some
;W0 or 100 yards, the trees are waving quite
hard, and yet the wind is not blowing here
at all, scarcely."

" That's so." chimed the boys. Very soon,
however, the leaves rustled on the trees, and
the windmill inunediately commenced re-
volving at a prett>' good rate of speed.

"Oh! I think"! see," said Mr. Green.
'• There seem to be gusts of wind traveling
along; and when you saw the trees iit a dis-
tance from the barn window, waving, you saw
one of these gusts coming up. Didn't the
wind mill,'soon after, commence revolving?"

'' Yes," said Sam ; " I now remember it
did on several occasions."

The three then decended to the ground.
Sometimes, when the windmill was going at
a pretty good rate, they felt no breeze what-
ever. Again, the breeze seemed pretty
strong, and yet the windmill moved not.

'■ Tliere seems to bean upward and a low-
er current traveling," observed Mr. (ireen.
While they were thus talking, the wind-

mill started briskly ; and the boys, eager to
make use of the opportunity, ascended to
the barn-loft, accompanied by Mr. (Jreen.
They cut a few lengths of boards, and then
the windmill stopped as before.

" That is enough to make a fellow mad,"
said Jimmy.

" You must not expect," interposed their
instructor, '' that wind power is equal in
steadiness to steam power or water power.
We have already observed that there are
gusts of wind that seem to traAel about ;
and when one of these strikes the mill we
have an abundance of power. In the inter-
ims the mill may run very slowly and per-
haps stop. Now, while we are waiting for
more wind, suppose we remove the crosscut
and put in its place the rip saw. drosscut-
ting is a little different from ripping ; and
while I have the opportunity 1 want to in-
struct you in ripping up frame-stuff, edging
boards, etc."

" What do you mean V)y edging boards?"
said Jimmy.

" I mean, making the sides of the boards
at right angles to tlie ends which you have
already cut off."

" OhI' said Jimmy ; '" I see."

Jimmy proceeded to lift up the saw-table.
He took up a wrench. He twisted and twist-
ed, but the nut which held the saw in place
on the mandrel would not stir.

" Wait a moment ! you are turning the
wrong way."

'•Why,! am turning it just the way aW
screws are made, when you want to iniscrew
a screw."

" But you must remember," said Mr.
Green, ''that I told you that when you
wanted to take off' the saw fiom the arbor
you must turn the nut in the opposite direc-
tion from which you are accustomed. In
other words, you are dealing with what is
called a left-handed screw. Turn the other
way."

Jimmy did so and it slipped off' easily. In-
stead of taking a wrench. ;is is customary,
Mr. Green told .Jimmy to take a hammer
and strike on that side of the init that will
take the nut off'.

'• Yow see. if the screw on the mandrel
were a right-handed screw, the saw would
untwist the nut ; therefore we are obliged to
have a left-handed screw, the same as you
will find on the left side of a buggy."

Accordingly, when Mr. Green slipped on
the rip-saw he tiuned the screw " back-
ward," as Jimmy said.

By this time "the wind had started up
again. In the meantime Mr. G. had remov-
ed the figure-f(un- and adjusted the parallel
gauge so that there was about a. quarter of
an inch distance between it and the hum-
ming saw. He next took up a board about
a foot long, and shoved it through.

'' Yes, that works very nicely," said he.
He then raised the saw-table "so that the
saw just projected through this seven-eights
board, after which he sawed the board into
narrow strips ; but while cutting the strips
he used the push-stick, such as has been pre-
viously described. Just at that momenta
friend" of Mr. (Jreen came to see him, and he
was called awav. After he had gone, Jim-

1887

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

709

my picked up a board and pit)ceeded to cut
it "into strips, as did Mr. Green.

" That is just fun." shouted lie, when he
had ripped one or two strips. As lie got
about half way through the third strip, the
wind gave visible signs of giving out ; and
before he could cut tlirongh it, the windmill
stopped altogether. .Jininiy wiihdrcw the
board, and impatiently waiti^l for the wind
to return. This time, however, he was not
obliged to wait long. He had hardly got
the board out before the Inizz-savv began to
hum in a low key, and then finally it reach-
ed its usual speed. As the board was not
cut quite through, he changed ends so that
the saw might meet its former cut. Sam
noticed that Jimmy's linger was quite near
the saw-teeth ; and that when the saw
reached the former cut the board was liable i
to slip by, endangering his companion's lin-
ger ; but before he could speak, his fears
were realized, and the other screamed out,
" I am cut! I am killed! oh, oh dear!" as he
saw the blood spirt from the end of his lin-
ger. It proved to be, however, only a flesh
wound, for the skin had been cut through
only enough to make his flnger bleed pro-
fusely.

" I was just going to tell you," said Sam,
"'that you were liable tocut yourself there.'-

" Well, why didn't you, then?'' moaned
Jimmy angrily. '' You are a pretty fellow,
you are, to let a fellow get cut in tliis way."

'' The fact is," said Sam, endeavoring to
justify himself, " I tried to tell you just as
soon as I could ; but it seemed to me 1
could not get it out in time."

Mrs. Green, hearing Jimmy's first scream,
came over to ascertain what was the matter.
She looked at the wound, and pronounced it
nothing serious. She quickly wrapped it up
in rags, and told the boys they had better
not do any more that day, as neither one of
them seemed to be in a very good mood.

" You ought to be thankful," she contin-
ued, '' that you were hurt no worse. You
miglit have lost your finger, or two or three
of them. I don't know, but I can not think
it is wise for you boys to try to do any thing
with buzz-saws.''

'•'• O yes, ma, it is." said Sam; " we won't
get cut.''

That evening Mr. (ireen inquired how it
was that Jimmy was cut. In the first place,
he discovered that Jimmy had omitted to
use the push-stick. This, he had forgotten.
Jimmy, however, was inclined to lay the
blame on Sam, because he didn't speak
(luicker.

" I have been in just that predicament
myself," said Mr. Green. " I find that it
takes time for mind to produce a sensible
effect upon the nerves. Sam probably saw
what was about to hai>pen : but he found
that, before he could cause his vocal organs
to give the alarm, the mischief was done.
It is not definitely known how long it takes
the mind, in conjunction witli the human
frame, to result in action. IJiit repeated ex-
periment has shown that it takes an appre-
ciable time. Sam, under the circumstances,
therefore, did the best he could. .\ buzz-
saw, you know h\ this time, .Jiiuiny, will
not wait for l)oys to get out of the way.''

JaYE^mE IiEJF^FE^-B©^.

]3()0-MJS. OF COMB HONEY FHOM 60 COLONIES.

This is my first letter to you. My papa is> Chris-
tian preacher, and keeps bees. Ho has HO colonies.
We kee]) supplies of all kinds. We took about 1300
lbs. of comb honey. It has been very dry since
the first of July. Oren Hummel.

La Fontaine, Ind., Aug. 18, 188V.

HONEY FROM SUMAC.

My brother has eight bee-hives. The bees are
getting- honey from suinac. It is very dry here
now. My brother uses the Simplicity hives. When
more than two stones are used he puts the new
hive ne.x't to the bottom. I am anxious to know
how Jim and Sam are getting- along with their bee-
hive factory. Wm. Morgan.

Belton, Te.x., Aug. 14, 1887.

HONEY FROM IVY, ETC.

My pa has seven swarms of bees. My uncle win-
tered them for us, as we moved to town last winter,
and we could not take them very well. Bees are
not doing much now. They have been making a
little [honey from sourwood and ivy. I do not like
ivy honey. It makes me sick. I am much interest-
ed in Sam and Jim's bee-hive factory; also how
they got along with their buzz-saw. I like to read
the juvenile letters, also the many other interest-
ing and useful letters. Ernest B. Hughes.

Pipestem, W. Va., July 29, 1887.

MAGGIE'S POETRY.

Papa has 45 stands of bees. He has more bees
than any one else in the neighborhood. Our next-
door neighbor, INIrs. Lowden, had one stand of bees
at first, but papa kept increasing until she has four
stands of bees now in good order. We have taken
oft' quite a lot of honey. Everybody in this valley is
afraid of bees except papa, so he has to take care
of them all. Mamma always helps papa take care
of his bees. Here are some verses I wrote:

Ht-ai' tiif little'.bees,

WorkiiiK' all the day.
Siiiiiinj.' honey from the (lowers

TlKil mow along- the way.
We should love the little bees.

And treat them very kind,
For they have;t)urdens urcat to hear.

For svioh a little niind.
We KO into their little homes

And rob them of their honey,
And take it to the city

And trade it off for mone.y.

Walla Walla, Wash. Ter.

Maggie Jones, age 10.

SWAKMING, as REPORTED BY CLARA.

Our apiary is situated between two hills and near
a swamp, and within half a mile of the Harford
fair-grounds. Pai)as 16 swarms of bees have in-
creased to ;>2. One of the first swai-ms that came
oft' came'out and alighted down in the swamp. Pa-
pa went and brought them up and hived them, but
they went hack into the old hive. The next day
he was going past there, and he heard some bees.
He looked up in the tree and saw about two <iuarts
of bees that h(> Inul left the day before. He
brought them iiii and put them into an tmpty
hive and puta li-atiic ol' brood into it. When he
brought it up he stqiposed that the queen must
be with thoin; but :i large swarm came from that
same colony the next day. He then put them in
with the two (]uarts of bees.

Papa has had but one secoml swarm this year

710

GLEANII^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Skpt.

that he hatl to hive, and that came out one Satur-
day for the first time, and they went back: but they
came out Sunday ag-ain, and he put them back into
the old hive. They stayed that day, but they came
out ajrain Monday, and he put them into a new
hive, but they would not stay. They went back in-
to the old hive ag-ain. Tuesday they came out
ag-ain. He put them into the new hive, and put a
frame of brood into the hive, and they stayed.
They did not alig-ht in the same place any of the
four times; and the last time they swarmed they
alig-hted on the corner of a fence. We had one
swarm that came out just as a hard shower was
coming up. It had commenced raining- before they
had all got out, and it was raining- quite hard before
papa had them hived. It was the hardest shower
of the season. We had another colony that did not
swarm until two or three days after papa knew that
the queen-cell was sealed.

Papa has taken otf .510 lbs. of white honey, and has
extracted nearly 80 lbs. One day he had a couple
of queens tliat hatched from the newly cut-out
queen-cells. He had a couple of colonies that had
just swarmed, and he thought he would let them
run in at the entrance. He made a mistake, and
let them both iiin in at the same entrance. A day
or so afterward he was looking for them, and found
one of them in front of the hive.

Harford, Pa. Clara B. Lindsey, age 11.

THE SEASON OF 1887.

SOMETHING FROM OUR YOUNG FRIEND CHARLIE
GREENFIELD.

R. ROOT:— As the honey season has long-
been past, I will now send in my report for
1887. This season was the poorest one for
bees ever known here. Bees came out of
winter quarters in fine condition. The
maples came in bloom March 6th and the bees be-
gan work on them quite lively, gathering honey as
well as pollen. The first part of the season up to
June was cold, cloudy, and breezy, with only occa-
sional warm spells, and the nights were quite cool.
Consequently all this time bees made but a living.
Then white clover cpened up and I never saw as
heavy a crop of bloom, liut for all that, it contain-
ed but very little honey. The bees worked on it
som", slowly collecting honey, and in course of
time most oC the hives were fairly supplied. Bass-
wood opened up in a dry time,|and'did.not last long.
Not more than one-third of the trees produced
bloom. All of the bees raised drones early in the
spring; but buckeye bloom [stopped suddenly, and
all the drones were killed. Immediately after they
were killed, locust began blooming, and a second
lot was raised. We did not have a swarm this sea-
son, and we did not get much surplus. After bass-
wood closed, a few scattered wild flowers kept the
bees in honey for brood-rearing for a while, but
they soon quieted down. Then came the long-
scorching* drought of several weeks, during which
time the bees did nothing. At present, all of the
bees are gathering immense quantities of pollen,
and a little honey. All of our colonies are very
strong, and are raising brood heavily. Although
nearly September, two colonies have drones Hying
strong. These drones were hatched out lately, and
were reared during the drought. The bees show u')
tendency to kill them. The hives are populous, and

have good queens. I never saw bees less inclined
to rob than this year. I rarely ever see a robber
prying about. I have done lots of feeding lately in
the day time, and have examined hives in the mid-
dle of the day, but never had a robber to bother.

BEES STEALING EGGS.

In the spring- we had one weak colony that re-
mained so throughout the season. It had a (jueen,
and raised brood right along; but owing to the
poor season it did not increase much. It no more
than made a living all summer. In June I looked
into it and saw some sealed brood. I did not look at
it again until the last of July. Then I examined it.
There was no queen in it, nor any brood or eggs.
There were two queen-cells containing larvte.
With the exception of these two larvte there was
not an egg nor any brood in the hive. In due time
the queens were hatched. Now, the question is.
Where did the eggs come from? I do not know
of any way that they could have obtained them,
only by stealing them from some other hive.

BEES DYING AROUND HIVES IN JUNE.

Along in June, several swarms suddenlj' began to
die. The bees would crawl out and die on the
ground in front of the hives. I exatnined them,
and found them all to be as I supposed, young bees,
because all had a clean bright appearance, and all
had perfect wings. They were all of their natural
color and size, and not one thing could I see wrong
with them. In the morning they would be scatter-
ed around the entrance. Of nineteen colonies,
about half were atfected. I have seen the black,
shiny, nameless-diseased bees, but not one of these
was black. They were not dragged out, but they
crawled out of their own accord. It was not starva-
tion, for they had plenty of honey at the time. They
died for about a week, and ceased as suddenly as
they commenced, and I have never seen a trace of
it since. What do you suppose was the matter?

Somerviile, O.. Aug. 28, 1887. C. L. Gheenfield.

Friend G., in regard to bees stealing eggs,
I would suggest that the queen failed grad-
ually ; that is, she laid fewer and fewer
eggs, until tinally she laid only one or two a
day. These last one or two, the bees used
for those queen- cells ; therefore you discov-
ered there were no other eggs in the hive.
In regard to the young bees that came out
and died, 1 have seen something of the kind,
but I don't know that I can offer any ex-
planation, unless it is that the dearth of
honey might have caused them to neglect
giving the larva* the prop'.^r amount of nu-
triment, therefore they were so enfeebled
they died before they were able to fly. This
might have happened because the bees were
out of stores, say not more than 24 or 48
lionrs. just at a time when these young
bees in the larval state needed food. 1 once
cut a l)ee-tree in the woods, where not a
drop of honey of any kind could l)e found
in any of tiie combs. The 1)ees had been
living from day to day oji tiie honey tliey
obtained from tlie feeder in our hunting-
box ; and as we were a week or ten days in
finding them, they had probably been desti-
tute of stores for that length of time. Of
course, they h;id not a particle of brood.
Now, had they tried to rear brood under
such circumstances, I can readily imagine
the young bees might be so feeble they
woulil never be able to fly.

1887

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

711

dm peME?.

The blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth us from all sin.
—I. John 1 : 7.
Ye must be born atiiiiu-— John It : 7.

fllK question is continually arising,
•'What does Chiislianity do for a
man V" A good many whose atten-
tion is called to the matter reply.
'• How much does it amount to, any
way V How much ditterent is the man who
is a Christian, from anyl)ody else V Is it
really of any very great (U)nsequence V The
friends who love righteousness, no doubt
feel hurt and chilled by such expressions as
these ; but they are continually coming
from the world, and those wlio treat lightly
the subject of Christ's claims upon us are
all continually demanding tiuit we prove to
them that there is a reality in the religion
of Christ Jesus. They often say, " How can
you prove to us that it amounts to any thing
more than these various other things that
come up V Various societies urge the im-
portance of their special organization, and
what has Christianity to offer more than
a thousand and one other things T" In oth-
er words, the world insists, or. at least, a
great part of tlie world, that Christianity is
on a level witli ever so many other things,
and that there is no particular need that it
be the ail-absorbing topic

Skeptics and inhdels, however, often un-
derstand and acknowledge our claims, but
they declare the facts don't prove it. At a
temperance meeting some time ago, the
matter of gospel temperance was under dis-
cussion. Some of the unbelievers of our
town, who are friends of temperance, de-
manded a non-partisan temperance meeting.
They wanted to attend and take part, but
they objected to gospel hymns and prayers.
A smart lawyer, who seemed their leader,
expressed himself sometliing in this way :

" Some of us who have not had our ' sins
washed away " are interested in the temper-
ance reform, and wish to help the matter
along."

When he spoke about sins being washed
away, he made a somewhat comic expression
with his face, and glanced around at the
professors of religion, expecting them to
smile at his witticisms. Some of them, per-
haps, did smile ; but my good old mother,
who was present, didn't smile. In fact, she
had never heard such talk, and was so much
pained that she declared she could not stay
where such language was used. In thinking
the matter over, however, it has occurred to
me that there was a good rebuke in the
lawyer's words, for many of us. I wish to
say, however, that few- Christians of my ac-
quaintance have claimed that their sins are
all washed away, in the sense in which the
lawyer used it. 'We do claim, and we have a
right to claim, that a free pardon has been
granted us, for sins committed before we
enlisted in Christ's service ; but we do
not claim that our lives are sinless or spot-
less. We are but dust after all— even as the
Psalmist says, " He knoweth our frame,
that we are but dust." Hut even though
this be true, I do think, dear friends, that

we are all of us a good deal more '■ dusty,"
as a former pastor of mine used to express
it, tiian we need to be. The blood of ('lirist
does cleanse from all sin, as our text de-
chtres, providing our trust, oui- whole trust,
is in Him wiio died that we might be cleans-
ed. 1 do not know wiiether or not Christians
will be graded or chissilied in the great un-
known future ; but I am compelled to ad-
mit, that tiiere are many grades of Chris-
tians here in tliis world. And while 1 admit
this, 1 am also compelled to acknowledge that
there are but very few, comparatively, who
reach the liigh Christian attainment that is
open tf) us all. There are thousands of
church-members who seem to be, judging
from such glimpses as we get of them in
their every-day life, but little more than
cluirch-members. Now, lest you tiiink 1
am going to tind fault with others, 1 will
come nearer home, and say that I am afraid
that a good main see nothing in me nor in m>
own life, particularly indicating that I arii
any thing more than simply a chuich-mem-
ber. In saying this, I do believe it is a
grand thing to be a cliucli-member, if noth-
ing more ; that is. it is a great thing to let
your life show to the world an absence of
any thing wrong, oi' any thing that would
be derogatory to a i)rofessor of religion,
even if it does not show much on the other
side ; that is, a negative sort of religion is
better than none at all. But, my friends, a
real, live, bright, active religidu is better
still — a religion that carries praise with it
as well as prayer, and this, overflowing day
by day and hour by hour with the joys of
tiie Christian's hope.

When we enter Christ's service, we ought
to be different from what we were before,
and in one sense we ought to be different
from other people. A change should be
recognized in us at once, and it should be so
great that our friends recognize us as differ-
ent persons. Christ said to Nicodemus, you
may remember. " Ye must be born again,"
indicating that the change from the worldly
man to the follower of Christ shoud be so great
that it would be in reality a true and new
birth. I am sure it is our privilege to show-
to the world a greater change if we would.
We ought to be growing in trust and grow-
ing in grace. We ought to be making prac-
tical applications of the words of the Mas-
ter whom we follow, every day and every
hour.

A few days ago a young man whose life
has been remarkably free from fault, and
who, in fact, seems to be free from any ot
the temptations that beset the rest of us, for
almost the first time in liis life got entangled
in a worldly matter. I should say, he got
into a quarrel, but I am afraid, now, he
would hardly be willing to admit it. I hope,
friends, you wull excuse me for saying that,
in one sense. I felt a little glad to know that
he had got into a quan-el, foi- 1 wanted to
see him use his weapons, and test them
fully. Here in our factory w^e have got
some fire-extinguishers. Before 1 })urchased
them I saw them tested on a bonfire in oui'
public square. They worked splenidly on a
make-believe fire. Well, since then I have
been somewhat anxious to see a real fire —

?i2

(JLEANINGS 1^ BEE CULTDUE.

SBPt.

just a little one, that 1 might test my skill
and test the extinguishers. 1 want to try
oiii weapons. Now, mind you, I doiTt want
anybody's liouse to get atire ; but if it does
get aflre, 1 am going to try liard to be on
liand promptly witli our new weapons. In
the same way I was glad to be on hand
when my young friend had liecome really
entangled in a live neighborhood quarrel.
With a little encouragement he would talk
by the hour about the evil disposition of tiis
opponent. He said nobody could get along
with him — not even the person's own rela-
tions; and altiiougii he is natnrally remark-
ably cool and level-headed, I could not but
smile to see liim get really excited about a
matter that was trilling and unimportant.
By a little questioning, I perceived (at least
I thought 1 did) that his state of mind was
the result of having dwelt on the subject a
good deal. Judging from my own experi-
ence, I should say he had wasted enough
valuable mental strength and time on this
foolish matter to liave written a tolerably
good-sized book. In fact, had the whole
subject been arranged and classilied, he
might have dictated to a shorthand writer a
volume: and his wliole heart and soul were
so taken np with it, I think he would have
done it eloquently. And this reminds me
that 1 once heard a great city editor, who
iiad got into a similar quarrel with his own
brother, speak about publisliing a book to
show to tlie world his own brother's sins
and weaknesses. I do not know but that
he calls tliem crimes. Now. just think a
moment of a man sitting down to M'rite a
book to tell the world how bad his own llesh-
and-blood brother is I Does not tliis single
point illustrate to what lengths Satan may
carry a person, if lie does not watch and
pray against itV Well, after I had talked
with my young friend, and drawn him out
quite a little in regard to the matter, I sug-
gested to him that he try Christianity. lie
replied at once tlnit it was of no use, and to
the effect that it would be like casting
"pearls before swine." IIoav exceedingly
natural it is to take this ground ! Did you
ever stand there, my friend V I cautioned
him, and replied that it was certainly his
duty to test Christ's teachings, and then I
commenced repeating some of these wonder-
ful texts that strike right squarely and di-
rectly on such troubles. Perhaps "my texts
were not the best ones I could have chosen,
if I had had a little more time, or with the
Testament right before me. But I was as-
tonished and surprised to see with what
wonderful force they struck. When the
contents of the fire-extinguisher were tiu'n-
ed on to the bonfire, exclamations of sur-
prise came from the crowd, to see that great
roaring, scorching tire subside and vanish
in an instant. Christ's words seemed to
have nuich the same effect on this young
friend's state of mind. I was pleased, and
said inwardly. "• Thank God to see him stand
the fire of these texts so Avell.'' Even
though Satan had, for the time being, led
him a little out of the straight and narrow
path, the true metal was there still ; and in-
stead of evading or avoiding the issue, he
bowed at once before the sublime words,

even as did poor Thomas, when his doubts
were removed — '■ My Lord and my God."
I think the first text I quoted was :

"■ But I say unto you, love your enemies."

He looked at me in silence, but I could
see that he felt the application. Then I
lepeated :

•' Do good to them that hate you."

This time he took a little courage, and
made something of a defense.

*' Why. I have tried, over and over, to do
him kindnesses;" and then he went on re-
lating the different times in which he had
done more than his part, and had been more
than generous. Satan was getting a little
hold on him again; and, my friend, when-
ever he gets us to recounting a list of our
good deeds and generosities, it is Satan, you
may be sure. But when I added, " Pray for
thein which despitefully use you,'" he" had
nothing to say. Quietly I asked :

" Have you really been praying for this
individital V" With downcast eyes and
humble voice he replied :

"To tell the truth, I have not."

Perhaps you may think, dear reader, that
this was bearing on rather hard, especially
with a young Christian. But this young
friend knows me so well that I am sure he
didn't think I meant to set myself up as
one free from like sins. In fact, I think he
knows full well that my life has been a con-
stant succession of such conflicts. If you
think, dear friends, that it is easy and nat-
ural for me to pray for one who has wronged
me, you are greatly mistaken. We admire
this '44th verse of the fifth chapter of Mat-
thew, when applied in a general way. or
when held off at arm's length ; bitt if you
have not tried it, my friend, just wait until
you get greatly stirred up because somebody
has deliberately and purposely abused and
wronged \ou ; and then while you are stir-
red up, go off and try to pray for them. I
have tried it, and I know what it is to have
Satan say to me. " Why, you silly fool, you
can not pray for that man, if you try. It is
not prayer at all — it is only a sort of des-
picable hypocrisy. Far better stand up like
a man, and assert your rights."

Did Satan ever address you thus, my
friend V If so. don't let him swerve you
from the path of duty a particle. Just say.
'• Get thee behind me. Satan." and then put
your whole trust in the Lord, and be not
afraid.

Some one may ask, " Is there not such a
thing as carryiiig this too far, and letting
people run over you T' To which I reply, I
am sure there is hot, if you use good ordinary
common sense. Bear in mind, we are consid-
ering difficulties with our neighbors — with
such people as are to be found by the score
in your neighborhood and in my neighbor-
hood ; or, if you choose, with just such
people as you and I are. Some of our great-
est and best minds have been so divei'ted by
trifling personal quarrels as to spend time
enough upon them to have given us books
that would have been a blessing to humanity
and the w^orld ; and 1 have sometimes w^on-
dered if there was ever a great man or great
woman who lived so close to the Savior day
by day and hour by hour as never to have

1S87

GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

71S

wasted any precious moments in this sort of
folly. If you are dealing with a higliway
robber, or a man bent on committing crime,
it is quite another thing. It is right for you
to pray for the burglar who gets into your
house at night, and it may be right for you
to take his life while yon pray. I do not
thinii that any of Christ's words mean that
w'e sliould practice non resistance where we
are tlealing with men who have deliberately
decided to commit crime.

Now, before closing this paper 1 want to
give you anotiier illustration of the way in
wliich the blood of Ciirist cleanseth from
all sin. I want to tell you a little story that
I tried to tell you once before. The reason
why I tell it again is because it applies so
completely to this question often asked —
Can a thoroughly bad man — a hardened
criminal, for instance — be reached so as to
make him over into a thoroughly good man
and a Christian ? Some ten or twelve years
ago a man in the neighboring town of Ak-
ron robbed the American Exi)ress Co. of a
very large sum of money. If I remember
correctly, the sum was" about $1(3,000. I
know buti little of this young man's early
history, but I take it for granted that he had
been for years in Satan's training, and had
become intemperate. ieckless,and dissolute.
and all the.se tilings. No one commits a
crime like this unless he has had years of
liractice, and gone down by gradual steps.
He was smart and shrewd — in fact, so
much so that nothing could ever be proved
against him. .Vfter a long and expensive
trial he was acquitted, and the express com-
pany gave it up in despair. After the trial
was over he was free to go where lie pleased,
and to indulge to his heart's content in all
that this world can furnish ; that is. so far
as things go that can be purchased with
money. T do not know that he ever found
satisfaction and happiness in paying out his
ill-gotten gains or not. It was about the
time of Moody's successful work in Chicago;
and although hardened criminals seldom go
to religious meetings, for some reason or
other this young man followed the crowd to
hear Moody. Perhaps out of curijsity, he
thought he would see what this man who
was making such a great excitement had to
offer. Perhaps, to his great astonishment,
he heard of something that God has in store
for liis children, that money will not buy.
Under the influence of God's divine Spirit,
Moody's eloquence touched the heart of
even such a hardened sinner as this one. I
can imagine that he, may be for the Hrst
time in his life, got just a glimpse of a hu-
man life devoted to Christ and his service,
instead of to self and the gratification ot
selfish desires. He remained after meeting,
among the inquirers, and finally confessed to
Ml'. Moody his crime, and asked him what
he should do to be saved. Mr. Moody, as a
matter of coiuse, told him to carry back the
stolen money — at least, what there was
left of it.

" But," said our friend, '• I should be at
once arrested and .sent to prison."

" And that is exactly where you want to
go," replied Moody.

''No, I don't," replied the stranger.

'' Tiien you must go back to Satan and his
service; for the only road to salvation for you
is to make restitution, and submit to the
law."

I can imagine that a long talk followed.
(Jur friend was slowly groping out of the
darkness into light, lie was counting the
cost. I tell you, my friends, it would be a
good thing for us if we would count the cost
a little more than we do sometimes. Christ
said, '• Which of you, intending to l)uild a
tower, sittetii notdow)i lirstandcountelh the
cost, whether he have sufficient to finish itV"
Tlie end was, that he promised to go home
and give himself up. Moody electrified the
audience one evening by telling tliem the
simple story, so far as I have told it, and re-
marking at its close that the young man who
committed the crime was then present in
the audience. When the time came for him
to start home, he went to Moody, a good
deal disturbed, and declared that he could
not go back home and ^ive up the money,
unless Moody himself would go along with
him. Moody replied :

•■ I can not go with you, my friend, and I
don't need to go. The Lord Jesus, whom
you are now trusting, will be with you and
sirengthen you. While he is with you, Sa-
tan can not get you off from the track.
You will nut turn coward, and desert, for I
will pray for you. Follow straight in the
patli of duty — give yourself up, pay the pen-
alty according to the requirements of the
law, and peace in this world, and eternal
life in the world to come, are before you."

Cnderthe inspiration of these kind words
our frientl went forward ; and every step he
tcok toward the right, encouraged and
strengthened him to take the next step.
The old .self was dropping away. His self-
ish passions and selfish purposes were dying
a natural death. The old life was dead, and
he was entering upon the new birth, even
as the words of our text say. 'i'he words t(j
Nicodemus, when he came on that visit by
night, were true — '" Ve must be born again,
if ye will enter the kingdom of heaven."
Is there any more beautiful or encouraging
sight in tliis wide universe than that of the
new-born Clnistian V

Our friend went back to the express office
where he had been employed, and handed
over the money. Those who had fought
him in the lawsuit were aghast with as-
tonishment. I>ike the disciples of old, they
doubtless said within themselves, " What
manner of man is this, that not only the
winds and the seas obey him, but by his
words the thief who has evaded Justice
comes back and restores the stolen prop-
erty V " After he convinced them that he
took the money — that is, if any evidence
were needed— they were still more astonish-
ed to hear him demand that he be sent to
the penitentiary, and punished as the law-
directs. Such a" thing was unheard of ; and
when the officers of tlie law, after investiga-
tion, declared that one who had been tried
and acquitted could not be punished, our
friend looked disappointed and troubled.
No doubt the world called him crazy ; but,
my friend, the best common sense tliat ever
shone forth from human eve was in his

714

GLEANINGS IN liEE CUJ/rUKE.

8Ei"i'.

heart then, when he wanted to go to prison.
If I remetnbei' correctly, lie wrote back to
liis friend Moody. How" niitural it is for ns
to cling to those who liave been instrumen-
tal in leading us from dentli to life I
JNIoody told him to ask tlieni lo send him to
the penitentiary for perjiny. A new trial
was instituted, and tliis time the criminal
helped to bring witnesses to prove himself
guilty. Crazy again, say you V Not so, my
friend. The sunshine of (Jod's free love
was roiuid about liim. What cared he for
earthly applause or for earthly i)leasurev
What cared he for prison walls and iron
bars y The light of heaven, and the peace
that Christ can give, weie his ; and with
happiness in his heart, and a joy pervading
his whole being, that fall to perhaps but
few mortals, this penitent thief went his
way to prison. He was a new man, with
new tastes, new aspirations, and new joys.
Who could for a moment recognize him as
the hardened, guilty criminal of but a few
montlis before V Do you still feel like say-
ing, that men and women may be hardened
by sin and crime so far they ean not be
rhade over and cleansed by the blood of
Christ V If so, I would refer you to hun-
dreds in the city of Akron, who can tell you
the circumstances of all this little story
more faithfully than I have told them. As
a matter of course, he was kindly treated in
the penitentiary. Instead of being receiv-
ed as a convict", he was received as a man
and a gentleman — nay, even as one of Gods
noblest works. An easy berth was given
him, and no doubt he felt like complaining
that thev did not piniish him according to
the full letter of the law. What a sad con-
trast this is to the stoiy some tell who come
from there, of the indignities and the hard-
siiips they endured. I always feel troubled
when I hear a returned convict complain of
the treatment he received, instead of saying
he was treated ten times better than he de-
served. A few days ago I told this story at
our noon service ; and at the time I did so a
gentleman was present who lives in Akron,
and knew the young man well. lie said I
got it right in every particular, so far as he
could remember. The offender is dead
now, but he died with that new-born hope
in his breast— died, doubtless, rejoicing as
he lived the remainder of his days— rejoic-
ing in that full and free pardon, and in the
fact that the blood of Christ is indeed able
to cleanse even the most hardened and cor-
rupt from all sin.

^6B^CC0 CBI^OPN.

A klNDT.Y CRITICrSM IN REGARD TO OUR TOBAC-
CO COLUMN.

T HAVE been reading' your Tobacco Column (call
(^ it tobacco paoei^) from the beginning. I feel
^l like protesting ii little at the enormous " cheek"
manifested by some. For instance, " I began
the use of tobacco three years ago, for the pur-
l)ose of smoking bees, but," (hark at thatl) " 1
found it injurious to my health, and I.tjuit the use
of it. Tf T am entitled to a smoker," etc. You
surely did not send this man a smoker, for he was

compellcjl to stop on account of his health. Also
the very next appeal is for an " T'neic " who quit
seven months before, and who, no doubt, never
heard of a smoker or your otfer, but stopped for
reasons best known to himself, and is now thrust
forward to receive his I'Cward foi' the self-sacriflce
—a sacritice which your "column " has not a thing
to do with, as 1 understand it. As I understand the
" column," those who read your otfer, and will take
advantage of your liberality, and eschew (and not
chew) the weed (thus securing a smoker " without
money and without price"), are the only ones en-
titled to a smoker.

A man who says, " I will stop the use of tobacco
it you will send me a smoker," is entitled to your
consideration: otherwise, as in the above two cases
native sense is lacking, and a smoker doubtless
thrown away. Note the language of S. C. Stone,
page 634. There is hope of reforming him from the
habit. Then notice another one on the same page,
who, after more than three years have elapsed,
swoops down, and grasps a smoker which would
have been worn out had he received it when justly
entitled to it over three years previously. I am as
justly entitled to one, because 1 (juit smoking 18
years ago, and I faithfully promise that I will never
use the weed again. If I do, I will pay you for the
smoker. I have several on hand, so you need be in
no hurry about sending it W. M. Young.

Nevada, O., Aug. 23, 1SS7.

Friend Y., there has been a little loose-
ness, I admit, in regard to this matter of
giving smokers to those who give up tobac-
co; but as the column is starting a great
wave in the right dii'ection, it seems to me
we can not afford to seem to be small in the
matter. Hut it is true, some of the friends
have received a smoker for quitting a great
while ago. By this act they become one of
the great anti-tobacco band, and swell the
ranks ; for he who puts his name in print
becomes a worker against the evil. I think,
however, since you suggest it, that we had
better say in tlie future, that smokers are
only for those who give up tobacco because
of having seen the Tobacco Column. We
shall always be glad, however, to get testi-
monials from those giving it up because it
w^as injurious to their health. If they have
been benefited in health by dropping it, they
surely ought to be willing to help others by
standing up and testifying.

1 need a smoker, and will stop using the weed If
you will send it to me: and if I ever take anothei-
chew, or smoke, I will send you the cash.

K. A. BOAL.

Berrien Springs. Berrien Co., Mich., Aug. 16, 188T.

If you will send me a smoker I will (juit chewing
tobacco, or using it in any form; and if I fail T will
pay you for the same. M. K. W. Perry.

Goodman, N. C, Aug. 9, 1887.

I ha\e quit using tobacco. If you will send me
a smoker T will pay you for it if I ever use the weed
again. 'I'- L. Case.

Lebanon, Mo., Aug. 13, 188T.

Below I give you the names of three friends who
have quit the use of tobacco through the influence
of Gleanings and my persuasion, and I ask tor a
smoker for each. If they use tobacco again 1 will

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

71o

see that they pay for the smokers. They are Willie
Weisenhunt, George Boolt, T. D. Pag-e. If it is
against the rules, or any thing wrong, I do not wish
it. W. W. Aduison.

Bumpus, III., Aug. !i, 1887.

I shall make up my mind to drop tin' use of to-
bacco, if you will send me a smoker; and if I ever
commence to use it again I will i)ay for two smo-
kers. LONZO MOSKS.

Loretto, Minn., Aug. 3, 1887.

Qim Own ^pwry.

cxiNUun:;i> by eknest i;. uout.

THOMAS WILLIAM COWAN.

fllE editoiial in let'eieiicfi to Mr. Thom-
as William C()wan. editor of the Brit-
ish Ber Journal, had hardly appeared
in last Gleanings before the follow-
ing card from Prof. Cook announced
a proposed visit from Mr. and Mi's. Cow an :
Mil dear Mr. Root :—

Mr. and Mrs. Cowan Mrri\ed last Friday. They
will leave here for your place some time next week.
They are delightful people. I am enjoying them
immensely. I am sure jou will. Mr. C. is a very
modest man, and yet 1 doubt if there is a man in the
whole world who has such a literary culture in re-
gard to bees. He reads most of the modern lan-
guages, which gives him a vast advantage. You
may look for a treat. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College; Mich., Aug. 30, 1887.

Knowing that Mr. Cowan had made the
study of fonl brood, as seen nnder the mi-
croscope, a special study, I felt (luite anx-
ious to see him. Accordingly, having re-
ceived a card from our distinguished visitor
announcing the exact date when he would
be here, I went over to the train, accompan-
ied by Iluber, followed shortly afterward by
•' his pa." '' How will you know the gen-
tleman when he steps off the carV" asked
the eldest of the three Roots. " Know himi'"
I rejoined, '• I feel sure I shall be able to
pick him out, for I have seen a tine portrait
engraving of him in the Deutsche Illustrierte
Bienen?.eitung, edited by ('. •!. H. Graven-
horst." Nothing further was said. Finally
the train arrived, and, sure enough, I saw
our friend step on to the platform, accom-
panied by his wife. I did feel some little
hesitancy in addressing by name one whom
I had never seen; but when I saw a large
box, perhaps two feet high, and about a foot
square (which I took foi' granted contained
the large microscope i. I stepped forward,
and, touching the shoulder of the possessor
of said box, said, '• Mi'. Cowan, I am very
happy to meet you.'" \ then met Mrs. C. I
immediately informed them who your hum-
ble servant was, and then introduced them
to the eldest and youngest Root. Together
we started for the paternal mansion. Tliat
evening we discussed American and Uritish
apiculture.

Perhaps before we proceed further it may
be pertinent to tell our readers more exactly
who Mr. Cowan is. First of all. 1 will say
that the whole lioot family concurs heartily
in all that Prof. Cook savs in his card as

above. After a little talk and personal ac-
quaintance, one can not help recognizing
that the editor of the liritish Bee Journal
has rare aV)ilitics. He is accjuainted with
almost every thing that has been written on
bees, whether of the present or of the past.
He is the possessor of one of the largest li-
braries exclusively on bees, in the world,
some of the volumes being very old.* As he
is able to speak in many of the modern lan-
guages, this library is something more to
him than mere curiosity. He is well ac-
quainted with the scientific investigations
of the past pertaining to bees, and. guided
by this, lie is the better able to direct his
pwn investigations. Aside from the field of
microscopy, to which Mr. Cowan has given
so many years of careful study, he has de-
voted considerable attention to geology and
botany ; in fact, we found it was quite dith-
cult to find a plant of any kind that he did
not know the name of.

In consequence of the senior editor's ina-
; bility, resulting from ill health and the
press of business, to entertain visitors, how-
ever distinguished they may be, I devoted
I my whole time to Mr. Cowan, for I felt that
the opportunity was too rare to lose any of
1 the advantages which I might obtain from
' his company; therefore I was with him the
I greater part of two days and two evenings.
I As the subject of microscopy used to be one
of my favorite pastimes, I now felt the old
enthusiasm well up as I began to talk with
a man who had spent more or less of forty
years in this interesting study. According-
ly, the next day he was solicited to show us
liis microscope and microscopic slides.
When brother Jones, of the Canadian Bee
JournaL stated tliat Mr. Cowan was the pos-
sessor of one of the finest, best, and most
expensive microscopes in the world, I felt
somewhat doubtful as to whether the Cana-
dian editor was fully competent to decide
what a good microscope is ; but when our
visitor drew his instrument from its box,
and showed me the accessories, I was doul)t-
ful no more.

It may be interesting to some who have a
partial acquaintance with the subject of mi-
croscopy, to describe brietly his instrument.
It is a binocular, after the Beck pattern. It
has a coarse and line adjustment, substage,
and a mechanical arrangement for moving
the slides. It has several of the best eye-
pieces. In addition to these there is a nice
assortment of the very finest objectives that
can be obtained anywhere in the W(n-ld— a 8-
inch, 1-inch. .',. ',, i, .i, /,, and .;,. I lu-esume
that none of these latter could be obtained
for much less than hfty or one hinidred dol-
lars in this country. More than this, he had
a spot-lens, iiarabolic reflector, condenser,
and poUiriscope. The whole instrument,
including the accessories, would i>rol)al)h
cost from one thousand to fifteen hundred
dollars. As one views the microscope, and
admires its beauty, he is greatly astcmished
to learn that the whole microsco])e. excei>t-
ing the lenses was made by Mr. Cowan liim-
self. I should judge that, if he were able to

* In order to give our readers an idea of Mr. Cow-
an's investigations in bee-lore, we would ask them
to read an article fi-oin his pen, on page 446, 1884.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

make such a beautiful iustrutnent. it would
not tax him very hard to be able to make
the lenses. Xo one less than a mechanic of
the highest order could execute sucli a piece
of woik.

The s(*cond evening, Mr. C. dreAV out his
microscope and his collection of objects,
nearly all of them mounted specimens of the
different parts of the bee. 1 thought I knew
something of the anatomical structure of
our pets, and I thought my lenses ;ind ap-
paratus were quite sufficient for showing
clearly tiieir tssues and theif structure;
but when I looked at the same specirhens
prepared by himself, with tlie light froui the
parabolic reflector, I must confess that I
never saw any thing quite so beautiful, so
distinct, and' so well defined. The most
minute i)oitions of the bee could be viewed
as easily as you would trace and examine
minulely the structuie of yOui- hand. At
the time we had our Microscopical Society
here in Medina, my instrument was counted
one of the best : but when I viewed the same
objects thiough my lenses — well, 1 just
wanted a belter microscope, to pvit it mildly.

Perhaps all this micioscopic talk is not so
interesting to our readers who have never
had a taste for such things, or even an op-
portunity liad they desired it. and so I will
hasten to the microscopical appearance of
foul brood.

HACILLUS ALVEI ; IS THE FOUL BKOOD OF

AMERICA DIFFERENT IN ANY PAK-

TICULAR FROM THE FOUL

nUOOD OF EUROPE?

Inasmuch as some authorities disagree as
to the real nature of foul brood, its source,
and method of cine, it has been suggested a
mimber of times that thefoul brood of Amer-
ica may be somewhat different from that
which is found in Europe. Again, it is assert-
ed that there is a mild and a malignant form
of the disease, and that apiaries may be at-
tacked by one or the other, or both." From
the descriptions which I have read, and the
symptoms which I have compared of foul
brood as found in the different countries, I
have been loth to believe that there are
several phases of the disease. On the
contrary, I felt pretty tolerably certain
that there was only one kind of foul l)rood,
and tliat that kind was as malignant as any
one could possibly expect.

One of the things which I was ver> anx-
ious to see under Mr. Cowan's microscope
was the bacillus alvei, the scientific name
for the germs of foul brood. I w as particu-
larly desirous of seeing the microscopic
germs of the disease as it is in our own api-
ary, with a view of determining whether it
was similar or dissimilar from the l)acillus
alvei of Europe. We first examined some
prei>ared slides which Mr. Cowan brought
with him— a ,'.,-inch objective being u.sed for
the purpose. After having battled with this
microscopic enemy for so long, and never
having seen the actual thing itself, it was
with no little degree of pleasure that I
looked at the thing which has been talked
about so much and so much discussed. Had
r been working by myself with all the nec-
essary apparatus, I should not have been at
all certain ; but with Mr. (V)wan right [tliere

to tell me that what I was looking at was
really the bacillus alvei. I felt satisfied, in-
tensely so, for once in my life. Perhaps
some of the readers may imagine that these
germs possess form— have legs, eyes, and all
that sort of thing. If they do, I must say
they are very greatly mistaken. On the
contrary, the bacillei have the appearance
of a lot of miniature walking-sticks lying to-
gether here and there in the field of view .
When I say '• miniature," I mean they were
small, or appeared small, even when magni-
lied oOdO diameters. In the tield of the mi-
croscope, at this power, as nearly as 1 could
recollect, they appeared to be about an
eighth of aninch long, and about as large
around as a human hair. I am sorry we
have not a good engraving representing
them, but we hope before many days to give
our readers a view of these peculiar ■' ani-
miles."' Having examined the bacillus alvei
of ?]urope to my heart's content, I hunted
up a frame of foiil brood, placed it in a close
box. and piesented it to Mr. Cowan. He
examined the frame as well as the maturat-
ed mass in the cells, and pronounced it to
be the same as he had seen and experienced
in his own apiary, as M^ell as in the apiaries
of others.

For the benefit of our readers interested
in microscopy, I will give Mr. Cowan's mo-
dus operandi of preparing a specimen of
f(uil brood, to be examined under the micro-
scope.

He first called for a clean slide (a slip of
glass one inch by three inches), and also for
a very thin cover glass, as thin as this pa-
per. These 1 supplied him witli. He then
dipped the point of his penknife into a dis-
eased cell. dre\V it out. and placed it in the
center of the glass slide. After spreading it
he placed the glass cover over it and pressed
it gently, in order to get all the excess of
matter out at the sides. To make the bacil-
lus alvei show more plainly, he next placed
a drop of aniline ink at the edge of the cov-
eied glass — an operation called '• staining."
The ink, by capillary attraction, soon
spread all through luider the cover glass.
The specimen as thus prepared was placed
under his ,'3 immersion lens. Examination
showed that the genus which we saw were
bacillus alvei, exactly like those we had just
seen in a jnepared specimen of foul biood
from Emope. j\lr. Cowan then prepared
other slides in the manner I have described,
and in all cases the bacillus alvei were seen.

I can scarcely think there is any possible
doulit but that we have the very same foul
brood that is found in Europe ; and all the
talk that we have had. to the effect that we
have one form of foul brood and the Euro-
l)eans another, is nonsense.

GOOD-I5Y 1

Before closing, there are many more things
I should like to say about Mr. Cowan and
his visit. I will say this much, however:
For one possessed of so many attainments,
he isexceedmgly modest. I don't recollect that
he referred to himself oi- to his accomplish-
ments, excejit in answei- to direct ()uestions ;
and even then he said as little as Yankee in-
quisitiveness would permit.
.Inst as he was stei)i)ing aboard the train.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7i:

after having spent two days with ns, I said
to him, " I presume you would liave no ob-
jection to my writing this visit up for the
cohimns of Gleanings."

He hesitated somewhat, and linally said,
witli a pleasant smile on his face. " No, if
you don't indulge in .Vnierican taffy."

•• All right." s:iid I. and tiic train pulled
out as I bade him goodliy. if. indeed, I
have indulged in that truly Ameiicau arti-
cle. I sincerely crave his pardon ; but I have
stated only what 1 think all our subsciib(;rs
ought to know.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

yublinhed Seini-^lotithli/.

J^. X. IROOT,
TUDITQR AND PUBLISHER,

1>j£:E1T2X2<TJ^^ OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

!-.«—>

For Clutbing Kates, Seo Fi::t Pago of Beading Matter.
J^^JBT)X1<T.^, SEIFT.. 15, 1337'-

ForRctting those things wliicli are behind, anil ivaehing forth
tintii those thing-s which are In fore. I press toward the mark
for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesns.— Phil-
IPPIANS3: 13, U.

CITY COUNCILS VS. BEES.

A COKRESPONDENT sends US the following-:

Our city council has ordered our bees removed out of the cor-
poration bv Oct. 30. What would vou do about it?
Connersville, Ind., Sept. S, 1887. J. H. Tatman.

Friend T., you can probably do nothing' by your-
self; but if you look on p. 578 of our last issue you
will notice what the Bee-Keepers' Union succeeded
in doing under similar circumstances at Ft. Wayne,
Ind. I would advise you to write to Mr. Newman,
the manager, for further instructions.

erence. Of course, all we can do is to send them an
estimate with a printed slip, saying we must have
either cash or reference, etc. Now, a good many
people write back that they have as good a right to
say they don't know us as wc have to say we don't
know them. And at first thought, many, especially
those young in business, might say there is .iusticc
in saying they have just as good a right to ask
for goods in advance as we have to ask for cash in
advance. To all such we beg to suggest that busi-
ness men keep records that inform them at a glance
who owns property, and who is entitled to credit,
and who is not. These records tell, furthermore,
what a man's habits are, therefore any one can as-
certain at any liank whether it is safe to send mon-
ey to A. 1. Root or not, and ths same with other
business institutions. But the reverse of this is not
true. Those who seek credit without reference or
explanation, as a rule are not quoted anywhere,
and we have no means of ascertaining what their
habits may be, or whether they own sufficient prop-
erty to be responsible for their contracts and agree-
ments. Do you not see the difference?

PR.\CTICAL FLORICULTURE ; PETER HENDERSON'S
NEW REVISION OF THE ABOVE BOOK.

It has been quite a treat for me to go through
the above book, comparing the revised edition with
the old one. The author has carefully gone over
every line and every sentence; and not only has con-
siderable new matter been added, but every change
that recent developments have required has been
carefully made. Sometimes a single word is in-
serted, sometimes a single word is changed, and,
again, a whole sentence or paragraph. Some
chapters that were in the back part of the book,
which always seemed to me should have been in
the fore part, are put where they ought to be. It
is a great deal of work to do this, as any one who
has tried it can testify. The price is still ^l .50,
postpaid, as heretofore. We can mail it on applica-
tion.

SENDINC; OOODS WITHOUT CASH, TO ENTIRE
STUANCEKS.

I SUPPOSE that most of the friends, of course, are
aware that no sound business man is in the habit of
doing any thing of the kind; but what 1 wish to
consider now is, that there seems to bo (|Uite a liirgc
class of individuals who order goods without saying
It word about their standing or responsibility, or
even tolling who they are, or giving any sort or ref-

gPECI^Ii pi0¥ICEf5.

CALIFORNIA SAGE HONEY.

Although we are still out of clover and bass-
wood extracted honey, we have about 10,(100 pounds
of California sage honey, in tiO-pound cans, two cans
in a case. If this continues to go off as rapidly as
it has done the past few weeks, we shall soon be out
of this also. Our present price of this is 8 cents per
pound in original cases; single - can lot, 8i cents
per pound. In packages smaller than fiO-pound can.
10 cents per pound, can included. These quotations
take the place of all others previously made. Sam-
ples of this noney free on application.

wanted— U.XSSWOOD AND CLOVER HONEY.

Our offer in our last issue, of 7 cts. for liasswood
and 8 cts. for clover, has not yet brought us any
honey, therefore we now offer one cent more. In
other words, we will pay 8 cts. for a good article of
basswood honey, and 9 for clover honey, delivered
here. I am not sure, however, that we shall get
any at this price; in fact, I rather hope we shall
not, for I am pleased to see the price going up to a
paying figure for our bee-friends. We propose,
nevertheless. Increasing our offer one cent at a
time in each issue, until we get some. In this way
we shall ascertain just what extracted honey is now
worth, letting demand and supply fix the price.

I WILL give about three hundred doUai-s' worth
of bees and bee-fixtures for a No. one buggy-
horse. Address for particulars,

S. C. KiRKPATRic'K, Hodgenville, Ky.

OACANT'S FOUITSATIOK FACT0B7, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another colimiii. :>t1b<)

FOE SALE OE THADE.

Ten full colonies of hybrid bees on 8 Simplicity
metal-cornered reiierttihle frames. Shipping-cases
will answer for temporary hives. Bees are in flne
condition, /■'in- ilollnr.s a colony on board cars.
Will exchange for a liarnes foot-power saw with at-
tachments. .1. P. McELKATH.
17-18d Asbury, Warren Co.. N. .1 .

LOOK HERE I

A complete hive lor comb honey, for only i'L-iO.
I'laner-sawed, V -groove seetions'a specialtv. Price
list free. J. ITI. KUVKIK A: «'0.,

17tfdb KuclieNtor, Oakland <'o.. ,m<-li.

718

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sett.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical atid disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to s&g, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messi-s. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; R. J.Miller & Co.. Nappanee,
Ind.:C. H. Green, Waukesha, Wis.; Smith & Goodell,
Rock Falls. 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong-, .Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
312:J North Front Street. Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Cobnrgr, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula. La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. E. Newcomb,
Pleasant Vallev. Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Vallev, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons. Mechanic
Falls,'Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nvsewauder, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwell. Uarrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes. Wh<-i). McLennan Co., Te.\as, W. E. Clark,
Oriskaiiv. .\. Y.. (i. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis.. E. F. Smith. Smyrna. N. Y.. J. Maitoon, and W.
J. Strattnii. Atwatcr.O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
lowH. an.1 inimei-ous other dealers.

Write for sampleii free, and price list of supplies,-
accompanied witii 1 .'iO roiiiplimeiitary and unso-
licited lestimmiials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch itf oibr foundation e^iual
lo xample in every reaped.

CHAS. DADANT A: SON,
;{htfd llainflton, Hnnenok Co., Illinois.

'■pODD'S HONEY-CANDIES sell well at Fairs — average
I wholesale price. Itie ^ lb.; retail, 30 cts. Mail sam-
ples, 2.5 cts. HoMov and Brkswax wanted on Com-
mission. b\- AETHUE TODD, 2122 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.
15-lSdb

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., BEE-KEEPERS4 CONN.

—SEND FOR MY NEW PRICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.,N.Y.

4tfdb

200 PEKIN DUCKS.

r2.00 A PAIR, OR AlVV NUWBER AT
$1.(K) EA€H, RV EXPRESS.

Pay better than r.-xising chickens; no creek neces-
sary! Extra larg-e; t"-(i-thirds jrrown; very hardy;
no trouble to i-aise. Satisfaction guaranteed.
It5-18db D. G. WEBCTEE, BLAINE, BOONE CO., ILL.

For Sale!

16 H. P. UPRKiH'F 'riIBlll.AR BOILER.

Complete, with heater, injector, steam and water
g-aufies, etc. Price on board cars, $3.50.00. IStfdb
WATTS BROS.. Murray. Clearfield Co., Pa.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has i)iiblished a neat little book of 4r> pages, entitled
"The Production of Comb Honey." Its distinctive
feature is the thoi-ough manner in which it treats
of the use and non-use of foundation. Many other
points are, however, touched upon. For instance,
it tells how to make the most out of unfinished sec-
lions, and how to winter bc>e8 with the least ex-
pense, and bring them through to the honey harvest
in the best possible shape.

Price of book, ::i5 cents. Stamiis taken, either T'.
S. or Canadian.

Fine Italian Cliieeiis, reared from best select-
ed, testeil. imported mother. "t> cts. each, by return
mml. lOtfdb

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS

AT SI.OO EACH,

Tntil my surplus stock is exhausted.

CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

]><-19d

YES, OCTOBER !~

Warranted American-Albino-Ttalian <)ueens, $1.0.5
each; 0 foi- $(i. 00, selected. September prices. *1 00
each; 0 f()r $5 00. Onlcr i-urli/. iV« Ix'c-di.si axi-
hf-rf. TAR-HEEL. APIARIES,

ISd Go]d!>boro, N. C.

CHROMO CARDS ^ ITALIAN QUEENS.
ITALIAN QUEENS ' CHROMO CARDS.

Hurrah for the Fair! Did you see our ad. last
issue? Keep your eye peeled. Don't be a bat. Get
out of your old-fogy rut. We have a brilliant cir-
cular. If you wish to be convinced, cast your line
this way. J. H. MARTIN,

lOtld HarUord, Wasli. Co., N. Y.

PERD W W IK THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for oiu' now
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. ,16tfd

A. F. Stauffer, Sterling, III.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTEACTOR,

KttHAICK 4JL.ASM HONEY-.I AR»i,

TIN RUCKETS, REE-iil\ E>.
HOMEV-SECTIONS, Ac. Ac.
PKKKE€TIOIV C<»1.I>-RL.AST SITIOKERS.

.Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati. O.
P. S.— Send Ill-cent stamp lor " Practical Hints to
llee-Keepers." Itfdb

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Root's 10 inch foundation mill, nearly new, jpia..")0.
Barnes combined sawintr-machine, as jrood as new,
$2."..00. Cost $40.00. THOS. BALCOMB,

18d Trenton, Clinton Co.. 111.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

I) KICK .5 cents. Vou need this pamphlet, and my
free Bee and Supply Circular. Root's Fdii.
ITIill, Ul-inch. jrood as new. *18.0li. 18tfdb

OLIVEK FOSTER. Mt. Vernon. Linn Co.. Iowa.

DADANT'S FOTOEATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL Seeadvei-tisement in another column.

<'<ists h:s.s than "i mils i>rr ire<-k.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHEES, BBETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
I). A. .lones is its editor, and this fact is a g-uaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly [iractical and con-
tains weeklv excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers In the United States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

1887

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Ants 1)11 b'l'uit 742

Apiary, Mi-s. Chaddoek's 734

ApifviSTf 729

Australia 734

ISii-iUUl Kniit Cultiii-o 728

H<c llolaiiv 747

Bif Kiil(.iiiol(i(jy 747

Hri'-Ci-lhus 738

I'.r.- liox, (iduUl's 737

Mi'.-HiiiiliMi.- 735

r..-i->anil Ki-iiit 742

Hies HI KiTin-Bird 743

ltrns..ii Li'tlcr 730

Hiiikwliinl and HinU'V-IVw 741

liuuJiiii'i- loi- WiiitiM-: 742

Hutti'i- Oislics 751

rcil-liiiilcliim- 744

C.iMviiii.-iir.'s IV>r House.... 743

Cuwair- Visit 731

Ciussnc'ss (.fKoos 740

Division-Boards 742

Editorial. 751

K..U1 liiood, Ktc -M

Koul Br 1, llovle on IXt

Ui-aiicviiics and" Clover 744

Harvest. The 729

}h-ads(il(;iaiii 742

Heal lliiidi'iiiiijBees 744

Hciiies Business 744

noiie\ , .Vrlitleial 739

Honey l)e« 730

House-Aiiiarv 733

Myself ami Neighbors 748

Oitiee, Cut of 72r)

Onr Own Ajiiarv 750

Ovstei-s ill Florida 744

ynestii>ieBnN 745

Qiie.iilessiiiss ill Oetober....751

Heiioils Diseouragiuif 741

Keports Kneouragrinsf 740

Siniiin-, (inr New 740

TavL.r's Keport 739

Tohaeeo Ccliiiiill 749

rnilinu- lor Winter 7.51

Wil,.\'s Pleasantry 739

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The llaike Co. Union Bee Keepers' Soeielv will hold its iie>
iieelill;,' at Areannin, (>., on Friday, Oet. 28,' 1887. .1. A. RoE.

The presenee of all interested is earnestly requested at a
meeting of the Northern Ohio Bee-Keepers' Assoeiation, in the
Town Hall, Wellington, on Saturday, Oet. 8, 1887.

H. W. Minns, See.

The Pan-Handle Bee-Keepers' Assoeiation will hold its next
ineetinj?0.t.2i> and 27, 1887, in the K. of P. Hall. No. 1138 Main
.St.. Wlieeiiny, W. Va. All bee-keepers are invited.

Blaine, O. W. L. KiNSF.Y, See.

The Ninth-American Bee-Keepers' Society and the North-
western Bee-Keepers' Society will meet in .joint convention at
the (Jommereial Hotel, cornel' of Lake and Dearborn Streets.
(^hicaKo, on Wednesdav. Thuisdav, and Friday, Nov, 1(1, 11, and
18, 1887. Arrangeiiienls have been made with the hotel, for
back room, one bed. two iiersons. 81.75 per day, each; front
room, S2.00 per day, each iieison. This ilate occurs duriiiK the
second week of tlie Kat-Stoek Show, when excursion rates will
be very low. W. Z. Hutchinson.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The wheelbarrow is a dandy, and has* saved Us &
Co. many a backache, and will have paid lor itself
bv the time snow Hies next winter. P. Si'tton.

Exeter, Pa., Aug. 29, 1887.

Inclosed find postoffiee order for three dollars, I'or
which please send us one crate of Clark smokers.
They are the best that have ever come to this coun-
try. John Pvpku.

Nophi, Utah, July 18, 1887.

Inclosed find $1.00, due for Gleaninos, the best
bee-.journal published. Yes, I must have it. 1
can't well set alonij without it. .1. J. Daijden.

Oiddinjr-s, Texas, Sept. Ui, 1887.

that little ad.

FriefH? RooL-— I will send you pay for my adver-
tisement that was inserted in Gleanings, Aug'. 1"),
in Exchimg:e Column. It has g'iven me more cor-
re8])ondence than I can answer. Letters poured in
from Florida, all the way to Wisconsin, except from
Kentucky. L. C. Calvert.

Poplar Flat, Ky.

1 will write you a few lines to say that I have
found GiiEANiNOS a blessiuK' to me, especially the
parts headed Myself and My Neighbors, and (lur
Homes, and many other good bits of reading that T
have been pleased more than a dollar's worth with,
and would not like to be without it.

IJurnt Mills, Aid., June 14, 1887. J. Hamilton.

that imported QUEEN.

The imported queen you sent is a "daisy," and
is doing her work with the best of them, l" had no
trouble with her. She was laying in three days
after 1 put her in the hive. Well, friend Koot, you
can imagine how proud 1 am of her, and T shall do
my best to winter her and all the rest of them.

Dr. L. L. Loom is.

Pemberville, Wood Co., (>., Sept- 23, 1887.

THE CLARK SMOKER AND S.VWDUST FUEL.

The Clark smoker works admirably with the shav-
ings-like sawdust we get in making the white-pop-
lar sections. Dr. G. L. Tinker.

New Philadelphia, ()., June 31, 1887.

1 have been sending you little orders ever sined-
1882. The goods have reached us always by the
time the invoice did, and often before. Vour goods
have always been as good or bcttei' than .>ou rep- '
resented them, for which I thank you very much.
John J. Matthews.

Antimony City, Se\ier Co., Ark.

The bees arrived Tuesday evening. I put them
in with a weak swarm of black bees. They have
passed one day of business in their new home, and
seem to be all right. This has been my Hrst effort
in this line. If all goes right I shall be glad. 1 am
a novice in bee cultiiie, and this is my second sea-
son. 1 read the A B C, and feel stronger and more
confidence in myself. S. Hoi'kins.

W. Walworth, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1887.

THE A n (■ BOOK NICER THAN EXPECTED.

(SEE P. 0.84. 1

Your beautiful A IJ C book received. I asked for
a paper-covered one, and .you sent a cloth-bouml
one. Surely you speak the truth when you say ynii
strive to give a little niore than is expected of you;
for even I, sr beggar, got more. T should be
ashamed to think 1 asked for the book as I did, if I
didn't tell myself that, outof the very first profll 1 re-
ceived from those bees, that book shall be liaid for.
I didn't expect it was iialf as large or half as nice
or half as beautiful, an.y way, and T am vei-y much
obliged for it until you are better paid, ff good
wishes from a great many friends would only do it,
I think you might visit your apiary to-morrow
morning'and find all trace of foul lirood had left it
forever; but trouble will come, tmd usually for
some good, but it is hard to believe it so.

Mrs. C. Pennington.

Cottage Grove, Minn., Aug. 32, 1887.

PLEASED ; OUR MODE OF PACKING.

You will pardon my freedom when I assure you
that your kind, pleasant, and instructive Home ttilks
have made us all quite well acquainted with you. Will
you kindlj- permit me to thank you for the beauti-
ful bees and the careful manner of putting them
up? also for the large handsome queen, whose
agreealile acqaintance we made to day';* Bees went
to carrying pollen within 90 minutes after being re-
leased, and are so courteous, gentle, and, apparent-
l.y appreciative of our attentions that I— well, I
trust you will not think me idolatrous if 1 confess
to having fallen in love with them. I fear we shall
never be able to cancel all obligations, luit hope to
deserve your eonfideiice always.

Miss Dodv E. Beauchamp.

Orange, Tex., Aug. 21, 1887.

Mr. Hoot :—Dody forgot, I presume, to tell you
that the bees went from the express office. 8 miles
on horseback, and the rest of the distance, 17 miles,
on a small sail-boat, against a stiff breeze and heavy
sea, and still seemed as if able to continue the
voyage to Central .\merica, if so required. Ten-
nie, too, says thank you. If the bees die, it will be
from overnursing. W. A. J. Beaitch.\mp.

Orange, Tex., Aug. 21, 1887.

THE WINTER CARE OF HORSES
AND CATTLE.

THE MOST HVMANF. AND I'UOFTT-
ABZiE TREATMENT.

Although the book is mainly in regard to the win'
ter care of horses an<i cattle, it touches on almost
every thing connected with successful farming-
shelter, comfort, feeding, e.xercise, kindness, differ-
ent sorts of feed, with a full treatise on the most
economical way of saving manure. A full descrip-
tion of Terry's model barn is also given.

Price 40 cts. ; by mail, 43 cts.

A. I. ItOOT, inediua, OLIo.

1-24

(;I.EANiM(tS IN JiKE CUJ/rUJlK.

OCT.

peNEY GdMim-

CITY MARKETS.

Boston.— Hofici/. ~ Fair demand: i-otall buyers
tliidk price too liifrh, and buy small. Our market
lias been broug-lit into notice so ol late liy our high
iiuotations, we thoug^ht l)est to write you and ex-
plaiti our position. With the short erop, we saw no
reason why we coul(i not sell to the .jol^bing- trade
at ^Oc, and to retail trade at ;i:ic, and have sold
nothing' of fancy (luality less than 'Mc this sea.son.
We have reeehed a good many letters from all
parts of the country, saying if we could get the
prices we quoted, the writers would send us their
honey; but we have written them that it was not
advisalile for us to have any more just now, as, if
we should have it all come here, we should have to
sell at 15c. (»ur advice to all is, not to hurry your
honey to market. There can be none made until
next season, and it will be all wanted at good i>rice8
belVire then.

Our neighbors are ottering good one-pound sec-
tions at IHc, and it may be that it will be lower, so
our quotations should be 18(S2fle for 1-lb. sections;
I7W18 for ;Mhs. Extracted, 1(mc.

Blake & KihijEV,

Sept. ~l. .')7 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cincinnati.— //(Oie)/.— The demand is very good
lor extracted honey from manufacturers, who buy
Southern honey principally. Only a few of our
customers buy clover oi- other varieties, to suit
tfieii- own flavor, for manufacturing purposes.
There is also a ver>' good demand for clover honey,
in square glass jars, from the jobbing trade. Ex-
tracted honey brings It'/ot^Tc per lb. on arrival, ac-
cording to quality. There is no new comb honey in
our city, consequently we can't sell any, and it
i^eems to be folly to make quotations. But we be-
lieve that a choice article of comb honey would
bring 18(3 20c per II). in a jobbing way at present.
This is more than it will bring about Christ ma.'-:, if
our experience of former years is a criterion to go
by. You editors are wrong to advise our fi'iends to
hold on for higher prices. If we are wrong, let us
know, please, in due time, and we shall acknowledge
our error.

Beeswax is in good demand, and brings ;iO("'22e i)er
lb. on arrival for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & SON,

Sept. 20. Cincinnati, O.

St. Louis.- HoHc.iy.— We (luote choice comb i:i(5
14c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained, in bWs., 4(?(>,4i4 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages, '4 cent advance
on above. Extracted, in bbls., 4>4(r"r)i„ cts.; in cans,
ti'2@T cts.

Beeswax, 2012 cts. for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Sept. 22. D. G.TUTT &Co.,

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

CoLtMBiis.— //(/Hfijy.— The hoUey market is very
firm, and none, scarcely, coming in. Parties fi"oiia
whom we hear, all speak of the great falling-ofif in
yield, and all are either asking a high figure or un-
willing to name a price. Others from whom we
have heard throughout N. Y. State, will not fix a
price until after their association meetings. We
hope to be able ere long to name a figure for honey,
and also a selling price. We are wholly unable to
fill orders sent in, and must decline giving prices
for awhile. E. CtacKENQEu & Co.,

Sept. 21. Columbus, O.

Kansas Citv.— Hourly.- Our market is bare of
comb honey, and the demand is good. AVe look for
no lower ])rices, and they may advance two cents at
any time. Choice white 2-lb. .sections, 16'?' 17c; dark,
12(r'l4; choice white 1-lb. sections, 18(§/20c; dark, 14
("Ifi; California white 21b. sections, 16(^'17c; 2-lbs.,
extra Cal., VWrVi; 2-lbs., Cat., \2(fnV.ic. Extracted,
choice white, SfrdOc; dark, r»(;(7; California white, S
f?>9; amhei', 7c. Bie.siwj;, 21(?T'23c.

Ha.mbltn & Beakss,

Sept. 21. 514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

New Yokk.— Ho/iej/.— The honey market seems
unsettled, as it is impossible to approximate the
(|uantity now held in the country. At present we
quote: Fancy white 1-lb. sections, 17ftil9c; 2 lbs., 15(?'
16; fancy buckwheat 1-lb. sections. 12(^14; 2 lbs., 10
(&'I2. Ott' grades. 1 and 2c per lb. loss. White ex-
tracted. 8fr(Hc; buckwheat, 't^^diC; Southern, per
gallon, 60(" 7nc. Beeswo.r, 22(" 2:5c.

M( Caul & Htldreth Bros.,

Sept. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, N. Y.

PHii;Ai)Ei.i'HiA.—/ionei/.— Fancy new white hone.\'
is in very limited supply, and far advanced. Inquiry
is only for 1-lb. sections of white. Larger sections
and dark goods are nominal as yet. We quote: New
white clover, lS(i>20c; buckwheat, 14((/16. B(csw<i.r
is in fair demand; prime yellow, 2;jfri'2.")c; medium
and dark, 18(?>20; white (none ottered) higher.

PANflOAST \- CiRIFFfTHS,

Sept. 21. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CiiEVEi.ANi).— Ho?ic}y.— The market was never in a
better .state than at present; every lot is taken up
promptly on arrival, at 18c for best white lib. un-
glassed sections; 14("16 foi- I'/j and 2 lbs. Second
grade and dark is not so active at 8(«12c. Extracted
white clover, 8c. Basswood, 6(^)7. Beeswax, 2.5c.
A. C. Kendel,

Sept. 2(1. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Albany.— Hoficjy.— Market firm; think partly be-
(^ause of the reported short crop, causing a holding
back, -ivhich makes receipts light. So far, we cau-
tion against holding too much. We (piote white, 15
rt7)20c; mixed, 12(^*13: buckwheat, 11(S 13. Extracted,
white, 8f«.10; buckwheat, 6(Sa7c.

H. K. Wbioht,

Sept. 22. 328 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Chicago.— Hojicy.— The market has assumed a
steady tone, and white comb in one-pound sec-
tions brings 18 cts. Something fancy, 20c, but
there does not seem to be much of this grade. Two-
pound sections, 16e. Extracted at 6(r(i8c. Bee.Hwax,
;23@25c. R. A. Burnett,

Sept. :K). 161 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

St. Louis.— Honey.— Honey is scarce in our city-
very little coming in, and stock so far is poor.
Comb, choice, white clover, 1-lb. sections, 14(f'15c:
fair stock, l(l(S)12; low grade, 8((>i). Extracted, white
clover, cans, 'CqS; fair, 6@i6i4; Southern, bbls.,4fJ/'.5c.
Beeswax. 20fr/!2lc. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Sept. 23. 108 & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

New York.— Ho/ici/. -Our market for honey is
unchanged, with a good demand.
Sept. 21. F. 0. Strohmever & Co.,

122 Water St., New York.

Detroit.— Hontjy.— Best white comb, in 1-11). sec-
tions, 16(rt ISc. Beesiretx, 23c. M. H. Hunt,
Sept. 21. Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.- Extracted white-clover honey in 120-
lb. kegs, net, 10c. M. Isbell. Norwich, N. Y.

For Sale.— 700 lbs. extracted basswood honey,
for f75.()0 in 100 lb. cans. Also 600 lbs. of box honey
at 18c per lb. ( 100 lbs. of it in 1-lb. boxes); or the lot
for #180.00, (-rated and delivered on cars here free.
The above lot is No. 1 honey, and i(v7/ riitened.

F. M. Wrioht, Enosburg, Franklin Co., Vt.

For Sat.e. 2il0 lbs. b\ickwheat and fall honey, in
1-potuid boxes. I f there are any who want this class
of honey, will they please write me what it is worth
to them? Wm. \anaitken,

Woodville, .Jefferson Co., N. V.

Wanted.— To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 25 lbs. each.

I. T. Carson & Co.,
15-20d 325 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

rnp CAI C Rubber-stamp apparatus cheap;
run OnLCi size 4x6. Send for description and
price to FOSTORIA RUBBER-STAMP CO.,
I9d FosTORiA, Ohio.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACT0B7, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Vol. XV.

OCT. I, 1887.

?io. 19.

TKRMS:«1.00 Per Ankum, IN Advance;") Jp c,+ riTJ S olrt o rl -i-vt 1 Si '7 ^ ^ Cl
aCopiesfor81.90;3for«8.75;5forW.00; JldblUjOH/b ftt/iX' III/ ±0 I O . \ tha

10 or more,75cts. each. Single num- \ published semi-monthly bv I F'.'

iKf. Sets. Additions to clubs may be ( ine

A. L ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO

made at. club rates. Above are all to
be .sent to one postoffice,

A VIEW OF THE OFFICE AT THE
HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES.

.'^OMKTHlNfi IN REGARD TO THE BRAIN-WOUK OK
THE ESTABLISHMENT.

E take great pleasure in giving yoii a
view, a little further along, ot our
otlice as it apyiears almost every day.
I have before given you sketches
and incidents connected with the
otlice work.'so you already know something
about it ; and many of our friends not only
feel familiar with our clerks by their signa-
tures, but I presume they know most of
them by their handwriting. Sometimes
when visitors call they ask questions like
this : " Will you tell rne which one is ' Lu,'
and where she works?'" or.'' Is this AddieV"
or '• iiessieV" or e.xpressions of a similar na-
ture. Well, I am going to try to-day to in-
troduce you, as well as I can on paper, to the
workers in this department. There are in
the room, I believe, twelve women and three
men. Msitors often ask the question, why
it is that our othce should be so largely of
the gentler se.x. The answei' I usually give
is, that it is a great deal according to the
law of the survival of the tittest. To be
correct, however, I think I shall have to ac-
knowledge that another item has something
to do with it. During all my life. or. at
least, of late years. I have tried to give work
to those who "seemed to need it most ; and I
believe it is true that it is much more diffi-
cult for a woman out of employment to find
a place than it is for a man. A man can go
and hunt work where a woman can not, or,
at least, can not very well ; so this has

Clubs to different postofBces, not less

an90cts. each. Sent postpaid, in thi-

.S. and Canadas. To all olher ■■ouu-

es of the Universal Postal I'nidri.lH

I cts. per year extra. To all coiinuios

L NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

something to do in regaid to who shall have
a place in our establishment, when there are
so many constantly applying forplaces. IJiil
after all, it is those who are faithful that
hold tlie places permanently. The Bible
tells us, you know, that he that iafaHlifnl
in little things shall eventually be intrusted
with more important responsibilities : and
tills has been the case with us.

Perhaps the most important post in the
whole otlice is tliat behind the wire railing,
where you see four women at work at the
ledgers, keejiing accounts straight, and col-
lecting. This is. perhaps, the real founda-
tion of any business. If things are loi^se,
and not attended to in the book-keeping de-
partment, the business will go down, no
matter how well other departments may be
managed. Miss Mason, who usually signs
her name " M.,"" in her correspondence, has
the principal charge of the books. Three
j and sometimes four assist her in this work
during the busy season. Higiit close by this
desk with the wire railing around it, you
will notice the door of the large safe, or
vault. The books are all put in here over
night, and taken out in the morning by the
janitor. In fact, our ledgers are so heavy
(including the STo.OU index-book I have l)e-
fore told you about) that it would be quite a
task for any woman to handle them all.
This vault mentioned is one of a series of
vaults in each of the three floors. They are
built of such solid masonry that we e.xpect
them and theii contents to remain uninjur-
ed, even should tiur whole establishment be
destroyed by hie. All sorts of goods where
. there is much value in a small compass are
i stored in these vaults. The one that con-

720

GLEANINGS IN BEE CtljyrUltE.

()CT.

tains the ledgers and other valuable papers
contains pretty much all of the books we
sell ; for a good deal of money can l)e put in
small compass where it is invested in books.
Our book-trade is one large item of our bus-
iness. In order to ship books promptly and
rapidly, they are all wrapped up before be-
ing put away in the safe. Where tlie book
is heavy, the corners are protected ; and to
avoid any danger of getting hold of the
wrong book, the name and price of each
book is printed on each outside wrapped.
You may ask why we do them up until they
are ready to send oif. There are severtil
reasons why. It keeps them clean, aud free
from dust. ' It is a saving of time ; foi- the
cost is comparatively nothing, where a clerk
ties up books, having suitable paper, twine,
and every thing in readiness, compared with
wrapping them up one at a time. The lady
standing up by the window, near the vault-
door, is the one who has charge of the con-
tents of the vault, mailing books, and, in
fact, mailing almost every thing else. She
is very careful and trustworthy in tying up
goods securely and safely ; and when com-
plaints come in that somebody got the
wrong book, or something was not tied up
as it ought to have been, she has to take at
least a part of the responsibility of making
the wrong right. Her table is just back of
where she is standing. In fact, I believe
the photographer asked her to stand np and
look this way when he took the picture. On
her table will be found the very best kind of
wrapping-paper, suitable twine, clasp-envel-
opes, strips of Avood to put on articles that
might be injured were they not strengthen-
ed, and all the paraphernalia needed to send
almost any thing from the counter store l)e-
low, over the mountains to California, or
anywhere else where the V. S. mails reach.

Just in front of Mrs. Whitney is the desk
where the clerk sits who opens the mails.
Her sole business is to open each letter care-
fully, and note on one corner exactly what it
contained ; and if the contents are not ex-
actly in accordance with what the writer
claims to have sent, a printed postal is ad-
dressed him before the letter leaves her
hand. If a man says he incloses a dollar,
and she says that, when the letter reached
her hand, it contained no dollar at all,
there is a chance for quite a (piarrel ;
so you see it is of the utmost importance
that she mind her p\s and q's ; and if you
M^ere to go into this ortice you would liud
this clerk seldom speaks or seldom looks up
at anybody or at any thing ; and it is also
her duty to place each letter, as it leaves
her hands, under paper-weights (ready for
my inspection) that indicate what depart-
ment they are intended for. This latter clerk
has also turned around in her chair, in obe-
dience to the photographer's command.
You see, he is " boss '"for the time being.

Now, the desk right in front of this latter
clerk, as she faces this way, the one covered
with all sorts of traps scattered about pro-
miscuously, belongs to A.l. Hoot. His chair
is vacant, as you will notice ; in fact, he
never sits in it very long at a time, nor in
any other chair, for that matter, unless it
be where lie is sitting at this moment, dic-

tating these lines to you. One reason why
his table is in such disorder, compared with
the rest, is, that so many matters are under
consideration or awaiting the result of
something else. Besides, a good many things
are dropped on his table for inspection when
he comes around, l^ast, and worst of all,
there seems to be always a lot of things that
he ought to attend to when lie has a, little
surplus time or energy. (Jn each side of his
chair are rows of drawers. These drawers
contain letters for the different departments
of (jT^EANiNGs. That is where Ernest goes
when copy is wanted.

In the further corner of the room, opposite
to the one occupied by the vault, is what we
call the cloak-room." This is where tiie
women-folks hang up their things, and
where they go for a little seclusion any
time they wish it. It contains a lounge, to
be nsed in cases of indisposition. There is
also a cupboard for rubbers. Mrs. \V., how-
ever, whose work-table is right at the door
of this room, complains that even among the
women-folks the rule, " A place for every
thing, and every thing in its place," is not
always observed. This room also contains
a wash-bowl aud pitcher, and we are talking
about having a, marble-topped wash-stand,
V)ut we have not quite got around to it yet.

The clerk next to the cloak-room, lacing
this way, is the subscription clerk. She
signs hel'self " liizzie,'' and she has cliarge
of every thing pertaining to subscriptions
and advertisements. If in your order yon
say, among other things, " Send me (Ji.ean-
INOS," the letter goes to her tirst ; hence
you see it is quite important that she should
linish the letter quickly and yiass it on to the
express cleik or to tlie freight clerk.

The next one. light in fiout of her, takes
all the letters ordering goods by freight. On
a suitably printed blank sheet she copies oh'
all the writer orders, taking particular pains
to call a thing by the name it is called by in
the price list, whether our customerjobserves
to do this or not. If he omits prices, or gives
them incorrectly, she corrects them. In
fact, she condenses the order on this blank
order-sheet in the fewest words possible,
and yet have it plain for the packers. Site
also," by the aid of the l\>stal (Juide and oth-
er books, makes sure the address is plain
and correct, so yon notice her place is quite
responsible. Now, wliile women can do al-
most any tiling that men can do, where they
have had equal practice and experience,
there is much of their work that needs a
man's assistance and advice. Accordingly,
a great part of the time you will see oui'
friend John ("alvert standing at her desk,
with his liands full of letters. A great many
times important (juestions in regard to ma-
chinery, the amount of power needed to
drive it, the size of engine to be used, etc.,
are received. (Questions of this nature
make it necessary for us to hold a little
council, as doctors do. In such cases, Mr.
Warner, the foreman of the saw-room, my-
self, and Ernest also, advise in regard to the
matter. The result of our decision is either
verbally given to the freight clerk or dictat-
ed to one of the shorthand writers. Tlie
clerk at this desk of which we have been

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

727

speaking signs herself '• (". K."' During
the busy season she has sonietinies two as-
sistants', and almost always at least one as-
sistant. This assistant is seen with her
back toward us. Either the photographei-
didn't call her, or else she didn't see lit to
look around. She signs hereell' '" Mattie ;"
and although she is younger tlian most of
the otliers in tlu^ otlicr. she lias distinguish-
ed lierself for remarkable accuracy and
faitiifiil attendance to her work. Whenever
I hear too uuich fun going on in the office,
consistent with tlie saiety of our business, 1
never feel afraid that Mattie has any voice
in it— that is, during working hours, and I
l)elieve this has much to do with the accura-
cy of her work.

them up. If they go to the wrong postoffice,
or if she makes any sort of mistake in town,
county, or State, she bears the responsibili-
ty, (loods that are needed almost every day
are piled up on desks at her side, or before
her. For instan(;e, the A 15 (' book, Terry's
potato-book, smokers, and other things that
are called for almost constantly, are already
tied up, so she lias notiiing to do but to
write the applicant's name and address on
the package. Hetween tiiese two last clerks,
on one side, you will iiotici' a couple of mail-
bags. These arc susi)eiided by a sort ol'
heavy iron bag-holder, and these bag-hold-
ers can be raised or lowered by means of a
set-screw. After the mail packages are ad-
diesspd. the proper amount of postage is put

»L K ouke: a glimpse of some of the brain-workeks at the home of the honey-beer.

Right back of Mattie sits another clerk
also, with her back toward us. This is no
othei- than our friend '• Lu." who has been
with us so many years that you almost all,
doubtless, feel "more or less acquainted with
her. I presume the reason why she didn't
turn around was because she is quite deaf ;
and if the photographer tried to make her
hear he probably did not succeed. She has
for years had charge of all our letters con-
taining orders for goods by mail. She looks
them over carefully, decides what to send
and how to send it, and then the letter is
given to Mrs. W., before mentioned.

The remaining clerk nearest us. with her
face tills way. is Addie. It is her business
to address packages after Mrs. W. has tied

on by affixing stamps of dift'erent denomina-
tions from the stamp-drawer right at hand.
When they commence filling the bags, the
bag-holder is raised away up so the bottom
is clear from the tloor. Wlieu partly full,
the holder is slipped down ; and when the
mail-boy comes for them at half-past three,
the bag-holders are simply dropped down
out of the way, and he comes down stairs
pulling a bag after him with either hand.
He has a wheelbarrow of his own, standing
right by the outside door, unless somebody has
borrowed it, and we have had some jangles
and some loud scolding because, in spite of
printed notices on the front board of said
barrow, somebody i)ersists in borrowing it,
and then forgcls t(» bring it back. If you

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTCTliE.

Oct.

want to see liow well J can scdUI, just take
tli;(t nice light wiicelbarrow , belonging to
the mail-boy. AVlien the mails are very
heavy, lie takes a horse and -wagon.

.Vnd now we come to one of the short-
hand writers. He is a brother of tlie proof-
reader, whom I have several times mention-
ed, and, like this l)i()ther, picked up short-
hand ot his own accord, and became quite
expert before hardly anyl)ody knew it. He
has not been long enough in the ottice to
get as much ac(|uainted with the ottice
ways as the girls have: and there has al-
leady been some discussion as to whether
any man would ever l>e able to manage our
otrice business with as much care and neat-
ness as the women-folks. 1 believe these
discussions have, however, always been of
a friendly nature ; for although our women-
folks belong to various churches, and have
various opinions of their own, I don't be-
lieve we ever had one real live woman's-
rights woman in our establishment.

The man sitting on the railing surround-
ing the opening that communicates with
tlic counter store below, is Ernest. lie is
dictating to the shorthand writer who
signs herself '' N. -I. " She has for a great
while written the greater part of our cor-
respondence by means of the caligraph.
She has ])een a great many years in our em-
ploy, and is perfectly famifiar with almost
every department of" the business. She is
remarkal»ly (luick and accurate; but she is
not physically able to endure as much fa-
tiguing braiii-work as a good strong man.
In these friendly discussions in regard to
the alnlityof the two sexes, this question
has also been discussed : "' Has a woman
the endurance that a man has for hard la-
bor with mind or muscle V Well, even if
she has not, J have sometimes thought that
a woman's (juickness and intuition more
than make up for her lack in strength ; and
even if such is not the case, I feel strongly
incHned to gi\e them the preference, other
things being equal. I like to see our busi-
ness piosper, and prove a success tinancial-
1> ; but a hundred times more do I wish it
may succeed in being helpful to my fellow-
meii and fellow-women. I believe, my
friends, the latter have alread> demonstrat-
ed that woman is fitted for' many places
tiiat she has not heretofore tilled ; and when
my woi'k is done here, I shall be glad to
hiive it said of me that I had helped women
to eai 11 a livelihood where they were not
situated so as to be able to help themselves.

Now, this room of which I have given
you a view is a much longer one than it ap-
pears in the picture. The opening, through
where the counter store may 1)6 seen below.
is about twice as long as it aitpears in the
cut; and through this opening we call to
the clerks below, and they call to us above.
As the view is gi\ en 1i.>ni the northeast end
of this room, the east end is not seen at all ;
but for all that, a very important part of
our business is located in this east end. It
is the tiles of all our correspondence, that I
have described before. The cleik who has
charge of this department has been many
years in the business, and we call her Kittle.
She is expected to be able to jiroduce any

letter that anybody ever sent us— that is,
within three or four years back : for we sell
our letters for paper-rags, after they are
that old. Another clerk near Kittle takes
charge of the express business, very much
the same as ''('.K.'' has charge of the
freight departnreiit.

There is just one other individual I have
passed by, and that is the little chap light
under the oitening, under tiie wire railing
around the ledgers, and this is Our four-
year-old Iluber. I presume he is asking
the ladies if an.\ of them can tell where his
pa is ; and I presume he is smilingly ans-
wered, as many another has been, over and
over again, to the effect that the where-
abouts of your humble servant is one of the
problems "" hard to lind out." Sometimes
they tell visitors, " If you look all over the
grounds, and don't find liim. you might go
through all the different buildings; but as
he is continually on the move, the chances
are you will tire yourself out, and not get a
glimpse of him, even then."

BEE-KEEPING IN CONNECTION WITH
OTHER PURSUITS.

C. Mll.r.KK CONSIDERS AND SUCiGKSTS IN KE-
(iAKD TO THE MATTER.

§H()ULI) bee-keeping' be made an exclusive
business, or should it be pursued in eon.june-
tion with some other business? 'I'his <iues-
tioM can be best answered after oonsiderinK
some ot the pursuits that may be eombined
witli l)ee-lteepin{!:. I am competent to si)eak of only
a few; and it it seems really desii-able that therr;
shall be a combination, perhajjs otho-s may be call-
ed out. Perhaps 1 may arouse Bro. fi. M. Doolittle,
by saying- that I think he has made one ot the worst
combinations possible in combining- bee-keeping:
with small-fruit raising-. I think there is a some-
what g-eneral impression that beekeeping- and rais-
ing- small I'ruits g-o nicely tog-ether. There is this
much to say in favor of it— that the man with the
right taste for bee-keeping is apt to have the rig-ht
taste for a fruit-raiser; and if successful at eithi'r
he would be successful at the other if he should
turn his attention to it. But a business to be com-
bined with bee-keei)ing- should be one that would
re(]uire the attention of the bee-keeper mainly at a
time when his bees require no care. So far as my
experience g-oes, the small-fruit business re<iuires
the closest attention at the vevy time the bees de-
mand it. As soon as spring has fairlj' opened, there
is work to be done at the bees, and so there is at
strawberries, raspberries, etc. As the season ad-
vances, the bees become more imperati\e in their
demands, and so do the berries. In the height of
the picking season, when the eyes of the fruit-rais-
er must 1)6 everywhere to see that piekei-s are mak-
ing- good work, to settle disputes, to i))ake sure that
berries ai-e promptly sent to their proper destina-
tion, and not allowed to lie o\er and spoil— at this
time, when the fruit-raiser, unless i>ossessed of a
very cool head, is about half crazy, the bees alone
are enough to make him go distracted when a doz-
en swarms may come out at a time. In a.word, the
busy time for each comes at the same time;, and
what .is wanted is somclliing to occupy the limiir
time of the bee-ker^per. 'I'eaching school, I think,

1887

GLEAl>riNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

72!)

c-oincs nearei' to it; lor the' busy time with" bcrs
comes ill the i*niniut'r \'iH-iit ion; ami one witli sutli-
eicut strength and the right taste might talic earo
of quite a number of colonies without interfering
with sehool duties. I think, however, he would in
time decide as I did, to give up one or the other. A
notable e.vcejition, howe\er, is in the case of Mr.
E. A. Gastman, of Decatur. 111., who has been for
many years superintendent of schools, if 1 am not
mistaken, and at the same time a bee-keeiier. Mr.
(iastman, liowexer, is a man of magnitieent phys-
ii|ue— by the way, it just occurs to me that he is
very much the build of (i. M. Doolittle— and looks
as if he might easily do the work of two ordinary
men.

Of course, there may be many special depart-
ments in which ditferent individuals may have de-
veloped special taste and ability, where a some-
what successful combination might be made. For
instance, the teach ?r of the old-fashioned singing-
school (now unfortunately out of vogue) could take
care of bees without interfering with his " schools,"
held only on the long evenings.

Hut what we are after is something that may be
doni' by almost anyone with the re(iuisite iiualiftca-
tions to be a good bee-keeper. I think I have heard
poultr.x-keeping spoken of in connection with bee-
keeping. That, again, comes too much like berry-
raising. When work begins to press with the bees,
old Biddy will lie wanting to sit, and perhaps two or
throe hens will be sitting on one nest, persistently
changing from where you want them, till you feel
like shutting your teeth together hard, and saying,
'■ Wliat does make you act so, when I haven't time
to fuss with you? 1 should, just like to wring your
necks for you." Vet after all this is said, there re-
mains the fact that, in at least two instances, peri-
("licals have been published having for their spe-
cialties l)ec-keeping and i)oultry-i'*ii^>ug. Why this,
unless tlie two pursuits were sui)posed to have
some siiecial a<laptation to each other? To tell the
truth, if a young man to-day were to write me, " I
ha\e at least onlinary ability as a bee-keeper, and
ha\<* decided I must have some other i>ursuit to
connect with bee-keeping, what shall it be?" with
iwy present knowledge I should repl^', " Keep poul-
try." But 1 wouldn't have any hens sitting in
swarming time, nor, indeed, with flocks of little
chicks wandering about, tr.ving to lose themselves in
the wet grass. I have studied some little about it,
and taken some observations; and 1 think the
whole business of poultry-raising might be done al-
niost entirel.v when bees require little attention.

Mind you, I don't sa>- it is best to combine at all;
but if combining is done, the merits of poultry-
keeping deserve consideration. Others, perhaps,
will favor us with their combinations.

Marengo, 111. ('. C. Millek.

Friend M.. I lia\e thought of this subject
a good deal, and especially this matter of
giving up every thing else and depending
solely upon bees. If one has decided to do
this, lie should be very slow in making the
change ; and I would advise having capital
enough in the bank, or somewhere else
readily available, to take them through one
or two seasons with little or no honey. Per-
haps few know how many have got into
trouble by depending on bees alone during
the season that is just past. And there is
:iuotlier point : A yoiuig person with not

very much experience in bees or poultry
either, would be pretty sure tn neglect one
or the other. Dividing the interest, with
many people, seems to unlit them for what
they might do well if their whole energies
were given to it. I'ruit-raising, or garden-
ing and poultry-keeping, come in nicely, be-
cause one can be at home in the pursuit of
all these indtistries. If tlie bee-keeper is
employed by somebody else his time is uol
his own, and either the bees or his employer
is apt to suffer. On the whole, I think" it
well for a bee-keeper to have a small piece
of land, say five or ten acres; then let him
manage his crops, or whatever else he does,
so that it shall not absolutely demand his
attention at the same time tlie bees do.

WHAT HAS THE HARVEST BEEN

PKOF. COOK GIVES US HIS KEPOUf OK Til K SKA-
SON .lUST PAST.

E have just put up our bees for winter.
While they have given ns very little honey
(the least we ever got in any year since
1868, when I commenced keeping bees
here), still they are in grand shape for
winter— strong, healthy, plenty of young bees, and
more than enough honey.

It will be remembered, that our bees are Syrian
with several crosses of Carniolau. I went into
t<yrian exclusively when Mr. .Tones first introduced
them. I liked them; they were prolific, good to
protect their hives, good to collect honey; but they
were a little too irritable. 1 got a Carniolau of Mr.
Benton some years since, and each year since ha\ e
introduced some Carniolau blood. I now have two
pure Carniolau queens in the apiar.v. The bees in
general are quite yellow, show^ing the pre]iotene.v
of the Syrian race; but they are also quiet, and
reallj' 1 like them much. 1 believe I am on the
right track— any way, I shall keep right on, con-
stantly breeding from the best.

A nephew, who has lai-gely cared for his father's
bees, helped me the other day. " Why." said he,
" 1 never saw such iileasantbees to handle."

" Thank Carniola for that," said I.

1 worked with them all the afternoon Saturda.\'.
with no protection, no bee-tent, and yet I got haril-
ly a sting. Of course, robbing was started; but
never fear robbing with good vigorous colonies o1'
Syrians.

PROK. COOK GIVES APIFUGE A TKIAI..

Last Thursday 1 wished to work with some of the
colonies; and as no other aid was available, Katie
was my right-hand— manly girl. The day was quite-
cold and windy. Mr. Cowan had left me some
a})ifuge; so I said to Katie, " We will try it.' We
both rubbed it all over our hands. Katie got one
sting, and I got ten. The day before, I worked
about the same time and got only four stings, with
no apifuge, though the day was warmer. So much
for apifuge. I did not use a bee-tent at any time.

Mr. Root, I wish to tender a vote of thanks to Mr.
Cowan, from American— that means Canada also—
apiarists. He was very thoughtful, and spared no
pains that he might aid us to the utmost. I shall
ne\er forget his \ i-il, luid ^shall hope that It will
be soon repeated.

■,Q

'^; LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

HONEY-DEW, AGAIN.

Mr. J. H. Wood. Hammond, 111., send? me a vial
ol' honey which is evidently honey-dew, or secre-
t-ion fi'oni plant lice. It is not very unpleasant to
the taste, but would not do to market. I do not be-
lieve that it is wise to use such honey for winter.
Mr. Wood and several others have written me, ask-
ing whether I would use such honey lor winter-
and so it is a matter of practical interest. I have
had bees g-ather quite a considerable lot of honey-
dew from larch, which was very pleasant to the
taste, and would injure no honey-market. Such
honey seems to do no harm. Two years ago I receiv-
ed several samples of honey-dew, which had been
stored by bees in our Northern-Michigan country.
This was pleasant when first taken into the mouth,
but was unpleasant soon after, and left a bad taste.
I said I should try this if I had it, to some extent,
though, of course, its use involved risk. It was
tried, and proved disastrous in every case, so far as
I know.

Let me add, that such terrible droughts as we
have had the past season are very favorable to
plant-lice (aphid:e), and bark or scale-lice (coccidse),
the very insects that secrete so much honey-dew.
Again, such dry seasons shut up the nectar-glands
of the Hcnvers, and so the bees arc ready for any
kind of nectar; hence the double danger in just
such seasons as this has been, and the need of
extra care on the part of the apiarist.

Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. Cook.

Friend C, it brought pleasant remem-
brances to ray mind when you spoke of
Katie. I have tried to tell our folks at
home about your two children, and I think
your exi)ressibn describes her in some re-
spects. She is strong and able. If she has
not the strength of a little man, she has the
good sense, and 1 noticed she was versed on
many things that even women seldom look
into." I suspect the reason is, because she is
so much in the company of, and so extremely
well acquainted with, her papa. 1 was pleas-
ed, during my visit, to note that both she
and Jjertie were able to converse on almost
every subject their papa and mamma took
up. What a pleasant thing it is to feel,
that in each little home circle we are all one
in our interests, our tastes, our pleasures,
and our tasks ! — I have been fearing, dur-
iug this terrible drought, that we should
have more honey-dew than ever before ; but
in our locality we have been happily disap-
pointed. Very little of it has made its ap-
pearance.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

TE!>TYMO.\NYELliS TO 1'. BENSON A. B. S.

HEREWITH present to my noonierous friends
& admirers the foUowin gala.xy of testymoany-
ells. They air entirely nnsolisseted, the spoil-
tanious outburst, as it were, of the emosheas
of the hart. Thay will be found aiuiext & sub-
joined heartwo as folloughs:

I have saw 1 of yure hunny boxes & I esteaiu it a
grate invenshun, 1 shell never agane take up
swarms with brimstone to get the hunny.

Bodderidono, .Ian. 4, im. (J. M. Doomuch.

In the kuntry whair I was born, of whitch I was a
native befour I cum to this kuntry, I never have
saw a man I thot was the equill, I may say not even
the soopeeryer of P. Benson, A. B. S. I never herd
of sitch a man thare. I doant beleave thair is
seeh a man thair. I am most shoor of it. If sitch
a man is thare I wood of herd of it. I doant be-
lieve thare is sitch a man on the face of the hole
urth. C. F. Moot.

Sinsnatty, Feb. :50, 1887.

P. Benson, A. B. S. Dear Sir:— Yure toundashen
is a grate invenshen. It is a long stej) in advants. In
lack it is several steps in advants. Hereto* we al-
ways poot our hives on the ground or hung them
up on trees. This yeer we have poot a foundasben
under each hive and it wurkx to perfcckshen.
When bee-keepers see the adv^antige of It evry hive
will have a foundashen bilt under it.

Porkilton, July 4, 1887. C. P. Nightdant.

I am very glad you conseeved the idea of invertin
hives. It will increese the produck 6 foaled & do
away with the grate skurcity of hunny.

Dewoodjack, June 31, 1887. James Footon.

Yure plan of counteractin the brude nest and
makin the bees bild thair oan combs has been
tride by sum of my nabers, and is a grate sucksess.
You have my unquolliyflde approovle.

Vogersville, Oct. 4, 1886. H. Z. Wutchinson.

Yure idee of gittin up a fackterry whare evry-
buddy ken get all the bee fixins he needs is as use-
fool as it is nauvle. I hev often wuudered that no-
buddy thot of this before, for thare hcd ot to be at
leest 1 sitch place & and I think jist sitch a disinter-
rested man as yourself, friend Benson, so moddest
& unassoomin, yet with sitch a vast scoap of in-
telleck is the rite man fur it. I will git oil my hives
& things frum you. A. I. Bkanch.

Medienow, Apr. 31, 1887.

1 hev long felt the need of a noospaper whitch is
all bees, & I feel sure you will make the most re-
markiblc edditer of the age. T. 0. Oldman.

Shecowgo, Joon lil, 1887.

Much a steamed trend, yure projeck to lurn every
buddy how to keep bees in (i short lessons without a
master tills a akin voyed. I wood like fur straight
to cum and wurk under you awhile & am savin nji
for it now. A. C. Jook.

Lancesing, Feb. 31, 1887.

I hev a hole trunk fool of sitch testymoanyells
whitch thair izzent room to print them. Here is
the trunk.

TKUNK FOOL OF TESTYMf )AN YEl.t.S.

and you ken look them over at yure convenients.
P. Benson, A. B. Sighentist.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

731

MK. THOMAS 'WILLIAM COWAN.

A B'EW WORDS IN HEOAKD TO HIS IlECENT VISIT.

TT seems to me no more than fitting that
M we should take a little space to speak of
W one of the greatest of living bee-keep-
"*■ ers. I do not mean by this that Mr.
Cowan has the largest apiary in the
world, for. in fact. I do not know how many
colonies of bees he does keep. Furthermore,
I do not know that he has ever made any
money by following the pursuit of bee cul-
ture. It sounds a little strange, does it
not, friends, to speak of it in this way V
Well, the fact is, friend Cowan gave me a
new glimpse of life; that is. he gave me a
glimpse of the life of a human being who
IS not working as we Americans do, too
many of us, simply to pile up dollars. I
presume likely he is wealthy; but he did
not tell me how much he is worth, and I did
not feel like asking him. In fact, since I
have been thinking of it, in our country we
place altogether too much stress on the
amount of property a man has laid up. In
my Sunday-schoolclass of growing boys a
short time ago, the subject turned on wealth;
and almost all of the boys, directly or indi-
rectly, declared that money is the main
thing. In trying to give them a glimpse of
something better, I asked them now much
they knew of Vanderbilt. They had heard
his name mentioned, but not one of them
could tell me much about him. I don't
think that ouf^ of them knew whether Mr.
Vanderbilt was dead or alive. They only
knew that he had had the credit of being
worth millions. Several years ago, while
away from home, a locomotive and train of
cars stopped at the station where I was
standing. There was something so unusual
about it that I inquired of a bystander what
it all meant. He said it was Vanderbilt's
traveling escort. He owned the cars and he
owned the locomotive. We did not get a
glimpse of the millionaire, but we did see
his servants and waiting-men. IVieif were
fixed up enough to satisfy us, without oret-
ting a sight of the great man himself. Per-
haps you wonder if a great crowd gathered.
I don't believe that half a dozen people
crossed the street; and although the train
was evidently intended to impress the world
on whatever road it ran. it did not seem to
have succeeded at all. Nobody cared par-
ticularly about Vanderbilt ; and the sight of
this spectacle, indicating his princely wealth,
gave me but a feeling of pain. I remember
a gathering at a railroad station a few years
after this. The gathering was to get a
glimpse of Garfield. People came for miles
around, and a great crowd surrounded the
end of the car where lie spoke to them dur-
ring the brief interval the train stopped.
The people fiocked to see him, and to take
him by the hand, as many as could, because
he had risen from obscurity — yes. from being
a canal-boy, by his own efforts and industry.
Garfield was never worth very much money,
I believe ; but he won the love and esteem
and respect of almost the whole world, be-
cause his life was given for the good of the
people.
Well, in that two-days' visit with brother

Cowan I did not hear any thing said about
great chances of making money, nor any
discussions whether this, that, or the other
would wa//. It is sometimes said, that rich-
es tend to discourage energy and industry.
It has not been so in this case. Friend
Cowan must have been all his life a most
energetic and determined worker. I don't
know how many people he employs, but 1
feel sure he might employ a great many if he
chose. But the work I speak of is the work
of his own hand and his own brain. When
I met him at the train 1 offered to carry a
part of his luggage, and I took hold of a nice
square box that I thought would be just
about what I should like to carry. I very
soon, however, passed it over to Ernest.
Had the box l)een filled with iron wedges, I
should not have been more astonished. Pret-
ty soon it transpired that this was his mi-
croscope. You know, friends, I have for
many years worked in metals. I know pret-
ty nearly how many years of patient, earnest
toil it takes to make a fine mechanic, and
therefore^;! was prepared to be surprised
when Mrs. Cowan remarked that the micro-
scope was'the work of his own hands. The
more I examined the instrument, the more
astonished I became. People often say, in
looking at home-made work like this, that it
is wonderfully well done for hand-mh-k; but
this piece of machinery was the best work I
ever saw in my life, of any kind. I mentally
figured up the amount of machinery requir-
ed for the different operations needed, and a
little conversation satisfied me that he was
expert in the use of the lathe and other me-
chanical tools. Those who use microscopes
have doubtless discovered how necessary it
is that every part of the machine should
move freely, but, at the same time, should
never move so easily as to move of its own
accord. It never occurred to me, until I
saw friend Cowan"s instrument, that a de-
vice could l)e made to allow these heavy
parts not only to move just right, but keep
moving just right. Not only is every por-
tion of the instrument adjustable in every
direction, but the friction with which the
parts move is also adjustable ; and at any
time any part can be made to work a little
tighter or a little looser, by a slight turning
of minute screws. A great many times I
have felt impatient because of the length of
time it takes to accomplish any thing with
the microscope, or to exhibit it to friends.
Now, although this instrument is remark-
ably strong and heavy, our friend handles it
with greater rapidity and accuracy than 1
ever saw any^thing in the line of optical in-
struments handled before.

Mr. Cowan 'was not only the most thor-
oughly versed man I have ever met or heard
of in every thing pertaining to bee culture,
but he was equally at home in the depart-
ment of mechanics. At different periods of
his life he'has worked at or worked out most
of the well-known mechanical problems. I
was pleased to hear him tell us about work-
ing on perpetual motion, to be run by mag-
netism. He has made an electric clock, and
one that performed well, too, which is more
than can be said of the one that I made
some years ago. He knew what is possible

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

ill mecliaiiics as well as that which Is impos-
,sil)]e. Xow. do not think me vain when I
say it is only once in a ^leat while that I
meet those who are capable of conversing in
regard to the possibilities and impossibilities
in the line of perpetual motion. If there
are any among our readers who are now
thinking or working on this foolish fancy,
let me say to them, you can no more create
a perpetual motion by cog-wheels and mag-
nets than you can ciieat the great Creator of
tiie universe. You can make wind and
water turn wheels, etc., and you can make
natural gas run steam-engines, which ought
to satisfy anyliody; but Ave can not run any
machine without motive ]>ower. People who
talked about the Keely motor-power which
made siicli a stir a few years ago. need a lit-
tle rebuking in this line. At one time al-
most all the papers were against the Scien-
lific Atiii riran because that journal would
not admit the claims made for the Keely
motor. Tiic Scvniifti' ^ linerican was at liome;
the matter came right on their own ground,
and its editors knew Avhereof tliey spoke
and wrote. The papers that pul)]ished the
accounts of its success ought to have known
better.

Well, after talking a little on perpetual
motion, friend C. said, with a bright start,
'■ Oh I 1 have got a perpetual motion among
the things I brought to show you."

He said it in an indifferent way that im-
jilied lie did not expect it to run" sawmills,
thrasliing-machines, etc.; but I was quite
anxious to see it, nevertheless. Now, what
do you suppose it was V It was in a micro-
scope-slide that was prepared from an ex-
ceedingly thin bit of meteoric stone that fell
to our earth in 1879, if 1 am correct. Pieces
of the stone are ground so thin as to be
transparent. This transparent tilm of me-
teoric stone is then subjected to the enor-
mous magnifying power of something like
oOOO diameters. I presume that earnest
seekers for what God has given us to hunt
out, placed this stone under the microscope
to see if they could tell about where it came
from, or what there was curious in regard to
it. In this thin tilm of rock they found cav-
ities. These cavities are full of liquid. Now,
mind you, the stone, when it fell to the
earth, was red-hot. How can the liquid be
found there now ? No one can tell. Well,
in this liquid is a little bubble resembling an
air-bubble in microscopic work: and this
minute bubble, almost as small as anything
in the shape of insect-life can exist, is con-
tinually bounding and rebounding from one
side of the cavity to the other. It seems as
if it were almost alive, for it is never still.
>yow, an ordinary obspiver who has not
studied the problem of perpetual motion,
probably would not see any tiling curious or
wonderful|about it ; but it was to me at once
one of the greatest curiosities of my life.
Why should this bubble keep moving? It
does not take any power to move it ; in fact,
the breath that 'stirs the wing of an insect
would be a hurricane, almost, compared
with the small amount of force needed to
keep this tiny speck biimj)ing around. The
question is, What force keeps up this mo-
lion ? It is at present one of the curiosities

of the scientific world, because there is ab-
solutely no force known to man that will
account for the motipns of this uneasy little
atom. Does it run all the time V Friend C.
said it had always been rnnning since it had
belonged to him, and that he had watched it
for hours together, to see if he c(juld discov-
er any thing that might give any possible
clew to the ]»ropelling power. Tliere is only
a limited nnmber of these microscropic cu-
riosities in the M'orld. and thex arc sold at a
very high price.

Friend (^owan took a stroll in our grounds,
lie named the plants of America — that is.
giving them their botanical name — about as
easily as you would name the plants in your
own garden. I presume many of the plants
he had never seen before at all. We occa-
sionally meet men who are deeply versed in
regard to botany, entomology, astronomy,
mechanics, or thie tine arts ; Imt it is very
seldom indeed that we meet an individual
who is sharp and keen on all these things.
Friend Cowan seems to liave cared to ex-
plore all Nature's laliyrinths and resoiu'ces;
and, mind you, these explorations have not
Ijeen made principally to satisfy his own no-
tions : the end and aim of his work is for
the benefit of his fellow-men. In our issue
for May 1. p. ot)6, we made mention of a coii-
ple of pamphlets. One of these tells how to
make an extractor and a bellows smoker ;
the other is in regard to securing extracted
and comb honey, and the prevention of
swarxning.

Home one asked whether he should call
friend C. "■ doctor " or "■ professor." He re-
plied quietly, '• Neither, if you please." But
I see on the Guide-Book Pamphlets the fol-
lowing letters: V. G. 8.. which means, I
presume, Fellow of the Geological Society ;
and F. K. M. 8., which I also presume stands
for Fellow of the Royal Microscopic Society.
And last, but not least, he is editor of the
British Bc( Journal; and it seems to me it is
not only the people of England who are to
be congratulated upon their having such an
able rnan, but 1 feel sure that the whole
world will be better for his labors and re-
searches.

Friend Cowan is a member of the (,'hurcli
of England : and it was not until I hunted
up some of his old letters that I discovered
what a very earnest, pure-minded, and high-
toned Christian he is. Since 1 have seen
the man, and talked witli him face to face,
the letters he has written to me in years
past have a new meaning : and I presume,
dear friends, such might be the case with
many more, if it were ]iossible for me to
meet you all face to face ; and while this is
not possible in this wiorld, who knows of the
possibilities in that life over and beyond
this V For we are sure that '' eye hath not
seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered
into the heart of man, the things that God
hath pi-epared for those who love him."

Now, dear friends, do not think that I
mean to forget his good wife, who has been
all these years by his side, a faithful student
and patient helper. What friend Cowan
lacks in the way of volubility, his wife
makes iqj by her good - natured vivacity.
Mrs. Root was great I,\ worried, as a matter

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

733

of course, at the thought of entertaining
such distinguished guests; but Mrs. C.'s
good-natured P^nglish ways very soon won a
place in Mrs. Roofs heart. In addressing
her husband, Mrs. Cowan says, " Tom, dear,''
in a familiar way that was worth ever so
much to me. For several days after they
went away, my wife would have it over.
This single little expression contributed
greatly toward making us feel at home and
acquainted. May (iod bless our two Eng-
lish friends wherever they go ; and I pre-
sume that one secret of their vast fund of
information is the fact that they have both
traveled much.

A HOUSE-APIARY, AND ONE THAT IS
MANAGED SUCCESSFULLY.

A COMMUNIC.\T]ON KKOM THE INVENTOR OF THE
PEET QUEEN-CAGE.

ITH a good deal of pleasure I had been con-
templating a trip to the above apiary for
some time, remembering a similar visit
about two years ago. Blue-Poi:it Ai)iary is
owned by Mr. M. G. Young, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., and is located at Highland, Ulster Co., N. Y.,
a beautiful village nestling among the hills that
overlook the grand and beautiful river Hudson. To
get to Highland from New York you have your
choice of three routes: viz., West Shore R. H., N. Y.
Central R. R , and steamboat "Mary Powell." The
latter was my choice, as I am passionately fond of
sailing, and a brief respite from the dust and dirt of
the city and its legion of railroads was a recreation
of itself, and I appreciated it fully as I sat upon the
deck and drank in the delightful breeze that fanned
our heated bodies, which were almost cooked by
the long fi6°in-the-shade stretch of weather. But
our bodies, being a good deal like the weather in
our climate (very elastic), it did not take long to
cool them off, and make us begin to feel a little un-
comfortable the other way; however, this condition
is easily remedied by simply walking inside the cali-
in, and accommodatingyourself to a luxurious chaii-.
This is just ivhat your humble servant did, and
Spent the remainder of the steamboat part of the
journey in admiring and studying human nature as
it is phased among a promiscuous crowd traveling
for pleasure on the Hudson River. I could write
some very amusing notes of observation in lliis
line, but it would be out of order in this article.

On taking a tour of observation now. 1 found we
had gotten as far along as Newburgh; and being
reminded by the inner man that it was time to at-
tend to his wants, and that I yet had time before
arriving at my get-off place to do so, T repaired to
the lower deck, or cabin, where I found the re-
quired refreshments; and with an appetite made
keen by the bracing mountain air, satisfied that in-
ner man to the astonishment of my pocket-book.

Soon we arrived at Poughkeepsie, where I was to
leave the steamboat and take (or let It take me) a
small steam launch, or ferry-boat, and cross the
river to Highland. Arriving at the dock, ray good
friend was awaiting me, and right glad I was to find
him there; for the night was dark and the country
strange, and his home some two miles from the riv-
er, necessitating a walk through the woods by path
and road, up hill and down— mostly up; but follow-
Idb^ close to my friend Young, who seemed to be

perfectly at home among these hills, we soon ar-
rived at Blue-Point Apiary, the writer about " play-
ed out," and ready to seek the welcome cot, where
we were soon ensconced; and, listening to the mo-
notonous music of the katydid, we soon slept the
sleep of the weary, awakening only when the light
of the coming daj- shone into my room, and the
sound of nature's orchestra falling upon my ears.
I was soon Into^ my clothes, and out enjoying the
loveliness of the country, as only a city clerk can
appreciate to the full.

After breakfast, a visit to my friend's pets, the
bees, was in order. Mr. Y. is thoroughly a house-
apiarist. He hasn't a colony outside of the house.
He has two bee-houses, situated about half a mile
apart, one accommodating about thirty, the other
twenty. The hives are arranged inside in two rows,
one on the floor, and the other about four feet
above, and occupying two sides of the house, viz.,
south and east. Experience has taught him that
they do not winter well facing the north. The plan
of the bee house is about as follows: Shaped as an
L, say 20x 14 ft.; this gives him a room on the U-fl.
side for a work-room, about s ft. siiuare. The sides
opposite the hives ai-e used to store frames, bo.xes.
etc., and to hang up tools, etc.. necessary for the
apiarist. There is a skylight in the center of the
roof, arranged with a wire screen that can be
turned over at will by pulling a string. The oliject
of this is twofold. First, it catches all the bees that
fly off while maniijulating the combs; It also pre-
vents robbers from coming In, and holds them till
the manipulator is through with that hive, when a
pull of the string turns them all outdoors.

Another advantage, and a:big one, for Mr. Y., is
in having his bees all in a bee-house. He can go
away and leave them locked up, and nothing can
meddle with them. He uses a box :) by + inches,
with a full-size sheet of fdn. (flat bottom), fastening
it with a Mallery fastener. He markets the honey
himself; i. e., he seeks a market among grocerymen
In Brooklyn, who pay him a good price, appreciat-
ing the neat box and clean tidy-looking crate that
holds them. Mr. '\'. Is very successful In wintering
his bees just as they stand in the bee-house, simple-
packing them with chaff' or chaff' cushions, allowing
the entrances to remain open. He has a plan of
ventilating the hive, which I will not exi>laln here,
as he may not .wish me to do so. Mr. Y. has met
the foul-brood problem to his sorrow, but he 'came
off' a conqueror. 1 think he said by the Muth system.
He could give j-ou some rich experience In thai
line, if called upon. He has now a very handsome
strain of bees, whose <iualities for working ;^and
gentleness are unsurpassed. Mr. Y. enjoys this lit-
tle side business very much, as does his wife also,
who helps him In a good part of the work. His vo-
cation in Brooklyn being a schoolteacher, he has
one day of every week ,;at his disposal, as well as a
long vacation in summer, at the beginning of which
he moves at once with his family to his Highland
apiary, and gathers new strength as well as new
honey and ducats, to spend in the winter campaign
for souls, for I forgot to tell you that Mr. Y.Jis the
leader of a large mission school, also In Brooklyn.
Like the bees he loves, he Is a worker.

From Blue-Point Apiary I crossed the old Hudson
again, and sought the." Knickerbocker Bee-Farm,"
located at Pine Plains, N. Y., an account of which
1 will give you later. Theo. O. Peet.

Arlington, N. J., Sept. 7. 1887.

nu

GIKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

AUSTRALIA AS A BE3E-COUNTRY.

ANOTHKK STATEMENI'.

fOUR issue of May 1.5, 1887, contains a letter
from Mr. L. Chambers, latelj' a South-Aus-
tralian bee-keeper and manufacturer of api-
cultuial requisites. The tenor of his letter
wouiil ead your readers to suppose that
bee-keeping' in South Australia would be an easy
and extri'iiioly profitable business. I am sure, from
my personal knowledg-c of Mr. Chambers, that he
would not wiin.illy misrein-esent our facilities and
(lilflcultios in bee-keei)inK'; but his natural enthusi-
asm ha,s led him into one or two errors which I am
desirous of correcting:. Our season certainly lasts
four or five months; but the honey-How during that
term (except in a few favored localities) is spas-
modic and irreg-ular. As to our having no winter-
well, compared with your winter, of course, we
can't call our wet season a winter; but the last
three or four months have proved that we get suffi-
cient cold and wet to stop all brood-raising in Ital-
ian stocks.

Mr. Chambers quotes the " red gum " as a pro-
ducer of many hundred-weights of honey per sea-
son. Well, sir. it seems to me a difficult job to give
you any thing like a true estimate; but I certainly
should like an acre or two of those several-hundred-
weight trees in my neighborhood. I think your
query as to one hundred pounds per tree is much
nearer the mark.

The Italians and their crosses are proving much
superior to black, and we are specially favored in
having an island set apart by our legislature, for
raising Italians only. With regard to that pest, foul
brood, nearly all bee-keepers here have had some
experience with it; but I never yet met one who
had cured it by three sprayings with phenol. As an
eradicator of the disease, most of us have found
phenol useless; as a preventive, especially useful.
Mr. Muth's method with salicylic acid is advocated
here, and I personally have found it suceessful.
Mr. Chambers' estimate of 400 or 500 lbs. per colony
per season is often realized here; but in most dis-
tricts, I venture to affirm that that result is excep-
tional. I append some reports culled by me from a
number sent in by members of our bee-keepers' as-
sociation, and you must understand that they are
selected, and do not represent average reports.

TABULATED REPORT OF SOME OF THE BEST
YIELDS IN AUSTRALIA.

t|.5c

— ' if

~ Distriet.

1

1
i

U

21

S

310 I 3360

590 ' liiis
700 784

1320

107 512

3570 1 Mt. Barker Springs.

207 Border Town.
198.') Mount Parker.
U84 Mitcliani.
132'i HvinibliK SituI>.

(ir.l Xortli Adelaidr.

The increase mentioned in the second column rep-
resents natural and artificial swarin.« from colonies
mentioned in the first column.

With Mr. Chambers, I glory in snyiiig that we
have a capital country for honey-produceis; but I
must also admit, that, like every other country, we
have difficulties— bad seasons, and plenty of hard
work, before we can have or expect success.

With. regard to my own bee-keeping doings, I am
not a professional. My hees atford me constant

pleasure, and are, in fact, my hobby; but I must
tell you that T find it a hobby that pays its own way,
and the last report in the foregoing list is my own.
Frederic A. Joyner.
Adelaide, Australia, July 18, 1887.

Friend J., we are under obligations to you
for giving us actual figures in regard to this
matter of yields of honey. Thanks, also, in
regard to "the reports about foul In-ond. I
believe your experience just about agrees
with that of Mr. Cowan, as giveti in Ids re-
cent visit.

HO'W A BEGINNER MADE BEES PAY.

A VISIT TO MRS. ClHADDOr'K'S APIARY.

K. HOOT:— I am a beginner in bee culture.
1 want to tell you my little experience in
connection with the work. To begin with.
T will tell you that, for the past seven
years, I have been living in a country
home in Appanoose Co., Iowa, the land of white
clover and honey. Three years ago last spring,
George B. Replogle, whom I had the good fortune
to claim for my neighbor, presented me with one
colony of bees. I must confess that I had always
gazed at the little creatures with a suspicious eye,
and was quite unwilling to approach them. Their
actions in the past had not impressed me favorabl.v
at all times. But I am always glad to form new
acquaintances, and so I determined to become bet-
ter acquainted with these busy little workers which
I now had in my possession, and had allowed to be
sheltered in one corner of my front yard.

Their former ovvner, knowing that I was entirely
ignorant of the manners and customs of the bee-
tribe, kindly took upon himself the task of instruct-
ing me in regard to them, and it was not long un-
til friendly relations were established between us.
Well, with occasional lessons I succeeded in man-
aging the inmates of the little dwelling, and pre-
vented their swarming, not wishing more than one
colony until my knowledge was extended some-
what. I began a course of reading In ?jee-ology.

Mr. Replogle loaned me the ABC book, also
Gleanings. T read them with much interest and
profit. The following year I went on reading, and
the bees went on working. During the summer
they increased to three colonies, and. to reward me
for my protecting care over them, they gathered
in a sui'plus of honey which tempted me, when I
discovered that I might convert the gift they had
furnished, into silver. This I did until I found, on
counting the pieces, I had sold six dollars' worth of
honey.

Last season 1 increased to eight colonies, and re-
alized f 13.00 from the sale of honey, besides having
all the family wanted to eat, which was not a little.

Last spring I sold out, preparatory to moving to
Illinois, where I expect to make uiy future home.
My bees brought me between thirty-seven and forty
dollars. I felt amply repaid for the little care I
gave them, and must say that 1 am glad for having
had the opportunity of forming an ac(iuaintance
with the bee-family. 1 take great pleasure in work-
ing with them, and have overcome the nervousness
and timidity which I felt at first.

A short time ago 1 had the i)U'asurc' of visiting
the apiary of Mrs. ('haddock, who lives about
twenty-five miles from my home, f found her sit-

188?

GLEAKINGS IK BEE CULTUitE.

?3.<

uated in a beautiful country. I had always enjoy-
ed readinjr her letters in Gleanings, which I took
one year while in Iowa; and while reading I formed
an opinion of the writer. 1 found her to be Just as
I expected— g-et up atid dust— willing- to let her
light shine. She took me out to see her bees,
showed me the hives and fixtures she had gotten of
you. I found many objects of interest at her beau-
tiful home, which indicates that she has not been
idle, and 1 hope she may live long and have health
to enjoy the fruits of her labor.

As I have been suffering so much lately from
rheumatism 1 have been to a great deal of ex-
pense, and did not feel that I could spare a dollar
for Gleanings. Mrs. Chaddock kindly gave me
some of hers and other late bee-journals to read.
1 have been offered, since coming to Canton, ten
colonies of Italians to work with next year on
shares. Every thing is to be furnished me- 1 to do
the work, and to receive half the honey and half
the increase. I can have them two years. Do you
think that a fair offer? Should I move them this
fall, or wait until spring? Tlitey are in LangStr'ith
hives. Mrs. R. J. Currv.

Canton, Fulton Co., 111., Sept. 13, 1887.

If yoii want my opinion in regard to tak-
ing bees on shares, Mrs. C, I don't believe
that any one who has had the success you
seem to "have had can afford to do any thing
of that sort. Buy your bees, even if you buy
only a couple of "colonies to commence with.
If, however, you prefer the '' shares "' plan,
the offer you mention seems to be a good
one. As you state it, I believe I would move
them this fall.

FOUL BROOD " ACCORDING TO
HOYLE."

SOME ITKTHEK SUGGESTIONS ANU 'IHKt )lt I i;S 1(K-
(iARDING THE DISEASE.

r is with the greatest degree of interest tliat I
i-ead your experiments with foul bi-ood, given
in each issue of (i LEANINGS. lam glad to see
you so cautious in coming to a decision as to
the nature and cure of this disease: as your
conclusions, right or wrong, will have great weight
with the fraternity. Although you are very con-
servative on the subject, I conclude, from deduc-
tions you have made, that you are biased in favor
of some theory. This is what I refer to. When the
disease disappeared from your apiary, you
thought you had cured it. Naturally; but
when the disease reappeared, you gave it as your
opinion that the disease had been covered up all
that time, and that when you let them get near the
8tarvati(m-point they got down to the disease. Now,
is this conclusion supported by any thing we know,
or have reason to suppose concerning the dis-
ease? J think not; any way. 1 want to reason with
you on the matter.

We will suppose, for the sake of argument, that
bacteria is the |)rime cause of the disease, and that
It is conveyed in the hone.v. It is natural to suppose
it gets in the honey when the himey is placed in
cells where diseased larvfo had l)ecu. Suppose such
were the case, would they not have eaten the affect-
ed honej" first? Or let us suppose that the affected
honey was some you had fed them, and it was all
placed up next the top-bar, would not the top-bar
have been reached in some combs in the apiary

long before the disease reappeared? Well, you will
say, how did it reapjicar? Not being there, I could
not say positively, and I don't know that I could if 1
were there; but from what you said at the time, 1
should judge that the larva^ in the hives affected
were neglected by the bees, and, being weak for
want of sufficient food, were attacked by bacteria.
Bees will not feed the larva? plentifully when their
stores are low; and Itefore they use it all they will
quit feeding them and move them from the hive.
When foul brood is in an ajjiary, and it is not so
bad but that you can distinguish a difference in
some colonies, these are the colonics which have It
worst, other things being e(iual : Artificial colonies,
where the larva? are out of proportion to the nurse-
bees, and get insufficient attention; where there
is a puny queen; where there is a drone-layer or
fertile workers.

You have evidence enough in Gleanings that
the disease sometimes gets well of itself; tiut you
believe in the germ theory, and you call such cases
a " mild type." There is only one way to distinguish
the mild type (?) from the genuine foul brood : The
former gets well, the latter doesn't. That is the only
difference. There is no doubt but that the larvae of
the former are killed just as dead, and in as great a
proportion, and smell equally bad as the larvfe in a
genuine case, other conditions being the same, of
course. There are as many different phases of this
disease as there are different causes, which accounts
for the different descriptions of it.

I had the disease this last summer In my Whistler
apiary (that which I had two years ago was in Mo-
bile), that surpassed any case that I can call to
mind. The disease reached its height of develop-
ment in two weeks; that is, the combs containing
larvte were turned a bluish black. Even the cap-
pings were stained through. T do not believe over
ri.T per cent of the larviv hatched. If this state of
things had continued two months they would have
all died. In that event it-would have been it genu
ine case; as it was, it turned out to be only a mild
type(?). It was verv dry, and the bees were gather-
ing honey-dew; the spring flowers had ceased tn
bloom. There came a good rain, which stopped the
supply of honey-dew, and they, having very littli'
in their hives, and i)lenty of nectar stored, gradual-
ly got well. Of course, if they had gat hered consid-
erable of that honey-dew, and it was not taken away,
it would have tieen fatal. Bad water may have
assisted in causing the disease — I can't say; but
any waj% I can't help believing the rain saved them.

I see you have a friend investigating the subject
with the microscope. I hope he will be successful.
and tell us something new about it. Now, if your
friend were a first-class chemist as well as a micro-
scopist, and would use both sciences in his investi-
gations, I have no doubt but that he could tell u.s,
very soon, something new and \aluable; but with
the microscope alone I hardly think he can do more
than verify the experiments of Cheshire and others.

Through the chemists we learn what to eat, what
to give our horses, cows, hogs, chickens, etc. They
coulil tell us, no doubt, what foreign substance
there was in the honey that caused bad results, or
tell us if it lacked some essential thing. When bees
are fed plienol, jn-obably a chemist could tell tis
what percentage it was to the juices of the larva by
which it was received. If he could learn that, he
could easily tell if carbolic acid would cure the dis-
ease, by putting the same proportion In the compo-

(otJ

(iLEANlN(JS IN BEE CLlLTUUE.

Oct.

sltion In which he raises bacteria. Thai is, of
course, if bacteria were the prime cause of th(( dis-
ease; but I think .\()u will oonclud<' tiefore long-
that it is not. I hope so, anyhow. Oko. H. Hovi.e.
Moliile, Ala., Sept. 10, 1887.

Many thanks for your kind words. I'rieiid
11. It i.s true, 1 am t-onservalive on the
subject oC foul brood, and it is hard for me
to be otherwise ; but I am not biaseil in
favor of some theory. iSo many theories
that I have entertained in regard to foul
brood have been overthrown bysonie devel-
opments in the apiary, that 1 haven't thought
it advisable to be giiided by ;tny of theni to
any great e.xtent, howevei' plausible they
may have seemed. When the disease dis-
appeared and then broke out atter a ])eriod
of six weeks, I inferred that the germs had
been covered up, and then, as the stores of
the bees began to decrease, said germs
were uncoveied, and so gave rise to the re-
appearance of the disease. This inference
I made because others had said the same
thing. Now, I don't know that this conclu-
sion is supported by any thing that weknoiv;
in fact, there are very few things indeed
that we do know positively about foul brood ;
but the development of certain facts often
leads us to draw certain inferences Mhich
may be entirely false. You propose anoth-
er theory for the entire absence and final
reappearance of foul brood — that, in conse-
quence of decreasing stores, the bees neg-
lected the larva>. The latter, thus weaken-
ed, were made more susceptible to the germs
of the disease, which were probably present
all the time ; but as the larva' had been pre-
viously kept healthy, they were enabled to
throw off the inlluences of the disease. I
am aware that a person in perfect healtii
can enter infected districts with very much
less liability of catching contagion than one
who is less" strong and less healthy. In the
absence of more positive facts and data, I
shall be just as ready, and perhaps more so,
to accept this explanation than that the
bees had eaten their stores down to the
point where foul-brood germs existed.

I know that it has been suggested that
there is a mild and a malignant form of
foul brood — the one curable and the other
incurable. From Our Own Apiary of last
issue you will see that I express myself
rather decidedly that such is not the case.
I did so, however, because of what Mr.
Cowan had said. Mr. C. has been all over
the world, and has examined microscopical-
ly specimens of foul brood in his travels, and
yet he Hnds that the bacillus alvei are in all
cases identically the same. I know there is,
apparently, a niild and a malignant form,
and I have noticed the same thing among
our bees. In one colony the disease will
make rapid inroads, the brood becoming
rotten witliin ten days from the time the
disease made its first appearance. In
another colony I have noticed only an occa-
sional diseased cell, sometimes all trace of
former infection being gone. Such colonies
I have left to themselves, to see how it
would turn out. Sometimes the disease ap-
peared, and then it would disappear for a
period of perhaps two months, at the end of
which time an examination showed an occa-

sional cell of foul brood. Now, I can not
help but think that the disease was identi-
cally the same in both the mild and viru-
lent" attacks. In the former, the bees strove
so vigorously against the inroads of foul
brood that they wer;' enabled to keep it
subjugated. In the latter, while the disease
made rapid advances, the bees seemed to
give it up as a bad job. from first to last.
Why this difference V The most probable ex-
planation, and the one which I think by far
the most satisfactory to my own mind, is
this : In those colonies where the disease
seemed unable to make a very bad start,
I observed that there was a \ery large num-
ber of young bees. Noting this fact, J told
the boys to put a frame or two of hatching
brood in the colonies which were most dis-
eased. What did those little fellows do
when they hatched out V .lust as soon as
they began to assume their duties as nurse-
l)ees, they cleaned the combs up nice and
sweet. AVe found that a frame of hatching
brood did, in every case, make a vast differ-
ence in the amount of foul brood in the
hive. Some miglit suggest, '• Why would
not this be a good way to cure foul brood V '"
It would, for the time l)eing ; but the troub-
le is, that, after these comlts are nicely
cleaned out, eggs, larva', and sealed brood
nicely under way. three or four combs will be-
come diseased. " If, on the contrary, a frame
of hatching brood were given to the colony
at regular intervals of, say, once in three
weeks, the young bees will keep the hive in
pretty respectable shape. In a word, then,
I think the reason why the disease makes
greater inroads in some colonies than in
others, is because of the addition in energy
of the bees, and also upon the quantity of
young bees present.

In all cases of foul brood that we have
had in the apiary, we have never had more
than two cases which cured themselves ab-
solutely, and these may yet show their
former infection. These colonies, however,
never let more than three or four cells re-
main diseased in the hive at a time.

In regard to your last point, Mr. Frank
Cheshire is positive that the bacteria are
the prime cause of foul brood. Mr. T. W.
Cowan is not so sure of it. He says that
the fact that these bacteria are always
present is not necessarily a proof that they
are the cause. But this is a question for the
doctors to settle.

BEE-HUNTING IN TWO CHAPTERS.

CHAPTER I.

VALUABLE FACTS ON THE SUBJECT.

N i)rcsenting- this subject to the readers of
Gleanings I shall attempt to present only my
ideas and methods. Perhaps some of the older
bee-hunters who read this may have a " better
way " of their own. Some thoughtless persons
denounce bee-hunting as the work of a lazy man.
1 beg to differ with them. The successful bee-hunt-
er must be a careful, observing, and persevering
man. Bee-hunting may not pay financially; but a
few days during vacation, spent in rambling
through the woods, will have a beneficial effect up-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

/8^ ■

on our health, well worth the seeking-. Many times
I have found a natural cui-iosity, oi- a rare flower
for analysis, which well repaid me for the day's
tramp. Ag'ain, when 1 commenced bee-huntingr I
was so ignorant about hees that T thought they
carried honey on theii- legs, and gathered wax
from flowers. 1 look a colony from the woods, and
began studying I hem. The result is, that to-day I
am a fuU-tiedgcd bee-keeper, and am very thankful
ttmt I learned to hunt bees.

DOIT^n'S BEK-UUNTINO BOX.

Some hunters prefer very simple arrangements
for hunting- bees, such as a plain box or a tumbler,
and a piece of comb. The box shown in the A 15 C
may do very well, but I could not content myself
with any of these. My hunting-box is •">'/4 by 10 liy
.■>''2 inches deep, and is made of ■« stutf. Cherry or
walnut is best, as the sun will not warp either, nor
the rain swell them, so that the slides become im-
movable. The box is etiually divided (crosswise) by
a partition, which comes up even with the top of
the box. Near the top of the partition, a hole lis
inches square is made, which may be closed by a
slide that projects through the side of the box.
For convenience we will call the apartments No. 1
and No.:.'. Both have a sliding- cover, similar to
chalk-boxes. Each apartment has a slide. Jn No. 1
the slide is 2 inches above the bottom; but in No. :J,
only 1 inch. Above the slide, in the end of No. 1, is
a window, the size of a half-dollar, which maybe
darkened by a sliding cover. Near the end of the
cover to No. 1 is a round hole, 1 inch in diameter,
which may be closed by a slide fitted into the under
side of the cover. In the cover to No. .'i is a win-
dow, the size of a silver dollar, with the glass fitted
iu the under side of the cover, so as to make the
lower side perfectly smooth. This window may be
darkened by a swinging slide which is fastened to
the cover with a screw. In the end of No. 2, near
the top, is a hole the size of a dime. This is al.so to
be covered by a small swinging slide which should
be screwed down tight enough to hold it in any
position; for should it get loose we might lose the
bees when carrying to another stand. This small
hole is used when we wish to let out only one bee
at a time. Beneath the slide in No. :J should be
kept a piece of comb about 4 inches square; and be-
neath the slide in No. 1 are kept vials of paint and
brush for marking bees, and a cup and paddle for
catching them. By using tacks in the inner ends
of the slides, they may be kept from falling out of
the box. We should also carry four or five extra
l)ieces of comb.

For bee-feed, or bait, I use thin sugar syrup,
when unripened honey can not be had. Never use
thick honey. Carry a good supply of bee-feed. I

use a pint bottle with a rubber-cork arrangrenjeut^
from a beer-bottle, to carry the feed in (putting a.
bad thing to a good use, you know). A beginner
had better go two or three miles away from tame.
bees; but an experienced hunter will have good
success near large apiaries. Bees may be hunted
any time when the> can work. But the best time
is when there is a scarcity of honey, or work for
the bees only a jmrt of the day, as during buck-
wheat bloom. Start them early in the day;, and as
soon as the tlowers cease secreting nectar, you will
have plenty of be(>s at work.

Select a place where you will have a good chance
for lining. Take all of the combs out of the box.
except one in No. ~', which should be filled with the
bee-feed; close the box; open the slide in the par-
tition; uncover lioth windows, and open the slide
to the entranee-holf in the cover to No. 1. Put
feed in one of the extra combs, and place-it beside
the bo.x; and somewlicre on the stand stick a scent-'
ed feather unless \ou are near an apiary. The
bee-scent which I use is l;i parts oil of anise, :.' parts
oil of rhodium, and I part oil of flreweed. I oarr>- '
the feathers in a leather sheath. Never carry scent-
ed feathers or the bottle of scent in the bee-box;
for should your combs get scented it is almost im-
possible to run wild bees near an apiary.

When catching bees I use a small pepper-box
(Without the coven, with an awl-hole through the
bottom, and a little paddle about two inches bj
three. Catch the bee as it is gathering honey from
a flower. It will immediately go toward the light
which comes through the awl-hole. Place the pad-
dle on the slide in the cover to No. 1, so as to slide
the cup on to the cover over the entrance-hole.
The bee will immediately go down into the box, if
you darken the awl-hole with your finger, when
the slide should be closed. Now darken the win-
dow to No. 1. and the bee will go toward the light
iu No. :.'. As soon as it can be seen buzzing
against the glass, close the opening- in the parti-
tion, and darken the window. The bee will then
settle on the comb and commence to feed. This
operation may be done in less time than it takes to
tell how. It will take the bee three or foui- min-
utes to All. Meanwhile we can be catching other
bees and leave them in either apartment.

The directions given in the A l{ C book for liin'ng
bees are good. But don't dei)end very much on
the first lines. When they have made several trips,
and have established a line of flight, they w'H
usually go directly toward the tree. Note accu-
rately the time when you let out the first bee, and
when the first one comes back. From this you can
form some idea of the distance to the tree. After
you have the bees at work well, mark ojie bee with
paint from one of the vials iu the bee-box. Be
careful not to daub the bee. The slightest touch
is sufficient, and will remain on the bee several
days. Then time the'bee. Von will need to watch
the combs closely. Timing- bees is a .ery impor-
tant item in bee-hunting. Bees vary in their flight.
Hut I have found that on an average they will fly
a mile in five minutes, and spend about two min-'
utes in the hive or tree. Of course, they will spend
more time in a tree when they have to crawl a long-
distance to get to the brood-nest, hence we may de-
duce the rule: Subtract two from the number oi'
minutes absent, and divide by ten. The quotent \y
the number of miles from the stand to the tree.
(See GriE.\NiNOS, 1S8T, page +31.) This applies to a

?38

ULEA^lxVOS JN JifiE CtlLTUUl:.

Oct.

partially wooded countrj'. Perhaps In a clearing-
they could make better time. On a very windy day
it takes them long-cr to make tl-lps.

Fremont, Mich. W, I-;, (^oui.i).

<'tiiiVliidfd )u'.ri tKsiii .

pHepaRing bee-cellars.

tin Vie NE£b to (lo to much pains .and kxi'Knse

IN THE MATTER"?

TT was with much interest that I read Dr. Miller's
j^ article bh " Ventilallnp Bee - Cellars," in
^t Gleanings for Aug-. l.">. By using- a process
•*• nt reasoning, he tries to establish something- as
a fact; but for all this the reasoning is so lack-
ing In logic that scarcely any thing more than the-
ory is brought out. This the doctor seems to real-
ize; for he winds up by asking-, " Where is the man
who knows that ventilation for a bee-cellar is not
needed?" Now, I feel a good deal as the doctor
does when he says, "It is not very safe for me to
be very positive about any thing that 1 think I
know about bees;" nevertheless, as the doctor has
given his reasons in support of " that I think I
know," I wish to give my reasons for believing he
is wrong-, and answer his (iiicstions in the affirma-
tive.

Eleven years ago 1 Iniilt my present bee-cellar,
andv-reasoning as Bro. Miller does, 1 provided for
sub-ventilation in connection with direct ventilation
from above. To make sure of plenty of pure air, I
made these ventilators large, so that, with a brisk
wind blowing, with the mercury at 10' above zero,
outside, I could in one hour reduce the temperature
Inside from 45° down to the freezing - point, by
throwing both wide open. After experimenting a
spell along the line of rapid change of air, I became
convinced that such was a positive injury to the
bees, for the commotion caused did not subside for
two or three days afterwai-d. Without dwelling
upon the items I will say that I was led step by step
to where the sub-ventilator was left entirely closed,
and the other, or direct upper ventilatior, three-
fourths so. In this way I wintered with fair suc-
cess until my high-pressure experiment with the oil-
stove, resulting in nearly a total loss, as the readers
will all remember. Whether this loss occurred
from too warm a temperature, or the gases from
the oil-stove, I have never solved. Tt might have
been from too much ventilation, as the ventilators
were run nearly full blast all that winter. But, to
return.

The next winter 1 resolved on no more artificial
heat of any kind, and not to allow the temperature
to go lower than 43^^. I shut the upper ventilator
(the sub-ventilator being filled up with two feet of
dirt at the outer end) as tight as I could close it in
all zero weather and below. Skipping over the minu-
tiae I will say that, by degrees, I got so T left this up-
per ventilator closed for weeks at a time till last win-
ter, when it was closed after the bees had been in the
cellar for about two weeks, and left so till the bees
were set out, and 1 never had bees winter as per-
fectly before. Of course, the bees got a little di-
rect outside air every two weeks when I went in to
Bee them; but as I must open and close four doors.
Inclosing three dead-air spaces, the direct fresh air
that went in with me was very little indeed. This
cellar is built on purpose for bees, in a side hill, and
will hold 7.5 colonies, leaving me an alley-way, or 100

if packed solid full. I had about 50 colonies in
it last winter. By keeping all ventilation shut
ofl" as above, the control of temperature was abso-
lutely perfect. Three days of 10 to 20° below zero
did not change the temperature inside one degree,
nor did the same number of days with 60° above
zero affect it more; while all through, the bees
kept a perfect guiet, except as occasionally a colony
broke the elustei- to go after a new supply of honey.
Twenty-five dollars would not have persuaded me
to have those doors left open one single night dur-
ing a warm spell, as brothers Miller and Root think
so necessary. Friend Root, at the close of brother
M.'s article, speaks of " trouble in cellar winter-
ing." Unless I am mistaken, Mr. Root has never
tried cellar wintering. It will not do to compare a
bee-house above ground with a good bee-cellar. Tt
it were bee-house or outdoor, I should say outdoor
every time. From the above the doctor will see
that I am " the man " to say that ventilation is not
needed. Do 1 say that my cellar had no ventilation?
No, I only say that it had no xpeciaJ ventilation.
Listen :

Van Rittenkotfer, wlio is tlie best of authority
on this subject, says: "For every square yard of
wall surface, at !)|/i° Fahr. dift'erence of tempera-
ture, the spontaneous ventilation, or passage of air
through the wall, amounts per hour to

4.7 cubic feet, with walls of sandstone.

6.5 " " •• " •• limestone.

7.9 brick.

14.4 " " " •' " mud."

Does the doctor now think that " doors wide
open " are necessary? Again, F. H. Elwood, who is
far ahead of the most of us apiarists regarding
the science of ventilation, gives, if I understand
him correctly, ~00 colonies of bees as requiring
less air than an ordinary man. Does not broth-
er M. think he could get along with perfect ease, as
far as air is concerned, in his bee-cellar all winter?
I think I could in mine, built for only 75 to 100 colo-
nies. Let us hear from others, as winter is near by,
and we " want to know, you know."
Borodino, N. \. G. M. Dooi.ittlE.

Now, old friend, you are wrong this time,
and 1 am a little" surprised, too, for you
hardly ever make a mistake, even in regard
to something that happened years ago. I
wintered bees in the cellar, I think for three
winters, and the last time they were so un-
easy they made the cellar too Avarm. Be-
sides, the smell of that cellar was decidedly
unpleasant and uncomfortable. I tried to
make the bees go back into their hives by
ventilating, opening the doors and windows
nights, etc., but I did not succeed. I think
the bees in the cellar pretty much all died.
One colony that I bought of a neighbor, and
left outdoors, wintered nicely, just as my
neighbor's bees did. The figures you give
show how much air will get through the
wall where no dirt is banked up on the out-
side ; and where, the soil is on Medina clay,
and that pretty well soaked with water, I
don't believe you get as much air as your
table gives. T am very glad of these figures,
however, for I have long been aware that
both air and water pass through stone with
more or less facility. It was after I had
such bad success wintering in the cellar that
I built my bee-house above ground, which 1
described at the time in the American Bee
Journal.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKK

7;-«t

COMB HONEY MADE BY MACHINERY.

THE EMU OF PUOF. WII.EV'S " SCIK.NTl H (' I'l-EAS
ANTKY."

fRIEND Newman, of the ^1. B. J., brings
out a good point in the following re-
marks, which he gets off in one of his
happiest veins of humor; and one who
has iieard him talk at our conventions
will almost see him face to face while they
read :

The " soientitlc pleasant )y," which has made the
name ol' Wiley so infamous tliroug-hout the world,
and wliich was so greedilj " caught up " and en-
larged upon by sensational newspapers, with sun-
dry variations to " spiee up the story," has at last
come to grief I

It ran like lightningl Kactorj after factory was
built (in imagination), fitted up by special machin-
ery to make the comb. But.alasl when cornered
by a demand to point them out, the "loud-mouthed"
prevaricators found it impussililr to flnil even one'.

When taunted with the otter of a thousand dollars
to lead a commitee of investigators to the spot
where such a factory existed— lo, it had vnninhtd nut
ofaioht:

I'udauuted falsifiers said that such institutions
wereruntiiugday and night, tilling fraudulent combs
with glucose— but when pressed to name the num-
l)er, street, and city— they failed to find any such
place— even hundreds of dollars were tendered for
a sight of such a place 1

Then the runners who visit country merchants,
gloated over the sensation and averred most posi-
tively that such honey-combs made of parattine,
tilled with glucose, and sealed over by machinery,
could be found on sale by the ton in Chicago. But
when offered .¥500 to conduct us to the place and
witness the process, they were forced to acknowl-
edge that they, too, had been duped by the Wiley
lie, and that they had added variations to make a
spicy sensation 1

Lawyers, doctors, and even ministers were caught
Id the act of villifying an honest pursuit; having
swallowed Wiley's " scientific pleasantry," without
suspecting that it might be an luiscieutitie and «?i-
pleasant falsehood I

Nevertheless, the story ran like wild-fire— news-
papers and correspondents added to it, to suit their
fancy, and varied it to make it spicy, until the pur-
suit of bee-keeping was, like a bleeding lamb, sacri-
ficed to their Moloch; and bee-keepers were derided
and mocked when they attempted to deny the story
aud prove its falsity ! " But now that scientific pleas-
antry has been struck by lightning, exposing all
its baseness, deformity, and falsehood— for

The sun, whose burning rays dried up vegetation
and destroyed the honey - producing plants, and
thus prevented the bees from gathering nectar
from the flowers, has also scorched and dried up
Wiley's lie, so that it will never more show its loath-
some head 1

The markets of the world are bereft of honey!
The merchants' demands for nice honey in the
comb are incessant. Thes' advertise for it; write to
apiarists for it, and offer " golden shekels " for it!
Still there is not nearly enough to half supply the
demand, even though the prices go up higher and
higher every week !

Since writing the above paragraph, a honey mer-
chant of Kansas City called at this ofliee. He is
scouring the country— east and west— to find nice
honey in the comb, offering cash for it at the apia-
rists' doors.

Now, here for weeks and months has the "golden op-
portunity " been presented, as Mr. Dibberu puts it
on page .'584, " for these mythical factories to run
night and day to supply the demand " for glucose
in paraffine combs! Let them bring on the fraudu-
lent article, " the combs of which are made by ma-
chineiy. from parafflne, filled with glucose and seal-
ed by hot irons!" Show up the beautiful stuff,
which is such " a good imitation that only an e.vpert
can tell it from the genuine article gathered by the
bees from nature's finest flowers!" Yes, exhibit
the tons of it produced by " running the machinery
night and day!" Now is the time for the frauds to
show up ! Forward ! March to the front !

Dare any one say, that, if such machinery exist-
ed-if such manufaclured " comb honey "were to
be bad— that it would not be forced upon the mar-
ket in such (luitntilics as to fill the present urgent
deinaiur/ A rich harvest is here presented— but
NOT A POUND of the bogus Stuff is presented for
sale at any price!— ii confession that the so-called
"scientific pleasantry "is a pernicious falsehood!
a villainous, debasing, and diabolical lie which was
struck by lightning and literally burned up by the
fierce rays of old Sol at the same time that they de-
stroyed the nectar ol the flowers, and starved myr-
iads of bees to death !

Ta ta " scientiBc pleasantry!"

Be gone, vile monster!

Thy sulphurous breath shall no more befoul that
God - given, heaven - distilled sweetness — delicious
honey !

AN ABC SCHOLAR'S SUCCESS.

A GOOD KEPORT E01{ 1^87.

.MKiHT State at the outset, that I have been
helped over the hard places by a careful
It perusal of your ABC, and the regular visits
of (J LEANINGS. I think it would not be dis-
creet for me to go into all the details, as I
am only an A B C scholar, but I will try to re-
member the advice of the editor of our church
paper, which is, in substance, to study brevity
in all communications.

In the spring of 188ti 1 sent a postal card to a bee-
keeper a few miles from home, inquiring if he had
any swarms to dispose of. and in a short time I
received word that I could be accommodated. 1
drove over the first fine da.v, and, after inspecting
the stock, bought two swarms (pure Italians). The
bees knew fully as much about me as I knew about
them ; but I commenced to read, and soon became
greatly interested in the little workers. Hearing
so many reports of a discouraging nature from old-
time bee-keepers, I concluded to run them for
comb honey, and save buying an extractor. How-
ever, 1 managed to secure the encouraging surplus
of about five pounds; but as they increased to six
average swarms, amply provisioned for winter, I
did not grumble. The next thing to consider then
was the wintering problem. Kroni what I hatl
read and gleaned from different sources I was rath-
er in favor of chatt' hives, and on wet days and odd
spells I made two. They are constructed on the
single-story principle, with movable sides, etc., an
ordinarj' Simplicity body being used for surplus.
Cushions for the chaff hives were made out of the
large sacks our binding-twine comes in. When
filled with suitable chafl' the.v answer very nicely.
The two chatt' hives were wintered on summer
stands, with no protection from fences or shrub-
bery, having perhaps thirty pounds of honej' each
in Sepjiember, 188H. I examined them April 1, 188T,
and found them in good condition, and with nearly
half their store." left. The other four! jilaeed in
the cellar Dec. 1, expecting the temperature to be
over forty. As the polar waves crei)t around with
icy breath, the thermometer went down almost to
the freezing-point. I made up my mind the cellar
was too cool, and that it was all uj) with the bees.
I made a practice of going down cellar near!) every
night, with a lamji, ol' course, as the cellar was as
dark as midnight, poking my nose and ears up to
the entrances, expecting they would succumb: but
they weathered the blast and came out fair in the
spring, with no signs of spring dwindling.
Now for the harvest of 1887. From my six

74U

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTUKE.

Oct.

swanns, sprJns- count, 1 have taken a little over 900
lbs. of honey, nearlj- all extracted, and increased to
It). Of I hat amount, the two chaft' hives g-ave 440,
leaving- less than .")00 for the cellar colonies. The
best yield for a short term was J I lbs. per day for
tlve consecutive days from alsike. The larjj-est sur-
plus for the season was taken from a hybrid stock.
One chaff hive ('ontained a pure queen. The other
was from a pure mother, but mated with a neigh-
bor's blacks. On the 30th of .lunelhad taken TSO
lbs. from the Italian stock, and 127 lbs. from the
hybrid stock, so yon see it was nip and tuck be-
tween them, but the Italians swarmed first and got
behind, f find a ready home market for what hon-
ey 1 have to dispose of, at ten cents per pound.

Nearly all my swarms require feeding. Since the
basswood ceased to yield honey it has been very
poor for the bees. Most of the queens have quit
laying-. Less than an acre of buckwheat kept
brood-rearing- booming through August, (ioklen-
rod was very little good, owing- to the extreme
drought which still eciutinues. W. H. Tayt.ok.

Derryville, Ont., Can., Sept. V>, 1887.

CROSSNESS SOMETIMES A BORN
TRAIT IN BEES.

SOMKTHI.Ntl bTHTHEK ABOUT THAT SI'HINC.

0N page ti82, Ernest says: "Bees maybe made
cross by one of two ways; namely, roblnng
and r<nigh handling." Vcs, and bees are
sometimes cross without any robbing- or
handling of any kind; they are born so.

1 liad a colon,\' of bees t)nce (I bought the queen of
you) that stung people, chickens, dogs, and cats, if
it they weni within ten I'eet of the hi\e. It was
during a good honey-yield, when rol)bing does not
occur, and the bees had not been handled lor, 1 sup-
l)ose, at least six wc-eks. This was the colony that I
tried carbolic acid on, and that stung me till my
lingers swelled up as hard and stiff as hoe-handles.
Some bees are like some children, naturally cross.
If I were giving advice to a beginner who Iuk^ cross
bees, I would say, " Don't let them whip you out;
stand over them and smoke them till they surren-
der. Bees that follow one around had better be
killed, as recommended. The loss is nothing.

Vou say, on page (597, " I had not dared to ask God
to send me a spring where there were no indications
that there might be one; but in his loving kindness
he had given us something we did not even ask for."
Mr. Root, your account of the finding of the spring,
your thankfulness, and all the uses you have made
of it, read like a psalm. It is beautiful; but down
deep in j'our inner consciousness, do you not know
that that water had been stored up there tor hun-
dreds, perhaps thousands of years/ And as you
were not then in existence, how could it have been
put there lor you? I like to read those papers of
yours; you have faith enough to almost move
mountains, but of course .\ou know that, when the
wild Indian roamed over Medina Co., if there had
come a drought, and he had been digging around
with his hatchet, and had happened to strike the
right place, the spring would have burst forth for
him just as it did for you. Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., Sept. 21, 1887.

I declare, Mrs. Chaddock, 1 thought I had
hit the nail on the head the last time. Well,
I will try again. Bees may be made cross in

one of three ways— namely, robbing, rough
handling, and, as -Tosh Billings says, a "bad
horning."" Now, if anybody else makes a
suggestion, I just wont say that bees may
be made cross in one of four ways.

Ernest has answered you in regard to the
cross bees, but the part in regard to the
spring is referred to me, of course. Why,
bless youi- heart, my good friend, you are aV-
guing on the same side of the question, and
yet you don't seem to know it. To be sure,
the water, as well as the coal and oil and
gas, has been stored u]) in the ground for
thousands of years, waiting for God's chil-
dren to get it out : but are they any less
(iod's gifts to his loved ones?" We have
neither time nor space to go into the doc-
trine of election and foreordination, but i
think my reasoning is good. To put it the
other way, God knows the future. He knew
just what sort of a chap I would be. and, in
accordance with it, ]tlaced these things where
r would lind them, e\en though he did it
ages and ages ago ; or. if you choose, put it
;mother wa> , and say that, in answer to m>
prayers, he impressed it on my mind to go
and look in such and such places for his
gifts. It does not make any difference to
me what doctrine some of rny friends hold.
God ans\\ers my prayers, and fills my life
with blessings like the spring and these oth-
er things 1 have told >ou of. But these are
all treasures of this earth. On another page
1 have tried to tell you something about the
treasures of the woild to come.

l^EPBOTg ENcea^^Gip.

EN('Ol'R.\01Nn INUEEU; I. U. GOOD'S KORTITNES
HAVE CHANGED.

[p BOITT one week ago, many of my bees were in
a starving condition, the strongest having
but a very little honey. Boneset and sonu'
of the early varieties of goldenrod were in
full bloom, but there was not a drop of hon-
ey for the bees to gather. The wind was from the
north, and the weather very cool. Several nights
there was almost a frost. About that time I went
up town and ordered some sugar for winter stores
for my bees; but before I commenced feeding, the
wind changed to the sovith, and the weather grew
very warm. Yesterday it was 00° in tlie shade, and
such a honey-How as we have had for the last four
days I never saw at this time of year. Many of my
colonies have more honey already than they need
for winter stores, and 1 am extremely happy. A
few days more of favorable weather, and they will
all ha\ e a great plenty to winter on, and Mrs. G. can
take the sugai- to make syrup for the babies. I
shall get no surplus honey worth syeaking of, but
up to date 1 have sold over ftiOO worth of bees and
queens, and I shall have about 40 more colonies to
go into winter quarters than I started with in
spring. Last year, nice comb honey went begging
at from 8 to 10 cents per pound. Our merchants
are now offering from I.") to 18 cents, but can't get
any at even that price. I believe the scarcity of
honey this year is a blessing in disguise to the bee-
keepers, r. H. Good.
Nappanee. Ind., Sept. 5, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

r41

Bees are gathering: honey at a jrood rate now
from buckwheat, which is very i)leiitil'iil here.

W. H. StKI'HKNS.

Stephens Mills, N. Y., Aug-. 15, 1W7.

I thouM'ht our season for honey was about over a
week ago, but it has broken out afresli.
Heatrice, Neb., Sept. 0, 1887. .). K. Cr.\ig.

1 have taken 300 pounds of comb honey from 5
colonies of bees, increased to 13, and sold 2. How is
that for an A IJ C? Joseph B. Clark.

Cornwall Landing, N. Y.. Aug. 4, 1887.

We have had four years' scarcity of honey, but
thi(< .\('ar is some better than the three years before
this. W. D. Thakp.

Willjiuiisburgh, N. C.

don't know of any one around here who did. I
know of a dozen or more swarms of bees starving
for m.v neighbors. F. V. HiSH.

Hcnton, Ills., Sept. 19, 1887.

Fiieud II., it is pretty hard to answer in
regard to the safety of lioney-dew for win-
ter stores. A j^ood many reports are to the
effect that it is sale for winter, while a good
many other rei)()i ts would seem to indicate
it unsafe. We shall have to bear in mind,
however, that, while the former is positive,
the latter is very uncertain, for it is ex-
tremely ditlicnlt to tell what killed tlie bees
and what did not kill them. If honey-dew
is comparatively clear, tastes well, and is
nicely sealed over. I think I would risk it.

SOMETHING Tt) BE THANKFUL FOR.

Although the honey season has been almost a
complete failure in this section, my bees have in-
creased from 23 colonies, spring count, to 36 colo-
nics, and have made me almost an average of 25
lbs. of comb honey to the colony, spring count,
which makes mo feel as though I can truly say that
1 have something to be thankful for, and feel as
though I can be modeled to fit the business, and
make it a successful occupation. T. T. (iortiD.

Corunna, Mich.

INCREASE A SUCCESS, BUT HONEY A FAILtJRE.

My experience this summer has been a perfect
success in the accumulation of bees, but the honey
crop was a failure. I went into the winter with 60
swarms in chaff hives. I lost 2 and sold 24, leaving
36 to commence the season. M.v first swarm came
out June 3d, and 1 now have 88, besides losing a
good many. For one week I could not control
them. They had a mania for leaving. My experi-
ence was like M. E. Kimsey's, as stated in July 15th
No. The bees would leave the hive, after staying
three or four days, with considerable comb but no
brood. What surplus honey I have had was from ]
early young swarms. J. Delamater.

Brooklyn, Mich.

IU7CKWHEAT HONEV AND HONEY-DEW MIXED, FOR
BEE-FEED.

The bees are booming here just now, and have
been for some time, on honey-dew and buckwheat.
I sowed about three acres of buckwheat the 15th of
August, and it is in full blast now. If the frost
stays off long enough it will make a crop of seed. I
have a small patch that I sowed early that is well
filled. I bought five swarms of bees the first of
August at 35 cents a swarm. They were about to
starve, i»nd the man said he wasn't able to buy
sugar to feed them. I fed them a few weeks and
then they had lots of brood started, and are boom-
ing now. Do you think the bees wilt winter on the
honey-dew they are gathering? It looks clear, like
the buckwheat honey. May be they are mixing it.
The honey-dew is only on the hickory -trees, for I
can not find any on any other kind of tree. The
drought has been severe here this season, and Is
not over yet, as far as water in the wells is concern-
ed. The creeks and small streams are all dried up.
Some have to haul water. I wish that man with so
much "energy" could have been here this season to
raise us some honey to eat with our buckwheat
cakes this winter. We shall have to buy sorghum
for a spread. I didn't get any honey this year, and

]^EP0^Tg DigC0ai^^6iN(i.

AN OFF YEAR, BUT HONEY UP TO 20 (^ENTS.

fS* HIS has been an off year in nearly eveiy thing
§)'' here. There has been no honey since white
> clover, and but little then. There is no fruit.
Corn is hardly half a crop. There has been
no rain for two months. The grass is all
dried and burned up, and stock are suffering from
lack of water. Comb honey is worth 20 cents at re-
tail here, and none to be had at that. My bees have
been in a starving condition since the last of white
clover, and they would have starved had I not fetl
them. I commenced in the spring of 1S86 with one
weak colony of black bees in a box hive. I bought
a select tested (jueen of you, and divided, making-
two, which 1 wintered successfully. From these
two hives, spring count, I now have ten fair colo-
nies, all in L. hises, with Italian queens, but it took
work to do it. I am very anxious to winter all suc-
cessfully. <). T. Hansfori..
Mt. Clare, W. Va., Sept. 12, 1887.

This has been the worst year 1 ever saw. W. T.
Zink, of Junction City, Mo., was here a few days
ago, and told me he had good strong colonies thai
had not a pound of honey in their bi-ood-chamber,
and would get no surplus at all. S. S. La w i no.

Henderson, Mo. ^____

DISCOITRAOING FOR TEXAS.

Vou may put me in Reports Discouraging, foi-
my hopes are not (juite blasted, except lor this
year. I had 44 hives, spring count. 1 bought 25
empty double hives for the season, which cost me
$1.42 at home. I lost 6 colonies, and fed *8.00 worth
of sugar. About a third of my bees have no stores
on hand. I have not taken a bit of honey this
year. In some neighborhoods, bees have done tol-
erably well. The people will almost starve here, as
there has been nothing raised to live on, on ac-
count of drought, which still prevails. I can onl.v
I say, "God's will be done." I am trying to trust
i him for all, doing what my hands find to do. The
I two smokers came to Stringer and Koundtree.
The.v still stick to the pledge. May God bless you
and the Home of the Honey-Bees, and its inmates.

J. H. MORKOW.

Dripping Springs, Hays Co., Texas.

NOT ONE DROP OF HONEY.

j My bees have not furnished me one drop of honey
; this year; and the prospect now is that I shall have
1 to feed all through the coming winter. I suppose I

?42

GLEANINGS IN liElL CULTUKE.

Oct.

shall have to g'o into Blnstod Hopes, but It is the
first time in 22 years. I can not blame mj- little pets,
for it has been so dry hero that it was impossible
for the fall blooms to mature, and at this writing
it is still dry. We had a very good white-clover
crop; but for some unaccountable cause it did not
secrete honey sufficient to keep the bees living-.
Berthaville, Mo., Aug. 34, 1887. A. T. Doyle.

" BUG-JUICK ; " IS IT SAFE TO LET THE BEES
WINTER ON IT ?

For two months my bees have not made a living.
1 have bought sugar, and have part of them fed,
but here comes a flow of bug-juice. T hardly
know whether to call it a misfortune or a blessing.
If they do not get too much they will use it before
cold weather; but if it continues a week at the
present rate they will fill their hive§ full. The
honey is very thick, and tastes a little like bumble-
bee honey. They are getting it off the willows.
The twigs are almost black with bugs. They are
on the chestnut, oak, and hickory. It does not
taste like the honey-dew of 1884, but is a good deal
better. It is so thick I could not extract it if I
wanted to. I might remove the four center combs,
put in empty ones, and feed sugar. What would
you do? Wm. WiTHROw.

Paint Valley, ()., Sept. 1ft, 188'..

You would be on the safer side to remove
the four center combs and feed syrup,
though T am inclined to think the hbney-
dew you describe would be safe enough.
W^hile no doubt the bug-juice has been re-
sponsible for some of the winter losses, yet
we have had several leports where bees
have wintered very successfully on this
honey-dew. See page (iSfJ, last issue.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELUl

THE USE OF I)IVIS10N-»0AUI>S.

BOUGHT a one-story chaff hive ol' you this
summer. t>ut I did not get my bees in it until
.luly i;ith. 1 don't think they will (luite till the
ten bottom frames. Would you advise me to
take stinie of the outside frames out and use a
chatf division-board on each side, such as you de-
scribe in your price list, or do you use them only in
the Simplicity hive? if I use them, will the brood-
frames need to be the same distance apart for win-
tering, and how many full ones will it require to
winter them, without fet:ding this fall?
Huntsville, Pa., Aug. 2;i, 18ST. W. H. Hudson.

We use tlie chatf division-board on each
side of the bees in the brood-chamber of
chaff hives, in winter/ng, contract the
brood-chamber l)y taking out the frames un-
til there is just enough left to hold all the
bees in the hive. For wintering, it is better
to space the frames a little furtlier apart
than in summer ; and be careful tliat they
have enough feed in the frames you do
leave in.

ItEES ANI) KllUlT ; THE ANTS AND .NOT THK IlKES
THE fUTIl/rV CULI'lUTS.

I notice in Gleanings, Sept. 1, page IJB;.', that
Mr. Berry is inclined to think the Italians will eat
fruit worse than other bees; but 1 think it is just
as you say— the bees could find nothing else, and it

was eat peaches or starve. I have Italian bees, and
we had quite a crop of peaches this year, and I
have never seen a bee on them. A great many of
them were partly eaten by ants, thus giving the
bees a chance to eat them. The bees have been
gathering honey very fast the past two weeks.
Friend Doolittle recommends prepai'ing bees for
winter the last of August or first of September. I
have no doubt it is best in that locality to prepare
thus early; but this month is generally the best we
have for surplus honey, as we do not have much
clover honey and no basswood.
Linn, Kan., Sept. 10, 1887. J. T. VanPetten.

Friend Y., you will have to make allow-
ances for difference in locality for all the
teachings in Gleanings. Friend Doolittle
is away up in York State, and you are away
down .south in Kansas. Of coiuse, you can
not make pieparations for winter while the
bees are storing honey. I think friend D.
simply means this : As soon its it is proba-
ble that no more honey of any account will
be gathered, make all necessary arrange-
ments for wintering, in the way of stores
and whatever else is needed.

\riNERAL wool; QUESTIONS BY .\N ABC SCHOLAR.

I am a member of your ABC class, but I can not
find any answer to the following question: Would it
be advisable to feed bees a little at the close of the
fall honey-flow, so that they would be stimulated to
cure and cap all of their unfinished honey-cells for
winter use? 1 am a beginner in bee-keeping, and 1
have six colonies of Italians. The season has been
so bad that I have* scarcely any spring honey, and
am dependent on buckwheat for winter supply, and
that yields very poorly; for example, T have six col-
onies of bees within 500 yards of as fine a field of
buckwheat as any one would wish to see (8 acres),
and my bees hn\e gathmed hardly enough for win-
ter use — not a pound of sui-plus. Have you tried
mineral wool lor packing hives to winter on sum-
mer stands? I intend to try it this winter. -As it is
indestructible, I imagine it can be used over and
over again to good advantage. K. ScH!MiitT.

Millington, N. .7., Sept. l(i, 18H7.

What you jiropose is exactly light. Feed
the bees until they cap the cells over with
nice sealed stores.— ^Ve have never tried
mineral wool, but have had sam])les sent us.
We have no doubt it would ;ins\ver ([uite
well. However, by reason of its expense
and extni weight for packing material, we
should ver> much prefer chaff. It is true,
that mineral wool would never rot ; but we
have chaff hives in use now that were pack-
ed with chalf ten years ago. and we can not
discover liut that the packing is nearly if
not quite as good now 9s when tirst put into
the hives.

SUCCESSFUI^ IN SPITE OF THE SEASON.

The queen recei\ed of you in April has acquitted
herself most splendidly, and the progeny of queens
raised from her are fine ,\ ellow bees. We gave tlie
(jueeu and half-pound of bees three frames of brood,
and have drawn on them fretjuently for brood since;
still, through all the honey famine they have kept
very strong, on very little feed. The season here
w as showery, and favorable until in July, when the
drought set in. Still, there was no honey, and some
hives were eutirclv destitute of stores. On the 13th

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

743

of August we had a bountiful rain, and the bees are
now at work on the fall Mowers, of which we have
an abundance, so we hope for some surplus, as we
labored to have our disii rig-ht side up. Twenty-
three colonies in the spring we increased by artifi-
cial swarming to thirty-nine. There is a (luestion
we want to ask you or ycjur readers: What is the
probable cause of the disappearance of young lay-
ing queens that luue bien found to be hiyiiig, and
apparently robust and healthy';' Wc have lost live
all together, some of tlieni recently, after having
been in the hive and laying all right for some time.

Mits. M. Conk.

My good t'rieml Mis. ('., 1 tloift know
that 1 can answer your (Hiestioii iil)oiit the
disappearance of your Inyiiig t[ueeiis. Two
or three times I have noticed soinetliing
]ike it. and was beginning; to susp;ct tlierc
was some enemy gained iicctss to the hives.
that pitched directly lor the queen : l)ut as
they stopped disappearing, the matter w;is
dropped, and T thought no inoip iihout it.

ARK BEES LIABLE TO DIE AFTER A I'OOF! MONEY
SEASON":'

I can not let this time t-li]) without giving a warn-
ing note to bee-keepers on the wintering of bees for
the following winter, on account of our protract-
ed and extensive drought. Our hives are hardly as
heavy as they were in the spring. Some are on the
point of starving. My bees have had nothing since
fruit blossomed, except a light run on basswood.
They have about entirely quit raising young bees;
and unless they are fed to induce late breeding
thei'e %vill be none but old bees to go into winter
quarters, and consequently they will die by the
wholesale. 1 remember nearly 20 years ago we had
an extensive and verj- dry tall. That time my bees
worked on white clover till July 20, but got nothing
after that. Next spring, accounts from all parts of
the country told of bees dying by wholesale. Some
thought the honey was poisonous, as they nearly all
had plenty of honey. Many complaints came from
Ohio. Some of the old bee-keepers will remember
it. That winter, of tl colonies 1 lost all but one.
Several years after that we had two dry falls in
succession, in which I lost two-thirds of my stocks
each year. Two of my neighbors lost their entire
stocks. One lost 20, the other over 40 colonies, all
by dwindling, all being alive when set out, and oth-
er years I have seen the same result from an ab-
sence of fall honey, though not so marked.

Rockton. 111., Aug. 8, 1887. William Holley.

WIVES THE BEST .IDDGES Of HOUSEHOLD CON-
VENIENCES.

I have a question to ask. Why don't husbands
let their wi\es do their own planning? Now, do
not think 1 want my husband to know nothing of
my work or needs, for 1 know how pleasant an
occasional surprise in the way of some new con-
venience about the house is. If it supplies a long-
felt want it is doubly pleasant. To illustrate what
I do mean, I will tell a true story. Four years ago,
when our little daughter was a tiny girl of twenty
months, and our sturdy soti, who now turns the
wringer for mamma on wash-days, was a woe baisy
of five months, onr washings were liea\ y foi- me,
and 1 often told husband I could not do them ex-
cept for the wringer. This fact, and his desire to

make my work as easy as possible, prompted him
to buy a washing-machine. 1 demurrtsd a little,
saying there were other things that I thought we
neetled more. He insisted that nothing was as
necessary as preserving my health, and declareil I
was working too hard. As we had several work-
men, this was true enough, at)d he ended by saying,
" We will ha^e the other things too. " .Vlthougli
not convinced, 1 Wits silenced idoubtful if I would
be now), and the machine was bought. It did help,
especiallj- when strung hands turned it; still, many
times iluiing the next year I thought if the ten
dollars it cost had l>een placed in my hands to use
as I chose for making my work easier it would ha\'e
helped me more.

A/o»'ai.— 1 1 you can att<u-d lirusseis carpets for the
whole house, place the amount they would cost in
yonr wife's hands, with the understanding it is to
make her work as easy as possible, and it will do it,
whether it buys carpets or not.

Mrs. FiyORA Hea<'m.
Corydon. i'a., Sept. 12, IHST.

My good friend, you ha\e got Mrs. Koofs
ideas of this matter exactly ; and she has
had more than one washing-machine with
exactly the result you mention. Almost all
of them would do excellently, providing a
good-sized man or boy is on hand to use it.
In the absence of said commodity, the ma-
chine is soon set aside. Of late, every wash-
er that lias been presented has been accept-
ed only on trial, and not one has found a
permanent place in our home. In fact,
eyery convenience that comes up is turned
over to Mrs. Root, before we take hold of it
at all ; and with few exceptions she puts it
exactly as you do : " The device is quite in-
genious, and sometimes quite handy : but.
my dear husband. I should very much rath-
er have the same amount of money it costs.
to buy something else with.'' Now, I have
an opinion too, and a great many times I
don't feel satistied to liave something that
seems to me a wonderful household conven-
ience turned off in that way ; and I believe
we come as near having family jars in this
line, as we ever do. Of late, however, I
wind up by saying, '' All right; don't have
it under any consideration, if you don't
want it."' But I do think it is every wom-
an's privilege to have the money an 'article
costs, in place of the article itself, whenever
she wishes. _

the wad ok bees from a KING-BIKD'S CROP.

I am getting no honey this year so far, and I miss
it greatly. T have not taken .")0 lbs. yet. I never
had bees in as good shape at the opening of the sea-
sou. I have not taken as much honey fi'om 8B col-
onies this year as I took from one last year. My
crop last year was about titMX) lbs., but this season
was too dry. We had no lack of Hora. White clover
bloomed profusely; basswood was as full as lever
saw it; but the continued drought did not permit
the secretion of au.\- honej . I trust it will have one
good eflect— that is, to clean up the surplus stock
from last year's accumulation.

In regard to the king-bird's habits, my observa-
tions lead me to say'that, after he has tilled his crop
with bees, he has the I'ower to eject the "wad"
from his mouth. I have picked up the buuch Just
as soon jis drojipecl, which consisted of bees In a

744

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

compact dry mass of about the size of a large hazel-
nut. The juices were seemingly all extracted.
Duncan, 111., Sept. 1, 1887. W. H. GuAVES.

HOES THK Hf)T SUN PREVENT BEES FLYING AFTER

NECTAR, AND SO REDUCE THE AVERAGE

YIELD I'ER COLONY?

Does the hot sun jjrcvent bees from going a long
distance foi- pasturage? My reason for asking this
ijuestion i.s, that, about two miles from my apiary,
the bees did well, filling orate after crate with fine
white comli honey, while my bees did not gather
any at all, and some would have starved had I not
led them. The sun has been very hot this summer,
so I concluded that bees could no4 fly in the hot sun
any great distance, and return to their hi\es safely
with a load of honey. I agree with youabout founda-
tion. I have a mill for making the Hat-bottom
foundation, but 1 shall order one of the other kind
next year. J. P. Caldweli,.

San Marcos, Texas, Aug. :.'f, 1KS7.

Friend ('.,1 Jiave sometimes thought tliat
tlie bees seemed to think it was too hot to
work, even when honey was to l)e had in
the fields : but afterward I lia\ e had reason
to conclude that honey was to be had only
by very great toil, or that it was not to be
had in paying (]nantities, except in the cool
of the morning or toward evening. Many
plants, like the spider plant and the Rocky-
Mountain bee-plant, yield nectar only dur-
ing the niglit i tlien^ore when himey comes
from such sources, the bees are necessarily
idle during the heat of the day.

•IHA1 KREK AUX'ERTISEMENT ; A RARE CHANCIE.

In looking- over back numbers of f^LEANiNGS I
Hnd no answer to Mrs. Chaddock's advertisement.
Now, 1 haven't the mule nor enough honey; but as
.vou are so liberal with " ads.'" I should like to make
ati offer, (iet one, two. three, or a dozen, to join
with you. Pack in your Saratoga a few blank-
ets, all your old clothes (none of your Sunday go
to meetin's), iilate, ciip, and saucer (tin will do),
knife, fork, cott'ee-pot, frying-pan, and some good
coffee. A keg of butter and can of lard will not be
out of place. Procure a small tent — a large one is
not necessary. Come down here on the coast, and
camp out; go Hshing; go to the oyster-bar; roast
and eat oysters; hunt shells on the beach; pull off
your shoes, and wade in the surf. Wade in the
water generally; fall down; get wet; get up, and go
on as if nothing had happened; live out of doors;
(;atch flsh, oysters, clams, and you will go home
next spring a new woman. W. ,1. Driimrioht.

Sarasota, Fla., Sept. (i, 18,^',.

Friend 1)., the picture yon present is so
exceedingly tempting that I am afraid there
may be a good many besides Mrs. Chaddock
who will take you up, and, of course, we
shall come to you lirst to be initiated. If
you mean we can gather oysters ourselves,
and roast them on the shell, it would be a
big temptation to at least one individual ;
for my memory does not cling to any dish
ever invented for a hungry man that will
compare with oysters from the sea-coast,
served up in that manner. The getting wet,
and going on as if nothing had happened,
would suit me to a dot. My wife -would
soon protest, however, because of my undig-
nified appearance.

THE HONEY BUSINESS.

Can a market always be found for all the honey
a man can raise? What is an average yield for a
hive, and what money will it bring per pound?
What is the first cost of hive complete, including
hives, bees, etc.? Is honey-raising a pretty safe
j thing to go into, or are there any great risks attend-
ing it? As clerking does not agree with me, I may
have to go into the country, conse<)uently I should
like very much to hear from you, as I am much in-
terested in the subject. Alfred Kagret.

Baltimore, Md., Aug. 2:i, 18H7.

Yes, sir, you can find a market for all the
honey you can raise. The crop this year
has been very light, and prices have come up
considerably. There is demand for it all
over the country now.— An average yield,
per colony, of extracted honey, would be
about 7-5 lbs. Of comb honey, about -50 lbs.
The latter will bring from 12 to 20 cents, de-
pending upon the quality. The former,
from 10 to Jo cents. The business of honey-
producticm has some risks attending it. The
first and greatest is the danger of losing a
large percentage of the colonies during
winter. In (tidinary seasons, with good
care, the number of" colonies lost during
winter should be very small. Another draw-
l)ack to the business is an occasional poor
season, like the present one. I believe, how-
ever, that the honey business has no more
risks or drawbacks than ordinary occupa-
tions. It is light work, and healthful. More-
over, it is an exceedingly interesting study.

cell-building.

I have one colony of hybrids I don't understand.
Some two weeks since, I began to stimulate them,
as there was nothing for them to gather in the
woods, and since that time I have cut out seven
queen-cells, and they have three or four cells now.
They have a nice young queen, only two years old,
and as fine a lot of brood as you ever saw. Nor are
they crowded for room. Some of the sheets of
comb have nothing in them at all.

Veedersburg, Ind , Seiit. 8, 1887. A. H. Heath.

I should be inclined to believe that your
stimulative feeding caused the bees to make
preparations for swarming, as you said they
were building queen-cells. It is possible
the queen was defective in some way, and
the bees were building cells with the view
of superseding her.

(iR.\PEVINES AND CLOVER.

I have about one acre of land planted with Con-
cord grapes, ten feet apart. I find the shade of the
vine a great advantage to my bee-hives, of which I
have 40 or 50. lam preparing to sow a bushel of
alsikc clover instead of red clover on my farm, with
timothy. I have had no experience with grapevines
and clover on the same land. Will they do together?

Wm. Connell.

Davidson Kiver, N. C, Aug. 2, 1887.

Friend C, if your vines are only ten feet
apart you do riot want any thing whatever
occupying the ground between them. I am
not an experienced grajie-grower, but I
think the clover would be as detrimental as
so many weeds, and you certainly can not
get a good crop of grapes froni a weedv
vineyard.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

74.5

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in lov this departnient should l)e t)rietly
stated, and tree t'loni any l)ossil)le anihiunity. The question
orque«tions should be written upou a separate slip of paper,
ancf marked, " For Our tjuestiuu Box."

Question ?^o. 7.— Do j'oii consider that the winter-
ing' problem is practically .soivoil V If so, by what
method — that is, in the cellar or <in the sniunier
stands y .I.T. (i.

Vps. In the collar. I)u. .\. H. M a.«.()n.

1 do not— in the North. C. C. Mil, i, Kit.

I do. By use of a good cellar. A. .I.Cook.

Ves, I think it is practically sdlved by both meth-
ods. (».(). POIM'l/K.'roN.

res. In the celhir, north of the 43dj)arallcl; out-
doors south of it, in the Mississi)>i)i Valley.

Dadant \- 80N.

Yes. A g-Qod cellar, well ventilated and ke)>t at
the propel- temperature. Mks. Fi. Hakuison.

As we winter our bees on their summer stands
without any preparation. I can not answer this
i|uestion. Faii, I,. \'iai.i,on.

The proper food and temperature have solved it.
Pure caue sugar is a pr<)i)er food, and the proper
temperature'oan be secured in a cellar.

W. Z. Hut(;hins»)n.

No, not with me. 1 jtrcfer to use Vjoth methods,
that I may win somewhere, as does the man who
follows mixed farming. Don't get all your eggs in
one basket. O. M. Dooi.ittle.

I think the slate will have to be covered over on
both sides several times more yet with the figures
of that problem before it can honestly be called
solved. .Tust now the hands are mostly up, snap-
ping their fingers, and saying, "Teacher, please
help me do this sum." The cellar seems to be a
length ahead of the outdoor methods at present.

E. K. Hasty.

No, not yet.' From rei>i)rts in the bee-papers, we
read of losses every winter, both in doors and out.
We winter all on summer stands. For outdoor win-
tering, give the bees a good windbreak, plenty of
good honey, and a deep hi\"e well packed with chaff,
or its e(iual, and there is not much danger. We
wintered o\'er 40 last winter in quadruple L. hives,
none less than 2 stories, and some of them 8; lost
one colony. E. Fkanck.

I consider the problem of wintering bees with
certainty completely solved: but as that solution
requires capital and extra special manipulation. I
do not consider the problem of iirafticaUu winter-
ing bees completely solved. I feel quite positive
that the consumption of pollen, either in the form
of bee-bread or floating in the honey during a peri-
od of continued confinement, is the cause of bee-
diarrhea. .Iamks Heodon.

Let nie try, trieuds. Let's see ; liow shall
I word it? Well, I slumld say the winter-
ing problem is pretty nearly solved by most
of tlie old hands at "the l)iisinesR : luit not-
withstanding this, I am rather e.xpecting
that GUI' plans and theories will be most of

them upset by some exceptional winter that
is liable to come at almost any time. I have
faith, however, to feel pretty sure there art-
some among our number who will still come
out all right, even through this excei>tional
winter that is somewhere in the future.

QucstiDH Ni>. S. — Is it advisal)le to arrange the
hives in the apiary symuietrically, with reference
to each other. Wh;it harm results from such ar-
rangement y M.

I think it is. I don't believe any harm results, if
the hives are put five or six feet apart.

1)K. A. B. Mason.

I think so. There is no liaiiu, and room is econo-
mized, to S!iy nothing of appeiiraiu'e. A. .1. Cook.

Ves, I think so. By a little ingenuitj' there is no
need of loss of queens during fertilization.

fi. M. I)OOI,lTTl,K.

I don't understand the <iuestion. We aim to ar-
range our hives so we can work them handily.

K. Fkanck.
Not too much so, especially if they sit (|uite close
together. Harm results mainly from loss of queens.

.Iames Hkudon.
For the looks and eoiivenienee, it is advisable to
do so. No harm results, if they are at least -i feet
ai>art. Faii, I,. \'!Ai,i-on.

No harm, if they have some trees (u- landmarks to
guide them, and if the hives are painted of <iitt'erent
colors. Dadant (.Nc Son.

For the convenieiLce of the apiarist, I think it de-
cidedly ad visal)le; and if rightly done, I think no
harm results. ('.(\ Mitir,Ei<.

I know of no harm Irom such an arrangement, if
hives are not too close together, while the advan-
tages are many. O. (). Poppi.eton.

I have almost always kept my bees systematically
arranged in the apiary, H feet from center to center,
hexagonally, and I think the advantages of speedy
manipulation overbalance the disadvantages of con-
fusion of bees by various causes. R. Wii,kin.

The only harm is, that young queens are some-
times lost, and a returnitig swarm (when clipping
the tiueen's wings is practiced) sometimes attempts
to enter adjoining hives. If the newly hived swarm
is left ui)on the old stand, and the old hive carried
to a new location, let this new location be at th«>
enil of n roir. If a swarm tries to enter the wrong
hives, cover the hives with sheets.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

There is a wise symmetry and there is also au un-
wise and damaging symmetry. The latter results
in loss of queens, and in bees getting into the wrong
hives. The former may be made to help against
these very same evils. My theory is, that the apia-
ry should be divided into a number of small groups.
It requires no great genius to arrange a dozen hives
so the form will help rather than hinder. This be-
ing done, place as many similar grouiJS as you re-
<iuire, giving each grouii some locating object; as a
big tree or a little tree, or an arbor, or a heap of
rocks, or a grape-trellis. Put one group by the side
of that little building, and another group on the
other side of It; and so on till mhi have places

746

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

enough. Now number each place in the group, and
also give each group a number, in some natural or-
der, and you have the whole thiny so you can carry
it in your mind, and tind or record any hive easily
without having a number posted up at all. In your
memorandum a hive is 5—3 <>i- 1 1 — 8 or 1-3— ti ; the
first luimher designating the group, and the second
the position in the group. My practice is not quite
equal to my preaching, as ray groups stand rank
and file, and do not ha\'(' lf>catini! objects enough.

R. E. H.4STY.

I believe I shall side in with friend Hasty;
Itiit if 1 aiu riyht. there has been hardly
enough said in regard to having the hives
dilier enough in ai)f)earant'e. I am forced
to believe that it is quite unfortunate that it
is so expedient in many respects to have
hives all exactly alike ; and I have been
wontlering if it would not be well to say,
have your hives exactly alike on the inside.
Then let the outside show some portico,
.some Simplicity, some chaff hives, and may
be some tenement hives, if the proprietor is
not too much averse to the latter ; then
adopt the grouping plan and you are all
right. Our apiary of 500 hives is, as you
know, in groups of 7 pretty good-sized apia-
ries— the greater part of the -500 ; and at the
angles are groups of 6 more, with a smaller
number. See the picture of our apiary in
the front part of the A B C book. In larger
groups, bees do. however, make a good many
blunders. While this does little harm in the
way of queen-rearing, it probably does more
or less harm in throwing two or "three dozen
bees into some hive not their own, every
little while. I wonder if anybody can tell
how much harm this latter really does do.

Question Nn. ,9.— Which is cheaper and better in
the long run— to jmrchase a comb-foundation mill
and make foundation for your own use (providing
you have 150 colonies), or to buy your foundation
outright of a dealer ? L. J. W.

Purchase a mill, and make the foundation.

Paul L. Viallon.

Make your own foundation, if you have that
many bees. <)■ < >• Poppleton.

Buy it. Who would think of getting machinery
to make one buggyV Mrs. L. Harrison.

1 should suppose this would depend upon one's
circumstances. From my small experience, I should
say it is best to own the machine. A. .J. Cook.

Very much better and cheaper to own a mill or
Given press, unless only starters are used in the
supers, and no increase in the number of colonies.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

1 use Foster's molds, and like them much. WMth
them a pound of wa.\ can be worked as well as 50
lbs., and the cost of the machine is but a ti-ifle.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

It depends on your capacity for handling beeswax.
Some apiarists succeed, others get so tired of the
business that they sell their mill and buy their foun-
dation. Dauant & Son.

If you have your own help to work your wax, you
had be^fbuy a mill, if your dealer charges you
more than 10 cts. per lb. over the value of wax.

K. Wii.KiN.

That depends. If your time is worth nothing at
the time of making, perhaps it is better to buy a
mill. If I could get a good price for sawing wood, T
think I should rather buy the foundation.

C. C. Miller.

We bought a l:J-inch foundation-machine before
we had 150 colonies. I am satisfied it is cheaper.
Wo hire a good deal of help by the month. We
make our fovnidation rainy days, when we have no
employment for them at other work. F,. France.

Recent changes in the manufacture and use of
comb foundation cause me to believe that it is bet-
ter to ))urchase than to manufacture. I believe
this branch of our business will pass into the hands
of two or three specialists. Economy and comfort
will demand it. Specialty has a myriad of advan-
tages. .Iames Heduon.

I suspect that ten years hence some one will read
over this question, and laugh merrilj-. Some of us
laugh now. I use less than five dollar's worth of
foundation in a year, and, of course, could not af-
ford to run a mill, if it were given to me. I do not
deny, however, that there are some apiaries where
large amounts of foundation can be profitably used
—notably where the honey all comes in one grand
rush, and is stored by Italian bees. B. E. Hasty.

It depends very much upon the man. The mnk-
i)!|/ of foundation has no connection with the prac-
tical management of an ajjiary; i. e., there is no
reason why a bee-keeper should be a foundation-
nuiker. The interest upon a machine and fl.xtures
will pay freight on foundation, and the time sjjent
in learning and making will nearly pay the profit.
Foundation-making is a trade. Let us buy of those
who by years of practice have learned how to make
a good article. Most of the "fishbone" in comb
honey is the i-esult of foundation bunglingly made
by men who think they must have a mill, in the
same sense that they have a honey-extractor.

w. Z. Hutchinson.

In addition to the reasons given aliove, I
think it depends a good deal on whether the
apiarist takes a notion to make his own
foundation or not. If you take a notion
that you want a nice patch of strawberries,
you will have it, especially if the notion
holds out. After you get it, and you take a
notion you would rather raise strawberries
than do any thing else you ever did in your
life, you will be quite apt to make a straw-
berry-farm a paying business. When you
get over the notion, the business will begin
to run down. Now. this is true not only in
bee culture, but in using machines. You
can not make very much of a success at any
thing luiless you put your whole heart in it.
Very likely, ten years hence (or may be a
little longer! we shall laugh at the idea of
one man trying to do so many things, just as
we now laugh at the time when our country
stores used to keep dry goods, groceries,
drugs, l)Ooks, and boots and shoes besides :
and I confess there is much less care and
worry, and oftentimes much more satisfac-
tion,in concentrating all our energy on one
line of work, and by this means furnishing
a product superior to what the world has
been in the habit of having.

1887

GLEANINGS IN I3EE CULTURE.

747

Bee EN'i^BMBLe^iY,

Or Enemies of Bees Among the Insect Tribe.

SOUTH CAROLINA BEE-STABBER.

J INCLOSE a very accmate figure of a bee-rte-
sti-oying- bug' received from Mr. Swinson, State-
burg-, South Carolina. The figure gives accu-
rately the size, form, and markings. It Is a
very g-raceful, slender bug', and belongs to a
very prodaoeous group. Their entire life's business
seems to be to hunt out and dcstroj' other insects.
The scientific name is Sriitimlnxxiis j)lniU(>in(s, lAnn.
The specific name " pliyllopus " is very approix-iate,
as it means leaf-like foot, and doubtless was given
to this insect by the gresit Swedish naturalist be-
cause of the expanded postci'lor tibia. The general
color is brown, or in some species nearly black.
Right here I wish to praise Mr. Swinson's mode of
sending insects. He sent SL'veriil of all ages, each
inalittle hole by itself, and all in a long narrow pine
block. I hope others will take pattern after him.

ANOTHER IJEE-STABBEU.

A beautiful i>ure white line extends across the
wing-covers, as shown in tlie figure, which gives a
ready means of identifying' this bloodthirsty bug.
The spines on the posterior femora and tibiiv are
also interesting. Say had this species from Florida,
and described it as albiciiictus, because of the char-
acteristic white line. Glover says, this insect kills
the destructive cabbage-bug at Evergreen, S. ('.
This cabbage-plant bug, Strachia Imtrioidni, is very
destructive, as well as <]uite beautiful. Thus we
may conclude that this species that 1 am now de-
scribing does much good, and is well worthy our
fostering care, unless it makes too free with the
bees, which I hope will not be the case.

Our Southern bee-keepers will easily identify this
insect by the white band and broad posterior legs.
1 am glad to get these, and all species of insects. I
wish they would always come in such good shape
as did these. Will Mr. Swinson rejiort if he finds
these bugs very destructive to his beesV I should
not expect such to be the case. A. J. ("ook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

Prof. Oiok:—l send you by this mail three or four
insects, which I should like you to name. They
catch and suck the life out of bees. Hies, grasshop-
pers, etc. If convenient, please name through
Gleanings. Ai.vinL.Hkim.

Chandler, Ind., Sept. 7. 1«8T.

Prof. Cook replies :

The insects sent by Alvin L. Helm, Chandler, Ind.,
are closely allied to the Missouri bee-killer, .(.'••i/i'.s'
^tssoune/isis. This is a species of erax, and is

smaller than asilus. By referring to my Manual,
page ol", last edition, a figure of one of these fierce
robber-Hies will be lound. They are reported from
the Gulf States as more serious enemies of bees
than are the dragon-Hies, or bee-hawks, as they are
called by bee-keeix is. A. A. Cook.

.\gricultural College, Mich.

nomada bees.

Mr. John lUirr, liracevillo, III., sends some beauti-
ful bees of the genus Nomadn, which he says drive
the honey-bees from the sunflowers, and enter the
hives of even the crossest hybrids with no let or
hindrance from the hive-bees. These bees were put
up in nice shape, and came in fine trim. I am very
glad to get wild bees, as I am working on this fami-
ly, and want all thi'ie are i?i the Cnited States.

These bees arc veiy pretty and \x'ry nunicroiis.
They have long tongues, short liairs, and much re-
semble wasps. It is reported that these bees Iny
their eggs in the nests of other bees, and thus their
young arc cared for by auother— a lazy trick; but
until we human mortals cease to get that for which
wc pay no justeciuivalent, we must not berate these
bees too soundly. They are known in England as
" cuckoo bees," from this habit, as the cuckoo of
Europe does the same thing— la.-is its eggs in the
nests of other birds, as do our cow-buntings. I often
toil children this story, and give my opinion of such
a course. I say to thom, " We ought all to hatch
our ov/n eggs." I wonder if the scent of these
cuckoo bees, which is aromatic, does not serve to
protect them, and thus enable them to i)ass safely
into the nests of other bees, and possibly into the
hive of the honeyliee. Thus it may not be fear that
caused Mr. Rurr's hybrids to permit their entrance.
It was possibly an agreeable odor. " How wonder-
ful are all God's works," and how little we yet
know of the things close aliout us! Thus what an
incentive we have to work and study.

Agricultural College, Mich. A.. I. Cook.

Bee Be^f^NY,

OR, HONEY - PLANTS TO BE NAMED.

ACTINOMEIUS SQUARROSA.

U. HOOT:— I send you a branch of a weed
that grows here on our creek bottoms. Can
you inform me what it is? It blooms dur-
ing August and September; grows 5 or 0
feet high, and for a month or six weeks the
bees are on it from morning till night.

This locality echoes the cry of nearly everywhere
else, " No honey." We shall not get over 'Mi) pounds
from our ~s colonies, spring eount. -About one-half
of them did not make a single pound of surplus.
Herbert Uricker.
Slate Lick, Pa., Sept. Iti, 1HS7.

Our fi'iends at the Experiment Station re-
ply as follows :

A. I. Root:— The si)ecimen you sent from Her-
bert Bricker is A(ii)iinnerh fi/udimxd. Nutt. This
is one of our native weeds, often found in fence-
ro^vs and old fields, where it is usually troublesome.
Ex PERI M ent Stat i on.

Coliinilius, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1S87. Per Craiy.

.Mii. A. I. Boot: —Inclosed please Hud a specimen
of weed that my bees ai'c busily gathering honey

74S

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

and pollen t'roiii, iis I suppose. The weed is gener-'
iilly called horse-weed. I send it to you for the right
nanie. Some stalks at the base will measure an inch
or more in diameter, and will grow ti feet high.

We have had so much dry weather that verj'mauy
colonies of bees will be lost. .Iames A. Staff.

Troy. Mo., Aug. 29, 18S7.

Mr. Root:— Can you give me the name of the in-
closed plants (HAS. (Ir.ivEK.

Conneautviile, Pa., Aug. '.is, 1S8T.

Replying' to the above two letters, our
I'rieiidsat tlie Ohio I'liiversity say :

The specimen you inclosed, fi-om .1. A. Statf, Troy,
Mo., is Aiithiiisia tiijida, 1... horse-weed. The one
from Chas. Oliver, Conneautviile, Pa., is Cirsium
Miyiiitaniiin, Mx., thistle.

K.XI'EKl.MKNT ST.\TI0N.

Cohmibus, Ohio, Sept. (i, ISST. I'lr ('rain.

ANOTHER GOOD REPORT FOR 1887-

DOES ANVHOOY NEED TO BUY A PATENT-KIGHT
WHEN HE COMMENCES BEE-KEEl'INC?

fC K lione.y-tlow was short and sweet. Last win-
ter two-thirds of all the bees in old gums and
bo.xes were killed off. Spring was a little late,
but my bees were in fine trim for fruit-bloom,
which amounts to some section honey with
us, if properly managed in a good season. The
fruit-bloom came, and was immense. Every twig
was loaded with blossoms, and full of nectar. Bees
worked at it two full days, aud filled the brood-
chamber fairly, when it began to rain, and contin-
ued to rain until the fruit aTid bloom were all ruined.
Ne.vtcame the locust, which was again very full
of nectar; but before the bees had a full start on
them the same cold rain came again, and continued
nearly two weeks, and the fields were covered with |
white clover liy this time, but it was too cold for the j
honey to come. After the rain was over, and it got
warmer, we got seven days on the white clover, and
such a white-clover honey-shower I never witnessed
before in this part of the State. Then the white
clover was at an end, and since that time they have
to work for a living. During that short tiow 1 doub-
led my stock and secured 'S> pounds of honey fo
each colony. 'J'lie fall How is dawning, and we look
liopel'ully forward to that. We often secure a good
How from the asters, boneset, etc.

Don't you think, friend !{.. your statement is mis-
leading when you say you know of no State, farm,
or township right to a patent bee-hive that you
would consider worth a coppery Those moth-trap
patent-right i)eddlers Just go after such bee-keep-
ers as those who know it all, and who will not stoop
1o read Oi.eanincs. <»h, no! They will pay *:.>0.1I0
for a inoth-trap, then they proceed to catch moths,
and sometimes thej- discover they are caught.
Mulberry, Pa., Aug. ril, issr. L. W. Lightv.

I am sure, t'liend L., I do not know where-
in my statement is ^misleading in regard to
buying a liglit to mal<c a patent hlA e. May
Ije the statement was pretty strong: but for
all that. I think it pretty safe to err in that
way. If somebody who was intending to go
into bee culture \\ei-»' thinking of buying a
patent-right, I would unhesital iiiglv say to
iiim, '' No, don'1 do it.''

Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth,
where moth aud rust doth corru))t, and where
thieves break through and steal; but lay up foi'
yourselves treasures iu heaven, where neither moth
nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not
break through nor steal.— Matt, tl: H(, 20.

§OME two or three weeks ago my eye
happened to strike the text above, and
it came home to me with wonderful
force—'' J.,ay not up for yourselves
treasures upon earth." The question
came to me. Is the inspiring |)urpose of my
life to lay up treasures here on earth, or
treasures in heaven V and it troubled me. I
am working and planning, inventing aud
devising, day after day; iu fact, I am never
contented or at peace unless I am ear-
nestly striving after something in the
future. Now, am I really sure that this
working and stri\ ing is for the kingdom of
(Jod and his righteousnessV Supposing I
succeed in my plans for making garden,
secure wonderful crops by the use of feitil-
izers, irrigation, by the help of the windmill,
thorough tilth, etc., what then? Why, then
I shall be able to teach others, and it will
give me pleasuie to see them succeed in hav-
ing something to do at home with their fam-
ilies. l>ut what then? AVell, I tried to re-
ply to this voice that was interrogating me,
that, in teaching bee culture, gardening,
tish, and stiawberries, 1 should also be able
to teach godliness and purity. The latter is
the plan I have had before me for many
years ; but I felt troubled, because I feared
I was thinking too much of the treasures
this earth can furnish, and not enough of
the treasures in heaven, as we have it in our
text. Earthly treasures give satisfaction
where they are honestly accjuired, especially
if, in ac(iuiring them, we help oui- neighbors.
IJut there is another kind of satisfaction
that is away l)eyond this. I am afraid 1
ha\e not had it much of late. The things
of this world have occupied my thoughts
rather too much, and I have been reaping
tJie fruits. .Vnd this reminded me tliat it
had been some little time since I came into
the factory before any one else was there in
the morning, and prayed foi- all of our busy
helpers. While these thonghts were in my
mind one morning, a little before sunrise I
went up into the office and sought the jdace
I had gone to so much— the cloak-room ad-
joining the office. The special subject of
my prayer that morning was, that God
would tell me where to put my eneigies,
and in what way to employ the restless ac-
tivity which seems to be a gilt from him.
JSlv petition ended something like this :
" Lord, tell me what thou wcmldst have me
to do ; and tell me if my work as I am doing
it just now is acceptable in thy sight." .\s
I rose u)) and went down to help the boys otf
with the market-wagon, there was the i)eace
iu my heart that i had felt many times be-
fore, after going to my Savioi- for coiui.sel
and advice. In fact. I expected the day
wovdd biing some sort of answer to my pe-
tition. The message came: and whom do
you think the Savior selected to cany this
messageV \\\ hi? inHn'te goodness it was in-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

749

trusted to one <>!' the boys with whom 1 have
f^ot aequaiiited thr()ii,<i;h (Jlkaninos. Yes.
it was none other thaii a young '" neighbor "
ol' mine away off down in Floi'ida. While he
was perfectly well acquainted with me, I
had no knowledge of his existence at all un-
til the morning after that pi'ayer. 1 was
reading my mail as usual, when I found ini-
der the paper-weight of '; (ieueral Matter "'
a single sheet of pai»er. On tliis sheet of
paper were the following boyish words :

Diar rdcJc -l/iiof.;— About ii yeai- ajiO lii^t Maifli
lather sent for (ii.EANiNds. I read it a little at first,
reading- about bees, but 1 liad not any use for the
religious part; but tiiially. alter we had had it three
or lour months, I began to read Our Moines, and
finally 1 read that the first thing', and last January
they had it sent to )/if, together with a liound vol-
ume tor 188.">. 1 sent for Our Homes, Parts I. and ]l.,
and read them as soon as 1 got them. Keadliig-

your articles lead me to what/ Well, first to

read other religious articles: and last Sunday to
finally Joining- the church and showing- the world I
was going- to try to be a Chi-istian. Go on with your
grood work. You may get others interested; and
ma.v (iod l)|ess you in it '.

liast Marcii you said you e.xpeeted to visit Florida
some time. Well, if you do, come and|see us if jio.s-
sible. Can't you come this winter? We haven't
any bees, but e.vpeet to liave soon, as we are looking
lor some hives from you every day. IJut I have
g-Qt sfune g-arden, " t'othei- s;de of that fence " (see
1). ITTi. I have been very much interested in " What
to Do," etc. I am the gardener here, and I guess
you can imagine how 1 enjoy it, from you own e.v-
pericnce. I haven't very much now, as 1 have been
sick, and it is ^'ery dry; but as soon as it rains 1 am {
g-oing- to plant a big- one for you to see when you
come. Well, 1 have written more now than you
will ever get time t.o read, so I will close.

EhMEH KECii, age 17.

Bowling Green, Fla., Sept. 17, 1887.

May the Lord bless you, friend Elmer, for ;
this little letterl Aiid did yofi think, my
boy, that Incle Amos might ever get tired
of reading such letters, or betoobusy to take
the time? Why. such testimony as you give
makes me happier than I should be to re-
ceive thousands of dollars in the way of or-
ders : and while I use tlie term '• dollars "'
to make the comparison. I feel ashamed of
myself ; for treasures in heaven can not be
compared at all with treasures on earth.
The testimony you give indicates that,
through my poor work, at least one of the
1 toys in this' wide, heedless, careless world has
changed liis mind in regard to religious
things. It speaks, in fact, of the new i)ii-th
that 1 was telling you about a short time
ago. It tells that one of the boys who go to
make up what we call •' Young America"
has turned his back on worldly temptations.
and united himself witii Christian people,
and has started in the strait and narrow
path from earth to heaven. The luinutf I
read your letter it seemed to me as if the
Master were saying. ■ Mr. Woot, d(tn"t be
troubled, even iif" you are si)ending a good
deal of time and energy in the pursuit of
l)ee culture, gardening, and other like indus-
tries, if, in so doing, you succeed in interest-
ing the boys ; and after tlic> lia\(' got ac-

quainted with you through the medium of
these rural i)iirsuits. lead them to me and it
will be time well spent." .Vud. my dear
young friend, I am satislied now that it has
"been time well spent, although, very likely.
I liave oftentimes lost sight, somewhat, i)\'
the heavenly treasures in the perplexities
and cares of this world. Deal' child. I want
you to pra\ lor your I'ucle Amos, that he
may be still more usefid in tlie lield the
Master has accorded him. And now I want
to tell you that tliis little letter o()ens to me
a greater and giauder and wider lield than
e\er I looked upon l)efore. \'er> soon after
reading your letter it occurred to me that,
by using it foi- jHinl ;is I iiave done, it mighl
be an example to man.\ other boys to follow
in the path you have started in. The rea<l-
eis of (Ji.KAXiMis have looked on in sur-
prise and wonder, somewhat, to see so many
joining the ranks of those who promise to
give up tobacco. It is true, that, as a slight
inducement, J have offered the tobacco-us-
ers a little ]iresent by way of remembrance ;
but in this department, no earthly treasure
will be needed. Those who take up the
cross to follow Christ do not need any pay.
Tile satisfaction of having done right, and
the peace that he only can give, arc not to
be measured or compared or spoken of as wc
speak of earthly rewards ; and, dear friend
Elmer, please believe Tncle .Vmos when he
tells you that you will iiave battles to tight.
Yea, even the publication of this honest,
simple little letter of yours nuiy Vtriug you
persecution ; but be not troublecl nor afraid.
In the same way Lliey persecuted the great,
teacher Paul, and tlie prophets of old. If
you have trials and ditliculties. it simply in-
dicates that you are in the army of the Loid.
Keep your face steadfast toward the great
Commander. Don't say any thing back to
your jx'rsecutors. but tell Christ .lesus of
your troubles, and you shall cou(|iier. not
only through life, but through death also :
fordid not the Master lead e'ven grim death
captive?

The part of your letter that pleases lue
most, my young friend, is where you say you
have united with the church ; aiid I am glad
you did not tell us wluit denomination il
was. It is some body of Christ's people near
your home, and that is all we waul to know.
Now. tremblingly and prayerfully I ask the
question, " Is there another soul among the
readers of Gle.vnings that has been lately
moved to give himself to the Master? or is
there is a single one who will stand up as
this young friend has done, and say that he
wants to be a ChristianV If. through (Jod's
providence, GKKAKiX(is can be nuide the
medium for receiving testimonials t<»
strengthen and encourage others to eidist
for the extension of (Jod"s kingdom, it will
enter upon an era of usefulness that even I,
w'ith all the faith that many of you have given
me credit for. have never yet dreamed of.
Now. boys, what otlier one is there who has
ttie coinage tosjjeak out and say. '" I tooam
on the Lord's side'"'^ What other one is
tliere who wants to commence right lier(
and iKHi- in hiyiii:', up tieasiires in heaven,
where moth and rust doth not corrupt, and
w here thieves do not break tiiroiigh nor steal?

7oO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

3F0B^CC0 CdhUW-

THIS DEl'AltTMENT MANAGED TOO LOOSELY?

BELIEVE the tobacco question in Gleanings
t is becoming' obsolete. For instance, in my
I case my little granddaughter conceived of a
[ilaii to get me a smoker, and so she wrote to
you, and the smoker came. Now, the facts
are these: I never used tobacco in my life, and
you Avill see by her letter she did not say I would
(luit, but that 1 would never use it, and would
thrt)w all my influence against its use, which I al-
ways have and always will. Tn nearly all the let-
ters the whole drift is to get a smoker, without
money, and not from i)rinciplc. They nearly alt
state, '"If I ever use it again 1 will pay for the
smoker," tlius owning the object to be to get a
siiioki'r. Flora's object was to sec if you could not
be imposed upon. ] told her if you sent mc one I
would |iay for it. EldeiiC. K Thoimas.

Morreltoii, Ark., Aug. :i:l, 1887.

My sood friend T., you and your little
graiiddaiigliter undertook to humbug Uncle
Amos, and you got humbugged yourselves.
Do you not see itV I remember 'the letter,
and 1 remember thinking it was impossible
that a little girl should undertake to de-
ceive me, and so I sent the smoker, think-
ing 1 shouldn't lose Ijy it, ajidl didn't. A'ery
likely a good many are induced to come into
this column l)ecaiise of the chances of get-
ling a smoker lor nothing. Well, I think it
is better to give ui> toliacco in this way than
not to give it up at all.

THE QUANTITY OV TOBACCO -.) UlCE THAT M.VY
COiME EKO.M .V CHKWEIl'S MOUTH IN 2.5 YEARS.

]n looking over niy old scrap-book the other day I
came across a piece that I thought would be the
vovy thing for the Tobacco Column of (Jleanings.
1 hope you young boys who chew tobacco, and old
ones too, will read this and think about it until you
become disgusted with yourselves, and quit. The
selection runs as follows:

THK Fn.TH THAT FROM A iHKWKR".S MOUTH I'KOCKEUS.
Two oiini-rs clicwiMl ;i (l;iv. 'lis siiid til iiroclucc
.\ lull liall'llilll of \ ilr t..l.aci-.i jui.r;
Wliich. it'ciniiil.d live and IutiiIn vfais.
As I'riiiii a caliiilalion il .apiirais,
^\ itli this vile stulV would near live iMmshcads lill;
I'.rsidcs (d(l (|iiids a lai^rcr |iarrcl si ill;
Nor am 1 with this .•alriilatioii don,...
}!.■ ill that tiiiH- liascluwed full lialf ix ton;
A waK'ondoad id' that which would, of course.
Sii'kni a dou" or even kill a horse.
Coiilil hi- foresi'c hill a siiiKlc view
What he was in liis life destined to ihew.
And then the inoilurts of Ills wink surve.N ,
lie would trrow siek and Ihrnw his i|iiid awav.
(ireonld the lass. . ri' sin- had ph-d-rd to he
His lovin(.c wile, hei liilnif |iios]ieit^ see;
Could she tint sec that throiiK'h Ids month woiikl pass
In this short life, this diitv loathsnme mass;
Would slie eonsent to take his liand for life,
And, wedded to his lilth, beeome his wife?
.\nil if she would, say, where's that pretty miss
That envies her the liiis she has to kiss?

Navasota, Texas. F. I. Somekfokd.

A good law.

July 1, u law went into effect in Illinois' that no
one shall sell tobacco to boys under Iti, without a
written order from the parent. The world does
move. Tally one for rilinois! (". C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

After 30 years of tobacco filth, 1 gave up the habit
10 years ago. It is a grc.it blessing to me to be rid
of a fllth.\' habit. Men worship tobacco; that is, it
Is their god, as you might call it. I do not think I
am eiititlcil to a smoker either. If ;i man lias not

mind enough to control it, give him a smoker to as-
sist him. He needs one, for it was the hardest task
of my life. I think, " Poor Aveak man I I can't."

Geo. a. Mathews.
Kalonah, N. Y.. Aug. 28, ISST.

Gently, brotlier M. If it was the hardest
task of your life, is it any thing strange that
others with less decision of character have
failed in the tierce battle? If it helps a man
to have a reminder in the shape of a smokei-
constantly before him, by all means let him
have it ; and I don't believe it is best to call
him weak-minded either.

Mr. E. Pearsy told me that he would quit the use
of tobacco if you would send hiui a smoker. If he
ever commences again I will pay for it.

SlL.AS Thrailkill.

Barbers Mills, Ind., Aug. II, 1887.

Please send me a smoker, if you think 1 am en-
titled to one, as I quit the use of tobacco three
months ago, after using it ten years. I will pay
you for it, if I ever commence its use again.

I. T. Talbot.

Jonah, Wiiiiaiusou Co., Tex., Aug. 3, 1887.

My father has used tobacco for 25 years, and has
now quit. He hasn't used any for four months. If
he is entitled to a smoker, please send it. If he
ever uses the weed again, I will send you the jirice
of the smoker. Jesse Guernsey.

Mathciton, Ionia Co., Mich., Aug. 9, 1887.

0([R 0WN Jinnm.

CO.N'DUCTKl) DY KKNKST It. ROOT.

FOUL I5ROOD, FEEDING, ETC.

ITp T the present writing, Sept. Ii7, we
^llk think we have the upper hand of

ipK foul brood. Ever since we began iis-
■*''^ ing carbolic acid, the disease has
spread into no other new colonies ; but
we lind it well nigh impossible to wipe out
the disease entirely with acid alone, from
the hives under treatment . From my pi'es-
ent knowledge, phenol seems to l)e a suc-
cess as an antiseptic ; but as an eradicatoi'
in the colonies where foul brood actually ex-
ists, so far it is apparently a failure. From
occasional reports in foreign journals, and
from now and then letters which iiass my
eyes, my impressions, as above stated, seem
to be verified. I say impressions, because 1
can not think it safe yet to dignify them as
facts indisputable.

At the outset, I said we had the upper
hand of foul brood. How, then, did we be-
come master of the situation? As the mod-
ification of the .Jones plan cured the disease,
but did not prevent its spread in other colo-
nies ; and as carbolic acid apparently failed
to wipe out the former infection, but was a
good antiseptic, we combined our modifica-
tion of the .Jones plan with the treatment
by acids. The modus operandi which seems
to have cleaned foul brood from the apiary
is this: After opening an infected colony
we si»ray the bees thoroughly with a solu-
tion of carbolic acid, J)y means of our large
atomizer, the solution I)eiiig one part acid
to •")(•() parts by weiglit of water. The old

1887

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CUETUllE.

751

liive is removed from its stiiiid. and a clean
oiieissiibstituted. The bees are tlien ;dl slmk-
eii into the new home, and tjiven IVanies of
foundation. Tiie diseased chaff hive is last
of all taken away and boiled, in a manner
which will be described in a future issue.
Thus we not only cure the disease in the
colonies themselves, but have i»revented its
Sjiread into other hives. Most of the hives
in our apiary have more or less healthy
brood. If the disease were present in any
of the hives, it would in all i)robability
have shown itself ere this.

UNlTIXii, AND rUKrAUIN(; KOK WINTEK.

In consequence of not bein^' able to till or-
ders for bees by the pound, our colonies are
very stron.u:, so that we can not double up
to the same extent we did last year. The
total number of colonies which we shall put
inlo winter (juarters will be 2-10 when all are
united a somewliat larger innnber than
last year, .\(ni will peicei\e. Not only that,
but the individual colonies will be, in the
nuijoi'ity of cases, douljle the strength of the
average colonies of last year.

It was very ditlicult, in conseciuence of the
robbers acting so badly, to unite during the
day. We did a good deal of it in the even-
ings, but even then the robbers leained the
trick of '• staying out nights."" Pretty soon i
the equinox came, accompanied by the usu-
al rainy weather. '• Now," said I to the
boys one morning, as there was a light cold
drizzle, '• you will have acapital time for
doing all the uniting yon wish."" The work
which had been needing attention was now
done with perfect ease. Pretty soon the
drizzlti turned into a light rain. Mr. Smith
came in and said, '' Do you think we had
better oiien the hives now':"'

•• Oh, yes 1 "" said I, " providing //ow can
stand it.""

I hunted up a rubber overcoat for Mr.
Smith (Mr. SpalTord having one already on).

When robbers are very bad during pleas-
ant weather, and I am anxions to Ikia e prep-
arations for getting the hives in proper win-
ter shape complete, there is n(»thing that I
welcome more than light rainy weather.
With an old hat, rubber overcoat, and rub-
ber boots, it is jusi: fun to perform the oper-
ations which, during pleasant weathei-, are
just out of the (juestion. because of the per-
sistence of the robbeis. This morning,
while feeding the bees, I was out during the
light rain. \Vhat a pleasure it was to open
the hi\('s and pour in the feed, without a
hundred or so of buzzing l)ees around I I
could set the feeder-can down anywhere,
and not be at all afraid that the little pesky
thieves would have their noses in it.

Speaking of rubber boots reminds me that
my light rubber b )ots which 1 mentioned in
( ; LEA N I VGs last winter are good yet. They
cost only $1.7'). They are very light, and
are not so disposed to cause sweaty feet as
the heavier ones.

WOODEN r.l'TTEU-niSHES AS FEEDEUS.

Some of ovu" last-year's subscribers will
remember that 1 gave my prefeience de-
cidedly in favor of wooden feeders ov«'r
those constructetl of tin. During the cool
months of last fall I found that bees would

take feed readily lioni the wooden feeder,
when tlie\ would not notice one' of tin.
The past year I liave been looking for some
kind of wooden feeder that would be cheap,
and yet answer e\ ery purpose. A few days
since, a correspondent incidentally remark-
ed in his letter, that he had been using
wooden butter-disla^s with good success.

''There,"" sai<l I to myself, as 1 read that,
" is just the feeder that I have been looking
for.""

Taking the letter in ray hand 1 walked
over to Mr. Calvert, our biiyer, and showed
it to him, puttiim- my linger ujion the
paragraph mentioning the wooden buttei-
dishes. Aftei' he had read it I said, " See
wliat yo\i can do about getting wooden but-
ter-dishes. 1 belie\e they would be just the
thing, and the cost would be almost noth-
ing. Why, a bee-kcepei' could afford to buy
a couple Of hundred of them; and wheii
they were worn out he could burn them up
and buy more."

^Ir. Calvert, as yon lemembei', wintered
our bees successfully one year, and has had
considerable to do with feeding. He saw
the point at once, and set about immediate-
ly to see what he could do in the way of
getting some cheap bee-feeders. In the
course of a couple of weeks we had a con-
signment of wooden butter-dishes and —
what do you think ?— wooden pie-plates—
the latter as neat and pretty in design as
any thing you ever saw. The sides were
scalloped, or corrugated, and the bottom
was perfectly Hat. It is hardly necessary
for me to describe the woo(len butter-dishes,
as every one of our subscribers has no doubt
bought a ])ound (n* so of butter in one of
these receptacles.

They were left in the crate until rainy
weather. Accordingly last night you might
have seen me with a synip-can in one hand
and a pack of wooden butter-dishes and pie-
plates in the other. I placed one of each
kind in the hives I desired to feed: and
then with the feeder-can I poured the syr-
uj) into one and then into the other. After
Itoth were tilled I lei the drip fall on to a
few bees down in the cluster, that they
might give notice of what there was above-.
After having filled all the feedeis, I left
them until next morning, without luakiug
any provision foi- lloats, as 1 desiied to
see whether these shallow wooden dishes
would re(inire il. This morning I more
than half expected to lind a few bees drown-
ed. Examination, however, showed that
the feed had been licked up clean, and not a
bee was seen in any of the feedeis. As it
continued to rain .somewhat this morning. 1
refilled the wooden dishes, then watched the
bees at one of the hives, as Ihey greedily
piled over each other, three or four bees
high, to get at the feed on the edges of the
dish. A few in their haste plunged over in-
to the sjTup. I stood holding the (;over up.
watching and waiting to see whether these
bees would be able to get out. They swam
along in the syruj) : and when tliey reached
the edges of the feeder they caught Iiold ot
the wood and shook themselves very nuicli
as a dog does when he first comes out of tiie
river. Now. why is it that these wooden

7r>

GLEANINGS IN liEE CUJ.TtJUE.

(k'T.

dishes do not require leeder-Hoats as do tin
Iftinsy The answer seems to lie this: In
metallic receptacles, the bees, in the ab-
sence of a feeder-tloat, will swim to the
edge; baton arrivin.u' there thev aie unable
to catch hold of the metal. In the butter-
dishes, on the contrary, a lloatiiis' hee, as
soon as his foot strikes the rough edges of
the wood, the claw grasps the wood and he
is safe. He has only to crawl among the
bees, and he will be speedily cleaned of his
•'too much" feed. .Vnother thing in fa\tir
of wooden butter-dishes and i»ie-plates is,
that the sides are gently llaring. In an or-
dinary bread-pan. such as we used last year
in feeding, the sides were (|uite steep, and
we found that we were obliged in all cases
to use cheese-cloth for a lloat for the bees,
otherwise there would be large numbers of
them drowned in the feeder. We have tried
these wooden feeders now for three days,
and we lind scarcely a dead bee in any of
them, even witliout any kind of lloat what-
e\er.

rilKIK COST, AS ('()>rPAlM;i> WITH OTHEK
KKKDP:itS.

1 presume the gi-eat majority of you will
be able to purchase a few at your grocery
store, just to try ; but for those of you who
are unable to obtain these wooden butter-
dishes at your own home, and for those who
l>erhai)s would like to i)urcliase 100 or idOO,
we api)end the following i)i-ices : Wooden
butter-dishes, to hold a jiound of feed, (iitxfl.
s;i.,5(l per looo ; per Kio, 4(i cts.; or -l cts. for
10, by express or fieight, with other goods.
If wanted by mail, 12 cts. extra for 10. The
wooden i)ie-plates, you probably can iu:)t ob-
tain ucai' you. We can furnish them for
just double the ))rice of tlie butter-dishes;
postage ]ier 10, 12 cts.

One can scarcely realize the cheaimess of
these feeders until he compares our lowest
price for the Simplicity feeder in oiiritiice
list. Price of these latter per 100 is s:i..')0.
Set this amount over against 40 cts. per 100
for the wooden butter-dishes, and then you
can better understand their low cost.

Now a wold in regard to these cheap
feeders in comparison with other feeders.
From what trial I have been able to give
them. I think they work (piite as well as the
Simplicity trough" feeder ; though, however,
if the price were the same I think I should
l)refer the Simplicity, as the latter occupies
a little less room in the hive. Uut when we
consider tlie difference in price, my prefer-
ence would be very much in favor of the
butter-dishes and pie-plates. The Simplici-
t\ wooden feeders, after a couple of years'
use. become dirtv. and sometimes soak
through, and at times check so as to leak.
The price of the butter-dishes is so extreme-
I> low that one can well alVord to throw
them away after one season's use, and use
nice new clean feeders next year. Both the
Simplicity and the butter-dishes hold one
pound of syrup ; so also do the pie-plates.
These are very pretty, and will answer ex-
cellently, no (ioubt, for baking pies. You
can take the pie-plate containing the pie to
the picnic, and you won't have to fuss to
bring it back ; or yon can send your pie to a
church social, and it does not matter very

rhuch whether the plate is ever returned or
not.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

I' tihli filled Setni-Moiithhi.

J^. I. lE^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

:M:E:n3iaiT.ii., onxo.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

!•-•-•!

For Clubtine Bates, Soo First Page of Eeading Mattsr.

i^vd:EiDi2sr^^, OCT. 1, lesT-.

Thii.i-. (> I.oid.i- Ihc mrM

tius.,. and 111.- |in\vi-

.ami th

■ u-lo

■V,

and tijc vicluiv.Hii.l tlic iii.

i.lfstN : lor all thai i

sill the

llein

ell

and in the raitli is tijinc

thine IS the kiiiu'd

ini.d 1,.

1(1. a

lid

Uiou ar-t exalted as lii-ad al

ove all. - 1. (.'IIHON. •-

.1:11.

We have to-day, Oct. 1,

I subscribers.

(!OOI) NEWS KROM KATHEK LAN(!STHOTII.

The following- is .iust at liand, on a postal card:

Thanks In our heaveiilv Father, the daik cloud is all H'liiie.
D.iytiiii, O., Se|it. -Vi. L. I.. Lan«stroi'|[.

The " darlc cloud " alluded to byourg-ood friend
is the hrain trouble he has suffered from for so
many years. We trust it will keep away Ions-
enough so we may be able to get souiething from
him for our pages once more, if he feels equal to the
task.

COMMERCIAL TER.MS.

A ORKAT many of our readers do not understand
the meaning- of certtiin commercial terms used in
the (luotations of honey. Tn reply to a number of
inriuiries, Mr. Miith makes the following- explana-
tion :

Frienii RodT; The ex|iressiiiii. '• ml arrival," means that
honev (likeothei ;i-..odsi biiiijfs the stipulated price at wharf
or de'pnt here. It is the net price, no charges lieiiit;- made lor
haiilinu'. stora!i-e, c'oiiiinissioii, etc. 11 does not mean that we
will lake, at that price, all the honey arriveil at onr wharves or
depots. We liiiv all we want at the rans;-e ot thosi- prices, and
have been liheVallv siipiilied hv ,iiir I ri<-nds. s,, far. - In the
i(d)l(iiiK wov " means the price lioiiev liriii<;s when it passes
out (d' the hands of the wholesaler into those of the retailer.

riiuiiinati.Ohio. Sejit. -;n. lS8i. CHAS. F. MfTll.

MERRYUANKS .\ND HIS NEIGHBOR.

This is a little book of 210 pages and 68 illustra-
tions. The older readers of Gleanings will not
need to be told what it is about. To our younger,
or new readers, 1 will say that It is a book treating-
of bees (and hive-making), gardening-, maple-sugar
making, and other rural industries. It has also a
good deal to say about our homes, and was written
specially for the juvenile readers of Gleanings.
More than all, it treats of one particular home that
was started on a sandy foundation, but eventually
became builded on the rock Christ Jesus. The
price of the book is 25 cts.; 10 copies. $3.00; ItHI,
$18.00. If wanted by mail, add ;{c each for postage.

THE honey-market AT THE PRESENT DATE.

Well, friends, we are getting some e.xtracted
honey at the prices offered in our last issue, so we
shall not raise our otter any more .iust yet. And.
by the way, it is quite interesting to look over the
market-reports, to which we refer you on page 724.
Please note what a great variation there is in prices.
Our friends in St. Louis and some other points
don't seem to have wakened up yet to the fact that
honey is worth ti great deal more money than it

MiHl

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUi.TUUK.

was a tew mouths ano. ^'e8tc•^llay, Sopt. ^S, I snap-
ped into friend Kcntlfl's, in Clovcland. and there
was not a pound of honey to lii' seen, of an.\- sort
sood, liad, or inditlerent. It looked a little tunny,
lor the reason that I ean not remember thi' time
before in years back when there was not at least
some sort of refuse oi- culled stock pushed back
out of theway. It is now all sold out clean, and
every pound is gone almost as soon as he K'ets it ;
and, in I'ai-t, I do not remember of seeinjr a sint>le
ease of honey in the city of Cleveland.

gi'KKNI.ESSNESS IN OC'TOKKR — A <'.\t'TU>N.

Almost every fall, when the weather begins to
yet cold, a great many of the younger ones order
• lueens, saying theircolonies have suddenly become
(lU^enless. The reason wh.> they declare them to be
ipieenless is because the.v can find neither eggs nor
l>rootl. Well, when we send them a new (jueen, thej-
tintl it impossible, of course, to introduce hei', and
then they discover tliey had a queen alread,^■. Now,
remember, friends, that, as a rule, you will Hnd no
eggs noi- brooil at this season of the year. While
the weather is warm, and honey comes, the tpieen
will often commence to la.v, and a little brood may
be seen in < )ctoberand November; but these arc the
exceptions. After a rest of a month or two, how-
»n'er, brood-rearing generally commences, and is
kept up more or less till spring; that is, where colo-
nies are strong. We are glad to furnish you queens,
liut we don't like to see yf)u waste your money use-
lessly; therefore remember, the absence of eggs
and brood at this season is no evidence of iiueen-
lessness; and as the queens arc small and insignifi-
canl looking now, if yon arc not careful you will not
llnd them. If you can not find the (lueen, and feel
troubled about it, give them a little unsealed brood
from some other colony, in case you can fmd it to
givi' them; and linn if they start (piecn-cells you
may lie sui-e the queen is gone.

THE HONEY FROM TEXAS.

I-IIIKM)I,V KKL.\TI()NS BETWEEN THE EUITOUS OF
1 HE BEE-.10URNAI,S OF THE WOUI,0.

We are to-<lay,'l:*ept. 3!i. honored by the presence
of Mr. I var S. Young, editor of TidKhrift for Bixkjot-
Ki'l iJdurnal nf Apiculture), of Christiana, Norway.
Brother Young is a big man in a good many ways.
I do not know how much he weighs avoirdupois,
nor exactly how wide he is across his big broad
.slK)ulders; but 1 do know that he has a kindly and
generous heart withal, and that he is wide and large
and liberal in his views, and in his genial friendly
good luiture toward all humanit.v. A few hours ago
we knew hardly enough about Norway to be able to
saj-, without consulting a map, just where it is lo-
i;ated; l)ut his visit has oiiened our eyes to the fact
that a great people, and a very friendly people, are
across the water reading our Ijee-.journals, and
jirotitiiig liy the improvements that are coining up
so rapidly. What a responsibility rests upon the
shoulders of the editors of our bee-.journalsl and
what a grand thing it is lor those who have been
heretofore separated by thousands of miles, and
great expanses of water, to talk face to face, com-
)>are notes, and exchange friendly and neighborly
greetings: For myself. 1 begin to feel too small for
the place I occupy; and many times, when I think
of the great field before us, and these loving hearts
read.>' to extend a friendly hand of greeting, that
little prayer of mine comes up again iinoluntarily,
'• l,(M(l, help! "

SOl'I IIKKN IIOMOV I.N (tENEH.M.; UOW I T ( OM I' A It i;S
WITH oil! HKST (SHADES OFTHK NOKTH.

K. KOOT:— I send you by express two sei--
tions of honey, representing the two grades
of my crop. As Texas honey has no stand-
ing in the markets I want your opinion of
ttiis hone.>'. fully expressed; and I especial-
ly want to know how these two pieces ot honey
compare with what is ijuoted as " white" and " dark"
in the markets. .As your decision will be of interest
to your Texas subscribers, j)lease answer tlirnugli
(ir/EANi.N(;s. .7. S. White.

Dodd City, Fannin Co.. Texas, Sept. 16, 188'i.

Fiieiid W., J have examined t'arefiillv both
sections. In appearance the dark seel ion
looks very miicli like our biickwlieat honey ;
but lor table use i should consider it ratiier
inferior. In fact, if you didn't know il to lie
otherwise, I should say it was pre(t\ iu';ir
honey-dew. Such hone\ with us is \er\
slow sale ; but iieiiiaps during this very dry
season it mif^ht brin<;- 10 or l:Jcts.per pound.
The other compares quite favorably with
our nicest comb honey in appearance ; l)ul
when we tested it on our supper-table, side
by side with our clover and basswood honey,
no one wanted it. At first taste it seeiris
very fair; but there is an after-taste much
resembling the horsemint honey that we had
some years ag(» ; and most of the Southern
honey that I have got hold of is somewhat of
this rank flavor. The looks would pvobaliiy
sell it ; but if there were a considerable
(luantity of it I am afraid that cuslomers
would com])lain that it <lid not lia\e the
right sort of taste for honey looking so hand-
some. Just at present, while our l)assvvood
and clover honey brings from IS to 20 cts.. I
think your best sample might sell for from
14 to IH cts.

gPECI^Ii ]^03FicES.

KUBBER TIRES FOR CARPET-SWEEPERS.

jMany times, after a cari)et-sweeper has been
used for some time the tires on the wheel bctome
worn or loose. We are prepared to f\irnish new
rubber tires for Ladies' Friend and (iosheu sweep-
ers, at 10 cts. each, or i}0 cts. per do/.. By innil, :.'
cts. each extra.

:i4-r>B. DOUIU.E-TIER SHIPI'INO-CASES.

Oiiii".i4-lb. single-tier case has l)ecomo so popular
that the old-style double-tier case has rather gone
to the background. Some, however, prefer a dou-
ble-tier ca.se. We have (piitealarge stock that we
wish to close out; and to do so we otter them at the
following low prices: Single case, in flat, no glass,
1.') cts.; in lots oi 10, #1.:,'.^; 100, *10.00. (ilass for
same, «xl3'/2, in lots of 10 sheets, tit cts. I'er box of
U sheets, $:i.50.

DISCOUNT ON GOODS BOUOHT THIS FALL FOR NE.XT
SEASON'S l^SE.

Until furthei' notice we will gi\e a discount of
ten per rent on goods strictl.v for next season's
use, except the following: Machinery of all kinds
for manufacturing; all tin and glass honey-recep-
tacles; tin plate, and all counter goods. On Sim-
plicity, portico, iiiid chatt' hives, we can giv <■ only
/in per tent. The principal goods included under
the 10', discount aie foundation, frames, .sections,
/.inc, extractors, comb-foundation machines.

754

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CUJ/rURE.

Oct.

I'aiCK OF PASTEBOAKl) llOXES h'Olt 1-Lli. SECTIONS
UlODt'CEl).

Wk have succeeded in biiyiuy: these 1-lb. section
cartons so low thiit we are able to make a reduc-
tion in price of nearly one-tliird. We can now fur-
nish them at 75 cts. per 10:); fti.OO per lOOn, or $55.00
lor 10,r,0.1, no labels. See our adv't on cover, for
further particulars^

TWENTY-FIVE GROSS OF UUt^KEYE SASH-IiOt'KS.

SrNOE we first began selling- these locks we have
disposed of thirty gross, because of their popularity,
.lust u few days ago we received 25 gross from the
factory. 15y buying so many we are able to reduce
the price in quantity a little. Prices are 5 cts. each;
.50 cts. per doz., or !|4.00 per 101). By mail, 3 cts. each,
oi- "JO cts. per doz. extra. Nickel-plated ones, one
cent each more than above. For further particu-
lars, see our adv't on the cover for Oct. 15.

CI.OVER AND BASSWOOI) EXTIIACTEI) HONEY.

Wf. have secured about 500 lbs. of last year's crop
clover extracted honey, very nice, that we can sell,
as soon as it arrives, at the following prices: In
cases of 13.) lbs., 13 cts. per lb.; 60 lbs., 13' j cts. Less
than tiO lbs., U cts. per lb., cans included. We have
also secured some basswood extracted honey that
wo can sell at one cent below above prices. We
still have some California honey at 4 cts. below
above price of clover. We also have six 50-lb. iron-
Jacket cans of fall honey, almost e(iual to the Cali-
fornia, that we offer at T cts. per lb.

MAPLE SYKUP.

We still have on hand in excellent condition a
good deal of the syrup mentioned in this column
last spring. Prices as follows: 1 gallon, .fl.lO; 10
gallons, in Igallon cans, $10.00; 5 gallons, in a 5-gal-
lon square can, .f5.(H). As honey is so scarce, 1 pre-
sume this syrup will go off on short notice. We
mail sample free on application. Our stock of ma-
ple sugar is very low at present, as we shipped
lU'arly four tons to New York a few weeks ago. If
any of our readers have any to dispose of, please
let us hear from you, with samples.

A FOlT|{-COI>Otl LAHEI. FOR ONIiY T5 CTS. PER
TEKJUSAND.

.lust think of it', we can furnish you a very neat
four-riilur label, with your inxme and address, with
the choice of having either " comb " or " extract-
ed " before the word " honey," for only 75 cts. per
thousand; .50 cts. per 50O, or %) cts. for 350, postpaid.
The size of the label is 3'2 x 1 inch— just right to go
lound the neck of a bottle, to put on a section, or to
adorn the front of a honey-tumbler. Send for our
special label catalogue for samples of this and
many other pretty designs in label work.

A FOLDING TUB-STAND.

The adjoining cut shows a
very handy contrivance for
all those who use awash-tub,
and wlio ilo not possess a
wringer and tub-stand com-
bined. (Jne of the advantages
of this stand is, that it takes
so little room when not in
use. A great many use an
old chair, that has lost its
back, for a tub-stand; hut
when not in use, it is in the
way, and not a very handsome
object, while the one shown
aiiov(! I'ohls 11)) .and is laid
away till it is wanted again.
This stand just tits a No. 1 size tub; and though so
simple and light, it is so strong that it will stand
Hrmly under alinost any weight. The sticks are of
ash. The price of the folding tub-stand is 35 cts.
each; $3.30 for 10, or *30.00 per 100.

HORSE-POWER in Texas For Sale.

Nearlv new, and all Cduiplete. 'I'o make a quick
sale I will take 135.00 for it. C. W. t'osTEi.i.ow,
lotfdb Waterboro, York Co., Maine.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALRAND IIETAIL. See advertisement in
anolhcr column. :!bt I'd

OALY HAMMERIESS. I DALV THREE BARREL.

MANHATTAN HAMMERLESS. IpIEPER BREECHLOADERS.
Send for Catalogue of Specialties.
SCjaoVEKI.lX«, I>AI.Y A «AI>ES,

84 and 86 Cbainbei-B Street, New York.

BEE-KEEPERS,lAI(rNOTiCE:

I will, from now until Jan! 1, 1888, sell V-groove
one-piece basswood sections, made on A. I. Root's
new improved machinery, at the following prices:
First-class, all white, at *3.25 per 1000, and second-
class at *1.!)0 per 1000. Send a 3-cent stamp and get
a sample of them. Address R. H. SCHMIDT,
19d Caroline, Shawano Co., Wis.

TEN PEE CENT reduction from regular prices for fdn.
' and Simp, hives in the tiat, until Jan. 1, 1888.

E. C. LONG, Williamsville, Erie Co., N. Y.

F-oLDiivG^ box:es.

Our Cartons for enciosincj Section Honey are the best &

lowest priced in the market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set i/p.
Printed or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
have just put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared to fill orders promptly. Price liiSt Free. Samples Sc.

14 oz. Glass Jfars $S. 25 per gross, including Corks cf La-
bels. 1 1-2 (S; 2 gross in a Case. Cataloque of Honey tables free.

A. 0. CRAWFORD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

If you Wish to Obtain ttie

Highest Price for Honey

THIS SEASON,
WHITE TO HEADQUARTERS,

17-4db

F. O. STKOUMKVGK &: CO.,

AVliolesalc Honey IHercliantti,

122 Water St., New Vork.

HERE!

25 Colonies of black bees on frames lli^ x 10, all
in good condition, and plenty of good winter stores.
No foul brood in this vicinitv. Price II4..50 per col-
onv. PERLEY SITIITH,

lOd Keck Center, Fulton Co., N. W

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-lide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
(Circulars free. Utfdb A. H. Duff. Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange bee-keepers' supplies
for alsike-clover seed, buckwheat, any kind,
ov a lawn-mower, new. IStfdb

Bright Bro.s., Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange choice nursery stock for
land, l)ees, or otters. J. 15. Alexander,
lOd (Nurseryman), Hartford City, Ind.

WANTED.- To exchange a power printing-press,
size of chase 8x13. cost .$300, also stock of type,
cost $1.51), for bci'S or honey.
lOd !•'. A. Salisiutkv, Syraeuse, N. \'.

1887

GLEANINGS IIS' BEE CULTUKE.

759

Contents of this Number.

Bi'.'s I>,iisoin-(l 786 ,

Bits (,1- 111. liii 774 '

Bfi'siuul l!hu-k Hats 785

BciN, SiTiil.liing Motion of.. 786 ;

Bees, Handling Cross 788 I

Bees, Angry 78r> j

Bees. Moving- 78.'i

Bee-hunting: 771

Benson Lclier 766

Beveled ICd-e 7x4

Blaiiton's Iteport 766

Biittcr-Uishes 7i'4

Coinlis.Kiill 768

Conventions 761

Editorial 797

Engine. Washburn 772

Fire extingiiis lers 783

Foundation, Pre.ss: d 770

Foundation Kolled 770

Foundation-niilh ■i69

Gloves. I ubbe- 763

Heads of (irain 784

Hive Factorv, Boys" (89

Hives, Charring 783

Honev Quotations, False. . . .767

Island for Breeding 786

Jewelei-'s Trade 790

.Jones, D. A 762

Les Miserables 773

Mosquito-hawks 788

Notes and Queries 788

Niieleus, How to Prepare . . .767

Odi.r. Had. in Hives 785

Our Own Apiary 794

yuestion-Box 786

Reports Eneouraging 784

Kepoits Discouraging 784

Shell, T-super 768

Swaiiii, L.ite. Wrong Hive., 78.5

Swaniis.Miuall. in Fall 788

Taeks for Iteeordiiig 79.5

Tiger Hunt 774

Tobacco Column 791

Young. IvarS 796

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Darke Co. Union Bee Keepers' Society will hold its next
meeting at Arcanum, O.. on Friday. Oct, 28, 1887. J. A. Roe.

The Pan-Handle Bee-Keepers' Associatirn will hold its next
meeting Oct. 26 and 27. 1887. in the K, of P, Hall, No. 1138 Main
St., Wheeling. W. Va. All bee keepers are invited.

Blaine, (). W. L. Kinsey, Sec.

The North-American Bee-Keepers' Society and the Nortli-
western Bee-Keejiers' Society will meet in joint convention ,at
the Commercial Hotel, corner of Lake and I 'earboin Streets.
Chicago, on Wednesda.y, Tluii>day. and Friday. Nov. 16 17, and
18, 1887. Arrangements have been made witli the hotel, for
back room, one bed, lwo persons $1.75 per day, each; front
room, $2.00 per day. each person. Thiv date occurs during tlie
second week of tlie Fat-Kfi ck Sliow, when excursion rates will
be very low. W. Z. Hutchinson.

HEADQUARTERS ^

'ardiii and Stn-
ryt'or Bcc-keep-
ern aitd Otlici-M.

Besides our beautiful eight-color chromo card, we
have other neat designs, also a fine selection uf
fancy address cards, for old and young, for husiness
and amusement. Also two and'three letter mono-
grams, all at low prices. See Here, 50 fancy print-
ed canls, 1.5 cts ; 300 envelopes. 300 letterheads,
printed, $1. Package 25 assorted cards, 10 cts. Neat
box of cards and honey candies, 15 cts. Circulars
free. Address J. H. Martin, Hartford, N. Y.
20tfdb

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN eTs^Xre^-Tt^^rn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of e\ery thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THK LOtVRST PKK KM.

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, ~.«~ashiiigton Co., Wis.

2tfd

THE WINTER CARE OF HORSES
AND CATTLE.

'////•; MOST JlUMAAi: Ayi> FltOFIT-
.1 li L i: THE A TMENT.

:^y re. -]B. •i':eim«.y.

Although the book is mainly in regard to the win-
ter care of horses and cattle, it touches on almost
every thing connected with successful farming-
shelter, comfort, feeding, exercise, kindness, differ-
ent sorts of feed, with a full treatise on the most
economical way of saving manure. A full descrip-
tion of Terry's model barn is also given.

Price 40 cts. ; by mall, 43 cts.

\. I. ROOT, ITIedlna, Olilo.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED,— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. 14tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange bee-keepers' supplies
for alsike-clover seed, buckwheat, an.v kind,
or a lawn-mower, new. istfdb

Bright Bros , Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange 2500 Cnthbort Raspberry,
and 10,000 White blackberry plants, for bees,
one-pound sections, or foundation. For terms, ad-
dress P. D. MiT.T.,ER, Grapevine, Wcstm'd Co., Pa.
20-21d

WANTED.^To excbange Wheeler & Wilson sew-
ing-machines (new) for honey, bees, or sup-
plies. J. A. Green, Dayton, JU. 20tfdb

WANTED.— A Barnes Imp. Combined Scroll and
Circular Saw for a Buckeye Imp. portable cider-
mill, in good order, or for an aquarium.
30 31 J. H. Andrus, Almont, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange goods for new or second-
hand extractor. T. Drew, So. Hanover, Mass.

WANTED.— Situation for 1888, by an expert bee-
keeper. Address Frank CurIj,
30tfdb Box 63, East St. Louis, 111.

vpflm w THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A ORE AT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
1 inc of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
I'rice List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 16tfd

A. r. Stauffer, Sterling, III.

MA6IG LANTERNS

Ing OTi!^Vahi"t for PUBLIC E^HIBITIONS.eto.

It/* A profitable btuineu for a man viith tmalX eapilcU. Xm}
I^temB for Home Amoaement. 1&2 page Oatklogn* Am.
MCALLISTER, Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.

1 WILL give about three hundred dollars' worth
of bees and bee-flxtui"es for a No. (me buggy-
horse. Address for particulars,
18-30db S. C. Kirkpatrick, Hodgenville, Ky.

DASAITT'S FOUNDATION rACT0S7,WE0LESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

ON 30 DAYS' TRIAL.

THIS NEW

lELBSTSG TRUSS

'Has a I'ad diirerent from all
others, is cup shape, with Self-
adjusting Ball in center, adapts
itself to all pesitions of the
body while the ball in the cup
' presses back the intes-
— ^ fines just as a person

does with the f I nger. with Ught pressure the Her-
nia is held securely day and nipht, and a radical cure
certain. It is easy, durable and cheao. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. EGGLESTON TRCSS CO., Chlcas". lU.

?60

GLEAJSIJNGS in iJEK CULTUKE.

Oct.

peNEY C@MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

Nkw York.— flonej/.— We have received up to
date: 3968 orates of comb honey ; 367 bbls. of extract-
ed honey. Although hiboring- under the disadvan-
tage of extremely warm weather, the demand is
very good, and above quantity mostly sold. The
market is tirra, and we quote as follows:
Fancy white, 1-lb. sections, paper boxes, 1S@19

" glassed or unglassed

]T@.1S
" " 3-lb " glassed, - - HMW

Lower grades, l@2c per lb. less.

Buckwheat, 1-lb. sections, paper boxes, - ]lf§il2
" " " glassed or unglassed,

10'4®11
" 3-lb. " glassed, - - 10

Extracted, white, 9(5*10; dark, 6@T.
. Oct. 10. F. G. Stroiimeyer & Co.,

123 Water St., New York.

Philadelphia.— Honcj/.— The inquiry for honey
Is increasing as the season for its sale approaches;
but the warm weather and the high prices asked
prevent rapid sales; hence, an unsettled feel-
ing; yet there is no accumulation, because receipts
have been very light. Demand is principally lor
1-lb. sections. We quote:

White-clover, fancy 1-lb. sections, 17(518; 2-lbs.,
14(ail6. Buckwheat, fancy 1-lb. sections, 12(513; 2-lbs..
lOfell. Common, or dirty, and leaking, must sell
somewhat lower. Extracted, per lb., 6(510. Small
glasses preferred.

Beesuaa;.— Choice yellow, 22(523; inferior, 20(5421;
white, 26(5i38.

To answer numerous incjuiries, we send you the
following points on maiketing honey. The best de-
mand is from now until the holidays. One-pound
glassed sections sell best, and small cases arc pre-
ferred. Cases should be made of clean white wood
and attractive as possible. The sections should be
accurately graded, and not mixed in sanie cases.
Pancoast & Griffiths,

Oct. 10. 132 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cincinnati.— Honey.— Demand is good from man-
ufacturers for extracted honey, and there is a good
demand for extracted clover honey in square glass
.iars. Extracted honey brings 3'2(5'-4c on arrival.
We had in several choice lots of comb honey, for
which we find a pretty ready sale at 18(5i20c a lb., in
the jobbing way. The latter price, for single-case
lots. Comb honey retails slowly at 25c a lb. ■

BeesitJrtx. —There is a good demand for this, which
brings 20(5 32c a lb. on arrival for good to choice
yellow. Chas. P. Muth & Son,

Oct. 10. Cincinnati, O.

Kansas City. — Ho?iey. — Our market is fairly
supplied with comb and extracted honey. We
quote choice white 1-lb. sections at 20c; dark. 15@16;
choice white 2-lb. sections, 18; dark, 14(«>15. Extract-
ed, 8(5)10. California, choice 1-lb. sections, 18@2Q;
choice white. 2-lb. sections, 18; dark, U((i,l'>. Extract-
ed, amber, 7(5j8c; extracted, white, 9.

Beeswax, No. 1, 22c; No. 2, 18.

Oct. 4, 1887. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth & Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Ho/iei/.— We quote choice comb 1&@,
18c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion. Strained, in bbls., 4'/4@5 cts. Extra fancy, of
bright color and in No. 1 packages, ^ cent advance
on above. Extracted, in bbls., 5'/4®6cts.; in cans,
6'/2(a7y2 cts.

Beeswax. 20'A cts. for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops repf)rted everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Oct. 11. D. G. TuTT & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee. — Ho?iei[y. — This market continues
firm on honey, and prices fairly sustained, and sup-
ply and demand very moderate: will quote choice
white 1-lb. sections, 2i1c; fair, 18(519; choice white
large sections, 1C(5118. Extracted, white, kegs and
half-barrels, 8'/.(5j9; dark, 6'>4(5>7.

Oct. 11. A. V. Bishop.

142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

New York. —Hoiity. —Our stock of comb honey
has arrived. We quote as follows:

White-clover, glassed, 21bs., 16; 1-lb., 18; white-
clover in paper boxes, 1-lb., 20. Buckwheat, 2-lbs., 11;
1-lb.. 12. These goods are fancy, and of the best
quality. Thurbkr, Whyland & Co.,

Oct. 10. New York.

St. Louis.— J/oney.— There is but little honey of
any kind in the market. What is coming is South-
ern, in bbls., and that is held at .5(3)5'/4. Some east-
ern honey is being offered in this market at from
16(5i20c. We think the indications are that we shall
have to draw our supply of honey from other mar-
kets. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Oct. 10. 108 & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Albany.— Honey.— We have very little change to
note in our honey market this week. Prices are
well maintained as yet; white, 15(«il8; buckwheat
and mixed, 11(5*14. Extracted, white, 8(®9; dark.6(®8.
Consignments solicited. H. R. Wrioht,

Oct. 14. 328 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Cleveland.— Tfi^ncy.— Choice white 1-lb. sections
now sell on arrival at 19f520c; 2-lbs . ]6(gil8. Second
quality, 1-lb., 1.5(fll7. Buckwheat, 13(514. Extracted,
white-clover, 8c. Basswood. 6^*7. Southern, 4(5'5.
Beeswax, 25 cents. A. C. Kendel,

Oct. 10. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Chicago.— Honey.— Our market is in good shape
at present, with the liest grades of white comb hon-
ey bringing 18(5>20c.; dark or buckwheat, comb, slow
of sale at 1.5; extracted, 7(atl0 for good to fancy.
Beeswax, 23(525. R- A. Burnett,

Oct. 10. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy one-pound Comb,
18@,20; two-pound comb, 17@18. Extracted, 7@8.
Blake & Ripley,
Oct. 10. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit.— Honcy.—No change from last quota-
tions; viz., 16(5il8 cts. for best comb honey.
Beeswax, 23c. M. H. Hunt,

Oct. 10. Bell Branch, Mich.

Wanted.— To purchase from one to five thousand
pounds choice white-clover honey in one-pound
sections. Crates to average about 25 lbs. each.

I. T. Carson & Co.,
15-20d 325 West Main St., Louisville, Ky.

For, Sale.— 1000 lbs. thoroughly ripened white-
clover extracted honey, in 40-lb. tin cans, 10c per lb.,
F. O. B. Honey can be transferred to other pack-
ages it required, as the tin packages are shipped by
express only. N. M. Olsen. P. O. Box 78,

Nashotah, Waukesha Co., Wis.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. very nice extracted white
clover and basswood honey, put up in tin cans of
60 lbs. each, for 10c per lb. F. W. Holmes,

Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

For Sale.— I have about 800 lbs. of honey in one-
pound boxes (about 300 pounds basswood, 600 buck-
wheat). What am I offered on board cars at Clyde.
N. Y., in 34-11). cases? John W. Griswold.

Rose Valley, N. \\

For Sale.— I have about 1700 lbs. of nice white
honey, mostly clover, in barrels. Also about 1400
lbs. late honey, but not very dark color (no buck-
wheat), in i/i-bbl. kegs; two of the kegs of dark hon-
ey is last year's honey. I would like to sell the lot
together. Make me an offer. Samples sent on ap-
plication. H. E. Townsend,

Hubbardston, Ionia Co., Mich.

For Sale.— I have 13 cans of honey, 3 cans in a
box, holding 60 lbs. .per can; all new cans, and very
nice honey. I also have about 900 lbs. in a tank. I
will put-in cans if wanted. Samples sent on appli-
cation. Make me an offer. H. Van Vranken,

Union City, Branch Co., Mich.

IAVANT Comb and Extracted Honey, and Bees-
wax, to Sell for you on Commission. My Sales
are all for Cash, therefore I can rem it promptly,
and I do it. ARTHUR TODD,

30d 3132 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XV.

OCT. 15, 1887.

No. 20.

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10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \. piiRimHvn sfmt-mokthty rv J U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-

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be sent to ONE POSTOFFlCE.

CONVENTIONS.

MILLER SUGGESTS SOME THINGS TO BE AT-
TENDED TO BEFORE WE CONVENE.

T BELIEVE bee-conventions are inci-casing- in
M[ i)(ipiilarity. Rig-htly conducted, there is no
'jit reason they should not. If I am not mistaken,
"*■ in Germany they have a society, it' not socie-
ties, with something like .500 members. Did any
society in this country ever reach 200 members?
Perhaps we have something to learn from our
German brethren in this regard.

For many who attend the larger conventions, the
attendant expense makes it important that every
thing should be planned to occupy the time in the
most profitable manner, and it appears to me quite
worth while to spend considerable time in advance
in talking the matter over. As one of the officers
of the North- American society, I am quite anxious
that our ne.xt meeting should be successful; and as
the same things may apply to other societies, it is
well to talk out loud.

Something has been said already about having
the North American a representative society, but
no definite action has been taken in that direction
as yet. Perhaps it would be a good idea for those
who have thought most about this matter, to tell
us specifically just what should be done.

Going back to general principles, a mistake is
often made in appointing the time— that is, the day
of the week. If members are expected from a dis-
tance, and a two-days' session is to be held, Tues-
day and Wednesday are by no means as good days
as Wednesdaj- and Thursday, nor even as Thurs-
day and Friday. If the first day is Tuesday, it is
difficult for some to be there on time; and if it

closes on Friday it is also difficult for them to get
home in time; but it seems better, if there must be
any break in numbers, that it should be at the
last end rather than at the first. Besides, if a
member is present and much interested, he will
perhaps make more effort to remain than he would
to get there on time.

One of the bad things about most meetings that I
have ever attended is the being confined so many
hours in a room with perhaps little or no ventila-
tion, the attention kept continuously fixed for
three or more hours at a stretch. It is a little
strange that a set of men will get together and
warmly discuss the kind of ventilation that is best
for bees, and forget that ventilation is just as nec-
essary for the human family. If it is difficult to
properly ventilate the room, the windows can at
least be opened during- a 1.5-minutes' recess, when
the members can be moving about without danger
of taking cold. Neither is this recess a waste of
time. I believe more can be accomplished in IV4
hours after recess in the forenoon or afternoon
than in VA hours without a recess. I know I am rap-
ping my own knuckles in saying this, but that docs
not alter the facts.

At what time should the election of officers take
place? For one, T don't know. There seem ob-
I jections to electing officers for the North American
I before the place of next meeting is decided; be-
cause, if it should be at the extreme South or North
I it might not be best to elect officers from the op-
I posits extreme who might not be at the next mcet-
! ing.

I It has been customary for the newly elected offi-

, cers to assume control during the latter half of the

convention. There may be some good reasons for

I this, but there are some against it. A set of offi-

1&2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

cers ought to be able to make more uniform work
to act continuously through the convention than to
begin at the middle of one convention and stop at
the middle of the next. In other words, a change
of officers during a convention makes more or less
of a break. Considering that I am an officer in the
North American, my suggestion may not seem a
Very modest one; but, in spite of the immodesty,
the principle looks to me correct. I am quite will-
ing, however, to let the old custom continue during
the next convention.

On one point I feel a little hesitancy about speak-
ing, but I believe I ought. It is quite common for
a number of persons to attend the sessions of the
conventions and pay no membership fees. It is. In
general, those from no great distance. The man
who has been to the expense of coming 100 or
1000 miles, and perhaps brings more to the conven-
tion than betakes awaj', pays his full share of all
expenses, while others who have all the benefit of
the discussions, and are at little or no expense in
coming or going, absorb the whole with not even a
" thank you." Bee-keepers are such a liberal set
that their conventions have been made even more
free than political conventions. Is it right? If you
will ask the secretary or treasurer at any of our
large meetings, you maybe surprised to find how
many dead-heads are present. I don't know just
what is the best thing to do about it, but I think in
some way every man should pay his fee on his first
arrival. C. C. Millek.

Marengo, 111.

Thanks, friend M. I heartily indorse ev-
ery point you make ; and most especially do
I indorse that matter of ventilating the
room we meet in. When the room is poorly
ventilated I get dull and blue, and am very
apt to make up my mind that I won't come
next time ; whereas, if I can be near an
open window I often get real happy, and
wonder why it is I ever stayed away from a
single national convention. — On some ac-
counts I rather like our customary way of
changing officers in the middle of the meet-
ing. We are enabled to get somewhat ac-
quainted with new comers. — This matter of
each one paying his share of expenses is a
difficult thing to manage, and I presume it
always will be. Even in our churches it is
customary for a limited number of the mem-
bers to bear the heaviest burdens, and they
are often those not very well off in this
world's goods either, t don't believe I
would ask each person to pay his dues on
arrival, for it would be quite embarrassing
to the class that are not in the habit of pay-
ing at all, and perhaps might cause some of
them not to "arrive." If they want to
come, and don't want to pay a membership
fee, I should say, let them come. As you
say, bee-keepers" are whole-souled as a riile,
and, as a rule, clever and liberal. Now, if
we make too much fuss about this sad fact,
that a great many come and participate in
the meeting without paying their share of
the running expenses, we might get the rep-
utation of being close-fisted. I am glad you
spoke about it in print, and may be this will
stir a good many up to their sense of duty.
I am very glad indeed that you are one of
the officers, for then we shall be sure of
your presence.

A CALL ON FRIEND JONES.

W. F. CLAt^kti GIVES US SOME GOOD NEWS.

ip BOUT sixteen months had passed since my
i^ last visit to Beeton, which is some 70 miles
If distant from Guelph. Unexpectedly called
'^ to take a journej' overthe line of road which
runs through Beeton, I gladly availed my-
self of the opportunity to stop over a train, and
make a brief visit. The home apiary was the only
one I had time to look at. It is in much better or-
der than when I saw it last. High fences and neat
trellises conceal it from the public street. Quite
close to the business part of the village, it is yet
retired and secluded. At the time of my last visit,
Mr. Jones was busy removing evergreens from the
woods, about six miles away, and planting them for
a hedge. I predicted that it would be labor lost,
for I have often tried to move such evergreens,
three or four feet high, from the woods, but could
never make them grow. They must be dug up
when quite small, and first transplanted into a sort
of nursery. A considerable percentage of them
will die, and then your hedge can be made with the
survivors. Nurserymen who raise them from seed,
or import them from Europe when very small
plants, move them three or four times before they
attain a height of three feet, thus getting a ball of
fibrous roots which insures their growth when final-
ly transplanted to some permanent location. My
experience leads me to the conclusion that it pays
in the long run to buy evergreens of nurserymen,
rather than go to the woods for them.

Three pleasant surprises met me this time at
Beeton. The first was to find that our friend Jones
had I'ecently taken a decided stand religiously, hav-
ing joineci the Presbyterian church at its last com-
munion season. I had noticed a considerable change
in him from about the time that father Langstroth
attended the Toronto convention, whence he ac-
companied Mr. Jones to Beeton, staying over Sab-
bath, and preaching. Other circumstances deepen-
ed the impressions then made. A Sabbath in Scot-
land, where Mrs. Jones's cousin is minister to a
large congregation, was not without its effect. The
Lord has an infinity of wise methods whereby he
leads us to himself. What cause for thankfulness,
if we are led to fall in with them, so as to find the
summitm honum {the supi-eme good) of life! There
arc some others of our leading bee-keepers concern-
ing whom it would rejoice my heart to be able to
make a similar record.

This isn't bee-keeping, but it is something that
lends a new fascination to every interesting human
pursuit— gives nature fresh charms, brings peace
and rest to the heart, and makes life worth living.

My second surprise was in the i-ealm of apicul-
ture, and connected Avith the theory of hibernation.
In ihe course of some experiments for the cure of
foul brood by the fasting method, Mr. Jones has
demonstrated that bees can live without food for a
considerable space of time. Three weeks is the
longest period he has proved to be safe, but he is
inclined to think that bees can fast longer than that
without risk. I have no doubt that, in the winter
cluster, they can go for a month without eating.
Of course, this does not prove the fact of hiberna-
tion, but it harmonizes with the theory most com-
pletely, and naturally suggests a species of doi"-
mancy during long fasts. It would seem a wise

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

763

adaptation of nature and i>rovidence that ineecty,
gifted with such intense activity during- the work-
ing- season, should undergo a chang'e to fit them for
long- spells of rest during- cold weather. If that
change lulls their intense activity into comfortable
repose, and so tiuiets down all their functions that
digestion becomes a very slow process, and they
need a meal only now and then, we have a wonder-
ful and beautiful example of that harmony between
the various forms of animated life and their en-
vironment, of which we see so much in other de-
partments of nature.

My third surprise was created by an invention
which will shortly cause a great commotion among
the dry bones and not yet e.xtinct fossils of beedom;
for there are those who have virtually taken the
position in regard to apiculture that the new is not
true, and the true is not new. Nobody can invent
any thing any more in connection with bee-keeping.
What will these modern mummies think or say
when I tell them that friend .Tones has invented an
appliance practicable with all movable-frame hives,
from the old Langsti-oth to the new Heddon, which
revolutionizes the manipulation of them, and will
reduce the cost of comb-honey production at least
twenty-five per cent? It is applicable to both open
and closed-end frames, both to the brood and sec-
tion departments of a hive; dispenses with tin strips
and thumb-screws, prevents frames and sections
being fastened with propolis, and is, by all odds, the
best invertible, convertible, and change-placeable
contrivance yet devised. By its use, you can turn
over a hive in a twinkling if you wish to do so, and
take it all apart with equal celerity; you can man
ipulate brood-chambers and section-cases at will,
and do it all without rough disturbance of the bees.
The crowning marvel of this new invention is, that
it is ridiculously cheap, costing only a few cents.
It is so simple that you are ready to wonder why
every practical bee-keeper did not think of it at one
and the same time, and you can hardly help laugh-
ing outright at the stupidity of the whole tribe, that
not one of their number ever thought of it before.
I know that all this will seem lidicnlously extrava-
gant to many, who will be ready to think I am easi-
ly carried away, and soon e.\cited. Well, I have no
ax to grind, except the ax of universal apiculture,
so I can afford to be pooh-poohed, and I rather en-
joy the fun of tormenting prejudiced unbelievers.
To all such, let me say in conclusion, " Look out

FOR THE locomotive WHEN THE BELL RINGS."
RUBBER GLOVES AS LIFE-PRESERVERS.

It is but the discharge of a benevolent obligation
to the weak and suffering sisterhood of the race,
that I give publicity to the good effects resulting
fi"om the use of rubber gloves by a lady afflicted
with lung trouble. A daughter of mine -was visiting
a sister of her husband, in Michigan; and flnding
that she was injuriously affected by putting her
hands alternately into hot and cold water in the
course of her housework, it occurred to my daugh-
ter that perhaps rubber gloves would remedy
the evil; so she wrote mo to know where a pair
could be got, and, as you know, I .sent you an order
for a pair to be forwarded. A note from mj' daugh-
ter, herewith inclosed, narrates the sequel.

Guelph, Ont., Can., Oct. ti, 1887. W. F. Clarke.

My Dear Father:— Mrs. Cossar writes: " Those rub-
ber gloves are proving perfect blessings to me. Tlie
cold has gone from my throat and bronchial tubes,

and the painand oppression from my lung; thanks
to you for the prompt gift of these handsome tan-
colored life-preservers." You see she has so much
napkin-washing and dishwashing to do again, and
the change of temperature of the water affected her
lung trouble. I have an idea I should like a pair
myself, if the duty would not be so much that the
price would spoil the pleasure of using them.

Hamilton, Ont., Sept. l!i, 1887. Alice.

Friend C, we are always glad to get any
thing that tells us about D. A. Jones. I am
sure the majority of the readers will consid-
er one of the things you tell us the best
news that can 1)6 heard of any human
being. I found out, on my first acquain-
tance with friend J., that he was on the side
of Christianity, but I didn't know, until re-
ceiving your letter, that he had united liim-
self to any band of Christians recently. How
could anybody resist the childlike pleading
of good "old father LangstrothV and liow
could any one help saying, •■ Give me just
such a faith and religion as inspires this
good old man^'V Right glad, friend C,
should we be to liear the same of some more
of our prominent bee-men— not only that
they are on the side of Chri.stianity, but that
they are duly enrolled, and pulling in the
harness with "the Christian brotheihood of
some established church, for the Master. —
In regard to this hibeination matter, we
have already seen mention of it in the
Canadian Bee Journal; and although ray
faith was quite strong, I confess that I am a
good deal startled "by these revelations.
Can friend Jones tell other folks how he did
it, so they may verify the experiment thcm-
selvesV — Now. excuse me for saying your
third surprise is too much mystifying. Oneof
my counsels to Ernest, in stepping into the
editorial harness was," Don't let any thing go
into print that tells what we or anybody else
is going to do. Save the valuable space for
recording what has been done, and the mo-
dus operandi." It is true, you didn't tell
exactly what friend Jones is going to do ; but
after you have got our curio.sity up to the
highest pitch, you stop short without telling
what it is thathe lias made that is so valua-
ble.

Many thanks for the suggestion in regard
to rubber gloves. Last week I went witli
my mother down to see the old farm, and
on the way slie was telling me about the se-
vere time I had with my lungs, when I was
only three years old. Doctors and every-
body else said it was impossiltle for me to
live— that is, everybody but mother. She
clung to her boy. Well, that terrible sick-
ness all came from falling down and getting
my hands into melting snow and ice. I had
not quite recovered from a former similar
attack, and getting my hands in the snow
very nearly cut short all future prospects of
Gleanings, Home talks, "tc. Well, may
be the friends would like to know how I
came to fall down in the snow when I was
three years old. It was this way: A man
came there to brimstone the bees, so as to
get some honey, and I was so crazy on the
subject of bees, even then, at tlie age of
three years, that 1 ran out to the hives with
the rest of the children, before anybody else
knew it, and, child fashion, 1 fell down as

7U-1

(! LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

mentioned ; and even of late 1 notice that
patting my hands in very cold water soon
produces an unpleasant feeling across my
lungs. Will those afflicted with weak lungs
please look into the matter?

UNFINISHED SECTIONS IN THE FALL.

AVU.VT WE SHALL DO WITH THEJl.

gVBRY producer of comb honey meets with
two drawbacks which the producer of ex-
tracted honey escapes. There are others,
but for tlie present I will speak of only two.
The first is the difficulty of g:etting- the bees
started at work in the sections at the beginning- of
the season. The second is the liability of having a
great many unfinished sections on hand at its close.
The first often causes considerable loss of honey
that might have been saved covild the bees have
been induced to start work in the surplus apart-
ment at the very beginning of the honey-flow. It
often helps, too, I think, to start that mania for
swarming that breaks out sometimes .iust at the
time the bees should be doing their very best in the
boxes.

The second drawback is a very serious one: The
bee-keeper on a large scale is liable to have several
thousand unfinished sections on hand at the close
of the season. From these he must extract the
honey and then go to more or less trouble to keep
them from dust, mice, etc., until they are wanted
the next j^ear. I think there is no one who would
not rather have a thousand finished sections in the
fall than twice the number of half-finished ones to
be used the next summer. Some, I know, consider
such sections very valuable to start with, but I can
not see it. I would much rather start with new
sections and fresh foundation.

Several years ago I experimented carefully on a
large scale with sections left over from the year
before, containing comb in all stages, from un-
touched foundation to finished though empty
combs. These were compared with sheets of fresh
foundation. The result showed that, while the bees
began first on those containing comb, they were, on
an average, finished last of all. The honey stored in
such sections is almost invariably poorer in appear-
ance and quality than that made entirely new, and
brings considerably less in the market. As all the
advantages to be gained from the use of such sec-
tions can be had in a much better way, 1 think it
will pay to melt up all unfinished combs— all, at
least, that are not in first-class condition, and burn
the sections, rather than use them again. I know
this looks wasteful, but I believe it pays. The least
harmful way of using them, if you think you must,
is to keep them on hand, made up into cases ready
to set on the hives. Then if a heavy honey-flow
gets beyond the comb-building capacity of the bees
you can put on these cases of empty combs and so
save honey that would otherwise be lost.

Unless the honey is extracted Irom partly filled
sections, I feel sure it would pay better to burn up
sections, combs, and honey, than to give them to
the bees to finish during a good honey-yield. I do
not exactly know why it is, but while giving bees
new combs partly built seems to stimulate them,
old combs with honey in them have just the oppo-
site effect. I recall au instance where I filled two
hives with nearly finished old sections just at the

beginning of the yield from white clover, thinking
they would be finished in a few days. Ten pounds
of honey would have finished either lot. They did
not get along very fast with it; and as I was busy 1
let them alone until I began to take off honey from
the others. Those sections were not all completed
yet, and looked scarcely better than when put in.
1 had given them about forty pounds of honey to
start with, yet that with all they had made was
not worth as much as what other colonies had made
in the meantime on foundation starters.

1 started out to tell the readers of Gleanings
how to dispense with a great deal of the expense
and annoyance of unfinished sections in the fall;
but I have spent so much time in preparing the way
that I must leave it for another article.

Dayton, 111. J. A. Gkebn.

Friend G., this is a most important matter
indeed. We have had considerable written
in regard to it from time to time, but no one
seems to have noticed, as carefully as you
have done, just how the thing works. 1 am
very well aware, that a trifling thing will
many times cause a powerful colony of bees
to lose many pounds of the very best of onr
honey. 1 have before mentioned, that a
few capi:ii)gs or bits of comb, placed in the
upper part of the hive, during the height of
the clover se;ison. will cause them to stay at
home when colonies to the right and to the
left are bringing in their 8 and 10 lbs. of
honey a day. I have seen a new swarm lose
fully ten pounds of honey, I think, in a
single day, because they were not pleased
with something about their new quarters,
and would not start out to the fields ; and
since you mention it, I remember some of
my experiences with old dauby sections, just
about as you relate it ; and I decided at the
time that it would have been better to burn
up, or bury in the ground, these odd bits
that I was trying to save by my raistakep
economy. We shall be very glad indeed to
have reports from others iii regard to this
important matter.

^ ■ — ^

BEE-HUNTING.

HOW A NATIVE AUSTRALIAN DOES IT.

fol HE editor of Gleanings is doubtless ac-
^ quainted with the Youth's Companion, and
^ probably he agrees with the writer in the
conviction that it is a. charming compnnion.
Few papers for young people are so pure in
character, so high in their aims, or contain so much
of the pure gold of thought in their articles.
Gleanings and the Companion make two excellent
guests to entertain for a whole year, and the writer
hopes that they will go together into a great many
new homes this year. Sometimes the Companion
wanders into the field of bee culture, and then its
notes are always valuable. Looking over last
year's bound Companions, in a September number
the writer ran across this odd bit of bee lore. Per-
haps the readers of Gleanings will find it as inter-
esting as she did.

dee-hunting.
The native of Australia adopts a peculiar method
for discovering wild honey. He knows that bees
never wander far from home, seldom more than
two miles; and he also knows, that when a bee is
laden with honey it makes as nearly as possible a
straight line for home.

All that is necessary, then, is to find a bee that is
well laden, and follow it. But that is more easily

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

765

said than done. Any boy who has tried to follow
the big- and gray-colored bumble-bee to its nest
knows how great a tasif it is. B\it that is a mere
trifle to following the sober little honey-bee, which
can be lost against a gray-colored hillside.

In order to be followed, the bee must have a dis-
tinguishing mark that can be easily seen; and with
such a badge the Australian provides it. He gums
a small tuft of white cotton to the bee's back, and
thus follows it with comparative ease.

But the question now comes up, How is the cot-
ton to be put upon the bee's back? The gum is
quickly found— it is on almost any tree; the cotton
grows right at hand. The bee, too, is found in al-
most any sweet flower, buried head first in the
dusty pollen, drinking in the nectar, and showing
quite plainly whether its honey-sack is full or emp-
ty. It moves a little in its eager haste to secure
the delicious liquid, but perhaps a quick dab will
fasten the cotton on its back. Do not try it. As
the little boy told his mother, the bee is a very
"quick kicker." Watch the Australian— and he Is
a very stupid fellow too, in most things. He fills
his mouth with water, has his snowy tuft of cotton
ready gummed, finds his bee, gently drenches it
with water spurted from his mouth, picks it up
while it is still indignantly shaking itself free from
the water which clogs its wings, and with a dex-
trous touch he aflixes in an instant the telltale cot-
ton. Ver.y much out of patience, no doubt, with
the sudden and unexpected rainstorm, the bee rubs
off the tiny drops from its wings, tries them, and
away it goes, unconsciously leading destruction to
its happy home. Lydia Straun.

FALL INTKODUCTION OF QUEENS.

INTRODUCING A NEW STRAIN OF BLOOD BY HAV-
ING QUEENS FERTILIZED BY DRONES FROM
A DISTANT APIARY.

fOR years it has puzzled me to introduce queens
late in the fall when there was no brood of
any kind, and no honey coming in so as to
make a sure success of it. To be sure, I
could do it by the nucleus-box plan, and suc-
ceed every time in getting the queen accepted; but
after the brood is all hatched out, and the bees
have become largely inactive for winter, it is a
slow tedious job to get them to pioperly fill them-
selves with honey to that degree necessary to
make the introduction of a queen a sure thing. Be-
sides, the work required is so great that I have
never recommended the nucleus-box plan, simply
for queen introduction, except in the case of very
valuable queens. For such, I still use this plan,
and consider it of great value as being a sure thing
with a queen I would not lose for any price, espe-
cially so during- the months of May, June, July, and
August. It rarely occurs that I have many queens
to introduce at this season of the year (October),
but this year I have been trying a plan of getting
new blood infused into my apiary, not generally
practiced by our bee-keepers, I believe, which is,
the sending of virgin queens to selected apiaries to
get them fertilized by drones in no way connected
with the stock of bees I now have.

Last year I tried a few in this way with results
which greatly please me. Bees from queens so
mated seem to possess more vigor and mvich great-
er industry than those from home-mated queens.
Well, some of the queens sent off in the latter part
of August have been slow in coming back; and as
our fall has been very cool and cloudy here, it
would often be next to impossible to do any thing
with queens at the time of arrival, especially by the
nucleus-box plan, on account of the cold. After
thinking on the matter a little I decided on the
following: Taking down a frame of empty comb
from its place. 1 proceeded to cut a piece of wire
cloth three-fourths as large as the comb. From

each of the four corners of this piece of wire cloth
I cut out a piece one inch square, when I unravel-
ed, or took out the wires oh each of the sides for ?i
of an inch, so as to have the points of the wires
free from cross-wires that depth, so they could be
pressed in through the septum of the comb. 1
now turned the four sides of the wire cloth one
inch deep, at right angles, so as to form a box, as it
were, an inch deep and without bottom. When a
queen arrived I laid the cage over a queenless colo-
ny if too cold, or near night, till I could open hives,
when the cage was taken to a warm room near a
window and opened. The queen was now caught
and her wings clipped, when she was put in a
small round wire-cloth cage and slipped into my
pants pocket. I now took my large bottomless
cage, opened the hive I wished to put the queen in,
caught the reigning queen, caged or killed her ac-
cording to my wants, and shook the bees oft this
frame down into the hive if too cold for them to
get into the hive safely if shaken outside, otherwise
they were shaken at the entrance as usual. I now
took the caged queen from my pocket and let her
run on to the comb where there were cells of un-
sealed honey, when she would at once go to eating
honey from one of the cells. While thus eating I
carefully placed the bottomless wire-cloth box
over her, fitting it equidistant from all sides of the
frame, when the points of the wires were pressed
into the comb till the cross-wires touched the tops
of the cells. The frame was now lowered into the
hive, and the frame next the cage left a bee-space
off from it, so the bees could go all about and over
it, a frame being kept out of the hive for the time
being, if necessary, to accomplish this. The hive
was now closed and left from four days to a week,
according to the weather, when it was opened, and
the cage lifted off the comb. The time of the queen
at this season of the year is of no value in this lo-
cality, so I prefer to leave her six or seven days, for
then I find the bees all settled down for winter,
with no excitement about the queen whatever.
In this way I succeed every time, and no longer am
anxious over fall introduction of queens. Try it,
sister and brother bee-keepers.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Borodino, N. Y., Oct. 10, 1887.

^ I fc

PROF. COOK MAKES A CORRECTION.

T FIND my hands are more and more filled as the
jMp years go by, and so in my fill of duties mistakes
^t occur. Thus, in the last Gleanings I describe
■*■ Hemipteron LepU^glossus (not Septoglossust) phyl-
lopus, and stated that its only work was to destroy
other insects ; and according to all previous accounts
of this enemy, such is the case. But I was misled by
reading the wrong letter. I now learn from Mr.
W. J. Ellison, Stateburg, South Carolina (it was he
and not Mr. Swinson who sent the insects) that this
bug attacks the tomatoes and not the bees. This
fact makes this bug one of much interest. We
have information that seems reliable, that this bug
kills the Southern cabbage-bug— .StrocTi ia Imtrioni-
ca, and now even more reliable testimony that it
destroys tomatoes— a sort of omnivorous bug it is.
The figure in Gleanings is excellent as to form and
proportions, but would look better if all but the
white line across the middle of the body were more
densely shaded, as was the drawing sent. This
white line is a very marked feature. A. J. CoOK.
Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 10, 1887.

7t3B

(;i.eani:ngs in bee gultuhe.

Oct.

REPORT FROM O. M. BLANTON.

ONLY HALF A CROP, BUT 20,000 LBS. OF HONEY AFTER
ALL.

fKO. ROOT:— Here I am, far away from home,
at Mont Eagle, Grunrly Co., Tenn., on the
Sewanoe range of the Cumberland Moun-
tains, 3300 feet abov'e the level of the sea.
This is a health-resort, conducted on the plan
of Chautauqua, in New York, where persons can
enjoy themselves in religious exercises, lectures on
various scientific subjects, and the study of all
branches of learning in the schools here establish-
ed for the mental improvement of the visitors as-
sembled.

The atmosphere is balmy and health-giving, with
a temperature during the summer months of 65 to
8.5 degrees.

The top of this moujitain-rauge is a plateau ex-
tending fifty by about five miles wide, with some of
the grandest scenery the lover of nature could de-
sire.

I here met Mr. Albert Wells, of South Pittsburg,
Tenn., an old bee keeper who has an apiary of 30
colonies three miles from this village, located on a
cliff thatcommands the view of Battle Creek Valley,
with its grand palisades, coves, and chasms. On
the plateau there is a great variety of honey-plants,
such as goldenrod, eupatorium (boneset), asters,
and lespedeza (Japan clover); also trees and shrubs;
chestnut, black locust, sourwood, and sumac. I ob-
served in the fields, on the commons, roadsides,
and every open space in the forests, lespedeza
growing in the gi-eatest luxuriance. As to its ca-
pacity to produce nectar for bees, I know nothing;
but for its presence, cattle would suffer during the
winter months.

The sides of the mountains and the valleys below
are rich in the most valuable timber, such as pop-
lar, basswood, black locust, walnut, oak, and hick-
ory, with redbud, dogwood, and red haw. The usual
wild flowers (perennials) abound, and are prolific in
nectar, owing to the rich and damp soil with its
many delightful springs.

The bowels of the earth abound in coal and iron.
The railroad running along the crest of the moun-'
tain was constructed for the conveyance of coal
and coke from the mines. I consider this a para-
dise for the bee-keeper, especially when in quest of
health.

With the exception of friend Wells, all keep
their bees in gums, as their forefathers did. Mr.
Wells' bees are in good condition, although his
yield of honey has been small, owing to ill health
preventing the proper attention being given them.
I shall try a few here next year, as an experiment
and pleasant pastime, with the hope of stimulating
the old-fashioned bee-keepers to scientific methods
of handling bees.

My apiaries at home, Greenville, Miss., I farmed
out to my head bee-keeper, Mr. Alfred Latia, on
shares; and from what I can learn they will not
yield more than half a crop— about 20,000 lbs.

The cold spring, with excessive rains in June and
July, and severe drought in August and September,
are the causes. I return home in a few days, as the
forests are putting on the sere and yellow leaf, and
the cotton harvest of the valley is demanding ray
attention. O. M. Blanton.

Mont Eagle, Tenn., Sept. 28, 1887.

OUR P. BENSON LETTER.

A OWED TO THE HUNNY BEE.

. O inseck brite

Whitch sails in the lite,
And never gits tite
Like sum men at nite.

i. At don of day
You fly away.
As hi as our old rooster.
Or hire than he yooster.

I. You skare the wimmen.
When you cum a skimmen
Around in the air
Evrywhair.

. You git hunny from the flowers
At all hours.
Also from the vines
And dandolines
And things. It's sweet
And verry good to eet. »

I. How doth the littel bizzy bee
Whitch we within the hive do see

Improve each shinin ower

With all its energy and power
And gather hunny all the day
And bee bred too so brite and gay

From evry openin flour

To store away in our
Noo hexagony hive.

"CUM AND SIT AWHILE WITH ME."

6. Pirty little birdling bee
Cum and sit awhile with me
Beneath the shadow of this tree
While I do raise my fee-

Ble vols to sing a pome
In praises of thy home.

7. But pleas doant sit too near to me
Beneath the shadow of this tree.

For while thy i)rniscs I do sing

I fear the sharp point of your sting.

8. O thing of buty brite and neet.
How I do fondly lov to eet

Yure bred and butter and hunny.

For then you git the wiirth of your miinny

9. Fond insex now adool
Go sale aloft in the u-
Ni verse of bloo,

O do. Adoo:
The abuv pome was koraposed and rit by P. Ben-
son A. B. S. Me and Watts made the 5th verce.

1««7

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURK.

767

HO"W TO PREPABE A NUCLEUS FOR
"WINTER.

QUESTIONS FROM AN A B C SCHOLAK.

fkEUMIT mo to write a friendly letter, and close
r with a low questions. Before getting- the
threeframo nucleus and select tested queen
you sent, I had two colonies of bees. I did
not iittetniit to work with them without veil,
gloves, and smoker. 1 blamed the trouble on my
nervousness from office work. I am a telegraph
operator. When I went to open your nucleus I
bundled up as usual, expecting a bee-fight, but be-
gan by using only enough smoke to drive the bees
down on their combs, so they would not get lost. I
took out one frame; a few bees began flying, but I
missed that wicked buzz that 1 was so used to. The
flying bees would alight on me, but not one attempt-
ed to sting through my clothes. No wicked buzz. I
put the three frames in the hive, then shook in the
loose bees from the nucleus-box, but still no at-
tempt to sting. To say I was surprised would be to
put it mildly. Was it possible 1 had a queen that
would raise bees that a nervous man like me could
handle with pleasure? I tried them without veil,
smoke, or gloves. From August 23d until now,
Sept. 16th, I have handled them with only one sting,
and I think that came from another hive. They
crawl over my hands, alight on me, and fly away.
Sometimes I have taken out every frame twice in
one day, and no stings. I purposely go to this hive
without any protection whatever, to get confidence
in myself, and to test their gentleness. I am feed-
ing them every night (except Sunday), and still they
do not seem to be cross. If they are this way when
the colony gets populous and crowded, T shall bo
pleased. Perhaps their gentleness is owing to their
babyhood, as they are mostly young bees. I do not
want to strengthen this nucleus from my other
hives if I can avoid it. If these bees are gentle, I
want to know it and keep them so by not putting in
brood from colonies not so gentle. This brings us
to question first.

1. Will your three-frame nucleus, received and
put in a hive August 23d, be strong enough to win-
ter without strengthening from other slocks, if I
give the queen plenty of room and give them plen-
ty of stores, and feed some every night that is
warm enough? When necessary, I give them
frames partly filled with honey from other hives,
but no brood.

3. Will these bees be likely to continue so gentle
•when the colony gets populous, and the bees are
old?

3. I understand from the ABC that the space be-
tween the bottom and frames, the sides and frames,
the ends and frames, and between the frames,
should be ''s of an inch. T have a stick that thick-
ness so as to be accurate and rapid in spacing.
Gleanings, Sept. 1, says the space between the
frames should be M an inch. Can you make this
plain? I want it right.

4. What distance apart should the frames be plac-
ed when colonies are packed for wintering out-
doors, in the same place they stood in the summer?

5. In packing for winter, must we give them
frames solid with honey, or must they have some
empty cells where the brood generally is— the
frames, say, two-thirds full of honey?

6. Do you oil your brood-frames before using in
the hives? Phii-o S. Dilwohth.

Pittsburgh, Pa., .Sopt. 1«, 1887.

1. The tliree-tiiune nucleus, cared for as
you describe at the date nieiitioued, would be
amply strong? to winter, if the. queen is pro-
lific, and keeps the frames lilled with brood.
2. Italians, as a rule, are always gentle ; and
the bees you have are nothing' more nor less
than a fair sami)le of the bees from Italy.
As a general thing, a weak colony is much
easier to handle than when it becomes
stronger: but with mild and careful treat-
ment you will tiiid but little difference in the
dispositions of the Italians, whether weak
or strong. 3. Three-eighths of an inch should
be the space between the bottom-bar of the
frame and the l)i)ttom of the hive, and also
between the end-bar of ilu; hive and the side
of the hive. One-half inch is the correct
distance for spacing the frames. 4. When
preparing for winter, however, it is custom-
ary to space a little further apart. ,'>. Dur-
ing early fall you can give them frames sol-
id with honey', and the clusters will gradual-
ly consume the luMiey in the cells in the
tipper central portion of the frames, making
what is called a " winter nest." (i. We
don't oil our brood-frames. Oiling is some-
times recommended to prevent the bees
from propolizing the end-bars in closed-end
frames, but it is not necessary in suspended
frames such as you liave.

HONEY-MARKETS.

THE DAXGKU OF INCOKRECT QUOTATIONS.

AM decidedly in favor of the publication of
market report.*. I am satisfied, however, that
sometimes harm is done by them. I think
they are often incorrect— I know they have
been sometimes. At one time I took the pains
to go to about every house where honey was whole-
saled in Chicago, and I could not buy honey within
several cents of the price quoted in the bee-papers
and dailies. I went to the ollice of the leading
daily which gave honey quotations, and asked why
they did not give correct reports. They said they
published what was given them. I showed them
the statement of sales of my own honey by a com-
mission house, and they said it was a revelation to
them, as they had had no opportunity of looking
behind the scenes prior to this, and immediately
the quotations were changed a few cents higher.
With no thought of doing any great harm by it, the
commission men sometimes report a lower figure
than they are selling at, so that, when they make
returns to their customers, the customers will be
well satisfied when they see they are getting more
than the market price according to the printed
quotations. But as these printed quotations are
often used as a help in fixing prices elsewhere,
any other than a correct report may be mischiev-
ous.

Even if correct reports are given, an incorrect
use of them is often made. Mr. Jones lives at such
a distance from the nearest city market, that, after
paying freight and commission, he receives net
about 3 cents less than the price at which the hon-
ey is sold; so, if the price at the city market is V2
cts. per pound, he receives H cts. net, nnd will do

7()8

GLKAiNLNCJb L^ iikE (JULTUiiK.

Oct.

bettor to sell at home for 9 cents. Taking- this view
of it, he settles upon the plan of fixing- his price in
all cases ;J cts. below the city price. This maybe
all right, and it may be all wrong-. If his crop of
honey, together with that of his neighbors, is so
large that some of it must be shipped to distant
tnarkets, his plan may be all right. But suppose
the crop is short, and Mr. Jones follows the same
l-ule, selling- at 9 cts. because the city price is 12.
The g-roeers sell out all of his honey, which he has
sold to thetn at 9 cts., and then buy from the city,
paying l2 cts., and freight for It. Tf Mr. Jones had
none they would pay 13 cts. and freig-ht, say 13 cts.,
for all. Now, is there any reason why in this case
he should not sell for 13 instead of 9 cts.? The
same rule holds in other thitig-s. Years ago, the
farmers about Marengo shipped their grain to
Chicago, and I could buj' corn from them at less
than the Chicago price; but of late, dairying- is so
extensive that more corn is consumed than raised,
and I have to pay more than the Chicago price.
So the prices for honey should be higher or lower
than city prices, according to circumstances.

FULL COMBS TO CLUSTER ON.

In the summer of 1886 I put some unoccupied
brood-eombs on a hive, to be taken care of. Some
of them were empty, and some of them Avere partly
filled with honey. I put five supers on the hive,
making the whole alfair six stories high, contain-
ing, in all, 60 brood frames. By the time the har-
vest was over, all were pretty well filled, and I left
them till about time to put in the cellar. When I
attempted to take off the upper super I found
bees clustered in it, and concluded the brood-nest
was there. Looking at the entrance I was surpris-
ed to see bees coming out, although it was too cold
for bees to fly. Did the brood-nest extend from
top to bottom, or was the colony separated into
two clusters? I took off the upper two supers, then
the next two, which I found solid with honey, hav-
ing but few bees. These few bees I brushed out,
and replaced the upper two supers, leaving- the
pile four stories high, giving the bees an opportuni-
ty to get together in one compact cluster. They
were left thus till Dec. 10 (my bees M-ere taken in
the cellar about Nov. 17), there having- been in the
meantime some zero weather. Dec. 10 I concluded
I would put in the cellar whichever story contained
the cluster. To my surprise I found the bees still
in all four stories; and taking out frame by frame I
succeeded in getting the bees into two stories,
which I put in the cellar. The combs I took out
were filled with honey, and, as nearly as I could
make out, the bees had originally distributed them-
selves throughout the si.x stories, clustering only
where there were empty cells. The question arises,
Are combs filled solid with honey good for bees to
cluster on? I have always supposed so, but in this
case the bees spread through si.x stories rather
than cluster on filled combs. This also makes me
think that very large results might be obtained by
piling up several stories of empty combs on a
strong colony at the beginning of the harvest, and
leaving them till its close. This colony was one too
weak to work on sections, but I thought they could
keep the worms out of these empty and partly fill-
ed combs. T can not tell how much honey they
stored, but I think at least half the combs must
have been filled by them. C. ('. Miller.

Marengo, III.

Your experiment of the six-story hive is

yery interesting to me. You may remem-
ber I have mentioned working an apiary in
that way when we were too busy to extract
or do any thing else; and it "has always
seemed to me that the bees work hard-
er to fill all those stories than they ever
did before Vinder any other circumstances.
I watched anxiously to have you tell us
whether the bees wintered well or not.
Had you crowded them into two stories, say
in October, I am inclined to think they
would have consumed enough honey from
some of the natural coml)s to have" given
them an excellent brood-nest for winter.
And now I want to inquire if you did not
find that honey in those five supers very su-
perior in quality. It seems to me I have
never seen any honey equal to that which
we stored away in frames for taV)le use that
season. Many of the honey-combs had been
on the Jiive from July till October.

A T-SUPER SHELL.

FRIKXU .TENNINGS' PLAN OF MAKING ONE.

TN my letter, published In Gleanings for Aug.
j^ l.ith, you make me say, " I had a little trouble
^l to get my bees into the supers." It should
"*■ read, " I had no trouble," etc.

When taking- otl' supers I find it quite a both-
er to have to first take oft' one or two hive-bodies
before I can get at the supers. Now, to obviate
this I have made shallow frames, or shells.

.JENNINGS' T-SUPER SHELL.

These shells are made exactly like a Simplicity
body (Fig. 2), beveled edges, rabbets (no tin rabbets)
and all, but are made only the depth of the supers.
On the ends of the supers, outside, is screwed a
cleat, 's X I'e, shown at C, Fig. 3, and as long as the
super is wide. This is screwed on about % from the
top, and should fit snugly in the rabbet when placed
in the shell, as shown in Fig. 1. This allows the
super, at the same time, to sit firmly on the honey-
board, and the shell to come well in its place on the
shoulder of the hive. The cleats also serve as han-
dles, when used without the outside, and keep the
super in the center, between the ends of the shell.
When you wish to remove supers from your hive,
all you need to do is to take the shell by the handles,
and off c<imes the shell, super, and all, at the same
time; or you can take oft' two or three with one
lifting, if you happen to be strong enough. There
is another advantage. Vou will notice in the Sim-
plicity hive that the honey-board projects -^^s of an
Inch above the shoulder. This causes the super to
project a corresponding distance above the shell;

I«87

gLeanijsgs In bee cultuuk.

7ii9

and as the two are the same depth, there is a simi-
lar projection of the shell below the bottom of the
super. The advantage of this is, that when you
take off a super filled with bees, and bees crawling
all over the bottom, you can set it down without
killing a bee, as it rests on the edge of the shell,
where the bees have no chance to get.

Fig. 1 is the two combined; Fig. 3 is the shell, and
Fig. 3 the super. In Fig. 1, A is the super, B the
outside, and C is the cleat. The letters correspond
in all the figures.

So far as I know, this is original with me, having
never seen or heard of any thing like it before. If
you do not believe there is comfort in using it, .lust
try it, and you will find it much better than using
hive-bodies to put over your supers.

Theodore Jennings.

Rye, Westchester Co.. N. Y., Aug. 23, 1887.

THE MANUFACTURE OF COMB-
FOUNDATION MILLS.

the chips from the hard metal, as mention-
ed before.

SOME EXPLANATIONS IN REGARD TO THE MAN-
NER IN WHICH IT IS DONE.

TTp l.THOrGH tliere have been, from
^llsi time to time, statements and sugges-
jM? tions made, to the effect that a bee-
•'^^ keeper will secure as much honey
without the use of comb foundation
as he will with it, the fact remains, never-
tlieless, that the use of the article by bee-
keepers seems to be steadily on tlie increase.
(Occasionally a poor season for honey results
in the demand being smaller than it was
the season before ; but I believe that, as a
rule, the consumption of the article is
steadily increasing. Jn LSSH we manufac-
tured and sold 190 mills for making t\)unda-
tion. During the past season of 1S87. which,
liowever. is not quite done with yet (for the
reason that we send comb-foundation mills
to almost every part of the world i, we made
and sold about 200, averagiuir, probably,
S20.00, making a sum total of ig4000.

Xow. although we have for some years
been in hopes of producing as good machin-
ery as the world affords for making these
mills, we have, during the past three
months, been making a still better machine
than any thing we have used heretofore ;
and the engraving above is an accurate
picture of the machine now in use for the
manufacture of the rolls we are sending out
at present.

The first operation in making these rolls
is to cast the metal on accurately turned
steel shafts. A few years ago we' used to
do the embossing entirely by the use of sil-
ver punches, raising the metal by repeated
strokes so as to form the cells and cell-walls.
Where mills are made by punching, how-
ever, a comparatively soft metal must be
used ; but by the late process of cutting out
chips so as to form the cells, we may use a
composition of copper, tin, and zinc, nearly
as hard as brass or copper. The advantage
of these hard rolls is, that they are not in-
jured by the passage through them of any
comparatively hard substance, such as wood-
en toothpicks used in cleaning the starch,
etc.. fi-om the surface of the rolls. The
machine here shown is designed to cut out

.MACHINE FUK PRODUCING IHl EMBOSbING AND
ENGRAVING ON THE ROLT s! OF FOUNDA-
TION-MILLS.

In the machine above, a roll is shown
suspended by its bearings, in the fore part
of the machine. Right above it are two del-
icate tempered steel chisels, or gravers,
ready to cut out the chips of metal. These
gravers are set in slides, and the slides are
operated by a crank and pitman, as the
reader will notice. One of the keen cliisels
first goes down and makes a cut in the sur-
face of the roll. This first cut raises the
edge of the chip, but it does not take it out.
The fiuisliing is done with the other chisel,
which, as it comes down to its place, cuts
the chip entiiely loose, and throws it out.
The third slide, operated by a similar pit-
man, is seen standing very near, between
the two chisels mentioned. " This slide car-
ries a steel punch whicii strikes a blow with
sufficient power to make the walls of the
cells. The various cog-wheels, levers,
chains, balance-wheels, etc., are solely for
the purpose of operating the two chisels
and this punch. The machine is also so ar-
ranged that every part is adjustable. For
instance, we can make larger rolls than the
usual size, when some of the bee-keeping
friends happen to take a notion to call for
them, or we can make rolls with drone-cells
instead of worker, or cells of other dimen-
sions, if needed. I believe, however, that
most bee-keepers have decided there is lit-
tle use for a foundation-mill made different-
ly from oiu- regular style, giving about 25
cells to each square inch of foundation. A
great amount of money has been wasted in
experimenting on cells a little larger or a
little smaller ; also on a different height and
shape of cell walls. Most bee-keepers have
now settled down to pretty mucli one thing.
Where very great height is advisable in the
walls, they should lie, especially for i>rood-
combs. comparatively thick, and of soft

110

GLi^AUmGH IN JL5EE CULTUUE.

Oct.

M^ax, while the bases of the cells should be
as thin as the natural bases, if we can so
get them ; and with our new mills I think
we accomplish more than has ever been ac-
complished before. In making very light
foundation lor surplus-boxes, of course we
want as little wall, or base either, as may
be, to a certain limit ; and the samples of
our work that we are sending out now are
equal to any thing produced. Foundation
made from very tliin wax, with no walls at
all, or very slight walls, is accepted by the
bees, it is true ; but there seems to be a
marked preference for a clearly defined
raised edge of wax where the wall should
be started. A very poor, impeifect mill
will emboss plain sheets of wax, or, ratlier,
make indentations in it. so tliat the bees
will work it out into comb; but a good ar-
ticle of foundation is cheaper in the end
than a poor or hastily made article, as I be-
lieve most of the friends will agree.

With the above machine, and other appli-
ances to match, we intend to give tlie
world better work than we have ever done
during any season heretofoie. We are en-
abled to accomplish a great many things on
account of the large number of mills we are
constantly sending off. that could not be
done were we working on a small scale ;
and we are constantly getting reports in
regard to how well our product answers,
from different parts of the world.

THE PRESSED FOUNDATION VS. THE
ROLLED.

FRIEND DADANT GIVES US HIS EXPERIENCE AND
OPINION IN THE MATTEIt.

'E come, perhaps a little late, to give our
views on the Given or other pressed found-
ation. Let us first thank friend Heddon for
his eulogium. It is more than we deserve,
for there are plenty of others just as
pi'ompt and anxious to give satisfaction to their
customers. In fact, Mr. Root sets a good example
for all to follow. As Mr. Heddon intimates, each
man has a specialty, and each one excels in some-
thing.

When Given made his first press he sent us sam-
ples, as he did to many others. We at once wrote
him, saying that his samples were not satisfactory,
being very uneven and badly printed. He answer-
ed, acknowledging that his foundation was far from
being what it ought to be, but stated that he was
constantly seeking to im^jrove it, and that, as soon
as he could make Iho desired improvements in his
machines, we should hear from him. But the fact
is, that it was impossible for any one to make a
press that would give entire satisfaction, because it
could not laminate the foundation, and would al-
ways make imperfect sheets, leaving too much wax
in some parts of the sheets, and require too much
pressure to print any part thoroughly.

We soon found out that those who were making
pressed foundation could not compete with the oth-
ers, their work being, of necessity, very irregular.
In addition to this, the constructions of the bees
can best be imitated by the roller-mills, since they
print thorouglily all the cells. The result was, that
one man after another discarded the press, and it is

now used, with only a few exceptions, solely by
apiarists who make none but their own foundation.

The otily advantage that can be claimed for the
Given press is that stated by friend Heddon— speed
and ease of operation. Ahd yet we are strongly of
opinion that, if a roller mill were furnished that
made as rudimentary a wall as the Given press did,
it would be of as easy manipulation as the press.
We have withheld the public expression of our
opinion on the Given press formerly, for fear of
damaging the business of the manufacturers; but
as this implement has not been offered for sale for
sometime past, we suppose that no one will be dam-
aged by our statements. We are positively of opin-
ion that no press, however carefully made, will ever
succeed in competing with good roller mills. Like
friend Heddon, we had thought at one time that the
tnanufacture of comb foundation would be a part
of the business of bee-keeping; but each season has
convinced us more and more that it was taking the
shape'of a special industry.

The crop of honey is next to nothing, and wc
have only a few barrels of it to spare. Our clover
honey is nearly all sold already. C. P. Dadant.

Hamilton, 111., Oct. ], 1887.

I am very glad to And, friend D., that
your experience so nearly coincides with
our own. No doubt tiie work done by tlie
Given press answered nicely with the bees ;
but somehow it didn't have the nice finished
look that almost any manufacturer would
wish to have his goods present when sent
out; and our experience was, that it was
very frail to handle. Notwithstanding the
speed and ease of operation in making it,
as you give it, no dealer in supplies, that I
know of, ever offered very long the Given
foundation for sale. Another point you
didn't mention is, that the Given founda-
tion can he made right inside of the wired
frames. At one time we thought that there
was going to be a great demand.

Now. 1 have something to say on the other
side of the question. It has been remarked,
you know, that there are always more or
less exceptions laid down in bee culture.
When friend Young, from Norway, was
here we had very many pleasant chats in re-
gard to tlie supply-business, and among oth-
er questions I asked him tibout foundation.
lie replied, that, although they had a mill,
they got along very much better with the
Given press ; and he finally made the as-
tounding statement that one of the girls
that lielped him with the bees made all the
foundation they used during the season of
188(1, l)esides all their sales. In fact, he
said she made over 10,0(J0 lbs. during one
season ; and she did it all alone, unaided,
with the exception of a little trimming done
by his daughter; and this young woman
did this, too, with the Given press. She
dipped the wax and pressed the sheets. One
great point in favor of the (iiven press, he
said, is the fact that, if the. sheets were dip-
ped the right size to go into the frames, they
could be put through the press and still re-
main the right size. The frame he uses is
about 8 X 14 inches inside, and they make
nice foundation that is accepted by the bees
and worked out beautif ull> , and so thin as
to get 10 sheets of the above size from a
pound of wax. I suggested that they could

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

771

not liave had very much walls. Friend Y.
admitted they didn't ; bat he said they had
enough so they answered every purpose.
What strange tilings do come up in bee
culture ! It only illustrates what I said a
good while ago, that when people take a no-
tion to a particular machine, plan, or pro-
cess, tliey in time become so expert in their
own way that they will produce astonishing
results, where people generally would not
get along at all. He agrees with the state-
ment made by friend Ileddon, that, when
the press got to working nicely, from ten to
twenty sheets could be put through without
any lubrication whatever. I can not quite
understand now why friend Ileddon aban-
doned the press after he had ))ecome so ex-
pert in making it work. Will friend I. R.
Good aud others who were strongly in favor
of the press some time ago please tell us if
they still hold to it y

Perhaps I should mention that the name
of the young lady who made over five tons
of foundation herself, in one season, is Ja-
cobina Ericsson. lie says in their own
country they call her "• Yacob," for short,
spelliug it Jacob, our J being their Y. I
might mention that she is taller than our
portly friend Young himself, and he is cer-
tainly more than six feet high. Whatever
Norway succeeds in doing in bee culture,
we shall have to admit that she " takes the
cake ■' in producing stalwart men and wo-
men. Bee cidture is making great progress
there. S ime quite large apiaries have suc-
ceeded in producing over 100 lbs. of extract-
ed honey per colony, and this honey retails
at 25 cents per lb. " 1 wonder if it would not
be a good idea for a lot of us to emigrate to
Norway.

^ I ^

BEE-HUNTING, CHAPTER TWO.

now TO USE THE nUNTING-BOX ILLUSTRATED ON
/ PAOE 737, LAST ISSUE.

«S soon as the bees get to working' well it is
best to move along the line; and until you
have more bees at work than are needed, It
is advisable to carry a few. It Is seldom a
good plan to carry less than three or more
than tenor twelve. Get the bei s at work on the
lower comb in No. 2; close the cover; jar the bo.\
enough to make the bees rise; push the slide shut,
and you liave them so that they can not get daubed
with honey. Make your second stand as nearly on
the line as possible. Pull out the slide so that the
bees can get to the feed. Put one of the extra
combs beside the box, and stick near it a scented
feather. In a couple of minutes, uncover the win-
dow in the cover; and when the bees rise, let out
one at a time. Note the direction in which it dis-
appears, but don't place much dependence in the
first lines.

Good judgment must be used iu moving. When
the bees work well, and we are a good distance
from the tree in an open country, it pays to move
half a mile at a time; but in thick woods I seldom
move a stand more than foi'ty or si.vty rods.
Should it be necessary to leave a stand a day or two
it is best to leave a good supply of feed. Still, if
none is left, bees can usually be called by the use
of scent. When leaving stands, it is best to cover

them with bark, and to place them out of sight of
any passer-by.

We should move as often as practicable, and di-
rectly on the line of flight if possible. While run-
ning through the woods I have often been obliged
to run a vei-y crooked " bee-line," as the bees often
vary their flight to avoid obstacles in their way.
Bees often, in going from the stand to the same
tree, will fly far apart, some on one side of a clump
of trees, and some on the other. This may occur
anywhere on the line, but more especially near the
tree. Also when a line runs from a field into heavy
woods nearly parallel with the edge of the timber,
the bees, instead of Hying directly on the line, will
pass down the edge of the clearing for several rods,
and then make a short turn into the woods.

It is a waste of time to look for the bee-tree, or to
make cross-lines, until you get beyond the tree.
When the bees fly back on the line, you may rest
assured that you are beyond the tree. Move your
last two .stands closer together (lining the bees
carefully), so that they are only ten or fifteen rods
apart. Now, as you have bees flying from two di-
rections into the tree you will pr-obably discover
where they are immediately. But if you fail to find
them easily, take a stand ofl" to one side, eight or
ten rods, and cross-line. This is the only place that
I find a cross-line of any advantage. Usually,
when you get to the right place, you can sec the en-
trance and bees plainly. Score the body of the
tree and the end of broken limbs carefully. A
good spy-glass is a great help in looking into the
tops of high trees. Quite often they will fly five or
six rods off to one side of the tree, and then make a
square turn, in order to get to the entrance. But
sometimes the bees don't go up, in which case the
tree is generally hard to find. 1 have found them in
fallen timber. We should hardly e.xpect to find a
bee-tree on the ground, hence it causes a diligent
search to find it. Having found the tree, it is best
to mark it by cutting our initials on the bark.
Then we have a legal claim upon the bees and hon-
ey. In this section of the country, not one bee-
tree in a hundred is valuable for luml er. But
should it be a valuable tree we are under moral
and legal obligations to see the owner and get his
permission to cut it, unless we climb the tree and
takeout the honey and bees, as explained in the
ABC book. I prefer to fall the tree on to a small
tree, so as to ease its fall. 1 have helped fall many
bee-trees, and I remember of only one which re-
sulted disastrously to the bees or combs. In that
instance they were in a dead limb.

When it is intended to save the bees (as I ahvaj's
do) I should cut the tree immediately, and trans-
fer the brood comb into frames. I prefer to cut
bee-trees in the day time, as the flying bees are
then out. Get the frames of brood, and as manj' of
the bees as possible, into the transferring-box. If
it is cold, be careful to keep the brood covered
with bees that it may not get chilled. Search for
the queen. She may be found on the brood-combs;
but often she hides in some corner of the cavity.
For dipping the bees into the box, J use a large
spoon— one with a handle a foot long. After the
honey is removed, place the box near the cavitj',
with the entrance open, and leave it there until
dark. The flying bees will find the brood, and clus-
ter in the bo.\ and on the outside. Bees can be
taken from the woods late in the fall, and, by giv-
ing them combs aud honey, bo wintered successful-

(;!.ea:nings in bee culture.

Oct.

]y. In conclusion, let nie say; Never have more
than three stands at a time. Don't let j^our hunt-
ing--box or combs get scented, for at times scent
should not be used. When running bees near an
apiary, its use would be a disadvantage. Never
quarrel over bee-trees, tor—

Oh! above all things on this side the sod,

Have peace with thy neighbor and peace with thy Uod.

WiLi.,iAM K. Gould.

Fremont, Mich., July 15, 1887.

Friend G., we are exceedingly obliged to
you for tlie suggestions you have given in
regard to bee-hunting tliat have not appear-
eci before in print — at least, to my knowl-
edge ; and while it may be true that it is in
only a few localities that it will pay in dol-
lars and cents to hunt bees, it certainly pays
in the additional knowledge we gain in re-
gard to the instincts of this wonderful in-
sect. There are a great many facts in re-
gard to the habits of bees that we should
never have discovered had it not been for
bee-hunting; and this thing alone will al-
ways make it intensely attractive to me.
Wliile 1 write, the sun is pouring in upon
us on this beautiful October morning, giv-
ing promise of a delightful Indian-summer
day. And what bee-keeper's heart would
not bound at the thought of a day of bee-
hunting during this season of the year? If
some friend can go along who hives God
and bis works, and is well versed in natural
history, what an additional charm it lends !
Bee-hunters are generally a wild, free sort
of people, and when oft' in the woods they
are almost always ready to gather nuts,
catch fish, or take hold of any thing the
Jields and woods offer, no matter if they do
start out expressly to hunt bees. Neighbor
11. informed us yesterday that, on one of
his farms mushrooms were so plentiful that
he gathered a tubful in just a little while.
I wonder if the readers of Gleanings are
familiar with mushrooms, and know what a
gift from God they are. If not. I will try
to tell you something about it at another
time. — Friend G., especially do we thank
you for the sentiment at the close of your
article, expressed in poetry.

THE WASHBURN ENGINE.

AN KNGINE ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOK BEE-HIVE
MAKERS.

fllE Washburn Engine Co. is manufac-
turing an engine here in Medina
which is not only able to run at ordi-
nary speeds, but lias even attained
the rate of oOOO revolutions per min-
ute. This engine was invented about three
years ago. Its construction is such that it
will not rack nor wear out, even at this high
speed, like the common piston engine. In
principle it is rotary, but is so constructed
as to do away with many of the defects
which hitherto have characterized the ro-
tary engine. Space forbids our going into
details of construction, to show how these
defects have been overcome. It is enough
to say, that, while we at first may have
shared the common distrust of a rotary, aft-
er having watched it here in Medina for two
years and a half in its practical working
harness, and having recently subjected it to

a thorough test in our own factory, we can
say that we have found the engine in actual
practice to be all that is claimed for it in
theory, and eminently satisfactory.

In consequence of the increased subscrip-
tion-list of our journal (nearly 8000), we have
been obliged to run over-hours. Hitherto we
have been under the necessity of running
our large engine, 90 horse-power, and ail the
line shafting, some 400 feet, simply to run
the press in the main building. This cer-
tainly was not economy. Accordingly, we
recently bought a 4-horse-power AVasliburn
rotary engine. It was set up in the press-
room, about 100 feet from the large boiler
which supplies it with steam. When we
negotiated for it we did not design to have
it run any thing more than our large cylin-
der press. The first day's running, how-
ever, showed that it had an easy task ; and
the press, though requiring a considerable
amount of power, kept up the same speed
that it did when run by our large engine.
We then put on our paper-cutter and small
job press, with no apparent flagging in mo-
tion.

Kecently, in the presence of the secretary
and superintendent of the company, vie
gave it a further test. After putting on the
two presses and the paper-cutter, we hitch-
ed on 100 feet of line shafting. The little
engine didn't even then seem to feel the
load; and one merely observing it would
not be able to detect that it was running
more machinery, except as he saw the gov-
ernor-valve open wider. We then put on two
engine-lathes, each cutting quite large chips
of iron, and still no diminution of speed ;
then our deep well-pump, a large emery
wheel for grinding planer-knives, and. last
of all, a buzz-saw, were thrown on. All the
machines were doing work, and yet it seem-
ed as if we should never reach the capacity
of the engine. Just as we were putting on
another buzz-saw the belt flew off from the
drive-wheel of the little giant— the latter
abundantly proving that it could do all we
required of it.

During the time that these machines were
put on, Ihe steam-gauge showed <iO lbs.— a
fair average pressure. Recently, while mak-
ing some repairs in the machine-shop, we
ran 100 feet of line shafting along with the
necessary counter-shafts — in fact, the whole
machine-shop — with this little rotary, while
it was running the large and the small press
at the same time.

In shutting down our saw-room at the
completion of the day's work we have, as a
rule, about 60 lbs. of steam left in the large
boiler. Formerly this pressure was left in
the boiler — a power, as you might say, con-
lined only by iron bars and iron sheeting.
Since the purchase of the little engine we
have utilized this pressiur. We find, after
several careful tests, that this 60 lbs. of
steam in our 60-horse-power boiler at a
distance of 100 ft. from the engine will run
the engine, with press attached, an hour and
thiee-quarters, without additional firing of
the boiler-furnace.

We regard these tests, not to speak of
others which we have seen in the Washburn
shops and elsewhere, as conclusive evidence

]8H1

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

773

of the practicability of the engine. You
will notice in tlie cut given, that the con-
struction is very simple. It has neither pis-
ton-rod, crank, cross-head, eccentric-shaft,
nor slide-valve. In a common piston en-
gine there is a considerable amount of met-
al that must be kept traveling back and
forth. The inertia resulting therefrom is
considerable, and no little pressure of steam
is required to overcome it. In the Washburn
engine this reversal of motion is dispensed
with, the power being applied directly and
continuously to the sliaft, without crank or
other means of transmitting motion. If it
is to nm a buzz-saw. all that is necessary is
to speed the engine Tip and put the saw upon
the engine-shaft, or a shaft coupled direct
to the engine-shaft, thus doing away with
the necessity of putting up counter-shaft-
ing, extra "belting, etc.. to get requisite
speed. An indifferent observer hardly re-
alizes the loss of power on counter-shafting
and belting ; but there is a considerable
amount wasted in just this way, simply be-
cause it is impossible to speed up a piston
engine without racking it to pieces ; but
with the Washburn engine, as we remarked,
all tliis is unnecessarv.

THE W.4SHBURN ROTARY ENGINE.

^Ve propose to use the smaller powers of
this engine on a saw-table — mandrel-shaft
and engine-shaft to be continuous ; that is,
we propose to have sufficient power and
speed applied direct to the saw-table man-
drel, without the intervention of a single
belt or counter-shaft. The whole thing we
sliall sell at a much lower figure than our
former engine and saw-table could be sold
for. The engine is found to work admira-
bly for various farm purposes, such as grind-
ing, feed-cutting, pumping, etc.

It has also made a wonderful record as
a boat-engine during the past season. It
excels in speed the reciprocating engines.
The wheel is placed directly on the engine-
shaft. The engine sits low down in the
boat, is light, can be reversed instantly, has
no dead-centers or eccentrics, is economic-
al of steam, and. in fact, the testimony of
those who have used it is to the effect that
tlie boat-engine is complete and tlioroughly
satisfactory.

In consequence of this little rotary being
able to reach a speed of from 1000 to 8000
revolutions per minute, besides being es-
pecially well adapted for buzz-saws, it is
equally well adapted for running the dy-

namo-electro machines. Not long since it
was our pleasure, while in the shops of the
Washburn Engine Company, to see one of
these little rotaries running" a dynamo, the
end of the engine-shaft being coupled di-
rect, without the intervention of any belt-
ing. It demonstrated perfectly, even in
broad daylight, that it could make the two
l)oints of the carbon dazzle the eyes. We
believe there is no other engine— in fact, we
are sure there is no piston engine — with
which it is possible to run a dynamo with-
out belting from a larger to a smaller pul-
ley. The Washburn rotary not only saves
space, but saves loss of power from belt-
ing, as mentioned at the beginning of this
article.

There is one thing more which we should
have mentioned : These engines are sold for
less than the ordinary piston engine. Par-
ticulars can be learned of the Washburn
Engine ('o., Medina, O.

ONE OF '• LES MISERABLES."

RAIN, RAIN, RAIN, .A.ND LITTLE HONEY.

ELL, friend Root, as everybodi% almost, is
telling- you about this disastrous season, I,
too, feel like joining- the great throng- of
" les miserables," and repeating the sad
refrain. In the West, the doleful tune is
pitched on one key— drought, drought. Our refrain
in this part of the world is rain, rain, rain. This
rain, this never-ending rain, commenced away back
in early spring, and has kept it up with occasional
breathing-spells, as it were, of two, three, or four
days occasional sunshine. There was a little gush
of honey in fruit and locust bloom, between unfa-
vorable days, which strong colonies rushed out and
harvested, making rapid headway in filling up; but
the weak ones could only putter along, making a
slight gain. The white clover bloomed in June,
and a few favorable days scattered here and there
along the season gave strong- colonies a chance,
and they rushed the crop into their storehouse.
But the earth and atmosphere have been kept so
saturated that much of the time when bees could
be at work there was no honey secreted in the
flowers.

With the latter part of June came the intense
heat, with no abatement of rain, but a sweltering
atmosphere that almost parboiled every thing.
Heavy thunder-showers, sunshine and rain, rain
and sunshine, continued through the months of
July and August. The mercury kept in the nineties
the greater part of this time, with occasional jumps
over a hundred. The theory that an electric at-
mosphere promotes the secretion of nectar failed
this season. The bees covered their hives during
this hot wet weather, having nothing to do. Oc-
casionally a day or part of a day would start the
nectar, when the 'bees would sally out. In short,
you of the West were scourged with drought, while
we of the Atlantic States were drowned out with
rain, both extremes proving equally disastrous to
the honey crop. About one-tenth of a crop will
measure our season's product in all this section of
country, and a few strong colonies that were pre-
vented from swarming made about all of this sur-
plus. The mediums, and the olil colonies which
cast swarms, made liitle if an\- nK)ro tha?i a living.

774

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

and a good deal of feeding will have to be done for
winter.

Every neighborhood appears to demand a man-
agement peculiar to itself ; and the conflict among
bee-masters appears to grow out of this law of con-
traries among bees. It appears to be conceded
generally, tlnit uniting weak colonies in the spring
onlj' aggravates matters. The strengthened colo-
nies, being aroused to renewed vigor, exhaust
themselves in vain efforts to forage for the young
brood that is at once started, the warmth of in-
creased numbers contributing to stimulate the
queen. These old bees are exhausted by fruitless
efforts, and perish rapidly. Unite early and feed
heavy, keeping the hives packed close and warm.
A good store of food places the doublcd-up colonies
on an equal footing with those which have main-
tained their strength through the winter. Other
methods mayiprove better in other neighborhoods;
but in this, weak spring colonies manage to make
only a living, -indgrow to be fair colonies by fall,
giving no surplus generally. Dr. Morrison is but
eight miles distant from vis, and he reported a few
days in July the heaviest honey-flow he ever saw.
There was a fair yield here at the time, but nothing
unusual; and the previous week, when the doctor's
bees were starving, mine were living on the fields
comfortably. In one thing, however, there is al-
most a universal agreement: This has been the
poorest honej- season throughout the U. S. in many
years. E. E. Ewing.

Rising Sun, Md.. Sept. 26, 18S7.

Now, friend E., if it was too wet with you
and too dry with us, there probably was a
spot somewhere between us — a sort of gold-
en mean, as it were — where it was just
right, and everybody should have lots of
honey. I can not think the extreme heat was
unfavorable for the secretion of honey
where it was neither too wet nor too dry.
Can we not have a report from somebody liv-
ing in this happy locaUtyV

MOBE ABOUT THE BEES OP INDIA.

A BEE-MAN'S BEAR AND TIGER HUNT IN THE
.JUNGLE.

R. ROOT:— I made the smallest crop of hon-
ey this season I ever did before. Had I not
adopted friend Hutchinson's plan of hiving
swarms on frames with starters, and forc-
ing bees in the surplus apartment, I should
have made hardly any thing. Most of my crop is
from swarms managed in this way; but now comes
the rub: The frames are built solid with brood,
with very little honey in them— not nearly enough
to winter on. Would it be feasible to take two or
three frames of bi-ood from each hive, give them
frames with foundation, and feed heavy? Would
they build comb, fill and cap over this late in sea-
son? I shall be greatly obliged for any suggestion.
I inclose a letter from a friend out in India, who
islvery much interested in our little pets. Put it in
Gleanings if you think it worth it.

R. R. CUYLER.

Rapidan Sta., Culpeper Co., Va., Sept. 14, 1887.

Friend C.,'I_^don't believe I would take
away brood from your colonies. Tliis brood
will be soon ^hatching out; and if the bees
are fed they will find a place to put the
stores. I have heard about too much brood

in September, for safe wintering; but I am
sure I never saw a hive in all my experi-
ence where I would recommend brood to be
taken away. If the colonies are very popu-
lous, may be they can spare some of the
brood without detriment. In your locality
I think they could build comb and cap it
over without a bit of trouble ensuing, at the
date mentioned. Below is the friend's letter:

Dear Ctiylcr :— It is a long time since 1 wrote you,
so here goes. I have been a long time in this part
of India now, shooting, and sport has been very
poor indeed. I had one shot at a tiger, which I hit
but never got; and besides that, I have bagged two
panthers, wounded one, and missed another. My
best day by far was on the 8th of this month, when
I found a bear lying down, and shot her through
the head. Not half an hour after this I found a
cave with bear-tracks leading in, so I began to make
a noise outside. Bruin looked out at once, and
went closer into the cave. I then fired a shot in,
and badgered her for some time, until, losing her
temper, out she came at us with a growl. 1 hit
her, and my second-gun man hit her too, and turn-
ed her. She did not go far when I put a bullet
through her brain, and finished a brace of bears be-
fore breakfast— not a bad morning's work, eh?

We are now in for our rainy season, and the rain
is awful. I have not got much beenews for you.
I have tasted honey lately from a small bee about
I'u inch long all over. It builds in hollow trees in
the jungle. Natives cultivate this honey in earth-
enware pots, but do not understand the manage-
ment of them. The bee is strong on the wing, and
makes most delicious honey, really first class, of a
beautiful light color.

There is one other kind that makes a very large
hanging nest high up on trees. This honey I have
not had a chance of tasting; but I am told it is not
as good as No. 1. The bee is much larger, and from
the position of its nest I should say very strong in
flight. Its nest contains a great deal of wax, but it
is far too vicious to be cultivated. The little bee
which I mentioned first would, in my humble opin-
ion, pay if it were taken up by those who under-
stood bee culture in the smallest degree. It is verj-
common, and I fancy it depends chiefly on tree-
blossoms for its honey, crop. The hives found in
the jungle sometimes contain a tremendous weight
of good honey, but the natives spoil it in their dirty
way of tearing it out with their hands. There are,
of course, several other kinds of honey, but these
two alone have I seen so far. In the case of bee No.
1, if you take a nest in the jungle entirely out, anoth-
er lot of bees will occupy the same hollow place
in two months' time. From the amount of swarms
one hears passing overhead, there must be enor-
mous quantities of bees in the jungles. E.xperi-
ments of sorts have, I believe, been made with bee
culture in India, but I know nothing of the result.
All the honey (or nearly all) which is sold to Euro-
peans in towns is foreign. California supplies any
amount of so-called French honey, and very good,
some of it is. Persian honey is imported into Bom-
bay; and my experience of it is, that it is very nice,
extremely aromatic, and of a fair color. I believe
it would answer to keep the small species of bee No.
1 in this letter, and cultivate blossoms for them to
a large extent. I am now engaged in collecting
specimens for a museum in Bombay, = — '

N. Canara, India, June 10, 1887.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

775

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Sept. lf>.
CHAPTER XLI.

And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,
and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over ev-
ery living- thing that moveth Upon the earth.— Gen. 1:2H.

Did you ever think of it. dear reader, that,
after God had directed man to replenish the
eartli and subdue it, the very first gifts men-
tioned are tlie iisli of tlie seaV Now, I liave
several times in my life felt a great inclina-
tion to experiment in fish culture ; and as I
finished the last chapter, wherein I men-
tioned to you that, by the assistance of the
windmill, a running stream of water was
now pouring into our carp-pond almost con-
stantly, thoughts of tish culture began to
revive. It was some time after dinner,
while reading my mail, that my eye glanced
at the National Jcmrnal of Carp Culture,
which one of the clerks had laid on my table.
While looking it over absently, my eye fell
right on the following advertisement :

T W. WH ITE Chatham Center, Medina County, O.
') , 1 will sell Pure Scale and Parti Scale Carp,
hatched in the lall of >6. for $1 50 per 100, and those
in the spring- of '87 for $1 ^.5. I obtained my stocli
from H. C. W. Muth, of Ohio. M.v express office is
Spencer, Medina Co., Ohio.

The reason why it attracted my attention
was because J. AV. White is a particular
friend of mine, for he has been many years
a bee-keeper. As soon as I noticed his
name, my mind ran back to the different
times I had visited him during the past ten
or fifteen years. Friend White is a most
genial, cle^■er old gentleman, and, like many
of the rest of us, is somewhat eccentric. On
my first visit I remember he was greatly
taken up with bees, full of ambition and en-
ergy, and eager as any boy in his teens. On
another visit I found him enthusiastic over
crab-apples. He had different kinds on al-
most every tree in his orchard. They were
of all sorts and sizes and colors, and he
seemed to never tire in showing different
specimens. He had also a new process for
grafting, as he called it. It was really a
sort of budding, however, and he taught me
how to do it, in a very few minutes, so that
I grafted some choice cions in sofne apple-
trees at home, and every one grew at the
first trial. This kind of grafting can be
done at any time when the apples on the
tree are ripe. This may, however, refer to
early apples. A bud is put in, much as
peaches are budded, and the whole is tied

up with woolen yarn. The yarn stretches
and presently rots off, so that no fiu'ther at-
tention is needed. Friend White had so
many new things to tell us about crab-ai)-
ples and grafting, and about apples in gen-
eral, that it was hard to get away from him ;
and I distinctly remember a remark tliat a
neighbor who was with me made. Said he,
''Mr. Root, you would think that neighbor
White is just now all absorbed in tliis hol>
by of his; but I want to tell you that, no
matter when you visit him, you will find
him just as full of business projects and ex-
periments as now^ He is always enthusias-
tic about something new."

Now, friends, is it not a rather happy
state of mind to be always enthusiastic and
intensely busy in developing some of these
new gifts God has given usV Our text says.
" Replenish the earth, and subdue it." Well,
if there is anybody who is replenishing the
earth, and subduing it, it is this gray-haired
friend of ours, John White. When I saw
that advertisement in the Can'p Journal, I
noticed, too, the very low price at which he
offered carp (SI. 25 per 100 for '• little ones ")
my mind instantly comprehended the state
of affairs. Our old friend has got through
with crab-apples, and has struck on carp
culture. He has probably got fish all over
his farm, about as he had crab-apples all
through the orchard when I last saw him,
and I suppose you know^ that I myself am
much after the fashion of friend White.
Said I, mentally, "It is only ten or twelve
miles, and I am going to visit him very
soon. I declare, I believe I will go this very
afternoon.'' And while I laid my plans and
hurried around. I felt the blood in my veins
start, anew under the influence of my sud-
den project. I first asked mamma if Huber
could be ready for a ten-mile bugg> -ride in
half an hour. She replied in the affirmative,
and Huber himself replied with a small war-
whoop. Then I went down in the lots to
tell the men about their work while I was
gone, and then back into the factory and
into the office ; but in spite of all I could do,
it was twenty minutes after three before the

CLEANINGS IN BEL CULTURE.

Oct.

letters were read and answered, and work
out of the way. 1 knew it was late to start,
but I like to do things when the spirit moves
me, ajid so Huber and 1 pushed ahead, even
though the sun was settling a good deal fast-
er than 1 wanted to see it settle that after-
noon. By the time we reached friend
White's there was only about an hour of
daylight left. My friend looked somewhat
older than when I last visited him, but there
was the same animation, especially when I
began to talk about carp. As we passed
througli the gate, and his wife came out to
welcome us. he introduced me with a re-
mark something like this : " Wife, here is
Mr. Root, come all the way from Medina
just to see me a little while ; but for the life
of me I can not think what should bring
him to see such a poor worm of the dust as
I am."

Then he went into the house, got a couple
of large slices of bread, and oft we went for
the carp-ponds. When we first made prepa-
rations for the trip ii was so near noon we
expected to get back in time for supper;
but after we got into the buggy, Huber vol-
unteered the information that mamma gave
him a bag of bread and butter, and we had
just lunched from this bag of bread and but-
ter, with appetites sharpened by the keen
air of the September evening. By the time
we got to the bottom of the bag, however,
Huber and 1 both felt sorry that mamma
hadn't taken a larger paper bag ; and when
friend White came out with his beautiful
large slices, I don't know just what Huber
thought, but I felt very much like wanting
a sample of the nice bread that Mrs. White
knows how to make. Time was too pre-
cious, however, even if I did know how
gladly all the refreshments of the household
would have been placed at our disposal had
1 said the word. There was only an hour
before us, and I expected to make that hour
count. We passed through the barnyard,
and out near the summit of some great
hills. I wondered at the time why friend
W. didn't take us directly down into the
valley. To my great surprise, the first pond
was over near the summit of the hills. It
was arranged so as to take the water from a
gully that had washed between the crests of
the hills. In fact, this gully received the
water from, may be, fifty or a hundred acres
of upland. As this pond was a type of a se-
ries of other ponds that extend clear to the
foot of tlie hills, I will try to make a some-
what rough diagram here.

Let the dotted line in the diagram repre-

sent the course of the waste water. At A it
comes down between the hills on either side.

Hill. Hill

Pig. 1.

\ POND I

DIAGRAM OF J. W. AVHITE'S CARP-POND.

At B a piece of four-inch tile is placed in
such a way as to turn the water into the
pond. If more water comes down into the
gully than can pass througli the four-inch
tile, it follows the course of the dotted line
in a ditch dug along in the hillside. This
latter ditch is perhaps two feet deep, the
sides being slanted like a letter V ; and this
ditch is only for the purpose of conveying
away any surplus water that may come
down during an unusually heavy rain. At
C is the outlet, made of six-inch tile. Now,
the sides of the pond wliere tliey were not
formed by the bank of the hill, on either
side are built up very rudely and cheaply.
The clay and gravel are simply piled to a
sharp point. In fact, the dam at many
places is hardly wide enough along the top
to walk on. I at once commenced to re-
monstrate, and asked if such frail struc-
tures wouldn't be washed away by heavy
rains. His reply was characteristic :

'' Why, Mr. Root, hoAv can the pond wash
away, or even overflow, when no more wa-
ter can get in than luns through the four-
inch tile, and the outlet is a six-inch tile V "'

I may not have got the size of the tile just
right; but the point is, that the outlet is a
size larger than the inlet. In order to catch
every bit of rain, a little mud dam is made
across the waste-water cliannel, just below

1887

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

777

the inlet at B. A heavy rain washes away
entirely this little mud dam made with the
hands, while it suffices, during a light show-
er, to turn all the water into the inlet at B.
Lest you m;iy not get exactly the idea of
this inlet at B, T will make it a little plainer
in Fig. L'. The arrows sliow the water-conrse.

Fig. 2.

Wasto-watcr \ Hill.
Ihannel, \

Channel,
oaiTied aloiig\
the hillsiiif. \

\

DIAGRA3I OF INLKT AND AVASTE-WATEU
PASSAGE,

You will observe, that by watching your
grounds for a convenient spot you have
nothing to do but to dam across from one
projecting point on the hillside to another
on the opposite hillside, the deepest place
being right at the outlet of the pond at C
The height of the dam ought to be so as to
give three or four feet of water in this deep-
est portion in the winter time. Carp are
often wintered, however, in less than two
feet of water ; and during the coldest weath-
er of last winter (188(J-'7) our own pond did
not have more than 18 inches of water, and
no fish were lost. It is probable, however,
that circumstances were unusually favor-
able; for during the previous winter we
found, floating on the water, when the ice
thawed off, forty or fifty great big fish, each
weighing a pound or two. T would suggest,

therefore, that the pond where your fish are
to be wintered have at least a small spot not
less tlian thi-ee feet deep. If this spot has
an accumulation of soft mud in which they
can bunow, it would probably be all the
better.

When I commenced asking about the out-
let, friend White remarked :

" Oh ! yes, Mr. Root, that is what I want-
ed to tell you about. The books and papers
talk about a complicated arrangement that
haidly anybody can understand, and I puz-
zled over their diagrams a good while, and
then made an arrangement of my own. See
here."

While" speaking, friend White uncovered
a sort of box, or chimney, right in the mid-
dle of the dam, just over the outlet ; and in
order to make it plain I think I shall have to
use another diagram. This diagram repre-
sents a cross-section of the dam, running
through it at right angles, just where the
outlet comes.

You will notice in the diagram below, the
arrangement is such that all water that gets
out of the pond comes out from the lowest
point in the pond. There are many reasons
why this is preferable to letting the pond
overflow at the top of the dam. First, we
need to make every effort possible to keep
the water in the pond warm ; in fact, it can
not be too warm to have the fish make a
rapid growth, and therefore we can by no
means allow the surface water, after it is
warmed up by the sun, to pass off over the
dam in the way the waste water usually
comes off from ponds. Another thing :
AVhen water is stirred up, the muddy part
always settles down to the lowest point ;
and if no provision were made for removing
the accumulation at this lowest point, the
pond would soon become filled up with
mud, and we should have no pond at all.
This often happens in ordinary ponds across
a stream fed by surplus water from rains.

^\Lid to Cliimtity.

DIAGRAM OF OUTLET AND OVERFLOW

778

GLEAI^IKGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Oct.

With the arrangement above, whenever the
pond becomes too full the surplus passes
out directly from the coldest water in the
deepest portion, for cool water always set-
tles to the bottom, and warm water rises to
the surface, as you are well aware. The
outlet-pipe, as I have told you before, is of
pretty good-sized tile, depending, of course,
on the area of the ])ond. Friend White's
ponds were all of them small ones— perliajjs
not more than twenty or thirty feet wide in
the widest part, and may be fifty or a hun-
dred feet long, twisting about among the
hills, as a matter of course. For such ponds
as these, a four-inch tile may be plenty
large. In this case we should have the in-
let only three inches. If an error is to be
made, however, it is better to make it on
the safe side, so we will suppose our outlet
is our ordinary six-inch tile. This tile pro-
jects into the wooden chimney before men-
tioned. This chimney should be made of
H-inch i)lank; and in order to have plenty
of room inside, perhaps we had better make
the internal dimei)sions 8 x 10 inches. Now,
if there were nothing inside of this chimney,
the water would go straight through the
tile ; but a partition is formed, in the shape
of a movable gate. This gate is simply a
board 8 inches wide and 3 feet long— that
is, if you want the water to stand at just
three feet in depth from the lowest point in
the dam. If you can have four feet of
water, make your gate four feet long, and
so on. This gate is held just in the middle
of the chimney by a strip of wood, say an
inch square, nailed securely into the oppo-
site sides of tlie chimney, thus : a a is the
strip.

Tor VIEW OK CHnrNEV.

I wondered why the water didn't leak out
around the board simply laid against these
strips of wood ; but friend White replied,
"Why, bless you, friend Root, we just put
in a shovelful of bran, stable manure, or any
thing else that is handy, and this soon
tightens the gate up.-' Bran answers
nicely for such purposes, as it is carried into
the cracks by the watei- ; and when it swells
it makes a sort of paste that stops up all
crevices. This gate is not to be removed un-
til you want to draw all the water off from
your i>oiid. When a shower comes up, the

water comes in at the inlet until it raises
the water in the pond higher than the top
of the gate ; then it comes down over the
other side. By raising the lid of this wood-
en chimney we can look down and see the
water in the chimney at exactly the same
level as the outside water in the pond ; but
whenever there is an overflow it rises so as
to pour ovei- the top of the gate ; and all
the water that gets out comes directly from
the bottom of the deepest spot in the pond.
Now. is not this ingenious, and simple too V
Over the mouth of the tile, on the inside of
the pond, is slid a cap of galvanized wire
cloth, the meshes being i inch square. It
strikes me that this cap of wire cloth will
be speedily covered with mud and accumu-
lations ; but friend White didn't mention
having any trouble on that score. xVs his
ponds are only three or four feet deep,
it would not be much of a task to wade in
and clean off this wire-cloth cap ; and while
I think of it, 1 believe I would have a de-
pression just under the end of this piece of
tile, in which the soft mud might drop so as
to clear the wire cloth. Of course, you will
have to scoop it out when the depression
gets filled up. Our carp-books talk about
extensive collectors to be put in right here
at the mouth of the inlet ; but friend White
said he didn't have any such thing, and
didn't see any use of it.

The first pond we viewed was empty. It
had been drawn off some days before, when
he expected a big rain that did not come.
As the water, however, was caught in the
pond just below, none of it was wasted ;
and this lower pond must have needed it
badly ; for when we went down to look at
it, it seemed to me it was pretty nearly dried
up. When one of the slices of bread before
mentioned was thrown over into the water,
however, we found there were fish enough,
and they were certainly lively enough, even
in such very close quarters. They literally
covered the piece of bread, and scrambled
over it. In fact, there seemed to be thou-
•sands In that small compass. I asked if
they didn't die for want of more water.
Friend White replied, '' Why, friend Root,
there is something remarkable about this.
These fish seem to be perfectly healthy and
well. There has not been a dead one on the
surface of the water for weeks ; and the
cramping of them In such small compass
during this extremely hot weather seems to
have no bad effect at all. When the pond
was a good deal highei", however, they be-
gai) to die at one time so rapidly that I be-

1887

gleani:ngs in bee cui^tuke.

779

came alarmed, and was about to conclude
they must have more water from some
source or they would all die. But all at
once they stopped ilying, and have been
smart and healthy ever since, as you see
them now. There is surely some hidden
truth that w^e haven"t yet got hold of in this
matter of carp-keeping."

There is a good moral here, friends. We
are all prone to be in haste to decide what
the matter is with our bees, fish, and other
domestic animals ; but a great many times
a little patient watching would show us that
we arc entirely wrong. He resumed :

•• Why, when I drew off that first pond a
few fish were left in the mud. to be gathered
up and taken to the lower pond at some oth-
er time. They were forgotten, however, and
when remembered I felt certain they were
all dead. Imagine my surprise to find them
alive, and apparently unharmed, although
they had been several days almost without
any water at all. They simply burrowed in
the soft mud."

This fact indicates what has been stated
many times before, that carp are wonderful-
ly tenacious of life. When you are in a hur-
ry you can pitch them on the grass, espe-
cially if the grass is wet, and leave them for
several houis. So far as I can discover, it
does not seem to harm them. Now, al-
though friend WHiite is remarkably success-
ful, he has not taken nearly as much pains
as he might do, and his ponds were not re-
markably tidy at the time of our visit. I
noticed marks of chickens, and, if I remem-
ber correctly, also ducks and geese, in the
mud around this second pond. When I
asked if they didn't gobble up the fish he
said he supposed they did, and that they
must be fenced out ; but as the fish were so
plentiful it didn't matter very mucli. Just
then I remembered his advertisement of carp
for only $1.L'.5 per UiO, and I interrogated :

" Look here, old friend ; how' do you catch
the fish, even after you liave got them, so as
to sell them so cheap V"

•' Oh ! that is the easiest thing in the
world. 1 just take the scoop over there and
dip them out ; take out what I want, and
let the rest go back in."

•' But didn't it take a good deal of scoop-
ing to get a hundred fish of the size you
want for an order V

•• Why. bless you. no. At one time we
made careful count, and I actually brought
out .5-56 fish at one dip. I called them up
with a piece of bread, as you see them there,
and I got the scoop right under them."

I felt like taking off my hat and bowing
my head to the superior skill of this old gen-
tleman wiiom I had decided to call upon,
and felt again the folly of living for years so
near by our neighbors, and going through
life without even knowing what is going on
within ten miles of us. In fact, I had sev-
eral times thought of making long and ex-
pensive journeys to see carp establishments
in good running order, and here was this
old friend fussing away at home by himself,
who had made a great stride in advance of
any of us— at least, I call it a great stride.
With his rude appliances and cheap, simple
little mud dams, he had been selling carp to
stock ponds for about one-fourth the usual
prices, and he was doing well at it.

•' Friend White, what does all this straw
mean in the water, and up along the shore
of this pond ?"

I had concluded mentally he had put it in
for the carp to attach their eggs to while
spawning ; but I thought I would move cau-
tiously this time.

" Oh ! that is the straw left after I feed
them oats in the bundle. It does not look
very tidy, but they seem to like oats in the
bundle better than in any other way ; and it
is a nice place for the little carp to dodge
around among the straws."

Did you ever 1 feeding fish oats in the
bundle I No doubt those little chaps took as
much comfort in skulking around through
the straws as fowls do around straw-stacks
in a large barnyard. I decided not to find
any fault with friend W. while he evidently
seemed to know so well what he was doing.

The next thing that attracted my atten-
tion was the handles of some frying-pans, or
skillets, that were just under the water on
the opposite shore. I came pretty near ask-
ing him if he fed the fish frying-pans as well
as oats in the bundle; but I was beginning
to think I had better move carefully. The
explanation was, " Why, certainly ; those
frying-pans are wliat we cook the corn-meal
in. You see. the fish are very fond of corn-
meal mush, and we just carry it down to
them and shove it under the water, and, oh
my I how they do go for it! We have two
frying-pans, so as to cook in one while they
are eating out of the other.""

No wonder friend White's lish grow and
multiply and replenish tiie earth. I didn't
suggest to him then that he was fulfilling
the scriptural injunction by raising fish;
but he will know it when he sees this in
print.

We passed down to the next pond. This

7S0

GLEANINGS iN J5KE (JULTUIU:.

Oct

was a new one, just finished, and ready for
a sunamer shOwer to fill it up. The dam
here came right up by the side of the road,
and it was supported and made strong by a
willow hedge. This was another idea worth
many times my trip. A willow hedge would
grow splendidly along the bank of the pond;
and after their roots get well anchored in
the soil, it wotiM take a freshet indeed to
break the pond away. This pond is to be
quite a little larger than the others. The
next one he called his " store-pond." It was
simply to keep big fish in until they wanted
them to use. It might liave been twenty
feet wide by thirty feet long; but, so far as
I can remember, I think tlie dimensions
were smaller instead of larger. The idea
became more and more apparent that carp
could be raised in a little pool of water just
as well as in a pond covering acres. This
pond had been in use long enough sotliatthe
banks were covered with a grassy sod. And
here came out another of his plans. During
a dry season a part of the ponds were drawn
off, the ground harrowed up and sown to
grass, \yhen the grass gets a good hold the
ponds are filled with water, and the fish are
allowed to graze and dig out the roots ; and
this grassing and sodding process makes the
dams themselves impervious and strong.
The ponds for summer use, and for keeping
carp for the table, may be very small and
very shallow ; in fact, the latter seems to be
preferable for spawning purposes. When
winter comes, take all your fish and put
them in a pond having holes three or more
feet deep. It is by no means certain, how-
ever, that this depth is necessary.

The next pond we visited was quite nar-
row but I'ather long. In here were the larg-
est fish, and it was a treat indeed to see
them swim around with hardly water
enough to cover their great backs. As tliey
curved their bodies and gracefully moved
about under the rays of the fast-setting sun,
it seemed to me I never saw a prettier sight.
They were comparatively tame, and the
sound of their lips as tliey nosed about
among the water-plants plainly indicated
they were feeding. When asked if they
could be safely wintered in such a small
pond as this, friend W. replied :

" Why, Mr. Hoot, you will hardly believe
me when I tell you that I once found one of
those great big fish frozen fast in the ice.
He was apparently as dead as a door-nail,
and so I got my ax and chopped him out,
thinking that a frozen fish would be just as
nice to make a dinner of as any. 1 laid him

down on tlie ice, sticking fast to a great
chunk, and, pretty soon to my great surprise,
he commenced flopping about. I put him
back in the water, and it never seemed to
hurt him a particle."

Now, then, if freezing fish fast in the ice
does not kill them, how do we know that cold
kills them at allV

As his fish have outgrown their small
quarters, many of them, he has scooped out
the largest ones and put them around in
different places on the farm, temporarily ;
and in a running l)rook from a spring near
his house he had placed a number of great
big fellows, waiting until they were wanted.
He said he felt quite anxious about them,
for with a heavy rain the water would pour
down between the hills so as to overflow this
brook run entirely. Now, I should have
picked upon this low spot close to the
spring for my carp-ponds ; but he wisely de-
cided in the outset that he couldn't risk any
ponds on low ground that might by any pos-
sibility be covered with water ; and by so
doing he has demonstrated to the world at
large that fish may be produced in countless
numbers, and at an almost insignificant ex-
pense, on almost any upland farm, or on any
ground which it may not be advisable to use
for any other purpose. If rainwater alone
will keep a carp-p >nd through so dry a sum-
mer as that of l.s>->7, it seems as if it
would be safe to decide they could be kept
safely through an average season. As we
drove homeward, however, I thought of my
Mindmill and its incessant stream of spring
water ; and I felt as if I thought more of it
than I ever did before. Such a windmill
woidd have been worth ever so much to
friend White.

Although it was (]uite dark when we were
ready to go, friend V/hite insisted on getting
some apples and pears for us to take along.
Huber seconded this suggestion quite heart-
ily. As M'e were getting into the buggy I
suggested that I was writing a book, and
felt that I had been greatly enriched by my
visit, when our genial friend replied :

" Why, Mr. Root, come down and bring
your wife, and stay a whole week or two
weeks, and it sha'n't cost you a copper for
board and lodging, and I will tell you all I
know about the fish, and we will have a good
time watching and working with them.''

I told him that, while I thanked him ever
so much for his kind offer, it would be en-
tirely out of the question; and as I went
away I figured up mentally the amount of
infoi-mation T had secured in just about one

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

781

hour. Why, dear reader, what I saw and
learned during that lioiir would make quite
a nice little book, were 1 to tell it all.

As we passed the little country town of
Chatham Center, Iluber asked if they didn't
keep something tu eat at one of the stores.
I told him we would see ; and when the
man said only a dime for a nice bagful of
crackers and cheese. I thought he must have
made some mistake. Surely no oue ought
to complain that he can't get enough to live
upon in such a land as this, flowing with
milk and honey, and with ponds and streams
tilled with fishes. Before we got ready to
partake of our crackers and cheese, however.
Huber had forgotten his hunger and gone to
sleep, and for two houis he slept with his
curly head across my lap. When mamma
ran out to meet him (for she had been
watching through those two long hours for
the sound of buggy-wheels) she declared
she never thought so much of Huber before
in her life, and added, she believed she was
about as glad to see his papa too as she ever
was before. That last observation, I w."nt
to tell you, was a pretty strong one ; but as
she expected us at home about dark she kept
thinking that Meg had run away, or that the
cars had run over i:s in the dark without
anybody knowing it, and things of that sort.

The next morning, almost my first work
was to make a scoop like that shown on next
column. A piece of galvanized wire cloth,
four meshes to the inch, and exactly a yard
sqiiare, is the principal expense of the ma-
chine. This wire cloth is worth now about
8 cents per square foot, which would be 72
cents for the amount required for the scoop.
Notch it in the corners, and bend it up as
shown in the engraving, so the sides will be
about five inches liigh. Now take a piece
of very heavy iron wire, about the kind used
for bails of very heavy water-pails, and
bend it so as to surround the upper edge of
the scoop. Have your wire long enough,
however, so the two ends can be bent up
side by side, where tlie handle goes on, say
6 or 8 inches long. For a handle, I found
one that had been Inoken off from an iron
rake, having a good stout ferule on the low-
er end. Bore a hole into this, large enough
to let two wires go in, and wedge it solid
with a large nail. Now put in the braces as
shown in the picture*. These are also made
of the same kind of wire that goes around
the scoop. Where tiiey are fastened to the
rake -handle a hole is bored so the wire
will drive through close, and then the end is
bent over. The otljer end is simply bent

around the rim of the scoop. To make this
last bend you will need to heat the end in
the fire, in order to make it soft. The edge
of the wire clotli is rolled over the heavy
wire, and soldered. The corners are also
soldered. Any tinner can do the soldering
easily by using the soldering-fluid required
to solder zinc ; or if you have a set of solder-
ing-implements you can do it all yourself.

-.^

SCOOl" FOK GETTING CAKl' OUT OF I'OND.

As soon as the machine was done I put it
over my slioidder and marched oft" to the
carp-pond. I didn't take anybody along—
not even Huber, for I had tried so many
times to catch the carp, and failed, I confess
I hadn't very much faith. I went up close
to the water's edge, reached out as far as 1
could, and dragged the front edge along the
bottom of the pond. I got lots of leaves and
mud and sticks and weeds, but " i\a)-y '' a fish.
I began to say to myself, " There, that is
just as I expected;" but I thought I would
try another dip where the water was deeper.
Tliis time I did have one bright sparkling
little finny chap that was liandsome enough
to raise my spirits as high as they went
down because of the failure of the first dip.
He was so lively I could hardly get hold of
him even when I had him out on dry land. I
put him down on the grass, and wasn't he
handsome 1 It had been raining, and the sun
had just come out through the clouds; and
as the beautiful starry scales glistened in
the sunlight they looked like sparkling but-
tons that Dame Nature had sewn on so as to
make a grotesque belt. Some of the new
fashions in dresses are very pretty ; and
from a child I have always rather liked
briglit buttons arranged with taste. But
did ever the art of milliner or dressmaker

782

GLEANINGS IK UEE CULTtJRi:.

Oct.

begin to compare with this little bit of wrig-
gling and twisting animated natnre'f' Was
even Solomon in all Ids glory arrayed any
thing like one of these? Now, I really wish
1 could give you a picture of this one little
tish that would do him justice. We will try.

A YOUNG MIKROli CARP AS I SCOOPED HOI
OUT OF THE POND.

I believe the cut above shows you just
about the size of the fish I first scooped up.
When I had admired him sufficiently I put
him in a tub that is fed by the windmill,
where the .Jersey cow drinks, and I scooped
for some more. This time I got half a doz-
en. Nature does not make them all alike,
and here is a picture of one of the next.

ANOTHEl! MIiaiOR CAIJP.

Where there are no scales they are as
shiny and glossy as a piece of bright silk.

At the tliird scoopful I had a whole
dozen of different markings and sizes, and
these pleased me so much tluit I selected
three, put them in a quart fruit-jar, and sent
them to the engraver. The third one has
scales all over, as you notice, and this is
called a '' full-scale " carp.

FULL-SCALE CARP.

Now, a great deal has been said about
these three different kinds of carp ; and
breeders have talked a good deal as we
would talk about the stripes on our bees.
Some declare that carp should have no scales

at all ; others arts strongly in favol* of mirtoi'
carp, and still others as vehemently declare
the ones with scales all over are hybrids,
mongrels, etc. My opinion, however, back-
ed by friend White, is, that it does not
make a particle of difference whether they
have scales, no scales, or a few scales here
and there.* The latter are by all odds the
handsomest. But it may be that those with-
out any scales at all are the easiest to pre-
pare for the table. This will be determined
when we get further along in the industry,
probably.

Do yon want to know how old carp are,
the size of the pictures^ V Well, probably two
or three months. I am inclined to think
the breeders are spawning all the time dur-
ing warm weather, for there are little carp
in our pond now not bigger than a pumpkin-
seed, and from that all the way up. Great
stories are told in regard to the rapidity of
their growth. Friend White says he sold a
neighbor 25 tish of the size I have shown
you in the pictures, or about that. This
neighbor fixed a little puddle for them (for
it could hardly be called a pond) just below
a little spring ; and as they loved to see the
fish eat, they were fed daily with scraps
from the table, all they would eat. He sold
the fish ill harvest time, and at the time of
my visit, toward Oct. l,he said that many of
them were as large as a man's hand, and fit
for the table. Very likely they will grow as
fast as chickens, and require very much less
expense in the way of food.

ARE CARP GOOD TO EAT?

There has been much said through the
papers, as you may know, about the fitness
of carp for food ; but so far as my taste is
concerned. I must say most emphatically
they are excellent. I am a little notional
about fish. I don't care much about white
fish ; and the kinds of fish that many peo-
ple praise I should object to; but I have
from childhood considered black bass one of
the choicest dishes that can be served to ap-
pease a man's hunger; and when I tell you
that I consider the carp, just as they are
taken from our ponds, without any feeding
or fattening, fully equal to the bass, it is
saying a good deal. The flesh is a trifle
sweeter and a little more greasy. Aside
from this I don't believe I could tell one
from the other.

*A flock of poultry may, by a little pains, ho made
all black or all white; and the color of the feathers
will in no way chang-e the habits or valuable traits
of the poultry; and my f)pinion is, that scales or no
scales has as little to do with the rapid growth or of
the quality of the tlesh of the fish.

For a further consideration of this subject, see our revised A B C of Carp Culture, now in press.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

783

FIHE-EXTINGUISHEKS.

CHARRING CriAFF HIVKS TO DISINFECT FROM
FOUL BROOD.

fRIEND ROOT:— Sceiiipr your mention in Our
Homes of some new flrc-e.vtin^uishers you
have been getting reminds me of some e.\pe-
rience of mine and the conclusions I drew
from it. I don't Itnow what Itind you have,
but I suppose it is one of tlio forms of " luind-
g-renades" in which a small quantity of liuid, claim-
ed to have great power against fire, is throwti uj)-
on the blaze.

In public exhibitions, 1 l)(>lievc the afjcnt srener-
ally builds a close wall of boards, ag-ainst uhicli ii
Are is built with kerosene oil and light combwsii-
bles. When the fire is well under hcadwa.v. the
contents of the extinguisher nie applied with won-
derful effect. Well, now to luy experience:

In disinfecting hives in which there had been
foul brood, I boiled them, as I told you. As chaff
hives were too large lo boil, and steam was not con
venient, I tried charring the inside. This was coat-
ed more or less with wax and propolis, often with
paint as well. I sprinkled a few light shavings on
the bottom, and saturntcd them with kerosene,
pouring it all over the sides and bottom. When
the match was applied you may be sure there was u
flre. Flames, filling the whole top of the hive, rose
several feet above it, making it impossible to
stand near, on account of the heat. Most onlook-
ers would have said that the hive was doomed.
How did I extinguish it? Why, a single gill of
water— scarcely over a tablespoonful sometimes-
thrown into the midst of that roaririg, seething
mass of fiame, would extinguish it instantly. I
can recall only two or three instances out of many
in which this small quantity of water failed to ex-
tinguish the flame instantly and completely, al-
though often the whole inside of the hive had be-
come thoroughly charred an eighth of an inch or
more in depth. I will not try to explain it; but
though I do not hnnu\ I suspect that these fire-ex-
tinguishers act in exactlj- the same manner. I
have seen the statement, apparently authoritative,
that an analysis of one of these extinguishers
showed the contents to be nothing but salt and
water, and that in another there seemed to be
nothing more that would have any effect on flre.
It has been shown that salt water is slightly more
eflfective than fresh for extinguishing flre, and
these extinguishers are probably more effective
than so much water to just that degree and no
more.

A pail or two of water, covered to prevent evap-
oration, and with enough salt in it to keep it from
freezing or being used for other purposed, with a
cheap force-pump hanging by it, will be found, I
think, the best and most reliable provision for put-
ting out flres. J. A. Green.

Dayton, 111., Sept. 27, ISST.

Friend Green, I am very fjlad indeed you
have taken hold of what I agree with yon to
be a monstrous swindle ; and I am srlad von
take hold of it without gloves on. I h;nl al-
ways been prejudiced against these things
until I saw a lot of hand-grenades put up in
the railroad depots and ofllces. My conclu-
sion was, that if the railroad companies in-
dorsed them they must be a good tiling.
We paid, I think, SIS. 00 a dozen, and they

were htmg up around the factory. One day
the copper wire loop tiiat supported one of
tiiem broke, and it dropped beside one of
the workmen. \Vc all supposed, of course,
that a great volume of carbonic-acid gas, or
something similar, would be liberated by
the breaking of the glass. The Jjabcock
fire-extinguislier, and perhaps many others,
liberate carbonic acid by pouring the diluted
acid on chips of marble or som(;thing of
that sort; and it is well known, that car-
bonic acid extinguishes lire exactly as a wet
blanket will act, i)roviding, of coiiise, there
is a sufficient vohiine of the gas. Just how
these little globes containing the transpar-
ent li(iuid liberaied sucli volumes of gas, we
didn't know; but we thought it might be
by compression, like bottles of soda water,
etc. To our sur|)rise, howt-xei-, this glass
that accidentally fell and broke did not lib-
erate any gas whatever. .No cloiul of steam
or vapor arose to choke the occupants of the
rooms, or astonished oiu- eyes. A piece of
the glass contained some of the liquid, and
it tasted like salt and water and nothing
else. At the time our warehouse burned 1
got a lot of these hand-grenades and threw
them into the edges of the lire. In fact, I
tested them on piles of lumber where they
certainly ought to have produced some ef-
fect in staying the flames. Many witnesses
can testify that they produced no sort of
effect whatever. Where the liquid fell on
the boards it put out as much fire as a pint
of water would be likely to do. This ended
our confidence in the Harden hand-grenade.
A few months ago some agents were in
town, having for sale a long tin tube hold-
ing perhaps a quart or two of some liquid.
They made a test exactly as you describe it,
on our public s(|uare, and it was wonderful
how the tire went out. I picked up an emji-
ty tube, however, and tasted of the liquid
remaining in it, and it seemed to me to be
salt and water — nothing more. I supi ose
most of you remember about throwing salt
into the fireplace to put out a burning chim-
ney, or even throwing it into the stove. If
there is a good hot fire, the fumes of the gas
liberated will extinguish the flame. But
suppose, however, it is not salt and water
in these tin tubes and glass bottles. Sup-
pose it is some chemical. Is it likely that
said chemical is so very costly that a weak
solution is worth $l8.i)0 per dozen V I do
not want to be uncharitable ; in fact, I pre-
fer to be among the class who " think no
evil ; " but if our American people aie be-
ing humbugged to the extent of the forego-
ing, it is high time indeed that the press of
our land take the matter up and expose the
swindlers. I suppose this would be out of
the line of the experimental colleges and
stations in the different States ; but there
ought to be somebody with scientific knowl-
edge sufficient, and time and means, to
make the experiment to protect the people
from such like swindles. Now, if these fire-
extinguisher people are honest, and they
have got something that is so costly that it
can't be afforded for less than S18 00, per
dozen, it won't hurt them a bit to be hel'd up
for inspection, ft does not hurt any honest
business to ventilate it thoroughly,

784

GLEA^l^GS iN liEE CULTURE.

Oct.

In regard to disinfecting chaff liives by
tire, Mr. Cowan said lie would feel safer
about it to take out tlie chaff and burn it
up, or destroy it in some such way, then im-
merse the chaff hives in boiling water ; and
this is what we are preparing to do with
ours.

The secret of the instantaneous ex-
tinguishing of the fire in the chaff hive is
simply the generation of steam in a con-
lined space ; and it is well knoM n that the
fire in any building may be put out instant-
ly by opening a steam-pipe so as to till the
building with vapoi'. Factories and other
buildings where lieating is done by means
of steam-pipes have often extinguished fires
in this manner. No blaze can exist in a
room which is filled with condensed watery
vapor.

^EP0R¥g Dl?C0ap6IJ^16.

^EP0i^iF? ENoea^HeiNS.

THE FIRST FAILURE IN 22 YEARS.

Bees have done nothing' this year. 1 had 20 colo-
nies this spring; had 3 natural swarms, and divided
to 4. I am leeding- now, and want to get them in
good shape for winter. They are making a little
honey now from hearts-ease and a few other
weeds, but will not make enough to winter on.
This is the first jear that is a total failure, in my
recollection, and I have kept bees for about 22
years. Wc must have disappointments sometimes;
but don't give it up yet. Thos. Chapman.

Rocheport, Mo., Sept. 22, 1887.

ALAS !

Blasted Hopes is not a fair picture of a failure in
this locality this season. I have 30 hives, which I
put in good condition early in the spring, hoping to
reap a good harvest; but. alasl I shall not get .50
lbs. of honey from the whole lot. Last year 1 took
as much as 96 lbs. of comb honey from a single
hive. If this is not grounds for having the blues,
] wish some one would furnish them, 1 will not
give it up, though, but will feed and take care of
my stock just the same as if they had done me good
service this season. Tt is a complete failure in this
whole country— no doubt ot it; so let all the
friends .ioin in sympathy with us down in the sun-
ny South, especially Alabama. J. J. B. McElrath.

Centre, Ala., Sept. 22, 1887.

" LOTS OF BEES WILL STARVE."

"JTp S the honey season is now over I will send you
gfife, my report. I commenced in the spring
^^K with 13 stands; increased to 1.5 by swarming,
■*^*- and got ,50 lbs. of honey. This has been one
of the poorest honey seasons I have seen
since 1 have been keeping bees. Last year's
drought killed the white clover. The bees worked
well in the flax-field.s while they were in tiloom.
Lots of bees will starve this winter, unless fed,
which will hardly be done, as Ihe most are kept in
the old bo.\ hives. Wm. O. Heivlv.

Raymore, Mo., Sept. 29, 1887.

This has been the poorest season for honey we
have had for a number of years. There is no sur-
plus; and if the drought continues, bees will have
to be fed to carry them through the winter.

Delhi, III., Aug. 3, 1887. H. D. Edwards.

AN AVERAGE OF 200 LBS. PER COLONY; NO LOSS
I.\ WINTERING.

fHE following is the report of a Cayuga County
apiary for the past season: Spring count
was 8 colonies, which were doubled by
first swarms. The jield was 200 lbs. per
hive. In all, there was 1500 lbs. of comb
honey, and 100 lbs. of extracted. The bees have
always stored from three to four times as much as
their neighbors. They are wintered upon summer
stands, and have never lost a colony. The net pro-
ceeds of the product of the little busy bee is all
used in ministrations to the needy, so each may
draw his own inference as to the character of his
(the bees') inspiration for business. With proper
care I tliiuk there is as little risk in wintering bees
as in wintering any other stock, safety being de-
pendent upon many little and timely attentions.
Poplar Ridge, N. Y., Oct. 5, 1887. .1. Mekeel.

The explanation you mention, friend M.,
I think is in the second sentence above.
Eight colonies were made powerful ones
early in the season, by giving them new
swarms. The difficulty with "this plan is
in making new swarms unite with an old
stock and go to work peaceably, without
trying to swarm again very soon. It will
doubtless work much betterduring a season
like the past, than at other seasons.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELD:

FACTS IN FAVOR OF THE BEVELED EDGE.

E see that several of our ])rominent apiarists
have sort o' gone back on the beveled edge
on the Simplicity hive. Now, we hav^e used
both, side by side, for years, and we give
the preference in each and ever.v respect
to the beveled edge, the opinions of such men as
O. O. Poppleton, A. J. Cook, and E. E. Hasty to the
contrary notwithstanding. Possibly for their local-
ity the square joint would be best; still, we think
there is a great deal in knowing just how to use the
beveled edge to bring out its superiority over the
other. Friend Hasty seems lo think it sucks the
water up worse than the square joint. We wish to
say, that we had a little experience last winter
right in that very line. Several of our colonies
were packed for winter by putting burlap on top of
the frames, and then filling the upper story with
ioose chaff. The result was, that the chafl" in every
one of the square-edge hives became wet and moldy,
and had to be renewed with new chaff twice during
the winter, while that in the hives with the beveled,
edge remained dr.v and sweet until removed last
spring. This may prove nothing after all, but it
may be one of the straws that will tell which way
the wind blows, just the same. M. W. Shepherd.
Rochester, O.

Friend S.. since you mention it I recollect
that my experience with loose chaff' in the
top of the hives was just about as you state
it; and it was the main thing that decided
me in using the beveled edge. In the old
Langstrotli iiive, the same thing is accom.'

1887

GLEANINGS IN UEE CULTURE.

785

plished by having tlie upper story larger, so
as to slip over the lower one, resting on
strips. I didn't like this arrangement, be-
cause the upper stories were not exactly like
the lower ones, and <H)uld not be used for
single-story hives. We sent out a good many
hundred hives without any beveled edge,
before adopting said edge, and at that time
everybody seemed to think that it was a
great improvement.

A LATE SWARM TRYING TO ENTER OTHER HIVES.

Yesterday, Oct. 3, I found a swarm of bees going
the rounds of my hives, trying- to gain entrance;
and after being rejected by each colony they set-
tled on a grapevine trellis shading a hive. There
were at least two pounds of bees; and on examin-
ing I found them to be blacks, with a fine-looking
(lueen. As they seemed very hungry I killed the
queen and gave the bees to a colony of blacks.
What caused them to swarm so near winter? I com-
menced bee-keeping three years ago, with one col-
ony of blacks. I have now 13 colonies— 10 Italians, 3
blacks. During the summer I increased from 5 to
present number, and extracted TO lbs. of honey.
Italians all have plenty of stores for winter, while I
have been feeding the blacks for some time. Sure-
ly the Italians justlj- deserve their praise.

La Fontaine, Ind. Jacob Sailors.

Friend S., the swarm you mention was
probably a starved-out colony. During a
time of scarcity of honey these are some-
times very frequent. See ''Absconding,"'
in the ABC book.

MOVING BEES NOT QUITE SUCCESSFUL.

I expect to move an apiary about 100 miles, by
rail, next spring, in order to get to white clover and
basswood. I have had some experience in moving
bees, and apparently with success at first; but aft-
erward they would dwindle in spite of all the care
and feeding I could give them, pollen at the time
being plentiful. Is this caused by the queen's stop-
ping laying during transit, and interruption, or was
it caused by the peculiarity of the season I happen-
ed to strike at the time of moving? M. F. Tatman.

Rossville, Kan., Oct. 4, 1887.

I think, friend T., the dwindling was oc-
casioned by the season of the year when
they were moved. Wait until later in the
spring, after the bees have commenced gath-
ering honey and pollen rapidly, and I think
you will escape the trouble you mention.

BEES POISONED.

I inclosed, a few weeks ago, a small vial of dead
bees, which I think must have been killed by a poi-
son which we used to i)reserve the cotton crop.
My apiary is almost ruined. I can save only about
twenty colonies out of 110. We used Paris green,
London purple, and cobalt. When the poison was
first applied we had frequent showers; but during
the last application the weather has been very dry,
and I think the dew on the cotton must have con-
tained enough poison t(i do the damage. The bees
work as much on the leaf as they do on the corolla
and bloom. In the blonm they would not get any
poison, as they open fli-st everj' morning. The hon-
ey seems all right, as the family are still eating it.

Monroe, La., Sept. 24, 1887. J. T. Moon.

Friend M.. we are very much obliged to
you for your report ; and it indicates that
our friends in the South will have to look

out for this matter. Where poison is used,
I see no remedy but to move the bees away,
at least temporarily. I don't suppose the
honey would be endangered, for an amount
of poison that would be injurious to human
beings would kill the bees l)efore they would
have time to get to their hives. In your
case it certainly would have been worth
while to move your bees away.

ARE ENRAGED BEES LIABLE TO ATTACK BLACK
OBJECTS?

I inclose a slip cut from the Boston Post. I
should like to hear your opinion of it. Do they dis-
like black objects more than white, and would not
robbing be a better e.xplanation of the crossness it
mentions in the beginning? E. D. Weed.

Noroton, Conn., Sept. 20, 1887.

NARROW ESCAPE FROM ANGRY BEES.

A farmer who is an expert in the culture of bees
declares that they are the most interesting of crea-
tures, and that their "cuteness '" is wonderful. Like
all living creatures, the bee has a natural enemy;
in this case it is the moth miller, which sometimes
drives the swarms to desperation and frenzy. Then
it is that the wary keep at a safe distance from the
hives. This particular bee-owner once saw a pecu-
liar instance of the bee's hatred of black objects.
It became necessary in some way to rearrange
something belonging to the hive, when, like a host
of furies, the enraged inmates flew out en masse
and attacked the disturber of their peace. Quick
as thought, the farmer's wife ran and threw her
white apron over the husband's head, whereupon
the bees did not alight on him, but instead attacked
two innocent black hens who happened near by,
and stung them to death in less time than it takes
to write the story. Bees are " kittle cattle" indeed,
as the farmer declared, yet bee culture has its
charms, and is growing to be an industry among
women; and it is said that it can be made to be
very profitable if rightlj* managed.

Friend W., your newspaper clipping is
like the greater part of them ; and there
certainly is no truth in the statement that
the moth miller drives the swarms to frenzy.
The idea has been suggested, that bees will
sting a black hat more than a hat of any
other color. I am inclined to think, how-
ever, that the material of which the hat is
composed has more to do with it than the
color has. Bees seem to be specially stirred
up to fury by any thing in the nature of fur;
and certain hats and caps may be offensive
to them on this account. It has been sug-
gested that this comes from the fact that
the bear is the bee's great natural enemy ;
and the question arises. After the race of
bears becomes extinct, how many years must
elapse before the honey-bee forgets the bear
and his furry coat?

A BAD ODOR FROM THE HIVES — N ED IT CAISE
ALARM?

A few days ago I noticed a very bad smell in my
bee-yard— something like moldy or soured hone.y-
comb. <)n examining ray twenty colonies 1 found
that the smell came from the inside of the hives,
all alike, both young and old colonies. The honey
taken last week has a bad taste. That taken before
that time was all right. Bees seem to be in good
condition, strong and lively. Geo. H. Elliot.

New Straitsville, O.. Oct. 6, 1887.

Friend E.. we have noticed the same
thing several times during the fall of the
year, and I presume it is caused by some pe-
culiar kind of honey gathered. I suppose
you are well aware, that the smell of buck-

786

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

wheat honey freshly gathered is very disa-
greeable to most people. In fact, it some-
times has an odor bordering on that from
cnrrion. Other fall flowers give other pe-
cu]i;ir^)(Iors — some of them quite^^auipleas-
ant. This odor, however, soon disappears,
for the bees have a knack of evaporating
away every thing that is offensive, and it
does them no harm, so far as we know.

THE SCRUBBING MOTION OF BEES AT THE EN-
TRANCE—AVHAT IS IT ?

There is something about some of my bees I
do not fully understand. Last year the bees of two
of my colonies stayed outside the hive for two
months, apparently ready to swarm, but did not.
They sit at the entrance of the hive all day. Like a
regiment of well-drilled soldiers, they move up and
down all together in a see-saw motion, apparently
to make believe they were cleaning off the front of
the hive. They seem to open their mouths, shut
it as though a mouthful were gathered every time
they move up and down; but close watching devel-
ops the amusing fact that they do nothing. At
first I thought they were cleaning the hive; but
there are no signs of it. They come out early and
go in late at night. The hives that those bees are
in are strong colonies, but they last year did noth-
ing, and no doubt it will be the same this year. Now,
can any of the bee-keepers tell me something on
this point? I have smoked them in five or si.Y times
a day. In the day lime they will scarcely go in, but
scatter in all directions, fly off, come back empty,
and go to work the same way. J. H. Hanson.

Barron, Wis , June 17,1887.

Friend n., this matter has been mentioned,
and has been d iscnssed somewhat in our jour-
nals ; bnt so far as I can recollect, no ex-
planation has been given ; and I have some-
times thought we should have to decide that
it was a sort of idiosyncrasy that the bees
had fallen into. 1 had supposed, however,
that the operation resulted in scraping off
the soft rotten wood ; or on painted hives, the
soiled surface of the paint. If you are sure
they don't remove any thing whatever, it
makes the matter still 'more mysterious. I
don't know that I ever saw bees do it dur-
ing a good flow of lioney. If it is so in your
case, I think I would remove the queen and
get one that reared bees that were not lazy.

MATING AND BREEDING QUEENS ON AN ISLAND.

We are eight miles from shore on an almost deso-
late island (only fishermen here in fishing season),
out of sight and hearing of hive-bees, none ever
having been seen here save the forty nuclei I have
brought with me containing three strains of virgin
Italian queens. I also brought a choice batch of
drones from my best queen. So you see I have it—
an absolute control of their mating. If these
queens turn out well 1 shall experiment largely
next season. Providence permitting.

I wish to secure, next May, some queens lor hon-
ey-producing qualities, of several races, for further
experiment in fertilizing upon this island, hoping
thereby to secure something a little ahead tor busi-
ness in my own apiary. I. S. Huckins.

Charity Island, Lake Huron, Aug. 3!l, 1887.

Friend II.. we wish you all manner of suc-
cess on Charity Islantl ; but this thing has
been started so many times in days past.

and never resulted veiy well, we perhaps
have become a little "incredulous. Very
likely, liovvever, those who started the pro-
jects had too much else^oii their hands, and
the experiment failed, not from any fault of
the island project, but because of neglect.
The fact is, there is not any strain of bees
that I know of that have been bred to any
extent^particulaily for their honey-produc-
ing qualities. So far as my knowledge ex-
tends. I do not know wliei'e you can find any
better bees tluin Italians ; and I am not sat-
isfied that there are good strains and
bad strains. There are certainly good work-
ing colonies and poor working colonies ; but
if anybody has succeeded in making these
colonies transmit their su))eriority I have
not heard very much about it. One reason
is, no doubt, that it absolutely requires an
island to manage it.

0a R QaE^TiON-Bex

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in for this department should be brielly
stated, iind I'ree from any possible ambiguity. The fiuestion
or questions should be written upon a separate i-lip of paper,
and marked, ' For Our Question-Box."

Qucstidii No. i».— If an emiiloye discovers a swarm
of bees during working hours, <lo the bees belong
to the employe or employer? It is commonly
considered thttt a swarm is the propeity of the
person first discoveiing them, no mutter upon
whose land they may be.

If from the apiury of the eniploj'er, then no;
otherwise, yes. A. J. Cook.

I should say it belonged to the employe, unless it
was found on the land of the employer.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

I should guess they belong to the finder, if he
loses his time in securing them. 1 should let him
have them in any event. G. M. Doolittle.

1 should suppose Ihey would belong to the em-
I)loye, and it would make no diflerence as to whose
land they were found ujion. W. z. Hutchinson.

This is a legal question for lawyers to answer,
but it seems to me right that they should belong to
the employer, if found on his premises, and to the
employe if found on other premises.

O. O. PoppI/ETON.

This is a question of law; but in a case of this
kind which happened to us, we decided in favor of
the employe. If he did not choose to tell you that
he saw the swarm, you would lose it anyhow.

Dadant & Son.

Although not an impoitaut matter to the frater-
nity in general, this (jiicstion is inteiesting. After
discussing it somewhat in the l'amil>-, I must say I
don't know, and am anxious to see the answers of
others. 1 would rather, liowever, have the ans-
wers of three good lawj ers than of 100 bee-keepers. .

C. C. Mtr,bEi(.

Ask the lawyers. 1 think the man who'fouiid the
bees is the owner, but he should pay Ids employer
for the time he loses to secure them. Then,jagain,
it would depend upon where he discovered them.
If he found thein in my apiary, very likely they

18S7

GLEANi^N'GS 1^' liEE CULTURE.

787

came from one of my hives; in that Case he should
take care of them, and they wonld be mine.

E. FllANCE.

To the employe. ]f he takes his employer's time
to hive them, he should pay for it. It i.s commonly
considered so, yet a person might he taken for
trespass for j^oing' upon iiiiothor i)erson's property.
A person discovering a mine npon another's land
would not own it. Mrs. L. Harrison.

The employer who, should claim bees on such
grounds would take rank as a pretty unjust and
stingy man. The emjiloye should v'ay for the
time spent in securing the bees, and should let the
bees go if he is at sometliing which can not well be
left without damage. The case of the hand who
secures u two-dollar swarm for himself, and makes
his employer five dollars loss by his absence, would
be righted, not by giving up his bees, but by pay-
ing up the damages. E. E. Hasty.

] do not know to whom they would belong; but
morally it seems to me a happy chance for each to
express true courtesy and generosity of feeling,
each esteeming the pleasure accruing to himself
from relinquishing his claims in favor of the other
as of more genuine value to him than the posses-
sion of the bees would be. It, is a case in which
each should look not only on his own things, but
also on the things of others— although I suppose
the stronger claims would be on the side of the em-
ploye. R. Wilkin.

In law, I am not sure; Init if an employe of mine
should discover a s\varm near my apiary, in or out '
of working hours, find proposed to keep them, I
think 1 should propose a settlement of our ac-
counts. In many such ca-^es 1 have never had an
employe think of keeping them. There are two
objections: First, the likelihood that they came
from the apiary unnoticed. Second, it opens a
wide avenue for corruption and dishonesty. Yes,
the owner of the land has no claim on the bees.

James Heddon.

I am very glnd indeed, friends, that this
question has come up ; for altiiough it seems
to me an unimportant matter, it strikes di-
rectly on tliis great question of labor and
capital. Perhaps mosc of those who have
answered the question are employers rather
than employes, and, therefore, it would be
quite nalura! that they should favor the
capital instead of the labor side of the ques-
tion. But I am pleased to note that the
greater part of tlie answers rather favor the
employe. If it were possible I should have
been very glad to hear from those who
work for \va;;es by the day or month. Now,
let me suggest, dear friends, that whichever
side of tlie question be taken, it linally
strikes on the question of wages — how much
is a man worth V Tlie responsibility is con-
stantly devolving upon me of saying how
much those in my employ are worth per day
or per year; and I assure you nothing gives
me greater i)leasure than to be able to tell a
man or woman tliat 1 can afford to pay them
better wages than they have been getting.
Now to the question : If some one in my
employ, while working for me, should hnd a
swarm of bees, and, without any hesitation,
say, '' Mr. Koot. I guess I have done a pret-
ty" good thing for you this afternoon ; I

found a nice swarm of Italians by the road-
side, and there they are at work in that
chaff hive," if this man did not so much as
intimate there was a question of property, I
should rellect something like this :

'■ There, here is another instance showing
that this fellow is giving Ids time, talents,
and ability entirely to my service, for the
ten cents "an hour that I pay him. If he
continues to sliow this spirit he will pretty
soon be worth V2i cts. an hour." A good
many times I advance wages just because
of a single occiu-rence of this kind. Now,
which is better— to get $5.00 for a swarm of
Italians you have found, or to get an ad-
vance in your wages of 25 cts. per day for
800 days (a year of working days) ? In one
case, the man who is striving hard to make
all he can honestly, has made $5.00 in one
day ; in the other, he has made a gain of
$7o.00 in a year. Now, this is simple just-
ice. The man who gives his whole time and
attention to his employer's interests is worth
tlo cts. a day more than one who is looking
out for a chance to do something on his
own account, while his time is sold to
another. Just one more point: The man
who wotild insist that the swarm of bees
belonged to himself without any question,
would be most likely to forget t'o mark off
his time, even though he wasted a couple of
hours in taking care of the bees. This is a
sad reflection on humanity ; but 1 do be-
lieve the great reason why so many are
tramping about, hunting for a job, is be-
cause, when thev get said job, in their greed
and selfishness tiiey forget to be thankful to
their employer. Where a man sells his
time by tlie houl^ to somebody else, a good
man will regard such a sale as sacred as if
he sold a bushel of apples to somebody else.
Every apple belongs to the man who pays
his money for it. Now then : Whenever
one of our men finds a swarm of bees, I
leave it to him to decide ; or out of courtesy,
as friend Wilkin expresses it, I would sug-
gest to him that he mark off his time while
he takes care of them, and call them his
own. But his decision in the matter would,
I think, pretty surely indicate his money
value by the day or by the year.

QucstiiDi jVo. 11 —Do you use the slatted honey-
boardr If so, do you prefer to have them queen-
excludingV In either case, will they pay for them-
selves in, say, three or four seasons':'

I do not use them. E. France.

I do not use honey-boards at all. E. E. Hasty.

1. Yes; 3. In general, no; 3. Yes. C. C. Miller.

Yes. Yes. Most assuredly they do.

A. J. Cook.

No. T have never used them.

O. O. POPPLETON.

I do not use them, and doubt their practical val-
ue (to me). R.Wilkin.

1. Yes. 2. Yes. They will, by keeping all brood
out of sections. Mrs. L. Harrison.

If we i-aised comb honey, we would use the slat-
ted honey-board. queen-e.\cluding, and think it
would pay. Dadant & Son.

788

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTUUE.

Oct.

First, yes, to a certain extent. I shall use them
more largely in the future. Second, queen-exclud-
ing is ray preference. Third, I thinli so.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

I use both tlie slatted and the queen-excluding-.
I must have the queen-excluding- in practicing- the
contraction method. I think they will pay ior
themselves. Du. A. B. Mason.

T don't use that board, giving- the preference to
the zinc. II' I did I would have it queen-excluding.
T think thej" pay for themselves in less than three
seasons. PAur. L. \'iAiiLON.

I use them, and prefer to have them queen-ex-
cluding. As well may you ask, "Will a hee-hivc
pay for itself?" They are indiapensahlr when the
surplus is taken from the top of the hive.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Yes. T have constantly used my slatted sink
break-joint honey-board since I invented it 8 or 10
years ago. With me it pays for itself every month.
1 prefer it queen-excluding, to the extra cost of
maliing it so, which nearly doubles the cost of it,
yet we gain nine-tenths of its advantages when not
queen-excluding. This honey-board ivili surely
come into general use. James Heddon.

Question No. /-.'.— Is it possible to breed a non
swarming race of bees? If so, should we commence
with pure Italians, or should we breed from sever-
al races?

No. PAUI. L. VlALLON.

I do not think it possible. W. Z. Hutchinson.
I think it is scarcely possible. R. Wilkin.

No, not when worked for comb honey.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

It may be possible, but not desirable.

Mrs. L. Hauiuson.
No. All races would swarm under certain cir-
cumstances. Dadant & Son.

T think it possible, but not quiclily or easily
reached. I suspect a pure race might be the best
ground to Avork on. C. C. Milleij.

I don't think it is, but an excessive tendency to
swarm may possibly be bred out, especially if pure
Italians are experimented with.

O. O. POPPLETOX.

I don't know what may be possible; but I very
much doubt our being able to produce a race of bees
that would be non-swarming. It is nature to swarm,
otherwise the race would run out. E. Fk.vnce.

I don't know any thing about it. I don't dare to
say no, for what seems an impossibility to-day may
be an accomplished fact to-morrow or in the near
future. Dr. A. B. Mason.

Judging from experience with other animals, I
should say yes; but it will take time. I should
commence with colonies that show little tendency,
and yet were good breeders. I think Italians fa-
vorable for the experiment. A. J. Cook.

The longer I keep bees the more 1 doubt the pos-
sibility of a non-swarming race. Crossing several
strains or races tends to increase swarming, if I am
correct. The nearest approach to success may be
expected with a pure race. K. E. Hastv.

No one can give more than an opinion. It may
be possible, but would take a very long time, with
most careful and persistent effort. Think of the
length of time that nature has been breeding them
just the opposite Avay. I would say, breed from
crosses: if from any pure race, by all means, the
brown Germans. James Heddon.

Now, friends, in .spite of the weighty opin-
ions to tiie contrary, I am going to suggest
tliat it is as reasonable to get bees that will
not swarm as lo have hens that don't sit.
The only trouble is. we liave not any bee-
keepers or bee-raisers who have the patience
that our poultry-friends have had in select-
ing and encouraging — or, if you please, dis-
couraging — special traits. To be sure, we
can do it. If I am not mistaken, there are
colonies in many of our apiaries that have
never swarmed lit all ; and I shouldn't won-
der if we have some queens that never will
swarm. Are we sure, friends, that we have
not got them already, if Ave just look into
the matter ? There would be one trouble in
the way at present: The queens we rear
will, in spite of us, be crossed by drones
from swarming colonies. The poultry-men
are ahead of us in that respect ; that is, they
have a great advantage in their favor.

^mE^ ;«]\iD QnE^iEg.

SMALL SWARMS LATE IN THE FALL.

T SHOULD like to inquire as to the probable cause
^f of my bees sending out small swarms of a pint
W and less, at this season of the year. The honey-
"*■ boxes are not lull, and hardly any honey is be-
ing gathered now, or has been for more than
a month. The dry season has shortened the honey-
crop a great deal. E. A. Bishop.
Talladega, Ala., Sept. 29, 1887.

[Friend B., such small swarms as you mention
are generally the result of the swarming mania;
but it is a little strange that they should get it so
late in the season. Perhaps you have been having
a honey-flow, and it is slowly tapering off. Is not
this the case?]

THOSE MOSQUITO-HAWKS ; HOW TO CATCH 'EM.

I see the friends have a very slight idea of the
number of mosquito-hawks. Our Kansas and
Texas friends will understand. They are not quite
so bad as a small shower of grasshoppers. If I
were going out to catch them I should want a net a
mile long and one hundred yards deep, and two
steam-balloons to carry it. Only one specie, the
large green ones, catch bees. W. J. Drumright.

Sarasota, Fla., Sept. 6, 188".

S. T. PETTIT'S manner of HANDLING CROSS BEES.

Let me tell you and friend Doolittle (see page 681,
Gleanings) what I use for sweetening sour-tem-
pered or cross bees. T take a piece of wood, 'o inch
by one inch, and 14 inches long. On this I nail a
piece of stiff wire cloth, whose meshes are about
6 to the inch. The piece is cut 6 by 8 inches, and is
nailed the long way up and down the handle.
Round the corners a little, and your instrument is
ready for use. This cooler will hit j'our little an-
noyer every time without difficulty, as it does not
blow the bee out of line when you strike, and is
wide enough to take effect without taking aim.

S. T. Pettit.

Belmont, Ont., Can , Sept. 'ZO, 1887.

18S7

GLEA^'l^GS IN 13EE CULTURE

78!)

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who ^vrites a let-
ter for "this department, containing some VALUABLE FACT, NOT
OENEKALLY KNOWN, ON BEKS OR OTIIF.R MATTEHS, will receive
one of David Cook's excellent (ive-cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these bool;s contain the ^anle matter that you tind in
Sunday-school hooks costing from Sl-OO to SI. 50. If you haye
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. VVe have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.: Sheer Off, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and our Homes, Part 11. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a p'hotograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Blue Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We haye also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

SA.^r PHILOf^OPHIZING— A GREAT SCHEME.

SNE evening, tis our two young mechan-
ics sat together, planning about their
worlv in their little factory, Sam sud-
denly jumped up from the porch floor
where he had been sitting, and ejacu-
lated. '• I have got a big scheme in mv
head!"

'' Well, let\s have your scheme, whatever
it is," said his companion.

'• Did you ever think,"' said he with an
air of a philosopher, " what a vast amount
of power there is in wind V"

'• Why, I have known it to blow down
trees ; and they say, that out in Kansas it
has carried barns and houses into the air,
and lifted little babies high above the
ground and set 'em down carefully upon
haystacks," replied .Jimmy.

'• Where did you see that about lifting
babies up in the air. and letting them down
upon haystacks?"

" Oh I I saw that once in a paper."

'• At any rate," replied Sam, ''whether
the baby story is true or not, I think my
new scheme is a big one. The other morn-
ing, just as I was getting up," continued
Sam, " I saw the windmill revolving just as
nice as could be, and there was not very
much wind either. Just think of it I That
machine we made is using a circle of only
eight feet in diameter, and yet it runs our
buzz-saw."

" Well, what of that ?" said Jimmy.

•' Why, just this," said Sam, with his eyes
gazing up at the moon. " As I was saying
when you interrupted me for the third or
fourth time, that windmill of ours uses a
circle only eight feet in diameter. We will
suppose that a windmill ten feet furnishes
just one horse-power."

" What is Sam trying to get through his
lieadV' said Mary, his sister.

'' Now. you just let me alone. When 1
get through witii what I want to say, you

can talk all you want to ; but I want the
floor just now,"

" Well, go on," said Jimmy. •• We ain't
stopping you.''

" IjCt me see ; what was I going to say ?"
said Sam, scratching his head. "• Oh! as I
was saying, our windmill usesacircleof only
eight feet in diameter."

'' For pity's sake, don't say that any
more," remarked Mary.

•• A windmill ten feet in diameter will
give one horse-power, w(m't it V Now, sup-
pose we should put a whole lot of windmills
clear across oui- farm. My ! what a power
we could collect, couldn't we V I would put
the windmills so that they would be about
twelve feet apart from center to center, and
our farm is just eighty rods across the south
end of it. According to that, we could put

'' and Sam began tiguring. "' We could

put just 210 in a row. Allowing one horse-
power for each windmill ten feet in diame-
ter, we should have all together 210 horse-
power. These windmills we would put
about 25 feet high."

•' Oh my, my ! " replied Mary. '' Sam's
building castles in the air. Just you come
here."

" You mean he's building windmills in
the air," said Jimmy. " Oh, yes !''

Sam was so absorbed in his new scheme
that he evidently did not hear them, but
kept his eyes gazing intently on the moon.
as though old Luna were revolving like a
windmill.

" Who is going to furnish capital to carry
out your great scheme V said Mr. (4reen,
who" now suddenly appeared before them,
as he was wont to do.

'' Why, how did you know any thing about
it '!*" said Sam.

"• 1 heard Mary say something about cas-
tles in the air, and so I thought I would lis-
ten. There is no doubt that there is an im-
mense power in wind ; and if the compara-
tively small amount which passes over my
farm could be properly utilized, it would
run a large gristmill."

" Well, pa, why couldn't v/e do it V

'• How would "you get the power all con-
centrated into one shaft V You know we
have gusts of wind traveling. Some wind-
mills w ould be going, while others in the
line would stop ; and if the whole line of
windmills were belted to one shaft they
would be apt to conflict with each other.
Some would want to pull while others would
feel like taking a rest for a while. Another
objection to your scheme is the great ex-
pense, granting that you could overcome all
other objections."

" But, pa, isn't there some way in which
this vast amount of power could be stored
up, and held as a reserve force, to be used
whenever required?"

'■" There is only one way that 1 think of
now,'' said his father, "'After going to the
enormous expense of a whole line of wind-
mills across the farm, we should have to dig
an immense reservoir upon neighbor Brown's
hill over yonder," said he, pointing to a hill
about 7.5 "feet high. "I will assume that these
windmills could pump water from some lake
or river up into this large reservoir. At the

790

(JLEA^N'INGS IxN liEE CULTURE.

Oct.

foot of the hill a large turbine water-wheel
might be located, to oe propelled by a large
stream of water coming from this reservoir
above. These windmills could pump water
periodically, and are supposed to keep this
reservoir on the average pretty nearly full.
It is also to be assumed, that the mills would
pump the water just as fast periodically as
tlie turbine could use the water when the
wiieel is running the year round, propelling
the machinery in an iuunense factory. Now,
I declare," said Mr. Green, •'•Jam afraid
that my additions to your scheme would be
pretty nearly as wild as your line of wind-
mills. It seems too bad tiuit we are not yet
able to utilize the immense power we have
ill the wind during fall weather and spring.
But inventive genius has never yet come
anywhere near it. The one you propose,
Sam, might be possible; but it would in-
volve an enormous expense to get every
thing ready, and the tirst cost would be
rather more than would cover the expense
of purchasing a steam-engine and running
it every day for several years."

''But, pa, my windmill wouldn't cost any
thing after it" got a going. The windmills
would board themselves and work for no-
thing."

•' The reservoir would need to be kept in
repair, so also would the windmills: I doubt
if they would quite board themselves."

Sani was not yet quite ready to give up
his pet scheme. As it was getting late Mrs.
Green reminded Sam and Jinnnie that it
was their bed time. They all left the porch,
and .limmie started for home.

JaVENIIiE Iietter-Bb^.

FKOM ONE WHOSE PAPA DOES NOT KEEP BEES.

My pa does not keop bees, but my uncle has some.
I like to see bees swarm. It is a nice thing- to keep
bees. My brother helped a nia:i take care of bees
last summer. I have seen them extract honey. I
have a sister who weighs 300 lbs. She is JSyeais

old. MlIiTitE SWAUTWOOI).

Tracy Creek, N. Y.

KATIE'S LETTER.

I received Ten Nights in a Bar-Koom, and have
read ittliroiigh. One of my neigh l)()r8 hasaliitle
l)aby boy with blue eyes. I should like veiy much
to see Huber and your carp-pond. My father has
about 300 bushels of apples. J go to school. Our
schoolhouse is the nearest house to my home. On
the^Gth of August, at night, I milked 16 cows— the
most I ever milked at ouce. Don't you think that
is pretty well for a girl 13 years old? I have a pet
sheep. Her name is Nanny. I have five hens and
chickens. Katie Briqgs.

Deposit, N. Y.

To be sure. Katie, KJ cows is a pretty big
task for a girl 18 years old. But are you
sure that the cows were all milked ^vellf It
St;ems to me it would require more strength
than such a child usually possesses ; and if
I were your papa I dont believe I would al-
low my little girl to work so hard, even if
she were ambitious enough to want to. I

am very glad you love the cows and the
sheep and the chickens, Katie.

a LITTLE GIKL TELLS HOW HEI{ MAMMA MANAGES
BEES.

We have 30 hives of bees. Mamma woi'ks in them
all by herself, with a boy to carry the heavy frames
of honey and hee-boxes. We have our bees three
and four story high in the sunuucr, and in the win-
ter mamma puts them down to one bo.\ ; if they are
very strong, two bo.ves. By the last of January the
strong hives will have l)rood, then we build them
up again. Mamuia raised ten queens, but they all
turned out to be h.v brids except two. She sold
three to a gentleman in the counti-y, who keeps
bees. When she opened the hive to cage them, one
queen flew out in the air. She Hew about a little
while, then she came right back to the hive. About
two weeks ago I went into the garden and found a
swarm of bees hanging on a low bush. Mamma
put some frames of honey in a box, and shook them
in it; but they came out and tiew all around the
other hives, and were killed.

Ernestine Plettinger, age 8.

Bayou Sara, La.

THE jeweler's TR.\DE.

1 am a boy just commenced in bee-keeping. I
ordered one of your ABC books not long since,
and I like it very much; but as my bees require but
little time, I want to learn how to repair watches.
Understanding from one of your catalogues that
you arc a jeweler, please answer the following
questions:

Is there any book on the subject that I could
nearly learn the trade from by careful study? I
am attlicted with rheumatism so I can get from
home but very little, and I can work only with light
work. Where can I get such a book? where could I
get tools and supplies? and what would they cost,
the fewest needed? 1 have had some experience
in clockwork. I made one, calendar and all, com-
plete. J. W. House.

Mountain Meadow, Ala., Sept. 8, 1887.

My young friend, I am .sorry you didn't
tell me your age, for then I should have
known better what advice to give you.
There are books published on clock and
watch making, but [ don't remember any of
them now that I think would be of very
much advantage to you. There are two or
three monthly joiunals that would be quite
a help. The Jewelei's Circular, published in
New York, is perhaps as good as any of
them. I would advise you to visit the best
jeweler's establishment in your nearestgood-
sized city. They will be glad to furnish you
with tools and supplies, and you can proba-
bly make arrangements with them to do
very difficult jobs that you can not do very
well at home, if you have made a calendar
clock, I should say you are pretty well ad-
vanced already. A love of machinery, and
natural skill and tact, are the great essen-
tials toward becoming an expert watch and
clock repairer ; but, my dear young friend, I
have found that strict honesty and integrity
are worth more than even skill and ingenuity,
especially as there is so great a chance in
this business to be tricky and dishonest.
Try to do your work right in God's sight,
and you will meet with abundant success
and favor in the sight of man.

1887

GLEANINGS IN liEK CULTURE.

791

dnn pejiE?.

Let all the nations be gathered tofrether, and let
the people be assorabled. . Ye are my witness-

es, saitn the Lord, and my servant whom I have
chosen.— ISA. 43: 9, 10.

TT seems stiange to a beginner in tlie
M Christian life, that the Savior should
M need such poor C'liristians as we are to
■*- testify for him ; and it often seems
stranger still for a young convert to
Hnd out that he. with his hesitating and
blundering speech, can say a word or two
that will strengthen and encourage and lift
up even old veterans in the cause of Christ.
But I believe every veteran in the service of
the Lord can testify that even the pastor of
the church himself has no power or elo-
quence to move hearts like the simple words
of a soul newly born into the kingdom of
Christ. The words at the head of our talk,
'' Ye are my witnesses,'" abundantly prove
themselves;" and it seems stranj^e, too, that
there is no progress in the Christian life un-
less each and every one takes up the cross
and testifies before his fellow-men. It may
be that there are, occasionally, individuals
who don't seem called upon to speak in
public ; at least, there are some who declare
they don't receive a blessing in taking part
in prayer-meetings and other religious exer-
cises ; but these are comparatively few. My
experience with new converts "has been,
that, almost without exception, they feel
strengthened and encoiu-aged and inspired
to push on and fight the good fight, by taking
part in the prayer-meetings or other assem-
blies of Christian worshipers. Over and
over again have I seen a dull meeting trans-
formed into one full of life and energy and
vigor by some simple testimony from one who
is just getting a glimpse, apparently, of the
beauties of a Christian life — some one who,
it was quite evident, was obliged to make a
great effort to indicate to the world that he
was desirous of being considered on the
Lord's side. It is a cross. I know, to rise
up before the world and declare for the first
time that you want to be counted among
Christ's followers ; and it is also quite a
cross for some who are well along in years,
and well along in Christ's service, to bear
testimony. Now, friends, you may think it
a little singular ; but although I take some
public part in Christian work every day of
my life, and almost invariably speak rnore
or less at our prayer -meetings twice a week,
yet for all this my heart often beats violent-
ly—sometimes so it makes it hard for me to
speak when I rise to plead the cause of the
Master. But I am glad to be able to say. tliat
when I sit down it is always with a feeling
of peace and faith and trust in my heart
that I didn't feel before rising. If my re-
marks have been made with a prayer that
they may reach some heart, there is a feel-
ing afterward something like " Well done,
good and faithful servant." If. however, I
yield to the feeling that I have talked
enough in former tinu'S. or don't need to say
rmv ^/«n(/ during that special meeting. I in-
variably go away witii less faith in Christ,
and along with it less faith in my fellow-

men, and a cold dead sort of Christianity in
my heart.

In response to my invitation in Our Neigh-
bors, in the last issue, quite a number have
sent ill testimony to the power of Christ to
bring peace into the hearts of men ; still, a
few have objected to having their letters
published. I think these few have made a
mistake, but of course I have no right to
publish them when desired not to do so.
One of the first and easiest things for a
young Christian to do is to rise up and state
his feelings and wishes, and ask the prayers
of the assembled brothers and sisters ; and
sometimes the simple words, " Pray for me,"
and nothing else, bring peace and "hope and
joy to a hungering soul. It indicates, if
nothing more, that the speaker is hungering
and thirsting for righteousness; and any
expression to this effect seems to bring
peace and a fulfillment of the promise.

Our first testimony comes from one in
middle age; and yet, we judge from the let-
ter, it is a testimony from liro whose faith
has been brightened and strengthened by
the testimonies already given in these pages.

A HUSBAND AND WIFE WHO FEEL IT A PRIVILEGE
TO GIVE IN THEIR TESTIMONY.

Friend Root :— I have long felt you were a friend
to me, just in the knowledge that you were a Chris-
tian, and more particularly in the help you have
atforded us in your Home talks. Indeed, my hus-
band seems to think your manner of treating every-
hodu as our neighbor was largely the cause of his
trying to seek the right way of living. We are now
in middle age, enjoying a Christian life, and trying
to live void of offense toward both God and man.
We have often met those same difficulties which we
are so plainly illustrated in your Home talks. Some-
times when the world seems harsh, and the people
still harsher, it is a great comfort to take the good
Book and turn to " Wo unto you when all men shall
speak well of you;" and, "Blessed are they that
are persecuted for righteousness' sake," and many
more such passages that cheer the heart. I started
out to tell you, that if it does you so much good to
think you had helped a boy to a higher life, you
surely will be encouraged to know you are helping
tivo in middle life who have been trying to serve
the Lord for fifteen years. As soon as Gleanings
is brought home, Mr. Ross will say, "Now, wife,
let's see what brother Root has to say to us in this
issue;" and we always find something helpful in
every number.

I am afraid I shal 1 wi'ite too long a letter. I will
tell you all about our bees before long. I do not
ask you to print this. I shall be glad if j ou can
read it, and understand that you are helping us,
too. to lay up treasures in heaven. Much sickness
has greatly impaired my eyesight; but I thank God
I have a voice to praise my heavenly Father, and a
heart attimcd to his praises. Mtjs. E. L. Ross.

Arlington, 111., Oct. 5, 1887.

Dear sister, we are glad to receive your
testimony: and aUhougli yon liave not ask-
ed us to print it, we feel sure you are will-
ing, providing it will strengthen and en-
courage others, which we know it must do.

The next is from one of our younger
friends.

TESTI.MONY FKOM A «()V }8 VEAUS OF AGE.

Mr. R<if)t:—You ask, " Is there another soul among

792

GLEANINGS i:N J5EE CULTUKE.

Oct.

the readers of Gleanings that had been lately
moved to g-ive himself to the Mastery" I answer,
yes. I have also, by faith, received physical
strength sufficient to attend school four miles from
home. Wm. Fisk, ag-e 18.

Addison, iMich., Oct. 10, 18S7.

May the Lord bless you, brother William.
1 am glad to know, too, that you have found
godliness profitable in the matters of every-
day life. When I know that a boy in his
teens is making a subject of prayer of some-
thing that he wishes,-.! feel perfectly satis-
fied that God will give liim just that thing,
or something a great deal better; for we
poor mortals don't always, even when we
pray, know what is best for us. I suppose,
William, your health has been poor ; but
notwithstanding, you have been enabled to
get an education— an education to be used,
doubtless, in the service of the Master, and
therefore you have very properly been ask-
ing God to guide you "and lielp you in your
physical health, and your prayer has been
answered. May the Lord be praised for
this brief, simple testimony!

The next letter was a surprise to myself,
and perhaps it will be to the readers of
Gleanings also.

TESTIMONY FROM ONE WHO HAS BEEN BEACHED

BY THE HOME PAPERS, EVEN IN THE

STATE PRISON.

Mr. Root:— I have been reading your journal, es-
pecially your letters, and they have proved of much
benefit to me in a spiritual sense. I write this con-
fession that it may encourage you to still continue
in so good a work. I am a young man, and, like
some others, have fallen— a victim to temptation.
I am incarcerated in the State prison, in conse-
quence of my folly. I thank God that he has open-
ed my eyes; that he has lifted the scales; that I am
now enabled to see through the flimsy veil that Sa-
tan ever holds before the eyes that are already
blinded in regard to their own spiritual welfare. I
have made^a resolution (and with God's help I will
keep it) to serve„God all the rest of my life. Oh
what a blessing it is to have the privilege of serving-
God ! How few there^re who truly understand the
significance of the term! or, in other words, how
few there are who have faith suffcient to enable
them'to perceive the spiritual advantages gained in
serving God faithfully! Now, brother Root, I, as a
beginner, ask you to pray for me. May God bless
you, and give you spiritual strength. I remain
your brother in Christ Jesus our Lord. I invite
brothers and sisters to write me encouraging let-
ters. Er-siE Myrtle.

Box 340, Jefifersonville, Ind., Oct. 9, 1887.

Dear^brother, we thank the Lord that he
has moved your heart to come out fairly and
squarely before the world. Some of us feel,
as we live here in our liomes, catching the
free sunshine and free air, that it is a trial
for us to humble our pride to the extent of
standing up and confessing Christ. In view
of this, how great must be ,the cross for a
brother when he stands up and tells us he is
even now an inmate ;of :,ithe penitentiary I
Notice now the transforming effect of
Christ's love in the heart. Since his new
birth he has forgotten his hostility to the
world. You will notice. in theabove letter,
that there is not a. word of censure or blame

toward anybody ; and I tell you, friends, I
know by experience that this is a rare state
of mind to find in a prisoner. The natural
attitude is severe and harsh criticism on the
outside world, and especially against the
officers of the law. This friend takes the
whole blame upon himself. The scales have
fallen from his eyes, and he has a view of
himself just as he stands before God, and he
has found blessiijgs inside of those peniten-
tiary walls. He asks us to pray for him.
What heart is there among the readers of
Gleanings that can resist the impulse of
saying inwardly, " God help our poor im-
prisoned brother "? But, my friends, while
we breathe this prayer let us also lift up
our hearts in praise that God has given a
glimpse, even, of liberty — yes, liberty right
where he is now, that he never knew before,
perhaps in the outer world— the liberty that
Christ gives to his followers truly ; for no
good thing is withheld from those who love
the Lord. Our brother Elsie, in his present
attitude of heart, wants nothing but what is
right and pure and holy in the sight of God,
and therefore all his wants are supplied. I
have no hesitation in saying, that'if he con-
tinues in this attitude of mind, the prison-
doors will soon be opened. God knows the
heart, and he knows just the exact moment
when it is safe to break the shackles. Years
ago I once told a friend of mine in our Me-
dina jail, that God would open his prison-
door the moment he saw it was safe for him
to do so. W^ell, the prisoner astonished the
court and all assembled, by so full and frank
a confession, taking every particle of blame
upon himself, and shouldering it like a
young hero, that even the judge himself
jumped up in astonishment. " Gentlemen,"
said he, '' we send ovir Ohio boys to the peni-
tentiary because it is for their own good.
Now, this boy may have been bad ; in fact,
from his own confession he has been very
bad ; but 1 will take the responsibility my-
self of saying that his own good does not
demand that he be sent to the penitentiary."

The above may not be the exact words of
the judge, but they were the words in sub-
stance. The boy who stood before him had
given his heart to Christ wholly, and with-
out reserve. He had, before this scene in
the court-room, knelt with me on the stone
floor of the jail, and promised God to go to
the penitentiary or anywhere else, humbly,
and with thanksgiving in his heart, if it
were the Lord's will he should do so. The
judges of our courts, and the officers of the
law, know the ring of the genuine metal of
Christianity, and the world knows it. The
humble, penitent child of (iod is safe any-
where in this broad universe — safe in life,
safe in the penitentiary, and safe in death.
Now, friends, our brotheV has asked us to
write him encouraging letters, and I hardly
need tell you that kind words and encourag-
ing letters have lilted many a poor soul from
death and ruin, to life and immortality.
Shall our brother's request be passed by un-
heeded V

After the above was given to the composi-
tors, the following came to hand :

Uncle Amos:— Perhaps you will be somewhat sur-
prised to learn that your journal finds its way inside

1887

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTUliE.

793

inside of these prison-walls. I met a man here by ;
the name of Raructt, who works in the same de-
partment with rae. He talked to me about what
business would be best to take up with after ^oing-
out of here. \Vc talked of almost every thing-.
One day I sugg-ested the bee-business, and he was
all taken up with it. Ho has some means (while I
have nothing); and when I told him of Gt^kanings
he sent for it, and it is to this man that I and my
friend Myrtle are indebted for the priviledge of
reading- it. Friend Myrtle works with me, and we
are both trying to do right. We propose that, when •
we go out from here, >vith God's help, we will show
to the world that a person can go out of penitentia-
ry and still be a man. This jiroposed reform in us
has been and is being greatly strengthened through
your writings, which we appreciate and look for-
ward to with an.xiety, each number. We have i
taken the liberty of writing these letters to you, '
from your request inGr.EANiNGS for Oct. 1. You I
wonder if anybody else has been benefited by your
writings besides your young friend in Florida.
We answer, yes, even we two, cast out and degi-ad-
ed as we are. Through the influence of Gt.EAN-
INGS, I quit the use of tobacco I'J years ago, al-
though it cost me a great effort. I commenced
using it when only aliout seven years old. I don't
want a smoker— that was not my object.

It seems pretty hard for one so young as I (only a
boy, as it were), to be shut uoin this old bastile,
deprived of all ttiat is near and dear to me, and
losing four years of the best of my life. Yet I am
glad I am here; that is, 1 thank God from the bot- <
tom of my heart that he caused me to be cast be-
hind these prison-wails. It was the only way
there was to check me in my wild headlong speed to
destruction. Now, kind friend, perhaps my simple
letter will be of no interest to you; but when you
go to teach your Sabbath-school, tell them of me;
hold me up as an example, that they may profit by
my downfall. Tell them and all others how I left
my home and friends, not because of harsh and un-
kind treatment— no, but because I was treated too
well, with too much kindness. They tried to make
me a good boy, and to love and serve my God. When
I was fourteen years old I ran away from home. I
soon saw my mistake; but pride prevented me
from returning, and. Satan urged me on to resist
the pleadings of that still small voice (God's voice)-
so I went on, determined to become renowned in
one way or another; and here I am now. If there
are any such boys in your town, hold me up before
them as an example, that they may take warning.

Frank C.
Jefferson%nlle, Ind.. Box- 340, Oct. 10, 1887.

May God be praised, friend Frank, that
you remember Gleanings when in prison ;
and since yon sng^est it, I will gladly send
it, free of charge, to any inmate of any of
the prisons in our land. I know how tliose
shut up from outdoor amusements take
hold of the subject of bees, gardening, etc.;
and if my i)oor efforts can interest them in
these wholesome employments. I slnill be
only too glad to send it. Rememl)er, Fiank,
the promise is to those who endure to the end.
Don't get back, and don't listen any more
to the tempter. Hold last to the strong arm
of Him who died for such as we are.

We williiiow coiii-lude our testimonies for
this time with some extracts fiora a brother
who is laboring in C'hina for Christ's cause :

One obstacle we have to contend with in China,
and especially Soiiihern China, is malaria. Differ-
ent persons didor very much in their susceptibility
to malarial poison. Some enjoy years of almost
unbroken good health; others begin to ail as^ soon
as they land, and in a year or so are compelled to re-
turn home. The majority enjoy just passable
health, land can't work as they could in a better
climate.

There is a striking analogy between temptation
and malaria, or miasma. Kuch^diseases ]as ague,
cholera, typhoid fever, lung fever, etc., are caused
by germs which infect the system, but there must
also be an antecedent state of the system which
favors the development of these germs. A devoted
worker, a sister of .). N. Stearns, spent nearly thirty
years in Fooehow, working hard, and ofteii en-
countering all the filth of the poorer Chinese dwell-
ings. But four years ago in June she had been so
well received among her _poor neighbors that she
continued her visits into the hot weather; and one
warm day when she had visited and talked^till near-
ly e.vhausted, in response to a pressing invitation
she visited a filthy, dwelling which was infected
with fever-germs. She took the fever and died of it.

Fooehow is sometimes visited by the cholera;
but of the hundreds of thousands who eat the
same food, and breathe the same"'air, only ^a small
proportion have the cholera. The gastric juice of
a healthy stomach will kill the germs; but any
thing which. enfeebles the action of the stomach
opens the waylfor them to attack the system.

A few years ago, during the prevalence here of
cholera, there was an idolatrous procession to pro-
pitiate the idols. The men who carried about tlie
idols in the procession were feasted with pork and
wine, and in a few hours 16 of them died of cholera.

Temptation works in much the same way. There
is a germ of evil, a suggestion, or an impulse to-
ward the wrong; but there must also be a receptiv-
ity in the^nind.

Again, the Chinese Christians are, of course, im-
perfect, and in particular they may bring with
them from heathenism habits of hypocritical seem-
ing, and low ideas of truthfulness. Only too prob-
ably, a few of them are nothing but hypocrites, and
these latter may for a time appear better than the
simple and sincere ones. This state. of things gives
the Adversary special facilities for suggesting
plausible but unjust doubts of the sincerity of all.
A man whom I have learned to love and trust, de-
ceives me about something, or I detect in him tricks
of Pharisaical seeming, and at once cruel doubts of
him and others like him are thrust into my mind. I
am tempted to say in my haste, "All men are liars."
This is a peculiarly trying experience, because it is
so important that we^and they love and trust each
other; but misplaced trust may also lead to dis-
astrous consequences, and the golden mean of
proper trust and distrust is often hard to discern.
On one hand the Chinese dcsiiisc gullibil.ty, and on
the other hand they are habitually distrustful; and
if we set them the example, they will only too readily
follow it.

The Lord does helj) us in such trials. " Kesist the
devil, and he will flee from you," is a blessed truth.
I have had temptations, with which I had wrestled
for hours, dispelled in an instant by a text of
Scripture. The sword of the Spirit is the weapon
with which to resist the devil. J. E. Waf^kek.

Fooehow, China, Sept. 1, 1887.

794

GLEA^'1N(JS 1-J4 ililE OULrUlilii.

Oct.

T@B?ICC0 C0ii«MN.

THE TOBACCO EVIL.

a EAR FRIEND ROOT:— I say "dear friend,"
for 1 feel that you arc such to all. A friend
in need is a friend indeed. As you take so
much interest in reform on the tobacco sin.
you certainly deserve the help and good will
of all. It is a fact, that tobacco is ruining many of
our young men- yes, little boys; and how sad to
see church-going people use and sell the deathlj'
weed. No wonder our dear Savior's cause prospers
so indifferently. I often hear jjeople pray, and
ask God to make them as himself, and at the same
time roll a cud of tobacco under their tongue as a
sweet morsel. I once attended a cottage, or neigh-
borhood meeting, where the leader and a number
of others had a rousing smoke in a back room be-
fore opening the meeting. There we all were, little
boys and girls, there to do good, and to show the
need of a better life. As I was a new comer there,
they requested me to lead the meeting. After
some excuses I did the best I could; but how the
thoughts of such an unclean thing as was mingled
with the spirit loomed up in my mind! Well, I de-
cided never to be caught in such an abomination,
as it seemed to me; for how very glad the young
are to tell us they chew and smoke because such a
one does, and she or he is a good person. These
are the very ones that are doing the greatest harm
instead of good; and the better they seem to be and
indulge in the worse than useless thing, the more
poor innocent young they are leading into ruin.
What is the use of talking down rum, when one is
fairly steeped in such a soul and body destroyer as
tobacco is? How many are made poor by it ! How
many die of heart disease by its use! and, above all,
how many are led on, from picking up the remains
of an old cigar that some high-toned (I will say self-
ish) person dropped! I work so 1 can see more of
these evils than many others, as 1 cut and file saws.
1 have all classes to deal with. I have had men
cheat me out of two cents, because they hadn't it,
and would smoke or chew all the time— yes, and
get up nights, and try to soothe the grief and sor-
row that it had already brought to them. How
many children suffer greatly with cold, and mother
dying with grief, .just on account of this awful
weed! They say, rum will bring one to where he
will sell his clothes for it; so will tobacco. I have
seen so-called men almost crazy for want of a
chew. I have seen men on the dying-bed, when
they would say, "Tobacco has prematurely laid nie
here, and I must go If I ha<l been warned when
young I should no doubt be well. 1 have thrown
away enough to buy the tiest fa) m in town." Oh!
isn't it time that law should stoj) Iti? I am very sure
that the world is growing weaker by it. VVhat
would a person think to ?eo one take food and treat
it as tobacco— s|)it out the juice, then the cud; yes,
and nine times out of ten declare they wished they
never indulged in such a thing, as many do with
tobacco. Cut they often tell us tobacco is fashion-
able—yes. and fashion is ruining the people. Oh
that ministers would put more stress on such
things! The poor Salvation Army is disliked by
many because they denounce the weed. But they
are converting thousands from it, and the army is
being wonderfully blessed. I once asked a poor
little seven-year-old boy if his father knew he chew-

ed. "Oh, yes! and if he catches me at it hfe licks
me— ain't it a shameV" What would the law do with
us if we should oblige our children to eat food so
very sickening and deathly as tobacco? A very se-
vere punishment would be the result, would it not ?
May the Lord bless you, and he does, I know.
Who ever gave away so much as you have, in the
way of smokers, for the good of mankind? This
life is too short to be thrown away; for if it is, the
one hereafter Is sure to be. How much pleasure I
receive by reading Gleanings! 1 know the Lord
is dearer to me on that account. Let's do all the
good we can while the days are passing by.

E. P. Churchill.
Hallowell, Maine, June, 1887.

My husband has quit thi use of tobacco. Will
you please send him a smoker. We are both
church-members, trying to give a cup of cold water
in the name of a disciple. I trust he will never use
it again. If he does I will pay you for the smoker.
Mks. Lydia Bean.

North Street, Mich , Aug. 6, 1887.

CONDUCTED BY EEKKST R. ROOT.

BUTTER-DISHES AS FEEDERS ; FURTHER
TESTS MADE WITH THEM.

E have now fed two barrels of sugar
in the wooden butter-dish feeders as
described on page 751 of last issue.
We have been using them constant-
ly ever since, and I have no occasion
to modify any thing I said in their favor ; in
fact, they have given better satisfaction
than I had really anticipated. They wear
well and hold their shape well, and every
drop of feed is taken from them by the bees.
No bees are drowned. Often when we pour
in the syrup we find the butter-dish filled
full of bees ; but we pour the syrup over
them just the same, and scarcely a bee is kill-
ed, even though 2()U or 300 of them be com-
pletely covered with the syrup. In conse-
quence of the convexity of the bottom of the
butter-dish it is possible to tilt it so that
it will be perfectly level, even though
burr-combs stick up so as to make it very
uneven for a common Simplicity feeder.
Taking advantage of this fact, we" are en-
abled to fill them level full. Moreover, these
wooden receptacles do not occupy on the
enameled sheet, or on whatever they are
resting, more than a square inch of surface.
They can thus be set right down in the
midst of a lot of bees ; and before you can
get the syrup into the feeder the few bees
that may be under the base of the feeder
will crawl out from under. The pie-plates,
upon a further test, do not work nearly so
well, nor are they as durable as the butter-
dishes, although the latter cost only half
the price. The former, I should judge, are
pressed into shape, as, after they have been
in use for a while, they llatten out so as to
be no longer a receptacle of licjuid.

I give place to the following card as con-
firmatory of all I have said, both in the pre-
vious issue and in the jiresent number :

18S7

Gl^EANINGS IN BEK CULTLMiE.

7!'5

In last issue of Gleanings, you advise the use
of butter-trays lor feeders. Yes, they are the very
thing. T bought a nest of 50 yesterday, and put
them into use hist evening, and this morning every
drop was taken, and no lloat is needed— not a bee
drowned, either. I gave them I'eed previous to this,
in earthenware and tin vessels, but few bees would
touch it. When pourcil out in the wooden trays,
they cleaned it up immediately.

Clarksburg, Mo., Oct. 7, 1887. C. H. McFadden.

One point I want t(i emphasize in the Mc-
Fadden letter above is. tliat during cool or
frosty weather the bees will take food from
these butter-dishes wlien they will ignore
all metal or earthenware feeders.

pi u L iq

-JONKS FEEDEK-FLOATS.

The above cut illustrates the D. A. Jones
feeder-floats. Figs. 1 and 2 being separate
pieces of which it is composed, and Fig. 3
the whole after being put together. To
make Fig. 3, it takes two pieces like Fi^. ].
and eight pieces of Fig. 2. You observe the
former has eiglit saw-cuts, arranged in
pairs and opposite to each other. The lat-
ter has two saw-cuts, and on one side only.
To put together, we pick iip lirst one piece
of No. 1 and then a strip of No. 2, crowding
one of the saw-cuts of the latter into a cor-
responding saw-ctit of the former. This
makes two strips at right angles to each
other. In like manner, crowd strips of No.
2 into the remaining saw-cuts of No. 1 on
one side. Anotlier strip of No. 1 is taken
up and crowded into the respective saw-cuts
left in the strips of No. 2. I nto the opposite
side of the two strips No. 1, four other
pieces of No. 2 are tilted so as to meet the
corresponding strips on the opposite side.
When done we have a feeder-lloat like Fig.
3, iiaving fonr ]iartitions, as it were, spaced
equally, and held together by two strips of
No. 1. You observe that it takes advantage
of a well-known principle in mechanics, dis-
pensing with the use of nails or other fas-
tenings. Mr. Jones writes that the strips
are made of i-inch culled lumber, about i of
an inch thick.

When I first put it together I thought it
was a capital tiling, and would answer its
purpose as a feeder-float splendidly; but up-
on actual trial I found it did not work as
well in i)ractice as in theory. It is designed
to sit in a square tin pan (for instance, a
bread-pan), and should stand perpendicular-
ly instead of horizontally, as our engravers
have represented it. instead of sinking
down into the syrup it will float directly on
the surface. Tte same thing could be used
very nicely in a plain feeding-box, but
wotild require to be fastened at the bottom.

TACKS FOK UECORDING THE CONDITION
OF HIVES.

Last year, when we were examining our
colonies prepaiatory to feeding, we carried
with us a piece of red chalk and marked on
tlie cover of the hive, as nearly as we could
estimate, the number of pounds of syriii)
which the hive would reciuire to be fed for
winter. This chalk did very well for once
feeding ; but as we fed only about 2 lbs. of
syrup to each at a feed, we found that, aft-
er having given a colony this amount we
could not erase the chalk. For a want of
something better, we put a little stone on
top of the hive every time we had given it
one feed ; but those little stones occasional-
ly got lost, or blown off by the wind.

On reading an article recently from the
pen of somebody whose name I do not re-
member, I noticed that the writer recom-
mended the use of tacks, said tacks being
arranged on thf cover in such a manner as
to indicate to liiraself the condition of the
colony and its needs. While the slate tab-
lets which we if-e answer the ordinary pur-
poses of queen-rearing and the like, yet at a
distance it is impossible to tell at a glance
among several rows of hives those particu-
lar colonies which require attention. I told
one of the boys one day, to get a hand-
ful of tacks and use a system of tacking
which would be intelligible to himself. The
plan which lie adopted I can best illustrate
by taking you along with him while he
feeds.

Here is a colony which needs about 10 lbs.
more stores. He decides to feed abotit 2
lbs. at a feed. He therefore picks out Ave
tacks and sticks them with his thumb into
the ridge-board of the cover of the hive.
Here is another colony which requires only
about four or Ave pounds. He takes two
tacks and sticks them up in the hive-cover
as before described. With his pocket well
supplied with these little signs he passes
through the whole apiary, sticking them in
to indicate the amount of feeding required
in this or that colony. If he discovers a hive
which has enough natiual stores, of course
he will put no lacks in the cover. In this
manner we ^^ ill suppose that he has been
llirou.uh the whole apiary. He next goes to
the house apiary and takes an armful of
buttei'-dislies (perhaps 100), and, taking a
bird's-eye view, he can see, by the tacks
sticking in the hives, from a considerable
distance those colonies needing feeders. A
colony near him has on its cover five tacks.
Ht^ decides to feed it in a couple of feeds,
and puts two butter-dishes on the hive. So
he goes on through the apiary, distributing
the butter-dishes as called for by the tacks.
You will observe that he does not need to
pass by each hive to scan the slate or the
number on the hive. He simply picks out
hives scattered here and therein making a
b;-e-line for each. The evening before, he
has made up a batch of syrup. With two
feeding-cans filled he walks straight to
those hives distinguished from the others
by the tack. On approaching the hive ho
raises the cover and slips in the feeders on
top of the enameled cloth, tilting them as
above described until he gets them as nearly

796

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTURE.

Oct.

level as possible. He then pours in the
feed. If, after pouring in the syrup, they
should prove not'to be level, he tilts them
again until they are, after which he fills
them level full of syrup. We will suppose
that the hive in question had five tacks,
with two feeders in the hive, each holding
about one pound of syrup. He draws out
two of the tacks and pushes them into the
edge of the hive. In like manner he passes
on through all of the colonies. The next
time he passes around with the feed the
remaining tack in the ridge - boards will
tell the amoiuit of syrup which is to be fed,
and the two tacks'in the edge of the hive
show the amount which he has already fed.
You observe that the beauty of this system
is, that the condition of the hive is told at a
glance 50 or 100 feet away, and I can assure
you that it is a pleasure to walk directly to
the hive which is to be fed^ rather than to
hunt aroimd over useless ground, especially
where the next colony is needing your at-
tention.

Gleamincs in Bee Culture,

Published Senii-Monthly .

-fiu. I- :r2,ooT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

IvIEDia^.^^, OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Cluliliine Sates, Sec First Page of Heading Matter.

IMIEIDIItT^^, OOT. IS, ISB'Z.

Wliosofver, tliereloif. sliall be ashaiiit-tl uC iiu' and of my
words, ill this adidterous and sinful fjeneration, of him also
sliall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the gloi"}'
of his F.ather with the holy angels.— Mark 8: 38.

BEING SURE A COLONY IS QUEENLESS.

Neighbor H. suggests that he feels sure a great
many imagine their colonies are queenless because
thej' don't find brood or eggs in October. They ac-
cordingly send for a queen. The queen, of course,
is killed; 1^ and when the co^.ony shows no different
kind of bees in the spring, our customer writes
back that we sent him a black queen instead of an
Italian. See editorial in regard to this matter in
our last issue.

UNTESTED QUEENS.

Our Stock for the season is exhausted, and tbose
in the South or elsewhere, having any to spare,
would do well to advertise them. I would suggest,
that in your advertisements you say, "On hand,
ready for shipment." It is not advisable, nor is it
worth while, to send them to us to be remailed
elsewhere. There will probably be considerable
demand for them through this month and the ne.\t;
and now is the time for our friends further South
to take care of this branch of our industrj%

ASTERS AND OOLDENRODS.

Reports come from many different points, that
the bees are getting much honey from these two
fall plants, especially the aster, and many samples
are sent in for us to name. See cuts and descrip-
tion in the ABC book. Wherever you find bees

working on a plant three or four feet high, found
in the fields at this season of the year, you may be
pretty sure it is one of the large family of asters.
There are forty or fifty varieties, and they pro-
duce different-colored blossoms, with petals stand-
ing out like the rays of a star— hence the name.

the WASHBURN ROTARY ENGINE.

Although Ernest has given this a pretty ex-
tended notice on another page, it seems to me he
has touched only lightly on the great point con-
cerning beekeepers. It is this: By making the en-
gine a part of the mandrel that holds the buzz-saw,
we throw away belting, line shafting, and their at-
tendant counter shafts, and in their place use only
a slender steam pipe. Nothing revolves but the
buzz-saw. In fact, a shop full of machinery would
have no shafting or belting at all. Nothing moves
but the tools that do the work, and these are all
stopped and started by turning a valve that admits
steam to each separate little engine.

SIX WEEKS DAY AND SIX WEEKS NIGHT.

When friend Young was here we asked hlift a
g'reat number of questions about the part of his
country where they have no night at one season of
the year and no day at another season, for a period
of about six weeks. I asked him if they had towns
and cities where they had this great big- night.
"Oh, yes!" replied he. Then came the question,
" But, friend Young, how in the world do the people
get around and attend to business during this long
night time?" "Why, bless your heart, sir, they
keep it light by burning Amerivan coal nil." And
then he had one of his big laughs at my expense.
They don't have any railroads that run up to this
strange country, but you can go partly there by
railway and the rest by steamer. I suggested that
it would be a grand place to start greenhouses,
where we could have perpetual sunshine on the
lettuce; but he couldn't tell me that anybody had
ever explored this industry. May be there wouldn't
be any market for the lettuce. He says the northern
lights contribute greatly in the absence of daylight;
and the displays they give during these six weeks
are beyond the power of language to describe.

GIVING the name OF YOUR COUNTY AS WELL
AS FOSTOFFICE AND STATE.

I HOPE the friends will be patient with us for
bringing up this matter so many times; but I want
to tell you that it has cost me in hard cash the sum
of $131.94 on one single transaction, for having
supplied the name of the county when our custom-
er neglected to give it. We went to Bradstreet, our
postal guides, and our railroad guides, to be sure we
had made no mistake. You may ask why we were
out this amount of cash when we so distinctly state
that we will not be responsible where the name of
the county is not given. I stood this loss because I
felt sorry for our customer; and the amount I have
mentioned above was exactly half of the whole
amount that we were both out of pocket by the
blunder. For further particulars, see page 430,
issue for June 1. It was on a steam-engine heavy
enough to make a carload ; and getting the wrong
county sent it to the northern part of the great
State of Michigan. Now, can you blame me for de-
claring very positively, that, unless you give the
county in which your station is located, as well as
that of your postofflce, you will have to bear all
losses resulting- from this omission? As a great

1887

gleani:ngs i:n bee cULtuue.

797

many of the friends havf railroad stations in dif-
ferent counties from whicli tlioir postollice is, it is
absolutely necessary that you say, in telling us
where goods are to be shipjjed, what the county is,
even if you have already told us in what county
your postollice is. No doubt our postal guides,
railroad guides, and Uradstreet, sometimes make
mistakes in the name of counties; but mv can not
be responsible for t/icir mistakes. Do you not see
it? Wo do the best we possibly can, where the
friends wt7J not tell the county where goods are to
be shipped; and after having done our best we can
not pay damages.

OBITl'ARV.

We are pained to notice the death of Martin
Broers, at Uvalde, Te.vas, Oct. 1, 1887, aged 3.5 years
and 9 montlis. Friend B. has contributed consider-
able to these pages in times past, as many of the
friends may remember, and also gave us quite a
valuable suggestion in regard to reversible frames
at the time we devised the wire arrangement we
now use. The following from Mrs. B. tells us the
sad news:

Dear Friend: -This notice inclosed will tell you
the story. We ask for words of comfort and con-
solation in our bereavement.

Mrs. Martin Broers.

Gonzales, Tex., Oct. 9, 18S7.

We are also pained to note the death of another
old friend and contributor, J. D. Enas, Napa, Cal.
An advertisement by Mrs. E., in another column,
tells us the sad news.

gPECI^L ]S[6TICEg.

GRAPEVINES AND BASSWOOD-TREES.

Now is the time to plant these out, and it can be
done safely at any time before the ground is frozen
too hard to get them out easily. For prices, see our
fall catalogue, mailed on aplication.

HONEY-.JUMBLES.

We have just received another ten-barrel lot of
honey-jumbles; and if our readers had learned to
appreciate them as our townspeople do, we should
need another ten barrels within a few weeks. We
can mail you a few samples ina 1-lb. section carton
for 10 cts., postpaid. Or we can send them with oth-
er goods at 1.5 cts. per lb. for less than 10 lbs.; for
10 lbs. or more, and less than 1 bbl., 13 cts. per lb.;
by the barrel of about 50 lbs., ll'/2 cts. per lb.

TWENTY-FIVE GROSS OF BUCKEYE SASH-LOCKS.

Since we first began selling these locks we have
disposed of thirty gross, because of their popularity,
•lust a few days ago we received '25 gross from the
factory. By buying so many we are able to reduce
the price in quantity a little. Prices are 5 cts. each,
50 cts. per doz., or $4.00 per 100. By mail. 3 cts. each,
or 30 cts. per doz. extra. Nickel-plated ones, 1 cent
more than above. For further particulars, see our
advertisement on the cover.

discount on goods bought this fall, fob next
season's use.
Until Nov. 1, we will give a discount of ten percent
on goods strictly for next season's use, except the
following: Machinery of all kinds for manufactur-
ing; all tin and glass honey-receptacles; tin plate,
and all counter goods. < >n Simplicity, portico, and
chaff hives, we can give on\y five per cent. The prin-
cipal goods included under the ten per cent dis-
count are foundation, frames, sections, zinc, ex-
tractors, and comb-foundation machines. Remem-
ber, friends, to get this discount you must send

cash with your order, and you must specify what
goods are for next season's use. After Nov. 1, dis-
count will be reduced to 8 per cent.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOKY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. :ibtf<l

■I ftpM^ft Illustrated circular free of Two
MllRlPI I ^ ^*"*'^ BookK, and proof that
■"'***'■ ■ ^^ si! lOO a month is made selling our
new 'edition of Mother, Home and Heaven,
180,000 sold. Edited by T. L. Cuyler, D. D.. $ii.7.5;
also, 10,000 i'liriotiiities ot° the Bible. In-
troduction by .1. H. Vincent, I). D. Illustrated, $2.
30-21d K. B. TKKAT, 771 Broadway, N. Y.

FOit SgLE i) G VORHIHT

(Ju account of the death of the proprietor, J. D.
Enns' ranch of 210 acres, part in fruit, 80 stands of
bees, steam machinery for the manufacture of sup-
plies, a well-established business; land will be sold
in 40 or 80 acre tracts. Stock, farming implements,
and a large stock of apiarian supplies. For par-
ticulars address ITIRS. J. U. ENAN,
20 6d Box 306. Napa City, Cal.

100 colonies of bees, Italians, Ijlacks, and hybrids;
one Barnes foot-power saw; one 10-in. Root fdn.
mill, extractors, smokers, etc. A bargain to cash
purchaser. Address H. B. SHAIV,
20d Gum Ridge, Jeff. Co., Ifllss.

Four-Color Label for Only
Cts. Per Thousand !

75

Just think of it! we can furnish you a very neat
ftmr-ci>lnr label, with your name and address, with
the choice of having either "comb" or " extract-
ed " before the word " honey," for only 75 cts. per
thousand; .50 cts. per 500, or 30 cts. for 350, postpaid.
The size of the label is 3^ x 1 inch— just right to go
round the neck of a bottle, to put on a section, or to
adorn the front of a honey-tumbler. Send for our
special label catalogue for samples of this and
many other pretty designs in label work.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. O.

IE VYTiV. YOUNG HAITIAN QUEENS for

Ifj sale at once; tested, $1.00 each; untested, 65
■" cents each. A few dark hybrid queens at 30
cents each. D. G. EDMISTON,

Adrian, Len. Co., Mich.

If you Wish to Obtain the

Highest Price for Honey

THIS SEASON,

WRITE TO HEADQUARTERS,

F. G. STROHITIEYER A: CO.,

H^liolesale Honey ITIerchaiits,
17-4db 122 Water St., New York.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACT0E7, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charpe, as below. We do this beciuse there is hardly valvie
enough to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock: and yet i^. is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have five hybrid queens of:' this year's.'raising,
for sale at "25 cents each. J. H. Johnson,

Middagbs, Northampton Co., Pa.

798

GLEANINGS 1^ JiEE CULTUltE.

Oct.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-lieepers to be the cleanest, brig-htest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wilev,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappane'e,
Ind. : C. H. Greeu, Waukesha, Wis. ; Smith & Goodell,
Rock Falls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
•il-£> North Front Street. Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Uaj'ou Goula, La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nyse wander, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwell, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co., Te.xas, W. E. Clark,
Oriskan.v. N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.. J.Mattoon, and W.
J. stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for sampJeg /ree, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150€onipltineiitary and k/ixk-
Ucited testinKminln, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We (juarmitcc ecery inch of <mr fDundatinn cipinl
hi xainple ill eitei'v rc-'jiecl .

;>l>tfd

0£1AN. DAUANT A: SON,
llaiiiiltoii, lla>i<<>«-k <'<>., llliiiotM.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, CRNESEE CO., MICH.,
Has ])ul)lished a neat litile book of 45 pages, entitled
"The Production of Comb Honey." Its distinctive
feature is the thorough manner in which it treats
of the use and non-use of foundation. Many other
points arc. however, touched upon. For instance,
it tells how to make the most out of unfinished sec-
tions, and how to winter' liees with the least ex-
pense, and bring them through to the honey harvest
in the best possible shape. ' '

Price of book, ;25 cents. Stamjis taken, either U. I
S. or Canadian. i

CUNS

OAIY HAMMERLESS. I DALY THREE BARREL

MANHATTAN HAMMERLESS. IpIEPER BREECHLOADERS.

Send for Catalogue of Specialties.

sciiovi:Kr.iivo, i>ai.."k <& oai.cs,

84 and 66 Cbambers Street. New Tgik.

TO DEALERS IN BEE-SUPPLIES.

We are now ready to figure with you for your
ne.xt season's supplies.

6. B. L,£\(riS & CO.,

Itfdb Watertown, Wis.

HORSE-POWER in Texas For Sale.

Nearly new, and all complete. To make a quick
sale 1 will take S^So.Od for it. C. W. Costeli^ow,
19tfdb Waterboro, York Co., Maine.

APPLE-TREES.

600 Greenings, Baldwins, and Spies; 5 trees, 6 to
8 feet higli, fl.OO; 8 to 10 ft.. $1.25; 10 or more, 6 to
8 ft., 15 cts. each; 8 to 10 ft.. 20 cts. each. Strictly
choice trees, and twice the size of common nursery
stock. C. M. GOODSPEED, Thorn Hill, N. Y.

LOOK HERE]

A complete hive for comb honey, for only $1.30.
Planer-sawed, V-groove sections a specialty. Price
li-st free. J. ITI. KINKIE: & €0.,

ITtldh ICocUester, Oaklaixd Co., lUleli.

IfiRGINIA

l>nni1 Agency. Cheap Farms.
1-ists Free. ORIFFIN A
JEKVIS, Petersburg, Va.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

MASS., ^ BEE-KEEPERS f CONN.

—SEND FOR MY NEW FR.ICE LIST.—

E. R. Newcomb, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co. , N. Y.

4tfdb

FOLDIIVO^ BOXKS.

Our Cartons for enclosing Section Honey are the beat &

lotoegt priced in tlie market. Made in one oiece. With or without
Tape Handles. With Mica Fronts or without. In the Flat or set up.
Printed, or not. Any way to suit. We are bound to satisfy you. We
hauejust put in special Machinery for their manufacture and are pre-
pared tofiilorders promptly. Price ZiiSt Free. Samples Sc,

14 oz. Glass ijars $S. 25 per gross, Including Corks df La-
bels, 1 1-2 cf 2 gross in a Case. Catalogue of Honey tables free.

A. 0. CKAWFOKD, S. Weymouth, Mass.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by t'leven prominent bee-keepers,
sent by mail for 10 cents. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

Hiiii.\i:K <iL.AKs hone:y-jars«

HOIVKV-SE<"nONS, Ac, &C.
l*l<:iCFK4'riO!\ <<>LI>. BLAST SIMOKEKK.

.Apply to CM.\S. K. MUTH .fc SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send l(^(UMlt suimp for " PractioHl Hints to
Bee-lveepers.'" It nib

Co.st.-f 1 1

thin

■nts ,,

iveih.

THE CANADiAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHEES, BEETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekl.v excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United States and Canada. Pitty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currenc.y and stamps at par. Samples free.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOR i^^, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. Sbtfd

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

PRICE 5 cents. You need ^this pamphlet, and my
free Bee and Supply Circular. Root's Fdii.
I mill, 10-inch, good as new. $18.00. 18tfdb

I OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

1887

GLEANINGS IJS BEE CULTUUM

hO.'^

Contents of this Number.

Apicultuiv 812

Apifugre 812

Asters 821

Bee-balm 816

Bee Botimv 811

Bee EntoniDloprv 811

Bees' Leps ' 8()fi

Bees ami Chickens 810

Bee-veils 823

Benson Letter 809

Beveleleil Edge 821

Binsrlinni and Clk. Sinnker. .8:n

Boinbns Vii^riana 811

Bonesel 811

Camera ( ibscnni 819

Chaddock, Mis 813

Colonies per Square Mile . . .816

(Convention. National 823

D.>olittle's Report 8ir.

Editor of (dean's Critieised.8aT

Kditorial 831

Eipatoriiim 811

Fine Wire for Separators .. .817
Koul Brood 813

Foundation, Flat-bottom 824

Given Piess 823

Headaches 817

Heads of (Jrain 822

Hives in the (ir.mnd 823

Honev-diw Not Fatal 822

Italians veisus Blacks 820

Jamaica 814

Knickerbocker Bee-1'arm 818

Mallophora Orcina 811

Melissa, or Bee-balm 8111

MvscH and Neighbors 837

Nuclei. TnitinB' 821

Our Own .\])iai-v 831

I Iveistnrking 8111

I'artridui- -pea 824

Oucstion-Box 824

Railroad Man's Report 822

Reports Discouragring' 822

Reports EninnruKinK- 821

Sections at 25 cts 821

Southern Bcc-killcr 811

Tobao

.830

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
at New Milford, on Jan. 7, 1888. Subjects for discussion: The
best way to prevent swarming-; also, Is it advisable to Italian-
ize! -All bee-keepers are cordially invited.

H. Jl. Seeley. Sec. Harford, Pa.

The Western Bee-keepers" Soi'iety will hold a meetiuj.; on
Wednesday. Nov. Kith ne.xt. ai tlie residence of Mr. Peter Otto,
cor. Park and 2.ith Streets, Kansas Citv.Mo. Take the 18th
Street horse-cars at 9th and Main Sts. for 18th and Brooklyn
Sts.. thence walk south to 25tli St.. thence east one block to tVie
honse. We are sure ofa cordial welcome from Mr. and Mrs.
Otto, and expect a grood meetiufc. J.is. A. Nelson. Sec.

The North-.American Bee-Keepers' Society and the North-
western Bee-Keepers' Society will meet in joint convention at
the Commercial Hotel, corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets.
Chicatfo, on Wednesday. Thurs<lay. and Friday. Nov. 16, 17, and
18. 1887. .•Vrrangements have been made with the hotel, for
hack room, one bed. two persons. 8175 per day, each; front
room, $2.00 per day, each person. This date occurs during the
second week of the Fat-.Stock Show, when excursion rates will
be very low. The following is the programme, so far as has
been determined upon:

Cost of the Pioduetion of Himey— J. H. Martin, liarlford, N. Y.
Contr<jlling the Price of Honey— M. M. Baldridgc. St. Charles,

Illinois,
(ictting the Best Price for Honey— E. J. Oatnian. Dundee. 111.
Conimis.sion Men and the Honey-Market- R. A. Buinetl, Chii-a-

go. 111.

Legslation for Bee-Keepeis— Dr. C. C. Miller. Marengo, 111.
Objects and Methods of a Thorough Organization of the Bec-

Keepers of America— Thomas G. Newman, Chicago, 111.
(Comb Foundation; its Manufacture anil I'se— C. P. Dadant.

Hamilton. HI.
Production of Extracted Honey for Table Cse- T. F. Bingham.

Abronia, Mich.
The Production of Comb Honey —W. Z. Hutchinson. F:int. Mich.
Pro<hiction of Comb and Extracted Honey in the Same Apiary

-J. .A. Green, Dayton. 111.
Out-Apiaries— D. A. Jones, Beeton, Ont.

Foul Brood; How shall we Treat it!— A. I. Root. Medina O.
Wintering Bees in the Northern States— R, L. Taylor, Lapeer,

Michigan.
Bee-keeping .\lone. or with other Pursuits; if the latter, in

Connection with what;— Eugene Secor, Foiest City, la.
Legs of the Bee— Prof. A. J. Cook. Agricultural College. Mich.
What is the best Name for Extracted Honev!— Thomas ("J. New-
man, Chicago. III.
Bee-hives and Fixtures— Janus Heddou, Dowagiac. Mich.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

My extractor, 15 or 16 jcars old, is still in good
order. .7. W. Fisher.

Nashville, Tenii., Sept. 30, 1887.

The bo.xes came, and to-day 1 put them together.
Thanks for the nice shape they were packed— not a
thiujroutof place or nnirred. They went together
and fitted like a duck's loot in the mud.

Pine Creek, Mich., Oct. 11, 188". G. W. Davis.

their bo.x filled with honey— enough to winter them,
1 think, which is all I hoped lor this year.

Lincoln, New Mexico, Sept. 29, 1887. .). N. Cok.

THAT NUCLEUS.

The two-frame nucleus of bees I got from you
last spring has proved a success. For a long time I
thought the bees would full in this country, as they
had never been tried; but in the last three months
they have increased up to a large colony, and have

THE ESTIMATION IN WHICH OUR -lOURNAL IS HKLH
BY THE WHEELBARROW FOLKS.

Gleanings is received. We did not know you
published such a valuable jouruHl. We have spent
a half-hour in looking it over and will jtlve it to our
neighbor Salisbury, who is a bre innn of >0 hives.
KK.MP \ liCKI'KK .M'k'g Co.

Syracuse, N. V., Oct. B. 1887.

BEES did SPLENDIDLY.

My bees are all right, and have done splendidly so
far this season. 1 have sold some SF.")().(l() woitli of
honey of this crop. Now, friend Koot, you will ac-
cept thanks for past favors, and for contiiuiiiig
Gleanings. Long may you live and pi-osper, and
give us the l>est of bee-books: smd when you ari^
done serving us, may yotii- boy take your place and
live the useful life that his father lias before him.
May you keep uv Our Homes, and also the Tobacco
Column, for both have done me good. I used tobac-
co for 28 years, and quit one year ago. 1 usfid it in
every form that is known to man. I have quit for
good. If I deserve a smoker, send it to some one
who isn't able to imy one. T. .1. Henick.

Willlston, Tenn., Aug. 3, 1887.

T write to let you know how much good you have
done us. This spring my husband gave me a swarm
of bees and I sold them and sent for Gleanings
for him as a birthday present, and I do not think I
could have invested a dollar any better, for he nev-
er read any religious matter before; but he says he
can not help reading your " sermons." He enjoys
the book very much. He wintered through five
swarms of bees, and increased to Ifi. They are all
in good shape for wintering. Wo did not gt^t mucli
surplus on account of dry weather. 1 have been an
invalid for several years, and can not do much to
help; but I am deeply interested in bee-keeping.
May God bless you in your good work.

Mrs. Phebe IJoardman.

Weston, O., Oct. 12, 1887.

THE A B C BOOK AND GLEANINGS.

Many thanks for your favor-. We take Glean-
ings, and through us Frank Strain was indiice(l to
take it and try "beeing" it. We learned all we
know of bees from your A B C book. We loaned
it to several who thought it so good the.v bought
one for themselves. Ours is out now. We loaned
it to Grant and Will Smith, near Alpha. Greene Co..
O., who are anxious to have bees. They tell mo
they will take Gleanings. I loaned them some
old ones, and they liked them better than any thing
they had ever seen. I never lose an opportunity to
speak a good word for Gleanings or A. I. Root as
a good bee-man to deal with.

I sold $1.2.') worth of honey last year. 1 never
sold a pound for less than 1.5 cts., and a great part
at 18, 20, and 25 cts. This is a good location, and a
good home market. I have taken only 208 lbs of
salable honey this year; sold $5 00 worth at 20 cts.
I have had several calls for honey, but did not sell
any after I saw the crop would be'short.

Mrs. Lida M. Swallow.

Bellbrook, O., Oct. 9, 1887.

FOR. S-A-LE.

A bee-ranch in San Diego Co., Cal.. containing 320
acres of land, 400 stands of bees, empty hives, ex-
tractors, tank, and other fixings necessary to run
a first-class bee-ranch. For particulars and price
inquire of E. LOVETT,

21-2db Bernardo, San Diego Co., Cal.

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATIOIT MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
tfd JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement In
another column. 3btfd

804

Gl^EAJXl^GS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Nov.

pe^EY OeMMN.

CITT MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— Hooey.— There is nothing: new since
our last report. Demand from manufacturers Is
good for extracted Southern honey, while arrivals
are slow. There is a good demand from the job-
bing trade for extracted clover honey in glass jars.
Extracted honey brings Si^tgiSc per lb. on arrival.
Comb honey sells at 18@;J0c per lb. for good to choice
in the jobbing way. Demand is slow at those
prices. Beeswax is in good demand, and brings 30@
22c per lb. for good to choice yellow on arrival.
Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Oct. 22. Cincinnati, O.

St. Louis.— J/ofiey. —There is nothing new to re-
port on honey, only that stocks here are very light,
and it now loblis as if we would have to get our sup-
ply from some other source than our home market.
California white 2-lb. sections, ]6@lTc; white clover,
1-lb. sections, fancy, 18@20c; good, 1.5@,17c; dark,
10@14c. White clover, extracted, cans, T@9c; bbls.,
6®7c; Southern, 4'/^@,6c, as to quality. Beeswax, 20
@.21c. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Oct. 22, lOS & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Kansas City. — Hooejy. — Our market is fairly
supplied with comb and extracted honey. We
quote choice white 1-lb. .sections at 20c: dark, 1.5@16;
choice white 2-lb. sections, 18; dark, 14(§)15. Extract-
ed, 8@10. California, choice 1-lb. sections. 18@20;
choice white, 2-lb. sections, 18; dark, 14(ail."). Extract-
ed, amber, 7@8c; extracted, white, 9.

Beeswax, No. 1, 22c; No. 2. 18.

Oct. 24, 1887. Ci.EMONS. Cr.oON & Co.,

Cor. Fourth & Walnut Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

PniLADEijPHiA.— Ho/ic!/.— Houey is in moderate
supply, consisting of little shipments of numerous
marks. The warm weather has prevented any gen-
eral demand, and the feeling is weak for the time,
because there are no sales at full quotations, which
holders expect to realize if weather favors, soon,
but which they know they can not while it holds so
warm. We quote as before.

Pancoast & Griffiths,

Oct. 22. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cleveland.— Honej/.— Best 1-lb. sections, white,
sells readily at 19@20c; 2 lbs., white, 16(^17c; second
quality, 1-lb., 1.5@16c. Buckwheat, 12@14c. Ex-
tracted, white clover. 8c; basswood, 7c; Southern,
slow at 4c. Beexwax, 2.')C. A. C. Kendel,

Oct. 21. 1 15 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— Honejy.— We quote choice comb 16@
18c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion,"and in 1-lb. sections. Strained, in bbls., 4'/4@5
cts. Extra fancy, of bright color and in No. 1 pack-
ages. ^ cent advance on above. Extracted, in bbls.,
r)H®fic; in cans. 7@8c. Becsudj", 20'/2C for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Oct. 22. D. G. Tutt & Co.,

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— Honejy. — White comb in 1-lb. sections
meets with a good steady demand at ]8(5'2lIc, and a
few fancy lots arc held at 22c. Two-pound sections,
about 16@18c, mostly 17(5' 18c; extracted, ~(nilOc. ac-
cording to color, body, flavor, and package. Bees-
wax, 22@25c. Demand ifor every thing in the honey
line is good. R. A. Buknett,

Oct. 2L 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.- Honejy.— Our market remains firm,
and we are selling all good lots of honey as fast as
they comein, at full prices. While comb honey has
not changed anj- from last quotations, which, how-
ever, are firmly maintained, we can report a firmer
market on exti-acted, and quote white at 9'/2@10 c;
dark, 6@7c. F. G. Stkohmever & Co..

Oct. 23. 123 Water St., New York.

Albany. —Honey. — Market unchanged, steady,
and prices well sustained. White, 14(g20c, accord-
ing to style comb; buckwheat, ll@13c. Extracted,
white, 8@,9c; buckwheat, 7(g»8c. Correspondence and
consignments solicited. H. R. Wright,

Oct. 25. 328 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy one-pound comb,
18@20; two-pound comb, 17@,18. Extracted, 7@8. De-
mand only fair, on account of warm weather.
Bl.\ke & Ripley,

Oct. 22. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— Honey.— Honey is in good demand,
and prices of comb firm. Choice white 3-lb. sec-
tions. 17@18c; dark. 2 lbs., 14@,15c; choice white 1-
Ib., 30c; dark, 1.5@17c; extracted, white, 8@10c;
dark, 5@.6c. Beeswax, 30@32c.

Hamblin & Bearss,

Oct. 24. .514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Honey.— The market for comb honey
is improving. Best white, in 1-lb. sections, 18®20c.
Extracted, 10@.12c, with few sales. Beeswax. 23c.

Bell Branch, Mich., Oct. 24. M. H. Hunt.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. comb honey, in 1-lb. sections.
M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y.

For Sale.— From 400 to 500 lbs. of No. 1 honey,
white clover. E. T. Lewis & Co., Toledo, O.

For Sale.— About 1000 lbs. of nice honey, in half
and quarter barrels, at 9 cts. per lb. Samples sent
on application. A. H. Root, Canastota, N. Y.

For Sai,e.— Two half-barrels of honey, mixed
with alsike, basswood, and buckwheat; extracted
this fall. J. J. Menn, Norwalk, Wis.

For Sale.— About 500 lbs. of fall honey, heart's-
case or Spanish needle, perhaps both; nice golden
color. U. Baldwin, Stewardson, 111.

For Sale.— I have about 6 bbls. of No. 1 clover
and basswood honej' that I want to dispose of.
George Young, Oak Harbor, Ottawa Co., O.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. clover and basswood honey,
put up in Root's shipping-cans, delivered on board
cars here at 10 cents per pound.

Geo. W. Chapman, Millbury, Wood Co., O.

For Sale.— About one ton of nice comb honey,
in one and two pound sections; unglassed, neatly
crated, 24 lbs. in a crate.

Albert G. Brush, Susquehanna, Pa.

For Sale.— About 2000 lbs. of nice extracted hon-
ey, in 50-11). tin cans. Samples sent. How much are
we offered? Wm. Barth & Bro.,

Petersburg, Mahoning Co., O.

For Sale.— 14 kegs of this year's, and 28 kegs of
last year's honey, in Newman's largest-sized kegs.
The former is all spring honey.

Lafayette Stout, Brighton, Iowa.

For Sale.— .5000 lbs. State Fair, 1st premium new
white clover and basswood honey, in 1 and 2 lb. sec-
tions, neat 24 and 48 lb. shipping-cases, delivered on
board cars here for 20c cash, cases included. This
is a "gilt-edged " lot.

.Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, Iowa.

For Sale.— About 12,000 lbs. goldenrod honey in
bbls., at 81/4 cts. (hbls. free) on the cars, also 12,000
lbs. basswood honey, in 5-gal. tin cans. atO'/^cts. per
lb.; 2 cans in shipping-ciise; cans have a .5-inch
screw-top cover. The honey is thoroughly ripened.
A. Christie, Smithland, Woodbury Co., Iowa.

I have about 2000 lbs. in tin butter-packages, with
wooden jackets, that hold from 75 to 80 lbs. each.
Tt is candied, and ready to ship. Nearly or quite
half otitis early honey, white clover mixed with
other early kinds; the rest is fall honey of very
fine quality. I have also about 3000 lbs. of the same
quality that is in the combs yet. 1 will extract it
and sell it all for 8 cts. per lb., delivered on cars
here. I will put the rest in tin tubs or other pack-
ages as desired. Samples sent on application.

Wm. H. Smith, Brookton, Tomp. Co., N. Y.

FOZl SALE!

To deliver now or in the spring, 10 full colonies of

pure Italian bees, 5 in new chaff hives, the rest in

L. hives, $5. .50 each, or the 10 with extractor for

*50.00. Write for particulars to 21d

S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

Vol. XT.

NOV. 1, 1887.

No. 21.

TERMS: 81.0C Per ANNtTM.m ADVANCE;] f? cf+rihlT ah orl TTl lSi'7'^ r Clubs to different postoffiees, NOT LESS
2Copies for«1.90; 3for$2.76, 6for$4.00; -C/Ol/Ct/C/t't'O/e'tJCt/ t/rV J. O 4 (J • j than 90 cts^. each. Se^t postpaid, in the

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \ published semi-monthly BY " " ""'' "^ '"'•

' ". 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be '

J U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
I tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18

zi^^Y^l^r^^i^o^^^'^^' '-''"'] A. I. ROOT. MEDINA. OHIO. [l'oimd''^!v%'!:^ ''^ "^'^ ^^"""-'^^

Jets, per year extra.

A CKITICISM ON THE EDITOR OF
GLEANINGS.

AND nv ONE WHO IS NOT A SUBSCIUBEK.

R. KOOT:— I ain awaretliat T am committing
a breach of etiquette In writing to you, a
stranger: and as I don't subscribe for
Gleanings, and haven't a particle of inter-
est, in bees, except to give them a wide
berth, and (I may as well confess all my short-com-
ings at once) can't endure honey, I've not a shad-
ow of an excuse for taking up your valuable time.
IJut if I don't pay for Gleanings, some one who
resides in the same house with me docs, and 1 have
the pleasure of reading it every fortnight, and very
thoroughly I do it, even to the advertisements,
which I never think of looking at in any other
book or paper. But they have the same agreeable
" Rooty " flavor which pervades the whole iniblica-
tion, aad]I " take it straight. "

It seems to me your Christian name should be
Sassafras, for your writings leave the same im-
pression on my mind that sassafras root does on
my tongue— spicy, a little ; pungent, and sweet.
They say we New Englandors have sat with our
backs braced against Bunker Hill and Plymouth
Rock so long that we have absorbed something
of their composition into our natures (taken it
through the pores, as it were), and are rather hard
and cold. Possibly it is the contrast between the
coolness and reserve which I have always been ac-
customed to, which makes your cordial Western
frankness so charming to me. When in the midst
of a highly interesting article like your account of
linding the spring, you stop and tell us that you
" went up to the house after mother and the girls,"
our enjoyment in the perusal is enhanced by that

" one touch of nature which makes the whole
world kin." And to be allowed the e?ifree of your
family, and meet constantly with your loved ones,-
till "Mother," "Connie," "Caddie," "Ernest,"
" Huber," are not abstract ideas to us, but tlesh-
and-blood realities, is a privilege which I for one
appreciate, and for which please accept my thanks.
And now, although I never have enriched you even
one dollar for your magazine, I am going to pre-
sume to criticise it a little. How is that for " au-
dacity" ? Whenever I have a good hearty laugh
over some of your quaint, fatherly expressions I ex-
claim, " How I should like to see that man 1 " A long
while ago I settled it in my mind that you must
look like one of our committee when I went to
school— Mr. Robinson. He was a tall, portly, mid-
dle-aged gentleman, with a round, rosy face, twink-
ling blue eyes, and such an expression of kindly
good nature in his smile, that, contrary to the usu-
al order of things, the scholars were all pleased to
see the schoolroom door open and his genial face
appear. He never used to give us " puzzles " and
gloat over our discomfiture. Not he; his face
would look as anxious over a hesitating recitation
as though he hadn't forgotten the time when he
was a shaky-kneed boy standing before the commit-
tee, with his heart in his boots and his lesson any-
where but on his tongue's end. And the genial
glow which overspread his features at the success-
ful termination of a lesson made him look as lova-
ble as Santa Claus at Christmas time. He had some
queer little ways and expressions, and was decided-
ly unconventional, and I think we liked him all the
better for that. Well, When the last Gleanings
came, and I began 'to read your description of your
office, I thought, " Theje now! I Shall see if he looks
like Mr. Robinson." But, alas! on turning the

80(i

GLEAJSiJ^GS 1^ BEi: OULTUilE.

Nov

page, I gazed only at your " vacant chair." Why
didn't that photographer " boss " you a little too,
and make you sit in that chair long enough to get
your physiognomy? Now, don't you think 'twas a
little unfair to give us a picture of your solar sys-
tem and omit the sun':- And as in all probability 1
am not the only one of your readers who is disap-
pointed, couldn't you squeeze out time enough to
give that artist one sitting and let us have the ben-
efit of if? But please don't follow the example of the
editor of the Farm Jouniiil when his subscribers re-
quested his portrait. He found an old daguerreo-
type of himself taken in his teens, and the next is-
sue of his paper was adorned ('/) Avith a picture of a
smooth-faced callow jouth who looked so embar-
rassed at having his "picture took" that one
couldn't help feeling how much more comfortable
he would have been if dike "Mattie " in your il-
lustration) he had been taken back to. What we
want is a picture of " Uncle Amos " just as he looks
to-day, whose fatherly counsel, large-hearted phi-
lanthropy, and cheerful, sunny siMrit are helping to
make the world better, even way off here in Massa-
chusetts. Mas. A 13. .Toi.ii.
Taunton, Mass., Oct. 1."), 188T.

Well, now look here, my good friend. If
my name ought to be Sassafras, I wonder
what your name ought to be. I appreciate
the ttiie compliment you pay me ; in fact.
Mother, Connie, Caddie. Ernest, and Iluber
—yes, Maud too ~i you left out Maud i. will
appreciate, and I am sure they will thank
you from the bottom of their hearts, and
will remember you a good long whih'. l>ut
you are making a sad mistake. I wish that I
irn-e such a man as Mr. Robinson ; but 1
am neither tall nor portly ; and if my eyes
twinkle with good nature once in a while,
it is a sad fact that they do not all the time.
May be I shall be a better man, though, after
liaving read your kind letter. 1 liope so.
Well , as a good many otliers have been pe-
titioning for a picture of your liumble ser-
vant just as he is, I suppose we shall have
to give way and have one made ; and to con-
fess the truth, I don't know but you have
shaken me out of the notion I had got into.
In the back part of the A B C book there is
a picture of myself and lilue Eyes ; and, by
the way. I thiiik I will send you the book,
to see if that won't answer. But a good
many of the friends have been calling for a
picture of myself " just as I am," and Er-
nest is one of the loudest in his demands.
He says lie does not want the engraver to
go to work on a new picture from a photo-
graph that was taken a good while ago. Well,
the idea that you have shaken me out of
is this : That we may improve in our looks, as
well as in experience and wisdom, by age ;
and that people see something in us after
we are forty years old that was not to be seen
at any earlier stage. I>y the way, my good
friend Mrs. J., I wonder if 1 shall betrans-
gressing if I say right here that I am jitst
now a little curious to know how old you
are. I know it is a delicate stibject to
touch upon, especially when talking with a
lady; but yoti see you have been so very
friendly that 1 can not help but feel ac-
quainted already. It is so common to re-
gard advancing age as a mislortune, and to
be in haste to think it is time, for us to step

down and out, and let the younger ones take
the floor, that perhaps I had fallen in with
the idea just a little. Then there is anoth-
er good coming out of it : If I have got to
sit for my picture again, I had better be get-
ting ready for it ; and as the spirit that is
out of sight stamps its itnpress on the face
that /.s in sight, I think I had better com-
mence right to-day in cultivating a better
spirit, so that, when the time comes to sit
for my picture, that pleasant look we all
want to see won't be forced and unnatural.
And may be, when I get into the way of it I
may keep on in that line until God calls.
Now, my good friend, I have placed your
communication the very first one in" the
journal, just because of the thought that
you give us— that we may not only grow
wiser and better as we advance in years, but
that our faces may become year by vear
more pleasant and "attractive to our friends
than they have ever been ; and as the task
that devolves upon my poor self in just this
line comes up before me, may I be permit-
ted to breathe again that oft-repeated little
prayer of mine, " Lord, help ! "

THE ANATOMY OF THE HONEY-BEE.

PKOK. f'OOK GIVES US A TALK ON BEES' T.EOS.

N the following articles, giving with accurate il-
I'^l lustrations the anatomy of the honey-bee, 1
shall spare no pains to secure accuracy, both in
description and illustrations. I will first give
attention to the legd of bees; and in the pres-
ent article, to the posterior legs, prefacing my arti-
cle with the remark that no author or writer, so far
as 1 know, has done the subject complete justice,
either with pen or pencil.

All students of natural history now believe that
organs of animals have been modified to adapt
them to the uses to which they arc put. Thus in all
animals, organs most used are most modified, and
so most useful in describing and classifying the ani-
mals. Hence the bee-keeper, knowing how impor-
tant the hind-legs of the worker-bees are in the bee-
economy, would expect them to l)e greatly modified ;
while the scientist, noting the extreme modification,
would feel as certain that they had importaiU and
varied uses in the life-work of the bee.

The leg of the worker-bee, like that of many oth-
er insects, consists of nine joints. The first joint
next to the body (Kig. 1*) is triangular, or, rather,
subcouical, in form; short, and covered with com-
pound or pollen-gathering hairs, and is called the
coxa. This fits into a similarly shaped cavity on the
under side of the bee's thorax— the coxal cavity—
and thus forms the articulation of the leg with the
body. The second joint is in the form of a truncat-
ed cone; is about as long as the coxa, but smaller,
and is also covered with compound hairs. This is
the trochanter. The third joint is known as the fe-
mur, is much the same in form as the trochanter,
but is nearly three times as long, and is also beset
with the pollen-gathering hairs. The fourth joint,
known as the tibia, is fiat, and triangular in outline,
broadening greatly as it extends from the body. On

* The (liawingrs were made under my close scrutiny by one of
my students in entomology, Mr. Fred H. Hillman.

1887

ULEAJSl^GS J^ BEE (JUL.TUUE.

the outside this lias a smooth shallow cavity (F'ig. 3)
which forms tlic upper part of tlic pollen-basket.
This cavity is margined \yitli still' simple hairs, which
extend out and toward the end ot the leg-. They
help to deeiion the cavity. Those on the front edj^e
of the leg' curve toward the opposite edge. A few
of these hairs at the end of the tibia are quile long,
and curve so as to nearly reach the opposite edge of
the leg'. As will be noticed in the figure, there are
also a few compound hairs uii the front cdg-e of the

the family .lpi(/(r, or bees. On the outside (Fig. 2),
especially on the superior back corner, the pollen-
basket is eontiinied. and also deepened by stiff
hairs. Above, on the in.side, is a sort of toothless
jaw, which c()mi)U'ies the iiUeresting apparatus al-
ready referred to. On the inside are nine rows of
l)right yellow stiff hairs. Those act as so many
combs to collect the pollen from the pollen-gather-
ing- hairs. We seldom catch and examine a beo in
the working season that does not show some i)ollen
grains adhering to these beautiful combs. T\to
four remaining tarsi are much as usual, as are the

bee's hind le(j, magnified— two views.
tibia. On the inside, at the outer end of the tibia, is
a row of spines which help to form the curious ,iaw-
like apparatus seen at the joint, or articulation, be-
tween the tibia and next segment, or basal tarsus.
In describing' the jointed part of an insect, as leg,
antenna, or body, we speak of one piece of each
part as a joint, ring', or segment.

The fifth joint, or first or basal tarsus, is very
broad, and really sub-rectangular, as seen in Fig-. 1.
This broad form is pecular to the higher genera of

two claws and intervening piilvillus at the
end of the foot.

The claws are toothed, and the iiulvillus
is lu'oad. 1"he claws not only enable the
bees to hold on to any rough substance,
but also to hang in clusters, as seen when
the bees swarm. The intervening puh illus
secretes a viscid substance which enaldes
the^bee to walk on a vertical sheet ol glass.
As often seen, bees find this difficult il the
glass is powdered with dust.

As already stated, the higher genera
have the broad basal tarsus: and the high-
est—notably ^^n's and l,'()))i/(i(,s— the |)(illen-
cavities. In the carpenter bees the l)asal
tarsus is narrower, and alone possesses the
cavity. In the cuckoo bees, whieh^steal in
to other bees' nests, the basal tarsi; are
wide, but the pollen-baskets are wholly
warning. In the lower bees, those with
short tongues, like A titl re n<i, ihc first tar-
sus is narrow, as in other insects. The pol-
len-gathe'"'"fe^' or compound hairs, are quite com-
mon among bees, often covering much of the body,
especially on the lower side. The peculiar jaw-like
arrangement between the tibia^and tarsus I find
only in the worker-bee of the genus Aiiig, and in the
(jueens and workers of the genus Buiiiliii"- This is
as we should expect, if the function of these for-
ceps is to grasp and convey the wax scales to the
mouth. The beautiful pollen-combs on the inside of
the basal tarsus (Fig. li are peculiar to the hive

S06

CLEANINGS LH BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

bees, or bees of the genus Apis. Such bees need
much pollen, and so are well provided with organs
to collect it. While the stingless bees of Mexico
have well-developed pollen-baskets, they are with-
out the pollen-combs. The absence of the stiff spur
—tibial spur— at the end of the posterior tibia is also
peculiar to our honey-bees, or bees of the genus
Apis.

The compound hairs are peculiarly fitted to collect
the pollen from the stamens of the flowers, and to
hold it till it is combed off by the beautiful combs
already referred to. In some genera of our wild
bees the pollen-brushes are very large on the femo-
ra, and iu some the pollen-baskets are on the tro-
chanter and femur.

The posterior legs of the queen are much the
same form as those of the \vorker. They are
large, but have not pollen-baskets, the highly de-
veloped hairs, the curious jaws and pollen-combs,
which serve to distinguish tbe worker. The drone
has weak legs, with simple hairs; the tibia is more
narrowed toward the femur, and the basal tarsus
has rounded angles. Here we find no pollen-bas-
kets, and the jawlike joint is absent. The drone's
legs are even simpler, or less modified, than the legs
of the queen.

"We see how useful are the posterior legs of the
worker-bees. They aid in walking; they sustain an
enormous weight when bees cluster; they gather,
transfer, and carry the nitrogenous food (the pol-
len) and the propolis; they grasp and carry forwai'd
the delicate wax scales, and aid to clean off the pol-
len as the bee frees its legs of this substance when
the latter is pushed off into the cells of the comb.

There is no wonder, then, that these parts are use-
ful in classifying this part of the great insect-world.
Thus we say, the higher bees have the broadened
basal tarsus, and the pollen-gathering hairs. The
genera Bomhus and Apia, with the stingless bees,
have the pollen-baskets well marked, while only the
two genera. Apis and Bombus, have the jaw-like
joint, and only Apis the pollen-combs. The lower
bees, like Andrena, have all the tarsi narrow. As
some of these Andrena look much like bees, and oft-
en steal into the hives to pilfer honey, it is well to
know their peculiarities.

In our next we will describe the anterior and mid-
dle legs of the worker-bee, which are also very in-
teresting. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

KEEPING BEES ALL WINTER IN A
DOBMANT STATE.

ANOTHER LETTER FROM DANIEL MCFADUEN.

K. ROOT:— We send you to-day a letter from
Daniel McFadden, sent to us by,Mr. Watson,
of Alliston. We have taken a copy of it for
the C. B. J., and hasten to forward it on to
you, hoping that it may reach you in time
for your next issue. No doubt you will see many
points in it of ^much interest. You see they do not
have to make paper, for nature has provided them
with it. They also use the birch bark for canoes,
but of course they use much heavier bnrk. It can
beTpulled apart very thin, or left 'a inch thick, if
desired. You will see it answers very nicely for
paper. They also make many curiosities out of it.
Beeton, Can., Oct. 25, 1887. D. A. Jones.

The letter referred to above, written on
thin sheets of birch bark, reads as follows :

My Dear Watson:—

I was glad to hear from you, and the more so on
account of the bundle of news you sent me; and it
happened I got it very soon after you sent it.
Young Beavertail was out at that time. Well, iu
the first place I must reprimand you for what you
wrote Mr. Root, as to Indians being more intelligent
than white men, and that what they did not know
was not worth knowing. Now, you know I did not
say any such thing. I only said the Indians know
some very useful things that white men do not
know ; but of course we all know they are not to be
compared to white men in general intelligence;
and in the sciences they are nowhere. Well, it is
no wonder Mr. Root told you to be careful about
placing confidence in me after what you told him.
Now, I hope you will make no gratis statements for
me in the future, if you have occasion to write to
any pei-son. Indeed, I am almost sorry I either
told you or wrote to Mr. Root at all about our bee-
business; but I have done it, and it is so.

I see one man was experimenting by putting bees
in the snow, and could not revive them after three
days. 1 don't wonder at that. In the first place, he
starved them about to death; next, he wot them
by putting warm bees in the snow; then he kept
them in a room where there was plenty of air, and
no doubt dampish; then he warmed them at the
stove, although he tried some iu the sun with bet-
ter results. Now, just here I will answer your
questions and tell where he was wrong.

Bees must not be starved; they must not be
damp; they must not have any circulation of air
about them, nor aii'-space. They would be likely to
mildew and spoil; they must be at least above the
freezing-point, which a bank of early snow never
reaches, if made deep enough before hard frosts
set in. If that man had made a magnifying piece
of ice, and examined his bees, in 3 days he would
have found mildew about their waists. The sun's
rays is the only safe way to bring the bees to ani-
mation. Now I think that is all I can tell you about
it. Remember that the bees must not be packed
away starved. They must be perfectly dry, have
no open air about them, nor light; no change of
temperature, such as opening a hole in to them
after they are packed. They must be opened only
to the warm sun.

Now, as to our spring report, I have not much to
say, but here it is. I put 250 colonies in a cave in
the fall. I took out earlier than usual, the 20th of
April, and exposed them to the sun, sheltered from
the wind, my hives being tipped toward the sun.
Two hundred and forty-seven came to all right.
We made an ice magnifier and found a light mil-
dew around the three that were lifeless. They were
extra strong hives, and we not only think but know
by experience that we did not get them properly
cooled before puttiiigHheni under the snow. We
thought, as we had lost none for several years, and
never lost but three since I started in with him.
that we had got it down so fine that we should
never lose any more; but you see we were mis-
taken. However, we don't fret about that.

Well, as to your other questions, first, I never
want to live among white people again. We never
saw and never want to see a missionary tramp in
our territory. Second, we raise corn, buckwheat,
and potatoes; we have fresh fish and dried fish.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

809

venison, and moose beef; same way we have fat
beaver, otter, fat dog, and often bear, pheasant,
duck, and geese in abundance. Salt ? ah, well, if
I tell you we have a fine salt-spring 1 hope it will
not excite the greed of white fiends to rummage our
country for money-making. As for utensils, we
have pots and all kinds of dishes, made of clay. We
have a fine white hard clay. Wo have spoons,
scraper, and ladles, made of copper. The scrapers
are for cleaning and tanning skins. 1 don't wish to
make any further statements as to where and how
we get or make the copper basins, and I don't ex-
pect you to send the whole of my letter to the bee-
paper— only the bee-report, and I don't care an
acorn whether you send that either.

Well, we had an extra honey-yield this year so
far. We have the second top on them all now, and
I believe they will fill them full. You ask me the
way we use honey as food and as a medicine. We
use it in johnnj'-cake, and then use it with the
cakes. We use it with buckwheat too. We use it
with dried meat; we use it with spruce to make
beer, which is a grand drink In summer. We use
it in preserving the fruit we gather. As for medi-
cine, we boil a weed I used to know as hoarhound;
strain and simmer down till very strong, then
add honey, about equal; take it cold, little and
often. It will cure the worst cold on the lungs.
Sometimes we use hemlock boughs instead of the
weed, not ground hemlock. We use it with cherry
bark too. Now, there is one thing I should like to
ask you about. We have used so much honey, we
have a great quantity of wax. We made a wigwam
to store it in. We used some of it in fat for light,
but it has accumuiated until I think we have
twenty pony-loads of it. A pony will carry 300
pounds a long journey. That would be 6000 pounds.

I don't want to know nor hear what any of the
bee-men say about me and my bee-talk. It is
nothing to us. I don't care to tell them any more
about our bees; in fact, I haven't let my people
know that I told what I did last winter. White
men may stick to their theories. I have done my
duty to them, and that is all I have to say. We are
all well.,and happy, and hope you and your friends
are the same. Daniel McFadden.

Raven's Peak, North Nipissing Ter., Aug. 31, 1887.

We give the above as we received it ; and
were it not for the fact that friend Jones
has succeeded in a similar way for three
weeks, we might drop the whole matter
where it is. It seems that friend McFadden
does not care to be questioned any further.
It would seem as if this letter were a report
in regard to bee culture further north than
any thing we have had heretofore. North
Nipissing Territory can be found in detail
on a large and complete map of Canada;
and it is possible that some of our readers
may be able to give us more information in
regard to this new field for bee culture.
The principal thing that concerns us now is
to determine by experiment how long bees
may live, when filled and properly put away
in a chilled condition, buch cold-storage
rooms as those belonging to A. C. Kendel, In
Cleveland, are to be found in any of our large
cities, and will give facilities for securing
any degree of temperature, and any degree
of dryness of the atmosphere. Shutting off
the light and air are things that are easily
accomplished. It seems likely, from the ex-

periment that friend Jones lias given us,
that bees put up in this way, filled witli
honey, would live until the honey is con-
sumed ; and in this apparently lifeless con-
dition, it is altogether probable that the
amount of food consumed would be but a
fraction compared witli that consumed by
an active bee.

OUR p. BENSON LETTER.

.INKS KOMF'OSKI) (IN SKKIN OF
JN HONKV.

A liKK DHOWNKI)

Smoll inscck frale
You thot to sale
In seas of feed
& took no heed.

Alass! alass!
It came to pass
From bein to greedy
Thou now ai-t needy.

Why wnzzent you content
To continyew to went
Among the flowers
In life's gay owersV

Did you wish

To be a flsh.

That you cood swim

Like a whale in such im-

Mense quontitjes of hunn> :

Or wert thou a duek
To jutnp in kerchiick,
1 n the hunny to tioto
Like a swift sailing bote,
And never to sink

'sail on, sail on, o ship of state! ' .
In the drink?

I spose with joy you loudly sung
As in the deep yourself you flung,
"Sail on, sail on, O ship of state."
But found you coodent when it was too
late.

Yuro wings were made to Hy

On hy

Up tored the sky.

Thou wast not made to go

Belo,

Whare see-weeds gro.

O butifool crecher of lite,
Whitch wurks in the day & the nite
Youl coz your fond muther to sy
When never agane you cum ny.

In f ucher lurn,
Howair you yum
To git a lot
Rite on the spot,
Doant take no notion
To sale in the otion.

. Benson A. B. S.

810

(! LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

BEES, BERRIES, AND POULTRY.

SOMETHING KKOM ONE OF OUK SUBSCKIBEUS WHO
MANAGES ALL THUEE TOGETHER.

N Gleanings, Oct. 1, Dr. C. C. Miller thinks bee-
keeping and g-rowingr small fruits won't work
together. If he could visit my place he would
change his opinion, for my bees have a very
happy time on fruit-blossoms. We have now
some three acres of red raspberries among other
fruit; and from the middle of May to nearly the
niiddie of July the bees swarm on the blossoms
from morning till night; and in wet weather, when
they can't work on other plants they arc always
busy on raspberries; and our blackberries are a
splendid plant for them also. After a fair trial I
think bee-keeping and growing fruit is a success
with me; and after eight years' experience I also
say, for the next business to pass away idle mo-
ments, give me poultry. I raise three or four hun-
dred chicks every year; and don't they have a nice
time running among the bashes? Not many worms
or bugs escape their eyes. They are always healthy
and sharp; no hawks can catch them under the
bushes. I can tend all three, and yet have time to
play and not make as many mistakes as I have in
writing this. A. J. Pehkins.

Johnstown, N. Y.,Oct. 5, 18CT.

After receiving the jibove we wrote friend
P. for furtlier pjirticiilars, and he replies as
follows:

HOW AND WHY BEES AND I'OULTRV DO NOT CON-
FLICT.

My time is so fully occupied that I can hardly
spend time to write as I should like. At any rate, I
will take the last of my te.\t first, and commence
with poultry.

Our poultry year commences by the first of Sep-
tember. At thistlme we usually sort our Hocks, and
))ut from twelve to twenty of our nicest pullets in
each flock. We generally winter eight Hocks, or
from 100 to 1.50 fowls (the cocks are not allowed to
.run with the hens, but are kept in pens by them-
selves until breeding time, and then put with the
hens about two days each week). We keep only
pure-bred fowls. We have at this time Light Brah-
ma, Plymouth Rocks. Brown Leghorns, and Silver-
spangled Hamburgs. Our chicks hatched in April
or May will commence to lay in September or Octo-
ber. About September first, when we sort our
flocks, we keep our best pullets and cockerels, sell-
ing the culls. During the fall and winter we try, by
extra feed and good care, to get the selected stock
to lay all they will when eggs bring a large price.

We feed wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat (mixed,
one-fourth of each), as soon as it is light in the
morning, and the last thing just before dark. At
noon we give them some warm feed, such as pota-
toes, turnips, apples, or vegetables of any kind,
boiled and mixed with meal or shorts. Wo also
put in sometimes a little linseed meal and fine bone
flour. This will give them a glossy plumage, and
keep them in nice condition. Cracked hone and
oyster-shells are always before them, and they are
given meat of some kind twice each week. For
green food, cabbage is best. A little clover hay is
good now and then. This I cut 'n the straw-cutter,
and find it works well. Fresh water is gi\ en dailj-.

Four or five days before we want to sa\'e eggs for
hatching, we put the cocks with the hens. We com-
mence to set in March, and usually set from thirty

to forty hens. At first we give each hen eleven
eggs; as the season gets warmer we give more, un-
til the last hens sometimes have as many as twenty
eggs. Ten chicks is a fair hatch for each hen. I
have had as many as nineteen. When the chicks
are hatched we i)ut about twenty with a hen in a
coop, some distance from the house, near our ber-
ries, in the orchard. In the orchard or in the garden
they will pick bugs and worms from morning \intil
night; and if you give them all they will eat they
will not trouble your fruit or vegetables. In giving
twenty chicks to each hen we have to take some
from another hen just hatching. This hen we set
again, and sometimes for the third time.

Now, this is all done by May first, l)efore it is time
in our section to work with bees. We have spent
with the fowls about two hours each day in winter,
thus leaving plenty of time to do other work, fixing
bee-hives. Last winter I made 44 ehatt' hives be-
sides doing a great deal of other work. After our
chicks are in coops in the bushes, our trouble is
over. We feed them at first five times a day. Aft-
er they are five or six weeks old we feed them three
times a day. We take the hen away when they are
about four weeks old. The young cocks we sell to
the market when they weigh from a pound and a
half to three |)ounds. During the summer we sell
our old stock, and in September we sort our stock
and commence again on another year. Of course,
I don't expect to get rich keeping fowls, but they
helji; and after an experience of eight years I am
satisfied that they are profitable, and in connection
with bee-keeping certainly are with me a success.

Here is my account with fowls last season, ending
Sept. I.

Debit. Credit.

$15 54 $16 44

9 08 11 49

8 61 6 03
4 30 fi 02
4 10 22 35
.') 10 18 04

11 0« 24 1!)

6 06 20 82

6 35 31 22

10 67 20 03

9 33 3.T '78
10 53 19 2T

Sept.,

Oct.,

Nov.,

Dec,

Jan.,

Feb.,

Mar.,

Apr.,

.May,

June,

July,

Aug.,

*100 83 $231 68

Profit after paying for all feed used. $130 8,")
I think the manure, and eggs and poultry used in
my family more than pay for the care I gave them.
My credit to them is only for fowls and eggs sold,
and charge them for all feed at market price.
Johnstown, N. V., Oct. 19, 1887. A. J. PEKKiNS.

Why, friend P., you have almost got
" Stocidard''s Egg-Farm '' in practical work-
ing order on a small scale. If this were a
poultry-journal instead of a bee-journal, 1
should ask you a multitude of ([uestions. 1
am going to risk a couple, any way. How
do you keep eight docks separate without
fences V and how much ground does it need
for 1-50 fowls as you keep them V In other
words, iiow far ji'part are tiie eight flocks V
May be you keep tliem fenced up ; but if so,
I don't see just how tliey could rini among
your berries. Your little story liasmademe
feel this morning as if I siiould like to take
the first train and payyou a visit. .Just one
month in a year the feed cost more than the
eggs came to, and that moutli is November.
Can't you get enough extra pullets to keep
up the credit side, even in November V

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUiiE.

811

Bee ENT0JI0L06Y,

Or Enemies of Bees Among the Insect Tribe.

SOUTHERN BEE-KILLER.

R. P. HILL, Narrows, Brevard Co., Fla., sends
a large bumble - bee - like robber - tly, of
which he writes: " I take the liberty to
send you a tiy which you will please send to
Prof. Cook. 1 caught it with a bee in its
ruouth. He is vei-y strong with his mandibles,
readily biting through the thick skin on the inside
of my hand. I should like the name and habits of
this fly."

Mr. A. \V. Tufts, t)f Mussou, La., sends to me,
through Gleanings, two similar Hies, except they
are slightly siualler. The one from Mr. Hill might
be compared in size to a (lueen bumble-bee; those
I'rora Mr. Tufts, to the smaller worker. Mr. Tufts
writes : "He is a worse enemy to the honey-bee than
the mosquito-hawk, or great dragon-tiy. When he
is disturbed he flies a short distance, alights, and
flies again. He will go right to the entrance of the
hive for his prey, thus ditfering from the mosquito-
hawk, which takes his on the wing."

] have received these same robber-flies from
several other bee-keepers of the South this season,
and on pi-evious years; and as I have not received
these flies from the North, while the long slim black
robber-Hies are also destructive north, I will call
these the Southern bee-killers. As there ai-e no
good illustrjitioiis of these Hies, so far as I know, T
will s<'iiil ;i yiMid Hgure and quite full description.

MAIJ.OPHOKA OKCJN.V.

t)f these Hies, 1 write as follows in my Manual, p.
;il9:

There are two other species of this family, Mallo-
iilmra orcina and 3/. homlKiiilcs, which ditfei- greatly
from those mentioned above (species of ^'l.vih(,s ern.r
and Proiintchun, which are dark gray or black, with
long slim bodies thinly covered with hairs). They
look more like bumble-bees, for which they have
been mistaken.

A/. orfvn«, the smaller of these Southern bee-kill-
ers, is about one inch long, and expands (see figure)
P.{ inches. M. hoinhoideti is a little larger. Both are
yellow with black bands, and are densely clothed
with hairs. The beak is verj- strong, and it is with
this that these marauders are enabled to pierce the
thick crust, and suck the life-blood of bee or other
insect. It will be remembered that these, with all
two-winged flies, belong to the order Diptera. All
of these insects have their mouth-parts modified
into a strong beak with which they pierce and suck.
Thus it were more proper to say, perhaps, that the
robber-flies, mosquitoes, and horse-flies, stab or
pierce, than to say that they bite. These flies have
a very strong beak, large strong feet (see Manual,
Figs, nfi and 176, p. .'ilO), and very prominent eyes.

As intimated by Messrs. Hill and Tufts, these are
very ferocious insects. Indeed, they are very lions
among the insect-tribes, or they would not dare at-
tack the honey-bees. With their close allies, the
asilus flies, they do much good, and we have only
i to regret that both these flies have the unwelcome
I habit of attacking and killing bees. It is to be
! hoped that they will never be numerous enough to
j cause serious anxiety. If they do, we must resort
1 to hand-catching by aid of handle-nets.
j Agricultural College, Mich. A. .F. Cook.

Pri'f. Co(ik:—J inclose a species of the bumble-bee
that prove to be honey-thieves. They fly into the
hives unmolested; but some of them are killed, as
we found some lying in front. They were always
of the color of the specimen sent. Unless very
numerous, they could not do much harm.

.T. L. GEYEii. M. r>.

Norwich, ()., Oct. l:i, 1887.

Prof. Cook replies as follows :

The bumble-bee from J. L. Geyer, Norwich, Ohio,
is the worker of one of our most common species—
Bombus Virgiana. Evidently it had had a hard
time, as its thora.x and abdomen were like old Uncle
Ned's head. The hair was all gone. This is very
apt to be true of any of the wild bees that are brave
enough to enter a populous colony of bees. The
bees, in striving to repeljthe invaders, rid them of
their capillary covering. I do not think Dr. Geyer
need have any fears of these bees. The special
ones will be all dead another year, and their rela-
tives will, quite likely, be of a more honest turn of
mind. A. .7. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

Bee Bdw^^,

OR, HONEY - PLANTS TO BE NAMED.

THE BONESET.

K. ALWIN S. HEIM, of Chandler, Indiana,
sends two species of Eupoinriuin—boneset
—of which he says: " No. 3 we call boneset.
T sent^No. 1 to Mr. Root, and he called that
boneset. Are there two kinds of bonesets?
No. 3 has yielded honey plentifully for three years,
while No. 1 seems worthless. Both are in bloom at
the same time. Please say in Gleaninos which is
which."

No. 2 is Eapatvriiiiii perfoltatv in, or the common
boneset, or thoroughwort. It is %"ery common on
low ground all through the North, and is an excel-
lent honey-plant. The honey is dark, but of pleas-
ant flavor. No. 1 is Eupatminm ageratoides. It is
known as white snake-root. 1 think it does often
attord nectar; but as it grows on higher ground, we
can understand why it has been void of nectar the
past season of drought, while the common bone-
set has been in damp places, where it grows and
flourishes, and so has not been so afflicted l^j-
drought. Yet I must say that boneset, goldenrods,
and asters, have failed us entirely this year for the
first time.

Let me add to the above, that we have thirteen
species of eupatorium, as given by Gray. This au-
thor gives eleven species of the beautiful golden-
rods— solidago— and sixteen species of the equally
handsome and valuable asters. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural rollogo, Mich

81:

Cl.EA^i^tiS m BEE CULTUKE.

Nov.

ASTER.

Pnif. (7oo7f ;— By this mail I send you a specimen of
a splendid honey-plant, known here as Kelley's
honey-plant. It blooms here about the first of
September; yields fair honey in great quantities.
Please name, and give history in GiiEANiNOS. My
bees work on it from morning till night. The honey
is good for wintering. Last winter my bees had no
other honey, and I did not lose a swarm. 1 can fur-
nish seed if desii-ed. M. A. Kelley.

Milton, W. Va., Sept. 23, 1887.

Prof. Cook replies :

The plant sent by M. A. Kelley, Milton, W. Va.,
is an aster. The asters are always to be praised as
honey-plants. They secrete abundantly, and afford
excellent honey. Indeed, were aster honey as
white as that from clover it would rank first or
among the most prized of our honeys. I judge, al-
so, from the excellent reports of it this year, that it
is good in certain regions to stand the drought.
I must say, however, that, while our bees are in ex-
cellent trim to store honey, still we have secured
no honey this fall to speak of, though we have
many autumn plants, among which are several
species of asters. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

APIFUGE.

.V GOOD-NATUKED REPLY.

SEAR SIR:— I am loth to ti'ouble you again
with my affairs; but my love of fair play will
scarcely permit me to remain quiet so long-
as my preparation continues handicapped
by your remarks. On the other hand, I free-
ly acquit you of a purposed intention of being
either unjust or unfair, our esprit de corps as bee-
keepers forbidding any such thought for an in-
stant. You are prejudiced, though, Mr. Root,
without knowing it, perhaps; for you say, " Lest
you may think I am prejudiced I take the follow-
ing from the pen of one of your own countrymen,"
pi'oceeding to quote an unfavorable (almost the
only adverse and certainly far the worat) testimoni-
al which has appeared amongst scores of favora-
ble ones. These you totally ignore, though you
must have seen them— editorials in the British Bee-
Journal, LaEevne Internationale, L'Apicidteur, testi-
monials from such men as Mr. Cowan, M. Bertrand,
and others. Even the one you quote must be most
exceptional, for the writer of it had a stock so
Avicked that neither smoke nor carbolic acid was of
any use, and even lie says, "That apifuge is useful
in some cases, I know; but not with these particu-
lar bees."

fjet me be well understood. Apifuge is a protect-
ive only for the surface on which it is rubbed (how
you can use the word " smeared," after having
used a substance not unlike brandy, I know not).
It will not sole boots nor draw teeth; but it has
kept and will keep the editor of Gleanings free
from the stings of even those " Cyps " who select
the spot beforehand through their little telescopes.
" Let us do justice, though the heavens fall."

R. A. H. GaiMSHAW.
Crag Hill, Horseforth, Eng., Oct. 3, 1887.

It may be that I am prejudiced ; if so, I
try hard not to be. In either event, let me
refer you to the statement of one who, of all

our correspondents, is singularly free from
prejudice. I refer to Prot. Cook ; see page
729, Oct. 1st issue.

OCCUPATIONS TO GO "WITH BEE-
KEEPING.

can other industries be managed success-
fully, and not interfere with bees?

aR. MILLER has chosen a very opportune time
to discuss the question of bee-keeping in
connection with other pursuits. No doubt
a great many of those who have made bee-
keeping more or less a business are doing
some very hard thinking as to whether the special-
ty business may not be overdone. There are not
many occupations that are liable to ever prove so
complete a failure as bee-keeping was the past sea-
son in this locality. It may be well enough for one
to make a specialty of bee-keeping if he has the
means to carry him over a bad season without
hardship; but I think there are not very many bee-
keepers who are able to work a whole year for less
than nothing, as the past season has showed may
sometimes be the lot of the specialist.

I can agree with Dr. Miller in all that he has said
about small-fruit raising, with perhaps one excep-
tion. I know that it would take a very exceptional
man, unless he had thoroughly competent and re-
liable assistants, to successfully manage a large
apiary and a large berry-plantation at the same
time. I have a brother who raises strawberries.
They are not very far from my apiary, but it has
been no small vexation to me that I was not able to
get into that berry-patch and enjoy the sight of
the ripening fruit and the luxury of picking it
from the vines myself more than three or four
times during the season. I simply could not get
away from the bees. Plainly, the combination of
bees and berries as a business is scarcely to be con-
sidered. One or the other is almost certain to be
neglected.

Nor do I think very much more of poultry-keep-
ing. There is this to be said against it, as well as
some other industries that might be named, in that
it requires a certain amount of at:ention not only-
everyday, but several times a day. Rain or shine,
whether honey be coming in or not, the chickens
must be attended to or they will suffer; and during
the honey season, when a man knows that his time
is worth several times as much in the apiary as in
the chicken-yard, the chickens are apt to be neg-
lected.

I once heard some ladies discussing various
household duties, and their preference among
them. Dish-washing seemed to have no friends.
AH agreed that it was simply an unavoidable evil.
The reason for this, I thought, was very aptly put
by one of them when she said. " I should not mind
it so much, only it's always." Now, one reason why
I like bee-keeping is that it is not " always." Of
course, there are times when the bee-keeper is
bound closely enough at home; but during half the
year, and at intervals during the other half, bees
may be left to themselves, not only without detri-
ment, but to positive advantage. There is plenty
of work, to be sure, to be done in these intervals;
but as a rule it does not have to be done at any
fixed time. The freedom and independence which
this gives, form one of the charms of bee-keeping,

1887

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

813

and I should not like to go at any thing- else that
destroys this charm.

The field of winter work for the apiarist is a very
wide one, and each must decide for himself, ac-
cording to his situiitiou, taste, abilities, and ac-
quirements. When it conies to summer work, that
field is narrowed down. It must b^ something that
will not take him fi-om home. It must bo some-
thing in which his time is his own. It should be
something that will not absolutely require imme-
diate attention at any particular time, especially
when honey is to be expected. I, for one, should be
glad to hear any suggestions in regard to occupa-
tions meeting these requirements.

There is one branch of fruit-raising that, to my
mind, comes very near it. This is the production
of grapes. The vine, with proper care and selec-
tion of varieties, will do well almost anywhere. It
will bear considerable neglect, yet its culture af-
fords abundant opportunity for intelligent skill to
produce superior results. It requires only ordina-
ry cultivation. The fruit ripens at a time when the
work of the apiary is usually not very pressing.
It does not require to be picked and marketed on
the very day it is ripe. There is a considerable
time between the ripening of the earliest and latest
varieties; and many kinds maybe kept for a long
time after thes' are ripe, before marketing. As to
a market, I have seen, in a neighboring town,
grapes from California selling alongside of those
from New York. One thing more: Whenever a
bee-keeper becomes a raiser of grapes, a very
strong aigument is brought to bear on the much-
ve.xed (jucstion of bees rs.. grapes. J. A. Oreen.

Dayton, 111., Oct. 7,1887.

I will tell you, fiiencl Green : Start a
gi'eenhouse, and raise lettuce in the winter,
and (.'eler3\ tomato, and other kinds ot
plants, later. It your bees are properly car-
ed for in the fall, they will hardly need look-
ing after until the greenhouse and plant
business are laid aside. By the way, I wish
some bee-keeping friend iii or about Chica-
go would kindly look up the location of the
Chicago lettuce greenhouses, so as to pilot
me aroiuid when there, without my being
obliged to hunt them up myself, and waste
valuable time. Do I happen to have a
friend inclined toward market-gardening, in
the vicinity of Chicago V

MRS. CHADDOCK GOING TO FLORIDA.

SHE ACCEPTS MR. DRUMRIGHT'S PKItPOSlTlON TO
GO TENTING, ETC.

fOR three years, friend Hart has been trying to
find me a nice easj- place in Florida, such as
schoolteaching, sewing, or companion to
some rich lady; but so far he has been un-
successful. The last letter I had from him
said that general housework was the only thing
needed. Then I wrote him to get me thefineat posi-
tion possible as hired girl. This is what I call com-
ing down to hard pan. I have always contended,
when writing on the subject of women's work, that
" general housework " is .iust as respectable as any
other trade, and that girl.'; had much better engage
in it than do shopwork in cities at starvation prices;
and now I propose to put myself in her place and
see just how it feels. I suppose I shall have to say

" ma'a'm," when speaking to my " mistress," and
never have any opinion of my own.

I'd much rather tent out; but where are the oth-
ers who will go " snooks " with nie'r' And will those
fresh oysters that Mr. Di'umright tells about come
high, or can wo wade in and help ourselves free
gratis for nothing? I like that tenting idea first
rate; but won't it bo awl'ully cold and chilly part
of the time'i' and won't the rains comedown, and
make us all dampV and when it storms, won't the
tent blow over and Hap its wet sides in our faces'?
Of course, if I go I shall have to take my chances
of wind and weather. Now, here is another adver-
tisement: "All those wishing to go on the Chad-
dock Tenting Kxpedition to Florida will please
communicate with the undersigned. Every fellow
to find himself and help do the cooking. Women
preferred; but a man or two along might be found
useful. Expedition to start dining the holidays,
and stay until everybody is satisfied."

M.\H.4L.\ B. Chadkock.
Vermont, 111., Oct., 1887.

FOUL BROOD.

now A MAN KEKL.S WHEN HE BINDS HK HAS KOUI.
BROOD.

TN the fall of 188.5 I purchased a colony of hybrirl
M bees from a man who had foul brood (as I after-
]|[ ward found out) in his apiary. The following
^ spring and summer I did not see a trace of it;
but when the season of 1887 opened I spread
the brood too much in this colony. The result was,
I had one or two frames of chilled brood. This, I
believe, started foul brood in my apiary. At any
rate, in about four weeks all the brood - combs
this colony had were pretty well riddled. Some
time later I began reading Gt-eanings, and noticed
under the head of Our Own Apiary the carbolic-acid
treatment of scratching open the capped brood-
cells and spraying with a solution of 5,',,, carbolic
acid and water. Although I do not take any stock
in this mode of treatment as a cure, yet I believe it
prevented the spread of the disease, to a very
great extent. About this time I found that three
others had caught the contagion. Now, may be you
can imagine how nervous 1 felt; and porha])? the
cold sweat did not stand on me more than once. In
order to cure it I have found this one thing to be a
fact: You want as many bees as you can have; in
fact, the stronger the colony is, the quicker it can
be cured. If the colony were weak I would supply
healthy capped brood until it was strong. My in-
fected colonies were all strong but one, and that
one I quickly made so. Then I commenced feeding
granulated-sugar syrup with the addition of carbol-
ic acid (crystals) in the proportion of 1 to .500. First,
I poured the mi.xture into the brood-combs (after
Cheshire), after which I allowed the bees to take it
from a feeder as fast as they would carry it. I
looked into the hives yesterday, Sept. 21, and found
all the brood healthy except one frame. This had
six or eight sunken caps. I gave them another
dose of the stutf. 1 think now they are in a fair way
to prosperity. When 1 looked into these four hives
and saw the snow-white larva^ I felt like giving veiU

' to a Comanche war-whoop; indeed, I haven't got
over feeling jubilant yet. It may break out again
slightly next spring, but I feel that 1 have got it by

I the windpipe now. Of course, 1 had the "cold

.S14

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

sweats " by fits and starts during' all this treatment;
and not until 1 had the disease under control, and
this dreaded Moloch had yielded, did 1 relapse, and
It nearly extracted the war-whoop of delight.

Mr. Root, I don't suppose you want to take any
advice Irom me in regard to your health, as the old
heads seem to keep you pretty well stocked with
that article; but I want to say just this, and I guess
the old heads and all will agree with me when I
tell you to bo vei-y careful of your health, that it
may not prevent your thoughts from appearing in
each issue of Gleanings for some time to come.

0:ean, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1887. Geo. Shiber.

Tlianks lor your valuable report, friend S.
I tell you, we can all ot us afford to ind'uljje in
a war-whoop if we succeed in devising a plan
fi'r coiKiuering it ; and one pninL you make
gives me a ray of hope. You say that strong
colonies are much better able to cope with
the disease, and tliat foul brood broke out
oidy wlien you spread a colony so as to crip-
ple their powers. We have before this (see
page 7:iG) intimated that a powerful colony
could clean out and destroy foul brood when
it had first started. This, you know, is exact-
ly the case with the woik of the bee-moth.
With eneigeticltalians. and enough of them,
if given one comb at a time containing a lit-
tle foul brood, is it not possible they could
clean it out and get healtliy brood in its
place? I don't suggest this as a remedy,
but as a valuable aid in working toward'a
remedy. Thar carbolic acid, though not af-
fecting a cure, does prevent the spread of
the disease, agrees exactly with our experi-
ence (see page 7o0 of Oct. 1st issue). Before
foul brood came into our apiary, I didn't
know the unsealed lai va3 were affected ; but
since 1 learned it I know just how to ap-
preciate your feelings when you saw those
rows of snow-white larvae, in place of the
brown looking dead ones. In regard to your
last remark, I have for a few weeks back
been fearing that some of our friends would
hope I would get sick, or that something
else would happen so I wouldn't take up
quite so much space that might perhaps be
better filled by others.

THE PROSPECTS FOR BEE-KEEPING
IN JAMAICA.

THE CIIAKACTEIl AND CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

SEAR BROTHER:— The goods you sent came to
hand in perfect order, and I found no troub-
le in putting them together. The customs-
officfr gave me some trouble, and delayed
the goods nearly two weeks. I shall have no
trouble hereafter. The people wondered greatly at
the extractor, etc., and said, " America great coun-
try; Jamaica good for nothing." The assistant in-
spector of schools visited mo last week and was
very much interested in m.v apiary and supplies; he
gave rae his order for one two story Simplicity hive
complete. Before your goods arriv(>d I made five
one-stoi-y Simplicity hives, and procured five
swarms of bees. I followed the instructions in the
ABC book and transferred them without trouble,
using thorns. This is not the season for honey, but
the bees are g'athering some honey and plenty of
pollen. They will begin to make honey in Novem-
ber, but the season proper oi)ens in .lanuary and

extends to July In this district. I have made, dur-
ing odd moments, a handsome show-case for comb
honey; and have made arrangements with one of
the leading merchants in Kingston to sell it. Peo-
ple say I can't sell my honey, but I am confident I
can, if I put it up in first-class condition. All the
honey I have yetiseen in market was put up in stick
black bottles, and some of them had banana leaves
rolled up for corks. I am confident that the people
can make money out of honey at four or five cents
a pound.

1 have examined your catalogue, and saw so
many little trinkets that a missionary can't get
here, and can't well live without, that 1 have decid-
ed to send you an order. I can import most of what
I eat and us,; for less than I can buy them in Kings-
ton. Lumber for hives costs at Providence just as
much as your hives will cost at catalogue price.
Lumber suitable for hives, delivered at Providence.
costs *40.00 per M.

By putting a hive in the hands of some of the
most apt of the people, I can instruct them to use
them with profit. Missionary effort in this island is
almost hopeless unless the financial condition of
the peojilc can be improved. The standard wages
for a man is one shilling, and for a woman nine
pence per day. They will toil from morning till
night beneath a tropical sun for that pittance, and
at night a single pound of miserable codfish costs
si.x pence, and a pound of ham costs one shilling
and a penny half-penny. Some of my neighbors
have six small children to support out of the pit-
tance that they earn. At such wages you will not
be surprised when I tell you that the people live in
huts covered with grass, or thatched with palm
leaves, and walled with bamboo and daubed with
mud. There are two rooms in their houses; gener-
ally one table, and one or two chairs or stools.
For the most part, their beds consist of cocoanut
mats, which they spread on the floor at night, and
in the morning they roll them up and stand them in
a corner. Their clothing is of the poorest quality,
and they have but little at that. The children gen-
erally wear a garment which resembles a bag with
two slits cut down on each side from the top, a hole
cut in the bottom for the head to go through, and
arm holes cut at or near each corner. For the want
of a better name we call them " mother Hubbards "
when worn by a girl, and " father Hubbards" when
worn by a boy. It is not an uncommon sight to
see whole families of children denuded, playing by
the wayside. These children are to be the men
and women by and by; and what can you expect of
them morally, when brought up in such poverty
and wretchedness. But I must not occupy more of
your time.

My mission work is progressing fairly well; near-
ly ev^ery meeting witnesses one or more precious
souls turn to the Lord. All of our ministers but two
are sick. The pastor of the Duke Street church in
Kingston has symptoms of yellow fever. All we can
do is, pray and wait. J. W. Jenkins.

Providence, St. Mary, Ja., W. I., Oct. a, 1887.

I will explain to our readers, that friend
Jenkins was formerly a pastor in one of our
Medina churches, therefore his excellent let-
ter possesses a double interest to the Medi-
na people. May God bless those children
with their mother Hubbards and father
Hubbards; and may the time soon come
when tliey shall not only be clothed decent-

)887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

815

ly. bnt be educated and trained for the re-
sponsibilities that are soon to come npon
them: and may (iod abundantly bless and
stierifjthen yon and your good wife, friend
.1.. in the ur'eat work you have undertaken.

DOOLITTLE'S KEPORT FOR 1887.

WHAT HK II AS I5KEN DOING, AND HOW HE HAS
SUCCEEDED.

ip S usual. 1 put, one year ago, alioiit half of my
^ bees in the cellar, and left the other half on
r' their summer stands, packed with chaff and
^ fine straw all around the sides, with a saw-
dust cushion about four inches thick, on top.
The winter was unusually severe in this locality,
with no chance for a tiight for the bees for five
months, or from Nov. 10th to April JOth.this being-
the long-est I ever knew bees on the summer stands
kept in their hives. Of the 40 wintered outdoors F
lost 6; and from the 50 wintered in the cellar the
loss was only one, which one starved to death.
This colony consumed ~3 lbs. of stores before dying,
while many other colonies as near like it as two
peas are like each other, as far as 1 could see, did
not consume 8 lbs. each during the six months they
were in the cellar. Who among our great men in
the bee-world will tell me why that one colony
should have consumed nearly three times as much
as any other, under precisely the same conditions
us far as human vision could discern? The esti-
mated average consumption of honey per colony
wintered in the cellar was 7'/2 lbs., and U lbs. for
each colony wintered outdoors. The ditterence re-
garding the consumption of honey is not quite so
marked generally, between cellar wintering and
chaff hives; and my way of accounting for it is,
that the long-continued cold caused the bees to use
this food or fuel to keep warm with to a greater ex-
tent than they do when there is an occasional warm
spell.

After getting the bees from winter (juarters, the
spring, generally speaking, was unfavorable, the
nights being cold all the while till nearly July. As
my correspondence and other matters pressed up-
on my time very much, so much so that my physi-
cian said I must do less or break down in health,
I concluded to sell off my bees so as to keep a much
less number than 1 had at first intended. Conse-
quently, the first of June found me with only 26
(lueens in my yard, 1.5 of which were mothers of
fair colonies of bees; 5, mothers of rather weak
colonies, and the remaining 6 had little more than
bees enough with them to pull through to warm
weather. In selling, I sent off my best colonies,
and in reality I had but one really good colony in
the 26, after sending off those sold. This one I
would not spare, as it had my best drone-rearing
queen in it, and I wished to preserve it for early
drones. Before I fairly got straightened around
to know what I had left to begin the season with,
orders for queens began to pour in to such an ex-
Icnt that I feared I should be swamped. However,
I had concluded to work 20 of the 26 for honey,
which I did, although there was not one of them,
except the colony containing the drone queen, but
that contributed largely toward my queen-rearing,
by way of furnishing bees and brood for nuclei.
Owing to the cold niuhts it seemed almost impos-

sible to get the bees to breed up during the last
half of May and in June, as they usually do. For
this reason 1 saw that a large crop of basswood
honey could not be obtained, let the rest of the sea-
son be ever so good; for, 37 days before the bass-
wood was to bloom, the hives were not half full of
brood, while, to have the promise of a good .'siold,
every available cell should have been occupied by
the queen at least that number of da>s before the
honey-harvest commenced. This fact, and the
drawing of bees and brood from each colony for
the queen-business, was greatly against the honey-
crop; and considering the whole, I am surprised
that I did as well as I did. even although I never
worked bees " for all they were worth " to so great
an extent as I did the past summer. Fruit-trees
gave no more honey than the bees consumed from
day to day on their brood, and white clover did lit-
tle if any better.

Basswood opened the 5tli of July, and lasted 12
days, during which time the bees got all the honey
they obtained except a little from teasel to finish
up on. A good acreage of buckwheat was sown,
much more than for several years past, and I had
strong hopes of a yield from that, but not enoufih
was obtained to show in the combs after it had
gone out of blossom, so that I have to chronicle,
not a cell of buckwheat honey in ten years. 18T7 be-
ing the last season any surplus from that source
has been obtained.

Of the 20 colonies, only 14 swarmed, so that, had I
not made six more by artificial means, I should have
had the smallest increase for years. I now have 40
colonies for winter, and 20 small ones, made of
doubled-up nuclei, many of which are the smallest
colonies, in bees, which I ever undertook to winter,
some not having over a pint and a half of bees. The
result is, 722 lbs. of comb honey and 317 of extract-
ed—1039 lbs. in all, giving an average yield of nearly
52 lbs. to each of the 20 colonies. This honey (the
comb) was mostly shipped on commission a few
days ago, while the extracted I am selling out here
at home. Our home market demands very little
honey, and that little is mostly supplied by my
neighbor bee-keepers.

The result in queens is about 500 sold, about one-
half of which was of the " dollar " class, the re-
mainder being about equally divided between the
three other classes advertised. The 40 colonies bad
honey enough for winter after equalizing, but the
united nuclei had to be fed the larger part of their
winter stores. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Oct., 1887.

Why, old fiiend, you are getting to be
quite a breeder of dollar queens, after all.
Who would have supposed it? Fifty-two
pounds of honey per colony is certainly a
very fair result; but I think it Avas a good
thing you didn't have veiy many dlonies
gathering honey for surplus duiliig the past
season. Your exi)erieiice with buckwlieat
is a good deal discouragins. I have been
informed that very much buckwheat h< ney is
raised in the State of New York. Now, is
it true that other bee-keepers in your part
of the State have had no better success V
At the convention in Albany our fiiend
Wright, tlie man who sold so much hnney in
ten-cent packages, siid he considered buck-
wheat the most important ciop. and he has
sold many thousand poinids of it.

81(i

GLEA^l^GS LN IJEE CULTUUK.

Nov

HOW^ MANY COLONIES TO THE
SQUARE MILE?

FRIEND PORTER GIA'ES US SOME THOUGHTS ON
THE SUBJECT.

f HE season has been a remarkable one here—
never so poor; though bloom in orchard,
field, and forest, was abundant, very little
nectar was secreted till the last week in
June, when the season for surplus honey
usually closes; then until after July 15th we had a
good flow of honey. My own average will be 40 lbs.
of surplus to the hive for 100 colonics, spring count.
The quality is ver.v fine, largely from blue thistle.

OVERSTOCKING.

The old question, never yet settled, and one, per-
haps, like some others, never to be fully settled,
will again present itself— stocking and overstocking
the field. It is when we have such seasons as the
present that we realize what overstocking is. How
many bees may be kept profitably upon a given
field is no more decided, and, we may say, no more
to be decided, than the much-debated one touching
the profit of deep plowing, and for much the same
reasons. Widely variant seasons so affect the se-
cretion of nectar, that, setting aside the ver>- impor-
tant question of management, the results of the
season's work are in no wise conclusive as to the
point at which any given locality is overstocked.

Somewhere we have read, that in Europe as many
as 6000 colonics have been kept on one square mile
of land; but no mention is made of the product of
these colonies. Who can report the largest number
of bees to the square mile in America? It will be
interesting in many waj'S to have some comparison
of localities by reports from all sections.

We know of no greater number than 200 so kept
in Virginia. Every observant apiarist knows that
there are seasons when it seems that the supply of
nectar is exhaustless; that, have as many bees as
we may, all are employed from dawn till dark in
ceaseless movement.

It will be a matter of interest to know if as many
as 1000 colonies are kept on any one square mile in
America, with profit to their owners— this without
regard to the range inside of the mile. It is true,
that four apiaries may be one mile apart, and on
the four corners of a square mile; but even then
have we any such localities? Can any reader of
Gleanings report as many as that ever profitably
worked?

Friend Manum, at Bristol, Vt., who made such a
splendid record one year, with his product of 36,000
lbs., was obliged the year before to feed 6000 lbs. of
sugar to winter his stocks. One year he was surely
overstocked. He had bees in five localities not
many miles apart. Let us get at the statistics, and
see what they will show. J. W. Porter.

Charlottesville, Va., Oct. 5, 1887.

Friend P., a few days ago I rode around
a piece of swamp land that covers just about
a square mile, and I now know better how
big a square mile is than I ever did before.
As you put it, it seems to me that lifty colo-
nies would do very well on each corner of a
square mile, and then I would have an apia-
ry of fifty or more exactly in the center ;
and this is, I believe, about as many as most
localities will permit profital)ly. Of course,
it would depend a good deal upon what cov-
ered tlie fields of tliese f)40 acres.

MELISSA, OR BEE-BALM.

ANOTHER PROMISING BEE-PLANT.

@N page 693, Sept. 15th Gleanings, 1 notice a
report from C. M. Bliss, Fox Lake, Wis., a
bee-friend] of mine. He there speaks of a
bee-plant, melissa, or bee-balm, as a great
honey-plant. In earlyspring he kindly gave
me 100 seeds of said plant for trial; and for the
benefit of the beekeeping community I will give a
more minute description of the plant and its value.
First, I will say the plant is a perfect success, both
in profusion of bloom, quantity and quality of its
honey, hardness, and freedom from bugs, tvorms,
or plan^-lice. I planted the 100 seeds May 1. To my
surprise, every one came up in 5 days' time. The
plants were hardy and strong, and were transplant-
ed in open ground when three weeks old, neither
wilting nor drooping, although not covered from
the sun. They gi-ew rapidly right along, notwith-
standing the terrible drought we had all summer.
The plant resembles the Texas horsemint, growing
21/2 feet high, throwing out at least 25 branches
from the ground to its top.

It began blossoming July 10, and soon became a
solid white mass, continuing so until Sept. 20, and
during all this time the bees were swarming upon
it from 5 o'clock in the morning until too dark to
see at night. The honey could be seen in the pet-
als, as you once described the spider plant. I notic-
ed many bees fill up on one petal, and go away.
Thei-e is a strong minty odor, also, from the leaves
of the plant. The yield of honey was large, and
quality and color as good as white clover. I con-
sider it ahead of the Simpson honey-plant or spi-
der plant, as I have tried both. Motherwort, cat-
nip, and sweet clover were deserted for this.

Another grand feature is, it blossoms the first
season from the seed, and is so hardy that a failure
of the plant maj' never be feared. I expect to cul-
tivate an acre of it another season for its honey
alone, and shall scatter seed in all waste places.
The seed ripened on the lower stalks while the up-
per branches were in full bloom. I saved one
peck of clean seed from my 100 plants; quite a lit-
tle scattered and came up at once, so that thou-
sands of .young plants can be seen at this writing.
Believing that the seed will be in active demand as
soon as the qualities of the plant become known,
I have been careful to save all the seed raised, and
shall sow quite a lot next season. The rest you may
have for distribution to the bee-friends, or I will
mail 1/2 ounce to anyone wishing it, for 12 cts. in
stamps. E. A. Morgan.

Columbus, Wis., Oct. 3, 188T.

Friend M., we have already had the bee-
balm growing on our honey-farm ; but we
have not taken as much pains with it as we
should have done. In fact, I have become
so much discouraged about plants for honey
alone, that I have not the enthusiasm that T
once had. Our seed came from Mr. A. C.
Tyrrel. Madison. Neb.; and one thing that
prejudiced me against it was that he charg-
ed 50 cts. a package of perhaps half an ounce.
Your price is quite reasonable, but I think
it should be olfered in five-cent packages,
as seeds of other plants are, where a good
many want just a few to make a test ; and
if you will excuse me, I should prefer to pay
you a dollar a pound, say for what you have

\hh1

GLEANINGS IN iiEE CULtUitE.

Si 7

to spare, and then 1 will offer it at iive cents
a package as other seeds are. If a dollar a
pound is not enough we are willing to pay
more ; hut the law of demand and supply
will soon lix the price about where it ou<^ht
to be. I am astonished to ku;)w tliat you
secured a peck of seed from lUO plants. We
probably hatl a good many more than 100
plants, but they were not transplauted so as
to give them ioom to grow, at the proper
time. We should be glad of reports in re-
gard to the seed, from others who have giv-
en it a test. Perhaps I may suggest to our
readers, that friend Morgan is the one who
made such astonishing progress in bee cul-
ture, in a short time, when he first started,
that for (juite a number of years we chris-
tened him the "ABC child who grew so
fast.'' By the way, did you have plants
that produced some white ami some colored
blossoms V Ours are variegated, so as to
make a very pretty appearance.

Since the above was in type, we have
hunted up something fmther in regard to it,
from the introducer, Mr. Tyrrel :

I am well satisfied with the product of the plants
1 had this season— so much so that I will plant five
or six acres next season. To-day, Oct. 4, bees are
working lively on melissa— the only plants that are
yielding nectar now. I sent a package of seed to
the Woodman Linseed-Oil Works, Omaha, to ascer-
tain if the seed was of any value for oil. Following
is an extract from a letter received from Mr. Clark
Woodman, president of the works:

The sample of seed contained :J4 per cent of oil.
Flax seed contains about 38 per cent. In extract-
ing oil from Hax seed by hydraulic pressure, about
T per cent of oil is left in the cake. The oil appears
lo be a drying oil.

From 3100 plants I procured a bushel of seed, and
was not careful to save all the seed. When we take
into consideration that melissa will pay to cultivate
for the honey alone, and that the seed is valuable
for oil, I think no one will dispute my word when 1
say it is, without doubt, the hext honey-plant in e.v-
Istence. A. C. Tyrkel.

Madison, Neb., Oct. 4, 1887.

Friend T., you say you got a bushel of
seed from 2100 plants, and our friend Mor-
gan has made tLie astounding yield of a peck
from only 100 plants. This latter report
would indicate that it gives a larger yield of
seed fo)- the number of plants than any of
om- grains, unless it be corn. Will friend
Morgan please tell us how much ground the
100 plants occupied V I presume ours were
very much too close together to do w^ell.

FINE WIRE FOR SEPARATORS.

BEES, COOKINO-STONES, HEADACHES, ETC.

BN page 104 you ask for a report on the above.
1 gave them a pretty thorough trial, and the
ditticulty you mention 1 could not overcome.
In spite of all my efforts, some of the wires
would bend in and some out. Mr. Benedict
is right ; they were no hindrance to the bees, for in
a few instances where a single wire projected be-
yond the others thej'.iust bedded the wire in the
honey as if they never saw the wire.

Ul.ME SECTIONS.

In reply to your question on page 107, I, in 188:!

tried Hi x 4?4 sections, of a width respectively IJ,
l?ii, l'/2, and Vi inches, or 10, 9, 8, and 7 to the foot,
100 or more of each kind without separators. 1 am
afraid no section without separators can be raised
to sell by the piece; for among my smallest, or 1!-
inch si/e, some were less than half a pound, and
some were nearly a pound. The average was !t..57
oz. I think you might be interested to read a full
account of the experiment on page 'Zlh o( A. li. J.
for 1884. My experience leads me to believe that
sections without separators will be more nearly
uniform in weight if about 1% inches in width, than
if larger or smaller. As nearly as I can estimate,
if 1 had used sections one inch wide they would
have averaged about % lb. each; and if, as you pro-
pose, we use sections six to the L. frame, one inch
in thickness or width, I think they would average
lOl-i oz. or more. 1 think if we could have sections
to retail for 10 cts. each by the piece it would be a
nice thing; but I think there are more difficulties in
the way than have yet come to the surface.

WARMING AND VENTII..4TING DWELIjINGS.

If Bro. Terry can tell us just how to warm and
ventilate our rooms he will solve a problem vastly
more important than a majority of those which
agitate our Solons at Washington. The manner in
which it is done, makes in some cases the difference
between life and death; in many, the difference be-
tween healthy happiness and a half-dead-and-alive
dragging around. If friend Terry's plan is carried
out in all its details it'will make a great improve-
ment in most cases. I want to emphasize the point
he makes about large stoves. Why is it that the
kitchen is often (generally, I think) the most com-
fortable room in the house? I'm glad it is; and one
reason is because there is a very large heating sur-
face to the cook-sto\'e; and another, that the air is
not so dry as in other rooms. I think if women re-
alized how their furniture and house-plants suffer
from dry atmosphere they would make some pro-
vision for making the air moist, even if they had to
hang up wet towels by the stove. But the size of
the stove is perhaps the most important factor;
and a little stove kept redhot, or nearly so, can never
be as healthy as a big stove kept at moderate heat.
Against base-burners, as generally used, my face is
set. The effect seems to have been to get every
thing as nearly air-tight as possible, and I don't
know of any way to get more headache to the
square inch for the same amount of money. No
wonder that sensible people are beginning to re-
volt, and that there is a tendency toward something
like the old-fashioned open fireplace of 50 or 100
years ago. I remember them in Western Pennsyl-
vania, where I could stand in the fireplace, at one
end, and look up with childish wonder directly into
the open sky. Of course, they had a voracious ap-
petite for fuel; but that mattered little, for the best
hickory and maple body-wood, cut in 4-foot lengths,
cost only $1.00 a cord, delivered. You might roast
one side and freeze the other, but there never was
any lack of ventilation. Friend Terry objects to
grates because of the expense, and prefers a very
large stove virtually occupying three rooms. This
is nice where the house, like his, is built for it.
Even then it doesn't give the ventilation of open
fires, and an item must be taken into account in
expense that is sometimes overlooked. It is, that a
room with an open fire at a certain temperature
will feel comfortable at several degrees less tem-
perature than a close room with a base-burn-

818

GLEA^'INGS IK liEE (JULTUiiK.

Kov.

er. Some have a large base-burner, exclusively
for heat, and in the same room an open grate
for ventilation. There is a way of having the ad-
vantage of an open Are, and at the same time the
greater heat of a stove. It is by the use of the
*' low-down " open stoves, though T don't think they
are very low down. The same amount of coal will
give a much greater heat than in an open grate set
in the wall, and to most persons no heat is so
pleasant, and none I think so healthy, as that from
the direct radiation of an open fire. I suspect my
open stoves are a little more expensive than close
stoves would be; but then, I think we shall live
longer on account of them. It is true, there are
times when, as friend Terry suggests, we need to
sit pretty close to the Are, but that doesn't give one
the headache like the close stoves. If some of the
friends who have been using close stoves, and hav-
ing many headaches, would try hard coal in a large-
sized " Harvard," made by Fuller, Warren & Co.,
Troy, N. Y., I think they might save enough in doc-
tor-bills to help pay the coal-bill. I don't mean by
what I have said that I am satisfled with the heat-
ing'and ventilation of my home. lam far from it;
but I think I made a long stride in advance some
years ago when I adopted open stoves.

C. C. MlLLEH.

Marengo, McHenry Co., 111., Oct., 1887.

Friend M., I am glad yon are stirring up
the atmosphere, not only in your own home,
but I hope you will continue to keep it cir-
culating about lively wherever Gleanings
goes. We have been discussing it in Medi-
na, not only in factories, but in churches
and schoolrooms, and wherever people have
to be shut up during the winter time. As
for myself, 1 propose to be outdoors more
than half of every day, and I really feel sor-
ry, and pity from the bottom of my heart,
the unfortunates who have to be shut up,
away from the sunshine and frosty air.

TO THE KNICKEKBOCKER BEE-PARM.

SOMETHING FURTHER FKOM THEO. <). PEET.

Tip S promised in my last, I will give you an ac-
9il^ count of my visit to the above. I started at
^^K' early morn, after leaving friend Young's,
"*'*■' who had expected to make this visit with me,
but could not on account of having to attend
to his now house apiarj' while his help was availa-
ble. By the kindness of one of the young men, a'
neighbor of friend Y.'s, I was taken in his buggy
down to the ferry at Highland. The first thing that
met my view as I stepped aboard the boat was the
new cantilever bridge which is now building across
the Hudson at this jmint. This bridge will be one of
the wonders of the age when done, and also will be
the means of turning a large portion of the freight
direct from the East to the great West, leaving
New York out in the cold, as at present the most of
the eastern freight passes through that city. Well,
she can spare it, I think, as she has more than she
can take care of now.

Arriving at Poughkeepsie I found I had time to
walk through the city to the depot of the railroad
that runs across the country east, and which I must
take to carry mo to Pine Plains, whei-e the Knick-
erbocker Bee-Farm is located. Arriving at the de-

pot I took the train. As each station was reached
and passed, I expected or imagined the next would
be Pine Plains, and that I should know it by the
vast number of i>ine-trees I should see, and also a
vast plain, or level country; but in this I was disap-
pointed doubly. As I think of it now, I don't re-
member seeing a single pine-tree, and the country
is any thing but level. This, however, doesn't seem
to make much difference with our Yankee farmers.
They take the country as it is, and make the best of
it.

Friend Knickerbocker, who had been apprised of
my coming, was on hand at the station with his
carriage, and gave me a hearty welcome. Soon we
were bounding over the bills and through the val-
leys to the "home of the honey-bee " at the Knick-
erbocker Bee-Farm. There I had the great pleasure
of meeting my old and valued friend Mr. S. M.
Locke, who is managing the (lueen department of
the K. B. F. this season, for wo two had been fellow-
workers for Mr. J. H. Nellis, at Canajohario. in for-
mer years. You may imagine how glad we were to
see each other and talk over old times. We had
with friend Knickerbocker a miniature bee-conven-
tion during the rest of ray visit, consisting not only
of bee-talk but some practical manipulating, obser-
vation of bees, hives, and apiculture in general.
We spent the whole afternoon in the bee-yard,
friend Locke seeming to want me to have a look at
every queen in the yard, as he seemed to be so
proud of them, and well he might, for I think I nev-
er saw so fine a lot of queens before in my life.
Their progeny, both worker and drone, was as
beautiful as heart could wish for, especially the
drones, which were the handsomest that I ever saw.
looking, as they liew in the sun, like lumps of gold-
en butter.

Friend K. has both the hanging and standing
frames in his apiary, as a good many of his hives
and also bees came from L. C. Root, of Mohawk,
who used only the Quinby hive and frame. The
queen-rearing hives are Mr. Locke's idea, or style,
and are no doubt the best for the purpose in the
country, as his experience in rearing queens is be-
yond that of most men, he having made that a spe-
cialty for years. He has his nursery in which he plac-
es the queencellsjust one day before they hatch, so
that they all hatch in the hive in which they were
built and reared. He also has his device which he
calls his " hospital." This is for those cells that are
built so close together that they can not be separat-
ed; and in order not to lose the queens he puts
them in his hospital, and saves them all.

Another new thing I saw here, which is the in-
vention of Mr. Knickerbocker, is a double wood
separator, giving the bees a passageway right up
through the hive and surplus arrangement to the
very topmost box, without crawling over or coming
in contact with the combs. This looks to me like a
" big thing," and I expect^tohear good results from
it in the near future.

I had the pleasure of eating some alsike-clover
honey which friend K. has secured, and also carry-
ing home a sample, through his kindness in putting
it in my sachel. I think alsike beats all other hon-
ey.

After another evening of bee-talk, and a good
night's rest under the roof of one of the families of
the " noblesse " of our country, my visit came to an
end. T. O. Peet.

Arlington, N. J., Oct. 18, 1887.

1887

uLEA^Ni^NGb IJS iii^l^ CIjLTUUK

81V»

HO"W TO MAKE YOUR OWN DRAW^-

INGS.

A IIOMKM ADK

CA.MIMiA OllSilllA.
IJEKKKKl'KK.

M Mil; HV

fKIENI) 1UK)T:— Accordinfi to my promise in
Gr^KANiNc.s, )). TvU. 1 will now give you and
jour i-eaders a dcsciiptlon of my camt'ni ob-
scura. This apparal us consists of two parts—
the camera-head, and ttic camera, or box. The
camcra-iicad, whicli is the principal jiart, is a box in
whicli the- lens and mirror are pla(!('d. The mirror
reflects the picture throujih the lens on to a sheet
of white paper placed or fastened on the bottom of
the camera (box). The mirror must face the object,
of which a picture is wanted. The artist must
therefore have his back to the object. A black
cloth or thick blanket is thrown over the top of the
i-amera (not over the canicra-head), and must cover
the artist's head and body, so as to exclude as much
liaht as possible. The darker the camera can be
made, the brighter and more distinct will be the
picture. The artist may sit in the shade, and this is
preferable, as it is liable to become uncomfortably
warm under the cloth: but the object must be in
clear sunlig-ht, to get a good pictui-e.

In the " Artist's camera," which you used to sell,
the picture is a •' negative;" that is, what is on the
right hand of the object shows in the left hand in
the picture, and vice \ersa. In this camera the
picture is a " positive, "'and shows the object in its
natural position. cThe picture in this camera will be
about 10 by 12 inches.

From James W. Queen \- Co., maiuifacfuters of
mathematical, oi)tical. and philosophical instru-
ments, '••24 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, I obtained
a :}-inch, double-convex lens (focus 2(1 to 2(;i'/4 inches),
and a 4 X 6-inch mirror. The two glasses cost me
^iM postpaid. From their letters T copy the tol-
lowing:

"The mirror should be placed close to the lens,
otherwise the size of the picture will be reduced."

"The lai'ger the lens, the greater the brilliancy of
the picture; and the longer the focus, the larger
the picture."

By experimenting 1 have found that for the .size
of picture f wanted (10 x 12 inch), J have got the
distance between lens and mirror about right. A
shorter distance would make the picture too large
for my puriiose. (,)ueen \' C<i have camera-heads,
mounted in brass, which they sell at *.5.00 and $7.50
respectively : also a complete camera obscura at
*20.00, and a smaller size at *lT.."iO (see their cata-
logue of microscopes and accessories, p. 1). But
they said that the lenses are rather small, and that
I would get better pictures by ahonie-mHde camera-
head witli ali-inch lens.

By the drawings, which 1 will now explain, you
will see the construction and dimensions of the
camera-head.

Tt is made throughout of 'n-inch boards, except
the little front-piece of the slide, which is scant 's
inch thick.

Fig. 1 gives a front view, showing by the shaded
portion the opening through which light is admit-
ted to the mirror. Above this opening is a little
board, a, fastened with 2 screws, so that it can be
removed when it is necessary to take the mirror
out to clean it. At the bottom you see two grooves,
/)'», in which the slide holding the lens is inserted.
Below these grooves a thin strip of wood, c, is nail-

ed On the inside of the back of the camera-head.
This strip need be only ',; inch thick, and forms the
second and last exception to the general measure ol
',; inch thickness, mentioned aliov<-, where I failed
to notice it. The top edge of this little strip should
come even with the under side of the slide, when
this is in place. Its object is to prevent any light
from coming through at that place. For the same
purpose, the lower edge of the front side is rabbet-
ed at (I, and in this rabbet tits the thin strip which
is nailed on the end of the slide (c, Figs. :! and li.
No light should, il possible, be admitted to the cam-
era when in use, e.xceiit what comes through the
lens. It is, of course, impossible to exclude all
light from below; but the less the better.

in. c

» H^

V V, — > .

'■a

r

1

T 1

b J

r\ 1

L^

j'.i /.

l)IA(;i!\MS III' MfTII-HAS.VU'SSE.N'S UK A W I .Mi-t ' A.M-
FAi.K.

Fig. 2 IS a sUh' view of the camera-head. The diag-
onal dotted lines show grooves cut in the inside ol
the side-pieces, at an angle of 4."> degrees, in which
grooves the mirror sits. The low-er edge of the
mirror re^t-- against the back of the camera-head.
The horizontal dotted lines, /», near the bottom.
show the grooves in which the slide fits.

Fig. 3 is the slide which holds the lens. With an
expansion-bit, a three-inch hole is cut from above,
about two-thirds thiough the board, and then llnish-
cd with a hole 's inch less in diameter. The lens
rests on the shoulder which is thus ma<le in the
hole. The larger (upjier) part of the hole should be
reamed a little, so that it will be larger at the shoiil
der than at the tojt. .\n open ring of brass wire is
pressed down on top of the lens, to holil il in placi-:
and as the hole is flaring, the ring can not come out

KiMT- '■' is tim lartff l" reprexfiit in propurtimitil wizcancl i>
therefore greatly reduoeil: heuee it liears no pioiiin-tioii to the
other ligiiies. Fifys. 1 and 2 are representeil by X in Fijr. 6, the
latter simply showing the box and now Fi(f!». land '.' are i>laeed

820

GLEANINGS IN iJEE (JULTUitE.

Nov

except when removed by force. The center of the
lens must, of course, be exactb- under the center
of the mirror.

Fig. 4 is a side view, and Fig-, o a rear-end view of
the slide, showing- how the side edg:es are rabbeted
to fit in the grooves h (Figs. 1 and 3).

The camera-head is put together with ^4 -inch
wire nails driven about an incli apart. Before put-
ting it together, the inside surfaces, as well as the
slide, should be painted a dull black color to pre-
vent any reflection of light. The outside may after-
ward be painted to suit the taste. I prefer black.

Any good box of suitable size will do for the cam-
era. Fig. 6. I use a common cracker-box, 23^4 inch-
es long, 14'/^ inches wide, and 13'4 inches deep, inside
measurement. This is placed on end, so that the
top will be the open side of the camera. In the
center of what is now the top is cut a hole to just
admit the camera-liead. It is best at first to have
the camera-head tit rather tightly, so that it will
stay where you place it, and not slip down. Now
lay a sheet of white paper on the bottom of the
camera (the inside of which should also be painted
a dull black); place this on a level table, face the
camera toward a house or other object at adistance
of l.")0 to 200 feet, arrange the cloth over the camera
and yourself (ha.ing your head under the cloth,
and as much of your person as it will cover), and
look at the picture on the gaper. By moving the
camera-head up and down you will get the picture
more or less distinct. When you have the picture
perfectly clear, the focus is right. In ray camera
it is 2OI4 inches from the under side of the lens
to the bottom of the camera. Now scratch with a
knife-point a line all round the four sides of
the camera-head, even with the top of the hole in
which it sits (on the line of //, Fig. 6), and where
these lines come, fasten, with 'a-inch wire nails, 4
small square sticks ((/, Figs. 1, 2, and 0), on the four
sides of the camera-head. You may now enlarge
the hole in the camera, so that the camera-head will
go in and out easily. The four strips will prevent
it from dropping- through.

For nearer objects a little longer focus is needed.
This is effected by placing loose sticks, as pieces of
sections or of frames, under the strips, y, only tak-
ing care that no light is admitted round the edges
of the hole. One half-inch is as much as I ha\'e
found it necessary to raise the camera-head.

It is necessary to have the camera obscura so
high that the operator's head will not obstruct the
view reflected through the mirror.

When every thing is ready, and you wish lo fix the
picture on the paper, all you have to do is to fasten
the paper with tacks (flat-headed drawing-tacks are
sold for this purpose) and then with a leadpencil
trace the lines of the picture. When drawing- trees
or other objects that are liable to be moved by the
wind, the air should be perfectly still, as the picture
will show every object in view, moving or station-
ary, and in its natural colors.

I hope that this description will enable any one to
make a good camera obscura of his own, and that
the result will be lots of instructive pictures in

r.LEANINGS. Wm. MUTH-RASMUSSEN.

Independence, Cal., eept. 19, 1887.

Friend M., your very clear and plain direc-
tions will, without doubt, enable any one to
make an excellent camera obscura, and the
instrument is worth all it costs, as a pleas-
ing inistime for a family of children, to say

nothing about its value for drawing. I pre-
sume the reason tliat camera obscuras are
so little used nowadays is because a whole
photographic outfit and material can be fur-
nished for from five to ten dollars. Most of
the pictures that have recently appeared in
Gleanings were taken witli "one of these
instruments, including tlie picture of our
factory, as well as the interior of our office,
and also some of horses in rapid motion,
men marching, etc. Jn fact, this ten-dollar
instrument has produced some as good pic-
tures of buildings, machinery, etc., as I ever
saw made with any instrument in the hands
of an expert photographer. These pictures
were all taken by a young man who took up
the business of his own accord, and with but
limited practice.

ONE "WHO HAS GOT THE BEE-FEVER.

ITALIANS COMPAREIl WITH BLACKS; THAT BEVEL-
ED EDGE.

Tip BOUT three years ago, through curiosity I
4i\ll purchased two hives of black bees, as there
^^K were no others to be had. Luckily for me, a
'*''*^ man came to our town shortly after, advo-
cating the Simplicity hive and Italian bees.
I happened to go in where he was putting up Sim-
plicity hives, and heard him speak of Gleanings.
I was very curious to know more about it, but hesi-
tated to ask him (knowing that there is a wonderful
amount of selfishness in some people) for fear he
might think I might attempt to compete with him
in the business. However, 1 ventured to seek the
much-desired information, and asked him to spend
the night with me. To tell the truth, I afterward
felt a little ashamed of myself for ray uncalled-for
suspicions as to his selfishness. I found him to be
a nice Christian gentleman, and he not only gave
me the address of Gleanings, but a good deal of
practical information about bee-keeping. Then I
did take bees right, so I at once sent for your cata-
logue and GLEANiN(is; and from that to your much-
appreciated A B C book, which I have thoroughly
studied. The conseciuence is, I have the bee-fever
still. I then came to the conclusion that I raust
have some of those beautiful Italians, so I sent to
A. I. Root for a dollar queen. She came all right. I
was successful in introducing her to one of my black
stocks. She proved to be purely raated ; and her
workers were so pretty, so gentle, and so industri-
ous, that I then had not only bees on the brain, but
Italian bees. You raay think it strange that I ara
still down with the bee-fever, when I tell you that I
have not sold a single pound of honey. I have one
of Prof. Cook's "queens" and two little bees in the
house, which I consider a God-given blessing. They,
with myself, very much like the coveted sweets,
and we use a considerable amount of it. I should
have had plenty of honey this jear, had it not been
for the long drought that has been so disastrous in
so many States. The Italians have done well. They
have some surplus, and are in splendid condition
for Avinter, while the blacks, just a few hundred
yards from me, have gone to naught. Even my
hybrids have scarcely made enough to live on. 1
tell you, friend Root, I will not be bothered by
black bees any more. I think the bee-men around
here have at last decided to adopt the Italian bees

188^

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

H2\

and frame hives, as Uiey can in iio otlier way ac-
count lor uiy success.

1 think we have a fair country for bees. When it
is seasonable we have alriiosL one continual honey-
How from February until frost in November. We
have in early spring- the myriads of prairie Howers
(liorsemint included), also the plum and haw, and
other honey-producing trees and plants on the
creek-bottoms. By the time they are gone, cotton
is in bloom, which secretes honey until frost stops
its growth.

THAT UEVELED EDOE.

I see that quite a number of our friends are op-
posed to the beveled edge of your hives, and prefer
square joints; but for the life of me 1 can't see
what for. If they had these Texas winds to con-
tend with, I think they would find the bevel quite a
necessity. For my part, I say hold on to it; you can't
please everybody.

Gleanings is not only a great advertising medi-
um, but has got to be a Christian missionary also.
Oh how 1 enjoy that part in each number! for the
sake of the great cause of Christ, never cease to
keep this part of Gleanings up, for eternity alone
will reveal the amount of good you are doing.

Granger, Texas, Oct. 18, 1887. S. J. Foster.

May God bless yoii, my good friend, with
your bees and home, and especially the
queen of that home and the two little bees.
I sometimes tell the queen of our home,
that, though God has given me a multitude
of gifts, she is the greatest gift of them all.
—I am glad to hear you make the point you
have in regard to the beveled edge. iLast
Saturday we had a terrible wind. Quite a
number of covers were blown off from the
chaff hives, but the Simplicity covers kept
their places. The- one Heddon hive in our
apiary lost its cover, and the upper story was
t wisted around so that, had the weather been
severely cold, we might have lost the bees.
The beveled edge kept the cover and upper
story, both of them, exactly in place. It is
true, we could have put a big stone on the
hive, as Heddon does; but 1 would rather
pay for the beveled edge ten times over,
tlian to be obliged to handle a heavy stone
every time I M'anted to open a hive. May be
our locality is more subject to hard winds
than some "other places.

]^EP0RTg ENcea^^Gip.

scented water. I get all ready during the day, and
about sunset I put them together, alternating the
frames and smoking them well, and set a board up
against the front of the hive, as does Heddon. so
that the bees, on coining out in the morning, will
mark their new location. The i)lan worked very
well with me. L. W. Lighty.

Mulberry, Pa.

Your plan is exactly the way we practice
uniting, friend L. We have never found it
necessary to sprinkle them, and only oc-
casionally have we found it necessary to
smoke them, although a good many will
go back to their old location in spite of
any precaution we may take.

NOT EXACTLY DISCOUKAGING ; A GOOD FLOW
FROM ASTERS.

fHE bees had a fine time on the asters. There
was a good How of honey for two weeks.
They all filled the brood-chambers well, and
about a dozen of the best in Heddon hives
made 50 or HO lbs. of surplus. They put
more in the sections, but are so slow to cap it that
1 think they intend to carry it below later in the
season. I am nearly ready to go into winter quar-
ters with 3.5 colonies in good condition. The season
of 1887 was not as poor In our part of our State as
in many of the Western States, but it can not be
called a good season.

INITINO NUCLEI IN THE FALL.

I found this fall, that in uniting nuclei in the
evening it is not necessary to sprinkle them with

ONE TON OF HONEY.

The honey crop in this section is this season rath-
er short. I succeeded in getting about one ton of
very good comb honey in one and two pound sec-
tions, from 100 colonies. A. G. Brush.

Susquehanna, Pa., Oct. 10, 1887.

90 LBS. OF HONEY PER COLONY.

The bee-keepers of Newaygo Co. have taken a
very light crop of honey. Mine have done well,
though— the result of location, I suppose. I com-
menced with 16 colonies, increased to 38, and took
WU lbs. of honey— an average of nearly 90 lbs. to
the colony, spring count; 600 lbs. was extracted and
taken from 5 colonies; 834 was comb honey, taken
from 11 colonies— an average of 120 lbs. extracted
and 76 lbs. comb. My bees are in the Hilton chaft'
hive and have an abundance of winter stores.

William B. Gould.

Fremont. Mich., Sept. 29, 1887.

70 GALLONS OF HONEY TAKEN THIS YEAR UV
AN OLD LADY 70 YEAHS OLD.

I am 70 years old. My husband died last April, a
year ago. He was the owner of 37 swarms of bees;
but when he died my bees nearly all died too, from
starvation. During his sickness they did not get
the attention they needed. When I got my friend
Broers to help look after them there were but 7
swarms. That was June 19th, 1886. I now have 17.
1 have extracted 70 gallons of honey. I expect to
get 30 more this fall. I use the Langstroth and
Simplicity hive. Mrs. A. L. D. Lewis.

Waelder, Texas, Sept. 38, 1887.

SECTIONS OF HONEY SELLING AT 3.5 CTS. EACH.

I am taking your advice, not to go in debt for
bee-flxtures, but to make my bees self-sustaining.
I am well pleased with the purchase I made from
you last spring. The foundation and the small
sections have worked well. I have the Langstroth
hive, and I can place 18 of the sections on top of
each hive. I have one colony that filled them twice,
and came near filling them the third time. I put
the first swarm in the hive I got from you, and
they swarmed in August, but did not fill all the
sections. The second swarm, I put in the Lang-
stroth hive. It did not swarm, but nearly filled Is
sections. 1 have sold 31 boxes at !;') cts. each, and
have orders for :30 more. I think 1 can sell all 1
have to spare, which will be about 50 inoic than I
have orders for, all at 25 cts. per box. I had one
swarm go to the woods. J. M. Mahan.

Vineland, N. J.. Sept. :M\. 1887.

822

(iLEAIS'i^GS IN JiEii; (JULTUUK.

OV.

l.irtNr. IN HOPES OF BETTER SITCCRSS NEXT
SEASON.

1 commenced the season of 1H87 with II colonies in
fair condition in the spring-. The spring- was cold
and backward, being rather dry. The drought con-
tinued through June, .fuly, and till the middle of
August. After the rains commenced in August,
the bees began to get some honey; and with smart-
weed or blackheart, and other fall Uowers, I think
they are in good shajie for winter. I got no sur-
plus at all, or not to exceed a pound; but my colo-
nies are strong and clean, all in L. hives, !'» story.
I pack them in chall' at sides and top, and winter on
summer stands. I am an .V B (' scholar, also a
reader of Gleanings. You need not put me in Re-
ports Discouraging, but as living in hopes of better
success ne.vt year. There is little or no honey in
this section; and what there is, is retailing at 30 cts.
in 1-lb. sections. .1. A. Campbell.

Delaud, 111., Oct. 17, 1887.

A KAILUOAK .MAN. .-VND HOW HE .MAKES BEES A

SUCCESS.

1 am railroadiug- for the C, M. \ St. P. K. R. Co.,
who send me from State to State, and my mail fol-
lows me from place to place. I have a few coki-
nies at Wilton, Wis. My friend, <'harles Todd, looks
after them, and I send Gleanings to him. I start-
ed in the bee-business last spring, buying- one
swarm and two nuclei. We have now i:{ good colo-
nies, with stores enough to winter on; but we have
only honey enough for family use, as it was a very
dry season; but you see the investment was a good
one. We are both satisfied; and if a good season
follows a poor one, wo shall get good interest on
the investment, and well paid for the work. jNIr.
Todd says jou are the S(]uarest man he has dealt
with yet; and what little dealing I have had with
you, 1 am very much pleased with. Oi o thing I am
sure of: If all of your advertisers were as square
and as honest as you are, your sales would be less,
on account of distance o1 i)ui'chasers.

R. W. St'MMKHVItiLE.

Merrill, Wis., Sept. ".iK, 1S87.

l^EP01^Wf5 DlJ5C0ai^7I6IN6.

ONLY 800 LBS. OF HONEY FKOM .53 COLONIES.

fHE honey crop was a faihire in this locality.
We have 5") colonies of bees, and got 800 lbs.
of honey, which was a groat deal better than
most of the bees averaged. The honey was
only half a crop. Ghack Horton.

Smithboro. N. V., Oct. 10, 1887.

HAl.t' THK BEES DEAD FROM STARVATION, AND
MOUE TO FOLLOW.

Bees have starved all this season, and nearly half
about me have died, starved out, and flown off, or
tieen doubled up to save the combs. I think half of
what remain here will die this winter. No one here
feeds stock, much less bees. ■\. W. Bkvan.

San Marcos. Texas, Oct. 5, 188'..

IS .\ L.VHGE .\PIAUY DETRIMENTAL TO SMALL API-
ARIES IN TnEIR AltlNITV''

The season lor bees has been very poor this sum-
mer; and the consequence is, a small crop of sur-
plus honey. My average crop of surplus comb

honey is about 15 lbs. per hive. My bees are in
good shape for winter. My neig-hbor's bees, close
by, had the benefit of the same fields, but did not do
so well by far. My nearest neighbor thinks my
bees hindered bis smaller apiary from going- after
honey. Can this be proved by experience"::' I have
never seen this. G. W.

Marietta, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1887.

Friend W., it is no doubt true that a small
apiary would do much Itetter somewhere
else than in tlie immediate neighborhood of
;i large apiary; but tlie difference would be
sliglit, unless you have a great many bees —
say 100 colonies or more. As you don't tell
us how many you keep, we can't give you a
very positive answer.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

IIONEY-DEW NOT NECESSARILY FATAL AS A
WINTER FOOD ; SWARMING NOT PRE-
VENTED A LA FRANCE.

HAVE noticed there is quite a discussion about
honey-dew for wintering. Now, I will give you
a little of my experience, and you may have it
for what it is worth. In Sept., 1886, one of my
neighbors cut two bee-trees and gave me the
bees; and as 1 had quite a lot of full combs of hon-
ey-dew I gave them that and nothing else. It was
in nice new combs. 1 took the same care of each
one, and in the spring- one colonj^ was dead, and it
was in a //iw.ss, I tell you. The other one came out
as nice and clean as a new swarm in June. I could
not help noticing how sweejt they smelted. Then
another colony had nice white basswood honey all
capped over in new comb, and they died with diar-
rhea, and were like the first I mentioned. Now.
why were they so V I can not think Mr. France
would make a success of taking- away the (lueens to
prevent swarming, if they did with him as they
have with me. AVhen I took the queen away I
found that the twelfth day there would another
queen hatch, and almost every time they would
swarm. Some might say, " Why did you not cutout
the queen cells? " Well, I have done that, and then
I have had them swarm out till there was not a
quart of bees left, and they have acted so persist-
ently about it that I thihk they might swarm if
they had no queen. There is no complaint here
about what to do with the surplus honey this year.
I hear there is a man in this county peddling his
last-year's honey-dew (extracted) at 13^2 cts. per lb.
I have nearly 300ii lbs. from 101 colonies, spring
count, all extracted; but a good deal of that was
from buckwheat. This is the first year for some
time that buckwheat has produced any honey.
Bees are in good condition to winter.

T. 1). Wallar.
Port Andrew, Wis., Sept. 38, 1887.

Friend W., you have given us a valuable
fact indeed ; for we now know, at least pret-
ty positively, that stores are not the sole
cause of diarrhea. If the two colonies have
exactly the same kind of food and the same
protection, as nearly as we can tell, it is a
very hard matter to see why one should
winter beautifully, and the other be dis-
eased so badlv. i suppose you have exam-

1887

GLEANINGS IN JiEE GULTURE.

828

ined both hives in regard to ventilation,
protection from the wind, and all these
matters. It is possible, although hardly
probable, that the queen hail something to
do with it. The case 1 me'iioned recently,
of combs of sealed store.-> that killed the
bees during one winter and wintered them
all right the next, is in the same liiu'.— We
are to understand from what you say. that
your bees swarmed without the <|ueen.
This is very unusual : but I should suppose
in such a case they would scatter about or
go into other hives, or wherever it happen-
ed.

THE GIVEN I'KESS.

VTes, 1 am still holding- to the Given press, aud
like it as well as ever for making- fdn. foi- the brood-
chamber; but I have never been able to make as
nice thin and even Idn. on it as can be made on the
roller mill, therefore I prefoi- purchasing- my thin
fdn. You speak of the Given fdn. being- made right
inside of the wired frames. That is no advantage
at all. I now prefer putting: in the fdn. with a wire-
imbedder. I. K. (ioni).

Nappanee, Ind., Oct. -M, J88;.

1 am glad to hear that you still use the
(xiven press, friend G.: but I confess I don't
quite understand why you have abandoned
making foundation right in the wired
frames. At one time we thought that that
was going to be a very great labor-saving
device. AVill the friends who are using the
(iiven press tell us if their experience is the
same ? '

TEXAS BEK-KlfiLEK.

The insect sent by Edwin HoUkamp, Belleville,
Texas, is an asilus fly ground to powder. There is
.just enough to show me that it is one of the long-
slim AsilUhv, like Aiiilus Mhsourifnsitt. and that it is
a new species to me. That makes me very sorry—
shall I say vexed?— that it was crushed in the mail.
Now, Mr. Editor, I wish to give my spare minutes
for the next ten years to studying and describing
our wild bees, and those insects that prey upon
bees; so i shall be very glad to get bees and bee-
enemies from all parts of the United States. These
insects should be carefully killed by use of chloro-
form or gasoline, which may be poured immediate-
ly on the insects. They should not be marred or
injured at all, and they should be mailed in a strong
box, which must be of wood or tin. Pasteboard
will not stand the pressure. So T hope all readers
of Gleanings will aid me.

THE N.\TIONAT. CONVENTION.

I wish to emphasize every point made by Ur.
Miller, as to our Nationarconventiou. 1 think he
is right as to change of officers. I know of no
other association where the officers change at the
meetings. I think there is no reason for the
change, and many against it. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College. Mich.

SOMETHING ABOUT BEE-VEll.S.

1 notice that the Excelsior Manufacturing- Com-
pany are offering the Charter-Oak stove for sale un-
der a new phase— that is, the gauze wire, in the
oven-doors are said to turn in a certain amount of
the air, and yet it does not permit the heat of the
oven to escape. We also know that miners use

gauze wire to prevent their lamps from igniting the
damp in the mines, and coal-oil stoves have gauze
wire to prevent the oil from igniting or the fumes
from the same taking Are. Does not this ))rincii)le
also apply to the bee-veil, whether of wire or other
netting? We all know that they are insufferably
hot to wear, and now it remains for some of your
scientific readers to devise something to wear over
the face that will keep the bees out and at the same
time permit the heat to escape, and be otherwise
pleasant to wear. Is it not the meshes that keep
the heat in? and can not something be devised to
remedy the trouble? T. R. Hanbuhy.

Box 98, Atlanta, Ga.

If I understand yon, friend II.. yon mean
that we need some wire cloth witii meshes
just as large as tliey can possibly be and not
permit a bee to crawl through, and at the
same time have the wire just as small as
possible. 1 have spent a good deal of time
and some money on this problem. What we
want is something made after the fashion
of poultry-netting. The size of mesh must
be just about that which we use for our
honey- extractors ; but the wire should be as
tine, or tiner,than that used for queen-cages.
No wire-cloth manufacturer in the world is
prepared at present to furnish us such wire
cloth, and it will require very expensive
machinery to produce it. AVhere the wire
is so line nnd the meshes so large, the wires
would not keep in place unless twisted
around each other, in about the same way
our finest silk lace is woven. If anybody in
the world can furnish us such a fabric-, I
should like to see it. I would suggest thai
it be made of brass or copper wire, to pre-
vent rusting aud breaking.

BEE-HIVES IN THE GROUND IN AUSTRALIA.

I came across a strange freak of bee-nature the
other day that I think may be interesting to many
of your readers who wish to study the habits of the
bee. Some boys out bird-hunting reported to me
they had found a bee's - nest iu the bank of a
creek in an out-hill. I went out aud found it as
they had reported. A colony of bees had taken
possession of a hole on the bank of a creek. It had
been an ants'-nest, and either the ants had deserted
it or the bees had driven the ants back. This latter
I believe to be the ease, for I found afterward, on
getting the bees all out of the hole, and digging the
comb out, that the ants had a nest side by side with
the bees, and had access to the honey. The hole, or
nest, I found to be about two feet deep, and about
eighteen inches to two feet wide, and was full of
comb, and a good supi)ly of honey. It was one ol
the strongest colonies of bees I have ever seen. Al-
though a great number were destroyed I was able
to get a big tine swarm out of them. I have si)Okeii
to a number of the old woodsmen in these parts,
and they all say they have never come across such
a thing-, as they have always found that the bees
build in old trees. I have also spoken and written
to several old bee-keepers about it. T'hey, also, say
they have never seen or heard of such a strange
freak on the pai-t of the l)ees. Perhaps some ot
\our readers will tu- able to say if any thing of the
kind has ever come under fheir notice. I'rom what
I saw of the samples of the earth, and the small ani-
holes side by side. I feel convinced that the bees

824

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

were powerful enough to have driven the ants
back. Hut the strangest part was, that there was
only the one hole of entrance, so that the bees and
ants must have passed each other going in and out.
The comb was old in many places, as if the bees had
been there some time. The bees in the hole were
only the common brown bee, but very vigorous
workers.

We are having a glorious spring here, September
being our first month, so that we expect to have a
good season after a number of bad ones.

F. Markel.

Campbelltown, N. S. W., Australia, Sept. .5, 1887.

Friend M., the matter of bees working in
the ground is not new in countries where
there is little or no rain to fill up their holes
or drown them out. My brother in San
Diego, Cal., has written of numerous swarms
of bees found in holes in the ground in that
vicinity. In many parts of the world they
are in the habit of storing considerable
quantities of honey in caves; and where
there is no rain during the summer months
they can occupy holes in the ground, and do
quite well. I have several times seen ants
occupy part of a bee-hive when the hive was
larger than the necessities of the bees re-
quired. When the colonies of bees increase,
however, so as to need the room, the ants
are generally given to understand in some
way or other, I don't just know how, that
they had better vacate, and I believe they
generally pack up their duds and obey or-
ders. "

FI-AT-BOTTOM FOUNDATION IMPRACTICABLE.

Last spring I purchased of you a foundation-mill
for making Hat-bottom fdn. for starters in sections.
While the mill made nice-looking fdn., yet in my ex-
perience of the past season it does not fill the bill.
In my tests the past season I used this Hat-bottom
fdn., and fdn. made on a ten-inch Vandervort mill,
for making brood fdn. The wax I used on section
fdn., worked on both the Hat-bottom and natural-
base machines, was sheeted at the same time, and
was one and the same, and hence of the same
weight. In working, the sheets made on the Hat-
bottom mill would draw out a little longer than
those made on the Vandervort mill, which would
make the Hat-bottom fdn. just a little lighter— a
very little too. The base of cells made on the Van-
dervort mill were very thin; but the side wall, or
lines, were quite heavy. In my tests I used the
chaff hive. I use honey-racks, four to a hive when
full, each rack holding 18 sections, with no separa-
tors. I place two honey-racks side by side on a
honey-board. When they are partly capped I raise
them up and place others under. In testing the
fdn. I tilled some racks with sections having Hat-
bottom fdn., and others filled with sections having
natural-base fdn. Other racks were filled, one row
with Hat and one with natural base fdn. These
racks were placed in the hives, some with one rack
having natural base, and one with Hat bottom; oth-
ers with half flat and half natural base, placing
some with a row of flat over the center of the clus-
ter, and natural base outside, and rice versa. In
every instance the bees showed a decided prefer-
ence for the natural base, goin^i- to work at once
and filling the sections, and refusing to use the flat-
bottom fdn., and in many instances tearing out the
fdn. Colonies having a rack of each Hat and nat\i-

ral base fdn. would fill all the sections in the rack
having the natural-base fdn., and leave the other
rack empty. The only instance in which the bees
would accept the Hat bottom at all was where racks
were used having one side with Hat and the other
with natural base, and placed with the natural base
furthest from the cluster, in which case they work-
ed on all at about the same time. For me I am sat-
isfied that flat-bottom fdn. is used at a loss, and 1
shall be content in the future to use natural-base
fdn. C. A. Graves.

Birmingham, O., Oct. 6, 1887.

THE PARTRIDGE-PEA AS A HONEY-PLANT.

I send you by to-day's mail a sample of partridge-
pea honey. The partridge-pea is our best honey-
plant. In the high pine forest it yields honey from
the first of ,Iune till the first of September. Where
it is in cultivated fields. I think it would fill a vacan-
cy in many locations further north. I will send you
some seed, if you want to give it a trial. It is an an-
nual of easy cultivation, and not a noxious weed.

Argo, Fla., Sept. Sti, 1887. F. T. Kuhns.

Thanks, friend K. The sample of honey
is quite pleasant to the taste, but it is too
dark colored to command a good price in
our Northern markets. You don't tell us
whether the partridge-pea is a cultivated
plant witli you or not. If so, we presume it
is of some other use than for honey alone.
It would prol)ably be of little use to try it so
far north as we iire, unless it has been al-
ready grown as far north as our parallel.
But "perhaps some of our Southern friends
will be glad of some of the seed. If it has
any uses aside from its value as a lioney-
plant, we should be glad to know more
about it. It has been mentioned before as a
honey-j)lant, but I don't remember what
was said about it.

0UR QUEgTI0N-B0X,

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in for this department should be briefly
stated, and free from any possible ambiguity. The question
or questions shonld be written upon a separate slip of paper,
ami marked, " For Our Question-Box."

Question No. i3.— What kind of surplus comb-hon-
ey arrangement do you use? State why you prefer
it to all others.

We don't raise comb honey.

E. FUANCK.

One and two pound sections. I prefer it, because
trade demands it. Mks. L. Harrison.

I have never raised enough comb honey to have
any special arrangement that I prefer to all others.

O. O. POPPLETON.

The Doolittle, because it is easier to manipulate,
and we can contract it to the capacity of the colo-
ny. Paul L. Viallon.

Heddon case. Can not, as I am not sure that I do.
I think something like the Armstrong T case might
suit me better. A. J. Cook.

We use the bi'oad frames, simply because we
raise mostly extracted honey. Tf we were to raise
comb honey exclusively, we would use Foster's or
C. C. Miller's or Heddon's crate. Dadant & Son.

1887

GLEANINGS IN iJEE CULTURE.

825

First, wide frames one tier of sections high. Sec-
ond, because it combines more good qualities and
fewer poor ones than any other an- ingement— in
my opinion. G. >". Uoolittle.

The T super. 1 think I v.iin secure an equal
amount of honey in as good shape with less time
and labor than with any other arrangement with
which I am familiar. It would not surprise me if it
would be rejected in its turn for something better.

C. C. Miller.

I am using large numbers of one-story reversible
wide-frame supers, and also many tin T nonre-
versible surplus cases. The T supers are good and
cheaper. At the same price I should prefer the
wide-frame super every time; but the difference in
cost in constructing 1.500 is quite an item. Revers-
ing surplus honey amounts to but little at best.

James Heddon.

lam using three different kinds. 1 have but lit-
tle, if any, choice between Heddon's broad frame
reversible, and Armstrong's T super. 1 like them
both, but think both, as well as any other kind,
would work better where there is less propolis. I
prefer them because the sections are more readilj-
removed than from other kinds.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

1 use the broad frames. T prefer them because I
have got used to them, ami dislike to " fly to other
ills 1 know not of." The arrangements which are
more popular just now would not, 1 judge, increase
my yield of honey. They might decrease the labor
somewhat, but probably not enough to pay the ex-
pense of changing. R. E. Hasty.

I use Mr. Heddon's old style of surplus case. I
pi-efer it because it is simple, cheap, and strong;
takes only one tier of sections, allows of the tiering-
up system, and the sections are easily put in place
and more easilj' removed . Some call this Moore's
case. Mr. Moore's crate was simply a crate, not a
case,' it was only a shallow crate in which sections
could be placed. It required an outer covering,
and could not be tiered up. Let us "give honor,"
etc. W. Z. Hutchinson.

QueMion xVo. 14.— Do j'ou know positively, from
actual experiment, that you have obtained any
real relief from a bee-sting remedy ?

No.

Paul L. Viallon.

No, and I have discarded all the so-called reme-
dies. O. O. POPPLETON.

I do not, and think the oases where others do are
very rare. R. Wilkin.

Yes, from water. It takes off the fever, and if
kept on a long time it helps dissolve the poison.

Dadant & Son.

No. 1 never did. If a person or child should be
badly stung I would put him into a wet-sheet pack.
Mrs. hi Harrison.

1 never use any. If it hurts too bad, groan once
or twice and dance a little, then go about your work
with a will, and it is soon a thing of the past.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

No. To one unaccustomed to bee-stings, however,
I should always advise the application of mud, cold
water, or something to col the parts.

C. C. Miller.

I do not. Bee-stings never affect me enough to
amount to any thing. It is breathing bee-poison
that affects me so badly. .Iames Heddon.

My students are sure that ammonia gives relief.
Ice-cold water also allays pain. A strong decoction
of cheap tobacco, applied at once, also gives relief,
and tobacco is much more wisely used to kill pain
than people. A. J. Cook.

Yes, I do. First, get the sting out as soon as pos-
sible, then wet the wound as quickly as you can.
Hub the place while it is wet, to get the poison out
as much as you can; then wipe the place, after
which let it alone. The best remedy is to get the
sting out before it has time to work in the poison.

E. France.

Yes, 1 do know pc si lively that 1 have obtained re-
lief from the use ol tincture -of plantain. Pick the
green leaves, put them in a glass or earthen dish,
and cover with alcohol. Let it stand a day or two,
then drain oft' the tincture, and bottle. Apply this
to the wound as soon as possible. I seldom use it
unless stung near the eye. W. Z. Hutchinson.

During a recent visit to friends in New York, one
of my brothers, an old man. said that the oil of cin-
namon, if applied immediately, would prevent
swelling. In his case it proved true. He keeps a
few colonies and was stung while 1 was there, on
the nostril, and the swelling nearly closed the eye
on that side, the oil not being at hand. Being
stung at another time on the face, and the oil being
applied at once, there was no swelling.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

Yes, sir'ee. There are many remedies— in fact,
several families of remedies— that afford one real
relief. The inflammation of a sting is very much
like a fire. It must have air. It gets its air (oxy-
gen) from two sources— from the blood, and
through the pores of the skin. Any thing that low-
ers the circulation of the blood, or that closes the
pores of the skin in the vicinity of the sting, affords
real relief. The reason remedies so often seem to
be worse than useless is very easy to see when once
you catch on to it. The oxygen which enables the
sting to blaze, more than half of it comes by way of
the blood. The blood is driven partly by the mus-
cles of the heart, and partly by the little muscles of
blood-vessels themselves. Turning the mysterious
nerve force of the brain upon any spot causes the
little muscles last mentioned to greatly increase
their action. The result is, that twice as much
blood passes through that spot as before. Your
remedy may be all right: but directing your mind
to the spot continually is doing twice as much harm
as the remedy is doing good. The same thing hap-
pens when the house gets aflre. A little water is
thrown on (very good, as far as it goes), but doors
and windows are opened in every direction, letting
in air; and the not result is, that the Are which
would have smouldered for hours if let alone,
burns the house up in half an hour. Yet water is
a i-eal remedy for Arc for all that. Whatever you do
lor a sting, you must support it by keeping calm,
ami thinking of something else. Apiece of tissue
l)aper:{ or t inches s(iuare stuck on the spot with
good strong mucilage is one of the best of remedies.
Thick honey well daubed on, without the paper,
does very well. Of course, the old bee-keeper is
usually so well pickled in stings that he needs no
remedy. . E. Hastv.

826

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

Well done, friends. 1 am exceedingly
obliged to you all, and especially to onr
bright, keen, close-thinking friend Hasty,
lie says he has not only discovered what
[ liave so long told you, that looking at the
spot, and thinking about it, makes it worse,
but he ventures an explanation of this phe-
nomenon. Oui' good friend Doolittle also
tells us we can dance around and groan, if
we want to. It always seems to help me
to twist around and make wry faces, and re-
lieve my feelings by talking back to the
little rascals ; but I never knew befoie that
anybody else was in the habit of doing so.
IniMgine our great big portly friend Doolit-
tle taking a little dance all by himself out in
the apiary ! I wonder if it has ever occurred
to him that dancing is usually considered
not quite the thing for a good orthodox
church-member like himself. I presume,
however, there would be no objection to
dancing all alone by one's self. Friend
Hutchinson is very positive that he has ob-
tained relief from the tincture of plantain.
But the thing that troubles me is, how did
anybody discover that the tincture of plan-
tain is good, when there is such a great mul-
titude of herbs to make tinctures from?
How did anybody happen to think of plan-
tain? or is the virtue in the alcohol, without
any plantain about it? I know that plan-
tain has been recommended for bee-stings,
but I have chewed it to see if it had any
astringent or alkaline or other property, but
I could discover nothing peculiar about it.
I know this strikes right squarely on the
whole (|uestion of using herbs for medicine :
and I confess I have never had any satisfac-
toiy proof that herbs ever do any good what-
ever. During my last visit to Prof. Cook's
I asked him the question ))oint blank,
•• Friend Cook, do you believe that catnip
and other like herbs have any virtue what-
ever in curing disease? '' Please remember
that I'rof. Cook teaches physiology right
straight along, every day, to his pupils ; and
his reply was to the effect that catnip and
other similar herbs neither do good nor
harm. Of coiirse, the hot water taken with
the catnip relieves pain many times. Prof.
Cook says his students are sure that ammo-
nia gives relief. Well, my own wife is also
sure that saleratus and water is good for
bee-stings, and Caddie presumed to have an
opinion directly against her papa, in this
very matter. She had used saleratus and
water on a bee-sting, and it got better,
therefo)e saleratus and water must have
made it better. We all know the efficiency
of tobacco in killing insects, and therefore
it may be that a (juid of tobacco laid upon
the flesh has sufficient poison in it to produce
some effect on the bee-sting ; but I hope
Prof. Cook will excuse me for saying that I
am not satisfied that even tobacco affects a
bee-sting one way or the other.

',)H('.stiou JSio. l.'i.—Do you make it a practice to
wear a veil when at work among' the bees ? It' so,
do you think it afivisat)le to dispense with its use at
any time ?

I always use a veil. 1 would advise no one to
work amonfr bees witho\it it. PArr. L. Viai,lon.

Yes. Wire hat. Always have cause for deep re-
gret when r leave it otf. Mrs. L. Harrison.

I do when the bees are cross. 1 dispense with its
use during- the honey-flow. W. z. Hutchinson.

Yes, always. T don't want bees crawling over my
face and neck, even if they never sting.

G. M. UOOLITTI.K.

Not usually; but when the bees are cross. At
such times it certainly is an advantage, for it saves
the lives of the bees. Dr. A. B. Mason.

^'es, almost always. I do not think it is advisable
for any one to leave oft the use of a veil who suffers
as much pain from bee-stings as I do.

O. O. POPPLETON.

When the bees are not gathering, but not during
the harvest. I should advise the young bee-keeper
to use a veil till he feels easy to leave it off.

A. J. Cook.

Yes. 1 often dispense with its use, but never
want to be without one on my hat, ready to pul I
down at a moment's warning. If I had only a few
colonies, t should care less foi- a veil.

('. C. Miller.

Yes. We dispense with its use when the bees are
<iuiet, but have it always on hand. If you wish to
make bee culture practical you must be prepared to
stand your ground with the most vicious colony,
and a few stings in the lace will vani|uish the bold-
est apiarist. Dauant&Son.

I scarcely ever wear a \ eil when at work with the
bees. We supply veils for the boys and for visitors.
After one of the boys has worked for us two jears
he scarcely ever puts on a veil. In hot weather
veils arc burdensome and warm, and obstruct the
eyesight. 1 would rathei' lie s^tung a few times than
wear a veil. Some days 1 don't g(>t stung at all.

K. FlJANX'K.

1 usually wear a veil— in desperate cases a Ku-
Klu.v robe that goes " all over the child." If one is
well inured to stings, the \<'U may be laid away
while general good nature reigns among the bees—
also while working under a tent, which seems to
impress the bees in such a way that the3' seldom at-
tack. Beginners who would I. e disabled from work
by a sting in the face had better not expose their
faces. K. E. Hastv.

1 do. I know that a part of the time they are not
needed; but as I use a strong black bobinet veil,
stitched fast to a special bee-hat, and that veil is of
such material that it obstructs the vision so little
that I almost always wear it. When among bees in
the country I have ridden miles with the veil on,
forgetting to remove it. Use or non-use depends
upon proper quality and adjustment.

,lAMt;s Heddon.

In earlier life I rarely used a veil. My long hair
and beard protected my ears, neck, and most of my
face; then b.i^ holding my face downward a little,
stings iji the face were mostly avoided. If a bee
got tangled in my hair I could easily crush him with
my thumb and finger, liater, since I wear specta-
cles, when a bee attacks me in the eyes I am liable
to either damage my glasses or get a sting while in
the act of taking my glasses out of the way; conse-
quently I wear a ^•eil, and out mj- hair short like
other folks. R.Wilkin.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

827

J^Y^ELF WD J)JY]^EI6PB0^S.

We then that are strong ought to l vav the inflrin-
ilies of the weak, an(l not to pleii-^- ourselves. liOt
every one of us please his iieif;'!. or tor his good to
edification.— Ko.M. 15: 1, ~.

K. ROOT, slia'iit I wiing tliis lit-
tle ben"s neck? lii spite of every
tliiiis I can do, she will roost on
the harnesses." The above re-
mark came, one eveninfj, from
the man who drives the horses, just as he
was finishing up his cliores lor the iiis'lit.
It was a little brown-colored hen thai ( ame
into the stable from some place, nobody
knew where, and she did not seem mucii
afraid of horses or humanity, for she just
made herself at home, and seemed to take it
for granted that she had as good a rii^lit t >
go where she pleased, and do as she pleased,
as anybody. J^ow, on general principles I
am never much in favor of wringing any-
body's neck as a means of teaching them
wholesome lessons ; that is, unless 1 am
greatly provoked, and at such limes I am
sure it is not best for me to do much of any
thing or to say much of anything: so on the
present occasion I, as a matter of course, re-
plied :

'' No, no, Mr. Somers ; don't wring her
neck. Let me have her."

1 went up to her as she sat on the harness,
thinking that, if 1 were very careful, may be
1 could catch her before she flew away : but
to my surprise she let me pick her up, with-
out any squalling or kicking or scratching.
1 don't know but she uttered a few quiet
notes, as much as to say, "' There, take care;
don't hurt me. I have not been doing any
thing out of the way. that I know of."

From that moment forward biddy and I
became fast friends. She was a little bit of
a fowl— that is, compared with my Brahmas,
and she was so trim and neat, light and
graceful, that I wondered I had never ad-
mired her before. I took her up and put
her among the Brahmas. Next morning
she helped herself at the feed-hopper, drank
at the fountain, surveyed the premises and
their owner, as much as to say, " Well. I
think on the whole I would rather live here
than down among the horses."

She very soon showed the rest of the fowls
that she expected to have her own way ;
and it was not very long before she decided
til at the poultry-netting inclosure was a lit-
tle too cramped for a hen of hei' disposition
and abilities, so she spread her hawk-like
wings and flew over tlie fence as if she were
always used to it. After the night 1 saved
lier life, she seemed to conclude that she and
1 were to get along pleasantly together, and
she would soon let me pick her up almost
anywhere, even out in ihe lots. She would
sit on my hand, and sing as complacently as
could be^ while I carried her around in the
house and over to the iieighbm-s : but wlien
even little Huber attempted lo stroke her
soft glossy back, she picked him on tiie
hand as if to say. •' Xo. no, sonny. I don"t
allow everybody to pat hk on the back."

Now, I have "introduced this hen to you
this morning, principally because she is
such an exceedingly business hen. Slie com-

menced right straight to lay eggs ; and
when she got a nest full she gave me to un-
derstand as iiiainly as words could tell it.
that she was going to sit and hatch some
chickens, and that for the time being we
two must lay aside foolishness. So I let her
sit, and she "hatched almost every egg. How
she did scratch around and hunt up food,
and coax and tease for it when it was not to
be found readily! The chickens did splen-
didly. They could not well help it ; but be-
fore they were nearly large enough to be
weaned, according to ordinary hen sense,
she began to get restless, and a day or two
later I noticed her ([uite a little way off from
her chickens, witli a very demure and inno-
cent air, receiving attentions from a smait
young Plymouth Rock cockerel. They two
became great friends, and promenaded the
lots together. Tliey seemed to liave a great
deal of talking and visiting to do ; and when
night came she persuaded her admirer to
leave his accusomed roost in the fowl-house,
and take a seat beside her, on the top rail of
the cold-frame I have pictured to you. The
sash being entirely off, nothing but the rail
remained. She chose this for a roosting-
place during the summer nights. No
cramped up poultry- house woidd answer
her notions of free air and health. Lest
there might be enemies prowling about, she
chose a roosting-place close by tiie factory :
and, in fact, this hen has always seemed to
show her good sense in every thing she un-
dertakes. Pretty soon another nest was
started. This time it was in a barrel of rot-
ten wood where the boys in tlie apiary re-
plenish their smokers. I told the boys to
let her remain. She finished her laying of
eggs, and then commenced to sit. 1 remon-
strated with her, that it would be Novem-
ber before the chickens would be hatched :
but if you could have seen her coax and
tease and beg for permission to carry out
her project of winter chickens, you would
never more doubt that a hen can coax and
tease. She poked the eggs under her, ])ick-
ed at my hands, settled herself down over
her snow-white treasures, and fairly begged
to be let alone. 1 finally let her have
her own way, more because she was
such an odd little genius than because I
wanted any more chickens. Now. although
the location of the barrel was not a very fa-
vorable one for the frosty nights of October,
she hatched— how many eggs do you sup-
pose? Why. every egg, of course. That is
about the "way she always does where she
can lay tiiem herself. And. by the way, I
want to say to my friends who have iiicuba-
ttiis. and want fertile eggs, just let the hen
go oft" by herself and steal hei- nest, and she
will lay eggs that will hatch. I don't know
but one reason is. that a hen with a stolen
nest usually lias a particular favorite among
the flock of male birds; and where a coni)le
pair off' together that way — going off'
through the fields and lanes alone by them-
selves, you may be pretty sure of getting
fertile eggs.

AVell. this little business hen of mine has
been layingegi^s and liatcliing chickens ever
since T took her part and saved her life.
Winter or summer, she has no vacation. As

828

GLEANINGS 1:N bee OULTUKE.

Nov.

soou as it will barely do to wean the chick-
ens, she is off and happy, starting another
lot. When she is sitting, if she does not
And food handy so she can get bacli to her
nest quickly, she will run up to me in the
greatest hurry and flurry, and commence to
sing. Did you ever know of a sitting hen
before, that would sing? I always know
what that means, so I get her some grain
and water, which she takes out of my hand,
and then off slie goes on a run to her nest.
It has just occurred to me lately, that I
should like to get a piece of ground, say
three or four acres, and plant her in the
middle of it, and let her people it with fowls.
In fact, I should just like to see how many
she could raise in one year, all by herself.
As her pullets are very much like her, and
commence laying very young, I think if I
should commence the first of January 1 could
get a pretty big flock by the next January.
Her chickens, every one of them, show that
restless, busy spirit. I forgot to say, that
the brood that was hatched in November
was put into the greenhouse, under one of
the benches ; and as 1 wanted to try raising
chickens without a mother, I carried her to
another part of the premises, with the other
fowls. As she had no means of finding
her chickens, she seemed to conclude that
what could not be cured must be endured ;
but next morning, as soon as she saw me
she ran to me, jumped up on my hands, and
looked me full in the face, interrogating me
as plainly as a human being could, almost,
as to what I had done with those downy
chicks of the night before. She peeked
under my coat, looked behind me, over my
shoulder, and everywhere, thinking they
must be somewhere in my possession. They
didn't winter very well without a mother ;
for, some time in January they were evi-
dently going to die unless I gave them dif-
ferent quarters. The greenhouse was too
warm, or the feed was not just right. My
wife begged to have them put among the
other fowls, and we did so ; but they w^ere
a sorry set of poor '' orphelings " for quite a
time. Somebody suggested that the chicks
wanted some medicine. Now, 1 once heard
Neighbor H. say tlnit the best medicine in
the world for horses is grass. Turn them
out in the lot and let Nature and grass do
the curing. Weil, the best medicine, in my
opinion, for poultry, is bread and milk. So
my wife undertook" to cure the " orphelings"
with bread and milk, administered three
times a day. Did they die? >iot at all.
They are now tlie plumpest, neatest, and
smartest pullets among the whole flock ;
and one of the roosters that looks exactly
like his father, and behaves almost exactly
like his mother, is one of the plumpest and
neatest on our grounds.

Well, a few days ago, after the frost
killed the coleus-plants on our bed on the
lawn right in front of the house, I directed
Mr. Walker to replace the coleus with some
beautiful plants of fringed parsley. He
fixed the bed up in splendid shape, as most
old-countrymen know how to do ; but be-
fore night, my pet hen iiad got into it,
and— oh my! but hadn't she made ruin in
just one short hour V Mr. Walker worked

an hour or more in setting the plants back
in their places, and smoothing off the
ground, and raking the soil back off the
lawn, and we promised to watch that hen ;
but before night she did it again. Now, I
felt as if I could not give up my plan of
having an ornamental foliage bed made of
parsley, and so he fixed it up another time ;
but this irrepressible biddy must have been
in the rose-bushes while he was doing it ;
for as soon as he got back from putting his
tools away, she was sending the dirt in
showers ail over the lawn again. Why, I
didn't know it was possible for any thing in
hen shape to make the dirt fly as she made
it fly on the coleus-bed.

" Wring her neck ! wring her neck ! "
came from all sides ; but I said, " No, no ;
we will fix her a house down on the creek
bottom, among the great banks of beautiful
fine soil where the celery has just been re-
moved, and we will let that hen scratch and
scratch until she is happy and satisfied.
Yes, we will take her numerous progeny,
that threaten to cover the farm at the pres-
ent rate in the near future, and carry them
down there to help her fine up several acres
of soil."

Well, dear friends, the house is builded —
or, rather, digged — for my pet biddy. It
has a sleeping-room, a dining-room, a nest-
room, and a drinking-room, and she and
her progeny are just now in the dining-
room under the sash, enjoying the rays of
the morning sun while I write, unless, in
truth, they have digged out and dug their
house down. The materials for the house
were a large hogshead, a barrel, two nail-
kegs, and a box ; and we made it warm by
piling up soft earth all around and over
them. In fact, we don't expect an egg to
freeze, or their drinking-water to freeze,
during the coming winter; nor do we
expect there will be any frozen combs or
frozen toes. In our next issue I will try to
tell you about my poultry-house, made of a
hogshead, a barrel, and nail-kegs, for it
took only three or four liours to build it
complete.

Now, what has this long story to do with
neighbors, think you? Well, the moral
may not be very apparent, but it lies some-
where in this line : When a neighbor vexes
you, and tries your patience, don't, I beg of
"you, think of wringing his neck. May be
the fault is yours, and may be his queer
ways and eccentricities may be of great
value if you take him right. This hen and
her brood have furnished me a great
amount of eggs and chickens, and she has
not taken very much food either, because
she rambles about and picks most of it up.
When biddy dug the beds up and made the
dirt fly, it seemed a grievous trouble ; but
who can tell how much good she and her
progeny may accomplish between now and
gardening time next spring, down on the
creek bottom V They will fine up the dirt,
get the worms and insects and bugs, and
produce a large quantity of valuable ma-
nure already pulverized, and stirred up and
digged into the ground ; for you see I ex-
pect the ground to remain dry where they
I are. We have banked it away up liigh, and

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

829

ditched it to c;irr\ otT nil surplus water.
Now, then, 11 iieighb;)!- tliat annoys >ou ful-
ly as much as that hen and licr brood an-
noyed me by scratching, may b.' utilized to
do yourself and the world a ,L;reat amount of
good; and the line in which yon are to work
for the accomplishment of this end is
through Christ Jesus, as expressed in tlie
language of our text.

A LATE HONEY FLOWaFROM ASTERS.

DO WE OFTEN HAVE ONE AS I.ATK AS TIIH; MID-
DLE OF OCTOBEK ?

?S^ 0-DAY is warm and sunny, after three hard
2f frosts. I am very much surprised at the
< way the bees are still workinj^, and storing-
honey. To-day tlicy arc- working- almost as
well as they did through the honey-How of
last June, when white clover was in bloom. I
have a nucleus of bees with three frames. They
have glass on two sides, and I have been able to
watch them closely. They are storing honey very
fast, and since yesterday I see they have sealed
over considerable. They seem to fill the cells near-
ly full, and let it remain tor several days that way,
then nil up and seal over. 1 know of what I speak
when 1 saj' they are gathering- honey as fast as
they have at any time in the early season. There
is one thing- that hinders them from filling- the
hives right up— cool eveningrs and mornings, and
a few days have been too cold to do much good.
Another drawback is the shortness of the working
hours. They do not get more than half as many
working hours in as they do in the month of June.
I have never known such a honey-harvest in my
experience in the bee-business at this season of
the year. It is now October 17. The bloom I spoke
to you about came out in the last week in Septem-
ber, perhaps a little earlier, and has now begun to
decline; but if the weather keeps warm the bees
will have another week to reap this harvest.

I have justj returned from a visit to the woods
and neighboring fields. I find a wonderful supplj'
of the wild 'aster— such a crop I don't think I ever
saw before, and you ought to see the bees on it. It
would do you good just to roam over the old pas-
ture-fields and ravines where it has been about
half cleared out, and then suffered to grow up in
weeds, to see the busy bees on this fiower. It is a
flower that secretes Inectar all day— not a morning
supply and then gone. The bees continue to work
on it as long as it is warm enough. Some days,
when it was rather sultry, they continued till dark;
but at this time of year it gets a little cool toward
night.

As to my bees, I am better pleased with them this
season than before July. August, and September of
this year— the first parr of July and last week of
September excepted. I hope we shall have one
week yet of gooa weather. Have we had a honey-
flow anywhere else as late in the season as this be-
fore? W. S. Jones.

Central Station, W. Va., Oct. 1", 1>^87.

Friend J., I would go a good many miles
to see such a yield of honey in October, as
you speak of. I remember passing, years
ago, through the fields quite late. It was
alter severe frosts, I remember, biit 1 was

astonish(!d to see a small swarm— it looked
almost like a little swarm of Italians— hov-
ering over a single plant covered with blos-
soms. It was siicli a siglit that I thought of
taking tiie plant up and of trying to propa-
gate it. I did not know what it was at the
time, but I afterward found out that it was
aster, and we made some attempts at do-
mesticating it, but it didn't take well to
cultivation. I don't suppose it would pay
in dollars and cents, but it certainly would
be worth something to a live bee-keeper,
to see about a quarter or an eighth of an
acre roaring with bees away along in Octo-
ber. Your statement revives my enthusiasm
on the subject. As there is such a great
variety of asters, I think it would pay well
to get ffur roots or our seed from some of
the very plants that yield honey largely
very late in the season. The aster has
yielded botmtitully this season in almost all
localities, as you will see by the reports.

MORE ABOUT THE ASTER.

ITS VALUE AS A'IIONEY-PLANT ; ALSO THE PEl.U-

liak:odoi{ of the honey at times.

ip BOUT the 1st of October I noticed a very of-
1^ fensive smell in my apiary of ten hives. I
V- concluded thei-e was something wrong— prob-
^ ably foul brood, as I had never seen bees
affected with that disease. It smelled like
dead: bees, or moldj'^or soured, honey. We could
smell it ten steps from the hives, on a still evening;
but on examinati(jn the bees were strong and lively,
and in good condition. They were working strong,
and gathering- honey and pollen j from the weed
herewith inclosed, called here by some the " last of
summer," and I believe they stored more honey
from it than from any other fiower we had this
summer (it being a very poor season) except linn.

It still looks white with bloom after a hard
frost on the a:.*d, with the^thermometer at 26°; but
they gathered pollen, and I suppose honey too,
after several frosts, and had considerable brood
and even small larvae, a week ago. I noticed no
eggs. The Howcrrsent, blooms from about the I.5th
of Sept. until hard trosts'.kill it. It grows from two
to three feet high, and is a very common weed
here. 1 can't imagine any thing that caused the
bad smell, except the honey from this weed. The
bad odor has now^disappeared, and the honey has
no bad taste. A. S. Hill.

Tygart Valley, Greenup Co., Ky., Oct. 24, 1887.
You are right, friend H. This peculiar
odor does come from this particular plant,
and the plant is tlie common aster of our
tields. Tlie specimen that blossoms so very
late is a small -tlo'uered variety. I have
noticed this same smell, and I have felt
pretty sure it came from asters, because
nothing else was in bloom at the time ;
and when I walked among the plants in the
helds I felt sure I could detect an odor quite
similar. At times one would think the
honey was all in a ferment, like the contents
of a barrel of feed for the pigs during a hot
day. I donl believe this occurs every year,
however; but it may occur whenever
aster honey c^mes in profusely.

830

Cil.EANlNCJS IN J5EE CULTUUE.

Xov.

5f0B^cc0 C0ii«W.

ONK WHO HAS USED TOBACCO FORTY YEAKS; HIS
IMIMiOVEMENT SINCE HE QUIT TWO YEARS AGO.

fRlBNDKOOT:— In September 1st Gleanings
you ask to hear from those who have aban-
doned the use of tobacco, after lia\'ins' quit
— their condition physically, morally, and
financially. Perhaps yon remember that I
said to you J had been a slave to tobacco for more
than fifty years. 1 do not know liow old I was
when 1 began chewinj.'-, but perliaps not more tlian
Hvc or six years old. I know it was when I was
considered too young' to g'o to school, for my first
teacher tried to hire me to (|uit, and gave me a sil-
ver dollar.

1 have read Gleanings most of the time since
lS8".i. Your Home readings and Tobacco Column
always attracted my special attention. The more I
read, the more 1 was convinced that the use of to-
l)acco was useless, and morally wrong-, because it
was e.\pensive, troublesome, filthy, disgusting to
nice peojile, defiling- to the house of God, and had a
tendency to genei-ate many diseases. It is now a
few days over two years since 1 last tasted tobacco
in any form, Sept. 8, 1885. Had you seen me before
that date, and see me now, I opine you would not
hesitate to say that 1 am much better off physical-
ly. I weigh 15 to ail lbs. more, and have much bet-
ter health While using- tobacco, I was subject to
headache, hcartl)uri), piles, nervousness, and occa-
sionally vertiao, none of which trouble me now.
1 suppose my tobacco cost me, for forty years, 3
to 5 cts. per day, say 4 cts. average. This is for
chewing- and smoking. I used the pipe evenings
and mornings in winter; very seldom in summer.
Calculate 4 cts. for o65 days, $14.60. Multiply by
forty, and we have $.584— enough to buy a splendid
home in this country, for a one-horse man.

Now, as to whether I am bettered morally or not,
1 will not pretend to say; but I will say that I try
often to induce others to quit; and within a few
weeks past I have heard one friend say, " 1 have
quit." A few days ago I heard from a lady friend
who has quit. This lady chewed e(iual to some
men, and made no secret of it. Her husband did
not use it, but furnished her what she wanted. I
talked to both these individuals on the subject, but
don't know in.\- talk had any thing to do with their
(juitting; but 1 am satisfied to know they have quit.
Another old man of my age. or older, has also quit,
but not through my influence, I suppose, for 1 do
not know that he has heard that I have quit. You
said in one of your Home talks, perhaps in 1884 or
'85, " It is an easy matter for any i)erson to be-
come a (Christian if he wants to be one " (this is the
substance); so 1 argue any one can (juit the use of
tobacco or whisky if lie ivantii to.

Did I quit without an effort? i\o, sir, I didn't;
but I icfuited to quit, and by the help of the Lord 1
was determined to do it. Even now, after two
years, I dream of using tol)acco; and in my dreams,
so positive am I that I am chewing- tobacco that I
resolve there and then to pay Mr. Root for that
smoker. But chewing tobacco in dreams does not
obligate me to pay for the smoker, does it':' I told
you once you need not expect to get pay for that
smoker, and I here reiterate it. .1. .M. Hahius.

Cedartown, Ga., Sept. 10, IssT.

We thank you, friend H., for your very
valuable testimony, which I am sure will
strenpjthen and encourage otliers to mider-
take the task. And so, my good friend, you
are honest, even in your dreams. I think
there is a good point here. Shortly after my
conversion I used to dream of going back to
the old life ; and over and over again I
would wake up and thank God that it was
but a dream. Sometimes in my dreams the
remoise because I felt I liad been led away
again by Satan was terrible. But these
dreams were the means of strengthening
me ; for the memory of how bad I felt made
me more earnest in saying to Satan, '' Xo,
no : I never want any thing, purchased at
sudi a price."' Well, by and by I dreamed
of getting down on my knees, and wrestling
in prayer that (Jod would deliver me from
Satan's wiles, and this ended it. Satan
seemed to have abjindoned persecuting me
in my dreams, when he found that even
there I was a praying man. " Behold, he
prayeth."

Please -end my neighbor, W. B. Marshall, a smok-
er. He has quit using tobacco. If he commences
again I will see that you get pay for your smoker.

Horatio, Ohio, Sept. lia, 1887. Noah Thomas.

1 have (juit the use of tobacco, having used it 40
years out of 54. If I should use the weed anymore
I will send you the money for the smoker you send.

Sharon, Wash. T. Grant S. Roderick.

A friend of mine, Mr. J. J. Hughes, has quit the
use of tobacco. Please send him a smoker. If he;
ever uses if again I will pay you for the smoker.
W. H. Cottingham.

Pleasant Valley Mills, Ky., Sept. :.'6, 1887.

1 have quit the use of tobacco (smoking) for some
time, and so I for one claim a smoker. If I ever use it
again, I will pay promptly for smoker. 1 am on my
second year with (.lk-Vnings, and like it more and
more. Ge(j. W. Wal/,.

Scranton City, Iowa, Sept. 3, 1887.

I began the use of tobacco when about seven
years old, and was an almost constant user for 14
years till one year ago, when I gave it u|). If I am
entitled to a smoker, send me one; and if 1 ever use
tobacco again I will pay you for the smoker.

Colgate, Wis., Aug. 2:2, 1887. A. L. Greengo.

ONE WHO wishes to CONTRIBUTE TO THE SMOK-
ER FUND.

Please find inclosed two dollars— one to renew my
subscription for Gleanings, the other to be credit-
ed to the smoker fund. 1 feel that you should have
some help in this good work that you are doing.
When you ttrst made the offer of a smoker to any
one who would (jUit the use of tobacco, I was one
among the first to claim one, and 1 have never
t(juched the weed since; but now I feel that, in-
stead of being paid to give up such a filthy habit,
the pay should come the other way. I fully realize
the great good that you are doing. May God bless
you, and may assistance come from all directions
to help carry it on. M. G. Conden.

Clinton, Mo., Sept. 14, 18S7.

l»«7

l;LeaxNun(js in hek cULtuke.

H'M

0aR 0wjx JiFinm

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

better.

THE BINGHAM VEIISITS THE CLARK S.'NIOKKU.

I liiive given the liingham smoker a
l)retty tliorough trial. Our boys
liave used it constantly in the apiary
every day right alongside of tlie
Clark. Sometimes we like the Clark
and sometimes tlie IJingham. Each
possesses points of meiit not possessed by
the other, and so tlie verdict has varied
duiing the season.

In the course of my remarks I shall dis-
cuss a few of the merits and demerits of
each. First, let us discuss the Bingham.
The latter has one quite bad feature which
I will now illustiate by the following ex-
ample :

Several days ago. as I was strolling up the
avenues in the apiary, 1 saw Mr. Spafford,
with his head down in the hive, evidently
pawing something out.

'• Hello !" I said ; '• what is the matter ?'"

Witliout very much explanation he re-
plied, ■' This is the third time this smoker
has acted this way to-day."

'' Oh : the top fell off, did it ?" said I, as I
saw the smoke rolling up from between the
frames.

" Yes, it has done this trick several times,
and let the hot coals and cinders down
among tiie bees ; and. as you see, it is not
an easy job to get them out again."'

1 then observed that the smoker-top was
somewhat l)attered.

In order to replenish the Bingham while
hot, we And it is necessary to strike the cone-
top one or two smart blows right and left,
until it falls off, as it is too liot to be handled
ordinarily when in use. After the barrel is
lilled, we" have to pick the top up like a hot
coal, and jam it into place. This alternate
removal and re-adjustment of the cone-top
as above described, caused it to become
somewhat battered in time, and consequent-
ly ill tilting.

Several times, when Mr. Spafford had
lilled the smoker and crowded the top as
tightly as he could push it on, just as he was
in the act of shooting the smoke over the
colony the top would drop off, precipitating
the cinders over the frames. We have bent the
rim back into shape so as to make it fit l)etter,
but even then we have found the top was
liable to come off just when we jjarticularly
desired it not to. With the Clark, however,
there is no danger of the whole contents of
tlie smoker barrel dropping out on the bees.

I want to state one more olijection
against the Bingham, and that is. that the
lire-box, in my judgment, is not secured
to tlie bellows "as tirmly as it might l)e. In-
deed, it seems to me our Abronia friend
might get up a simpler, stronger, and better
device for accomplishing the purpose above
named. We have had some little ditticulty
with the lire-box becoming loosened froni
the bellows several times during the season ;
and although we have re-secured it on as
many times, it soon works loose again. It
maybe we are big bunglers out here, and

use tilings uncommonly rough ; at any rate,
the foregoing has been our experience.

Notwithstanding the two objections which
1 have named above, I can not help but like
it for the following reasons ; vi/. :

First, in action it is instantaneous. A
slight movement of the bellows causes the
smoke to puff out in a gentle whiff. Second,
it sends out a strong, dense volume of smoke ;
and a very little working of the bellows
starts the smoke immediately. Third, there
are no tubes to become clogged with soot.
Fourth, the construction of the bellows-valve
is such that it will not fill up so as to
"wheeze." Filth, I like a cylindrical fire-
box better than I do a conical, because it is
easier to get long stuff into. In general,
the hot-blast principle gives rather denser
smoke.

Having now considered some of the good
and bad features of the liingham smoker,
let us discuss the Clark in the same way. I
have already hinted at some of the defects .
in the latter, tiie most obvious of which are
these: First, the blast-tube, as now con-
structed, lifter continued use, will liecome
clogged with soot, unless cleaned often.
This objection, however, we hope to remedy
before another season. Second, after sev-
eral months' use, the valve, in consequence
of sooty accumulations, sometimes •' wheez-
es,'" instead of letting the air in freely.
This, like the former defect, we hope to
correct. The points of excellence in the
Clark, as we see them, are as follows ; viz.:
First, it is cheaper than the other smoker.
Second, the sliding door permits easier fill-
ing, and likewise easier lighting. Simply
a lighted matcii. placed opposite the hole
made by the sliding door being partially
closed, will light the smoker. Tiie opera-
tion of igniting the fuel in the Bingham is
more ditTicult, so it seems to me. When-
ever I go out in the apiary and want to ex-
amine two or three colonies, I always pick
up the Clark, because I can light it and get
it well going in less time than it takes me
to tell you. Third, the Clark is emphatical-
ly a long-range weapon. It will shoot a

' blast of smoke a long distance — rather
further than the hot-blast smokers. Fourth.
;is the blast of air does not pass through the
fire, it has little tendency to throw sjiarks
or fire. Fifth, the fire-box is heated but
\ ery little. In the Bingham I have had
the fiames shoot out six or eight inches
from Uie nozzle, and at the same time the
fire-box was ;ilmost red-hot. Now, having

, stated the good and bad features as they
occur to me in both smokers, perhaps you
will inquire which smoker I would prefer.
Candidly. I don't know. They are both
good smokers. If the bees are hybrids, and
are very cross, I think I should father pie-
fer the Bingham : but if the bees are gentle,
like the Italians, and I am desirous of get-
ting my smoker ready just as soon as i>os-
sible. I should pick up the Clark.

'J HE TACK SYSTEM, AXD I'-V WHOM FIRST
SUGGESTED.

In last issue, in speaking of tiie ii.<e of

tacks to indicate the condition of the col-

: onv, I stated that I Ijorrowed the idea from

83:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUETUKE.

Nov.

some one whom I did not remember. It
now transpires that I got the suggestion
from an editorial in the ApicuUitrist. Mr.
Alley, in calling my attention to this fact,
writes that he has used this tao'; system for
years, and that it has given him excellent
satisfaction. From my present knowledge
of it I am well pleased witli it, and unless I
discover something bettei I shall use it in
(lueen-rearing next season, if (ah! there's
the rab) foul brood_should not favor us with
another visitation.' By the way, if any of
our readers know of a better system, dif-
ferent from the slate tablets and tacks for
recording the condition of the hive, let ns
hear froin you. It must be a record simple
ill plan, quick in operation, and one which
will be intelligible a short distance from the
hive, as well as in its immediate vicinity.

D. A. JONKS'S ISOLATED FOUL-BROOD API-
ARY FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES.

From the Canadian Bee Journal of Oct. 26,
page 634, we are informed that our energetic
friend Jones, the past season, established
an apiary in an isolated locality for the pur-
pose of experimenting with fovil tirood. The
location is ten miles from his home, and a
man is kept in this hospital yard the entire
season, daring which time it is visited fre-
quently by friend -Tones. Among other
tilings, in speaking of carbolic acid in treat-
ing foul-broody colonies, he says:

Tt seemed to entirely jjimcnf the spreading of Ihe
(liseasc,hut it did nid srr'm to cure it, nithoug-h it ap-
parently did not increase, and in many instances
appeared to decrease ; and from apjiearances we
should not doubt that, commencing- this treatment
early in sprin"-. and continuing it all summer. It
raiffht bo cured; because where the sprayinar ot the
combs and bees was carried on and phenol given,
tlie bees were mere inclined to clean out the dead
larva': but it does seem like a waste of time, as far
as our exeriments have, gone unless it is to prevent
the spreading- of the disease.

The italics are mine. The facts, as stated
above, agree exactly with my experience ;
and at different times I have mentioned the
fact that, while carbolic acid failed to cure
the disease, yet it evidently prevented its
spread. This is sustained from what I am
able to gather from correspondence, and from
both American and foreign journals. In
some cases I have seen reports where it ef-
fected an absolute cure. Certain it is, out of
a great many colonies I could not cure a sin-
gle one by spraying with carbolic acid alone.
Though repeated sprayings were adminis-
tered the whole season, sooner or later it
became evident we should have to go back
to the Jones plan, which we did at last. In
the^same article,'friend .lones says further:

The fasting plan, in four^cxperience, is the quick-
est, safest, cheapest, and most perfect treatment
that I have been able to find.

You are just right, friend Jones. The
only plan which I have found that would
effect an absolute cure in a stmrt time, is
your plan, or at least one ''embodying the
fundamental ])rinciples of it; but if foul
brood should break out in our apiary next
spring, I would use the fasting plan, or a
modihcation of it, accompanied with the use
of carbolic acid, the latter to keep the dis-
ease from spreading, and the former to wipe
it out.

HONEY-HOLDING OFF FOR BETTER
PRICES.

SOME IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS FROM FRIEND
MUTH.

fRIEND ROt)T:— Almost everybody is convinc-
ed of the fact, 1 suppose, that prices of hon-
ey, as well as those of other products of
the farm, have been too low for the last five
or six years. Some of them have been and
are now below the cost of production. Better
prices are desirable. It is the good fortune of pro-
ducers and dealers, if the prices of honey advance
and the advance is sustained. But there is a cer-
tain limit, and it will be a mistake if extravagant
ideas are entertained by producers. Manufactur-
ers and consumers commenced to use honey ex-
tensively, because cheap, in the place of other
sweets, and they will drop it again if prices exceed
their views. We have been taking pains, perhaps
second to none in the country, to introduce ex-
tracted honey to manufacturers, and we thought
once that we had succeeded in establishing a de-
mand for the largest part of the honey produced in
the Southern States. The cheaper glucose, how-
ever, spoiled our expectations. Lower prices fol-
lowed, and a consequently better demand for honey,
besides new customers being added in different
branches of business. Your"prices are, to the
greatest extent, the result of a good demand; and
every dealer knows that belter profits are, general-
ly, synonymous with an advance in values. My
sentiments are, therefore, not so much of a phil-
anthrophic as of a selfish nature when I speak in
favor of better prices. But it would be a calamity
for Southern bee-keepers if the demand from man-
ufacturers should be lost again because of a mis-
taken idea. Although the present scarcity of hon-
ey is a change for the better, to the best of my
judgment, we should not forget that a short crop of
extracted honey is an exception to the rule, and
that all were complaining of an overstocked mar-
ket up to a few months ago.

Extracted honey has fairly begun to be a staple
article, dift'ereut from comb houey, which will re-
main a fancy article only. It will be consumed
largely when plentiful and cheap, and less will be
consumed when the contrary is the case.
Cincinnati, O., Oct. 3;J, 1887. Chas. F. Muth.

No doul)t you are right about it, old
friend ; and since we have got up to 8 cts.
for basswood and i» for clover honey, we
have had more offered than we need, and we
are not making many sales either. One dif-
ticulty in the way of making sales is, that
before we can sell the honey we are obliged
to put it up in smaller packages than it
comes in when we buy it ; and the cost of
these packages has to be added to the cost
of the honey ; therefore we can not retail it
out for less than from two to three cents
above what we pay by the barrel. I pre-
sume we shall lie oi)lig'ed to go back on our
offer a little— say 7 cts. for basswood and 8
for clover. I think it quite desirable that
the old honey be pretty much all moved off
and used up before we begin to get the new.
And now an interesting question comes up :
Where will the first new honey come from—
for instance, new clover or basswood honey?
How far south do clover and basswood
flourish ? Who can enlighten us ?

1887

GLEAiSINGS iK BEE CULTUKE.

8:^8

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Senii-Moitllil;/.

j^. X. :E^ooT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

lv^EI3I2lT^a., OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

!•-♦—! ■

For Clubbing Bates, Sec First Figc of Heading Matter.

He tliat loveth God lovith his brotlier also.— 1. John i: 21.

Our subscription list is s'.iU increasing. Our pres-
ent number of siibsrv'bcrs is 7G74. Thanks.

SEED OV THE I\!EI.rsS.\, OR BEE-BALM.

Since our article on pag-eS!;; was printed, we have
received the following- from tiM^nd Tyrrel :

1 can sell small trial packetn lir 5 cts. Seeds that lipen
lirst have to be picked by hand. An oiince of seed will plant
nt-aily four acres, 3 ft. apart each way. A. C. Tybrkl.

Madison, Neb.. Oct. 25, 1887.

THOSE BEES.

In what condition are your bees for the coming-
winter? Have you done your duty by them lo the
best of your knowledge, or have you neglected
them up to the present time? If the latter, you had
better hustle.

THE BUNDI-ES dF HEHBS HUNG UP IN THE GARRET.

Since what I have said on page 83t) was put in
print, it has occurred to me that it may have been
our friend Terry instead of Prof. Cook who told me
he was satisfied that the catnip, pennyroyal, and
other like herlis that it used to be so common to
preserve for their medicinal properties, had of
themselves no effect whatever on diseases. I
should be sorry to make a mistake in this matter,
therefore 1 mention it here.

THE HONEY QD0T,\T10NS.

We call the attention of our readers to the Honey
Column of current issue. Choice comb honey, in
one-pound sections, is ruling quite uniformly at
18 and :iOc, as will be seen. It will also be observed
that fu'o-pound sections of honey, with scarcely an
exception, bring about two cents less jier pound
than the one-pound sections. Will the friends
please make a note of this in ordering for next sea-
sou? Put your comb honey in packages that will
bring the best returns. Two cents on a pound is an
item worth taking into consideration.

THE NATIONAL CONVENTION.

The following in regard to reduced rates, we ex-
tract from the A. D. J. of Oct. 26:

Reduced rates on all railroads arc {rranted to attend the Fat-
Stock Show in Chicaeo from Nov. .S to 18. 1887. Ticket" will be
issued at one-and-onc-flfth fare for the round trip. Bee-kecj)-
ers who wish to see the Fat-Stock Show should come the last
and best week, and can lluii attend the convention which oc-
curs on the last three days. Wednesday lo Kiiday. Nov. l(i to 18.

As we understand it, you purchase your ticket at
any station, direct to Chicago. When you go home,
by presenting some sort of paper furnished at the
convention, at the Chicago ticket-office you get a
return ticket for one-fifth fare. This will be quite

a saving. We are very glad to know that such an
arrangement has been secured.

A LAWSUIT IN REGARD TO BEES BEING. A NUI-
SANCE.

While at the convention at Albany, last Janua-
ry. I had some conversation with Stephen W. Rich,
in regard to a lawsuit. John M. Olmstead, of Ho-
bart, Delaware Co., N. V., asked for $12(ill damages
for injuries inflicted by bees upon his personal
property. I suggested to Mr. Rich that he had bet-
ter try to make some friendly arrangement with
his neighbor, but he said it was impossible. Well,
Mr. Olmstead has gained the suit; but instead of
f 1200 damages, he got only six cents. Mr. Rich has
a heavy expense to pay in the way of costs. It
seems to me the decision was rather a reproof to
both parties; but the Bee-keepers' Union does not
propose to let it rest where it is. Mr. Rich must
move his forty colonies of bees. It may be bard to
decide what is the proper thing to do, since it has
got in the shape it is; but lawsuits are certainly a
pretty expensive luxury.

THE NEW .JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

Our own field, although it has blossomed finely,
and filled out beautifully with grain, has not given
half the number of bushels we expected. One
trouble, no doubt, was that forty or fifty hens and
cliickens helped themselves during the time it was
ripening, and the heads that were too high for the
chickens to reach were carefully gone over by a
flock of English sparrows. But such has been the
case with almost all the buckwheat we ever raised,
and it gave a better yield per acre than the Japan-
ese. It is no more than fair to state, however, that
our crop was matured during the great drought of
188V; and as most of you kuow, buckwheat stands
dry weather very poorly. To get a good crop, you
must have rain. The best I ever raised was when
we turned under a heavy growth of clover, and the
ground was so wet while preparing it that a great
deal of the time it threatened to mire the horses.
In regard to its yield of honey, very few bees were
noticed on it while in bloom; but it should be re-
membered this season has been peculiar in this re-
spect; for very few bees were seen even on white
clover. We have had at this date, Oct. 21, just one
other report of the Japanese buckwheat, and that
was not very favorable. Now, we shall be very
glad indeed to get a brief report from every one
who pui-chased seed of us during the past season.
If it is not going to pay to raise this great big black
buckwheat, we want to know it.

ADVERTISEMENTS IN THE READING-COLUMNS.

I KNOW it is quite customary to insert articles in
the reading-columns of journals and newspapers,
that seem to be disinterested news items, providing
the publisher gets good pay for such reading-notic-
es. It has always seemed to me, however, a sort of
cheat, or swindle. Why not let the advertiser use
the advertising pages, and let everybody under-
stand that what he has to say is an advertisement
of the goods he has for sale? 1 don"t believe in any
feints or make-believes, or sly tricks to get people
to notice goods of any kind; and whenever I take
up a paper, and find a lengthy article headed in
such a way as to mislead the reader, while
somewhere in the middle of the article, or toward
the end, it advertises " Warner's Safe Cure," or any
other similar commodity, I at once lose faith in the

834

(JLEANIJMGS liN liKK CU-LTUliK.

Nov

paper I am reading-, and in the jiroprietors of the
medicine as well. Perhaps many of the friends
have noticed recently an article recommending-
certain mines in Arizona; and when I looked at
the title of the paper giving- place to such a com-
munication, it gave me a reeling- of pain. But I am
pleased just now to notice a communication in the
Michigan Faiitwr for Sept. 12, that strikes at the
root of the matter. Any editor who " makes mer-
chandise," as the Fiirmrr puts it, out of the confi-
dence his readers have in his paper, will sooner or
later repent it. It is the Uohemian-oais swindle in
another g-iiise, over and over again.

gPECI^Ii ]\[0¥ICEJ5.

PKICE OF T.\l'KS REDUCED.

Present prices on tacks of all kinds are lower than
I ever knew them to be before. We are according--
ly able to offer them at about half the price we have
been getting- for them. We now sell 3 oz. of 14-in.
tinned tacks lor o cts.; :S oz. of ■„ in. and 4 oz. of '2
in., for the same price, instead of 1, \M, and 2 oz., as
formerly. Carpet tacks almost as cheap in propoi--
tion. Full table of prices will appear in our .Ian. 1st
issue of price list, now being- prepared.

DISCOUNT ON OOODS BOUGHT THIS FAT. I. K()l{ N F-.\T
SEASON'S USE.

Until Dec. 1, we will give a discount of s per cent
on goods strictly for next season's use, except the
following: Machinery of all kinds for manufactur-
ing-; all tin and glass honey-receptacles; tin plate,
and all counter goods. On Simplicity, portico, and
chaff hives, we can give only //re per vent. The prin-
cipal goods included under the eight per cent dis-
count are foundation, frames, sections, zinc, ex-
tractors, and comb-foundation machines. Remem-
ber, friends, to get this discount you must send
cash with your order, and you must specify what
goods are lor next season's use.

EXTK ACTED HONEV.

We are now prepared ti) furnish extracted honey
as follows: Samples mailed fiee on application.
Our stock consists of 4 cases. 120 lbs. each, choice
(!lover extracted honey, at 12 c. per lb. in cases of 2
cans: 12'2 c. per lb. in cases of 1 can; 14 c. per lb. in
smaller lots; Teases. 12U lbs. each, "gilt edge,"
l)asswood. This is as good basswood honey as I
ever saw. It is so thick it will scarcely pour. Price,
same as clover; K cases, 12(1 lbs. each, choice bass-
wood, at one cent per lb. less than clover; .50 cases
California honey at 1 c. per lb. less than clover. We
(^an also furnish choice comb honej- in l-ll). sections,
12 lb. cases, at 18 c. per lb.

WOODEN SEPARATOIiS FOR CRATES ANDT SUPERS.

According- to the drift of reports the past season,
there seems to be a demand for wooden sejiarators.
They are preferred to tin for use in crates and T
supers where they are loose, because they are not
so cold, and they are stilfer and cheapei-. We made
and sold wood separators a few yeatsagro; but as
they were principally used on wide Irames they did
not give safisfactioii, so we discarded them. For
wide frames, and all places where the separator is
nailed to something, we still recommend the tin as
far superior, and cheaper in the long- run, than any
thing: else; b\it for crates and supers where the
separators are loose, wood is preferred for the
above reasons. To meet this demand for wood
separators we have just made a trial lot of 100,000
from nice white basswood: and if I do say it. they
are the nicest I ever saw. If you don't believe it,
send for a sample, mailed free on application. They
measure in thickness 20 to the inch. This is as thin
as we can make; them without breaking the grain
of the wof)d. Although so thin, they are quite stiff.
They are out I'roin green I iml>er, piled right upas
though they were in a solid bloi'k, weighted, and put
in the dry-kiln to season. Hythis process we ex-
pect them to dry without curling up. We offer them
at the following prices: 100, :iOc; .500, $1.25; KHIO,
$2.00; 10,000, $15.t0.

FINE-BRED JAPANESE BANTAMS.

M.\ bantams took 1st
in e\ery entry made at
( 'incinnati, ()hio, .Ian. 20,
18^t>. They have never
failed fo take 1st wher-
ever exhibited. Young-
chicks from prize-win-
neis for sale. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. Eggs
ui season. Show birds a
^matter of correspond-
ence.
J. H. rATITI.4I\, Conner$i>vllle, Ind.

MUTH'S
HOFEY-EXTRACTOR,

Ntl|i\ieK <iiL.A!iiS HONEY-JAKS,

TIN KIKKKTS, BEE-HI VKM,
HONEV-SEtrnoiNS, itc, &c.
HEKFEOXION COLD- BLAST SIUOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON.

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send lOcenf stamp for " Practical Hints to
IJee-Keepers." Itfdli

APIARY FOR SALE.

A well-appointed apiary with extensive natural
pasturage. A reputation already established. A
fine opening- foi- a business in Florida. Address
21d .1. L. CLARK, Apalachicola, Florida.

DADANT'S FOraDATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another oolunin.

Wants or Exchange De|)artment.

Notices will lie inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say jou want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error, -you
can liMve the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
%-arieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. 14tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange bee-keepers' supplies
for alsike-clover seed, buckwheat, any kind,
or a lawn-raower, new. IStfdb

Bright Bros , Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange 250OCuthbert Raspberry,
and 10,000 White blackberry plants, for bees
one-pound sections, or foundation. For terms, ad-
dress P. D. Mir.uKR, Grapeville, Westm'd Co., Pa.
20-21d

WANTED.— To exchange Wheeler & Wilson sew-
ing-machines (new) for honey, bees, or sup-
plies. J. A. CiREEN, Dayton, 111. 20tfdb

WANTED.— A Barnes Imp. Combined Scroll and
Circular Saw for a Buckeye Imp. portable cider-
mill, in good order, or for an aquarium.
20 21 J. H. Andrus, Alinont, Mich.

WANTED,
keeper.
20tfdb

-Situation for 1888, by nn expert bee-
Address Frank Curt.,

Box 02, East St. Louis, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange 250 colonies of bees, for
horses, mules, wagons, buggies, and 4 h. p. en-
gine, or any thing useful on a plantation.
21tfd Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

Al'^ ANTED. —To exchange Imperial Pekin ducks or
VV P. Rock chickens for alsike or sweet clover.
Spring- and Meadow Poultry Yards, Mulberry, Pa.

1887

(xLea:nign8 in bee cultuke.

839

Contents of this Number.

Apiary, Chenango-Vallcv. .875

A B C of Carp Culture 840

Anatomy of Bees 847

Ashes Before Hives 870

Asters 8(15

Bees. To Pick Up 870

Bee-stiiiK Kfiiu-ily 851

Bee-motli, Another 8B:i

Boys' llivr Factory 868

Buckwlieat, .Japanese 874

Butter-dish Feeder 865

Carp 849

Chair. Durability of 876

Combination System 852

Combs, Empty 8.50

Cowan. Mr 864

Edpe, Beveled 843

Editorials 877

Filling Empty Combs 850

Flanagan's Visit 846

Foul Brood, To Cure 864

Given Press 843, 844

Heads of Grain 865

Heat, Art., in Cellar Mi

Honey. Price of 843,844

Honey. Medicinal 875

Honey-Cakes 870

Honey- Dew 865

House Apiary 866

.luveuile 869

Kendel's Death 846

I.cL'sof liees 847

Dak-balls 865

Our Own Apiary 876

Viieens, Introducing Virgin841

Quecniessness in Sept 865

Vueenlessness . . .8.54

c,iuestion-Box 867

Hcports Discourapring: 865

Urports Eiicoina),'ing 864

Si-ctions of Fdn 849

Sections, fiitlnisbcd. . ...849, 851

Sections. Partly Filled 843

Smoker. Bingham 844

Space Below Frames 842

Stores, Amount Needed 8.54

Swarm Clus. 7 Weeks 850

Texas, Good lieport 853

Wmtering. By E. France.. .853
Wintering Upstairs 870

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The annual meeting of the Southeastern Michigan Bee-Keep-
ers' Association will be held at Adrian, Mich., on Dec. 15th.

All are cordially invited to attend.

A. M. (T.4NDER, Sec

The Susquehanna County Bee Keepers' Association will meet
at New >Iilfonl. on Jan. 7. 1888. Subjects for discussion: The
best wav to iirevent swarming; also, Is it advisable to Italian-
ize? All bee-keepers are cordially invited.

H. .\1. Seelby. .Sec, Harford, Pa.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ffs'J'^Lrrrf^l SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT the: IjOwest prices.

XTJi.IjIJ^3^ Q-U-EE3SrS -iJ^lTX) BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3 tfd Hartford. ■Washington Co., Wis.

PDPflW m THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. 16tfd

A. r. Stauffer, Sterling, Hi.

MA6IG LANTERNS

C3* A proJUabU iusineis /or a man urU^ rmati capital. A1«J
Jjantems for Home Amaaement. 152 page Catsloga« frea,

MCALLISTER, OpUciao, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. Sbtfd

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Eleven essays by eleven prominent bee-keepers,
sent by mail for 10 cents. Address
etfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

SEND STAMP FOR PAMPHLET

REDUCTION.

Until December 1st 1 will allow ."> per cent dis-
count on hives, and 8 per cent on all other goods
for next season's use. If parties who are wanting
a quantity of goods, or dealers wishing to slock up
for the season of 18SS, will send on a list of about
what they want I shall be pleased to name lowest
prices. Sections ])laned on both sides, unless oth-
erwise ordered. Remember my goods are noted the
world over for quality and workmanship. Try me
and be convinced.

W. T. FALCONER, Jamestown, N. Y.

Mamifuciiirrf ami Denier in l-'iill I^ine API-
ARIA .V S UPPL TICS. 22d

OASAITT'S FOUITSATIOIT FACTOB7,WE0LESALE andBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

Wants or Excfiange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must SAY you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-flde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. Utfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange bee-keepers' supplies
for alsike-clover seed, buckwheat, any kind,
or a lawn-mower, new. IBtI'db

Bright Bros., Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange Wheeler & Wilson sew-
ing-machines (new) for honey, bees, or sup-
plies. J. A. Green, Dayton, 111. SOtldb

WANTED.— Situation for 1888, by an expert bee-
keeper. Address Frank Curl,
SOtfdb Boxes, East St. Louis, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange Ferrets or Jacobin pig-
eons, for one or two Rouen drakes, beeswax,
fdn., or supplies in the flat, or any thing useful.
Write me. F. BoOmhower, Gallupville. N. Y. 22d

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. "VVc do this becuse there is hardly value
enough to these queens to pay for buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet i' is oftentimes quite aji accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

Have four hybrid queens for sale at 2.5 cts. each.
Luther Gray, Orlando, Fla.

810

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Nov.

peNEY 0©MMN.

CITT MARKETS.

St. Louis.— Honey.— There is not much doing- in
honey here. California, comb, white, 3-lb. sections,
sold here this week at lt)@17c. More offered at that.
White clover, lib. sections, choice, 18c; fair, 15@17.
Low-grade comb, Wfi'U. Extracted, white clover,
cans, 7@9c; bbls., 6@7. Southern, 4;4(5).5'/2 in bbls.
Beeswax, selected, 31(a::i3c. As it runs, 30(a'20S4;
g-reasy wax, one-half price. The demand for good
to choice is fair. W. B. Westcott & Co.,

Nov. 10. 108 & 110 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cincinnati.— ifoney.— Demand for honey of all
kinds is fail-, and keeps about pace with arrivals.
Extracted honey brings 3'/4((>}4c on arrival, and
choice comb honey 18@3(Jc in the jobbing way.
Beeswax is in good demand, and brings 20(a\'i2c for
good to choice yellow. Chas. P. Muth & Son,

Nov. 10. Cincinnati, O.

Albany. — Hojiejy. — Market is steady, although
receipts increased somewhat. We quote, clover,
white. 14®18c; buckwheat mixed, 11@13; extract-
ed, white, 7@9; dark, 6(qu. Consignmeats solicited.
H. R. Wright,

Nov. it. 328 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Chicago.— Honey.— The demand is fair, and prices
are steady at 18(aj20c for best grades of white comb
honey. Some fancy lots are being held at 22c. but
no sales. Extracted ranges from 7(Sil0c, according
to style of package, color, and quality.
Beeswax, 22(Si25. R. A. Burnett,

Nov. 9. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.— Honey.— Our market remains firm,
and we are selling all good lots of honey as fast as
they come in, at full prices. While comb honey has
not changed any from last quotations, which, how-
ever, are firmly maintained, we can report a lirmer
market on extracted, and quote white at 9'/2@10 c;
dark, 6@.7c. P. G. Strohmever & Co.,

Nov. 10. 123 Water St., New York.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We quote choice comb 16®
18c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion, and in 1-lb. sections. Strained, in bbls., 4!4@5
cts. Extra fancy, of bright color and in No. 1 pack-
ages, 14 cent advance on above. Extracted, in bbls.,
5i4®6c; in cans, 7@8c. Beesicax, 30'/ic for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops i-eported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Nov. 11. D. G. Tutt & Co.,

306 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Honey is in fair demand at
19(5'30c per lb. for 1-lb. sections of white clover and
basswood; 2-lb. sections, about 3c per lb. less.

Beeswax, 22@2.5c. A. C. Kendel,

Per Carroll.

Nov. 9. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston. — Honey. — Pancy one-pound comb,
18@30c; two-pound comb, 17@18c. Extracted, 7@8c.
Market is fairly active. Blake & Ripley,

Nov. 10. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit.— Ho?iey.— Offerings of comb honey are
more free. Best white, in one-pound sections, 17@
(gjl9c; extracted, 9@,11. in small lots. Betswax, 21(<i>
23c. M. H. Hunt.

Bell Branch, Mich., Oct. 34.

For Sale.— 200'lbs. nice white-clover honey in 1-
Ib. sections, put up in 20-lb. crates, which I will de-
liver on board cars here at 20c per lb.

F. H. McParland, St. Albans, Vt.

For Sale.— Free on board cars here, in new oak
barrels, coated with paraffine, and holding about
.530 lbs. each, 3000 lbs. of white-clover honey, at 9 cts.
per lb.; 5000 lbs. white-clover honey, slightly mixed
with basswood, at the same price; and 1500 lbs. of
fall honey, at 8!^ cts. per lb. All of this honey was
raised in supers, on the tiering-up plan; is thor-
oughly ripened, very thick, and of the finest quali-
ty in every respect. Samples 6 cts.

BUFUS Porter, Lewistown, HI.

THE CejPW BOJEY-PLil

Price of seed: 4'oz., $1.00; 10 oz., $3.00; 1 pound,
$300. Larger quantities by express, at reduced
rates. Sow very early in the spring, or late in the
fall. It vegetates in a low temperature. I have
twelve acres that will bloom next spring. I shall
sow two acres this fall. It is a success.
22-2d H. CHAPOTAN, Versailles, N. Y.

I could sell Maple Sugar; to my honey customers,
consign me some. ARTHUR TODD,

22d 3122 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

2-Lb. HOITEY- JAUS.

We have a new supply of two-pound square flint
honey-jars, and can supply our friends on short no-
tice. CHAS. F. MUTH & SiON,

Ctucinnatt, O.

WANTED.— 5000 lbs. dark extracted candied hon-
ey, in exchange for raspberry, strawberry, and
Chapman honey-plants.
22tfdb Dk. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOR Z, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

I WANT Comb and Extracted Honey, and Bees-
wax, to Sell for you on Commission. My Sales
are all for Cash, therefore I can remit promptly,
and I do it. ARTHUR TODD,

20d 2122 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Four-Color Label for Only
Cts. Per Thousand !

75

Just think of it! we can furnish you a very neat
four-color label, with your name and address, with
the choice of having either "comb" or " extract-
ed " before the word " honey," for only 75 cts. per
thousand; 50 cts. per 500, or 30 cts. for 250, postpaid.
The size of the label is 2'/^ x 1 inch— just right to go
round the neck of a bottle, to put on a section, or to
adorn the front of a honey-tumbler. Send for our
special label catalogue for samples of this and
many other pretty designs in label work.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. O.

gPECI^Ii ]\[6¥ICE?.

extracted honey.
Our stock of extracted California honey Is ex-
hausted, and we can furnish no more till further
notice. We still have a nice lot of clover and bass-
wood honey left, at the prices mentioned In our
last. We should be pleased to receive samples of
nice California white-sage honey from some of our
California friends, with offers on a carload deliver-
ed here.

BARNES combined FOOT-POWER SAWING-MACHINE.

We have, at Quitman, Mo., a Barnes combined
foot-power sawing-machine, such as we advertise in
our catalogue at f40.00. It has been used 3 years,
and is in perfect running order. We will sell it for
$25.00. We have also, at the same place, a second-
hand 10-inch fdn. mill almost new, including a dip-
ping-tank which we will sell for $15.00, or the two
for $38.00.

DISCOUNT ON GOODS BOUGHT THIS FALL FOR NEXT

SEASON'S USE.

Until Dec. 1, we will give a discount of S per cent
on goods strictly for next season's use, except the
following: Machinery of all kinds for manufactur-
ing; all tin and glass honey-receptacles; tin plate,
and all counter goods. On Simplicity, portico, and
chaff hives, we can give only ^I'e per cent. The prin-
cipal goods included under the eight per cent dis-
count are foundation, frames, sections, zinc, ex-
tractors, and comb-foundation machines. Specify
what goods are for next season's use. After Dec. 1
we will allow a discount of 5 per cent.

Vol. XV.

NOV. 15, 1887.

No. 22.

I%^^^sfo^?^^ir^:7n?Jr'&%i] Established in 1873.

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \
ber. 5 cts. Additions to clubs mav be '^
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to one postoffice.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

\A. I. ROOT. MEDINA. OHIO.

Clubs to different postoflices, not less
than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18
tts. per year extra. To all countries
, NOT of the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

INTRODUCING VIRGIN QVEENS.

HOW doolittijE does it.

§OME time ago I wrote an article for Glean-
ings, on the desirability of introducing' vir-
gin queens, four to si.x days old, to nuclei
from which a laying queen had just been tak-
en. The want, as I then felt, of some sure
plan of safe introduction of old virgin queens was,
that the queen-breeder might the sooner get a lay-
ing queen In a nucleus from which one had been
shipped, so that he could live at rearing queens
at the low prices to which they had fallen. That
such was an object worth accomplishing, I think no
one will deny; but, worthy as that might be, I think
there is a need now of such a plan of safe introduc-
tion for four and five days old virgin queens which
amounts almost to a necessity.

The cause of this need of which I speak is the
idea which seems to be gaining ground rapidly in
the minds of our best bee-keepers, that a great
gain can be secured by sending virgin queens from
one apiary to another apiary at quite a distance, in
order to get a direct cross from bees of the best
strains, through the fertilization of the queen. A
virgin queen is not fit to start on a journey till she
is 2+ hours old; and as from two to four days must
be consumed in her transit by mail, it will be seen
that the fact that I'fny V"""!/ virgin queens maybe
quite successfully introduced has no bearing on the
subject whatever. That a flve-day-old virgin queen
is a hard thing to introduce, is proven from the fact
that I sent nine such queens to one of our most suc-
cessful queen-breeders, and five to another, and
the first lost six out of the nine in introducing,
while the latter lost three out of five. I have tried
all the plans that have ever come under my notice
for introducing these flve-day-oid queens, and

many that have originated with myself, and will say
that all, that are any thing like practical, fail so
many times that they can not be called a success.
That all may study into this matter in the near fu-
ture, with the hope that out of our thousands of
bee-keepers a successful plan may come, is the ob-
ject of this article. As a little for a starting-point,
I will give the two most practical plans which I
have tried, which have come the nearest to success.

The first and most often successful is as follows:
Make a round wire-cloth cage, about an inch in di-
ameter and S'/z inches long. Into one end fit a per-
manent stopper; and for the other, saw off a piece
of old soft-wood broom-handle, five inches long.
Whittle one end down so it will go into the end of
the cage Vt inch, when a '^a-inch hole is to be bored
through, lengthwise. Ne.xt fill this hole with the
original Good candy, made of granulated sugar and
honey, and pack it in with a plunger quite tightly.
Now cage the virgin queen in this cage; and as you
go to remove the laying queen, take the cage along
with you. After having removed the laying queen,
and replaced the frames back in the hive, lay the
cage lengthwise between the top-bars of the two
frames having the most brood in them. Put the
quilt over all, and close the hive. As it takes the
bees about three days to burrow through or dig out
the five inches of candy, the bees are pretty well
acquainted with their loss and the state of affairs
before they get to the queen. In a week's time I
generally find this <iueen laying, when the introduc-
tion is successful, and this happens about four out
of five times.

The ne.\t best plan is the Alley plan of waiting
three days after the removal of a laying queen, when
the virgin queen is dropped in honey and rolled over
in the same, after which she is dipped out and poured
down between the frames among the bees. With th is

812

(J LEANINGS IJS BEE OUL.TUKE.

Nov.

plan ] do not g-et a laying queen any sooner than
with the others, and fail about once out of four
times. However, it is a little more simple than the
first, but requires the opening of the hive one more
time. What we want is a safe plan of direct intro-
duction; but direct introduction, except the first
queen when making the nucleus, has very nearly
!)affied me entirely. G. M. Dooi.ittle.

JJorodino, N. Y., Nov., 188T.

There is no question, friend D., but that it
would be worth lots of money to us to know
how to introduce virgin queens when old
enough to be almost ready to commence
laying ; for in that case we could sell a
queen and have another one laying in the
same hive, in three or four days. In a week
she should have the hive pretty well tilled
with brood. The queen-nurseries made of a
lot of cages, to be hung in the hive, claim to
accomplish this, but I believe they never do
it with enough success to make it really
practicable. Erom what experience I have
had I should give your tirst plan the prefer-
ence. We should be very glad to hear from
our queen-breeders generally in this matter.

ARTIFICIAL HEAT IN THE "WINTER-
ING-CELL AB.

DR. C. C. MILLER DISCUSSES DOOMTTLE'S POSI-
TION IN REGARD TO THE MATTER.

"Up FTER reading friend Doolittle's article on
giM page 738 several times, and each time with

j^K' increased interest, and also looking over my
■*■•*■ own article, page 613, I am more than ever
convinced that, for me at least, there is yet
something- to learn about wintering. In the pres-
ent case, self-interest makes me pocket my pride,
and desire that Doolittle may come out ahead. I
am sorry to say, that too often, when controversies
arise, I am more anxious that I may come out
ahead than that the truth shall come out ahead.
After all, what does it matter whether I am right
or wrong in the first place, so I may be sure to be
right in the last place— in other words, that the
truth may be established?

And now, not for the sake of controversy, but for
the sake of lessons to be learned, I refer to some
points in Bro. Doolittle's article. With the mercu-
ry 10° above, outside, and a brisk wind blowing, he
could, in one hour, reduce the temperature inside
from 45° down to the freezing-point, by throwing
both ventilators wide open; but he was convinced
this was an injury to the bees, for the commotion
caused did not subside for two or three days after-
ward. Very likely. I think we may learn that
such rapid lowering through so many degrees is
undesirable. I never tried such violent measures.
With the thermometer 10° above, I have never
found it necessary to cool down the cellar; but
when warm days and nights came I lowered the
temperature, not 13 ', but perhaps 4 or 5°, not in one
hour, but in 10 or 1.5, and then the commotion sub-
sided before the cooling process was over, and 1
think the bees were much benefited thereby.

Vou say, brother Doolittle, that you " resolved on
no more artificial heat of any kind, and not to al-
low the temperature to go lower than 43°." I have
never seen any evidence of harm from stove heat;
still, I should much prefer to dispense with it; but
so far I have not succeeded in keeping the tempera-
ture 43" above without it. Perhaps I ought to do

more banking up ; and If you can keep at 43" or
above, I want to try to approach it, although some-
times our winters go down to nearly 40° below zero.
But I must confess, that my anxiety for ventilation
has made me less anxious to have my cellars closed
up tight. Your experience of last winter, with no
eftort for ventilation whatever, shakes my previous
belief somewhat. Still, if the 50 colonies had plenty
of ventilation, would 100 have done as well?

Mr. D. gives a table showing the spontaneous
passage of air through walls of stone, etc., and then
asks, " Does the doctor now think that doors wide
open are necessary?" Now look here, brother
Doolittle. If, during a warm spell, I found my bees
uneasy, and my previous experience taught me
that, if let alone, the uneasiness would increase,
but if well aired all would be quiet by morning, and
remain so for days, you couldn't stop me from
throwing doors and windows wide open; no, I
couldn't be stopped by a table of figures ten times
as long as the one you have given.

After all, friend D., even if I could beat you at
controversy in this atfair, and I don't believe I have,
you have done what is of more importance— beaten
me in practice; for you can put your bees into
your cellar and leave them for the winter un-
touched, while I have already laid in my stock of
best Cross-Creek Lehigh nut coal, which will re-
quire ray attention every morning and evening
through the entire winter.

PRICES OF HONEY.

Bro. Root, on page 744 you quote comb honey at
1^ to 30, and extracted 10 to 15, making the latter
about three-fourths as much as the former. The
Honey Column in the same number of Gleanings
makes the average price of extracted less than half
that of comb. Taking the quotations as given by
the eleven different houses, comb i-anges from 8 to
30 cts., the average of all being 16 cts., and extract-
ed ranges from 3!4 to 10, the average of all being
a shade less than 7 cts. Have you not put extract-
ed a little too high in proportion to comb?

SPACE BELOW FRAMES.

Oil page 767 you give three-eighths of an inch as
the proper space between the bottom -bar of the
frame and the bottom of the hive. I think most
will say that, for winter, a much larger space is de-
sirable. As the bees are much given, at least mine
are, to building little piles of propolis on the bot-
tom of the hive, a larger space than 'b is, I think,
desirable, even in summer. I have a space of %,
and have never seen a case where any harm oc-
curred from it. I think I should prefer a space as
large as could be used without having the bees
build comb under the bottom-bar. Would they do
so with a space of an inch? C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., Oct., 1887.

Friend M., we put extracted iioney ac-
cording to demand and supply ; and a really
first- class gilt-edged article does bring with
us at least three-fourths as much as comb
honey.— I think the shape of the bottom-bar
has something to do with the question
about bees building combs below it. With
a very narrow bottom -bar they are more apt
to do so than with bars such as we usually
make. I have seen hives, frequently with a
full inch between the bars and bottom-
boards, and no combs were built below un-
less they were waved so as to have the bot-
tom edges run off at one side.

l887

tHjEA_NlJSJGS iN BEE (JUliTUKE.

S4H

PABTLY FILLED BECTIONS.

DISPENSING WITH THE SLATTKD HONEY-BOAKD,
AND ilESULTS.

T HEARTl LV agree with Mr. Green as to the val-
M ue of unfinished sections for the coming- season.
^[ We have always practiced placing them on col-
"*■ onies needing feed in the fall; and after being
cleaned out we pack them nicely away for use
the following spring. Wc find it much better to
place only Iwo or three of these partly filled sections
in a case, instead of full cases of them, as formerly
practiced by us, for we find our poorest honey
comes from these partly filled sections, as they will
not add to and fill out these equal to sections filled
with newly made foundation. It is quite common
to have them filled with dark honey from the brood-
combs below.

Although a large majority of our prominent hon-
ey-producers vote in favor of the use of slatted
honey-boards in the production of comb honey (in
last issue of Gleanings) lean not agree with them.
One of our yards of 38 colonies filled 1440 sections
perfectly the past poor season; and I will venture
to say that a nicer, cleaner lot of honey can not be
found anywhere; and I am confident that 1 did not
consume one-fourth the time in cleaning off burr-
combs that others would in cleaning up slatted hon-
ey boards. We use the T super, as made and used
by A. E. Manum, and have our sections run cross-
wise of brood-frames; and if the space is just right,
there will be no stickers to speak of, we not having
a quart measure full, from 1800 sections filled in our
yard.

As to the use of slatted honey-boards pi eventing
tlie queens from laying in the sections, 1 will say
we have no trouble on that score, not having brood
in one from over 5000 filled the past season. Our
success may be partly due to our having the native
bees, for I do notice that the Italians are much
better at building where they ought not to.

Our bees are in the finest condition for winter,
having had the best fall for honey we have ever
seen here, in four years' residence. H. W. Bass.

Front Royal, Va., Nov. 3, 1887.

Friend B., you and friend (Jreen and
others are unconsciously bringing out another
great point in favor of foundation. Jf I am
not mistaken, friend Doolittle said, years
ago, that starters made of good-sized pieces
of white comb were ever so much better
than a strip of foundation, or even founda-
tion enougli to till a section ; and I do not
know that anybody ever contradicted him,
for we all accepted his statement as indis-
putable. The only point we made our de-
fense on was, that good-sized pieces of clean
white comb were much harder to get. and
more trouble to put in than foundation. It
now transpires, however, and I confess a
good deal to my surprise, that foiuidation is
not only cheaper, and easier to put in, but
that it is really ever so much better to start
the bees quickly to get uniform, nicely filled
sections, and to make the whole appearance
of the case of honey more taking. Only
yesterday we received 22 cases of comb
honey, containing IH sections each. The
honey is exquisite in quality, but the sec-
tions are very poorly made, four-piece, and
much too wide to be used without sepa-
rators ; and the consequence is, that three-

fourths, if not more, of the honey was
broken out in shipping. T do not know
wiuit kind of starters our friend used, who
shipped us the honey ; but many of the cakes
of honey seem to have been attached mainly
to the top-bar, some little attachments to
the side-bar. and almost none to the bottom.
Full sheets of louiuhition for starters would
have saved ns the price of them ten times
over. As it is, wn have a dauby, nasty,
sticky muss. It will lake three good women
a whole day to make it lit even to offer for
sale. 1 caii not see why anybody should
use four-piece sections when one-piece sec-
tions are so niucli stronger and neater. We
have just been handlintr honey put up by
neighbois JSliane and Chase, of our own
vicinity, and in handling their \vht)le crops
we did Hot get a single comb broken out of
a single section. The conti-ast between
these two crops of honey and the one just
sent in to us is wonderful. When neighbor
Shane drove up witli his wagon-load it
didn't take me five minutes to decide I
would give !(> cts. a pound for it ; but had
this other shipment been offered to me as it
came in on the cars, I should have refused
it at 8 cts. a pound ; and all tliis difference
comes in the way of managing, and in the
trifling additional expense in the way of
sections, and thin foundation enough to fill
them.

■ -•- ^

PRESENT PKICES OF HONEY.

AI,SO SOMETHING ABOUT THE BEVELED EDGES.

fRIEND ROOT:—! heartily agree with the valu-
able points made by Dr. Miller regarding
changes in the running of our conventions,
etc. I think the election of officers should be
the very last thing on the programme. Per-
haps 1 am wrong, but it looks that way to me now.

GIVEN PRESS.

I notice what friend Good says regarding the
Given press, on page 828. Isn't it strange how we
all differ in our theories and experiences? T can
readily make the very choicest of surplus founda-
tion with the Given press. As regards making brood
foundation within wired frames, T have on hand
about 3000 frames so made, and they are certainly
" a thing of lieauty and a joy for ever." More per-
fect combs T never saw, and they are made very
rapidly. As it is a fact that putting foundation in
wired frames by hand is a practical and quite
speedy performance, there is no need of buying a
Given press for the purpose, especially where one
has no great number to prepare.

BEVELED EDGES.

It seems strange that so many people will mis-
understand this question of beveled edges. I
have no objections to beveled edges for outer
covers, nor to any edges that do not come in con-
tact with the bees when being adjusted. Beveled
edges do not admit of that lateral motion which is
so very advantageous in adjusting edges of supers
and eases, with bees rolling out around said edges.
1 could not be induced to use bevels in this place,
•even if it cost nothing or less than nothing to cre-
ate them. They could do me no good. We use the
weights on our hives, not to prevent the wind from
blowing them over or apart, but to keep the broad
shade-board on the hive. Now, were I using your

844

ULJiA^i^GS IN BEk CULTUltK.

Nov.

hives, no matter whether they were fUled walls and
double covers, or chaff or Simplicity hives, I should
always use these shade-boards; and I wouldn't have
any other substitute lor shade, bothering- me in my
apiarj'. We never have any wind that will blow
Sections of bee-hives apart after the bees have
glued them, even without the use of the weights,
which, of course, would tend to hold them tog-ether
while in use for the purpose of holding- on the
shade-board. Several have suggested hooks and
keys and other traps for holding on these covers;
but there is nothing so good, so quickly manipu-
lated, and so cheap, as the stones. It is simply a
pleasure to handle them ; and if I had a student or
bee-keeper working for me who objected to han-
dling these stones, I should know at once that he
lacked the qualifications which would fit him for a
successful honey-producer.

PRICE OF HONEY.

1 notice what you say in the last issue about the
price of honey, and that you think 8 or 9 cents
should be about the stopping-point for extracted
honey for 1887. I carried over 3000 lbs. of clover
and basswood from 1885, '6, and have sold that and
this year's crop for 10 cents a pound, and am tiulte
sure that my amount on hand will not last me till
January 1st, at the rate orders are now coming in.
Bright amber honej', which is a mixture of bass-
wood and fall tlowers. we sell for 8 cents, and it is
going rapidly. This houey is nearly all sold to bee-
keepers who are wise enough to keep their local
demand supplied; but, mind you, it is rich, ripe
honey; and when we have any other it goes off by
the barrel to wholesale dealers, who, no doubt, sell
it off for mechanical purposes. Now, friend Root,
let me ask you to consider what was the price of
honey last year, and how does that price compare
with your proposed 8 and 9 cents, even for ordinary
extracted honey, as it is found on the market?
Will you please figure the per cent difference in
price, and see bow it accords with the fact that
there is less than one-fourth of a crop the country
over? you remember how they used to churn
your humble servant for declaring that honey
could never become a staple nor any thing like it.
Now, suppose that sugar, wheat, potatoes, or even
oysters, were only one-fourth of a crop this year;
what would be the result of that? Such is the case
with potatoes throughout Michigan and adjoining
States, and they are bringing a dollar instead of 35
cents a bushel. I think two stores in our place
have some comb honey, which they offer for 20
cents a pound, and they hardly sell any at all. I
presume people are eating as many potatoes as
ever. Houey is not, and never will be, any thing
like a staple commodity; and the moment the price
is run up, consumers at large give it the go-by.
We are getting 30 cents for our comb, all from large
cities, where it is purchased by a class who never
stop for price, because they never earn the money
they possess. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Nov. 3, 1887.

Friend H., it bus occurred to me that one
reason that has been given for the election
of officers when the convention is only half
through, is, that there are more present.
The first day the attendance is often small,
and the same toward the close; and, of
course, when the election of officers takes
place we want everybody to have a fair
chance. This is especially the case in de-

termining the locality of the next conven-
tion.—If you think, friend Heddon, it is a
pleasure to handle stones, I am afraid we
shall have to agree to disagree on this mat-
ter. If I have got to use them. I think
I would have them made of cast iron,
with a good convenient handle. Just imag-
ine a big flat - iron standing on top of
every bee-hive, to make the shade-board be-
have itself during a wind ! — In regard to the
prices of honey, I think I shall have to let
friend Muth talk to you. He scolded me
because I was anxious to see the price run
up, and you are taking me to task because
we don't offer more. I suppose you know,
however, that demand and supply must reg-
ulate what we pay ; and I would by no
means dare buy all of the nice honey that
has been offered us at 9 and 10 cents. I am
very glad, however, to know that you are
getting 10 cents : but if you mean that this
includes a package, holding, say, 50 or 60
lbs., you are selling even cheaper than we
do. "Potatoes bring with us from 75 to 80
cents, and it does me good to see those who
have secured a good crop, get a good nice
price for them. When I want to buy, I
really enjoy paying 80 or 90 cents for nice
ones.

THE GIVEN PRESS AND THE BING-
HAM SMOKER.

FRIEND TAYLOR STANDS UP IN THEIR DEFENSE.

R. ROOT:— I notice you are still asking for
the experience of those who have used the
Given press, with regard to the advantages
of that machine for making foundation;
and though I seldom voluntarily undertake
to write, 1 feel that the two last numbers of your
journal contain some statements with regard to the
press, and the character of its production, that
should not go unchallenged. I refer to the remarks
of yourself, Mr. Dadant, and Mr. Good; and I must
say, after using the press for five years, and mak-
ing with it all the foundation required by my own
apiaries, now consisting of 600 colonies, besides
considerable quantities for sale, that you all, so far
as the disadvantages you charge against the press
are concerned, are entirely wrong.

I am the more surprised at Mr. Good's statements,
because he has had some experience with the ma-
chine. With me, putting foundation upon wires by
hand is not at all to be compared with the press
method, either in speed, neatness, or the staying
qualities of the foundation. For sections, I very
much prefer foundation made on the Given press.
I tested it in a small way by the side of that made
by one of the most prominent manufacturers in the
country. Fourteen sections were filled with each
kind of foundation, the two kinds being of equal
weight ; and the sections, being carefully marked,
were put in a Heddon case (no separators), alter-
nately throughout, and placed on a hive containing
bees. At the end of the season every section was
filled and capped. There was a marked difference
in the appearance of the two kinds, in point
of plumpness; and on being removed from the
case, and weighed, those filled with Given founda-
tion were found to weigh 13 lbs. and 5 oz., and the
others 13'.i lbs.— a difference of about 8 per cent in
favor of the Given.

188?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

845

There is ro difficulty at all in making the founda-
tion " nice, thin, and even." If the sheets of wax as
dipped are not of an even thicKuess, it is only
necessary to cliang-e the method of dipping, to
make them sntHeiently so. Why, friend Root,
don't you see that your little account of the young
woman in Norway entirely upsets mrst of yourob-
.ject;onsy The success of one person with a ma-
chine is a much weightier argument in favor of the
machine than arc the failures of a dozen persons
against it. Many very valuable contrivances are
long unused, because it takes a long time to learn
how to use them. But what man once does, man
can do again. Tliat either yourself or Mr. Dadant
could make a notable success of the press, the
Norway story proves.

Now, a word on the editorial in the Nov. 1st issue
of Gleanings, regarding the Bingham and Clark
smokers. In what strangely ditferent ways people
will look at things! I am now using four Binghams,
and have heretofore used about half a'dozen Clark
smokers, and think I am quite within bounds when
I say that, in this locality, the time required during
a single season to punch the soot out of the tubes of
the Clark smoker, and to unload the bellows of the
same material, would, if usefully employed, more
than purchase one of Bingham's best, that would
need no such expenditure of time. I have often
had the fire-box of a Clark come off the bellows, but
never a Bingham. Only carelessness, I think,
would ever permit the contents of a Bingham
smoker to fall into a hive, and it is decidedly less
liable to throw cinders than Clark's. For me, 1 lind
the Bingham more easily lighted, the Arc more
easily kept in order, and in no respect do I find the
Bingham inferior to the other; and, moreover, the
Clark is a source of great danger in the hands of a
person who is liable to set it on a hive.

Lapeer, Mich., Nov. 4, 1887. K. L. Tavloh.

I am very glad indeed, friend T.. to hear
what you have to say in regard to the Given
press ; and it certainly does seem as you
say, that friend Dailant, ourselves, and
others, ought to succeed with it ; but we
have had two different presses sent us, and
I have wasted time and money in trying
to make them come anywhere near our
foundation-mills in regard to rapidity and
quality of work ; but we were obliged to
give it up. In the first place, after spend-
ing days in papering up the dies, according
to the instructions of friend Given, we could
not get foundation with an even base. The
base would be thick in some places and thin
in others. Neither could we get the sheets
to come off without more or less bother and
tearing ; and after we got them off they
were not fit to send out. Perhaps we didn't
have a good press ; and, by the way. friend
Given said he feared it was a difficult mat-
ter to make the press work as well with the
L. frames as it does with the smaller frames,
such as friend Good uses. My impression
was. that you used the L. frames. J3ut per-
haps I am" mistaken. In your experiments,
you say you got more honey in the sections
where the Given foundation was used.
Now, that may not be any particular ad-
vantage, as I understand it. If the bees
filled those sections first, or with more
rapidity, having the Given foundation in-
stead of tlie other, then we shoidd have to

pronounce it better. I know it is true, that
there are many valuable contrivances wliich
often lie idle for years, unused, because no
one ever gets acquainted with them; and I
have sometimes sadly meditated that this
must necessarily go on. 1 sliould say you
hadn't ever really got the hang of the Clark
smoker. Please reinember that many of
our large and successful apiarists use the
Clark, after having tried both kinds.

In regard to the smokers, Ernest replies as
follows :

Yes, it is a little remarkable that we
look at things so differently sometimes. I
believe it is a good deal in getting used to
things, in the first place. About the sooty
accumulations in the Clark, I am ready to
concede the point to you, that the time re-
quired during a single season to clean the
soot from the tubes of the Clark would sev-
eral times pay for a Bingham, (/"there Avere
nothing in the latter to offset it. While it
does take time to clean the tube in the
Clark (on an average, two minutes a day in
the working season, with us), it takes us
as much time to refill the Bingham, during
the day. I never saw the Bingham yet
wlien it required to be refilled but that I
found it quite uncomfortable to handle the
smoker-cone in pulling off and putting on
again. If you have an old cloth handy, or
something of the sort, with which to handle
the hot smoker-top, we might get along
very well ; but it has been our experience
that we can replenish the Clark in about
one-fourth of the time that it takes to re-
plenish the Bingham. In general, it takes
about as much manipulation with one
smoker as with the other ; and while some
might save valuable time by the use of the
Bingham, we so far have not been able to
discover the gain or loss of time in the
use of either one. — It may be carelessness in
letting the smoker- top drop off, so as to
precipitate coals down among the bees ; at
any rate, we have as careful a man to han-
dle the Bingham as we ever had in the
a])iary ; in fact, he was selected for an
apiarist because he was always very careful
in every thing that he did. With some, the
Bingham may be more easily lighted than
the Clark. With us, the latter is more
easily lighted, and. in general, is more quick-
ly manipulated, if we except cleaning out
the soot in the morning, preparatory to
commencing work in the apiary. You say
the Clark is a source of great danger in the
hands of a person who is liable to set it on a
hive. 1 presume you refer to the sparks
which occasionally drop out of the breech
end when the sliding door is slid so as to
leave too wide an oi)ening. While I am
ready to concede this, yet I think it is " only
carelessness " that would endanger the hive
or its contents. When we set the Clark
smoker on the hive, we invariably lay it on
its bellows, the valve side down, and we
never make a practice of setting it down
upright. Having considered some of the
objections which you make, I want to say
just one thing more : I do like the hot-blast
principle ; and I am sure that it gives a
little better smoke, though it is not without
some objections.

s4g

trLEA^lKGS 1^ J3EE CULTUUE.

iStov,

northern bee-man's visit
soutM.

*tHE QUESTION OF OVERSTOCKING; 800 COLONIES
IN ONE APIARY.

T HAVE just returned ftora a visit south to
^ friend "Viallon's, at Bayou Goula, La.; friend
^l Stahl's, at Kenner, La., and friend D. McKen-
"*• zie, of Camp Parapet, La. I found friend V.
the same pleasant, agreeable, well-informed
gentleman whose hospitality I had enjoyed several
years previous. Owing' to lack of sufhcient relia-
ble help, his apiary was not so large nor in so good
condition as I had seen it on a former visit; but as
he has now engaged an excellent young man to
assist him the coming season, all will soon be boom-
ing again. His yards and grounds are a delight to
all lovers of the beautiful. What do you think,
friend Root, of persimmons that measured over 10
inchfft in circumferruce/ He has quite a number of
persimmon-trees of the Japanese variety, that bore
abundantly this year, and he presented me a twig
with three of tlie fruit on it measuring as above.

Friend Stahl, of Kenner, should be a good author-
ity on overstocking, as he has over 800 full colonies
In his home apiary, and says he sees no more differ-
ence in the yield than when he had only one hun-
dred colonies. If there is any one in the South who
fully understands the practical manipulation and
management of bees for profit, it is friend Stahl.

Friend McKenzic has some 250 to 300 colonies in
his home yard; and though only about fi miles from
friend Stahl's, he complains of overstocking; but as
friend Winder has some GOO colonies within 3 miles
of him, and he is further from the swamp than
friend* Stahl, that may account for it. None have
made as much honey as usual, though friend Stahl
reports some 10 bbls , and I heard that friend Win-
der had taken about 20 bbls.; but I didn't have an
opportunity to see friend W., and verify the above
report. I saw or heard of no cases of foul brood,
and my experience and observation lead me to be-
lieve that, where there is a continued and abun-
dant yield of honey in the proper season, there foul
brood can not flourish, and soon dies out, while the
reverse is true; viz., great scarcitj' of honey during
some portion of the season tends to develop it, and
to add to its malignity.

The cane crop is a magnificent one this year in
Louisiana, and all intelligent planters with whom I
conversed feel rejoiced at the prospect of their
Northern brethren soon joining them in raising
enough sorghum sugar to supply all our own needs,
and have some to export too, and save the one
hundred million dollars we now send abroad for
sugar. E. T. Flanagan.

Belleville, HI., Nov. 2, 1887.

I do not know that persimmons ten inches
in circumference are any thing wonderful,
friend F.. for I never saw a persimmon, and
so I don't know what the orthodox size
is. Some friend in the South once sent me
a little box of them, but they were all rotten
before they got here.— Eight hundred col-
onies in one yard is astounding ; and before
I can believe it possible that so many can do
even tolerably well in such numbers, I
should like to see a report of the honey re-
ceived per colony. I should not expect it to
be ten pounds, even during the most favor-
able season. Still, I am open to conviction ;
and I should feel the same about 2.50 or oOO

colonies in dne yard.— Very likely you are
right in the point you make, that poor sea-
sons develop foul brood.

ANOTHER GOOD MAN GONE FROM
THE RANKS OF BEE-KEEPERS.

death of a. c.

KENDEL, of the CLEVELAND
SEEDSTORE.

E are pained to hear that our old
friend A. C. Kendel died Oct. 81.
Friend K. has been widely known as
a Christian business man in every
sense of the word. In all his large
business in commission on fruits and honey,
I do not remember that I ever heard a com-
plaint of injustice, inattention, or even care-
lessness. Every one who had deal with him
had reason to say, "■ Well, there is an honest,
straightforward, upright man, any way."
I remember years ago, when we first secur-
ed our great crop of clover and basswood
honey, tliat friend Kendel sold tons of it for
us. Well, on one lot that we sent to him,
put up in bottles, his men, in handling the
boxes, left one box upside down ; and as the
corks were not very accurately fitted, a
great many of the jars were found empty.*
1 believe the boxes were marked to be
kept a certain side up ; but, as is often the
case, the instructions v/ere not noticed or
observed. Friend Kendel decided, without
being urged, that he ought to pay for every
drop lost ; and in all my deal with him I
have found him just that way. Some of you
may say that this was simple justice ; but 1
tell you, my friends, when you find a com-
mission-man who will do like that, you have
found a jewel. I proposed to stand part of
the loss, but he pleasantly insisted on mak-
ing it all good himself.

He has written for the pages of our jour-
nal at different times; but of late his large
business has, I fear, debarred us from the
pleasure of hearing from him. Only a few
days ago I had a pleasant talk with him, and
I did not notice but that he was as well as
usual. Is it possible that too much business
and too many worldly cares have taken this
good man from us before his time V Mr. K.
has been doing a large business in seeds
as well as a commission business ; and I be-
lieve every one has learned to feel that,
whatever Mr. K. has said in regard to seeds
is to be relied on. We are informed that
the business of the Cleveland Seedstore
will go on just as in times past; and may
God give the new hands in the business
grace to keep its reputation where it has
been for so many years.

* I am really afraid, friends, that, had the posi-
tion occupied by myself and friend Kendel been
reversed. I should have written something like this:
"Friend K., why did you not cork your bottles so
they would stand being left upside down? You
ought to know that, in the rush of business, it is
next to impossible to keep packages one exact side
up, even if they are so marked." As I recall the
transaction to mind, I feel ashamed of myself,
even now. Friend K. lost some little mone.v in the
transaction, but he put in a good big corner-stone
in the way of a good Christian character; and, my
friends, did he not also put in a good solid stone for
Christ the Savior? " Innsmuch as ye have done it
unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have
done it unto me."

1887

(JLEA^t'l^US IJN HEK (iULi'UHE.

S47

THE ANATOMY OF THE HONEY-BEE.

ANTERIOR LEGS OF BKKS.

TKrEXT to the posterior legs, the anterior are
10 most interesting objects of study. The first

?l^ three joints of these legs (see Fig. 1) are not

■*■ ^ essentially different from the same in the

posterior legs. The compound hairs are

abundant, and, as seen in the microscope, are very

beautiful. The tibia is not modified, as seen in the

posterior legs, but has a strangely modified tibial

spur. Fig. 3. This reseint)les a short-handled knife.

The part answering to the blade is strengthened

at the base by a sort of knob; it is wide and blunt

at the end, with a projecting point at the back. The

inner part of this blade consists of a soft membrane,

just such as we sliould like to use as a

duster. This modified tibial spur is

found in all hymenoptera, though it is

greatly varied in;^. different families

and genei-a, and maj- be wisely used

in classification. Thus in Nomada the

membraneous blade is quite distinct

from the back portion of the spur,

which is continued in a long spinous

Just opposite of this tibial spur in the worker-
bee, on what might be called the elbow of the tibia,
is a most delicate brush. Fig. 1, just such as the bee
could use ver.v conveniently and efl'ectually as an
eye-brush.

The basal tarsus is also broadened in the anterior
leg, and contains a heinicy Under at its base which
is smooth on its inner surface, but contains on its
outer margin some seventy or eighty teeth, or
spine-like hairs, much the same as those seen on
the blade of the tibial spur of the sphex wasps.
This comb-like cavity is exactly covered by the
blade of the spur when the joints are placed
the one upon the other. Thus we have in this ex-
quisite apparatus the antenna-brush, or cleaner.
It is found in the drone and queen, as well as in the
workers. The cavity is found in all bees and

Fig. 2.

THE KKONT liEG OK A BEE, WITH

point. In two families of wasps, Sphegidce and
PnmpilidtT, the edge of the blade is fringed with a
beautiful delicate brush, and in Sphir the end is
deeply notched, so there are two points, between
which are several flnger-like projections. In the
ants there is a double row of this exquisite fringe,
making a brush that is most beautiful, and the
blade extends in a graceful curve to a beautifully
fringed point. The membraneous blade is seen,
even in saw-llies, which are among the lowest of
this most interesting order of insects.

Fi{j. 1.

ENL,.\RGED VIEW ON THE LEFT.

wasps, and in all hymenoptera, if we except the
lower families. In^'the gall-flies, cynii)s, saw-flies,
and some others, the cavity is not even suggested,
though, as before stated, the membraneous bladelin
the saw-fiies shows that the arrangement is not
wholly obsolete in these insects.

The function of this curious apparatus as aa an-
tenna-cleaner is easilj- determined. We have only
to take a l)ee or wasp by the wings, and dust its an-
tennas with chalk or flour, and then put it on the
window of our room, when it will be^observed to

84S

CLEA^l^UlS IJN BEE CULTUKE.

Nov.

rub its anterior legs over its head; and by close at-
tention, especially with a small lens, we can easily
see one antenna and then the other passed through
the antenna-cleaners, and soon we shall notice that
the dust has all been removed.

After the bee has passed its antenna through the
cleaner, it takes the leg used and draws it through
between the basal tarsi of the middle legs. These
tarsi have pollen-combs of stiff hairs on the inside,
and thus the antenna-cleaners are in turn cleaned.
I have found that many wasps vary this last opera-
tion. They pass the forward, or anterior legs, be-
tween the mandibles, or jaws, just after they are
used to clean the anteiintr, and so; the antenna-
cleaners are cleaned by aid of the jaws rather than
by use of the middle legs. By closely watching
a bee as it backs out of tubular flowers, we have a
fine oppoituulty tosee it use these antenna-cleaners
in freeing its antennje of the pollen.

I have become very much interested in studying
these peculiar organs. I believe in many cases we
could, simply by studying these organs, place the
bees, wasiis, etc.. In their respective families, and,
in many cases, in their genera. Nor should we
wonder at this. The antennie have been shown by
entomologists to act as organs of smell, and we all
know that they are most delicate tactile organs.
How necessary, then, that they should be kept free
from any thing that would dull their sensibility!
We should expect, then, that, as these organs have
been developed, they would be modified to corres-
pond with the habits of the insect. Some of the
bees and their allies work only in the pollen dust;
others dig in the earth, or gather mud, while others
bore in wood, etc. Thus each would require a dif-
ferent style of brush to free the anteuntc of taint.
Those that use the jaws to clean the cleaners would
doubtless have a different style of cleaner than
would those that use their legs for this purpose.
Again, the higher the instincts, or, better, the high-
er the intelligence of the insects, the better or high-
er would be the development of such important or-
gans as the antenna:'. Likewise, any other organ
like this antenna-cleaner which is related to the an-
tenna, would be more or less highly developed, to
correspond with the complexity of the antennte
themselves. Hence we do not wonder that these
beautiful organs are of great use in our systematic
study of this most Interesting order of insects.

THE MIDDLE LEGS.

The middle legs are peculiar only in the posses-
sion of the sharp tibial spur and the beautiful pol-
len-combs on the inside of the basul tarsus. These
latter are formed of stiff hairs, like those on the
posterior legs, except that the arrangement in rows
is absent.

It has been suggested that this spur has been
used to pry off the pollen masses from the worker's
legs as they push this pollen into the cells of the
comb. The fact that queen, drone, and all others
of the hymenoptera, have this spur even better de-
veloped than do the worker-bees, as also the fact
that the stiff hairs on all the four posterior legs are
better adapted to perform this office, makes this

view doubtful. The combs not only aid in removing
and transferring the pollen to the pollen-baskets,
but, as we have seen, they serve to clean the anten-
na-cleaners, and also to push the pollen masses
from the posterior legs into the comb-cells.
Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. Cook.

Friend C, may I offer a suggestion in re-
lation to the above V A bee is a rather deli-
cate piece of machinery — atle-ast it begins to
look so as you describe and illustrate it to
us. Well, dust is one of the foes to any
piece of delicate apparatus. When I worked
at repairing watches I used to have to scold
the apprentices over and over again for
leaving watches on the bench uncovered by
their appropriate glasses ; and much talent
and skill have been expended in making
dust-proof cases; for when a watch gets
full of dust it is a watch no longer, and the
dust spoils the delicate machinery if not re-
moved. Well, as it would not be practicable
to keep a bee shut up in a glass case all the
wliile, the Creator has, in his infinite wis-
dom, provided the insect with beautiful
complicated machinery for freeing itself
from dust. Did you ever notice that, when
a bee gets on the floor — at least an un-
carpeted llooi— he is pretty soon disabled by
the dust he finds? We" might think the
floor was tolerably clean ; but there is almost
always dust enough to kill him in a short
time, if he can't fly away and escape the
danger. I have often picked them from the
floor and carried them outside to some green
leaf, and watched the curious apparatus
you have described, while the little fellow
goes to work to clean himself up. He will
work patiently a long while before even at-
tempting to try his wings. He seems to be
provided with an apparatus also, to brush
off these delicate membraneous wings, as
well as his feet, antennae, head, and eyes.
I have often made the children laugh by
showing them a bee combing his head. He
throws his arm across his neck, as it were,
and them slips it over his head in such a
way as to brush the dust off forward ; and
from your engravings, we notice that these
beautiful fringe-like hairs help him to dust
himself off. Perhaps you propose telling us
something about this before you get through.
Well, after he has brushed off his head,
combed his hair, brushed down his whiskers,
pulled down his vest, and scratched himself
all over, as it were, he spreads his wings
and goes off, a clean, bright, happy bee.
Now, friends, when you see your little pets
hopelessly floundering on the floor, do take
them out to God's green fields, and give
them a chance for life. Bees were not made
to be indoors— that is, doors made by hand.
In their own little houses, no particle of
dust is ever permitted to remain. Was
there ever a housewife so successful (Mrs.
Root is a great foe to dust and litter, but
she can not come up to the bees) that she
could keep every crack and cranny of Jier
home so exquisitely neat as is the interior of
a bee-hive during the roar and hum of the
busy season ? No matter if thousands are
tramping out and in incessantly, no par-
ticle of dust ever finds a lodging-place.
Every thing is scraped and polished— yes,
and varnished too ; and come to write down

1887

CiL,EA2^1^GS IJN liKE CUL,TUUK.

849

the real facts of the case, the whole establish-
ment is kept constantly as neat as wax.
Funny, isn't it V But you see the bee has a
beautiful apparatus for doing it, as Prof.
Cook has told us ; and he not only has the
tools, but he uses them.

THE REVISED EDITION OP THE ABC
OF CARP CULTURE.

A COUPr.E OF ILLUSTRATIONS TAKEN FUOM
THE BOOK.

fIXTEEN pages of this work are now
out; and as many of our bee-keeping
friends are also interested in carp cul-
ture, we shall give some sketches of
the new book from time to time. Be-
low are a couple of pictures. The first one
is intended to help answer the question as
to how large we may expect carp to grow

now LARGE DO CAKP GROW?

The individual in the picture is supposed
to answer the question something as follows:
" Well, 1 can not say, friends, just how
large they might grow in time ; but this fel-
low is probably one of the first I put into my
pond when 1 first started." The question
now arises, '•'■ How old is the man in the
picture ? and is this picture supposed to rep-
resent about 1890, "95, or 1900 V "

The only authority I have for saying that
fish reach the size shown in the cut is the
following from George Finley, author of
" The German, or European Carp."

" This flsh grows for many years, and to wonder-
ful proportions. It has been captured in the Dan-
ube weighing sixty-seven pounds; and it is said
that it has been talien in Lake Como weighing two
hundred pounds; but the latter looks a little 'fishy'
and is referred to only because read of somewhere.
But that this flsh grows to fifty and sixty and even
seventy pounds weight, and lives over a century, is
so well authenticated as to be generally believed."

Xow, perhaps a good many who have
carp-ponds full of carp have never had a
view of the way the fish behave themselves
under water ; and the following sketch is
intended to show it as well as I have been

able to gather from their behavior while in
our pond, and in a reservoir in the central
part of our greenhouse.

Perhaps every one who owns a green-
house may not know that carp make beauti-
ful pets, to be kept in a reservoir or tank in
the central part of the house, during the
winter time. They very soon get to be so
tame as to feed from your hand, and nibble
your fingers ; and for variety you may have
a few^ gold-fish with them. They get along

FISII-LIFK rNDlilt WATKR.

very nicely together; and as they swim
about and amuse themselves, occasionally
sticking their heads above the surface of
the water, tlieir actions very much resem-
ble the cut above.

UNFINISHED SECTIONS, VERSUS SEC-
TIONS OP FOUNDATION.

TO WHAT EXTENT CAN UNb'JNlSHED SKCTIONS BE
USED IN SUPEKS WITH PKOFlTy

AM a producer of comb honey, and have had
some experience with unfinished sections. 1
jiartly agree with Mr. .1. A. Green in his second
drawback. It is a good deal of trouble to keep
them free from dust and mice; but when we
have them it will by no means pay to melt them up.
I don't think I would burn sections that have been
used once (unless badly soiled), but I would save
them for home use. Every producer of comb hon-
er will find out, as I have, that it does not pay to
fill the cases full of these unfinished sections. Last
year I had hives side by side, one filled with unfin-
ished sections and one with fdn. starters, and the
ones with fdn. will almost invariably be finished
first. We should manage to have as few as possi-
ble at the end of the honey-harvest. But when we
have them they come very handy to start the bees
to work in the sections at the beginning of the hon-
ey-How by putting three or four in each case, but
not any more than that.

SoO

(;I,K,LN1NGS UN UEK CUJ/rUHK.

Nov.

HOW TvONG WILL A SWARM KEiMAlN CLUSTEREU
ON THE LIMB FROM DATE OF SWARMING?

One of my colonies swarmed July 4th, and re-
mained on the limb till September 13th. There was
no comb built there, as I thought there would be.

MY REPORT.

1 commenced in the spring with 40 colonies, in-
creased to 45 by swarming, and got. on an average,
1.5 lbs. per hive. We had a light flow of honey the
first of September, and my bees made enough to
carry them through winter. This honey had a very
bad odor, and could be smelled some distance from
the apiary. Will it do any harm as a winter food?
This has been the poorest season since I have kept
bees. Most of the bees in these parts are kept by
farmers. In box hives, and will starve this winter.
J. E. Henderson.

Honey's Point, W. Va., Oct. 24, 1887.

Friend H., your statement is astounding.
Of couise, the bees didirt carry enough
honey in their saclss to last them five or six
weeks, so they must have gathered honey
and passed it around from mouth to moutli,
without having had enough at any time to
build combs. I have seen small clusters ex-
ist in this way for perhaps a week or ten
days, but they gradually scattered about or
got lost. I am inclined to think your honey
will do no harm as winter feed, especially
that which was gathered in September.

EMPTY COMBS.

How to Fill Them with Syrup or Honey, for
Feeding Bees.

C. 0. MILLER MAKES IT SO PLAIN THAT EVEN A
CHILD MAY UNDERSTAND IT.

TN Gleanings for June 1, 1886, page 463, you say
j^ that Dr. C. C. Miller, in his new book, says that,
^l when he has a colony to be fed, he does it by
■*• filling empty combs with syrup, in a manner
similar to that given by our old friend Quinby,
years ago. Now, will you please tell me, either in a
letter or through Gleanings, how they manage to
get the syrup into the empty combs, and oblige? I
have tried to do it, and failed. I suppose it is all
easy enough when we know how. N. L. Gerrish.
Nottingham Center, N. H., Oct. 14, 1887.

Dr. Miller replies :—

If you lay an empty comb flat upon a table, and
pour a liquid on it, instead of the liquid immediate-
ly running into the cells it will lie contentedly up-
on the surface. If the liquid fall from a considera-
ble height, so as to strike hard upon the surface,
some of it will force its way into the cells; so if you
pour syrup upon the comb out of a pitcher, holding
the pitcher 3 or 4 feet above the comb, you will suc-
ceed better than if the pitcher be held only a few
inches above the comb. Even then, if a portion of
the syrup falls in a compact mass upon an empty
cell it can enter the cell only by (iisplacing the air
contained therein;''and if the syrup presses with
equal force over all parts of the mouth of the cell
there is no chance for the air to get out, and the
cell remains empty. In other words, if a drop larg-
er in diameter than the cell falls centrally upon the
cell, the chances are that it will simply act as a
cork to cork up the air that is in the cell; but if the
drop be so small that it strikes nowhere upon the
Bides of the cell, there is nothing to hinder it from

going directly to the bottom of the cell; and if it
strikes upon one side of the cell it will still make
fair progress bottomward. So the smaller drops we
can have as it falls, the better success we shall
have; and to this end, instead of a pitcher we will
take a watering-can from which to pour the syrup.
But thick syrup will not readily pass through the
rose of a watering-can, so we must have thin syrup;
and as we desire syrup (at least in the fall) no thin-
ner than can be made by using .5 lbs. of sugar to
one quart of water, we must thin it by using it hot,
taking care not to have it hotter than about 125°, as
beyond this there is danger of making the combs so
soft that they will give away. So now I think we
have reached the essentials: We lay our comb flat
upon the kitchen-table, and pour upon it from a
height of several feet, through the rose of a water-
ing-can, syrup heated to 125°. Whoever fulfills
these conditions will, T think, make no failure in
fllllng- his combs. He will, however, not leave the
table or the floor of the kitchen in the best condi-
tion; and any further effort needed is simply to
prevent waste and muss, unless it be to make the
work lighter. To this end, get a tin box made
about two feet deep, about half an inch or an inch
longer than the top-bar of your brood-frames, and
about an inch wider than the outside depth of the
frames. It will cost a little less to have made a
wooden bo,\ of the above dimensions, without top
or bottom, and then place it in a tin pan three or
four inches deep, and large enough to contain the
box. In either case, in one of the lower corners of
the tin box (or of the pan) a hole should be made
with a spout, say an inch in diameter and about
three or four inches long, through which the waste
syrup can pass to be caught in a pail or other ves-
sel standing under the spout. Of course, the whole
affair must be elevated sufficiently to admit of the
pail standing under the spout; and the operator, if
necessary, can stand on a box to make him high
enough. Now take an old tin quart fruit-can, hold
it upside down over a very hot stove or fire till the
solder melts so the top can be easily knocked off.
Then with a SVs-inch No. 13 wire nail, or a punch of
the same size, punch holes in the bottom of the
can. Punch the holes from the inside, so the pro-
jections shall be outside. Make a row of holes
around the outer edge, obout l,' of an inch apart; %,
of an inch inside of this another row, then inside of
this again, filling up the bottom with holes about ^4
of an inch apart. Near the upper edge, punch two
holes on opposite sides, and into one of these holes
pass a piece of wire about a foot long, fasten-
ing together the two ends by twisting, then serve
the other hole the same way. Tie one end of a
string into each of the wires, and tie the other ends
of the strings into two nails or staples in the ceiling,
five or six feet apart. Let the can be hung about
three feet above the bottom of the tin box, and let
the strings hang crosswise (not lengthwise) of the
box. Put a comb in the bottom of the box, then pour
a dipper of syrup rather rapidly into the can, and
with the left hand keep moving the can so as to fill
all parts of the comb; turn the comb over, fill the
other side, raise the comb and let it drain a few
seconds, then put it into a super, or hive without
a bottom, to plowly drain off. It is, of course, wel'
to have a pan, sufficiently large undei-neath to
catch the drip, and the combs may be tiered up five
or six high. If you don't watjt your clothes unnec-
essarily daubed when stooping to lift the frames .

I«87

GLEANlGNS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Sol

slip the can into the dipper and hold it out of the
way. To prevent the boles in the can I'roin becom-
ing frequently clogged, put in the top of the can a
little wire strainer, such as are used for straining
herbs. C. C. Mir.i.Eit.

Marengo, 111.

BEE-STING POISON AS A REMEDIAL
AGENT.

ITS USES AND EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN SYSTEM.

TN Gi-EANiNGS for June 1, 1886, page 4.56, you
^ say: "Now have the friends who buy the poi-
^r son-sacks (of the honey-bee) been aware of the
■*■ curative properties of the remedy for croup
and similar diseases? " I hope, before you
again revise the A B C of Bee Culture you will fully
acquaint yourself with all the uses that are made
of the honey-bee. If you will step into the office of
some of the physicians of Medina and call for Her-
ring's Revised Materia Medica, and look at page 93,
you will, I trust, feel that your time has been well
spent. Please pardon this suggestion, as I took it
for granted that you are ignorant, allow me to say
negligently ignorant, of the many uses that the
poison of the honey-bee is made use of in sickness.
The poison of the honey-bee, Apium viru><, and
Apis mellifica, can always be found in the office of
more than ten thousand physicians in the United
States, and ranks with the most precious remedies.
If many bees be placed in a wide-mouthed vial,
well shaken, and drenched with live times their
own weight of dilute alcohol, we have a prepara-
tion known as Apis mellifica. If we press the poi-
son from the honey-bee on to a piece of sugar or
into a vial, we then have a preparation known as
Apium virus. By triturating the poison-sacks in
mortar, with sugar or sugar of milk, we have the
same; viz., Apium virus. But any of the prepara-
tions above named are still too dangerous to be
used until further diluted. By careful experi-
ments it is found that there are about forty dis-
tinct abnormal symptoms set up after repeated dos-
es of bee-poison taken internally. Some of the symp-
toms become dangerous if the use of the poison be
long continued, especially the moral and mental
symptoms growing out of the continued use and in-
creased dose of the poison. How many of the
readers of Gleanings would desire to undergo the
mental and nervous suffering which father Lang-
stroth underwent from the effects of too much bee-
poison in his system? The sj'mptoms related by
father Langstroth correspond with the provings of
Apis mellifica, made and published by Dr. Constant-
ine Herring, fifty years ago. I will not mention the
numerous diseases that bee-poison is used in, but
will say, in answer to the editor's inquiry, that we
know that bee-poison is good in croup as well as in
asthma. I will add, that the continued use of bee-
poison internall.v will greatly increase the fear of
death. Those of us who handle bees much, stand-
ing and working over open hives, inhaling the odor
of the bee-hive, should not be surprised if we have
some queer symptoms, though we may not be
much stung by them. T mean by this, that it is my
belief that inhaling the odor of bees is poison to
some people. I know of no remedy that is a sure
cure or a palliative for the sting of the honey-bee.
I have noticed, that when I have applied iodine
or aqua ammonia to the place where stung, and eith-

er of the remedies applied cause considerable i)ain.
that the swelling would be less. There are, with-
out doubt, many drugs that would neutralize the
poison of a bee-sting, if the remedy could be forced
down into the puncture made by the shaft of the
bee, to the furthest depth where the poison wa8
deposited. I suppose that many of the readers of
Gleanings have felt pain in decayed teeth imme-
diately after having been stung. I have experi-
enced this feeling many times after being stung
on the finger. J. W. Porter. M. D.

Ponca, Nebr., Sept. 27, 1887.

Friend P., we have consulted the book
you mention, and thank you for directing
us to it. It is true, the poison of the
bee-sting is recommended tor a great num-
ber of diseases, as you say ; but the matter
as we found it in the book is liardly suitable
for a bee-journal, on account of teclinicali-
ties, etc. I believe, however, that it is little
used by allopathic doctors. If the odor from
the poison inhaled in handling bees is detri-
mental to some people, it ought, if I am cor-
rect, to be beneticial to some other people.
We have had pretty good evidence that it is
valuable in certain cases of rheumatism.
Now, inasmuch as a great many people
have been improved in their general healtli
by engaging in bee culture, may it not be
they need just this corrective you mentionV
I do not know that I ever experienced any
pain in a decayed tooth by being stung oii
some other part of the body ; but I remem-
ber distinctly being surprised to find a clear
and distinct pain located somewhere quite
remote from where the stirrg*was inflicted.

UNFINISHED SECTIONS IN THE FALL.

what to do with them, and how to kill
birds, etc.

fRlEND ROOT:-This is one of the queries to
which I have given much study, and have ex-
perimented in different ways. It is a very
dauby, unpleasant job to extract a thousand
or more sections; and unless they are set
back upon the hives to be cleaned up by the bees
they are all stuck up with granulated honey in the
spring, which the bees can not use and do not like
to clean up; in fact, I would rather have a section
of good fresh foundation than such a dauby one.

The next worse thing I have found is to place
these unfinished sections back on the hives in the
spring, just as they are taken ott' in the fall. As
some of the honey has soured, some of the cells are
granulated solid. Some of the combs are cracked,
as the result of frost and cold. All things consider-
ed, I think it one of the most discouraging and dis-
agreeable tasks we can impose upon the bees.

By accident I discovered that the changing or
moving of sections in the fall had a tendency to
cause bees to carry the honey below. I caught on
to the hint, and now have no trouble in making
them carry it all below, when and where I want it,
leaving the sections in the best possible condition
for another season. As I am usually very busy, I
try as often as possible to " kill two birds with one
stone," so I take off my last honey, and, as far as
possible, prepare my bees for winter at the same
time as follows: Commencing at the first hive in
the first row, I remove the surplus crates and

852

GLEANINGS LN liEE CULTUJtk

Nov

zinc honey-board, examine the brood-nest to see if
they need stores, and how much; if none, they are
then provided with the chaff cushion and are ready
tor winter.

The crates of sections are then taken to the hon-
ey-house and emptied; the salable ones are put
away, and the rest that contain honey are uncapped
and set back in the crate. Those containing no
honey are crated up by themselves, and put away
for another season. The process is continued ail
through th«? apiary, with this exception: Whenever
1 find a colony lacking- in stores they are given
enough of these unfinished uncapped sections to
make up the deficiency, and T have never failed to
have it all carried down, and the combs left bright
and clean as new dollars, and in readiness for an-
other season. It is a little slow and tedious; but
tvheil you get through you have a big job off your
hands, all at one effort. I find you may leave the
sections on untouched until December, and the
bees will not carry the honey down— many of them
not even the uncapped ones; but by i-emoving, as I
suggest, they will not only remove the honey from
those you uncap. bUt from all the rest; and I ven-
ture the assertion, that at this writing there is not
a pound of honey in unfinished sections in my apia-
ry; and a glance at the beautiful bright combs
would convince any one that they are too valuable
to melt up and burn. Geo. E. Hilton.

Fremont, Mich., Oct. 25. 1887.

Fiiend 11., you liiive j?Lven us an excellent
suggestion, any way; and since you men-
tion it, I wonder your plan has not been
thought o£ and used before. May be it has.
Even if it is tedious, it is worth something
to me to know that my implements and ma-
terials for next season's work are all nice
and clean, and put away in good order. I
feel a good deal as my wife does when I
urge her to come down to the garden or
carp-pond, without waiting to wash up the
supper-dishes. She says, "How in the
world can I enjoy myse'lf, and have a good
time, when I know that the supper-table is
all in disorder?"

THE COMBINATION SYSTEM.

SOMK IMPORTANT FACTS AND NOVEL SUGGES-
TIONS FROM J. A. GREEN.

"JIP Lli bee-keepers know that bees will begin
2|\fe> work sooner on empty combs than when
^P they are obliged to build. This is particular-
'*^^*- ly the case when the honey-flow begins
gradually. Very often, colonies provided
with combs will make quite a show in the surplus
apartment before those obliged to build their
combs have made a start. It is of great impor-
tance that they should begin to put honey in the
surplus apartment at the very first of the honey
season. They seem to work better afterward when
their first honey goes above; and they are not
nearly so likely to fill the brood-combs with honey,
and so crowd out the queen.

To get the bees started above as soon as possible,
I have for several years placed, on a few of the
hives which 1 intended to run for comb honey, a
set of extracting-corabs. As soon as the bees w»r re
well at work in these combs they were taken away
from them, and sections put on, in which the bees

went to work readily. The combs were piled up on
hives to be run for extracted honey.

As the hohfey-yield drew near its close in the
fall, instead of putting new sections on comb-honey
hives, all sections were taken from a part, and ex-
tracting-combs given them. The unfinished sec-
tions were placed on other hives to be finished.

As I said, I have practiced this to some extent for
several years; but it was not until within the past
two years, when 1 began to use zinc honey-boards,
that I realized that by their use it was possible to
carry out the principle into a complete working-
system. Some experiments with shallow combs
helped me to come to this conclusion.

In brief, then, my combination system for pro-
ducing comb and extracted honey is this: Place a
set of extracting-combs over each colony at the be-
ginning of the honey season. For several reasons
it is better that they should be shallow— say six
inches deep. Hiive a queen-excluding honey-board
between these combs and the brood-chamber. As
soon as the bees are well at work storing honey, re-
move the combs from about five-sixths of the hives,
more or less, and substitute sections,fpiling the
cases of partly filled combs over the remaining
hives. The colonies over which these combs are
placed are to ripen the hone.y and finish filling
them. Italians are best for this work.

Toward the close of the season, reverse this pro-
cess. Take all the sections away from a part of
your colonies, replacing them with combs and
making other bees complete partly finished sec-
tions instead of giving them new ones.

The advantages of this system are: First, getting
the bees started, without loss of time, at the be-
ginning of the season. Second, producing a supe-
rior article of extracted honey. Third, getting rid
of a large part of the annoyance and expense of
unfinished sections in the fall.

With regard to the second advantage, while it is
perhaps possible to ripen honey artificially so as to
produce a good article, I am firmly persuaded that,
in general practice, the bees can do it better and
cheaper than we can. I think there is no way by
which a really good article of extracted honey can
be produced as cheaply as by giving the bees plen-
ty of room to store it, and then plenty of time to
ripen it.

Now let me answer in advance some of the ob-
jections that may be made to the system:

It might bo said, that it is too much bother, too
much manipulation. With hives that are adapted
to it, the manipulations are simple and require lit-
tle time. All surplus cases, whether for comb or
extracted honey, should be easily and quickly in-
terchangeable. You are sure the queen is in the
brood-chamber, where she belongs. A few shakes
will remove nearly all the bees. If desired, the
cases may be placed under a tent or in a screen-
house until all have left them, though I have nev-
er found that the few bees remaining did any
harm. Remember, all this work is done when hon-
ey is coming in.

Will not the change from combs to sections make
the bees swarm? All I can say to this is, that my
bees do not do so. Even if it should have that ef-
fect, I am not sure that it would be any disadvan-
tage. The swarms would come early, and it is from
early swarms, properly managed, that we get the
most honey. Try it and report. .1. A. Green.

Oayton. III., Oct. 24, 1887.

l88^

aLiiANlNGS lis iJEE CUI^TUliE.

S68

Friend G., I do not know that I ever be-
fore heard the idea suggested, of starting
the bees first on a set of combs in the up-
per story ; and without having tried it, it
seems to me it is at least, in some respects,
wasteful to have the bees suddenly stop aft-
er they are well going. You know, when
the tiering-up process first came out every-
body was telling what a saving it was, com-
pared to taking a set of sections right away
and making the bees commence on a new
set. Different writers suggested that prob-
ably the bees got disappointed, for some-
times they woulil not start a new set at all.
even when they had been working heavily
with the old ones. By putting an empty
case under the one nearly filled, however,
they passed right through" to their old one,
and kept on at work. Now, if we use the
shallow frames for extracting, why not raise
up this set of shallow frames and leave
them on the hive until they start in the one
containing the sections ? Ileddon's shal-
low brood-frames would work nicely in this
way. I should suppose.— Your phui of les-
sening the number of unfinished sections at
the close of the season is certainly a very
desirable one. — In regard to getting nice ex-
tracted honey by letting the bees do their
own ripening with a large number of combs,
it accords exactly with my own experience ;
and the honey was beautifully ripened when
I had three Simplicity hives full of combs
standing over the brood-chamber.

A GOOD REPORT FROM TEXAS.

IS.nnO I.BS. OF HONEY FROM 154 COLON IKS, IN
SPITE OF THE POOR SEASON.

fHIS has been a poor season for honey in this
part of Texas. I had 154 colonies (in two api-
aries) to start with, 'and increased to ITO col-
onies, and took about 13,000 lbs. of honey.
This is about half an average crop for my
location. The cause of the failure was winter and
spring drought. We had scarcely any rain for 22
months, previous to the 15th of last May. As our
best honey-flow is in May, the rain came too late to
do much good in the way of making surplus honey.
My bees are in better condition than at this time last
year. They are strong, and have one or two thou-
sand pounds of honey— more than they will need to
winter on, if the spring is as early as usual.

THE DISTANCE BEES FLY, AND WHAT RACE OF
BEES FLY THE FURTHEST.

1 see in a late number of Gleanings that some
of the fraternity do not think bees will fly very far
for stores. I have had some experience in that line,
and will give it for what it is worth. In the first
place, my apiary and the Pafford & Edwards apiary
are about 8 miles apart, and the bees always work
as strong half way between the two apiaries as they
do near home. These apiaries were started in 1883
with black bees, and have been Italianized since;
and when we knew there were no other Italians in
the county we have found them working five miles
from home. The black bees are hardly ever found
over one and one-half miles from the hive here.

There has been a sharp flow of honey from a spe-
cies of sage this week, none of it nearer than two
miles of my apiary. The bees all went in one direc-
tion, and in such numbers that a neighbor and my-

self started on their trail to see what they wore
working at. About a quarter of il mile from home
we met u lady who told us that a swarm of bees
passed over her house, going the way that we were.
It was the bees going to work, and we followed them
and found the nearest ones two miles from home.
I am as well satisfied that] they went five miles as if
I had followed that far and seen them at work. The
prospect for a big crop of honej' next year is good.
We have had good rains this fall; and with one or
two winter rains, the crop will be almost a sure
thing. D. M. Edwards.

Uvalde, Te.xas, Oct. 19, 1887.

Friend E., your report is indeed refresh-
ing after liaving had^'so many poor ones this
season. I am glad to know that you have
enthusiasm enough to follow the bees, and
see where the honey comes from.

PREPARING FOR WINTER.

E. FRANCE 8 METHOD.

]^* ETWEEN the 1st and the 15th of September
|2l we inspected all of our apiaries, to find out
'^^1 if they were all in good condition to winter.
^^ We have been having some fall flowers in
most of the places where our bees are locat-
ed, and, as a result, we found five of the six apia-
ries with plenty of honey to winter on. One apiary
we fed 300 lbs. of honey. We use the pepper-box
feeder, quart size, putting two feeders on a colony
at once, which will be six pounds of feed. Usually
they are emptied in 24 hours. A few colonies will
take another day. We like those feeders the best
of any. We have a honey-board 'i inch thick, over
each colony, with two U/i-inch holes through them,
over which we place the feeders. The bees come
up through the holes in the honey-boards, and take
the feed down into the hive. The feeders are nev-
er in the way of the bees. They don't need to be
taken off as soon as empty, as they are not in the
hive but on it, and don't in any way interfere with
the working of the bees inside of the hive. Of
course, we have an outside cover to our hives, un-
der which the feeders are put. No outside bees can
get at the feed unless they go into the entrance of
the hive, which they are not allowed to do. We can
feed any time of the day, no matter whether the
bees are fiying or not, and no robbing will bo start-
ed in consequence. The year 1885 we fed 6000 lbs. of
honey through the last of August and first of Sep-
tember. One yard of 100 colonies we fed 1800 lbs.
at 3 feeds, giving each colony two feeders at a time.
If the bees are flying we put up our extracting
house, or tent, in which we fill our feeders, then
take them in a box, 13 at a time, and set them on
the hives under the top cover. If we have fed be-
fore, and there are empty feeders on the hives, we
exchange the empty feeders for full ones, taking
the empty ones back to the tent to be filled. We
can open one of our quadruple-hive covers, ex-
change feeders, and close in half a minute, so there
is no time for outside bees to steal. We carry our
feed in kegs holding 160 lbs. Each keg has a large
faucet, or honey-gate, with which our work is facili-
tated. One man fills while another puts on or ex-
changes. When we have got around, all being fed
in that yard, we pick up our traps and go home.

We usually ascertain if there is feeding to be
done, by the last of August or first of September,
when we feed immediately if necessary all that we

S54

(iLJi AGINGS IN BKE CULTUUl^:.

Kov.

propose to do. At that time there are usually a few
fall flowers for the bees to work on, so the bees don't
crowd after honey very bad.

Our bees are now in ver.y good condition. They
are strong, and have plenty of honey. In all there
ar6 about 500 colonies; or, more e.xactly, 514. Two
or three in each yai-d are queenless, but I don't
know po.sitively ju§t how many, so we call it 500.
How comes it that there are so many queenless?
Wo seldom look over all our bees after we finish ex-
tracting, which usually is about from the 10th to
the 20th of July. This year we went over all the
last of July, to see if all had good queens. In every
hive where there was no laying queen, we put in
one or more combs of young brood and eggs, that
the bees might raise a queen if they had none; but
after all, there will be some failures. I don't know
but that the king-birds have had something to do
about it, by catching the young queens when they
are out to meet the drones.

gUEENLESSNESS, AND HOW IT MAY SOMETIMES BE
DETECTED WITHOUT OPENING THE HIVE.

Just now very few hives have any brood at all, or
eggs; but I can generally tell if the bees are out on
the wing pretty lively whether there are any queen-
less colonies, by walking over the yard and noting
the actions of the bees, especially at this time of
year. There will be but few bees in a queenless
hive, and a good share of them will be about the en-
trance, keeping guard, very few flying off. Open
the hive and very likely the first thing we notice is
a lot of drones and a few bees. Those drones have
no business in so weak a colony, if they had a good
queen. What do we do with a queenless colony?
If discovered before the first of September, give
them some good brood-combs, some of them con-
taining eggs. But if queenless at this time of year,
we don't do any thing with them. What few bees
there are will take care of the combs until the
weather is too cool for the worms to make much
headway on the combs. If the combs contain con-
siderable honey they could be used to fill out some
other colony that was short of honey. We general-
ly leave them as they are, and let the other bees
take the honey when they find it. Doesn't that set
the robbers at work on other colonies? Not with
us, strange as it may appear. We always let our
bees clean out the honey in any hive that has lost
its bees from any cause, and I never thought that
there were any bad results. In fact, we can not
very well help it. The most of our bees are several
miles from home, and we seldom see them after the
extracting is done, until we fl.\ them up for winter.
After they are in winter trim we don't see them un-
til warm days in March. We aim to have plenty of
honey in the hives to last them until they can gath-
er in the spring. A little too much honey is bet-
ter than not enough. If any colonies die in the win-
ter, the other bees take care of the honey during
the warm days in the spring. Then if a swarm de-
serts its hive in the spring, the other bees are sure
to take the honey that is left, and very quickly too.
Now, in the last case if it is seen by the apiarist
that the bees are engaged in carrying out the hon-
ey, which is best, to take the honey away and put it
where the bees can not get at it, or let the bees
finish it up where it is, I think the safest plan is to
let it alone. If we take the honey away, the bees
will crowd into other hives, and may overpower
them and carry otf their honey, when, if we had let
the bees work on the honey until the.v had fin-

ished it, they would keep on looking for more in the
same place. Finding iioiie they would quit.

FRANCE'S METHOD OK ASCERTAINING THE AMOUNT

OK STORES.

How do we know that the bees have enough hon-
ey to winter? Do we weigh it? Do we open every
hive to find out? No, we don't do either. We don't
want to open hives late if we can help it. We go to
a yard, and, no matter how many there are there,
we scarcely ever open over ten colonies. If we find
those ten all have, in our opinion, plenty of honey
(we guess by the looks of the combs) then we de-
cide that that yard will do, and don't open any
more, as all have had the same chance. But if we
should find a doubtful one, then we would open
more. We don'ttake the combs out. We turn back
half of the top cover over on to the other half, then
pry up the two honey-boards that are uncovered.
Now, if the sun shines we can, by smoking the bees
down, see all we want to without parting the combs.
But if we can not see how much honey they have,
without parting the combs, then we part them, and
sometimes wellift out some of the combs, to make
sure that we know just how they are off for winter
stores. We always look into the last new colonies
made during the season. If any are short of stores
they are most likely to be the ones.

"8ATISFED IF THEY GET THERE. "

I find in reading over our bee-papei-s that no two
of us will work just alike. Each has his own style
or way to manage his bees and do his work. We
are something like a lot of farmers going to market,
each taking a different road, but all leading to the
same place. There may not be much difterence in
the roads; they are all satisfied if the.y get there.
Each man knows his own road, and if there are any
bad places on it he learns how to get over them
easily. Another man would have more or less both-
er. So it is with the bee-men— each has drifted
into his own channel, and he can work there better
than anywhere 'else. Every man has a way of his
own. But we can learn very much of each other,
in a general way. We can even profit by another's
mistakes. I read all I can get in relation to bee
culture. Every little while I find something I can
adopt that will help me along. I don't know that
my scratching will help any one very much; but it
may some of the beginners; and the veterans can
profit, perhaps, by my mistakes. E. FrtANCK.

Platteville, Wis.

Friend F., I have been in the habit of de-
tecting queenless colonies in very much the
same way you indicate ; and afier one has
practiced he can judge pretty unerringly by
simply seeing the bees around the entrance.
Your method of ascertaining the amount of
stores required is also about as we do it;
but one who has not had practice might be
very likely to make an expensive blunder.
Your plan of leaving colonies where the
bees have died out, to be taken care of by
neighboring stocks, is recommended by
some, I know— Dr. Miller, I believe, among
them ; but 1 do not believe it well for any
but a veteran to let the bees go ahead in
cleaning out even a hive containing no bees.
It seems to me it is a bad plan to work on.
Your concluding remark, about the differ-
ent ways we have of working, is a great
truth, and it should teach us to have chari-
ty one for another.

1887

GLEAJSlJNUb ixN i-JEE CJULTUliE.

855

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHiLE DOING IT.

Continued from Oct. /.<.

CHAPTER XLII.

Give, aud it shall be g-iven unto you.— Luke 0:3k.

In Chapter XXXIX. I told you something
about God's gifts— the gifts he was sending
me day by day. Well, since giving me that
spring, that still holds out during all these
dry spells, of more than 100 barrels of water
per day (when we have use for it), he has
given me many other valuable gifts. One
of them is a gi-eat lot of muck, leaves, sand,
and rotten wood that I found in the bottom
of our carp-pond. This accumulation of
ages was one of the obstacles toward getting
our pond so that it would hold water ; and
at first I felt almost disappointed when I
saw the expense it was going to require to
scoop it out and get clear down to hardpan.
When I found, however, that this accumu-
lation was a very valuable compost, I could
not think of it except in the line of a gift.
We have hauled out considerably over a^
hundred loads and put it arovuid our rasp-
berries, and there is a good deal to come out
yet. The leaves and vegetable matter liave
doubtless been accumulating in this cavity
for years ; and the eccentricities of Cham-
pion Brook had, at some remote time, bur-
ied them up. Well. I can not very well
share these gifts with you, my readeis. It
is true, we have been furnishing the spring
water to the friends arounti town during the
drought ; but this great bed of muck I can
not very well share with anybody, even if 1
were so disposed. But God has given me
some other gifts that I can share with you,
and I greatly enjoy the pleasure of doing it.
These gifts are some inventions I have re-
cently made. Our text says, "Give, and it
shall be given unto you ;" and it has always
seemed to me that these great gifts come all
the faster when we are busily engaged in
giving them to our fellow-men. This veri-
ties the promise in our text, you see : "' Give,
and it shall be given unto you.'"

My first invention is a little implement
wherewith we can transplant any sort of a
plant tree, herb, or flower, at any season of
the year, without any possibility of injury.
Of course, such arrangements have been
used heretofore, but I think none so simple
and easy as this one.

money, if money were the object ; but 1
think I shall enjoy ever so much more see-
ing you assisted by it, than I should be by
making money out of it. In the first place,
you are to go to a tin-dhop and ask them for
the very heaviest sheets of 14 x 20 tin they
have. In our tin-shop, every little while
they come across a sheet of IX tin, too
heavy to work, and it is pitched to one side.
When I made my invention I found that
they had quite a lot of such sheets they had
no particular use for. I directed one of the
boys to set the squaring-shears so as to cut
a sheet of tin into six equal pieces. The
dotted lines in the diagram show where he
made these cuts.

A KEW ERA IX TRANSPLANTING.

May be this invention of mine might be
tlie means of bringing me a good deal of \ pick the tube up and sot it back in your tray.

now TO CUT THE SHEET OF TIN.

Now, these pieces will be 10 inches long
by a inches wide, or perhaps a fraction
more. Make a bend on each end of each
piece, the same as for locking together a
cup or pail ; then roll the piece up and lock
the ends together (no soldering is necessary ,
so as to make the tin tube here shown.

This completes our ma-
chinery. Before we go to
work, however, we M'ant a
hundred or more of these lit-
tle tubes, depending upon the
amount of transplanting we
liave to do. Stand your tubes
in wooden trays, or trans-
planting-boxes, such as are
shown in Chapter XI.— trans-
planting-boxes for seedlings.
Set these boxes of tubes on a wheelbarrow,
and go where your plants are. We will
suppose that it is strawberries you want to
take up. Gather up the leaves of your
young plants and slip the tube over them,
adjusting it so the crown is as near as possi-
ble in the center of the tube. Xow set your
foot squarely on the tube, and force the
tube into the soil, say half its depth; then

TIN TUBE FOR
TRANSPLANT-
ING.

856

(jiLKiUSi^GS 1^ JiJib: CUJ.TUUK.

Nov.

Go ou to the next one, until you have a
wheelbarrow-load of " potted plants." Yes,
my friends, and they are just the nicest
potted plants you ever saw in your life ; and
you can take them up and pitcli them into
the wheelbarrow, all in a heap, without any
possibility of injury, either to the roots or
foliage. Tlie operation of forcing the tube
into the ground cuts off the runners, so you
have not even that to bother you. When
you have got a load, run the wheelbarrow
into the field where you are going to set your
plants out. If the soil is as soft and mellow
as it ought to be, you can scoop out the soil
witli your hands and set the tubes in half
their depth, almost as fast as you can crawl
along on your hands and knees. You don't
need any firming, or any thing of that sort,
for the plant stands just where it did orig-
inally. The roots are all spread out just as
they grew ; and the same dirt the plant was
feeding from before you moved it, will feed
it in its new location. In fact, the plants
are just as well off as when in the old bed,
and they are not crowded a bit. There is
plenty of sun and air all around them, and
not a weed to botlier.

Well, we had got that far with our inven-
tion several months ago ; but the difficulty
of getting the plants out of the tin tube was
what troubled us. We tried having a tube
that would unhook, but that was a bungling
operation. If the soil was loose, it let the
ball of eartli break and rattle off from the
roots. Besides, the whole thing was ricketty.
You may be surprised a little to think I stud-
ied hard and long for a remedy, and that,when
it was found, it Mas so simple there was
hardly any need of making any fuss about
it. Simple as it was, it made us send up a
shout when we hit it. Well, the plan to get
them out is simply this : Put a half or a
whole teacupful of water in the top of every
tube. We tried this at first ; but Fred, who
was helping me, said it would not work.

" Look here, Fred ; try filling twenty or
thirty of them witli water ; and when you
have got the last one filled, go back to the
first and see if it won't come out.''

He took hold of the tin and pulled just a lit-
tle, and it slid out just as easily as you might
expect a chunk of butter to slip out if the
can had been warmed. In fact, the plant,
in its surrounding soil, was in a state of
mud, and therefore slid right out. There it
stood, the earth saturated with water, and
nicely mulched with dry earth all around
it. The operation of transplanting, instead
of checking its growth, really gave the plant

new life. When your tubes are all picked
up, pitch them into the wheelbarrow and go
after another load.

You may say this arrangement can not
entirely take the place of potted plants, for
it can be applied only to bringing them
from one part of the farm to another, or, say,
from a neighbor who lives not more than
four or five miles away. 1 have thought of
this. The plants could be shipped in the
tubes just as well as they ship potted plants
in pots, providing the purchaser would pay
for the tubes ; or they can be slipped out
and put in paper bags, or rolled up in a bit
of paper, as they do potted plants, but you
can not then get them into the ground quite
as nicely as where you have the tins.

Every time I use these tubes I am sur-
prised as well as pleased. They do the
work perfectly, and we never had any sort
of transplanting done so rapidly as we do it
with these things. The size I have given is
especially for strawberries, raspberries
(where the plants are small), celery, cab-
bage, cavdiflower, lettuce, and tomatoes.
The especial advantage of this arrangement
is. that you take enough good rich soil along
with the plant to give it quite a start toward
making a crop. It is not very expensive,
you know, to make the plant-bed very rich.
You can rake into it a heavy dose of fine old
stable manure, and that at no very great
expense. You can also, if you choose, add
guano and bone-dust, so as to make it the
very best kind of soil to push things into a
magnificent growth. Now, when you take
up your plants, you take along enough of
this rich compost to almost make sure of a
moderate crop, even if the ground you put
them in is not up to the very highest notch.
You may say the plants must stand very
evenly, and at just such a distance apart in
the plant-bed ; to which I reply, we have
found that it is by no means necessary.
Transplanted plants are. of course, much
the best for this or any other purpose ; but
during the past few months we have been
taking lettuce-plants right from the seed-
bed down in the fields, and setting them in
the greenhouse. While in the seed-bed,
they stood so thickly that forcing down the
tin tube once would take away from three
or four to a dozen plants. Well, we have
found this, in place of being a detriment,
gives the very nicest lettuce. Set your tube
with three or four plants in it, or more, in
the bed in the greenhouse, and then place
others so as to be from six to eight inches
apart, as you may decide. The plants in

1887

GLEANIGN8 IN BEE CULTUKE.

8.57

the seed-bed were in a crowded state. The
effect of putting tliem in the greenhouse,
where tlie outside ones, at least, have plen-
ty of room, is to make each little cluster of
plants roll over and shoot out at each side,
like a bunch of flowers in a bouquet, and the
ground is soon apparently covered. When
they begin to crowd, pull out the largest
plants, and the others will, in a remarkably
short time, push out leaves to fill up the
space thus vacated, so you may get a con-
tinuous crop of nice lettuce right along,
without making any fresh sowings. I think
very fine celery and tomato plants — yes, and
cabbage-plants— could be produced by this
same process ; and the labor of transplant-
ing is nothing compared to the old way. In
fact, you handle from a half to one dozen
plants, where yoii formerly handled one ;
and there is something about the arrange-
ment that seems to encourage the plants
wonderfully, in starting right away to till up
the new space given them. Why, it seems
to me this little arrangement is going to
make a complete revolution in furnishing
vegetable-plants for sale; tliat is, in fur-
nishing transplanted plants. The labor of
transplanting I in the old way) is so great
that a good many have given it up, and fill
orders for plants with the long tap-rooted
spindling ones, just as they come from the
seed-bed. By this new process, however,
getting the plants out of the seed-bed into
the new one, where there is plenty of room,
is so quickly done it is scarcely any expense
at all ; and the best part of it is, the dirt
is never completely removed from the roots.
They are transplanted without being taken
from the soil, and without stopping their
growth at all. You can experiment on it
during the winter, if you choose, with house-
plants and with flowers ; and a little later
in the season, with early cabbage-plants.

Now, then, for the application of this de-
vice on a larger scale. You know it is a very
difficult matter to transplant cucumbers.
In the cut below we show you a nest of dif-
ferent sizes of these transplanting-tubes.

A NEST OF TRANSPLAISTTING-TUBES.

These large ones we have made of galvan-
ized iron, with a stout wire around the top,
so they are not easily bent or^ bruised by
stepping on top of them. If you want to

take up a hill of melons or cucumbers, or a
little tree, you will need to take one of the
tubes, say from six inches to a foot across,
according to the size of the tree or hill.
Plant both feet on the stout wire, and settle
it down by stamping one foot at a time. If
the soil is mellow, your weight will proba-
bly sink the tube as far as need be. With
very light soil, you may need a spade or
shovel to push under the tube. If the tubes
are deep enough, however, as shown in the
cut, this is seldom if ever necessary. Have
a place previously dug, to put the tree or
hill ; set the tube in, then level up the dirt
nicely around it. Now you are ready to
draw the shovel. Pour in the water, give it
time to soak into the earth containing the
tube, so as to make it all soft mud ; slip out
your tubes, nest them up in your wheelbai'-
row, and go for another load. The same ar-
rangement can doubtless be applied to pret-
ty good-sized trees. The nature of the soil
would probably have something to do with
it.

The great point in this invention is the
facility with which we can spread crowded
plants so as to give them room and air, and
do it at the same time without stopping the
growth, or interfering with the plants in the
way that ordinary transplanting does. The
nearest approach to it has been the aixange-
ment for getting strawberries by potting.
This has every advantage of potted plants,
and nothing like the expense. The tubes
are not nearly as frail as pots ; and as they
can be used so many times, they are not as
expensive. You do not have to go along
and place your plants in a pot, and mark it
with a stone, as heretofore ; nor do you
have to wait a week or two for the runners
to get the pots full of roots. You go into
any strawberry-field, and get the plants yoTi
want, and that is the end of it. If your tin
tubes are used with any sort of care, they
will last for years. The cost of the material
ought not to exceed a cent each. The cost
of making should not be nearly a cent
apiece. Our workmen will make them in
quantities at the rate of one a minute.

There is still another use for these trans-
planting-tubes. In many towns it is cus-
tomary to sell tomato, cabbage, celery, caul-
iflower, and pepper plants, etc., half a dozen
or a dozen in a little box, the purchaser to
take the box— dirt, plants, and all. Some-
times berry-boxes are used ; and as they are
the cheapest receptacle we can probably
find for the plants, they are, perhaps, the
best thing ; but to plant seeds in these box-

So8

r^LEANENGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

es, lilled with soil, and care for them until
they are tit to sell, is a great deal of trouble,
as you may know, if you have tried it. Be-
sides, the plants do not have the bushy roots
that transplanting gives. The very cheap-
est way of raising plants is to sow the seed
broadcast in a seed-bed, for you can water
and care for a great number at once. Well,
raise your plants in just this way : When
they have got so large that they are just a
little crowded, push your tube over half a
dozen or a dozen. Set it in the berry-box
and put your fine compost all around it, in
the corners, etc.; slip out your tin, and
there you have it. Pint boxes will do nicely
for five plants, and the quart boxes for ten,
and you can sell them by the half-dozen or
dozen, if you still prefer to stick to the old
plan of selling by the dozen instead of by
tens. Now, as the plants cost but little you
can afford to put in one or two extra — say
seven or eight plants, and call it a half-doz-
en. This will be charging enough for the
smallest ; and this way of doing business al-
ways pleases, as you may know. If these
boxes are set close together, they can be
watered and cared for with almost as little
trouble as in the seed-bed. If the plants
get so large they crowd before you sell them,
separate the boxes three or four inches
apart, then fill in between them with some
soft peaty soil that will hold moisture nicely.
Put them out in front, where everybody who
passes along the street will see them, and
you will have no trouble in making sales.
If the plants are nice, you should get five
cents for a pint box, and ten cents for a
(piart box. You may say this is not really
furnishing transplanted plants. Well, this
may be the case in regard to those in the
central part of the berry-box ; but if they
are tolerably thick in the seed-beds, you can
fill out the central ones, and leave a half-
dozen in a circle, near the edge of where the
transplanting-tube slipped down. This will
give you the nice strong vigorous roots we
so much want. The larger size of tube
would probably be better for the quart
boxes.

MARKET GARDENING DURING A SEVERE
DROUGHT.

You will remember, that in Chapter
XXXVII. I spoke of the prices we were
getting for many kinds of produce during
this season of drought. Well, we have had
an experience that we never had before. It
seems that cabbages have been scarce, and
hard to raise, everywhere ; in fact, I have
not seen a nice head of cabbage this season

at all— no, not even in our large cities. They
are small and soft. On our own grounds we
had some nice cabbages, but they were of
small size. They were the Jersey Wake-
field. In fact, our best ones were those
raised so early in the spring that nobody
else thought of having any. We thought
then that 5 cts. a pound was a good price ;
but during the drought in August we actu-
ally sold all the cabbages we could scrape up,
for 10 cts. a pound. Just think of it I a dol-
lar for a single head of cabbage ! We didn't
have any that we got a dollar for, it is true ;
but real nice hard crisp ten -pound heads of
.Jersey Wakefields. such as we had in abun-
dance a year ago, would have brought a dol-
lar each, without any trouble whatever. I
do not suppose there were any who would
have given us a dollar right out for one head
of cabbage ; but by cutting them into quar-
ters we could easily have retailed a good
many at 10 cts. a pound. A year ago last
spring, by cutting a ten-pound head into
quarters we sold it so as to get 30 cts. for it,
and we thought that was wonderful. This
year farmers came in from the country and
wanted cabbages. We told them the price
was 5 cts. a pound ; but they replied that it
did not make any difference — they must
have them. Now, it has been my opinion
that, by preparing the sc»il properly, and ir-
rigating with judgment and wisdom, we
could have raised ten-pound cabbages dur-
ing this great drought ; but some way or
other we didn't succeed in doing it. Some-
times I was tempted to think that there was
some mysterious agency at work to prevent
the cabbage and turnip tribe from amount-
ing to any thing ; for our ruta-baga turnips
acted just as contrary as the cabbages did.
The strangest part of it was, they did not
get any good cabbages in regions where
they had plenty of rain this year— at least,
that was the case to some extent. Now, at
10 cts. a pound we could raise cabbages in a
greenhouse, and make it pay well ; that is,
if they would head up under glass ; and I
am just now very curious to know if such a
thing has ever been done. We could sell
nice little heads of Jersey Wakefield, even
now, at 10 cts. a pound if we had them.

Last season, when our tomatoes wouldn't
bring more than -50 cts. a bushel, we canned
them. This year we made preparations to
run our canning establishment again ; but
to our great surprise, Mr. Weed informed
us that we could get two dollars a bushel for
all the real nice tomatoes we could scrape
up. It may be interesting, however, to

1887

GLEANIJ^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

8o9

notice the way we did it. We took some
clean new half-peck baskets out into the
field, and picked the very nicest specimens,
good sized, round and smootli. Then we
gave good plump measure— heaping the
baskets up well. The baskets were so nice
and clean, and the fruit so handsome, that
nobody hesitated to pay 25 cts. for a basket-
ful. The crooked specimens, or those that
were not so handsome, were put into peck
baskets, and these weie sold for 40 cts.; but
the little baskets went off faster than the
others.

I believe we had tomatoes from about the
first of .July until the first of November ;
and we have a few in one of our green-
houses, even now. I iiave no idea of how
many tomatoes we sold ; but for a long time
we had some eight or ten bushels a day. I
tell you, it is fun to have a rousing crop
when there is no opposition. At one time
whep it seemed unlikely we could sell all of
our tomatoes in our town, I suggested to
the boys that they go a mile or two out in-
to the country, stopping at farmhouses.
As they ran the wagon only in the forenoon,
they could make these extra outside trips in
the afternoon, and they did tiptop. We
sold tomatoes at almost every farmhouse,
as well as other things. Several trips were
made to neighboring towns, within several
miles, and they did fairly well on these
trips.

Our favorite tomato this year, as last, has
been the Mikado. It is true, the fruit is not
all perfectly round and smooth ; but it is so
much larger than any other kinds, and so
early, it gives us the most money. There is
no question but that we are in great need of
seeds saved from these finest specimens of

the Mikado ; and to start the matter we
saved enougli ourselves to make perhaps a
<iuarter of a pound of this choice seed, se-
lected from the best specimens. It is a
pretty hard matter to take your very largest,
finest, and most beautiful tomato early in
the season, when they command a good
price, and sacrifice it for the seed it con-
tains ; but when you do it, you have got
some seed that will probably be worth some-
thing. In fact, I should dislike to take a
five-dollar bill for that quarter of a pound,
judging from our experience in tomatoes
this last season. Now, although almost
everybody else complained that they could
not raise tomatoes, we had an enormous
crop, M'ithout a bit of trouble whatever.
While tomatoes were rotting for everybody
else, ours did not rota particle ; and as they
were on that creek bottom that I have told
you about, they suffered comparatively lit-
tle from drought. There is one thing J did
that may have counted something in our
favor respecting freedom from rot. C^uite
early in the season, great whopping tomato-
worms made their appearance ; and they
came in such numbers all at once that I di-
rected one of the boys to make it his busi-
ness to go clear through all of our tomatoes
daily, and carefully pick off every worm.
The first morning, he got, I think, a couple
of quarts of these great horrid-looking crea-
tures. The next morning he got about a
quart, and so it was for so long a time that I
began to think there was no such thing as
getting them (ill. Finally, just before the to-
matoes came into bearing, the worms be-
came scarcer and scarcer; and when we
gathered our fruit there was almost not a
worm.

CHAPTER XLIII.

The high hills are a refuge tor the wild goats, and the rocks tor the conies.— Psalm 104:18.

The above text came to mind in connec-
tion with the matter of providing comfort-
able quarters for our fowls during the
winter-time. Although many times the
fowls seem to prefer to roost in the trees, I
am quite sure they gladly avail themselves
of a refuge when it is convenient for them.
It has always seemed to me as if the most
comfortable place for them would be inside
of the hills ; and since I have been studying
springs and rocks, the matter has come back
to me more and more. We don't all have
hills, however ; and the question suggested
itself of making a nice little hill, or mound,

and having it grassed over. Where rocks
are convenient, no doubt one of the nicest
places in the world, not only for fowls, but
for their nests, would be in the recesses of
these rocks. Our friends in Kentucky, in
the region of Mammoth Cave, ought to be
happy in the facilities offered them, not
only for warm retreats for domestic ani-
mals under ground, but I think I should
like a house in a cave— that is, providing I
could get plenty of sunshine into the cave as
well.

1 presume many of you have been deterred
from Icpopiii^- poultry, on account of the

860

G1.EA^1^GS LN UEK CULTUKE.

Nov.

expense of warm and comfortable houses.
Quite an intelligent lady, who is a teacher
in one of our schools, said she would be
tempted to go into the poultry-business con-
siderably, if it were not for the expense of
suitable buildings for them during the win-
ter ; and I have been thinking of the matter
for some time. The result of it is, I verily
believe, another of those gifts I have been
telling you about, and heie it is :

A WINTER POULTRY-HOUSE FOR 50 CTS. IN
MONEY, AND HALF A DAY IN TmE.

I have now actually in use a poultry-house
containing a roosting-apartment, or bed-
room, as the children call it ; an eating, or
dining room, as they have it, and a laying-
apartment, or egg-depository. Yes, and we
have a room specially for nice drinking-
water. This poultry-house is, at the same
time, so made that little if any frost gets
into any of these different apartments, and
yet the expense of the materials is less than
half a dollar; and the time required to
make it should not exceed l.alf a day. The
above sounds like a patent-right advertise-
ment, does it not V Well, it is not any thing
that I have to sell. It is to give away, and
I am feeling happy this morning to think
that God has given it to me to give to you.
Would some of my juvenile friends like to
make one? All right, boys, ('ome with
me and I will tell you all about it.

Go to your nearest grocery or dry-goods
store, and purchase the largest hogshead
you can find. Such a one as merchants oft-
en get crockery in is just the thing, only it
wants to be large— the larger the better. It
does not matter whether it has any heads or
not ; in fact, it is better without them, for
you would have to throw them away if you
got them . You ought not to pay over 25
cts. for such a hogshead, and may be you
can get one for less than that. Now, while
you are about it, ask him for two empty
nail-kegs. These, also, are to be without
top or liottom. You want also a barrel with-
out top or bottom. Any kind of one will do
that will not fall to pieces. You next want a
box big enough to set over a common wood-
en pail. This box, also, is to have both top
and bottom taken out. You now want to
get these materials moved to some place
where the soil is soft and mellow. If you
raise celery, make the hen-house on the
celery ground, after the celery has been dug
for the winter. The location should slope a
little toward the south. If it does not do
so naturally, you can make it do so. If you

can have it protected from the north and
west winds by buildings, trees, orchards, or
something of that kind, all the better. Com-
mence with your hogshead first. With a
coarse saw, with a good deal of set in it, you
are to saw the hogshead in halves, in the
manner shown in the cut below.

HOW TO CUT THE HOGSHEAD IN TWO.

I think I would saw off the staves a little
higher up above the bung-hole than the en-
graver has marked it ; then the next two a
little lower. But it depends somewhat on
the size of your hogshead. If you can get a
foot below the bung-hole and a foot above
it each time, it will make your apartments a
little higher. Saw straight across two staves
(three if they are narrow) at once ; and by
the time you cut a little into the staves on
the sides which are not to be cut off, you
can probably get the point of your saw
through between the two that are to be cut.
In this way you can get through them pretty
rapidly. When your hogshead is in two
pieces, dig down to where the ground is tol-
erably hard, and level it off st) it will slope
a little to the south. Throw the soft loose
dirt out of the way, in the form of a circle,
until you have room to plant your utensils,
as in the cut below.

OUR WINTER POULTRY'-HOUSE BEFORE IT
IS COVERED WITH DRY' EARTH.

In the picture the engraver did not get the
two halves of the hogshead placed together
just as I meant to have it. The two halves
should be so placed that two doors face each
other, making an opening from one,to the
other. The right-hand tub is the roosting-

I88t

(iLi^ANiNGs In bee cuLruitE

861

apartment, and you want to nail some cleats
on so tlie roosts can be laid across from one
side to the other. You can put in two roost-
ing-poles, or three, according to tlie size of
your hogshead or the size of your fowls. If
you have Brahmas, two roosting-poles will
probably be as many as are needed : if Leg-
horns, you can put in three very well.

The barrel on the right-hand side is the
nest-room. Some leaves or straw inside of
it makes the nest. The two nail-kegs fac-
ing us are for entrances. We need two, be-
cause this opening is seldom or never closed;
and we want a good big heap of dry earth
over it, so the frost won't get in very far.
On the left is our box containing the water-
pail. Tins, also, is to be banked well with
soft fine soil ; all the other openings are to be
closed with bits of boards or shingles, or
whatever is handy. Now pack straw around
over the whole arrangement, between the
tubs, and anywhere that dirt might be like-
ly to sift through. Then get your spades
and shovels, and pitch on the dirt. You
want to get it on nicely, and in such a way
as to look, when finislied, like the picture
below.

the end of the barrel, and held fast by a
stone or some other arrangement. Of
course, you gather the eggs from this open-
ing. The entrance to the box containing
the water-pail is fixed in a similar way
when the weather is very cold. The dining-
room is to be covered with any old window-
sash you can pick up. As the ground
slopes a little to the south, the tops of tlie
tubs will slope to the south enough to carry
off water.

In the center of the dining-room is the
dining-table. It is a funny sort of table,
however, for it is made of a round tin can,
high enough up so rats and mice can not
jump into it. You can sink it into the
ground a little, if you want it tall enough to
liold a good supply of feed. Into this di-
ning-table (or dining-can, if you choose)
you are to put oats, corn, wheat, buckwheat,
if you have it, culled beans, boiled until
they are soft, scraps from the table, and as
much of a variety as you can afford for the
occupants. To make the dining-room pleas-
ant, you want nice things on the table. I
wonder if the boys and girls have ever dis-
covered this fact. Perhaps you have found

on; AVINIKK 1'<»T'LTKV

Now, please notice, you must dig down
all around imtil you get at least six inches
below the floor of the house inside ; then let
the entrance slope downward, so no wind or
water will be running into it. The opening
to the egg-apartment, also, should slant
dow'nward for the'same reason. When the
weather is so very cold there is great danger
of the eggs freezing, you can have a chaff
cushion put into this opening. The board
that lies right over it is to be placed against

IXtLLAR.

out already that my plan of feeding fowls
is to leave feed right by them, all the time.
I do like to see plump-looking '' biddies ; "'
and wiien I catch a young rooster, to be
prepared for dinner (so he will be nice
when we get liome from Sunday-school on
Sunday afternoon), I want one tliat is not
all skin and bones, and my plan of feeding
fills the bill exactly ; and I think the best
way to make hens lay is to give them plenty
to eat; that is. while they have unlimited

8B2

GLEAJ^INGS 1J4 iJEE CULTUiti:.

Nov.

range. Well, the engraver has not shown a
very good roof over the roosti(ig-av>artment.
It does very well for hot siimmer nights ;
but when there comes a rain, I think there
had better be a board over each crack in
that roof. If our engraver were obliged to
stay in there during a rain, I think he
would be in favor of the latter plan. But,
liow about the effect of the rain on our dry
dirt V Well, you must sow grass-seed, so as
to make a turf that will turn rain ; but as
you can not have that turf this winter, i
think I would pile straw over the whole ar-
rangement, laying something on top to keep
it from blowing away, and raking it down
so it will shed rain like a roof. You want
to make a hole down to the sash, so as to let
the sun down, when it shines, for this is the
only way of lighting the establishment we
have.

If the straw is not convenient, get a piece
of oil-cloth or enamel cloth— some old piece
will answer— large enough to cover the
whole institution. Spread it over nicely,
then cut out a hole where the tops of both
of our tubs go, and tack the oil-cloth to the
upper edge of the tubs. This will keep the
earth dry ; and if you have fine dry soil over
them all winter long, there is very little
probability that frost will get in. A straw
mat, such as is used by market-gardeners,
could be kept over the sash and roof to the
roosting-apartment during the most severe
weatlier.

The path around the domicile is to serve
both tlic purpose of a path, and a ditch to
carry off the water. Be sure the water can
all get away. Fowls don't like to walk in
water ; they don't like to walk in mud when
the sun thaws out the frost, either, as I have
discovered. On this account I think I
would put sand or sawdust all over the path.
Be sure there are passageways enough to
let the water out of the path quickly. If
your ground does not slope enough, better
have some underdrains to take the water
away. They will pay on any garden or
dooryard, aside from the benefit to the poul-
try-house. How do you get inside? Why,
if you want to get into the dining-room,
take off the sash and jump down. I^on't
set your great awkward feet on the dining-
table, but step to one side of it. You can
till your water-pail while standing in here,
instead of taking the board away and filling
it outside, if you choose. You can also
scrape out the accumulations of manure in
the dining-room while you are standing

To be CO

there. To clean out the bed-room, just lay
the boards over on top of the sash ; reach
down and lift out the roosting-poles, and
then you can clean out all accumidation,
and put in some fresh dry dust and peat
from the swamp, or whatever else you
choose.

As we want to climb on top of the house
frequently, I think I would have a pi)St set
in the north bank, to put your foot on when
you step over on the edge of the tubs. We
have had just such a poultry-house in opera-
tion for three or four weeks, and I tell you
it is fun to see the fowls run out and in.
During these frosty days they will put out
over the grounds when the sun shines ; but
when a sharp wind comes up, or a cloud
comes over the sun, and it gets cold, they
will flop their wings and come back home,
and run in as if that is the way chickens
always do. How many fowls '? Why, it de-
pends on the size of your hogshead, and the
breed of fowls, as I told you. We have
seven full-grown fowls in ours, and a Brah-
ma hen with ten young chickens. It would
please you to see the chickens put out when
the weather is cold. They will scamper
over the celery-ridges, and take quite a run
over across the field until they get cold, and
then they will fiop their wings and hurry
back into the dining-room. These chickens
were hatched in October, but I feel sure they
will winter nicely with this arrangement;
and they will require no care or attention at
all, except to keep the dining-room table
well supplied, and the water-pail replen-
ished. That they like their quarters, is evi-
dent from the fact there is quite a jealousy
if any of the other fowls come near it. I
built it principally to get rid of some enter-
prising hens that were determined to scratch
in my cold frames and plant-beds. The
most troublesome of these so quickly as-
sumed ownership of the new quarters, that,
when I brought my Brahma hen and chick-
ens to winter there, she disputed the terri-
tory at once. I came on the ground just in
time to act as peace-maker. I found my
poor biddy, that is so much given to scratch-
ing, with her head covered with blood, and
the blood was running down to the end of
her bill, so it came very near stopping her
from breathing. I took her off to one side,
and talked to her about the sinfulness of
such behavior. She meditated quite a spell,
and now she lets that old hen and chickens
go where they please, and accepts her
position — a sadder and probably a wiser hen.

nliimed.

1887

(;L,EAJSl^(jiS IN UKK CUl^i'UKK

Slvi

ANOTHER BEE-MOTH.

AND ONE NOT DESTRUCTIVE TO COMBS.

BN the ]2th of August last, Mr. J. H. Martin,
Hartford, N. V., sent me by mail, in a g'ood
strong box, some comb which contained sev-
eral larva' of some moth. He stated that
these larvii- were quite abiindant on his un-
used combs, but said they did no harm— indeed, he
thought them a benefit, as the combs which were
peopled by them were undisturbed by the common
bee-moth, which, as all know, is really to be dread-
ed, as it mutilates the combs quite seriously. He
asked for name, habits, etc., and wished, if of gen-
eral interest, that information be gi%'en through the
bee-papers.

August 20 I visited the apiary of my brother at
Owosso, Mich., and found that he had been consid-
erably troubled by the same insects. They were
numerous on the combs; and though they did not
mutilate the combs, they diil spin their silken cords
nil over it, and drop their fecal pellets in the cells in
a way that would not make the combs very pleas-
ant to the bees. My brother also found the two in-
sects, this small one and the larger well-known bee-
moth, Oalleria cereana, working side by side. Some
of these were carefully placed in a breeding-bottle,
and now I have the moth. We conclude, then, that
eggs may be laid in July or August, the larva found
at work in August, September, and October, and the
moths found from October till spring. There is,
doubtless, a spring brood.

The insect proves to be Ephestia interpunctella,
Hubner, or Ttnia zece. Fitch, tliley, in his 9th Miss-
ouri Report, p. 31, refers to this insect as Ephestia
ze(e, and calls it a wax-feeding larva. Lintner, in
his 1st Report, speaks of Ephestia interpunctcUa as
the cabbage-moth. The same author, in his ento-
mological contributions, speaks of Ephestia inter-
punctella as existing in both Patagonia and the
United States. In Vol. VII., p. 23, Ontario Entomo-
logical Society, this insect, under the name Ephestia
ze<v, is referred to as introduced by the grain exhib-
its at the Centenial Exposition at Philadelphia.

Dr. Fitch, in his second N. Y. Report, p. 320, de-
scribes this moth in all its stages. He was not
aware that it had been previously described by
Hubner, and so called it Tinea zea'. He speaks of
it as feeding on Hour, and as especially common in
stale Indian meal. Dr. Fitch also gives a good fig-
ure of the moth. This author concludes, that the
moth might exclaim with Barlow, in his hasty-pud-
ing:

".\11 my bones weif mnilc of Indian corn. Delicimis grain!''

Dr. Filch also calls attention to the fact that this
insect, like the larva of the grain-moth. Tinea granel-
la, fills the substance on which it feeds, with a web.

The correct name of this moth is Ephestia inter-
pimcteUa. As it has never had a common name, so
far as I know, I would propose that of lesser bee-
moth. I have beard of it so generally this summer
from several besides the two persons already re-
ferred to, that I think it is quite partial to honey-
comb, or rather to what is stored in the cells of the
comb. It feeds on the pollen in the cells, and in-
.iures the comb only by its web and filth, which I
think would soon be cleaned out by a good vigorous
colony of bees.

DESCRIPTION.

The full-grown larva, in general color and size.

see Fig. 1, resembles the apple, or codling moth lar-
va, very much. It is about % of an inch long, and
pink in color. The head is brown, with darker jaws
and lateral edges. It bears a few light-colored
hairs. The dorsal shield of the first thoracic seg-
ment is also brown, with about 's of its area on each
side much darker than the central third. This
shield is crossed by a central dorsal light-colored
line which passes on to the head, when it soon
forks and extends to the base of each jaw. It also
bears a few white hairs. Below this shield on each
side, just in front of the spiracle, is a piliferous
dark spot. Six rows of similar spots extend the en-
tire length of the larva. The six spots divide the
dorsal portion of each segment into nearly equal
parts, though the dorsal space is a little broader.
The lower spots on the thoracic segments are in
front of the spiracles; on the other segments, be-
low them. On the third from the last segment, the
middle of the three spots is larger, and has a cen-
tral white spot. The two dorsal spots run together
on the two last rings in most of the larvse. The un-
der side of the body is light-colored.

The pupa is formed in a slight cocoon of light-col-
ored silk in the cells of the comb. Very likely, if
not confined it would leave the comb and seek some
crevice or other concealed position. It is ,';; of an
inch long, and of the usual form and color.

EPHESTI.\ INTERPUNCTELLA— LARVA AND MOTH.

The imago. Fig. 2, or mature Insect, is a pretty
little moth, and is accurately represented as to size,
form, and markings, by the figure. It is '/2 an inch
long, and expands IJof an inch. The base of the
primary, or front wings. Is straw color, while the
opposite ends for something more than one-half
their length have brown and dark scales intermin-
gled, so the color is brownish purple. The brown
prevails almost exclusively at a small central area,
forming a brown spot. Two less distinct brownish
spots are seen just back of this spot near the inter-
nal margin, the inner one being the larger. Two
indistinct brownish lines extend parallel with the
outer margin of these wings. The outer margin is
fringed with dark graj*. The posterior, or secondary
wings, are light-colored, with a satin-like reflection,
and broadly fringed with the same color. The tho-
rax and abdomen are colored like the secondary
wings, except that there arc more dark .scales.
which sMghtly shades the color. The eyes are black ;
the head and antennae dark gray, with a distinct blu-
ish reflection.

These moths, like the common, or old bee moth,
Galleria cereana. Fab., belong to the family Pyralida-,
or snout moths. They are so named because of
their projecting palpi, which, as they reach out in
front of the head, look not unlike a snout or nose.
These palpi are marked features of all moths and
butterflies, or, as we may say, of all lepidoptera.
They are the mouth organs that usually curl up be-

mi

gLEaNI^US in liEE OuLTUJtJv

Kov.

side thp tong-uo or maxili.e, of such insects, remind-
ing us somewhat of whiskers. In thesr^ pyralids
thej- project forward instead of curling i.p.

As already stated, these insects feed only upon
the bee-bread, or pollen, and will prol ably do little
harm. They will become more and more common,
and will attract most attention alter bard winters,
when utmsed combs lie thick about the apiary.

Agricultural College, Mich A. J. Cook.

MR. COAATAN.

FOUL BROOD, AND HOW SUCCESSFULLY CURKD.

T HAVE frequently read with interest and profit
^f the communications of Mr. Cowan. That you
^i can not speak more highly of him than he de-
serves, I am well assured, and I should like to
meet and have a chat with both yourself and
him, as I feel that you are both in some way friends
of mine, though I have never had the happi-
ness of meeting either of you. I have to acknowl-
edge a debt of gratitude to the A B C of Bee
Culture, though I was first led to keep bees and
take an interest in them by getting hold of "The
Manual of Bee-Keeping," by the late .Tohn Hunter.
I have experienced all the vicissitudes which an in-
experienced hand naturally will go through, from
spring dwindling to foul brood. The last I remem-
ber, I treated with a strong hand. Having five or
six colonies infected, I shook the bees from the
combs into empty hives, burned all the comb, brood,
honey, boiled the frames, and washed the hives with
a strong solution of salicylic acid, a little of which I
fed to the bees with the syrup, and never had any
trace of the disease afterward. It was introduced
by my buying an old-fashioned straw hive which
was infected, and from which T transferred the bees
(not the comb) to a frame hive.

I should now like to ask a question: Is February
here too early to commence feeding bees? I used
to begin in England (my father lived at the time in
Norwich, Norfolk, close to which place he has his
parish) about the end of February, and feed gently
till the honey began to come in. I am aware, that
feeding is, so to say, a science, and I fear to stimu-
late the bees too early. In Texas I used your Sim-
plicity hives, which I found admii-ably adapted to
that climate. Here I should prefer the rhaff hive,
as my bees will have to winter outside. I always
used a feeder made from some large-mouthed bot-
tle (that French plums come in), piercing about
twelve holes in the zinc lid. Then I had a square
block of wood with a circular hole in it, covered
with zinc on one side, the zinc in the wood having a
long slit in it. This I placed over a hole in the cloth
covering the frames, filled the bottle with syrup,
put on the lid, reversed it, and set it in the hole in
the wooden block. By simply turning the bottle
round I could feed one or twelve holes, as I liked.

Montrose, N. Y., Oct. 32, 1887. .1. S. Cumming.

In regard to feeding the bees in February,
friend C, I am not satisfied in my own
mind whether it will pay or not ; that is,
when we have a February so mild that w^e
can start the bees to rearing brood by feed-
ing. My last experiments in that line were
rather to the effect that it is risky and
doubtful to feed in February, or March
either. As our seasons run, I should say
that here in the States we had better wait
until April. Perhaps it would be well to
liavethis question in the Question-Box.

^EP0i^JF^ ENcea^^Gip.

.JUST BOOMING.

Y bees are booming. I extracted over 200
lbs. yesterday. I got 21 gallons from six
colonies. I have a good many sections on.
full of honey, and most of them capped
over. T am reducing all my Simplicity
hives by contracting the brood-chamber to seven
frames. I tried five this season, and I find they
work in sections, when other hives, just as strong
in bees, that have 10 frames, will not. I put a
swarm in one T-frame hive about June Ist, and
have taken off 48 Mb. boxes, and it has 24 1-lb.
boxes on now, full of honey, and nearly all capped
over. A second swarm from the same hive the
above came from has made 48 lbs. I lost all mj'
bees last spring while I was sick, but 19. I have 28
now in good condition, and I have sold six swarms.

J. W. Martin.
Greenwood Depot, Va., Oct. 13, 1887.

THE BEST HONEY YEAR IN FIVE, FOR TEXAS.

From 12 hives in spring I now have 25 hives in
good fix for winter. During the season I extracted
17.50 lbs. of good honey. This is the first honey year
in five for this part of Texas. J. N. Hunter.

Leonard, Texas, Oct. 31, 1887.

IN GOOD CONDITION FOR WINTER.

My bees have done very poorly this year. How-
ever, they gathered fall honey and reared bees, so
that they are in fine condition for wintering. Last
winter I lost 9 out of 23. I have 27 now to winter.
I get 12 cts. per lb. for extracted honey, and can
sell all I can get. M. Mapes.

Monroe, N. Y., Oct. 21, 1887.

269.') LBS. OF HONEY.

My I'eport for 1887 is as follows: Spring count, 8I{
colonies; extracted honey, 2325 lbs.; comb honey,
370 lbs. They increased to 103 colonies, and I doubl-
ed them down to 75, and fed them about 500 lbs. of
old honey to get them in shape for winter. The
season has been very poor here, as it has been too
wet for the bees to gather much honey.

Parksville, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1887. A. W. Smith.

A POOR SEASON, BUT THE BEES PAID EXPENSES.

This season has been a poor one. I did not get
more than one-fourth of a crop. I started with 38,
spring count, and increased to (10 by natural swarm-
ing. I have taken 800 lbs. of comb honey and about
100 lbs. of extracted. The comb honey was all in
one-pound sections, and two-thirds of it goldenrod.
We had a good honey-flow here from the 1st to the
10th of September, and that is what saved us from
buying sugar to winter our bees. My bees have
paid expenses this season; and taking the demand
and the price of honey at present into considera-
tion, with the prospect good for fair prices next
season, I am not discouraged the least bit.

Linkville, Ind., Oct. 19, 1887. John Kunz.

AS INCREASE OF 33 PER CENT, AND ABOUT 45
LBS. OF SURPLUS TO THE COLONY.

Although the season has been very dry with us in
Canada (just dry enough to show the great superi-
ority of Italians over the blacks), bees have done
fairly, 39 of them giving me about 33 per cent of in-
crease, and from 45 to 50 lbs. of surplus extracted
honey to the stock, spring count. At date all are in

I8S7

(ILEANINGS In bee CULTUKE

iHit>

fair shape for winter. My loss last winter wa6 very
heavy— 57 out of 94. F. P. Cr.ARE.

Oliver's Ferry, Ont., Can., Oct. 20, 1887.

]^EP0^¥g Dipc@a^^6iN6.

THE POOREST SEASON FOR BKES.

fHIS year has been the i>oore8t for bees that I
have experieneetl since I have been engaged
in the business. I started In the spring with
80 colonies in good condition, and increased
to 115 by artiflcial swarming. I did not have
any natural swarming. I moved about half cf
them to a place within reach of basswood pasture,
and took 700 lbs. of basswood honey. They filled up
in good shape for winter, while those In'my home
apiary had to be fed. George Brigos.

New Sharon, Iowa, Oct. 23. 1887.

Nu surpia;s.

Bees have done poorly the past summer. Only
one swarm from 21 came through the winter in
good shape. No surplus hoiiC3-, and it is evident
that I must feed or unite some of the swarms in
order to take them through the winter.

Waynesville, O. G. S. Sale.

A REPORT DISCOURAGING FROM ARKANSAS.

This has proved to be a poor country for bees.
Honey comes with a rush three times a year, with
intervals of great scarcity, during which bees di-
minish in numbers; and when honey comes thei-e
are not enough bees, so they raise a quantity of
brood, fill the lower story, then the How ceases, and
1 get none. I have not eaten a spoonful since here.
Perhaps I should do better if I fed liberally in those
intervals of scarcity. A. Laforest.

Fayetteville, Ark., Oct. ti, 1887.

JlE^Dg 0F &WfiW

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

IS IT HONEY-DEW ?

'E are rejoicing over a good season which
came last week. It has brought out the
fall blooms, and bees are working lively.
They are gathering more honey now, as
late as it is, than they gathered in any one
same length of time this summer. They don't seem
to work much on the blooms— mostly in the tops of
large timber. I took the pains to examine the
timber. In order to see what they were working on,
and I find that there is any amount of small white
tender-looking balls, from the size of a bird's egg
to the size of an apple; and from these balls there
runs a nectar closely resembling pure hone3', and
there is an immense nuantity of these balls all over
the forest, which is affording a splendid flow of
rather dark honey; but it is well flavored, and in
the center of these tender balls are pods, wherein
is deposited a small white worm, or grub, which ap-
pears perfectly lifeless. What will this small white
worm produce when fully developed?

This has been the poorest season for honey here
foi" several years, or, at least, since I have been
handling bees on frames. Bees did not average 20
lbs. of honey per colony, and good strong colonies
were, ten days ago, in almost a starving condition.
1 have been feeding my bees until this present

flow of honey; and if it lasts eight or ten days lon-
ger, bees will not need any more feeding. They are
at work by daylight, as cool as the mornings are.
They have been idle so long they are making good
use of the present flow. B. G. liiiTTREi,!,.

Luttrell, Ala., Oct. 10, 1887.

No, friend Luttrell, it is not honey-dew,
but it is honey from what, are called oak-
balls. Althoiigli you do not say so, I pre-
sume the balls you describe are found on
oak-trees. The matter was discussed in our
columns in Dec, 1881, p. 601, and on pages
Ho. 82, and 182 for 1882, which see. On page
182 you will notice an engraving of a twig
of the oak-balls. In regard to the insect
that produces these balls, I should be glad
if Prof. Cook would tell us something about
them, or refer us to a description. I can
not remember that the insect has been par-
ticularly written up by any entomologist.

ANOTHER G()(JU KEPORT FROM THE ASTERS.

The past summer has been very poor here for the
bees as well as for the farmer, in regard to different
crops, fruits, etc. There were, during white clover,
about 30 to 35 days of very nice honey-gathering.
Early in July the flow suddenly ceased. In the
mean time there continued a severe drought up to
Sept. 20th, when it rained slowly for a day or so,
cooled up, and by the 26th we had a pretty hard
frost, bees doing no good. About the 20th to the
26th, wild asters appeared. It is all over this coun-
try, a few spots excepted. At this time the bees are
almost wild over it, and are filling up their old dry
combs full as fast as in the white-clover season, ex-
cept the very best of the white-clover harvest. If
the days were as warm early and late, and as
long, as they were in ,Iunc, I believe the bees
would fill their combs as they did in .luiie. The
shortness of the days, as well as the coolness
of the morning and evening, work against this
flower. The bees are doing finely on it, and stoi--
ing lots of honey, according to the time they get
to work on it. There are two kinds here— a pink-
white, which grows larger. Dr. W. S. Jones.

Central Station, West Va., Oct. 10, 1887.

THE BUTTER-DISH FEEDER.

I am feeding 50 colonies with your feeder, and
prefer it to all others I have tried. 1 tried butter-
boats on top of frames, but they tip over and spill
if half full. Brood was so plentiful I could not feed
till the 5th. J. C. Stewart.

Hopkins, Mo., Oct. 13, 1887.

We have no trouble to get the butter-
dishes level full by ''tilting ■' them, as de-
scribed on page 791 of last issue. With the
Simplicity feeders it is quite essential that
they have a level foundation. The butter-
dishes can, by " tilting," be made to set lev-
el, even upon uneven surfaces.

.\PPARENT gUEENLESSNESS IN SEPTEMBER.

The queens you sent me last year were accepted.
I have Italianized this year to some extent, but
f> r some reason I have lost four or five queens out
of ten colonies. Some, and I think most of them, were
young too. I have given my last ones brood, but
without success. What is the trouble? Is it igno-
rant handling, or something in the season? I have
not handled them except occasionally, say once a
month or so, to see that they were all right. They

f [8(5(1

CiLJKANlJSIGS IN iikE cULTUiii;.

Nov

would be lull of brood at one time, and in a little
while no brood at all. Would they be siiic to have
brood at this season if they had a (]UFenV

Dalton, Pa.. Sept. 19, 1887. C. W. Plirdy.

r am rather inclined to tliink your colo-
nies were not qneenless at all. It is not un-
common to tind no brood in a colony as ear-
ly as the middle of September, even Avhen
said colony has an old queen. See editori-
als on" (^)iieenlessness " in October 1st issue,
and asjain in Oct. 15th.

SOME ADVANTAGES OF A HOUSE Al'IAKY.

My house apiary is virtually the same protection
as the chaff hive, only a little better. I have it
plastered on the sides as well as overhead. loan
work with them rainy as well as windy weather,
and I have not the cross bees to contend with.
There is also no danger of robbing, and the cost is
not over fifty cents a colony. Geokoe Briggs.

New Sharon, Iowa.

Frien<i P>.. I know that all you say is true ;
but for all that, we have never found any-
body yet who liked to work with a house
apiary. Our folks all prefer hives outdoors,
one in a place, and that one so you can work
ail around it.

SKUNKS AS A BEE-ENEMY, AND HOW To GET HID
, ()F THEM.

I am interested in all the honey reports, and par-
ticularly from ladies, knowing that what has been
done can be done again, luider similar circum-
stances. JNIj- bees did well, considering the trouble
they had from skunks gobbling them up. I was ig-
norant of the harm they were doing (as they took
none of the little chickens) until 1 consulted my
A B C book, where I learned they were not nosing
about the bees for nothing. There were two or
three seen at them at one evening, and one several
other times, until T could notice quite a difference
in size of the swarms. I could learn of no help for
it in my bee-papers, and I was more troubled about
it than the drought prospects; and as I could not
shoot them, I tried setting " Rough on Rats." I
stirred it in an egg for them at the hives, two
nights; and after the second dose was gone they
disappeared, to my great relief. I have tried out-
door work with bees and in the garden, with a nap
before dinner, and think there is no medicine bet-
ter. I wish you could teach us how to make laliels
for plants, that will stand through a season.

Watertown, O., Sept. 14, 1887. Maria I.. Deming.
Many thanks for your kind words, my
friend; and we are also glad to have you
give the additional report in regard to the
danger that may be done by skunks. We
congrattdate you on your success with
••Rough on Rats." No one but a woman
would have thought of it.— In regard to the
labels, if you will turn to p. 989, '86, you will
see tliat 1 discussed the matter at considera-
ble length. We have never found any thing
that would answer on our grounds, from
one season to anotlier, so well as common
printing-ink, printed on water-proof manil-
la paper. Our seed-bags are all made of
this kind of paper ; and after you have sown a
package of seed, tack the seed-bag on one end
of a stick, drive it in the ground at the end
of your row, and you will have a good plain
label for a year, or two years, if you want.
In labeling strawberries, raspberries, and

such things, for the past few years we have
been cutting enough of the name, with the
point of a knife, into the wooden stake, so
as to be sure, when spring came, we coidd
read the marks on the stake, without any
possibility of mistake.

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

\U queries sent in foi- this department should be briefly
stated, .ind I'ree from any possible ambiguity. The question
or questions slionld be written upon a separate slip of paper,
and marked, " For Our Question-Box."

QuESTjON No. ]<).—/;( what portion of the hands or
fair in the pain of the hce-sting the most intense!

In the gristle of the nose or ear.

W. Z. HUTCHINTON.

Around the eyes; in the nostrils; under the fln-
gcr-nails. Dadant & Son.

Under the tingei-nails, and on the edges of the
nostril.';. Paul L. Viai,i,on.

The tip end of the nose, or lips, and tips of the
fingers. Mrs. L. Harrison.

In or neartlie eyes, on the end of the nose, and
the ends of fingers. O. O. Poppleton.

About the roots of the nails on the hands, and on
the tip of the nose on the face. G. M. Dooi.iTTtiE.

Perhaps the tip of the nose, upper lip, and the in-
side portions of the hands and fingers.

C. C. Miller.
Under the end ot the finger nails, on the point of
the noise, or the outer edge of the upper lip.

K. Wilkin.

Where there are the most nerves, and where the
swelling is least. I may mention the end of the
nose, the rim of the ear, oi- ends of the fingers.

.James Heddon.
In the hollow of the hands, and between the
fingers near the hands, and on the forehead. It al-
so hurts (luite severely on the edge of the ears.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

About the head. First, up in the nose, between
the nostrils; then on the ears. It swells most when
stung on the lip; on the hands, it hurts most be-
tween the fingers and under the nails.

B. France.

We can not say. I think why it often hurts so
severely is because the sting enters an arteriole,
and so the blood receives much poison at once.
This may be on hand, face, or anywhere on the
body. A. J. Cook.

All nerve centers are called specially vulnerable
spots, I believe. On the septum of the nose is a
pretty good place; but beginners in the art of get-
ting stung should try the easier spots first. Stings
between the fingers and on the sides of the finger-
joints seem to me to feel a little worse than else-
where on the hands. E. E. Hasty.

Well done, friends. These answers from
so many different people bring out very im-
portant points. 1 have had a bee-sting
under mv tinger-nail, so painful as to keep
me awake nights, when ordinarily 1 wouldn't

1887

(JJ.IOANliNGS IN HEK CULTUUE.

867

stop at all for any bee-sting. [ didn't know
that so many others had liad a like experi-
ence. In the above, live diftorent replies
mention finger-nails, therefor^ we can all
set it down that it is notwM lo give a bee
a chance to get his sting under the nail if
you can help it. I always feel sorry for any-
body who has received a sting on the end of
the nose. When a really dignified, sedate
individual gets sucli a sting, it is really
painful for me to see him lose his dignity
and act like common mortals for a little
while.

Question No. 17.— Do you think reven<itig lnin paid
unu so far in dollars and cents'/ In other words, have
you secured more and hetter honey, sufficient to cover
the til st cost of implements necessary for reversing!

I have never done any reversing'. E. France.

I have never practiced reversing-.

O. O. POPl'LETON.

Have had no experience with reversing-.

Mrs. L. H.\rris()n.
I found no advantages in reversing- brood-frames.

Paul L. Viallon.
My little experience so far has shown no advan-
tage. C. C. Miller.

No; but it has been lots of fun, and I always en-
joy that. Dr. A. B. Mason.

Yes. I think the advantages gained more than
pay for extra trouble. A. J. Cook.

We do not reverse. We think there are as many
disadvantages as advantages. Dadant & Son.

No. The best part of such an operation is the
getting of the combs built to the bottom-bar of the
frame; at least, such is my opinion from the expe-
rience I have had along that line.

G. M. Doohttle.

Yes; I think it has paid me. But by using two
sets of shallow combs for one brood-nest I And that,
after one inverting has completed the combs, I can
accomplish all I wish, simply by alternation.

W. z. Hutchinson.

In the reversing business I stood back and let the
other fellows try it; consequently I have very little
personal experience to i-elate. My impression is,
that the other folks aforesaid have not made it pay.

E. E. H.\STY.

Yes; reversing brood-combs, if only once, to get
them to completely fill the frames, leaving no lurk-
ing or lodging places for bees, pays me for making
all kinds of frames reversible. My suspended re-
versible L. frame has two important advantages,
whether ever inverted or not— no trouble from sag-
ging top-bars, and the jog in the frame aids materi-
ally in quickly and safely moving it in and out of
the hive. The functions of my new divisible brood-
chamber hive are such as to completely supersede
the inverting system, after the first inversion to
completely fill the frames. James Heddon.

Question No. 18.— To get the he^t results in comb
honey, what number of Langstroth frames shoubt be in
the brood-chamber when supers are on! how many
American or Oallup frames!

Five Langstroth or American; si.x Gallup.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Eight Langstroth ; I never used the others.

Mrs. L. Harrison.

Five Langstroth, six (Talliip, and Hve American.

G. ^I. Df)o little.

About seven or eight of the two flrst-inentioned

frames. 1 have had no practical experience with

the other kind. (). O. Poim'leton.

About five Langstroth are enough, and six or
seven Gallup or American. 1 find this contracting:
of the brood-chaniher all that is claimed for it.

A. .J. Cook.

Except during the autumn honey-flow, five or
six Langstroth frames, or their equivalent in comb
surface. For the fall yield, I should prefer eight.

J. A. Green.

1 have of late used foui- or five, but Fd grive ti
good deal to feel more sure of my ground. It is
possible that seven are better, and there is still
room for experiment. C. C. Miller.

1 have found that eight frames were the best,
especially in the early part of the season ; the same
number of American frames. I have never used
the Gallup. Paul L. Viallon.

I use seven, but am not sure that six would not
be better than seven, with the Langstroth frame.
About half of my hives take the Gallup frame, and
the other half the Langstro'.li. E. E. Hasty.

We are not producers of comb honey to any ex-
tent; have not had much experience in tliat line,
so I will leave the questions on comb honey blank.
I don't like to give an opinion vvithout experience
tc back it. E. France.

Not less than ten L. We succeed best with ten
Quinby, old style. This year, again, our ten L.
frames need feeding, while the ten-frame Quinby
have made enough to winter, owing- to their more
numerous population during the harvest.

Dadant & Pon.

Eight Langstroth, and about the same space when
Gallup or American hives are used. With Gallup
frames I usuallj' used less space, but they did not
winter so well. The space should be such as will
admit of storing sufficient for winter besides breed-
ing-room. Geo. GR1M.M.

I have had but little experience in contracting^
the brood-chamber for comb honey, but have had
several years' experience in contracting for ex-
tracted honey, and contract more closely for comb
than for extracted. The number of frames to be
left depends uiion the strength of the colony and
the size of the hive. I use the eight-frame Lang-
stroth hive, and contract to four frames for sur-
plus. Dr. a. B. Mason.

At that period in the surplus season after which
we do not care for any excessive brood-rearing;
that is, 150 days after which workers are of no spe-
cial value for surplus storing that season, 1 greatly
prefer to contract my Langstroth brood chambers
to five combs. We make this contraction with the
swarm when we have it, and with the old colony
about 20 days after it swarms. I would advise con-
tracting to the same number of American or Gal-
lup frames. .Ja.mes Heddon.

If the amount of comb honey to be produced by a
strong colony is the object, eight combs filled with
brood answer, jerhaps, best. But if your queen is

S68

GLEA^l^lrlS LN BEE CULTUKE.

Now

proliflc, swarms are liable to issue, when the object
is missed. If no swarms issue, the combs are kept
tilled with eggs, and brood is reared longer in the
fall than is desirable, when feeding- for winter will
he necessary in the majority of cases. My best
results, all points considered, were above, 10 frames
tilled with brood. This causes less liability to
swarm. The queen is not restrained in her laying
capacity, and lays fewer eggs toward fall. Honey
takes gradually the place of the brood; and if win-
ter feeding is necessary it is an exception to the
rule. My frames are Langstroths; have had no ex-
perience with the American or Gallup.

Chas. F. Muth.
Is it not possible, friends, that the yield of
honey has something to do witli tlie number
of combs to be used in the brood-chamber,
wliile getting surplus lioney V

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTOKY.

Every boy or girl, under 16 years of age, who writes a let-
ter t'or'thls department, CONTAINING some valuable fact, not

OKNKRALLY KNOWN, ON HKKS OR OTHER MATTERS, will receive
one of David Cook's excellent tlve-cent Sunday-school boobs.
Many of these boolrs contain the same matter that you lind in
Sunday-school t'ooks costing from Sl.OO to Sl-50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz. : Sheer Otf, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Roby Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Bine Eyes,
.and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

•NEATNESS, OKDEU, AND DISPATCH, VS.

SHIFTT.,BSSNPvSS, DISORDER, AND

PROCRASTINATION.

ARY, have you had my hammer?
Have yon, maV" inquired Sam as
he came in breathless haste from
the barn.
"■ Why, no, we haven't had
your hammer,'' said Mary.

" Well, Jimmy and I have been hunting
all over that barn, and we can't find it.
Somebody has lieen there, I know, and we
can't find any thing this morning. That
new steel square that pa bought for me is
gone too ; but we haven't seen the wrench,
with which we change our buzz-saws, for
pretty near a week.''

''I am sure, my son." said his mother,
'' we have never meddled with your tools.
Perhaps father has had it. There he is now,
just going down the lane."
Sam scampered off where his father was.
" Say, pa, have you had my hammer? I
can't hnd it anywhere."

Then Sam went on to tell how, in .some
mysterious way, his tools disappeared, and
one after the other had become missing.

" I have not had your hammer. If I had, 1
should have returned it before this. There
surely must be something the matter," said
his father, in all seriousness. " Somebody
has been there. Perhaps I can tell the cul-
prit by the tracks that he leaves."

"If it is Jake, "said Sam, with elation,
'' the fellow wlio stole those watermelons
and broke our windmill, we won't let him
off quite so easy as we did before."

" I rather suspect," said his father, in a
knowing way, " from the evidences that I
have seen, that I can call the culprit by
name. We'll see.'' They started toward
the barn, and, on arriving there, they found
Jimmy pulling things over right and left,
in hopes of finding one or more of the miss-
ing tools.

••There's no use hunting,'' said Jimmy ;
" you might hunt for a dog's age, and you
could't find one of 'em."

'■ I guess not," said Sam, confidently.
'• Pa says he thinks he knows who has been
here ;" and Sam began to hop up and down.

'• What!" said Jimmy; " if it was Jake I'll
pummel the life out of him."

•• Well, boys, would you like to know his
name? He has been all over the country,
and he has made the world a vast amount of
trouble. I am afraid he has caused little
boys^to say bad words that they ought not
to have said, sometimes. His name is, well
— Sliiftlessness. Some folks call him Disor-
der; but call him what you like, we want to
take measures to get him out of the way as
speedily as possible. He it is who has laid
away your tools."

"Sliiftlessness!" uttered Jimmy. "Does
he have two legs, two eyes, and two arms,
and walk around like we do?''

"I rather suspect he does,"' said Mr.
Green.

" About what year was he born ?'' in-
quired Sam, with a sly twinkle in his eye.

" Very soon after Adam was expelled from
the garden of Eden," replied Mr. Green.
" Now, boys," he continued, " I have given
you a little of his personal history. I shall
have occasion to refer to a few of his char-
acteristics at another time ; but the first
thing that 1 want you to do is to slick up
your work-shop. Here you have got a pile
of rubbish, frame-stuff, pieces of hives, saw-
dust, and a general litter all mixed up in a
heap. It is in the way so that you can't
work to advantage. Your pile of boards is
also blocking the passage. See. you can't
get to and from your saw-table without
stepping over those boards every time.
What tools I can see are lying about the
floor, presumably where they were last used.
The side-boards and end-boards for the hives
which you sawed out are piled riglit in the
allevwav. Just back of them is the frame-
stuff. Every time you try to do any work
you are obliged to make an uncommonly big
jump, or else smash and scatter every thing.
Now, who did all this? It was not >ou,
boys, was it ? It was Shiftlessness, the in-
dividual who was born some six thousand

1887

GLEANINGS iJS liKK CUI^TUKE.

8H9

years ago. He it is who delights to visit boys'
work-shops and some farmers' barns and
barnyards. Now, boys, I haven't time at
present to talk longer. I pro > 'se that yon
and Jake and any others < I your friends
you may choose to invite, come over to my
house this evening and I will talk to you
about the general characteristics of Old
Shiftlessness. In the meantime 1 want you
to pile all the boards of a kind by them-
selves, the frame-stuff by itself, and the
kindling-wood in bnskets by itself, after
which sweep up the shavings and sawdust.
In order to do a good job, your mother
ought to boss the job for you; and if JNIr.
Shiftlessness doesn t return the missing
tools right speedily, then I shall miss my
guess." So saying "he left the boys.

After he left he reported to his wife the
condition in which he found the barn-loft,
and requested her to give general instruc-
tions. Upon being sunmooned by tlie boys,
Mrs. Green hastily put on her bonnet and
started for the barn. When she arrived at
the scene of operations she commenced in
this wise : " Well, boys, I speak from expe-
rience when I tell you that you want to have
those things which you use the most the
nearest to your work." I always try to avoid
making useless steps for an article in the
kitchen, and so I anange my cooking-imple-
ments as near to the place where I want to
use them as I can. The same is true in regard
to your lumber and tools. You must not
have them in your way, and they must be
arranged every thing in its place. First of
all, before you go any further you want to
discuss between you "what tools you use
most. They should be placed in that part
of the shop where they will be the handiest.
Mr. Green instructed me to tell you that
your lumber should be piled so that it would
not have to be handled three or four times
before actual work was put upon it."

The kindling-wood was to be piled in the
wood-shed, the shavings in a barrel, and the
sawdust to be used for making paths. Mrs.
G. then left them. In our next issue we
shall see how they succeeded.

JaYEJimE liETTE^-B©?^.

" A chlel's amang ye takln' notes ;
An' faith, he'll prentit. "

A PKOBLEM FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS.

Well, young friends, 1 haven't called upon
you for some time to answer a problem,
ifiave I ? Here is a problem, concerning
which if we could get the most of you to
agree on uniformly we should consider the
results as thus gathered quite a little addi-
tion to our fund of knowledge. The prob-
lem is this : If bees be taken out of the hive,
dropped into the snow, and left there, how
long can they remain in that chilled condi-
tion and yet be revived on being placed in a
warm room V What I want you to do is
this : As soon as we have a good fall of
snow, which probably will not be many
days hence, you are to get a couple of dozen

; of strong, healthy bees,* and drop them into

, the snow, when they will become chilled and
apparently dead. At the same time that
you drop the bees into the snow, you are to

I get an equal number, place them in a queen-
cage, and leave them outdoors where they

I will be exposed to a freezing temperature.
Now, every twelve hours from the time
that you begin your experiments I want you
to take two bees from the snow and two
bees from the queen-cage, place the four in
a warm room, and allow them to revive if
they will. The point is, I want you to see
just how long bees can remain in a chilled
condition and yet be brought to life, so to
speak. Mr. Uoolittle has made some ex-
periments ; and, if I am correct, he has
stated that tlie extreme limit which bees
could be brought to life again from their
chilled state was three days. Very likely lie
is correct, but 1 am sure friend Doolittle and
others would like to see what a dozen or
more little folks could do in proving or dis-

^ proving his assertion in different localities.
It is possible, that under certain circum-
stances you could make the bees revive aft-
er being chilled for four days continuously.
While you are making these experiments,
boys and girls, don't foig'.'t to have a note-
book, or sometiiing iii w liich you can wiite
down what you see at the end of each
twelve hours when you warm up the bees.
Ask your mamma or your papa to help you
in doing the work. Now, every juvenile
who will make these experiments carefully,
and send in a careful report, we will give, in
addition to the usual prize offered at the
head of this department your choice of the

\ following: A panel chromo, size 87x21 — a
beauty, and an ornament to any home.

New Version of the New Testament, paper
bound, large print.

Papeterie, a pretty box of stationery con-
taining 24 sheets of note paper and 24 en-
velopes. This is a beautiful pn-sent for a
girl.

Knife, two-bladed, bone-handled, blades
good steel ; a nice present for a boy.

A horse-shoe magnet. Every boy knows
what they are for.

The above prizes will not be confined to
those who write only upon the subject of
chilled bees. Any juvenile who can furnish

j us something for this department, on other
subjects which rather surpass in interest
and value the average run of letters wliicli
we get, we will send him one of the premi-

! ums ; but in any case, little folks, please

! bear in mind that we are to judge whether
your letter deserves this additional premi-

' um.

wii,i.iam's letter.

My brother has now Vi bee-hives. He has an ex-
tractor. The bees are getting more honey now
than before. Goldenrod is In bloom, hut the bees
are not getting: any honey from it yet. They are
getting honey from ice-plant, or silver-weed.

Belton, Tex., Oct. 8, 1887. Wm. Mogan.

*I omitted to say right here that the bees should
be filled with ho ley before causing them to become
chilled.

S70

(il.EANlMtlS IN IJEK CUJyi'Ulit:.

Nov.

SOMETHING FROM WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

There are a great many wild flowers out here,
which are full of honey. If we had some bees we
ounld have honey to sell, and all we could eat. Te-
anaway City is growing fast. We live one mile from
town. Seth S. Seaton.

Teanaway City, W. T.

ASHES IN FRONT OF THE ENTKANCK.

Pa takes Gleanings, and he says he would not
do without it. He throws ashes on the snow in
front of the hive, to keep the bees from falling in
the snow, and freezing; he thinks it does good, and
wants to know your opinion about it.

Yocumtown, Pa. Hattie Fetrow.

Very likely the ashes would answer a good
purpose, if the bees fly while the snow is
on the ground ; but we have never found it
necessary to use any thing.

CORA'S LETTER.

Papa had 9 stands, and increased to 28 by the in-
formation obtained in your books. Most of our
bees swarmed, and papa hived them. They went to
work nicely. I am not afraid of bees. I go all
around the hives. I love to read little folks' letters.
Papa is going to send for some carp. We have
some nice places for ponds. Cora Thompson.

Bristol, N. C.

"A BEE-PATCH'

Frank, a small boy, saw some bees on some gold-
cni'od flowers, and went home and said to his
mother, '' You can't guess what I have found."
" No," said his mother. " I found a bee-patch."

Nolandville, Tex. Charles Normand.

I suppose the little boy meant that he saw
a field literally covered with humming bees.
It is a pleasant sight, isn't it, to see the bees
thus busily engaged? IIow happy they are !
Bees never get into mischief when they
have something to do in the fields. You
know, " Satan finds some mischief still for
idle hands to do," and little bees are no ex-
ception when they are idle.

melvin's brother's 300 colonies.

I go to school every day, and read in the third
book. My studies are arithmetic, grammar, writ-
ing, and drawing. I have two brothers, bee-keep-
ers. One brother commenced with 3 colonies last
year, and now has 28. The other brother has 300.
I help to attend to them in the summer, and watch
them when they swarm. I like honey very much,
and sometimes I get a sting. Melvin L. Moore.

Pelham Union, Ont., Can., Oct. 23, 1887.

the bee.

Bees live between 6 and 8 weeks In the honey sea-
son. The drone lives about as long as the bee, but
sometimes the bees kill them befoi'e they get very
old. The queen sometimes gets to be very old.
She doesn't do any outdoor w6rk. She generally
lives through the second or thli-d season. My
brother has four stands of bees. The bee Is a very
particular little Insect. If the hive doesn't suit
them they leave It. C. J. Fox, age 13.

Brookville, O.

neli,ie's report.

My papa has 30 stands. He gave me one hive, and
1 got $2. .50 worth of honey. We sell the extracted
at 10 cts. a pound. We have one of your extractors,
and like it real well. Papa took his wax-extractor
to the fair and got the first premium last week.

Our bees did the best of any one's around here.
We got over 1000 lbs. of honey. We take Glean-
ings. It is papa's favorite book.

Nellie Dickman, age 14.
Defiance. O., Sept. 7, 1887.

recipes for honey-cakes.

1 send you two good honey-cake recipes.

Poor Marl's Cake.— One egg, broken into a cup,
and beaten a little; fill up the cup with sweet milk;
take one cup of honey, half a cup of butter, one
teaspoonful cream tartar; half a teaspoonful of
soda. This is a good cheap cake.

Sponge Cake.— One cup of honey, three eggs beat-
en .to froth, half a cup of sweet milk, two table-
spoonfuls of melted butter, one teaspoonful of
cream tartar, half a teaspoonful of soda; flavor to
taste. Add flour enough to make a light sponge.
This recipe makes a nice jelly or cocoanut cake.

Edgerton, Kansas. Wilbur Endly.

WINTERING bees UPSTAIRS.

My pa caught a swarm of bees, and made a hive
and put them in it. He had never tried to keep
bees before, and so he thought he would put them
upstairs, and they all died. Then he bought another
swarm, and now he has nine. He had a swarm that
was packed, and he did not unpack them soon
enough. The comb melted and fell, and it smother-
ed all of the bees. My pa takes Gleanings. I like
to read the .iuvenlle letters. Jessie Bryner.

Bloomfield, Pa.

Friend Jessie, I am glad you have told us
of your papa's failure, for it gives me an
opportunity to say that I hardly ever knew
of bees wintering successfully in an upper
room. The changes of temperature are too
great. In the coldest weather it will be too
cold, and in the warmest weather it will be
too hot, in spite of any thing we can do. I
do not quite understand why the combs
should melt and fall down on account of the
packing. Our chaff hives are packed both
winter and summer, and we never knew of
our combs melting down, unless the bees
were fastened in the hives.

HOW to pick up bees.

We have a few stands of bees. I said I was not
afraid of the bees, so one day I picked one up on
my finger, and it stung me. One day my ma was
hiving the bees, and they stung her all over the
head. Kate Neff, age 8.

Cleve, Polk Co., Iowa.

Friend Katie, you didn't pick up the bee
right. You remember, perhaps, about a
year ago I gave some instructions how to
pick up bees. You were first to practice on
drones, as they crawl over the comb. With
your thumb and forefinger, grasp the wings
and you can pick up the drones without a
bit of trouble. Keep on practicing wdth
drones until you have learned the knack of
picking them up without hurting them.
Having done this you can then with more
security pick up the worker-bee. You must
be sure to grasp hold of both wings, other-
wise he will turn over and make you feel in-
clined to let him go. It is one of the little
fine arts of bee-keeping to fill a queen-cage
with a dozen bees or more, in a half-minute.
It can be done, and has been done, by those
who know how.

18«7

GLiiAi^li^GS IJM iJJiii CULTUKE.

871

dm pe.ME^.

Him that cometh to me, T will in nowise cast out.—
John (5:37.

K. ROOT:— You liave asked the question,
"What other one is there who wants to
commence rig'ht lirre and now. in laying' up
treasures in heaven'?" I would say, here is
one who has long: desired to be a Christian;
and it seems to me that I have done everything I
could, and yet it has done no good. What am I to
do? Reading your little sermons, and Elsie Myr-
tle's and Frank C.'s letters, has influenced me to do
this, and ai-e partly the cause of my interest in my
eternal welfare. Sometimes I have almost imagined
I have experienced some kind of a change, but
think I must have been mistaken. Now, Uncle
Amos, I want you to pray for me, to ask God to for-
give me, for Jesus Christ's sake; or if I am a
Christian, to enable me to see my way clear. I
would give millions of worlds, were I able to say
from my heart, " Iknowl am one of God's children,"
and how gladly would I serve him! I want all the
Christians who read Gleanings to pray for me too.
God bless you, and the grand work you are doing
for him. Your little friend, S. D.

Texas, Oct. 34, 188T.

May God bless yoii, my little friend ; and
may he give [^ncle Amos wisdom in leading
you" and other lambs of the fold in safe pas-
tures, and by pure, wholesome waters. My
dear friend, you are wasting time in longing
for something, and waiting for sometliing
that God has not, at least as yet. seen tit to
give you. May be I shall be cutting on to
some of the doctrinal points that I know but
little about, in my answer ; but I feel sure
that I can advise you safely. In becoming a
Christian, there should surely be a change of
heart; and many times, where the penitent
sinner has been gitilty of great sins, or even
crimes, the change of heart is so wonderful
that we may truly say, " This individual
has been born again." And such converts
often startle communities by exhibitions of
emotion and joy and peace, which we do
not find at all where some one who has al-
ways lived a pretty good life turns to Christ.
I should infer from your letter, friend S.,
that no very great change is needed in your
life, to make it a consistent Christian life.
Remember, I don't know you, and I am
guessing somewhat in the dark. What you
need is faith in (Jod— implicit trust in him
and his promises. In our text we are told,
" Ilim that cometh to me, I will in nowise
cast out."' Now, dear young friend S., you
have come to Christ ; aiid if his promise be.
true, you arc one of his children ; and all
that remains for you is to go right to work
serving him, without waiting any longer.
Do it out of love to him, and not wilh a hope
of reward. If you do this, I think this peace
and joy which you have been craving will
probably come in his own good time ; but
remember, S., that we are unlike in dispo-
sition and experience. Wlien I tirst turned
to Christ it was a big turning abotit, I tell
you. I had been ridiculing the Bible and
prayer- meetings, and had been persuading
people not to go — yes. even the boys and
girls in my employ. I told them it was

wasting time. More than that, I tried to
prejudice people against the meetings, and
against God's chosen servants. Now, when
I turned right squarely round about, and
even went to the prayer-meetings, and pub-
licly recalled what I had said, and promised
to be a faithful follower and servant of
Christ Jesus, so long as he gave me life, I
coidd not help feeling differently. I was a
new man, as it were, and a very "much bet-
ter man, my dear young friend. Under these
circumstances it was quite natural that 1
should have a bright and joyous experience.
It should be remarked, too, that I am
naturally imaginative and enthusiastic. I
get happy over bees and gardens and poul-
try, and you must remember, too, that I get
blue and low-spirited at times, also. Now,
when one has long been evading some duty
that stood before him, he almost always
feels a thrill of happiness when he takes up
this duty. This is a law of the human
mind •,!'yet these feelings, of themselves, do
not amount to much, after all. Some new
converts who have these bright and joyous
experiences, backslide and give up their re-
ligion in just a little while. Feeling is a
good thing, but there must be a substantial
purpose back of it. I remember one young
convert who said that he could not say that
he had experienced a change of heart, but
he had certainly experienced a change of
purpose. Now, a change of purpose is what
God wants. He wants yoii to stop doing every
thing you know is wrong, and commence
doing everything you think you ought to do.
In other words, do your duty, whether you
feel like it or not. It is like getting up in
the morning. Your feelings are not to be
consulted at all. Your duty is the thing to
consult and consider. Duty says, "• Get up
and attend to your work in proper season."
Feelings would say, " It is too cold, and I
am too sleepy."' etc.

Now. I am glad to be able to tell you of a
Christian experience that was so entirely
unlike mine, that the person could hardly
believe she was accepted of God ; and this
one I am going to tell you about is no other
than my dear wife. Before I became a
Christian she was not a member of any
church. She was in the habit of reading her
Bible, and of going to her heavenly Father
in prayer whenever she was in trouble. She
prayed for her children, and sent them to
Sunday-school, and tried to do her duty as a
Christian ; but she had never thought much
about church membership, and perhaps had
an idea something like yours, dear little
friend, that when God should give her a
bright and vivid experience she would know
then that she was called of him, and would
be ready to do whatever he asked her to do.
Well, when I, all of a sudden, as it seemed,
took hold of the Bible and united myself
with Christian workers, she was, like every-
b Hly else, surprised and astonished ; and
she,' too. like many others, felt sorrowful be-
cause she could not have an experience like
my own. .Vs a p:!atter of course. I urged
he'r to join the church with me. She said at
first she did not dare to. She said she had
no feeling in regard to the matter. Our pas-
tor tried to explain to her that it made no

872

GLEAJSIJSGS iN BEE CUETUKE.

Nov

difference ; but her early training and teach-
ing had been so much to the contrary that
slie felt greatly troubled and worried about
calling herself a Christian before she had
had any evidence that she was called to be
one of Christ's chosen ones, or one of his
''anointed," as it is sometimes termed. I
suggested to her that she would receive
" the blessing,'' as we often call it, by going
forward and taking^ up Christian duties.
Finally, in response to my urging and that
of our "pastor, as well as that of the pastors
of the four otlier churches (for we had a
union revival that winter), she united with
the church. You may ask, did this happy
experience— this great change that is often
termed the "new birth "—ever come to her
at all ? I am obliged to say, perhaps with
some qualification, it has not come to this
day ; it never came at all ; she never felt
any sort of change ; and at times for a good
many years she was worried and troubled
for fear she had done a wrong thing in unit-
ing with the church as she had. In fact, I
was for a time afraid that she would never
feel satisfied with her religious experience ;
but 1 am glad to say now that her faith in
God and his promises is i)erhaps even more
firmly rooted and grounded than is my own.
Dear friends, many of you may think there
is no sort of danger "that / should ever
change in my love toward Christ ; but could
you know my wife as I know her, I think
you would say that her Christian character
is more firmly builded on the rock of Christ
Jesus than is my own. The rains may de-
scend and the floods come, and the winds
may blow, and in a way to intimidate and
demoralize even the veterans in Christ's
service ; but Mrs. Hoot's faith will never
waver. Very likely I may, when great
trial comes, be demoralized and frightened,
and perhaps, for the time being, inclined to
doubt. My experience may be like Chris-
tian's, in "the Pilgrim's Progress; but my
wife's experience will be more like that of
his companion Hopeful. Do you ask where
or how she got this firm faith? It has been
by doing duty in all these long years, and
paying no attention to feeling. Two of our
children are married, and have homes of
their own ; three others are growing up, and
their minds are being molded and formed
by a mother's love. Our children have been
wayward and contrary — sometimes stubborn
— yes, fearfully stubborn, as their father
was; but my wife has gained faith in God
by praying and working with these children.
Iter reward has never come by jumps and
starts. It has come in the even tenor of
her life. She has tested the promises so
many times during these years that are
I)ast, that they have got to be a part of her
very nature ; and instead of the bright ex-
perience that I and some others have en-
joyed at times, hers has been a calm and
peaceful rest and trust in the Father's love.
No doubt there is wisdom in these different
experiences. My enthusiasm has been the
means, perhaps, of turning a good many to-
ward Christ and his kingdom. Very likely
my wife's clear even way has done fully as
much among her circle of friends and ac-
quaintances.

I am glad to know, dear friend S., that you
are stirred, and that your faith was bright-
ened l)y those letters from our brothers in
the penitentiary ; and I M'ould suggest that
you will probably enjoy doing mission work
of this kind. Go with your father or mother
or brother, or with some Christian brother
or sister, to your nearest jail, and interest
yourself in the inmates there. Tell them of
Christ, and of his love for sinners. Never
mind yourself; accept with thankfulness
what God has given you in the way of reli-
gious experience, and don't trouble yourself
or worry about the other part. In that
beautiful little book called " The Christian's
Secret of a Happy Life." the author says,
" In becoming a happy Christian there is a
work for you to do, and a work for God to
do." Then she says, '• Now, you must take
it for granted that God will always do his
part ; hence all that remains for you to do
is to trusthim and be ready to do your part."
You are not mistaken, my little friend, if
you really want to be a Christian. When
you feel disappointed and discouraged in
the matter, ask yourself, " Am I really hun-
gering and thirsting after righteousness ?"
If so, then you are all right, and all you
have to do is to wait for the promises. God
will send them in his own good time.

Now, in closing, little unknown friend, I
want to take up another side of the question.
May be the reason why you have not a more
vivid consciousness of being one of God's
children is because you are not living up to
his commands. I suppose you are, of
course, reading your Bible ; I presume you
attend Sundify-school regularly ; very likely
you are a member of this new society that is
doing so much good, called the " Society of
Christian Endeavor." If so. then you cer-
tainly have plenty to do in Christ's service.
I should think, from your childlike letter,
that you are honest and sincere, and that
your daily life is in accordance with this
letter. If you want to be one of God's chos-
en ones, you must be sure you cherish no
unkindness toward any one. "I suppose, dear
little friend, you are ready to shake hands
pleasantly and good-naturedly with every
man, woman, or child on the face of the
earth ; and if you have any enemies, I pre-
sume you are ready to shake hands and
make up— always ready. No doubt there
are brothers and sisters, and may be other
people, who delight in teasing and bothering
you. I suppose you are doing good to each
one of them ; that, in fact, you are trying to
love your enemies. I suppose, too, you are
helpiiig your mother, studying her wants
and wishes. I presume you take pains to
enter into the interests and feelings of the
younger ones of your family. I presume
you are always pleasant and good-natured ;
that you are patient under suffering; that
you are not always trying to please yourself.
'You remember the dear Savior pleased not
himself; and I hope, dear little friend, you
are always pure in heart. I can remember
well, that, when quite a child, impure
thoughts were sometimes put into my little
head by getting among bad companions. If
you want to be God's child, remember what
he savs : " Blessed are the pure in heart, for

I88t

GLEANliJGiS lis BEE CUJLTUKJi.

873

they shall see God." Xow, perhaps many
will say the al)ove is too strict and too hard
in its requirements, for any one. May he some
of you say, '• Wliy. Mr. Root, yon don't
mean to say tliat a body must be a veritable
an^el here on earth, do youV" No, dear
friends, I do not mean to say tliat ; but 1 do
mean to say that tlie change of heart tliat
our little friend has longed for can cotne
only in answer to being faithful in all these
things. If you dont want darkness and
doubts to visit you, beware how you indulge
in any of those temptations that I have
mentioned. My experience is, that there is
no friend like a mother to help and to guide,
especially when temptations meet you that
you wouldn't care to talk about to anybody
else except your mother. Make your moth-
er your conlidant in every thing that troub-
les you, and you can not go far astray.
When you are templed to hide and conceal
certain things from your mother, then be-
ware. This is where the first wrong step
starts out, many times.

Sometimes when these thhigs seem to be
so very strict, or the straight and narrow
path seems so exceedingly straight and nar-
row, we are tempted to indulge a little in
tilings that we know good church-members
ought not to indulge in ; in other words,
you decide you don't believe you are ready
to pay the price. Then, miy friend, you
must pay the penalty. The wages of sin is
death: and if you sin just a little, you may
have a little taste of this eternal death that
is the result of persistence in sin.

You have not told me how old y(ju are,
my child, and I can only guess at it from
your letter. You have iiot told me, either,
whether you are a member of any chiu'ch, or
have united with any body of Christian
people. Now, my experience is that a
young Christian must soon come to a stand-
still unless he comes out openly and con-
fesses Christ. Y"ou know Jesus has said,
" He that is ashamed of me and of my
words, in this adulterous and sinful genera-
tion, of him also shall the son of man be
ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of
his Father with the holy angels.'" Don't
let any false modesty hinder you from stand-
ing up boldly and honestly, and declaring
your purpose to serve Christ, and to work
with Christian people. In the postscript to
the letter I have given, you desire me to
use only your initials. This may be very
well for a young person when coming out
in print ; but still I think, dear friend, it is
generally best to stand up boldly and fear-
lessly, and hesitate not to state before the
world just where we stand.

Some may ridicule such a course because
you are young. But. let them ridicule,
friend S. Suppose some of your school-
mates should say," S. is afraid to tell a lie;''
or, " S. dare not say bad words ;'" or suppose
somebody should taunt you with being pure
in heart, wouldn't you rather rejoice at such
words ? Well, being a Christian simply em-
bodies all of these ^ and I think the very
safest and best place for every child who
loves the Lord is within the folds of the
church ; but if you try to keep it to youself ,
Satan will continually try to tempt you to

turn back and give it up. In fact, he has
been tempting you that way already. Now,
theie is no remedy for these temptations,
that I know of, except publicly placing
yourself on the Lord's side. Tell Satan and
your fellow-men that the act is cZone— that,
so far as you are concerned, ycm belong to
Christ Jesus, and there is no use in dis-
cussing the matter any further. This act
alone, many times, brings that change which
you seem to long for. If you love God, you
must love your fellow-Christians. In re-
gard to^this matter, John uses this strong lan-
guage in his First Epistle : " If a man say, I
love God, and hatethhis brother, he is aliar.''
Perhaps the greatest trial of my life has
been to have this true Christian love for all
humanity — friends and enemies alike. I
have sometimes thought, that when Satan
had 'given up on every other point, almost,
in my case, he still hung around, whispering
evil insinuations and uncharitable sugges-
tions in regard to the people I meet and do
business with day by day. Repeat often to
yourself the little text, "Judge not." Let
God be the judge, and let him decide who is
pure in heart and who is not.

One more word, my dear child : If your
life is not as good and pure as I have mapped
out in the above, remember that Christ
Jesus came on earth to save sinners, and
that our text is broad in its application. It
is written especially for sinners. Even if
you have sinned and strayed away, and
backslidden a great many times, remember
that God never gets tired of hearing you ask
for forgiveness. " Him that cometh to me,
I will in nowise cast out; '' and, my dear
young friend, it may be you will have to ask
forgiveness over aiid over. If it were not
so, you would be better than most of the
old Christians. Oiod is ever ready to forgive,
when we are truly sorni. Keep close to the
Savior ; don't let a day pass without calling
to him. Make the little prayer 1 have told
you about, yours— '• Lord, help ! " No one
can monopolize this little prayer. If all the
world were uttering it mentally, at one
and the same time, I should be gladder and
gladder to know it ; and Jesus the Savior
would be gladder too. Breathe the prayer,
whether you feel like it or not, when you
know you are getting away into darkness
and sin. If you seem to be all bad, as a
great many of us do at times, don't be dis-
couraged and cast down. At such times
you (;an grasp hold of that prayer of David's
— ■•' Create in me a clean heart, O God, and
renew a right spirit within me." This very
prayer itself seems to indicate that David
knew what it was to feel that he was getting
to be all bad, and therefore it may encour-
age us. Now, when you have put these things
ill practice, and have found the peace that
God usually sends sooner or later, I shall be
glad to hear from you again, little friend,
that your experience may be an encourage-
ment toothers ; and I almost know already
that this frank, honest, childish letter will be
the means of raising others. One of the hope-
ful signs of the present age is, that children
and young people are taking such an active
part in Christ's work. Rememljer who it
was that said, "Suffer the little children to

874

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

come unto me, and forbid them not, for
of such is the kingdom of heaven."

Now, as we open this Home Paper with a
letter from a child, here is another to close
with, from one who has l)eeii forty-two
> ears serving the Lord :

Dear Brother:—! just want to talk a little this
morning-, and tell you a part of my experience. I
have been in the service of the Master forty-two
years, and oh how it g-laddens my heart to hear
those young- people speak .out in his praise! Do
you know T had been wishing- for a long- time that
you would ask the bee-friends to g-ive their relig--
ious experience for awhile? I was very agreeably
surprised when I turned to Our Homes in the issue
for Oct. 1."). N. A. E. Ellis.

Astoria, Mo.

JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

IS IT GOING TO HE THE BUCKWHEAT FOR BEE-
KEEPEKS?

Tip T present we have received reports
^Mk from only eight different individuals.
]pr Now, we sold about forty bushels of
-^^ this buckwheat for a test, and most of
it in small packages of from two
ounces to a pound ; yet we have only eight
reports so far ; and it is a little singular
that these eight reports are all extra good.
Now look here, friends, I wonder if it is go-
ing to be true with this new buckwheat as
it was said of bee-keepers in regard to re-
porting honey-yields, that nobody reports
unless he has'made u big thing. Please let
us hear from those who have made a failure
of it. I have given you our report, and I
frankly stated that the yield of grain was
not near what I w as led to expect. Now
let us have reports of all kinds— good, bad,
and indifferent. Don't be backward in say-
ing that it didn't do half as well as our old
kinds, if such is the truth. Below are the
reports alluded to above :

.lAPANESE BUCKWHEAT YIELDED TWICE AS MUCH
AS THE COMMON KINDS.

Our yield of Japanese buckwheat was satisfactory,
taking the dry season into consideration. From
one peck of seed, purchased from you, we have 4
bushels, 3 pecks— twofold more than the common
black buckwheat yielded, both being treated pre-
cisely alike. Mr. Leikart, a neighbor, nt our solici-
tation,-sowed a bushel which he bought of Peter
Henderson: and although the cows broke in and
destroyed some, he has 27 bushels. This yield
is also double what the silverhull yielded with same
culture.

OUR REPORT.

Our honey report for this year seems meager
compared with what we expected in the spring.
Never were our bees in bettor condition, and never
were we better prepared to receive a honey-tiow—
which did not come. A bright new wheelbarrow
was in readiness from the Home of the Honey-
Bees, on which to wheel the honey in screen-doors
and windows into the honey-room, etc. Wo winter-
ed .'53 colonies, sold .">, and commenced the honey-
season with 48. We increased them by natural
swarming to 58, and have taken about 1700 lbs. of
extracted honey and 200 lbs. of comb. The bees
have an abundance of stores for winter, and we
think the honey we extracted this fall the finest

fall honey we have ever taken. It is dark, but has
only a slight flavor of buckwheat. In the light of
our experience this year, .Japanese buckwheat is
not so good for honey as the other kinds. It did not
stay in bloom so long— matured more rjuickly.

Mrs. Bell L. Duncan.
Black Lick, Pa., Nov. 8, 1887.

a yield of 12(4 BUSHELS FROM 1 PECK, UNDER
ADVEIISK CONDITIONS.

I sowed a peck of the new Japanese buckwheat,
July .5, on a trifle over half an acre of ground. It
came up well, and there were certainly plants
enough properly distributed for an acre. It
grew and blossomed well, but the excessive wet
weather caused a lot of weeds to grow and some-
what smother a part of it. Unfavorable weather,
and a frost at the close of the season, undoubtedly
prevented the growth of so large a crop as might
have been expected had it been sown one week ear-
lier, as I intended. The weather was not quite dry
enough when it was thrashed, and some (perhaps a
bushel or two) was left in the straw. As it was, I
secured just 600 lbs., or 13;4 bushels of 48 lbs., after
running twice through a good fanning--mill. I feel
well pleased with it. The bees worked on it some,
but stored no surplus. They also had other fields of
the old kind to forage on. We do not get buck-
wheat honey here every year, and it is nothing
against it that it had no honey this year. In 1886
we were favored with a large yield from buck-
wheat, having several hundred pounds in sections,
and of extracted also. It sold slowly at about two-
thirds the price of clover and basswood honey.

Walpole, N. H., Nov. 7, 1887. J. L. Hubbard.

ONE AND ONE-FOURTH BU8HRLS FROM ONE POUND
OF SEED.

Mr. lii)t)t:—l^ you remember, I told you, when I
was at your place, about getting a pound of Jap-
anese buckwheat of you last spring. Vou asked
me how much I raised from it. I could not tell you
then, but I can now. I weighed it, sack and all, and
it weighed 65 lbs. The sack will probably weigh I'A
lbs., and I think there was more than H4 lbs. shell-
ed off, as I noticed it was pretty thick on the
gTound, so I got U4 bushels by weight from one
pound of seed. I told you we had an acre of buck-
wheat besides the above. We got 19 bushels from
that. Don't you think both kinds did very well for
a dry summer? It was a sight to see the bees work-
ing on the buckwheat. I never saw them work on
it as they did this year. We cut a little over seven
acres of red clover for seed ; about one-third of it
stood very thin. We got lOi/j bushels of seed by
weight from that. Our bees worked a great deal on
that also; and also on the first crop of clover too.
Don't you think bees working on such crops will
cause them to fill better than they otherwise would?

Bristolville, Trumbull Co., O. J. S. Barb.

FOUR OUNCES YIELDED 63 LBS., AND ONE STALK
GAVE 1153 KERNELS.

I tried the Japanese buckwheat this season on a
rather small scale. Last spring my son purchased
a 4-oz. packet of you. I sowed it June '3.5, on about
5 rods of ground, which was very thin. It came up
and grew very rank, and soon covered the ground.
The fore part of August we had a heavy rain that
washed it quite badly. We had a severe frost be-
fore it was all matured. I cut it about the first of
September. It stood out some three weeks, on ac-
count of wet weather, before I could thrash it, and

1887

GLEANINGS IN iJEE CULTURE.

87o

quite a little was destroyed by mice and birds. I
thrashed it, and cleaned up 0^ lbs. of nice buck-
wheat. I counted ll.>5 kernels from one stalk.
Buckwheat this seasen is a very li;ibt crop here,
not yielding more than tJ to 10 bi;.>liels per acre. I
think I shall try the Jai)aiiese ne.vt season, on a
larger scale. O. N. Gtehnsev.

Great Bend, Pa., Nov. '>, 1887.

A YIELD 0^' 160 TO 1.

Last spring I got of you 2 oz. of the Japanese
buckwheat, from which 1 raised 'M lbs., which is a
yield of 160 to one. It was sown in drills, and much
of it was too thick, and it suffered from dry weath-
er, or it would have given a still better result. Ne.\t
season I intend to sow an acre or more; and if it
eciuals in yield what this did I shall be well satisfied.
A. A. Fradenbuijo.

Port Washington, Ohio, Oct. 29, 1887^

A YIELD OF ONE BUSHEL AND TWO QUAKTS FROM
ONLY HALF A POTNO OK SEED.

You ask for a report from those getting the Jap-
anese buckwheat of you. Well, I bought 1 lb. of the
seed; and for fear it might fail I sowed just one-
half of it. It grew well, but of course it was very
dry here as with you. I harvested it, and thrashed
one bushel and two quarts, but not as plumj) as the
seed I got of you. I intend trying it again next
year. H. J. Bean.

Black Creek, Ont., Can., Nov. 8, 1887.

SIX BUSHELS FROM ONE PECK; THE GRAIN L.ARGER
THAN SILVERHULL.

The peck of Japanese buckwheat that I received
from you I sowed about the middle of June. I har-
vested from the peck of seed six bushels, which I
admired very much while in bloom; also when I
came to harvest it, as the grain was so much larger
than the siiverhull. I sowed the silverhull ten days
later, alongside the Japanese, which gave about
the same yield; but as the drought hurt all the
early sown buckwheat much more than the later, I
am quite well pleased with the result.

L. D. Freeman.

Venango, Crawford Co., Pa., Nov. 10, 1887.

I thrashed 34 bushels of Japanese buckwheat
from one peck of seed purchased of you.
Elroy, Wis. E. E. Babcock.

among those left were some of my best Italian
queens. I bought ten colonies, which cost quite a
sum, as bees were scarce. With all my combs left
with more or less honey in, I soon built up to sixty
colonies from which I reared queens enough to fill
my orders. I am glad to say I have had good suc-
cess, and, as far as reported to me, I have given
good satisfaction, contrary to the prediction of
some friends who said that, because 1 was a woman,
I would not get any orders.

Queen-rearing is a pleasant occupation, although
requiring the strictest attention. The necessary
knowledge is more fully gained by experience; yet
we all know how essential the leading bee-publica-
tions are to the apiarist, and how much more they
are worth than their price.

The honey yield has been light in this section this
season. The apiary I work for honey, about nine
miles distant, in a l)asswood region, gave about .50
lbs. per colony. I think all my bee-keeping friends
at the North will join with me in wishing for a more
moderate winter. Mrs. Oliver Cole.

Sherburne, N. Y.

THE CHENANGO-VALLEY APIABY.

.V REPORT FROM A LADY BEE-KEEPER; HOW, IN

SPITE OF FAILURE, SHE SUCCEEDED WITH

EIGHTY COLONIES.

Y report may not be very encouraging to
beginners. Last spring I met with severe
loss in the number of colonies, far exceed-
ing any previous year of the nine I have
been in the business, and just as I thought
I had mastered the wintering problem. I attribute
the loss mainly to three causes— severity of the win-
ter, the extra long confinement (very nearly si.v
months), and working too closely for queens during
the late summer. Last fall I put in winter-keeping,
eighty colonies in good chafl: hives, with abundance
of stores. Those that I doubted, I fed with thick
syrup made of granulated sugar, until 1 used two
barrels. Well, I lost as many fed with sugar as
with honey.
Last April found me a little blue. Fortunately,

MEDICINAL HONEY.

A REMARKABLE KIND OF HONEY, BUT TOO " FISHY"
FOR BEE-KEEPERS TO BELIEVF,.

fNE of otir subscribeis sends US the fol-
lowing, which is marked as having
been taken from the Medical Journal.
of New York, from which paper it
was copied by the Tribune, of the same
city :

About three years ago a distinguished French
naturalist, M. Guilmeth, who was traveling in Tas-
mania, came suddenly upon a grove of gigantic eu-
calyptus-trees, from 3t!0 to 390 feet high, and with
a trunk so large at the base that it took forty of his
Kanackas, joining hands, to reach around one of
them. High in those lofty trees he discovered what
he at first took to be enormous galls, but which he
soon ascertained to be thedwelling-places of swarms
of small, black, wild bees of a variety before un-
known to him. Dr. Thomas Caraman proposes for
this bee the provisional name of ^pis niura melUfica.
Besides being black and smaller than the ordinary
honey-bee, this wild bee has its languet rather
more developed than that of the domestic bee. M.
Guilmeth attempted unsuccessfully to domesticate
it in Tasmania. He caused some of these immense
trees to be felled, and secured the honey. The
largest individual store of honey weighed as much
as 11,000 pounds avordupois.

The honey is described as a thick, homogeneous,
somewhat transparent syrupy liquid of a deep or-
ange color; having an odor suggestive at once of
its containing eucalyptus principles. As the result
of experiments on himself and one of his friends.
Dr. Thomas Caraman states that, on taking a
tablespoonful of the honey in a little tepid water
or milk, after a few moments one perceives a gen-
tle agreeable warmth take possession of his whole
person. At the end of half an hour, the elimina-
tion of the active principles by the air-passages hav-
ing begun, the voice becomes cleai-er and the
breath perfumed; the lungs feel more elastic, more
supple. Having continued the use of the honey
for a week, four tablespoonfuls daily, the author,
who speaks of himself as respectably Heshy, found
that he could go up two pairs of stairs, two steps at
a time, without stopping to take breath or feeling
at all blown.

The fore part of the above item seems to
have the impress of truth upon it — at least,
for any thing we know; but the latter part,
in regard to its medical qualities, is, in my
opinion, entirely out of the way. It looks
exceedingly like a puff forapatent medicine,
and we should not be surprised if Mr.

876

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTUKE.

Nov.

Thomas Caraman would offer some of this
wonderful honey for sale, sooner or later.
Now, is there any one of our readers who is
prepared to tell us whether such trees are to
be found in Tasmania ? And has there ever
been such an amount as 11,000 lbs. of honey
taken from one tree V Until some one can
corroborate this statement, I think we can
put it down as a humbug, the whole of it.

0aR 0WN ^PI^RY.

CpMPUCIED BY ERKEST B. ROOT.

THE CONDITION OF OUK BKES FOR THK
COMING WINTEll.

'E have now packed in chaff, after the
manner we have formerly described,
2'60 colonies, 170 of which number
are at the home apiary, and the rest,
54, are in the swamp. ' In accordance
with our usual custom we pack on chaff
cushions the first of October— the loose chaff
a month later. Why do we not put the lat-
ter around and above the lirood-nest at the
same time the cushions are placed on the
hives ? For two reasons we prefer to make
the postponement. First, some colonies, in
consequence of the shrinkaj]:e of the stores,
resulting from evaporation and consump-
tion, require a little more feeding. We find
tliat we can not calculate exactly, before
feeding, the amount this or that colony will
need. Taking advantage of a few warm
spells which are sure to take place during
the last days of October, in our locality,
after we have fed the estimated amount for
each hive, we critically examine every col-
ony to see if it still possesses a queen, and
also whether it has its combs well filled with
sealed stores. If any colony is lacking in
either requisite, they are supplied. Second,
it is much easier to adjust the Hill devices,
slip in the division-boards, and pack in the
loose chaff, after the bees have begun to
contract somewhat in their winter cluster.
If these things be done during a warm
spell, the bees seem to take particular de-
light in crawling over behind the division-
boards, and mix up in the loose chaff, as
the latter is put above and around the brood-
nest.

It may be urged, that the late feeding of a
few colonies might be disastrous to them, as
they would not have time to properly ripen
and cap over the syrup fed before cold
weather set in. That might be so ; but last
year we did precisely that thing on a much
larger scale, 9 nd did not lose a, smgle colony ont
of the 201 placed in winter quarters last fall.
At this time of year I believe our colonies
were never stronger than they are this
fall. They have not been reduced by the
sale of bees during the summer months, nor
did our npiary become reduced from foul
brood. The latter we kept in check, not al-
lowing it to get any sort of start. Last year
we had only nuclei to go into winter quar-
ters, and we wintered every one success-
fully. This year, with few exceptions, our
bees cover six and seven frames full. Last
year I should not have been surprised if we
had lost one-half our colonies. This year I

shall be surprised if we lose any thing over
a dozen ; but as this wintering problem is
as intricate as itlis^uncertain, we might lose
a large percentage of our bees in spite of the
fact that every thing is favorable for winter-
ing.

HOW LONG WILL CHAFF LAST IN CHAFF

IIIVES?

At the close of this season we had some-
thing like 100 chaff hives to disinfect. As
the surest means to this end we decided to
totally remove the chaff and boil the hives.
This might seem like quite a difficult opera-
tion, but is not so hard if you know how.
We turn the hives over on their sides, and
with a nail-set and hammer set the nails
clear through the siding— that is, the nails
which secured the bottom of the hive. If
you are careful to get all the nails set
through, the bottom readily lifts out. Some
chaff" hives have been in use for a period of
12 years constantly; and as we drew out the
bottoms of the hives we felt pretty sure that
we should find old, rotten, and moldy
chaff. On the contrary, we were very much
surprised to find the chaff as nice, clean,
and sweet as the day we put it in, and from
all appearances it would have lasted anoth-
er 12 years, which would probably be as
long as the chaff hive itself would have last-
ed. After removing the chaff it was set
aside to be used for bedding for horses, to
be worked up into manure. The shell of
the hives after the chaff has been removed
is immersed in scalding hot water, after
which they are set out to dry in the yard.
They have all been repacked with clean new
chaff, and are now in use again in the apiary.

Gleanihcs in Bee Culture,

Published Setni- Monthly.

J^. X. IROOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clublsiiie Eates, Sse First Page of Reading Matter.

The following' note from friend Hutchinson ex-
plains itself:

Friend Root;—] havi^ sold my farm near Rogersville, to my
brother -the cine who has been with me several years, and
have iniroliasi'd and taken possession of a small place (^ acrei
in the suburbs of Flint, Mn li. 1 still own the apiary, and may
eventually biiiiK part of the bees here. W. Z. HUTCHrNSON.

Flint, Mu-h,, Nov. 7, \mi .

He writes that a good deal of his correspondence
is going to Kogersville. Will those who have occa-
sion to write to him please bear in mind in the fu-
ture to direct all communications for friend Hutch-
inson to Flint, Genesee Co., Mich., lock box 1611'!'

QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTION-BOX DEPARTMENT—
FURTHER DISCUSSION OF.

It occurs to us, that perhaps not a few of our cor-
respondents would like to see some of the questions.

1887

OLKANINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

877

propounded in our Question-Box, discussed more at
lengtii; and it is possible that those who have al'
ready given brief answers in the department
would lilje to take more space to consider the mat-
ter, giving their reasons for their opinions, and the
evidence ivhereby they have arrived at such con-
clusion. Such discussions upon the vital issues of
our pursuit will be highly interesting and profitable,
providing too much theory is not brought into ac-
tion, and providing, too, that the discussions are
not carried to such length as to become threadbare
and worn out. If you have any further suggestions
which you would like to set before the readers, we
shall be glad to hear from you. In referring to any
particular question, always give the number.

A LIBERAL OFFER TO THOSE WHO ARE WILLING
TO COLLECT NEW NAMES FOR THIS .JOURNAL.

In consequence of the press of general work, we
have been unable to get out our Premium List as
we had originally designed. We will ti-y to have it
appear in the next issue. In the meantime, for the
benefit of those who are desirous of collecting
names at once, we offer the following premiums:—

For ONE new name, with your own re newitl, any of
the following books, beautifully bound in cloth,
and embossed on side and back in gilt. If sent by
mail, 13 cts. must be added for postage: Dickens'
Child's History of England, 341 pages.

Dickens' Shorter Stories, 'inO pages.

Last Days of Pompeii.

Robinson Crusoe, 472 pages.

Gulliver's Travels.

Banyan's Holy War, 318 pages.

Sketch-book, by Washington Irving, 374 pages.

For THREE new names, and your own renewal:—
Ben Hur; a book of 560 pages. This work is "A
Story of the Christ," and is wonderfully fascinating.

The offers above are very liberal, as any one can
see. This will be a rai-e opportunity to get some
valuable library books free. Call upon your neigh-
boring bee-keeping friends, not subscribers to this
journal, and secure one or more of the premiums
mentioned above. We would strongly urge you to
commence collecting names nt once.

In sending in new subscriptions, remember to
give the full address, with the county; and at the
time of sending, state that the names inclosed are
" for premiums."

WHAT TO DO WITH HONEY WHEN BROKEN OUT
or THE SECTIONS.

At present we are having very good success in
selling such honey at retail, put up as follows: Two
cakes of honey are laid in one of the wooden butter-
dishes, recently desci'ibed by Ernest, for bee-feed-
ers. If these are to be retailed at once, nothing is
necessary— just sell your customer the honey,
plate and all. Of course, you don't need to ask him
to bring back a plate that costs less than half a cent,
and which weighs less than an ounce. In case,
however, lOi) lbs. or more of the honey is to be sold
out, a pound or two at a time, something must be
done to protect the plates of honey from dust,
flies, etc. The way we do it is to slip the plate, with
its contents, into a paper bag; fold the end so that
it makes a tight package. Vou can then place them
on shelves along in a row. Honey that would have
brought 20 cts. a pound, if it hadn't been broken,
sells pretty fairly at 18 cts.; but we have to lose
the weight of the section which was thrown away.
This is one ounce or more; and with the honey that

drips we don't realize over 16 cts., so that it is not-to
be advised, unless you have broken honey or some-
thing in large frames or boxes which must be cut
out, to retail. These same wooden plates will do
very well for retailing extracted honey, especially
if it is candied solid. Slip the plate with its con-
tents into a paper bag, then your customer has a
very good package to carry home; but he must
handle it as he does butter— he can not very well
throw any thing on top of it.

"a false balance is ABO.MINATION TO THE

lord; but a .iust weight is his delight."
Apples are getting to be very scarce. While a
year ago we did not dare to offer 2.5 cts. a bushel for
nice winter apples, we have, during the past few
weeks, been offering 50, 60, and 75; and as we could
not get them even then, we sent to Cleveland for
choice apples, which were ottered for $2.50 a barrel.
There used to be three bushels in a barrel; and as
the barrel is worth 10 cts. to pack things in, our
apples would cost us exactly !>0 cts. a bushel, and
we could retail them on the wagon for 25 cts. a peek,
or a little more. Well, the apples were large,
smooth, and nice; hut the barrels, instead of hav-
ing the nice plump look that barrels used to have,
were lank and lean— sides almost sti-aight, and not
as large around as barrels used to be, either. Come
to measure them out, instend of three bushels there
was only a little over two. Come to take notice of
the barrels, we find that, although thej' were pretty
much one height, they are of all diameters,
from the old-fashioned flour-barrel, down to some-
thing that looks more like the joint of a stovepipe,
both in form and size. Instead of selling our ap-
ples at 25 cts. a peck, we had to ask 35 and 40. Of
course, that made even our old customers ac-
cuse us of being greedy and avaricious. Why
didn't the man who advertised his apples say i)lainly
that his barrels were of the modern contracted sort"?
Perhaps he may say he bought them for barrels,
and that folks who buy must take their chances as
he did. But I tell you, friends, this whole business
is not only abominable in God's sight, but it is
abominable in the sight of every good man. It
spoils faith in hvimanity, and I don't know but that
it spoils faith in God, to see the world going over
into this kind of swindling. Who is cheated in the
end? I believe it is the man who decides to put up
his produce in such a barrel. I feel so vexed when
I look at these miserable excuses for barrels, that 1
feel like saying that I never want any thing more to
do with the man who sold them to me, in any way,
shape, or manner. You may say that he didn't put
them up; but, my friend, he accepted them from the
producer— from the man who sold them to him,
and he proposed to get custom by advertising them
as barrels of apples. Now, is there any thing in
our own industry like this barrel business? If so,
may God help us to get it out. Scant measure may
give a man a few cents for the time being, but
eventually his good name is gone, his reputation is
gone. Not only is he losing in this world, but he is
losing in the world to come. He neither lays up
treasure on earth nor in heaven. If anybody has
any good honest apples to sell, in good honest bar-
rels, we should like to hear from him. Not only is
just weight a delight to God, but it is a delight to hu-
manity the world over, and the best advertisement
that any man can possibly have of himself and of
his business.

S78

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTUKK.

Nov.

LOOK HERE!

A complete hive for comb honey, for only SI. 30.
Planer-sawed, V-groove sections a specialty. Price
list free. J. M. KINKIK & CO.,

ITtfdb Rocliester, Oakland Co., Mich.

FOt SOLE III GWORW!

On account of the death of the proprietor, J. D.
Enas' ranch of 310 acres, part in fruit, 80 stands of
bees, steam machinery for the manufacture of sup-
plies, a well-established business; land will be sold
in 40 or 80 acre tracts. Stock, fartniny implements,
and a large stock of apiariiui supplies. For par-
ticulars address iTIKS. .f. BJ. KIVAN,
30-6d Bo.\ 30<). Napa City. Cal.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

FLINT, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

Has i>nblished a neat little book of 4.5 pages, entitled
"The Production of Comb Honey." Its distinctive
feature is the thorough manner in which it treats
of the use and non-use of foundation. Many other
points are, however, touched upon. For ins,tance,
it tells how to make the most out of unfinished sec-
tions, and how to winter bees with the least ex-
pense, and bring them through to the honey harvest
in the best possible shape.

Price of book, 25 cents. Stamps taken, either U.
S. or Canadian. lOtfdb

NOTICE!

TO DEALERS IN BEE-SUPPLIES.

We are now ready to figure with you for your
ue.\t season's supplies.

G. B. LEW^IS & CO.,
Itfdb Watertown. "Wis.

HEADQUARTERS E"aSL€i^'^*^-

Besides our beautiful eight-color chromo card, we
have other neat designs, also a fine selection of
fancy address cai-ds, for old and young, for business
and amusement. Also two and three letter mono-
grams, all at low prices. See Here, M fancy print-
ed cards, 1.5 cts.; 300 envelopes, 300 letter-heads,
printed, $1. Package 25 assorted cards, 10 cts. Neat
box of cards and honey candies, 15 cts. Circulars
free. Address J. H. Martin, Hartford, N. Y.
20tfdb

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SttllAKK RL.ASS HONEV-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEV-SECTIONS, Ac, &c.
PEKFECTION <'4»E.n> BLAST SITIOKEBS.

Apply to CHAS. P. MDTH &SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ree-Keepers." Itfdb

DADAHT'S FOUNDATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

A bee-ranch in San Diego Co., Cal., containing 320
acres of land, 400 stands of bees, empty hives, ex-
tractors, tank, and other fixings necessary to run
a first-class bee-ranch. For particulars and price
inquire of B. LOVETT,

21-2db Bernardo, San Diego Co., Cal.

DADANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. J.Miller & Co., Nappanee,
Ind. ; C. H. Green, Waukesha, Wis. ; Smith & Goodell,
Rock Falls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
2122 North Front Street, Phil'a, Pa. ; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula. La.,
M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; J. B. Mason & Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Treadwell, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark,
Oriskany, N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E.F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J.Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples /ree, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 50 Coniplinieutary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch of our foundation equal
to sample in evei~y respect.

CHAS. DADANT &i SON,

3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illlnolit.

If you Wish to Obtain the

Highest Price for Honey

THIS SEASON,

WRITE TO HEADQUARTERS,

F. «. STROHMEYEK A CO.,

AVliolettale Honey Merchants,

17-4db

125J Water St., New York.

Costs li'ss tlmii 'J cents jx'r irt'fk.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES CO., PUBLISHERS, BEETOH, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

AFFLE-TREES.

600 Greenings, Baldwins, and Spies; 5 trees, t> to
8 feet high, $1.00; 8 to 10 ft., *1.25; 10 or more, 6 to
8 ft., 1.5 cts. each; 8 to 10 ft.. 20 cts. each. Strictly
choice trees, and twice the size of common nursery
stock. C. M. OOODSPEED, Thorn Hill, N. V.

2-48d

ON 30 PAYS' TRIAL.

THBS NEW

'Has a Pad different from all
others, is cup shape, with Self-
adjusting Ball in center,adapts
itself to all positions of tho
. body while the ba 1 1 in the cup
f presses back the intes-
— T— -«r fines just as a person

does with thefinger. With light pressure the Her-
nia is held securely drxy and night, and a radical cure
certain. It is easy, d\ir.ab!e and cheap. Sent by mail. CllN
cularsfrec. EGGLESTON TRUSS CO., Chicago, 111.

1>V>7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CrLTlHK.

S«3

Contents of this Number.

.Viilia<,)iimiii 8S1I

Apii-iirc witli MtlierWork...X!ir.

Bue Kill I imuli .^'V Wi

Bci's aiuniit; Mormons »K

Recs ki'pl II >i-Miant wr.

Bees lixeil for Winter K"J«

Bees. N.iii-swariiiinf>: K'.lil

Bees. Settiiif; in iCaily 8X7

Bee-keepiiit,' fur Women ... 8!in

Benson Letter 8WI

Bird-lime 90:i

Butter-dishes 898

Caterpill.ir. Sadrtle-baek.. . W2

Catnip for Cats !I01

Cells ill Siiuare Ineh 897

Cha<ldoik on Wintering:. ■■ 89S

Convention at Chicago 907

Convention, Sajtinaw 888

Cowan, Mr 894

Kditorial iiin

l''oul Bro.Kl X91

Kraincs Bciiuired 8%

Ceiitry of iCngland 894

Hi-adsof (irain 9<)2

Herhs in ((arret 9IK)

Hi v.-s. Si .\-story 897

lloney .St.it istics 885

liitro'diuing. New P(an 903

Italianizini^. Time (or 9*14

Jones, U. A 89!

Ketrs, Throw in. 903

King-birds. Plea for 9(13

Melissa 904

Myself and Neighbors 907

Our Own .\piary 911

Ouest ion-box 904

Recold of Hives 886

Seasons. Poor 899

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be Inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Hve lines will cost .yoti according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended onl.y for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. Utfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange Wheeler & Wilson sew-
ing-machines (new) for honey, bees, or sup-
plies. J. A. Green, Dayton, ill. 20tfdb

WANTED.- Situation for 1888, by an expert bee-
keeper. Address Frank Curl,
SOtfdb Box 63, East St. Louis, 111.

WANTED.— 5000 lbs. dark extracted candied hon-
ey, in exchange for raspberry, strawberry, and
Chapman honey-plants.
32tfdb Dr. A. B. Mason, Auburndale, O.

WANTED.— To exchange 2.50 colonies of bees, for
horses, mules, wagons, buggies, and 4 h. p. en-
gine, or any thing useful on a plantation,
aitfd Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

WANTED.— To buy 200 colonies-of Italians in chaff
VV and Simplicity hives, to be delivered April 1st.
Also e.Ytracted honey, to bo delivered now. 23d

J. B. Alexander, Hartford City, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange, Alderbrook Poultry-
Farm, 12 acres, for bees or personal propert.v,
or offers, or will rent. D. E. Darkow, 23d

West Eaton, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange 2 trios of Houdan Chicks
and one Brown Leghorn cockerel, on sections,
foundation, or bees, the hitter to be delivered in the
spring of 1><88; the above birds are very tine. 33d
Address P. D. Miller, Grapeville, Westm'd Co., Pa.

G. B. LEWIS & CO.

We make the best Bee-Hives, the best sections, the
best shipping-crates, the best frames, etc.
We sell them at the lowest prices.
Write for free illustrated catalogue.

G. B. LEWIS & CO.

WATERTOWN, WIS. Itldb

A bee-ranch in San Diego Co., Cal., containing 320
acres of land, 400 stands of bees, empty hives, ex-
tractors, tank, and other fixings necessary to run
a flrst-class bee-ranch. For particulars and price
inquire of E. LOVETT,

21-2db Bernardo, San Diego Co., Cal.

FOR THE SEASON OF 1888.

Headquarters in the South.
TENTH ANNUAL CATALOGUE NOW READY.

Prices of liivcs, frames, sections, etc., greatly re-
duced. The only steam-factory erected in the
South, exc^lusively for the miinufacture of Bee-
Keepers' Supplies.

\WBh\f\T), QUEERS.

Tested, ready in March. Untested, by .\pril 1st.
Contracts taken with dealers lor the delivery of a
certain number of tjueens per week, at special
figures.

FOai^-Fl^^jaE NaCIiEU^,

with pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
bees when secured — in April and May, $4.00; alter,
2.T cts. less. SiU(! arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed on all queens and nuclei.

For more particulars, send for Tenth Aiuiiml
Catalogue.

P. L.

Bayou Coula, Iberville Parish, Ln.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOUr, W HOLE-
SALE AND RETAIl,. SCO adxcrtiP.iiniit in
another column. :{ht.fd

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 30 cents each insertion, or .f2.00 per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per j-ear if given
in every issue.

Untested Queens

FOR $1.00 FROM JULY 1ST TILL NOV. tST.

Names insertedin this department the first tim^ with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year .

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for fl.OO each, under the following
conditions: No guarantee is to be assumed of jmrity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatientof suchdelaj'asmay be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will jn-ubably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an im])orted
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notif.v us
and we will send you another. Probablj' none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. liitfd

*8. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. 19tfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 19tfd
*Jo8. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

19tfd Par., La.
*E. Burke, Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind. 5-3

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. 2ltfd

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka. Ala. 3-1

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 21tf d
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
R. B. Leahy, Higginsville, Laf. Co., Mo. Sltfd

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala. 3-1

F. A. Snell. Milledgeville, Carroll Co., 111. 4-5

884

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

P0NEY 08MJIN.

CITT MARKETS.
Columbus. — Hojiey. — Market unchang-ed. Re-
ceipts are light. We quote choice white honey, 18@,
20c; extracted, 8@10. Beeswax, 20@2.5c.

Earle Clickenger,
Nov. 23. 117 South 4th St., Columbus, Ohio.

New York.— Honey.— Fancy white, 1-lb. sections,
17@19c; 2 lbs., 15@16; lower grades. 1 and 2c per lb.
less; buckwheat, 1 ib. sections, ll@]2c; 2 lbs., ]0@11;
extracted, white, 9@10; buckwheat, 6@7. Market
continues firm at above quotations.

F. G. Strohmeyer & Co.,

Nov. 23. 133 Water St., New York.

Kansas City.— Honey. —The demand forl-lb. sec-
tions is good; very little on the market. 1-lb. sec-
tions, white, 30@23c; dark, 15@17; 3 lbs., white. 18c;
dark, 15® 16; extracted, white, B'^fS'T: dark, 5@6.
Hamblin & Bearss,

Nov. 33. 514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

Philadelphia.— Ho7iey.— The demand seems to
be curtailed by the high quotations when price of
honey is over 15 or 16c per lb. Quotations here are
nominally the same, but there is no movement at
the prices. To sell at present is to take less. White
clover, 1 lb. sections, 17@18c; buckwheat, 11@12;
2 lb. sections, and inferior quality, is 1 to 2c lower;
extracted, 7@10c. Buyers here object to glassed
combs; glass, at 12 to 16c per lb., is too high, even if
lined with honey. Pancoast & Griffiths,

Nov. 21. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Milwaukee.— Honey.— This market is firm on val-
ues of honey. Demand fair. Can quote choice
white 1-lb. sections, 20(ai21c; 3 lbs.. 18(«jl9; 3i4 lbs..
16@18; extracted, white, in kegs and half-bbls., 8!4@
9c; in cans and pails, 9@10; amber and dark, in
kegs, 6'/4@7c. Beeswax, nominal, 22(0^25.

A. V. Bishop,

Nov. 29. Milwaukee, Wis.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy one-pound comb,
18@20c; two-pound comb, 17@18c. Extracted, 7@8c.
Trade is not very brisk. Blake & Ripley,

Nov. 21. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We quote choice comb 16@
18c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion, and in 1-lb. sections. Strained, in bbls., 4i/4@5
cts. Extra fancy, of bright color and in No. 1 pack-
ages, f4 cent advance on above. Extracted, in bbls.,
5H@6c; in cans, 7@8c. Beeswax, 30 !4c for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Nov. 31. D. G.TUTT &Co.,

306 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Honey is in fair demand at
19@30c per lb. for 1-lb. sections of white clover and
basswood; 3-lb. sections, about 3c per lb. less.

Beeswax, 32®3.5c. A. C. Kendel,

Per Carroll.

Nov. 31. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland. O.

Chicago.— Honey.— Receipts are increasing, and
the surplus, or stock on hand over the daily demand,
is larger than it has been at any time this season.
Prices range from 18@30c per lb. for the lib. sec-
tions of white; 31b. sections, same grade, 15®16c;
extracted, 7@10. Beeswax, 23@25.

R. A. Burnett,

Nov. 21. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.— Ho7i6y.— Honey is moving very rap-
idly, with indications for further advance in prices.
White, extracted goods, scarce.

Thurber, Whyland &Co.,

Nov. 23. New York City.

Kansas CiTv.-^Ho7icy.— White 1-pound sections,
18@20c; 2)b8., 16@,18; llb.,dark, 16W.18; extracted,
white clover or basswood. 8@0; dark, in bbls., 3@5;
California 1 lb. sections, white. 18@.1ito; 2 lbs. white,
18c; extracted, 8@9. Clemons. Ci.(k)n & Co.,

Nov. 25. Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Honey— Best white, in 1-lb. sections, 17
@18c; extracted. 9@10. Beeswax, 9l(gi2Sc.
Bell Braoch, Mioh.. Nov. 33. M. H. Hunt.

For Sale.— About 1000 lbs. clover and basswood
extracted honey, and about 500 lbs. buckwheat
extracted honey. This honey is put up in kegs,
hclding about 160 lbs. each. Write me for prices.

Charlton, Saratoga Co., N. Y. J. I. Parent.

For Sale.— 1 can yet furnish a few thousand
lbs. of extra fine comb honey in lib. sections and
24-lb. cases, at 18 cents cash here. This is the last
lot of honey I am able to secure. First come, first
served. Jos. Nysewander.

Des Moines, la.

CAUTION.

Do not ship me Honey without previous corres-
pondence. 1 will not be answerable for the results,
if you do. Arthur Todd,

3122 N. Front. Philadelphia.

ZrNTIL April First.— Frames only. We will cut
^ to order, regular or odd size brood-frames for
$1..50 per 100; .500 $6.25; 1000, $10,00: 10,000. $95.00.
When ordering, send sample frame in Hat, if possi-
ble. All orders shipped promptly. Freight prepaid
on all orders of consequence to your nearest large
city. Rem it by P. O. order on Salem, Mass.

Middleton, Mass. J. B. Thomas & Co.

FOR SAMS.— Eight or ten strong hives of bees,
at $3.50 each. Also 15 gallons of bright thick honey,
from California; $1.00 per pallon. I have one of
Muth's large extractors for sale, nearly new. How
much am 1 ott'eredV Or I will exchange it for a good
cabinet-organ. Mrs. A. V. Campbell.

Middleton, Tenn.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

" FABLES AND ALLEGORIES."

Much to my svirprise. we have sold, dining: the last year, over
sixty of these bciunful and vahiatili' hudk.-. Although at the
time I considered the Ijucik well wurtli .faOO, I didn't suppose
there were many \\)\n wimld want t" jiay that price for a book
of that charactei'. When we take into consideration, however,
that it is ncit only about as handsome a book as can be found
in our bookstores, externally and internally, but that is also a
book in wliich Kodline-s and purity shine forth from every
page, it is jjerliajts not so very surprising. Tlie l)ook is not, in
one sense, a religious book, ('or the principles are tjiught in-
directly, in the form of a little stoiT. or fable, and sometimes
the reader does not see at once the application; but when it
bursts upon him he feels a spirit of thankfulness for having
been taught jierliajis the very lesson he needs, by way of a sort
of parable. The book contains 512 pages and 350 engravings.
Many of the latter are some of the finest engravings that are
to be found in modern print. The author of this work, Mr,
Charles Foster, went to his heavenly rest during the past
year; but it seems to me that his book will stand, much as
the Pilgrim's Progress does, to help humanity through ages to
come. Our new stock of these books for the coming holidays
will be even nicer than those of last year, for they are in gilt
binding; but the price will remain the same; viz., $2.00 each;
two for $.3.50, three for $1.65 each; five or more, $1.60 each. If
wanted by mail, you will have to send 32 cts. extra, as the
book is so ver.v large and heavy. We can send it for five new
names for Gleanings, you paying postage.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. O.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Nebraska bee-keepers will meet in Lincoln, Neb., on
Jan. 11, 1888, for their aimual meeting.
Humbolt, Neb., Nov. 11, 1887. Henry Patterson, Sec.

The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
at New Afilford, on Jan. 1 1888. Subjects for discussion: The
best way to prevent swarming; also. Is it advisable to Italian-
ize? All bee-keepers are cordially invited.

H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa.

The next annual meeting of the Mich. State B. K. Associa-
tion will be held at East Saginaw, in the cit.y.council room,
Dec. 7 and 8. Headquarters at the Sherman House, where
rates have been secured at $1.26 per day, AH are invited, and
we exjiect a large .ittcndance. H, D, Cutting, Sec.

Clinton. Mich., Nov. 18, 1887.

The .Southeastern Michigan Bee-beepers' Association will hold
its annual meeting in the Supervisor's room, in the Court-
house, at Adrian, Mich., Dec. 15th. 1S87, foi-enoon and afternoon
session; also an cvenintr session, if ilie members it, A pro-
gr.am is now preparing, imhuliiig interesting papers on vari-
ous topics of impiirtance. The question-box will be a promi-
nent feature. Come i)rc pared to ask and answer questions.
Election of officers will take place .it the afternoon meeting,
There will he plenty of room for exhibiting fixtures, so bring
along any thing you niav have that will be of interest to those
of the i>n'rsuit. those who are not fiuuillar with the interior
of the Court-house should cuter at the east front and go up
the stairway to the right, then turn to the left. The Lenawee
Co. Horticultural Socletv meets Dec 14th. Those who can will
find it profitable to attend the meetings of both societies.

Adrian, Mich. A. M. Ganper, SeCy,

Vol. XT.

Doc. 1, 1887.

No. 23.

TERStS:»1.00PBRANinJM,lNADVANCB;") T? a-l- riTtl 1 Qh P f1 iTl TR'Y^ f Clubs to different postofflces. NOT LESS
2Copiesfor»1.90;3for«2.75i6for»4.00; -C/Ot/Cl'C't't'O/t'C/Ct/ Vfv -£. O /«->. | than 90 cts. each. Sejit postpaid, in the

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- \
ber. 0 cts. Additions to clubs may be -
made at club rates. Above are all to
'je sent to one postoffick. .

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

^. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. \:^i^h^^^J:.

U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18
To all countries
per year extra.

STATISTICS IN REGARD TO THE HON-
EY-CROP.

A MATTER THAT WAS STARTED AT THE
CONVENTION IN CHICAGO.

a EAR MR. EDITOK:— Let me call your atten-
tion ag'nin to the matter of statistics propos-
ed at Chicago. It seeins to me that this is
one of the most hopeful schemes proposed in
the interest of bee-keepers for a long- time.
I doubt if any thing could be suggested that would
aid bee-keepers more; and I also believe that such
an enterprise successfully carried out will prove a
great gain to the editor whose enterprise shall
make it a success.

I know of no occupation which would he more
benefited by accurate statistics than would bee-
keeping. Our commodities are so easily shipped
that each part of the country feels the effect of the
production of every other part. Accurate knowl-
edge of the exact status of the bee-industry the
past summer, early in the season, would have saved
thousands of dollars to the bee-keepers. To illus-
trate:

A bee-keeper said to me early in Augut^t, "Do
you suppose 1 could sell at the college a barrel of
honey?"

I asked at what price.

He named the price of last year. 1 said, " Ves,
but don't you do it. You will get more."

He kept it, and has sold that barrel and his entire
crop for throe or four cents more per pound than
he proposed. How many such cases would there
have been, could some wise augurer have correctly
foretold the comiag market In mid-summer? That

is just what you can do, Mr. Editor, if you make
this plan work. It goes without saying, that every
one would have to have your paper.

What statistics would it be desirable to collect?
It seems to me we should have reports in May,
June, July, and Peptember. In these months you
would need to send blank postals to your special
correspondents, and they would fill them out and
report at once. In May we would have reports as
to wintering; in June, July, and September, as to
the honey-harvest.

As to the correspondents, I would get from two to
four or six in each State and Territ'^ry. 1 would
get candid, reliable men, without pay if I could,
but get them any way. I would havp these men so
scattered as to represent the several parts of each
State, and have them pledged to.give as quick and
accurate reports as possible, using their best infor-
mation and iudgment. To illustrate:

I would suggest Mr. Hilton for Northern Michi-
gan; Mr. Taylor for Eastern; Mr. Cutting for
Southern, and Mr. Heddon for Western. If Central
Michigan were included, your humble servant
might do; and there would be one advantage in se-
curing him— he would gladly do the work gratis.
When these several reports come to your office you
could summarize them something as follows: Bees
wintered well in Michigan: great bee-mortality in
Northern Ohio; excellent honey crop in New York
and New England. No honey in Michigan and Wis-
consin. Thus you could write up a summary of the
reports in the fewest possible words.

It might be urged, that the publication of the re»
ports verbatim would give confldeuce. But the re-
port would have a solid basis, and would be correct.

h86

(4LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

and so would soon gain universal confidence. Asum-
maiy would take fir less room in your valuable pa-
per, and the reading- would take far less time of
your readers.

I am glad to outline this scheme for Gleanings,
for I believe it has great merit, and I should like to
know what others think of the plan. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

Friend C, 1 have seen a good many just
such cnses as the one you mention ; and this
is one of the causes of this trouble so much
talked about for a year or two back, of hav-
ing our markets demoralized by bee-keepers
who are not posted, and do not know what
honey is worth. Such a man will carry liis
crop into town ; and even if there is a great
scarcity, he will, without consideration, fur-
nish honey at what he received the year be-
fore ; and then every other bee-keeper who
thinks of asking the "proper price will be ac-
cused of wanting to cheat. I do believe
that this matter of statistics will do very
much to cure this class of evils; and. in
fact, the fresh live reports we have had
from our city commission merchants for a
year or two back have been starting life in
this matter. You are doubtless right in re-
gard to the plan of taking up the work, and
we enter into it with all our 'hearts. As our
first honey comes from the extreme South,
we might start the thing, say away down in
Florida, just as soon as they get their very
first honey in February, or perhaps even in
January. Now, who is there among our
friends in Florida who can report new^ hon-
ey first? The present scarcity and high
prices will be an excellent time to get them
started. I do not suppose that new honey
will compare at all in prices with new straw-
berries and such like rarities ; but if the
honey is well ripened, and the source good,
I think it ought to bring enough to pay for
shipping North.

RECORDING THE CONDITION OF OUR
HIVES.

FRIEND SWINSON'S PL,AN, AND HOW HE TRACES
THE PEDIGREE OF HIS QUEENS.

SN page 832 Ernest says, " If any of our readers
know of a better system, different from the
slate tablets and tacks, for recording the con-
dition of the hive, let us hear from you." I
will try to make plain the plan that is used in
the Tar-Heel Apiaries— one that I have used for the
past three years; one that I think perfect in every
respect, and which saves me much trouble and ex-
pense of time, etc., besides giving me a great deal of
satisfaction.

1. I went forward and placed a number on every
stand that I had prepared for a colony of bees. ;2. 1
procured me a pocket note-book, of a suitable size
for convenience; and on every page, at the head, T
placed numbers to correspond with ench number of
the stands 1 had made for bees, ranging in my home
apiary from 1 to 100. Every colonj- that is jjlaced on
stand 59, during 1887, becomes No. 59, and remains
so as long as it occupies the stand of that number.
The same is true of every queen that is so placed;
but each removal of a queen, hive, or other change
made, is duly recorded, with the date of the change.
Thus, if 1 change, on June 1st, the queens of colo-

nies Nos. 3 and 10, under No. 10 I say, " I give queen
No. .J? to No. 2, and put No. is here, June 1;" and
under No. 2 I say, " 1 give queen No. ,,-s to No. 10,
and put No. jg here, June 1." You see, I use a dou-
ble number. For instance, in number J?, the nu-
merator, or first number, indicates the stand where
the queen now is. The other number, or denomi-
nator, indicates the number of the queen's mother.
To make it more plain I will give the record as made
for 18b7, of stand No. 22.

Frame, new eggs. No. 0, Mar. 30. Hcd (hatched)
q. Apr. 13. Eggs, Apr. 27. Sent to G. W. Shearer,
Apr. 28. F. 39 with cell, Apr. 29. Hcd May 2. Eggs,
May II. Sent to B. Barnes, May 11. Fr. No. 11, with
cell, May 11. Hcd May 16. Eggs, May 25. Sent to
H. P. Faucett, May 27. Gave hcd q. No. 70, May 30.
Gone June 1. Cell49 will hch abt. June 10. June 1,
hcd June 7. Gone June 17. C. 30, June 17; hcd June
21; laying, and to Ch. Patten, July 4. C. 60, July 12,
killed. C. .IS, July 16. Patten's proves to be a fine
tested (J. C. gone July 22. F. .55, July 25; gave hcd
q. No. 16, July 26. Eggs, Aug. 5. Tested, and to C.
D. Duval, Aug. 26. C. 49, Sept. 6, etc.

This plan gives me a correct account of every
change made, and the record is made at the time the
change is made, the bopk and pencil being kept in
my pocket at all times when working in the apiary.
Of course, the record could be made more full. It
can be looked over in the office, and the condition of
every hive and nucleus in the apiary learned before
going out to work, and know just what colonies
need attention, the nature of it, how long it can be
delayed without loss, or how soon it should be at-
tended to, even though you are a mile or more from
the apiary.

My plan of numbering queens is this: Take No. j?
for an example: No. ■" is bred of No. H, and No. IJ.
is bred of No. .52, a selected Syrio-albino, sent me by
Tinker in 1886. Then, again, take No. ^i, one of the
finest queens I oversaw. She is bred of No. J?; ^2
of ?f ; V? of II; ll of jj; 'H of No, 47, the first albino
queen I ever had, and bought in 1884. By this plan
of numbering it is almost impossible to err, or to
get two queens of the same number, though they
should occupy, during the season, the same num-
bered stands as U and X} both occupied (stand No.
17), and though both bear very difi'erent numbers,
being very distinctly bred queens. By my plan you
need not see a colony or any part of it, to know its
condition, as a rule, if the record is cori-ectly kept at
each examination or change; and then in after-
years I can refer back to these old records, and see
any record made by any particular colony — whom
certain queens were sold to, their age, quality, etc.
Abbott L. Swinson.

Goldsboro, N. C, Nov. 17, 1887.

Thanks, friend S. I am aware that some,
and perhaps a good many, use some such sys-
tem as yours for recording the condition of the
hives. Notwithstanding there are good bee-
keepers who do use the book method, its ad-
vantages never seemed to me to be impor-
tant enough to adopt it. It is occasionally
convenient to have all the hives numbered ;
for instance, you can tell yoiu- apiarist that
hive No. 27, we will say, has neither queen
nor eggs, and wants to be supplied with
both. lie can go riglit to the hive in ques-
tion, without being told what part of the
apiary, in wiiat row, or near what pear-tree
it is. Another feature of this book system

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8st

that I like is, that the record can be carried
on indefinitely. W(^ can thus keep the pedi-
gree of a queen, a.s tar as it is possible. Of
course, the pedigree of bees and queens can
be kept only on the maternal side. Still an-
other feature that commends itself to me, is,
that neither wind, rain, nor other climatic
conditit)ns can in any way affect this record.
Notwitlistanding these advantages, in my
mind there are one or two serious objections.
In the lirst place, in going through the
apiary you have always got to carry the book
with you : and it strikes me, although I
have never tried it, that the record would in
time become soiled with honey, propolis,
beeswax, etc. At any rate, I am sure that,
as I ordinarily work among the bees. Avhether
in queen-rearing, cutting out cells, or in
comb-honey production, my hands would be-
come more or less soiled. To reach into a
hip-pocket, and pull out the record with
these soiled hands— well, to me it would be
rather unpleasant.

Second, the book is liable to get lost. I
will suppose that I have kept a record of my
apiary in this way ; and I will assume, also,
that i am in the lieight of my queen-rearing
business, and that orders are'coming in fast.
My apiary is large, and it is impossible for
me to remember what, in every case, this or
that hive contains. It transpires all at once
that my book is missing. Suppose it does
not turn up. What am I to do V I presume
that those who use the book plan of making
records are not in the habit of losing their
books ; but if there are bee-keepers like my-
self (and I believe there are a good many)
thev would be almost sure to lose it.

Third, with your book system the condi-
tion of the hive can not be told at a glance
some distance away. VVith'the slate tablets
we use, and with the tacks, we have a sys-
tem by which the requirements of a hive,
important in their nature, can be told at a
glance. In the department of Our Own
Apiary, I have more to say about this sub-
ject. See p. 911.

a-^— w

SETTING BEES IN EARLY.

FRIEND DOOLITTLE GIVES US SOME FACTS FROM
EXPERIENCE.

TTp LTHOUGH we have had and are having- an
9ij^ unusually dry and pleasant fall, in which it
^^ mig-ht appear that it would be best to have
"^^^ bees out on their summer stands a little
later than usual, when intended for cellar
wintering, yet. not withstanding-, T set my bees in,
the cellar on Nov. 8th and 9th, in as dry and nice a
condition as they ever were, preferring- to do this
rather than trust to the chance of setting them in
wet and frosty, a few weeks later. The last of Nov.
and first of Dec. is the time given by most authori-
ties as best for setting the bees in. 1 used to think
the same, being very anxious to give the bees an
opportunity for the latest possible flight, so that
they could better stand their long confinement.

Up to a few years ago I had supposed a late
flight very beneficial; but at that time I resolved to
experiment a little; so on Nov. :id I set one-third of
the colonies (intended for cellar wintering) in the
cellar. These colonics had not flown since about
the 20th of Oct., which caused me to hesitate a lit-

tle; but I had resolved to make the trial, even if I
lost by so doing. The morning they were set In,
the mercury marked 44°, and I thought I should
have trouble in getting them in, on account of the
necessary disturl)ance, fearing they might fiy out
badly. However, much to uiy surprise, none offer-
ed to fly, and were very much less disturbed than
any 1 had ever set in before. Of the other two-
thirds left out, one-third was set in Nov. 13, after
having a nice flight on the 11th. These were also
dry and nice. The last third was left out till tho
usual time ^of putting in. There had been rains
and snows, while it was quite cold when they were
set in, so that the liives were frozen down; and in
lifting they came up with a crack. This jarred and
disturbed the bees so that they came out all over
the front of the hive after being got in the cellar.
I now learned that bees could be set in the cellar
with less disturbance when the weather was about
as warm outside of the cellar as the mercury mark-
ed inside; and my experience since has proved that
such is The case. Now for the result:

Of course, those set in the cellar last must be set
out first. Again, I found them more easily dis-
turbed in setting out than the others, showing
that they had hardly quieted down in all winter, or
else remembered their experience of the fall pre-
vious. On setting out of the cellar there seemed to
be little difference as to strength of colonies, al-
though if any it was in favor of those first set in.
Later on, however, those last set in suffered quite a
bit from spring dwindling, thus proving that they
had not been as quiet as the others iu the cellar; at
least, I so attributed it. Between those first set in
and tho second lot which had a good flight, I could
see not a bit of difference, proving that a late fall
flight was not at all necessary. I think thei-e is
nothing gained by leaving bees out late in the fall,
hut on the contrary much is lost, and having my
bees winter well every winter since practicing set-
ting in early, proves that this thought is correct.

Again, all concede that bees will not winter as
well with the inside of the hive covered with frost,
which melts as soon as placed in the cellar, thus
causing the bees to be damp, even if the hive is not
soaked to quite an extent by wet weather, which it
is quite likely 1o be. Besides the item of setting
bees in the cellar early while dry and nice, I thiuk
the character of the cellar has much to do with suc-
cessful wintering. Unless it will maintain an even
temperature of from 41 to 47", standing the most of
the time from 43 to 4.j°, I should prefer bees out-
doors in chaff-packed hives; and this temperature,
too, whether bees were in it or not. Some depend
on the bees to control ithe temperature; but where
it takes the bees to keep the temperature up in
very cold weather, it is very liable to be too wai-m
during a mild spell of weather, during late winter
or early spring. Besides, when bees must burn
honey to warm their hives and the room they are
in, it causes a great loss of stores and Vitality. One
colony of bees will winter as well in my cellar as
150, or all that could be crowded in. Herein is the
advantage of a special cellar for bees, 8 feet under
ground, in a side hill, according to my opinion.
Such a place for the bees is one long dark night,
with an even temperature of from 5 to 6 months'
duration. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. V., Nov. 18, 1887.

Friend I)., your instructions hit it this
year, certaiidy. To-day is the Jst of Decern-

888

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dk6.

ber, and we have had zero weather every
night.for almost a week— one night -5 below
zero, aiid this in the last of November. liv-
ery season has its peculiarities and unheard-
of extremes ; and it is an excellent idea to
be prepared for these. I am very much in-
terested in that cave of yours in the side-hill,
and I don't remember that you have ever
given us a good description of it ; but unless
you get some cold air from outdoors, I don't
see how you will manage to keep the tem-
perature down below 47. A\^hen we discuss-
ed this about two years ago, I think that we
decided the average temperature of the
earth, say eight feet below the surface, is
about 52-. Friend Green says 52 is the tem-
perature of the coal-mines in Dayton, 111.
As most coal-mines, however, have venti-
lating air-passages, I suppose they would
not give the true temperature of the earth,
unless at such times as when the air is still.
Mammoth Cave, I believe, averages about
55^. I suppose the temperature of deep
wells will decide pretty nearly the average
temperature of the earth in any given local-
ity. As a good many recommend a stove to
warm up a bee-cave occasionally, is it likely
that 55" would be any too warm? In an arti-
cle for next issue, Dr. Mason says he is com-
ing to the same conclusions as yourself ; but
he finds the bees very quiet at a temperature
not below 48 nor above 50 during October
and November. With our plan of packing
them in chaff hives outdoors, however, I
think we come to pretty nearly the same re-
sult, for our bees are all finished up and put
away for winter before tlie middle of Octo-
ber, as a rule, and they seldom fly much aft-
er that time.

THOSE UNFINISHED SECTIONS.

THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DIS-
CUSSED ; FRIEND ROBBINS EXPRESSES
HIMSELf DECIDEDI^Y IN FAVOR
OF NEW FOUNDATION.

T PERCEIVE by Mr. Green's article on page 764,
j^f that he Is not partial to them. I have for some
^t time been wondering- if I were alone in this
"*■ matter. I used to regard them as quite valua-
ble, but they are becoming less a favorite with
me every year. They possess two qualities of some
value: 1. They do often entice bees into the surplus
arrangements a little earlier than they would oth-
erwise enter them; and the comb being already
built, there is that much gained. I usually put
them in the rear end of the case; or, when I use
wide frames, I place them nearly or quite over the
center of the brood-nest, with one or two frames of
sections containing foundation starters at one side.
As these approach completion, I put other fi-ames
in the opposite side. In that way the sections con-
taining comb are finished first. On our own table
we use those sections that are not quite suitable for
the markets. Many of these, especially those
taken off in the fall, have rows of empty cells next
to the box, on all sides. I cut the honey out, and
leave the unfilled comb in the box. These natural
starters I used to put on the hive the next year,
and 1 flattered myself at first that it was a brilliant
idea; but more decidedly than the idea lifted me up
did its outcome set me down. The bees, I found,
would work all around these sections; and boxes

containing only fresh foundation starters would be
filled while these were yet untouched. Yet, un-
finished sections put back as the bees had left them
would be as readily built out and finished as any.
When placed at the extreme side or end of the
hive they are not filled out so readily.

A secondary consideration here, is their conven-
ience in case a frame or super, when taken off,
contains no sections, or, at least, only a few that
can be profitably marketed or used. The super can
be packed away, and then in the rush early in the
season it can be easily put in place again.

Again, if one must feed, particularly in the
spring, these unfinished sections are the cheapest,
handiest feeder known. Just set them on the
alighting-board, drum on the front of the hive till
the bees come flocking out, and it is done. Of
course, it is best to take the emptied sections away
in the morning. If those in the cases contain hon-
ey they can be placed on top of the sheet, after the
chaff packing has been turned up to furnish a pass-
age for the bees. I often, in place of extracting
the honey, at least if the quantity of honey is not
great, put the sections in an empty hive and close
it up so nearly as to leave an entrance for only one
bee at a time. The bees will quietly and harmless-
ly remove the honey to their hives.

The foregoing are their advantages; but the dis-
advantages are nearly or quite enough to over-
weigh all benefit derived from them. It Is worth
them all to keep them over. If one has any thing
of a crop of honey it does not leave much surplus
room in which to keep them. Air, light, and dust,
if ott' the hive (and the bees, if for any reason they
are left on the hive), will darken their edges, and, as
a result, we have bad-looking honey. If the box is
nearly full of comb, the finished section has a dirty,
ugly appearance that quite mars it when placed be-
side the fresh white ones. If the section is only
partly filled when put on the hive, I find, on cut-
ting into it when filled, a black streak that tells
precisely where the old leaves off and the new be-
gins. This looks bad. I have never heard a com-
plaint from a customer, concerning' such honey;
but I know not what the many consumers of my
honey, who do not know me personally, think
about it. T am convinced of this: It is impossible
to raise gilt-edge honey from any old combs or
natural starters. The comb in these unfinished
sections will produce nearly wax enough to pur-
chase half-sheets of foundation, and there is scarce-
ly any thing, according to my observation, on which
bees like better to go to work than nice fresh
foundation. Half-sheets or less will start them
nicely. The presence of this pure wax is hardly
perceptible to me, nor, I think, to others; and as a
I'eputation as the producer of a first-class article
must prove a part of one's best capital, I have de-
cided that it will pay me to pretty generally dis-
card all unfinished combs. I shall use them only
when their advantages will be pretty obvious. The
old sections I shall wash up and use again. Many
of them scarcely become soiled at all. But even if
they do, folks look much more at the honey than at
the package. Generally the latter, at least in my
home market, is not noticed when delivered to
customers, and the sides of the sections are not
seen as they ait in the case at the retailer's. Still,
I may yet find reason to throw out every soiled
box. Geo. F. Robbins, 57, 65, 53.

Mechanicsburg, 111., Nov. 13, 1887.

188?

GLi:ANiNGS IN ME CULTUftfi.

Friend R., it is not only astonishing, but
it is very gratifying to find how many have
been coining to conclusions in this matter,
all in one line ; and yet it seems a little
strange that the subject was never discuss-
ed until within the past few months. When
we first started to make foundation 1
had hopes tluit the bees would take hold
of it and «o to work nearly as well as on
starters of clean white natural combs ; but
in my wildest and most enthusiastic
moments it never occurred to me that
foundation starters would ever get to be
even better than partly filled sections. I am
very much gratified to see that the discus-
sion agrees so nearly on all these points
that are coming out.— In regard to cleaning
up old sections, we have been in the habit
of making them look nice by rubbing them
with a piece of sandpaper tacked to a board;
but, if you have ever tried it, it takes
a good while to make a section look
even passable ; and when a complete sec-
tion can be purchased for less than half a
cent, does it pay to occupy much time in
scraping them '? If you have hands who
have nothing to do during winter, it might
do to keep them out of mischief. Bright
new basswood, right from the buzz-saw or
from the box wherein they were packed
the very day they were made, seems to have
a freshness and attractiveness that is hard
to imitate by scraping and sandpapering
old sections. One thing that pleased me
so much in the streets of Chicago was to
see most of the goods looking fresh and
new, indicating that the sales were so great
that new fresh goods were being constantly
poured right into the stores, fresh from the
factory.

MICHIGAN STATE BEE-KEEPERS'
CONVENTION.

THK COMBINED CONVENTION OF BEE-KEEPERS
AND FRUIT-GROWERS.

Jp YEAR ago, Prof. Cook made arrange-
li ments to have the bee-keepers of
^ Michigan arrange their meeting in
^ such a way that it would be at the
same time and place as that of the
Michigan Horticultural Society, with the
view of having at least a part of one day
devoted to discussing this matter of bees
and grapes, or bees and other fruits. His
suggestion was that, instead of going to law
with each other constantly, we meet in a
neighborly way, and in a friendly manner
discuss this vexed question. Anybody who
knows Prof. Cook might suppose he would
be just the man to suggest such proceed-
ings. As it is the first attempt ever made,
so far as we are informed, with a view of
doing any thing of the kind, we suggest that
the meeting be largely attended by promi-
nent bee-keepers. We give below a letter
from a progressive young German bee-keep-
er in the vicinity of East Saginaw. Here is
the letter:

WELCOME, BEE-KEEPERS !

Friend Root:— I have a few remarks to make
through your journal, in regard to our Michigan
State Bee-Keepers' Convention that is going to be

held in this city, Dec. 7, 8, 9. Wo bee-keepers here
in the Saginaw Valley are doing all we can to make
this convention a most pleasant and.interesling one
for those who have the pleasure to attend, and it
will not be soon forgotten. I have the pleasure of
informing you that Henry M. Youmans, Mayor of
East Saginaw, and Earl Heavenrich, President of
the Business Men's Association, will make the
welcome address. How is that, Bro. Root, for the
Michigan bee-keepers? It may be a good many
years before we get the convention here again; and
while we have the chance, we are doing all we can
to show our good will and hearty welcome to the
bee-keepers. I hope you will be present, Bro.
Root. J. Rev.

East Saginaw, Mich., Nov. :ir>, 1887.

Xo one can get acquainted with our friend
John Rey witliout having a kindly feeling
toward liim, and catching at least some or
his wide-awake enthusiasm. Below we
give the programme of the two conventions,
taken from a circular sent by Sec. Cutting.

The fullowin^ is the seheme of topios to be discussed at the
Miohipran Hortieultmal Convention, beginning Monday eve-
ning. Ilee. 5,7:30:

A word of Welcome. Response. President's Annual Address.
Discussion on " The Best Winter Apples for Home Use." The
Appointment of Committees.

Ti'ESD.^Y. Dec. 6,9:30 a. m.— Report on Vegetable-Gardening.
Intensive Culture of Ground in Vegetables. Quality in Vegeta-
bles as a Result of Culture or Soil. The Ideal Size in Vegeta-
bles. Less(ms of the Last Season's Drought to the Gardener.

1 : 30 p. M.— Report on Landscape Gardening. The Thorns as
Decorative Trees and Shrubs. Success with Ferns for Outdoor
Planting. Bedding-Plants and their Management. Grouping
for Etfect. Carpet Bedding. Watering Lawns. Front Fences
and Division Fences on City and Village Lots.

7 P. M.— Report on Entomologv. Discussicm on Insect-Pests.
Report of our Delegate to the Washington Convention of those
interested in Agricultural Eexperiments. Experiments in Po-
mology in Michigan.

Wednesday. Dec. 7, 9: 30 a. m.— Report of Treasurer. Annual
Statement of the Librarian. Report of the Secretary. Elec-
tion of Officers. Reports of Officers. Reports of Committees.
Miscellaneous Business..

1: .30.— The afternoon' session will be held jointly with the
Bee-keepers' Association, whose programme we here give:

Wednesday, Dec. 7, 1: 30 p. m.— Joint Convention with 'Horti-
culturists.— Do Bees Injure Maturing Fruits! What Trees are
Valuable for Honey, and also Useful for Decorative Purposes
about a Homestead! How Great are the Benefits of Honey-
Bees in Promoting the Setting of Fruits? How does Bee-Keep-
ing Supplement Horticulture Commcrcialh?

7: 30 p. M. --Report of last Convention, by the Secretary. Fi-
nancial Statement. The President's Annual Address. Ap-
pointment of Committees.

Thursday, Dec. 8, 9: 30 a. m. —Opening of the Question-Box.
Comb V. Extracted Honey, by R. L. Ta>-1or. Lessons from the
past Season.

1 : 30 p. M.— Observations upon the Intelligence of Bees. Anat-
omy of Bees, bj' Prof. A. J. Cook. Question-Box.

7: 30 p. M.— How to Improve our Bees, by T. F. Bingham. Mar-
keting Honey, by John Rey. Reports of Committees.

I expect to be on hand at the opening of
the Horticultural Convention on Tuesday
morning, Dec. (3.

ANNA QUILLIN.

THY WILL, NOT MINE, BE DONE.

«NNA QUILLIN ! Is not that a beautiful name?
It seems to me that some people have just
the right name; that, if their parents had
happened to give them any other name it
would never have fitted them at all. Anna
Quillin is a dear friend of mine, who is greatly in-
terested In Gleanings and its editor. She has
been reading it more or less for years, and likes
the religious talks very much. Anna was a very
bright girl, a good musician, a graduate of the
Chicago Music School, and a successful music
teacher. She is a minister's daughter, and looked
forward to a long life of usefulness; but eight or

890

G1.EAN1NGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

ten years ago she fell down stairs and injured her
spine, and has been a couflrmed invalid over since.
She lies in bed all the time, never getting- out with-
out being lifted, and her days and nights are full of
pain. She has throat troubles that injure her vocal
organs so that she can speak only in whispers for
months at a time. But in all these trials she is
bright, cheerful, and happy. She says it is because
She is a Christian. Well, peoi)le who lie in bed all
day, one day after another, for years, get tired of
being idle; they even get tired of reading: so, a
g-ood many years ago Anna began to look about for
Something to do; Crochet-work seemed to suit her
best, as it was light to hold, and she could lay it
down at any time without dropping stitches. She
knits beautiful laces, collars, babies' sacques, tidies,
and all the other fancy things that women and
childreii like so well. Then about two years ago
she took it into her head to make a collection of
bugs and butterflies. Of course, she could run
after nothing: but she bad the command of liS pairs
of legs, ready and willing to run at her bidding.
She has now as fine a collection as there is to be
seen anywhere outside of a museum. They are
beautifully arranged in those little drawers that
" Coates' thread " used to come in, and she knows all
about her specimens, and can talk knowingly
about them for days at a time. In addition to her
bugs and butterflies she has a great many shells,
stones, and Indian relics gathered from all parts of
the country.

The way she gets most of these curiosities is this:
Some paper that she takes, 1 forget its name, has
an exchange department, and she writes to the ad-
vertisei-s and offers her crochet-work for all the
different things that she wants. When I was there
last year she had a horned toad, fresh from Texas,
that some little boy had sent her; Indian moccasins
from Dakota, and numerous sea-shells from the
ocean. I wrote to Mr. Hart about her, and he sent
her a fine collection of sea-shells, sea-beans, sharks'
eggs, sea-moss, and others too numerous to men-
tion. These she keeps in a separate box, and it
constitutes her "Florida collection." For years
she has been promising me that she would write
something for Gleanings, but she still puts it off,
so I have written this, thinking it would perhaps
lead her to say something for herself.

Vermont, 111. Mahala B. Chaddock.

Why. my good friend Mrs. C, you have
hunted up one of those consecrated lives
that we sometimes read about, but tliat we
seldom see around our own liomes. Why do
you say that she says it is because she" is a
Christian V Tliat is, why do you not say in-
stead, it is because she is a Christian V How
can anybody help coiuing to the conclusion
that, if this patient spirit under great trials
and afflictions is the frait of Christianity,
we need to have the more of it ? I am very
glad you have given us this little pen-picture
of such a consecrated life ; but such ac-
counts almost frighten me sometimes. Do
you Ivnow why ? It is because I am afraid
I shall not have grace to be as patient and
Christ-like when I am called on to bear
like afflictions. Tell ouv good friend Anna
Quillin that, whether she ever gets time to
write for Gleanings or not, 1 shall remem-
ber her and pray for her; and I also pray
that her example mav be the means of lead-
ing others to follow Christ.

OUK p. BENSON LETTEK.

LINES OF a BATCIULLER REQUESTING A WIFE.
BY P. BENSON, A. B. S.

0 lady fare

With obburn hare,
To thee I rite
This verry nite.

1 want a wife

Oil free frum strife
To share my home
No more to rome.

For thee I si
With tear dood i,
O cum with me
When this you see.

To you I neel
With gratest zeel.
And sitch affexion feel
As time can oanly heel.

Behold my pallace home,
Whare you shall be the queen.

If over all the wurld you rorae,
A finer wun can not be seen.

"behold my pallace HOME."

I need a helpful trend
My bees and things to tend.
Our life shall camly glide away
Like ice upon a summer's day.

I'll wood & watter neatly carry
Whenever you agree to marry.
And you can sweetly cook my mutton.
And sometimes fondly so a button.

With jooels rare
He deck yure hare,
AUso a pare
Of earrings fare
With you lie share.
(I wood here explane that the intension is to let
you ware boath earrings, but the wurd "share"
had to cum in to make it rime rite.)
Yure hare's so slick

Yure cheeks so red,
Ime almost sick
For you to wed.

So lady fai-e
With obburn hare.
Just cum ahed
If you will wed,
Our bark shall sale
Thru life's ruff gale
On cammest seas
With perfect eas.

P. Benson, A. B. S.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

891

FOUL BROOD:

tHE THEORY OF IT IN GERMANY.

£RNEST R. ROOT:— With grreat interest I read
how you worked to overcome foul brood. I
wrote an ai-ticle for the Amcricnn Apicidtu-
rist, 18S5, on the subject of foul brood, where
T gave an approved method of cure. But
this found little attention. Well, last winter I e.\'-
pected you would ttnd foul brood ag-ain in the
spring', 1887, because .your cure was in no way a .s«>e
one, and so it happened. I was many times willing'
to write to you to sive ray meaning, but you and
your father talked so severely against any drug to
be used in the apiary that I was afraid you would
not believe me. You now use carbolic acid to
spray the colony, hive, etc., and describe the fur-
ther modus operandi in Gleanings, Oct. 1. With all
your care, I am afraid you will And foul brood
again next spring. I will tell you why. The bacil-
lus alvei was first discovered by Schonfeld, in Ger-
many, long before Cheshire, and this man experi-
mented very much with the disease. The whole
question is in Germany a settled matter, and so is
the cure. The germs of the bacillus you can And
everywhere in an infected hive, in the brood, in the
honey, and outside, adhering to the bees, frames,
combs, and hive. By spraying with carbolic acid,
sometimes in intervals, as you do, you can kill this
bacillus and the germs, and so the foul brood seems
to be cured; but your microscope will show you
that the bacillus and its germs are inside of the
living bees of an infected hive too. You will find
them, at least in the two stomachs.

In the inner stomach Is prepared the royal jellj-
for the young larva?, and so comes the germ again
In the young larva; it grows here, and kills them
when capped, and in a short time you will find the
disease again when the germs become plentiful
enough.

You can not kill these germs inside of the bees
by starvation. The only way to do this is by feed-
ing any antiseptic, which kills the germs but not the
bees and larva\ Your cure will be a success if you
combine it with feeding disinfected honey or su-
gar-water. Which drug is best to be used for leed-
ing. has to be found out by experiment. You can
give salicylic acid and carbolic acid in very small
quantities, say for a quart of honey-water 50 drops,
i'„ solution. This will in no way hurt the bees or
larvte. Hydrargyrum bichloratum is lately recom-
mended. This inside cure is as important as the
outside cure, and here is the point why our Eng-
lish friends sometimes fail to cure foul brood by
using salicylic acid, or phenol. Carbolic acid, pure
or common, is preferable for outside cure, because
it evaporates and finds its way everywhere in the
hive, killing the germs of foul brood except inside
of the living bees. If you rub the bottom-board
with carbolic-acid solution, say once or twice a
week, it will do for the prevention of the spread-
ing of the disease in an infected apiary.

You further say, " It is not certain that the bacil-
lus alvei is the cause of the disease." Schonfeld
made many experiments for this purpose. You
say Mr. Sargent will get the foul-brood germs
growing on gelatine. He will do better if he mixes
the liquid with the soap of healthy bee-larvsr.
This is the very ground for the bacillus alvei. The
so grown bacilli you can see in the microscope
moving, and every thing is lively, like a skating-

rink. Then give some salicylic or carbolic acid in
the mixture, and look through the microscope, and
every thing is dead, like an ice-field. These artiti-
cially raised bacilli, or the germs planted on the
brood of a healthy colony, will raise foul brood in
proper form. All this, and more, has been known
in Germany for some years, and a careful man can
experiment with foul brood without any danger of
spreading it. Further, many times I observed a
disease like foul brood; in fact, the capped brood
dies in the same way, and it is not possible to de-
tect any difference between this disease and the
real foul brood, except by a good microscope, which
will show the bacillus, or the germ, when real
foul brood is in question, and not if the other dis-
ease is before us. Many times you will find more
killed brood and more hives infected— sometimes
all the hives of an apiary quite suddenly; neverthe-
less it is called the milder form of foul brood. This
disease cures itself by and by. Many times it Is
some honey injurious to the bees or larvie, which
is the cause of this disease. Extracting all the
honey, and feeding good sugar, is here the usual
cure.

I believe that many reports of curing foul brood
by starvation have nothing to do with real foul brood
at all. If the bacillus theory Is correct, and I be-
lieve it is, the starvation plan can not cure the
real foul brood, and your experience shows this
again; but it is possible that, by this plan, often re-
peated, and by help of a good honey-harvest, the
bees may be able to overcome, sometimts, the dis-
ease by the help of their sting-poison, which is,
without doubt, a good antiseptic. In this way
Dzierzon cured foul brood about 40 years ago by
enormous labor, during some years, and the loss of
more than half of his colonies. We are better off
now; but we have to use what other men found
out.

I do not know whether these few lines will help
you or not; but I think it is my duty to write to
you. May be I did wrong not to write earlier.

L. Stachelhausen.

Selma, Bexar Co., Texas, Oct. 20, 188T.

Accept my thanks, friend S., for your kind
suggestions. The more I see written in re-
gard to foul brood, the more thoroughly I
am impressed that it is indeed a deep sub-
ject. You say that the germs of the bacillus
can be found everywhere in an infected
hive — in the brood and in the honey. I be-
lieve we have never had any doubt as to the
existence of these germs in the places you
mention, but I was not aware that any one
had actually discovered them in honey.
Neither Mr. Cheshire nor Mr. Cowan has
succeeded in finding them there. There is
no question but there is something that
does exist in honey, and which does make a
vast amount of trouble. Again, you say
that we can not kill these germs inside the
bees by starvation, and that the only way to
do this is to feed an antiseptic. This does
seem to be reasonable ; but at the same time
all colonies treated by the starvation plan in
our apiary have never yet shown even the
slightest trace of a reappearance of the dis-
ease, and we have treated something like 50
colonies by that plan. I believe Mr. Jones
has had experience quite similar to it. — Mr.
Sargent did succeed in growing what ap-
peared to be bacillus, in beef gelatine. He

892

^LEANINGS IN BP:e CULTURE.

Dec.

also made use of the soap of tlie diseased
larviP, mixing the same in a small quantity
with the beef gelatine. Jnafew days the
test-tube became cloudy. From last reports
he was not certain that this cloudiness in
the test-tube was foul brood, although the
bacillus as seen in the microscope resembled,
as I now remember it, (juite closely the bacil-
lus I saw in Mr. Cowan's microscope. You
say that the bacilli move around under the
field of the microscope, and that every
thing is lively, much like a skating-rink. As
1 witnessed them, both mounted and from
fresh specimens of diseased larva', they
looked like miniature walking-sticks, and
every thing was quiet. From the last I
heard froni Mr. Sargent, he reported that
the carbolic acid apparently had no effect
upon the cloudy appearance, as seen in the
beef gelatine in'the test-tubes. As he is not
at all certain that this cloudiness is the ba-
cillus, neither he nor myself consider it
proof that carbolic acid is not a destroyer of
foul brood. I am satisfied, however, that
the acid is an antiseptic.

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF
D. A. JOKES.

BY THE REV. WM. F. CL.4RKE.

T TA KE much pleasure in writing- a brief bio-
(M graphical sketch of our Canadian " llec King,"
^t to accompany tlie engraving, a proof-print
■*■ of which is now before me. A picture of Mr.
Jones appeared ou page 187 of Gle-A-NINGS for
1881; but while it would be recognized by any one
who knows the man as like him, the resemblance
was rather distant, and it was especially defective
in expression. The wood-cut now produced is a
very great improveinont on the former one, and
does much credit to the artists who have been em-
ployed on it. It is one of the best I have ever seen,
and is, perhaps, as nearly perfect as human skill
can make a picture of that kind. It excels precise-
ly where the other failed, and gives a most life-like
representation of the original when the counte-
nance is in thoughtful repose. There is another
expression characteristic of Mr. Jones which 1 sup-
pose can not be given in a picture. It is a peculiar-
ly good-natured and even merry twinkle of the
eyes, which you notice in his happy moods, and
most of his moods are happy ones. He does not
borrow trouble. On the other hand, he is a lai-ge
borrower of enjoyment, and discounts the future
heavily, with an indorsement of hope written large.
In the engraving now to be published, the eyes ap-
pear to be lying in ambush for something cheerful
or funny, and are evidently ready for the merry
twinkle which can be shown only by the living
countenance itself.

Mr. Jones is a Canadian by birth; the county of
York, of which Toronto is the county-town, being
his native place. His great-grandfather, Abel
Jones, was a native of the State of Rhode Island,
and married Kuth Greene, the daughter of a Qua-
ker preacher, and a near relative of Brigadier-
General Greene, famous in connection with the
American Revolution. The dash of Quaker blood
in his ancestral pedigree accounts for some of his
peculiar characteristics; and bis love of bees and
taste for bee-keeping may be traced to a like

soiii-ce, for his greatgrandfather aforesaid, after
his removal from Rhode Island to Petersburg, in
the State of New York, became an extensive bee-
farmer, and was thoroughly possessed with the
ideas of his time about these little inseet.s, believing
that he could conveise with them, that they under-
stood hiiui and that they took an interest in family
matters of importance. It speaks well for the
healthfulness of bee-keeping, that Abel Jones lived
to be past ninety-four, and cared for his bees un-
til within a few weeks of his death. During his
last sickness his bees dwindled, and at last became
extinct; but this was probably for want of the at-
tention they had been accustomed to receive, rath-
er than sympathy with the declining energies of
their owner.

Mr. Jones's father had also a great liking for bees,
but the moth proved too many for him. There were
no Italiian"_bees in those days to fight this pest, and
the moth-traps then in vogue were helps rather
than hindrances to the ravages of this marauder.

CUB friend D. a. .JONES, OP THE CANADIAN BEE
.JOURNAL.

The subject of this sketch was born Oct. 9, 1836,
and remained on the farm with his father until he
became of age, when lie launched out for himself.
For sometime he was variously engaged— five years
with a stockman in Illinois, where he contracted a
severe fever, on bis recovery from which he en-
gaged in a book agency, and afterward in the sale
of fruit-trees. In this last-named employment he
was moderately successful; and, having acquired a
little capital, he embarked in matrimony ana mer-
cantile business. The two worked together very
well; for while he othciated behind the counter,
Mrs. J. ran a millinery establishment. This matri-
monial and commercial partnership was established
in Beeton, Ontario, where the hapiiy couple have
resided ever since, and now enjoy the fruits of
their early labors in the possession of a comforta-
ble home, where peace, plenty, and a bountiful hos-
pitality may always be found.
Soon after opening a general store, Mr. Jones be-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

m

g&n to invest and deal in real estate, and ultimately
sold out his business, and for a time devoted him-
self to the development and improvement of the
village. In this he was prospered, so that, before
long:, he saw his way to the erection of a store three
times the size of his former one, with a residence
attached. While comparatively at leisure during'
the interval that he was out of storekeeping, he
bought a couple of colonies of bees in Langstroth
hives, which revived his youthful and inherited in-
terest in bee-kcci)ing. Meantime he resumed mer'
cantile business; both apiary and store flourished;
and Mr. Jones, like his father before him, fought
the beemoth, but with more perseverance and
better success. Like most beginners in bee-keep-
ing he had to invent a hive, which was duly patent-
ed, July 15, 1870, and was called "The Jones Per-
fection bee-hive." It was double-walled, with an
ingenious complication of tin and glass inside,
specially contrived to checkmate the moth, of
which he had received, by tradition from his fore-
fathers, a wholesome dread. These complications
in due time disappeared; and their inventor, like
many more, became quite content to try his luck
with a simple hive, constructed after the Lang-
stroth model.

While inventing, experimenting, and making
known the supposed merits of his patent hive, he
fell in with Mr. J. H. Thomas, then ol' Brookline,
Ontario, who may justly be regarded as the father
of improved bee-keeping in Canada. He wrote
largely for the bee-department of the Canada
Farmer, then under the editorship of the writer of
this sketch; exhibited bees, honey, and apiarian
requisites at fairs, and was, by all odds, the fore-
most bee-man in our country. A little hand-book
entitled, "The Canadian Bee-keeper's Guide,"
selling for 35 cents, of which he was author, did
much to spread a knowledge of improved bee-
keeping throughout the Dominion. Mr. Jones was
not slow to recognize in Mr. Thomas one who could
impart valuable information on what was now be-
coming to him a favorite pursuit, and he improved
the opportunity presented. From Mr. Thomas he
first heard of the honey-extractor, also of the
American Bee Journal, and other publications con-
cerning apiculture.* His progress now was rapid.
A good location and favorable seasons enabled him,
by the use of the extractor, to obtain marvelous
quantities of honey, and bee-keeping soon became
his absorbing pursuit. Again he retired from
store-keeping, and now set himself to extend and
multiply his apiaries. In 1878 he commenced, in a
small way, the manufacture of bee-keepers' sup-
plies, which has now grown to be an extensive
business, employing a large number of hands.

In 1879-'80, acting on the determination to find
out whether there was any better bee in the world
than the Italian, he went to Cyprus and Palestine,
incurring enormous expense, and braving many
dangers and exposures. This tour led to the estab-
•lishmentof a queen-breeding station at Larnaca,
in the island of Cyprus, of which Mr. Frank Ben-
ton was in charge for some time. It also led to the
establishment of queen-breeding Italians on sever-
al islands in the Georgian Bay, Ontario, about 100
miles north from Beeton, where, for several years,
Mr. Jones carried on costly experiments in order to
obtain the best bee available for honey produc-

*By the way. who can tell what has become of J.
H. Thomas?— Ed.

tion. By these enterprising schemes, carried out
with wonderful energy, regardless of expense, Mr.
Jones has laid the bee-keepers of this continent
and of the world under a weighty obligation.
They have not been money-making schemes to
him. He would have been many thousand dollars
richer had he let them alone. But the work needed
to be done by some one. Government would not
undertake it, and the task fill to an enterprising;
public spirited man, who did it thoroughly, and the
apicultural world enjoys the benefit of his Jabofs.
The question as to the best races of bees has been
probed to the bottom, and practically settled.

Mr. Jones was the chief if not the sole meads Of
getting up the grand exhibit of honey and supplies
which is now annually made in Toronto, and forms
such a conspicuous and attractive feature in
"Canada's Greatest Fair." He was also largely in-
strumental in bringing about the display of Cana-
dian honey which was made on such a magnificent
scale at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held in
London, England, last year, and was himself one of
the commissioners, four in number, who took
charge of the exhibit, and conducted it to such a
successful issue.

In April, 1885, in company with a nephew of Mrs-
Jones, Mr. F. A. Macpherson, he commenced the
Canadian Bee ./ouourl, himself taking the position
of senior editor, and his associate acting as publish-
er and assistant editor. It was a bold venture, es-
pecially as it was issued at the low figure of one
dollar per annum, which, for a weekly magazine,
with a tinted cover, was a phenomenon in apicultu-
ral literature. It has had a phenomenal success,
notwithstanding the number of ably conducted
bee-journals already in the field. Much of this suc-
cess is to be attributed to Mr. Macpherson, who is
not only a thorough practical printer, but possess-
es literary ability of a high order, and is full of
youthful fire and energy. The Canadian Bee Jour-
nal not only fitly represents the bee-interests of the
Dominion, but has a large circulation in the United
States, and a considerable patronage among the
more intelligent bee-keepers of the Old World.

Mr. Jones is a versatile and many-sided man, a
good citizen, broad and liberal in his views, public-
spirited, and ready to take part in any movement
calculated to benefit humanity. He has been for
many years, and is still, the leading spirit in every
thing calculated to advance the material and mor-
al interests of the community and district of coun-
try in which he resides.

Beeton is now an important railroad point. It \6
not only a considerable station on the Hamilton &
Northwestern K. R., which Mr. Jones was the chief
means of locating on the route finally adopted, but
it is a junction, whence lines to Toronto and points
east and south connect; also a road to Barrie north,
connecting with the Canadian Pacific, and so
with the Lake Superior region, Manitoba, and the
Northwest. He is reputed to have made some
money out of these railroad enterprises, and well
deserves to have done so, for he has worked hard
in securing their development. Mr. Jones is post-
master in Beeton, and proprietor of the Beeton
World. As yet he does not seem to have been smit-
ten with political aipbition, and it is to be hoped he
will not be, as there are plenty of politicians who
can not do the work he has done and is capable of
doing in the promotion of bee-keeping, which is
worth far more to the national welfare than most

854

GLeANIMGS m fiEE CULTURE.

Dec.

of the schemes undertaken by those who give their
time and energies to party politics. Best of all,
Mr. Jones has recently enrolled himself as a sub-
ject of that kingdom which is "not of this world; "
atid devoting- his great abilities and wonderful en-
ergy to the promotion of its beneflcent purposes,
he may, if he will, verify the motto of his bee-
journal, "the greatest possible good to the great-
est possible number," in ways that will make him
a blessing to generations yet unborn. " So mote it
be ! " Wm. F. Clarke.

C4uelph, Ont., Can., Nov. 10, 1887.

Friend Clarke, your excellent sketch is in-
tensely interesting to myself, if not to our
readers, especially where it takes tip the
time when friend Jones began to scrape ac-
quaintance with the bee-journals and bee-
keepers of the United States. His inventive
turn of mind was shown in his automatic
swarmer, pictured in a diagram back in 1875.
About that time we used to get quite a few
communications from Mr. Jones; but pretty
soon he became so full of railroads, stores,
large apiaries, and foreign travel, that we
had to content ourselves with getting re-
ports of him from his neighbors, or whoever
took a notion to send us items. After his
visit here we knew him a great deal better ;
and one needs to know friend Jones to un-
derstand him. Truly is our friend a " versa-
tile and many-sided man," as you say ; and
until one gets thoroughly acquainted with
him, he might find a good many things to
pick at and find fault with. He not only
takes sudden starts in new directions, but
he often apparently forgets what he has said
the day before or the year before, and in a
reckless sort of way makes off-hand state-
ments. None but his intimate friends really
know how good a man he is at heart, and
how sincerely he is devoted to the best in-
terests of the great world at large. If he
for the time neglects single individuals, you
may be pretty sure it is because the good of
great multitudes demands that he should
for the time ignore things that are in truth
only trifles compared to the thing his heart
and soul are absorbed in. When his work
on this earth is done, it may be truly said of
him, " He loved his fellow-man."

MR. COW^AN.

THE GENTRY OF ENGLAND.

/S^EAR UNCLE AMOS:— You remind me of a
fKi ol greater Amos, who said he was " no prophet,
11^ nor the son of a prophet, but a herdman, and
^^ a gatherer of wild flgs (see margin); and the
Lord took him as he followed the flock, and
said unto him. Go prophesy." I do not mean to tell
you that you foretell future events, but take rather
the New-Testament idea of a prophet; i. e., a teach-
er, fori must say I do think God has sent you to
teach.

Well, I want to tell you I like Gleanings; first,
because I am a bee-keeper; but more than all, be-
cause you are neither afraid nor ashamed to carry
Christ— I will not say religion— into all your daily
employments. To attempt to do this for the sake
of temporal gain, or to increase your credit for hon-
est dealing, is, to my mind, the worst of all hypocri-

sy; but to do so to glorify our Master and Lord is
what, above all things, this busy world requires at
the present day.

You will say, " Who and what are you to talk to
me in this fashion?" I am many years your junior;
but that you may judge how far I can appreciate
you sentiments 1 will tell you that I never smoked,
nor drank intoxicants in my life. I have endeavor-
ed to serve Christ for 30 years; and during all that
time I have taken a lively interest in Sunday-school
work, and have many times stood at street-corners
preaching to those who would not come into a
building to listen. That is all I want to tell you
about myself, as I sat down to write about the visit
of our Mr. Cowan to Canada and the States. I am
glad he has been, and so are all British bee-keepers.
You know us better for having seen him, and we
know you all the better because of what he has told
us about you all. 1 have read what you and the
other bee-keepers have to say about him, and I con-
fess it has amused me a little. Fancy him coming
home to us dubbed as a doctor or professor! I am
almost sorry he did not accept the honor (?), as the
joke would have been almost too good. Then you
are all agreed that he is modest. We consider him
a good specimen of a dignified English gentleman.
It is not necessary to bounce, brag, or go about
with an undue amount of self-assertion If you have
knowledge, as you are certain to be recognized if
you go on your way and "let your light shine!"
Mr. Cowan is no exception. Then, again, as to
wealth, we do not measure it by the amount of
" dash " people cut. A countess just drove by, the
wife of one of the greatest lords in England. She
is a fine woman, with the dignity of an empress,
but her pony and chaise is not half so dashing as
some upstarts with i;500 per annum salary. Mr.
Cowan is a country gentleman. He has a nice little
mansion down an Horsham, in Sussex; he is com-
pelled to live in Switzerland, for Mrs. Cowan's
health; but the people who live on his farms, cot-
tages, gardens, smithy, etc., have not forgotten the
kindly relationt-hips that always existed between
him and them when he lived in their midst. Do you
know how a country gentleman lives in England,
and how he gets his income year by year? Perhaps
some of your readers do not, so you will spare me
room to tell them.

In the first place, they have sufficient money to
be able to live on the interest, and they, as a rule,
do not seek to increase the capital. They own a
certain amount of land, more or less. On it there
will be a mansion surrounded with a i)ark; that
next the house is laid out as a pleasure-ground and
flower-garden, and is planted with shrubs and ever-
greens from all climates. The parks are studded
with grand old trees that no money would induce
them to fell. I saw a tree the other day blown up
by a gale. It was in a nobleman's park. It was
worth about £4 as timber; but the owner would
have given £500 to have been able to put it back
as an ornament. Outside the parks are the farms, '
cottages, gardens, villages, etc. As a rule, the rent-
roll of these places produces from 2 to 4 per cent
per annum only, seldom more; consequently land
is more or less a luxury. A certain part of a gen-
tleman's capital would be in the public funds, and
brings in only ;5 or 'i\i per cent; the remainder
would be in rails, trains, water and gas, mines, tele-
graphs, home and foreign, and so they get a certain
income; as, if one thing fails, the others do not,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

895

and that is why they usually put their eggs in
many baskets, and so there are thousands in Eng-
land who thus live on their means and have time
and talents to give for the amelioration of our race
and not in gay frivolity. The amount of labor they
hire is no criterion of their wealth. They may keep
from 8 to 12 maid-servants, and one or two men in-
doors, horses and carriages, and a man or two in
the stables to look after them. The men wear liv-
ery, as you doubtless are aware. To be servant to
such is considered equal to being a day mechanic,
or better. There would be two or three gardeners,
one or two more to look after the cows and the
horses, for doing the rough work, and a few men to
do odd jobs about the park. This class of people
have no business, trade, or profession. How do
they spend their time, say you? Some are magis-
trates, *' the great unpaid," we call them; they do
the business of their county, and pay their own
traveling expenses. They shoot and flsh on their
estates, and that is why game is preserved. Most
of them have what is called " hobbies." Some hunt
foxes, stags, and hares; some are officers of volun-
teer regiments, other are poor-law guardians, mem-
bers of local boards of health; others, again, take
to science, photography, the microscope, geology,
botany, natural history, and kindred subjects.
Some take to politics. It is from this class that the
larger number of our members of parliament
are taken. They, too, are unpaid, and moreover
pay their own election expenses. To rank as an
English gentleman is to prefer death to dishonor.
Black sheep we have, alas I too many; but they are
always lepers among their fellows, and ai-e kept in
the lepers' place, and no mere wealth will admit
them back into the status ihey have forfeited.

The best feature about our gentry is, they are
always interested in their poorer neighbors, who
live under the shadow of their great houses; so
they are large supporters of poultry, fruit, flower,
vegetable, and honey shows, hoping thereby to in-
terest the poorer classes to keep these things, and
so make their lives less monotonous. The British
Bee-Keepers' Association is a good illustration of
this. We spend iJlOOO a year, or thereabouts, to pro-
mote bee-keeping, and I do not suppose 20 of its
members are a brass farthing in pocket by keeping
bees. It is all patriotic. The county associations
are rather diffei-ent, as its members do, as a rule,
keep bees for gain; but the managers of even these
all give their time and trouble for the " love of it."

The clergy of the church of England are mostly
drawn from this class. Their income is the tithe;
but hundreds of them spend three times more than
their tithe among their parishioners. To those who,
having the means, rightly realize their duty to the
poor whom God has placed them among, there is al-
ways a pleasure in helping to make their lives more
enjoyable; and this always tends to a nice feeling
among all classes.

You will not be surprised to hear, and I am sure
you will be pleased to learn, that this feeling exists
between Mr. and Mrs. Cowan and their tenants and
neighbors. When they went down to Horsham, aft-
er landing to look at it before they started for
Bwitzerland, there was a triumphant arch of bee-
hives, evergreens, and flowers, awaiting them, and
the words, " Welcome home I" I live far from there,
BO I did not see it; but I helped to welcome him
home to his "chair " among bee-keepers, and was
pleased to see him looking so well. His words to

me were— spoken softly—" It is nice to return home
and feel we have been preserved from all danger
while traveling 10,000 miles." Smooth waters run
deep; the few words were volumes to me.

Well, friend Root, this Is not bee-keeping, but it
is among " home interests," I think. What I have
said about the gentry is true of the nobility, in a
larger degree. Their lands and establishments are
proportionately greater.

I wish you better health, but no better employ-
ment, than to make some, at least, of your fellow-
men happier. You know the reward of those " who-
by patient continuance in well doing," etc. I
shall not put my name to this, as I do not wish
Mr. Cowan to know who has been writing about him
from this side, so I will style myself a—

Eng., Nov. 1, 1887. British Bee-Keepek.

My good friend, we are indebted to you
for your kind letter, and for this explana-
tion of tlie ways and habits of many of our
friends across the water, abotxt which many
of us have known but little. I presume you
know that we Americans have been in the
habit of criticising a little this very thing
in regard to the class of people in England
who do not work, in the common accepta-
tion of the term. Now, perhaps the only
obstacle toward getting on to a common
ground in this matter is the fact that birth
fixes the standing in your country, while in
ours it has little to do with it. You drop
one word, however, that I feel like grasp-
ing hold of with much hopefulness. You
say you have black sheep, and that these
black sheep can never regain their standing
by money alone. Thank God for that.
Now, then, if a man by bad conduct loses
his standing among his fellows, the reverse
must certainly be true : That even a poor
humble laborer can. by good conduct, win a
place among the highest. Of course, he
would need some money, to stand among
gentlemen ; but good conduct very often,
though perhaps not always, in time brings
wealth — perhaps all the wealth that it is
good for a Christian man to have. And
now, my good friend, am 1 right in saving
that it is po.ssible for even a commonplace
laborer to work his way to a position wliere
even the gentry and nobility will be proud
to have him stand by their side ? If so,
then England and America are side by side
in the great work of the present day climb-
ing from earth to heaven.

THE CONSIDERATION OF IMPOR-
TANT ISSUES.

E. FRANCE ON UNITING OTHER BUSINESS WITH
BEE-KEEPING.

T HAVE eleven acres of land just inside the city
1^ limits of Platte^^lle. The population is about
^t 4000. We are about three-fourths of a mile from
-*- the business part of town. When I came on
the place, about 18 years ago, 1 had but few
bees. At this time I went to raising garden truck
for our city market, and sold sewing-machines. In
the winter I worked at trapping, and for several
years I hunted for young wolves about 40 days each
spring. I tried the small-fruit business considera-
bly during the time. I raised grapes, strawberries,
raspberries, blackberries, etc. All of these pursu its

.S96

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

have helped me to get along while working Into the
bee-business. Now, I believe that every bee-keep-
er can have part of his time during the year, to
work at something besides the bees and selling
honey. But just what that something is, depends
upon how a man is situated. But this year has
proved that we must have something besides the
bees to depend on for our bread and butter. Some
locations will furnish one line of work, while anoth-
er location will furnish something else; and it is not
everybody that will or can take hold of the same
thing and make a success of it. Every one must
say for himself what there is within his reach to do,
that will pay, so that he may fill up his spare time
and make a part of a living, at least, out of some-
thing besides the bees.

I can not say what another could or should do:
but as for myself I can not do the same things I did
do ten or fifteen years ago. For instance, I could
not sell sewing-machines now, for the reason that
my eyesight is dim with age; and by reason of age
I have quit hunting. For our market I could not
make it pay to raise garden vegetables. At first it
paid well; but others, seeing my success, went at it
and broke down the market. The same was true
with grapes. Others raised them cheaper than I
could, and sold from 2'/4 to 4 cents per lb., so I quit
the grape-business. As to raspberries and straw-
berries, the picking and marketing comes just at a
time when we are doing our extracting. Besides,
others have gone heavily into the business; so two
years ago I plowed up my last half-acre of straw-
berries, except a small patch for home use, and we
have now only about half an acre of rasberries left,
and I don't think we shall pick them more than one
year more. We are, however, planting out more
blackberries. We find the spring work with them
is all done before the bee-work comes on. Then the
harvesting comes on after we are done with the
bees, so we have plenty of time to pick and sell the
fruit. In this latitude we have to lay down the
bushes in the fall, and cover them up with dirt, to
winter them. That is a rough job, but we have to
do it to be sure of a crop. Then we have to ship the
fruit to other markets, as there are so many in the
blackberry-business here that our town can not use
over a fifth of them. How long it will pay to raise
blackberries to ship, we don't know. When that
gives out we must try something else. My son has
taught school winters for several years. Last year
we had a big crop of honey. Then he said he had
taught his last term; but getting so little honey
this year, he has a contract to run another term of
school, this coming winter.

HOW TO MAKE ANY RACE OF BEES PRACTICALLY
NON-SWARMING.

Now, I should like to say a few words about
question No. 13 in " Our Question-Box." " Is it pos-
sible to breed a non-swarming race of bees?" I
don't believe it is desirable to have a non-swarming
race. If we did have them it would be because
they did not raise enough bees to swarm. We all
want to have our bees strong, queens prolific, so as
to have a host of bees at the commencement of the
honey-harvest, for it is bees that gather the honey.
For my part I would rather have a very strong col-
ony at that time than to have a weak one that
would not have bees enough to swarm. But, say
that, at the commencement of a good honey-flow,
we have all our bees extra strong, can we prevent
their swarming? That is the question with me; and

can we make them more profitable by keeping
them from swarming than they would be if they
swarmed? I know it is difficult to work bees for
comb honey, and keep them strong and not swarm.
When the bees are run for extracted honey
in a good honey season, give them all the room that
the queen can keep full of bees, and empty combs
to fill the space, then there will be no swarming, as
a rule. Bees will fill a salt-barrel, and swarm out of
it; but that is as large a space as they can fill and
swarm. I have now standing in my home yard
three quadruple hives, each containing four colo-
nies of bees, making twelve colonies. They have
been in those hives two years. Out of the twelve
colonies there has been but one swarm in the two
years, and that went back and stayed there. The
twelve have wintered outdoors on their summer
stands, without a loss, the last two winters. They
are the most profitable bees that I have got. The
hive is 13V4X 1354 inches, and 43 inches high, using
two sets of frames 21Ji inches high, 9 frames in
each set. The upper set stands on the top of the
lower set of frames, with nothing between them,
making a continuous hive 43 inches deep. ] work
them for extracted honey. Those bees are no
trouble to me whatever, only to throw out the hon-
ey when they have it to spare. Besides those 12
colonies, I have about 40 colonies in quadruple
8-frame L. hives, which I have worked three tier
high, making 24 L. frames. I have had them in use
now for two years, and part of them three years.
When they are worked three tier high with the ex-
tractor, they don't swarm. Now, if those bees were
kept as they are, and not a swarm come o£C for 20
years or more, would they be any nearer a non-
swarming race than they were at the start? No, I
think not. Put them on just one set of frames, and
they would swarm the first year, just like any other
bees. Then why do bees swarm? Simply because
the queen has no empty combs in which to deposit
her eggs. If we don't want swarms, give the queen
room— empty combs, not space filled up with found-
ation, but good finished combs in which the queen
can place her eggs, then she will be satisfied to re-
main where she is, and the workers will be satisfied
also, as it is just as natural for the workers to be
nursing young larval bees as it is for the queen to
lay the eggs.

HOW MANY L. FRAMES ARE REQUIRED TO KEEP A
PROLIFIC QUEEN IN BREEDING-ROOM?

Some say eight frames are enough. I don't think
so. It may do for some queens, but not for all.
Some queens will fill 12 frames. With me, in work-
ing the L. hives three stories high, it is nothing un-
common to find brood in all the three stories— the
lower story full of brood, the second story about
half brood and half honey, the third story more or
less brood in three or four combs. Now put that
queen on eight brood-frames, and keep her there.
That colony will swarm, sure. It is so natural for
bees to swarm that I don't think it possible to pro-
duce a non-swarmir.g race of bees; but I am sure
that we can manage the bees in a manner to pre-
vent swarming. Either have a hive roomy enough to
prevent swarming, or work the bees in such a way
that they can not swarni. When you have a big
working force, take away the queen. E. France.

Platteville, Wis., Oct. 2.5, 1887.

Friend F., as you put it, it seems that the
bee-keeper had better occupy his spare time
in doing that which is most to his liking.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

897

If he gets crazy on strawberries, and con-
tinues to like the business, he will doubtless
succeed with it ; and he may eventually
drop the bees, and attend to strawberries
altogether, especially as the one is apt to
conflict somewhat with the other, in har-
vesting the crop. 1 presiune that circum-
stances have mucli to do in one's taking a
fancy to any business. If liis own town is
poorly supplied with strawberries, and he
discovers that he is eminently fitted for
raising them, it would not be strange if
these things should help to make it attrac-
tive, for there are few things so encourag-
ing as a good piice for the product, that
covers cost, and (juite a little more, — In re-
gard to a race of non-swarming bees, we
would go about it in tliis way, or something
like it : If you have a colony in your apiary
that has never swaimed, tiven when enor-
mously strong and storing comb honey, this
is tiie colony to raise queens from. Among
the young " queens thus raised, you will
probably have one or more queens whose
workers, like the parent hive, produce
large crops of comb honey, without any at-
tempt at swarming. Select the best, with
this feature in view, and raise (jueens from
that stock, and I feel pretty sure we shall
pretty soon have non-swarming bees just
like our non-sitting breeds of poultry ; and
we shall have to perpetuate them by raising
(jueens just as we perpetuate our non-sit-
ting fowls, by having other breeds hatch
their esjgs.

THAT COLONY IN A SIX-STORY HIVE.

DR. MILLER GIVES US SOMK INTERESTING DETAII,S.

fOU express awisb, on page 768, to know, friend
Root, how the colony wintered that had been
in the six-story hive. I am sorry to say I
can not tell. There were two colonies in
much the same condition, one of which died,
but I am not sure which one. The dead colony had
plenty of empty combs, so they did not die because
crowded on combs full of honey. Indeed, if I am
not mistaken the lower story of the six had, all the
while, plenty of empty combs, so the bees did not
spread through the u])per stories for lack of empty
combs in the lower story, but apparenllj- because
they desired to fill first the empty cells of the upper
story, and then successivel.y to fill all the other
stories before occupying the first. If this case
points to the belief that full combs are not the best
for bees to cluster on, here is something that points
the other way. This fall my bees were destitute of
stores, and were fed with sugar syrup, the feeding
being done after the brood was all, or nearly all,
hatched out. (I have always supposed that such
late feeding was bad, but that is not to the point
here.) Lifting the quilt after a colony had been fed
30 lbs., I found the combs looking empty— that is,
the cells in sight were empty; and lifting out the
combs, the stores seemed to be in the cluster, and
the empty cells outside. I noticed no case in which
the bees filled the outside cells, leaving a vacant
center. Does this mean that it is best lor the bees
to have their stores for winter in the cluster?

You ask as to the quality of the honey in the six-
story colony. I am not sure that I can tell you
about that particular case, for the combs of honey

were given to the bees; but I never knew honey
left a long time in care of a strong colony to be oth-
er than good. A more distinctly marked case I can,
however, tell you about. In the summer of 188ti a
small colony was in a ten-frame hive, the colony
having, I think, four frames closed in by a division-
board, the remaining part of the hive being empty.
Being left to itself, this colony increased in strength
unexpectedly; and when looked at. the bees had
made good progress in filling with combs (pretty
crooked, of course) the empty part of the hive.
(Now, IJro. Hoot, I know you will say 1 ought to
keep fewer eolonids, and take better care of them,
and I am beginning to feel a little that way myself.)
The whole attair was left untouched; the hive, hea-
vy with honey, was put in the cellar, taken in the
spring to the Belden apiary, and not till some time
in late May or June was the colony taken from this
hive, and the hive with its crooked co«il>s of honey
brought home. Thinking it would do to feed in the
fall, it was left standing in the house till some time
in September, and then upon cutting it out it was
found very thick, clear, not candied, and of exqui-
site flavor, unsurpassed by any thing I had ever
tasted. Part of it was white and part buckwheat,
and the buckwheat seemed improved the most, quite
unlike any buckwheat 1 had ever tasted. Here was
honey left in charge of the bees nearly a year, and
wintered over in the cellar. Might not a cellar be
so managed as to successfully winter section
honeyV

NUMBER Ol'' CELLS TO THE SQUARE INCH.

It is common to speak of comb as containing 25
worker-cells to the square inch, and 16 drone-cells.
Ought we to speak so loosely? My attention was
first called to it in Frank Cheshire's book, where he
gives 381^i as the number of worker-cells to the
square inch, and 18',?" drone-cells. If the cells were
square, 35 and 16 would be correct; but they are
hexagons.

DIAGRAM TO SHOW EXACTLY THE ^UMHI■:l( <'f
WORKKR-CELLS PER SQUARE INCH.

Any one curious in the matter can easily solve it
by algebra, or even by arithmetic. In the figure of
a hexagon here given, having the diameter n /j we
have 6 equal equilateral triangles. Bisecting one
of them gives us the right-angled triangle a c d,
with the hypothenuse <■ d. If a d is 1, r d is 3, and
(I c is found by taking the square root of the differ-
ence of the squares of a d and c d. The squares of
(( d and c d are 1 and -t, their difference 3. The square
root of 8 is l.;3205. the measure of a c. But in a
worker-cell the diameter is \ of an inch; and half
the diameter, or the linear, .lof an inch. To reduce
a d to the same scale, we find by proportion that
1.73305 is to .1 as 1 is to .057735, the true measure of
a d in a worker-cell. To get the contents of the
triangle c d c, multiply half the base, or .057735, into
the altitude a c, .1, and we have .00577a5. There are

898

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

six such triangles in the hexagon, and 6 times
.0057735 is. 034641, the contents of a worker-cell repre-
sented in the decimal of a square inch. This is con-
tained in one inch 28.8676 times, a trifling shade
more than 281:?.

Counting 25 cells to the square inch gives us 3600
to the square foot, against 41.57 bj- the true measure-
ment, a difference of 557 in a square foot. Will it
not be better, ordinarily, to say 29 worker-cells to
the square inch? C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

Friend M., I am glad to see you have had
proof that the quality of the honey is some-
times, if not always, greatly improved by
being ripened in the hive ; that you have
also learned that this thoroughly ripened
honey will sometimes, if not always, remain
clear, without candying. I have, like your-
self, seen honey, so poor as to be pronounced
almost unfit for use, become beautiful honey
in the course of time, by being simply
ripened in the hive thoroughly. — Regarding
tlie number of cells to the sguare inch, I
have long been aware of the point you make ;
but if you measure several square inches of
ordinary comb as you find it — that is, comb
manufactured by the bees— you will find it
runs less than 25 cells to the square inch
oftener than it does more. This matter was
discussed a good deal years ago. Since
most of the combs in our hive are now, how-
ever, made of cells built on foundation, the
case will probably be different. You are
basing yotu- conclusions on the statement
that five worker-cells side by side measure
just an inch across. This is not true how-
ever, if I am correct, with little if any of the
foundation we have in the market. Years
ago we settled down on a size of the work-
er-cells, so that 24 equal 5 inches ; and I be-
lieve that most manufacturers of founda-
tion-rolls have followed us in the matter.

SUGGESTIONS FROM READING T"WO
BACK VOLUMES OF GLEANINGS.

WINTERING, WOODEN BUTTER-DISHES, VENTILA-
TION, ETC.

fRIEND ROOT:— Having been bed-fast for three
weeks, floored by rheumatism, and having
read every thing else available, I got out two
years of Gleanings, and have been going
through them. They were very interesting
to while away the time. I am much amused to see
what a mutual-admiration society you old bee-
keepers have formed yourselves into. I think if
bees could live on taffy you fellows need lose none,
even if the drought did ci^t the honey crop short.
But with all the chaff you talk about, there is a
good deal of grain.

1 have become much interested in the discussion
of wintering; and, every thing considered, I think
Doolittle is as near the mark— in fact, more so—
than any of the old heads. Chaff wintering in this
country is about on a par with underhouse cellars
— neither will do to tie to. Outdoor cellars do
for us. Make them, say, six feet deep, and put all
the earth you take out on top for a roof; sod over
with blue grass; leave a hole about six inches up
through the top for ventilating. Make two doors,
an outside and an inside. With this kind of a re-

pository you will find that you have an even tem-
perature at about 40°.

As to hives, if you find one that will beat Oliver
Foster's Simplicity for comb or extracted honey,
you will have to search many long years, in my
humble opinion.

WOODEN BtJTTBR-DISHES.

I have always wanted a bee-feeder, but could not
flnd any that suited me till in Gleanings I read
about the wooden butter-dish; then I knew, with-
out thinking, that I had found what I wanted, and
tried them with the utmost satisfaction.

I was much interested in your discussion of the
ventilation of our houses, and the impurities of our
water-supplies. Like yourself, 1 drink water
caught from the clouds, when I can get it, though I
have a drilled well, and get water from the rock a
hundred feet from the surface. My sleeping-room
and sitting-room are heated by an old-style fire-
place in which I burn wood. I am fifty years old»
and this is the first time I was ever sick, and I
think this was caused by overwork.

The drought cut our honey crop short. My bees,
however, have plenty to winter on, save three late
swarms, but no surplus. I have an idea that bees
will be as scarce in the spring as good honey is
now. Ed. Parker.

Union, Iowa, Nov. 11, 1887.

FIXING THE BEES FOR "WINTER.

MRS. CHADDOCK'S PRACTICE AND PHILOSOPHY
IN REGARD TO IT.

HEN I went to fix up my bees for winter I
found four colonies that had plenty of
stores, one that had perhaps enough, and
one that had perhaps enough — . That
minus mark means that they have perhaps
enough, but that is very doubtful, while the " per-
haps enough," without the "— ," means that likely
enough they have plenty. Ten others that I knew
had not stores enough, I united. I did this by set-
ting one Simplicity hive on top of another, leaving
the piece of muslin between them for six hours.
Then I put one hive on one side of the old stand,
and the other on the other. I took a frame from
first one hive and then from the other. If the frames
as I came to them contained plenty of honey, 1 put
them in; if not, I shook the bees off into the new
hive, and set the frame to one side. When I had
10 of the fullest frames in I put on the muslin and
an empty hive-body to shade them, and left them
to subside. The light frames I put away to give
them, if I find they need more honey. The other
six I will winter in the cellar. They have probably
20 lbs. or so, and I have some unfinished sections
that were left from last year. that I shall give them
if they need more in the spring. These unfinished
sections wei-e on the hives all summer; and. when I
took them off they were just about as full as when
I put them on. The outside ones were empty, so
that, when looking in through the glass, they look-
ed to be all empty, but some of them are half full.

Now, this honey that my bees are to winter on is
black and thick— very thick. I think there is not
much grape-juice among it, because it is so thick;
but I know that the bees worked for two weeks,
just before frost, on plant-lice honey. The ever-
greens, cabbages, grass, and weeds, were covered
with them; the limbs and bodies of the evergreens,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

899

the stalks of the cabbiig-cs, and the stems of the
weeds and grass; and the boys told me that they
saw the oak-trees in the woods just covered with
bees. Now, all of you will say, " ^hy did you not
extract ail that foul stutl', and Ired sugar syrup?
Your bees will all die."

Well, I did not have an extractor. I suppose if I
had sent for one it would have cost me ten dollars;
then the sugar, say $40.00, so 1 would have paid out
$50.00, and then taken the risk of wintering them.
But if they all die, I can buy a pretty good start of
bees with fifty dollars. The hives are just full of
bees, many of them young.

After I had packed those that are to winter out-
doors, I took pieces of broken sections, as does
Doolittle, and wrote, "This colony scratched around
and provided its own winter food," and put one in
the top of each hive on the chaff. Then for the
united ones I wrote, " This colony is composed
of two others that could not gather enough
honey to winter on." I did this so that I may know
which is which ne.xt summer. Seems to me I'd
rather have bees that can get enough to winter on
when those just beside them, apparently as strong
in bees, have only half enough.

Now about this honey-dew. The frames are not
filled with it; all of the frames have a streak of
white-clover honey along the top, some reaching
half way down. This is as good as any thing could
be; and if it should prove to be an open fall they
may get all that honey-dew eaten before the hard
winter sets in. 1 want to say, if it won't make this
letter too long, that I like Mr. Doolittle. I have
liked him a long time. Every thing he says sounds
good and genuine.

BEE-KEEPING FOR WOMEN.

Bee-keeping is too hard work tor women. Seems
to me I've said this somewhere before. They say
that all good preachers preach the same sermons
over every seven years. Well, if good preachers do
that; a poor writer may be pardoned for writing the
same letters over now and then. I say, bee-keep-
ing is too hard work for women, and I know by my
own experience that it is so. I have done all other
kinds of work on the farm but help thrash— I never
did that, except to thrash out buckwheat with a
flail. I have set out hedge-plants day after day; I
have planted evergreens and larches; I have raised
strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries; I have
raised and sold vegetables; I have hilled up celery;
I have mowed grass, loaded on and unloaded hay; I
have bound wheat and oats and rye; I have husked
corn day after day for six weeks; I have done all
and every kind of housework at one time, some-
times with a baby in my arms, but I never had any
kind of work to make me as weak and sore and
nerveless as working with bees. 1 feel as if I
had been pounded with a base-ball bat from head
to heels; I ache all over. I have wondered some-
times if the poison from the bee-stings has any-
thing to do with it. No one need tell me that bee-
keeping is suitable work for women, preachers, and
invalids. I know that liee-keepers ought to be
giants, with nerves and every thing to match. I am
going to quit keeping bees. First, because I am
not in a good location; second, because it is too hard
work; third, because all ray family are mad when I
bring the bees into the house, as I am obliged to do
whenever I take off honey or honey-boxes. I used
to think, a long while ago, that the reason I did not
have more honey was because I did not have bees

like other people's. I sent and bought other peo-
ple's bees. Then when I did not have any 400 lbs.
from a single hive, 1 thought those other bee-keep-
ers lied; but now I believe every word they say.
I do not care where they live, nor who they are; I
believe them, for I am a bee-keeper myself.

Mahala B. Chaddock.
Vermont, 111., Nov., 1887.

My good friend, in your third paragraph
you make a pretty good point. If it is true
that it would cost ^40.00 for the sugar, I be-
lieve I should have to decide as you do. If
the stores they have already would be worth
nothing on the market, you would really l)e
$40.00out ; but your extractor would be worth
as much after you are through with it as be-
fore, or pretty nearly so. I think it is true,
sometimes at least, that it will do to let the
bees take their chances, to a certain extent ;
and if they die, buy new ones in the spring.
I am presuming, however, that bees can be
bought at a moderate price in the spring. Of
late years, a good deal of the time they can
be bought ^or almost what it would cost for
stores to winter them ; but this may not be
always true. We used to figure a dollar's
worth of sugar should keep a colony, even if
almost entirely destitute of winter stores.
Well, S40.00, then, will purchase sugar
enough for 40 colonics ; but $40.00 would
hardly purchase mere than 10 colonies, even
if yoii let the owner keep the hives. I pre-
sume, however, that you mean that you
could soon increase from 10 to 40. The hon-
ey-dew, it should be remembered, is by no
means certain to kill the bees. We have had
quite a few reports of bees wintering nicely
where the honey-dew was properly evaporat-
ed and sealed up. — In regard to the hard-
work part of bee-keeping, I believe there are
quite a number of your sex, my good friend,
who can make out quite a different story ;
and then, again, it is not so much whether
the work is heavy or hard, as it is whether
or not the heart is in it. I would very much
rather bank up celery till it makes me puff
and sweat, than to sit here dictating matter
to the stenographer ; but perhaps if I had to
bank up celery from daylight till dark, I
should be glad to have something easier a
part of the time. Is it not true, that we
make a mistake when we adopt altogether
hard work or altogether light work ?

REDEEMING FEATURES OF A POOR
SEASON.

PREPARATIONS FOR A HONEY-FLOW; WEST VIR-
GINIA IN 1887.

§AY what you will, the fact still exists, " Misery
loves company;" and this is why the bee-
keepers of this little State fall in line with
\he great army of crest-fallen ones in Blasted
flopes who got left in 1887. That this great
disaster which has l)efallen our pursuit is not with-
out its valuable lessons, is evident. 1. It will put a
<iuietus to the croaking about manufactured honey.
3. It will rid the country of both the old and the
new crop, and once again establish prices that will
justify the production of honey. 3. It will decrease
the number of bees, as well as the number of bee-
keepers, and h?nce both production and competi-

ijOO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

tion. 4. It has been claimed, that, no matter how
poor the season for honey, there are apiarists so
skilled in the business that they always get a lair
crop of honey. This claim will not now be sustain-
ed, since thousands of powerful colonies this season
have failed to gather more than enough to supply
their immediate wants. This would not be so had
there not been nectar in the bloom, accessible to
the industi-ious workers.

Now, I will admit that, by supplying a colony
with combs of honey, or by heavy feeding, thereby
keeping the combs in the brood depjirtmeut tilled,
that, if there should come any thing of ayield at all,
it inu!?t f;<) into the surplus boxes; but this line of
management is next-door neighbor to feeiling bees
to obtain surplus. If supplying the bees with su-
gar syrup, both for summer and winter consump-
tion, taking as surplus all the honey they may gath-
er, is the proper thing to do, we had better go at it
at once. Should this become the practice of all
bee-keepers, it would be a poor season indeed that
would not supply our markets with all the honey
needed; but where would be the market that would
take all that would be offered, at any thing like cost
of production, in seasons of bountiful honey crops?

While on this subject I want to say that it will pay
to feed a little in seasons like the past. It is poor
economy to permit bees to run so low in stores
while rearing the brood that thi y must gather in the
harvest. They must not reaili that point where
they will feel the pinch or the need of putting ei-
ther themselves or their larvie on half-rations, nor
of curtailing the queen in the full capacity of egg-
production; for if this state of affairs should exist
for even a short time, it is very diaastrous, and will
tell fearfully on the pocket of the apiarist.

Last spring I bought 2b colonies, mostly in box
hives. Some of them were heavy ; and when trans-
ferring them in April, many of their combs were
solid with honey, and these bees never felt the
pinch of hard times that came to bees that were
light in stores in the month of May and first half of
June. The result of this liberal supply of old honey
was, that these colonies were in the best possible
condition to take advantage of every light yield
that did come, while the bees that were forced to
use sparingly of stores seemed to require several
days of honey-gathering to put them in good heart.

I had 90 good colonies to commence the season
with. These were divided into three apiaries— one
at home, thirty, and two out-apiaries of thirty each.
All were arranged for extracted honey, the frames
in surplus department mostly being filled with
foundation.

White clover did not yield much; but red clover
did fairly well. Basswood did well for but a few
days.

From the two out-apiaries of 60 colonies I extract-
ed 1100 lbs,; and from the home apiary, which is in
the valley near the river, no surplus of white honey
was taken.

The first of August there was very little honey in
the hives, but the combs were full of brood. About
this time we were making inquiry as to the price
of sugar and the number of barrels it would take to
put the bees in shape. Soon after this, some timelj'
showers brought out a profuse bloom of smartweed,
and this was followed by a good bloom of goldenrod,
and from these sources it was gratifying to see the
brood-combs filling up to the bulging point with a
rich golden-colored fall honey.

Aster yielded ivell, and kept brood-rearing going
till the last of October. Our bees are now in the
best condition for winter.

LE.SSONS LE.\KNED.

This season has proved to me two heretofore un-
settled questions: 1. The superiority of the Italians
over the native, or blacks; 2. That bees will not fiy
so far in search of honey as some say they will.
My home apiary is near the Ohio River, where
there is quite a good deal of fall bloom, and these
bees tilled their combs so full I had to remove three
or four from each hive, putting in their place emp-
ty combs, while one apiary, three miles from this
fall bloom, gained very slowly, and had to be partly
supplied for winter from the home apiary. During
clover bloom this same out-apiary, only three miles
away, yielded a surplus of over 500 lbs. of honey,
while the bees at home stored no surplus.

From what I can learn, the honey crop of this
State is very light. The drought, which has been so
general, has left white clover in a feeble condition.
The prospect for the season of 1888 is not flatter-
ing; however, if all goes well we shall be on hand
when pollen comes again, full of hopes and expec-
tations as usual. J. A. Buchanan.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va.. Nov. 1.5, 1887.

Friend B., the point j^ou make, about
keeping colonies in spring with abundance
of stores, is a good one. I have seen just
such cases as you mention ; and although
considerable has been said at times about
there being too much lioney in the hive in
the spring, 1 can not remember that I ever had
a good strong colony that had too much
stores. It may have seemed so during March
and April ; but just before clover opens,
when the hive is full of brood from one end
to the other, these great heavy combs get
used up in some way.

THE BUNDLE OF HERBS HUNG UP
IN THE GARRET, ETC.

ONE OF THE FRIENDS TAKES ME TO TASK.

fRIEND ROOT:— You or your informant cer-
tainly made a mistake in reference to "that
bundle of herbs hung up in the garret,"
spoken of on pages 826 and 833. Such things
certainly are valuable agents in the remov-
al of various ailments of the human system, just
as much so as is cayenne pepper (capsicum), may-
apple root (podophyllum peltatum), of which po-
dophyllum is made — one of the best purgatives
and renovators of the system there is in vegeta-
ble materia medica; and the two combined are
speedy and very efHcacious in their effects.

Of catnip, I will quote the following, from Dr.
John A. Gunn's " Newest Family Physician" (as-
sisted by Johnson A. Jordon, M. D., and several
scientific writers of the highest cininenco*: "Catnip
—(Nepcta caUnia), or catmint.— It is a native of
Europe, but has become naturalized in this coun-
try. The leaves and blossoms are the jiarts used.
Medical properties and uses: Catnip is a diai)horet-
ic; that is, it promotes perspiration; and tonic, if
taken cold. It is also slightly diuretic, emmena-
gogue, and anti-spasmodic. Catnip tea is good for
the flatulent colic of children; it is also an excellent
drink in fevers, to promote perspiration, and to in-
duce sleep. A warm tea of catnip and saffron is

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

901

excellent in small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever,
and maybe used with advantage in all cases of
colds; in nervous headache of femnles, hysterics,
and irritability of the nerves. An infusion of cat-
nip is often good. Though _a c< niinon article, and
by many considered a very simple one, catnip,
nevertheless, is a very valuable remedy, and
should be used more frequently than it is. In
fevers it promotes perspiration without stimula-
ting or increasing the heat of the bodj'. It should
always be kept on hand where there are children,
as a remedy for colic, as well as in fevers and colds,
and may always be taken freely. As a poultice it
is verj' valuable, applied to painful swellings; and
as a fomentation, in combination with other bitter
herbs, it is often very beneficial, applied as warm
as can be borne, in cases of severe pain and inflam-
mation."

" Pennyroyal— (Hedromn. puieuioidcs).— This well-
known herb needs no description; it grows almost
everywhere, and is known by everybody. Medical
properties and uses: It is a pleasant, aromatic di-
aphoretic, diuretic, and emraenagogue. May be
used freely in the form of tea, as a sweating and
cooling drink in fevers; in diseases of the urinary
organs, suppressed menses, and cold generally."

Many very simple herbs contain the principal in-
gredients that compose the best of the powders
and compounds used in medicine today.

Goldsboro, Wayne Co., N. C. A. L. Swinpon.

I do not know but that I shall have to
take back what I said, at least to some ex-
tent, friend S.; but I do believe that the
superstition inseparably connected with
using remedies oftentimes does more mis-
chief than all the good that ever comes from
taking this, that, and the other, indiscrimi-
nately, without the advice of a physician.
A few days ago I had a peculiar headache
that I was pretty sure would yield to a cup
of tea. It stopped it almost immediately,
and has so many times that 1 am forced to
acknowledge there is some virtue in it that
makes it really one of God's blessings. A
friend at the Chicago convention was suffer-
ing from a severe headache. I advised him
to drink a cup of rather strong tea, and it
acted like magic, as it does on myself. My
plan, however, is to take the tea as a medi-
cine, but by no means to drink it every day.
May be catnip and pennyroyal have their
uses in the same way ; if so, I am v/illing to
let them pass ; but 1 expect to fight hum-
bugging and superstition in regard to medi-
cine, as I always have done.

CATNIP FOR CATS.

MKS. HAKKISON GIVES US PRETTY GOOD EVIDENCE
THAT CATNIP IS GOOD.

flUR cat Dot begs leave to differ with you, and
presumes aiso to utter a big cat-call to the
big medicine-man. Prof. Cook, as to the cura-
tive properties of catnip. He thinks the
professor may know a good deal about bugs
and bees, but little about "yarbs."

Dot, poor fellow, was sick, poor, and feeble, and
wriggled when he walked, and the baby said Dotty
could hardly speak above his breath. I said, " It's
too bad that we can't keep a cat any more. Now,
Pot is going to die. The kittens that I petted all

winter died in the spring. Peoria is getting to be
like Leadville, for few cats can live here."

I was out driving, and I noticed catnip growing
very luxuriantly, and gathered a bunch and took it
home. When 1 alighted from the carriage I noticed
that Dot was smelling and rubbing against me very
affectionately, and trotted along after me, as I car-
ried the bunch of catnip. I threw it down on the
grass, and thea there was a picnic. He took it in
his arms, and, lying on his back, rocked it and then
rolled over and over upon it, expressing his joy in
every way he could. He nipped off the leaves and
ate them with evident relish, and continued to eat
them until it was all gone. Dot got well and fat,
and caught all the mice around the hives and in the
chaff cushions packed awaj' in the barn. I tell
you, friends, he has been a bully cat since he ate
the catnip. In the fall I gathered catnip seed, and
scattered it under the shrubbery, and transplanted
some of the roots. In the spring, to make assur-
ance doubly sure, I took a spade and lifted careful-
ly four large bunches, and set them out carefully,
sticking down sticks to keep oft' cats and chickens.
Now, Dot, although a good hunter, is a poorgarden-
er. He pushed his head in through the sticks,
kneaded, danced, and pranced in joy on discovering
his favorite, until it was destroyed. I noticed a
plant of it growing very near the honey-house, and
I said Dot sha'n't roll uiion iliat until he kills it. So
I melted out the ends of a tin can, and pushed it
down in the ground over it. It flourished for a
while, but soon had the appearance of being nipped
oft', and finally disappeared. Another large plant,
protected by bricks against the side of a hive, grew
to be a foot high, and branched out nicely, my joy
and pride, when it disappeared during a serenade
of neighboring cats, held in the apiary. Dot is a
well-behaved cat. He attends to his business strict-
ly, and does not wander from home far enough to
find catnip growing in the hedges adjacent to the
city. If he were a gadabout, out of nights visiting
and seranading the neighbors, and calling to his
fellows, " How many buttons have you on your
coat?" he might find some.

I've often said, that hot water is the best medicine
under the sun, yet at the same time I fully agree
with the Indians of North Nipissing with regard to
the curative properties of hoarhound and honey.
At one time I had a cough for a year. I gathered a
big lot of hoarhound and filled the wash-boiler, and
let it steep. When I thought it had steeped enough
I strained it ott, and boiled it down until there was
not more than two quarts of it, and then 1 sweetened
it with honey. The doctor said,"It will not cure ypur
cough; it may do a little good as a tonic." But I
kept eating it until the cough and I had parted com-
pany—as it were, dissolved partnership.

Peoria, 111.. Nov. 7, 1887. Mrs. L. Harrison.

My good friend, you have given us pretty
good evidence to "the effect that cats are
fond of catnip, whicli is something that I
did not know before ; but it does not seem
to be so clear that the catnip was the occa-
sion of Dot's recovery ; and in the same line,
although the lioarhound and honey was a
nice medicine to take,l can not see any very
positive evidence that the cough did not
leave of itself, without any assistance from
the hoarhound. I should be sorry, however,
to have hoarhound go out of fashion. When-
ever I taste of hoarhound candy it brings

902

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

back many memories of childhood that I
fondly cling to. If hoarhoiind honey is like
hoarhound candy, I should be almost willing
to have a little cough for the sake of having
it prescribed. Very likely it is good for a
cough ; at least, I hope it is ; so you see I
am thus far on your side of the question.

Bee ENTOM0ii06Y,

Or Enemies of Bees Among the Insect Tribe.

SADDI-E-rSACK CATERPILLAR.

fHB curious-looking caterpillar from C. H.
Longstreet, Mount Dora, Fla., which he says
he finds on his grapevines, is no stranger to
me. It is found rarely all over the United
States. It is known to science as Empretia
stimulea, and has been called, very appropriately,
the saddle-back caterpillar. When full grown it is
about one inch long. It is of a reddish-brown color,
and is well covered with fine spines. If one han-
dles this larva, these spines prick the flesh and give
the same sort of sensation that is received from
handling a nettle. We have a few other larvs" of
moths that sting in the same manner. A broad
bright-green space covers, broadly, the back of the
caterpillar, while at each end the reddish-brown
color is seen. Two long br.- \ n spine-bedecked
tubercles arise from this brown space at each end,
while in front are two more pairs of similar
(though smaller) tubercles. Between both pairs of
the larger tubercles is a circular white spot, and
on the posterior end two lateral white spots. In
the very center of the back, surrounded by the
green, there is quite a large circle of rich brown
surrounded bj' a narrow belt of white. It feeds on
foliage, apple, cherry, grape, raspberry, currant,
rose, corn, etc.

This curious caterpillar, which would attract at-
tention from its oddity, forms a globular cocoon,
and finally develops into a rich brown— almost vel-
vety—moth.

THE CATERPILLAR TflAT HAS SPINES ON ITS BACK,
THAT STING LIKE NETTLES.

It only remains to be said, that if this caterpillar
is handled by tender hands it will form pustules
and guite a considerable irritation, much like a
nettle. The inclosed figure shows quite accurately
the form and markings of the moth.

A. .1. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Nov., 1887.

Now, look here, old friend. Do you re-
member the time when we were out togeth-
er, and, passing under some blackwalnut-
trees, you ran and caught up the caterpillars
in your fingers, as a sclioolboy would catch
up kittens? It made my llesh crawl to see
you do it, and I told yoii at the time that I
should be afraid that some of these things
would bite or sting. Now, if I remember
correctly, you said at the time, that bugs,
worms, spiders, catterpillars, and even the

great horrid tomato-worms, could not sting
or bite or hurt in any way, even if they
wanted to, and that therefore we need not
be afraid of them ; and now you own up to
friend Longstreet that these caterpillars
with prickers on their backs can sting — at
least, as much as a nettle can sting. Sup-
pose I had followed your advice, and picked
up one of these fellows, and had got stung.
Perhaps you meant that they do not sting
very bad— nothing like the honey-bee. If a
caterpillar should sting me as bad as a hon-
ey-bee does, I presume I should imagine
that I was killed entirely.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

KEEPING BEES IN A DORM.^NT STATE.

fRIEND ROOT:— In your notice of my letter on
page 408, you did not do me justice. I will
take part of the blame, for the letter was
poorly written. In the first part of my letter
I said it had been proven, yeai-s ago, that
bees could be kept in a dormant state all winter,
and so it has; and I also said I had kept them three
months myself. What I said about bumble-bees
was a comparison. If you will allow me a little
space I may save some of the bee fraternity from
disappointment In trying to licep bees in this way.
In the first place, the bees must be full of honey,
and properly chilled, and then they can be kept on
their own combs, if there is no brood, and that is
one of the drawbacks in keeping bees here. It is
best to keep them in a clean dry box, and cover the
box with two or three thicknesses of old carpet, or
dry dirt enough to take up any moisture that may
be in the air, and then kept in a cool dry place. I
would not advise any one to try it until cold weath-
er, unless you have a fruit-house. If you wait un-
til cold weather they can be kept from one cold
snap to another in almost any place.
Delaware, O., Nov. 7. 1887. C. E. Jones.

BEE-KEEPING AMONG THE MORMONS.

I am much pleased with Gleanings and your A
B C book, and have sent to you for some supplies
within the past two years, and shall have occasion,
no doubt, to send in the future. In connection
with my work as missionary among the Mormons,
under the American Home Missionary Society (Con-
gregational) I take care of about 20 swarms of bees,
but can not take the care of them they need. I
have foul brood among them, but I think in this
very drj' climate it is not so bad as in some Eastern
States. In moving them this winter from B. to S.,
20 miles, I shall bring only the young swarms that
are clear of it. We have had quite a good honey
year, and the quality is first class. We have a good
deal of sweet clover, considerable white clover,
great quantities of lucerne, or alfalfa, and some
cleome. If you ever make a trip„to California
I should like to have a call from you on the
way, and I will show you the beauties of
Mormonism. I have been here six years, and see
but little change for the better. We hope for some-
thing decisive before long, but may be disappointjed.
We do most sincerely hope that Utah will not be ad-

GLEANIIS'GS IN BEE CULTURE-

903

initted as a State, with the fraud of a constitution
lately Jjrovided by the Mormons.
Sandy, Utah, Oct. 11, 1887. Uavid Peebles.

HOW TO MAKE BIRD-I.IME, TO CATCH MEMBERS OF
THE FEATHERED TRIBE, ENEMIES OV BEES.

Friend Root:— 1 spoko sometime since of telling-
how to make bird-lime. There may be difficulty for
some to make it, as it is made from the bark of the
holly-tree, and that grows only in the South. First,
peel the bark from the tree, and boil it soft; then
strip the outside skin otf, and thi-ow it away. Bury
it four days, after which beat it into a pulp. Wash
clean, when it is fit for use. As to its use, smear a
twig with the lime, and fasten it so the twig will
drop. When the bird alights, the feet stick to the
twig, and the wings get stuck so the bird can not
get away, and is caught fast. The lime Will keep for
a year. You might have holly bark sent from the
South, and try it. It is well worth the trouble. If
you can not succeed, send the bark to me and I will
make it for you, or else I have forgotten the cun-
ning of my boyhood. To remove the lime from the
feathers, put Une dry dust on, when it will come off
without any trouble. David Ross.

Bsbon, Jewell Co.. Kan., Nov. 9, 1887.

THROW IN THE KEGS AND CAN.

Friend Boot;— Since returning from the National
Convention at Chicago, where we had a pleasant
and profitable meeting, I have been reading Glean-
ings for November l.'ith. I am glad you adopted
the question-department system, for it is an ex-
ceedingly valuable one. I believe I am safe in say-
ing that it is worth from five to ten times as much
to the reader as the same space filled with other
matter as it runs. In your foot-notes to my article
on page 844 you bring out a point that I overlooked;
that is, that we never charge any thing for pack-
ages in which we ship honey, no matter whether it
is comb or extracted; and we ship the extracted
honey, mentioned in that article, in good wooden-
jacketed tin cans holding 48 pounds each. I don't
believe it is good poliey to charge extra for pack-
age. This we think we do at ten cents a pound, so
it seems that there is not much difference in our
prices after all.

When I saw the illustration of the bee's legs on
page 847, by Prof. A. J. Cook, it brought to mind the
splendid lecture he delivered to us in Chicago at
the convention, and so amply Illustrated. As he
was talking to us about the laws of evolution, it
sent a thrill of pleasure through the heart of every
lover of science. May we all live to enjoy more
such meetings, spiced with such lectures as the one
given by Prof. Cook at Chicago. James Heddon.

Dowugiac, Mich., Nov. 23, 1887.

INTRODUCING BY TAKING AWAY THE COMBS.

On page 765, Mr. Doolittle has an article on fall
introduction of queens. That cage is to "Do-a-
good-deal;" but, Mr. D., try this: Just pick out
your queen, sweep your bees off the comb, kill
your other queen, and hang the cage in the corner
of the empty hive. I will tell you how, in 1881, I
came to try it. A bystander asked, "Without bed
and board, wouldn't they be accommodating?"
From that suggestion I tried it in this way: Sweep
the bees all off the combs, without any regard to
their being full of honey; shove a cup with half a
pint of syrup or honey into one corner of the hive;
hang the queen over it in a cage, throw a piece of

cloth over the hive, shut on the cap; in a day or
two set in the combs, and let me know when you
lose one, if you please. H. L. Jeffrey.

New Milford, Ct., Oct. 23, 1887.

Friend J., I have no doubt your plan will
work almost if not quite every time. The
matter was mentioned years ago in our jour-
nals ; but the objection was made, that it
was too much trouble. I remember having
a nucleus that would not take a queen at all.
They seemed to cling to their brood, and de-
termined to raise a queen themselves, so I
took all the brood away. That seemed to make
some difference, but they balled her even
then, when I decided to move all their
combs and all their stores. While they
were clustering on one side of the nucleus
hive, I gave them a queen they had been
determined to sting before, and then they
accepted her and behaved themselves. But
when 1 gave them their combs back again
they balled her again, so I left them, I be-
lieve, two or three hours, may be piore,
hanging on the side of the hive and cover
without any thing to eat at all ; and after
that they accepted the queen without any
further trouble.

A PLEA FOR KING-BIRDS AND OTHERS OF THE
FEATHERED TRIBE.

In an article in Gleanings, Aug. 1, page 531, by
S. E. Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., In which the king-bird
is rather abused, he is not positively certain that he
discovered honey-bees in the crop of the birds he
killed. Now, I have handled bees more or less for
nearly .50 years, and I never believed that king-
birds ate bees, and I do believe that, if a king-bird
should swallow a whole honey-bee the sting would
be very likely to kill the bird; and in order to prove
what I say, I will tell what 1 know about the matter.
Years ago, when I lived in the town of Allegany,
N. Y., I had a few swarms of bees; and one day I
noticed a pair of king-birds very busily catching
something right in front of the hives. My brother,
who was on a visit with me at the time, noticed
them also, and said he believed they were catching
the bees; and the evidence was so strong against
them I told him he could shoot one and see whether
they were guilty or not, and he did so. I immedi-
ately opened the bird's crop, and no vestige of a bee
was to be found, but, on the contrary, the crop was
half full of flies that were In a perfect state. I
went to the hives and discovered just such kind of
flies sitting in front of the hives among the bees,
and from that time on I have not allowed king-birds
or any other birds killed on my premises, if T could
possibly avoid it. When I was a boy 1 thought I
was doing a good thing to kill birds; but as I be-
come more civilized I found that birds were made
for the purpose of helping mankind, and there are
no animals on earth that serve him as faithfuUj',
and I for one will not be so wanton and cruel as to
harm a single one of the faithful servants.

It is too bad, after the great Giver of all good has
furnished mankind with feathered servants, that
he should be the first peison on earth that is willing
to see them destroyed. When I landed in this west-
ern wilderness of prairie, twenty years ago, the very
atmosphere was thick with mosquitoes and green-
heads, with scarcely a bird to be seen. A swallow
was a very rare thing; but now flies and mosqui-
toes appear as usual, but they disappear again as

5)04

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

if by mag-ic; and the i-eason is attributable to the
large Increase of timber gTovcs, harbors for the
feathered songsters, and the air is dotted with
swallows and other birds that live almost entirely
on insects. I saw, only a few days sii.ce, aflock of
whippoorwills, or night-hawks, so called by some, of
nearly a hundred, and they live intirely on flics
and mosquitoes, or what they take as they float in
the air. In fact, I am of the opinion, from actual
observation, that, were it not for the fowls of the
air, we should raise but very little g'rain of any
kind in this or any other country.

Now, friend Root, I want to tell j-ou of a little
incident that transpired just nineteen years ago.
I had several boys that were just old enough to
commence hand ling a gun; and as we were not much
acquainted with eagles, such as we found out here
on the prairies, we all thought they should be killed
for fear they might kill some of our chickens some
time or other. One day the boys found an eagle's
nest, and, of course, I made no objection to their
shooting the old female while sitting on the nest in
the tall prairie grass; but T have objected ever since
to shooting cag'les or any other wild birds; for just
as T heard the sound of the gun that killed the
faithful old mother-bird I saw the male eagle with a
striped gopher in his talons, hastening toward the
nest to supply his mate with food; and I shall never
foi-get the heartfelt sorrow that came over me at
that time, for he had taken the gopher out of
my coiiifieJd— probably caught him in the very act
of digging up my corn, and 1 allowed my boys to
murder liis faithful spouse. F. M. Norwood.

Whiting, la., Sept. 10, 1887.

It Itas been proven, over and over again,
tliat l<ins-birds do swallow bees. A good
many lep.irted, durinp,' the P'^^t season, of
liavin.i,' i'onnd bee.s in the birds. But for all
that, i lliink we onght not to be too hasty
in giving the (k'ath-w:irr;int. There is no
qi;es1ioii that our feathered friends do ns a
v:ist amount of good in the way you men-
tion.

now IA)SC. DOES IT TAKE TO ITALIANIZE A COLO-
NY?

I have a colony of bees I think are acting curious-
ly. I Italianized them Aug. 5th. The queen I got
was a tested one, and was received all right. Oct.
17th I found her lying dead in front of the hive.
About four fifths of the bees are nice three-banded
Italians; the rest are black. Do you think the
queen was superseded? Why are there so many
blacks in the hive, after being Italianized so long?

Heslcr, Ky., Oct. 38, 1887. J. T. Rust.

Why, friend E.., the fact that you found
some black bees still in the hive was nothing
unusual. The queen had not been in the
hive long enough at the time of the year you
state, for all the original blacks to die off.
The queen was doubtless superseded.

MELISSA; AN INTEHESTING CASE OF CROSS-FER-
TILIZATION AS EFFECTED IIY THE BEES.

In Gleanings, p. 817, Nov. 1 issue, you ask Mr.
Morgan if he had plants (referring to melissa) that
produced some white and some colored blossoms.
Allow me to explain how that was effected: All the
blossoms were while, originally, and remained so
until I procured bees. T noticed the ne,\t sea-
son thereafter, that quite a large number of plants
put forth blue flowers, and the stalks had under-

gone a change— transformed from green to purple—
another proof of the agency of bees in cross fertiliz-
ing and improving flowers.

Please correct the statement you made in last is-
sue, to the effect that I sell y^ oz. of melissa-seed
for 50 cts. I never have sold less than a full ounce
for .50 cts. A. C. Tyrrel.

Madison, Neb., Nov. 13, 1887.

I really beg pardon, friend T., if I made a
mistake. I dont know where I got the idea
that it was only half an ounce for 50 cts. It
may have been a mistake of the printers. —
In regard to the point you make, about the
agency of the bees in producing different
colors, my experience is that both vegetables
and flowers are veiy liable to sport in this
way. For instance, the Mikado tomato,
which has always been red, every little while
gives us a plant producing yellow tomatoes,
with all the other characteristics. In a lot
of red peppers, say 200 or oOO plants, I was
surprised to see one day some peppers turning
to so brilliant a yellow that they looked al-
most like coals of fire. I pointed them out to
my wife in great glee, saying that I had a new
variety ; but she threw a wet blanket over
my speculation by saying that red peppers
always do that way. She was brought up on
a farm, you see, and knew. Now, don't the
melissa-plants put in another color just for
the fun of it ?

0aR QaE^^FieN-B©?^,

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in tor this department should be briefly
stated, ;ind free from .any possible ambipruity. The <iuestion
or questions shonld be written npon n separate slip of paper,
anil marlied, " For Our Question-Box."

Question No. 19 —Can more money be made (em-
phnjinu laJxn; keepmu a hor.^e and ivagon, etc.) hy
mn)iaiii)W <iut-apiarics. tluni hy keeping a limited
niimher of colanic.i in (ov lorat ion. and doing all the
labor youvHelf. of^><umin[i tliat the apiarist is posi^esfied
of sufficient capital, cnrrfiy, and al)iiityf

Yes.

Yes. Adam Grimm did.

C. C. Miller.
Mrs. L. Harrison.

I prefer only the one apiary. G. M. Doolittle.

See answer to Nos. ;J0 and 31. I do not believe
general answers can be given. A. J. Cook.

In a good year, yes; in a poor year, no. On an
average, yes. Geo. Grimm.

I have no doubt that it would be more remunera-
tive, provided competent labor is employed.

Paul L. Viallon.

It is far better to have a horse, and keep more
bees in different locations, for there may be some
crop in one place and none in another not far off.

Dadant & PON.

I have no experience with out-apiaries; but I feel
sure that it would require better territory than the
openings of Lucas Co. to justify much employment
of labor. E. E. Hasty.

The correct answer to this questi- n depends upon
the man, the location, and more particularly the
problem of overstocking; notwithstanding a very
important one, little yet seems to be known about
it. .lAMES Heddon.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliK.

flOs

I think mote mouey may be made by managing
out-apiaries. Much depends on the man.

W [Z. Hutchinson.

That depends on the location. In most localities,
yes; for that sufficient capital, energy, and ability,
means success in money-getting, in any business.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

Yes, we think so. We have five out-apiaries; but
if every year were like this, we should be better olT
without them. We have done well other years, and
I am in hopes to again; at any rate, if there is any
profit in running one at home, the out-apiaries
could be made profitable also. E. J'uance.

I have not had much e.\perience in this line; but
1 believe that a man with the necessary qualiflca-
tions, and sufficient capital, with a wise selection of
assistants, could make a great deal of money with
out apiaries. The necessary qualifications— there's
the rub! J.A.Green.

The answer to this question requires more"ifs"
than are pleasant. Beekeeping can be made a pay-
ing business either way, if capital, energy, and
ability are sufficient, if— the season is good; but
when crops are below the average, and prices low,
there is no profit in hired help for the bee-Keeper.

Chas. F. Muth.

I think, that perhaps nine out of ten will make
more money by keeping only as many as they can
handle themselves, or, at most, have a little help in
the height I of the season; yet occasionally a man
may have favorable locations, and have the pecul-
iar business talent of managing affairs, and getting
the most service from his emplojes that he will
make very much more by running a larger busi-
ness. K. Wilkin.

Yes, I think so. All the?e questions about out-
apiaries (Nos. 10 to 24 inclusive) seem to have been
asked by some one who has an idea that it is moie
profitable to scatter bees into small outapiaries
than to keep them in one or two large ones; and as
I believe, and have always worked on the opposite
theory, I can not answer his question from practi-
cal experience. I have watched this matter with
much interest for years, and am satisfied that I ob-
tained fully as much honey per colony when I had
nearly 200 in one place as I did when I had less than
50, and fully as much as my neighbors did who had
small apiaries. The only good reason I can see for
scattering bees into small lots is to obtain different
kinds of forage, where different kinds of tlowers
are found in different situations within a radius of
a few miles. Of course, the less number of apiaries
any certain amount of bees can be kept in without
lessening the yield of honey, the better.

O. O. POPPLETON.

Question No. 20.— How many hee-yards, incltuling
the one at home, can an apiarist manage succi^sfuUu,
ivith two assistants/ As a rule, how many eolonics
shdulil be kept in each of the (iHt-apiaries in your local-
ity.'

Ten, if not too far apart. About 100 colonies.

Geo. Grim.m.

That will depend upon the distance apart, and
whether run for comb or extracted honey. Fifty
to seventy-five. Mrs. L. Harrison.

No experience; should expect them to run about
seven apiaries of .50 hives each. E. E. Hasty.

It depends upon how they are managed. I should
say ;S apiaries in all, and not less than 100 colonies in
each., W. Z. Hutchinson.

See answer to No. 21. So much depends upon the
man that it is difficult to answer, even if one has ex-
perience. A. J. Cook.

An out-apiary ought to contain as many colonies
as the home one. See answer to previous question
on that point. O. O. Foppleton.

1. That depends upon the ability of the apiarist,
his assistants, and the locality. 2. From fifty to
one hundred. Dr. A. B. Mason.

1. With occasional assistance, one man can man-
age 400 colonies in 5 apiaries, run for extracted hon-
ey. We do not want to exceed 100 colonies in any
apiary. Dadant & Son.

If the three spend their whole time at bee-work,
perhaps five, if not more than .50 to 75 colonies are
in each apiary. Not more than 100.

C. C. Miller.

It would be impossible to have an outapiary in
this locality, for there are already all the bees kept
that can be kept profitably, by A, B, C, and D, all
around me. G. M. Doolittle.

I have never kept separate hee-yards; but I have
managed 450 colonies of bees in one yard with only
one assistant, but I had to work hard from daylight
to dark, and at night I had to prepare for the next
day's work. Paul L. Viallon.

I will not try to answer this question, for the very
reason given in my answer to No. 19, further than
to say that I keep about 200 colonies, spring count,
in each of my apiaries. James Heddon.

About 300 colonies of bees in one location, wheth-
er at home or abroad, seems to be the right number
to start in the season with, provided there are no
other bees within three miles of 30U ; and two men
can manage such an apiary, except it Le for two or
three weeks in the height of the season, when an-
other hand may be needed. I speak of Southern
California. R. Wilkin.

I have never kept more than a few colonies at a
time, mostly for experimental purposes, in out-
apiaries, so I can not answer this from experience.
I think that, as a rule, I should not want over .50 to
75 colonies in each out-apiary. I should say that
five such bee-yards would be well managed with
the help mentioned. With every thing favorable,
more mignt be done. James A. Green.

We run all of our out bee-yards for extracted
honey. There is only a month that we want any
help, and not all of that time a full force. We go
as far as eight miles and work a yard of 80 colonies,
spring count, in one day, and aim to work each yard
once a week. We hire one good hand early in the
spring, as we have other work besides the bees.
First visit to bees in the spring, two of us go and
examine the bees, then we increase our force as we
want, until when we are extracting there are ten of
us. Now, one man can handle just as many yards
with two assistants, but he must have only as many
bees in a yard as they can work in one day. We
think our location will work 80 colonies, spring
count, in each yard, profitably. E. France.

9U6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Bec.

Question No. 21.— How much enpitnl will it rc-
quiff to run, say five her ynrdx, ineludinii the home
iiliiary, each contahiiitg .'ill co^kjmV.s.' Almiit what in-
i-ome Dwjht this nuinticrof hee-ynnlato l,rir(j tlieirmvn-
er, managed as economically as possihle.'

See answer to number 19. O. O. Popi'leton.

Too indefinite to answer. Geo. Grimm.

Capita], *3000 to $4000; income, *1000 to f2000.

James A. Green.
Tbere are too many its and ands about this.

W. z. Hutchinson.
Five hundred dollars. One thousand, in a fair
season. Mrs. L. Harrison.

This, like No. 22, depends much on a complete sys-
tem, locations, etc., and an answer would be only
guessw ork. G. M. Doolittle.

Ask D. A. Jones, Dr. Miller, Geo. Grimm, and
Capt. Hetherington. I could g-uess, but they doubt-
less can answer authoritatively. A. J. Cook.

This is a rather hard question to answer, as there
is so much difference in men about management, and
a great difference in location, and a difference in
the price of honey. This year proves that the sea-
sons are not all alike. E. France.

Not over $.500 outside of the bees. This will bring
$V00 to $800, perhaps $1000, labor not deducted. This
$800 is an average of 15 seasons with us. Some ai-e
better, some poorer. Dadant & Son.

This question is like the two foregoing; no one
can truthfully answer it definitely. I presume 1
put more capital into an apiary than most other
bee-keepers do. I want things right, and just as I
want tliem, and usually go to the expense of having
them so. I will not try to tell what number of dol-
lars an apiary would bring in, in any locality or in
any year. James Hkddon.

I'm not sure I undei-stand the question. He
would want, of course, the colonies, and all the fix-
tures: and besides these, perhaps not less than
$600 to pay for help, horse, and wagon, sections,
foundation, etc. If he got an annual crop of 10,000
pounds, and a net price of 12 cents per lb., his in-
come would be $1200. C. C. Miller.

If you are so foolish as to " fiounce into it '* all at
once, buying every thing, it will cost you $2000 or
$3000. The more prudent way is to work into the
business, making most of your capital. On such a
territory as mine, yonr balance-sheet would look
about like this:

Interest on capital $120

Board and wages, 2 men 6 months 384

Apiary supplies 250

$754

10.030 pounds of honey $500

Wax 50

$5.50

Out of pocket $204

E. E. Hasty.

This depends on the price you would have to pay
for the bees, rent of land, and labor. Considering
the value of bees, land, and labor in this State,
I would not undertake It with less than .$2,500; and
at the present prices of honey here, 1 don't think
that I could expect more than 30^ net. If you al-
ready have the bees, and have gradually establish-

ed these bee-yards with your increase from home
apiary, you will not require as much ready cash,
but the value will be the same, and your income
calculated therefrom. Paul L. Viallon.

Dear friends, I have read these questions,
Nos. 19, 20, and 21 , with very much interest ;
and I am very glad to see so many of our
veterans so cautious in giving their replies.
Jt is true. I believe, that, " what man has
done, man can do,"' as we used to put in our
old copy-books ; but, alas ! it is also true,
that, what man has done, a great many will
not do. These questions run into the matter
of employing labor and capital ; it runs into
sometiiing where I have had, as you know,
large experience. Eriend Hasty hits at the
truth where he says, " If you are so foolish
as to flounce into it all at once," etc. ; for
while it is true, that a good many have
within themselves the ability to manage
men and property, they can not do it unless
they are educated to it" little by little. Yon
don't want capital to start with. I some-
times think we don't need capital to start
any sort of business. Over and over again
have I assured young people that God
would send the capital as fast as they made
themselves capable of using it, but they
won't believe me. When friend Dadant
paid us a visit some years ago he was very
much pleased with our different lines of
business, and he made a remark something
like this : " Mr. Root, you could never have
handled all this without experience. You
began on a small scale, and worked your
way along carefully. We have followed you,
and know something how you have been
growing, little by little, day by day. But I
tell you, there is something grand in being
able to handle such a business as this." I
put in the last sentence by way of encour-
agement. There is a reward for him who
becomes proficient and expert in any line of
the general business of the world. Now,
then ; if you want to be a bee-keeper, get
one colony ; when you can manage that
successfully, you will not need to get an-
other, for you will have it already, and so
on. When you can manage fifty or one hun-
dred colonies well, and feel like trying more,
start another apiary, not very far away. If
this is too much load to carry, don't start
any more. Don't cripple your strength be-
fore you have grown enough to bear the
burden easily. Add a third when you are
equal to the task. You may buy implements
and hives, if you chose, but I don't believe
it is often best to buy bees, unless you run
down by losses in wintering, or something of
that sort. Don't be in haste to do great
things. Capt. Iletherington, if we are right-
ly informed, has twenty apiaries, compris-
ing about 2700 colonies, and he is making
them pay too, I believe. But the care and
respotisibilities are so great that he hardly
has time to stop and have a good visit, even
with such a man as Mr. Cowan, who came
across the great ocean to see us. After you
have got all these things, you may question
whether they are worth the price you have
paid. We should always remember, that
the things of this world are by no means the
most important things.

1887"

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

907

py^EIiF MB PY ]\[EIGpB0I^g

OUK NEIGHBORS IN THE LARGE CITIES ;

THE N. A. H. :\. ASSOCIATION IN

CHICAGO.

I N the moriiiiig of Nov. IB I made my*
I*>1 way to the Conimeicial Hotel. In re-
sponse to the question, if that was the
phiee where the bee-keepers met, the
clerk nodded, and a bee-man behind
my back made himself known ; and pretty
soon I began to feel a little at home in talk-
ing with our correspondent J. A. Green, of
Dayton, 111. F'riend (J. signified his desire
to go along with me wiien I went out on my
raids to find greenhouses, etc.; and before
long I felt glad he had d(me so. Pretty soon
Dr. Miller, president of the association,
made his appearance, and then there were
lots of bee-friends to shake hands with.
While this was going on. Dr. Miller
brought forward an ordinary-looking indi-
vidual, with the woi'ds, " Here is just your
man, A. I. Root ; he will tell all about it.''
And then Dr. Miller was hurried otT to look
after something else in regard to the inter-
ests of the convention, which was to open
soon. The individual just referred to com-
menced asking questions ; and I answered
as well as I could between times, while I
was shaking hands and making neighborly
replies to the many neighbors who were in-
quiring for A. I. Root. They knew me,
even if I did not know them. Well, after I
got through answering questions for the
stranger I forgot all about it ; and. in fact,
so many were talking to me, and shaking
hands, it would be strange if some of my
answers were not a little disconnected and
a little out of the way. Imagine my sur-
prise on finding the following in the Chicago
Bailif Mail next morning, even before day-
light :

BEES AND BOGUS HONEY.

THE FORMER DISCUSSED BY THEIR BREED-
ERS IN CONVENTION AT THE COM-
MERCIAL.

MANUFACTUKING IMITATION COMBS A FAILURE,
AS IS CHEATING THE INSECTS WITH GLU-
COSE OR SYRUP.

Tlie bee-keepers of North America, who are meet-
ing: in the ladies' ordinary of the Commercial Hotel,
are mighty clever people. They all seom to be wide-
awake, and they make one think it's Sunday — not
Sunday in Chicafro, but Sunday in the old white
meetin'-house. "jist acrost the crick over yander,
fornenst Hankses schoolhouse." They've all got
their store-clothes on, and have a Sunday, clean-
shaved upper lip, and their collars and shirts are
snowy white — ^lossless and spotless like the newly
fallen snow; not the yellowish, shiny thing-s town
laundries send home Saturday night.

Then they all seem to have that handiness with
tools that was once thecharacteristic of .Vmericans,
but which is fast disappearing with the march of
progress. They've all got that knack of making-
things, and they look at the new wrinkles in bee-
hives with a keen appreciation of every bit of in-
genious contrivance, and say, with a kindly sort of
envy,"GoshI why didn't 7 thinkof thati i)od burn
it all, ain't that cute'r"'

Then there were combs of delicious-looking
honey, and one's mouth watered as he thought of
how a piece of hot light bi-ead, spread with sweet
butter and then some ot that comb honey.

crushed down on it and spread over in iinc\'en
hillocks ot lusciousness, would taste!

Then there were golden cups of pure extracted
honey, some from the tiny iiectartubes of the
heads of white clover that scent the wide country-
side in the sweet .lune weather, and some of a
deeper yellow clarity from the l^ass wood bloom,
where the bees hang back and tight for the
sweets.

There was one man there with a visored fur
cap on, pushed back on his head, with strong
wrinkles around his eyes because he has laughed
so much all his life, and an even white set of
teeth.

These old bee-keepers would walk up to him
and ask: "Are you A. I. Root'/ "

'• Yep."

" Well, howdy?" and the bee-keeper would jerk
him by the hand with such fervor that one
feai'ed in the e.vuberance of his cordiality he
would pull Mr. Hoot's arm f)ut of the socket. But
they never did.

Mr. Root is the proprietor of the largest manu-
factory of bee-keepers' supplies in the world.

To him a reporter for The Miiii said :

"Do you have much trouble in competing with
adulterated or artificial honey'/"

" Artillcial honey I My boy, did you ever eat
anj' artificial strawberries or manufactured eggs ?
They used to say that they had got eggs manu-
factured so that they would hatch out, but that
the chicks had no feathers. And the newspapers
had all sorts of pretty yarns about comb honey
being manufactured. I have offered a prize of
$liHl;l for a piece of comb honey artificially man-
ufactured; but, although the offer has been stand-
ing several yeai-s. the flUOO is still there and our
Hag still floats. The strongest proof of this state-
ment of mine is attorded by the present honey
market. The drought ot last summer has very
much diminished the honey crop. Here was
the opportunity of the honey-manufacturer. VVhy
didn't he improve it ? Simply because comb
honey can't bo made by man, but only by bees.
About every attempt to adulterate extracted honey
with glucose and sugar has been a financial failure
too. and lam glad of it. A fraud ought to fail."

" Well, suppose the flowers don't bloom in the
spring, and the bee-keeper puts out pans of sugar
and syrups'/ "

'• If he does, there will be sugar in the comb, not
honey. Bees near a sorghum-factory will hav^e sor-
ghum molasses intheir comb, and the peculiar twang-
is distinctly perceptible. Why, I knew where a
man put out syrup for his bees, and in the making
it was scorched a little. The honey tasted like
scorched sugar, and that was all it was.

" The market is all cleaned up of old inferior
stock, and those who by careful attention have a
good crop have come out first rate."

"The heaviest crop of honey I ever had," said Dr.
-C. C. Miller, who is the president of the association,
" was 1(5,549 pounds, and as nearly as I can estimate
it took about seven million bees to make it for me."

This ho said .iust a little while before he took the
chair and called the meeting to order. He is a
sturdy, strong, bisr-boned man, with a sijuare, rug-
ged lace, and a strong beard that spreads out like
that of Moses in the big illustrated family Bible.
His upper lip is shaven smooth; and if he were
not known to be a bee-keeper he might be taken for
a presiding elder, or at least a local e.xhorter. The
good man bsgan the convention by offering up a
short prayer to the Almightj-.

Then he settled back in his chair, and said: " The
secretary will now read the meetings of the last
minute."

Then there was silence in the room for the space
of a minute, when a bright-eyed old gentleman
from Joe Daviess County saw the ioke and smiled.
Dr. Miller saw it too, and said: " Well, as mv little
boy says, ' I made up a blunder,' didn't I '/ Now, in
order to choke of the secretary, as you've all read
the reports of last year's proceedings, it will be in
o-der to move the suspension of their reading."

This was done, amid the blank looks of the secre-
tary.

Now, friends, inasmuch as the American
Bee Journal contains a full report of pretty
much all the jiroceedings of the convention,
I do not propose to give them here. I hope
the greater part of our readers are taking

908

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Disc.

both the A. B. J. and Gleanings ; and as
it will not be very profitable for them to
find the same matter occupying the same
pages of each, I prefer to give you such
random notes of the proceedings of the con-
vention as may seem to me most valuable,
taking into consideration the fact that you
can get a copy of all the papers read, from
the A. B. J. If you do not choose to take
the latter, write for a single copy, costing
but five cents. The copies for Nov. 28 and
30 will contain, I believe, the whole pro-
ceedings.

By the way, friend Newman has been for
some time on the sick-list ; and when he
came into the convention it was evident to
almost any one tliat his doctor was right in
telling him he had better not go at all.
After he had been among such a jolly set
of men as we were, however, for a few
hours, he seemed to be gradually looking
up a little ; and on the last day of the con-
vention he was decidedly better. Who
shall say it was not the effect of the in-
spiration that is always found, to a greater
or less extent, in our national conventions?

Our friend C. C. Miller is a very good
man to preside at the desk ; and it pleased
me exceedingly to hear him talk to us as if
we were a lot of schoolchildren and he the
schoolmaster.

'•(ientlemen,'" said he, " you must not
talk while somebody on the floor is talk-
ing.'' And although 1 wondered at the
time whether he would carry it out as he
had started, I found him fully up to the
occasion. When we got excited in discuss-
ing very important questions, there was
quite a temptation for somebody to whisper
to his neighbor ; and sometimes they got so
much absorbed in their whispering that
they did not hear the president's general
request. At such times he called them by
name, and made them behave. It did not
make any difference if it was Prof, ('ook or
the editor of a bee-journal ; if he forgot
himself, or if he did not remember himself,
friend Miller called him to order by name.
Some of us were a little inclined to feel
hurt, I fear, once or twice ; but we finally
concluded, from Dr. Miller's kindly counte-
nance, that he was an old hand at the busi-
ness. He opened the meeting with prayer,
as was told you, and I guess the spirit of
those morning prayers went with us clear
through every day's deliberations.

Sometimes even the best of us fall into a
notion that the way to do duty is to stay at
home and mind our own business ; and
this feeling, no doubt, has kept a good
many from attending conventions. Some
have" suggested tliat our books and bee-
journals contain the summing-up of every
thing that is important ; but I tell you, it is
a mistake. Let me illustrate :

Some time during the convention the
matter came up that has been recently
started by J. A. Green (see page 764).
Well, after a good many discussions in ref-
erence to the matter, the president finally
asked all those who were satisfied that full-
sized starters of foundation in sections
would really produce more and better hon-
ey than even good-sized starters of clean

white natural comb, to rise up. Now, from the
discussions we had had, I thought the opin-
ions would be about equally divided ; but aris-
ing vote greatly astonished, I think, the most
of us. Almost every one present had been
slowly coming to the conclusion that it does
not pay to save our unfinished sections for
filling casts another year. Our teaching
has been so much*to the contrary — in fact,
almost any one would say that even com-
mon sense was to tlie contrary — that at first
there seemed'no explanation for it. It was
really amusing and funny to see fact after
fact come forward. You may say these
facts might have been given in the bee-
journals. True ; but we could not make
the giver of the facts stand up and answer
questions ; neither could you call for a rising
vote through the journals— that is, without
waiting for a couple of weeks or more.
After asking several more questions of dif-
ferent ones present, I became satisfied that
I had got hold of some loose threads leading
to an important fact ; and as this matter is
one of great moment to us I will try to
give the conclusions here as I did during
the convention.

AVHY BEKS CAN STORE HONEY FASTER
WHEN FURNISHED WITH FOUNDA-
TION, THAN WHEN FURNISH-
ED WITH EMPTY COMBS.

Most honey, as it comes from the flowers,
is not honey really, but what may be called
nectar, or sweetened water. If you raise a
frame of comb during a flow of honey, the
newly gathered nectar will often run outi it-
self, when the comb is turned up sidewise.
I have learned this to my sorrow, by tipping
up such combs when I had on my Sunday
clothes. I do not \yant you to think that I
open the hives on Sunday, dear friends, but
sometimes I have on my Sunday clothes on
week-days. At such times, if I open bee-
hives I am sure to get daubed if honey is
coming in briskly. Well, the only way the
bees can manage to make this nectar into
thick honey is by evaporating it to the prop-
er consistency. J This evaporation is pro-
duced by sending a stream of air through
the hive. The air passing over these cells
of nectar carries off the moisture. When
we first commenced drying lumber by
means of a steam dry-kiln, we were foolish
enough to think that hot steam-pipes w^ould
dry lumber, even if there were no draft of
air through the dry-kiln. We were badly
mistaken, however. To dry lumber, you
must pass hot dry air on both sides of the
boards ; and when this hot air has become
charged with moisture, it must be sent out
of the'[ dry-house, and some more brought
in. So you want a regular blast to dry
your boards. This blast must also go be-
tween every two boards. Well, now, the
blast of the bee-hive, to evaporate the nec-
tar, must pass close to the surface of the
nectar. Where bees have full sheets of
foundation to start on, they raise the cells a
very little. Then they put in a drop of hon-
ey, or. rather, nectar. This nectar is put in
until it is full, up with the cell-walls, or per-
haps a little more. Who has not admired a
new comb of foundation the first time it

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE-

90^

contained honey? If held up so that the
sun stiikes it ai the proper angle, each cell
is a sparkling little mirror, something like
tlie dew-droi)H on a blade of grass ; but
these mirrors are so nearly level with the
top of the cell that tlie whole surface looks
like a sheet of nectar, each separated by
the beautiful lacework formed by the cell-
walls. In this condition they can evapo-
rate out the moisture, or ripen honey very
rapidly. Now, wheu the honey gets thick
in these shallow cells, the cell-walls are
raised a little more, and some more nectar
put in ; and in this way the honey and the
cell-walls rise together ; and this lioney will
be ready to cap far in advance of the honey
that was stored in a deep cell, made the
season before. Friend Muih, of Cincinnati,
told us some time ago that bees would ripen
honey and seal up the sections a good deal
(piicker with narrow sections than they
would with sections two inches thick ; that
is, it is more profitable to produce honey in
thin sections than in thick ones. He gave,
as a reason, that it takes a good deal longer
to evaporate the honey to the proper con-
sistency in the deep "tells. This also ex-
plains another fact that was brought out by
quite a number of the bee-friends— that sec-
tions, produced by filling combs built the
previous season, were more apt to sweat.
The honey would be watery, and moisture
would be seen on the surface of the comb,
spoiling its beauty. Please notice, if you
give the bees a section full of empty comb,
the comb being perhaps two inches thick,
they are obliged to put their thin watery
nectar clear down to the bottom of these
deep cells. Now, how are they going to
evaporate this nectar in such a predicament
as that y

President Miller, however, and several
others, still insisted that the bees would go
right up and commence on a section con-
taining clean white natural comb, quicker
than they would on a super containing only
sections filled with foundation. Several
questions soon decided that this was a fact ;
that is, different witnesses testified in re-
gard to the matter ; and then it transpired,
that, although the bees commence on these
unfinished sections first, they are not fin-
ished, as a rule, as soon as are some contain-
ing only foundation, even though the bees
commence work on the latter last. The con-
clusion seems to be this : Fill your supers
with sections containing full sheets of thin
foundation, but at the same time put one or
two sections in the middle, containing good-
sized starters of natural comb, or sections
that had been partly filled the season before.
Further than this, many large honey-raisers
testified to the fact that we had better burn
up our stock of sections than to use those
containing deep coml), carried over from
previous seasons. Friend Heddon said he
had for some time l)een cutting out the
comb, melting it up for wax, and using the
sections for kindlings. It is true, not all
present agreed to this, but the great majori-
ty did ; and among these, those who raised
honey largely. One friend said, so well had
he become satisfied of this fact, that he had
been cutting the cell-walls off so as to leave

only the base and a little ipore ; and he
found that sections thus treated were filled
out and capped over exactly as well as those
containing thin foundation, or may be a lit-
tle better, because the bees found' the base
of the cells already finished. Friend Hed-
don admitted this, but reminded us that the
labor of doing it is more than the section is
worth, compared with the rapid means now
at our command for filling sections with
foundation.

In the same way, different subjects were
discussed, and valuable truths brought out.
But I shall not have room in this paper to
give them all. They will be brought out as
the subjects come up, in our future pages.
It was in some respects a little hard for me to
sit still so many hours ; and I should doubt-
less have found it much more trying had it
not been for the thorough shaking-up we all
got every now and then by the good big
laughs we had at some of the comicalities
of the occasion. Books and journals can
never take the place of the face-to-face
meetings and acquaintanceship. But after
having read a man's writings for years, we
can enjoy ever so much more making a per-
sonal acquaintance. The friendships formed
during these few days will doubtless last
through life. Now, although I enjoyed the
sessions, I was always glad when the ad-
journment came, because an adjournment
gave me an opportunity — or, at least, I
thought it would, for ransacking the sub-
urbs of Chicago for greenhouses, cold-
frames, and the like. In one way I was
disappointed, and in another I was not.
Friend Green was to pilot me, you know ;
but he said the greenhouses were so far out
we could not much more than get to them
before the convention would be assembled.
I suggested street-cars. He replied, that
we could get along faster by taking the
cable cars.

" What do you mean by cable cars, friend
Green V "

" Why, friend Root, haven't you seen our
Chicago cable cars yet ? "

1 was obliged to admit that I hadn't ; but
in a few minutes more I was all eyes and
ears, when a train of three cars came plung-
ing around a corner at such a rate that I
felt almost as liid the Irishman when he
first saw a locomotive. He and his com-
panion concluded that it must be " a stame-
boat spatherin" around to git to the wather."
Now, the wonderful thing to me about
these cable cars was, that there was not any
locomotive, nor horse either. They just tore
ahead, up street and down, through crowds
and amidst vehicles, and crashed along, as
it seemed to me, regardless of life or limb.
But, strangely, by some twist or turn, every-
body and every vehicle just succeeded in
clearing their skirts and hind wheels. Friend
Green told me I had better sit inside, in one
of the rear cars, as the wind was quite cold.
I replied, " No, sir, "ee. You don"t get me
inside when there is so much that is wonder-
ful and funny to be seen. I want to sit
down by this man who pulls the levers, and
look into this thing a little."'

The cable cars are pulled, as their name
implies, by a large wire cable that runs at a

910

GLEANLNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

tremendous speed underneatli the roadway,
just between the two tracks. A narrow
slit in the pavement permits what is called
a "gripper,'' that goes down in the center of
the forward car, to grab hold of the wire
cable. By moving a lever the tlriver makes
this gripper gi'asp tightly or lo.)sely the mov-
ing cable, and this pulls the car. In the
crowded parts of the street he grips the cable
a little, then loosens the grip, ;ind puts on
the brake, and then grips a little again, and
soon. When he comes to a comparatively
clear space, his lever is pushed home until
the gripper grasps with a firm hold on the
cable, and then, I tell you, but don't we just
plunge ahead ? It reminds one of digging
his spurs in the sides of a high-mettled
horse. The three coaches just leap, as it
were ; and when one is in a hurry (trying to
make a greenhouse four or five "miles away
in a short time, for instance), isn't it satis-
fying to his feelings to be rushed ahead ?
Yes. and without a horse or locomotive to
bother with ! AVhy. you don't have to wait
to get up motion, for the car comes up at
full speed, almost, in an instant. Of course,
they stop and start to let people oft and on.
as with ordinary street-cars ; but the saving
in time, as well as saving in speed, is im-
mense. If the men who got up these cable
cars had known inc, they might have hiown
the cable cars would captivate me entirely.
We rode al)OUt four miles in a brisk, cold
wind ; but the wind just made me feel hap-
py, especially when I could see that ma-
chine work. At intervals we found men re-
pairing the track and machinery, and caught
glimpses under ground of the mechanism.
Attheend of four miles we were obliged to
take a horse-car ; but when the driver said
thei-e were no greenhouses short of three
miles further, we decided we could not
make it, and so we stepped on to the cable
cars going in the other direction, and sped
back to the convention. I had so entirely
enjoyed my ride, however, that I M'as not
sorry ; and perhaps just here it may be w^ell
to tell you a little of Chicago. It seemed to
me at the time 1 was there, that, in certain
portions, there was more crowd and business
than even in the city of New York. The
streets are broader, and there is more room,
and I should say better facilities in many
respects for doing business. Tlie stores are
immense ; and toward night, when it is time
to set the electric lights going, it looks like
a fairv scene. Notwithstanding the cold
weatli'er, the sidewalk on State Street was
heaped with goods of various kinds ; fruits,
candies, toys, dry goods, jewelry, clothing,
and every thing that man can think of or
need was displayed in endless profusion.
Brilliant placards, glittering with black ink
on the whitest of paper, offered wonderful
bargains at every step, and great multitudes
surged to and fro, taking advantage of these
bargains. The streets were even lighter
than in the daytime, and one feels like rub-
bing his eyes, to be sure it is all real. I had
fully :is much trouble at the street-crossings
as I did in New York. I should have men-
tioned, that the cable cars follow each other
quite closely. One row goes down street,
and the other up street. There is not any

clamping of horse - hoofs to warn you of
their coming ; no, not even any puffing of
steam. The ears seemed so dangerous, that,
even before they were on me, I jumped back
inalfright; but when I jumped back I got
right before one coming another way, until
the driver sounded his alarm-gong in a way
that might have muddled the wits of almost
anybody. By the time T got out of the way
of both cable cars, I was right in front of a
cab ; and then, thinking the danger was
over wlien I got out of the way of the cab, I
jumped again for a place of safety, only to
find myself almost right under the feet of a
big dray-horse. Just as I began thinking
there was no such thing as getting across at
all, a great biuly policeman looms up.
Whenever I see these Chicago policemen I
think of that passage in Genesis where it
says, "• There were giants in the earth in
those days." I know the Bible critics used
to pick at this passage, but I now concluded
there was not any thing strange about it at
all, for we have" the same kind of chaps
nowadays, and I think they must all have
gone to Chicago to act as policemen. Well,
this great giant was not a bad man at all ;
in fact, he looked so kind and pleasant that
I was rather glad he happened to be just
there. He raised his baton, and good-na-
turedly signaled to the drayman to hold on
a bit. He did not say so, but I suppose he
meant something like this: "Look here,
friend ; here is a country editor all the way
from Ohio, who is not used to our ways.
Just hold on a bit until he gets out of the
way." If one stops here it stops a good
many others, and so he was obliged to speak
to the driver of another vehicle—" Hold a
little, my friend ! There, now move on !
Now hold again— there ! Now we are all
right!"

Now, even though he was a big man, and
had authority under his great big coat, he
was as gentle as a father speaking to his
children. If Iluber had been driving a
horse through a ditficult passage I should
not have spoken gentler to him than did
this keeper of the peace in the great city
speak to the busy throng. What wonderful
beauty there is in seeing gentleness com-
bined with power and authority!* "Lord,
help!" wells up while I think of my own poor
self in this respect.

These cable cars carry a man ten miles for
a nickel. One of the great needs of civiliza-
tion is to get around faster than one can do
it on his feet. If I am correct, the cable cars
furnish the cheapest mode of transportation
yet known— half a cent a mile. But, more
of this anon.

The daily papers of Chicago are a wonder-
ful institution. Not only do they tell of all
important movements going on throughout
this great busy city, but they have a fashion
of picturing people who come and talk at
conventions. I have told you what appear-
ed in the Hail, the first morning after the
convention opened. The next morning
the Daily Netos came out with a witty notice
of the proceedings of the convention, con-

*ThinkPst tlioii that T can not now pray to ray
Father, and he shall presently ^ive me more than
twelve legions of ansels?— Matt. 26: .'iS.

1887

GLEANINGS FN BEE CULTURE.

911

tainingfive pictures of some of the prominent
speakers. The reporter, who was, by the
way, also an artist, sat at his table, and,
without anybody's knowing it, sketched
these individuals while they spoke or read.
The sketch was brief, and yet had so much
truth in it that it was a pleasant surprise.
Of course, these sketches are not supposed
to be any thing like a faithful representa-
tion of our friends. 'J^hey are sketched
hastily, and the phites to print tliem in our
great daily papers probably have to be made
with still more haste. As a sample of what
this work is like, we give you a couple of
them which we have reproduced. The first
one. you will know
uitliout my telling,
probably, is" Dr. C. C.
xMiller, llie president.
^'ery likely he was
standing up" and talk-
ing to us about ivhis-
pt'ring during the ses-
sion, when the artist
took him.

The other one 1
have selected among
the five was of our
friend Mr. M. M. Bal-
dridge, formerly a
valued contributor to
the pages of the^l»/er-
DR. MILLER, THE pREs. /can Bcc Joumal and
somewhat for Gleanings.

Friend B. is one of the veterans in bee cul-
ture. When I first
commenced reading
on bees he was one of
the live men, and was
thoroughly posted up
to the "times. His
great specialty has
been retailing gilt-
edge honey, both
comb and extracted.
In a private note
just at hand he pre-
sents the following
thoughts, which are
in line with the pa-
per he read while the
artist sketched him. .^ ^^ baldridge.

Friend Root:— You have no idea, perhaps, bow
pleased I was to learn, at the Chicago Convention,
that you had made the discovery that very low
prices for honej' do not materially Increnae the de-
mand, and that reasonably hinh prices do not ma-
terially lessen the demand. That discovery was
revealed to me by experience manj' years ago, and
it has been of verj- great value to me. 1 have
therefore never sold choice extracted honey to
consumers for less than '^0 cents per pound, except
in a few rare cases, and but very little at so low a
price as -'0 cents. My general prices have ranged
all the way from 20 to '-Vi cents per pound— having,
some 15 years ago, sold liundreds of pounds at the
latter price. My price two years ago was ~'tj cents
per pound; but owing to the alleged big honey
crop of a year ago I put down the price to 'il cents
per pound. My present price is 24 cents net per
pound, to consumers, for choice extracted honey,
and I do not find it any trouble to get it. There is,
of course, more or less snarling about the price;

but this must be expected, no matter whether the
price be high or low. Some people are born with a
fault-finding disposition, and it often hangs to
them as long as the.N- live. 1 make it an iron-clad rule
never to sell extracted hone.>' to consumers, at a
less price per pound than for the same quality in
the comb. In fact, my practice is to get a higher
price for it. It is my experience, that the price
asked for extracted honoj' indicates, in the minds
of consumers, both its purity and qualitj-. A low
price for extracted honey, or a less price than is
asked for comb honey, i.s very apt to create dis-
trust on both points. As I am dealing exclusively
in extracted honey, and with consumers, and have
been for a series of years, it seems to me that my
practice and experience are worth a careful con-
sideration. M^hat have you and others to say in
reply to the foregoing? M. M. liAi,DRiooE.

St. Charles, 111., Nov., 1887.

And now, friends, while I have ever so
much else to tell, I think I shall have to put
it off till another time, and finish by saying,
To be continued.

6aR 0WN JiFiMY.

CONDUCTED BY EENEST R. ROOT.

HOW WE KEEP THE KECORD OF OUK COL-
ONIES.

HiLE we (my wife and I) were mov-
ing into our new house just complet-
ed, Mrs. Hoot, Jr., somewhat per-
plexed 51S to where she should put
this or that thing, said in the pres-
ence of her mother-in-law, Mrs. Root, Sr.,
'• Oh dear ! it seems to me as if I nerer
should get things in their proper places. I
wish I knew where every thing ouglit to
go." The elder Mrs. Root, having been
through the same experience, said :

" I would not trouble myself. Lizzie,
about the place of each article just now.
Put them away where it will be handiest to
you, and. after a while, things will adjust
themselves to their proper places."'

Two months have now elapsed— long
enough to test the truth of the statement.
Since then I have thouglit how true it is.
that not only will things work themselves
into their proper places (those most used
nearest at hand), but certain lines of work call
for and in time develop a system whereby the
labor and mental force is reduced to a mini-
mum. Take, for example, type-setting, and
the arrangement of the boxes. The system,
as unique as it is. was not planned before it
was put into execution. Practical work
and time evolved it into its present per-
fect form. So I think of any practical meth-
od for recording the condition of the hive.
Our system of slate tablets, which I am
now about to explain, was not the invention
of any one of our apiaiists. but is the re-
sult of their combined additions and sub-
tractions, until time made it meet all re-
quii-ements. Theory first made an outline
of it : practici' and "actual work remodeled,
and made it substantially as it is.

The same system, or es.sentially the same,
mav be in use elsewhere, where queen-rear-

912

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

(ML (T/h9

ing is carried on, and it may be that you
have a great deal better way, or it may be
that you used slate tablets long before
we did, and have abandoned them for some-
thing better.

For writing the record on the slates, we
use a kind of short long-hand, whereby we
stenographically, so to speak, take down on
the little slates. By so doing we not only
save space but imie. It is all-important,
that, when the hive has been examined, not
a minute be wasted unnecessarily. While
at school I acquired llie art of taking down
lecture-notes in short-hand characters ; and
when at home in the apiary I recorded on
the slates the condition of the colony, in
crooked marks. When I visited Mr. W. Z.
Hutchinson a few years ago, if I remember
rightly he informed me that be used short-
hand to make his hive-records. But as my
stenographic marks were intelligible to no
one but myself, I had to abandon them, as
none of my co-workers could tell what I had
done with the hive. The tablet and the
record, when completed for one qneen, is
something like this ;

For the benefit of
some of our new
readers, I will re-
mark that the actual
size of the slate is 21

X If inches — about ^^^^^^^^^^^^_-
large enough to con- ^B^^9^^BSI!^S9i
tain on one side the whole record of the
queen. You observe that a hole is punched
near one end, so that the tablet may be
hung on one side of the hive. Those who
have had our price list will rememer having
seen it illustrated.

I shall now explain more at length just
how we use it in queen-rearing. I will tirst
ask you to read the tablet as given above, as
far as you can. You say it is not very in-
telligible. You notice the words, " Cell,
«— l!i." This means, that on June 19th a
cell from one of our best imported queens
was slipped down between the frames, the
latter being drawn together gently, so as to
hold the cell suspended. In the next line
you see, " Ht.— 22." This, amplified, means
that, on the 22d of June, when the hive was
examined it was discovered that the queen
was hatched, and that she was all right.
You next find, "Laying, 7 — 2." On that
date she probably commenced to lay eggs.
She may have been laying before that. If
so, we may find larvae just hatched. We
then date the slate three days before the
examination was made. If the larvff are old-
er, the slate is dated accordingly. The
reason of this is, that we may know just
exactly when to expect young-hatching
bees ; to wit, 21 days after. Three weeks,
however, is not sufficient time to test the
queen. Accordingly, we allow from a
month to six weeks to learn of the purity
of the progeny.

Lower down on the slate you notice,
*' Tested, 8— 15.'' At this time the queen is
pronounced pure. Over the whole you
notice a large figure fl. This indicates, that
on the yth day of September the queen was
sold. When the queen is taken out, the
hive closed, and the large figure 9 inscribed

on the slate, the latter is laid on the hive.
The slate on top is conspicuous, and indi-
cates that the hive is queenless, and that it
must not remain in that condition over a
day, or three days at the utmost. For in-
stance, we will suppose that we have filled
twelve orders from the apiary, each taking
a queen. A bird's-eye view reveals the
slates, shows just where all those colonies
now queenless are, and what kind of a
queen they had originally.

But, to return. You may perhaps in-
quire why we omit the woid " sold." It is
understood from the size of the date. Why
the date enlarged V Because it is impor-
tant. If the colony should fail to raise a
queen from the cell given, it is essential to
know just how long said colony has been
queenless. Another thing : The large fig-
ure can be seen quite a little distance when
on top. Circumstances may be such that
there are a limited number of cells on hand
— not enough to supply all the colonies from
which queens have been taken for two or
three days. What cells we do have should
be given to the colonies that have been
queenless the longest, and the lai'ge date
stands out so conspicuous that it is not nec-
essary to strain or squint the eyes, as the
slates on the cover are examined one by
one.

Let us next examine the scribbling on an-
other tablet. In passing through the apiary
with a basket containing my cells which I
am to insert into those colonies which have
slates on the hives, I commence to insert
them as I have just described. Having closed
the hive, I mark the slate " Cell 18," thus :
When the figure is
given alone, the
month in which the
operation was per-
formed is under-
stood. On the 15th I
go through all the
hives where I put in
cells, to see if any of tliem have been torn
down. Examination in one colony shows
that the cell has been gnawed into, and its
general appearance satisfies me that the
queen did not hatch, and so I mark, " Torn
down, 15." It may be possible that I do
not have a cell with me. If so, I lay tlie
slate on top of the hive, for the colony, to
all intents and purposes, is still queenless,
because it is not in condition to supply
itself with a queen from imported stock. On
the same day, the 15th, toward night, we
will say, I return to insert a cell, and mark
as before, '' Cell 15.'' On the 16th the cell is
again torn down. Rather than fuss with
them any more, I take away all the unsealed
brood they may have, if any. and give them
a frame of young larvae from a select im-
ported queen, and make them raise cells for
themselves. Nine days from the time the
brood was given them, or on the 25th of the
same month, I am to go with a queen-cell
knife and cut out the cells, leaving one in
the hive to hatch. The others are to be
distributed in the manner I have indicated,
" Cells, 20,'' shows that on that date I found
that the unruly colony was progressing all
right,

cat . /s-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

913

Next, let us take one more example. We
have just received a consij?nment of import-
ed queens, from Italy. Having put them
into the Peet introducing-cage we next
place them in the hives. The slate of the
first colony so treated is marked, " Best imp.
cgd. 6-18." In other
words, on th(* 18th of
June we caged an
imported queen. Two
(l;iys afterward, or on
the 20th, she is found
in the hive all right,
laying, and the slate
is marked," Out, 20."'
which signifies that the bees have gnawed
the comb away from under the cage, and the
queen is liberated, or '•out." Again, you
will notice the figure 10 marked clear across
the slate. As before, this indicates that the
queen was sold on the 10th of the next
month. If the queen produces nice bees,
gentle, and otherwise all right, the slate, in-
stead of being placed on the hive-cover as in
the former case, is hung back on the nail.
This means, that nine days from that date
we may expect to cut out the cells from that
hive. As a general rule, we prefer to have
cells raised in full colonies, so you see the
thing works of itself.

SLATES ON TOP OF THE HIVES.

Now, a word more in regard to the sig-
nificance of the slate on top of the hive. So
placed, it always means the hives require
immediate attention, or, in general, that
something is wanting. For instance, in the
daily routine at the apiary it is discovered
that fertile workex's have got started in a
colony which has a dash of Holy-Land bees
among them. For obvious reasons, it is not
convenient to give them just such attention
as they require at that time. The slate is
taken oH the nail and put on top of the hive.
Over yonder is a colony that acts very
curiously, and ought for a time to be exam-
ined quite closely. This slate is also put on
the hive. Here, again, we find a colony that
has been allowed to build burr-combs on a
honey-board or mat. Just at this time we
don't happen to have a knife and platter.
The hive is hastily closed, and the slate put
on top.

If tliere are very many slates on the hives
it indicates that there is plenty of work to
be done, and that the colonies thus distin-
guished from the others should be carefully
watched, that they do not get into mischief.
It always makes me feel real good to go out
into the apiary in the height of the queen-
rearing business, and see few if any slates
on top of the hives ; and when every slate
is off we congratulate ourselves on being
able to keep our apiary in such good shape.

The ordinary records are made with a
common slate-pencil, and it will remain dis-
tinct for from a month to six weeks. If we
desire it to remain longer, or if the record is
an important one, such as that of an im-
ported queen, we always use a red lead-
pencil, such as can be purchased at any
stationery store. These red marks will keep
their place on the slate through all kinds of
weather for as long a period as even a year.
The slate-pencil is used only in keeping a

record of cell-raising, untested queens, and
where it is not necessary to keep the pedi-
gree.

I have shown you only two or three slates
representing our method, of keeping records.
Or course, w(^ have other facts to record,
and other forms of abbreviation. No matter
in what condition the hive is found, you can
write it down in full if you like, and so the
system can be extended indefinitely.

On page 88(i of this issue will be fomid
something further on this snl)ject ; viz., the
book versus the slate method of keeping
the record of hives.

Gleanincs in Bee Culture.

fubllshvd Setni-Monihli/.

-a-. I. lE^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

2vIE33IiT.fi., OHIO.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbing Bates, See First Page of Beading Matter.

o -» - .

Then said Jesus unto h'm, Put up again thy sword into his
place : for all thej' that take the sword shall perish with the
sword.— Matt. 26:52.

The number of subscribers up to-date is 7691 — a
gain of 49. Thanks^

HONEY-CANS THAT CAN BE OPENED OR CLOSED

IN A SECOND. AND YET BE ABSOI.UTELY

HONEY-TIOHT.

These new can-tops have finally been received
from England; and the best way to explain to yon
this very ingenious invention will be to send you
a can-top and cover by mail, together with prices
of cans in the flat, and cans made up. For the
above, postage and all, we shall have to charge
about .5 cents.

SHIPPING HONEY TO COMMISSION MEN, WITHOUT
PREVIOUS CORRESPONDENCE.

We have before had complaints similar to the
following: *

My advertisement in Gleanings is bringing me more comb
honey than I can possibly handle in this city, without breakinK
the market and shuiKhtering:. Will you kindly warn bee-men
not to ship honey to any commission men without previous
correspondence, as it is a loss to them and an annoyance to
me and others like me who want to do justice to their consign-
ors. ARTHUR Toi>i).

It is very unwise indeed to send anything to a
commission man without first writing to him, iind
getting his advice and consent. Where circum-
stances are very urgent — say where property is
perishable, and it can not be kept, it may do; but
remember, it is always at your own risk. We once
tried shipping a lot of cabbages in this way, and
they sold for just enough to pay for freight and
cartage— nothing more.

PRICE LISTS PRINTED AT THIS OFFICE.

We have justgoften out a 20-page circular and
club list of all the leading papers of the I'nited
States and Canaua, for C. M. Goodspeed, Thorn Hill.
Onondnga Co., N. Y. P>iend G. advertises, also,
garden-seeds, poultry, strawberry-plants, and bees.
We have also received the manuscript for a 20-page
circular of bee-supplies from P. L. Viallon, Bayou

914

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

Goula. Iberville Par., La. If you wish to catch the
trade for next season, you should g-et out your cir-
culars early. We have excellent facilities for do-
ing- price-list work. At no other office will you find
such a complete line of electrotypes pertaining- to
bees. Write us for prices on circulars which you
may propose to get out for next season.

QUESTIONS FOR THE QUESTION-BOX DEPART-
MENT.

We have received a large number of queries, and
some have requested that they be inserted in
next issue. Of course, this is impossible. A
list of questions must be, in many cases, re-
worded, abbreviated, then sent out and returned,
after which each must take its turn. We are
sorry to say that some queries sent in " For Ques-
tion-Box " can not receive insertion, either from
lack of importance or because the point concern-
ing which information is desired is fully answered
in the text-books. But the friends may rest as-
sured that all their questions will receive some sort
of answer. If the question is hardly suitable for
the Question-Box Department it will be answered
in Gleanings by the editor, or by private letter.
If you do not get any kind of answer, write us
again and we will make haste to reply.

queens during THE WINTER.

Instead of sending your oi'^ers to us for the
next three months, please send them to Miss
Nellie Adams, Sorrento, Fla. She was formerly in
our employ, and understands our ways and meth-
ods, and we can recommend her with the utmost
confidence. Whatever deal you may have with
the lady, if she does not make it all satisfactory
we will. Ifshe has more orders that she can fill,
we hope some other enterprising queen-breeder
in the South will take hold and help; and I think
it would be a good idea for those who have queens
on hand, ready to ship, in the extreme South, to
make it known by an advertisement. Let the
advertisement read : " LTntested queens, ready
to ship by first mail." It is not very likely that
many will want queens during the winter, in the
Northern States; but a large part of our trade has
usually been from the South, and a good deal
from the extreme South. Now, is there any reason
why our friends, in localities where the bees are
flying almost every day, should not have queens in
the winter months as well as in summer?

gPECI?IIi ]S[e¥ICE3.

discounts for DECEMBER.

During- the month of December we will allow 5
: discount from all articles in our catalogue.
This is an inducement for you to order your next
year's supply now. and not wait till spring, when
we are crowded with orders. Of course, we are
glad to get orders any time, but we like them a lit-
tle better now, when we are not so .crowded, and
can give them our very best attention. Remem-
ber, the discount grows less the longer you wait.
January discount will be 4;;' ; Fcb.,;J''. After Feb.,
no discount.

LITHOGtlAPH LABELS AT $:i.00 I'EU lOOU.

When Mr. James Abbott, of London, Eng., was
with us a year ago, he had samples of a very neat
lithograph'label, oblong in shupe, measuring 3i8x2''s.
We mentioned them at the time in (i leanings,
agreeing to send samples as soon as we received
them. Well, they have just come to hand, although
we ordered 50,000 over a year ago. They are about

the nicest labels we ever saw for glass tumblers,
pails, and small packages of honey. We will mail
a sample inclosed in our label catalogue, free on
application, and will furnish them postpaid at the
following prices: Sets, for 10; tOcts. for 100: $1.3.5
for 500; «3.00 for lOUO.

You have NO IDEA how nice the

BEE KEEPER'S MAGAZINE

is. wily ncit si'iiil fur sample and
!-fe! Adfire.ss

BARRYTOWN,
N. Y.

DASAITT'S FOi;^DATIOK FACT0S7, WHOLESALE andSETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

I could sell Maple Sugar; to my honev customers,
consign me some. ARTHUR TODD,

32d 3133 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

APIARY FOR SALE.

I am offering for sale one of the best locations for
bee-keeping, in the famous

SHENANDOAH VALLEY.
Ten acres of ground, splendid house, stable and
out-buildings, all new; also a carp-pond of about
one acre; never-failing spring of excellent water;
plenty of fruit, :> miles from Martinsburg, W. Va.
Write for further particulars. Paul Peine.

Martinsburg. W. Va. 23-24-1 d.

LEPAGE'S LIQUID GLUE.

Few words of praise are neces-
sary for this excellent article, so
widely known and advertised. It
is one of the best of liquid glues.
Always ready for use. Mends
every thing. Wejiave 4 different-
sized packages. y««

Glass bottle like the adjoining
cut for 10 cts. ; 75 cts. for 10; *7.00
per 100. Halt -gill tin cans with
screw cap, and brush fastened to
inside of cap, price 15 cts. each;
$1.10 for 10; .*10..5O per lOO. This
latter can be sent by mail for lOc.
extra for postage and packing.

Gill tin can with brush, -30 cts.;
10 for $1.50: 100 tor $14,00; '/z-pint
tin cans, no brush, 35 cts. ; $3 30
lor 10; $21.00 per 100.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I received the 16-inch saw some time ago, but I
did not try it until to-day. I must say it works
well, and stands up to its work beautifully, and
holds a good edge. The 6-inch wrench is a fine
thing. J- R M'Clymonds.

Pleasant Hill, Pa., Sept. 23, 1887.

WHAT A bee-man THINKS, WHO HAS VISITED
THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES.

1 shall always remember the hearty welcome you
gave me, and the trouble you went to in showing
me through the many different departments, and
at the same time explaining all tome. To say the
manufacturing shops alone, with all the different
machinery drfveu by the 90-horse-power engine,
was a grand sight to me would be expressing it
verv lightly. 1 wish every reader of Gleanings
could go and see for themselves. My advice to all
who are in the bee and honey indu.stry, and want to
see a master bee-supply dealer, is, to visit A. I.
Root. His employes show honesty and gentility in
all their words and actions. Each has his allotted
station, running like clockwork the great supi)ly-
manufactory— an establishment which never could
be explained on paper. A. C. Fassett,

Watson, Mich., Oct. 13, 1887.

SXJFFI-.ElsZCElSrT

Q ^'-.%^ ^%s^ ^.^^^ ^•'r:>^^ Wn

o

r"'

^^^

Yol. XV.

Supplement to Dec. 1, 1887.

No. 23.

'^S^f^%^,t^^W2rl'^\Established in 187 S.

i Copies . „> .

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single num- 1
l)er. 5 cts. Additions to clubs may be '-
made at club rates. Above are all to
be sent to OXE postoffick.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

\A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

\ Clubs to different postoflBces, not less
than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

J U. S. and Can.adas. To all otiier coun-

i tries of the Univeisal Postal Union. 18
cts. per year extra. To all countries

L NOT ot the U. P. U., 42 cts. per year extra.

OUK PHEMIUM-LIST.

Or.EANlNGP, AND A LITTLE OF ITS HISTORY.

Vj lieiewith present you with our Sec-
ond Annual Premium-List and Sup-
plement. A careful perusal will con-
vince you that our terms are very
liberal ; and it yon have any spare
time at your disposal we hope you will see
tit to avnil yourself of some of the beautiful
presents which we ofter, and at the same
time help to swell the subscription-list of
Gleanings. Our journal lias nearly com-
pleted its fifteenth year; and previous to the
one now about to be closed, it never before
received so liberal a patronage. To-day it
has the largest number of subscribe) s it ever
had before in its history ; and, moreover, the
list continues to be on the increase. A jour-
nal does well if it can hold its subscribers
from year to year ; but it does still better if
it increases its numVier of patrons. What
has given Gleanings in Bee Culture a
steady hold upon the bee-keepers ? Tiie
answer is this : 1. We ti-y to make it a good
journal and a safe guide. As a means to
this end. we secure the most practical writ-
ers we can find, and we pay them well. 2.
We spare neither iniins nor money on the
mechanical and typographical work of the
journal. The engravings in a sinirle issue
cost us, on an average, $3-5.00. 8. We never
intentionrdh/ allow any communication to
enter our columns which will in any way in-
jure or hurt the feelings of a brother bee-
keeper or of a brother-editor. 4. We do not
claim that our bee-journal is better tlian
any other. Last, but by no means the least,

we try to live up to and carry forward the
motto found on the cover-page : " Peace on
enrth and good will toward men.'* We hope
this sentirnent pervades our journal : and it
is this more than any thing else that gives
our journal a strong hold on its readers.
suggestions to agents in collecting

NAMES.

There are thousands of farmers who keep
bees, some of them quite extensive bee-
keepers, who nre not subscribers to any bee-
journal, and who, as a natural consequence,
plod along in the old-fashioned ways of pro-
ducing honey. Within a few miles of you
you know of just such bee-keeiiers. It
would be greatly to the advantage of such to
become acquainted with the improved nif^th-
ods of honey-production. With this in view,
influenced by the offers herein contained,
you propose to devote a few of your spare
hours to soliciting names.

When you start out, don't call upon your
prospective subscriber when he is liusy him-
self. Visit him when you think he will be
at leisure ; and if von 'find him not particu-
larly occupied, tell him you are agent for
Gleanings, and then upon the proper pre-
sentation of its merits say to him you would
be pleased to take dowii his name. If he
makes no objection, all well. After pre-
senting the object of your business, don't
urge wiien he has said no. or something to
that effect. The point is. friends, we don't
want you to shove Gleanings into the
hands of one who evidently does not wish
to take it; and. more than all. don't intrude
upon his time, if by word or action he indi-
cates his preference to be let alone.

91 ()

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

PREMIUM RULES.

Ali coLectlng rremium name
lowing rules:

I. You CM II close your list of iinuics at any time,
and call lor the premiums due; or you can iidd to
tht; list oT names. But—

^' Send iilong the names as fast as gathered, so
iliiii ihe subscribers may begin to receive the jour-
n;il at once. No subscriber under any circumstance
niu^i be received tor less than Sl.O.) per annum.

i3^".\Iark every name or list of names, •• /•■«)•
I'ri'Dtiicnis," if 80 intended, and we will credit
theni to the sender on our Premium l;ecord.

:5. lie sure to f/U'e the S<niif, I'o.sfofficc Comity,
mill Stitti', of ctirli siihscrlhf'V (onl of ffoufftHf.

4. Ail sample copies necessary to canvassers
will l>e sent postpaid free.

s should read carefully the fol"

I 5. When you order your premiums, be sure to
state how to send.

6. To Foreign Readers. Mailable articles,
not exceeding 8 ounces, go to Canada for 10 cts. per
parcel; but packages e.xceeding Si".! oz. are excluded
from the mails to Canada. To all foreign countries
in the Postal Union, 18 cts. must accompany sub-
scription for postage, and to all other foreign coun-
tries, 43 cts.

Ho-w to Send Money: Send money by P. O.
order, registered letter, express money-order, on
American Express Co., or get a N. Y. draft. For
small sums of less than $1.00, we will accept clean
postage-stamps, but we prefer postal-notes, but
can not be responsible for the loss of either.

OUR SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT

TO THOSE WHO WISH TO SECURE PREITIIUMS FREE WITHOUT CANVASSING.

Some may not wish to canvass for names, but may be desirous of obtaining the premiums. To such we
have decided to make this arrangement: You may extend your subscription to three, four, and five
years, or more, by sending in the full amount for the time which you wish GLEAMNr.s to run. You
can then select your premiums according to the number of years you subscribe. Kor instance, John
Jones sends in .f6.0n for six years' subscription. His journal wrapper is marked to expire six years
from date; to wit. Dec. 1, '93. In addition he is entitled to the premiums the same as if he had secured
six new names. Let's see what John Jones makes out of the investment of $6.00. He gets Gleanings
for six yoiirs, and a Goshen carpet-sweeper, worth $3.00. In other words, for loaning us $6 00 for 6 years
he gets in return If). 00— pretty good, don't you think? Those of our subrcribers who intend to remain
with us ought to take advantage of this otTer.

!

OUR SPECIAL OFFER.

BOOKS!

POR ONE NEW NAME AND ONE RENEAVAL. at one dollar each, we will send one of the fol-
lowing beautiful books, you paying postage, 1^ cents extra, when sent by mail; or we will send them at
47 cents each, postpaid, or l;i cents less when sent with other goods. These books are beautifully bound
in cloth, and mf)st of them are embossed on the side and back in gold. They contain all the way from 200
to 700 pages, printed on excellent paper from good clear type. It is a splendid offer, as you will see. If
you are a subscriber, and had intended to renew, practically you can obtain a valuable library-book for
only one new name. The books are as follows:

Arabian Nights Entertainment; 4.50 pages. This
is almost too well known to need any comment.

Children of the Abbey, by Koche; t)46 pages. A
very good and interesting story.

Dickens' History of England; 341 pages. Written
by the very interesting author, Charles Dickens— a
book of real value to old and young. It is written
in simple language, and runs like a story.

Dickens' Shorter Stories: Ijiiil pages of interesting
and profitable reading-matter.

Half-Hours with Great Huniorisis.

Half-Hours with Gieat Novelists.

Half-Houis with Great Story 'Tellers.

These three half-hour series are not as closely
printed, and do not contain as much reading-matter
for the money as the other works we ofl'er, enumer-
ated in this list, but nevertheless they are full of
the pure gold.

Gulliver's Travels and Baron Munchausen, by

Swift and Rasp. Both of these works are comprised
in one book. Gulliver's Travels was written by Jon-
athan Swift, born 1667, died 174.5. The different parts
of the book are usually considered satires on the
royalty of his time, and on human nature in gener-
al. It will be better understood after reading W. M.
Thackeray's Life of Swift. Baron Munchausen's
wonderfully funny "yarns" will probably always be
laughed at, as they seem so natural and yet so much
exaggerated. He was a German soldier, and re-
lated his adventures so often that he finally believ-
ed them himself as i-elated in the book. He died
about 1795. As a work of the kind it stands alone,
and will always be found in the libraries of men of
learning and taste.

Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott; 431 pages. This is
one of the best productions of that great novelist-
some say the best. Its scenes and incidents are
taken during the period of the Crusades, and from
its perusal the reader of the present day will get a

i887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

'A1

fair knowledge of the customs and times which
took place at that period in the world's history.

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronle; 37!i pages. An
exceedingly and thoroughly good story. If you
have never read it you ought surely to do so, for
you will be a better man or woman for having pe-
rused its pages. One of our office girls says she has
ri'ad it three times, and is going to read it again.

I, list Days of Pompeii, by nulwcr; I5ii4 pngcs.
This book will be read with considerable intercut,
MOW that the ancient city has been so thoroughly
excavated as reijorted in the papers.

Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper; 358 pages— a
pathetic story of the struggles of a dying race.

Oliver Twist; Italy and American Notes; .519 pag-
es, by Dickens. We Americans can read this last book
with profit, as it illustrates some of our national pe-
culiarities as seen by one of the greatest observers
of human nature— Charles Dickens. Still, it shows
us the United States of 4.") years ago, and not that
of to-day.

Our Mutual Friend; Pickwick Papers; Martin
Chuzzlewit, and others of Dickens' works. These
are all good.

Paul and Virginia; Rasselas; and V^icar of Wake
field; by St. Pierre, .Johnson, and Goldsmith, re-
spectively.

Bunyan's Holy War; 318 pages— by John Bunyan.

Pilgrim's Progress; by John Bunyan— a book that
has a circulation second only to the Bible, and trans-
lated into all languages which are written; 423 p.

Robinson Crusoe; 473 pages— a book so well
known and so greatly prized by boys and girls.

Romola, by Elliott.

Scottish Chiefs, by Porter.

Sketch-Book, by Washington Irving; 3T4 pages.
A collection of fascinating sketches, mostly from
English life, by the " Prince of American Letters."
Rip Van Winkle is one of the stories.

We have also the following biographical works:

Life of Washington.

Life of Napoleon.

Life of Henry Clay; 433 pages.

Life of Zachary Taylor; 536 pages.

Life of John Quincy Adams; 404 pages.

Life of Patrick Henry; 4C8 pages.

Life of Andrew Jackson: 396 pages.

The subjects of these biographical sketches are
too well known to need comment. They are just
the works for young Americans to read.

Life, Speeches, and Memorials of Daniel Webster.
A book of 553 pages, of surpassing interest to every
boy who aspires to noble service of his country in
an office of public trust.

Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Porter; .536 pages.

Cook's Voyages Around the World. A history of
the thrilling adventures of that notable English
explorer, Capt. Cook.

Don Quixote; 768 pages; by Miguel Cervantes,
the Shakespeare of Spain. This is a splendid book
for pastime reading when you feel tired and need a
little amusement. It recounts the history of a cer-
tain ungainly, raw-boned, awkward knight, and his
wonderful exploits and curious adventures. This
is one of the largest books in the whole list. When,
in the middle of the 16th century, the people of
Spain had gone wild by reading books of knight-er-
rantry, arising from the spirit of the Crusades,
" Cervantes laughed Spain's chivalry away. " Cer-
vantes and Shakespeare both died Apr. 33, 1616.

Tom Brown's Schooldays at Rugby, by Hughes.

An interesting narrative of a boy's experience
while away from home at college. In this single
work, Mr. Hughes made for himself a name which
will last as long as our language is spoken. When
he visited America In 1869, the city of New York
turned out to honor the author of "Tom Brown."

The Christian's Secret of a Happy Life; new edi-
tion, enlarged. Tlils ought to be read by every
Christian. It is written by one who is continually
very near God.

First Steps for Little Feet, by the author of The
Sioryofthe Bible. This is one of the best books
in the whole list, and every Christian parent should
possess himself of a copy.

For the last two works, if you want to buy we
shall have to charge .511 cts. each; postage on the;
first, 4c; on the latter, 6c.
MORE SPECIAL OFFERS ON BOOKS.
GfEIKE'S LIFE OF CHRIST. In this book we have a
condensation of the scholarship of about 3iMl of the
greatest writers on biblical matters, — German,
French, and English. To read it is practically to
walk and talk with the Christ of the gospels. With
the hand of a master, Geike weaves this mass of
scholarship into a fabric which is as interesting as
any novel, and as full of information regarding
things as they existed in the time of Jesus as any
commentary can possibly be. Geike is a giant
in intellectual scope, and thoroughly orthodox in
teaching; but with all this, his style is simple and
easy of comprehension. GIVKN FOR TWO
NEW NAMES AND YOUR OWN RENEW-
AL, or sent postpaid for the price 70c, or 10c less
when sent with other goods.

RenHiir: a Tale of the Christ. By Gen. Lew
Wallace. The great sale of this book places it as
one of the greatest productions of the human mind.
From the time the three wise men met in the desert
to discuss the wonderful star they had seen in the
east, till Christ died on Calvar3-, the reader Is taken
rapidlj' behind the scenes in pagan Rome; he views
the races at Antloch, and the exclusive bigotry of
the Jews at Jerusalem. It contains 566 pages, and
should be read in connection with Geike's Life of
Christ. Given for 4 new names, postpaid, or $1.35.
Story ol the Bible. This is a large nice new
book of 700 pages and 274 illus-
trations. It is so plainly and
pleasantly written that grown
people, as well as children,
will hardly want to lay it
down. In the hard pas-
sages in the Bible, difficult
to understand, it makes a
commentary that will be
thankfully received by
some others besides children. For three new sub-
scriptions at fl.OO each, and 15c to pay postage, the
above book will be sent free.
How to Keep Store. A nice new book of 406
pages. If I mistake not, there are
not a few among our readers who
will be delighted to get such a
book. It embodies the conclusions
of Thirty Years' Experience in
Merchandising. Eighth edition
printed in 1884. Any one who sells
goods at retail will find it a boon.
^s^~ This book will be sent free for four
new subscriptions at Sl.O.i each, and
10c extra to pay postage.

91 S

GLEANl^^GJS IJS BEE CULTURE.

Dkc.

BOOKS FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

THE A B C OF BEE OULTUEE. I5y A. I. Hoot. This is
11 cyclopiPdia of :i3n pages, and is beautifully illus-
trated with about 2.50 enfrravings, many of them
full page. Some of the latter embrace a view of
the apiaries of some of our largest and most suc-
cessful -bee-uicn. The whole work is elegantly
bound in cloth, 7 inches wide, lU'/J inches long-, and
embossed on side and back in gold. It would be an
ornament on the center-table of any bee-keeper's
home. The entire work is brimful of contagious
enthusiasm, and the style so simple aud instructive,
that even thf more advanced bee-keeper as well as
the bcginnei- may fln<l pleasure aud profit in Its
perusal. Ghen for 3 new subsci-iplions to Glean-
ings at $1 OH each, and 15 cts. to pa>- postage.

LANGSTEOTH OH THE HONEY-BEE : by the pioneer of
American bee-keeping, the Rev. L. L. Langstroth.
This work is pleasantly and beautifully written;
aud although now behind the times, no student of
bee-literature should fail to read it in connection
with the more recent works on the subject. Given
for six now names, or for the price, $2.00, postpaid.

aUINBY'S NEW BEE-KEEPING. This was originally
written l)y Moses Quinby; and this, together
with Mr. Lansgstroth's work, first placed Amer-
ican bee-keeping upon a pacing basis. More
recently, Mr. Quinby's son-in-law, L. C. Root, revis-
ed and thoroughly rewrote tbe book, bringing it up
within the present times. Mr. Root, like his father-
in-law, made bees paj-, aiid both are practical in
their writings. Given for six new names, or for the
price, 3^1. .50. postpaid.

MANUAL OF THE APIAEY, by the well-known writer
Prof. A. J. Cook. This work is so well known as to
scarcely need any comment. Tt covers a very wide
field in the range of apicultural matters— many of
the subjects not being compassed elsewhere in any
one work. The author, besides giving his own
opinions, cites the opinions of many of our greatest
writers on apiculture, so that the reader is not nec-
essarily confined to the statement of the writer, or
that of any other one man. Given for 3 new names,
with 15 cts. to pay i)0Stage. Price $1.10.

THE PRODUCTION OP COMB HONEY, by W. Z. Hutch-
inson. It tells how to produce comb honey without
the use of foundation in the brood-chamber; a new
work; price 25c, or it will be sent, postpaid, for one
new name.

A YEAE AMONG THE BEES, by C. C. Miller. This is
a little unpretending work of 100 pages. To say
that the style is terse, clear, and even humorous in
some places, is but speaking justly in its praise. It
takes up the general routine of work with the bees
through the whole year, as practiced and advised
by C. C. Miller. Given for three new subscriptions,
or for the price, 75 cents, i)ostpaid.

SUCCESS IN BEE CULTUEE, by James Heddon. The
author is a terse, able writer, and has originated
not a few ideiis in regard to hives and hive manipu-
lation. The subjects of contraction, inversion, hon-
ey-boards, surplus cases, with which Mr. Heddon
has been more or less connected, together with his
new hive and its use, are fully treated. Given for
two new names, or for the price, 511 cents, postpaid.

MEEEYBANKS AND HIS NEIGHBOR. This is a little
book of 210 pages and t!S illnstrations. The older
readers of Gr.KAMNOs will not need to be told
what it is about. To our younger, or new readers,
1 will say that it is a book treating of bees (and hive-

making), gardening, maple-sugar making, and other
rural industries. It has also a good deal to say
about our homes, and was written specially for the
juvenile readers of Gleanings. More than all, it
treats of one particular home that was started on a
sandy foundation, but eventually became builded
on the rock Christ .Tesus Given for one new name
or for the price, 25c. If wanted by mail, add 3c each
for postage.

"BEES AND HONEY" is the title of a work on bee
culture, by Thomas G. Newman, the editor of the
American Bee Journal. It is written in Mr. New-
man's usually vigorous style. Where one has little
time to read, and does not care to peruse some of
the more exhaustive treatises, this work will be
about what he needs. Given for txeo new names,
with 5 cts. extra for postage, or for the price, 7.5c.,
jiostpaid.

THE BEE-EEEPEE'S HANDY BOOK. This work is written
by Mr. Henry Alley, the veteran queen-breeder.
Although it treats of general subjects connected
with bees, it considers minutely the subject of
Queen-Rearing, as practiced by the author. Given
for 4 new names, postpaid, or for the price, $1.10.
If sent with other goods, 10 cts. less.

BEES AND BEE-KEEPING. This is a purely scientific
work on bees. Its treatment of many of the sub-
jects is masterly, and the investigations of the
author with the microscope are interesting as well
as new to most readers. The engravings represent-
ing the anatomy and physiological structure of the
bee are some of the finest that have ever been pro-
duced. While many of us can not indorse or justify
the course of Mr. Cheshire in so severely criticis-
ing the gtatemcnts of some of the best authorities
on bees, yet wo feel that no bee-keeper who would
be well informed upon all phases of this subject
should fail to read this admirable work. Given for
7 new subscribers, postpaid, or for the price, $2.50,
or 14 cts. less when not sent by mail.

RURAL BOOKS.

REVIEWED AND DESCKIBED BY A. I. ROOT.
Postage] [Price without postagre
12 I Gardening for Profit 1 85

This is a late revision of Pdcr Henderson's celeljrated worli.
Nothing that lias ever belme 1. ecu put in print hiis done so
much towaid making market -uardinina' a science and a fasci-
nating- industry. I'cter Uenders<.)n stands at tlie head, without
question, althoii^li we have many other hooks on these rural
employ men Is. H ynu can yet hui one Ijook, let it be the above.
It has 370 pui^es ami KiS cuts. Given for 5 new names.

8 I Gardening for Young and Old 90

This is Josejih H.arris' best and happiest effort. Althotigh it
goes over the s.anu' ground oeenijied by Peter Henderson, it
partieubirly emplmsizes thormigh cultivation of tin' soil in
picpaiing ,\our ground; and this matter of adapting it to
younL': pec'iile as well :is to old is brought out in a most happy
vein. If your children have any sort of fancy for gardening it
will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187
pages and 46 engravings. Given for I new names.

10 I Success in Market-Gardening... 00

This is new book by a real, live, enterprising, successful mar-
ket-gardener who lives in Arlington, a suburb of Boston, Mass.
Fiiend Rawscm has lieen one of the foremost to make irriga-
tifui .1 pr.ictical success, and he now irrigates his grounds liy
unans of a windmill and steam-ensrine whenever a drought
tluvatens to in.lure tlie crops. The book has 208 pages, and is
idccly illustrated with III) engravings. Given for 7 new names.

10 I Gardening for Pleasure 1 40

While " Gardening for Profit" is written with a view of mak-
ing gardening I'.w, it touches a good deal on the ijleasure part;
and "• Ciurdcning for I'lcuMire " takes up this matter of beauti-
fying your homes .ind improving your grounds, without the
sneclal point in view of making money out of it. I thinic most
of you will need this if you get '• Gardening for I'rolit." Tliis
work has '.iili pages and 134 illustrations.

Given tor 11 new natnes.

7 I Farm-( Jardening and Seed-Growing 90

This is by Francis Brill, tlie veteran seed-grower, and is the
only book on gardening tliat I am aware of that tells how mar-
ketgardcners .Mud seed-growers raise and harvest their own
seeds. It has lilli p.iges. r.ivcn for 4 new nanies.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

919

ID I KariniiiK for Hoys 1 15

This is one of Joseph Harris' happiust pioiiuc-tions, iimi it
scoius to 1110 that it ounht to iiuiki' farm-life fascinatiiifr to any
boy who has any sort of taste for gardeninj?. (.iiven for B new
names.

10 I Irrigation for Farm, Garden, and Orchard. 1 50

This liook. so far as 1 am iiiformeil. is almost the only wcjrk
on Iliis matter that is attraetintJ so iinieli interest, espenally
iveently. Usintr water from springs, brooks, or windmills, to
t.ike the place of ruin, during our frreat droufrhts, is the great
problem before us at the in e>ent day. The book has 274 pages
ami H2 euts. Given for 10 new names.

3 I Ttie A B ColPotato Culture :«

This is T. B. Terry's lirst and most masterly work. The book
has had an enormou.s sale, and has been reprinted in foreign
languan-es. When we are thoroujjhly conversant with friend
Terry's svstem of raising potatoes, we shall be ready to han-
dle almost any farm crop successfully. It has 48 pages and 22
illustrations. "

tiiven for one new name and one renewal.

5 I Greg-ory on Cabbaaes; paper :i5

5 I Gregory on Squashes; paper 25

5 I Gregory on Onions; paper 35

The above three books, bv our friend (Jregory. are almost
worth their weight in goUI. The book on squashes especially
is good reading for almost anvb<dv, wliether they raise scpiasn-
es or not. It strikes at the very fonnilat ion oi siicecss ni al
most any kind of business. I have read all tliiec of them sev-
eral tinies over, and 1 e.\peet to read llieni perhaps several
times again.

10 I Profits in Poultry 90

This comes from O. Jndd & Co.. a-d is, perhaps, the best
thing out for the price, all hough »e have poultry -books with-
out nnniber. It is full of vaUiable instruction, and is not writ-
ten in the interests of any particular establishment. It con-
tains 256 iiages and 92 illustrations. Given for 4 new names.

3 I An Egg-Farm 45

No matter whether you raise eggs on a large scale or a small
scale, you can not afford to miss reading friend Stoddard's
book. I do not know that I ever got hold of any piece of fic-
tion—not even Robinson Crusoe, that so thorouglily fascinated
nie as these chapters in regard to raising poultry on a large
scale. The work ha < 95 pages and 42 Illustrations, (iiven for 2
new names.

10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist 140

This is. perhaps, the most svstematic. comprehensive, and
thorough work on gra|)e culture now in print ; in fact,
friend H'uller here tells us how. bv easy steps, to make any
grapevine come into the work, and make a pleasant, orderly
appearance: and he makes it as attractive as a jiieee of tic-
tioii; and the best part of it is, that you get great crops of
beautiful grapes dtiring almost an.y kind of season. We have
tested the system, and know whereof we speak.

Given foi- six new names.

10 I Household Conveniences 1 40

This is a book of 240 pages and 220 illustrations, and many of
these illustrations ought to be worth the price of the book.
It gives iilans for obviating almost ever.v difflculty or incon-
venience that has to be met and mastered about the house
and kitchen: and. furthermore, it is a wonderful helper in
making home attractive.

Given for 6 new names.

3 1 Winter Care of Horses and Cattle.

.... 40

This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters;
but it is so intimately connected with his potato-book that it
reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a
cow, 1 think it will pay you to invest in the book. It has 44
pages, and 4 cuts.

Given for 2 new names.

3 1 Maple Sugar and the Sugar-Bush 35

Bv Prof. A. J. Cook. This was written in the spring of 1887, at
my' request. As the author has, perhaps. <nie of the tinest
sti'gar-caiiips in the United Sl:ites. as well as being an enthusi-
ast ie lover nl:! II farm iiulu.-tries, he is better litted. perliaps, to
handle till- subject th:>n :niv otiier man. The book is written
in I'rof. Cook's liappv si vie, cnmbiiiing wholesome mor;il les-
sons witli the latest and best metliodof iiKui.igiiig to get the
tinest sugar and maple svru]). with the least possible expendi-
ture of c:ish and labor. ' Kverybody who makes sugar or mo-
lasses wants the sugar-book. It has 42 pages and 3.i euts.

8 I What to Do, and How to be Happy While

Doing It 75

The above book, bv A. 1. Root, Is a compilation of paiiers
jiublished in Gleaxixgs ix Bee Ciilti're In 1886 and '7. It is in-
tended to solve tho problem of tinding occupation for those
siMttered over our land, mxt of employment. The suggestions
:ue priiii-ipallv ;ibout tinding em|ilovment :iround your own
lioMies. Thi- l)Ook is ])rineip:illv tipoii market - gardening,
fruil culture, poultry-raising, etc. I think the book will be
well worth the price, not onl.v to those out of emplovment,
but to any one who loves home and rur.al industries. Price in
paper covers. .50 ets.; cloth. 75 cts. If wanted by mail, add 8
and 10 cts. respectively.

Paper-bound given for two new names, and cloth-bound for
three new names, .vou paying postage.

Even th(Migh I put mv own book last. I liardlv feel like call-
ing it less in value than some of the above: for I think it con-
t:uns reeent iniiirovements anil shortcuts in market gardening
not to be found in any, not even in Peter HendeisiiU's (iarilen-
ing for Prolit. Much of mv work, however, remains to be test-
ed more thoroughly, whiU' Peter Henderson's teachings have
already been the means of gnidingthousands to a pleasant and
prolitable means (jf gaining a livelihood.

PREMSUMS FOR RENEWALS.

Foi' line i'('iii'\v:il, cir your own iiumc scut in be-
fore the Miibseriptioii expires, we will send any
one of the following presents, you paying postage
as indicated. Those who had intended to renew
should do so at once. If you do not care for any of
the premiums below, pci'haps yon have little folks
who will. Will the boys and girls send in their
papa's renewals, iiecompanied with one dollar'? Tell
what present you select, and we will take pleasure
in sending it. Kemeinbei- the postage.

OUR LIST OF lO-CENT BOOKS.

BALF-HOUES WITH THE BIBLE. Size tix8; 3;i pages,
with many pictui'es, and nicely colored stiff cover.
A splendid Christmas book for the little folks. Six
different subjects in the .series, such as the Creation
and the Dehige; Story of the Apostles; Jesus our
Savior; .lesus mii- E.vnmple, etc. Postiige 2 cents.

ONE-SYLLABLE PEIMEE ; t!x8; 48 pages, full of pic-
tures; something that will always be wanted as
long as there are children. in our homes. Postage 3
cents.

POULTKY FOE PLEASUEE AND PEOFIT ; 48 pages, and
20 illustrations. A complete little book of instruc-
tions. It treats of the b>!st varieties for pleasure
and profit; how to house and yard; how to manage;
how to feed; diseases, incubation, etc. It is a 25-
centbook; but by getting 1000 of them we can sell
them for 10 cents. Postage 1 cent.

TEE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, by Dr. B. J. Kendall;
100 pages, and many illustrations. Over .500,000 of
these books have been sold, because they are so
popular and complete, for a small hand-book. It
gives the symptoms of most diseases, and treat-
ment for the same. This is another 25cent book
that we got down to a dime by taking 1000 of them.
Postage 3 cents.

SILK AND THE SILKWOEM. This is a complete work
of instruction on silk culture, by Nellie Lincoln
Rossiter, a practical silk culturist; 32 pages. Silk
culture is the favorite pursuit of many ladies in our
land; and all who are Interested will find this little
work very instructive. The price printed on it is
25 cents, but we sell them for 10 cents. Postage 1
cent.

NEW TESTAMENT, NEW VEESION ; 434 pages, printed
in nonpareil type. This should be in the possession
of every student of the New Testament. Even if it
does not come into common use, it is helpful to
know what changes in translation the New Version
gives. Postage 5 cents.

JOHN PLOUGHMAN'S TALKS AND PICTURES, by Charles
Spurgeon; 12S pages, and a picture on almost every
page. John Ploughman talks plainly, and makes a
good point in every talk. It is by no means dry
reading, either. Postage 3 cents.

QUEENS AS PREMIUMS

For the benefit of those who may prefer queens to
any other presents we will make the following offer:
For 10 new subscribers we will send, the first of
next May, one of our best imported queens: for
6 new names, a select tested queen; for 4 new
names, an untested. Remember, at this offer the
queens are to be sent in May. If you desire to have
the queen sent at any other month, write us. The
names can be secured now, and sent in; but you
must state at the time of sending, tbatMn return
you desire to draw a queen or qtieens. according to
the terms of this offer. We will then book your or-
der for ne.\t May.

920

GLEANi:^GS IK BEE CULTUBE.

btc.

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

Kite, Complete. Price 10 cts. Postage 5 cts. Fun for the young- folks. This is a splendid flying
kite, and is sure to please. For one renewal, sent in heforethe time expires for which it is paid, and five
cents for postage, we will send a kite free; or we will send one postpaid for one new subscription at
$1.00. Here is a rare chance for the boys to get a beautiful present free. Remember to send in your
papa's name early.

Tool- Handle, or Pock-
et Tool-Cliest. An iron
handle with 13 tools in-
side, which can be taken
out, and any one adjusted
to the handle. The tools
are 6 assorted-sized brad-
awls, 2 gimlets, 1 drill, 1
reapner, 1 scratch-awl, and
1 screw-driver. A very
handy tool for many pur-
poses. The adjoining cut
is exact size. Price 35 cts. ; postage 6 cts. extra. Will be sent for 1 new name and one renewal.

NICKEL-PLATED

SOLID STEEL
BLADES.

No family should be without a pair of these very fine goods. We have
them of all sizes, and offer them at the following very low rates:

6'/i in., price 20 cts., or for one new subscription; 7 in., price 25 cents, or
for one subscription; 8 inch, price 35 cts., or for 1 new and 1 old name. 9
inch, price 50 cts., or for 2 new subscriptions and one renewal ; 10 inch, price 75 cts., or for 3 new subscrip-
tions. Postage extra, as follows: 4, 5, 8, 7, and 8 cents respectively. Bear in mind that these shears are
not cheap in quality, but are licuid-forged, and uf the best steel, nickeled nver.

Adjustable Pocket- Wreiicli. The accompanying cut
represents one of the best little tools offered in the whole list.
The wrench is well made. It will take any size nut as large as
an inch and under. The want of such a tool costs many times
its price, especially when your team and hired man are stand-
ing idle just because one little nut is loose. Given for one )ۥ
ncwal, before your subscription expires, you paying postage of 6 cts , or for the small price of 10 cts.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE-

921

sells elsewhere for a dollar. Our price is only 50c

age, we will send the above knife free.

AMATEUR BENCH-
VISE. Thi.'^ is a lit-
tle beanty, and
wonderfully han-
dy for any one
who likes to fix
things up. The
Jaws are 1 inch
wide, and the
vise is 3 in. long.

For one new subscription, we will mail the above

free. Pi-ice 15 cents. Postage, 6 cents.

MAQIO LAMTEEN.
Price $1.00. This is
the same kind of a
lantern that sold for
$3.00 a few years ago.
It has a tin lamp
with glass chimney,
a reflector, smoke-
stack, and 2 lenses.
It includes 13 slides,
with four pictures on
each, or 48 pictures in all. There is hardly any thing
in the whole list that will please the little folks more
than this. Directions accompany each lantern.
For 4 new subscriptions at $1.00 each, we will send
it free. It can not be sent safely by mail, and will
therefore have to go by freight or express, with
other goods.

Knife, Excelsior. Ra-
zor steel, hand-forged, brass-
lined, two German - silver
tips and ebony handle. This
is the very best knife we
keep. Lit is''. just the thing
for farmers and others who
desire a really serviceable
strong knife. This knife
For 3 new subscriptions at *1.00, and 5 cts. to pay post-

Parker's Fdu. Fastener. Price 35 cts. For
fastening starters in sections. By far the most in
use of any kind made. For one new subscription at
$1.00, and 10c. for postage, we will mail one free.

Knil'e, Two Blade. This is a very good ra-
zor-steel knife, not (juite as large asour 3.5-ct. knife.
Price 25 cts. Will be sent for one new subscription
at $1.00, and 4 cts. extra to pay postage.

BULL'S-EYE DARK-LANTEEN. Price 15 c. Postage. 10.
A genuine watchman's dark-lnntern.
made of japanned tin, i'i in. high,
and 3'2 in. in diameter; a bull's-eye
glass, 3 in. across, and double handle
on opposite side. Will throw a red,
green, or white light. Will be sent
free, postpaid, to any person sending
one new subscription at $1.00.

Fountain Piinip, or Sprinkler. Price $1.00.
A very useful and serviceable article about any
house. It will throw a stream of water, ?« inch in
diameter, to the height of 50 feet, and is very effec-
tive for putting out fires or arresting swarms. It
has also a spray nozzle for watering plants, etc. It
is just the thing for washing windows or white-
washing poultry - houses; 500 sold in less than a
year. We will send one free to the person sending
3 new subscriptions at $1.00 each. If you want it by
mail, send HO cents extra for postage and packing.

Knife, Razor Steel. 3'i in. long when closed.
This is best hand-forged, and is so well liked that
we have sold over 100 dozen of them. Price 35 cts.,
or we will send one free to the iterson sending us
one new subacription at $1.00, and 5 cts. extra to
pay postage and packing.

Little Ileteetivc Seales. A perfectly reliable
scale, weighing from U ounce to 25 lbs., making
it invaluable foi- family use, and for weighing mail-
matter. In fact, it is used largely by postmasters
throughout the U. S. It has steel bearings and
brass beam. Reduced price $3 00, or we will send it
free for 7 new suescriptions at $1.00 each. With
tin scoop, .50 cts. additional, or for 9 new subscrip-
tions.

922

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

244-lb. Platform Scale. Price 1^3.50. A much
larg-er scale, weighing from % oz. to 244 lbs. Has
both platform and tin scoop. Has steel bearings
and brass beam. Chatillon's make. We have sold
nearly 200 of these the past season. We will send
this scale free for 12 new subscriptions at ifl.OO each.
It weighs 45 lbs , boxed readj' to ship.

HUNTER'S SIFTER. This is a rotary flour
and meal sifter, mixer, scoop, measure, weigher,
egg-beater, rice washer, pumpkin, tomato, starch
strainer, etc. Mrs. R. says she never knew any
thing could be so handy. Given for'one new name,
with 16c. to pay postage, or for the price, 25c.

WIRE BRUSH. These are one of the nicest
things ever invented. The bristles are wire teeth,
and consequently answer the very excellent pur-
pose of a comb and brush combined. If the hair on
your head is contrary, and won't lie down, this is
just what you need. For cleaning dandruff from
the head, there is nothing better. They are useful
to beekeepers also, for uncapping foul brood, so
that the carbolic acid, or the antiseptic, may come
in direct contact with the diseased larva-. Of these
wire brushes, we have three kinds; a iz., one which
we sell for 15c., or will give for one renewal with
postage added: one which we sell for 2Jc., or will
send postpaid for one new name; a 25-cent brush,
ebony finish, with back painted in colors, or will be
given for one new name, postage added. Postage
on each of tlie brushes is respectively 6, 7, and 8 cts.

inusic-Box. Price 50 cts. Postage 10 cts. extra.
We have again succeeded in getting' a music-box
that plays one tune, which we can sell for 50 cents.
They are a splendid little instrument, and are usu-
ally sold for one dollar. For 2 new subscriptions at
$1.00 each and 10c for postage we will mail one free.

Telescope. Length when drawn out, 30 inches;
when closed, 11^4 inches. It has 4 lenses, two dust-
protectors, and magnifies about ten diameters.
This is not a cheap toy affair, but on the contrary is
a good serviceable instrument. With it, on a clear
day, you can recognize a friend a mile away. Giv-
en for 2 new names, postpaid; or for the price, 50c.
If sent by mail, 7c e.xtra.

€arpet-S weepers.

I believe there is no further question but that the
latest improved carpet-sweepers are one of the
greatest helps in the home circle that have ever
been given the mother of the household. They will
gather up litter that cap not well be taken up with
the broom at all, and the amount of work accom-
plished In a few minutes compared with the labor
of the broom is wonderful; neither does it require
a skilled woman or strong muscles, for almost any
child will learn to run the sweeper in a little time,
and it works so easy they consider it but pastime.
After trying several makes of carpet-sweepers in
our household, we have settled upon the two men-
tioned below as being by far the best.

THE GOSHEN SWEEPER. #3.00.

The workmanship of the latter is the same, except
that the higher-priced one is better finished, has a
rubber-band clear around the outside, so even the
children won't bump the furniture, and it has four
rubber-tire drive-wheels, making it run very easily.
The cheaper one is, however, the kind that we
have had in our household for a good many years.
The Ladies' Friend will be given for 4 new names or
for the price, .¥2.00. The Goshen sweeper will be
sent for 6 new names, or for .'S3.00. Neither of the
sweepers can be sent by mail.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

92'f

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please: but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Of
course, this department is intended only for bona-fide ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchange High-Class Fowls, eight
varieties, for good type-writer or foundation.
Circulars free. 14tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton. O.

WANTED.— To exchange Wheeler & Wilson sew-
Vt iug-machines (new) for honey, bees, or sup-
plies. J. A. Green, Dayton, Jll. SOttdb

WANTED.— Situation for 1888, by an expert bee-
keeper. Address Frank Curl,
SOtfdb Box 63, East St. Louis, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange back volumes of Glean-
ings and Am. Bee Journal, for wax.

W. H. HusE, Manchester, N. H.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation at 30 cts. per
lb., for beeswax. B. Chase, Earlville, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange one or two Barnes Foot-
power saws, one new, and the other as good as
new. for honev, wax, alsike clover, or buckwheat.
Make offers. " Address J. Nysewander,

Des Moines, Iowa.

W

ANTED.— To exchange Ohio black-cap plants
and Cuthberts, for sections or beeswax.
James Hallenbeck, Allamont, Alb. Co. N. Y.

6i5 Xsvi Street^ashington.d.gJ

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INVENTIONS AHD VAUDWTXF PATENTSvREJECTED
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THE CHJPPH UEY-PLiT.

Price of seed: 4 oz., fl.OO; IQoz., $3 00; 1 pound,
$3.00. Larger quantities by express, at reduced
I'ates. Sow very early in the spring, or late in the
fall. It vegetates in a low temperature. I have
twelve acres that will bloom next spring. I shall
sow two acres this fall. It is a success.
33-3d H. CHAP.^IAN, Versailles, N. Y.

HEADQUARTERS

For Oardsi and Sta-
tionery for Ree-keep-
ers and Others.

Besides our beautiful eight-color chromo card, we
have other neat designs, also a fine selection of
fancy address cards, for old and young, for business
and amusement. Also two and three letter mono-
grams, all at low prices. See Here, 50 fancy print-
ed cards, 1.5 cts.; 300 envelopes, 300 letter-heads,
printed, $1. Package 25 assorted cards, 10 cts. Neat
box of cards and honey candies, 15 cts. Circulars
free. Address J. H. Martin, Hartford, N. Y.
30tfdb

THE BEE-KEEPERS'

REVIEW!

About Jan. 10, 188S, we expect to begin the publi-
cation of a Iti-pagf! monthly under the above title.
As indicated by its name, one of its distinctive
features will be the revicicingof ciirrentapicultural
literature. Errors and fallncious ideas will be
faithfully but courteously pointed out, while noth-
ing valuable will be passed unnoticed. But few
articles will be copied entire; hut the ideas will be
extracted, given in the fewest words possible, and
commented upon when thought advisable. Another
feature will be that of making each number, to a
certain extent, what might bo termed a special
number. For instance, a large share of the corres-
pondence, extracts, and editorials of the first num-
ber will be devoted to the subject of "Disturbing
Bees in Winter." Our own apiary will, hereafter, be
largely experimental, and of this our readers will
have the benefit.

The price of the Review will bo 50 cts. per year;
and, while we have not the slightest objection to
receiving the subscription in advance, our only re-
quest is that each one interested will send his ad-
dress, and allow Uncle Sam to hand him a cojjy of
the first issue as soon as it is printed.

THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY.

A neat little book of 45 pages; price 25 cts. The
Review and this book for 65 cts. Stamps taken,
either U. S. or Canadian. Address

W. Z. HU CHINSON,
Flint, Mich.

KIND WORDS FROM OUK CUSTOMERS.

I must say a few woi-ds of appreciation of the
Home department In Gleanings. That part is al-
ways read first when Gleanings comes, and I think
it (iocs us more good than to listen to a sermon.
May God bless you, friend Root, in your noble work
of thus bringing sinners to repentance, and Chris-
tians to a closer walk with God. I would not do
without Gleanings for three times its price.

Tantha, Mo., Nov. 28, 1887. Mrs. E. C. Harper.

I receive Gleanings regularly, and read it with
much profit. I consider it almost indispensable
to modern apicultui-e. I am. also, one of your
ABC pupils, having purchased a couple of swarms
in June, that were obtained by dividing, and have
depended upon your ABC book for information.
They are in perfect condition for wintering, not-
withstanding the unfavorable circumstances at-
tending them — the lateness of the swarms, the
excessive drought, and early frosts. G. Smith.

Alpha, O., Oct. 24, 1887.

the home talks.

When I read your article on carp culture in
Gleanings, Oct. 15, it gave me the carp-fever as
bad as I ever had the bee-fever. I went to work
almost immediately to see where and how I could
make one. I sujipose if you could see it you would
call it a hole in the ground, instead of a pond. It is
not done yet. I have been working at it to day. I
find they "are not made in a day.

Before I close I must say something about
Gleanings. T can say, 1 think it is the best book
or paper 1 ever saw published. When I go to get
my mail, and 1 think Gleanings should be there,
aiid it is not, 1 always feel disappointed, for I love
to read it, especially Our Homes, and those who
send in their testimony for Christ. It does me
much good. It is only lately that I gave my whole
heart to God, and 1 owe much of it to reading
Gleanings. Somehow your talk seemed to have
more effect on me than even a sermon from our
preacher— it all is so simple, and yet so true. I pray
that God may bless you in your good work, and
give you many years yet to work in his vineyard.
How i wish I could see you, and talk with you! I
feel that it would do me much good. I ask you to
remember me in your prayers, so if we do not
meet in this world we may meet in heaven.

S. D. Keller.
■ Winterburn, Pa., Nov. 29, 1887.

928

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

P0NEY O0MJIN.

CITT MARKETS.

Philadelphia.— Ho7ift/.— Honey has been held
too hig-h here to sell, and this carries us over the
best honey-selling' period, not with much stock, be-
cause we have discouraged shipments, but without
much business. Honey held at lK@20c is too high
for its general consumption, in this age of good and
cheap syrups. Further, the present practice of
double glassing each comb is considered a fraud.
Instance: Lately a customer bought of us some 2-
Ib. double-glassed combs at 16c. Jn a short time he
brought back the frames and glasses, and weighed
on our scales over ^4, lb. of glass and frame per sin-
gle pound of honey; 3 lbs., frame and glass, weigh-
ed 0.556 lb., the whole tare considerably over one-
quarter of the gross. This was over ~2c per lb. for
honey, and this purchaser considered himself swin-
dled. We quote: 1-lb. sections, white, iri(((l6c; dark,
and 2-lb. white, lOfeU; strained, 8@10c.

Pancoast & Griffiths,

Dec. 10. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cincinnati.— JJtmcj/.— There is a quiet but fair
demand for honey of all kinds. Extracted honey
brings 4@.9c on arrival; demand exceeds the arriv-
als. The demand for comb honej' is rather tame.
It brings 16@20c for best, in the jobbing way. De-
mand is good for beeswax, which brings 2U@22c for
good to choice yellow on arrival.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Dec. 12. Cincinnati, O.

Chicago.— Hojiey.— Movement of honey is very
slow. The supply on the market is large, and prices
about lS(ai20c for the best white comb in 1-lb. sec-
tions; 1.5(a),16c for 2-lbs., or thereabout. Extracted
honey, 7@9c; supply is larger. Beeswax, 22(at2.5c.
R. A. Burnett,

Dec. 10. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Kansas City.— Jfovjcj/.— The demand for 1-lb. sec-
tions is good; very little on the market. 1-lb. sec-
tions, white, 20@22c; dark, 15@17; 2 lbs., white. 18c;
dark, ]i5@I6; extracted, white, e'/s®'?; dark, .5(fl;6.
Hamblin & Bearss,

Dee. 10. 514 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo.

New York.— Honey.— The honey market is mov-
ing nicely in white goods. Fancy arlicles move
fast, while mixed goods are not salable at any price.
Thukbeb, Whyland & Co.,

Dec. 10. New York City.

Cleveland.— JFfonejy.— Honey has been very dull
for the past two weeks. We are still holding the
best white comb, 1-lb. sections, at 19@20 cts. per lb.;
but large lots are being ottered, and we think there
must be a decline in the price, in order to make a
better demand. A. C. Kendel,

Dec. 10. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— Hoficy. —On account of high prices,
honey is moving slow. Comb, choice white clover,
1-lb. sections, small way, 18c; lots, 14c less; Califor-
nia, 1-lb. sections, 17c; lots, 1/2C less; 2-lb. sections,
YiC less than 1-lb. Lower grades of honey, as to
quality, 2@7c less. Extracted honey, in cans, 6@8c,
as to quality. Southern, in bbls., 4i4@5c. Beeswax,
prime, 20c. W. B. Westcott & Co..

Dec. 10. St. Louis, Mo.

Detroit.— Honey.— Arrivals of comb honey are
just about equal to sales, and no change in price.
There seems to be an improvement each year in
the manner of putting up for market. Best comb,
in 1-lb. sections, 17@18c. Extracted, 9®10. Beeswax,
21®23c. M. H. Hunt.

Bell Branch, Mich., Dec. 10.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We quote choice comb 16®
18c; latter is for choice white clover in good condi-
tion, and in 1-lb. sections. Strained, in bbls., Wt®^
cts. Extra fancy, of bright color and in No. 1 pack-
ages, Vi cent advance on above. Extracted, in bbls.,
5'/2@6c; in cans, 7®8c. Beeswax, 20!.4c for prime.

Market very firm at above prices. Owing to the
short crops reported everywhere, we look for a
still further advance in prices.

Dec. 12. D. G. Tutt & Co..

206 N. Commercial St., St. Louis, Mo.

Albany.— Honey.— Market quiet and firm for
comb honey, all grades. Clover, 14@18c; mixed, 12
®.14; buckwheat, 11(«}1;3. Extracted, slow; clover,
7(S}8c; buckwheat, 5(5-7. Consignments solicited.
H R Wright

Dec. 9. 328 Broadway, Albany,' N. Y.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy one-pound comb.
18@20c; two-pound comb, 17®18c. Extracted, 7@8c,
Sales are only fair. Blake & Ripley,

Dec. 10. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Columbus. — Honey.— Not much change in prices
of honey. Choice white clover brings 18@20c in 1-lb.
sections; 2-lb. sections, 16®18c. No demand for
lower grades. Beeswax, 20@25c.

Earle Clickenger,

Dec. 10. 117 South 4th St., Columbus, Ohio.

Kansas CiTv.—Honcy.— White 1-pound sections,
18@20c; 2 1bs., 16®18; llb.,dark, 16@18; extracted,
white clover or basswood. 8@9; dark, in bbls., 3@5;
California 1-lb. sections, white, 18@19c; 2 lbs. white,
18c; extracted, 8®9. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Dec. 12. ^ Kansas City, Mo.

For Sale.— I have about 600 lbs. of No. 1 extract-
ed clover and linn honey, put up in Root's 58-lb. tin
cans, which I will dispose of at 10c, cans and cases
included, put on cars here. Sample for stamp.

L. 1. Tripp, Kalamazoo, Mich. Box 332.

For Sale.— 216 lbs. of buckwheat and fall honey,
and 96 lbs. of white honey, in 1-lb. boxes, in neat
new 24-lb. cases, all for $35.00, delivered at R. R. sta-
tion. Wm. Van Auk en, Woodville, Jeff. Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— 1600 lbs. honey, 3.50 lbs. ext'd, and ia50
lbs. of comb, all white. Write for prices.

Geo. a. Wright, Glenwood, Susq. Co., Pa.

Wanted.— 100 lbs. extracted white-clover honey,
New York or Ohio preferred. Shall want more if
quality and price are satisfactory. Address, with
samples and price, W. E. Skinner,

Takoma Park, D. C.

American Club List,

TUOniT KILL, U. T.,

NOW READY FOR 1888.

You want it ! It will save you money on every pa-
per you take. Address as above. 2-48d

DADAITT'S FOimSATIOlT FACT0S7, WHOLESALE asdBETAIL.
See adA'crtisement in another column. 3tfbd

FOit SALE IK CPORP!

On account of the death of the proprietor, J. D.
Enas' ranch of 210 acres, part in fruit. 80 stands of
bees, steam machinery for the manufacture of sup-
plies, a well-established business; land will be sold
in 40 or 80 acre tracts. Stock, farming implements,
and a large stock of apiarian supplies. For par-
ticulars address MRS. J. D. ElVAS,
20-6d Box 306. Napa City, Cal.

o<NOTICE>o

Italian queens, bee-hives, and supplies. We sell
goods very low. Send for price list.

B. J. MILLER & SON.

NAPPANEE, IND.

FOR SALE-

Semi-portable engine and boil-
a WB> wmB_ 'er, nine-horse power; price
!|?250.00, on board cars. For .further particulars,
address Thomas Gedye.

LaSalle, LaSalle Co., 111.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FA0T0E7, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Vol. XV.

Dec. 15, 1887.

No. 24.

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SEPABATORS-'WOOD OR TIN?

DR. MILLER CONSIDERS THE RELATIVE MERITS OF
EACH.

fF late 1 have seen no discussion as to the rela-
tive merits of wood. and tin for separators. I
think it is pretty well agreed, that each one
is best in its own place— wood for a loose sep-
arator, and tin for nailing. I have given both
a pretty full trial. A wood separator nailed on a
wide frame, although the grain allows it to make no
sudden bend in the direction of its length, will make
various curves in the direction of its width, making
it ditBcult if not impossible to keep the wide frames
as close together with wood as with tin.

Whether loose or nailed, tin has the advantage of
taking up less room than wood; but the difference
is not so great with separators 26 to the inch in
thickness Instead of 16 or 17, as I have heretofore
used them. On the other hand, wood is warmer
than tin, and this may make quite a difference in
cool nights.

Where loose separators are used, as in T supers,
great exactness of length is required, for the length
can not, of course, be greater than the inside length
of the super; and if it be an eighth of an inch less,
the wall of the section being only an eighth of an
inch thick, the separator may fail at one end to
hold its place between the sections. Now, suppose
there is a variation of ^ of an inch in the length
of the supers land it will be pretty exact work if
there isn't), it will readily be seen that a separator
1^ too short may spoil matters. Separators, wheth-
er of wood or tin, may be cut very exact in length,
but the tin may very easily assume something of

the serpentine or wavy form in the direction of its
length. From this, two evils result. First, the wav-
ing form lessens the length of the separator, so that
it may become entirely too short. Second, wher-
ever a wave occurs in the tin, the comb in the sec-
tions is built to correspond, making the sections un-
true, one bulged, the other hollow. I have seen tin
separators in a T super so shortened as to be % to Vt
an inch out of place at one end. The stiffness pre-
vents any thing of this kind in wood.

Tin is easier cleaned than wood, and at present
prices I don't know that it pays to clean wood. In-
deed, I think I shall hereafter use nothing but new
wood separators, and, after using once, throw them
away. It costs only one cent or less for each super
(aside from freight), and with new separators it is
so easy to put the sections in the super, and then
they are kept so clean and nice that I think I can
make more by using new than to clean up the old
ones.

SECTIONS BUILT TO ONE SIDE.

Complaint has been made of sections so built as to
be one-sided, and often attached to the separator. I
think the sections will not be found attached to the
separator unless foundation-starters of large size
are used. The remedy is not easily found; but if I
say what I think is the cause, it may help some one
to suggest a remedy, for the difficulty is quite a se-
rious one, occurring equally in wide frames or other
supers. If bees have only a little honey to store,
they are prone to continue storing in combs, or, in-
deed, in cells already started. Give, to a strong
colony which is storing rapidly, starters of founda-
tion two inches or moi-e apart, with no separators,
and full surface for attaching comb midway be*

980

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec;

tween the starters, and such comb is often started;
but a colony storing' slowly prefers to lengthen out
the cells already started; whether on account of
economy of wax or other reason, I can not say. So
if they ai-e working- in the center sections of a super,
when these are filled, or whenever they need moi-e
room, instead of commencing vigorously on both
sides of the next starter, as would a strong colony
storing rapidly, they commence on the side of the
starter next to the cluster, or, at least, worli most
rapidly on that side. Now, the weight of the filled
and constantly lengthening cells on the one side
throws the soft, yielding foundation to the other
side, giving room to lengthen the cells still more,
and still more push the foundation to one side till
the bees attach it to the separator. The onl}- reme-
dy I see is to reverse the position of the sections
after well started; but this is too much trouble,
leaving us at the mercy of the bees, unless we keep
all colonies strong. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

You are probably correct as to what you
say regarding the merits of the wood and
tin separators. A few years ago we made
and sold wood separators, but at that time
there was not very much of a call for them.
Since the T super has obtained so much fa-
vor, wooden separators will evidently come
into more general demand. In anticipation
of this we have set up our machine for
shaving them out. We first made them
as thin as 34 to the inch ; but upon the
advice of friend Miller and one of our local
bee-keepers, we made them a little thicker,
26 to the inch. Now, it may be possible that
we have them too thin yet ; but if we cut
them thicker we find it breaks the grain of
the separator ; aside from this, we believe
there are some advantages in the use of
thinner ones which will offset some of the
advantages of the thicker ones. We
have put the price at $2.00 per 1000, $1.25
for 500, 30 cents per 100— low enough so we
think the bee-keeper can aiford to throw
them away and purchase new ones, as sug-
gested by friend Miller.

SELLING EXTRACTED HONEY.

HOW DOOLITTLE DOES IT.

T AM asked by a subscriber of Gleanings to give
(^ my plans for selling extracted honey. First,
^t we have our home trade, which is of a twofold
■*■ nature— that which comes to the door, bring-
ing palls, etc., and taking away the number of
pounds called for. If this were only large enough
to take all that could be raised, the bee-keeper
might be perfectly happy when thinking along the
line of disposing of his product; but as this is not
often the case, we next take a sample and go
around among our neighbors, leaving a sauce-dish
full at every house, and informing them that we
shall be around in a couple of days with the same
honey for sale, giving the price that will be then ask-
ed for it. Where the crop is not large, the whole can
be disposed of in these two ways, especially if we
feel disposed to trade our honey for butter, eggs,
meat, wheat, oats, corn, etc., which can be used in
our families, or readily converted into cash. I find
people much more ready to exchange their products

for honey than they are to pay cash for It. Even
the man who works for me is much more ready to
exchange his day's work for honey than he is to
pay me the price of a day's work in money for my
honey. There seems to be a certain desire to keep
money after it is once obtained, with most peo-
ple, which is so strong that they will often go with-
out that which costs money, while an exchange can
be readily accomplished with no money in view.

Second, we have our store trade, by which I
mean the leaving of honey in glass fruit-cans, hon-
ey-tumblers, and the different pails suitable for re-
tail purposes, at the stores in our vicinity, to be
sold on commission, or to pay for the goods we pur-
chase. Here we And the exchange mania coming
in again; for a store-keeper will often give a good
bargain by way of trading something we want, for
our honey, while we could get him to take but very
little, if any, if we demanded cash for It. I can
not see the least impropriety in trading honey for
boots, shoes, calico, hats, caps, or any thing we
must buy; for in this way we find an outlet for our
product, and purchase what we must have. By
carefully looking after this store trade, and being
affable and pleasant, much honey can be disposed
of.

Third, we have the shipping of honey to distant
points, to be sold on commission or for cash. As
nearly all are familiar with the way this is usually
done, I shall not dwell on these old plans, put pro-
ceed to tell you of one studied out by myself, which
may be new to most of the readers of Gleanings,
and which has worked well so far as I have tried it.
Not producing much extracted honey of late, of
course I have not tested it as thoroughly as I might
have done; but, as 1 said before. It has been a suc-
cess so far as T have used it. During my leisure
days in winter I get out boxes of white basswood,
poplar, or whitewood (tulip) lumber, to hold a given
number of pounds, the sizes usually being .5, 10, 25.
and .50 pounds, basing the size of the box on the
fact that 20 cubic inches will hold one pound of
honey, and give a little margin to spare, so that a
box containing 200 cubic inches will hold 10 lbs. of
well-ripened honey, and leave about hi inch at the
top unfilled. The material for the boxes, after be-
ing gotten out, is piled up in the loft of the shop,
and left till the next September before making up,
when it is thoroughly kiln-dried through the exces-
sive heat which pervades this place during the sum-
mer months. As soon as the honey begins to candy
in the storage-cans, this lumber is gotten down, and
the desired number of boxes made. When made,
the inside of the joints is coated with paraftineor
beeswax, and the desired number of pounds of the
partially granulated honey run in. Over the top a
sheet of manilla paper is now laid, and the cover
laid on top of this, when the whole is set away till
wanted for shipping. Along from November to
February, according to prices and my wants, I take
a block of wood of suitable size and bore a hole In
it, into which I put a chunk of about two ounces of
this now solid honey, and a slip of paper containing
printed directions how to liquefy the honey, when a
little piece of section is nailed over the open end.
The block of honey is nicely wrapped up, and a
tag tied on. T now take down my gazetteer, which
gives the population of every town and city in the
U. S., and pick out the place or places where I think
such honey as I have will sell the best, according to
population, location, and manufacturing interests,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

931

when I mail the postmaster of the place selected
one of the little blocks, and write , to him. sending
terms, etc., asking- him to interest himself in the
matter by showing- this sample to those he thinks
would wish honey, as they come after their mail,
giving- him a certain commission on whatever he
can sell. As orders come in, take the boxes of hon-
ey, and after insv)ectiiig to see that all is right, drop
on top of the honey the slip, telling how to liquefy
it, etc. ; then put on the mRnillu paper as before,
and nail on the cover, trimming off the paper left
outside, with a sharp knife. This paper is put in to
make this upper joint dust and dirt tight. All that
is necessary to be done now is to direct and ship.
Without going- into further details, I think all can
understand that here is a plan that is not only cheap
as to package, mode of working, etc., but brings
our product to the consumer with as little middle-
men agency as possible, when a market away from
home has to be sought. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1887.

Friend D., your plan has naany excellent
features to commend it. The principal dif-
ficulty, however, is with the wooden pack-
age. Prof. Cook mentioned it at Chicago,
and the matter was discussed somewhat.
Friend Ileddon said he had tried the wood-
en packages ; and while they did very well
for handling honey around home, he did not
believe they would ever take the place of
the square tin cans which we show in our
price list. He said he had been annoyed by
having the boxes broken, and by leakage.
As these packages are, however, cheaper
than any thing else we can get up, we should
like to have more reports from them. I was
somewhat surprised to see bow a rising vote
threw out wooden kegs for shipping honey.
Almost every one present had had some bad
experience with them. The greater majori-
ty by far were in favor of tin cans securely
bo.xed.

VARIOUS MATTERS.

IMPORTANT FACTS FROM FRIEND HYDE.

SEE by Gleanings that there is a short crop of
honey in all parts of the country, and do we
know why it is so? I know that, in some parts,
it is too di-y, and in others too wet; but here
when white clover was in bloom we had what I
throught as good weather for honey as any I ever
saw; in fact, June and July were just such months
as I should have ordered if I ruled the atmosphere.
There was clover in abundance; and after clover,
sumac; but still there was not much honey— only
about enough to keep brood-rearing going or until
goldenrod came, which gave almost enough for
winter. Some colonies got sufficient from this
source, as there was no honey in the hive before
this came. So now I shall have a good opportunity
to test goldenrod for wintering. This honey has
the same peculiar odor as you describe the aster
as having, on page 8:^9.

Two years ago some of my neighboi-s claimed to
get a large flow of honey from wild cherry, and
that year we had a host of cherries, so this year I
expected my bees to work on them; for, as expect-
ed, they were full of blossoms; but, on the contra-
ry, there wore but few bees to be seen on the trees;
likewise the cherries dropped before they ripened.

There was no honey from buckwheat, and buck-
wheat yielded poorly. I sowed some the S.ith of
July, that would have yielded well if it had not been
for frost, and the bees were busy for a good while
upon it. This was European silverhull. Isn't it
(lueer that we have it dry here while you have it
wet, and vice versa, when the distance between us
is so slight?

SUGGESTIONS ON SMOKERS.

I use a grate like the one in the bottom of the
Bingham smoker, on top of the fuel, to keep the
Are in, should the conetop drop off. I also use one
in the Clark to keep the sparks from coming out.
I find, also, that the top of the Bingham will not
heat so badly with this in.

THE BUTTER-DISH FEEDERS.

I want to suggest a few thoughts about feeders.
Why not invert a large butter-dish over a smaller
one, after you have placed it on the frames over
the bees, first making an opening in the bottom of
the larger one sufficient to pour feed through, and
to see how full you are getting it? Then you can
cover the opening with enamel cloth, and pack all
around it with chaff to keep the feed warm.

I want to suggest another idea to N. L. Gerrish or
C. C. Miller, in regard to filling empty combs with
syrup. Instead of using the machinery that
friend Miller describes on page 850, 1 take an empty
comb (those that are in wired L. frames are the
best to handle) and immerse it with the flat side
up, into a wash-boiler half full of syrup, or more,
pushing the comb down with one hand until the
syrup flows over it, and then pass the other hand
back and forth over the comb, lightly touching it.
This will suck the air out of the cells, causing the
syrup to take its place, until the whole side is
filled or rubbed in; then reverse, and fill the other
side in the same way. After they are filled, place
them in a comb-bucket, to drain off. You might,
before you set them aside to drip, wipe off with
your fingers some of the surplus. After you have
a sufficient number, take them to the hive, arid
the bees will repack them. You want your syrup
about blood warm, and thick. I make mine like
friend Heddon, using .3 lbs. of water with 10 lbs. of
sugar, adding one level teaspoonful of tartaric
acid when boiling. I know, friend Root, that you
object to using any acid; but have you known of
any harm that has resulted from it? If not, whj'
not use it, as it will keep syrup from sugaring
again? When I don't use it I find the sugar all
crusted on to the combs after filling the combs in
this way.

CLEANING OUT THE SECTIONS.

Friend Hilton, on page 851, says that he has no
trouble about getting bees to clean out the sec-
tions and carry the honey below. I have tried the
same way as he describes, without good success.

J. L. HVDE.

Pomfret Landing, Conn., Nov. 1.5, 1887.

Thanks, friend H., for the information
you give us. I am inclined to think the
goldenrod gave the peculiar odor you allude
to.— Your remark in regard to the butter-
dish feeder is good ; but 1 don't quite see
how the bees are going to get at the feed, on
the supposition that the larger butter-dish
tits closely over and around the edges of the
butter-dish below. As a general rule,
however, the butter-dishes are warped a
little. In this event we have ample

932

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

room for the bees to go to and from their
feed. Except as a winter feeder, we hardly
see the need of the extra butter-dish. Even
in quite cold and frosty weather in March,
we find that the bees will readily pass up and
take the feed, when they would not touch
the syrup in a tin receptacle. So far as I
know, your plan for flllini^ a comb by rub-
bing your hand over the foundation is new
and practical.

^ I m

TWO VALUABLE FACTS.

ARE ENRAGED BEES LIABLE TO ATTACK BLACK
OBJECTS ?

fHE above is the heading of an article in
Gleanings, Oct. 15, page 785. You think
the material has more to do with it than col-
or. Several years ago I transferred my bees
from deep frames to the Langstroth, or
Simplicity frames; and by so much shaking of the
bees they became enraged. There was a hen and
chickens in a coop, close to the apiary; part of the
young chickens were white, and part were black.
They were attacked by the bees. I lifted the coop
off from them, and the black chicks were complete-
ly covered with bees. You could not see them.
They were balled, just like a balled queen, and the
white chickens were not touched. I poured water
on them, and got them away from the bees, but I
don't recollect whether they lived or died. Was
there more wool on the blacks? I think it was the
color of the avooI.

WILL CHICKENS EAT WORKER-BEES?

This is doubted by some, and I think it is very
seldom that chickens eat bees; but sometimes they
do. 1 once caught a hen catching worker-bees at
the entrance of the hive, as they came in loaded.
She would snatch the bee and jerk back, but took
them about half as fast as she would have picked
up corn. It was on Sunday, and I was eating my
dinner when I saw her at her feast. I jumped up
from the table and killed her, cut her crop open,
and counted 53 bees in it. I don't know which com-
menced first. 1 think I was half done. 1 then
went to work, 1 think the next day, and fenced
them out; but since then 1 have let them run in
again. Keep me a place in Blasted Hopes. I am
coming. R. Robinson.

Laclede, Fayette Co., 111., Nov. 1, 1887.

Friend R., you give us a very valuable
fact. In the case of chickens, if the bees
attacked the black ones, and did not the
white ones, they certainly have the power
of distinguishing one from the other by col-
or. And this would settle another point —
that bees know colors. Before deciding,
however, that there could have been no
mistake in the matter, we should be glad to
hear if anybody else has had the same ex-
perience.— I have never seen chickens eat
worker-bees ; but I have been assured they
sometimes do, and on such good authority
that I have been satisfied of the fact. We
allow chickens to run about among the bee-
hives as they choose, and I often see them
snap up moth worms that have been carried
out by the bees. If I should see any thing,
however, that looks suspicious, as the case
you have mentioned, I think I should adopt
about as prompt measures as you did. I

presume it is only occasionally that a chick-
en happens to*learn that heavily laden bees
are good.

SUCCESSFUL CELLAR WINTERING.

HOW ONE OF THE FRIENDS ACCOMPLISHES IT

WITHOUT SUB-EARTH VENTILATORS OR

ARTIFICIAL HEAT.

T HAVE just read Dr. Miller's article, on page
^ 812, with much interest. As I have been win-
W tering bees in cellars for about 28 years, I
-*■ will give my views as to what 1 think on this
important matter. I have not, in all my ex-
periments, found any place so good to winter bees
in as a good cellar. I desire a very dry one. Our
cellar is under our house, or, rather, the main
parts, which are each 16 x 24 ft., in the form of an
L. There is no partition through it. There are
four windows, through which fresh air is admitted.
In one part of the cellar we keep our bees. As we
use it, the vegetables are in the cooler part and
the bees in the warmer part, or under the base-
burner. We can winter, in the room stated, from
50 to 125 colonies. We have an old carpet hung up
between the bees and cooler part of the cellar.
We never resort to artificial heat. The tempera-
ture is well under control, and in the bee-part it
can be kept at from 50 to 60° If desired, in our
coldest winters. It is usually kept at 45 to 50°,
as we prefer that temperature. Last winter there
was not a variation of over 4° from Nov. 18 to
Apr. 10— the time the bees were in the cellar. The
depth of my cellar is 7 ft., of which Wt ft. is above
ground. The wall is 18 inches thick from the bot-
tom up, to within 3 ft. of the top. The upper 3-ft.
wall is 15 inches thick, leaving room for studding
and lathing, which is plastered with two coats of
mortar. This gives two walls and a hollow air-
space, where most exposed to the cold. As it is
plastered up tight to the floor above, it is about
mouse-proof, which is good in that respect. The
floor is cemented so that bees and litter can be
easily taken up when desired. This, also, makes a
drier air, as is well known. The window-frames
are supplied with screen-frames, which sit in near
the window-sash, and are packed full with chaff,
through which we admit pure air and exclude
light. The windows are left open or ajar, in the
bee-apartment all winter, excepting during very
severe spells of cold, and then only for a short
time. Variation in temperature in such a cellar is
very slight, even if we have a week or two of
thawing weather. In fact, our bees are as quiet in
April as during the winter. When desired, the
carpet can be swung to one side a little, and cooler
air admitted gradually from the other apartment.
One thing is evident: Where a change of tempera-
ture is desired, that change should not be abrupt,
but very gradual. We have never found an ex-
ception to this.

We do not wish our bees to breed to any great
extent while in the cellar. Very little brood is
found when removed from the cellar in April.
The entrances to the hives are left open full width,
and are H x 15 inches. The space between the
bottom-bar and bottom-board is half an inch,
summer and winter. I have never had combs built
where this space was one inch, as you speak of
having also tried.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

933

I have not lost a colony in cellar wintering in the
last six years. I wintered from 50 to 135; average
about 90 colonies. F. A. Snell.

Milledgeville, 111., Nov. 23, 1887.

REPORT FROM TENNESSEE.

NOT VEHV ENCOUHAGINO.

■ Y report is not very encouraging, but here
are the facts. I wintered on summer stands
with no packing, and without loss, begin-
ning in the spring with 30 colonies in fair
average condition. They started well, but
received a severe check when in the midst of peach-
bloom. All our fruit was cut short by frost. For
some unknown reason, poplar (tulip) was also al-
most a total failure. I toolc only 29 gallons of honey,
mostly from sourwood and cotton, but might
have got five or si.x more in October from
aster had not absence from home prevented. The
aster was later than usual, on account of drought
In August and September, but it came out rich in
October. I had but three natural swarms, and put
two of them in one hive. I sold one colony and
made two full colonies by consolidation of nuclei.
I made all ready for winter Dec. Ist, and have 33 col-
onies, all rich in aster honey. We have had some
cold weather, but nothing near zero. For two
weeks bees have been out more or less almost every
day. So far as I know, my report is about the
average for this county. One of my neighbors
has done bettor, several not so well.
Lincoln, Tenn., Dec. 6, 1887. David Strang.

DANGEROUS STINGS.

APIS MELLIFICA IN A CASE OF SEVERE STINGING.

ip FTER reading Dr. Porter's article on bee-sting
^ poison as a remedial agent, T thought I would
K' tell you what I know about it. My baby, 19
^ months old, got to a stand of bees lately, dur-
ing my absence, and was very nearly stung to
death. The first thing we did was to bathe him in
strong soda-wafer; and after that we gave him
cream-tartar water; and when the doctor came, the
first thing he gave was apis melliflca, and put him
in a hot soda bath. The bee-stings affected his
stomach and bowels the same as if he had taken
some deadly poison internally. The doctor said it
acted like so much arsenic, and that apis mellifica
was the remedy to give, and it proved to be so; for
the little sufferer soon showed signs of improve-
ment. But, the strangest part of it all, the places
stung swelled but very little, and that not until the
next morning. He had over two hundred stings on
the head, face, and hands; and after reading how
painful it is to be stung in the gristle of the ear or
nose, I know his suffering was terrible, for the
blood ran off the ears when the stings were remov-
ed, and one bee had to be picked out of his ear with
a pin. You may ask why T gave cream of tartar.
Well, I don't know whether it is good for bee-stings
or not; but I gave it to my brother a few years ago
when he had been stung so badly, while trying to
transfer a stand of bees, that he had a hard chill,
and there were hives all over his body as large as
my hand. I gave him about a tablespoontul of
cream of tartar, and a strong solution of cream of
tartar to bathe in, and then sent for the doctor. He
was much better by the time the doctor came, and

he said I had done as much as he could do, and did
not give him anything else. By evening (he was
stung about noon) he was able to be up, but said he
felt as if he had been sick a week. Now, I think
every one who has bees ought to keep a vial of apis
melliflca on hand, with directions to give in the case
of severe stinging. Mas. E. C. Harper.

lantha. Mo., Nov. 38, 1887.
My friend, I presume 1 should have done
just about as you did, in case of such se-
vere stinging ; but I think we should keep
in mind, after all, that such reports do not
give any positive proof that any of tlie
remedies you mention did any good at all.
From what experience I have had with
cases of severe stinging, I should expect
the baby to recover just about as you de-
scribe, without any medicine or treatment
whatever, except removing the stings as
speedily as possible.

WINTER LOSSES.

COLONIES deserting, AND BEES DYING FROM
POISON.

"1^ AST winter was a hard one on bees about here.
1^ One man, who wintered in the cellar, and has
'^^ not lost any to amount to any thing for
■*" several yaars, and boasted that he would not
lose any last winter, lost two- thirds of
what he had. I lost 28 out of 80; 14 out of the
28 deserted in one afternoon. There were two
more that deserted, but I got them to stay in
their hives after putting them back two or three
times.

The .53 that wei-e left I increased to 72, and got
enough honey to pay expenses; but I am not dis-
couraged, as I got twice as much honey last year as
I expected, and did not lose any thing this. This is
better than a good many have done.

If I had followed the advice of some of the lead-
ing bee-keepers I should have lost 13 more swarms
than I did. They advised that beginners should
not handle their bees until the last of April. I com-
menced working mine the fore part of March, and
found one that would not have lasted much longer,
and I brought it through all right. About the
middle of April, 12 colonies had lost their queens by
deserting and otherwise, but I kept at work at
them, so that, when clovercame, they were all right.

What was the cause of so many colonies desert-
ing in one day? Was it the bright warm weather,
after the cold snap we had the first of the week?

PLANTS THAT ARE POISONOUS TO THE BEES.

What is there about sweet alyssum that will kill
bees? We had a little patch in a flower-bed, and
some days it would have a very strong and sickish
smell; and the bees would buzz around it lively for
a while, getting pollen, which was very sweet, when
all at once they would drop down as though they
were stupefied, and in a minute or two they seemed
to be in great agony, and then die. Other days
they would work on it all day, and it did not affect
them. The days that it killed them, the pollen was
a greenish yellow; and when it did not, it was a
bright orange. P. H. Fellows.

Brodhead, Wis., Dec. 3, 1887.
Friend F., there are blossoms besides the
sweet alyssum wiiich at times seem to have
the same effect on the bees. It has been
observed and mentioned, even with so
common a plant as sweet clover.

\)U

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

BEE-KEEPING AND FARMING.

MY REPORT, ETC.

WENT into winter quarters witii 144 colonies. I
lost about 10 through the winter and spring.
The spring was so unfavorable, the bees, in-
stead of building- up, ran down from the first
of March till about the 18th of August. They
did not gather honey enough in that time to make
them quiet to manipulate.

I fed my home apiary, of about 100 colonies, Sbbls.
of honey-dew. This I fed outside the apiary,
through the months of July and August. The first
of August they were starving; that is, the weaker
colonies. I then fed them 200 lbs. of sugar, made
into syrup, and poured it into empty combs and set
it in the hives.

About the 18th of August thei-e was a little honey-
dew, enough to start them to rearing brood: per-
haps they gathered 5 or 6 lbs. per colony. About
the 25th of August, Spanish needle began to bloom;
but it continued so very dry that there was but lit-
tle hope of weak colonies gathering sufficient stores
for winter. 1 then commenced doubling up, or
doubling down, to 95 colonies. Many of them by
this time had lived out their threescore and ten. I
fixed them up the best I could, and ceased making
any effort for comb honey, inasmuch as I had more
combs than I could take care of. The moth de-
stroyed about 200 combs. I had to take care of my
combs 11 months before 1 could save them on hives.
My crop foots up to 1000 lbs. of honey and 30 lbs. of
beeswax.

ITALIANS VERSDS BLACKS.

I had 20 colonies of Italians in one apiary, that
were not fed any. I lost one colony and got 435 lbs.
of honey from them, leaving 8 well-filled frames be-
low for winter stores. I had 15 colonies of black
bees in another apiary, and 6 colonies of Italians.
About August 25th, when the honey-flow came,
if 1 may call it a flow, there were only 4 of the 15
alive, and 5 of the 6 Italians alive. I got surplus
enough from the Italians to winter the blacks; but
I found one more black colony in preparing them
for winter, about " petered out," which will leave
3 of the 15 alive.

Bee-men have lost from one-fourth to one-third
of their bees, and they are not quite so well sup-
plied for winter as usual either, while those that
don't care for their bees have lost at least a half,
and those that are alive now may not have sufficient
stores to winter only the strongest colonies. Feed-
ing bees for winter is not practiced here much. If
bees don't gather enough to winter on, all they
have to do is to step down and out.

FARMING VERSUS BEE-KEEPING.

Inasmuch as I had nothing to do to my bees but
to feed them occasionally, and count the dead at
night, I turned my attention to farming. I sowed
(i acres of oats and obtained about 2^'5 bushels. 1
had 22 acres of meadow, which .yielded about T tons
of hay— and weeds. I gave one-half for getting it
put up. I planted 15 acres of corn, which yielded
about i;4 gallons per acre. 1 cut up the fodder,
bound it in bundles, and after it settled it looked as
if there were about 300 bushels of fodder. From
the middle of June to this date there has been, as
nearly as I could come at it by keeping a jar on a
bee-hive, 3'/2 inches of rain. From the middle of
July to the middle of August the temperature
ranged from 104 to 115, and the country was literal-

ly plastered with chinch-bugs. Below I append my
tabulated report:

1000 lbs. of honey at 10 cts. per lb $100 00

30 lbs. of beeswax at 23 cts. per lb 6 90

106 90

INCIDENTAL EXPENSES.

90 gallons of honey-dew at 45 cts. per

gallon 40 50

200 lbs. of sugar at 5^2 cts. per lb 11 00

Other material 90

52 40

54 50

FARM STATEMENT.

6 acres of oats, 235 bush, at 22 cts. per

bush $49 50

15 acres of corn, 3 bush, at 40 cts. per

bushel 1 20

22 acres of meadow, one-half, 3!4 tons 21 00

4 acres of apple-orchard, J4 bush .50

9 bush, of potatoes at digging time 5 40

.52 bush, of wheat at ()5 cts. per bushel 34 12

11 bush, buckwheat at 60 cts 6 60

118 32

EXPENSES.

Cutting oats, planter, and seed $ 6 00

Wheat thrashing 1 60

Feed for two horses, corn, 50 bush 16 00

Say one ton of hay 10 00

32 65

85 67
I spent about 20 days with the bees. There were
between 75 and 100 days spent on the farm.
LaClede, 111., Nov. 8, 1887. " R. ROBINSON.

Bee En^©M0i^06Y,

Or Enemies of Bees Among the Insect Tribe.

MYRIAPOD— THOUSAND-LEGGED WORM.

R. JOHN H. RUPERT, Woodcock, Pa., sends
me a species of iulus, one of our common
myriapods— the so-called " thousand-leg-
ged worms "—and a large female blister-
beetle, Meloe AngusticoUis. He wishes me
to name them in Gleanings. The first— iulus— is
one of the vegetable-feeding myriapods. The com-
mon name— thousand-legged worm— shows the ten-
dency of our people to exaggerate. These insects
are cylindrical, with from fifty to sixty segments,
or joints; each ring, or joint, has four legs, or two
pairs of legs, so ?a(/itired-legged worms would be a
correct name. Some claim that these eat the po-
tatoes, and so cause scab. They are often called
" wire-worms." This term applies more correctly
to the grubs of our elater. or spring beetles. These
myriapods are perfectly harmless, and may be
handled with no danger, though the sensation of
their many feet passing over one's hand is not al-
together pleasing.

The large beetle is illustrated in my bee-book, and
is the adult of the bee grubs, illustrated and com-
mented on in Gleanings, p. 588. These are among
the most interesting of our beetles. The vesicatory
properties of the insects, and their strange and
unique transmutations, make them most interesting
subjects for study. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 25. 1887.

But as the scientilic name — myriapod —
means ten thousand tooted, . friend Cook,
how much more are common people inclined
to exaggerate, after all, who call it only a
thousand?

1887

GLEANIN^GS IX BEE CULTURE.

93S

ESTABLISHING OUT-APIAKIES.

DOES IT PAYV if so, how SHALL WE GO TO WORK?

fHE following paper was to have been
read at the convention recently held
at Chicago ; but through some delay
it didn't reach there in time. Inasmuch
as the subject of out-apiaries has been
considered in our Question- Box department,
w^e thought best to take the following from
friend Jones's paper. He has had large ex-
perience in this line ; and as he speaks
from actual experience, the reader will find
many valuable points in it :

This is the question that has been assigned me by
your Secretary, and it is one which is receiving-
considerable attention just now, as many engaged
in apiculture are increasing their colonies until
they have, frequently, more than they can afford to
keep in one apiary. Then the questions aiise. What
should they do? Should they sell them off or start
"out apiaries"? There are some localities where
■'iOO colonies might be kept with success, and there
are others where 100 would overstock them. We
consider from 100 to 300 colonies as many as is profit-
able to keep in the average apiary. In establishing
out-apiaries, fifty colonies would make a start, but
we would recommend a hundred, as no more trouble
need be taken to manipulate them. These would
contain 300 in the tall, which might be divided
again ; thus your apiaries, if you double your colo-
nies, would double every year. But counting rais-
hai)s, sales, and losses, perhaps we might more
reasonably e.xpect to double our colonies every
two years. This, of course, depends largely on the
practice of the apiarist. One man is required at
each out-apiary during the season, which in this
country varies from four to five months. From
our home apiary we located one about one and a
half miles to the northwest, the ne.xt about four
miles to the northeast, ne.\t seven miles to the
northeast, then one five miles north, one six miles
northwest, and one ten miles northwest, with some-
times smaller ones between. From personal ex-
perience we are satisfied that, in good localities,
from two to three miles apart is far enough to have
them. We have had as good results from the
closest apiaries as from those furthest apart,
and that, too, when there were over 300 colonies in
each. If the locality were suitable, we should pre-
fer to place them so we could visit all the apiaries
by driving the shortest possible distance; that is, five
or si.x apiaries might be placed round a central one,
or in a way that you could drive or take them all in
In one route. Ours, unfortunately, are not so
placed, and it gives us Ave or ten miles of an extra
drU^e to take them all in; but as the locations
suited us better, we thought it would more than
overbalance the extra cost of the journey to place
them as we did. Each apiary should have a practi-
cal man or woman in charge. We have frequently
had students look after them, but it pays much
better to have assistants with at least one year's ex-
perience, as the foreman can not manage to go
around to each apiary more than once a week, and
sometimes scarcely that, especially if he has to give
a day to each apiary, to instruct the one in charge.
The assistant in charge has spare time enough on
his hands to keep the yard in nice condition, be-
sides preparing sections, putting them on, keeping
the hives painted, and making new ones when re-
quired. We never expect him to do all the work
during the honey-flow, but give him assistance in
extracting. The more assistance that is required
for this purpose, the better the apiary pays. Wheu
extracting we use little boys and girls for carrying
the combs to and from the hives to the extractor.
Two of them, a little larger and a little practiced,
do the uncapping and extracting. We have also
had boys from ten to twelve years old who could
put the combs back into the hives very well after
they had been extracted. This class of labor with
us is very cheap, and there is generally plenty of
it in the neighborhood of every apiary that can be got
when required. The youngsters think it as good as
a holiday to get an opportunity to work in the bee-
yard. With a good practical foreman to visit the
yards and see after them, as much can be realized
ifrom the out-apiaries as from the home ones. Very
often they bring in better returns because they are

selected on account of their fitness, while your
home apiary may ba tolerated only because of its
being your " home," rather than the most favor-
at)le place for an apiary. Almost any number of
apiaries may be managed in this way If the owner
is thoroughly practical, and will devote his entire
time to the business, or if a good reliable foreman
and trusty students can be secured, or, better, those
who have had, say, a year's experience. We are
satisfied, that, after one has mastered the business,
and undei-stands it thoroughly, it his surroundings
are suitable he is only fooling away his time with
one apiary, as ho can manage several without any
more trouble than is required to nuinage one. Ho
would require a suitaltle rig, so that in driving to
each apiary he could take such supplies as he
might reijuire. and in returning could bring any
honey that there might be on hand.

We have parties offering us the privilege of estab-
lishing apiaries on their premises, without any
charge. One man, where we had an apiai-y for over
ten years, sold his place and moved away. He has
asked us to come and establish one on his new
place, free of charge, knowing as he does the bene-
fit that the clovers, fruit-trees, and vines receive
from the fertilization of the flowers l)y the bees.
The highest that we have ever paid is $3.5 00 a year
for bee-houses or cellar to winter in. All the ground
that is required is a quarter to half an acre to
place the bees on. From $5.00 to $10.00 a year is the
usiuil rent where a charge is made at all. Even
though a person has a sale for all the extra colo-
nies of bees he can spare, it will pay him to have at
least one or two out-apiaries, because, if increase
is the principal object, the sale of bees will doubly
repay the interest on capital invested. Any honey
that they may stow away, more than is required,
can either be extracted, or the filled combs may be
kept for future use, as it is desirable to have some
such combs on hand to save feeding colonies that
are run more exclusively for honey. We believe
that all such apiaries should be managed for both
honey and increase, unless the sale of bees is al-
most impossible at a very low figure, in which
case increase is a thing not so much to be desired.

OUK BUSHEL BOXES FOR POTATOES.

SOME KIND WORDS IN REGARD TO THEM, KKOM
PROF. CHAMBERLAIN, OF THE IOWA AGRI-
CULTURAL COLLEGE.

jc-l&J'E clip the following from the Countt-y
Gentleman of Nov. 10 ; and we here-
by extend our thanks, not only to
friend Chamberlain, but to the
Country Gentleman as well, in giving
so flattering a notice of our work :

I agree with C. E. Chapman, page TTO, in discard-
ing grain-sacks for handling potatoes, and wonder
that Mr. W'. F. Brown should recommend them
after Mr. T. B. Terry's repeated mention and
description of hui^hrl lioxes and their uses. The hat-
ter are better and more durable than crates;
indeed, the very best things, it seems to me, that
can be devised. I orderecl 135 for the college
this fall, and our foreman tays they will pay
their cost this year in the saving of labor
in handling about ten acres of experimental
potatoes, some ninety varieties. We ordered
them of A. I. Root, Medina, O., the manufacturer
of bee-supolies. They are of basswood (linden)
lumber, half-inch or nine-sixteenths of an inch
thick, bound with light galvanized hoop iron.
They are sent in distant shipment by freight, "in
knock down," boxed all ready to nail together,
with nails, binding, and all. compkte, ai\d ernrtly
right. The fop edge of the sides of the boxes comes
already bound with iron. The edge is gi-ooved a
little, and the binding is fitted on by machiiiery as
neatly as a tailor would bind n ''oat-rdge and press
it. On arrival the boxes are Juailcd t<>gcther and
a band is nailed entirely around each end. A
hand-hole is cut at the place of manufacture, by
machinery, near the upper edge of each end of
each box. The boxes are about 10 inches square,
and are light, strong, durable, cheap, and most
convenient. 1 do not give exact dimensions, be-
cause I am now away from home, and do not
remember them, and because tho boxes can be

m

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

1)eC'.

ordered of Mr. Root, and shipped to any part of
the United States "in knock down " by freight
cheaper than they can be made in any locality,
except by special machinery, and in quantity. My
remembrance is, that they cost about twenty
cents. Mr. Root, I presume, calls them " Terry's
bushel boxes," not because Mr. Terry invented
them, for I think he did not, but because by his
writings he brought them into general notice and
use; a real benefit to farmers. My impression is,
that Mr. Terry suggested certain improvements in
their construction. Both men have done a good
thing, I think, in bringing them into more general
use. They are the handiest things on the farm.
With our low-platform '• Michigan wagon." which I
will some time describe, with its strong 7 by 16 plat-
form, we can load 60 or even 100 bushels in a few
moments after they are picked up over the field,
and store them in the cellar or car without shovel-
ing or any handling, except to empty the boxes.

I will add . that the bushel boxes, as used
by friend Terry when I visited his place,
were of very much heavier lumber, and
made without the galvanized-iron binding
which we have added to it. The first that I
made were put into practical use out in the
fields, picking up stones ; and it occurred to
me they would be very much more durable
and more serviceable by this iron binding,
and at the same time they could be made
lighter, because thinner lumber would ans-
wer when bound with iron. I now remem-
ber that I spent quite a little thought and
study on the matter, and concluded that an
implement, to be used over and over again,
as we used these boxes, needs to be made
with a good deal of care and pains ; and in
view of this, friend Chamberlain's kind
words were very acceptable when my eye
ran on to tltem in looking over one of my
agricultural papers — the Country (rcntleman.
A great part of my evenings are spent with
these agricultural papers ; and I have learn-
ed to feel toward them as if they were old
and tried and much-esteemed personal
friends.

FOUL BROOD AT THE HOME OF THE
HONEY-BEES.

SUGGESTIONS FROM ONE OF OUK ENGLISH COU-
RESPONDENTS.

T J30 not suppose I shall ever meet you; but nev-
j^ ertheless my thoughts are often with you in
^k your good work; and you also have my sincere
sympathy in your time of trial and fighting
with the plague. Though until recently you
had never even seen foul brood, you now appear to
be having a hard time of it. Foul brood is very
infectious, as I well know, but usually there is no
reason why so many colonies should become dis-
eased in any apiary when only two or three are
foul in the first instance. Your own experience
appears to denote that your bees have access to
diseased hives in the possession of your neighbors,
or have had the chance to get at honey containing
germs of the disease, that you may have purchas-
ed; or else, what is still more probable, the rea-
son that the complaint breaks out in so many dif-
ferent colonies is, that your operations in connec-
tion with the whole apiary are not conducted by a
single operator who knows exactly what he is
about, and the nature of the disease he has to con-
tend with.

Had some one responsible apiarist, such as your-
Self, or Ernest, for instnncc, the ontiro control of
all manipulations from the time of tlio first out-

break, I have no doubt that ere now that caution,
so absolutely necessary to be practiced, would have
become the watchword, and many already diseased
stocks would never have become so. With several
hands about, each carrying out some manipula-
tion, it is utterly impossible to prevent the spread
of the disease, unless the master-mind is ever pres-
ent to see that every precaution is taken. Having
foul brood in an apiary, cA^ery colony alike must be
suspected until it is certain the pest is quite cleai-ed
away. Every time, whether opening a suspected,
or what is thought to be a clean hive, the hands
must be disinfected as well as the articles used,
before another hive is touched. Thus only can one
ever hope to eradicate the plague from his apiary,
whether he adopt the phenol or starvation cure, or
any other; once keep the disease from spreading to
other hives, and a speedy cure is certain. Besides
handling hives and frames indiscriminately, I have
never known the disease to be spread, except by-
robbing, and this can be avoided by the careful
apiarist.

Some twelve years ago, I completely cured my
own apiary by the starvation plan, and never de-
stroyed any bees, except the wretched remnant of
a colony found to have been robbed in the first in-
stance, and before I knew what I had got on hand.
No colony renovated by starving, and then given
clean hives, and made to build new combs, ever
had the disease again, and so presently I had all
clean stocks once more. Where one has a large
j apiary, and great risks at stake, this will ever be
I found the most satisfactory plan — molting down
all combs, scalding and disinfecting the hives.
The frames should be burned out of the way, as
they are not worth cleaning. Single-walled hives
are far more easily disinfected than those with
I double walls, and probably for this reason I shall
i never again use any but simple hives.
j As a preventive, I would use Mr. Cheshire's reme-
I dy in food, given to every colony both spring and
autumn; but as yet 1 prefer the total-renovation
process as above, giving an immediate and certain
cure, causing much less anxiety, and no further
manipulations. The most economic plan must al-
ways be that which puts a job out of hand at once,
as labor is no inconsiderable item whei-e a large
apiary has to be attended to. That phenol will
cure, as well as act as a preventive, 1 am satisfied;
but if I were troubled badly with foul brood again
I should not feel justified in keeping it on hand
long enouiih to cure by that means, leaving out of
the question the many manipulations to be carried
out meanwhile.

During my extensive experience with the disease
twelve years since, as I have said, I not only did
not destroy the bees when of any use, but I also
saved the brood that would hatch. A certain colo-
ny (or colonies) had their queen removed; when the
next lot, slightly diseased, was found, a new (starv-
ed) swarm was made with its queen, and given a
fresh start, while the hive of brood, combs, and
remaining bees, were placed with or above the
queenless lot. As fast as the brood which would,
had hatched out, the emptied combs were removed
and destroyed; and so the process was continued
until in the end only these " hospitals" remained
to be starved out and their combs destroyed. In
many cases the combs were cleared of every parti-
cle of diseased matter; and such was also the case
where queens were removed from strong colonies,

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliE.

93^?

taken in hand before the case had gone too far.
Nevertheless, all such combs went into the wax-
pot, and the refuse was carefully buried or burned
afterward.

The lesson was such a K'ood one, and the necessi-
ty of always adopting the greatest caution was so
thoroughly impressed upon me, that I have never
again had the complaint in my own colonies,
though it has frequently been brought into my
apiaries among purchased bees. The experienced
eye will at once nolice the least suspicion of foul
brood, and the only thing to do is to put it out of
harm's way at once.

There arc many who are not acquainted with the
nature of the treacherous disease; but anyone in
doubt about it will observe that, where any of the
larvje or older brood retains its original color and
form. In many cases drying up to a white cinder,
there is then no actual disease, even though some
of the younger larvte appear just as rotten as that
of the real foul brood; but in the latter case the
whole of the dead brood changes color, and be-
comes a dark putrid mass.

Simple dead brood, as above, will generally
disappear during the autumn, or simply by giv-
ing a new queen; and there is not the least
doubt that it has been this slight malady, and not
genuine foul brood, which has sometimes been re-
ported as curing itself. 1 have never known the
real plague to cure itself, though it can be to a
certain extent restrained, by an energetic colony
with a young queen; and from what I know of the
nature of the disease, I never expect to see a self-
cure. S.\M. SiMMINS.

Rottingdean, Brighton, Eng., Nov. 8, 188T.

Accept our thanks, friend Simmins, for
your very kind letter and words of advice.
Your statements in reference to the disease
in general, agree with our experience. It is
possible that some of our neighbors' bees
have foul brood, and it is possible that a dis-
eased colony lives in some hollow tree in
the woods. In the latter event I do not
know how we can remove the source of mis-
chief unless we scour the country in bee-
hunting excursions. We have questioned
those who keep bees within a mile and a half
of us, and they all unite in sa>ing,so far as
we have heard from them, that then- bees are
free from all such infections as we have de-
scribed to them. If such is the case it is not
probable that there is a diseased colony in
the woods. I (Ernest) pass among the bees
several times a day. I keep track of and
advise the boys ; and when I have time I
w'ork among the bees myself. If a colony of
foul brood is found, I direct as to its mode
of treatment, and, as a rule, lam on hand to
assist. The two apiarists are very careful
men; in fact, as careful as I could be my-
self. So closely were the colonies examined,
that, with one or two exceptiims, we never
found more than one or two infected colonies
in an apiary in a single day, and most of the
days none at all. Practically speaking, the
disease did not exist in our apiary during
the summer. But you will urge that foul
brood did occasionally manifest itself, and,
in consequence of this, there was some-
thing in my treatment or management that
was not quite right. This maybe true ; but
if so, I plead in defense that, at the solicita-

tion of not a few, I experimented with
some of the acid treatments : and while
sucli experiments may have been favorable
for the further continuance of foul brood, I
am the better able to judge regarding tlie
merits of this or that treatment ; and con-
sequently to advise our over 7000 readers
when they get into trouble. Aitt-r having
tried the various acid treatments, i feel sure
tliat, for efficacy and dispatch, there is no
better method than the starvalion plan,
coupled with a good antiseptic.

THE FAMILY POCKET-BOOK.

DU. MILLER TELLS WHICH OF THE TWO, WHEN THE
TWO ARE WON AND ONE, SHOULD CARRY IT.

fRIEND ROOT:— I'm riled again. On page 743
you say, " But I do think it is every wom-
an's privilege to have the money an article
costs, in place of the article itself, whenever
she wishes." Now, I just don't think so— at
least, not in some cases. Let me give a case in
point. My wife wanted her strawberry-bed clean-
ed out. We had had a severe drought, making
the ground hard, and the condition of the bed was
such that it would take no little strength to do
the required work. I told her to hire the work
done. No, she wanted to do the work herself, so
she could have the money it cost, to do as she
pleased. As nearly as I recollect, the matter was
loft in a half-settled condition; and before I fairly
knew what was going on she had a good share of
the bed done, and, like all of her woi'k, it was
done in good shape— perhaps better than if the
work had been hired. But. For the next 24 hours
she was a sick woman, and did not fully get over
it for a number of days. In such a case I feel that
I have the right to say, "That money must go for
the work, and it is not your ' privilege to have
the money' the work 'costs, in place of the article
itself.' "

But the very fact that a woman may want the
money instead of the article itself, is suggestive of
a state of affairs that is radically wrong. It brings
to mind a good many cases I have known, one of
which I will mention. During m>' boyhood 1 clerk-
ed in a country store, and among our customers
was a well-to-do farmer who lived quite near. I
don't suppose the man thought he was a tyrant,
but he was unwilling to furnish his wife what was
really necessary to bring up a large family. So
sometimes one of the girls could be seen coming
down the back alley, through the barn, into the
back door of the store, bringing a pillow-slip full
of goose feathers, a roll of butter, or what not,
to trade for needed goods, unknown to Mr. Nagel.
I can hardly blame a woman, in such a case, even
for making herself sick for the sake of getting
something she needs very much.

Now, in my judgment there is something radical-
ly wrong somewhere, when a woman can spend
money only at the pleasure of her liege lord, and
must come with a feeling of dread for every dollar
she wants. It is a relic of barbarism, or, rather,
barbarism itself, to consider the wile as merely a
slave or a servant, entitled to a mere pittance,
grudgingly doled out, when she wants any money
for her own disposal. And when a woman wants
the price of an article rather than the article

9:^8

glp:aninus in bee culture.

Dkc.

itself, there is at least a faint suspicion that possi-
bly she does not feel at liberty to put her hand in
the common pocket-book and draw therefrom what
she may desire.

But I am not starting- out on a tirade ag-ainst
mankind. It is womankind I arraign. Whatever
may be said about women in general, there are
some who seem to have the impression that a
husband is a mere machine to drudge and earn
money that his wife may have plenty of money to
dress up in fine raiment, and sit and fold her lily-
white hands in graceful idleness. Deep down in
the bottom of the hearts of even the worst of these,
there is, however, I believe, a better nature which is
buried under only a layer of selfishness; and under
favoring circumstances this better nature will
come to the surface. The disease, therefore, is not
incurable.

There is another disease which, although of an
apparently mild type, has this sad feature; it is,
80 far as I know, incurable. It is a sort of mild
insanity, or monomania. I am well acquainted
with the symptoms, a case having for a long time
been under my observation. The lady in question,
sane upon all other subjects, is affected with the
delusion that she is entirely free to use as she
pleases only such money as she may earn with
her own hands, and receive not from her husband,
but from some one else, as the reward of her labor;
and yet her husband has always given her freely
all the money she wanted, and more, insisting that,
although he might have received the money, it
was just as much hers as his, and she had as truly
earned it by doing- her share of the work in the
life-partnership. Yet she sadly says, "Before I
was married I was independent; I earned my own
money, and felt entirely free to do as I pleased
with it. Now, I can have only what my husband
earns; and although my husband is the kindest
man in the world, gives me all the money I want
■without asking what 1 want it for, still it is not
pleasant to feel dependent. Then her husband
tries to humor her whim, and offers to pay her
stated wages for working for him. But she says,
"Oh! that's different. I couldn't take wages from
my husband." Sometimes she deludes herself with
the pleasing- fancy that she Is earning something
herself in this way: She buys a pig, or something
of the kind, takes care of it herself, and then if it
sells for $10.00 she feels rich in the possession of
$10.00 of her very own. No matter if $11.00 of what
she considers her husband's money was paid for the
pig- and its feed, she takes no note of that, con-
tent to think only of the $10.00 that she has earned.
Is this an isolated case, or is it a type of a class?
And is there any cure for such a case?

Marengo, 111. C. C. MilTjER.

Why, friend M., your experience agrees
with mine exactly. It is a grand thing for
the children, to get a mania for being inde-
pendent, and for desiring to earn some
money all their very own ; but when the
wife starts out on that tact, it is another
thing. Just say to that lady, friend M.,
that when she is married she and her hus-
band are one, and that therefore the pocket-
book is common property. When I got
back from the Chicago ( 'onvention I found
my every-day boots all cleaned up nice, and
oiled. T knew they neeiled it, but I didn't
have time to do it; and when I thought of

my wife doing that kind of work for her
absent husband, I commenced to give her
a good scolding. She very meekly informed
me, however, that it was all right. She
said she found a dollar and a half in the
pockets of my old clothes, and so it was all
square, without any more being said about
it. I changed my tactics, and was going to
start out again, but finally concluded she
was " mistress of the situation.''

HONEY-TUMBLERS.

HOW SHALL, WE PUT UP JUST ONE POUND OF

HONEY, AND HAVE THE TUMBLER EVEN

FULL ?

fRlEND ROOT:— After reading what you wrote
on page 877, in regard to the "false balance,"
etc., I can not resist the desire to call your
attention to something in your own business
that is very similar to the false-barrel busi-
ness which you there so justly condemn. In the
summer of 1886 I sent to you for 100 one-pound
tumblers, as I wanted to get people to using a little
extracted honey. The tumblers that you sent
weighed just 14 oz. more when filled than when
empty. I wrote you about it, and you answered
that my honey was thin. You were mistaken, but I
could not very well prove it, so the matter was
dropped.

Ag-ain, this past summer I sent to you for a bar-
rel of 1-lb. tumblers, hoping- to get some that
would hold a full pound; but I saw at once they
were smaller than those you sent the year before.
They will hold rZ'A oz., if filled very full. The
result is, I have used very few of them, and feel
as though I never wanted to use them, as there is a
falsehood on every one, for the labels say, " One
pound."

In regard to the false-barrel business, you say,
"The man who decides to use such barrels is the
one who is cheated in the end. But very likely he
bought them for honest barrels." I ordered 1-lb.
tumblers, paid for them, and can not very well
afford to throw them away. As you say, the whole
business is abominable in the sight of God and
honest men. I know that you do not make the
tumblers, but I suppose you sell large quantities of
them, and surely you can get the manufacturers
to make you a tumbler that will hold a full pound.

Now, in regard to the 1-lb. section : I use sections
7 to the foot, and find that, if full sheets of founda-
tion are used, they will weigh, when filled, 14 oz.,
average. I sell them by weight, and tell every one
they will not weigh quite 1 lb. But they are often
retailed from the groceries for pounds, and it is
certainly very desirable to have a section that will
weigh a full pound. For that reason I am think-
ing- of using l}i! sections, and should like to in-
quire of those who have used them if thej' will
average 1 lb. when used with separatoi's; and if
they can get as much honey in them as in the
narrower sections.

I see by the bee-papers that many have fed their
bees large quantities of sugar syrup for winter
stores, but you are offering nothing better than a
butter-dish for a feeder. Is it necessary that we
should bother with butter-dishes and pepper-boxes,
when we have thousands of pounds of svrup to
lecdV I believe nearly all beekeepers agiee that it

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

939

Is better to give it all at once. It should not be a
very difBcult matter to make a wooden feeder
holding 25 lbs. that can be set right on the frames
of any hive.

I got ten of your 12 lb. shipping-crates last spring,
and like them very much. I think I have sold .500
lbs. of honey in those ten crates. I fasten the cov-
ers on with a little leather hinge to keep them in
place, and it makes a nice covered box for the hon-
ey while it is bi:ing used in the family, or sold from
the store. Put a paper in the bottom, and change
it every time you fill the crate, and sandpaper off
the outside whenever it is soiled.

My report for the past season is as follows: I
had 38 colonies in the spring, and have 40 at the
present time; 900 lbs. of comb honey, and 300 of
extracted. I am but a novice in the business, as I
began three years ago with one colony, and have
never bought or sold a colony since.

Those "sermons out of church" are doing a
world of good, and that kind of mixing things can
never do anj' harm.

Brother bee-keepers, let us give good weight and
measure, pressed down, running over; and don't
try to sell glass or wood for honey. In other words,
let us do unto others as we would that they should

do unto us. A. C. BUGBEE.

Lochiel, Ind., Nov. 38, 1887.

Friend B., I want to set hold of your
hand and thank you for the frank manner
in which you come right out and tell us of
our faults. Nothing could convince me so
thorouglily of your sincere friendship as
this straightforward manner. You say, in
closing, that you know we did not make
the tumblers ; aud you might also add, that
we did not sell them, when hlled with hon-
ey, for a pound of lioney. For all that, it
is bad business. Please have charity
enough, however, to believe me when I say
that we had no intention or thought of
deceiving when we used these tumblers.
There is certainly a very great deal of dif-
ference in ihe specific gravity of lioney.
John has just brought me a tumbler of each
size, half-pound and pound, tilled with
clover honey. The half-pound holds a lit-
tle too mucii ; in fact, we have had some
pretty seveie scoldings because of this
fault. One friend says that his customers
grumble unless the tumblers are full ; but
if he fills them full they hold nine ounces.
If he puts in exactly half a pound, each
tumbler has to be weighed, which is an an-
noyance and bother. We have had pound
tumblers from two different glass-factories,
and it is true that the one we are now using
holds only 1.5 ounces. There has never
been a tumbler made especially for honey.
Well, in hunting up a package for a pound
of honey. I found these jelly-tumblers. I
believe they are called, among glassware-
men, half-pint tumblers; but they hold so
much over half a pint, that, with very thick
honey filling them clear to the brim, I
succeeded in getting in a whole pound,
and decided that it is better to use these
than to go to the enormous expense of
changing dies and machinery to make some-
thing a tririe larger. A good many of our
customers sell them, filled with honey, at so
much a tumblerful. When asked if there
is a pound of tlie honey, they always say.

•'I believe there is not." I do not know
how the jelly-tumbler folks came to strike
on any thing so near just what we want.
Here it is, however, in almost every market
of the world, and it will be very expensive
business to get new molds and new ma-
chines for making them. And even if we
do, the two sizes are so nearly alike they
will be constantly getting mixed up. Had
we not better take the tumblers that are
already in every-day use the world over,
almost, and sell the honey at so much a
tumblerful ? The question will come up,
however, " How much do they hold V " or,
" How much does it lack of being a pound? "
and then comes this long string of explana-
tions.

Your concluding words, friend B., are
right, and have the light ring ; and if there
is no other way out of it, we will go to the
expense of having dies and tools made to
make a tumbler holding a full pouml of
honey-— no more, no less. I think very like-
ly, as you say, I liad better have a little
more charity for the barrel-makers. I iiave
been told, however, that apple-dealers and
producers have had a scant barrel gotten
up expressly to humbug their customers.

CHAFF HIVES.

REASONS FOR PREFERRING A ONE-STORY HIVE.

fRlEND ROOT:— I am one of those bee-keep-
ers who believe in outdoor wintering. 1
also prefer to use the chaflf hive all the year.
It is a protection from the fiery rays of old
Sol, as well as from the frigid breath of
Boreas. I do not wish grapevines In my apiary,
and I have tried the shade-board and 15-pound
stone, and can not tolerate them. Friend Hcddon
considers that a love of handling these stones is
one of the qualifications of a bee keeper. Friend
H. will please pardon me, for I think that that is
along the same line as the reasoning of the tradi-
tional farmer who went to mill on horseback and
put a stone in one end of the bag to balance the
grist which was in the other end.

If a chaft hive is of the right construction, it
answers all purposes with me. I believe, friend
Root, you are willing to be criticised, aud will lis-
ten attentively to any criticisms upon the articles,
which you recommend and sell. Now, as I use
chaff hives winter and summer, I want one that
is convenient and practical. My objections to
your chaff hive are. 1. The brood-nest can not
be got at when the upper story is full of frames,
without removing the 10 or 14 frames as the case
may be, and placing them in an empty hive, or
standing them Hgainstthe hive. With my system
of management this is a serious fault. 3. When
the upper story is emptied you have to fish the
brood-frames out from the bottom of a deep hive.
3. The packing around the upper story is not need-
ed—at least, so it seems to me. 4. I dislike the low,
loose cover which has to be lifted off' and on.

I have overcome these objections by changing
the construction of the hive. I use half-inch
lumber, which is ship-lapped. The upper story
Is not packed. The inside decking comes even
with the top of the brood-frames. The outer shell
is the only part of the hive-body which projects

940

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

above the brood-nest. The extracting (or brood)
frames aiephvced in a super, something like one
story ot your Simplicity hive. This super is placed
inside of the upper story of the hive. When I
■wish to examine a brood-nest I lift out the super
and place it on a box or wheelbarrow, if one is
near; if not, on the grass.

The hive-cover is hinged to the body, and when I
wish to look into a hive I simply turn back the
cover until it rests on a couple of brackets which
are nailed on the back of the hive. As the cover is
the same size as the body, and forms one-half of
the upper story, when raised it forms two conven-
ient shelves on which to lay tools. 13eing made in
this way the shell of the hive need project only 5
inches above the brood-nest; hence the brood-
nest can be easily got at. But the most important
point in constructing the hives in this manner is,
that they can be made easier and cheaper. Al-
most any kind of surplus cases may be used in the
hive, and almost any size; but 1 would advise the
use of only one size. Now, if I am in error, please
correct me.

Allow me to say that I enjoyed the Chicago
Convention very much, but sadly missed the
smiling countenance of Mrs. Chaddock and P. Ben-
son, A. B. S. W. E. Gould.

Fremont, Mich., Nov. 2.-., 1887.

If you will turn back to page 189, March
1st, current volume, you will see that we
have been making and selling a hive very
similar to the one you describe, and which
overcomes all the objections to our large
two-story chaff, which you name. There is
one other defect which you did not men-
tion ; and that is. that tiering up can not be
carried up more than two tiers of sections
high. As our one-story chaff is perfectly
interchangeable with the Simplicity and all
its furniture, tiering in the one-story chaff
can be practiced as far as circumstances
may require.— In regard to hinges for covers,
we regard them as unnecessary and expen-
sive. We tried them years ago, and for
obvious reasons abandoned them.

USB AND ABUSE OF UNFINISHED
SECTIONS.

VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO DISPOSE OF
THEM.

TN the discussion of every question that is
1^ brought up in our bee-journals, we have ex-
^r tremists whose advice it would not be wise to
■^ accept. Some say, " We have no business to
have many unfinished sections, and with prop-
er management there is no need of having them."
There will always be quantities of them as long as
sections are used, since it is true, that, by a sudden
and unexpected ending of the honey-harvest by
drought, or by too much rain, the How is cut off,
which circumstance can not be controlled by the
bee-keeper. This being true without a possible
remedy, it is only necessary to deal with the prob-
lem of what shall be done with this uncompleted
work. Some have advised burning the sections and
melting the combs. Now, this is bad advice, bad
economy, and poor judgment. To make a fair liv-
ing for a family out of the pursuit of apiculture (in
most localities) it is wisdom to concede the fact
that close, economical management must play an

important part in the business. These partly filled
sections are the best stock in trade about the api-
ary. When by actual experience I find that my
bees will enter the sections more freely when they
contain drawn combs, I want starters of comb,
and I want them bad, say what you may about sec-
tions tilled with foundation.

My first experience in the use of partly filled sec-
tions was not satisfactory; and especially was this
so with those that had been pretty well filled out
the previous season. The honey presented an
oldish appearance, causing customers to ask, '' Is
this not old honey?"

I will now give my plan of working these unfin-
ished sections up into cash. When the honey-har-
vest is about closing, and work on sections is so slow
that the loss is becoming greater from discolora-
tion than is gained by completion, they are at once
removed. Those completed are put in crates ready
for market. Those almost finished are sold to any
who may wish to buy them, at a little less price.
What are not disposed of in this way are cut out,
put in pans, filling the interstices with extracted
honey taken from the poorer finished sections. The
pan and all is sold for about full price of nice sec-
tions, and no trouble to do it. The partly filled sec-
tions, after being nicely cleaned of wax and propo-
lis, are run through the extractor, after which they
are returned to cases as before, and stacked up in
short tiers. These are placed over or near hives at
night, to be cleaned up. They are then stored away
in a mouse-proof place until the next season.

Previous to placing these again over the bees,
the combs are reduced in thickness so that the
depth of the cell is not over one-fourth of an inch.
To do this nicely and speedily I got out a piece of
sheet iron, smoothed on one side, and just large
enough to easily go inside the sections. To the
four corners of this are fastened small rods of iron,
of a suitable length to permit a small lamp to go
under the plate. A good heavy block of wood, hav-
ing holes to receive the legs of this small table,
makes all solid and a nice place for the lamp to rest.
Now, by turning on or off the flame, the plate is
kept at such a degree of heat that the comb is
quickly melted away to the desired thickness. They
are now placed in the cases, and when the surplus
room is needed by the bees, these sections are given
to the strongest colonies, and at once they go to
work on them. After the bees have worked on
these combs a few days, I examined all other colo-
nies ; and where any are found slow about starting, I
take four or five of these sections, bees and all, and
place them in the center of the case, which will usu-
ally start them at once: but if any colony, for lack
of bees or other cause, still refuse to go to work, I
exchange a full case, which never fails.

By melting away part of the length of the cells,
the bees are compelled to add new wax in lengthen-
ing them out, which, when finished, will be as fine
ill texture as though no old comb had been used.
If the honey taken from the unfinished sections is
not ripe enough to be nice, it must be placed in
open vessels in a dry warm airy place, where it will
soon become " orthodox " honey. Some advise giv-
ing the unfinished sections to light colonies. As
long as I can get ten to fifteen cents for this honey,
and granulated-sugar syrup for five cents a pound,
the latter will be used to supply colonies deficient
in stores. J- A. Buchanan,

Holliday's Cove, W. Va., Nov. 31, 1887 .

1887

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

941

We are much obliged to you, friend B.,
for your suggestions. Your idea in regard
to disposing of partly lillecl sections is good ;
and where the market is such that it can be
retailed in that way, we have no doubt it
would pay well. Folks who have a great
liking for the good old-fashioned honey,
such as our grandfathers used to get, would
no doubt even i)refer this sort of chunk
honey.— In regard to reducing the cell-walls
of combs partly drawn out in the sections,
you will see that you have come to the same
conclusion that was arrived at by the Chica-
go Convention recently. I don't believe it
is profitable to use very many full combs
drawn out in the supers ; but if you shave
or melt it down as you do, it would be
practically foundation. Although yourplan
for reducing tlie cell-walls is ingenious,! am
rather inclined to think I should prefer to
use nice clean sections and newly made fdn.
It is a good deal of labor to fix over and pre-
pare all untinished sections in the manner
you describe ; at least so it seems to me ;
and if you count your time worth any thing
while doing it, could you not almost afford
to purchase new sections and clean fdn.?

THE JAPANESE BUCK"WHEAT.

ITS LARGE YIELDS, AND ITS MERITS AS COMPARED
WITH OTHER BUCKWHEAT.

TT is a little remarkable, that the reports
M so far are quite uniformly favorable to
W this new buckwheat. Its yield, when
-*■ compared with other varieties, is
considerably ahead. To this there is
but a single exception in this long list of
reports, and that is the one from our friend
Abbott L. Swinson, Goldsboro, N. C.

27'/2 LBS. FROM FOUR OUNCES.

You ask for reports from those who have tried
the Japanese buckwheat. My report is, from ^ lb.
bought of you 1 harvested 2754 lbs. C. J. Arnts.

Meshoppen, Pa., Nov. 11, 1887.

TEN BUSHELS FROM ONE HALF-PECK.

I sowed Yi peck this season, which 1 purchased of
Mr. Peter Henderson, and I thrashed ten bushels of
very fine buckwheat. J. C. Gallup.

Smithport, Pa., Nov. 31, 1887.

A YIELD OF ONE QUART FROM A FIVE-CENT PACK-
AGE.

I got a flve-ceat package of Japanese buckwheat
of you. During tlie dry weather I watered it quite
often, and I got about a quart. I can not tell exact-
ly, for I don't know just how much the hens ate.

Pipestone, Mich., Nov. 24, 1887. G. Clarke.

TEN BUSHELS FROM ONE PECK.

I sowed one peck of the new buckwheat on very
dry sand, and thrashed ten bushels. I think the
old kind would not have given any crop at all, on
account of the drought. Mj' bees did not work on
it very much. I wish I had bought a bushel of you,
and sown it on better land. H. P. Langdon.

East Constable, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1887.

ONE AND ONE-HALF BUSHELS FRO.M A POUND OF
SEED.

I sowed 1 lb. of Japanese buckwheat, and, in
spite of an early frost, drought, and a flock of 20
young guinea fowls, I thrashed out 154 bushels of

fine, large, and sound seed. I think it is the thing
to raise, both for bees and flour.
Owosso, Mich. O. G. Josenhans.

ONLY SIX POUNDS FROM ONE FOURTH-POUND.

I sowed 4 oz. June 22, and I believe it would have
been a total failure had I not carried water to keep
the seed from burning up, so 1 raised only (! lbs. of
seed from the 4 oz. S. Heath.

Kimcr, Pa., Nov. 24, 1887.

seven AND ONE-HALF POUNDS FROM ONE OUNCE.

On the 11th of July, last, T received from you 4 lbs.,
and gave it to the tenant on my brother's farm to
sow, reservingone ounce to sow in the garden. From
the ounce I harvested 7'4 lbs., nice plump grain.
That sown on the farm was destroyed by a large
Hock of turkeys; but I think it would have made a
fair yield. Jesse Brady.

Little Rock, 111.

ONE BUSHEL FROM A QUARTER-POUND OF SEED.

I see that you wanted all those who got Japanese
buckwheat of you to report how much they had. 1
sowed my '.j-lb. the 2;3d of June, and it filled through
the hot weather, and I harvested one bushel. My
father sowed Vg acres of black buckwheat, and got
50 bushels. 1 call that pretty good.

Perley Langworthy.

Rlceville. Pa., Nov. 24, 1887.

THE JAPANESE AHEAD OF THE SILVERHULL.

I sowed a pound of Japanese buckwheat, from
which I thrashed 1(5 pounds of clean seed. Silver-
hull buckwheat alongside of it yielded .5 bushels to
one sown, so j ou see the Japanese came out ahead
of the silverhull. The weather was very dry, and I
think it did very well with the chance it had.

Barnes, Kan , Nov. 26, 1887. Conrad Gehring.

ONE-FOURTH POUND YIELDED NINE POUNDS.

I bought of you '4-lb. of Japanese buckwheat. I
dropped about half of it in drills in the garden, and
watered it once, so that it came up and produced a
crop of 9 lbs., which 1 consider pretty good for this
dry season. 1 drilled two acres with the common in
the field, and it did not yield any thing, although it
was pretty well manured with stable manure.

We have taken 180 lbs. of extracted and 100 lbs. of
comb honey from 21 stands of bees.

Spring Valley, O., Nov. 26, 1S87. G. W. Thomas.

JAPANESE YIELDED 40 BUSHELS TO THE ACItE,
AND THE SILVERHULL ONLY 27.

I purchased of you one peck, 1254 lbs., of Japan-
ese buckwheat, and on the first of July I sowed it
on .50 fifty rods of land : and on the same day in the
same field, and no difference in the land, and no
fertilizer of any kind used, I sowed three acres of
silverhull buckwheat. On the ninth day of Sep-
tember I cut, raked, and put up the Japanese buck-
wheat. On the 24th of September we thrashed it,
and had 1254 bushels of clean buckwheat, one bush-
el for every pound of seed sown, or at the rate of
forty bushels per acre. On the 21th and 25th of
September we cut the silverhull. It was good. We
had 83 bushels on three acres, or a little over 27
bushels per acre. B. B. Tuthill.

Gt. Bend, Pa.

NINE AND A H.ALF BUSHELS FROM FIVE POUNDS.

We bought five pounds of seed of you last spring.
Wishing to test it we prepared a plot of about \
acre by putting on two loads of manure. On the
rest of the field, about 5 acres of silverhull was

912

GLEANINGS l^ BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

80WU, without manure. The yield from silverhull
was 9.J bushels, or about 19 bushels per acre; from
the Japanese, S'i bushels, or at the rate of 38 bush-
els per acre. Both kinds suffered from frost, the
Japanese most, as the large straw will have green
kernels after the smaller silverhull is all dried up.
We have 9'/a bushels. None of it is for sale.
McClure, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1887. R. B. Fletcher.

.JAPANESE YIELDING OVER TWICE AS MUCH BUCK-
WHEAT AS THE SILVERHULL UNDER THE
SAME TREATMENT.

I sowed a peck (purchased of you) side by side
with about ten quarts of silverhull. The soil and
preparation were the same for both, and both were
sown on the same day, and also cut on the same
day. I could not see that tlie Japanese ripened any
sooner than the silverhull. I did not receive half a
crop of either. When thrashed, the silverhull yield-
ed 3'/i bushels, and the Japanese over Qhi bushels.
This, 1 think, proves pretty conclusively that it is
superior to what we formerly considered best.

Sherman, Pa., Nov. 38, 1887. Willis Early.

THE MOST PRODUCTIVE.

The Japanese buckwheat is the most productive
buckwheat that ever came under my notice. I sent
to you for three flve-cent packets last winter. I let
a neighbor have one; the other two I sowed on four
square rods of land, about the first of July. It was
very dry here last summer, and the seed did not
start until we gota little rain, about three weeks aft-
er. The yield was 1% bushels. As a honey-plant I can
not say much about it. The bees worked on it but
little; but then they did not work on clover or bass-
wood as they did last year. The honoy crop was
very poor this year. The average is about 35 lbs. of
comb honey per colony. E. Woolley.

Kimble, Minn., Nov. 30, 1887.

JAPANESE YIELDING AT THE RATE OF 80 BUSHELS

TO THE ACRE, THE COMMON BUCKWHEAT

LESS THAN 6 BUSHELS.

You sent me 14 lb. of Japanese buckwheat. I
drilled it six inches apart in rows, on just 235 square
feet of ground. I had a deal of trouble to save any,
on account of the chickens; but I saved 20;4 lbs. of
clean seed, and a few quarts in the chaff. I clean-
ed it in the wind, which came in gusts, but I gather-
ed it chaff and all. Now please figure: 1 have fully
half a bushel all together, on less than one square
rod. That means 80 bushels per acre. I had 23'/^
bushels of common buckwheat, on four acres, or
about 514 bushels per acre, and none was any better
in the neighborhood. To say the least, I am highly
delighted with the Japanese. John E. Dodge.

Little Cooley, Pa., Dec. 1, 1887.

JAPANESE YIELDING FIVE TIMES AS MUCH AS THE
COMMON BUCKWHEAT.

I sowed the 1 lb. of Japanese on 3H rods of
ground. It ought to have been on H or 10 rods. It
was much too thick. It was sown early in the sea-
son, on fair loam land, heavily top-dressed with
hog-manure harrowed in. The ground was then
raked over, and the buckwheat put in with a gar-
den drill. It was hoed twice and weeds pulled out
of the rows. Bees worked well on it, but it was so
very dry and hot that it did not fill much until rain
came late in the season, but more even then
than the other buckwheat. After the rains came
It filled very full, and I thrashed 61 lbs. of nice
clean buckwheat. I might have had much more if

I had put it on more ground. I think it yielded five
times as much as the common buckwheat, but that
was sown broadcast on not quite so good land, and
neither top dressed nor hoed. E. Green.

Montague, Mich., Nov. 21, 1887.

862 kernels COUNTED ON ONE STALK.

I got 14 pound of Japanese buckwheat from you.
I sowed it in the last days of June, and it was su
dry that it did not come up till about the last of
July. I almost gave up all hopes of it: but as a
constant dropping will wear a stone, at last it
came. I watched it almost daily. It grew very
large, with leaves almost as large as my hand, and
I believe nearly 4 feet high. When it blossomed it
made me think of a " snowball," such as we have
in our dooryard. I never saw the like, the way it
filled out. I had ray neighbors look at it, and they
said the same. To my great disappointment, the
frost came while it was yet in bloom, and destroy-
ed it almost completely. Yet with all the draw-
backs, I had one good rounding bushel. I don't
call that bad for Vi pound, and a poor buckwheat
year. Even at that rate, 48 pounds, or one bushel,
would have yielded 193 bushels. When I was
gathering it I took one stalk, and counted all the
kernels. I thought it would make good seed.
They numbered 862. I have no doubt but that if
the frost had held otf a little longer there would
have been some stalks holding as many as 1000 or
even 1200 kernels. S. D. Keller.

Winterburn, Pa., Nov. 29, 1887.

If you will turn to page 874 of Nov. 15th
issue you will see that one of the friends
counted 1153 kernels from one stalk, so
your estimates are pretty close.

TWO BUSHELS AND THREE PECKS OF JAPANESE,
AGAINST ONE AND ONE-HALF OF THE COM-
MON BUCKWHEAT, WITH THE SAME
TREATMENT.

It seems as if the Japanese buckwheat frightened
everybody, since they did not report. Perhaps they
have been shocked so bad by its productiveness
that they have not overcome it sufliciently so that
they could not write any sooner. I will give you
my report. I sowed 1 lb. on a strip 65 small steps
long and seven steps wide. When thrashed I had 2
bushels of nice clean buckwheat, and aibout 3 pecks
of light grains that did not get ripe, in front of the
grain-fan. This was the second cleaning. At the
first cleaning I can not say how many light grains
blew out. About the 6th of July I turned the rye
stubble to sow it on. It was so dry that I could not
sow it until about the 12th or 13th of July.
The late sowing and the dry season and early frost,
are what made so many light grains; but what was
full and ripe were very nice. I really think it is
larger in the grain than what the seed was; I was
surprised when the grains began to hang on. It
luing in clusters. I think it should be called the
cluster buckwheat. I sowed a strip one side of this,
the same length, and witdh and at the same time of
the buckwheat I have been raising for some time,
and which I thought did well. That gave me, when
thrashed and cleaned, only three half-pecks. That
settles that kind of buckwheat for me. The bees
worked on one as much as on the other.

Those vegetable-seeds I got of you in the spring
came up to the mark. I shall want more next
spring. Wm. H. Weiser.

York, Pa., Dec 3, 1857.

1887

glp:\nings in bee culture.

943

THE JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT INFERIOR TO THE
SILVERHULL.

On page 833 you ask for reports from those who
bought Japanese buckwheat of j-ou during the past
season. Well, here goes for the Tar-Heel apiarian's
experience with the plant. About June 18th 1
planted the peck I got of you on something near
one-third of an acre, that was highly fertilized with
cotton-seeds, kainit, and acid-phosphate. It grew
to be about 33 to 36 inches high. It had plenty of
blossoms, though it was a rare thing to see a bee on
any of them. Very little grain was matured— so
little, in fact, that I did not think it worth while to
save any of it. There was plenty of rain, and there
was no honey being gathered from any other
source.

KAFFIR CORN A.S A HONEY-PLANT.

By the waj', the much-prized " Kaffir corn," of
which I grew about 3'.i acres in the same field, did
me much more good in the way of furnishing bee-
food, for it supplied them with large quantities of
pollen, and they worked it very extensively ; no
honey that I could detect. It has a fine quick
growth of grain and forage food. It matures grain
in about 80 days.

The half-bushel of silverhuU buckwheat I got of
you, and planted early in May, on much poorer land
than I did the Japanese, furnished the bees a large
quantity of pollen, and quite a lot of honey too, and
matured three times as much seed, though it grew
only about 16 to 20 inches high. It furnished flow-
ers four times as long as the Japanese did, and bees
were working on the flowers of it at the time that
the Japanese began to bloom. I should say, that
for this climate the silverhuU buckwheat is much
superior to the Japanese buckwheat as a honej' or
grain producer.

I have put up, ready for winter, 60 colonies.

Goldsboro, N. C. Abbott L. Swinson.

Friend S., you should remember that
buckwheat does not stand hot weather, and
I doubt if you can get either seed or honey
of any account from any kind of buckwheat
sown so near the middle of June, in your lo-
cality. The silverhuU you sowed in May
had the benefit of the cooler weather earlier
in the season. We are glad to have your
unfavorable report nevertheless.

THE EUCALYPTUS HONEY OF TAS-
MANIA.

SOMETHING FURTHER IN REGARD TO THE M.\T-
TER MENTIONED ON PAGE 8V.5.

a EAR FRIEND ROOT:— Referring to your re-
marks upon the great blaqk-honey discovery
in Tasmania, in Gleanings for Nov. 1.5, 1 will
say that, by reference to the International
Cyclopedia, Vol. XIV., page 317, you will find
that the blue gum {Eucalyptus globulus, a species
of eucalyptus which we frequently use as a medi-
cine in this country) reaches g. height of 3.50 ft.,
with corresponding girth, on the island of Tas-
mania. For further information I refer you to an
editorial article in June number of the Therapeutic
Gazette, which I send you by this mail.

W. McKay Dougan, M. D.
Santee Agency, Neb., Nov. 22, 1887.

We have read the article referred to by
friend M., and will say to our readers that
the statement of the Therapeutic agrees with

what has been already published in Glean-
ings ; viz., that as much as 11,000 lbs. of
honey was taken from one tree. Although
this black honey may never be used for food,
if the statements are true it promises to be
a valuable article of medicine. I would re-
speetifully beg to get something directly
from our subscribers in Tasmania, if any of
them can give us any light in regard to the
matter.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

A GOOD POINTER FOR THE STATISTIC BUSINESS.

PRIEND ROOT:— Your supposition as to the ex-
istence of a border-land, fruitful in honey,
somewhere between the rain-drenched coast
of Maryland and the drought-stricken dis'
trict of Ohio and westward, is correct. It
lies through Central New York, and the contiguous
portions of Pennsylvania. To this the wide-
awakes of New York city could testify, if they
would, since their honey-hawks did, at an early
date, sail out, hover over, and scoop from the said
section hundred of tons of beautiful honey, at a
low figure for this season. This adds weighty tes-
timony to the yearly proof we have, of the great
need of our bee-journals being enabled to make a
correct weekly report from all parts of the field, by
way of town and country secretaries of bee-associ-
ations. This should be done for a period of at
least six months of the year— from June first to
December first. It is to be hoped that our editors
will take advantage of this season's experience to
impress upon their readers the importance of this
help in obtaining fair prices for honey. Our bee-
associations the coming winter should make it a
prominent theme in their deliberations. The or-
ganization of all bee-men, wherever practical, into
societies, to gather and forward all information
pertaining to their interests as honey-producers,
should be effected. The burden of the work will
fall where it should— upon the producer.

Three things I have learned this year, which I
regard of great value: Tiering up; the use of the
slatted honey-board, and the bee-space above the
body of the hive. You are enabled thereby to save
bees, time, strength, honey, and the good nature of
the bees. J. Mekbel.

Poplar Ridge, N. Y^

HOW MANY POUNDS OF HONEY TO MAKE ONE POUND
OF WAX?

On p. 171 of GLEANINGS it is claimed that it takes
six pounds of honey to make one of wax. I think
it takes more here in our locality. For several
years we have had very poor honey crops— so poor
that a swarm of bees hived in an empty hive would
not make enough to winter on, while one just as
good, hived on full combs and foundation, would
make 40 pounds of surplus. This would show that,
while the swarm hived on empty frames made two
pounds of wax, the one hived on full frames made
40 lbs. of honey. Chas. H. Timmerman.

Fayette, Iowa, Nov. 30, 1887.

The old estimate, as made by experimenters
years ago, was that it took twenty pounds
of honey to produce one of wax, and your
experiments seem to again reconfirm it.

944

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Dec.

More recently, Doolittle, Viallon,and Hasty,
have arrived at the conclusion, based upon
various observations, that the ratio is about
7 to 1. This is a hard question to get at
exactly.

RAPE.

A little experiment again with rape convinces
me more thoroughly than ever that it is a grand
fall pasture for bees. I sowed a little patch the
16th of August, after early potatoes. It was too
late, and did not blossom much, but the bees
work on what there is every day that they can fly,
even after severe freezing weather and snow-
storms. I am going to let it be until spring, and see
if that which did not grow up and blossom this fall
will do so in the spring. E. Green.

Montague, Mich., Nov. 21, 1887.

HOW AN A B C SCHOr.AR SOLD 22,000 LBS. OF HONEY
ON THE ROAD.

Editor Gleanings:— I live at Dewitt, Clinton Co., la.
My boy captured one swarm of bees. I bought
three more last year. They increased to nine, and
gave me 1500 lbs. of honey in one-pound sections.
Not knowing what to do with it I conceived the idea
of buying more and going out and selling it. The
first trip, I sold, in nine days, 9000 lbs.; the next
trip, I sold 7000 lbs. Mybusinc-s calling my atten-
tion, I got a roan to make the third trip. He sold
over 6000 lbs. This year I have 25 swarms of bees;
have taken from the hives 300 lbs. of section honey,
in 1-lb. sections. My bees have honey enough to
winter on, and from last year's transactions I have
received orders for about 10,0J0 lbs. of honey, which
I am not able to furnish, on account of the scarcity
of honey In this section. I will now refer to our
own and California honey.

I came in direct competition with California hon-
ey, both comb and extracted, and I will say the east-
ern bee-keepers must confine their efforts to raising
comb honey. California can put extracted honey
on the market^for less money than we can raise it,
and it is a very fine article; but the valley of the
Mississippi River can beat the world on white-clover
honey. The flavor can not be surpassed. It is
thicker than the California honey; the comb bears
shipping better, and I think our white-clover honey
superior to any raised in California, whereas I can
not say the same of the extracted. The flavor of
our extracted is superior to theirs, but they can fur-
nish it for less money than we. J. M. Jacobs.

Dewitt, la., Nov., 1887.

SHEETS OF WAX FOR FOUNDATION ; HOW TO

KEEP THEM FROM STICKING TO THE

DIPPING-BOARDS.

Friend Boot.— Use salt brine, weak or strong,
tepid or otherwise, for the dipping-boards, and
there will be no more trouble with the wax sticking
to them. Try this preparation, and you will
be pleased with the results. When the brine is
used, it matters not about the condition of the dip-
ping-boards—whether rough or smooth, whether
of soft or hard wood, nor whether the edges are
sharp or square. Temper the wax sheets in warm
brine-water before running them through the
machine. Try this, and it may, in the future, help
you to dispense, in a measure, with lye, starch,
washing-fluid, and all other lubricators. Brine-
water is both inexpensive and unobjectionable;

besides, it is precisely what bees like and should
have. For divers reasons I think the foregoing
discovery should be made public, and not be kept a
secret any longer. Try it, reader, and report.

M. M. Baldridge. '
St. Charles, Ills., Nov., 1887.

LATE POLLEN GATHERING ; IS IT PROFITABLE TO

CONTRACT THE BROOD-CHAMBER TO LESS

THAN TEN FRAMES ?

My bees are at this late date (Nov. 26) bringing in
pollen at quite a lively rate; the pollen is of a very
light yellow color; and where the bees get it is quite
a mystery to me. I can not think that they get it
from any natural source, for only last week the
mercury was down to 15° above zero. Another pe-
culiarity of the season is, that my best colonies
still have drones flying— something unusual for
this latitude in November.

I wonder if the answers to question No. 18 have
puzzled others as they have puzzled me. When
two bee-men disagree, it is common to say that
" difference in locality makes a great difference,"
and so I suppose it is in this case. I can readily
see that the bees could be started in the surplus
apartment earlier by contracting, but I can't see
where the gain comes in. My experience proves
to me that it pays better to use ten L. frames in the
brood-chamber; and it seems to me that 1 wouldn't
give much for the queen that would be contented
with five brood-combs. My bees usually have
eight or ten combs of brood at the beginning of the
honey season; and in tiering up for exti-acted
honey it is not unusual to find as many t.s eighteen
combs of brood in one hive. What would be the
result if such a queen were confined to four or
five combs? Is it all " difference in locality" ?

Walter S. Pouder.

Groesbcck, O., Nov. 20, 1887.

the scrubbing motion of bees- a possible
explanation.
I think I can answer Mr. Hanson, of Barron,
Wis., who asks, on page 786, as to the " scrubbing
motion" of bees at the entrance of the hive. Mr. H.
says, "They seem to open their mouths and shut
them as though a mouthful were gathered every
time they move up and down; but close watching
develops the fact that they do nothing." At one
time I was very much puzzled by the peculiar
actions described above; but just as I had come
to about the conclusion contained in your foot-note
to Mr. H.'s article I discovered what I believe to be
a true solution of the apparent mystery. I noticed
that it was when much moisture was in the air that
they were engaged in this manner— generally in
the evening and the early morning. Even colonies
that worked very hard through the day would act
thus as soon as it became too late to gather honey,
and I think it is the water they are after. Bees
know how to appreciate a good thing when they
have it— a supply of nice pure water right at their
door. The dew; or moisture, gathers in particles
too minute to be observed by the naked eye, and
the bees " pick it up " just about as fast as it forms.
The fact that Mr. H.'s bees gathered no surplus does
not prove that it was on account of the mania they
seemed to have of "moviog up and down all to-
gether in a see-saw motion." There may have been
many other reasons why "they did nothing last
year." I once spent six^.weeks visiting friends in
Barron Co., and 1 think it ought to be a good locali-

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

945

ty for honey. Were your hives properly shaded,
Mr. H. ? and In what condition was your brood-
charaber during- the time those bees did nothing?
Was it not full of honey? I sec your letter is dated
June 17. What did those colon-es do thin summer?
I should be glad to know. J. F. Dunn.

Rldgeway, Welland Co., Ont., Can.

^EP0^3Fg ENC0aR^6I]VI6.

AN A B C scholar's HEPORT OF THE CLASS OF

1887; A RETURN OF 3F.5.75 per hive.

SN Feb. 1st, 1887, I bought out an old apiary of
eight stands, with extra hives, etc., and
moved them 100 yds. Mar. 1st I raised three
Italian queens, and divided three old colo-
nies for the new queens. This started rob-
bing, and I lost two stands entirely, and several
others were weakened before I got them under
control. April let I moved them 13.5 miles by
freight. There were no swarms, on account of
drought and bad management.

Bees are now in winter quarters, and cover ten
L. frames and lie out nights. Such rousing swarms
I never saw, and they have from 30 to 40 pounds of
winter stores per hive. My ledger shows the fol-
lowing account:

Dr. To total cost Sf79.4.5

Cr. By 400 lbs. ext. honey sold @ SV^, $34.00

" extra hives, fdn., etc., |!18.10

Add invoice of stock on hand, $67.70

Loss and gain to balance $45.3.5

«119.80 $119.80
Will an average of 50 pounds of honey per hive
do for this dry year, for a beginner? Will a profit
of $5.75 per hive justify my becoming an apiarist?
Converse, Tex., Nov. 10, 1887. E. P. Ticknor.

We should think so.

I started last spring with 3 swarms. I secured
100 pounds of honey, and sold it at 12i4 cents per
lb. I have now 8 swarms in good order for winter.
It was very dry here this summer.

Marine City, Mich^ G. J. Vollmar.

In the fall of 1886 I bought 15 colonies of bees,
and in the spring I had but 11. I increased these
to 33, by natural swarming, and not one left for the
woods. Nine gave me very nearly 300 lbs. of comb
honey. H. Earhart.

Counter, Ind.

I have my bees in nice trim for winter. They
averaged 35 lbs. of comb honey per colony this sea-
son; last season, 100 lbs. lam selling my honey at
35 cents per pound, in one-pound sections.

New Berry, Pa. P. R. Cvphert.

one hundred and twenty barrels of ex-
tracted, AND 7000 LBS. OF COMB HONEY.

I have no reason to complain of the season here.
I had 130 barrels of honey, 340 lbs. each, and 7000 lbs.
of section honey. I have over 400 colonies now.

W. L. COGGSHKLL.

West Groton, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1887.

]^EP0R3itg DlgC0ai^^GfIN6.

T HAD 30 colonies in good order this spring, from
j^ which I expected to get a good lot of honey;
^r but instead of this I did not get one pound of
"*■ surplus, and only two natural swarms. I had
to feed about all summer. Up to Sept. 30, when
goldenrod came in bloom, 1 think tiiere was not a
single cell of sealed honey in my yard.
Somerset, Mass., Oct. 4, 1887. N. S. Davis.

I sold my comb honey for 23 cents in Milwaukee,
of which I had 3300 lbs. I also had 8 bbls. of extract-
ed. I feel as if I had been paid for my trouble this
year. L. H. Baldwin.

Hingham, Wis., Nov. 4, 1887.

The honey crop in this and adjoining vicinities has
been a complete failure this year; in fact, it is
about the worst ever known in these parts. How-
ever, there has been an abundant crop of goldenrod
this fall. M. B. MooHE.

Morgan, Ky.

The season has been poor. The drought, that so
affected the yield of honey, also cut farm crops
short; but I have not heard a bee-keeper speak dis-
couragingly. We intend to make it up next year.

Rldgeway, N. Y. Grant Scofield.

This has been the poorest season for bees that I
have ever seen. Some have lost all of their new
swarms. 1 haven't lost any, and won't, on account
of their not having any thing to eat.

Paris, 111. J. P. Adams.

Bees did rather poorly the past season in this
part. We got 400 lbs. of extracted honey from 30
hives; quality fine, and increase a little. There
was a fine flow late in the fall from asters and gold-
enrod. All are in very good trim for winter. The
summer was too dry for a good honey-flow. Corn
and potatoes were but little more than half a crop.
Wheat, oats, and all early crops were good.

Disco, Tenn., Nov. 7, 1887. S. L. Greer.

LAST YEAR'S WINTER LOSSES.

The present has been a very poor year for bees.
A great many died during last winter. I suppose it
was owing to short supplies the fall previous. I in-
close you a list of some of the losses that have come
to my notice:

George Wetzel, fall count, 12; spring count, 6.

Jacob Liddick, " " 5; " " 3.

LeviSeiders, " " 34; " " 3.

S. Hockley, " " 30; " " 7.

S. McKinzie, " " 3; " " 1.

H. Snyder, " " 4; " " 3.

M. Tuland, " " 8; " " 4.

David Boyd, " " 13; " " 7.

John Young, " " 10; " " 5.

S. Rutter, " " 6; " " 3.

This spring, during fruit blossom we had a bright
spell, followed by another continued wet spell dur-
ing the blossoming of raspberries and small fruit. I
had 8, fall count, and brought all through in good
shape. A. L. Lane.

Duncannon, Pa.

A LATE FLOW FRO.M ASTER.

This has been a poor honey season. The fore
part of the season was very wet, and the latter part
very dry. I began to think my little pets would die
if I did not feed them; but I was saved that trouble.
We have a new fall weed that is spreading all over
the country here, and it begins to bloom about the
1st of October, and lasts three or four weeks, and
the bees just roar on it as they do on a buckwheat
field. Some of my late swarms filled their combs

946

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Dec.

clear full, not leaving any room for brood. If the
weather had been warm I do not know what they
would have done; but it was cold and frosty a
greater part of the time, so they could not get out.

G. B. Johnson.
Ellenboro. W. Va., Nov. 5. 1887.

The fall weed you refer to was probably
aster. See reports in the September and
October issues.

0u^ QaE^3Fi0N-B®;^,

With Replies from our best Authorities on Bees.

All queries sent in for this department should be briefly
stated, and free from any possible ambiguity. The question
or questions should be written upon a separate slip of paper,
and marked, " For Our Question-Box."

Question No. 22.— If an nut-apiary he situated
near a farmer's house, what compensation, in dollars
and cents, ought he or the members of his family to re-
ceive for hiving a swarm, in the absence of the owner?
In general, what do you consider it worth to hive a
swarm for someone else?

Seventy-five cents.

Dadant & Son.

See answer to No. 19. O. O. Poppleton.

I consider it worth .50 cents to hive a swarm.

Mit.s. L. Harrison.
Twenty-flve cents would be enough.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

About 25 cents; but if the hiver is not satisfied,
give him more until he is satisfied. R. Wilkin.

Fifty cents, especially if they do a little watching
to get the chance to earn that 50 cents.

James Heddon.

I have always paid 35 cents to any one notifying
me of a swarm, but never had occasion to have any
one hive them. Paul L. Viallon.

From 25 to 50 cents per swarm, according to the
number of colonies. I usually hire some boy by
the month, at $10 to $15 per month.

Geo. Grimm.

I do not think I would allow swarming in out-
apiaries. I should say 25 cents. It may be worth
from five cents to a dollar, according to circum-
stances. James A. Green.

1. If every thing is in readiness, and the queen's
wing is clipped (as it should be), and the party to do
the hiving is near by, ten cents would be good pay.
2. That would depend upon the time it would take.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

That depends on many things, such as fear of
bees, tall trees to climb, distance of farmer's work
from bees, etc. Pay the farmer what he asks, or a
little more, and then he will work for your inter-
ests. If you think you can not afford to pay his
price, move on to the next. G. M. Doolittle.

Why, blesB your heart, " It is more blessed to give
than to receive." I should expect a warm thank
you, and I am sure I should get many kind returns.
I have yet to live where the people are not more
than ready to reciprocate any such neighborly ac-
tion. A. J. Cook.

They should have about 50 cents a swarm. To the
second question, I am somewhat tempted to say
five dollars. You see, the whole village is looking

on. The bees have been thoroughly riled by the
amateur practice of divers and sundry volunteers.
The hive, if there is one, is in no condition to hold
even guinea-pigs; and not an apiarian tool or con-
venience within a mile. E. E. Hasty.

If I am not mistaken, Adam Grimm paid about
75 cents a swarm. In my out-apiaries there is no
one to watch for swarms, nor at home either, for
that matter; but in the Wilson apiary, Mary per-
sists in hiving any swarm she happens to see out,
and then I scold her for it. I think an expert might
hive swarms for 50 cents each. I couldn't do it for
four times that. C. C. Miller.

1. If an out-apiary be run for extracted honey,
there is no necessity for any swarms to be hived in
the absence of the owner, as there should be no
swarms to hive. 2. If a swarm were settled on a
low bush, not over 8 feet high, I would hive them
for 25 cents, if I were there ready; but if I were
called to leave other work it would make a differ-
ence of the value of time in going and coming from
work, etc. In the most of our out-apiaries there is
tall timber adjoining the apiary, and swarms clus-
tei'ing in the tops of those trees. It would be more
than the swarm is worth to hive it. E. France.

Question No. 23— What rent sho^dd be paid for
the use of around for an out-apiary, for one season?
What amount have you been in the habit of paying'^

See answer to No. 19.

O. O. Poppleton.

It depends on circumstances.

W. Z. Hutchinson.
From 15 to 25 dollars per year. Geo. Grimm.

No experience. Offer him fifty pounds of extract-
ed honey. E. E. Hasty.

Not more rent than if it were used for any other
purpose. 1 never rented any.

Paul L. Viallon.

That would depend upon the amount of land
used, and locality. I never rented any.

Mrs. L. Harrison.
We pay one-fifth of the honey and 75 cents per
swarm hived. We do all the other work ourselves.

Dadant & Son.

I have had no out-apiary, but can get plenty of
room for apiaries of one hundred colonies for five
dollars. Dr. A. B. Mason.

The same as would be paid for the ground for any
other purpose, plus the annoyance caused the own-
er by the bees. G. M. Doolittle.

I have always owned the ground my out-apiaries
occupied. I would pay the same rental for ground
that I would for any other purpose.

James Heddon.

For the use of ground alone, I think eight or ten
dollars would be enough. I have never paid any
rent, except in presents of bees and honey. The
owners of the ground always seemed glad to have
the bees there. James A. Green.

I have no experience; but 1 think almost nothing.
I think any farmer would be benefited by the pres-
ence of the bees, and could well afford the space,
unless he or his neighbors keep bees. The bees are
no damage, and surely the rental should be only
nominal. A. J. Cook.

1887

GLEANIXGS IN HE?: CULlliRE.

947

For 35 or 50 hives in ordinary location, where they
are not an annoyance, $10 or $15. In a good loca-
tion, where you can keep three or four hundred
hives of bees, and have the exclusive control of the
bee-pasturage within a radius of three miles, as can
be done in some locations in California, $100 is a
moderate rent. K. Wilkin.

We pay 35 cents for each colony, spring count.
Wc have no trouble in getting all the places we
want at that price. The owner has nothing to do
with the bees. We do all the work. All five of our
out-apiaries are used by the owners of the land for
pastures for farm stock, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep,
etc., including poultry. E. France.

Perhaps the same rent as would be paid for the
same ground for any other purpose, and more, if
any inconvenience is caused by the presence of the
bees. None of the good people where my out-apia-
ries are have ever taken any rent, and grumble
when I insist on supplying them with honey.

C. C. Miller.

Question No. 24.— TTVicii one possesses a series of
out-apiaries, is it better for him to try to winter the
l)ees in their several h)eations. or to cart them all home
and winter them i)) one location] Which way have yon
heen in the hahit of doing?

See answer to No. 19.

O. O. POPPLETON.

Both. It is a matter of convenience.

Geo. Grimm.
We always winter them on their summer stands,
in California. R. Wilkin.

If I owned out-apiaries, I don't think I should do
much carting of them home to winter them.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

I have had no experience, but I should try to
winter them where they were, if I had such apia-
ries. G. M. Doolittle.

As we winter our bees on their summer stands
just as they stood all summer, I have not had ex-
perience in the matter. Paul L. Viallon.

I have been in the habit of wintering ray bees in
their own apiaries, and fully believe it to be the
best way. James Heddon.

In their several locations. Never put your eggs
all in one basket, unless obliged to; half in the cel-
lar, and half upon their summer stands.

Mrs. L. Harrison.

I should prefer wintering in their several loca-
tions, if there were good cellars or other repository
to do it in ; if not I should cart them home.

Dr. a. B. Mason.

Winter them where they are. That is what we
do. It is too great an expense to haul them home,
and it docs not pay. Dadant & Son.

That depends; I have alwayscarted mine back and
forth, but I should much prefer to leave them, if I
were where I felt safe in wintering outdoors.

C. C. Miller.

Every apiary should be wintered in its respective
location. To cart the colonies home and out again
in spring is unnecessary work, and an unwhole-
some job for the bees. 1 winter on my summer
stands, in single-walled hives, with a straw mat on
the brood-chamber, and the entrance wide open.

Chas. F. Muth.

I have had no experience. D. A. Jones winters
the colonies of each apiary at that apiary. I should
think that best, as I am sure very cheap and safe
depositories could be made, and the expense for a
term of years be less than to move the colonies.
However, I am very likely mistaken. A. J. Cook.

With our quadruple chaff-lined hives and our se-
lected locations, we prefer to leave them on their
summer stands. We never move them to winter. It
would be a big job to cart them all home, and then
back again in spring. I would not have my bees
carted over the roads and back again in spring, if a
man would do the work for nothing. E. France.

Circumstances would vary the case very much.
If you winter on summer stands, do not move them
unless thieves abound, or some special considera-
tion demands it. Hauling 50 hives of bees six miles,
and then back again in the spring, makes two long,
undesirable, and expensive jobs. Think twice, or
three times before you undertake it, even to get
them into an extra-good cellar. E. E. Hastv.

That depends on the mode of wintering as well as
on the kind of hives. If the hives can be easily put
in shape for hauling, I think It will pay to bring
them home, especially if they are to be wintered in
the cellar. They should be taken back as soon as
pollen comes in the spring. I have tried both ways.
With ordinary hives the moving was too trouble-
some. James A. Green.

Perhaps the friends by this time will have
noticed in this department that we are put-
ting the questions into groups, each group
or groups taking up and centering upon one
subject. Question No. 24 closes the six
questions on the subject of out-apiaries. It
is true, some of the replies have been some-
what indefinite— necessarily so. perhaps, be-
cause it is impossible to give a direct an-
swer in all cases; but even indefinite re-
plies, when put together, boiled down and
sifted, give pretty nearly a direct answer.
We shall continue to group the questions
into subjects, for a time at least. In regard
to question No. 22, suppose we get at the
cost of hiving a swarm in this way : In
general, charge on the basis of oO cents per
hour. With a lew exceptions it would not
take more than half an hour, and in a ma-
jority of cases not over 15 minutes, if you
have got every thing handy, empty hives,
tools, etc. Some colonies might cluster on
a limb 12 feet or more from tiie ground, in
which case it might be quite difficult to take
them down. When it is necessary to use a
ladder, suppose we allow 25 cents extra for
a swarm, in addition to the time occupied in
swarming it ; where there is much difficult
climbing, another 25 cents. This would
bring the price of hiving all the way from
lU cents up to perhaps a dollar or even two
dollars, the price being regulated according
to the time spent, and the difficulty in reach-
ing the swarm.— We are very much obliged
lor the replies to No. 23. Those who in-
tend to locate out-apiaries will then have
some sort of a basis to work from. The
price will depend perhaps wholly upon what
sort of an agreement can be arrived at.
This may be true likewise in the matter of
hiving swarms in No. 22,

948

GLEANlisfGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lyEC.

Every boy or girl, under 15 years of age, who writes a let-
ter for this department, containing somk valuable fact, not

GENERALLY KNOWN, ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS, will receive

one of David Cook's excellent five-cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these booLs contain the same matter that you find in
Sunday-school hooks costing from $1.00 to $1.50. If you have
had one or more books, give us the names that we may not
send the same twice. We have now in stock six different
books, as follows; viz.: Sheer Off, Silver Keys, The Giant-Kill-
er; or. The Rohy Family, Rescued from Egypt, Pilgrim's
Progress, and Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. We have also Our
Homes, Part I., and Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above
books, you may have a photograph of our old house apiary,
and a photograph of our own apiary, both taken a great many
years ago. In the former is a picture of Novice, Bine Eyes,
and Caddy, and a glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pret-
ty little colored pictures of birds, fruits, Howers, etc., suitable
for framing. You can have your choice of any one of the
above pictures or books for every letter that gives us some
valuable piece of information.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

THE BOYS' BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

A FURTHER ACQUAINTANCE AVITH OUR

OLD FRIEND (V) MR. SHIFTLESSNESS ;

WHAT HE DOES, AND HOW HE

GETS ALONG.

fOU will remember that we left Jim-
mie and Sam "slicking up"' their
work-shop, and that Mrs. Green, aft-
er having instructed them how to go
to work, and what to do with the
refuse, left them. The two boys worked
together for some time in silence. Sam
sorted and put away the boards, while his
companion was master of the broom. As
the work progressed, their zeal to wipe out
all traces left by Old Shiftlessness grew
more and more apparent.

" Well," said Sam, " it is not such a very
bad job after all."

" No, it's just fun, ain't it V My! won't
we surprise your ma when she sees what
we've done '?''

"I rather reckon she "—

"By cracky!" said Jimmy, interrupting,
" what's this down in the litter of dirt? I
swan, it's the hammer we've been hunting
all over for, as sure as "—

'• I didn't know Mr. Shiftlessness ever hid
tools in that way. We might have hunted
for months, and it never would have turned
up. I recollect now of having used it in
that very place, and I guess no one has had
it since," said Sam, as he looked at the ham-
mer.

" Yes, your pa said Old Shift, never put
tools away, and that he's more like some fel-
lows than he is other fellows. Leastwise
he's not like me."

"Humph!" said Sam, as he pulled over a
pile of boards near the saw-table, and espied
tlie missing Aviench. " What do you call
this? You acknowledged, the other day,
that you had the wrench last, and here is
just exactly where you were working."
Then holding it up before his playmate's

eyes he said, with an air of triumph, " If I
am shiftless, here is a sample of yours.
Come, let's shake hands on that, for we be
brethren."

Jimmie was just on the point of retorting,
when, observing Sam's good-natured twin-
kle, and his allusion to brotherly kinship,
he softened. They pushed forward their
work, and by noon "every missing tool turned
up from its hiding-place, just where Old
Shiftlessness had left them. When the boys
had completed their work, Shiftlessness
stepped out and Order stepped in. The
noon whistle blew ; and as the boys proceed-
ed to draw on their coats, they remarked to
each other that it looked just a little better,
and, besides, they could find things now.

As Sam sat eating at the dinner-table, he
recounted how they had driven Shiftlessness
off the premises.

" You haven't quite yet," said his sister
Mary, casting sly glances at her brother's
hands.

" My hands are just as clean as yours.
They are tanned, that's all. I will leave it
to ma."

So saying, Sam placed one of his hands
beside that of his sister. Sam had been
working in the dust and dirt, and, not hav-
ing washed his hands, it is needless to say
there was quite a contrast.

" Yes," said his mother, " I did not notice
your hands as you sat down to the table ;
but I must agree with your sister, that Mr.
Shiftlessness has not yet made his depart-
ure.'"

Sam then appealed to his father, but ob-
tained no better satisfaction.

At the request of his mother he got up
and washed his hands, which, when he had
done, he remarked, as he again took his seat,
" The^ dont look much different from what
they did."'

" I think they are a decided improve-
ment," said his mother.

" Yes," said Mr. Green, " your mother
and sister were right. If you have finished
your dinner I will now take a little time in
showing you how to arrange your tools."

The two started for the barn-loft. On
arriving there, Mr. Green said :

" Well, well ! you have done your work
much better than I thought you would.
Why I your floor is very clean. I think I
see evidence of your mother's supervision."

" Ye^, ma did show us a little this morn-
ing; but we did all the work.''

" You all deserve credit ; but I see that
your tools are still scattered over your bench
in more or less confusion, and Old Shift., as
you call him, has a fashion, when he finds
tools thus, of getting them on the floor, and,
by degrees, slipping them into hiding-
places."

" They are all picked up and put on the
bench. What more could you do?" said
Jimmie, who had just now formed himself
into one of the trio.

" Very true ; but you can not tell at a
glance whether any tool is missing. For in-
stance, I want a tool. I go to this bench
and fumble them over. Perhaps I find it,
and perhaps I do not. Time is lost in either
case, particularly the latter. Well, suppose

I88t

GLEANINGS IN i3EE CrLTl^RE.

949

I do not find it. Just when I want it most,
this is my In-st intimation that it is missing,
and it may have been gt)ne tor some time-
all because I did not have a place for the
tool in question. You have both heard,
' A place for every thing, and every thing
in its place.' If this is observed in the shop
when ri tool is not in its accustomed place,
it is at once apparent. Let me show you
how to tell where each tool belongs.'' So
saying he picked up a saw. placed it broad-
side up against the side of the work-shop
over the bench. Tlirough the hand-hole he
drove two nails. '' There," said he, " we
will let yoin- saw hang there for its place."

JaVENIIiE IiET^ER-B©^.

" Achiel'8 amangye takin' notes;
An'faith, he'll prentit."

A PART OF THE BOYS' WORK-SHOP.

'' But, how are you going to tell that it be-
longs there V" said Sam.

Without replying. Mr. G. took a pen(,'il
from his pocket. AVith this he inscribed a
pencil-mark clear round the saw, the pencil
followiiig closely all the indentations. Then
taking the tool off its hangings, he said.
" There, that is a pretty good pictuie of a
saw, don't you think '? It is only an outline,
it is true."

"That's so,"' said Jimmie; "any one
ought to know where that saw belongs."'

Mr. G. then did likewise with a hammer,
a hatchet, and a square. When these tools
were removed from their hangings there
was a perfect pictnre of each on the side of
the shop, showing just exactly where they
belonged, the size, shape, and kind of tools.
Mr. Green then left them.

"That is just splendid.'" said Sam, as he
took the monkey-wrencli, drove a conple
of nails for it to hang on, and then inscrib-
ed it with his pencil as it hung on the wall.

" Yes,'" said -Timmie, " the picture looks
just like a monkey-wrench."

The boys did likewise with the rest of
their tools ; and when they had got them
hung up over the bench, that portion of the
shop locked like the cut given above. You
will notice that the square, a small ham-
mer, and a saw, are lying on the bench,
but the pencil-marks on the wall show
where each belongs. If you could have seen
this portion of the shop just as Old Shift-
lessness left it, you would not have recog-
nized it.

At the other end of the shop, near the
buzz-saw, there were sticks, fragments of
hives, frame-stuff, sawdust, and general
confusion of every 'thing. At the opposite
end, or near the work-bench, there were
tools, nails, shavings, sticks, etc., more or
less mixed together.

FREEZING AND UNFREEZING BEES.

Since the November 1.5th issue, only three
have responded to my call for experimejits,
on how long bees will remain in a chilled
state, and not die. Perhaps it is a little
early yet to get very many reports. In 'a
good many localities, I am aware that real
cold weather has not yet begun ; and a con-
tinued cold is necessary for proper experi-
ments. I propose that you young friends
experiment just the same. As there proba-
bly will be colder weather during the next
month you will have better opportunities to
experiment. I want you to follow carefully
the instructions I gave in our issue for Nov.
15, page 869 ; and if the prizes offered on
that page are not satisfactory, you can select
any ten-cent article in our premium-list you
choose, if you send in a report of your ex-
periments with freezing and " unfreezing
bees.'" I want to see a whole lot of letters
from all localities, where there is cold weath-
er ; and then, you know, when we compare
the results of your experiments— well, we
shall know more than we did before, won't
we?

FROZEN BEES KEVIVINO AFTER 43 HOURS.

Monday, Nov. 28, at T o'clock p. m., 1 put two dozen
bees on the snow and two dozen in a queen-cag-e
where they were exposed to a freezing tempera-
ture, and 1 took, Tuesday, 7 a. m. (according- to your
rules), two bees from the snow and two bees from
the queen-cage and put them in a warm place.
Part of the bees revived and crawled around. At 7
o'clock, Tuesday p. m., I took two bees from the
snow and two bees from the queen-cage, and part
of the bees revived and crawled about. At 7 o'clock,
Wednesday a. m., 1 put the required number of bees
in a warm place, and part of them revived, but were
rather weak. At 12 o'clock Wednesday, at noon
(for I didn't think they would live until night), I
took the required number of bees and put them in
a warm place and they revived so they could move
their beak and .legs a little. At 7 o'clock, Wednes-
day p. M., I put about half a dozen bees in a warm
place, and there wasn't any life to be found. Reck-
oning the time up it would be 42 hours, and the bees
were ttiied with honey, for I examined them. If you
think I am entitled to a jack-knife, I should like it.

Massena, N. Y. Herbert Hutchins.

Most surely, friend Herbert, you are en-
titled to a jack-knife ; and ere this it is speed-
ing on its way to you as fast as steam can
carry it.— So you could not make the bees
revive after 42 hours — not quite two whole
days. Well, that is pretty good for the first
report. You followed instructions exactly,
but you did not tell us whether the bees

i from the queen-cage revived any quicker
than those taken directly from the snow.
The object in getting the "little folks to take
bees both from the snow and from a queen-
cage was to see what moisture had to do in
determining results— whether bees that are
perfectly dry will revive after a longer peri-

I od in afrozen condition than those which

950

GLEANINGS IN ]iP:E OULTLTRE.

Dec.

have been subjected to more or less damp-
ness and wet in the snow. If I did not make
this clear in our issue for Nov. 15. page 869,
will the juveniles please take notice ? The
next letter we have was written in the in-
terest of Master J. Curtis Haines, of Mo-
hawk, N. Y. It is as follows :

FROZEN BEES NOT REVIVING.

In answer to your problem for little folks, I got a
pan of clean dry snow, just after it bad fallen, set
it in the barn to keep it soft and light, and on Nov.
30, ubout 3 p. M., I opened a strong colony, smoked
slightly. In a little while I took a small handful
and dropped them in the pan of snow. As soon
as they were chilled I put some in a dry paper box,
and set them in a small open building. Next morn-
ing we brought two of each lot into the house, put
them on the mantle near the kitchen stove, where
it was nice and warm (not hot), but they showed no
signs of life. We left them in all day, and got more
of each lot, but they showed no signs of life at all.
To-day I brought more in, but could not see any
signs of life. They are quite dead. We opened
some, and they seemed to be filled with honey.
When we put the bees in the snow in the first place,
it thawed some on the south side of the house, and
the bees were bright and active, and seemed quite
strong; but it was very cold that night. Next
morning the thermometer was down to five below
zero, and the next day was very cold. The ther-
mometer was at zero. So you see if there is any
thing in its being cold, they had the benefit of it.

This is in the interest of our little boy, who is
atter that knife you offer. If you think it worth it,
you may send it to Master J. Curtiss Haines.

Mohawk, Herkimer Co., N. Y. J. C. Haines.

Yes, Master Curtis, we send you the knife.

. The following is a letter from a boy who,
although 61 years old, is still full of youthful
enthusiasm. It reads as follows :

FROZEN BEES REVIVED ON THE FIFTH DAY, AS RE-
PORTED BY A BOY 61 YEARS OLD.

You wanted the juveniles to experiment on bees,
and report. I am a juvenile of 61 years, but here it
goes. I shook bees on the snow. Three days after,
I took forty, put them in a fruit-can cover, and
placed them on the reservoir of the stove. All
came to life. On the fourth day, 35; all came to
life but two. On the fifth day I tried 2,5, and they all
came to but four. The night of the fifth day it
rained all night; the sixth day I tried 30, all were
dead. The snow all went ofl" last night. During
the fore part of the trial the ice was two inches
thick. J. B. Whiton.

Ithaca, Gratiot Co., Michigan.

We are exceedingly obliged, friend W.,
for the valuable facts you furnish. We
shall be glad to have you experiment further
in the same line. While you drop some bees
in the snow as before, put others in a dry
place, where they will be subjected to a
freezing temperature, and let us hear from
you again. If I am correct, the results of
your experiments have exceeded those of
Mr. Doolittle by two days. Now, boys and
girls of younger years, see if you can not
beat grandpa Whiton. If you can, we will
award you any two of the presents as given
in our "issue for Nov. 15. As for grandpa
W.. we will arrange it with him.

BEES, CARP, ETC.

We have been hauling water for the last four or
five weeks. We have dug a pond which will hold a
lot of water. I have been going to school about
two weeks, and have had a happy time. Pa and I
have fixed our bees for winter. We have about
125 colonies. We are building an addition to our
shop, to saw logs for our own use. We are fixing
to commence about Jan. 1st. We have our fall
work about all done up. Ray Murray, age 12.

Ada, O., Nov. 30, 1887^^

LOTS OF LOWER VENTILATION.

My name is Winfleld Markham, but my papa
and mamma call me Winnie. I am seven years
old. My papa packs his bees with chaff and maple
leaves. He thinks they want lots of lower ven-
tilation, aOd not too much above. I feed the hens
every day, and go one mile to school.

Winnie Markham.

Ellington, Chaut. Co., N. Y.

THE GROWTH OF CARP.

There are a good many flowers here from early
spring till late in the fall, and I intend to keep
bees next year. My grandfather has 36 stands of
bees, and thinks that it is a very profitable busi-
ness. I like Gleanings very much. The State
Fish Commissioner placed 13 German carp in the
fountain in a park in this citj', and in the fall of
the same year they took 3 pecks of Ji-inch carp
out. Chas. Cox.

Quincy, 111., Nov. 20, 1887.

A COMFORTABLE HOME FOR THE CHICKENS.

I have 17 chickens, and so I built a house for
them 6 ft. by 12, and then put another ply of boards
all around and pack'^d si.v inches of clay around
and on top of the house. Then I divided it into
two rooms, and made a door Into each, so tight
that weasels and other small animals can not get
in. I made a yard on the east side, 6 ft. by 13, of
long strips 3 inches apart, and then I made a door
at the south end. I am going to school.

John H. Mowbray.

Sarnia, Ont., Can., Nov. 24, 1887.

This is right, friend John. If we keep
chickens we ought to give them comforta-
ble homes, don't you think so V I wonder
if all the little folks who keep bees have
given them as good homes as you have
your biddies.

BUMBLEBEES, AND DID THEY HIBERNATE?

When we boys fight bumble-bees, and can not
whip the nest out, we get Mr. Bubmire to help us.
He will take off his hat, pinch them with his fin-
gers, and does not get stung. Bumble-bees are very
curious. They live in small holes in the ground,
or in log dirt, lined with moss or grass, through the
winter. We have dug them out. In the spring,
when it is warm enough, they start for work.

Elbert Evinger.

Tecumseb, Darke Co., O., Nov. 27, 1887.

Thank you, friend Elbert. You say you
"dug them (bumble-bees) out." Do you
mean that you did this in the winter? If
so, did you find them alive ? If you did,
perhaps you have discovered something that
the old folks did not know before. Will
you tell us more about' it V Hibernate, as
"found in the heading, is a big word. It
means — well, living through the winter in a
sort of sleep, without eating any thing.

1887

CrLEAXTNGS TN BEE CULTURE.

951

dm pejiEp.

Therefore I say unto you, Take no thouslit lor
your life, what ye sluill eat. oi- wluu ye shall drink;
nor yet for your body, what ye shall i)nt on. is not
the life more than meat, and the liody than rai-
ment?-Matt. 6: ;?,5.

'HEN I loft home on Monday eveninc:
to go to the Micliigaii Slate ( 'oiiven-
tion, 1 felt very much as it' I otight
to stay at hohie ; and, to tell the
truth. 1 did not want to go very much.
It seemed like teaiing myself away from
duty, and the business that" needed mo here:
and for a good while I cotild hardly feel
reconciled to the thought of l)reaking the
threads of home matters, nnd fixing them on
something else ; but I tried to think, in the
language of our text, that God would i>ro-
vide work for me, and that it was my duty
to go away from homo and mingle more
with my fellow-men and the great workl at
large. An hour later, and I was waiting at
the depot in Elyria for the incoming train.
But it seemed wicked for me to sit there
idle when there was so much to be done ;
and yet I knew from previous experience in
like circumstances that there was probably
plenty that God would have me to do, and
perhaps very near by. I have no right to
speak for others; but 1 am sure that God
calls on me, in like circumstances, to get ac-
quainted, and to 1)6 doing something. A
bright-looking young man near the stove
remarked to a companion the time, as he
looked at his watch, and I added that we
had just about an hour more to v^^ait. His
next remark indicated that he knew me, and
I soon found that he was the son of an old
neighbor who lived near us on the farm, and
that he was now located in aneighboring town
where he liad been practicing medicine for
the last five years. I recognized the town
as one wherein 1 had labored to build up the
church and Sunday-school, and I was glad to
have him lell me about it.

" I suppose, friend , you have preach-
ing now every Sunday, of course V When I
was there, the minister came from an ad-
joining town every other Sabbath ; but now
I presume you have a regular pastor."

'' 1 am sorry to say. Mr. Root, that it is just
as it was years ago. The church is not strong
enough to keep a minister, and have preach-
ing every Sunday. Why, there are only fifteen
or twenty menibers in the church, all to-
gether."'

'' They were mostly women at the time I
was there ; is that the case still V ''

He replied, to the effect that there w^ere
only four or five male members in the church.

Said I, '' And of course, friend , youaxe

one of these four or five faithful ones '? "

He cast his eyes down, and admitted that
he was not. In his previous conversation
he told me that he loved the Bible and
Christianity, and remarked to the effect
that he was hungering and thirsting after
righteousness. I think he said his wife was
a member of the church, and he admitted
that there was no reason why he shoidd not
be among those four or five who wore help-
ing to bear the cross of Christ. I told him,
as well as I knew how, what influence a

physician of the town might exert over the
people, and I reminded him that he could not
very wel I exhort others to accept Christ,unless
he stood up boldly before men and practiced
what he would have others do. In reply to
my ((uestions, he declared there was nothing
ill his life or habits that he would have to
give up, to l)ecome a professor, and that it
was only because he hadn't got around to
it, or got readv. that he had been all these
years aloof. The minutes did not drag any
longer. As we talked, an old gentleman
who sat near came up to us, and I saw by
his looks that ho was interested. As I part-
ed from my young friend on the train, there
was a briglit happy look in his eye as he
gave me his hand and thanked me. • I told
hiin I should pray for him. and that the best
news I should ever hear of himself Avas that
he was making Jesus first, and all else sec-
ondary.

At the convention I met a man and his
wMfe with whom I plead some years ago on
exactly the same subject. Their family was
growing up around them, and they were not
members of any church. The lady confessed
tome that she had been conducting a Sab-
bath-school which she h;id been instrument-
al in starting in their neighborhood, because
there was no church : but neither herself
nor husband had united with the church
nearest them

Now, this kind of exhortation is all very
well, providing the one who exhorts makes
his life in keeping with what he professes.
May be I was getting a little vain of my
ability to lead others, and may be I w^as
thinking I was getting to be a pretty good
sort of Christian. In any case, I had a re-
minder very soon that I needed to pray for
myself as well as for others.

I was ready to start home ; but for certain
reasons I wished to purchase a ticket at first
only to a neighboring city, and I asked the
agent how much it was. He said $;>.3-5. I
gave him four paper dollars. The train was
ready to start, and he hurriedly handed me
a silver dollar, half a dollar, a "dime, and a
nickel. In my haste I came pretty near not
counting it; but when I got the silver dol-
lar in my fingers, and held it up, it occurred
to me that I ought not to have a whole dol-
lar back in change. In other words, he had
mnde a blunder. Now, I am ashamed to
say it ; but I guess I had better acknowl-
edge that self suggested putting all the
change in my pocket, without telling him.
I believe I have boasted several times that
the '•almighty dollar "' never tempted me
from the patiiof duty ; but there I was, ac-
tually coveting that bright round silver dol-
lar that I knew was not my own. I did not
hold it in my fingers, I presume, a whole
second; but in that second, self i or Satan)
whispered, '■ You must have misunderstood
him. He probably said S2.35.'' Then came
the thought. " \\"hy did he not give me
back one of the paper dollars I gave him ?"
But .self put in again, '• There is not time to
bother with it now, anyhow ; besides, it is
/u'.s business— not yours. You gave him the
money, and he gave you back what you
ought to have." Self seemed to get a little
bolder here, and added, " Your expenses on

962

GLEANINGS I^ BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

this long trip will be larsrer, doubtless, rather
than less than you had calculated ; better
hurry up, or you will lose the train." lean
not tell even' now, dear friends, why such
thoughts should have come into my mind.
It seems, as I think of it, that it was a rem-
nant of that old life before I belonged to
Christ Jesus. Then I used to have such
temptations, and I used to yield to them, too,
thinking, poor silly fellow ! that 1 was add-
ing to my stock of this world's goods. Why,
it made me fairly tremble as I reflected of a
professor of religion, and one who even pre-
sumes to point out the way for others, lis-
tening to such suggestions "as the above. I
do not know how long it 1 ook for me to re-
coil with my whole nature, and bid these evil
thoughts be down and away, as I would
speak to some ill-mannerel cur that, with
muddy feet, might try to sp; :ng up and soil
my clothes. I said, mentally, " Get thee be-
hind me, Satan ; do you suppose I am so
silly as to think I could be happy with a
dollar that is not really my own— a dollar for
which I have rendered no sort of equivalent ?
For shame ! "

I believe it was Moody who once said that
no man could be a Christian, with a single
dollar in his pocket that belonged to some-
body else ; and I believe we should have
better Christians if therr were more who
felt convinced of this. If this be so, you
had better miss a hundred trains ; nay, you
had better lose even your life. Ih.in to go off
coolly and deliberately with only a single
dollar in your pocket that is not justly your
own. " What shall it profit a man, if he
gain the whole world and lose his own soulV"

" My friend, I gave you only four dollars,"
said I.

He looked at me, somewhat embai'rassed ;
and as I showed him the change which he
had given me back, he took the dollar and
colored a little to think I had caught him,
a ticket-agent, in such a blunder. I thought
if he could forgive me, 1 could forgive him ;
and I took great pleasure in remarking to
him that I did not want a dollar belonging
to anybody else ; and with a good-natured
smile "I suggested that " mistakes will hap-
pen," etc. He caught my eye, and his face
brightened. The happy look that shone
forth from my face seemed to have touched
his spirit just right; and who knows but
that the glimpse of sunlight went along with
him as well as along with me ? As I
thought it over, it occurred to me that pos-
sibly God was trying me as he tried Abra-
ham of old. Is "it not possible that he is
waiting and watching for men whom he can
trust y Who knows but that he has been
saying, " I have a great deal of work for Mr.
Root to do for me, and I want to be sure
that he can resist temptation " ? You know
he said to Abraham, " For now I know that
thou fearest God."

This trial, however, was but a preface to
another. May be you will come to the con-
clusion that your old friend A. I. Root is
but a poor weak sinner after all ; and if you
do, dear friends, you will think just as I do
about it. I will now explain to you, that
the object of my journey to the great city of
Grand Rapids was to see the immense let-

tuce-houses, which I had learned at the hor-
ticultural convention were there. I had
also learned they had a new variety of let-
tuce, superior to any thing else in the world.
It was not only specially adapted to green-
houses, but it grew very large— nearly a foot
high ; and by careful selection it had been
made to grow so white and crisp that it al-
most rivaled the " White Plume" celery. I
knew I had but a limited time to hunt up
the greenhouses, if I reached home Satur-
day night ; and I felt as if I must do that
in any case. Let me digress a little. The
night before. I had been obliged to travel
till eleven o'clock. The ride was a long and
lonely one ; and as I changed trains for the
last hour, I stepped into a car where a
few men were assembled together near its
center. One young man stood up address-
ing the crowd as I came in. At my entrance
he stopped and said, by way of apology to
the new comers, " Friends, 1 have just been
telling a little story ; and with your per-
mission I will continue it."

The attitude of the man, and his appear-
ance, suggested at once that he was a com-
mercial traveler, or drummer ; and former
experience made me feel that, perhaps, now
was the time to show my colors, and that
perhaps I had better show them quickly. I
replied, " My friend, we have no objections
to your continuing your story, providing it
be such a story as fathers of families ought
to hear ; or, if you choose, such as Christian
men ought to listen to." He gave me a
smile that was not very assuring— at least I
thought so — and continued. The story Avas
one calculated to attract the attention of
his audience, but it seemed to have no par-
ticular point either way. He told another
one that pretty unmistakably pointed toward
the cross of Christ, although I inferred that
his audience did not see it. Then he gave
them a short talk— such a talk as you might
imagine a converted drummer might use, if
he were using all his past experience and
tactics to plead for the Master. It was evi-
dent that the audience was a little undecid-
ed. He attempted to sing a hymn ; but for
some reason, perhaps for lack of sympathy,
it was not very well done, and he was los-
ing ground. I thought he needed an en-
couraging word, or just the least bit of sym-
pathy from some one of these men of the
world who were holding him, as it were, at
arms' length. I gave him that sympathy and
assistance. He sang another hymn, and
with such touching pathos that it won al-
most every heart. They gathered nearer
him and asked him to go on. He was a
comparatively new-born soul, and his words
were interspersed with such phrases as trav-
eling men use ; but his teachings were sound.
He asked me if I w^as a minister. I assured
him I was not, but that I was, like himself,
one who is preaching Christ wherever the
Lord led him, in his own humble way. We
exchanged experiences and strengthened
each other, and 1 did not see him again un-
til he unexpectedly came into the car when
we were nearing the great greenhouses. I
asked him some questions about the city,
but he could not answer ; but a brother com-
mercial traveler, overhearing our talk, gave

1887

GLKVN^INGS TN BEE CULTURE.

953

me just the information I desired, directing
me to get off at the Hrst station, and tele-
graph to the friend who had promised to
show me tlie greenhouses, teliiiig where 1
would be, and at what hour. 1 want to say
here, that this trip surprised me as much as
some others, to see liow ready wealthy and
busy men were to throw aside their business
to show me around, and assist me in work-
ing up any of these fancies of mine. This
friend in Grand Rapids, although he lias
over 70 acres devoted to fruits and market-
gardens, with six or seven greenhouses, be-
sides a store for cut flowers, left his business,
procured a horse and carriage, and met me
at the depot. As it was after dark, he drove
me several miles to the lettuce-greenhouses,
got the proprietor to show us through with
a lantern, brought me bark to the city,
showed me their public buildings and mat-
ters of public interest, and refused to accept
even what he was out of pocket for his ef-
forts in assisting an entire stranger. Had I
not taken the part of the converted drum-
mer, I feel sure 1 should not have had faith
enough in my fellow-men to mention my
wants on the cars ; and over and over again
1 have been glad I took pains to get ac-
quainted with those with whom I was trav-
eling ; in fact, I can not remember that I
liave ever had any reason to regret having
formed acquaintances while traveling. I
suppose, of course, we ought to use judg-
ment and wisdom in deciding whom to ap-
proach in this way.

Well, the sight that met my gaze in that
greenhouse was worth to me the whole trip
to the State of Michigan. The plants were
the briglitest and thriftiest of any thing in
the vegetable or floral kingdom I had ever
beheld. They were all exactly alike. The
great bed was covered as if it had been plant-
ed with fringed plumes of ostrich-feathers.
They were not exactly white, but of a beau-
tiful creamy whiteness. The stalks were
white and crisp. Other beds and other
greenhouses showed the beautiful new vari-
ety of lettuce in every stage of growth, from
the seedling just bursting through the soil,
to the plants just ready for market. The
owner of the greenhouses was an entire
stranger to me ; furthermore, I knew he
was averse to letting strangers get hold of
tlie new lettuce. lie had brought it to its
present state of perfection by many years of
careful selection and study. The plant is
not only specially adapted to greenhouse
culture, but it is a rapid grower, free from
rot, and handsomer than any thing the
world has seen heretofore. Ite was very
kind and obliging, and he reluctantly con-
sented to sell me a few plants. When I
wanted to know if he would let me have
some of the seed, there was evidently a con-
flict between his'generous and obliging na-
ture, and his preference to keep the business
in his own hands. T saw it, and frankly
told him he need not let me have any of the
seed or plants unless he chose. I mentioned
that I would willingly pay him a large price
for even a few seeds ; but as that would
very soon give me opportunities for raising
seed for myself, he preferred not to do it.
He said he had already refused a consider-

able sum for even a few seeds. Now, I was
so much in love with that lettuce that I
felt almost determined to have some plants
or seeds to raise in my own greenhouse ; but
could I as a Christian, or even as a gentle-
man, insist on it when he preferred not to
sell any V ''Render unto Cajsar the things
that are Caesar's, and unto God the things
that are God's." The tussle with the al-
mighty dollar came up before me, and my
little prayer of " Lord, help," came up. Yes,
and an addition to it came up in tliis wise :
"■ Lord, lielp thy servant to do in this matter
as in all others, as becometh one who is
constantly teaching others to do all for the
lionor and glory of God."

This friend supplies seed or plants to the
greenhouses around Grand Rapids, wlio
raise his kind of lettuce, and so they have
succeeded in keeping this industry among
themselves. Some miglit call it a little ring
in the lettuce business ; but, my friends, is
tliere any thing wrong in such a ring, if
those who own the seed and own the business
choose to form such a one V May God
help me to be careful about accusing people
of forming rings ; and I really believe of
late I am beginning to be a little suspicious
of those people who are ready to accuse
others of having rings. My friend consent-
ed to sell me as muclj of the lettuce as I
wanted, but he preferred I should not grow
it. Even with honest intentions, somebody
might steal one or more of my plants, and
pretty soon the seed would become pub-
lic property. If it were mine, as you well
know, it would be public property at once ;
for I have other avenues through which
money comes. Self whispered, during the
talk, that I could take some of the leaves or
heavy stalks of the lettuce and make them
take root in sand, as greenhouse- men do in
propagating, and tlius get seed. But sup-
pose I did; could I ever find happiness in tak-
ing it in this way, from the good friend who
took his lantern and showed me his lifework
in his beautiful greenhouses ? Even suppose
somebody did get genuine seed by such un-
derhanded means, would the world believe
such a person, and patronize him V In think-
ing it over I feel to rejoice that the world
demands, especially of late, that a man be
strictly honest. When I can, by permission,
make this seed public property, and scatter
it among you in five-cent packages, then I
will do so and feel happy over it, and not be-
fore. When all men arrive at such a point
that they will refrain from taking any un-
due advantage, even though they have the
opportunity, without violating any law, or
even without being discovered, then will
the millennium be near at hand. I came
away happy. I had not got the seeds or
plants I longed for, but I had something
better — the approving voice in my heart of
the great Creator who gave us the lettuce
and the bees, and all these things to train to
our wants and wishes and notions.

A few minutes more, and I was almost
startled when the agent of one of the great
union ticket-offices handed me two silver dol-
lars more than I ought to have. I felt glad
in my heart, however, to find there was not
even the faintest trace of a desire to keep

954

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

them. If Satan made just a little impres-
sion the other time, he didn't a bit here;
and with it came the feeling, " This money
all belongs to the Master, and not to myself."
So long as he supplies me with all 1 want
and all I need, why should I covet any thing ?
Oh, the unsearchable riches of those who
have their whole trust in the resources of
Him who is Lord of all !

All at once one of the friends whom I had
left at the convention came into the car
where I sat. He was on the way home, and
was as much surprised on seeing me as I
was on seeing him. I did not know how
soon he would be called uii to leave me, and
so I came, pretty soon, squarely up to the
work I felt the Master had given me to do.
Said I, almost abruptly,—

" Friend , you are a Christian, I be-
lieve."

He looked up at me with a smiling face,
and said :

" Mr. Root, just the very moment my eyes
fell on you as I came into this car,! felt
that 1 should be called upon to meet this
question. xVnd now I want to tell you that
I am glad that you have said just these
words to me, even though it be true that
I am not and never have been a member of
any church. The reasons why I have never
united — that is, if they arc tit to be called
reasons— are, that the chui^h I had thought
I must unite with, if any, is not near at
hand. I have been helping in ano1 her church,
and my wife and I have been studying the
Bible, and have even gone so far as to have
family prayers, but we are not members of
any body of Christian people. I have known
my duty, but some how Ihave longed to have
somebody assure me, as you do, in your
earnest way, that it was just what I ought
to do."

The church he mentioned is a new one,
in a new section of country, and it is doubt-
less weak and very much in need of the
energy, intelligence, and spiritual strength
which these two young bee-friends can give
it. Its influence for good on the communi-
ty round about will, without question, be
ever so much greater for having these two
come forward and take a bold stand, and
let their faith be shown by their works.
As we parted he took me by the hand and
promised that, if his wife approved (and he
felt sure she would), they would at once,
before another Sunday, go to the pastor and
tell him of their determination and wish to
become members of the church. A strange
feeling comes over me w^hen I think of his
remark, that he expected me to labor with
him on this very question. If such respon-
sibilities are coming upon me, how great is
the need that I be pure in heart and honest
in deed ! " Lord, help ! " comes up again
and again ; and when I think of the little
conflict— yes, perhaps even feeble conflict-
over that bright round dollar, how earnest-
ly can I pray that I may be cleansed, both
soul and body, from all temptations of a
like nature, taking no thought for what we
shall eat or what we shall drink, nor yet for
the body what we shall put on ; for is it not
true, that a life with .Jesus is incomparably
more than meat or raiment, or any thing else
that the world can offer V

00^ 0WN ^PI^RY.

CONDUCTED BY ERNEST E. ROOT.

PINE STRAW AS A SMOKER FUEL.

TTp FRIEND from the South, W. W. Wil-
^flb, son, Punta Rossa, Florida, sends a

pr package of " pine straw " as he called
^^ it, to be tried in the Clark, as a smok-
er fuel. The material was evidently
the spines, or leaves from a species of pine-
tree — the spines of which were about a
foot in length. From the package sent, I
took a bundle large enough to slip down in-
to a Bingham, having first lighted the bot-
tom ends. A few puffs of the " Doctor "
gave me a beautiful smoke, dense and curl-
ing. It lasted well, and did not diminish in
volume. In consequence of the length of the
fuel, I did not try any in the Clark, though
it now occurs to me I might have coiled it
up, in which case I have no doubt it would
have burned as well as in the Bingham.
Those who are so situated as to be able to
get this pine straw, such as our friend sent,
would do well to try it; and if satisfactory,
lay in a stock of it for next season's use, to
dry.

THE SMOKER QUESTION, AGAIN.

As our friend R. L. Taylor, on page 845,
has spoken so vehemently in favoi" of the
Bingham, after having used the cold-blast,
perhaps the testimony of another friend
who has used both smokers may be interest-
ing right here. He says :

I have read in Gleanings the discussion in re-
gard to smokers. I used Bingham's 6 or 7 years.
For the last year I used Clark's. It is a comfort to
use it. Bingham's is about the nearest to a dis-
appointment it can be. It is generally out when
I want it. Sometimes it is too hot, and then again
it throws sparks among the bees. I. B. Whiton.

Ithaca, Mich., Nov. 21, 1887.

I do not give place to the letter to in any
way detract from the merits of the Bing-
ham smoker, but to show that some are
just as vehement in praise of the Clark as
others are of the Bingham. While I recog-
nize and have experienced some of the
defects mentioned by the friend above, I
have not found them quite so bad. Isn't
it a good deal in notion, after all, friends ?
We can't all see things alike.

Here is a letter from another friend :

A SUGGESTION ON BINGHAM'S SMOKER-TOP.

I see that Ernest burns his fingers, and empties
the contents of the Bingham smoker into the hives.
Now, did it ever occur to him that, if he would
simply connect the cone and fli"e-box on the side
with a small hinge, riveted securely, it would be
the easiest thing in the world to open and close,
without burning fingers or spilling fire into hives?
I have used mine in this way two years. I am well
pleased; but I would not use it if I were obliged to
pick up and place the cone off and on in the old
way. O. G. Josenhans.

Owosso, Mich., Nov. 36, 1887.

I have several times thought myself that
a hinge to the top would be a convenience,
and perhaps quite an advantage. But per-
haps friend Bingham does not look at it in
that way.

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

955

5f0Bi^cce C0iiW|i]\[.

'NDER the influence of Gleanings I have quit

|fci| the use of tobacco, having smoked my last

l.'/fl cigar about two months ago; and if I am

entitled to a smoker, and you send it, I will

willingly pay for it, if I ever resume the

habit. G. Smith.

Alpha, 0., Oct. 24, 188T.

Mr. Chas. M. Lynch has promised to quit using
tobacco. Please send him a smoker. I will pay you
for it if he uses it again. E. E. Guv.

Trenton, N. J., Nov. 28, 1887.

I have quit the use of tobacco after seventeen
years' chewing and smoking. Send me a smoker.
I promise never to use it again, or I will pay for
smoker. W. F. Winstead.

Delhi, La., Oct. 22, 1^87.

I told you last fall that, if you would give me a
smoker, I would quit the use of tobacco. I quit
last fall. If you see fit to send me one, I will pay
you for it if I use the weed again. S. W. White.

Liberty, Mo.

BROKEN HIS PLEDGE, BDT PAYS FOR THE

SMOKER.

I am sorry to tell you I have broken my pledge,
t)ut I must send smoker money, which, according
to promise, is the price of two, $1.20. They came by
mail. J. A. KiME.

Fairfield, Pa., Nov. 25, 1887.

About the first of the year, Mr. Van Fradenburg
sent for a smoker for a young boy, who had been
brought up in tobacco, and had used it for some
time. At the fair this fall, he was led away. We
are very anxious to have him try again. I have
persuaded him to let me ask you to give him
another trial. Shall we send you the money, or
shall we try him a?ain?

Mrs. E. Van Fr.\denburo.

Vintonton, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1887.

Try him again, by all means, my friend.

INTRODUCING QUEENS.

A SUGGESTION ABOUT VIRGIN QUEENS.

fEOPLE often ask me how they shall introduce
their queens. I tell them how I would treat a
valuable queen. It is thus: I goto the hive
that is to receive her, take out all the frames,
finding and caging the old queen. I then put
the frames and bees into another hive, which I set
on the old stand. I clean out the old hive, being
sure that every bee is brushed out. I spread a
sheet in front of this empty hive, and shake the bees
off the combs, putting them at once in this hive.
I then sprinkle the bees with water sweetened with
honey, and scented with some strong essence. I
then hive tliem as a new swarm, daubing the queen
well with honey, and letting her run in the hive
with the bees. I have introduced many in this way,
and have never lost a single queen. Some one (I
think Mr. Doolittle)says, " Cause the bees to first fill
themselves with honey before shaking off the
combs." This would be the better way. I have
used this plan of introducing for a number of years,
and, as I said before, never yet made a failure.
Now, I should like to ask you, Mr. Editor, why this

will not do for young virgin queens as well as for
tho foitile queens. M. A. Kelley.

Milton, W. Va., Nov. 19, 1887.

Tlie plan is an old one, friend K., and is,
perhaps, about as reliable as any known ;
but everybody, sooner or later, votes it too
much trouble. We sometimes make use of
the plan when every other fails. Very like-
ly it would answer for introducing virgin
queens, the amount of labor and lime occu-
pied being the only objection.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Semi' Monthly .

-iL.. I. ^^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

3^EX)IiT.^L, OHIO.

•o*-.*o*

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

{—♦—!-

For Clubbing Eates, See First Page of Heading Matter.

iiv£EiDin^T^?5u, iD':Eici. IS, laa^.

If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine,
whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself.— John 7:17.

We have lots Of copy in the copy-drawer, so do
not be disappointed if you do not see your communi-
cation appear in the " next issue."

\Vi;ll, friends, this number finishes tlie year of
1887. We wish' you a merry Christmas and a happy
New Year, even should you decide not to remain
with us during that year.

BUCKWHEAT CAKES AND HONEY.

Has any one tried buckwheat cakes made out
of the new Japanese buckwheat? If so, report and
tell us whether they taste any better than when
made from the common buckwheat, tjuestion.—
Candidly, which do tyo?* think is better— cakes and
honey, or cakes and rich maple molasses? We
rather prefer tho latter.

THE OHIO STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Bv reference to another column, under the head
of "Convention Notices," the reader will observe
that the Ohio State Bee-keepers' Association will
meet at Columbus, the second Tuesday and
Wednesday of the month, Jan. 10th and 11th. The
convention will be held in the United States Hotel,
corner of High and Town Sts. Rates are $1.50 each,
double, or §:i.00 per day single. The matter of se-
curing reduced rates of travel is now in the, hands
of a committee, further announcements of which
will be made in our next issue, at which time, also,
a full programme will be given. Every effort is be-
ing put forth to make this a success, and a good
rousing meeting is expected. Every loyal bee-man
who can should be present. The local conventions
of the State which have not already appointed a
representative, should see to the matter at once.

LANTERN SLIDES ON BEES.

We are indebted to Alfred Watkins, Imperial
Mills, Hereford, Eng., for samples of some of his
lantern slides on bees. Among them are micro-
photographs. They are all exceedingly fine, and are
well adapted to accompany lectures on the subject

956

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

DeO.

of bees. That you may know what friend Watkins
is able to do, we will say that he has actually photo-
graphed, by the instantaneous process, a bee on the
wing— some about to alight, and some just flying
from a head of clover. Of all the engravings of
bees on the wing, we never saw one that was true
to life. We shall place the slide in the hands of our
engravers, and see If we can not get a correct pic-
ture. There are also other specimens which we
hope to illustrate. The price is one shilling each,
and can be obtained of the address above.

MV TWO UNFINISHED STORIES.

The friends will remember that I promised, in
our last issue, to give the conclusion of my trip to
Chicago; but matters of so much interest came
up while in Michigan that I felt I must tell you
about them while they were fresh in my mind; and
In the present issue I have not more than half
finished that story, so I see no help for it but to
finish both in our issues for January. As we now
send the journal right along, however, until we
are told to stop it, most of you, at least, will get
the remainder of both articles.

CEREALINE GEMS GOOD WITH HONEY.

We have made a discovery at our house; namely,
that the most beautiful gems can be made by using
cereallne with the flour, making the gems in the
usual way. They are as light as a sponge, and so
soft to the touch and palate that one thinks he is
eating delicate sponge cake; and when they are
eaten with a nice quality of honey it makes one of
the daintiest dishes on a frosty cold morning. I
think you want a pitcher of milk near by, to make
the repast complete. You can get the cereallne,
with directions, at almost any grocery. It costs
here in Medina, 18 cents for a two-pound package.

THE NEW LETTUCE I FOUND AT GRAND RAPIDS.

While I write, a celery-glass full of the above
lettuce stands on the tabic before me. A single
stalk is over 15 inches tall, and it fills the holder so
as to spread out and droop over on all sides. The
very sight of it is tempting, and the taste makes
me think of summer showers in June. We will try
to give a picture of it in our next issue. Mr. Eu-
gene Davis, lock box 34, Grand Rapids, Mich., is the
originator and proprietor of this new and handsome
vegetable production. You can buy plenty of the
lettuce of him by the basket or by the barrel.
Twenty cents a pound is what he charged me. It
will retail readily, before the holidays at least, for
40 cts. a pound. He will sell you the lettuce, but
you can not get the seed, unless you are more lucky
than I have been; and even if you had it, you
would probably need his greenhouses and skill to
grow^t in winter time.

FRIEND HUTCHINSON'S NEW BEE-JOURNAL.

As will be noticed by an advertisement on anoth-
er page, this journal is to make its appearance in
January. I have often thought it would be an
excellent thing for some one who is competent, to
make a review of the great mass of information
that is constantly ai)pearing in our bee-journals;
and one or more of the various journals have at
different times undertaken it, but have finally
given it up. It not only requires somebody with
great knowledge and experience, but some one
who can patiently go through all the journals and
sift the wheat from the chaff. Now, in view of
the fact that what we now consider to be wheat

may soon transpire to be chafl', and vice versa, the
task is no easy one. Of course, a real live bee-
man, and one who is an actual honey-producer, is
needed for this work; and just now I do not know
of anybody better calculated to do the work than
is friend Hutchinson; and I believe, also, he is a
man who is not apt to get weary in well doing.
We shall see.

NEGLECTING TO RENEW.

In both of my recent trips I met many old friends
who said they had formerly taken Gleanings, and
never intended to have it stop; but they kept
putting off and putting off writing a letter to send
for it, and finally it was neglected altogether, con-
trary to their intentions and wishes. The sight of
me, however, revived a disposition to renew ac-
quaintance, and nothing more was necessary than
to just push a dollar toward me. I always get hold
of such dollars, you may be sure. Some time ago
we proposed remedying this matter by having an
agent at each postoffice, to look up those who want-
ed the journal to continue, but our efforts have re-
sulted in only about 40 local agents. Last year. Ernest
suggested another remedy, which was, to keep the
journal going until we were desired to stop it. I
suppose this not only covers the trouble in question,
but it sometimes results in sending the journal to
those who did not mean to have it. They kept
neglecting to write a letter telling us to stop it;
and finally, as one issue after another came, they
decided to let it come. This puts the shoe on
the other foot, you see; but as the recipient almost
always decides that he has had his money's worth, if
not in bees in something else, we conclude it is the
lesser of two evils; therefore if you desire it to
keep coming, just attend to your other matters and
don't bother about Gleanings. If you prefer to
have it stopped, however, just scratch on a postal,
" Stop it," and I assure you it will be done, Without
adding a single word more.

" A MODERN BEE-FARM."

The above is the title of a new English work by
S. Simmins, Bottingdean, Brighton, England. The
work contains 200 large pages, beautifully printed
on a fine quality of paper. In plan it is excellent,
each subject and its sub-head being distinctly sep-
arated by strong black head-lines, so that a novice
can easily find such information as. he may need.
Mr. Simmins is not only the author of "A Modern
Bee-Farm," but he has one practically in success-
ful operation, as one of the excellent photographs in
the work testifies. Among other subjects of Brit-
ish apiculture we find The Non-swarming System,
The Production of Honey, House-apiaries, The
Production of Wax, and the Non-use of Foundation,
etc. With few exceptions, the writer says in his
preface, the instructions are drawn from his own
experience of 20 years. As one opens the book and
turns the fly-leaf, a pleasant surprise greets him.
An actual photograph pasted on the leaf (not an
engraving) represents Mr. Simmins, his good wife,
and a family of five children. The group, from the
baby to its papa who is holding it, is a very inter-
esting one, particularly to us. We feel sure Mr. S,
is a home man, and it is this domestic feature that
makes us feel a nearer kinship to himself and his.
We can not describe the picture further; but if
you wish to see it you can obtain the work of the
author as above lor 7s. f!d., postpaid (or $1.80).
A cheaper edition can be had, 3 s. 6 d. (85 cts.). The

1887

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

957

latter, however, is bound in flexible cloth binding,
and is not accompanied with the photographs.

GLASSED AND UNOLA8SED SECTIONS.

See what one of the commission men say about
these in the Honey Column. You will be interested
in reading the whole of this department.

We will pay, until further notice, 10 cts. each for
February let and March Ist issues of Gleanings,
this year. Be sure to send the right ones.

OUR SEED catalogue.

Our abbreviated list of seeds will be put in the
January issue, and our vegetable-seed catalogue
complete, somewhat later. We say this in answer
to several inciuiries^

DISCOUNTS FOR DECEMBER.

During the month of December we will allow 5
% discount from all articles in our catalogue.
This is an inducement for you to order your next
year's supply now. and not wait till spring, when
we are crowded witli orders. Remember, the dis-
count grows less the longer you wait. January dis-
count will be 4 fc ; Feb.,:i''h. After Feb., no discount.

PERFORATED ZINC.

We are making new dies and punches for our
zinc- perforating machine, with which we hope to
make more perfect perforations than heretofore.
In our Jan. 1st catalogue we have also reduced the
price to $1.20 per sheet, 38 x 96; $1.21) for 10 unbound
honey-boards, 14 x ISJs. for Simplicity hive. Dis-
counts remain the same as before.

AN EXTRA-FINE QUALITY OF EXTRACTED HONEY
AT 10 CTS. PER LB.

We have just purchased over a ton of a very fine
quality of clover and basswood honey, put up in
our tiO-lb. square cans, 2 in a box. We bought this
at a price whereby we are able to offer it in case
lots at 10 ets. per lb. " Gilt-edge " basswood or
clover honey, at 1 ct. per lb. more. Samples mail-
ed free on application.

JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT FOR SEED.

I suppose the demand and supply will govern the
price for the coming year. We have started it as
follows: One bushel, $4.00: H bush., $2.30; one peck,
$1.20; H peck, 75 cts.; 1 lb., 16 cts.; J4 lb., .5 cts. If
sent by mail, add 18 cts. per lb., or .5 cts. for M lb.,
for postage. We wish you who have raised it would
help in establishing a price. Tell us how much you
have, how much you will sell for, and then we can
decide whether the price must be raised or lowered.
I was a little afraid last winter that I was urging
too many to give it a trial; but now it transpires
that the ones who bought most of it are the lucky
ones.

PRICES ON A B C OF BEE CULTURE.

We have decided on the following schedule of
prices on the A B C of Bee Culture, which takes ef-
fect Jan. 1st, 1888, and will be strictly adhered to.
These prices are printed in our Jan. Ist edition of
the catalogue now in the press:

TABLE OF PRICE.S. BY MAIL. BY EXP. OR FREIGHT.

Cloth. Pap'r.

One A B C of Bee Culture |M.2.5 81.00

Two •' " 2.2.5 1.7.5

Three " " .1.2.5 2.50

Four " " 4.10 3,10

Five to ten, each 1.00 .75

Ten or more, each I .90 .72

Cloth.
$1.10
1.95
2.80
3.50
.85
.75

Paper.

$ .88
1.51
2.14
2.82

This last price, which is 40!6 from retail price hy
mail, will be given on orders for books in any quan-
tity from booksellers and newsdealers who send,
with their order, printed evidence that they are
such; also to all dealers who advertise the ABC
and send copy of such advertisement. Any person
who has had one book at the retail price can have
all books after that at the f> rate f2."> cts. less), provid-
ed they mention, every time tht^y order, when they had
one before. Those who take 100 or more books at
once can have special prices on application.

ENGLISH HONEY-TIGHT CAN-TOPS.

The cover is so constructed, that, when put on
tight, it is next to impossible to crowd it off from
the under side. Stamped in one edge of the cover
are the words, " Lever this up." The English do it
with a crown. As we don't have crowns, we
may use a 50-cent or a dollar coin; and if we are
not fortunate enough to possess these, a 2-cent
piece, or something similar in construction, will
answer. That you may see just what it is, we will
send a sample top, postpaid, for .5 cts. We can
furnish four sizes of cans with these tops, as
follows.

Each. 10. 100.

6 lb. .10 .90 $8.50

5 •' .10 .85 8.00

3 " .9 .75 7.00

2'/2 " .8 .70 6.50

In the flat, 20 per cent less than the above prices.
We have only one size of these tops, ihi inches in
diameter, hence we can not furnish the smaller
sizes. We are going to try to ettect arrangements
to have them made in this country, if they prove
popular enough.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Nebraska bee-keepers will meet in Lincoln, Neb., on
Jan. 11, 1888, for their annual meeting.
Humbolt, Neb., Nov. 11, 1887. Henry Patter.son, Sec.

The annual convention of the Vermont Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion is to be held at the VanNess House, Burlington, Vt., Janu-
ary 18 and 19, 1S8S. Programmes will be sent later.

Shoreham, V't. R. H. Holmes, Sec'y.

The State Bee-keepers' As.sociation of New York will meet at
Utioa, Jan. 17, 18, and 19, 1888. Full particulars later.
Pine Plains, N. Y. G. H. Knickerbocker. Sec'y.

The Susquehanna County Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
at New JTilford, on Jan. 7. 1888. Subjects for discussion: The
best way to prevent swai-ming; also, Is it advisable to Italian-
ize ! All bee-Keepers are cordially invited.

H, J/S.. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa,

The Ohio State Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its next
session Jan. 10th and 11th, Tuesday and Wednesday, at Colum-
bus, in the United States Hotel, corner Higli and Town Sts.
Rates are $1..50 each, double, or $2.00 per day single. Let ua
have a rousing and interesting meeting. XVe have a Lang-
stioth, a Miller, a Tinker, a Root, a Boardman. a Muth, and
scores of others who have a national reputation. There will be
an interesting programme arranged, and the convention will be
held but two days, so it will be necessary to get to Columbus
the evening before, so that we may open up tne first day with
a good attendance, and get the full oeneflt of the two days.

Blutfton, O, Frank A. E.\ton, Sec'y.

The Nebraska State Bee-keepers' Association will hold Its
next meeting at Lincoln, Neb,, on the 11th day of January, 1888.
The following topics will be discussed:

How does bee-keeping pay, compared with other pursuits!

How can beginners be so taught as not to ruin the market
for those more experienced!

Superiority and excellency in the production of honej-.and
ni:irketing of same; by Mr^.'j. X. Heater, of Columbus. jTeb.

What are the mot iVscntial i>oints in locating an api:iry ?

Bee-pasturage, and the diseases of bees; by E. Kretchmer.
Coburg. Iowa.

Spring management of bees; by E. M. Haj-hurst, Kansas City.

Bee and honey plants; by Prof. Bessey, of the State Uni-
versity, Lincoln,

There will be a question-box. R. R. Ryan, Sec'y.

Bradshaw, Neb.

You have NO IDEA how nice the

BEEKEEPER'S MAGAZINE

is. Why not send for sample and
see! Address

BARRYTOWN,
N. Y.

AP^ FULL REPORT OF THE

IKn CHICAGO CONVENTION,-

# alia in a pamphlet of 4o pages, for 2.') cents.
fcWU I Address

THOS. G. NEVl^MAN & SON,
925 West Madison St., Chicago, III.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORS, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
an oth er col um n . 3btf d

958

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Dec.

PDPflHTEIIS If THE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTUEE AND SAL" OP

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVt:S FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies ahvays on hand. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Beeswax. Ititfd

A. F. Stauffer, Sterling, III.

To send apostal card forour illustrated catalogueof

APIARIAN Ji^s^XrrTt'^rn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing:
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOWEST PRICES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2 tfd Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.

LOOK HERE!

A complete hive for comb honey, for only f 1.30.
Planer-sawed, V-groove sections a specialty. Price
list free. J. M. KINZIE & CO.,

ITtfdb Roclieister, Oakland Co., Mich.

Costs less tliati '-i rents j^ei- iveelc.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

THE FIRST DOLLAR WEEKLY IN THE WORLD.

THE D. A. JONES.OO., PUBLISHERS, BEETON, ONTAEIO, CAN.
D. A. Jones is its editor, and this fact is a guaran-
tee of its worth. It is thoroughly practical and con-
tains weekly excellent articles from leading bee-
keepers in the United States and Canada. Fifty-two
numbers make a volume of 1040 pages. American
currency and stamps at par. Samples free.

APIARY FOR SALE.

I am offering- for sale one of the best locations for
bee-keeping, in the famous

SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

Ten acres of ground, splendid house, stable and

out-buildings, all new; also a carp-pond of about

one acre; never-failing spring of excellent water;

plenty of fruit, 3 miles from Martinsburg, W. Va. '

Write for further particulars. Paul Peine.

Martinsburg, W. Va. 33-24-1 d.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfi]

G. B. LEWIS & CO.

We make the best Bet-Hives, the best sections, the
best shipping-crates, the best frames, etc.
We sell them at the lowest prices.
Write for free illustrated catalogue.

G. B. LEWIS & CO.

WATERTOWN, Wis. Itfdb.

A bee-ranch in San Diego Co., Cal., containing 320
acres of land, 400 stands of bees, empty hives, ex-
tractors, tank, and other fixings necessary to run
a first-class bee-ranch. For particulars and price
inquire of E. LOVETT,

ai-2db Bernardo, San Diego Co., Cal.

DADANT'S

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. T. G. Newman &
Son, Chicago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas.
Heddon, Dowagiac, Mich.; Dougherty & Wiley,
Indianapolis, Ind.; B. ,1. Miller & Co., Nappanee,
Ind. ; C. H. Green, Wau kesha. Wis. ; Smith & Goodell,
Rock Falls, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, .lerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
2122 North Front Stre"et, Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.,
M. J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kansas; J. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley. Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; D. A. Fuller,
Cherry Valley, 111.; .). B. Mason c& Sons, Mechanic
Falls, Maine; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
.los. Nyse wander, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall &
Tread well, Rarrytowu, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgai'd &
Barnes, Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark,
Oriskany, N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown,
Wis., E. F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y., J. Mattoon, and W.
J. Stratton, Atwater, O., Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa, and numerous other dealers.

Write for sampte free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Complimentary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch of our foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

3btfd

CHAS. JOADANT & SON,
Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

If you Wish to Obtain the

Highest Pries for Honey

THIS SEASON,

WRITi: TO HEADQUARTEBS,

F. <i. STKOHMEYER & CO.,

AVliolenale Honey Mercliants,
17-4db 12Z Water St., New ^ork.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c., &c.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SITfOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S. — Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

WANTED.— To sell or exchange one Novice hon-
ey-extractor. No. )); one $7.00 saw mandrel and
saws; 1000 metal corners, tops only; all back No's
of Gi.EANiNOS from Jan. 1st, 1881, to Jan. 1st, 1887.
Who wants them very cheap? What have you to
exchange? A. B. Osbun, Knoxville, Iowa.

ON 30 DAYS'

THBS NEW

'Has a I'ad ditferent from all
others, is cup shape, with Self-
adjusting Ballincentcr,adapt3
itself to all pasitions of iho
body while the ball inthecup
' presses back the intes-
_ _ fines just as a person

does with the finger, with light pressure tlie Her-
nia is held securely duy .ind nifrht, and .a radieal cure
certain. It is easy, durable .and cheap. Sent by mail. Cir-
culars free. EQGLESTOU TltL'Sa CO., Cliicaso, HI.

1887

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTURE.

9o9

INDEX TO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1887.

A B (' (if (^arp Cultuiv 84(1

Abscondinjr. 059

Acid in Sviui.s 626

Ailv.itisiiitr, Hints on... 91, 428

Afcents li.i- (lli'anings Ill

Apints ill (icMtral 18

A(i:ririilliir:il Papers 155

Air,l>:ini|i .md Dry 514

Alalmstcr Box 478

Alfalfa in Utah 512

Alley Traps 020

Alley Trap for Swarms 580

Alsikc Clover 265. 501

Alsikr a Hybrid 661

Alsikr with Timothy 308

Alsikc lor lli.ncy 358

Alsikc tor Pasture 103

Alsikc for the South 99

Alsike in Nebraska 270

Alsikc ill Prouprht 441

Alsikc nnd Characteristics 589

Alsikc r. ft. Loup 692

Alsikc, Value of 85

Alsikc, Ten Acres 272

Alsikc. Wlicii to Cut 547

AniniiMiia vs. Propolis 346

AniniDih.i lor Stings 348

Anatoniv of Hces 847

Andrews, T. P., Apiary 14

Anise. Oil of .309

Anna Vuillin 889

.\nts on l''niit 742

Ants. To Destroy 388

Apiary, Andrews' 41

Apiary of T. P. Andrews. . . .426

Apiary Near Railroad 50

Apiar.y near Water 103

Apiary, Chenaneo-Valley..875

Apiary. Heacoelvs .177

Apiary. Yoiun;'s 300

Apiary. Oak (Jrove 356

Apiavv. Mis. ('haddock's ...734
Apiaries. Establishing Out. 93.')
.\piarius. Distance Between. 291
Apiculfc with other Work.. 895

Apiculture 812

Apifuire 516, 657, 729, 812

Apis Dorsita 499

Articles, Timely 358

.Vshes Before Hives 870

Aster. Late Flow 945

Asters 821. 865

Australia. . ..387, 471, .546. 6.58. 734

Axtell's Honey-board 346

Balling Queens 26

Barnes Saw ,388

Bark Lice 694

Beans. Lima, tor Shade 266

Bears and Honey 69

Beavers vs. Bees 19

Bee Legislation 53.180

Bee and Fruit Culture 728

Bee HuntiQg-Box. Gould's. . .737

Bee Rock 547

Bee, Appeal to 101

Bees and Noise 270

Bees and Black Hats 785

Bees and Chickens.. 590, .592, 810
Bees and Fruit 622, 662, 704,742

Bees .and ( irapes .500

Bees and Whisky 440

Bees among Mormons 902

Bees at Entrance 661

Bees in Florida 352

Bees in Supers 618

Bees in a Fence-post 271

Bees in Different Apiaries.. 689

Bees in King-Bird 743

Bees in Honey-House 47

Bees of Arkansas 308

Bees of Inilia 774

Bees on Red ( 'lover 626

Bees on Windows 484.520

Bees on Tall Trees 439

Bees out for Fly 273

Bees Oolor-hlirid 147

Bees Dead Near Hive 710

Bees Deceiving 6'20

Bees Dying at Kntrame 472

Bees Flying in Winter 272

Bees fixed for Winter 898

Bees kept Dormant 902

Bees Mixing 611

Bees Near a Railroad 186

Bees Poisoned 785

Bees KcfusiuK' Food 705

liees. Setting in Early 887

Bees Stealing Eggs 710

Bees Starving in June 622

Bees Torn to Pieces 355

Bees, Angry 785

Bees, Chilled 649 565

Bees, Cross 223, 681

Bees, Disturbing in Winter.20:f

Bees, Driving 26

Bees, Handling Cross 788

Bees, Handling Early "261

Bees, M..viii«- i85. 441, 785

Bees, Non-swarniing 896

Bees, ()ld, as Nurses 26

Bees, Pay for Keeping 3.55

Bees, Reviving ..311, 919

Bees, Scrubbing Motion of . .786

Bees. Speed of 4:il

Bees, Strange Death 66

Bees, Stingless, in Yueatan.268

Bees, Time to Remove 206

Bees, To Pick Up 870

Bees, Uniting 146

Bees. What Ails! 611

Bees, Working Qualities EO

Bees. Young, Development. 105

Bee-B.lm... 693.816

Bee-business, Booming it. . .232

Bee-book, Young's 520

Bee-bridge 590

Bee disease. Nameless 439

Bee-house. Mai-tin's 616

Bee-Hunting 735,771

Bee-Keeping, Conditions for 690

Bee-keeping for Women 899

Bee-keeping and Farming. .934
Bee-keeping as a Business .649
Bee-Keepers' Union .11, 54, 677
Bee-Keepers Opinionated... 132

Bee-Legislation 299

Bee-moth. Another 863

Bee-martin 588

Bee-Space Below 706

Bee-stabber 616

Beestings 264

Bee-sting Remedy 861

Bee-Tent, France's 687

Bee-veils 823

Beeswax, Producing 49

Beeswax, M iking 172

Bees' Legs 806

Benson, P., 24, 107, 1'26, 170. 210,

2"-4. '298, 342. 386, 426, 462, 498.

534 570, 613, 648. 684, 730' 766,

809 809.
Beveled Edgcs..441, 591, 784. 821
Bcv.-Edgc Discussed (Q.B.)70.",

Bingham's Comments 186

Bingham's Vi.sit 44

Bingham and Clk. Smoker.. 831

Bird-lime 903

Blacks Ahead 28

Blacks and Millers 243

lilaeksjvs. Italians. .145, 146,387

Blacks. Ueiiort from 63

Blanton's Report 766

HIister-beetle 688,6,58

Blood-poisoning 630

Hoinbus Virgiana 811

Boiieset 811

Book Agents 127

Box-Hive^Men 27

Boxes. Bushel 93,)

Boy Bee-keeper. . ' .366

Bradstrcet, Use of 512

Bridge to Clean Sections 687

Brood, Frozen 66

Brood, Spreading in Spring 63

Brood, Dead 693

Brood, Spreading 391

Brood-frames, Crowding. . .248
Brood-ehainbcrs, Shallow,, , i:«

Brood -(diaiMl.cis. Lartre 661

Brooil-franie .Mea.-urein' ts. 662

Brood-Nest, Disturbing 693

Buckwheat and Honev-Dew 741
Buckwheat..la|ianescl66,469,874
Buckwheat. Reports on Jap.SMl

Bugs, To Destroy 26

Bug-Juice for Winter 742

Bull's Section-remover 575

Bumble-Bees. . . . 42, 181. 2.59, '.m.

388, 389 511.
Bumble-bee, Hibernating.. .440
Bumblebees Hibernating. .9M

Bumble-Bees Swarming 26

Burmah Letter 499

ButterDishes.. .751. 794. 865. 898

Butter-dish Feeders im

Buzz-saw, To Make. ,365

Buzz-saw, To Use 627

California 4,33

Camera Obseura 819

Camera for Drawing ,544

Camp-meetings 653

Cans vs. Kegs 396

Capping.White and Yellow.617

Capping, Quick 629

Carbolic Acid .580. 635

Carniolans 637, 692, 6'22

Carniolans and Italians.440, 543

Carp vs. Sunfish 26

Carp 849

Carp in April, Young 341

Carp-pond 398. 600

Carpenter Drone-bee 469

Carpets 464. 575

Carpet-sweepers 572

Catalpa-tree 629

Cases, Surplus 216

Cases, Double-tier 432

Cases, Single-tier 432

Caterpillar, Saddle-back. . . .902

Catnip for Cats 901

Caution to Beginners 579

Cave for Wintering 269

Cells ill Sijuare Inch 897

Cells N. d Hatching 440

Cells. Destruction of 146

Cell-Building 744

Cell-protectors 645. 547, .591

Cellar Warmed with Water 186

Cellar Wintering 309

Cellars, Bee 738

Cellai's, Ventilating 703

Cellars, Terry on 390

Cellars, Warming Cheap.. 309

Cellars. Our 253

Cellars, Damp 825

Chaddock on Wintering. . . .898

Chaddock. Mrs .813

Chaff. Durability of 876

Chalf Hives. 1 .and 2 Story . .189

Chaff Hive in Iowa 273

Chaff Cushions 232

Chapman Plant 101, 6.54

Chapman I'lant, Report... . 32
Chestnut vs. Bitter Honey.. '25

Chickens, Drone-eating .3,57

Chickens Eating Workers 9!2

Chickens and Bees 590, 592

China Letter .305

Cider and Bees 264

Cider for Wintering 357

( 'laniii. Wintering 609

Clark Smoker Cleaning 110

Class LcK'islation 66

Clamp for Five Colonies

Cb

[•r.Hc

.170

1 and .\lsike. .
Clover. Sweet, in South.. . .272

Cobs for Kiiidlcrs 273

Cm-kroaches 273,4.38

( Color, Constancy of 124

' Color, Hces DIst inguishing.,932

Colonics, Weak 592

Colonics iicr Sciuare Mile. ...816

C.donv. Non-swarming 660

Conili Honey, Best 46

Comb Between Brood and

1 Entrance 61

1 Comb Without Fdn 97

( Comb, Drone, in Brood-
Chamber 51

Comb, Worker, Without Fdn 51

C. nib. To K,-ustcn .308

Combs Filled with Syrup.. ..512

Combs Melting Down 273

CoMilis, Surplus .537

Combs. Empty. 173, 8,VI

C. nibs, Full 768

I Cumb-bucket, Home-made.272
Comb-cart 108,607

Combination S.vstem 862

Committee on Estimates... 90

Committee on Exhibits .301

Convention at Albany . .45, 100
Convenliiin at Columbus,., 87

Convention, N.ational 823

Convention at Chicago 907

Convent icui. Saginaw 888

Contraction 307

Conveniences for Kitchen. .57'2
Convcnienc'es, Tlonsidiold.. 610
l.'onveiiicnecs for House,,.. 743
(Joriic lbs. Wet. as Feeders. 399

Corn Culture 381

Cotton , M rs 8, .308. 359, 442

Cotton. Mrs.. Letter from.. .178

County, Importance of 430

Cowan, T. W 716, 864. 894

Cowan's Visit 731

Crop, .Mways Getting a 646

Crops, Short 669

Cros.sness of Bees 740

Cuba 506, 611, 693

Cucumbers vs. Cockroaches488
Cuts. Value of. in Books.... 461

Cyprians. Vicious ,'M):i

( ',v|>rians, I'nendnrable .'^96

Cy pi ians and Italians 543

Dandelions 396

Dandelion a Pest 513

Delos Staples IS4

Division-Boards 742

Doctoring 645

Dollar, A Well-spent 392

Doolittle's Report 815

Doolittle's Swar'g The .ry . .5.37

Doolittle's History 204

Doolittlc at Work 101

Doolittle Cell-protector .514

Dragon-Hies 496

Dress for Apiarist 463

Dress for the Apiary 30

Drinking-water 293

Drone-comb 129, 262, 263, 345

Drone-traps 266

Drone-guards 630

Drone-brood. Destroying, ..611

Drone, The First 3.57

Drones. Number Caught 541

Drought in Illinois 622

Economy in Small Things ,2:i2
Economy in Little Tliintrs 250
Editor o"f Glean's Ci iticised.805
Editorial Besp.uisibility... .175

Eggs, Making Hatch 42

Egg laying 509

Elevation. Effect of 431

Ellison at Fair 145

Employer vs. Employee on

New Swaims iQ. B.) 788

Energy, etc 704

Engine, Washburn 772

Kiitranee. Direction of 476

Entrance-screens 659

Enpatorium 811

Eutoea Viscida 510

Exhibition in London 2.51

Exhibition. Colonial a56

Exhi bit ion. .Inbilee 388

Express Companies 513

Ext'g from Brood-Combs... .\33

Facts. Two Valuable 9;J2

Fair, Ohio 704

False Statements 169, 646

Feeders, Doolittle's 94

Feeders, To Use ffi

Feeding in Cellar 178

Fecd.'i', The T Super 337

Fertile Workers 477, .574

Filling Empty Combs 860

Fire—.;. B. Mason 623

Fire extingiiishers 783

Fine Wire for Separators .. .817

Five Dollars a Day 272

Flanagan's Visit 846

Flavors for Honey 260

Florida 362,688

Foot-power, Ten-cent 215

Foul Brood— J. A. Green.. 10, U

Foul Brood and Phenol 388

Foul Brood. To Cure. 128,546, 864

Foul Brood, Preventing 180

Foul Brood vs. Flies 200

960

GLEANINGS i:N BEE CUETUltE.

Dtic.

Foul Brood, To Detect 269

Foul Brood in New Zealand.iTO
Foul Brood in Diff. Races . 507
Foul Brood— Sugrgestions... 513

Foul Brood in Medina 936

Foul Brood in Large Api's .506
Foul Broi.d.by A. I. Root.. 518

F.>ul Iiro(.a, Is It? 664

F.iul Urnod, Hoyle on 735

Foul Bro.Kl.liO. 442, 445, 482, 626,
635,681, 750,813.

Foundation or Not 9. 99

Foundation amd Foul Broodl04
Foundation in Seetions..535, 609

Foundation, Rolled 770

Foundation, Pressed 770

Foundation, Given 616

Foundation, Best 645

Foundation, Extra-thin 568

Foundation, Natural-base . . 517

Foundation, its Use 51

Foundation, Non-use 93

Foundation, Flat-bottom... 609,

Foundation, Sticking 944

662, 824.

Foundation-mills 769

Foundation, Full Sheets 43

Fdn., Purchased vs. Home-
made (Q. B.) 746

Frames Required 896

Frames Instead of Hives. . .256

Frames, to Handle 73

Frames, Reversible 538

Frames, Wedging up 466

Frames, Empty 173,262,271

Frames, Wide 358, 466

Fi'ames, How many for Comb

Honey (Q. B.) 867

France's Report 6,55

Fruit Preserved in Honey.. 3.50
Full Sheets vs. Starters . . . .471
Galvanism for Wiring Fr's.591

Gas, Natural 441

Gasoline-stoves .572

Gentry of England 894

Gilhooly's Visit 538,650

Given Press 843, 844, 823

Glass at Entrance 471

Gleanings 61]

Gloves, Kubber 763

Goods, How to Order 257

Granulation. Preventing... 43

Grapes, Bagging 20

Grape-,1am 350

Grapevinesand Clover 741

Green Mountains 214

Growlery 231, 340, 387

Hanbury's Experience 508

Hands, Jerking from Bees. .407

Hat. Miller's 463

Hat. Bee-keeper's 30, 646, 471, 407
Hard Maple and Honey. .. 102

Harvest in Michigan .532

Haryest. The 729

Headaches 817

Heat. Art., in Cellar 842

Heat Hindering Bees 744

Herbs in Garret 900

Hercules' Club 694

Hibernation 379

Hibernation Established... .343

Hive-cart 392

Hive Machinei-y, New 154

Hive, Bingham 133

Hive, Empty, Under Brood-
Nest.....' 51

Hive, Glass on the Back 68

Hive, Heddon's 48

Hive, Kingsley's 16

Hives, Chaff 939

Hives, Charring 783

Hives, Color of 147

Hives, Decoy 592

Hives, Hand-made 386

Hives, Painting 495, 565

Hives, Shallow 44, 133

Hives, Stover's Tall 176

Hives, Six-story 897

Hives, To Carry.. 266

Hives for Nests 266

Hives in the Ground 823

Hives Painted Dark 475

Hives Systematically Ar-
ranged (Q. B.) 745

Hives on Legs 438

Hollyhock 549

Home-made. Saw-table 3.59

Home of the Honey-Bees. . ..207

Honey Business 744, 271

Honey Candying 312

Honey as Food 626

Honey at Fairs 64

Honey as a Staple 94. 262

Honey and Eggs 438

Honey by Feeding Sugar . .437

Honey for Fruit 658, 683

Honey for Wintering . .615

Honey Granulating 689

Honey from Alsike 368

Honey from Cotton 312

Honey from Heather 65

Honey from Nebraska 273

Honey from Willow 96

Honey in Australia 387

Honey in March .309

Honey in Mississippi 541

Honey Sugaring in Summer472

Honey Quotations, False 767

Honey Statistics 885

Honey vs. Sugar 438

Honey Stolen .394

Honey Used for Wax 171

Honey, Am't Used for Wax.943
Honev, Ai-tificially Ripened

(Q. B.) 707

Honey, Artificial 505 .739

Honey, Bluish 622

Honey, Best for Winter 686

Honey, Bitter 25

Honey, Cost of 102

Honey, Cost of (Q. B.) 706

Honey, Ext'd and Comb 691

Honey, Ejected 703

Honey, Eucalyptus 943

Honey, Extracted 45. 96

Honev. Exhibiting 221

Honey, First-class 268

Honev, Florida 273

Honey, First Cost 143

Honey, Medicinal 875

Honey, Milkweed 63

Honev. Number Pounds Av-
erage (Q. B.) 665

Honev, T,argestYields(.Q.B.)665

Honey, Low Prices 349

Honey, Peddling 93, 183

Honev, Profits on 100

Honey, Price of..66, 182, 262, 842,
844.

Hone.v, Ripening 300

Honey, Selling 2.56

Honey, Selling Extracted... 930

Honey, Soon Soured. 358

Honey, Sour, Improving 473

Honey, To Peddle 944

Honey, To Use ,350

Honey. Uses for 260

Honey-Boards 346, 656

Honey-boards. Zinc 309

Honey-board. Slatted.. . .320, 685
Honey-Board, Slatted (Q.B.)787
Honey-beard, Wood-zine... .535

Honey-Cake 26, 351, 870

Honey-cases 511

Honey-Dew 730,865

Honey-dew for Winter 655

Honcv-dew Not Fatal 822

HoncV-dew Nectar 396

H.Muv-dcw Honey 473

Hc.nuy-cookics 260

Honey-cupboard 104

Honey-.iumbles 520

Honey-Market— Heddon 21

Honev-Poisoning .357

HoncV-snaps 260

Honev sack, to Eraptv 99

HoiuvTuniblers. Sealing. . . 64
Hoin; Thomas.. Ill, 175, 277, 318,

House Apiaries..395, 531. 733. 866
House-Warming . . 124, 213, 346
Household Conveniences... 703

Huckleberry, Poison 357

Humbugs and Swindles 134. !70
Hutchinson's Book. .54, 350, 383,
277.

Hybrids, in Favor of 8

Hybrids, Cross 407

Hybrids, To Get Rid of 393

Illustrations 514

Increase. Preventing 309

Introducing, Hints on 65

Intriiducintr, Mishaps in... 578

Intriiducini^. New Plan 904

InxcTitioiis. Small... 384

Investment, Juvenile 225

Island for Breeding 786

Israel's Report 90

Italians Ahead 593,692

Italians. Are they Best? 643

Italians the Best 470

Italians and Hybrids 306

Italians in Drought 657

Italians and Blacks.262. 312, 662,

820, 934

Italians, Big Record 62

Italians, Blacks, Hybrids. ..223

Italianizing, Time tor 903

Ivy 709

Jamaica , 814

Jeweler's Trade 790

Jones, D. A 762, 892

Kaler's Swarming-box 271

Kegs, Throw in 903

Kendel's Death 846

Kettle-scraper 618

Kidder, K. P 520

KnickerbnckerBee-farm 818

King-birds.395, 510, 514, 591, 622,

623, 626

King-birds, Plea for 903

Kitchens 255

Lamp and Lantern Light. . . 25

Langstroth 547

Langstroth Slandered 472

Lanterns and Bees 69

Legislation, Bee 17, 23. 190

Legislation Against Bees. . .204

Legislation, Miller's 54

Legs of Bees 847

Les Miserables 773

Lookout Mountain 476

Losses in Maine 693

Mallophora Orcina 811

Maninulating Frames 46

Marketing Ext'd Honey 15

Martin's Exhibit 88

Martin's Chromo 112

Matters, Various 931

McFadden Mystery 497, .505

McFadden Letter 385

Melissa 693, 904

Melissa, Sweet 66

Melissa, or Bee-balm 816

Mesquite Honey 359

Mice, Scent of 438

Milk Paint 102

Miller's T Super 304

Miller's Book 33

Miller, C. C 613

Missouri 101

Mitchell Hive 621

Molasses-barrels 437

Moon, A. F., in Memoriam.. 27

Mosquito-hawk 621, 629, 787

Moth-traps 621

Moth, Removing 103

Moving Bees South 308

Mule Stung to Death 311

Nap Before Dinner 685

Neetar.Changed in Bees 33

No Foul Brood 363

Nucleus, To Strengthen a... 624
Nucleus. How to Prepare . . .767

Nuclei, Uniting 821

Oak-balls 865

Odor, Bad, in Hives 785

Oflice. Cut of 725

Ohio State Convention 43

Oil, Volatile 134

Outapiary 274

Out-Apiary, Ground for

(Q.B.) 946

Out-Apiary. Where to Win-
ter (Q. B.) 947

Out-Apiaries, Do they Pay?

(Q.B.) 904

Out-Apiaries, How manyBee-
yards in each, and how
many Colonies in a yard?

(Q.B.) 905

Out-iVpiary, Capit.al Re-
quired (Q.B.) 906

Overstocking 816

Overstocked Locality 442

Oysters in Florida 744

Paint, Milk 102

Paint, White, for Hives 496

Paint 611

Partridge-pea 824

Past and Present 567

Patents, Moral 430

Peavine (Dlover 170

Peet Cage a Success 483

Phenol for Foul Brood . 11, 388

Phenol 601

Plaut-limse Nect.ar 396

Poeket-lMii.k. Family 937

Pi)llen. Milkweed .510

Pollen. Late 944

Pollen in Old Combs 591

Pollen from Cedar 311

Pollen from Hazel 311

Poppleton's Review 423

Positioas at Work 73

Postage Stamps Sticking. . . 27

Potato -beetles 440

Propolis, To Remove.. .345
Protector for Queen-cells. .174

Puffs, Free 618

Queen as Ruler 570, 624

Queen Ruling the Colony ; . . 347

Queen of the Home 571

Queen 6 Years Old 68

Queens in Wrong Hive .506

Queens Missing 614

Queens Piping .545

Queens Clipped on Comb. . .308
Queen, Respiratory Organs 169
Queen, Catching in P. Cage.470

Queen. Her Influence 539

Queens, Piping of .569

Queens, 50 Killed 475

Queens, Virgin 507

(Jueens, Delivei-y of 100

Queens, Superseding 590

Queens, Getting out of See's 645

Queens. Two in Hive '. .589

Queens, Cramping of 60

Queens, Introducing .103

Queens, Italy to Australia .. 185

Queens, Good, Disabled 400

Queens, Introducing Virgin841
Queen's Head Wrong Way . 68

Queen-cell Protector 52,;566

Queen-cells, Capped 565

QueenlessnesB 854

Queenlessness in Sept 865

Queenlessness in October — 751

auestion, A Moral 166
uestion. Practical .291

Railroads and Bees 393

Railroad Man's Report 822

Rain , Working in 273

Rape 944

Raspberries and Bees 63

Rebuking Profanity 385

Record of Hives 886

Report from Whitaker 22

Repository, Up-ground 692

Reversing 309

Reversing, Does it Pay? (Q.

B.) .-.867

Ripening Honey 123

Robbers, Circumventing. ...394
Robbing, To Prevent. . . .147, .309
Robbing, Doolittle on 619

Robbins' Sale of Honey 433

Rocky-Mountain Plant 663

Room Needed for Brood 23

Room Needed for Pollen 23

Root, L. C, Report 13

Root, L. C. his old Home. 5.50

Sabbath, Plea for 100

Salaries, High and Low 649

Salicylic Acid 11

Saliva, Function of 179

Sawdust for Packing 624

Saws, Barnes 103, 104

Saw-room, Our 296

Saw-table, Cheap 386

Scale Lice 694

Scotland 65

Screen-doors 384, 472

Screen-doors, To Open 547

Scrubbing Motion of Bees.. 944

Sealing Jellv-Tumblers 10

Season of 1887 685

Seasons. Poor 899

Sections Built to one Side. . .929

Sections, Open or Closed 24

Sections, Width of 85

Sections, Half-filled... .131,380
Sections, Half-pound. . . .182,'248

Sections, Partly Filled 843

Sections, Unfinished. . ..849, 851

Sections, Removing 656

Sections, Unfinished 940

Sections, Removing 569

Sections, Cle.an 580

Sections, 1200 per Hour 650

Sections, To Push Out 636

Sections, To Handle 517

Sections, Putting Together.475
Sections, Device to Remove. 429
Sections, Spacing at Top. ... 344

Sections, Ten-cent 211, 309

Sections of Fdn 849

Sections at 25 cts 821

Sections in T Supers 616

Sections in Wide Frames. . .535

Section-case, Eaton's 131

Section-case, Kretchmer's. .436
Section, Last One in Super. .544

Seed to Plant 112

Selling Honey 27

Selling Honey, France on.... 15

Separators 7, 182

Separators, Omitting 103

Separators or Not 48

Separators Necessary 270

Separators, Wood or Tin. . .929

Septic Diseases 466

Sewage, etc 504, 508. 662

Sharks 15

Shell, T-super 768

Shiftlessness. Old 948

Simplicity Simplified 355

Single-tier Cases 232

Slatted honey -board 555

Smith Force Pump 338

Smoker Fuel 26,27

Smokers. Hard Wood for. ..506
Smoker, Bingham.. .223. 446, 844

Smokers. Suggestions 931

Smoke. To Regulate 271

Snow, Banking up 149

Solar Wax-Extractor 90

Soldier Bug 694

Southern Bee-killer 811

South, The New 431

Sowing Clover-seed 170

Space Below Frames 842

Special Notices 157

Spiders vs. Bees 341

Spiders, Red 694

Spreading Brood 295

Spring, Our New 740

Stamps. Licking 103

Starvation for Foul Brood.. 635

Statistics, Value of 943

Sting Remedy (Q. B. ) 825

Sting Theory, Clarke's 144

Sting. Where most Painful

(Q B.) 866

Stings, Poison of 1*5

Stings, New Office 19

Stings, Effect of 348

Stinging, To Prevent — '. . . 624

Stinging, Severe 626

Sting-trowel Theory 380

Stokely 's Comments 468

Stopper for Supers 704

Story with a Moral 639

Story from Real Life 594

Stores Consumed in Cellar. 437

Stores, Amount Needed 8.54

Stoves 817

Strawberries, Terry on 363

Sugar Feeding 574

Sunshine for Horses 26

Sunlight and Moths 10£

Super T Rail, Kretchmer's. 436

Super, Miller's T 85

Super, T.156. 190. 216. 217, 262, 344

Super, T, Advantages 156

Super, Armstrong's 221

Super. T, To Empty 248

Super, T. Armstrong's 272

Super, Miller Emptying 249

Super, T, Emptying the 342

Super, Shuck's Reversible.. 540

Super, Two-part 540

Supers. Size of 569

Supers, T 469, 690

Supers, T, Emptying 306

l88t

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

961

Superseded Queens (O. B.)..66r>

Supersediire. Signs of 693

Surplus Arrangements by

l>est Bec-nicn (Q. R.) 824

Surplus Arnin's, Cuiupli'd..447

Susjicndtrs lor Apiunst 463

Swiunp (iiirik-n. Our BOO

Swarm Clus. 7 Weeks 85(1

Swarm in Open Air 395

Swarms on Empty Frames. 272

Swarms on One Frame 270

Swarms HiKh 264

Swarms in Empty Hives 460

Swarms, Arliflelal 3X1

Swarms, Small, in Fall 788

Swarms, Easing: Down 356

Swarms, Hiving 431

Swarms, Hiving, Cost of

(Q. B.) 916

Swarm. Late, Wrong Hivc..7t5

Swarm. .\ Reduced 440

Swarming-box. A Novel 3.')8

Swii rniing-lidx, Felton's 168

Swarming 434

Swarming Out 437

Swarming H Times 3a9

Swarming txiore Sunday. ..Ill

Swarming. Duolittle on 6.')4

Swarming, Tlieoi y of ■')92

Swarming, lu TeA When.... 533

Swarming. Persistent 547

Swarm-catehers 651

Sweet Clover a Tree 102

Sweet Clover in Utah 512

Supi-r.-i DisiMissed 220, 222

Super ^p rings .54:!

TaeUs tV>r Ui i-ording 795

Tacks in liott.im-bar 511

Taylor's H. port 739

Teasels 92

T<>xas.(io(.(l Report 853

■I'hoiisand-I.cKged Worm. ...942

Tiger Hunt 774

Tinware. To Mend 346

Toad Oettiiig Stung 65

Tobaceo and Alcohol .313

Top-bars 309

Topics. Various 295

Tiap. Alley, Not New 65

Trade Seeiets 448

Transferring when Idle 409

Transferring 621

Trumpet Flower 475

T Tins 394

T Tins, Loose 390

T Tins. To Fasten 220

T Tins. Strength of 232

T Tins. Origin of 247

T Tins. To Make 435

Tins, T, on Common Folder.622

Tuujblers, Honev 938

Uniting for Winter 750

Unsealed Cells in Sections.. 318

Underwear in Apiary 30

\'>iitilar..rs 110

V.il to Wear (Q. B.) 826

Veil. Miller's 463

Visit to a Bee-keeper 471

Vitis Bipinnata 663

Vinegar, Honey 40, 179, 212, 267.
693.

Warming Houses 97

Washing-Huid 617

Water, Drinking 508

Water We Drink... 467, 502, 61 1

Water for Bees 26

Water in Combs 470

Wax, How To Ship 484

Water lor Stings 68

Wagon bid. Cheap 347

Wax fr Old Combs 351

WeatliiT. Iloi.in Au.stralia..387

VVolls and Cisteins 502

Whii Sh.all lie (Ireatest Ill

VVh,-at or Oat Chaff 110

Whisky anil P.ies 440

Whisky and Slings .541

White-rlovrr Yield 533

Windmill StoiY 473

Wide Frames vs. Cases 393

Windbreaks 266

Windmill Story 397

Winter. Preparing for 647

Winter'g in Cellar and out 541
Winter'g. I'omi's Kxpei'ts. .544
Winfg, Cellar and Outdoor .'■«6
Wintering, liv K. Fiance. -8.53

Wintering riistairs 870

Winlei'g, Sueeissful Cellar 932
Wintering Without Stores, ,343
Wintering t,)uestion S<dved..348

Wintering in Cellar 344.437

Wintering in Hriow 510

Wintering, I'roblem Solved

(Q. B.) 745

Wint'g, Tenement Plan 103

Willows 96

Wiley's Pleasantry 739

Wire for Separators 104

Wire in Foundation .5.35

Wood, Green, for Smokers. 606

Wool, Mineral 742

Working in Rain 273

Women as Beekeepers 303

Women in Apiary 255

Woman, What one can Do. . 43

Yields, Large, Stolen 186

Young, Ivar S 796

Yucatan 268

Zinc Strips 623

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Abbott J A, 65 303; Abbott L F, 593: Abel Wm P. 147 ; Adams N.
360; Addison W W. 715 664; Addenbrook W, 27; Allen R, 65;
Allen W M, ,'.08 440; Alexander J R, 597; Allen R H, 402; Anderson
WD, .09; Andrews T P, 265 o9i: Angell W F, 442; Andrews T P,
15 42; Andrew C F. .597; Ardrey J A, 272; Armstrong E S. 2-21 272,
AstryWm. 510; Ashliv G H. 437; Atchlev Amanda, 634; Austen A
H, .521 ; Axtell Mrs. L C, 18 2.56 304 :;08 313 346 394 661; Ayars D C, 577.

Baldwin Merrit 693; Baxter Mrs, E J, 351; Bassett Fred. 226;
BarnumHM,438; Badeock WM, 592; Barnett Jno C, 308; Beau-
champW A J, 438; Baughey D E, 621 ; Baxter Mrs. E J, 260; Bass
H W, 9 263 650 843; Baldriilge MM, 86 265 911; Babcock E E, 875;
Barnes J O, 439; Barron W. 597; Baldwin Geo W. 625; Barb J S,
184 874; Baldwin S .1. 357; Barlow Jno. 275; Baxter E J, 52; Baum-
berger JB, 624; Bagley A, 636: Bearer S H,478; Beck Mary L.
663; Benshey A. 471; Berry FS, 662; Bean HJ, 875; Beauchamp
Miss Dody E. 723; Beauchamp W A. 723; Beckham GW, 626;
Beckwith A W, 697: Ben^on P. 24 108 126 170 210 254 298 386 242 426
462 498 534 577 613 648 684 730 766 809 890; Benton A D, 597; Benedict
D S, 104; Beach Mrs. Flora, 743; Beatty H. 626; Bean David, 167;
Bean Mrs. Lydia, 794; Beard GW, 440; Biles Lizzie, 314; Bishop
EA, 788; Bianconcini Chas, 185; Bingham T F. 102 186 223 268;
Bingham C R, 625; Blanton O M. 766; Blenett J F. 437; Bliss C M.
693; Blake N A, 147; Blount F C, 396; Black G D, 184 186 306;
Blinn H C, 563; Bogardus Henry, 223; Bowman Mrs. S A, 597:
BondPCW, 104; lioal E A, 714; Boardman HK, 261593; Boude J

C, 622; Boardman Mrs. Phoebe, 803; Bruhaker H D, 314; Brinker
J, 402; Brubaker D E. 313; Bruce C C, 623; Brush A G. 821;
Brainard W G.673; Brown .1 S, 597; Bryan DB. 4L9 478; Bradley
TF, 546; Bricker Herbert, 747; Bradley Sophie A. 658; Briggs
Geo, 865 866; Biiggs G, 275; Broers Mrs. Martin, 797; Rrodbeck
GW, 134; British Bee-Keeper, 895; Brewer M L, 28; Brandon R
W360; Brogler Aaron, 510; Brown Mrs M E, 470; Brubaker C W.
314; Brainard ERA&B, 147; Brown H M,438; Broers M, 10 147
359; Brown J A, 275; Bryan A W, 272 822; Brewer M L. 626; Bush
E, 361; Burgin F A. 670; Burnett R A. 432; Burnett D W, 359;
Buchanan J A, .51 900 940; Bull Joshua, .■542 577 663 704; Bunker A,
500; Burrage J H, 472; Burgess E J, 393; Bufer F J, 314; Budding-
ton Chas. 272; Bulfum H W, 634: Bugbee A C, 9. 9.

Carter A. 74; Gather W H, '266; Caldwell J P, 102 744: Carroll
C E; 663; Calvert L C. 723; Campbell R H, 6.58; Cadwallader Jno.
624; Caldwell J V. 74 593; Campbell J A, 822: Case T L, 714; Castle
Cora A, .521; Carter R F, 670; Cheatham A B, 478; Charrock Mrs
LiMie, 478; Churchill E P.248 794; Chapman Thos, 784; Chaddock
M B, 653 684 740 813 890 899; ChenevAB, 28; Chambers L T, 388;
Chri,-tian P J, 626; Chancy J G. 598; Clickinger E, 4.32; Clark
WF. 145 214 .■•80 497 632 763 894; Clark L C, 178; Clark C F, 103;
Clemens Cloon & Co, 432; Clare FP, 864: Clark J E, 317; Clegg
RL, 100; Clark J B, 741; Cloyes W B, 314; Clemnier G H,358;
Cook A J, l'i6 179 182 261 348 382 389 401 469 497 502 508 510 532 588 592
615 669 694 730 747 765 808 811823 848 863 886 902 934; Cole Mrs O 875;
Cone Mrs M, 743: Coe O R, 394 473; Cotton 9 178; Collins Eli, 634;
Cook PA. 555; Colton J B,94; Cox D B. 314: Connell Wm, 744;
Corwin S C 592; Cory O A, 427; Conine C E, 402; Cook G W, 103;
ColeJN,80f; Conden MG, 830; Coulter J Jr, 547; Cottingham
WH,830; Coon JW,.597; Craig J R, 742; Cruickshank J M, 99;
Creager J B. 70; Creller WA,670; Cripe N F. 6-21 634; Culver F

D, 440; Cumming J S, 864, Cuyler R R, 774; Culliman W J, 314;
Cunningham W E, 6-l4; Curry Mrs R J, 735,

Darden J J,7-,'3: Davidson F M, 663; Daniel J A, 670; Davis, G
W,803; Davis L S, .598; Davis Mrs C S, 625: Davy Chas, 471;
Davidson H T, 660;oDavis W R, 358; Dodant Chas, 130; Davidson
T T. 593; Dadant C P. 96 689 770; Darrow & Son J E, 441; Dahn F
J, 670; DeTar B F. 636; Delong T R. 313; Deming M L. 26 866:
Derrick M M, 565; Delamater J, 741 ; Dewey A. 462: Dibvorth P S,
;«1 592 767; Dimick Jay.2'23; Dodge J E. 942; Dovle A T. 150;
Doolittle G M. '24 51 96 1-24 166 '204 263 303 362 391 435 496 501 534 .545 566
619 647 682 738 765 815 842 887 930; Dorman W S. 103; Douglas Marcia
A, 469 673; Dovle A T. 742. Dow H R. 537; Dotv H L. 3.56: Drum-
right W J, 273 '744 788; Drew Wm, 217 344; Dru"m,Jas 597; Dunn
J F. -264: Duckworth S W, 402; Dunham H, 694; Duncan Mrs Bell
L, 874: Dyer L, 593.

Eastburn Josiah, '271 592; Early Willis, 64 942; Eastman J, 442;
Eastburn J, '25; Eaton F A, 88 'i;i2 514; Edwards H D. 784; Ed-
wards D M, 8.53; EhlersC H. 26; Ellison W J. 145; Elder F S &
Bro, 692; Eldredere Fred 1.50; Ellinger Jno,;.09; Ellis Will, 223;
Elliott Geo H, 785; England W P, 511; Ewing E E, 186, 774; Ex-
periment Station, 510 663 747 748.

Farnhan C 0,2-26: Fagret Alt', 744; Felton S E, 168 361; Fen-

nel J. '28: Ferris Frank. 74; Felix J D, 621; Fellows P H. 74:
Fisher J W. 803; Flansburgh G J, 469; Flansburg G J, 687; Flan-
agan E T..308 846; Fletcher J T, 70: Flint N J, 663; Fooshe J D,
472; Foster S J, 820; p'ox Elias, '274: Fowls C, 639 650; Fogard Jas,
511; Follett J B, 440; Frisbee J C, 660; Freeman L D. 875; French
AM. 3.59; Franklin Jno, 402; Friend H D, ,355; France E, 16 45 64
144 145 173 688 655 854 896: Frederick S C, 272; Fritz Isaac, 634;
Fradenburg A A. 65, 547 690 686 876; Friend H D, 2;i6; Frederick
B, 314; Freed H, 478; Furness D. :m.

Garwood C. 889; George Milo. 401; (ieverJL. 811; Getas Adri-
an, 103 662; Gilmore G W. 478; Gilehrist'j N, 160; (iough Chas L,
1.50 236 441; Gordon S C. 357: (fould E .1, 445; Gould I T, 271 741:
GoddardJno W,661; Goodspeed C M,93 100 589 .594: Goodrich
Mrs M, 6-21: Good I K. 442 740 8-23 ; Gould W E, 431 626 738 772 8'21
910, Gough C L, 661: Green W J, 113; Graves W H, 744; Greengo
A L, 830; Gridlev M E, -23; Greenleaf J C. 25; Green I R, 6'25: Grim-
shaw RAH, 6.57 812; Gray J W C. 471; Green J A, 13 49 129 180 384
568 691 764 783 813 852: Graves W H, 394; Graves C A 824; Greer W
H,393: GieerSL, 945; GravEE, 499; Greenfield C L, 710; Grubb
f^ F, 298: Griffith A E, 592: Grainger E, 102; Gross Gustave, 625;
Green Ham, 314; Guernsey O N, 875: Guernsey Je-ssie, 750,

Hirrington H B. 170 518; Harrington Mrs S H, 1.50; Haines L S,
4:!S;HallJ C,401; Hall W.3.56; Harris J M, 8.30; Hayhurst E M,
6.59: Hiivvk Z T, 124 340: Hassett Burdett, 27; Hainbaugh J M,
594; Hanbury T E. £7 ,509 270 823; Hart W S, 689; Hailes Geo E,
501. 514: Harner J F.689; Hai ding S F. 441; Ha^k'n S L, .511; Har-
rison GW. 276 596; Hanson E S. 47; Harrison A A. 664; Harri-
son Mrs I., n 33 2.55 572 6'26 669 901 : Harmon Mrs G M.471; Hanson
CM. .■.9S; Haywood Mrs C B. .575; Haines J C. 9.50; Hanson J H,
786; Hamilton .1, 72'i .593 597 704: Haltoii W J, -275: Hansford O T,
. 741: Uaughey E B, 65; Heudrickson T B. 521; Henderson W, 598:
Heir Ch. IS, 478: Heath Saml,442 941; Heivlv W O, 784: Heath S,
.593 941; Heim A L, 664 747: Henno A, 6'26: Henderson W P, 186 :nO
27; Heddon Jas. -22 .54 1.34 182 216 467 646 844 903; Heacock O E. 177
357; Henderson J E. '273; Heath A H. 744: Higsrins C M. 104; Hil-
ton G E.8.52: HishFB, 741; Hicks CM. 437 590; Hi<'ks G W. 314;
Hill FF, '26: Hillbuin A R,441; Hime J H, .59.-(: Hish F P, 66 511:
Hill AS. 829: Holmes G H.IH3: House W B. 4-tl ; Howell E D. -26
623; Hopple Jacob I'll; Horton G M. 26; Hoxie H L. 396; Honkins
S. 7S3; Hooker Jno .M. 1,S3: Hoxie D. 6'25: Holterman R F. 5.55;
Horton Grace 8-22; Hovle (ieo H. 736; Horn Thos. 319: Holly W.
743; Hoxie H S.517: Hutchinson W Z. 8 .50 99 174 262 3.83 4'24 461 .533
.567 010 705; Hurd G .\. 703; Hunt M H. 432; Hudson F B. '236; Hun-
ter J M. 804: Hunker W L.-22l-.; Hutching C P. 47S; Huekins IS.
786; Hunt Thos. rifi; Ihibliaril .1 L.S74; limit J F. 664; Hunting-
ton O B. 512; Huggett H S.;j.i9: Hud^oll J W. 470; Hudson F A,
673; Hud.-dii W H, 742; Hutchinson G E. 102; Hyde J L, 469 472 931.

Irish A A. 625; Iden Wm. .592; Israel J P, 90 .593.

J.acobs J M. 944; James WK. 636; Jenkins J M. 649; Jenkins J
W. 814: Jettrey H L. 903; Jennings T. 275 618 769: Johannsen J.
686; John-on E B. 70 '226; Jones C E 902; Johnson W, .521; John-
son G B. 916; Josenhans O G, 941; Jones T G H. 523; Joll Mrs A B,
86: Johnson J S. '273; Johnson Anthony. 226; Jones W S, 829,
865; Joyner FA, 7:W.

Kaler W S. -271 ; Keck Elmer. 749: Kenvon B. 396: Keith J J,
442; Kennedv J A,664: Kellev M A. 662 812670; Keer Wm M.636;
KennimerJ C. 4112; Kemp A- Burpee. .803; Kellngg W M. .'596; Kini-
seyM;:"d7: Kiiiie J A ,V H A. 1.511: Kinnear F A. 275; Kime J A,
186;:Kiiitiier P E. 6:-4; King CW. ■268: Kirk Jno H. 114: Kingsley
Chas. 17; KlarAL, 624; Knickerbocker <; H,302; Knowles M,
6.36; Kretchmer E. 4.'!6; KunzJ,.590; Kunz Jno, 864; liuyk D A,
439; Kuhns F T, 824.

Laws. WH. 386; Langdon H P, 166 '274; La Forest A. 865; Lar-
rabee J H, 90 618: Lathrop H, 592: Lakin SW, 546; Ladd W A,
.■■nS; Lawrence W A. 634; Lawing S S. 473 741; Large H. 441;
l.imoreaux Geo. 692; Leminger Fred, 692: Lewis Mrs A L D,
8:1; Lewelling C M,'270: Leyvraz Aug, 103; Leininger F'red,
470 692; Le Fever F C, 369; Lewis C B, 169; Leonard C M, .597;
Little B F, 308 513; Linswik Nellie, 1.33 215: Liston E. '226: Lind-
leyCV. 625; Little PM.661; Eighty L W. 748 821: Lincoln C M,
.594; Liston E.445; Lloyd E J.361:'Long P J. ,578; Loomis Dr
L L. 723; LuttgensC H, 97 100 268 690; Luttrell B G. 402 470 6'25
865.

MayoJB. 521; Mason A B, 10 103 '299 346 618: Main C V. 226;
MaltbyWW. 66; Martin Mrs J N. 441 510; Maples M. 864: Math-
ews R J, 394 541 591; Mahan J M, 821; Malone Wm, 360; Martz(St)
Wm, 66; Manum A E, 33; Mason J B & Sons, 6'23; Manning

962

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

JW, 478; Maikham S A, 673; Masf D A, 309; Markel F, 824;
Martin J H, 90 222 617; Martin Jno W, 186 864; Mathews Geo A,
361693750; Major Jno, 626; Mathews Jno J, 723; MeAlister Mrs
W,597; MfCormick JasW,204; McCracken I T,514; McCord
JF, 402; McCamphell DC, 236; McDonald A M, .ilO; McElrath J
J B, 784; McCampbell DO, 693: MeFadden Daiil, .344 809; Mc-
KeeWW, 439; McFadden C H, 795; MeKee W W, 184; McLain
E, 634; McLain N W, 32; McPheeters. G W, 597; McLeod D C,
273; McNay F, 28; Mekeel J, 784 000; Merriman J C, 27; Miller
C C 18 86 127 180 206 218 248 258 293 305 306 ,308 338 380 4.33 460 463 537 569
571 587 599 610 614 646 649 685 660 729 750 762 768 817 842 850 897 929 938
Mill, r S E, 100 670; Mitchell C R, 356; 389 .591; Jlitcliell N C, 341;
Mill.]- H L,.-)91; MillerBros, 96 693; Mishler J <'. 101 ; Michner
I,.5W; M..rt(.n G M, 103; Morrison S W. 510 664; Moi.n J T, 785;
Morrow J H, 741; Moore C D, 670; Morrand J H, .598; Morgan T
G,445; MoyerP, 28; Morrow F C, .309; Moore CL, 670; Morton
GB, 79; Morgan E B, 368; Morgan E A, 594 816; Money E & W,
705 Mour J B, 402; Moss D W, 492; Moses Lonzo, 715; Model Bee
Hive Co, 92; Morris S R, 704; Moore E A,27; Mohler Augusta,
512; Mullen J K, 521; Muth C F, 179 427 432 832; Muth Rasmus-
sen W. 429 466 .544 820; Murray C H, 660.

Nash CS, 498; Nance .T G, 498 620 703; Nash LW,662; Nelson
J A, 692; NewcombER, 64; Nicely Mrs W E, 25 445; Nichols J K,
626; Nichols M R, 477; Norwood F M, 904; Norton J S, 402;
Northrup H J, 309.

O'Kelly T M,445; Offutt J, 634; Osburn AW, 168 507 612 693;
O'Kelley G W, 689; Oliver Chas, 748; Otto F J M, 60.

Patton J F, 406; Parker Dr. C F, 694; Patten R L, 226; Pas-
sage B, 74; Parker Ed. 483 898; Parsons A A, 471; Payson Wm E,
662; Parhain R S, 478; Park J W. 99; Peterman WE, 622; Pee-
bles David, 903; Penick T J, 803; Pennington Mis C. 685 723;
Pierce M P. .341; Perkins A J, 810; Perry M R W, 714; Peine
Paul. 441 ; Pcet T O, 431 733 818; Pettit S T, 3,56 788; Pickup E, 622;
Pienc Jno ( '. 1.50; Pitzer E W, 625; Plent C W. 402; Pounds J H,
314; Toudcr Walters, 215 636 944; Porter J W, 8.51 ; Post S B, 402:
Popplcton ( I O, .542 616; Porter J W, 269 385 .512 617 816; Pond J E
Jr. 113.545; Powell J D. .597; Proper Mrs A F, 540; Presnell I A,
1.50; Purvis LG, 101; PurdyCW, 866; Pyper Jno, 723.

Ray Levi J, 692; Raudenbush Geo D, 184; Ramsey W W, 670;
Remington (;eo T, 175; Reed G H. 670; Reid TE, .598 6.34; Reed J
H.aSf,; Reynolds W. 597; Kcynolds E L, 101; Reich E. .597; Reed
R. 521; Rev J. 889; Rcinheiiner Henry, 226; Reynolds J, :i9t); Rice
BE, 8 673; Rickets J S, 42; Richard J. 74; Ritter W H, 46 270;
Richmond J N. 669; Ricketson C A, 309; Ripley E B.OOO; Ross
David, 903; Ross Jno W. 273; Root L C, 14 32 271 426; Roderick G
S, 830; Robbin.sDE. 26; Roe W T, 74; Roberts J H.309; Rottman
L, 360; Robbing R B, 43 ,539; Robbing Geo F. 63 94 434 447 888; Rob-
inson R, 932 9.34 ; Rust J T, 904; Russel Mrs EA, 441; Rutherford
J, 74; Russell O G, 46.

Sanders W A, 270; Salzmann G O. 314; Saford S B, 442; Savage
DF, 20 429 693; Sale G S, 865; Sams J, 314; Sailors Jacob, 785;
Scott Jas, 184; Schoulte S H F. 103; Scaife Mrs Ann. 113; Schwab
CC, 355; Scoven J S. 441; Scheiern Mattie, 70; Schons P, 387;
Scotield Grant, 357 945; Schmidt F, 742; SecoyWG, 355; Seaman

Walter, 361; Sherburne Roland, 183 347; Shepkur F D, .510; Shed-
enhelm J W, 273; Shiber Geo, 693 814; Shirley W H,393; Short
Jno, 360; Shipman R H, 358; Shep.ard M W, ,543 625 784; Shuck J
M, 540; Shaw J W K& Co, 274 309; Simmins Siim,9.37; Simens S
E, 445; Sloason Geo, 692; Slater D D. 478; Slater D D .592-
Smith J W. 624; Smith G R. 74; Smith A E, 703 664; Smith &
Jackson, 360; Smith C H, 437; Smith H, 625; Smith A W, 864;
Smylle J C, 622; Smith F C. 401; Smith S E, .598; Snell F A 932:
Soper W D, 104 470 Somerford F I, 7.50; .Somervilie R W, 822;
Spencer L H, .510; Spencer S, 673; Stewart Geo R, 6.34; Strang-
ways Geo, 440; Stillings H, ,510; Stachelhausen L, 891; Stanley
G W. 186; Stover Levi. 186; Stachelhausen L 212; Stokely G C,
445 468; Statl' Jas A. 748; Stair A P, 469; Stewart W D, 313;
Stewart C H, .591; Starr B M, .597; Stone S C. 634; Stokes
Thos. 2.59; Streator Geo J, 704; Stocking A D, 350 663; Strang
D, .53 478; Stephens W B, 741; Stickner P F, 514; Stewart J C, .512
865; Sutfern F L, .521; Suloutf J, 634; Sutton P. 1,34 723; Swetnani
W C, 1.50; Swallow Mrs Lydia M, 803; Swipes J K, 101; Swift J,
.594; Swinson A L, 26 28 274 346 885 !K)1 943; Snyder M N, 478.

Taylor S W, 402; Taylor W H. 740; Taylor R L, 3.50 845;
Taylor Miss A M, 636; Taylor J W. 274 67fl'; Talbot I T, 750;
Tatman M F, 507 785; Terry T B, 98 254 294 3.54 391 440 465 .573;
Templeton S, 510; Terrell A C. 817; Tedrow S B. .591; Thoring-
ton F S, 104; Thompson Geo, .502; Thornton F M, 660; Thomas
F C, 273; Thomas G W, 941; Tharp W D, 741; Thomas D W,
402; ThurberWhyland & Co. 433; Thrailkill S. 7.50; Thomas F

A, 275; Thomas Noah, 8.30; Thwing C R. 705; Thomas C S. 7.50;
Tinker G L. 723; Ticlicnell W D, 275; Ticknor E V. 915; Tim-
merman C H, 943; Todd Arthur, 267; Townley Jonathan, 361;
Tribble J W. .521; Trunkv C M. 273; Tripp L' J, 146; Train H
V. 223; Trice Thos H, 147; "Truegdell Letitia W, 3.58; Tuthill B B,
941; Tweed M H, 211; Tyrell A C, 66 904; Tyler G F, 625; Tucker
J A, 273.

Uhl C F. 472; Underbill D C, 670; Ummel J, .597.

Van Vechtin C H, 104; Van Syoc A S, 401, 624; Van Petton J T,
1.36 742; Van Wagenen J, 442; Viin Fradenburg E,226 636; Van
Dorn A H. 385 433; Vail T H, 670; Vollmar G J. 945.

WasonGeoS, 625; Walters W E,634; Walker UH, 103; Wal-
dron H,511; Watkins S L, 4,33 470; Walker J E, 306; Watson G,
.506; Waller TD, 18 27 822; Waltz (4 W. 830; Webster W M, .592;
Westcott E L, 625 692; Weckesser (', 613 626; We.atherly J F. .5.55;
Weeks C. 513; Weed C M, 6.59; Webb L J, .547 .598; Weiser W H,
942; Webster G W, .3.53; Westcott W B. 432; Weed E D, 785;
Weckesser C. 396; West M S, 93; West Wm, ,598; Wheaton J B,
693; Whitney G W, 314; Whitaker E H. 23; White C C. 314;
Whitney L C, 671; Whiton J B, 28 9,50; Wilson H, 272; Whiting
LC. 21.513; Wilbur A. 401; Wilcox F. 626; Wilmer L S, 313; Wif-
son J R, .395; Witter Chas, 513 .5.55; Wickham W A, .395; Wilson G
W, 692; WilliamsoM M T, 74: Winter I F, 271; Withrow Wm, 742;
Wilson W W,c,2l; Wil.son CN,395; Williams L. 294; Williams R

B. 626; Woolev E, 942; Woolver F D, 673; Wolcott J L, 473;
Wright Ja-s R, 176; Wright (J A, 295 360,

Young M G, 626: Young J M, 301; Young W M, 619 714.
Zschoemitzsch Franz, 273; Ziegler W A, 231 401.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Apiary of J. M. Young 300

Apiiiry and Residence of T. P. Andrews 14

Apiarist at work, showing manner of Dress 31

Acme Cultivator .57

Automatic Cutter-head Machine 1.54

Baldridge, M. M 911

Bee's Hind Leg 807.

Benson's Illustrations 107, 126, 170, 210, 254, 342, 386, 426, 462, 498,

.534, 577, 613, 648 684, 730, 766, 809, 890.

Bee-Stabber 61.5, 747

Cari>-scoop 781

( 'hatr Hive, I )ne-story 189

Chair Cushions 233

Clark Smoker, To Clean 110

Colonial Exhibition 2.52

Comb-cart 168

Cross-sections, or Honey-boxes 573

Cut of Carp 782, 849

Diagram, Removing Sections 569

Diagram of Carp-pond 776

Diagram of House for Apiary 532

Drawing, Camera 819

Doolittle, G. M 205

Ephestia Interpunctella 863

Feeder-floats 795

Fradeiiburg's plan for Serf en-doors 547

Frame witli Staple 511

Frc mt-Ict; of Bee 847

Greenhouse for Aspanagus 140

Green's Device for Screen-doors 384

Gould's Bee-hunting Box 737

Home of the Honey-bees 209

Home made Saw-table 359

Hydraulic Ram 701

Ice-market 136

Ice-plow ; 136

Ice-chisel 137

Ice-tongs 137

Ice-saw 137

Ice-hooks 135

Impending Bankruptcy 222

Japanese Buckwheat 167

Jones, D. A 893

Kettle-scraper 618

La rva of HI ister Beetle 588

Machines for Cutting Fdn. Rolls 769

Mallophora Orcina 811

Manure-spreader, Broadcasting 56

Martin's Bee-house 616

Martin's Honey Exhibit, H,artford, N. Y 89

Method of Handling Sections .518

Miller's Bee-hat 463

Miller, C. C 911

Middle Leg of Bee 848

Muth Rasmmussen's Device 429

Out-Apiaries, Position 29V 192

Peach-Tree Apiary 177

Queen-cell Protector 174

Respiratory Organs of Queen 169

View of Saw-room 296

View of Office 727

Washburn Engine.. 773

Winter Poultry-house 860, 861

Saddle-back Caterpillar 902

Saw-table, Warner's Improvement 154

Section-case Filled and Closed 436

Section-case Open 436

Section-case for Tiering up 131

Section Device 544

Single-tier Case 233

Slatted Wood-zinc Honey-board 321

Spraying a Swarm ; 339

Spllt'tinf,-l)ar 136

SwarmiiiK 1h )x 168

Swa rni-catclicr 651

Swarming Device, Clark's 652

Soldier Bug 694

Tablets, Slate 912, 913

Tube, Tin, for Transplanting 855. 8.57

Tenement Hive 17 6

T-rail Section-case 4,36

T Tins 217, 435, 622

T-tin Folder, Good's 435

Super, T 1.56

Super, T, Follower. Miller's 217

Super, T, Wedge, Miller's 219

Super, T, Cover, Miller's 220

Super, T. Reversible. Armstrong's 221

Super, T, Fi'cdcr ..Miller's 304

Super, T, Einiitviiig, Miller's 249

Super, T, Device, Bull's 575, 576

Super, T, Spring and Hook *66

Super, T, Shell, Jennings' -768

Super, T, Reversible, Shuck's 540

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