DDnDDnnnaDDDDDDDDaDnnDDDnDDDDDDD ^fRSt u D u D D UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS g D P LIBRARY H d D 1 D D D D D a n D D D D □ D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D n D D D D D D D n D D D D D D D D D D D D D □ D D D D — — n D n D D D aannDnnnDDDDDnnDDDDDDnDnnnaannnn /f/ lllllllllllillilllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ Gleanings in Bee Culture Index for 1921 Published by The A. I. Root Company, Medina, Ohio ENTOMOLOay v,41 Index to Gleanings in Bee Culture Volume XLIX In iisms this index the reader should not fail to note that it is divided into five departments, namely, General, Editorial, A. I. Root's writings, Contributors, and Illustrations. The index of General includes everything except Editorials, Illustrations, and A. I. Root's writings. GENEBAL DVERTISING Campaign for 150, Guarantee and Conditions of Gleanings 660, Helps in Selling. .29, 162, Local 153, 556, merican Honey Producers' League, News Items from American Honey Producers' League, Report of iaries, English liaries. Large, "When Ad- visable PIARY Equipment High-up Outline of Season's Work in Record Strange Odor in Arjiculture, Who's WTio in. . B • Clubs Parade in Louisi- aja EEKEEPERS ■ded by Colleges insus Report of o itting Prices Leaders of Today Number of Taxation of EEKEEPERS' ASSO'N. Alabama Amer. Honey Producers' League 41, California 104, 168, Florida 41, Kansas Maryland Mississippi North Carolina 290, Ontario Oregon Texas 160, A'est Virginia 5EKEEPING as a Sideline 32, 94, 157, 222, 286, 356, 431, 500, 568, 636, 699, Fo-ehanded From Spring to Winter. . . u City of Rome n the South 14, ifluenced by Three Me- dinas .eaders in 'T< -e Honorable ti st Desirable Sideline. . . "Jo. an Exact Science. . . . Cape Cod "here American F. B. is Prevalent "'ets I v;t Way to Purchase. . . Ci>ring for on Shares Do Not Injure Sound Fruit He.' ring of I Id portant Activities of . . . ir Phonograph I- net for Thrift V ed Short Distances. . . 645, Tns of 11 Number in Pall. . . . 722 495 560 648 509 755 753 12 744 13 13 645 293 642 760 296 649 569 495 98 709 104 766 709 104 104 768 770 35 296 571 168 764 268 356 773 283 497 568 434 32 430 772 711 773 106 165 644 761 286 163 681 710 4.^1 775 Washboard Actions of. .152, 573 Beginner, Equipment for. . . 167 Beginner (see "Talks to) BOOKS AND BULLETINS "Beekeeping in the South," by Kennith Hawkins... 114 "Every Step in Beekeep- keeping," by Benjamin Wallace Douglass 788 Farmers' Bulletin on Al- sike 51 Farmers' Bulletin on Co- operative Marketing. . . . 5.1 Farmers' Bulletin on Swarm Control 549 Harbison Bee Book 758 "The Interim Report of the Dominion Apiarist," by P. W. L. Sladen. ... 788 Brood, Chilled 42 Brood, Spreading 164 BROOD-CHAMBER Capacity Increased by Best Combs 76 Large 218 Size of 80, 218, 696 Brood-combs, Arrangement of 42 BROOD-REARING Conditions affecting. . 227, 774 Plenty Stores for.... 2 16, 357 Suspended During Winter 646 Bureau of Entomology, Im- portance of 568 Bver and Bees and Jersey Cow 641 C Cactus Fruits as Developed bv Burbank 30 Cage, Push-in 416, 417 Cale, G. H., Accepts New . Position 104 CALIFORNIA Among Beekeepers in ... . 220 Foul Brood in 289 Happv Hours in 284 Honey Week in 233, 288, 570 Northern ... .34, 159, 288, 433, 638 Southern 34, 96, 159. 224, 288, 358, 434, 503, 570, 638, 701, 766 Spring Management 43 Wintering in 43 Candv, How to Make Hard.. 102 Candy, Queen Cage.... 687, 761 Capping-press, Bedell 28 CELLAR Construction . . . .561, 574, 711 Quiescence in 102 Temperature of.. 154, 563, 574 Wintering in,... 43, 165, 707 Census of 1920 296 Cleansing Flights Before Cel- laring 683 Clipping Queens' Wings.... 297 Clover, Wonderful Possibili- ties of Hubam 551 Clu.stering in Winter 287 Colleges Aid Beekeepers. . . . 760 COLONY Control 204 October, Normal 616 Spirit of 17 COLONIES Amount of Brood in Sep- tember 578 -Average Condition of . . . . 648 Diagnosing 106, 492 Keep Them Contented.... 340 Needing Room 492 Smaller in FaU 775 Treatment for Balky 341 Comb Building 16, 342, 365, 439, 579 Comb, Uses of 222 COMBS Cleaning after Extracting. 412 Grading 139 How to Handle 231 Old Ones Stronger 42 Removing Pollen from. . . . 707 Rendering Diseased 37 Uncapping 413 COMB HONEY Bleaching 644 Expensive to Produce. ... 29 Fermenting 440 Granulation in 273 Greater Production of . . . 97 Supers, Getting Rid of Foul Brood in 294 Taking Off Supers 367 Variation in Yield 17 COMB HONEY PRODUCTION bv Geo. S. Demuth 16, ■ 80, 148, 214, 276, 344, 419 Colony Morale 344 Kinds of Hives in... 149, 294 Loafing of Bees 345 Shallow Super for Honey 149 Supers Taken Oflf...442, 510 Containers for Retailing Hon- ey 87 Convention, Beekeepers' (see Beekeepers' Ass'n.) Costa Rica, Beekeeping in.. 146 Crites, W. L., Pres. of De- Graff Clover Co 624 Crop Foundation Built Fall Before 268 Crop Reports from Various States 508 Crop Reports, U. S. Bureau of Markets 577 Cyprians, Little Demand for 43 D Diagnosing Colonies .... 106, 492 Diagnosing Diseases 493 Dominica, Beekeeping in. . . 20 Drones, Color of. 150, 280, 362 Drones, Description of 223 Dust-chute in Kitchen 92 Economv in Pood 697 ENTRANCE Adjustable Winter 629 Contraction of 775 Closed bv Ice 102, 165 Dead Brood at 493 Smoking at 205 EXHIBIT Live Bees 486 Michigan State Pair 484 Minnesota State Fair 494 Extension Work (see Short Course). EXTRACTED HONEY Feeding Back 440 Hives for 76 Taking off Supers. . . .367. 411 Room. CoTivenifBces for.. 413 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Extractor. Ceutral-pivot Re- versible 343, 415 Extractor, Power 414 Fairs, State List and Date.s, 509, 577 Feeder, Automatic. .216, 283, 289 FEEDING Extracted Honey Back... 440 in Cellar in Winter 43 in Spring 43 Stimulative 164 Field Meet, California 435 Field Meet, Hubam, at New- bern, Ala 551, 577 Pood-chamber 76, 149, 154 Pood Page 30, 92, 155, 634, 697, 762 FOUL BROOD American, Destructive Agencies of Spores of.. 228 American, How Detected. . 579 American, Treating 270, 426, 631 European, Treating. . .430, 439 in California 288 in Spring 103 Origin of 365 Sending Samples of 165 Foundation-f a s t e n e r, Con- struction of 749 Foundation-fastener, Rapid.. 748 Foundation, Use Full Sheets of 354 Five-pound Pails. Standard Container. .486, 556, 567, 633 Frames, How to Take Out. . 230 G Gleaned by Asking, by Geo. S. Demuth 42. 102, 164, 228, 294, 364, 439, 506, 574, 644, 710, 774 Gleanings' Guarantee and Ad- vertising Conditions 722 Grading Honey in Wisconsin 423 Granulation, Preventing in Bottles 574 Greenhouse, Notes on Tem- perature and Nectar Se- cretion in 489 Guarantee and Conditions to Advertisers 722 H HIVE Never Unguarded 204 Opening 230 Parts of 166, 222 Thirteen-frame 162 Two-story, Advantage of. . 165 Hive-stands, Concrete 151 HIVES Disinfecting 507 Double, for Cellar 574 for Extracted Honey 77 How to Preserve 105 Location of 166 Packing in Pairs 619 Putting Package Bees into 295 HONEY Advertising Use in Cooking 634 as a Food 557, 634, 710 Average Yield per Colony 648 Chunk Comb 167, 351 Comb vs. Extracted 167 Cost of Extracting 507 Essentials in Producing. . 217 Excels Other Sweets 24 Extracted Before Fall Flow 510 Five-pound Pail Pushed. . 486, 556, 567, 633 Grading of 423, 499 Imported 648 T;abeling When Produced bv Another 574 Making a Staple of . . . .25, 573 Novel Way of Selling. . . . 692 Retailing at Wholesale Prices 282 .Selling Locally . . . .282, 639. 692, 696, 776 Seven Supers from Fall Flowers 773 Sources in Southland. . . . 206 Stimulating Use of 573 Storage of 287 Tariff on 649 Temperature for Bottling. 710 Unsealed Ferments in Cel- lar 575 Week in California 233, 288, 570 Week in Florida 105 Yield Depends on Colony Spirit 17 HONEY CROP Good in Spite of Poor Lo- cation 428 in Arizona 766 in Georgia 705 in Indiana 705 in Iowa 702 in Michigan 704 in New York 706, 768 in Utah 168 in Wisconsin 704 Production in 1921 in U. S 781 Relative Amounts of Comb and Extracted 499 HONEY PLOW Indications of Close 441 Management for Fall 579 Preparing for 278, 511 Strong Colonies for.. 145, 215 Honey Market Government Reports 424 HONEY PLANTS Average Condition oi 648 Bitterweed 748 Black Gum 208 Bluevine 769 Gallberry 207 Heartsease 628, 629 Important 157 Palo-verde 162 Rocky Mt. Bee Plant 746 Tupelo 208 Veronica . 566 Willow-herb 212 Hospital Yards, Benefits of. . 281 Huber. Account of 500 HUBAM CLOVER Compared with Biennial. . 625 Discovery 633 How Planted 554 in Ohio 623, 625 Soil Suitable for 554, 625 Wonderful Possibilities of 551, 761 Hughes, Prof. H. D., Achieve- ments 622, 633, 696 Hybrids Compared with Ital- ians 164 INCREASE Making 427, 438. 506 or Honey — Which? 361 Prevention of 294 New Method of 426 Introducing. Push-in Comb.. 416, 499. 576 Iowa 36, 97, 225, 703 Ireland, Beekeeping in 44 Italianizing with Virgin Queen 364 Italians. Maintaining Puritv of 574 Italians Not Immune to E. F. B ; 365 Lalieliug Honey Produced by Another 574 Labels Eliminating Word "Extracted" 696, 776 Langstroth, Account of 568 Law, Net Weight in Michigan 776 Law. Net Weight in Ontario 359 Laws, Foul Brood, in Penn- sylvania 296 Laving Workers, How to Tell Their Work 575 Livingston. T. W.. Sketch of 343 LOCATION Good in the Southeast. . . . 208 or Management 428 Overstocking 752 Log Gums in the South. ... 77 Louisiana as a Bee State. . . . 642 M Marketing Basic ■ Principles of.. 556, 663 Developing Local 559 Function of Middleman . . . 555, 633 Good Advice Concerning. . 633 Problem 560, 759 Standard Tin Package... 486, 556, 567 Marketing (see Selling). MELLVIR, BILL 40, 101, 292, 709 Grace Allen Writes to. . . . 169 "My Queens" 292 "New Year" 40 "Talkfest" 101 Mexico, Beekeeping in ..... . 626 Medinas, Three, Greatly In- fluenced Beekeeping 497 Milkol. Repellent in Spray. . 217 Miller Memorial 233, 712 Moisture in Hives 103 Moths, Remedy for 507 Moving Bees." 645. 710 N Nails and Nailing 88 Nature Study Inspiration from 154 NECTAR Protection of 487 Secretion . . .100. 362, 489, 511, 695 Time to Ripen 439 North Carolina 35, 290, 436, 641, 77(» Nosema Apis, Description of 710 Nuclei, How to Unite 57.'i O Ontario 35, 98, 161, 226, 289, 359, 437, 502, 571. 640, 706, 770 Ontario, Net Weight Law in 359 Overstocking Location 752 PACKAGE BEES Advice Concerning 18, 42, 271, 295 Buying Instead of Winter- ing 747 Canada's Rules for 161 Treatment on Arrival. . . . 272 Value of 18 Package Foods, Advantages of 762 Packing, Left on Late 269 Paint for Beehives. . . .143. 573 Porto Rico Beekeeping in. . 771 Parcel Post Packages (see Pound Packages). Plants (see Honev Plants). POLLEN Composition of 760 Protection from Moisture. 487 Removing from Combs .... 707 Use of 165, 759 Pollination, Bees Needed per Acre for 228 Pollination. Effect on Growth of Fruit 77:^ Pound Packages (see Pack- age Bees). Prices, Lack of Uniformity in V59 Prices, Peddling at Whole- sale 7.=^o Q I QUEEN CAGE CANDY Best 687 Heating 688. 689, 691 Past Methods Employed. . 687 Queen-cells, Saving 350 Queen-excluders, Cleaning. . . 497 Queen-rearing Simplified. . . . 349 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE QUEENS Behavior of Virgin 632 Classification of 347 Clipping 229, 269,297 Diagnosing Kind of 493 Pindin? 218 Importance of Young Vig- orous 280 Introducing 416, 426, 499, 576 Sending Long Distances.. 362 Two in One Hive 29 Wonders of 223 QUIESCENCE Importance of 681 in Cellar 102 of Winter 681, 761 Quinby, Account of 569 B Recipes 93, 698, 763 Rent for Out-apiaries 164 REQUEENINO in European Foul Brood. . 439 Leaving Old Queen 440 Time for 499 with Virgins 505 ROADSIDE SELLING Containers and Price.... 559 Good Salesmanship in... 558 Profitable 557, 561 Signs for 557 Robber Bees, Beware of.... 442 S Sacbrood and Pickled Brood 507 Sacbrood, Treatment for. . . . 364 Sams, C. L., Bee-extension Agent 78 Scale, Automatic Hive-re- corder 639 Second Hive-body, Above or Below 229 Sections, Cleaning Up Unfin- ished 490 SELLING Advertising Helps 162 at Roadsides 557 Direct to Consumers 162, 561, 564 How to Captivate Custom- ers 757 SELLING (see Marketing). Shades, Artistic Natural. ... 27 Shade. Value of 505 Shipping Bees to North.... 27] SHORT COURSE California 577, 766 Colorado 577 Far West . . . . 708 Indiana 39 New York 168 Louisiana 642 ^. Oh'" •••■'• 168 iSiftings 29. 91, 154, 219,' 28'3; '353 430, 499, 567, 633, 693, 761 Sladen, F. W. L., Death of. 68(1 Stailes and Salesmanship... 757 SOUTHLAND Building up Great Indus- try in Bees Call of Disadvantages of Spraying, Laws Concerning 211, Spraying Poison Kills Bees, 210, 368, 369, 430, 437, Spray Poisonous, Repellent for 217, Spring Management 43, Spring Protection, Value of 145, Stings, Immunitj- from STORES E.xtra Chamber for E.xtra Consumption in Mov- ing How Much Consumed .... Plentiful. 82, 88, 145, 218, 279, 499, 579, 617, 647, Quality of 209, 616, Shallow Supers for Sugar, Kinds of Sugar, Some Secrets of . . . . Sumac Bobs for Smoker Fuel Summer Cottage, Experience SUPERS Cracking Noise in Management of.. 345, 441, Needed per Colony Shallow Extracting above Sections Taking off 367, Tiering up Swarming, Preventing. . 228, 275, 276, 295, 297, 340, Swarming, Preparations for 286, SWARMS How to Hive Prime and .\fter Queenless. Requeening. . . . What to Do With Late. . . SYRUP Crystallizes in Comb Feeding in Winter Preventing Granulation of Sweets. Honey Best of T Talks to Beginners 106, 166. 230. 297, 366, 441, 510, 578, Texas. .96, 160. 224, 289, 358, 435, 503, 570, 638, 702, Texas, Happy Hours in. .354, Tin Tube Passageways TRANSFERRING from Box Hives in Fall in the South 77. U Uncappingkiiive.s. Steam. . . Utah, Box Hives Prohibited 748 206 206 283 576 283 227 216 506 88 774 774 775 647 88 22 23 772 762 574 502 229 294 411 366 365 297 299 297 439 442 774 103 103 24 767 355 101 103 644 140 413 702 Utah, Honey Produced in 1920 . . .' 168 V Ventilator, Hanson's, Cheap and U.seful 754 VITAMINES Classes of 156 Food Containing 156 in Comb Honey 710 W \\alnut Trees, Burbank's Fast-growing 31 WARNER, ELTON Bee-king 14 Drumraing-out Plan of . . . 15 Uses Big Hive 15 Washington, Beekeeping in.. 37 Watson, Lloyd R., Accepts New Position 104 WAX Amount of Honey Used in Producing . ." 38 Cost of Producing 16 Involuntary Secretion of. 16 WINDBREAKS Artificial 685 Cornstalks for 695 Natural 684 Value of 684, 761 Who's Who in Apiculture. . 293 WINTER CASE Dye's Quadruple 89 No Doorstep for 102 Remedying Weaknes.ses in 619 WINTER Cluster, Formation of .... 646 Protection 618, 647 Quiescence of 681 WINTERING in Cellar 691 in Clamps with No Loss. . 39 in Two Stories 633, 644 New Way of 565 Problem 616 Weak Colonies 102 WINTER PACKING in California 43 in September 645 Kinds of 618, 630, 644, 645, 649, 692 Problems 619 WINTER STORES .\inount of 617, 647 Quality of 616 SvTup for . . . •. 647 (see Stores) WIRING .Ml Wires Diagonal 84 Bt'st Plan for 86 V;iri.it:ons of Horizontal.. 83 Various Schemes for.... 82 Worker Boes, Development of 429 Workers. What They Do . . . . 223 EDITORIAL Advertisers, Plain Talks to. . 74 Advertising, League Fund for 201 Advertising Conditions and Gleanings' Guarantee. . . . 722 American Honey Producers' League Meeting 73, 137 Apiaries, Root Company's. . 481 Beekeepers Should Be Opti- mistic 201 BEEKEEPING Business Method in 10 Future of 679 Projects at Experiment Stations 741 BEES Condition for Winter ... . 677 Displays of 549 Generating Heat in Late Winter 74 Keep More per Hive. ... 10 Re,stless in Cellar 138 When Taken from Cellar. . 138 Beeswax, Price Low 409 BROOD DISEASES Distinguishing 10 Mixed Infection in 337 Sequence of 202 BROOD-REARING Break in Mav 409 Early ". 201 Excessive in September. . 613 Census for 1920 550 Clover, Alsike 10 Clover Annual Sweet (see Hubam). Conventions. Circuit 337 Cost of Producing Comb and Extracted Compared .... 410 Crop Conditions. .. .73, 481, 549 Drifting in Spring 138 Drifting When Large Winter Case Used 741 Experiment Stations, Bee- keeping Projects at 741 Extension Work in Beekeep- ing in New York 742 Feed, Shrinkage in 678 Five-pound Pail, Standard Package 743 Flights Before Cellaring.... 10 Foul Brood, American, Don't Winter 741 Foul Brood, European, Using Drugs in Treating 677 "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread" 9 GLEANINGS for 1922, Plans for 743 Guarantee and Advertis- ing Conditions 722 Price of 73 HONEY .Amount Used bv Bees. . . . 202 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEB 0U1.TUBB Creating New Outlets for. 742 Deserves to Be Better Known 615 Exports and Imports... 137 Flow, Pall, Earlier in North 613 Gov't Market Reports on. 742 Leave More for Bees 410 Market 11, 265, 549 Selling at Public Sale.... 741 Selline; Locally 483, 550 Isle of Wight Disease 10, 137, 265, 338 Labels, Eliminating "Extract- ed" from 614 Law Proposed in New York 201 Lime, Use of 202 Market Reports. Government 742 Market Reporters, What They Have Done for Us . . 742 Melezitose in Honeydew. . . . 481 Miller, Dr. C. C, Made Mil- lions for Others 266 Miller Memorial 9, 73, 137, 337, 409, 481, 549, 613 New York, Extension Work in 742 Plans for 1922 Gleanings. . 74 3 Production Costs of Comb and Extracted Compared. 410 Queen, Removing Without Finding 266 Rea, Geo. H., Goes to New Field 742 Requeening, Best Time for. 409 Selling Honey at Public Sale 741 Selling Honey Locally 483, 550, 613 Silver Lining Grows Brighter 742 Sladen, P. W. L., Death of. 613 Soil and Beekeeper 9 Soil, Liming 202 Stores, Importance of Qual- ity of 614 Stores, Shortage of 265 Swarm Control, Farmers' Bul- letin on 549 Swarm Control in Extracted Honey Production 267 Temperature, Cellar 74 Temperature of Cluster in Late Winter 74 Wheeler, lana Fowls, Good Wishes to 677 WINTER Case, Large, Tends t® Cause Drifting 741 Packing, October Best Time for 614 Preparations for 482 Protection in California.. 677 Wintering in South 73 A. I. ROOT'S DEPARTMENT Abbeyville, Mv Sunday School in 580 Bachelors versus Married. Men 513 Bath, How to Take a 301 Bees as a Medii-me 370 Blueberries. .514, 516, 585, 652 Borger, Jacob, an Early As- sistant 582 Bradentown People ....... 779 Buildings, Brick, Moving... 780 Calvert, Roberta Maude. . . . 443 Chickens in Underground Runway 372 Christmas Call of Millions . . 9 Clover, Hubam 46, 109, 374, 444, 445, 585, 716 Coffins, Extravagant 714 Competition in Business, Bit- ter 779 Conductor Kills His Lover. . 650 Cranberry Culture 584 Dasheens in Florida 373 Demoniacal Possession 650 Divorces 513 Doctors, High-priced 715 Drugstores and Liquors. . . . 370 Electric Windmills 170, 171 Employment of Women. . . . 713 Enema, Hot-water 716 Florida, Trip to in Automo- bile 170 Funerals, Cost of 714 Gardening in New Jersey. . . 583 Groceries Sold in Bulk 715 Honey, Selling on Sunday.. 714 Hubara Clover 46, 109, 374. 444. 445, 585, 716 Huckleberries ....514, 585, 653 League of Nations 371 Living, High Cost of 714 Married Man and You 512 Milk for Children 444 Miller, J. H., Death of 234 Mob in Newark 234 Newspapers, Sunday 1©7 Orphans, Plea for Twelve Millions 45 Potatoes in Florida, Price of 235 Prayer and Business 580 Prayer, Answer to 778, 779 Preacher, The Girl 512 Religion and Business 580 Religious Life, Early 778 Root, A. I., described bv his Daughter 171 Sabbath Question 371 Selling Honey on Sunday by Roadside 715 Sundav Observance 107, 714, 715 Tobacco Business, Evils of. . 300 Treasures in Heaven 780 Truck Farm in New Jersev 583 Wheelchair Swindlers 583 White, Elizabeth, Visit to... 515 Windmills, Electric 170 Wind versus Coal 781 Women's Wages 713 ILLUSTRATIONS. A Imond Trees APIARY Adminson's, England. . . . Admire's, Nebraska. .. .26, Agricultural School, Mexico Atwater's, Idaho . . . .279. Beuhne's, Australia Blueberry Boston's, South Dakota.. Box Hive Buchanan's, Tennessee. . . Campbell's. Arizona. . 744. Couch's, Oklahoma Chrysler's, Ontario Cutler's, Australia Dominican Duvall's, North Carolina . . Dve's, New York England Ford's, England Hildreth's, Wisconsin .... in April (April cover) in November (November cover) . in Winter (February cover) . Kelly's. North Carolina . . . Leister's, Ohio (January cover). Log-gum Martin's. Pettit's, North Carolina . . Ontario . . .341, 342, 412, Root Company's, Ohio (August cover). Sanborn's, Tennessee Shepherd's, New Zealand. Stahlman's, Idaho Swaffield's, England Warner's, South Carolina 14, 86 Baby. Honey-fed 37 "Barrille," Dominican 21 757 Basswood 487 27 Beans. Castor 27 627 Bees, Load of 273 753 Bees, Shipment of .. 271 38 Bee-tree, Arizona 746 516 Bitterwoed 747 291 Black Belt Map 552 78 Borger, Jacob 582 218 Box Hive 15 745 Brvant, Barbara 634 505 Cage, Mailing 417 152 Cage, Push-in 417,418 38 Calvert, Roberta Maude 443 20 Cases, Winters. 90, 413, 620, 630 207 Cellars. Underground 89 562, 563, 573 755 Cells 230, 350 756 Clover, New Sweet Annual 18 'see Hubam). Colony, Hiveless (June cover). Crites, W. L 624 Dandelion 488 Dasheens 373 78 Eggs . 231 Escape-board 427 Exhibit, Michigan 484, 485 143 Extracting-house 272 143 Extracting-outfit 344 Extractor 343. 414, 416 413 Fall Days in Canada (Oc- tober cover). Fireweed 212, 213 765 Foundation Fastener . 700 749, 750. 751 428 Gallberry 209 756 Gum Tree, Black 203 Gums 15, 78, 79 15 Heartsease 628 Hive, Protected. . .617, 619, 634 Hive-stand 643 Hive-stands, Concrete 151 Hive, Quadruple, for Win- ter 693, 694 Homeward Bound (July cover). HONEY Bulk Comb 3.51 Exhibit, Michigan 484 Grading 423 Hauling 147 Signs 558, 559, 573 HUBAM Brings Smiles 554 Clover 47, 374, 445, 446, 553, 554, 623, 625 (September cover). Field Dav Audience 553 How Cut 554 Hughes, H. D 622 Hughes, H. D., Addressing Audience '551 Huller, Homemade 236 Jug, Honev 87 Ladd, N. E 14 Livin?ston. T. W 343 Log Gums, Passing of (March cover). MELLVIR, BILL Bees in Phonograph 163 Big Roll 292 New Year 40 Talkfest 101 When Bees Are Packed for Winter 709 Mud, Stuck in 272 Nucleus, Side 21 Queen 298 Rnrln' Mountain Bee Plant. . 746 Root,' A. 1 621 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Ranway, Chicken 372 Sams, C. L 78, T9 Sladen, P. W. L 680 Sand Dunes on Cape Cod. . 772 Sting Prevention 363 Swarming Spree (May cover) Sweet Clover, New Annual ( see Hubam ) . Titi 209 Transferring from Box Hive 15, 140, 141, 143 Truck 412, 700 Tupelo, White 208 CONTRIBUTORS Veutilator, Hanson's 754 Vistas, Southern 207 Warner. Elton 14, 15 Warner, Elton, and Helpers 14 Windbreaks 684, 686, 695 Wiring, Plans for 82, 85 Achord, W. D 495 Admire, J. W 27 Aeppler, C. W 153 Allen, Grace 32, 94, 157, 222, 286, 356, 431, 500, 568, 636, 699, 764 Ames. A. C 426 Andrews, L. L 34, 96, 159, 224, 288, 358, 434, 503, 570, 638, 701, 766 Armsond, G. S 755 Atwater, E. F 278, 752 Bachler, James 40 Baldwin, E. G 489, 619 Ball, J. Raymond 643 Ballard, M. E 573 Barber, F. L 99 Barr, Jos. S 757 Barteaia, E. M 643 Bartlett, Ira D 704 Bartlett, John T 564 Baldensperger, P. J 497 Bender, C. F 37 Blaekburn, B 38 Borton, O. G 291 Bowen, A. H 25 Boyden, Constance Root. . . . 30, 92, 155, 220, 284, 354, 634, 697, 762 Bovden, E. Wynne 22 Bray, R. A 702 Buchanan, J. M 217 Bunch, C. A 162 Bver, J. L 35, 98, 161, 226, 289, 359. 437. 502, 571, 640, 706, 770 Cameron, I. W 291 Campbell, S. B 744 Carr, E. G 497 Chrysler, W. A 151 Clagg, A.. H 163 Clark, A. N 88, 143, 495 Clarv, R. C 282 Cole, E. M 707 Corbett, C. E 361 Couch, Eugene 505 Cox, Wm 496 Crane, J. E. . . .29. 91, 154, 219, 273, 283, Pi53, 363, 430, 499, 567, 633, 696, 761 Damon. T. V 150. 281 D« Boer, J 626 Demuth, Geo. S ... .16, 42, 80, 102, 106. 148, 164, 166, 214, 228, 230, 276, 294, 297, 344, 364, 366, 419, 439, 441, 506, 510, 574, 578, 616, 644, 646, 681, 710, 748, 774 De Muth, John N 772 Dunn, J. F 692 Dye, A. Gordon 89 Engle, M. C 692 Finlay, A. W 426 Pisbect, J. H 88 Fowler, C. E 39 Fowls, lona 82 Fracker, S. B 422 France, N. E 497 Gilbert, A. C..227, 291, 362, 505 Gill, M. A 701 Gooderham, C. B 680 Graff, J.. L 573 Gray, Will H 37, 630 Greiner, F 350, 631 Hadsell, B. A 363 Hall, R. W 361, 694 Hassinger, E., Jr 87, 769 Hill, C. L 643 Hiratsuka, Yasmo 429 Hogarth, E. A 438 Hoist, Axel 332. 632, 773 Holtermann, R. F 28, 227 Howe. Geo. B 280, 691 Hulcoop, A 39 Jager, Francis .494, 773 James, H. C 292, 773 Johnson. Carl C 101. 218 Johnson, T. C 39 Kelleher. Ben 163 Kindig, B. F 572, 639 Kinzie, Chas. S 162,573 Kitchen, C. W 424 Ladd, E. J 351, 505 Lagasse, Delphis A 505 Laird, Paul 629 Latham, Allen 99, 152 Lathrop, Harry 772 Le Stourgeon. E. G 495 Lindsav, A. W 642 Livingston. T. W 705 Lovell, John D 629 Lusher, A. E 362, 505 Mackav, Bentlev B 642 Martin, Thos 505 Martin, W. J 35. 290, 436, 641, 770 Mclntvre, Flora 361 Melander, A. L 210 Melhir, Bill.. 40, 101, 292, 709 Mentze, Carl J 37 Miller. A. C 565 Miller, E. S 559, 705 Miller, Hugh Miller, Rudolph Miller, S. E Miller, W. H Morse, Josephine Murry, H. D. Myers, H. M Neeley, J. G Newcomb, Robinson Pangburn, W. S . . : 36, 97, 225, Parker, C. F Parks, H. B 25, 96, 1^, 197, 224, 289, 358, ,_^X335, 503, 570, 638, 702, nPettit, Morley 12, 76, 139, 204, 268, 340, 411, Phillips, E. P 687, Pickering, Mvron Rauchfuss, P". G Rea, Geo. H Richfer, M. C ' 34, 159. 288, 433, Root, E. R 14, 77, 140. 206, 271, 343, 414, 492, 551, 622, 684, Rouse, Sterling Russell, G Schrels, W. B Scullen, H. A 360, Sechrist. E. L 20, Sherburne, Roland Skougard. M. L Sladen, P. W. L Smith, Jay... 280, 349, 416. Smith, Jay M Snyder, Penn J Sproull, Magdalen. ..362, 760. Stahlman, D. C Stewart, Edward Stiles, E. P Sylvester, A. G Tompkins, Mrs. P. R Tschudin, Ernest 100, Tucker, E. H Terrell, E. B Vorhies, Chas 162, Wiegand, K. M Wieneke, C. F 362, WilHams, R. G Williams, W. S Willson, R. B Wilson, H. F. .18, 145, 555, Woodward, D. L Yaneev. J. D York, G. W 566 707 628 227 217 347 768 643 557 703 351 767 707 758 707 275 705 638 747 695 362 146 701 755 281 631 212 769 687 771 773 428 438 150 707 37 759 405 484 766 487 573 162 773 767 703 561 695 769 (gleanings^ M Q. s s a. c H tits e :, t:sa <^n.in--^^ Wt Culture CoUesA Our "Tslen Year's IVish : May Every 'Beekeeper be as Prosperous! VOL. XLIX dianuarg. 1921 NUMBER 1 ^tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ -^iiiiiiiiii[iiiiii!iiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy Better get your list of requirements for next year ready and send it in at once. Prices will be quoted by return mail. Remember the early orders are shipped without delay. New Catalog ready for mail- ing about January first, 1921. Tin Containers A Complete Line. Your Orders So- licited for Friction-Top Cans and Pails Five-Gallon Square Cans With Screw or Solder Cap Packers' Cans Open Top or Hole and Cap Styles Wax Sealing Preserving Cans Unexcelled manufacturing and shipping facilities. I I W. W. BOYER & CO., INC. I B M Baltimore, Md. M I MILLER BOX MFG. CO. g 201 NORTH AVE Mi E 18 I LOS ANGELES, - - CAL. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ piiiraiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I SEND TO INDIANAPOLIS I I FOR YOUR BEEKEEPER'S SUPPLIES | g Our stock is new and complete and we are prepared to | m give the best of service. Send for 1921 catalog. They g g will be out soon after the first of the year. Gleanings g g subscriptions also taken. g I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, 873 MASS. AVE., INDIANAPOLIS, IND. j iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ piiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio I ROOT -SUPPLIES-ROOT i The sucfessfiil beekeepers you know always get their supplies before they are needed. They order early, thereby eliminating costly delays when goods are most needed. SUCCESS and OPPORTUN- ITY go hand in hand. You can't be successful unless you take advantage of every beekeeping op- portunity. NOW i.s the time to order this new season's supplies. MANY people will continue to experiment at great expense with different makes of foundation. Why waste bothtime and money? Our AIRCO foundation is the result of experience and tests. All worth-while developments in foundation making were made by the Roots. Buy our Airco founda- tion and eliminate ail experimentation. We experimented — you reap the benefits. The A. 1. Root Co. of California I i 52-54 Main St. San Francisco. Cal lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1824 E. 15th St. Los- Angeles, Cal. g IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPlllllllllillillllllllllllllllllllllllllll ~ January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JANUARY, 1921 Honey Markets 4-5 Editorials 9-11 Eeal Apiary Management Morley Pettit 12-14 Beekeeping in the South E, E. Koot 14-16 Comb-honey Production Geo. S. Demuth 16-17 The Value of Package Bees H. F. Wilson 18-19 Beekeeping in Foreign Lands E. L. Sechrist 20-22 Honey in the Sweet Family E. Wynne Boyden 22-24 Making of Honey a Staple H. B. Parks 25 Undue Swarming in England A. H. Bowen 25-26 An Artistic Natural Shade J. W. Admire 27 The Bedell Capping Press R. F- Holtermann 28 Siftings. J. E. Crane 29 Our Food Page Constance- Eoot Boyden 30-31 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 32-33 From North, East, West, and South 34-36 Heads of Grain from DifPerent Fields 37-40 The New Year Bill Mellvir 40 Bees, Men, and Things 41 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 42-43 Just News 44 Our Homes . . •. A. I. Eoot 45-47 SUBSCEIPTION BATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 ceints additionaL DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDBESS. — Give your old address as well as the nerw and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. BEMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTBIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited : stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVEBTISING BATES. — Advertising rates and conditicms will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satisfac- tory. ADVEBTISEBS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 66.6 per cent; advertising, 33.4 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staft Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root lona Fowls H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 2 GLEANINGSINBEECULTURE .Tanuary, 1921 ^iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio^ WHEN THE BEES STING, You'U Need an "Ideal Bee Veil "--True to its name. $1.95 postpaid in U. S. A. HONEY. I WAX-OLD COMB. Send us a sample of your extract- | | We pay you the highest market ed honey. We also buy comb | | price for rendered wax, less 5 cts. honey. Tell us how much you | \ per pound for rendering charges, have and what you want for it. | | Our rendering process saves the We pay the day shipment is re- | | last drop of wax for you. "Put ceived. | | your name on all packages." THE FRED W. MUTH CO. "The Busy Beemen" CINCINNATI, - OHIO. ^[IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllilllH^^ iiii:iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniii!iii^^ I LEWIS BEE SUPPLIES I I Practical Beekeepers stock sup- I \ A plentiful supply of 18-oz glass i I I plies now. This saves expense | | Honey Containers now on hand. I I I and insures against delay in the \ \ Wax and comb taken for cash \ I I I rush season. | | or trade. |j Write Department C. |! Western Honey Producers, Sioux City, Iowa. i^jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiii!iii'iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiii!iiniiiiiiniiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? iiiiiiiiiiiipiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio^ ! J The enormous demand for B j I "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION | j g signifies highest quality. g I Our 1920 output over 150,000 pounds. g ; = Beeswax wanted; For cash, or in exchange for foundation or bee supplies. Prices g g on request. g , I Superior Honey Company -:- Ogden, Utah | i I (MANUFACTURERS OF WEED' PROCESS FOUNDATION) | illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ j January, 1921 tllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllO^ Wishing all a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. C. H. W. WEBER & COMPANY CINCINNATI, OHIO.- iiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ^ Booking orders now for 1921. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous s ^ and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the = ^ best of honey -gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping ^ = out foul brood. Orders booked for onehfourth cash, balance before delivery. Will guarantee safe M ^ arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive circular and price list free. s M Prices April, May, and June July to November = = 1 6 12 1 6 12 ^ m Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $1.25 $6.50 $12.50 = s Select Untested 1.75 9. 00 16.00 1.50 8.00 15.00 m m Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 2.25 12.00 22.00 = m Select Tested 3.00 each 3.00 each M I Ses""of hlerZv "LS: ^; John C, Mlller, 723 C St., Corpus Christi, Tex. | iiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiioi^ piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ j Thagard's Italian Queens | M Bred for quality. My Three-Band Queens are bred from imported stock; they are B g hardy, prolific, gentle, disease-resisting, and honey producers. They have made a great M g record for every one that has tried them. Book your order now for spring delivery. M 1 April 1st to July 1st. 1 ' 6 12 M m Untested $2.00 $8.00 $15.00 ' 1 1 Select Untested 2.25 10.00 18.00 1 1 Tested 3.00 16.00 28.00 S 1 Strict Tested 5.00 25.00 50.00 M g We guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfaction. Circular free. M I V. R. THAGARD, Greenville, Ala. | IlllllillllllllllillllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllO^ 4 GLEANINGSIN HONEY MARKETS The Government market quotations and the oi^inions of honey-producers printed below tell of a weaker market and a light demand for honey. All honey-producers will be inter- ested in the reports as to results achieved in some places by seeking a local market. The report from Wisconsin is notable in this regard. There is ground for hope that the market may strengthen after the holi- days, for the honey stocks in the hands of jobbers, bottlers, wholesalers and retailers everywhere are light. U. S. Government Market Reports. SHIFPING POINT INFORMATION, DEC. 14. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. — Practically no wire inquiry. Movement poor, market weak, prices lower. Carloads f. o. b. usual terms, per lb., 5- gallon cans white orange and sage 16c, light amber sage 13-15c, light amber alfalfa 10y2-15y2C, white sweet clover 13c; Hawaiian light amber 9%c. Beeswax: Sacked in 1. c. 1. lots 40c. Better inquiry is expected after the holidays, altho lower prices are considered pos- sible due to weak sugar market and industrial de- pression. There is no export demand on account ot foreign exchange and present prices of California honev. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION (COLORADO AND IDAHO). — Light movement of extracted, but more liberal shipments of comb are being made. Car- loads f. 0. b. usual terms, 24-section cases comb, fancy, $7.00; No. 1, $6.75; No. 2, $6.50 per case. TELEGRAPHIC REPORTS FROM IMPORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — No arrivals since Dec. 1. Very few sales of comb honey reported and .practically none of extracted. Market for comb honey is firm on account of light supplies but unsettled for extract- ed. Nominal quotations on extracted honey are lower. Comb: Sales to retailers. New York, 24- section cases white clover No. 1, $8.25-9.00 ; some extra fancy stock selling as high as $12.00 per case; Vermonts, 20-section cases white clover No. 1, $7.50-8.00 per case. Extracted: Nominal quota- tions to bottlers and confectioners, California, old crop, white sage 18-19c, alfalfa 14-15c per lb.; Porto Riean, fair quality amber 75-85c per gallon. Beeswax : No trading, and under depressed condi- tion of market difficult to give even a nominal quo- tation. CHICAGO. — No carlot arrivals, but a number small lots from Colorado, California, "Wisconsin, and Ohio arrival, totaling 8,000 or 10,000 pounds since Dec. 1. Demand is light and trading very slow. Bottlers are buying even lighter than wholesale grocers, mail-order houses, etc. Comb : Stock is holding generally steady and is scarce. Present of- ferings from Idaho and Colorado are selling to re- tailers at $7.00-7.75 per 24-section case. Extracted: Market is weak and gradually declining. Alfalfa and clover from Colorado, Minnesota, and Ohio selling to bottlers, wholesale grocers, etc., mostly 15c, light amber 14c per lb. Beeswax: L. c. 1. re- ceipts of foreign and domestic wax, mostly Ohio and Wisconsin have been heavy and market tone is easy. Dark stock, both domestic and imported, is bringing around 32c, light 35c. Most stock sold to harness manufacturers and drug houses. CINCINNATI. — No arrivals since Dec. 1. Ex- tracted and comb: Supplies liberal. Practically no demand nor movement, market very dull, too few sales to establish market. Beeswax : Supplies lib- eral. Practically no demand nor movement, market very dull, too few sales to establish market. Bees- wax : Supplies liberal, demand and movement mod- erate, market steady. Sales to large users, wide range of prices, average yellow 38-45c per lb. DENVER. — Supplies liberal, market barely steady, demand and movement light. Sales to job- bers, extracted: Colorado, white 15-20c, light amber 14i/^-18c, amber 14-17c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases. No. 1 white, $7.20; No. 2, $6.75. Beeswax: Cash to beekeepers, 36c per lb. KANSAS CITY. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies moderate, demand and movememt moderate, market dull. Dealers looking for further BEE CULTURE January, 1921 decline owing to large supplies still in producers' hands, practically all factors buying only as needed. Extracted : Sales in small lots to jobbers or large users, Californias and Colorados, light ambef al- falfa 17-18c. Comb: Sales to jobbers, California, Colorado, and Nevada, light alfalfa 24-section flat cases No. 1, $6.50-7.00. Beeswax: Practically no MINNEAPOLIS. — Supplies moderate. Markeit weaker on extracted, but comb is holding steady to retailers. IJnderstand comb can be bought from brokers at slightly less than present stock cost, but dealers are holding oflf as long as possible. Move- ment is very slow, most sales being made to retail grocers. Extracted : 60-lb. cans western alfalfa and sweet clover mixed, white 19c, light amber 18c; Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa white clover 20- 22c. Comb: No. 1, 24-section cases, western, alfalfa and sweet clover mixed, $8.00; Minnesota, white clover, $7.75-8.00. NEW YORK. — Supplies very light, practically no demand nor movement. Market weak ; confec- tioners, bakers, and manufacturers not buying on account of plentiful supply of sugar and syrup at low prices, supplies being bought only on hand-to- mouth basis. Dealers believe better prospects in sight after holidays. No carlot arrivals since Dec. 1. Extracted: Sales to jobbers, large wholesalers, con- fectioners, and bakers, Californias, light amber al- falfa 10-12c; white alfalfa 12-14c, light amber sage 14-16c, white orange blossom and white sage 15-17c. West Indian and South American, refined, 60-70c pea- gallon. Comb: Supplies practically exhausted, too few sales to establish market. Beeswax : Prac- tically no demand nor movement. Market dull, buy- ing being done only in very small quantities for current demand. Sales to jobbers and wholesalers, South Americans and West Indian, light, 20-22c, dark 18-20c per lb. PHILADELPHIA. — No arrivals except few small lots of near-by stock. No demand nor move- ment. No sales reported. ST. LOUIS. — No arrivals reported since Dec. 1. Comb : Supplies are liberal. Very little movement reported with no better prospects before the first of the year. Sales in small quantities, direct to re- tailers, per 24-section cases, Colorado, white clover and alfalfa, $7.00-8.00, mostly around $7.00. Ex- tracted : Supplies liberal. No sales on honey in bar- rels reported, and stock in cans reported moving slowly. Sales to wholesale grocers, large buyers and jobbers, in 5-gallon cans per lb. California, light amber alfalfa 15-16c; Mississippi and Arkansas light amber mixed various flavors 15c; Colorado, white clover and alfalfa 17-18c. Beeswax: Supplies light. Demand very light and practically no movement. Market is weaker. Nominal quotation to jobbers and manufacturers of floor wax and comb founda- tion, prime yellow 28c per lb. GEORGE LIVINGSTON, Chief of Bureau of Markets. Special Foreign Quotations. LIVERPOOL. — The value of extracted honey at today's rate of exchange is 12 to 13 cents per pound. The value of beeswax in American cur- rency is from 27 to 29 cents per pound. Liverpool, England, Dec. 7. Taylor & Co. CUBA. — Honey is quoted today at 75 cents per gallon ; wax brings $20 per quintal of 100 pounds. Matanzas, Cuba, Dec. 8. A. Marzol. Opinions of Producers. Early in December we sent to actual honey-pro- ducers, scattered over the country, the following questions: 1 . Is honey moving onto the market in your local- ity. 2. Are honey-buyers at all active or inquiring for honey ? 3 . Have honey-producers in your region made any effort to create or find a local market? 4 . What is the wholesale price for honey in your locality ? For extracted ? For comb ? 5. What is the retail price? For extracted? For comb ? .-Vnswers, as condensed by the editor, are as fol- lows : BRITISH COLUMBIA. — Honey is moving on to market, and buyers are active. There is a ready local market for all we can produce for some time to come. The wholesale price for extracted honey is .Tanuarv, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 5 30c per lb., comb 42c per section. Retail price is 50c in one-pound glass jars for extracted, for comb 50c per section or $1.75 in 4'pound cans. — W. J. Sheppard. CALIFORNIA. — Buyers are not active. Produc- ers are making very little effort to find a local mar- ket. Retail price of extracted honey is 20-25c; comb, 35-45c per section. — L. L. Andrews. CALIFORNIA. — Buyers are not active. Produc- ers are making efforts to find a local market. There seems to be no uniform price at wholesale. In fact, no offers. Retail price of extracted honey is 25-30c; comb, 30-35e — not any nice white in mar- ket.— M. H. Mendleson. COLORADO. — Honey is not moving on to the market to any great extent, and buyers are not active. Efforts in the line of finding a local market have been mostly in the nature of crowding in on others' markets by cutting prices. Wholesale price of comb honey is about $6.50 per case. For ex- tracted honey the retail price is 14c and upward; for comb honey, the price is 20-30c per section. — J. A. Green. FLORIDA. — Honey is not moving well, tho buy- ers are active. Producers are m.iking efforts to find local market. For extracted honey the wholesale price is 65c to $1 a quart, and at retail $1.00- 1.50. No comb honey at present. Bees are in fine condition for winter over most of Florida. — C. H. Clute. FLORIDA. — Honey is moving slowly, and buy- ers are not active. Producers are making efforts to find local market. Wholesale price of extracted honey i.s 15c; at retail, t^e price of some is as high as 25c. — Ward Lamkin. IDAHO. — Honey is moving in part; comb all sold, and a few cases of extracted. Producers are trying to find a local market, but local demand can not absorb the big production. For extracted honey the wholesale price is 15-20c; carlots sold at 15c; fancy comb in carlots $7.00 per case. The retail price of extracted is 40-50c per pint jar; comb often sold at or near the car-lot price by small pro- ducers.— E. F. Atwater. IOWA. — Honey is moving slowly, and buyers are not very active. Producers are not making any more effort than usual to find a local market, but local demand has been good. No extracted honey at wholesale has changed hands of late. Comb sells at wholesale for $6.50-7.00 per case of 24 sections and retails at 30-35c. Extracted honey retails at 25-30c. All honeys here are largely out of first hands. — Frank Coverdale. KANSAS.— Honey is moving fairly well. Buyers are not at all active. Producers have already sold out. Wholesale price of extracted honey is 25c, comb $7.00 per case. Extracted retails at 28-30c, and comb at $8.50' per case. — J. A. Nininger. MARYL.'VND. — Honey moving very slowly. No buyers in Maryland. Some producers have tried to find a local market. Wholesale price for extracted honey is 22-24c, for comb 28-30c. Retail price of extracted is 35-45c, for comb 40-50c. — S. G. Crocker, Jr. MISSOURI. — Honey all sold. Buyers are well supplied, very little demand. We were never able to supply home demand. For extracted honey the wholesale price is $2.50-3.00 per gallon, and for fancy comb $8.50 per case. Extracted is retailing at $3.00-3.50 per gallon, and fancy comb at 40- 50c. — J. W. Romberger. NEBRASKA. — Honey moving very slowly. Wholesale price of extracted honey is 25c, comb 28-30C. Retail price for extracted 35c, comb 33-38c. — F. J. Harris. NEW YORK. — Honey is moving slowly. Pro- ducers are making very little effort to find a local market. The prices are about the same as last month. — Geo. H. Rea. OKLAHOMA. — Honey is moving slowly. Pro- ducers have made some effort to find a local mar- ket. Wholesale price of extracted honey is 25c, comb 35c. Retail price of extracted is 30c, comb 40-45C. — Chas. P. Stiles. ONTARIO. — Honey is moving verjr slowly. Buy- ers are very cautious and not stocking to any ex- tent. The smaller producers are working the local market in every way. Some of the large producers produce too much honey for local purposes. Whole- sale price for extracted honey is 24-26c, comb 30- 40c. Retail price for extracted is 30-40c, comb 40-55c. Dark extracted honey is moving slowly at considerably lower prices than light honey. — F. Eric Millen. TEXAS, EAST. — Honey is moving slowly. Buy- ers are not active. Honey-buyers are trying to find a local market. The wholesale price of ex- tracted honey is 15 to 20c; at retail, 20-25c. No comb. Strained honey is selling at 5c less than extracted. — T. A. Bowden. TEXAS. — No honey in the hands of producers. Demand strong. Local market good. Wholesale price for extracted honey is 14c, comb 18c. Retail price for extracted 16c, comb 20c. Bees are in fine shape, with plenty of stores. — J. N. Mayes. TEXAS. — Honey is moving on to the market, and buyers are normally active. Producers are making no effort to create a local market. Wholesale price for extracted honey is 10-14c, and the retail price is 18-20C. — H. B. Parks. UTAH. — Honey is moving very nicely locally, but buyers in carlots are not active. Producers are trying, and finding it profitable, to create a local market. Wholesale price for extracted honey is 16c; at retail, 20-22c. No supply of comb honey. — ■ M. A. Gill. VIRGINIA. — Little demand for honey, and pro- ducers are making very little effort to find a local market. Wholesale price of extracted honey 20c, comb 32-38c. Retail price for extracted 25-35c, comb 50c. — J. H. Meek. WASHINGTON. — Honey is not moving nor are buyers active. Producers are trying to find a local market. Wholesale price of extracted honey is about 18c. retail about 25c. — Geo. W. B. Saxton. WISCONSIN. — Honey is moving in a local way thruout the entire State. I have received no reports from beekeepers concerning offers. Whetre beie'- keepers have attempted to create a local market, practically all of the crop has been disposed of. The wholesale price of extracted honey is 20-25c, practically no comb honey available. Retail price of extracted' is 30-35c, comb 40-50c. — H. F. Wilson. Too Late for Classification. WANTED — Bees to handle on shares. Address D. P. Hunt, Blum, Texas. WILL exchange a new phonograph for an ex- tractor and bee supplies. What have vou ? Olf. Hegre, Madison, R. D. No. 2, Minn. PACKAGE BEES and NUCLEI with ITALIAN QUEENS, for spring delivery. No disease in our yards. Write for prices and terms. The Allenville Apiaries, Allenville, Ala. WANTED — Single man, 32, wants work _ in modern apiary to learn business. Had bees eight vears as sideline. South preferred. Start any time. Karl E. Colt, Brocton, N. Y. WANTED — First-class county bee inspector, one who knows the business thoroughly. Answer giv- ing particulars of your experience and say what salary you want. Work in California. C. P. Dandy, El Centro, Calif. WANTED — Beekeeper with some experience for work in our apiary on Key Biscayne during the season of 1921, to begin February 1 under the directions of C. E. Bartholomew, who was former- 1\- with the Department of Agriculture. Hugh M. Matheson, 1608 Ave. G., Miami, Fla. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii;ii;iiiiiiiiii:iiiiiini[iniiiiiiniiiiihiiiiinii<;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiii[!iiiitiii::niiii iiiiiiiiiiii TREES PROGRESS and PLANTS GROW because they are propaeateil right. (iuK (.•arefully. and packed securely. Write for our Catalog and NO-RISK offer of trees, shrubs and plants. We pay expressT charges. Why pay for your trees be- fore you get them ? It's not necessary if you deal with THE PROGRESS NURSERY COMPANY, 1317 Peters Avenue Troy, Ohio 6 G L E A N I N G S I N B E E C U L T U R E January, 1921 l^lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliO^ SPECIAL PRICES —ON— FRICTION-TOP PAILS 50 100 200 5-Pound Pails $5.25 $10.00 $19.00 10-Pound Pails 8.00 15.50 10-Pound Pails in boxes of six, per box, $1.40 5 -Pound Pails in boxes of twelve, per box, $1.75 F. 0. B. cars Lansing. No early order discounts allowed at above prices. Can make immediate shipment till present stock is exhausted. Special prices on application on 12- pound and 16-pound comb honey cases. Four per cent early order discount for January cash orders except as noted on friction-top pails listed above. M. H. Hunt & Son 510 North Cedar Street Lansing, Michigan Januari', 1921 iiniiiiiiiii GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllll^ NEW Bingham BEE SMOKER IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIllllg The Bingham Bee Smoker has been on M the market over forty years and is the stand- = ard in this and many foreign countries. It is M the all-important tool of the most extensive M honey producers in the "World. It is now M made in five sizes. M Size of Shipping M Postage extra stove weight ^ inches. lbs. m Big Stnoke, with shield 4 xlO 3 M Smoke, no shield 4 xlO 3 = Smoke Engine 4 x7 2^ ^ Doctor 3 1/^ x7 2 = Conqueror 3 x7 1% = Little Wonder 3 x5V^ 1 1^ g The Big Smoke has just been produced B in response to a demand for a larger-size M smoker, one that will hold more fuel, re- M quire filling less often, from extensive bee m handlers. J East Lansing, Mich., May 10 ,1920. M A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. M Dear Mr. Woodman: — I have now had several s weeks' opportunity to try out the New Smoker M called the Big Smoke, with the guard about the M fire pot. The smoker is even more than I an- ^ ticipated and unless something else is brought out s that is still better, you can be assured that this ^ particular one will be standard equipment for this ^ place from now on. s B. F. Kindig, m State Inspector of Apiaries. ^. The Genuine Bingham Honey Uncapping M Knife is manufactured by us here at Grand M Eapids and is made of the finest quality steel, m These thin-bladed knives, as furnished by Mr. g Bingham, gave the best of satisfaction, as g the old timers will remember. Our Perfect g Grip Cold Handle is one of the improve- = ments. M The Woodman Section Fixer, a combined g section press and foundation fastener, of g pressed steel construction, forms comb- M honey sections and puts in top and bottom M foundation starters, all at one handling. It g is the finest equipment for this work on the M market. g TIN HONEY PACKAGES 1 2 lb. Friction top cans. cases of 24. 2 lb. Friction top cans, crates of 612 2% lb. Friction top cans. cases of 24. 2V^ lb. Friction top cans. crates of 450 r> lb. Friction top pails, cases of 12. 5 lb. Friction top pails. crates of 100 5 lb. Friction top pails, crates of 200 10 lb. Friction top pails, cases of "5. 10 lb. Friction top pails. crates of 100 Special prices on shipments direct from Chicago ^ now. ^ 100 5-lb. friction top pails $ 8.50 = 100 10-lb. friction top pails 12.50 g Ask for our special money-saving prices, stating g quantity wanted. = Send us an itemized list of your requirements M and let us figure on your goods for 1921. Our new s catalog will be issued about Jan. 1. = I A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., U.S.A. j iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ 8 .GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 I BACKED BY OUR REPUTATION | ^ - f ^ f -?• . t * HAVE YOU EVER thought how many beekeeping devices, hives, etc., '^ "* once boomed and sold extensively have had a mushroom sale — to be dis- Jt i| carded as worthless Avhen exposed to the light of careful investigation and "^ ij thorough trial? J|; ^ ^ -* HAVE YOU EVER gotten anything made and recommended by us that |^ ^ did not stand the test of usage and time ? ^ % *^ ■^ Why? Because we put out only such articles as have proven thoroughly *^ •it satisfactory to us ; those which we have ourselves used and tested exten- •?• •i< sively and long. *• ^ •*• * t * • t I I I OUR SPECIALTIES I -^ t ± DADANT'S FOUNDATION— As near to the perfection as we can make ± ^ it. Tested in our apiaries — manufactured and packed under our personal J^ ^ supervision. J|^ I ELECTRIC IMBEDDER— It cements the wires in the wax. Makes hauling ^ •s» . . . . . •?• •5* of wired combs to out-apiaries feasible, reduces sagging to a minimum, j* .{« BEE BOOKS — Containing authentic and comprehensive information on ij. 4* bee culture. Special books for special branches of beekeeping. A credit >?. ^ to any library. >f I MODIFIED DA DANT HIVE— The large hive— a hive that accommodates % % the prolific queen, cuts down swarming, helps in wintering. Booklet for % "^ the asking. >§. I, ^ I DADANT'S FOUNDATION Every inch, every pound, every ton equal to any sample we have ever sent out. Specify it to your dealer. If he hasn't it, write us. « I I DADANT & SONS | % HAMILTON, ILLINOIS f ^ t -J, t ^ Catalog and prices on bee supplies, beeswax, wax working into comb foundation and '^ ^ A *!* A i^ *|^ i|^ *^ *^ «^ «^ t^ Jj» 4^ »^ *jj» »^ i|[» jj* i^ »^ t^ 1^ »|^ *3j» jj* i|;# j^ 4' comb rendering for the asking. [f* E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JANUARY, 1921 1 EDITORIAL AS I WRITE oil this 17th of December, everybody is tliinkiiig of Christmas giving, and I fear giving "Give Us This but little thought Day Our of the, not hun- Daily Bread." dreds and thousands but millions, w h o are starving for food. The Christian Her- ald will tell you all about it, and they are also I'lepared to get the food quickly and surely to the suffering ones. At this very time our fanners are suffering because of the low prices offered for our great crops of grain, even burning good corn for fuel. Now, ye followers of the Lord Jesus Christ, and all others who love suffering human- ity, "get busy" and "give gifts" to starv- ing women and children by sending the money to purchase the grain of the farm- ers and at the same time giving "daily bread" to the starving multiudes, and thus ' ' laying up treasure in heaven, ' ' instead of here on earth. ' ' Prove me now, saith the Lord of Hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven," and pour you out a bless- ing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it." A. I. Eoot. DO BEEKEEPEES realize how much their prosperity depends on the character of the soil in their respect Soil and ive localities? Do the Beekeeper, they realize, too, how important to them is the science of soils, and how much they have to hope for from the increased attention that is everywhere being given to the study and testing of soils? That great authority on honey plants,. John H. Lovell, has recently expressed the following opinion: "It is becoming more and more clear that the conclusions of bee- keepers in regard to nectar secretions must be accepted with reserve. For example, white clover does not secrete nectar well, even when abundant, on an acid soil; and should I today receive a report from a New York beekeeper that white clover was an excellent honey plant in his locality, I should at once refer to the soil map of New York, and, if I found that the soils of his section were acid, little importance would bo attached to his statement. Cer- tain New York beekeepers from ignorance of soil conditions have made mistakes in locating out-apiaries. ' ' Dr. E. F. Phillips, in charge of bee in- vestigations for the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, is going deeply into the study of soils as related to bee culture. He has recently had an elaborate soil-meas- uring apparatus put in his department. QC ao^sifi:: FROM VARIOUS sources come suggestions that a fund should be raised by American beekeepers to es- A Memorial tablish a perma- for Dr. C. C. Miller, n e n t memorial for the late la- mented Dr. C. C. Miller. Gleanings is in re- ceipt of a number of letters suggesting that such action be taken. Mr. C. P. Dadant in the American Bee Journal calls attention to the matter and proposes the establish- ment of a research scholarship in beekeep- ing in an agricultural college as a memorial, E. G. LeStourgeon of San Antonio, Tex., president of the American Honey Produc- ers' League, warmly seconds this idea, and suggests Mr. Dadant as chairman of a com- mittee of three or five members, to be ap- pointed by him, who shall have the whole matter in charge. Gleanings heartily favors a lasting me- morial for Dr. Miller, and seconds the nomi- nation of Mr. C. P. Dadant as chairman of a committee to undertake the raising of funds and deciding as to what form the me- morial shall take. We would only suggest that a popular subscription be asked in which even a dime given by any true friend of the late great beekeeper shall be as wel- come as a dollar or ten dollars, for we feel sure that he would appreciate the number of his friends rather than their ability to give. Let thousands of beekeepers contrib- ute, much or little, as they are able, to this good and lasting cause. We can do nothing better than to perpetuate the virtues and memory of a good man. Gleanings will help in every way it can in this cause, and is ready to receive con- tributions. Lead the way, Messrs. Dadant and LeStourgeon. 10 GLEANINGS IN BEE CtiLTUftE . January, 1921 THE FARMEES' BULLETIN on Alsike clover, to which reference has been made in our Books and Bulletins Alsike Department, should be in Clover, the hands of every bee- keeper in the clover re- gions, but better still it should be in the hands of every farmer within this region. As the farms grow older and the difficulties in securing a stand of red clover increase, this excellent honey plant is gaining in favor among farmers, especially when mixed with red clover or timothy, thus in- suring a stand on cold or wet soil where red clover fails to catch. If you are in the clover region, why not see that your farmer neighbor gets one of these bulletins? THE ANNOUNCEMENT of the discovery of the cause of the "Isle of Wight" disease, which appeared in Isle of Wight press reports in Eng- Disease. land last month, has been confirmed by later reports, and we hope that Dr. Rennie 's report on the investigations leading to this discovery will be jsublished soon. According to the press reports the cause of the Isle of Wight disease is a mite "which enters a particular breathing tube of the bee, feeds on the bee 's blood, blocks the air passage, and thus cuts off the supply of oxygen from certain muscles and nerve centers concerned with locomotion. ' ' The name Tarsonemes Woodi has been proposed for this mite, in honor of A. H. Wood, who, it appears, as- sisted in financing the investigation. It is to be hoped that the many puzzling things in connection with this disease will be cleared up by this discovery. It may also throw some new light upon the diseases of adult bees in this country. WEATHER CONDITIONS during Novem- ber were not favorable to the kind of cleansing flight Unsatisfactory Flights Before Cellaring. which the beekeep- ers who winter in the cellar like to see just before putting tlieir bees away for the -winter. It was not cold enough early in the month to put the bees in a condition to desire a flight, and during the few days when flight was pos- sible later in the month the bees did not fly freely, tho within the southern range of cellar wintering these flights were probably adequate. There was no time late in No- vember when the temperature was high enough to tempt the bees not needing a cleansing flight to fly freely, and many bees were, therefore, put into the cellar without a satisfactory cleansing flight. It is to be hoped that this condition is not a serious one, since the bees were not exposed to ^ ery low temperatures before being put into the cellar; but, unless the stores are of the best quality, the bees maj' become quite restless before they can be taken out of the cellar next spring. Here at Medina the bees outside flew freely on December 12 and 13- Colonies wintering outside are now in excellent condition to endure a period of confinement if necessary. IT IS with great satisfaction that we an- nounce that Morley Pettit will contribute a series of articles for Business Gleanings, the first of Methods in this series appearing in Beekeeping, this issue. Mr. Pettit needs no introduction to our readers, since he has been prominent among beekeepers for some time as the founder of the department of beekeeping in the Ontario Agricultural College, and more recently as a successful honey producer at Georgetown, Ontario. Mr. Pettit and his sister, Miss R. B. Pettit, have built up a' thriving business in honey production by applying carefully thought-out business principles to the operation of a series of out-apiaries, and he now proposes to tell the readers of Gleanings how this has been ac- complished. AT THE very beginning of the recent great expansion in beekeeping by the establish- ment of out-apiaries Keep More for extracted-honey Bees Per production, W. Z. Hive. Hutchinson launched the slogan, ' ' Keep More Bees. ' ' Later, when it began to look as tho some of the big fellows had gone beyond their limit as to number of colonies, the slogan was changed to ' ' Keep Bees Better ' ' and ' ' Keep Better Bees. ' ' Now comes Jay Smith, in the Western Honey Bee, with a new slogan that fits exactly the present-day needs and the present-day ten- dency in beekeeping when he says ' ' Keep More Bees Per Hive. ' ' This should be the beekeepers' slogan for 1921 and perhaps for manv vears to come. AT THE Ontario convention the question was raised as to the possibility of the bee- keepers' being able Distinguishing Between to distinguish with any degree of cer- Brood Diseases, tainty between American foul brood and European foul brood without sending a sample for laboratory diagnosis. It was brought out in the discussion of this ques- tion that there is still much confusion among beekepers and even among some of the inspectors in regard to these brood dis- eases. The beekeeper who has had experience January, 1921 GLEANINOS IN BEE CULTtJRE with American foul brood alone finds the problem of diagnosis comparatively simple since in this disease the symptoms are fair- ly constant. In the case of European foul brood, however, diagnosis from appearance only is more difficult since in this disease there is a wide variation in the appearance of the dead larvae or pupae. It sometimes happens that experienced beekeepers who have long dealt with American foul brood and who have had no question as to their ability to diagnose this trouble correctly, will suddenly lose confidence in their ability in this respect after coming in contact with the varying symptoms of European foul brood. Many beekeepers have decided that there is no use trying to learn to distin- guish between the two brood diseases since, as they say, they are sometimes much alike in appearance. Some have even contended that there is a third disease which behaves somewhat like European foul brood but re- sembles American foul brood, while others contend that there are two or three kinds of European foul brood. The thing to remember is that the same organism is responsible for the death of the larvae or pupae in this disease even tho there is a great difference in the appear- ance after death- The truth is, however, the beekeeper can learn to distinguish between these two diseases with sufficient accuracy for his needs in most eases, if he is willing to make a careful study of the gross ap- pearance and behavior of the two diseases. This is a good time to study the descriptions given in the bulletins on bee diseases from the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, as well as the various state publica- tions and the text-books on beekeeping. Inspectors of apiaries especially should be thoroughly familiar with the variations in the gross appearance of European foul brood as well as the finer distinctions be- tween the two diseases in those cases in which European foul brood resembles American foul brood in appearance, for it is of utmost importance in the ti-eatment to know which of the brood diseases is pres- ent. If the wrong treatment is given the trouble is usually made worse than before, and many expensive mistakes have been made thru mistaken diagnosis both by bee- keepers and inspectors. In all cases of doubt a sample should be sent to the Bureau of En- tomology at Washington for a laboratory examination. SINCE OUR last issue the honey market in a jobbing way has not improved. There are two reasons for this: The Honey (1) Buyers' waiting to Market to see what is going to Situation. happen, (2) no export demand. While a little honey has gone to Europe, the amounts have been so small as to be practically neg- ligible. In the meantime the sugar market con- tinues to decline. When honey and sugar were competitors a fall in sugar meant a corresponding drop in honey; but that is hardly true today. During the great war, sugar could be had in only very limited quantities, or not exceeding two pounds at retail. Europe could get scarcely any. Hon- ey and cane syrup, and especially honey, then began to go to Europe in car lots to take its place. Honey was bought and used in place of sugar in a very large way all over this country. While it is still used by bakers, we must consider that honey now stands on its own bottom to a very great extent. No matter if granulated white sugar does go down in price, we are not now to expect that honey will, in consequence, fol- low suit. Sugar, in car lots, can now be had at one-third or even one-fourth of the for- mer inflated price. Honey, on the contrary, in car lots has dropped scarcely more than a half from the prices that ruled during the war. This is very encouraging in that it goes to show that in a very large way honey is not now acting in sympathy with sugar. It has gone back to pre-war conditions in that it holds a field of its own apart from sugar. Still further, it is encouraging to note that, in a retail way, extracted honey is al- most if not entirely up to war prices now. While it will probably not stay there, the fact that it does hold its own so long and so tenaciously when sugar at retail has made a sharp decline, suggests the possibil- ity that the jobbing price of honey may come up. It is further encouraging to note that, while there are a few large stocks of west- ern honey available in car lots, honey east of the Mississippi has been pretty well used up. It is encouraging to note further that comb honey, both in car lots and in a retail way, is still holding even a higher price than it did during the war. The beekeeper who can produce comb honey, therefore, should produce all he can for the next sea- son. In saying this it should be understood that not all honey is suitable for putting in sections. For example, some southern honeys are very much inclined to show ooze, or look watery when held in the combs. But there is no reason why clover of all kinds, raspberry, alfalfa, sage, orange, and pure gallberry should not be produced in the form of comb honey; and the wise beekeep- er who has the equipment and locality, in view of the high prices that this kind of honey is commanding, will put himself in position where he can produce that which will have a big market at high prices next season. If he has not the equipment he should lose no time in getting it, as it takes time to get comb-honey supers all ready for the hives. 1-' U L E A iN i JSi U S IN B E K CJ H L i' U K K ■JANUARY, 1921 REAL APIARY MANAGEMENT The Beekeeper as a Business Man- ager. Hois) to Increase the Mor- ale of the Helpers By Morley Pettit DUEING the Great War we read in the press reports from day to day of the ' ' mor- ale " of our brave fighting men, or of the lack of it in the armies of the enemy. This has given us a name for a desirable condition which we have come to call ' ' colony morale. ' ' Now it would seem fitting to apply the same term to the beekeeper and his helpers, and speak of ' ' Apiary Morale. ' ' As the workers of the bee colony are kept in working mood by proper conditions, so the morale of the hu- man workers is maintained by good man- agement. Success in beekeeping depends largely on the mental attitude of the beekeeper. He niust have faith in his business as a busi- ness, and not regard it as a sideline or an experiment or a stepping-stone. What at- tracted me most in the teachings of the late lamented Dr. C. C. Miller was the fact that he resigned both a musical and a medi- cal career, in each of which his prospects were bright, and taught the world that bee- keeping, a far more obscure calling then even than now, is one good road to health, happiness, and a comfortable income. The beekeeper who has made a right start by facing the fact that he has tackled a man 's job worthy of his best effort, must have faith in his locality, or get into one which he can trust. I am coming to think more as the 3'ears go by that there is less variation in localities than in the beekeepers who oc- cupy them. Last but not least, the bee- keeper who would succeed must have faith in himself and his methods, and not be turned about by every wind that blows. In order to have this faith he must have with- in himself the elements which make for suc- cess in any line: Good health, diligence, foresight, close observation, careful atten- tion to details but a sense of proportion. He must have the will-power to do the profitable things and to leave undone the unprofitable. He should be willing to take a chance when it is a chance of increased profit, but never when it is a chance of ordinary success ver- sus failure. The really successful beekeeper knows the "Whyf" of the various manipu- lations; he understands the principles in- volved in good beekeeping and bases all his methods and appliances on these principles, and not on what he prefers or someone else says. Office and Equipment. Having all these elements of success within himself, the one who makes a suc- cess of a large commercial honey-producing enterprise works out a system of manage- ment which keeps all hands alert and the work running like clockwork in .the most difficult and irregular of seasons. This takes not only careful planning but an a 1) u n d ance of supplies proper- 1 y distributed and a good staff of active and willing helpers. At the Pettit Apiaries the plans center in the little office next to the carpenter shop upstairs in the main building. It is just a small room plainly finished with a good desk and comfortable swivel chair, and a stove for the cool days of spring and fall. Around the walls are shelves of books, jour- nals, and bulletins, and files for records and letters. One window overlooks the home api- ary for inspiration, altho I can assure you that not much daylight time is spent here during the active season. This office is con- nected by teleplione with the dwelling where the sister jnember of the firm has her desk for taking care of the selling and shipping- records. In addition to being sales-manager. Miss R. B. Pettit is the queen-breeder of the firm and looks after all requeening and in- crease. With one or two helpers for the muscular work, she takes her share of api- ary management right thru the season. In 1920 there were seven yards with about 450 colonies, spring count. These were increased to 567 and will be in eight or nine yards in 1921. The -vteekly visit, which has always been our rule, has been extended to a trip to each yard once in eight or ten days according to conditions. Practically all supplies are kept at home to be overhauled, cleaned, sorted, etc., and taken to the dif- ferent yards on the regular trips as needed. To simplify the work we have standardized equipment, as far as possible without throw- ing away too much material that is still useful or refusing to adopt changes which are sure to increase profits. In fact, we keep an experimental department going all the time. Transportation is by means of a ton truck, a light truck, and a Dodge roadster which has good carrying space for queen- rearing appliances in the back. Whichever two of the cars the loads require go out each day, so we can do up one large yard or two smaller ones daily when necessary. We use three student helpers, who come to us in April and even have to learn the names of some of the appliances. They sup plj' muscular activity and try to follow di rections, while we plan and direct and do a share of the work. There has been a great deal of boasting on the part of beekeepers about how many colonies one man could manage alone. It is true that, efficiency in this line should be cultivated to the fullest extent. At the same time I feel that a season spent in apiary work is just that many months meas- ured off my life. If I have spent those mouths toiling harder and longer hours than JAXUARV, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE my strength warrants, they have been wasted; but if I can profitably employ help and equipment so as to make the work pleasant, how much better it is! On the other hand, I think it pays to employ help enough so I can attend to details for which many producers say they have not time. I endeavor to strike the happy medium be- tween management which is too intensive and that which extends so far as to become unprofitable. Management Facilitated by Useful Records and Memoranda. Besides having the best of equipment and plenty of it we study constantly for the best and simplest of methods. These also are standardized as far as possible and are based on sound principles of bee-behavior so far as they have been determined. Not only is each colony given individual atten- tion, but varying conditions of each location are noted on the different trips. For this purpose we have a set of records which tho exceedingly simple enable us to plan intelli- gently for the next trip. The individual hive records simply show the age and par- entage of the queen, and the number of supers of honey taken. The dates of de- queening and requeening are also noted on the hive. That is practically all the colony records kept. The queen-rearing records are another matter. The record of visits to each apiary is kept on a plain 3 x 5-inch card, which bears a letter representing the name of the yard in question, such as N for the North vard, H for the Home yard, and so on. These yard cards are filed in the desk according to the dates on which the next visits are to be made. Each visit to the N yard, for instance, is recorded on the N yard card with one or two words showing what was done, and the nature of conditions found; e. g., "May 11, finish clipping, supering;" "May 26, unpack and super, all have 1 and many 2 supers." If the record shows a yard well supered and no swarming im- pulse, and if the weather is backward the next visit may be delayed provided queen- rearing operations there do not demand at- tention. To avoid extra trips we must be sure to take all supplies that may be needed 6n the regular trip. While at the yard I jot down on a piece of memorandum paper items of importance to remember when pre- paring for the next trip, such as the nature of work just completed, special notes on condition of bees and supers, and supplies needed next day which are being left stored or must be brought. I find this absolutely necessary and yet sometimes have to drive myself to do it, as it is usually a scramble to get thru in good time, and it is all so plain then that there seems no danger of forgetting. But tomorrow it will be a dif- ferent yard, and the next day another, until the memory of details becomes scram- bled. There is a particular pocket ^ivhere these memoranda go, and this pocket is emptied into a certain wire basket on the desk, and this basket is overhauled frequently in the evenings or early mornings to write up the records and notes for future trips. Eeeords go on the yard cards concerned, as indi- cated above. Notes of supplies left or to be taken are used for making out the. load list for that yard on the next trip. The load list for each trip is another item which seems like a small matter, yet I have found it vory helpful in relieving me of responsibility. The following would be a typical list handed to the man who is to go with me to the K yard. "List for K, Mon., June 28/20. Ton truck, water radiator, oil motor, pump tires, 65-lb, 50 supers, combs, 25 queen-ex- cluders, 10 cloths, smokers, veils, lunches, saw, hammer, nails, hive-tools, drinking water." He carries this list around with him while he is making up the load and checks it over the last thing. If he did not have the list we might arrive minus some essential, such as smokers. I have never known the lunches to be forgotten. For per- sonal use I also make a list of work to be done which I niight forget. These lists are fastened with a wire clip to the yard card, which is filed ahead under the date assigned for the next trip. This is simply the ' ' tickler system," so common in business ofiices. If we ever get where we have more store combs than we are likely to need, it will enable us to manage more yards with the same number of trips. So long as we are increasing, this is not likely to be, espe- cially since we are not at home for making up supplies in winter, but must work that in with the work of the active season. If each colony before the befinning of the honey flow could be given all the combs it would likely fill, the next visit could be longer delayed. The next best is to give each two or three super'^, then add founda- tion as further room is needed, keeping some combs in reserve at home for a big run in anv yards that are so fortunate as to get it. The yard card records are partic\i- larly valuable here, and the truck with ca- pacity for a hundred supers enables rein forcements of storage si)ace to be brought quickly to the front where there is the greatest need. Outline of Season's Work. We open up and do shop work in April. As weather permits, queens are clipped and first supers added in the winter cases. Un- packing is finished in May before a second super would be needed. Queen-rearinp- is started as early as possible so that fai'i-ig and swarming queens may be replaced as soon as discovered. By the latter I mean those whose bees persist in building cells. We extract in late July and early August and return most of the supers to the hives. Sep- tember is for final taking off and packing, October for feeding, and November for fin- ishing up. We find more advantages in the central- 14 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 j)l;iiit system from year to year. SpeciaHzing is essential to the highest success. Very few men succeed in practicing law and medicine at the same time. I would not know how to manage without a fairly well-equipped of- fice. Others may be able to keep in mind a picture of conditions at all their yards, and carry their plans in their heads, but where so much has to be crowded into a few months it is risky. Then we have a variety of locations, and always changeable seasons. With plans well-charted and work well up, we are ready for emergencies. Otherwise one is liable to see what should have been done after it is too late. Georgetown, Ont. J SHALL not J_ tell you how many eolo- nies this bee- king has nor wlierc they are BEEKEEPING IN THE SOUTH Elton IVarner, the Bee-king oj Se-veral States and of ''Porto Rico located; but his boo operations are scattered thru North Carolina, South Carolina, and I'orto Ivico. You would take him to be a college professor or a man- ager of a, steel plant. Modest to a fault, ho has a polished mannerism that is delightful, lie is also something of a student of human By E. R. Root Fig. 1. — Mr. Elton Warner. nature, as lie apparently knows how to handle his heljjers and get the most out of them. Besides being one of the most exten- sive beekeepers in the world, he is a real all-around genius. Fig. 2. — Elton Warner and his beeyard force; pic- ture taken near Mullins, N. C. From left to right, they are: S. W. Savage, Mr. Warner, J. P. Rodri- quez, and N. E. Ladd. I had the pleasure of spending several days witli him in two different States, look- ing over liis bees; and when I came to ask him why be happened to Jocgte in so many different places a long the swamps he pull- ed out some elaborate-s o i 1- maps which he had studied very carefully. These are maps that almost any one can obtain from the Depart- ment of Agriculture of e.'ich of the various States. After having studied the soil con- ditions ho afteiward made personal visits to inspect the honey flora of the locality. Fig. 3. — The big fellow is the Ladd that can pick up 13-frame hives full of bees as easy as pie. Having selected his location, he next buys bees in box hives and then transfers them. He now has some very beautiful up-to-date Fig. 4. — One of the box-hive apiaries that Elton Warner bought and transferred. yards, located near the swamps where abound the tupelo and the gum trees and on the uplands the gallberry. While Mr. Warner has his headquarters January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 15 at Asheville, N. C, his main bee operations are confined to South Carolina and Porto Rico. This simply means that his yards are located thousands of miles apart. It is a big job to handle yards all within a range of a hundred miles; but it is a vastly big- Fig. 5. — Mr. Warner smoking and drumming bees from a box-hive into a modern hive. ger job to manage heliiei's and oversee yards scattered all the way from North Carolina to Porto Rico. Mr. Warner is not only a first-class beekeeper, but he is also a business man — not one of the kind tiiat splits a penny or drives a sliarp bargain, but one who studies the times, and par- ticularly the markets. While he was born in the United States he has spent a large part of his life in Porto Rico. He speaks Spanish fluently, and one of his best yard men, Mr. Rodriguez, is a native Porto Rican. Uses the 13-Frame Hive. We have heard a great deal about large hives, especially the thirteen-frame ones. I Fig. b. — After the bees are drummed out the combs are cut out; but only brood inserted in the frames. was not a little surprised to find that our friend is a user of this big hive, and a strong advocate of not only strong colonies but also large brood-chambers. When we went thru his apiaries it was easy to see why he was successful, because he had colo- nies big enough so that they were ready to do a rushing business when the honey flow began. I took a number of photos of Mr. Warner in action. The legend under each of the pic- tures will explain. His Plan of "Drumming Out." Mr. Warner has a manner of drumming the bees from a "gum" laid on its side into a movaV)lc-framo hivo, on the plan il- lustrated in Fig. 5, which shows him in the act of doing this trick of the trade, and it is not so very difficult either. After the bees are drummed out the brood is cut out and tran.sferrod to regular frames. The rest of the space is then filled out with frames of foundation. I wish to call your atten- tion particularly to the position of Mr. Warner's smoker in his right hand as seen in Fig. 5. Before he begins a job of drum- ming he bores a %-inch hole near the top of the ' * gum ' ' or box hive- It is the n laid on its side with the open bottom placed as close as )>os- sible to the e n t r a nee of one of his r e g u 1 ar 13- f rame hives c o n t a ining f r a m e s of f o u ndation. With his smoker he blows vol- u m e s of smoke into the hole be- f o r e m en- tioned, and at the same time keeps uj) a vigorous drumming with a liammer as shown. Mr. Warner likes this manner better be- cause it is less trouble to place the old log gum and the modern hive on the same level h"\'^. 7. — SoniPi of those old ;uins" have a super or . surplus department. • Fig. 8. — One of Warner's South Caroliua npiarics. than it is to place one on top of the other. I watched him drum out a number of colo- nies in this way, and it appeared to me that they would run in on a horizontal plane as well as they would vertically into a box placed on top. After practically all 16 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 the bees have been drummed out it is a simple matter to remove the combs of brood and put them into fraines. I want to introduce you to some of Mr. Warner's helpers. After considerable per- suasion I got them in front of my Graflex, and the result is shown in Fig. 2. I call attention in particular to Mr. Ladd, the man who seems to be built just right to handle 13-frame hives. You would say that he is the Ladd that could do the trick if you could see him in action (Fig. 3). COMB HONEY PRODUCTION WHEN the honey - ex- tractor first came into use, beekeepers quickly discov- ered that greater yields are se- cured when the combs are emp- tied and return ed to the bees to be refilled; than when the bees are compelled to build new comb each time. The honey-extractor was at that time heralded as a means of more than doubling the yield per colony, because after the combs were once built, the bees were saved trouble of further comb-building. Later, when comb foundation was in- vented, it was thought that its use would be practically equivalent to the use of empty combs for surplus honey, and that this new product would enable the bees to store practically as much comb honey as extracted honey. In this beekeepers were disappointed, and it is now generally agreed that greater yields are secured when pro- ducing extracted honey. No agreement, however, has ever been reached as to just how much more extracted honey a colony will prodiice than comb honey. Cost of Wax Production and Comb Building. In most of the discussions of this subject tlie difference in the yield for the two types of honey is attributed to the amount of honey tliat is consumed in the elaboration of wax for comb-building. Some of the ear- Spirit of Workers Most Important. Cost of Wax Production. Condi- tions Under Which Yields of Comb Honey May Nearly Equal That of Extracted By Geo. S- Demuth duced to one pound of comb honey. When full sheets of foun- dation are used in the sections the amount of wax thus fur- nished is about one pound for each 100 pounds of honey; but, to offset this, con- siderable wax is used in extracted-honey production in elongating cells and capping the honey- The ratio of two pounds of extracted honey to one pound of comb honey is prob- ably not far from correct as an average for all localities, all seasons, and all beekeep- ers; but, in some locations during favorable seasons, the skilled comb-honey producer secures nearly as much comb honey per col- ony as extracted honey. This has led to a revision downward of the amount of honey supposed to be required to produce a pound of wax, which present-day authorities put at from six to twenty pounds. Involuntary Wax-Secretion. It is believed by many that a consider- able amount of wax is secreted during a good honey flow whether it is needed or not, and some writers have contended that under certain conditions much of th,is wax is wasted if the bees are not given an oppor- tunity to build comb. One of the first indi- cations of the beginning of the honey flow is the appearance of new wax, used to elongate some of the cells or plastered around in lumps on the combs and frames in lit'st experiments in wax production indi- the upper part of the hive. Young bees, just <'ated that 20 pounds of honey are con- sumed by the bees in the production of one pound of wax. For a long time this was ac- cepted as the true figure. Since comb suf- .flcient to hold 100 pounds of honey contains from four to five pounds of wax, the bees, in secreting the wax necessary to build this amount of comb, would consume nearly an additional 100 pounds of hone}-, if the ratio before they become field workers, apparent- ly secrete wax readily when they fill them- selves with raw nectar, as they do during a good honey flow, and when combs are not needed. Even field bees often have tiny wax scales protruding from their wax pockets when caught as they are working on the flowers. During more recent years many producers of 20 pounds of honey to one pound of wax of extracted honey have been cutting deeper is assumed to be correct — to say nothing of into the comb when uncapping. One object the time and energy used by the bees in se- of this is the production of wax at but little creting the wax and building the comb. cost, the theory being that the wax needed From this, as well as from actual results to elongate the cells when the combs are year after year in producing the two types given back to the bees would otherwise be of honey it waS' believed by many that two wasted during a heavy honey flow especially pound? of es;tracte(3 Jioney could be pro- in colonies having an abundance of young Jaxuakv, 19-21 G J^ E A N I N G S IK BEE CULTURE 17 bees of comb-building age. Those who have tried this liave not noticed any reduction in the yield, because of the extra wax secured in this way, and no one knows how thin the combs could be shaved down without reducing the yield. Bees will deposit nectar in cells not more than one-eighth inch deep, and then add wax as needed in elongating the cells; while they refuse to draw out foundation, unless the need of more room is imminent. Under favorable conditions a few frames of foundation mixed with empty combs may be drawn out and filled with no per- ceptible reduction in the yield; but, if none but frames of foundation are given, the yield is usually considerably reduced. It is apparent, therefore, that the difference in yield of the two types of honey can not be calculated from the number of pounds of honey needed to produce one pound of wax; and, conversely, the number of pounds of honey required to produce a pound of wax can not be computed from the difference in yield between the two types of honey. Great Variation in Yield Under Different Conditions. During some seasons the character of the honey flow may be such that practically no comb honey is secured, while in the same locality a fair crop of extracted honey may be produced. Yet in the next season in the same locality the yield of the two types of honey may be nearly equal. In some loca- tions the character of the honey flow is such that the average yield of comb honey dur- ing a series of years may be even less than one-half that of extracted honey, while in other locations the average yield of comb honey during a series of years may be 75 or 80 per cent of that of extracted honey; and, finally, under precisely the same con- ditions as to location and season the bee- keeper without skill and experience in comb- honey production will secure less than half the yield in comb honey as compared with extracted honey, while the skilled comb- honey producer may secure nearly as much comb honey as extracted honey. Undoubtedly, the extra amount of wax secretion necessary in comb-honey produc- tion is a factor in reducing the yield; but it is by no means the only one, and under some conditions it becomes of minor im- portance. The condition of the colonies, the character of the honey flow, and weather conditions may have greater influence on the difference in yield than the secretion of wax and comb-building. At the close of the honey flow there is usually more honey and less brood in the brood-chamber when comb honey is pro- duced. If there is no later honey flow, this additional honey in the brood-chamber must be considered when comparing the yielil with colonies used for producing extracted honey. In addition tu this, there are fewer bees to "board" during the late summer. On the other hand, if there is a later honey flow of considerable importance, the greater number of young bees in the colonies used for producing extracted honey may result in a great gain in surplus at the end of the season over those used for comb-honey pro- duction. The difference in yield in these • cases can not be greatly influenced by wax secretion and comb-building. Difference in the Spirit with Which Bees Work. Probably the greatest factor in the causes of the difference in yield of the two types of honey is in the difference in the spirit with which the bees work, and the rapidity with which they expand their ac- tivities thruout a large super space when empty combs are given in the supers in- stead of frames of foundation. It some- times happens that conditions are such that the work of the colony becomes stagnant even during a good honey flow when comb honey is being produced; but this does not often happen when extracted honey is being produced, if sufiicient room is given. The problem of swarm control is so close- ly associated with the spirit with which the bees work that it is difiicult in some in- stances to separate these two things. Much of the loss in yield in comb-honey produc- tion comes about by some of the colonies being thrown out of condition for best work while preparing to swarm or because of some hitch in the management in the con- trol of swarming. When it becomes neces- sary for the beekeeper to interfere to pre- vent the issuing of a swarm, the colony may respond to his treatment by a period of loaf- ing, as if to get even with the "big boss" who presumes to meddle with its private af- fairs. Thus the skill of the comb-honey pro- ducer is sometimes taxed to the limit in controlling swarming and at the same time keeping the bees in the best working mood. Since most of the conditions which tend to bring on swarming are the same condi- tions that tend to reduce the spirit with which the bees work, the beekeeper, who by careful management is able to stimulate his colony to work with the greatest pos- sible vigor from the very beginning of the honey flow, not only increases his yield be- cause of better work, but at the same time greatly reduces the tendency to swarm. It sometimes appears that the spirit with which the bees work is of even greater im- portance in securing a large yield than the number of workers, and herein, to a great extent, is the key to successful comb-honey production. The beekeeper who can do these things, if located in a region suitable for comb-honey production, will probably pro- duce about as many sections of comb honey per colony as pounds of extracted. 18 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 THE VALUE OF PACKAGE BEES '^ays for Equipment First Tear Best Time for Recei'ving Packages By H. F. Wikon IF you want to increase rapid- ly and cannot buy full colonies at a fair price, buy package bees — it pays. This is the rec- ommend a t i 0 n which we shall in the future make to the many Wisconsin beekeepers who ask that question. Our ex- perience is limited to two years, and only 115 packages have been used in the tests, but we count the results of as much value as if 1000 packages had been used. If any bee- keeper has not had excellent success with package bees, blame everybody and every- thing but the bees; they were not at fault. In the March (1920) number of Glean- ings the reader will find a first report on 25 two-pound packages, half of them shipped by parcel post and the remainder by ex- press. A final report on that experiment is here given to complete the story. Starting with 25 two-pound packages in 1919, this number was increased to 31 at the end of the season. At that time these colonies all appeared to have for winter sufficient stores which were supposed to be of good quality. However, dysentery devel- oped during the winter and the losses were quite severe — in fact, so bad that the re- maining bees were set out on the 21st of March to get a flight and left out. Three colonies died out in the cellar, and the others were quite weak or only fair, so that the bees were united on May 1 to form 20 fair-to-g o o d colonies. The ac- tual loss be- tween fall and spring was then 11 colonies, or 30 per cent. The honey flow for 1920 was very good and provided the finest honey that I have ever seen from clover. The total amount of honey secured in this test can only be esti- mated, as more than 500 pounds was re- served and given back to the bees in place of dark fall honey. Approximately 1400 pounds of surplus was extracted from 17 colonies. Three colonies for some reason failed to work at all until near the end of the honey flow when they were requeened. Considering the 20 colonies as the unit from which the crop was taken, we have an aver- age of 70 pounds per colony. It should also be stated that the crop would have been larger except for some ex- periments in trying to requeen from the top, following the Demaree plan of super- ing. Eaising young queens in the top was found to be very succe-ssful, in fact, too successful, except where one is working for increase. The writer was obliged to be away for periods of several days at a time during the summer, and after one of these trips young queens and four to five frames of Mrs O W Hildreth, assistant secretary Wisconsin State Be,ekeepers' Association, and lier 10 three- pound packages. Mrs. Hildreth paid $165 for her total equipment, and produced more than $160 wortU of honey the last season. j January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 19. brood were found where full suiters of honey into hives with combs of honey. The cold had previously been. The net result was that weather again interfered with the bees' get- honey had been turned into bees, which must ting a start, and, as there were seven dead be considered in this report. queens and 22 drone-layers in these first Twenty-three four-frame nuclei were two lots, the only thing we were able to do made from the 20 colonies, and these all built was to unite many of the packages and thus up into strong colonies by fall. The larger break up any comparisons which we might part of the honey secured has already been have made as to crop production. The third disposed of at 28 cents per. pound above the lot of 30 packages arrived May 1; 15 were cost of containers, so that the total value of placed on foundation, and the others on the crop may be figured at 28 cents per combs of honey, pound or $392.00. From the lot received on May 1, 10 pack- The cost for maintenance in 1920 follows: ^g^s placed on full sheets of foundation and given sugar sja-up in Alexander feeders Sugar for feeding bees $ 38.00 ^^^.^ disposed of to the voung lady in the Wire for frames 2.47 accompanying picture. A record of this 30 hive-bodies with frames and foundation. . 65.00 „„„] ;„ ;„„i„j„j yard is included. Paint for hives 7.00 ^^ ^j^^^ ^.^^^ ^j^^ temperature was high One uncapping knife 5.00 ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^j^ ^^ ^^ ^^ Cheesecloth 80 ^^^.-^ ^^ ^^^^^ building comb, and they built 1 galvanized can 1.40 .^^ ^^^ condition. By the first of July Labor 109 hours at 50 cents per hour 5^-50 they were SO strong that it was impossible rpQjjjj «j^74 g,^ to prevent swarming in all cases, and one Totarcost'oVapiary for' 1919 .'.'.'.'.".' .'.';.'.'.' 439.'l7 colony was greatly reduced by losinaj a Total cost of apiary for 1920 174.67 swarm. ^ . , -,. , The total cost for this apiary including Total cost $613.84 hives, supers, foundation, and 100 poundr Total receipts, 1919 $288.00 of sugar was $165.00. Total receipts (estimated for 1920) 392.00 More than than 500 pounds of surplus was received, which was sold in two, five, and Total receipts $680.00 ten pound pails at 35 cents per pound, net- Less total cost 613.84 ting the producer an average of 32 to 33 cents per pound, or $160.50. In addition, one Net return above total cost $66.16 gQ-pound can including the cappings was Estimated value of beeyard on Nov. 1, 1920. preserved for home use. This record shows 43 colonies of bees at $15.00 per colony*. .$645.00 -^^ ^^^^. ^^^^^ ^-^^ j^^ve been secured Estimated value of supers, combs, and other ^^^^^ ^j^^ ^^j^^^. packages received on Apr. e^^^P^^'^i 200.00 20 and Apr. 26, if they had been delayed $845.00 ^^^^^.j j^jg^ j_ *Ten of the original colonies were sold for $15.00 j,^^^ £j^.g g^j.-^^ ^^ ^^g^g ^^ ^^^^^ arrived per colony, so the figure is set for the lot. ^^ ^^^ following conclusions: „„ .,.,,.„, 1- While package bees may be received in When Package Bees Should Arrive in the j^^^.^^ ^^th good success, the weather is like- ^°^*^' ly to be too cold for the bees to build up, In 1920 further tests with 90 packages ^nd there is great danger that the queens were not entirely successful from the stand- -^all arrive dead or that the cold will affect point of crop production, but from our view- t^e queens so that they can only lay drone point they were quite productive of experi- eggs. In other words, exposure to cold seems mental data. to destroy the power of the queen to lay In order to get some information on the fertile eggs, value of having the bees arrive early, we The loss of queens and the damage to made arrangements to have the bees shipped others in our case are laid to the fact that in three lots; one lot to arrive Apr. 20, a the queen cages were hung too low, and second lot on Apr. 25, and a third lot that when the bees clustered the cages hung May 1. We also attempted an experiment below the cluster and were exposed. The at- with 20 two-pound packages in comparison tendant bees in the cages were unable to with three-pound packages, but this experi- keep the temperature high enough for the ment was unproductive of real experimen- proper transportation of the queen. tal data because of the cold weather which g. Package bees should be received in followed the arrival of this lot of bees. Thir- Wisconsin about May 1 and not later than ty packages arrived on Apr. 20, but cold. May 10 to be of value for the average sea- cloudy weather greatly interfered with their son 's honey flow. getting started. Some half-dozen queens ar- 3_ Nothing less than two-pound packages rived dead, and others turned out to be should be secured. drone-layers, so that it was impossible to ^ j^^n ^rawn combs with honey and pol- make comparisons. The second lot, made up ^^^ ^^.^ ^^tter than full sheets of founda- entirely of three-pound packages, arrived ^ion, but the bees should be fed sugar syrup on Apr. 26, while the weather was still cold f^j. ^ few days when combs of honey are and after holding one day they were put used. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .Tanuarv, 1921 BEEKEEPING IN FOREIGN LANDS Spring Dwindling in the Tropics Requeening and Other Things in the T)ominican Republic By E. L. Sechrist SOME good people tiiiuk that every season is sum- mer in the trop- ics and that bees gather honey every day. Some- times that is true — then again it is not, and with a vengeance. For instance, you never saw bees so anxious to rob as they are here sometimes during the months of drouth, during the broodless pe- riod when the bees can fly every day, and must fly and carry water to evaporate in the hive to cool it. In some places water may be so far away that it is wise to bring it to the apiary to prevent undue wear and tear of the bees. The usual method is to carry water on the back of the patient burro in the ever useful empty gasoline tins in palm-leaf bags. Often a woman and child will be perched on top of all. If it were not for the burro and the Ford — the two conversances of the common man, Dominican for the burro and Americano for the Ford • — -beekeeping would have troublous times in this country. The burros also draw the honey to market, either in tins, or in bar- rels, on a two-wheeled cart drawn by three burros or one mule and two burros. Occa- sionally there is an ox-cart. The Winter Problem in the Tropics. This continual flying of the bees during the "winter" season of August, Septem- ber, October, and often part of November (especially if there has been a June and July drouth stopping brood-rearing early, so that colonies would go into ' ' winter quarters" with few young bees) results in the ' ' nicest ' ' cases of spring dwindling you ever dreamed of. There may be left, when brood-rearing begins, quite a respectable number of bees in a hive and a good lot of In a Dominican apiary, brood will be started. Then the worn-out bees begin to die, and before enough young bees have emerged to replace the old ones, the colony may have dwindled to about a two-frame nucleus with more hatching- brood than the bees can cover — poor, chilled youngsters hardly able to emerge. Brood Scattered Thruout the Hives. Bees follow the same program here as elsewhere, b u t the results are somewhat differ- ent. This is quite noticeable in the laying of the queen. Here, t e m p e r a ture does not often compel the bees to keep the brood-nest compact, so often the queen may lay a patch of eggs in the outside of the outside comb as the place most free from intrusive honey. As usual, the incoming bees deposit the nectar in any empty cell in the first combs they find. As they are not compelled to move it from that spot in order to keep the brood-nest compact, only too often Apiiii'y "Sabaio" huuse is of palm and is palm- thatched. it is left right there and sealed, and the queen lays wherever there is a vacant spot. Fre- quently there is brood to equal three or four frames scattered over ten, and often into the second story unless the queen is kept be- low by an excluder. A two-story brood- chamber would be very desirable, but the bees do not seem to know how to use it, not being compelled to use it as they do in the colder uorthland. The poor queen is at her wits' end to know where to put eggs. If an empty worker comb is put in the middle of the brood-nest, it is ten chances to one that the queen will be busy filling some few va- cated cells in some other comb, and the pesky workers will fill that new comb full of honey before the queen discovers it. She is sometimes able to get some eggs into the bottom one or two inches of the comb, but often it is solid full of honey, and the bees do not move it — don't have to, so why should they? Foundation fares slightly bet- ter. Never, anywhere, have I seen such a great loss of laying queens as in our apiaries here — 'I'm not quite sure why, but one reason is that queens are ordinarily reared in three- frame nuclei, thus resulting in small poor queens, of course. Advantages of the .Side-Nucleus. I am using, with a good deal of pleasure, some "side-nuclei"; viz., a three-frame nucleus attached to the side of the regular hive, and with an auger hole entrance at the rear and a double zinc-covered auger January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 21 hole connecting the nucleus with the mother hive. Here I can have a young laying queen ready to replace a lost one in the mother hive; or the whole three combs with bees and queens may be shifted to a new loca- tion to be built up into a full colony, while the returning old bees and others that will enter the empty side-nucleus thru the con- necting zinc will care for new combs of sealed brood and a cell replacing the frames taken out to form the new colony. There is never any lack of bees to care for the brood in the side-nucleus and any surplus bees reared there can find their way into the main hive. In this way young queens may always be ready, so far as I can see without any loss to the working force of the ajjiary and with little disturbance of the produc- ing colonies. This side-nucleus may be examined with- out interfering with the mother colony, and if a young queen should be lost in her mat- ing flight, there is no dwindling nucleus with laying workers; but the workers sim- ply move into the main hive, a few staying there to care for the combs, even filling them with honey. Nor have I seen any of these nuclei robbed out, since they are defended as a part of the main colony. This side-nucleus plan gets rid of another trouble we have with weak colonies or nu- clei— the bothering by ants until they swarm out. In one apiary this spring (not ours) I saw 30 small colonies so pestered by ants that they swarmed out at the same time and tried to get into one single-story col- ony. It became a strong colony, to say the A Dominican "barrile," used on the side as shown and the combs cut from half the length. least, but two weeks later most of those bees had died and there was only a weak colony left. In Poor Condition for Honey Flow. So it isn't all play beekeeping in the tropics, and we must find how to manage those instincts . or actions common to bees in all lands so that we may have the best results here. Ordinarily, not half the colo- nies are producing honey on account of some of these occurrences that throw them out of normal: A crowded brood-chamber and little brood; a poor queen or one miss- ing at a critical time; a colony swarming because of being honey-bound or because j^'oung queens emerge after \he ■ old one is lost; or colonies badly weakened by spring dwindling — yes, and how the moths do like to get into these two or three stories of combs that were the home of a big colony at the end of the honey season, but which later dwindled to a handful. Why not remove those combs when the colony becomes weak? Very good, but to break the sealing of a hive, especially a Side-nuclpus cspcci.-ilh- :hU .;!i; ;ijv ui- ilm iim- the robbing season. weak one, during the robbing season, even if it is done in the evening almost at dark, will almost surely precipitate a robbing furor next morning, not only of the colonies- handled, but also of every colony in the yard. Each will be thoroly investigated and no weak one will escape. It surely is the survival of the strong. This "locality" business sometimes seems to be a bit of a joke; but, believe me, dif- fering conditions do require adjusting of methods. Where bees fly and rob all "win- ter," one has a different problem from that where the good little bees keep their nicely packed hives at the proper temperature of 57 degrees all those chilly months. Some days I have longed for a big refrigerator, big enough to chuck in a whole apiary. Crude Equipment Used by Natives. These Dominican "barriles" are used ly- ing on the side and not standing on end as is usual with log "gums." The new combs built in one end of the log are cut out an- nually or oftener and the honey pressed out, a considerable quantity of honey being obtained in that way. The drouths of the last few years in this region around Monte Cristi, have wiped out many of these na- tive apiaries, also causing great loss among bees in modern hives, and many beekeepers are much discouraged. Usually the apiarist and his family live in a small house near the honey-house — sometimes even in the honey-house; and their acquaintance with the bees becomes very intimate, especially at extracting time, when the little brown-skinned, nude young- sters become so honey-covered inside and out, and so disgusted with the occasional bee that becomes entangled in their curly, often kinky black hair, that the mother gathers her brood together and retreats to some neighbor's, where there are no bees, until the excitement; is over. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 Of course, during the extracting time, there is plenty of honey and cappings all around, and the near-by neighbors and their children come in and help a little, or get in the way and eat what honey they want and carry away a little in a bottle; but one is quite willing to have them do that, since it results in their almost never taking any honey from the hives, as might be expected. There little stealing here. Our apiary houses and the houses in which the country people live are rather crude, often built of poles with small sticks inter- woven and plastered with mud, and with a thatch roof of palm leaves. Some houses are made from palm boards split from the outer shell of some of the palm trees, the inner part of the trunk being fibrous and unfit for use. These houses are more desir- able than those of "wattle-and-daub" and sometimes have board floors, instead of the usual earth floor. Of course, we plan, some day, to have better equipment and cement stands for the hives (there are some now) instead of the wooden stands or the logs, which so soon are eaten up by the white ants (termites) that also work up into the hives and destroy many unless the bottoms are painted with creosote or carbolineum. Monte Cristi, Dominican Eepublic, "W. I. T™ jefrTi HONEY IN THE SWEET FAMILY lULt^ tf'^l the com- solid matter in position of the t hj r> I r J T . U/L * ' ™^^^ ^^ lactose, sweets is really Its Many Relatives and Just What It is not found of considerable Relation They Are to Each Other elsewhere, and I interest, and, in "^ mention it only spite of what o c xy/ r j ^''^ *^® ^^^® you may think, By E. Wynne Boyden of c o m p 1 e t 6 - it is not difficult . ness. to understand. ^^- ^ ^^ Maltose, Malt-ose. It somehow Do you know what honey is? Do you savors of beer and malt products, doesn't know what glucose is? Corn syrup? Invert it? Well, so it should, because maltose is sugar? Do you know the difference between is sugar of beer. It is perfectly healthful, cane and beet sugar? Have you encountered too, that is, the maltose is perfectly health these new malt syrups which are trying to compete with honey? Do you know what they are? Do you know why glucose will not do for bee-feeding? Well, that is enough— I could go on, but my purpose is to answer questions rather than ask them. No — more than that. I want to make their answers self-evident. All our sweets are simply combinations of a very few funda- mental components. Let me first then give you these fundamentals. If a food is sweet it must have sugar in it, of course. But do you all know that there is more than one kind of sugar? I do not mean more than one source of sugar. I mean that there are different sugars, just as there are different varieties of grass in a meadow. All grass is somewhat green; all sugars are somewhat sweet, but not equally so. And there are other differences. Now the chemist can name 20 different sugars; but please don't worry, for I will stop at five, because there are only five sugars which are found in foods to any large extent. Try to remember the five when I give them. If you do, you have the key to the whole situa- tion. Here they are: No. 1 is Sucrose, S-u-c-r-o-s-e. It ought to remind you of s-u-g-a-r, ordinary sugar, be- cause ordinary sugar is sucrose, I care not whether it be cane or beet. No. 2 is Lactose. Does the word "lactose" suggest milk? It should. Lactose is only slightly sweet, so possibly you do not know ful. Possibly some of you prohibitionists think that maltose is a dead one, but not so. I assure you maltose is found in corn syrup as well as in beer, and there are still other sources. Now I am ready to give No. 4 and No. 5, and I want you to pay especial attention to these last, for here we are coming close home. No. 4 is Dextrose, and No. 5 is Levulose. I name them together because they are usually found together. In honey, for instance, they share the honors about fifty-fifty. Now I am wondering whether you re- member these five sugars and can name them. No. 1: Sucrose, cane or beet sugar. No. 2: Lactose, milk sugar. No. 3: Maltose, "beer" sugar. No. 4: Dextrose 1 ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ No. 5: Levulose j I must say a little more about dextrose and levulose. They are favorites of ours anyway, for what would honey be without them? Dextrose is also found in grapes; hence it is sometimes called grape sugar, a product of which I know you have heard. Furthermore, dextrose is found to a small extent in commercial glucose or corn syrup, hence it is sometimes known as glucose. This is unfortunate, because it leads to con- fusion; but we must accept the three thJt milk always contains a large amount names, and do our best to remember them, January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 23 Now, do you get the situation clearly? Dextrose, our No. 4 sugar, is sometimes known as grape sugar, and sometimes as glucose. But don't confuse it with commer- cial "glucose" or corn syrup, which has maltose and other constituents in it as well as dextrose. Levulose, our No. 5 sugar, also has a few claims to distinction. I told you that it was found in honey. It is found in fruits as well. It is found in so many fruits, in fact, that some busybody decided to give it a new name, fructose. Eemember that our No. 5 sugar, levulose, is also called fructose. Here is an interesting thing about levulose; it is the sweetest of the five sugars. It is fortu- nate for us that this is true, for if it were not for the levulose in honey, our favorite sweet would hardly deserve to be called a "sweet," as dextrose, the other honey sugar, is not very sweet. I would like to let each of you have some levulose for sweet- ening your coffee; but, at last quotation, the stuff cost $50.00 a pound, and — well, I keep my supply in the safe. Some Secrets of the Sugars. I hope that you have not forgotten our five sugars. They constitute an interesting family, and furthermore, a chemist can tell you a few family secrets. Suppose, for in- stance, that we found two particles of dex- trose— I said particles of dextrose, but I would like to say molecules of dextrose. A molecule is merely an extremely minute particle, you know. A molecule of sugar is the smallest possible unit that you can get and still have the sugar. If you try to go farther yet and break the molecule into pieces you get not sugar, but car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen. But I am disgressing. You know what a molecule is, I am sure, and, as I was saying, suppose we lirive found two molecules of dextrose in combination. What would we call the pair? Would we say that we had two molecules of dextrose? Not by any means; we would call the pair one molecule of maltose. Malt- ose? Why that is our No. 3 sugar! Do you see the point? The combination of two molecules of dextrose is called maltose. Suppose I had some maltose and wanted some dextrose. Could I split the maltose molecules in two, and have dextrose? Cer- tainly; I will tell you how in a minute. But let me first make this matter of the union of the molecules a little clearer. Forget chemistry for a minute and imagine your- self in your apiary. You have before you two single-story hives. You want instead one double-story hive. Now, of course, you simply place one hive-body on top of the other. But when you get done you have an extra cover, do you not? In the same way when two molecules of sugar are united there is left over an "extra cover," so to speak. When two molecules of dextrose unite to form one molecule of maltose, this ' ' extra cover" is a molecule of water.. And when we split the maltose molecule apart again we must give back this extra molecule of water or the whole business will fly to pieces. I am sure you understand — clumsy as has been my explanation. Now we can go a step farther — a beekeeper doesn't always stop with a two-story hive, and neither do we have to stop with two molecules of dex- trose. Let us suppose we have not two but two hundred molecules of dextrose in com- bination. What would we call this conglom- eration? We would call it starch, cornstarch, potato starch, or almost any kind of starch. Did you know before that starch is a mere conglomeration of dextrose molecules? Now could we break up one of these giant starch conglomerates? Yes, we can do it, and let me tell you how to go about it. Take some starch, boil it up with water to make a thick paste, and then add a trace of acid. The acid "coaxes" the conglomerate of dextrose molecules to fall apart, so we call it a ' ' coaxer. ' ' The chemist would call it a catalyst. Now when we have boiled our starch paste for an hour or more with this trace of acid, we find that it has changed considerably — it has become sweet. The big conglomerate of dextrose molecules has broken down, but not completely. There are still some small groups unbroken. Here we find a bunch of about 40 dextrose molecules still hanging together. What is it called? It is not starch, and it is not dextrose, but we may call it dextrine. Dextrine is the gummy substances on the back of postage stamps. What Relation Is Commercial Glucose? About half of the original starch is left as dextrine; the remainder has broken down farther, and so we find a number of groups of two dextrose molecules, this being the maltose. The rest has gone completely to single molecules, and is dextrose. Thus we have a mixture of about one-half dextrine, one-fourth maltose, and one-fourth dextrose. What shall we call this product? It is none other than our former acquaintance, com- mercial "glucose," or corn syrup. Did you think that corn syrup as made is a concen- trated extract of the sweetness of the corn- stalk? Banish the idea. Corn syrup is made from' starch, usually cornstarch, and that is the only reason it is called corn syrup. Po- tato starch would do as well. Now why is it that commercial corn syrup or glucose is impossible as a bee-feed? Sim- ply because of the dextrine, the gummy sub- stance, which is in it. Bees cannot digest dextrine. This also explains why honeydew honeys are poor for wintering — they con- tain rather large amounts of dextrine, while normal honey has less than one per cent. Note that I did not condemn dextrine as a food for human beings; dextrine is per- fectly good food for us. And thus on these grounds, we cannot condemn corn syrup or glucose as a food product. I do not say that corn syrup is a perfect food, but I see iio GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Jaxuary, 1921 fault in it tlint eane or beet sugar does not possess. Let us give credit where credit is due. Later on, I can show you why honey is a better food. Well, you see that I have told you a fam- ily secret of the sugar family; you see the relationship between dextrose and maltose and dextrine and starch. You know that maltose is merely a combination of two molecules of dextrose minus a molecule of water, that dextrine is merely a combina- tion of 30 or 40 dextrose molecules minus the same number of molecules of water, and that starch is merely a combination of about 200 dextrose molecules minus the same num- ber of molecules of water. Also, you see that we can take the larger aggregates and break them down, thus getting sugar from starch. But do not think that we can as easily reverse the process, and build up a conglomerate. That is almost out of the question. Honey's Near Relative. There is just one more family secret, I must reveal to you. Let us take, this time, one molecule of dextrose and one molecule of levulose and imagine them to combine, with the customary loss of a molecule of water in the process. Note that I did not say that I could combine these two molecules — in fact, no one has ever succeeded in doing it — but let us imagine that they are combined. What have we? We have one molecule of sucrose, our No. 1 sugar, which is ordinary cane or beet sugar. Now we are able to break this molecule in two, and ob- tain one molecule each of dextrose and levu- lose. Just a little acid and hot water will do the trick. What shall we call the product, which consists of equal parts of dextrose and levulose? It is the well-known invert sugar. Perhaps some of you may think that invert sugar is about the same as honey, since both are composed mainly of dextrose and levolose in equal proportions. About the same they are, but not by any means identical. And this brings me to a discus- sion of the merits of honey. Why Honey Excels Other Sweets. You already know that honey is a mix- ture of dextrose and levulose in nearly equal proportions. In addition, honey contains a small amount less than eight per cent of sucrose, ordinary sugar. These three sugars, with about 17 per cent of water, constitute more than 9/10 of honey. But the remain- der, small as it is, is nevertheless highly important, and serves to lift honey above the other sweets in food value. What is the remainder? First, there is mineral matter; every mineral in the hu- man body is present in honey. Of course, we need mineral matter in our food, and we need more than the present generation usually gets. We need calcium and phos- phorus for our bones and teeth, and iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, etc., in the t)Jood; not to mention man^ others required by various organs of the body. Common sense would tell us if science did not, that what mineral matter we get we must get in our food. And yet, what do we do to our food products? We refine them so much that they are greatly demineralized. I am not an alarmist, but I stand ready to prove that we have reached a danger point in this elinjination of minerals from our foods. Con- sider, for instance, white granulated sugar. It is 99.9 per cent pure sucrose if it is cane sugar; beet sugar differs only in that it is about 99.6 per cent pure sucrose. Where is there any room for voluble mineral salts? We must concede that the great fault of ordinary granulated sugar is its purity, strange as it may sound. Brown sugars have some ash, and are therefore better, altho the assortment of minerals is far from perfect. Old-fashioned cane syrup is very much ahead of refined sugar in this respect, and so is maple syrup, which, I might re- mark, is composed of sucrose with a small percentage of mineral salts and organic sub- stance. These last give maple svrup its flavor, and incidentally make it more healthful. However, maple syrup and cane syrup are all too rare and ordinary sugar is conspicuously lacking in this matter of mineral salts. What about molasses? This product has too much ash, strange as that may seem. The ash is, however, mostly the lime that was added during the sugar re- fining. Present-day molasses is not a very wholesome food product. Corn syrup and glucose have a little mineral matter, but unfortunately it is mostly common salt, in- troduced in the process of manufacture, and common salt is never lacking anyway. Thus we see that honey stands alone in this high- ly important phase of food value. There is one other respect in which honey excels, and those of you who have been reading ' ' Gleanings in Bee Culture ' ' will know to what I refer. It is in regard to the vitamines in honey. It has recently been proved by scientific research that honey does contain vitamines, especially comb honey. I will not take time to tell you about vitamines; everybody is hearing about them nowadays, and everybody has come to real- ize that they are essential to life and health. But, as in the case of mineral salts, refined foods are apt to be lacking in vitamines.- Even heat will often destroy them, and it is partly for this reason that none of the commercial sweets except honey contain them. Thus we see that there are at least two respects in which honey clearly excels all the other sweets. There are many little de- tails I could give you which would increase your appreciation of honey, but this dis- course has undoubtedly lasted long enough already, and I will close by urging you to study all the sweets in order that you may have a clearer understanding of the merits of each one. Ja>;lakv, li»Ji Ci I- E A N I X G .s IX BEE CULTURE It MAKING OF HONEY A STAPLE Importance of Advertising Backed up by a Con- stant Supply Notwithstanding the price-fixing and all other attempts to stabilize the prices of food materials, just how well the Govern- ment succeeded and how the prices tiew skyward when Government control was re- moved, is an old story. Now the reaction is on, and it is very hard to say how low the prices will go. It is, however, a matter of great importance to the honey producer to keep the advantage gained during war time. As with other foods, the price of honey is bound to fall; but what difference does it make if the relative price-ratio and demand can be held' The honey producer can do but little to maintain the ratio, so it is on cre- ating a larger demand that he must rely for his future. During the war period the publicity given by the Bureau of Entomology at Washing- ton and the States Kelation Service gave to the use of honey an impetus that must not only be maintained, but augmented. How to do this is now the producers ' most vital problem. A study of the manner in which other commodities have been made popular is of intense value. The same devices used by the growers of oranges, prunes, raisins, or walnuts will do the same for- honey as they have done for these articles. The de- vices can be included under the following heads: Marketing associations, advertising, and a constant and easily accessible supply. To have all the publicity possible and have a honey advertisement as familiar as that of Camel cigarettes, and not have honey where the buyer can get it will never create a trade. A housewife sees an advertisement and telephones her grocer the order for honey. She is pleased with her purchase and a month later repeats the order. The grocer informs her no honey can be had, and she substitutes a corn syrup. A sale of honey is lost, and a constant customer becomes the patron of some syrup company because' of their attractive advertisement, neat pack- age, and ability to deliver the goods. As centrally located as is St. Louis, Mo., there were only a few stores where honey could be purchased during the summer of 1920. If a constant and accessible supply then is the keynote of the question, how can it be obtained? The answer can again be taken from the great fruit firms, a nation-wide marketing association. In such hands, ad- vertising of a widespread and efiicient char- acter is possible at the least expense to the the marketing association. These advertise- ments must be written and placed so as to at- tract the housewife. The advertisements should appear in magazines and papers de- voted to the home. At the same time, these papers should receive popular articles on bees and honey from the proper representatives of the marketing association. These advertise- ments, however, should not be as lavish as those of some firms, as the housewife is the prince of economists, and she argues that, if the association can afford such a high- priced display, there is an immense profit in lioney, and she will look for cheaper sweets. There can be but little doubt that a popular magazine article on bees is one of the best salesmen; and, if this is backed by an ad showing where honey can be bought and a constant supply be on hand, you have a reg- ular customer. A national marketing association's first and greatest problem is to control the sup- ply. It means that, from California to Maine and Florida to Washington, Mexico and Canada included, the beemen thru their rep- resentatives must pool their issues and allow the central officers so to direct the sale of honey that no lack of honey exists on the market. Not only must they supply regu- larly the established trade, but they must make it possible for stores to handle honey as they do other standard goods. The American Honey Producers' League, which was inaugurated last winter, plans to do just this kind of work. Based as it is on the experience of the Colorado, California, Texas, and other state associations and backed by a majority of the beekeepers of the honey-producing States, this league can and will solve these problems. College Station, Tex. H. B. Parks. UNDUE SWARMING IN ENGLAND How the Character of the Honey Flow Influences Swarming On reviewing the peculiarities of the pres- ent disastrous honey season three points are prominent: (1) The entire absence of a normal spring fiow; (2) a long and heavy swarming season; and (3) scarcity of au- tumn stores for wintering. Without doubt 1920 has produced the scantiest honey crop for some years; and, in fact, in most locali- ties it has been a total failure. During the period of fruit blossom the weather was more or less cool and windy, and instead of the usual surplus of honey from beans, sycamore, raspberry, etc., many colonies had to be fed in order to avoid a check in brood-faising. Altho prospects for the main honey flow were fairly briglit, the midday tempera- 26 GLEANINGS IN SEfiCtlLTURS January, 1921 ^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ture was too low, and the nights were too form one strong colony before feeding was cool for clover to yield any appreciable proceeded with. amount of honey, and but little work- was The failure of the honey crop added many done in sMpers- difficulties to the work of the queen-breeder. To the light interrupted flow during June In my own apiary nuclei were found to be and the drenching July, with one-half day in constant danger of starvation because, in three fair to fine, must be laid the altho strong in bees, they were not able to cause of the tremendous swarming reported forage and thus become self-supporting. by all beekeepers this summer. It is well Queen-mating was also restricted and uncer- known that during a hot summer, if near tain- In ordinary seasons nuclei should be fields of white Dutch clover, sainfoin, or able to produce two queens per mouth for lime groves, strong colonies will fill super June, July, and August; but, owing to the after super without attempting to swarm abnormal length of time taken between the more than perhaps once. But this year, when dates of emerging and mating of queens, not prevented from working in the fields, bees more than two queens every six weeks developed instead the swarming fever. could be removed, whilst the number lost Many swarmed four to six times; indeed, was rather higher than usual. The restricted the number of swarms which flew away mating weather resulted in a fair percent- must be very large because far more issued age of pure matings from drones bred in than the beekeepers had hives for or were the apiary; but, on the other hand, the cool able to deal with properly. Skeppists had summer temperature had the effect of dark- more swarms and casts than they had straw ening the color of queens bred from light skeps to place them in, and in one village I Italian stock. Light queens are never so am acquainted with, the bee stock in the bright as when raised during hot weather church tower threw so many swarms that while a flow is in progress, practically every one from the postman The net result of the season is that comb downwards finished up with a stock in his liouey is almost unknown, and extracted garden. No surplus could possibly be stored l\oney' tho fair in quality is exceedingly after such excessive swarming. Strong colo- f^^^rt. The country is well stocked with nies 'became weak, and the brood combs ^^'\ ^^"^ ^'f^'^ ^PP^f^« ^o be rather on ,. „ ' , J- . o 1 the decline. As sugar stores are not so sate were practically empty of stores. Several ^ ^,.^^^^^. ^^^^j as honey, wintering cannot cases of starvation were noticed in August. ^^ ^p ^^ ^1^^ average. Strong stocks formed Feeding has therefore had to be carried out ^y mating weak lots together are likely to on a large scale, 15 to 20 pounds of sugar winter in fair shape. Weak stocks are almost being required by practically all stocks to sure to die out, and a heavy loss in this carry them over till April next. Generally direction is more than likely, three or four light stocks were united to Cheltenham, England. A. H. Bowen. Mr. Admire's apiary, shaded by castor bean plants, with the lower leaves trimmed away. January, 1921 GLfiAlS'lNGS iN BEE CtlLTURfi 21 :^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE AN ARTISTIC NATURAL SHADE Inexpensive Method of Shading Bees When Shade is Most Needed I own a tract of land containing about two acres. On these two acres I keep my wife and seven children, rather a small family for such a large farm. On this same plot I also liave from 25 to 50 chickens and raise plenty of vegetables for the family, with quite a few to sell. Most of the ground out- side of the chicken park and where the house stands is planted to some kind of vegetables. On this two-acre tract and lo- cated nearly in the center of the garden are 40 families of bees. When I thought of placing my bees out in the garden among the vegetables the first thing was to provide some kind of shade. I finally thought it would do a double duty to plant castor beans, as they would pro- vide shade for the bees and keep the moles from rooting the ground all up. At least Grandma used to say if jon planted castoi- beans in the garden moles wouldn 't bother. Well, I found this wasn't true. There were two or three moles that just seemed to de- light in staying right in among those hives all summer. Maybe the reason was that they liked the bees better than the beans, but any way I am not going to be so sure about what Grandma says hereafter. As for tlie shade I don't think you could find anything nicer and more efficient. The picture where you can hardly see the hives because of the beans was taken July 2, and the others were taken September 1. As the beans grow I trim out the leaves under- neath, and by the hottest part of the sea- son the plants are tall enough to let plenty of air thru and they have a nice umbrella- like foliage, so they make an ideal shade. There is another feature that is worth some- thing to me, and that is that, if you use a little judgment in planting, you will add greatly to the beauty of your yard and in my case to the garden. The bees seem to be well pleased with their surroundings, and it seemed as tho some of them tried to keep the top of their house above the top of the beans; but, after some had erected seven stories above the ground floor, material seemed to get scarce, and, as the beans were gaining on them all the time, they gave up in despair. I had a hive with seven comb- honey supers on just coming up to the first limbs of the shade, so trimmed as to make the lieight right. Some of these beans got 10 feet high and 6^,^ inches thru at the ground. It made a regular grove for the bees. I had beemen from all over our part of the country come to see them. I live right on one of the main highways thru Nebraska, and this yard certainly attracted the attention of lots of passers-by. To sum it all up, the castor bean comes up in the spring and does not bother when the bees need all the sunshine and warmth they .can get. As the weather grows warmer, the beans come on and and make the necessary shade. Then in the fall when the bees need the sun again the beans are killed by frost and cut and taken out of the way. And for the amount of trouble taking care of them, I don 't believe there is any kind of an ar- rangement that will equal them. Auburn, Nebr. J. W. Admire. Here are the castor bean plants before being trimmed, early in July. The shade is abundant. G LEA >; 1 \ G S 1 N FROM THE FIELD BEE C f L T U K E January, 1921 THE BEDELL CAPPING PRESS An Extensive Producer Favors Pressing the Cap- pings During a course of lectures for commer- cial beekeepers given at Cornell University it was u\j good fortune to meet O. W. Be- dell of Earlsville, N. Y. He there put before me a press devised by him, to press the honey out of the cappings, which have been cut from the extracting combs. He also showed me a sample of the cappings after pressing. I was so impressed with the pro- cess that I wrote an article for the July number of Gleanings for 1919, giving illus- trations describing the machine and how to use it. From the number of inquiries which have been received from readers of Glean- ings, I know that Mr. Bedell 's press has made a wide and favorable impression. The accompanying illustration shows the ma- chine in use. It has proved all that I ex- pected it would. Two men can uncap at this mac/line, and at the same time a "cheese" can be in the process of pressing. One of the cheeses will be seen turned on its side with the point of a honey knife embedded in it, showing its solid natur". OF EXPERIENCE Ja 8o .well had the honey been pressed out of the cappings that, altho half a dozen of these cheeses were piled on a sheet of paper for several days, practically no honey ran from them. There is no question about the thor- ough success of this method of removing the honey from the cappings, and it has given probably 1,000 pounds of honey in its best condition for immediate sale. When I secured this extracting-house we secured the best facilities we ever had for extracting. It has water, sewage, and gas connection. We can run our truck right into the building. As the honey is extracted, it is warmed, by means of the gas. The building (formerly a church) has room to carry on all operations and store 10,000 extracting supers. We were told the robber bees would drive us out, and as the building is on the main street of the town jobbing would have been serious. Particu- larly dangerous was the situation as the honey was buckwheat; but no disturbance was created, and some J5,000 pounds of buckwheat honey was extracted and filled into tins without inconveniencing anyone. A little crude carbolic acid was used about the entrance door. R. F. Holtermann. Brantford, Can. The Bedell capping press in operation. January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE c IB E L IE VE there are a good ni any beekeepers who would look just as good-natured as W. J. Har- vey does on page 743, De- cember Glean- ings, if tliey could produce 90S jiounds of honey from one colony, or an average of 360 pounds for four years from their entire yard. •<• •» * That old term "quiescence," page 714, is a most decidedly good one and should be in more common use than it has been, for it sums up in one word the problem of suc- cessful wintering. * * » That was a right good article, by Penn G. Snyder, on ' ' Beekeeping in Porto Rico. ' ' For one I have often wished to know the conditions in Porto Rico, and the facts he gives just satisfies my curiosity. It was al- most as good as a visit to tlie island. I am glad we nre to hear from other faraway lands. * * * The editorial on page 713 says, "The dan- ger of the entrance being closed by dead bees and the condensation of moisture within the hive are both greatly reduced by winter protection. ' ' Quite true, but the danger of entrances getting closed is great- ly increased by a poor quality of winter stores. * * * The report referred to by H. B. Parks, page 739, and taken from a bulletin of the Colorado Agricultural Station, by Dr. Wal- ter G. Sackett, on the danger of contracting bacterial diseases from the use of honey, shows the danger to bo less than lias some- times been supposed — much less, in fact. than from "water, milk, or other sub- stances of high water content." The fact that the bacteria Dr. Sackett tested couhl live only from two to four days in ex- tracted honey shows that it is very diffi- cult, if not impossible, to contract :iny of those diseases from honev. I had planned for some time to say, in January Gleanings, something about the ' ' Production of Comb Honey, ' ' but I see the new editor has got the start of me. However, notwithstanding my timid nature, I believe I will not be frightened out of what I intended to say. All Mr. Demuth has said is quite true, but there are some things he has not said. The price of supplies for comb honey at the present time makes its production seem rather unattractive. The price of sections, foundation, cartons, ship- ping-cases, and crates will bo somewhere SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 from seven to ten cents for each section to start with; and then the work of making all the sections, putting in starters, set- ting up shipping cases, cleaning, and weighing eacii section, and then making crates, and packing will be no small task to say nothing of the extra work of caring for yards run for comb honey. We have pro- duced comb honey in the past and- shall doubtless continue to do so in the future, but the high prices of supplies have set us to thinking "right smart." * • « That new apieultural buihling of the On- tario Agricultural College at Guelph, On- tario, illustrated on page 725, is most cred- itable to the enterprise and good sense of our Canadian brethren. We think the bee- keeping interests of the country move slowly, but it almost takes away our breath when we stop to think how few years it has been since an agricultural college first made beekeeping a part of its regular course, or since buildings adapted to this work were erected. Certainly the beekeep- ing interests of the country never looked more hopeful or more promising than today. * * . * J. L. Byer, on page 741, writes of finding two queens in one hive. This certainly some- times happens, as also that bees remove an egg from one comb to another. I have met with both these facts in my experience. This shows very conclusively that nature's rules are subject to exceptions, or rather, perhaps I should say, that in every genera- tion of plant or animal life there is more or less variation. We are not apt to notice slight changes, but large ones we do notice. Some of our choicest fruits and flowers and our finest domestic animals and plants come in just this way. Notice what a sensation that precocious youngster, "annual sweet clover," is producing in tlie world today. * * * On page 730, W. E. Joor tells us how he would maintain good prices by judiciously distributing honey and advertising. His plan seems not only legitimate but feasible. It is only as honey is brought to the atten- tion of consumers that we can expect them to buy and use it. He proposes that the American Honey Producers ' League assess its members one or two cents for each hive owned by members. Two or three things seem evident. A large amount of money is needed for advertising. Very few beekeep- ers are likely to advertise on their own ac- count. There is not likely to be any better organization of beekeepers for this purpose than the American Honey Producers' League. 30 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE c OUR FOOD PAGE AFTER t h e articles on V i t amines in the Septem- ber and October issues a cautious adviser express- ed tlie fear that I might be go- ing too deeply into a subject which most of the readers could not understand and in which they lacked interest. If the number of letters from subscribers are a measure of an ar- ticle's popularity, then I have no doubt as to the advisability of discussing vitamines. Only one of my other subjects has brought so many letters, and some of these letters make me feel dubious for fear my little ar- ticles are not scientific enough for the very intelligent readers of Gleanings. A number of letters have come fTom the various state agricultural experiment stations, which leads me to hope that further feeding ex- periments may be conducted by _ scientific investigators who are themselves interested in bee culture and the production of honey. There is much yet to learn about vitamines in honey. A year ago last summer, before any re- search work had been done by Prof. Hawk on honey, I learned what I ought to have known before, that there is more or less pol- len dust in honey. Thereupon I advanced the theory that there might be the fat-soluble vitaniine in honey, for it seemed reasonable to me to assume that it would be in the pol- len, a natural food for the bees. But my husband, my son, who is an enthusiastic un- dergraduate chemist, my brother, and the consulting chemist of our company rather squelched me. Possibly they thought the amount of pollen dust was too minute to be considered; they hated to admit that pollen dust was in honey at all, or they did not think pollen likely to contain the fat-soluble vitamine. Later, when Prof. Hawk found distinct amounts of the fat-soluble vitamine in comb honey I still secretly believed it might be due to the pollen in the honey. As I have said before, it is unreasonable to suppose that Nature would waste such a valuable food constituent in the container of the food. And now comes a letter from R. F. Holtermann of Canada, who is both a well- informed and practical beekeeper, with the same theory, and altho we may both be wrong I will quote briefly from his letter: "In reference to vitamines in comb or extracted honey, will you allow me to make a guess! It is that the vitamines will be found in the pollen, and that there will be found as many and more of them in pollen as in any available food. More — the time may come when pollen in nice new comb will be in great demand where health would indicate the advisability of such." A few days ago I received au S. O. S. 1 January, 1921 call from a dis- tracted young office man. In his enthusiasm for honey he had written a whole- sale grocery firm that it had re- cently been dem- onstrated that there were distinct amounts of vitamines in comb honey. The firm wrote back: "The in- formation in your letter is interesting, but what are vitamines?" But the fame of vitamines is rapidly spreading, as the following quotation from the December number of a popular women 's magazine will prove: "As for the detective, he should be as inscrutable as a vitamine. ' ' SOME of you who were interested in the articles, "An Hour With Luther Bur- bank" and "More About Luther Bur- bank ' ' last summer may recall that Mr. Burbank promised me a box of spineless cactus fruit in the fall and two of the won- derful, fast-growing walnut trees, and per- haps you wondered at the time if he would remember his promise. You know many of us nowadays excuse ourselves for our failure to answer letters and attend to other duties on the ground that we are so busy that we simply cannot do everything. Mr. Burbank impressed me as the busiest man I ever met, and I know some frightfully busy ones, in- cluding the man nearest related to me; but this quotation from Mr. Burbank 's letter of Nov. 4 illustrates how this busiest of men remembers his promises, and I had not writ- ten him a word to remind him either: "We will send the two walnut trees promised as soon as we can dig and pack them. ' ' And a further quotation as to the fruit is: ' ' I am sending a box of eight or ten varie- ties of the cactus fruit, tho we could not, of course, send the thin-skinned, tender, most delicious ones, as they are too soft and some of them ripen much earlier than these, and some much later, in fact, all the fall and winter. You will notice that for most of these the big seeds have been reduced to the size of tomato seeds, and you will notice the varied flavors of the different ones, even tho picked before they were quite ripe. * * * * I have now 600 varieties of every fla- vor, color, form, and size that the imagina- tion could well suggest." Mr. Burbank at the same time sent a box of the fruit to my father in Bradentown, Fla.; but like the enthusiastic, eighty-year- old boy that he is, father prolonged the pleasures of his automobile trip to that place by going out of his way and did not reach there until the day before Thanks- giving. I imagine therefore that the fruit was spoiled before he saw it. My box followed the letter within a few days and was in very good condition. How I wish I could have treated every one of you January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 31 to a sight of it and also a slice. Each fruit was \vrai)ped in tissue paper and packed in fine sawdust. They, were smooth-skinned, varying in color from pale green thru green flushed delicately with rose, yellow, amber, salmon rose to some that were a beautiful, clear dark red, just the shade of a Jaequiminot rose. They were exquisite, and, unlike many other beautifully colored fruits, the flesh was intensely and evenly colored clear thru; in fact, the coloring was richer in the flesh than in the skin. I believe I tried to tell you something about the taste of the cactus fruits after eating those in Santa Eosa last February, but Mr. Burbank explained that they were not ripe at the time, and that was why he wished us to taste them in the fall. Being unripe they did not show the gorgeous col- orings at that time either. The very deep red ones evidently are more delicate than the others, for two were a soft mass and quite spoiled when they arrived; but one was just dead-ripe, juicy, rich-flavored, and luscious. It was so beauti- ful I couldn 't bear to eat it, but so tempt- ing-looking I couldn't help it. While there were differences in the flavors of the various colored fruits all the ripe ones were fine, and some that were unripe became mellow and sweet after a few days. To some people the flavor of these cactus fruits suggests the banana, the pineapple, or the apricot, or perhaps a blend of all of them. To me it is more like a fine musk- melon or the so-called honeydew melon at its best. Strange to say, when the fact that they will grow in a desert is taken into con- sideration, all the cactus fruits are very juicy. A plate of the sliced fruit, thoroughly chilled on ice, would be tempting indeed on a hot summer day, and as beautiful as a bowl of flowers. They would undoubtedly be delicious in fruit salads, sliced and served with cream like peaches, and on account of their rich and varied colors would be very attractive in preserves or conserves, sherbets and ices, tapioca and gelatine puddings. Maybe you think I am over-enthusiastic about this fruit Opuntia, if we give it its correct name. I don 't mean to convey the idea that it is more delicious than many of the better-known fruits, but I think it is just as good, quite as beautiful, and it will grow and produce food, drink, and forage abundantly on poor soil with practically no cultivation, and if left undisturbed will in- crease constantly in size. It represents more than 16 years of hard, painstaking work and study on Mr. Burbank 's part. If we of the human race learned our les- sons under the Great Teacher as well as the desert cactus learned under its teacher, Mr. Burbank, lost the thorns of our characters, and so lived that our lives would produce abundant and valuable fruits amid discour- aging environments, this world would be a happy place for all, wouldn 't it? FAST-GEOWING walnut trees which are grown for their beauty, both as trees and in the form of lumber, may not belong on a food page, but they are going to have a little place on this one not only this month, but in the future, if they be- have as they should and grow. Last May I told about seeing the large walnut tree which had attained in nine years a wonderful growth. I said then four years, but corrected it in a later issue after Mr. Burbank corrected me. The name of that variety was the ' ' Paradox. ' ' I have won- dered since if Mr. Burbank heard the tenth commandment crack as I stood looking at that beautiful tree, which looked as if it might be fifty years old instead of nine. Whether he did or not, he later prom- ised me one of them together with a "Eoyal, " which is an equally beautiful and quick-growing walnut and hardy enough to stand our climate. After Mr. Burbank 's letter came I lay awake nights worrying for fear I could not find a man to help me plant them, for our boys are away at school, their father was just about to leave for some weeks on a business trip, and even unskilled garden help is almost impossible to obtain in our vicinity. To tell the truth, while I have never been tempted to exchange my husband for any other man, not even a garden lover, sometimes, as in this particular instance, I have wished the marriage service had i ead this way, ' ' I promise to love and cherish her and spade her flower beds." The trees finally came the day before Thanksgiving, one of our kind friends found another who knew all about setting out trees, and now the baby trees are safely planted, cuddled in warm straw blankets and protected by strong stakes. Maybe when the gentleman comes home and sees the loca- tion of the "Eoyal" it will be a lesson to him to stay at home and look after his wil- ful wife, for it is where she wanted it and not where he advised her to put it. It stands in the middle of a large, open space in the lawn where it will eventually shade the porch; that is, it will in a very few years if it grows according to schedule. If it does not then I shall have to tell that husband of mine that I am sorry I did not obey him and put the tree in a less conspicuous place. The less hardy tree, the Paradox, is planted where the man of the house suggested. The buds on that one looked green and swollen when it came. I hope the infant tree will not make a fatal mistake and attempt to grow before our winter is over. If those walnut trees live and if I live — as a Gleanings correspondent — you will prob- ably be informed of their condition at 4east once a year, altho it would be humiliating to have to admit their untimely death, or worse yet, failure to make the expected growth. Just possibly they will deserve be- ing photographed for this page in the fu- ture. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 Si Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen BEFORE making my plea this first month of the new year for the advan- tages of bee- keeping as a sideline, let me insist first on the importance of sidelines themselves. When a man 's chief work has been chosen under a flaming inner compulsion, as the one thing in the whole world he wants to do, then perhaps he scarcely requires a side- line, unless, indeed, for health 's sake._ Pos- sibly a vocation worthy of the name,_ in its rich primitive sense of a calling, a bidding, an invitation, leaves no room in one's heart for an avocation that calls one away. Prob- ■ably sidelines, avocations, are of modern growth, born of commercialism and a strangely unyielding economic system that no one understands well enough to improve. But true it is that today countless men speak of their work as «t|^rind, a monoton- ous routine, a strain. And they plan instinct- ively and wisely to temper it with golf, to balance it with hunting and fishing, to for- get its grim unloveliness in a garden. Often, even those who love their work also love to play. So an increasing number of men are set- ting themselves deliberately to some inter- est or game completely apart from their daily work. Of all such, surely those of the great outdoors are most to be desired for business and professional men. To a man or woman who has been for many hours of many days shut in behind brick walls, golf or gardening or beekeeping will be of more benefit and probably bring keener delight than chess or wood carving or the collect- ing of etchings. The sideline activity worthy to stand quite at the head of the list must call its follower out into God's sunshine, not force him into storms and disagreeable weather; it must exercise his muscles without strain- ing them; it must be baffling enough to drive him to books and journals, tho not heavy enough to force him into long hours of dif- ficult studv; it must tempt him to a con- stantlv increasing skill, without requiring too long practice or too wearisome toil; and it must cast its spell over his very soul, until there shall awaken within a new en- thusiasm, a new wonder and a great love. And for most of mankind, if a sideline thus bring charm and challenge, pleasure and books and health, it will be pursued with a double zest if in the other hand it brings a profit that can be reckoned in dollars and cents. Outside of a garden, then, where is there to be found a sideline so desirable as bee- keeping? I say outside of a garden, because something in my heart makes me say it God does so surely walk in gardens in the RJ cool of the day — in all other places, too, and at all other times. But, oh, especially in gar- dens do we see and feel Him, and especially in the cool of the how Alfred Noyes tlie evening, when the sky is an old and loved ;;irment, day. Do you remember says it? "In llic coul L story Slowly dying. Ijut remembered, aj with passion still, Hush! . . the fringes of His the fading golden glory, Softly rustling as He cometh o'er the far green hill." But where is there anything lovelier to add to a garden than a few hives of bees, painted white and set among the roses and hollyhocks and daffodils, or under young fruit trees or where the lilacs bloom f Take first the mere matter of weather. A man goes faithfully forth to his regular work, no matter how hard the winds i)low or the storms howl, no matter how biting the cold or how pelting the rain. But when he leaves his real work for a sideline in- terest, then he appreciates being able to avoid "winter and rough weather." See, then, how nicely beekeeping links itself with only pleasant days. Even during the spring and summer the bees are to be left alone in bad weather. And the last work done in the bee yard, or the "bee garden," as Gilbert White more gracefully says, in the blue-gold days of October while the bees are still fly- ing to the fields bringing in their last fall nectar, is to see that each hive is heavy with a wealth of sealed stores, and that all its conditions are right as to numbers and room and general prosperity, to carry it without further attention on thru the win- ter and the long unpredictable spring. Some beekeepers then carry the hives into a cel- lar, some put them into large cases and pack them around with thick warm lavers of leaves or chaff, while others let them stay where they are. Then they leave them alone, and the outside bee work is finished for that year. No going out into the biting, bitter days of winter. How shiveringly T remember the winter work when chickens were my sideline! — bundling up to carry out boiling water to thaw out drinking vessels frozen solid, getting chilled and cold. The only work a beekeeper does in winter is to sit by his fire, reading bee books and jour- nals, to make his plans for the next sea- son, and in his shop, or kitchen perhaps, to put new hives together. And eat his honey! Those who have never kept bees may wonder that so simple an occupation should require any study. They know people who keep bees, and have kept them for years, and they are quite sure — and oh, they are right about it, too! — that these people are .Tanuarv, 1921 GT. BAKINGS IN BEE CULTURE 33 entirely innocent of reading or study or research. Beekeeping is not really a side- line with such people, it doesn 't get them anywhere; it is just a sort of accident, a happen-so, really a regrettable delay on the road to progress. There the bees arc. That 's all. Often there are swarms; occasionally there is honey. When a swarm comes out the deluded keeper and his wife and his chil- dren and his servants come running with bells that they ring most gayly and pans that they beat most frantically, all una- ware that the beekeeping fraternity is smil- ing at them for thus keeping alive a queer silly old tradition, "Better keep bees bet- ter or better not keep bees," as the popular slogan puts it. The real sideline beekeeper who has studied and read has perhaps clipped off the wing of his queen bee so that she can- not fly, because he knows the swarm will never go away without her. Or, his wits sharpened by reading of the efforts and successes of others, he pits them against the bees' instincts, and keeps them from even wanting to swarm. He has studied the habits and behavior of the mysterious mul- titude that inhabit his correct modern hive, and he is learning all he can of their ways and their needs and what they will likely do when things are thus and so. He has made the acquaintance of the nec- tar-bearing flora of his locality, and the time of its blooming. In February and early March the first swelling high in the elms and maples is to him as a message, and he looks to see his busy workers come drifting in with great loads of pollen. The dandelion means huge balls of precious yellow dust, rich in food elements for the baby bees being reared in the awakened hives. Blos- somed apple trees and plums thrill him with the vibrating hum of his bees as they plun- der and bless. He knows what disaster may come, and how to ward it off, when the un- subdued winter turns fiercely back to drive the spring into some hiding place that only the south Avind knows. With new and more seeing eyes he watches the clover fields come into bloom. Basswood and poplar he counts as friends, and he thanks the hills for the sourwood tree. What were once to him but unnoticed weeds become heartsease and Spanish needle, and in the autumn he calls the wild aster by name. He opens his hives, and what he sees that is not good he sets about to remedy. He rec- ognizes disease and knows what men of science say to do. Where there is no queen he can give one so skillfully that even an inhospitable people accept her as their own and will die to defend her. If he would have more colonies, he knows how to set about starting new ones. He is aware of the ebb and flow of the nectar and adjusts his stor- age space accordingly. He takes a maximum of honey from his hives, and leaves a maxi- mum therein for his bees. He meets the challenge of the hive with a wisdom and skill born of the experience of others whom he knows only thru the printed page. As for the charm of it, think of coming from the office or bank, the factory or store or courtroom, from the noise and crowd and perplexities and the soul-wearying strain of it all, to some quiet spot where white hives are ranged along green grass under cherry trees or grapevines, where a mocking bird pours out its miracle of song across the sunlight and all around is the humming of bees. There is nothing like it in the whole world for the healing of one 's soul. If, after the first resting and enjoyment, he starts work — what work it is! He blows a bit of smoke into the entrance of a hive, removes the cover gently and draws out a comb of bees. And behold he is face to face with the very heart of the hive and its hid- den workings. The comb may be newly built, white and waxy and fragile, or it may be old and dark and strong, reinforced with uncounted layers of almost invisible co- coons. It may be filled thru all its rows of six-sided cells with fragrant ripening nec- tar, or the rich, fully ripened honey may be sealed from sight under its silver covers; it may have eggs like tiny ivory specks in the polished cells, or wee white larvae wait- ing to be fed by the faithful nurses; or the cells and their occupants may be covered over, as with coarse fibrous blankets, hiding the age-old marvel of metamorphosis. There wings are forming that shall fly with eager strength across the light of summer days to come. There in the darkness each pupa is growing its three single eyes and two strange compound ones, that shall some day guide it with swiftness thru the ways of light and with patience thru the dusky hive. He may see one of these coverings being cut out by the strong mandibles of the now fully-formed bee within- And there in tlu' singing silence he may watch the little life make its way out of the close darkness of its embryonic solitude into the crowded teeming tireless life of the hive. He may see the big-bodied drones loafing on the combs or hear their buzzing as they fly. On some one of the eight or ten combs that hang so straisrht and parallel down into the sweet-smelling hive, he may find the queen, wearing her gold-trimmed rai- ment with a royal air. Her faithful attend- ants in a circle around her, she walks quietly across the comb, examining one cell after another to see if it be ready for the precious egg that she alone, of all the thou- sands there, can lay. And while she deposits it, with her long graceful body curved down into the cell, her attendants stroke her gently with delicate antennae. So all the mystery and marvel of this lit- tle people living there among his roses un- folds before him, till he forgets the press and turmoil of the marketplace, taut nerves relax and his soul grows glad and strong, eager and serene, while the hours go sing- ing by. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern CaUfornia.— T^jj^ y;^^l crop standpoint has been more or less dis- astrous. Alfalfa, our mainstay, was really our salvation; but even here the alfalfa out- put was scarcely more than half the nor- mal. Jackass clover did well for a while; but almost all other fall bloom yielded prac- tically nothing. Our fine Shasta honey (star thistle), one might almost say, hardly got into the market. On the other hand, there was nearly an average crop of orange honey and there is a tendency for more and more beekeepers to migrate into the southern valley for this excellent and almost sure source of nectar. Honeydew honey was con- spicuous by its absence, and our usual large output of inferior grades was this year re- duced by about two-thirds. The disease sit- uation and the condition of the honey mar- ket during the fall months have been quite as disastrous as our crop shortage. There remains, however, one redeeming feature, the fact that we have had a live marketing organization. Everyone of us feels that, were it not for the California Honey Pro- ducers' Co-operative Exchange, our honey would be selling around eight and ten cents a pound instead of at the very satisfactory price which we have been getting and still are getting thru the Exchange acting as our agent- Let us look into the coming year regard- ing our future prospects. In past years we worried much over our marketing problems; but nowadays these problems are the least of our troubles. Weather conditions that con- trol nectar secretion' we need not worry over, for it would do us no good should we worry. But what we do need and can get and have had in the past is more education for the beekeepers. Why is it that trained bee- keepers always get twice as much honey per colony as the untrained beekeepers'? Bee journals and other printed matter help, but there is nothing more efficacious to the wel- fare of honey producers than to have them gather at convenient places and listen to the teachings of trained men along the lines of their profession. In the past we have had some most excellent short courses in bee- keeping conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in conjunction with our State University. These short courses have been sadly missed this . winter, and, notwith- standing the fact that we have had a short crop and ever-falling prices, one of the most general questions asked today is: "Aren't the Government men coming out this win- ter?" California is a big honey producer, producing twice as much as any other State, and there are not a few of us that hope that these highly beneficial short courses so help- ful in the past can be held during the fall and winter of 1921. M, C, Richter. Modesto, Calif. In Southern California ^. " " e y prices are not satisfactory to the beekeeper who is holding his 1920 crop. There was a short time early in the season when the buyers were offering 20c for white orange and sage honey. But very few sales were made at that time. As the season advanced, lower prices were offered. Now no wholesaler seems anxious to buy unless at a price so low that the average beekeeper does not care to consider it. The State Exchange has sold all of its orange honey and a good part of its sage at prices that will give the beekeeper a living wage and a little to go on. Several apiaries containing from 100 to 700 colonies of bees have been sold at an average of $10 a colony. After a close examination, many more colonies are found that will need feeding than was expected a month or two ago. Many colonies that would perhaps struggle thru the winter will do much better if given a few pounds of feed. The weather conditions are not as good as some time ago. In the early fall southern California had some rain, but of late (as the saying goes) "we have missed several awfully good chances." Vegetation, never- theless, looks well and some good winter rains will enliven next year 's prospects very much. In the eastern 2>art of Riverside County, next to the Arizona line, I recently passed thru the Palo Verde Valley, a part of the Colorado River Valley lands. This valley has some of the most fertile land in the world. Diversified farming was the rule until cotton prices went sky-high. Then practically the whole valley was put into cotton until this year about 26,000 acres were planted to this staple. Unfortunately the price of cotton has dropped to such a figure that many cannot afford to harvest the crops, and it is said that many acres will never be picked. While the beekeepers made a fair crop in this district, mostly from the mesquite, there is no doubt that where the farmers return to alfalfa and other crops, the honey yield will increase. On my way from the Palo Verde Valley to Prescott, Ariz., I saw only one or two small apiaries. At Prescott I found dark granulated honey — said to have been made locally — ^in the stores, to be sold at 50c per pint jar. From Prescott to Jerome there has just been completed one of the grandest moun- tain roads the writer ever rode over. Some of it cost $67,000 a mile. From Jerome I passed thru the Verde Valley, where the beekeepers are moving their bees to get away from the smelters of the mining dis- tricts. Beekeeping conditions around Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa, Ariz., have been good January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 35 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH this year. About one case per colony on an average was produced. Mesquite, catclaw, and cotton furnished most of the honey. The cotton seemed to yield espeeia.lly well in those regions. An apiary of about 200 colonies near Tempe had become badly infected with American foul brood. It was condemned by the beekeepers and with the consent of the owner was entirely destroyed. Each of the apiarists interested gave his proportion of the colonies destroyed, and thus the entire apiary was replaced with healthy colonies. This is certainly a very charitable and com- mendable way to get rid of a diseased api- ary. Much of this year's crop of Arizona honey is still in the hands of the producers. Many of the beekeepers feel that an organization of some kind would be of much benefit. This would at least get the honey to central points and have it graded according to standard grades. The honey could be more readily shown to the buyers, and the prices would naturally be more nearly standard- ized. Some cotton honey that I sampled was very white and had granulated until it was very solid. The beekeepers say that it will often granulate in two or three days. It had a flavor distinctly of its own. My letter is being written up near the great Eoosevelt Dam, that stores the water during the winter months and holds it in reserve for the long summer months when no rain falls on these desert plains. It is es- timated that this reservoir will hold enough water for a three years' supply for the 205,- 000 acres covered by this project. Corona, Calif. L. L. Andrews. In North Carolina.—^ ^ * ^, ^P\^^7^f generally settled for the winter, interest among beekeepers centers about the approaching session of the North Carolina Beekeepers ' Association to convene in Washington on Jan. 11. It will be a one-day session; but it will be chock- full of interest according to President James M. Gibbs and Secretary-Treasurer J. E. Eckert, who for some time have been engaged with the general arrangement of the program. C. P. IDadant and J. J. Wilder are to be especially interesting guests from without the State who will take a promi- nent part in the program- Mr. Dadant is to talk of ' ' The Large Hive, ' ' and touch upon "The Building-up of Commercial Beekeep- ing." Mr. Wilder will talk of "Beekeeping in Dixie." Government Bee Specialist C. L. Sams, who is doing so much for the quicken- ing of interest in better beekeeping in this State, will have a large share in the pro- gram; and the other participants will in- clude C. D. Duvall of Wi.lliamston, O. C. Weill of Coolemec, J. A. Eatcliff of Wash- ington, and Prof. E. P. Metcalf of the A. and E. College, who has the direction of a special course in bee culture. Thruout this State farmer beekeepers are becoming more and more interested in bet- ter beekeeping and in the advantages of standard equij^ment. E. J. Bryant of Eonda. talking for one of the state daily news- papers, said this week that this was an es- pecially good season for beekeeping in his section, and that after 10 years of careful work among his half hundred or more hives he is convinced that his work with his bees is proving much more profitable than raising tobacco. He produced a splendid crop of sourwood honey this season. Wilmington, 'N. C. W. J. Martin. In Ontario Bees here in this part of Ontario have gone into winter quarters in rather poor condition so far as a late flight is concerned. Following a month of almost summer temperature all thru October, November was cooler than usual and not a day warm enough for a gen- eral flight. Here at home we waited in vain for an opportunity for a cleansing flight for our 60 colonies before going into the cellar. But no day warm enough came along, and on Dec- 6 they were carried in. The same cel- lar is being used that we had last year — the one built entirely underground and cov- ered on top with cement roof and earth over all. We had hoped with thorough dry- ing out for a year that a higher temperature would be recorded; but evidently we have hoped in vain, as the thermometer again stands at from 42 to 43, not varying a de- gree, no matter what it is like outside. This cellar is perfectly dry to all appearances; but, of course, that is too cool a temperature for best results, according to the best au- authorities. While at the convention held in Guelph last week, evidence was forthcoming a plenty, that much honey is still in the hands of producers. Wholesale prices, nominally at least, have taken a heavy slump during the last 10 days, and the market is unsettled, to say the least. Importations of New Zea- land honey and low sugar prices are given as the reason; but, above all, as I see it, is the general feeling of waiting to see what will Ijappen. As a result, sales are either, much restricted in volume or not put thru at all. But, as pointed out in the last issue of Gleanings, this state of affairs is only to be expected in the general line of readjust- ment that is taking place along all lines. The convention already referred to was very well attended, altho I do not think that as many were present as is usually the case. Every courtesy was shown by the col- lege authorities to make the visitors com- n I, E \ \ T X O S T K B E E C V L T f R E •TAxr.\F, RoclieEter,N.Y, The J> lower City January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 55 RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUISING SH£^ RHODES MFG. S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. •THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. EVERGREENS tested VaMelies Fine for windbreaks, hedges and lawn plant- ing. All hardy, vigorous and well rooted. We ship everywhere. Write for free Evergreen book. Beautiful Evergreen Trees at moder- ate prices. 0. Hill Nursery Co., Bo« 246, Dundee, IIL Best and Newest Fruits Headquarters for Neverfail, Dunlap, Premier, Oswego, Big Joe, Chesa- peake, and 50 other varieties Straw- berries; Erskine Park. Plum, Farmer, Idaho, Royal Purple, Columbian, Herbert, and other Kaspberries; Sny- der, Watt, and other Blackberries; Perfection, Wilder, and other Cur- rants; Doolittle, and other Gooseber- ries; Grape Vines, Fruit Trees, As- paragus, Seed Potatoes, Roses, Shrubs, Eggs and Baby Chicks, Crates and Baskets, etc. Everything for the Home Grounds. Beauti- fully illustrated and instructive catalogue free. L. J. FARMER, Box 1 08, Pulaski, N.Y. fit MakeaTractorofYourCar Use it for farm work. Pullford catalog shows how to make a practical tractor out of Ford and other cars. Write for Catalog Pullford Co., Box 23 C Quincy, III. Raise Euinsa FOR us We need men and women, boys and girls every- where to raise Guinea Pigs for Cs. We tell yon where to (jet them, show you how and buy all yon raise. Bifropportunity for money making. Thou- sands needed weekly. Easy to Raise— Bag Demand ^n^owTd'Je! I aroA Drnfifc experience or equipment needed. bdlgC riUllia They breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or attention. Pay better than poultry or aqunbB— cost less to houRe. feed .keep, easier raised — less trouble, market guaranteed. If npp Particulars, contract, and booklet how to ralie rllLk CAVIES DISTRIBLFTING COMPANY 3145 Grand /tvenue, Kansas City, Mo. harnent Guint-a Hi ou V. anl .o .'-ave money on > our bee supplies for next spring. Now is a good time to do it. Take advantage of our December discount and write today for prices and catalog. Our prices will save you money. All material and workmanship guar- anteed. Texas beekeiepers sliould address A. M. Hunt of (Toldthwaite, Texa.s. He sells the best. Leahy Mfg. Co., Higginsviile, Mo. ^^ World's Best Roofing at Factory Prices "Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles. V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam. Paintwl or Galvanized Roof- ings, Sidings. Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to yon at Rock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. at Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painting orrepairs. Guaranteed rot. tire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profit=:. Ask for Book . '- ,r=i* No. 183 ' LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., 13M-IH.H Pike St., Cincinnati, 0. F/f£E Samples & Roofing Book' PA TTTlVrTQ Practice in Patent OfiBce and Court -t^ -I- -L'-L™ -•- '-' Patent Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. Chas. J. Williamson, McLachlan Building. WASHINGTON. D. C, SWEET GLOVER AW. Unhulled White Blossom SweetClover. For winter or early spring sowing. Builds up land rapidly and produces heavy Money Making Crops while doing it. Excellent for pas- ture and hay. Easy to start. Grows on all soils. Have Hulled Scarified Seed at Low Prices. Sold on a Money Back Guarantee. Write today for Big Seed Guide. Free. American Mutual Seed Co. Dept. 951 Chicago, 111. GRASS SEEDS CLOVERS,TIMOTHY Bell Brand Grass Seeds are the purest, best quality that ^^qIj can bo purchased. Specially 5££Q adapted to your climatic and soil conditions— hardi- ness bred into them. The development of 42 years' successful seed culture. FREE Samples and Catalog Write for Isbell 's 1921 Annual — ask for samples of any field seeds you want. Isbcll's "direct from grower" prices assure you of big savings on sterling quality seeds — "seeds that grow as their fame grows." __ S. M. ISBELL & COMPANY (6) 485 Mechanic St. Jackson, Michigan It's Easy to Raise Poultry With Cycle Brooder-Hatchers. A NEW idea, combining both Brooder and Hatcher in one macliine, one lamp serving both purposes. A real "Metal Mother" that will hatch every hatchable egg, and the chicks will be strong, lively, and easy to raise in the brooder compartment. YOU can use the Cycle either as a Brooder or Hatcher, or both at once. Tlie Cycle is all metal; you can operate it safely in the house or in any out- building. You can see the eggs at all times through the round glass window without lifting the top. And you can turn them instantly with a single move- ment. The regulator control is very sensitive. A gal- lon of kerosene will usually carry through an entire hatching. Just the thing for busy farmers and city enthusi- a.sts. 50-egg and 50-chick size $11.00. Two for $20.00. THE CYCLE HATCHER: Exactly the same as the Brooder-Hatcher, Liit without the brooding com- pariment. 50-egg size $9.00. Two for $17.00. WEIGHT: 18 lbs. for parcel post shipment. Postage extra. CATALOGUE of Hatchers, Brooders, Poultry and Supplies sent free. Send a postal today. CYCLE HATCHER COMPANY 239 Philo Bldg., Elmira, N. Y. January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ORDERS NOW BOOKED 1 for 1921 shipments of bees and I queens. Send for descriptive circular I and price list. I R. V. STEARNS, I Brady, Texas. fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i^'osltlTely cbe cbeapoat mud «troDffesK Hlfftmc dbi «artite. iOeed ^D every eoaatry ■an tbe ^^obf^ ^afac %S]i^ Idamft ^ts 'Owoi gtLb OaatB Qc flbmaow» . 'Ji'ivmsi im& Mlor^eee Absolutelv safe C'oea 20C «trie« ilOT (^ ?001 candle Powei fuM» iuaranteeC Wrtto irans rAtaiog AtifcNlS W/LNTEE I6;«BB.SWHBE» THE BEST UGHT CO 306 E. 5tb St. Canton, ^'> iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ I BEEKEEPERS! | 1 . Place your order for Supplies NOW and take advantage of the Early Order Cash | H Discount, 5 per cent for December, 4 per cent for January. Our stock of Standard Hives, g 1 Supers, Hive Bodies, Brood Frames, Foundation, and all other Standard Goods is com- | B plete. "If you want the Cheapest, buy the Best." | I Our Aim is to give Prompt Service, Highest Quality, and Guaranteed Satisfaction g 1 to our customers. Send us a trial order; we feel confident you will be satisfied. g M Our annual catalog will be ready for mailing, January, 1921. It's free for the g M asking. J I AUGUST LOTZ COMPANY, BOYD, WIS. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio^^ giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Queens and Bees When You Want Them I s We are establishing one of the most modern Queen-rearing outfits in the United States, and will g = breed from New Imported Italian Blood. We are not going to tell you how many Queens we will = = put on the market, as we shall produce QUAIJTY instead of QUANTITY. _ ^ s A limited number of orders for spring delivery will be accepted at the following prices: ^ m Quantity. 1 6 12 24 m m Untested $2.00- $11.40 $21.60 $40.80 s g Select Untested 2.25 12.80 24.30 45.90 ^ j M We are also prepared to furnish full colonies, nuclei, and pound packages for spring delivery. ^ = Write today for prices. g I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF TEXAS I 1 P. O. BOX 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. J illllllillllillllllllllllllllUIIIH^^^ flllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ I FOREHAND'S QUEENS-THEY SATISFY, WHY? | M Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding and honey-production. With = m breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as = m good, but none BETTER. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of my breeders. ^ M OUR SERVICE STATION. — We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or g s advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All que.stions are cheerfully answered. ^ = I breed three-banded Italians only. Nov. 1st to June 1st. = m 1 6 12 ^ m Untested $2.00 $9.00 $16.00 g = Selected Untested 2.25 10.50 18.00 = m Tested 3.00 16.50 30.00 ^ m Selected Tested 3.50 19.50 36.00 g M Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order and balance when ^^ ^ shipment is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Write for cir- ^ M cular and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. = I N. FOREHAND ... - RAMER, ALABAMA | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 58 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE I Sell Your Crop of | I Honey to | I Hoffman & Hauck, Inc. | I Woodhaven, N. Y. | ^ No Lot too large or small, and Purchase ^ = your M January, 1921 Containers, Prompt Shipment m 21/^ lb. Pails, case 2 doz $1.90 each Crates of 100 $ 7.25 51b. Pails, case 1 doz $1.80 each Crates of 100 $11.00 10-lb. Pails, case % doz $1.60 each Crates of 100 $17.50 5-gal. cans used 2 to case 60c case WHITE FLINT GLASS JARS, SCREW CAPS Qt. Honey 3-lb. size 1 doz. cartons $1.25 each lib. " 2 doz. " 1.70 each i^lb. " 3 doz. " 2.00 each iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: I READY to mail to you In this catalog we de- scribe accui-ately the sturdy - growing varieties that have helped us build one of the largest seed and nursery busi- nesses in the world. For 67 years we have listed only the strains that we were sure deserved our support. S & H seeds and nursery stock will surely please you, however critical you are. Write— TONIGHT— for your copy of this interesting, well-illustrated catalog. Nurserymen and Seedsmen Box 14 Painesville, Ohi Completely Destroys the Weed Growth More than that, the BAEKER breaks the hardest crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch — all in the same operation. A. ten-year-old boy can run it — do more and better work than ten men with hoes. Saves time and labor, the two big ex- pense items. "D A "D in? "R WEEDER, MULCHER oAJaJvJIiIx and cultivator Eight reel blades revolve against a stationary underground knife — like a lawn mower. I'Beet Weed Killer Ever Used." Works right up to plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva- tion— 3 garden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. Tells how gardeners and fruit-growers every- where are reducing their work; increasing their yields. — How to bring growing plants through a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe- cial Factory-to-User offer. BARKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Dept. 23. David City, Neb. Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free book and Factory-toUser offer. ^fj^j^n^ Name. __J^^JK^I>^«mm_« Town f^Pl^^^^a^ State R. F. D. or Box. January, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 69 lllllllllllllllilllllllililllllilllllllllillilllllllllllllllillli^ illllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllll!llllll!llllllll!lllllllllli BEE SUPPLIES Wanted In big and small shipments, to keep Buck's Weed-pro- cess foundation factory go- ing. "We have greatly in- creased the capacity of our plant. We are paying higher prices than ever for wax. We work wax for cash or on shares. Root Bee Supplies Big stock, wholesale and retail. Big catalog free. Carl F. Buck The Comb-foundation Specialist August, Kansas Established 1899. We are prepared to give you value for your money. Our factory is well equipped with the best machinery to manufac- ture the very best bee supplies that money can buy. Only the choicest material suitable for beehives is used. Our workman- ship is the very best. Get our prices and save money. EGGERS BEE SUPPLY MFG. COMPANY, INC. Eau Claire, Wis. Sow Seed s of Success In Ydur Garden- Write Today for Isbell's 1921 Catalog Some vegetable gardens pay their owners $100 in returns for every $5.00 spent. They are a constant source of big profit. They give pleasure to everybody in the home —old and young alike. They yield the finest vegetables and yield lots of them, because they are planted with— For FIELD For GARDEN Isbell's Gardens Pay-for the same reason that pure-bred cattle pro- duce thoroughbred off-spring. Every ounce of Isbell Seed is tested. Isbell Seeds are produced in the North where earliness, hardiness and sterling qual- ities are bred into them Isbell's 1921 book on seeds and gardening tells what and hOWtO plant and what to expect from the crop. ^-wmmmm^MmMmmmmMwMMMmmAwmmMMmmmmmmm. It's one of the most authoritative catalogs in V FfBC Cstslog CoupOH America. Ask for your copy. Mail coupon. J S. M. Isbell & Co.. 434 Mechanic St., Jackson, Mich. S. M. ISBELL & CO. 484 Mechanic St., Jackson, Mich. ; your 1921 Catalog of Isbell's Seeds r2i Name — Address — 60 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U R E llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ January, 1921 j Made right. Priced under favorable manu- facturing conditions. Cypress Bee Supplies On account of being in the cypress belt and having extremely low operating ex- penses we are able to offer you the supplies made of the finest soft cypress obtain- able, which is almost as soft and light as white pine. Hives are standard dimensions, dovetailed, hand holds on all four sides, supplied with rabbets, nails, and Hoffman frames. Prices include cover, bottom, body, and frames. A full line of Eoot 's supplies and Airco Foundation kept in stock. Let us quote you on your 1921 requirements in either Eoot's or our goods. 8-frame 1-story hives complete in lots of 5 $14.75 10-frame 1-story hives complete in lots of 5 16.00 Above supplied with Eoot-Hoffman frames at $1.50 extra for 5 8-frame, and $1.85 for 5 10-frame. Hive Bodies. Eight-frame $0.95 each Ten-frame 1.05 each Bottom-boards are made of %-ineh lumber throughout. Floor is tongued and grooved together, reversible, of standard dimensions and construction. Price : 8-frame in lots of 5 $0.75 10-frame in lots of 5 80 Prices of Bees. Untested queens: 1, $2.00; 12 or more, 1.50 each. Tested queens, $3.00. lib. package without queen $4.00 2-lb. package without queen 6.75 2-frame nuclei 7.00 8-frame colony 20.00 10-frame colony 22.00 1 carload bees in 8-frame cypress hives for shipment in spring from Helena, Ga., at $12.50 each. Covers. All covers are fiat and reversible. Both one and two piece are the same in every respect, except the one-piece is made from wide clear boards and the two- piece is joined with metal. Cypress cov- ers do not warp. 8-frame two-piece $0.70 10-frame two-piece 75 8-frame one-piece 85 10-frame one-piece 1,00 Absolutely the best cover made. Fresh stock foundation shipped from factory direct to you at wholesale prices in lots of 50 pounds or more. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. f The Stover Apiaries I I Helena, Ga. Mayhew, Miss. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ .fANuARv, 1921 G L E A N 1 N G S 1 N B E E C U LT U R E 61 iUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllll!lllllllllllllllliy I For Your Winter Trade HONEY WHOLESALE PRICES 16 Cents Per Pound Extracted Honey Sixty-Pound Cans F. 0. B. Boulder, Colorado. NOTE ; This honey will he granulated, finest quality, white alfalfa-sweet clover honey, this year's production. Comb Honey Crates of 8 cases, 24 sections. Fancy $7.25 Number One 7.00 Number Two 6.50 F. O. B. Boulder, Colorado. The Foster Honey ^^^;i^^ Boulder, Colorado. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiii 62 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 We are starting in a | new year, the year | of 1921, and we | want to make this I the finest of a 1 1 | years, in all respects- I What are you plan- | ning to do in regard I to your bees? i In the FIRST place, | you must have sup- | plies. Are you go- i ing to order now and | have them on hand 1 when needed, or are | you going to wait un- | til the bees are flying? | Happy New Year F. A. SALISBURY 1631 West Genesee Street Syracuse,New York Send for our price list. Write us for quotations. I In the SECOND I place, you want I "Service." Now is I the time to secure I the right kind of I service, promptness, I and accuracy. When i orders are piling up I in the rush season I we cannot give you i our best attention. In the THIED place, | order now while you | are sure of getting I your goods on time, | Later on, freight I will undoubtedly be | tied up, and ship- f ments slow in reach- I ing destination. I = i plIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII J'anuaey, 1921 OLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE 63 Place Your **fA\coW Order Early "HELIVERIES will be more certain; every- thing will be on hand ready for spring. Spe- cial discount to early buyers. Include an Ideal Bee-Veil in this season's supplies. Made of light weight indestructible wire and strong cloth. Will not blow in your eyes or stick to your face. Price $1.60. ' ' Falcon ' ' bees and hee supplies are guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction. Send for our red catalog. W. T. Falconer Manufacturing Co. Falconer (near Jamestown), N. Y., U. S. A. "Where the best bee-hives come from." ^ $1.60. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ |THEAULTI92IBEESHIPPINeCAGE m Patent Pending. B 1st. It is a dark cage, much more so than the open screen cages we have been ship- M P^^S i^ i^ the past. m 2nd. The feeder uses pure sugar syrup. Better than Honey or Candy to ship on; it M contains water as well as feed. M 3rd. Feeders are made more substantial, 1-3 larger, and have screw cap that will M not jar out. g 4th. Instead of one small hole, we now use a cotton duck washer in the screw. cap g that has proven to overcome all the objections found to the liquid feed method. M 5th. The Cage is one piece screen wire protected by thin boards on the outside, g Send for free circular describing the cage in detail, prices, etc. I Queens— Package Bees— Queens I ORDERS ARE COMING DAILY FOR 1921 SHIPPING. M 4 per cent Cash Discount for Nov., 3 per cent for Dec, 2 per cent for Jan. on g all orders. Or will book your order with 20 per cent down, balance just before shipping. • H My Fre.e Circular gives prices in detail, etc. Safe delivery Guaranteed within 6 days g of shipping point. We ship thousands of pounds all over U. S. A. and Canada, g 1-pound pkg. bees $3.00 each, 25 or more $2.85 each, g 2-pound pkg. bees $5.00 each, 25 or more $4.75 each, g 3-pouud pkg. bees $7.00 each, 25 or more $6.65 each. M F. O. B. Shipping Point. Add price of queen wanted. Untested Queen, $2.00 each; 25 or ] Tested Queen, $3.00 each; 25 or more $1.75 each more $2.70 each Select Unt. Queen, $2.25 each; 25 or 1 Select Tested, $3.50 each; 25 or more $2.00 each more $3.00 each NUECES COUNTY APIARIES CALALLEN, TEXAS E. B. AULT, Proprietor IB GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1921 ] IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUi j My first peep out on the dawn of a new year. Highest Quality Prompt Service Satisfaction The Reliable Three- Banded Italian Queens We are now booking orders for 1921. Queens will be ready after May 15th, one- fourth down, balance just before shipping date. Place your orders early, as we fill orders in rotation. WHY ORDER FARMER QUEENS? They are bred by as skillful and experienced queen-breeders as can be found in the United States. There are very few places where queens are reared under as favorable conditions as in our queen-rearing yards. We devote our time to rear- ing as good queens as possibly can be, and we positively guarantee that no better can be reared; we spare neither labor nor money in developing our strain of Italians. It is our intention to improve our original stock each year and to be more skillful queen-breeders. Our first original stock was procured from the highest quality obtainable, which we have proved to the highest point and is now not surpassed by any. Our own eyes inspect every queen that leaves our yards; no culls sent out. Place your orders, and after you have given our queens a fair test and you are not satisfied in every way that they are as good as any you have ever used, just return them and we will send you queens to take their places or return your money. They are very resistant to diseases, the very best for honey-gathering. You take no risk in buying our queens; safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada; satisfaction is left entirely to purchaser; prompt service given to all orders; every queen guaranteed to be purely mated. Our Prices: 1 6 " 12 100 Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 Select Untested 1.75 9.50 17.00 120.00 Tested 3.00 14.75 25.00 Select Tested 4.00 23.00 42.00 Write for prices on larger quantities than 100. The Farmer Apiaries - - Ramer, Alabama Where the good queens come from. Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllll^ ^iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii''^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Airco Foundation— Why? | I We are now bej^inning to get the beekeepers' own viTdiot on Airco Foundation, | 1 the new Eoot-Weed jitoeess, announcement of which we niavle a year ago and more. | I We then told the beekeepers that the new process had to df with both the refining | I of the wax and the milling of the wax sheets. We said that we believed that we had | I made one of the greatest of all improvements in the manufacturo of comb foundation. | pna ^^S pip ^^M M^ ^^^ra Thin Super. Light Brood. Medium Brood. i Today, with reports coining in from beekeepers who have now used this new I foundation, we are sure that all the claims we have made for Airco are fully proved i Let 's have some of the testimony : Bees Draw It Out Sooner. "The bees accept it quickly; draw it out with less hibor and sooner. I have used over 200 pounds of -Virco the past season" Marietta, N. Y. J. G. Burtis. Simply Perfection. "This foundation may lie called the crown of all betterments in modern bepkeeping. It is simply per fection. The fact is that '>'e need nothinir better, and I am convinced that it cannot be surpassed." Sabanna, Brazil. Victor Jungers. Far Superior to Any Others. "Airco Foundai'on is far ^ iperior to any other foundation that I li.ive ever trit 1. The bees accept it at once, and draw it o'lt into fine worker comb." Lake Geneva, Wi.s. C. H. Gebhardt. We have many such commendations foi Airco Foundation. It is only praise that comes from the beekeepers, and so it is that we believe it to be the best comb founda- tion that has ever been made. Why It's Best Airco Foundation is superior in these points: It is all made of high-grade wax, refined without the use of any acids or other injurious chemJcals. By tliis new re- fining i^rocess, the wax retains its aroma, and the impurities Jire more perfectly elimi- iinted than by any other process known. Most important of all, the new process of milling this superior wax gives a comb foundation nearer like nature's than any other made. The cell base is thinner and the walls deeper, for which reason the bees accept it sooner and draw it out more quickly than they do the old-process foundation. We invite every beekeeper in America to make his. own test of Airco Foundation this year. We shall be willing to abide entirely by the verdict to be rendered by users of this far superior new foundation. Write for particulars and prices. The A. I. Root Company Medina, Ohio ^iiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii' niiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif^ jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii!iii you well. Spring is al- 1 g most here, so hurry in your order. g I The A. 1. Root Company of California j I SAN FRANCISCO, 52-54 Main St. LOS ANGELES, 1824 E. 15th St. 1 Pebruary, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 65 FEBRUARY, 1921 Honej Markets , 68-69 Editorials 73-75 Hives for Extracted Honey Morley Pettit 76-77 Transferring in the South ' E. E. Eoot 77-79 Comb Honey Production Geo. S. Demuth 80-82 Various Schemes for Wiring lona Fowls 82-86 Eetail Honey Containers Edward Hassinger, Jr. 87-88 Nails and Nailing A. N. Clark 88 Extra Chamber for Stores j. H. Fisbeck 88-89 Winter Paeking-Cases A. Gordon Dye 89-90 Siftings J. E. Crane 91 Our Food Page Constance Eoot Boydeu 92-93 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 94-95' From North, East, West, and South 96-98 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 99-101 The Talkfest Bill Mellvir 101 Gleaned by Asking Editors 102-103 Just News 104 Bees, Men, and Things 205 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 106 Our Homes A. I. Eoot 107-109 -One year $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE — Subscriptions SUBSCEIPTION BATES.- withdrawn.) Single copy 10 not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued will bp .stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this' imirml CHANGE OF ADDRESS.— Give your old address as well as the new and write the naniP to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by pnstoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTEIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to mifim,- ,,<• manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES.— Advertising rates and cond^Uon.s will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remark.-iblv snUcfo^" tory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY.— The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthlv Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, ftS.'j per cent: advertising, 36. .5 per cent THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root Editors Editor Home Dept. lona Fowls Assistant Editor H. G. Rowe M'n'g Editor ee iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii CLEANINGS IN 6EE CULTURE IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIP^ Eebruary, 1921. lllllllllllllllllllllllll WHEN THE BEES STING, You'U Need an "Ideal Bee Veil "--True to its name. $1.95 postpaid in U. S. A. HONEY. Send us a sample of your extract- ed honey. We also buy comb honey. Tell us how much you have and what you want for it. We pay the day shipment is re- ceived. WAX-OLD COMB. We pay you the highest market price for rendered wax, less 5 cts. per pound for rendering charges. Our rendering process saves the last drop of wax for you. "Put your name on all packages." THE FRED W. MUTH CO., "The Busy Beemen" CINCINNATI, - OHIO. Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy LEWIS BEE SUPPLIES Practical Beekeepers stock sup. | plies now. This saves expense | and insures against delay in the I rush season. I I A plentiful supply of 18-oz glass I Honey Containers now on hand. I Wax and comb taken for cash I or trade. Write Department C. Western Honey Producers, Sioux City, Iowa. ~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiHii!ii!iniiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iNiNiiiiiniiniiiiiiiniiiiiiininiiiiiii!iniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii!i!iiiN PIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^^ The enormous demand for d proneness to promise too much in advance. We mean to exclude from our columns not only the dishonest and un- reliable advertiser but also the careless and negligent advertiser. All new advertisers will have to furnish us the best of character and financial ref- erences before entering our columns as here- tofore, also satisfy us that they have colonies enough and of the right kind to make good their advertisements, and any advertiser against whom any justifiable complaint is made by one of our subscribers must ex- pect to be excluded from our columns at least until such complaint or complaints are satisfied. Now, a word to our subscribers about their relations to our advertisers. Some of them are quite unfair to the advertisers. Some few of them are not above the suspicion of misrepresenting to secure an advantage over the advertiser. Some of them write to us and complain of an advertiser without fir?t complaining to the advertiser himself and giving him a chance to explain or make good — an utterly unfair thing to do. Some write us complaining bitterly of some deal with an advertiser, and then write apolo- gizing for having done the advertiser an injustice. Some write expecting us to serve both as attorney-at-law for them and court of justice, asking immediate decision, altho Fkbruarv, 1921. G T, E A \ I N G S I X 1:5 F. K C U L T V K E we may be a thousand miles away and don 't know a proven fact in the case. All in all, we get many hundreds of let- ters each beekeeping season complaining mostly of a comparatively few queen and bee rearers. Some of these complaints are justifiable, and we are anxious to receive all such in order that we can call erring advertisers to account. But many of these complaints are not justified — and these we don 't want to get. We say many of these complaints are not justified because nine- tonths of our advertisers of bees and queens are entirely dependable and business- like in every way; and because many inex- perienced beekeepers who order pound pack- ages of bees do not know what to expect and a few dead bees in a package will excite them to a roar of complaint. The sum total of the effect of the let- ters of complaint to us is, that the cor- respondence in which we are involved be- cause of the advertisements of queen and bee rearers in Gleanings makes this adver- tising totally unprofitable to us financially and a disagreeable feature of our business at all times. We purpose to change this situ- ation by adding the following conditions to our advertising guarantee: Gleanings in Bee Culture will not be re- sponsible in any way for any deal for bees or queens in which the purchaser advances the cash to the queen or bee rearer without an arrangement, either thru a bank or ex- press company, whereby he (the purchaser) can make examination of the bees or queens upon arrival and before the money is re- leased to the shipper. Such arrangement should provide that as many bees as arrive in good condition be accepted and paid for, and a bad-order receipt sent at once for dead bees or for bees not accepted for some other possible cause. We repeat that the very great majority of our advertisers of bees and queens are finan- cially responsible, prompt in business meth- ods, and will make good in every way for money sent in advance of delivery. We never have a complaint against many of these. But some new advertisers, we find, despite bank references and references of local ofiicials and local business men in their communities, and even despite their own good intentions, do not keep their promises to us always nor to our subscribers who patronize them. This is generally because of inexperience in the business; or because of promising an exact date of shipment without a reservation as to weather and season conditions permit- ting; or because of a lack of sufficient capi- tal to warrant their engaging at all in the queen and bee rearing business; or because of lack of any provision for prompt corre- spondence at all times — whether during a busy or slack season in the beeyards. So it is that we shall not hold ourselves re- sponsible for money paid in advance to queen or bee rearers, in deals which we do not make, and which we find are often made without taking the commonest business pre- caution. We want our subscribers to take the same business care we ourselves would take in making a deal for queens or bees — trust our ' ' cash in advance ' ' only to those who we know by experience have an established record of honest business dealing. Not know- ing the dealer or his business reputation, we should demand the right of examination be- fore making payment. This is not a hardship even to the new dealer in bees and queens if he is the right kind, for if he hasn 't capi- tal enough to await payment for his ship- ments, he hasn 't capital enough to warrant his being in the business at all. But we find no fault with the honest, business-like, prompt queen or bee rearer who demands pay in advance, either the whole or at least a part. He is worthy of such confidence, has proved himself, and can secure orders on these terms. Moreover, he knows there are tricky and dishonest bee- keepers who may order queens and bees of him, and if they have not paid in advance will make all sorts of dishonest representa- tions in dickering for a "settlement," and such tricksters have all the advantage if payment in advance has not been made. In case the queen or bee rearer does not require payment in advance, it is for him to inquire and know very certainly that the persons to whom he may send bees or queens, either C. O. D. or on credit, are strictly honest and dependable. It is for him, with the aid of all other queen and bee rearers and of Gleanings in Bee Culture, to make a black- list of dishonest purchasers of queens and bees and mercilessly expose them to every- body. Another condition: After a long experi- ence with unjustifiable and even questionable complaints against queen and bee rearers, we shall ask that a sworn affidavit of the facts set forth in a complaint against any queen or bee rearer be furnished us when the complaint is made, such affidavit not to be made until after complaint has been made to the bee or queen rearer in the case and he has been given fair opportunity to make good. An affidavit is not difficult to make or have sworn. Anybody with a just complaint against one of our advertisers should be glad to furnish us an affidavit, and we will at once proceed (-on the strength of an affidavit) to investigate the advertiser against whom complaint is made. If we find the sworn facts warrant it, we shall then not only throw the advertiser out of our columns, but at our own expense will pro- ceed (by law if necessary) to compel him to make restitution or to secure his proper pun- ishment. We seek both to be relieved of the bur- den thrown upon us by the unwise deals of our readers and their unjust complaints, and also to drive the unreliable queen and bee rearer out of business or even to pun- ish him by law if he so deserves. We hope for the hearty support of our many reliable queen and bee rearers and also every reasonable subscriber, in this policy. fti GLtlANf^GtS IN BEE CULTURE I'ebruary, l§2i. HIVES FOR EXTRACTED HONEY Increasing the Capacity of the '^rood-chamber by Means of Bet- ter Combs WH E N a s c i entist p r o m i- iient in beekeep- ing was asked recently what real advantage a f r a m e deeper than the Langs- troth might have, he replied something like this you know most Langstroth combs have an inch and a half to two inches of stretched cells below the top-bar which the queen will not use." "Yes," I said, "and they have at least a quarter inch more wood than they need in the top-bar, and a half inch space above the bottom-bar, which itself is thicker than it needs to be." To the elimination of this waste of space in Langstroth frames instead of enlarging them to accommodate both waste and queen. I have devoted much time, thought, and energy for several years. To begin with the frame: it was thought some years ago that the introduction of more wood in the top- bar reduced the burrcomb nuisance in comb- honey production. I know from years of experience in producing exhibition sections that the bee-space is the vital matter and not the wood; but since we are now dis- cussing extracted-honey production, the is- sue need not be raised here except to illus- trate the fact so ably pointed out by De- muth that most beekeepers are producing extracted honey with comb-honey equip- ment. To my way of thinking, the deep top-bar has not one redeeming feature. It is a pure waste of material, which is now so expensive. It is worse than waste, for it crowds the queen needlessly in the brood- chamber which is already too small, and in a double brood-chamber it increases the barrier to a free passage of the queen up and down. The extra quarter inch, over the five-eighths inch depth which we find suflScient, crowds out at least 170 worker- cells, which means a loss of 1700 possible workers per generation in a 10-frame hive. Next, by care in having combs built, and by sorting out faulty ones, we eliminate the inch and a half to two inches of stretched cells and most of the space above the bot- tom-bar. Suppose we gain two inches in depth of breeding comb by this, that would be 1836 cells per comb, on a basis of 27 cells per square-inch surface. But to be conservative, say we admit that our combs may not be so nearly perfect, and that the combs in the average apiary may not be so bad, and cut this estimated gain in half. We would still have by careful methods an advantage of 918 cells per comb, and by a better frame an additional 170 cells, being a total of 1088 cells in each brood-comb. This means that by attention to good combs we increase our possible production of popu- lation in each hive by something over 10,000 worker bees, that is, two pounds, or a small By Morley Pettit ^Well, swarm every three weks at a critical time. Isn 't it worth it? Another point in the economy of the brood- chamber is the matter of stores. Our slogan here is, "The brood-chamber for brood." There is not one month in the twelve when we want honey in the brood- chamber! We want 10 good all-worker combs, witli some pollen stores and a mini- mum of drone-cells next the bottom, but otherwise clear for the queen to fill right to the top-bar. As described in September "Gleanings," the honey stores are kept in the food-chamber which is never removed from the hive. This is a standard shallow super, Townsend's "food-chamber," De- muth 's "automatic feeder," automatic be- cause it fills up in time of plenty and gives down in time of dearth. It supplies honey during the whole breeding season, is raised above supers as they go on, and gives the advantage which advocates of the Heddon hive vised to claim for a divisible brood- chamber by removing the honey barrier be- tween brood and supers. So the argument that deeper combs provide more room for stores falls on deaf ears when it comes our way. Now after improving the combs we have in Langstroth frames, and adopting a food- chamber to relieve them of responsibility in that direction, we still find that we are able to produce queens which cannot fully display their talents in 10 frames. We assist them by manipulations, biit that is expen- sive. Doubtless the advocates of a deeper brood-frame are right. Among them are men of the highest authority. Their argu- ments have not been convincing to me be- cause they have stressed ' ' room for stores, ' ' which I do not want; the.y continue to use a stick of timber for a top-bar; and in the Jumbo frame they add only about two inches without saying that they save the waste from stretched cells, leaving me to wonder if we have not as much actual brood space as they. We have hesitated to complicate our equipment by adding another size of frame; but that is a secondary mat- ter if expensive manipulation can be saved; so next season 100 Jumbo brood-chambers containing frames with shallow top-bars and combs as nearly perfect as we can get them will be added to our stock and given a fair test. They will have the same food- chambers and receive the same care; but we hope they will need less manipulation. Mechanical Features of the Hive Used. As far as possible we use factory stand- ard hive parts. Some modifications are made in the assembling. The stock "reversible" bottom-board is not changed, but is never February, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 77 reversed, being used with the deep side up. The width of hive is 16% inches as made in Ontario. This was intended for 10 frames spaced 1% inches and a follower. -By dis- carding the follower we get 1%-inch spac- ing which we prefer. Frame spacers are ''%-inch bed staples," driven one in each side of the top-bar not more than one inch from the ends. They are in the same posi- tion at each end of every frame, so no mat- ter which way the frame is turned they always function. They are close to the ends to reduce interference with uncapping knives. Being placed with edges up and down they slip into place without catching on the next top-bar. I was brought up on "finger spacers" — know all about them — and would not revert to such a time-wasting system on any account. I have tried over a thousand Hoffman-spaced frames and still have some wooden ears to trim off at each annual round-up. I have studied every other type of spacer on the market, and prefer staples. Their only objections are a slight cutting into the top-bar of the next frame and a slight tendency to weaken the lug. We overcome the latter by reinforcing the lug with a nail driven thru the top-bar and clinched. When used' in the extractor they sometimes catch in the basket, and a care- less uncapper may try to cut them off. The advantages of staple spacers are the small point of contact, eliminating interference by wax and propolis, and the ' ' elasticity ' ' of the system, by which term I mean that we are not tied to the width of spacing the factory happens to give us, and we can fix up old frames of odd widths. After nailing, our hive-bodies are care- fully ' ' jointed, ' ' that is, they are trimmed on the edges with a long plane to make a tight joint with the next one above and below. Then metal frame rests are nailed accurately by gauge to bring the top-bars just even with the top of the hive. This leaves a full bee-space under the frames. It makes it easy to scrape off the top-bars. But that is not all; whatever goes on next, be it queen-excluder with space turned down, or super, or cloth and cover, or mov- ing screen with deep rim, whatever it be, it grips the frames firmly at the ends so they cannot swing; and with spacers to prevent side-shifting they need no other fastening for any kind of migrating. In wintering this arrangement provides extra space below the frames for possible accu- mulation of dead bees. Our hives were first planned with migrat- ing in view. That is why we object to pro- jecting cleats or handles — they interfere with close loading on a truck. We have to be content with hand holes only, but we have them on all four sides. It is why we object also to a projecting cover. The one we use has a rim of folded galvanized iron only, taking practically no side space. It has the same iron over all, and inside is a wooden tray with"%-inch felt or cork pack- ing. The lower side is flat to rest evenly on the frames, but has a piece of tough smootli cloth between to prevent waxing. I never could stand having to crack loose a cover, even when waxed only around the rim. It stirs up a spirit of opposition quite out of proportion to the needs of the case. These are the main features of the hive we use. Super and brood-chamber combs are interchangeable. That is very conveni- ent and the main objection we have to in- troducing a deeper brood-comb. All combs are built on well-wired foundation, and faulty ones are sorted out and marked by a simple mark on the top-bar to be used in supers only. We endeavor to make Jie best use possible of the brood-chamber space; then if we can produce queens which the present brood-chamber cannot accommodate, it must be enlarged. From the beekeeper 's standpoint the hive is made as simple and efficient as we know how. Georgetown, Ont. TRANSFERRING IN THE SOUTH C. L. Sams and 'T)emonstratwn North IT would al- most seem that the sub- ject of transfer- ring is out of place in a mod- ern bee journal devoted to up- to-date methods for keeping bees. The average northern beekeeper would sup- pose box hives and log gums to be a thing nf the past, and that we had better look forward rather than backward; but a tour thru the southern States, especially North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, would convince him that these types of old- fashioned beekeeping are very much in evi- His 'Methods in Work Done in Carolina By E. R. Root dence. In fact, in some parts of the Coastal Plain of the southe a s t e r n States the box hive or the log gums are about all one does see in the line of hpel^oeping. Since the war the high price for both beeswax and honey has induced the northern beekeeper to come south to buy up these old gums, which he has been able to get at from two to three dollars. Some of these box hives full of black bees have made, when transferred, splendid invest- ments. I have known of a few cases where 78 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. colonies in gums liought for $2.00 when transferred have brought in over 100 pounds pounds of honey which, at war prices, have returned a thousand per cent profit. Where modern methods have been intro- duced the natives have been quick to see the advantage of the new system, and no longer will they part with their gums at $2.00 each. No, sir; some of them are talk- Log gums used for producing comb houey, with 'the "supers" in position. ing eight and nine dollars where two was sufficient before. You see they have been "educated." Where that is true you must go further south or further back in the woods, and perhaps you can find bees at $2.00. There are plenty of places in the Southland where black bees can be bought at low figures; but, mind you, after you have bought up one lot, transferred them, and shown what can be done, you can buy no more at the former prices. You will have to find ' ' pastures new ' ' where the native beekeeper has not been "educated." Unquestionably, the man who has done the most to "educate" the log-gum bee- keeper of North Carolina is C. L. Sams, A typical boxhive apiary such as is to be seen all over the Southland. operating as a special bee-extension man jointly for the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, and the Department of Agriculture at Kaleigh, N. C. If there is any man who thoroly knows beekeeping in the State it is Sams. He does not buy up bees at so much per, and then show the box-hive man where he lost out; but he goes out over the State giving demonstra- tions not only on how to transfer but how to keep bees better. He will pick out some beekeeper centrally located, then send no- tice to all others in the vicinity that, on a certain date at this place, he will give a demonstration in transferring. At this time he will show . modern hives and modern implements, such as bee-smokers and bee- veils. With these he will transfer several Log-gum apiary of .T. S. Kelly near Wilmington, N. C. Mr. Sams holding an empty gum, and altho the bees were stinging him unmercifully, he stood his ground while the Editor was "snapping" him. colonies and then ask the box-hive bee- keepers to come back later to see him take off the crop. One intelligent box-hive man ' ' converted ' ' to modern methods with a modern equipment serves as a tremendous object lesson to the whole neighborhood. Mr. Sams gives this one man particular at- tention until he can work alone. Key men like this are being established all over the State, and the effect of this kind of direct instruction, the kind that shows for itself in dollars and cents, can be imagined. In some cases Mr. Sams advertises that he will give some live-bee stunts on a eer- :\rr. Sums tipping up \ho liives in a box-hive apiary. one af1pr another, and looking "up under" to learn their condition. Thi.s is all the "inspecting" witli bo.\ hives. tain day in some citj^ or town. These stunts are usually given in some park or on the grounds of the courthouse. All persons es- pecially interested in bees and all fruit- growers desirous of more and better fruit are especially invited. On the day appoint- ed he will transfer a colony or two from log gums to modern hives. While doing thia Pebrtjary, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 79 he scoops up bees with his bare hands, puts tliem in his hat, and then wears the hat. With bees in his hands and in his "bonnet" he will reel off before the astonished crowd an interestino; storv about bees and how one Mr. Sams drumming on the hive to drive the bees up against the top board so he tan remove them and then cut out the combs. Courthouse officials of Wilmington, with an inborn sense of safety and a snap, looking out from withi. of his key men, Mr. Jones, we will say, is keeping bees on the new plan over at cross- roads so and so. To the fruit men he ex- plains the value of bees as pollinators. This kind of talks and demonstrations is cer- tainly making a hit all over the State of South Carolina. It would be diiBcult to esti- Nature's Spacing of Combs. The illustration at the top of this col- umn shows how irregularly bees space their combs when they work as they used to do thousands of years before man tried to regu- The. "inards" of a box hive after the bees have been drummed out. Notice how irregularly the bees have spaced the combs. late the distances. In view of recent discus- sions on the proper spacing of combs for brood-nests I was interested to measure up the distances between the combs. I made hundreds of measurements while looking over box hives in the South, and' I find that the average spacing for worker brood seems Mr. Saras, bee extension agent for Uncle Sam and North Carolina, cutting the combs of a box hive loose with a hand saw, on the courthouse grounds at Wilmington, with a crowd watching. (Court- house officials still inside.) mate the value in dollars and cents. If Mr. Sams keeps up this pace. South Carolina as a bee State will come forward by leaps and bounds. His is the kind of work that counts, because the eye can see the methods and the results. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. I think I am in position to know some- thing of Mr. Sams' work, because it was my privilege to follow him last spring over the State. I took snapshots of him in action, some of which are given herewith. In our next issue I propose to show his methods, particularly those illustrating his plans for transferring. If there is any man in this whole country who knows this art, it is Mr. Sams. Modern hives into which bees in "gums" had been transferred by Mr. Sams and his helpers. to be slightly under 1% inches. The store combs run all the way from 1^2 and 1% to 2 inches, or an average of slightly over I14 inches. In a large number of cases it was noticeable that the combs were spaced wider apart at the top of the box or gum, and closer together toward the centers and the bottom. The illustration shows a slight ten- dency that way; but it is not so pronounced as a number of others that I saw. For brood-rearing it is apparent to me that na- ture indicates 1% inches; for drone comb and store comb, 11/2, altho there are wide variations, but the average runs as indi- cated. Some 30 years ago I had the honor of setting the spacing for Hoffman frames at 1%. In view of what I saw in the South- land, perhaps, I was not far out of the way. 80 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FEBRTtARY. lOOI. COMB HONEY PRODUCTION The ^rood Chamber for Brood. How the Industry ^as f'^early Wrecked by Small Brood Chambers By Geo. S. Demuth necessary supers at incoming ONE of the imp ortant require- ments in comli- honey produc- tion is that the brood- chani ber be well filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow, thus making it that the bees begin work in the once to provide a i^lace for the nectar. While the same condition is desirable in extracted-honey production, it is not so essential as in coiub-honey production, since the giving of a super of empty extracting combs constitutes a strong invitation to the bees to ' ' come up stairs ' ' and expand their work into the supers even tho there may still be some empty comb below. On the other hand, to a certain extent, the bees must be forced into comb-honey supers by a lack of room in the brood-chamber for the incoming nectar. Too often in comb-honey production the honey flow begins before the brood- chamber IS filled with brood, and if storing is begun in the brood-chamber and honey is sealed down close to the brood, the bees usually eiiter the supers reluctantly, being apparently satisfied with the snug and thriftv condition of having sealed honey above' and around the brood area as if pre- pared for winter. Under such conditions the bees sometimes act as if they had finished the season's work, even tho the honey flow is just beginning, and often waste much valuable time loafing even during a good honey flow. Such colonies are usually among the first to prepare to swarm. On the other hand, colonies that have their brood-chambers well filled with brood when the honey flow begins, should enter and begin work in the supers promptly and should expand their work into additional supers, building combs in advance of their needs so that, even tho they may be much stronger than the colonies which began their storing within the brood-chamber, they are much less inclined to swarm. This highly de- sirable condition of having the brood- chamber well filled with brood and almost free from honey at the beginning of the honey flow is usually present in only a part of tlie colonies each year and some seasons in but few if any of them, and it has long been well known that these few colonies which do happen to be in this condition are the ones which, if properly managed, give the very best results in comb honey. It is not surprising, therefore, that the early masters in comb-honey production rec- ognized this problem and attempted its solu- tion. The methods which they used to get the brood-chambers filled with brood and free from honey just at the critical time— the beginning of the honey flow — have had guch a far-reaching influepce upon thp bee- keeping indus- try, and the his- tory of the de- V e 1 0 p m ent of these methods furnishes such a striking a n d wholesome 1 e s - son for present- day beekeepers that it is well worth while to review briefly this development. Early Attempts to Eliminate Honey from the Brood-Chamber. In his early experiments Langstroth found that the storage of too much honey in the brood-chamber previous to the begin- ning of work in the boxes could be greatly reduced by the use of a shallow hive, and in adopting the particular depth of the Laugstroth hive he was greatly influenced by this fact. In effect the shallow hive cuts off the honey at the top and permits placing the boxes down close to the brood, which is so important in inducing the bees to begin work in the boxes. Langstroth built his hive to hold 10 frames and considered this to be the best size for the production of honey in the 6 to 10 pound boxes which were the "supers" of that time. In using the Langstroth hive to produce honey in sections, beekeepers soon learned that better results could be secured from the weaker colonies by removing any combs not well filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow and filling the vacant space with wide frames, each holding eight sections, or with thick division-boards, which came to be known as "dummies." Later, the wide frames and side storing were abandoned and dummies became a part of the regular equipment for comb-honey pro- duction. Reduction in the Size of the Brood-Chamber. Since the majority of colonies usually had some combs not filled with brood, at the be- ginning of the honey flow many beekeepers reduced tho size of the hive, cutting it down to eight frames, in order to make sure that most of the colonies would have their brood- chambers full of brood at the beginning of the honey flow. In this ease, if any colonies should become crowded for room before the main honey flow, a comb of emerging brood could be exchanged with an empty comb from some colony with less than -eight frames of brood. In other words, these bee- keepers reasoned that better results could be secured thru a sei-ies of years by using a brood-chamber which averaged a little too small instead of one averaging a little too large. These problems were discussed freely in the bee journals from 1885 to 1890, at which time tho eight-frame hive had practically become the standard hive in this country. It should be remembered that at this time comb February, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 8l honey was being produced by a great major- ity of beekeepers. Later, however, it was found that the advantage of the eight-frame hives was be- ing lost, for after a few years they in turn were not well filled with brood at the be- ginning of the honey flow. Within a few years beekeepers were reporting the same difficulties with the eight-frame hive that they formerly had experienced with the ten- frame hive. Instead of recognij^ing the cause of the smaller colonies being in the reduced capacity of the brood-chamber, with its attendant danger of a shortage of honey at the most critical periods, many beekeep- ers sought a remedy in a further reduction in the size of the brood-chamber. The dum- mies of the days of the 10-frame hive were again brought into use, and the ' ' contrac- tion" of the brood-chamber was advocated by most comb-honey producers, Further Contraction of the Eight-Frame Hive, This time the brood-chamber was reduced from eight frames to five frames. This con- traction was done by some at the beginning of the honey flow when the comb-honey supers were put on and by others only when hiving swarms; but since most of the strong colonies swarmed and the weak ones had to be contracted to induce them to work in the supers, most of the colonies were con- tracted to five frames at some time during the season, the contractionist advising that parent colonies be contracted to five frames and supplied with a super in order to utilize them as well as the swarm in honey pro- duction. At this time many of the leaders in bee- keeping in this country considered five frames to be sufficient capacity for the brood-chamber except during the period of heaviest brood-rearing just previous ta the honey flow from clover when the brood- chamber was temporarily expanded to eight frames. These things were taught in the bee- keeping literature at the time; and at a beekeepers' convention held in Chicago in 1893 when the question was asked as to the proper size for the brood-chamber for comb- honey production, it was found that the ma- jority of those present favored a brood- chamber of five or six frames capacity. Poor Seasons Followed Reduction in Size of Brood-Chamber. It is not surprising that the beekeeping industry suffered a period of severe depres- sion at about this time, for the small hives and severe contraction of that period, to- gether with the gradual elimination of bass- wood and fall flowers, made the existence of colonies of bees a precarious one indeed unless much feeding was practiced. The series of so-called poor seasons in the clover regions which followed the contraction fad almost wrecked the industry in this excel- lent honey -producing region, and looking back now it seems remarkable that beekeep- ing has even partially recovered from the terrible setback of that time. In November, 1891, Hutchinson wrote in the editorial columns of the Beekeepers' Ee- view as follows: "In 1888 the average yield in my apiary was 10 pounds per colony. In 1889 it was 20 pounds; in 1890 not one pound; in 1891, five pounds. * * ** The honey stored in my apiary the past four jears would not have kept us in food more than one year. I am forced to believe that hundreds of beekeepers could make a simi- lar report." After some remarks about the changes in his location, brought about by better agricultural methods, he continues: ' ' What puzzles me is that we had good crops for ten years then poor crops for four years. It seems as tho the change ought to have been more gradual. ' ' Poor Seasons Caused by Lack of Strong Colonies. That the management was more at fault than the seasons was well brought out in the same journal the next month by Taylor, who wrote as follows: "In my home apiary the past season, I had one swarm for about every 25 colonies, an average of about five pounds of comb honey to the colony. But there was one colony that cast a swarm and gave a surplus of 75 pounds of comb honey over and above sufficient winter stores for the two colonies. * * * * There was no ac- cession of bees from other colonies nor any robbing. Wherein was the power of this col- ony? Was it from the fortuitous conjunction of conditions at the most favorable times so as to produce extraordinary exertion at the nick of time? Did it possess a secret knowledge of some rich acre of clover in a sunny nook? Or was it possessed of inbred characteristics which gave it powers to ex- cel? If in the first or last, as seems most likel}^, we have in them a rich field for ex- ploration. He who finds out how to time the conjunction of conditions and to perpetuate the most desirable characteristics will abol- ish poor seasons, not simply find a doubtful remedy therefor." Early the next year the same writer re- vealed this desirable "conjunction of con- ditions, which has since played such an important part in "abolishing poor sea- sons, ' ' in the following significant state- ment: "In the leanest of the late lean years, every colony that cast a swarm as soon as the first opening of the white clover has given me more than an average amount of surplus comb honey, and by that I mean more than an average in good seasons. Now it has come to be a fond dream of mine that all reasonably good colonies having good queens can be brought to the swarming point by that time." The poor seasons continued for many years in the clover region when comb honey wns produced. In 1901 in a personal inter- view with the writer, James Heddon, who at that time was a leader in American bee- 82 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. keeping, stated that his location had failed during the preceding 15 years, and that he had given up hope that the State of Michi- gan would ever produce another crop of honey. Good Seasons Are Returning. Gradually, however, tlie tide turned in the direction of better crops, as beekeepers learned to leave more honey in the hives and quit nursing along little colonies in little Vjrood-chanibers by furnisliing them food on the "from hand to mouth" plan. Gradually tlie colonies of better beekeepers have grown larger and larger until now even the 10-frame Langstroth hive has be- come too small in many cases to hold all the brood of a good colony at the begin- ning of the honey flow, and those who are using a smaller hive now usually expect to have two stories better filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow than was the single story of 25 to 30 years ago. The comb-honey producers of the present who are still using the eight-frame hive do not find it necessary to take out empty combs from the brood-chamber and insert dum- mies to fill the vacant space. Instead of this they are making increase with the extra frames of brood left over when they reduce this hive from a two-story hive to a single story at the time the comb-honey supers are put on at the beginning of tlie honey flow. These changes for the better have come about so gradually that many beekeepers have failed to notice the changes in their management which are largely responsible for them, and some are inclined to believe that the seasons are growing better. Others say that we have developed better queens which can fill 12 to 15 frames with brood instead of 5 to 8 as during the days of ex- tremely small brood-chambers. But to be convinced that the greater amount of stores which the better beekeep- ers are now leaving with the bees is largely responsible^ for the better conditions of to- day, it is only necessary to visit a few of the many beekeepers who still compel their colonies to live from hand to mouth, for some have not yet learned the lesson from the period of depression from which our in- dustry has not yet fully recovered. VARIOUS SCHEMES FOR WIRING Echoes of "The Thousand Dollar Trick." The Plan we Prefer. By lona Fowls NO article ap- pearing in Gleani n g s in Bee Culture in recent years caused such a deluge of dis- cussions and sug- gestions as E. R. Root's article on wiring — the "Thousand-dollar Trick," that appeared in the February issue last year. In the April issue a few of these sug- gestions were published; but since then, during a whole year, they have not ceased pouring into Gleanings' office, and wo have accordingly decided to give our readers an idea of the nature of these suggestions and also our own experience in trying many of them out. Too Much Crossing of Wires. In some of the nietliods there is too much crossing of the wires. One such method (Fig. 1 ) is given by John A r b t i n, Des Moines, Iowa, as fol- lows: ' ' I use Jumbo frames, and have five horizontal wires and three brace wires. The advantages of this system are that the brood-comb can not sag, the queen can lay eggs up to the top-bar, and the comb will not break down in the extractor. The dis- advantages are that it takes more wire and time to fix it in this way, and it cuts up the foundation more when the wires are imbed- ded than the old system does. ' ' A. W. Lindsay, Detroit, Mich., gives a similar plan (Fig. 2), but in this case the wire is fastened to the top-bar and bot- tom-bar as well as to the end-bars. This, Mr. Lindsay believes, results in combs bet- ter attached to the bottom-bar, and brood is reared nearer the top-bar. Our experiments have shown us that, FEBRfARV, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 83 while tlu'se methods in which there is ex- cessive crossing of wires make a firm comb, yet, besides the extra wire required and the extra time and trouble, there are the added objections that the comb is more likely to bulge between the wires, the wire is more likely to cut the foundation, and also drone comb is often built at the intersection of the wires. Variations of Ordinary Horizontal Wiring. An easy method, but one well worth con- sidering, is given by J. H. Fisbeck of Mis- souri, who says: ' ' After having read the bee magazines lately, one would think that nothing more could be said concerning wiring frames; but one comes to this conclusion, however, that the effective methods are too complicated, requiring entirely too much time and labor. My plan (Fig. 3) I call the "three-tack method." Just one extra tack turns the trick. All methods prescribed call for a tight wire near the top-bar or some kind of reinforcement. With my method the frames are wired and tacked in the ordin- ary way except that I drive a tack along the side of the top hole in each end-bar. Placing the tacks alongside of the hole pre- vents the wire's sinking into the wood. The upper wire after being drawn taut is fas- tened at each end by these tacks. I prefer the lower wires to sag a little, to prevent the buckling of foundatipn in hot weather and to allow the foundation to come closer to the bottom-bar. It is the top wire which ^ F ^ i ne.4 1 i^ ■ i needs to be taut, and this extra tack, with the manner in which it is driven, does the work." It has been suggested by D. W. Switzer, Saluda, S. C, that the frames be wired in the usual way, and then four other horizon- tal wires be used with the foundation slipped in between the two sets of wire (Fig. 4). Altho this takes twice as long, he says: "I get splendid results in getting the queens to lay close up to the top-bars. Also, frames wired this way are fine to use when ship- ping bees and when extracting." Wiring in the usual way, except that the two top wires are crossed (Fig. 5), is the method suggested by E. G. McCormick, Prairie Grove, Ark. Altho Mr. McCormick does not consider the extra space above and below tlie crossing of the two wires to be a serious objection, still we should greatly prefer to have the wires closer at that part of the comb. He writes as follows: "The modification, by applying the mechanical FIG.S principles of the truss and suspension, fur- nishes strengtli in the upper part of the comb where it is most useful. To demonstrate the additional strength over a parallel wire, place the finger on the point marked 9 in the diagram, and press downward or up- ward. To wire a frame in the proposed way, commence at the hole marked 1 in the dia- gram, and continue as in ordinary parallel wiring to 7; from 7 carry the wire in front of, under, then back of the wire running from 5 to 6, to the hole marked 8 and fas- ten it. If it is desired to avoid any inter- ference with electric imbedding, thread the wire from 5 to 7 down thru 6 and back to 8, and insert foundation between the crossed wires, depending upon the foundation and comb to bind the wires together at 9. The writer prefers the former method, and re- grets that all his frames are not so wired." Chas. S. Kinzie of Kiverside, Calif., uses the same method with the two lower wires as well as the upper. He writes as follows: "With my plan of wiring (Fig. 6), I never have any sagging. I do not cross the wire. I wire the first wire straight, then the next over the straight one. A lot of sagging is caused by the way frames are placed when extracting. If the frames are put in the GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. baskets the first time with the top-bars to- ward the way you are turning, there will not be any sagging. But if the bottom is placed toward the way you are turning, then there will be some combs that break loose and sag. ' ' Such a looping over of the wire really amounts to two crossings at practically the same point, which, as previously explained, we have found objectionable in our experi- ence. All Wires Diagonal. Wiring with all the wires diagonal (Fig. 7) is recommended by John L. Miles, Ridg- way, Pa. He says: "The illustration will show plainly how it is_ done. Beginning at 1, proceed to all the figures as shown. Care should be taken to get the wires from 2 to 3 and 7 to 8 on top of the ones from 4 to 5 and 8 to 9. This allows sliding the founda- tion between the wires and prevents short circuits when imbedding with electricity. The wires are fastened to the top-bar by driving tacks in the side of the corner cut. They should be equally spaced. I use the third hole from the top in tlie end-bar; and the bottom-bar, beginning at the end, should be drilled 2, 6%, lOi/o, and 15 inches. I have wired all my frames this way, and FIG. 8 the bees build fine combs in them. I have not had a case where they made holes where the wires cross. In fact, the only objection I can see to this method is the time it takes to do it; and if this is an objection, then by the same token why wire them at all?" Now the slight springing of the bottom- bar would probably do little harm; and so far as the theory of the braces is con- cerned, the plan is all right for the middle part of the frame; but there is a decided objection to those large expanses of comb unsupported by wire. Especially is this true at extracting time. More diagonal wires might overcome this objection; but this only adds to the labor of wiring and the difficulty of inserting the foundation. To Prevent Wire From Cutting Into Wood. For preventing the wires from cutting into the wood, the use of staples, nails, and eye- lets has been suggested by many. In our ex- perience we have not found that tliey pre- vent stretching but that they do weaken the wire at those points where the wire pulls against them. E. G. Hand of Hilliardton, Ont., has for 20 years used nails just above or below the holes, so that the wires may be drawn taut (Fig. 8). In his letter he says: "Here is the system I adopted more than 20 years ago, and I have never seen another that made me want to change. Wire nails are driven into the edge of the end- bars above or below the holes to catch the wire as soon as it is pulled tight and begins to cut in. With this system, wires can be pulled as tight as desired when put in and will keep their tension for years. There will be practically no trouble from wires breaking if judgment be used in tightening them, and experience soon teaches the proper tension. The wire should be drawn tight, one strand at a time, after it is strung thru and the end secured. Do not attempt to draw the three strands tight with one pull. I have never had trouble with wires breaking at any time after wiring. If pulled tight enough no vertical wire is needed, and tlie wires can be imbedded electrically. The wire is attached to the nails at the terminal holes at the outside, then the nails are driven in tight. ' ' A similar plan (Fig. 9) is advocated by P. M. 1). Veale of Ottawa, Ont., who makes a hole thru the center of the top-bar, en- larges the lioles in the end-bars with a 5/32 b"_t stock drill, and then drives % x 18-gauge rails into the end-bars thru the middle of the holes, so that these nails serve as axles on which the wire slips as it is pulled taut. A nail is driven in the same manner thru Fkbriarv, 1921. GLEANINGS IK BEE C T' L T T' K E 85 the middle of the hole in the top-bar. Begin- ning at 1, wire as indicated in Fig. 9. So many liave advocated the use of staples or eyelets to prevent the wire from cutting into the wood, that H. H. Eoot decided to give them a test. His conclusions are given below in his own words: "We wired a number of frames with No. 28 wire with eyelets in the end-bars, and also some frames with the same-sized wire but with no eyelets in the end-bars. We suspended these frames vertically by means of a string tied around the top-bar in the middle, and then put a strain on one of the strands of horizontal wire by tying a pail to one of the wires in such a way that the pail would be suspended beneath the bot- tom-bar of the frame. We arranged in this ^ jj /^\ J / \ "n / \ rie. II ^ way two frames and two pails, one frame liaving eyelets and the other having no eye- lets. With everything hanging free we began dipping water into each of the pails. In every instance the sag of the wire was ap- parently uniform until the pails held ap- proximately five pounds of water when the wire in the eyeleted frames broke. Tho we repeated the exjieriment several times, the result was always the same. The eyelet makes a rather abrupt angle which weakens the wire. When there is no eyelet the wire sinks ill the wood sufficiently to make a long easy curve which effectually prevents break- age. Moreover, we can see no advantage whatever, so far as the stretching of the wire was concerned, whether eyelets were used or not. It should be pointed out that the wire of today is hardly the equal of the wire of a few years ago, for it varies con- siderably, some being hard and some soft. The hard wire breaks easily, while the soft stretches so quickly that it may be stretched by being wound around the fingers and pulled with the two han<}s, " Variations of the Thousand-Dollar Trick, A number of the methods given are varia- tions of the ''thousand-dollar trick." Some have found that the staple in the top-bar pulls out too readily, and therefore they thread the diagonal wire thru a hole in the top-bar, and there attach it with a nail or tack (Fig.lO). George Giosenaues, Chicago, 111., who has Jumbo frames, thieads thru five horizontal wires, fastening the free end at 11 (Fig. 11); then before cutting the wire from the spool he takes the next to the bottom wire, stretches it up to the top-bar, and fastens it over the head of a tack at 4, as was sug- gested by Mr. Root in Heads of Grain in the June (1920) issue. The wire is then cut from the spool, leaving sufficient length to thread back thru 5 and 3, where it is to be fastened, care being taken not to allow con- tact of the two wires in these holes. When the Jumbo frame is completely wired in this way, the diagonal wire is unhooked from the nail in the top-bar, the sheet of founda- tion slipped in place betwe(!n the horizon- tal and the vertical wires, and the loose wire slipped back over the nail-head. This method makes it possible to use an electric imbedder without danger of a short circuit. A horizontal wire inserted under the ends of the top-bar, and a diagonal wire looped over the horizontal one and inserted between the lower ends of the end-bar and the bot- tom-bar (Fig. 12) may be placed in the frame at the time of making the frame, ac- cording to Wm. Grams, Sturgis, S. Dak. He uses these two wiros in addition to the usual four horizontals. This style of wiring would doubtless hold the comb firmly;, but, altho we have never tried it, it seems to us it would cause considerable trouble, and the looiiiug of one wire over another would be likely lo cause drone-cells nt the very place GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. where we least desire them. A looping of one wire over another is much more likely to cause such trouble than is a plain cross- ing of wires. Several have suggested Mr. Eoot 's plan, but having the ends of the diagonal wire attached to the bottom-bar instead of the end-bar. H. M. Tarbox, Brattleboro, Vt„ and others have suggested making two holes in the bottom-bar and bringing the wires over the corners, thus stiffening the bottom wires (Fig. 13). This method works well if the wires are drawn tightly without springing the bottom-bar too much. The Plan We Like Best. After having spent considerable time and expense in trying out many promising plans, the one that we have finally decided most satisfactory is a slight variation of the "thousand-dollar trick." The frame is pierced in the usual way with four holes in each end-bar, but in addition to this there is a 3/16 inch slot at the lower end of each end-bar. Holding the frame with top-bar down the frame is wired horizontally thru the slots and pierced holes in the end-bars in the order indicated by the numbers (Fig. 14) and the wire is fastened at 10. The foundation is then placed on top of the horizontal wires, a tack driven thru the foundation and part way into the side of the groove in the top- bar. The wire next the bottom-bar is then made slack and slipped over the tack at A and after being drawn taut is fastened at 1, after which the tack in the top-bar is driven clear in, the wedge tacked in place and the wire imbedded electrically. If imbedded too deeply the wires cut the foundation, the bees make the holes still lar- ger and then build in drone comb; there- fore we advise that the wires be imbedded only on the surface of the foundation. Last summer we had hundreds of frames wired as shown in Figure 14, with no trouble from stretching or buckling of foundation. Nor were there any drone-cells at the crossing of the wires when the foundation was imbed- ded properly. On the whole we have found the plan a good one and one that requires but little extra work. A Concluding Word. The plans of wiring given in this article are only a few of the very many submit- ted. But some of these were the same, or so similar to some one of the plans mentioned above, that it would have been mere repeti- tion to print them. Many other plans sub- mitted were too impractical to deserve space being given to them. But out of the whole mass of correspondence regarding wir- ing received by us during the last year, we have endeavored to select the best ideas and give these to our readers along with explana- tory drawings. ,\ mile of Calit'ornia almond trees in bluom in Februai-j'. Februakv, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 87 ^s^mL^mmm SBCMTHraiEED MmfW&y RETAIL HONEY CONTAINERS An Attractive Glass Package for Six and Twelve Pounds of Honey It is five years since we have used tin pails to supply retail trade. Instead we have used and are still using a six-pound and a twelve-pound glass jug. We have used sev- eral thousands of these jugs and are so well pleased with them that we would not con- sider using tin pails again, unless it should become impossible to buy the jugs. These jugs are a complete success in sell- ing themselves. The white flint glass shows the honey in its natural color. The jug be- ing of convenient size and neatly labeled, with the wood and wire handle, makes as pretty and attractive container as any one would wish to see. To see one is to want one. We firmly believe that a display of these jugs in several downtown store windows in our cities and villages will sell more honey than a four-by-four-inch advertisement in the local daily paper of that town. We have tried it a few times, and the results were in favor of the window displays. As a return package it is a success; that is, after people have more of these jugs than they can use for household purpose? they are anxious to return them to us. So we buy them back at the same price that we charged for the jug when sold with the honey; that is, if we sell the honey at 30c a pound, a six-pound jug would amount to $1.80 and 15c for the jug; total $1.95. In handling the jugs we take a double sheet of newspaper, or other wrapping paper and fold it around the jug, drawing it a little tighter at the top; then the top edge of the paper is folded down enough so that an ordinary stickpin may be inserted. This allows the jug to be carried by the handle without the wrapper's slipping ofP. To re- move the wrapper it is slipped up over the top. In handling larger quantities, say half a dozen or more, we use the wooden ship- ping case that is made to hold two 60-pound tin cans. This case will hold six 6-pound jugs, with room to pack the corners with wads of paper, to hold them firmly. We use this same case to ship six 6-pound jugs to retailers by packing the bottom and the top with marsh hay or straw and the sides and ends with paper. We have shipped in this way by express for over 100 miles, usu- ally successfully. In washing the jugs, or any other glass in hot water, to prevent breaking, one-half of the open end of the mouth of the jug is dipped into the water first and the water allowed to run down on the inside. At the same time the outside of the jug is laid down into the water; then it is rolled over to allow the opi^osite side to come in con- tact with the hot water. This method of handling glass in hot water allows the glass to expand without breaking. If anything is inside of the jugs that cannot be removed by shaking with only hot water, a small handful of lead shot is used to shake with the water. If the National Honey Producers ' League would see fit to adopt these jugs as stand- ard retail honey containers, we believe it The glass honey jug, several thousand of whieh Mr. Hassinger has usert in marketing honey. would be a move that would bring more direct results in moving honey to the con- sumer than any other means of advertis- ing could bring at the present time, con- sidering that this would cost practically nothing, with the exception that extra care must be exercised to have the honey and the jugs clean. The one-half gallon jugs at the last quota- tion were $25.25 per gross. The one-gallon sizes sold at $35.50 per gross, f. o. b. Chi- cago, or Alton, 111. This would be 17i/^c each jug for the one-half gallon size, J|,nd 24 3-3(5 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE each for the gallon size. Before the war I bought them for 7c and 10c each, respective- ly. Since the consumer pays for the jug extra and has the privilege of returning the empty jug at the same price patd for it, the price does not make so much difference. However, it would be an advantage to both the producer and the consumer if the jugs were less costly; less money would be in- vested and the loss would be less if a jug is accidentally broken. I believe the price could be reduced considerably if all the progressive honey producers would use them, as the demand would thereby be in- creased so that the factory could put in full time making them. Perhaps bee supply companies could be induced to order the jugs by the carload and advertise in their catalogs to sell to honey producers at cost. Let's ask them to do this for the good of the cause. To adver- tise honey in this way is to increase the demand, thereby encouraging a uniform and fair price for honey in a standard pack- age, as a staple article to be found in any store in the United States. Greenville, Wis. Edward Hassinger, Jr. NAILS AND NAILING Proper Sizes and Spacing of Nails for Best Results The U. S. Forest Products Laboratory has by experiments arrived at some conclusions regarding the economical ways of nailing wood that should be of 'general interest to beekeepers. Probably a majority of beekeepers use too few nails, while quite a number of peo- ple in an endeavor to make a strong job overdo the matter by driving so many nails that they split the ends of the boards. Not a few use the wrong kind and size of nail for greatest security. It is reported that the cement-coated nail has from 10 to 30 per cent more hold- ing power than the same nail not coated. In most cases the barbed nail had the least holding power of any. The short nail of large diameter has small holding power, while the long slender nail lets go by its breaking. The stout nails are better for hard woods, and the long slender ones for soft woods. For woods of medium hardness, the nails should be of the same penny as the thick- ness of the board in eighths of an inch; that is, 4-penny for a half-inch board, and 8-penny for an inch board. Six-penny nails should be spaced 1% to 2 inches apart, and the space increased about i/i inch for each additional penny in size; so that 8-penny nails should be spaced about 2^2 inches apart. I might add to the above information from the Forest Laboratory, that when white pine and basswood were plentiful and cheap and most generally used by beekeep- ers east of the Rocky Mountains, there was little danger of using too many nails, as those woods did not check easily by nailing. But now when cheaper woods like spruce, fir, redwood, and hemlock are so much in use, especial care needs to be ex- ercised in nailing, as these woods split eas- In this era of expensive lumber, high freight rates, and comparatively cheap nails, it is advisable to use as light lumber and as many nails as the wood will stand in making up shipping crates and cases. Do not fail to remember that according to the experiments related above, cement- coated nails have the greatest holding pow- er, for wire nails; smooth nails next, and barbed nails least, in most instances. Some years ago the army engineers at the Watertown Arsenal found by experi- ments that cut nails of the same length as wire nails had an average of about 60 per cent more holding power than wire nails. But as cut nails are higher in price than wire nails, very few are used at pres- ent. As the word "penny," as applied to the size of nails, is all "Greek" to people in some sections of the country, I might state that originally an 8-penny nail weighed about 8 pennyweights, and a 40-penny spike about 40 pennyweights. Nails made now are lighter in weight, but the lengths remain the same. A 4-penny nail, that is, 4-penny size, is 1% inches long; 6-penny, 2 inches long; 8-penny, 2% inches long; 10-penny, 3 inches long; 12-penny, 3% inches long. However, they are liable to vary about Vs of an inch from the above figures, which are for "common" nails. "Fine" or fin- ishing nails, are not much used by bee- keepers, as the heads are so small that they draw thru soft woods. A. N. Clark. Charlotte, Mich. EXTRA CHAMBER FOR STORES Shallow Extracting-super for Stores, and Brood-cham- ber for Brood Many of us are convinced that for bee- keepers, in the northern sections of the country especially, the Langstroth frame is not deep enough; and, consequently, many arguments are being presented in favor of the Jumbo or Quinby frame, or the 12 or 13 frame Langstroth hive. I think we had bet- ter go slowly in making such a change. For wintering, perhaps the deep frame is su- perior; but for all-around purposes the Langstroth frame is superior. Very few beekeepers now use the Lang- FjiUELAKV, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 89 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE stroth hivo alone as the brood-chamber thruout the season. This brings me to the flriangement which I think surpasses the deep or large hives; that is, the l^^ -story Langstroth hive. You say that method has been recommended often before; but simply placing a shallow super over the brood- chamber without the proper conditions will not suffice. You must have some good dark brood-combs in both chambers; that is, having worker-cells to the top-bars in the Langstroth chamber, and worker-cells to the bottom-bars of at least six old brood-combs in the shallow super, thus bringing the brood-nests of both chambers as close to- gether as possible. You should have four shallow, combs of honey per colony saved for spring feeding. It is best to have a queen-excluder over the shallow brood- chamber thru the season. So much for equip- ment; now for the manipulation. There must not be a rim of honey around the brood when the queen is laying in full swing. This is what makes a large hive become small, and the condition is hard to eliminate in deeper hives. The presence of too much pollen and granulated honey is more prevalent in deep or large hives, ow- ing to swarming or poor queens, which also reduces the brood capacity of the hive. To prevent this rim of honey around the brood in late spring, enough stores for win- ter are given to hold them until the putting on. of the shallow brood-chamber, which has at least two full combs of stores on each side of the six shallow brood-combs. This means that the center combs beloAv have brood to the top-bars with some honey in the side combs; and the placing of these nice, warm brood-combs directly over the brood (with the addition of 12 pounds of honey) entices the queen above immedi- atel3^ By actual count, nine out of every ten queens were laying upstairs the second day. You must now get these shallow brood - combs filled with brood (even tho you have to remove temporarily two or three Lang- stroth combs, below which the queen has not occupied) before the honey flow starts, to start bees storing their honey in the super, which is placed above the shallow brood-chamber. When the rim of honey is established away up there you can replace the Langstroth combs (which were tempo- rarily removed) without any danger of the bees ' restricting the queen in laying by filling them with honey; and they main- tain this size of brood-nest thruout the great- er part of the season of extensive brood-rear- ing. This equals or surpasses almost any dpejj or large hive. The secret lies in get- ting the queens upstairs early into the shal- low brood-chamber, so the first honey is store00 in October, 1920, I have learned many things, and have found several opportuni- Fig 1.-— Sumtnev avranffpnient for packing in groups of four. ties to improve upon equipments and prac- tices as found in most apiaries. I aim to have all of my equipment standard and in- terchangeable in my own apiaries; but you will note some things not mentioned in supply catalogs. Picture No. 1 shows a view of one of my apiaries with the summer arrangement. My bees are all grouped on platforms which are part of the winter packing-cases. The plat- forms are arranged in rows running either north and south or east and west — prefer- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Fkbruarv, 1921. ■^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ably east and west — and leveled up before the hives are placed upon them. The bot- tom-board is of original design to facilitate packing for winter and to allow air to cir- culate freely under it when standing on the platform. The standard bottom-board, rest- tom rim, and the ends of the sides abut against the cleats in the end panels, making a nail or hook at each upper corner all that is necessary to hold the case firmly to- gether. The cover is in two parts, the end cleats fitting outside the case. The roofing Fig. 2. — Hives raised up to permit packing below. ing flat on the platform, holds moisture and also rots the boards. My bottom-board is half the length of the platform, so that, when arranged for winter, it fits snugly in- side the winter case, and a six-inch board laid across in front of the hive provides the channel to the outside of the case. Picture No. 2 shows the hives closed up and raised off the platform for winter Fig. 3. — Rim in position ready for packing material beneath the hives. packing. I find it worth while to keep a shallow super under the brood-chamber both winter and summer. Picture No. 3 shows the bottom rim of the winter case in position, and the front end of the bottom-board covered to give a clear bee-space to the auger-holes in the rim. Picture No. 4 shows the end panels in position. The cleats on the end panels pro- ject about four inches on the lower edge and interlock with cleats on the sides of the bottom rim, thus holding the end panels in position as seen in the picture. The cleats on the side panels are long enough on the lower edge to catch inside the bot- Fig. 4. — End panels held in place by projecting cleats which tit into sockets in the bottom rim. material is allowed to project two inches on one of the halves so as to make a lap joint at the peak and prevent rain or snow from getting into the case. Picture No. 5 shows the winter cases in position. The details of the construction of the winter case have taken several years to perfect; but now I seem to have gotten it Fig.- 5. — Winter eases in position. about to suit my taste, and shall have 78 in use this winter. A. Gordon Dye. Eochester, N. Y. [Two features in Mr. Dye's winter cases should be emphasized: (1) The bottom rim of the winter case (Fig. 3), together with the method of raising the hives from the floor, makes it unnecessary to lift the hives from their summer stand to put the bot- tom packing in place. (2) The projecting cleats at the lower edge of the ends and sides fitting behind cleats in the bottom rim hold the ends of the winter case in position (Fig. 4) before the side pieces are put in place, so that one man can assemble the case. — Editor.] PEBRUARy, 1921. G L fi A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE C lur IT seems evi- dent from the illustration on page 40, Janu- a r y Gleanings, that Bill Mell- vir has heard of Jay Smith's slogan, ' ' Keep more bees per hive, ' ' and put it into practice. No wonder the assembled crowd look on with wonder at results, and it is results that count. * * IP That illustration, page 37, of a healthy baby brought up by the use of honey from the very gate of death shows that there is something about honey as an article of food that is not yet fully understood. Who can tell the number of children that have died for the lack of honey! * * * ' ' Beekeeping in Foreign Lands, " by E. L. Sechrist, page 20, is of much interest, especially what he calls ' ' spring dwin- dling," which shows that there, as here, it is the result of exhaustion of old bees; and this again shows very conclusively that the more quiet bees can be kept from the time they stop breeding in the fall until they be- gin in the spring, the better. * * * That wax press illustrated on page 28 and described by Mr. Holtermann looks good, but I am interested in knowing whether any one has ever melted up one of those cakes that look so dry to find out just the percentage of honey and wax. One of the surprises of my life was to discover the large amount of honey remaining in cap- pings that appeared comparatively dry. * * * On page 17 Mr. Demuth writes of the difference in the amount of honey in the brood-chamber of a hive run for comb honey and one run for extracted honey. My own experience is that hives run for comb honey will in the fall be found to have on an average two or three times as much honey stored for winter use as those run for extracted honey. For this reason we are apt to overestimate •the amount of sur- plus from colonies run for extracted honey. « # * Inquiry is made on page 9 if "beekeep- ers realize how much their prosperity de- pends on the character of the soil in their respective localities." Probably they do not, but we have observed that here in Vermont we get our best yields of clover honey from the heavy clay soils of the Champlain valley of western Vermont. For some years it has seemed to me that we are likely to get our best flow of honey from any particular plant when located in the soil and environment best adapted to its most perfect development. We cannot ex- SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 iU pect to get blue- berry honey from a limestone soil any more than clover hon- ey from an acid soil. There is an- other way in which soil ap- pears of inter- est to beekeepers. European foul brood is much more virulent on some soils and in some locations than others. In some sections it will disappear of itself, while in others it is almost impossible to eradicate it. * * * The statements made by H. B. Parks, page 25, on the desirability of "Advertis- ing Backed up by a Constant Supply" of honey, are well worth the careful attention of beekeepers east and west. Extensive ad- vertising can not be expected except by ex- tensive beekeepers ' organizations, which shows the necessity of such organizations. More and more, honey is becoming a staple article in grocery stores in many sections, notwithstanding the lack of organization of beekeepers, for bottlers and large beekeep- ers are working along this line, but there is an immense teri'itory yet to be covered. * * * That picture of beehives and castor beans, on page 27, looks all right certainly; but here in Vermont, with our cooler sum- mers, the beans would not grow tall enough to be of much value in average years. Where shade is desired it has seemed to me that nothing will so perfectly fill the bill as staghorn sumac. It spreads out even- ly seven to ten feet above the ground, and grows from suckers sufiiciently so one planting will remain for many years. But after all I prefer to keep bees in the open, except for a few small shrubs to assist the bees in finding their hives, since one can see so much better to work. I have often found it difiicult to find queens or eggs or queen-cells where there is much shade. * # » That is a right good article by E. Wynne Boyden. I was expecting something good from him along this line later. "Honey in the Sweet Family" should be read and -re- read by every young beekeeper and many old ones until this little sugar family is thoroly understood. We cannot become too well acquainted with this interesting family, for we have to do with it every day of our lives. But there is one thing I don 't quite understand. Mr. Boyden tells us that levu- lose is worth some $50 a pound, and I learned long ago that average .honey was 40 per cent Icvulose. Now, if I eat five ounces of honey on my griddle cakes of a morning, an average amount, I shall swal- low six dollars worth of levulose. I really didn 't think I was so extravagant, but it must be so if he says so. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1S21. L a OUR FOOD PAGE CONSTANCE ROOT BOVDEN iStancy Puerden W^^^^^^^^ SOMETIMES I wonder if there is any other food writ- er in the country situated just as I am. You who have been sub- scribers for many years know that Gleanings has always catered to beekeepers only, and as the majority of bee- keepers are men, in spite of a few capable exceptions, the majority of Gleanings read- ers are men, and the editors expect me to conduct a food page that will please them as well as their wives. Now, I have just one way of judging whether what I write is ac- ceptable or not, and that is by the letters I receive, and it has been noticeable that when I write of some household convenience I receive many letters from nice men who are interested and wish to duplicate it for their wives. How often does your wife sweep her kitchen, Mr. Beekeeper? You may not know, and of course it is none of my business, but I know that if she is an average house- keeper she does it at least 365 times a year. If she is exceptionally neat she may do it oftener, say twdce that. If she is exception- ally untidy, or put it unfortunate, in drop- ping crumbs, etc., on the floor, she probably has to do it oftener or have the litter tracked all over the dining room and living room. And each and every time that kitchen is swept the dustpan and perhaps a whisk broom are brought from their hooks, closet, or shelf, the sweeper must stoop, brush up the dust, empty the dustpan in a trash bas- ket on the back porch or out of doors, and return tlie dustpan and whisk broom to their appointed place. Theoretically I don 't mind stooping frequently, for it probably helps keep one slender, but actually when I am tired and in a hurry I have noticed that I would rather walk a great many steps than stoop. T''en, too, I have found myself trying to estimate how much time would be saved if the floor would open up and swallow that dust wlien I had it swept into a neat pile. Only a minute, someone may argue; but when you multiply that minute by 365 or 730 or maybe 1,000 you have a number of hours saved in a year, hours that could be spent so much more pleasantly and profitably. To come to the point in my story, when I sweep my kitchen now I sweep toward the gas range, and when the sweepings are collected in a heap just below the front of the range, which is the high variety with plenty of room under it, I pull a strong cord, attached at a convenient height to the near-by wall, the floor opens up, I joyfully sweop the dust into the opening, with a turn of tlie wrist close it, hang up the broom in the stairway to the basement, the door 1 K of which is close by, and depart from the kitch- en with that feeling of satis- faction impart- ed by a task easily and quickly accom- plished. It is even more convenient than I anti- cipated. You know how often a few crumbs, nutshells, and the like are scattered on the floor when a member of the family is hun- gry and helps himself to something between meals. (That masculine pronoun was used in place of the singular, common, personal pronoun which English lacks. No personal reflections were intended.) Also when flour or other supplies are put in the cabinet a little is liable to be spilled on the floor. With the dust chute it is a simple matter to have the floor tidy again in a moment. Another thing, if you men know anything about sweeping a bare floor you know how hard it is to corral all the ' ' fluff "in a dust- pan. Also the fine dust has a most irritating fashion of slipjjing under the edge of the dustpan instead of into it. I find it much easier to coax them both down the chute. But the best part of this little conveni- ence is that there is no reason why every housekeeper should not have one similar. Ours was made in a few hours by our seven- teen-year-old son during his holiday vaca- tion from college. He sawed thru the double floor and the inlaid linoleum, which is firmly cemented to the floor, cutting out a section 10 by 12 inches. Hinges on the back of this, a stop below the front edge, and a flat, iron bar firmly fastened down, with a loop in the end thru which to pass the strong cord which lifts it, complete an easily raised trap door which is so incon- spicuous that it is hardly noticed. In the basement a light drygoods box is fitted be- tween the floor joists just under the open- ing into the kitchen and fastened in place by an easily turned button. I imagine once a month will be quite often enough to empty the box. Just at this point my New England con- science, er Western Reserve conscience, which is the same thing, forces me to ex- plain that an ingenious brother had this sort of a dust chute in his kitchen years before we did. Since ours has been in opera- tion my only regret is that we did not have it years ago, and I cannot understand why so many kitchens are without them. Prac- tically all modern houses are built with clothes chutes, but the dust chute, which I consider even more of a convenience than the clothes chute, is so rare that I never saw more than one before we had our own. If you wish your wife to have kind thoughts of you at least once a day, Mr. Subscriber, just try making her a dust chute. If she is February, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE or? situatod as most of us are for houseliold lielp, there is no dangor of removing so jiiiioh of the work from housework that she will not get enough exercise. THE liousekeeper who can make good baking powder biscuits has the foun- dation for many choice recipes. Below I am giving several standard recipes for the foundation biscuit, with suggestions for a few of tlie tempting dishes which can be made from the foundation recipe. An inven- tive housekeeper will be able to think of as many more. The drop biscuits are so easy that a child can make them successfully, and they are quite as good for certain purposes as those rolled and cut. For breakfast biscuits the flour, baking powder, salt, and shortening may be mixed the evening before. Then in tlie morning add the liquid and make the drop or rolled biscuits, as preferred. As small biscuits may be baked in 10 to 12 minutes it is a simple matter to have a pan of hot biscuits for breakfast without rising any earlier than necessary to make coffee and heat the ready prepared breakfast cer- eals. The exact amount of liquid needed in a biscuit recipe cannot be stated, as the vari- ous flours vary so much in absorbing powers. Milk, milk and water, or all water may be used. I generally use skimmed milk. Any kind of well-flavored fat may be used in biscuits. Chicken fat may be used for part or all the shortening, especially when the biscuits are to be served with a chicken stew poured over them. Oleomargar- ine gives very good flavor and texture. The amount of shortening may be varied to suit the individual taste. For rich short- cake or baked dumplings the amount of shortening may be doubled or even more, but for the family use a very good short- cake may be made with the standard recipe for biscuits. Steamed dumplings may be made with very much less shortening, espe- cially when served with meat stews, or they may be made with no shortening at all. The standard recipe may easily be divided or increased by keeping the proportions the same, 2 level teaspoons of baking powdev, 1 tablespoon of shortening, and Vi teaspoon salt for every level cup of sifted flour. Use a little more salt if an unsalted shortening is used. DRor m.sci iT.< 2 cups sit'teid flovir '_' 1:iljle.spouiis sliorteiimi;- I teaspoons bakins puwdcr V? teaspoon salt about % cup milk or water Sift the flour, baking powder, and salt into a mixing bowl, cut in the shortening with 2 knives or work it in with the finger tips, mix the milk in gradually with a knife until you have a dough that will just keep its shape without spreading. Take a heap- ing teaspoonful, push it off on to an oiled pan or sheet with a knife, flatten it slightly, and bake in a hot oven 10 to 15 minutes or until lightly browned. The biscuits should be about 2 inches apart. (■l"T BISCUIT.S 2 cups sifted flour V^ tenifarfurriI hi/ M I Leahy Manufacturing Company | g 95 Sixth St., Higginsville, Missouri, g g Write for FREE catalog. It is to your interest, g Queens Write for our i;it;i log of high-gratlt-' Italian Queens. Pure mating and safe ar rival guaranteed. Prices for 1921. 1 to 4 inclusive |3.00 ea. 5 to 9 inclusive 2.90 ea. 10 or more... 2.80 ea. Breeders .... 12.00 ea. Jay Smith Route Three Vincennes, Indiana. TRADE NOTES SPECIAL SALE OF HONEY JARS AND TUMBLERS. 16-ounce Round Jar By liuying a large quantity of lilt 16-oz. round jar which we lii\e sold for a good many years iiul has proved to be so satisfac- linv. we were able to get a large ~.tock of these, put up two dozen 111 reshipping cases, from the iianufacturers at a very low fig- uie. So long as the present stock ists we are offering them at the special low price of $1.70 per ISP, $1.65 per case in lots of 10: $1 60 per case in lots of 25 or more. These prices are f. o. b. ( ouncil Bluffs, Iowa. Send all or- ders direct to the A. I. Root Com- pany, Medina, Ohio. Koun 9-ouuce Taper Jar Since our first notice of having a surplus stock of O-oz. taper jars packed two dozen in a case, on hand at our Philadelphia Branch, there has been a steady call for them. We are glad to announce that we still have a small stock of this attractive .iar on hand to offer at the exceptionally low price of 85c per case, $8.00 for 10 cases, $75.00 for 100 cases. Prices f. o. b. Phila- delphia. Send your order direct to The A. I. Root Companv, Medina, Ohio. 9-oz. Taper Jar eVk-oiuice Tumbler We have a surplus stock of 6 V2 oz. tumblers put up two doz- en in a case, including tin tops, at our Philadelphia Branch. The cost of these tumblers has more than doubled in the past three years. We offer for a short time the surplus stock, available at 60c per case, $5.50 for 10 cases, $50.00 for 100 cases. Prices f. o. b. Philadelphia. Send your order direct to The A. T. Root fompany, Medina, Ohio. ;. ^ J o;^. Tnmlilov iiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!iiiiiiiiiii>iiiiiii:iiiiipiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:ii GRASS SEEDS CLOVERS,TIIV10THY Bell Brand Grass Seeds are the purest, best quality that f'y^ can be purchased. Specially cfpn adapted to your climatic ^ ^ and soil conditions— hardi- ness bred into them. The development of 42 years' successful seed culture. FREE Samples and Catalog Write for Isbeirsl921 Annual — ask for samples of any field seeds you want. Isbell's "direct from grower" prices assure you of big savings on sterling quality seeds— "seeds that grow as their fame grows." S. M. ISBELL & COMPANY (6) 487 Mechanic St. Jacltson, Michigan 116 GLEANING IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. c.-do„.s NEW (;^BAGE PROSPERITY _ Quick as lithtninc. Hard aa stone. One of the earliest la axlstcnca. To introduce our Nertharn Grown "Siiro Crop"Ll¥» •••(!• we will m»il you 200 ■eeda ut Condon's Now I kProapority Cobbaga and [ I our ■«■ 1921 QaRDEN and 'FARM aUIOE. Sand Postal Today for ronr free copy and Trial Fackaaa 'CONDON BROS., SEEDSMEN. lock River Valley Seed Farm Boxlle ROCKFORO, ILLINOIS rill mail you VIO'I FREE Best and Newest Fruits Headquarters for Neverfail, Dunlap, Premier, Oswego, Big Joe, Chesa- peake, and 50 other varieties Straw- berries; Erskine Park, Plum, Farmer, Idaho, Royal Purple, Columbian, Herbert, and other Raspberries; Sny- der, Watt, and other Blackberries; Perfection, Wilder, and other Cur- rants; Doolittle, and other Gooseber- ries; Grape Vines, Fruit Trees, As- paragus. Seed Potatoes, Roses, Shrubs, Eggs and Baby Chicks, Crates and Baskets, etc. Everything for the Home Grounds Beauti- fully illustrated and instructive catalogue free. L. J. FARMER, Box 1 08, Pulaski, N.Y. Thrifty, Sturdy Trees You can be sure when you buy Woodlawn grown fruit trees, vines and berry bushes that they are thrifty, vigorous growers and heavy bearers. Our 45 years of successful growing experience has been directed towards producing a wide variety of that kind of stock. We have the exclusive sale of the new Ohio Beauty Apple. , ^ New Ohio Our extensive line of ornamental Beauty Apple shrubs, bushes, and perennials are of the same dependable quality as our trees. We sell seeds for the veifetable and flower garden. Illustrated 1921 Nursery List contains valuable plant- ing and growing information. Mailed on request. WOODLAWN NURSERIES 882 Carson Ava. Rochester, N.Y. GRASS SEED FREE SAMPLESE^%f^s,i- Don't fail to investigate these bargains. Reeleaned Tested Timothy $3.95 bu. Sweet Clover unhulled, $4.50 bu. Al- sike Clover & Timothy $S.8S bu. Sudan, Grass 81-2c lb. Prices cover some grades of limited quantities. Clover and other Grass & Field Seeds at low prices. All sold subject to State or Government Test under an absolute money- back guarantee. We specialize in grass and field seeds. Located to save you money and give quick service. We expect higher prices-Buy now and save big money, Send today for our money-saving Seed Guide, explains all-free. American Mutual Seed Co. Dept. esi Chicago, ill ROSES of ^-w Castle Are the hardiest, fresh bloom- ing rose plants in America Grown on their own roots in the fertile soil of New Castle We give you the benefit of a life time experience and the most select list in America, Every desirable Rose now culti\ ated in America is included in our immense stock— and the prices are right. Our rose book for 1921 ROSES OF NEW CASTLE tells you how to make rose growing a success. Published and elaborately printed in actual colors. Send for your copy today— a postal will do. HELLER BROS. CO., Box 218, New Castle. Ind. TREES PROGRESS and PLANTS GROW because they are propagated right, dug carefully, and packed securely. Write for our Catalog and NO-KISK offer of trees, shrubs and plants. We pay express charges. Why pay for your trees be- fore you get them ? It's not necessary if you deal with THE PROGRESS NURSERY COMPANY, 1317 Peters Avenue Troy, Ohio The BEST IIGHT •Positively tibe cheapest andl stronffeBK Hjl^ii nn %ms^ 'Jsed ^ every country oci the ^kobfi UaAe* -ta^ ll>anu> ^ta own eas Casta ao' abadow* . .OliaaSf «m^ Mlordesa A.bsolately sate 'Ore? 200 strtja* >jiIMti t^ SOW Candle Powei S^lly Guaranteed Wirtlito ifae eataiog AGENTS W AN7T;E K i* ERit WKEKft THE BEST UGHT COo , 306 E. 5th St., C&ntoBe Qo 090 SEEDS " ~ Grown From Select Stock —NONE BETTER — 50 years selling seeds. Prices below all others. Buy and test. If not O. K. return and I will refund. Extra packets sent free in all or- ders I fill. Send address for BIG CATALOGUE, illustrated with over 700 pictures of vegetables iiud flowers of every variety. R. H. SHUMWAY, KOCKFORD, ILL. Record Garden melds Plant Northern Grown Seeds Assure yourself of the biggest yields — the best your garden can grow. Use the Isbell Catalog as your guide. It shows varieties almost unlimited of the finest, veg- etables, many prize winners of international reputation— all produced from NORTHERN GROWN TRADE T MARK Plant only the best, hardiest, earliest matur- ing seeds. Our 42 years' growing seeds in Michigan— ceaseless experimenting, careful selection, and perfect cleaning have made more than 200.000 satisfied Isbell customers. You buy direct from the grower and save money. Satisfaction guaranteed. FREE 1921 Catalog Write today— get the 1921 Isbell seed book. It's a valuable guide for growing great crops. Gives complete cultural directions. Post card brings it Free. ..^ S. M. ISBELL & COMPANY ^> 48S Mechanic Sti Jackson, Michigan February, ld2l. (3LEAN1K68 IN BEE CULTURE 117 ^^* MakeaTractorofYourCar Use it for farm work. Pullford catalog shows how to make a practical tractor out of Ford and other cars. Write for Catalog Pullford Co.» Box 23 C Quincy, IQ. CKS jTor I^IZI GARDEN & FLORAL GUIDE TtS FREE A WORTH WHILE BOOK WRITE TODAY Forvegetablegrowersand all lovers of Ilowers. Lists the old stand-bys; tells or many new varieties. Valu- ableinstructions on planting and care. Get the benefit of the experience of the oldestcatalog seed house and largest growers of Asters inAmerica. ForT2 yearsthe leadingauthority on vegetable, flower and farm seeds, plants, bulbs, and fruits. 12 greenhouses. 500 acres. VickQaalitySeedsGrowthe Best Crops theEarthProdaces This book, the best we have issued, is ab- solute I u free. Send jor your cojni /<>■ lay be- fore you forget. A postcard is sKlficient. JAMES VICK'S SONS, 33 Stone St. ^ "», Kochester.N.Y. TheFlowerCity mit^c^yNorWs Best C4>C^/^<>>^. Roofing ' Y at Factory "Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam. Painted or Galvanized Roof- mgs. Sidings, Wallboard. Paints, etc., direct to you at Rock -Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No paintine Treoairs. Guaranteed rot. fire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits. Ask for Book , No. 283 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made P'ire-Proof Steel Garages. Set upany place. Send postal for Garage Book.showingstyles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., 233-2B3 Pike St., Cincinnati, 0. FREE Samples & Roofing Bookl ISMonflistoFayi ^(^■B EnjoyjroDT 1921 "Ranger" Bmall payment to help their boys alon? FACTORV TO RIDER wholesale prices. Three bi^ model factories. 44 Styles, col- ors and stzea in onr famoQS Rancrpr line, DELIVERED FREE, exr>rtss prepnid, FOR 30 DAYS TRIAL. Select bicycle and terms that suit— cash or easy payments Mead^fSffiF^ls; Raise CuinEa Fan us We need men and women, boys and girls _ every- where to raise Guinea Pigs for Ds. We tell yon where to get them, show you how and buy all you raise. Big opportunity for money making- Thou- sands needed weekly. Easy lo Raise— Big Demand ^nU^d^J^ I arfVA DrAfifc experience or equipment needed. LaigC ri VlllOXhey breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or attention. Pay better than poultry or squabs — cost Kss to house, feed, keep, easier raised — less trouble, market g'uaranteed. PnPP Particulars, contraet, and booklet how to ralto rlCLH CAVIES DISTRIBUTING COMPANY 3145 Grand Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Ixirn^st Ginneei /Vg hrefdera and disfrih/tors in Amerira. WE WANT TO SEND YOU THIS VALU4BLE 1921 STKAWBEW BOOK ;\5^S^^\\ FREE and POSTPAID^ KELLOGG'S V TRAWBERRIES illi!'T^^IS^ Beautifully illustrated and full of valuable strawberry information. Tells all about the world's leading strawberries — the world-famed KELLOGG STRAWBERRY GARDENS and explains how KelloKH's FRKE Service helps beginners succeed right from the start. Send your name and address to- day for this book. It's FREE and POSTPAID. R. M. KELLOGC COMPANY/ Box 303 Three Rivera, Michigan BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery This cut represents our com- bined circular saw, which is made for beekeepers' use in the construction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated catalog and prices. W F. & JOHN BARNES CO 646 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running gear. Wagon parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., 23 Elm Street, Quincy, III. 118 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Februarv, 1921.. EVERGREENS Kf,".ffi Fine for windbreaks, hedges and lawn plant- ing. All hardy, vigorous and well rooted. We ship everywhere. Write for free Evergreen book. Beautiful Evergreen Trees at moder- ate prices. D. Hill Nurterf Ga.. Boi 246, Ouodee, IIL |IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIII|i|||||||||i||||||||IIIIM I INDIANOLA APIARY | p will furnish 3-banded Italian bees and queens : = = Untested queens, $1.00 each; tested, $1.50 each. = = One pound bees, no queen, $2.00. No disease. = I J. W. SHERMAN, VALDOSTA,GA. [ iiliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiil BEE SUPPLIES We are prepared to give you value for your money. Our factory is well equipped with the best machinery to manufac- ture the very best bee supplies that money can buy. Only the choicest material suitable for beehives is used. Our workman- ship is the very best. Get our prices and save money. EGGERS BEE SUPPLY MFG. COMPANY, INC. Eau Claire, Wis. Illillllilllllllllllllillilllllllillllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllll^^ 450.000 200 varieties. Also Grapes, Small Fruits, etc. Best rooted stock. Genuine, cheap. 2 sample grapes mailed for 2.5c. Catalog free. LEWIS R0E8CH, Box L, Fredonia, N.Y. ■^Illlll llllllllllllllllllllllliillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES. = I can make immediate sliipment foi: early = = orders, and >ou can get the discount by = = ordering early. = I A. M. MOORE, Zanesville, Ohio. | m ■■^-V2 South 3rd St. M illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllilllllilllllllllllllllllllli!!^^ LISTEN BEEKEEPERS We wish to tell the readers of Gleanings that the Bank of Perris has taken over about 500 hives of bees which we wish to sell as follows: Nuclei Will Be Our Specialty. One frame with queens, $3.00; 2 frames and queen, $5.00; one pound with queen, $2.50; 2 pounds and queen, $4.00; 8-frame Single-story colonies, $10.00, F. O. B. Perris. Young laying queens, $1.50 each; $8.00 for 6; $15.00 per dozen; 50 to 100 or more, $1.00 each. We have a man in charge with long experience in bee-shipping. Let us book your orders with 10 per cent with same, balance when bees are wanted- Ask for special prices on large order. Shipping season begins May 10th. Safe arrival and satisfaction. Address BANK OF PERRIS PERRIS, CALIF. Banking BYMAIl I Wh I Wll. Yol Lvite SEND IT BY MAIL When you get a little surplus money, do not hide it in your house where it is in danger of loss by fire or theft, but send it at once by mail to this old, unquestionably safe bank, \xJ^ere it will earn 4 per cent interest. Your account, in any amount, is cordially in- vited. n 'J THE sg^Ncs Deposit Bank Co. E. R. root! Vice Pres. E.B.SPITZ^R.Cash. MEDINA, OHIO February, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE I TINS AND GLASS JARS S«-° /» Cost-Order Now for Next Crop Packing, i _^ Note Low Fnces subject to Change at Any Date Following Tins F. O. B. Baltimore Factory. For New York Shipment add 15 per cent extra. !2Vi-lb. Cans, 2 doz. reshpg. cases, $1.45 per case net i2i,'2-ib. Cans in 100-can crates, $6.^0 per crate net i3i/|-lb. Cans in 200-can crates, $11.00 per crate net : 2% -lb. Cans in 500-can crates, $24.50 per crate net 5-lb. Pails with Handles: 1 Doz. reshpg. cases $1.35 per case net Tn Crates of 100. . .~ $8.30 per crate net In Crates of 200 $16.25 per crate net WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LACQD. WAX-LINED CAPS. F. O. B. Wheeling, W. Va., Fcty., or add 15 per lent for New York City Delivery. 8-oz. Honey Capacity, Cylinder style. . ." $1.50 carton of 3 16-oz. Honey Capacity, Table Jar style $1.40 carton of 2 Quart or 3-lb. Honev Capacity, Mason Style $1.00 carton of 1 lO-lb. Pails with Handles. In % Doz. cases $1.10 per case net ; In crates of 50 $6.70 per crate net : In crates of 100 $12.75 per crate net 5-Gal. tins, used, good condition, 2 to case 50c per case 5-Gal. tins, NEW, 2 tins to wood case. ... $1.35 per case : doz. doz. doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC. Woodhaven, New York; :iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii^ FOREHAND'S QUEENS---THEY SATISFY, WHY? Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding and honey-production. With breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as good, but none BETTER. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of my breeders. OUR SERVICE STATION. — We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All questions are cheerfully answered. I breed three-banded Italians only. Nov. 1st to .Tune 1st. 1 6 12 Untested $2.00 $9.00 $16.00 Selected Untested 2.25 10.50 18.00 Tested 3.00 16.50 30.00 Selected Tested 3.50 19.50 36.00 Orders booked now for spring delivery. One fourth the full amount with order and balance when shipment is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Write for cir- cular and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. N. FOREHAND RAMER, ALABAMA | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ ^llllliillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliillllllllllll! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS Booking orders now for 1921. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous ^ and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the ^ best of honey-gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping ^ out foul brood. Orders booked for onei-fourth cash, balance before delivery. Will guarantee safe ^ arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive circular and price list free. ^ Prices April, May, and June July to November = 16 12 16 12 = Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $1.25 $6.50 $12.50 m Select Untested 1.75 9.00 16.00 1.50 8.00 15.00 ^ Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 2.25 12.00 22.00 m Select Tested 3.00 each 3.00 each ^ a °es°"of'' beef^'^'for ^s^l ^^^^ ^- MiUcr, 723 C St., Corpus Christl, Tex. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ ^iiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiii!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HONEY-BROOK FARM ^sl BANDED ITAL- 1 i IAN QUEENS — Delivered to you by parcel post. My bees are untiring workers — gentle, | I prolific, properly priced. Pure mating absolutely guaranteed. Eeady for shipping April 10. | I To be in line let me book your order now. Only ten per cent cash required with order, | I balance just before you desire shipment. No package bees sent without a queen. j I Prices: Two-pound packages, including untested queen, $6.50. Three-pound package, in- i 1 eluding untested queen, $9.00. Twelve or more packages, 25c per package less. Queens: | I Untested, $1.50 each, or $15 per dozen. Tested, $2.00 eachi straight. I will pay all postage j I on package bees and queens. Empty cages to remain my property and to be returned at | I my expense. Prompt service, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. | I JASPER KNIGHT. PROP. HAYNEVILLE. ALA. | TiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ ULEANlNGiS IK Quality Bee Supplies | From a Reliable House I ^ ^ Without fear or favor I place my = I BEE SUPPLIES and SERVICE before 1 = ^ It is the small annoyances that often ^ M grow into disastrous results. Avoid the M M so-called "little losses" by using M g MONDENG'S goods. Quality is first— 1 s save time when you put your goods to- M J gether by getting supplies that are ac- M g curately made. Service is next — no de- m M laj's when bee supplies are ordered from J M my factory- s j ^ I am ready to meet your urgent* g g needs. Send for my latest price-list. 8 3 ^ Closing out all Langstroth and Wis- = M consin hives and supers. Also Lang- g g troth triangular top-bar frames, and H g eight-frame D. T. supers for 4x5 sec- | g tions. At cost price, write for quot:i- g = tions. g BEE CULTURE llllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Fkbruaev, 1921. I Charles Mondeng | 1 1-16 Newton Ave. N. & f g 159 Cedar Lake Road. | H MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. | Thagard Italian Queens Bred For Quality Booking orders now, i^ cash with ; order ; halance just hef ore queens I are shipped. April ]st to July 1st 1 6 12 I Untested $2.00 $8.00 $15.00 ; Select Untested 2.25 10.00 18.00 (Tested 3.00 16.00 28.00 I Special prices on 8-10 frame Root I Hives of bees, in lots of 10 to 50. I Safe arrival, pure mating, and sat- ; I isfaction guaranteed. Circular free. \ V. R- Thagard Greenville, Ala. Wanted In big and small shipments, to keep Buck 's Weed-pro- cess foundation factory go- ing. We have greatly in- creased the capacity of our plant. We are paying higher prices than ever for wax. We work wax for cash or on shares. Root Bee Supplies Big stock, wholesale and retail. Big catalog free. Carl F. Buck The Comb-foundation Specialist August, Kansas RxfallishPd 1.S99. giifiiiiiiiiiiniii. And you can turn Ihem instantly with a single move- ment. The regulator control is very sensitive. A gal- lon of kerosene will usually carry through an entire hatching. Just the thing for busy farmers and city enthusi- asts. 50-egg and 50-chick size $11.00. Two for $20.00. THE CYCLE HATCHER: Exactly the same as the Brooder-Hatcher, liit without the brooding com- partment. 50-egg size $9.00. Two for $17.00. WEIGHT: 18 lbs. for parcel post shipment. Postage extra. CATALOGUE of Hatchers, Brooders, Poultry ;ind Supplies sent free. Send a postal today. CYCLE HATCHER COMPANY 2-10 Philo BIdg., Elmira, N. Y. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1921. illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ I QUEENS— GOLDEN OR TMREE-BANDED | g Until July 15 I will furnish, untested Italian Queens at the following prices: = I One, $1,50; six, $i8.00; dozen, $15.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. g g I do not ship any queens that are inferior in size, color, or prolificness. Mating M g yards four miles apart. (See classified adv. for package bees.) B I Ross B. Scott, La Grange, Ind. | IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH^ RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUNING SHEAR RHODES MFG. CO 528 S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. •THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. m EARLY ORDERS BRING SAVINGS | lyTATURALLY we want your order for bee supplies NOW, when we can give it bet- M ter attention. Spring will soon be here, with its usual rush for supplies. So we M offer an early-order discount to beekeepeers who buy NOW. Write today for our g red catalog. M We are exclusive manufacturers of the g DEWEY FOUNDATION FASTENER. 1 Many exacting beemen claim it is the best g machine yet devised. Overcomes objections M common to all others. Include the DEWEY g in your order. g W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO. | FALCONER (Near Jamestown), N. Y. "Where the best beehives come from." = lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ Honey Producers, Take Notice Do you realize it is only a short time until your bees will be taken out of winter quarters ? Have you thought about supplies for next sea- son? Do not wait until swarming time for that means dollars out of your pocket. Order your supplies NOAV. We manufacture and carry in stock a complete line of Bee Supplies ready for prompt shipment. Send us a list of the supplies you wish to purchase and we will be pleased to quote you our prices. Our 1921 de- scriptive catalog and price list is now ready for mailing. Send us your name and address and we will mail it to you. August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wisconsin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiliiiiiiiiiy^ February, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!!^^ 123 Your present brood equipment can be put above the Modi- fied Dadant hive used as full depth supers. Features arc: Deej) frames, large one- story brood nest, frame space venti- lation, excellence in wintering, swarming easily controlled. Glance at this illus- tration to compare this hive with "Standard" Lang- stroth hive. You can get 40 per cent greater brood- comb area than in the " Standard ' ' ten - frame Lang- stroth. Modified Dad Hive ant iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Modified Dadant = Hive Features. M 1. Eleven fiames, M Langstroth length, M Quinby depth. M 2. Frames spaced M 1 Vi inches for g swarm contiol. M .'5. E X t r a c t i n g ^ frames 6^4 inches J deep. M 4. Dovetailed M body, regular re- M versible bottom and J metal roof cover g with inner covei'. = 5. Langstroth g ' ' Standard ' ' equip- | ment easily useil M with this hive. m ^ Fur frte booklet write any diEtril)utor of Lewis "Be«ware," or to ^ I G. B. Lewis Company Watertown, Wisconftin | I Dadant & Sons Hamilton, Illinois | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ I Those delicious vegetables j and glorious flowers that you admired last summer — do g you realize that many, were grown from Storrs & Har- g rison seeds? M Perhaps you have thought of us only as nurserymen, g knowing that we do the largest nursery business in the p country. Our nursery trade was built up by holding the j friendship of planters who know they may depend abso- g liitely that any variety we offer has outstanding merit, | and M S & H SEEDS DESERVE YOUR CONFIDENCE H JUST AS FULLY AS THE SPLENDID TREES, m SHRUBS, PERENNIALS AND ORNAMENTALS THAT 1 WE HAVE BEEN PRODUCING THESE LAST 67 1 YEARS. m -1 Our ratalofi is n n'ortlni lirlper fnr the 'prniefisional grower and the oniatcvr who niiiirrciate llic better x'arictie.f. The Storrs & Harrison Co. Nurserymen and Seedsmeyi BOX 59. PAINESVILLE, OHIO. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Fbbeuaby, 1921. Completely Destroys the Weed Growth More than that, the BAEKER breaks the hardest crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch — all in the same operation. A ten-year-old boy can run it — do more and better work than ten men with hoes. Saves time and labor, the two big ex- pense items. R A T? 1^ T7 T? WEEDER, MULCHER Di\JAJVrjIV AND CULTIVATOR Eight reel blades revolve against a stationary iinderground knife — likei a lawn mower. Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Works right Up to plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva- tion— 3 yarden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. Tells how gardeners and fruit-groweirs every- where are reducing their work; increasing their yields. — How to bring grovcing plants through a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe- cial FactorytoUser offer. BARKER MANUFACTURIN6 COMPANY Dept. -.23. David City, Neb. Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free book and Paetory-to-User offer. Name .- —,^n^ i^rr-wr..^^^ ^uiinm««t ToWU Ub^^^^^MM State R. F. D. or Box. Two Thousand Nuclei For Spring Delivery A great many progressive beekeepers! ; of today buy nuclei to make up winter i ; losses, or in the form of pound packages I : to strengthen weak colonies. We know I ; this is a good investment, and for a good \ \ many years have raised bees in the ; ; South, sending them north to catch the j \ honey flow in July and August. It is our \ \ policy, in furnishing our customers with = I bees from our southern apiaries, to fur- 1 ; nish bees that give satisfaction to you, as \ they have to us for the past ten years. \ \ We are very particular as to the strain \ of bees we keep, and the rearing of our j queens is in the hands of an expert. I We maintain that the queen is the life j ; of the colony, and they are reared under j ; the most favorable conditions, that of I natural swarming, and they are fine large I ones with energy to spare, and as good \ as money can buy. However, we do not j sell queens, but we see that a good queen | goes with every nucleus we sell. We guar- 1 antee you safety against disease, as our j bees are inspected constantly, and our I apiaries closely watched to see that no j disease appears. Our prices as follows: I 1-frame nucleus ?-frame nucleus .3-frame nucleus 4-frame nucleus April $4.00 5.50 7.00 9.00 May $3.50 5.00 6.50 8.50 June : $3.00 i 4.50 i 6.00! 8.001 I Full colonies of bees, $12.00 per colony | -pound package $2.50 1-pound package 4.50 -pound package 6.50 3-pound package i For packages with queens add $1.50 for | 1 each package. | I WEBER BROS. I I HONEY CO. I I RIALTO, CALIFORNIA I PiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiniiiiniiNiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiii: Pebruarv, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllOlllllliy^ Made right. Priced under favorable manu- facturing conditions. Cypress Bee Supplies On account of })eing in the cypress belt and having extremely low operating ex- penses we are able to offer you the supplies made of the finest soft cypress obtain- able, which is almost as soft and light as white pine. Hives are standard dimensions, dovetailed, hand holds on all four sides, supplied with rabbets, nails, and Hoffman frames. Prices include cover, bottom, body, and frames. A full line of Boot's supplies and Airco Foundation kept in stock. Let us quote you on your 1921 requirements in either Eoot's or our goods. S-frame 1-story hives complete in lots of 5 $14.75 10-frame 1-story hives complete in lots of 5 16.00 Above supplied with Eoot-Hoffman frames at $1.50 extra for 5 8-frame, and $1.85 for 5 10-frame. Hive Bodies. Eight-frame $0.95 each Ten-frame 1.05 each Bottom-boards are made of %-inch lumber throughout. Floor is tongued and grooved together, reversible, of standard dimensions and construction. Price: 8-frame in lots of 5 $0.75 10-frame in lots of 5 80 Prices of Bees. Untested queens: 1, $2.00; 12 or more, 1.50 each. Tested queens, $3.00. lib. package without queen $4.00 2-lb. package without queen 6.75 2-frame nuclei 7.00 8-frame colony 20.00 10-frame colony 22.00 1 carload bees in 8-frame cypress hives for shipment in spring from Helena, Ga., at $12.50 each. Covers. All covers are flat and reversible. Both one and two piece are the same in every respect, except the one-piece is made from wide clear boards and the two- piece is joined with metal. Cypress cov- ers do not warp. 8-frame two-piece $0.70 10-frame two-piece 75 8-frame one-piece 85 10-frame one-piece 1.00 Absolutely the best cover made. Fresh stock foundation shipped from factory direct to you at wholesale prices in lots of 50 pounds or more. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. The Stover Apiaries Helena, Ga. Mayhew, Miss. Illlllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllliilllllllllll!lllllllll!llllllllllllllllll GLEANINGS IN BEE .CULTURE February, 1921. Yes, it is now winter, I but spring will soon I be here. Have you | everything on hand I that you will need? I Have you veils, | smokers, hive - tools, | and other appli- | ances? 1 Have you hives, su- | pers, sections, foun- | d a t i 0 n, extractors, i and other supplies? | Now is the time to i send us your order. If I you are wise you will | do so. I Order Now It Will Pay You I i F. A. SALISBURY 1631 West Genesee Street Syracuse, New York Send for our new catalog. Order now, and be i ready for the bees. | Why wait until the | last moment when | everyone is sending | in their orders, and | we cannot give you | our best attention? [ Send in your order | now. We will give you | our best attention. 1 Send in your order to us here in We Satisfy Your Requirements And you can Count Us prepared for Service Every time. February, 1921. GLEANINGS t N BEE CULTURE 127 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ THE AULT 1921 BEE I SHIPPING CAGE I Patent Pending 1st. It is a dark cage, much more so than the open screen cages we have been shipping in in the past. 2nd. The feeder uses pure sugar syrup. Better than Honey or Candy to ship on; it contains water as well as feed. 3rd. Feeders are made more substantial, 1-3 larger, and have screw cap that will not jar out. 4th. Instead of one small hole, we now use a cotton duck washer in the screw cap that has proven to overcome all the objections found to the liquid feed method. 5th. The Cage is one piece screen wire protected by thin boards on the outside. Send . for free circular de- scribing the cage in detail, prices, etc. Queens — Package Bees — Queens Will book your order with 20 per cent down, balance just before shipping. My Free Circular gives prices in detail, etc. Safe delivery Guaranteed within 6 days of shipping point. We ship thousands of pounds all over U. S. A. and Canada. l-poiind package bees, $3.00 each, 25 or more $2.85 each. 2-pound package bees, $5.00 each, 25 or more $4.75 each. 3-poiind package bees, $7.00 each, 25 or more $6.65 each. F. O. B.' Shipping Point. Add price of queen wanted. 1 Untested Queen, $2.00 each; 25 or more, $1.75 each 1 Select Unt. Queen, $2.25 each; 25 or more, $2.00 each 1 Tested Queen, $.3.00 each; 25 or more, $2.70 each 1 Select Tested, $3.50 each; 25 or more, $3.00 each Nueces County Apiaries E. B. AULT, Prop. Calallen, Texas lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllillll^^ 128 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllll February, 1921. j My first peep out on the dawn of a new year. Highest Quality Prompt Service Satisfaction The Reliable Three - Banded Italian Queens We are now booking orders for 1921. Queens will be ready after May 15th, one- fourth down, balance just before shipping date. Place your orders early, as we fill orders in rotation. WHY ORDER FARMER QUEENS? They are bred by as skillful and experienced queen-breeders as can be found in the United States. There are very few places where queens are reared under as favorable conditions as in our queen-rearing yards. We devote our time to rear- ing as good queens as possibly can be, and we positively guarantee that no better can be reared; we spare neither labor nor money in developing our strain of Italians. It is our intention to improve our original stock each year and to be more skillful queen-breeders. Our first original stock was procured from the highest quality obtainable, which we have proved to the highest point and is now not surpassed by any. Our own eyes inspect every queen that leaves our yards; no culls sent out. Place your orders, and after you have given our queens a fiair test and you are not satisfied in every way that they are as good as any you have ever used, just return them and we will send you queens to take their places or return your money. They are very resistant to diseases, the very best for honey-gathering. You take no risk in buying our queens; safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada; satisfaction is left entirely to purchaser; prompt service given to all orders; everv queen guaranteed to be purely mated. Our Prices: ' 1 6 12 100 Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 Select Untested 1.75 9.50 17.00 120.00 Tested 3.00 14.75 25.00 Select Tested 4.00 23.00 42.00 Write for prices on larger quantities than 100. The Farmer Apiaries - - Ramer, Alabama Wiiere the good queens come from. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii "The Question of Supplies.'' (A paper read by C. F. Bender of Newman, 111., at the recent meeting of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Convention, and printed in the American Bee Journal for January, 1921.) Having been called upon for a paper to be read before this convention, it seemed to rae that a full discussion of this subject from the beekeeper 's stand- point might be of interest. I wish to assure you at the outset, that I am in no way interested in the sale of bee supplies, but view the matter^ solely as a purchaser. Having decided upon my own policy with regard to the purchase of supplies for the coming season, it may be useful to give you the facts and fancies on which that decision is based. I have just returned from a month's vacation in which I visited some of the largest supply factories, making a leisurely visit at each, witli a view to learning present conditions, as well as future prospects. I will confess that I went as a missionary to these benighted brethren, saying: Lo, the poor bee man! How is he to pay war prices for his supplies, and take a chance on selling his huney next fall? I was surprised to find tliat they were already true believers. They knew all that I had to tell, and much more. In- stead of darkly plotting how they were to keep up the prices of supplies, they were anxiously and even prayerfully considering how these prices might be reduced. They told me that the factories must be run through the winter, if the demand next summer is to be supplied; that if they are run through this win- ter, materials and labor must be pur- chased at prices that average less than 10 per cent below the highest war prices. Coal and iron, lumber, beeswax, labor, were still selling at astonishing prices. Freight rates on those materials were higher than ever before. Taxes were a burden, interest on borrowed capital unusually high, and in many cases borrowed money was not to be had at any price. Considering all these things, it would be folly to store a large stock of supplies, in the hope of selling them next summer. The only course left was to run the factories short-lianded, storing only such a stock as would cer- tainly be sold, at nearly the present level of prices. This in the hope, not of making a large profit, but of avoiding a heavy loss. It seems to me that our problem, while apparently the same as that of the manufacturers, is really different, because the labor employed is largely our own. Unless we are to abandon our business entirely, it will not profit us to limit the production of honey be- cause our supplies cost us twenty per cent more than they will probably cost us a year later. It will not even pay us to limit increases on account of the high prices of hives, because the net profit per colony for one season will more than cover any probable reduction in the price of hives during that year. If these statements are accepted as facts, there only remains for us one possible question. Shall we buy our sup- plies now, so far as we can foresee our needs, or shall we wait until spring or summer, in the hope of getting them cheaper? In my mind that question, also, is easil_y answered. I have tried to show you that the factories and dealers are carrying only small stocks, and that a normal demand during the busy sea- son cannot be supplied. Consequently, if we wait until the last moment, there is danger, not only that we shall be obliged to pay higher prices, but that we shall not get our supplies at all. Our 0}i]y consolations are, that we have used some low-priced supplies in the production of high-priced honey — that, as we have gone up with the com- mercial balloon, we must come down as it cools off, as other producers are doing, and must content ourselves with reduc- ed i>rofits, hoping for better times in the years to come. My prediction is tliat the lowest prices for supplies during the year will be those quoted in the January cata- logs. Acting on that belief, I have al- ready ordered my supplies for the next season and expect to do business at the old stand, in quite the usual manner, in 1921. The A. I. Root Company Medina, Ohio. illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillll^ Why Buy Now? Winter is the time to make up your hives, supers, and supplies for the spring. Prospects are good. Bees are in good shape, clo- ver looks promising. Be prepared. CONGESTED DEMAND in spring, owing to a hesitancy of many to order will be apt to cause the extra delays in the busy spring months. Gret your order in ahead of the rush. 3 PER CENT DISCOUNT in February makes buying early ad- vantageous. SLOW FREIGHTS are apt to delay your material and may result in goods arriving too late unless ordered early. Why Buy of Us.? REPUTABLE GOODS. We handle only such goods as we can ab- solutely recommend as first class, perfect fitting, perfect using. PROMPT SHIPMENT. We carry always a large stock of goods and pride ourselves on the promptness with which we can get out orders for our customers. Delays in transit are largely ob- viated by rushing tracers after the goods on request of the cus- tomer. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. We guarantee absolutely that our goods will be satisfactory in material and workmanship. In fact we guarantee satisfaction in every way. Write giving- list of your requirements. We will give you our lowest cash price. DADANT'S FOUNDATION— Every inch, every pound, every ton equal to any sample we have ever sent out. Specify it to your dealer. If he hasn't it write us, Dadant & Sons Hamilton, Illinois Catalog and Prices on Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working into Comb Foundation and Comb Rendering for the asking. _ lilllllllirr 3 illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllO^ I!i #leanmss « ^tt Culture | I.^T^T^ AT?."ir of tge .v.mU4-1921 1, ^gricuLltiJiral ^ TAf Passing of the Log Qum in the South. VOL. XLIX iiarrlj. 1321 NUMBER 3 m iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy QUEENS and BEES WHEN YOU WANT THEM We are establishing one of the most modern Queen-rearing outfits in the United States, and will breed from New Imported Italian Blood. We are not going to tell you how many Queens we will put on the market, as we shall produce QUALITY instead of QUANTITY. A limited number of orders for spring delivery will be accepted at the following prices: Quantity 1 6 12 24 Untested .. ..$2.00 $11.40 $21.60 $40.80 Sel. Untested . . 2.25 12.80 24.30 45.90 We are also prepared to furnish full colonies, nuclei, and pound pack- ages for spring delivery. Write to- day for prices. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF TEXAS P. O. Box 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEX. ^ Send in a list of your re- quirements today and get our special prices on all supplies. Miller Box Manufacturing Company 201-233 N. Avenue Eighteen Los Angeles, Calif. piiiliiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio^ PIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH^^^^^^ I Boyer s ^^Quality-Firsf ' Tin Honey | I and Syrup Containers j I are the best and cheapest in the long run. Prompt shipments of all standard sizes and g E styles. Can manufacturers since 1892. Large capacity. If you cannot secure them from g B your usual supply house, write us your needs. J j W. W. Boyer & Co., Inc. | I 2327-2359 Boston Street ... - Baltimore, Md. j iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ giiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiNiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I The TSJew^ Buckeye Extractor I i We have a carload of extractors on the way here from our Eastern factory. As | i the new Buckeye continuous automatic reversing extractors in this car will be | i snapped up quickly, anyone desiring one of these machines should jdace their orders | j at once. | I Write for particulars regarding any style of extractor. We will have a complete j 1 assortment when this shipment arrives. i I The A. I. Root Company of California | 1 Los Angeles: 1824 E. 15th St. San Francisco: 52-54 Main St. March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE MARCH, 1921 Hoiiev Alarkots 132-13;! Editorials 137-13S Grading the Combs Morloy Pettit 139-140 Transferring in the Soutli E. E. Root 140-143 Paint for Beehives A. N. Clark 143-144 Workers for the Honey Flow H. F. Wilson 145-146 Beekeeping in Foreign Lands W. B. Sclirels 14G-148 Comb Honey Production (Jeo. S. Deniuth 148-149 National Honey Advertising Truxton V. Damon 150 Color of Drones E. P. Stiles 150-151 Concrete Hive-stands W. A. Chrysler 151-152 Washboard Actions of Bees Align Latham 152-153 Local Honey Advertising C. W. Aeppler 153 Sittings J. E. Crane 154 Our Food Page Constance Root Boyden 155-156 Beekeeping as a Sideline Gi'ace Allen 157-158 From North, East, West, and South 159-161 Heads of Grain from Different Fields. . 162 163 Gleaned by Asking Editors 164-165 Talks to Beginners Editor 166-167 Bees, Men, and Things 168 Just News 169 Notes of Travel A.I. Root 170 Our Homes A. 1. Root 170-171 SUBSCEIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advancesubscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription. 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specitically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on e.xpiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this .iournal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, axpress money order, or cheek. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited ; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — .\dvertisins; rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advei-tising; in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertised- using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 60.4 per cent; advertising, 39.6 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root lona Fowls H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 130 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniim^^^ Muth's Ideal Veil, ^1.50 MEET GUY LE STOURGEON, SAN AN- TONIO, TEXAS, the president of. the Ameri- can Honey Producers' League. He's a renl man, fighting for a real League, wearing a real Bee Veil. WE HAVE A STOCK OF LEWIS Beeware waiting for your orders. Send ns a list of your requirements, and we will quote you attractive prices on quality goods. Write for our catalog. SEND US A SAMPLE OF YOUR honey and name your most attrac- tive price delivered to Cincinnati. We pay you the day shipment is received. WAX, OLD COMBS. We pay you the highest market price for ren- dered wax, less 5c per pound, ren- dering charges. Our rendering pro- cess saves the last drop of wax for you. Write for shipping tags. BEES— TWO FRAME NUCLEI, with queen, $8.50. Order them early. The Fred W. Muth Co. Pearl and Walnut Sts. CINCINNATI, 0. 111111:1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii b:iiii[|iii:iii[:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;i iiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN FOUNDATION MILLS TURNING I I And we are making that famous product, THE NEW PEOCESS AIRCO j i FOUNDATION, on our own macliines, here at Council Bluffs. Let us send s i you a sample, for we believe it is absolutely the last word in foundation.! I Severest tests will convince you that you cannot afford to be without g i AIECO in your own yard. It pays — that's the big point about it! i I If you are in the habit of having your wax worked into foundation, send | i for our terms and prices. Let us quote, too, on your season 's needs in | I foundation, for we believe that we can interest you. | I Use AIRCO, it pays. j I THE A. I. ROOT CO. OF IOWA, Council Bluffs, Iowa| nlllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllll!lllllinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!l|lllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllll1lliillll1!!IMIIIIIi;il^^^ ?? SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION Yes, we are ready for the rush. Many tons now ready for shipment, and = our machines are running to utmost capacity. Use the best. If your dealer M can't supply you, write us for price, stating quantity required. We also M accept beeswax for foundation or supplies. M "Everything in Bee Supplies" | SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY j OGDEN, UTAH. 1 (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation) M Maech, 1921 G L E A N T N G S I N B E E C U L T U R E 131 |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil I BEE SUPPLIES I I Root's Goods at Factory Prices | I With Weber's Service I We carry several carloads of bee supplies, and are able to give prompt ship- ment at all times. Our motto is a customer must be satisfied; give us a trial and we will show you how quickly we will answer your correspondence; send your order and it will follow 24 hours after we receive it. Our new catalog will be ready about January 15th; send for same. We have thousands of satisfied customers; why not you? Send a list of your wants and we will quote you. I C. H. W. Weber & Co. • | I 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiniiiiNiiiiiniiiiii I TINS AND GLASS JARS g^^-^,"^ Cost-Order Now for Next Crop Packing- 1 i IN Die Low^lrrices hubject to Change at Any Date § i 2%-lb. Cans. lO-lb. Pails with Handles. I 1 2 dozen reshipping cases $1.45 per case net i„ y^ p^, ,„,,„ $1^0 ^ 1^ ^-,°° ' " r Vi*i n^n° P"" "^*'' ''I In "'ates of 50 $6.70 per crate net 1 I I^ ^00-'^^" "-'-"^^ 1.1100 P<^>^ "■'^te ne ^n crates of 100 $12.75 per crate net 1 = In 500-ean crates $24.50 per crate net x. na^ t;.,o ,,=,«^i , ^ „ v*- ,, o * v-iaicuc^ = r 11 T. -1 ii Tj- 11 oUal. tins, used, good condition, 2 to = = 5-lb. Pails with. Handles: „„„„ ' ^ i" , ^ lu ^ I I Doz. reshpg. cases $1.35 per case net '^^^^ ^^'^ P^'' ^^^^ § m In Crates of 100 $8.30 per crate net 5-Gal. tins, NEW, 2 tins to wood case. ... = I In Crates of 200 $16.25 per crate net $1.35 per case | I WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LACQD. WAX-LINED CAPS. | s 8-oz. Honey Capacity, Cylinder style $1.50 carton of 3 doz. 1 m 16-oz. Honey Capacity, Table Jar style $1.40 carton of 2 doz. 1 = Quart or 3-lb. Honey Capacity, Mason Style $1.00 carton of 1 doz. 1 I HOFFMAN & HAUGK, INC. - - Woodhaven, New York | |iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiio^ I SEND TO INDIANAPOLIS I I FOR YOUR BEEKEEPER'S SUPPLIES | M Our stock is new and complete and we are prepared to M I give the best of service. Send for 1921 catalog. They M M will be out soon after the first of the year. Gleanings M M subscriptions also taken. s I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, 873 MASS. AVE., INDIANAPOLIS, IND. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 132 GLEANINGtS IN BEE CULTURE IVtARCH, 1921 HONEY MARKETS The situation is just about as it has been — -neither better nor worse. When the buy- ers' strike is over (and it can not last much longer) we may expect a much better de- mand for honey as well as all other commodi- ties. We would advise beekeepers not to ship to the big markets, but dispose of their honey locally as far as possible. Some bee- keepers have done well in selling in five and ten pound pails. They have disposed of their crops and have helped to advertise the value of honey as a food in their own local- ity. What some have done others may do. U. S. Government Market Reports. SHIPPING I'CIINT INFOR^rATION, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES.— Wire inquiry light, general market conditions very un.settled, with lower prices and weak tone, still lower prices expected by many. Eastern buyers re- luctant to order solid carloads, and mostly cars are consigned to be sold in small lots by brokers in the large markets. Independent shippers hesitate to ship unsold, due to uncertain conditions in consuming centers. Nominal quotations f. o. b. usual terms. l)er lb.: White orange blossom 14-15c, white sage 12-14c, light amber sage 10-12c, white alfalfa 10- 11c, light amber alfalfa 7-8c, ;jvhite Hawaiian 8c. light amber Hawaiian 6c. Beeswax, sacked in less than carlots, 33-35c per lb. No comb honey will be availal)le untii new crop comes on in September. INTER-MOUNTAIN REGION (COLORADO AND IDAHO). — Extracted honey moving slowly in les.s than carlots, and little comb being shipped. Comb honey is being offered around .$6.75 per 24-section case in large lots, and extracted sweet clover and alfalfa at 10-llc per lb. Shipments are only a small fraction of last year's and a large holdover is ex- pected, as beekeepers refuse to sell at prevailing prices. Some organizations are endeavoriug to di.s- pose of their stock by sales direct to the consumer. OTHER SECTIONS. — In the Catskill Mountain district it is reported that less than 10 per cent of the crop remains in hands of the beekeepers, altho in the central portion of New York State the pro- portion is said to be .somewhat larger. Most sales at this time are made direct to the consumer in glass jars and small pails. Wisconsin clover is said to be still held for 18c per lb. Western white sweet clover and light amber alfalfa is generally quoted around 10-llc per lb., f. o. b. .shipping points. TELEGRAPHIC REPORTS FROM IMPORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — 1 car Porto Rico arrived since last report. Comb honey in light demand but steady. Porto Rico honey in good demand and practically cleaned up. Almost no demand for other extracted honey on account of low jjrices for Porto Rico stock. Comb: Sales to retailers. New York, 24-section cases white clover No.l, heavy, $8.50-9.00; light, $7.00- 8.00; Vermont. 20-section cases white clover No. 1 heavy, $8.50; light, $7.50. Extracted: Sales to con- fectioners and bottlers, Porto Rico, amber per gal., 80-85c; California, white sage, very few sales 18c. Beeswax: Few sales of foreign wax and almost none of light domestic. Inquiry is mostlv for cheap waxes. Sales to floor wax, candle and shoe polish manufacturers, domestic light, 32-35c; African., dark. 17-20c. CHICAGO. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies liberal, movement very .slow, due appar- ently to mild weather and easier sugar situation, market tone very weak and most sal«? in small lots, most stock now arriving on commission. Ex- tracted: Per lb., sales to bottlers, Iowa, Montana. California, white alfalfa and sweet clover mixed. 14-14 i,ic; light amber alfalfa and sweet clover mixed 13c. Comb: Sales to retailers, Colorado, Mon- tana, Minnesota. 24-section cases alfalfa and clover, heavy $6.50-6.75; light and leaky, $4.50-5.50. Bees- wax: Receipts since last report approximate 1 car from Oklahoma, Texas. South America, and Africa. Market very weak and movement draggy. Foreign wax in.iuriiig market. Sales to wholesale druggists and harnessmakers, Oklahoma and Texas light. ?yC\c : dark, 26-28c. Imported, dark. 25-26c. CINCINN-YTI. — No carlot arrivals since January 31. Light 1. c. 1. receipts. Demand and movement poor, market unsettled. No record of sales avail- able. CLEVELAND. — No arrivals since last report. Little interest being shown, demand being mostly from retail trade for bottle or package goods. Ex- tracted: Quotations to bakers, 60-lb. cans small lots western white sweet clover, lO^^ to 20c per lb. DENVER. — Arrivals light, demand slow, move- ment very light. Sales to .iobbers, extracted : Colo- rado, white, 13c; light amber, 12V&c; amber, 12e. KANSAS CITY. — 1 car California, 1 car Oregon arrived since last report. Supplies liberal, demand and movement slow, few sales, market weaker on both comb and extracted, prices slightly lower. Sales to jobbers, extracted: California, light amber alfalfa, 14-15c per lb. Comb: California, 24-section flat cases light amber alfalfa. No. 1, $6.00-6.50. MINNEAPOLIS. — No carlot arrivals. Quotations direct to retailers, supplies moderate, demand and movement slow, market weak, season practically over. Trade showing very little interest in earlot-s and would be difficult to move another car even with marked drop in price. California and Minner sota white clover, 17-18c; western, dark amber offered low as 12c. ComVi : Supplies light, demand and movement slow, market dull. Western, cases 24-section No. 1. alfalfa and sweet clover mixed, $8.00. NEW YORK. — L. c. 1. receipts from New York moderate, from California light. Demand and mover ment very light, market dull ; bottlers, confection- ers and bakers doing practically all the buying; most sales are on South Amerian and West Indian stock, as California honey is .still considered too high. Sales to jobbers, large wholesale grocers, con- fectioners, bakers and bottlers. Extracted: Domes- tic per lb., Californias, light amber alfalfa and white alfalfa, prices slightly higher 12-13c; few, 13 %c; white orange blossom and white sage, 15-16c, few 17c. New York, sweet clover, 14-15c; few 16c: buckwheat, 12-13c; imported, West Indian and South American, refined, 5Vfe-6c; few high as 7e per lb.; best, 60-65c : some low as 50c per gallon. Comb: No sales reported. Beeswax: New York and foreign 1. c. 1. receipts moderate. Supplies moderate, demand and movement slow, market dull, most sales being made to mrmufacturers and bleachers. Sales to jobbers, wholtwalers. and manufacturers. South -American, AVest Indian and European, light, best, 26-28c; slightly darker stock, 20-25c; dark, 18-20c; New York light, best, 28-30c. PHILADELPHLV. — No arrivals. No sales or pur- chases being made of either comb or extracted the past two weeks. Beeswax : Supplies liberal. Slight improvement in inquiry noticeable, but very little business being transacted. Sales to manufacturers. South American and European, red, 18c. ST. LOUIS.- — Comb: Very light receipts reported. Supplies moderate but adeqtiate. Movement very limited and confined entirely to sales in small lots to retailers. Market shows no activity and is weak- er. Sales to retailers, Colorado, 24-sectiou cases, white clover and alfalfa No. 1, heavy, mostly around $7.00. Extracted : Very light receipts re- ported. Supplies liberal and adequate, practically no demand or movement, market very unstable and weaker. Sales in small quantities to retailers in 5-gallon cans, per lb., Missouri, Arkansas and Mis- sissippi, light amber various mixed flavors, 12-14c ; California, light amber alfalfa, 10-12c. Beeswax: Receipts and supplies light.. Practically no move- ment, market weaker, few sales in small lots to jobbers and manufacturers of floor wax and comb foundations. Missouri, -Arkansas, and Mississippi, light, 23 %c. GEORGE LIVINGSTON. Chief of Bureau of Markets. Opinions of Producers. Early in February we sent to actual honey-pro- ducers in California and the South the following questions : 1 . What is the amount of brood and Ijees in the hives as compared with normal ? 2. Is the amount of stores in the hives sufficient to carry the ciilouies thru to the main honey flow? :^ . What is tlie (-oiie new hive and the length of time required to complete the transfer. the queen goes in, all is well. The gum with the rest of its bees is now placed on top of the new hive with the bee-escape between. It is left that way for three weeks, when, if the queen was secured in the drumming, the brood will have emerged and most of the bees be l)elow. Tlie plan is shown in Fig. 10. March, 1921 GLEANTNGS IN BEE CULTURE 143 The objection to this plan, says Mr. Sams, is the duration of three weeks of time; and if this is at the beginning of the lioney flow, an extra super beneath is required. There is also the difficulty of getting tho queen with the bees. If the queen is left closed, so that the bees must go downward in order to get outdoors. Of course all fly- ing bees will be forced into the lower hive where they will have to stay when once down. The young bees will stay above to take care of the brood. After tlie brood liave r lliijfiLv , - ' • ^■ ^^E^ii- ■ ^%^ ^BflH^^il^^ "m^^^^S^^ ■ 3s>«oit-~-«"»* — • ^^ Pig. 11. — A characteristic log-gum apiary. There are several rows of these gums that were trans- ferred by Mr. Sams. This is not at all a rare sight in the Southland. above, housekeeping is liable to start over again upstairs. It takes skill and experi- ence to drum out tlie queen with half the bees. It should be explained that the entrance to the gum when placed on the new hive is Fig. 12. — The same bees as show^n in Fig. 11 after being transferred into modern hives. This is an apiary belonging to W. J. Martin. This apiary of 100 colonies, with the help of Mr. Sams, wa.s easily transferred from the log gums in onei week's time. all emerged, the remaining bees that liave not gone down are removed by the drum- ming process. This plan obviates the neces- sity of cutting and fastening into frames patches of brood, and, where the conditions are right, is ideal. AS paint ma- terials 0 f all kinds have been high in price for the past two years until quite re- cently, most bee- keepers have put off painting. Now that the wholesale price of linseed oil has dropped over 50 per cent, and the price of turpentine has dropped still more, be- sides a heavy drop in prices of lead and zinc, which are the principal raw materials entering into the manufacture of the best white paints, we should naturally expect to purchase good ready-mixed paints at half the price of a year ago. However, such is not the case, as manufacturers are on Jan. 1 holding up the wholesale price around .$.').50 per gallon and expect the retailer to pass along the high price to the consumer at around $4.50 to $5.00 per gallon retail. On Jan. 1 raw linseed oil was quoted in New York at 80c per gallon wholesale, and turpentine at 75c. Both are cheaper than that now. The St. Louis market price of pig lead was down to $4.50 per 100 pounds, and zinc at $5.65. The present prices of raw ma- terials would warrant a retail price of not to exceed $3.00 per gallon for the very best PAINT FOR BEEHIVES Importance of Using Only High Grades of Paint. How to Interpret Formulas on Labels of Mixed Paint By A. N. Clark m i X e <1 paints. About the only w ay to avoid p a y ing tribute to jiaint profit- eers would seem to be to mix your own paints out of such ma- terials as you can purchase at reasonable prices. If white lead and zinc white in paste form can not be purchased at a satisfactory price, the farm- ers' old reliable red-barn paint, made of a good quality of Venetian red, raw linseed oil, and turpentine, mixed by the user, is a very durable paint, and has goo5 per cent and good zinc white 35 per cent, mixed in pure raw linseed oil, plus a litlle turpentine drier, make a paint that fulfills all the above requisites of a good paint. A hive painted with such a paint should not need repainting under five years if the first painting was well done, and will re- main in pretty good condition for seven to ten years in most climates. I would never use for outside painting a paint in which any present-known substi- tute for raw linseed oil is used, except in asphalt and tar paints. Asphalt makes a good coating for bottom-boards of hives. It can be applied by dipping in a kettle of hot melted asphalt, or can be melted and mixed with kerosene, or dissolved cold with gaso- line, and brushed on. It also makes a good coating for sheet iron where the black color is not objectionable. Many corrugated-iron buildings are coated with asphalt paint. Even a good paint may fail in durability if applied to damp, green, pitchy, or very cold lumber. Paint can not be ])roperly spread in a cold atmosj>here without undue thinning. Knots should be coated with shel- lac dissolved in denatured alcohol before applying paint. In applying the priming coat to a pitchy lumber like hard pine, it is good practice to add considerable turpentine. Poor Paint Dear at Any Price. This will be a year in which beekeepers will be tempted to buy extremely poor- quality mixed paints, which maybe offered at prices a little below the best. Many of these poor paints are dear at any price. Some of the adulterants for linseed oil are soy-bean oil, corn oil, rosin oil, fish oils, coal oils, and benzol. None of them are good drying oils like linseed oil. By the word "drying," as applied to paint oils, we mean oxidation and not evaporation. Eaw linseed oil absorbs over one-third of its weight of oxygen in drying. Some of the "fillers" and adulterants used in white paints are calcium carbonate in some form, barytes, calcium sulphate, magnesium silicate, China clay, and pow- dered sand. S.ead the Label on the Can. Don't buy a mixed paint unless the label on the can contains the name of the manu- facturer and the formula. Some state laws require this; so, if the manufacturer omits either, it is good evidence that lie is not proud of his product. Some people do not understand the mean- ing of paint formulae as printed on paint labels, so we give a few here with our crit- icism of the same: Fojinula 1. Pigment: H.") pei- (-('iit old pio- cess white lead, .H5 per cent zinc oxide. Ve- liicle; 93 per cent pure raw linseed oil, 7 per cent turpentine drier. The above represents to my mind the best white paint for outside work. Formula 2. Pigment: 66.6 per cent white lead (lead carb.), 33.4 per cent zinc white (zinc oxide). Vehicle: S4.8 per cent raw lin- seed oil, 5.7 per cent Japan drier, 9.5 per cent turpentine. No. 2 is manufactured by an old paint company that takes pride in its reputation. It is a very good paint. Covers well and spreads well. Dries a little too fast for warm- weather work, as it contains a rather large amount of drier and turpentine. Formula 3. Pigment: 25 per cent white lead (lead carb.), 20 per cent sublimed white lead (lead sulphate), 30 per cent zinc oxide, 10 per cent calcium carbonate, 15 per cent barium sulphate. Vehicle: 80 per cent raw linseed oil, 5 per cent turnentine, 5 per cent Japan drier, 7 per cent benzine, 3 per cent water. No. 3 is probably somewhere near an aver- age quality of mixed paint. It is neither very good nor very bad. The pigment con- tains some sublimed lead, which is not con- sidered as good as lead carbonate. It also has 25 per cent of inert filler, as calcium carbonate and barium sulphate. The worst feature is the 7 per cent benzine and the 3 per cent water in the vehicle, used to adul- terate the linseed oil. Formula 4. Pigment: 36.6 per cent sub- limed white lead, 12.2 per cent zinc oxide, 34.3 per cent calcium carbonate, 9.7 per cent barium sulphate, 7.3 per cent magne- sium silicate. Vehicle: 87 per cent linseed oil, 6.8 per cent naphtha drier, 6.2 per cent naphtha. No. 4 is made and sold by a general job- bing house. It contains no lead carbonate, only sublimed lead, and only a small amount of zinc oxide. Over half of the pigment is a cheap "filler," of which 34.2 per cent is calcium carbonate, or whiting. The vehicle contains too much naphtha. (Naphtha is cheaper than Japan drier and turpentine. ~> The paint lacks covering or hiding power — is too transparent. It also requires more erallons to cover a given surface, owing to lack of spreading capacity. No. 4 is manu- facturer's analvsis. Formula 5. Pigment: 10 per cent sub- limed white lead, 10 per cent China clay, 60 per cent barium sulphate. 10 per cent cal- cium carbonate, 10 per cent silica (sand). The vehicle is a mixture of linseed oil, soy- bean oil, naphtha drier, and water. No. 5 represents a very poor paint. A large amount of barium sulphate was prob- ably used to give it weight. It contains but little linseed oil and dries very slowly. All ready-mixed paints require some thin- ning with raw linseed oil and turpentine for first coat. Charlotte, Mich. < Maech, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 145 WORKERS FOR THE HONEY FLOW A Few Simple Requirements Which Greatly Increase the Strength of Colonies By H. F. Wilson BE E K E E P- ERS in the North are soon to face the problem of get- ting the bees in shape for the 1921 honey crop. Very few bee- keepers realize tlie factor of success involved in just the right care of bees from March to June. They feel that if the bees come thru the winter successfully, they have done their best and that success or failure depends upon the sea- son to follow. But what of the one or two beekeepers in the neighborhood who secure a part of a crop altho all others failed? Did the successful ones give the bees the needed care in the spring? It is so easy to do and the results are so well known among practical beekeepers that it is sometimes hard to understand why 90 per cent of our beekeepers simply set the bees out-of-doors in the spring and leave them without protection and without suffi- cient stores to build up as best they can. It is my belief that protection and a super- abundance of stores are fully as important in the spring as during the winter — and per- haps more so. During the winter the temperature sur- rounding the cluster will be held at 57 de- grees F. as long as the bees have stores and energy to live, regardless of the cold outside. During that time the temperature may go below the zero point for a short period at a time, but it will range mostly 20 de- grees F. or higher. The bees are then re- quired only to produce heat to raise the tem- perature 30 to 50 degrees F. In addition, they are not at that time required to use energy in the production of wax and food for the young. Value of Spring Protection. As soon as brood-rearing starts in the spring the temperature inside the cluster and around the young brood is increased to 93 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time the outside temperature will in the North run about 30 degrees F., with fluctua- tions during March and April up to 65 de- grees F. Under these conditions the bees are forced to produce energy which will keep the temperature up to that required for brood-rearing, a difference of 30 to 60 de- grees. During that time an excess of energy is also being used in producing larval food, and possibly other products. A practical illustration of how tempera- ture influences the development of brood in the spring may be demonstrated by watch- ing three types of colonies, those of mini- mum, medium, and maximum strength. By May the weak colony will have only a small circle of brood, indicating the inside space covered by the cluster. This will be more or less true also of the medium colony, but the area of the brood-uest will extend bcvond the ordinary winter cluster- ing space. In the strong colony the brood-nest will be several times larger than the winter clustering space and several frames may be filled from end to end. It is, of course, a recognized fact that strong colonies in the spring are able to build up strong for the honey flow, but how many beekeepers have ever carried on trials with protected and unprotected colonies with extra space for breeding and with more stores than seemed necessary? When a dem- onstration of this nature is carried on it is truly remarkable, and this is the principal reason why beekeepers who have tried pack- ing the bees out-of-doors have reached the conclusion that outdoor packing is better than cellar wintering. However, the cellar wintering was not at fault, but the fact that the bees wintered out-of-doors had spring protection made it appear so. In the north- ern States the bees are often removed from the cellar and placed in exposed locations where the north and west winds sweep over them, causing a loss of heat which can only be made up by extra work on the part of the bees and a consequent loss of energy which should be conserved for a greater ex- pansion of the brood-nest. Whenever a cold, wet spring occurs the bees have great diffi- culty in building up and always I'each the honey flow in poor condition unless pro- tected. The bees may be set out to advan- tage as soon as the snow is off the ground if they are given protection. There is consid- erable evidence to show that too much jiack- ing in the spring is detrimental as in heavy winter packing. If the packing is too heavy, the heat of the sun does not penetrate to the hive, and the bees do not come out and fly during the few days that are warn\ enough for a flight. The Necessity of an Abundance of Stores. Here in Wisconsin the mouth of April is always cold and the night temperatures fre- quently drop to near the freezing point. Per- haps there are only a few days when the bees can fly, and in that case we say that the bees being unable to gather pollen and nectar could not build up. This may be true in many cases, but it would not be the case if the beekeeper would only provide nbnnd- ant stores. In truth, the liees do not need to fly more than three or four times dui'ing the latter part of March and April, and condi- tions without the hive have little or no ef- fect on the development of the brood if conditions are right within. Room Needed for Full Development. Some of the IxM'kepers in Wisconsin wlio liave been content with one hive-body full of bees at the beginning of the honey flow, have, during the past two years, been I4fi CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Marctt, 19-zi aiiiaz(Ml to iiud that they could get two 10- fiaiiie hive-bodies full and from 12 to 17 frames with brood. Two beekeejiers in late May, 1920, actually had two 10-frame hive- bodies with more bees than could get into the hive. No wonder some of our experienced beekeepers want large hives. We do not put two hive-bodies on when the bees are first set out, but wait until six or eight frames contain brood when the sec- ond hive-body is placed ou top. As soon as the queen lacks room below, she goes up, if the upper hive-body is packed and ■warm. In spite of evidence to the contrary, she will go down again when everything is filled above. Our recommendations for the spring of 1921 are: First, arrange to set the bees in a, location where they will positively be pro tected from the direct influence of the wind by i^roviding some kind of windbreak. Sec- ond, if the largest possible colonies are de- sired at the beginning of the honey flow. pack ex'ery colony with some outside cover- ing or packing as soon as the bees are put on their summer stands. Third, see that every colony has more stores than you think it can use during April and May. If you do not have combs of honey feed sugar syrup and give 40-50 pounds because, as a rule, 10-20 pounds is about half enough. The strongest colonies will need from 75 to 100 pounds of stoi'es to build up to the greatest possible strength, and, if they canot get it in the field, the beekeej^er must supply it. Fourth, let the bees have room for breeding. The beekeeper who has swar;ns in May should not be proud of the fact, for it is a sure sign of bad beekeeping. The fundamen- tals of spring care to get large colonies at the time of the honey flow are bees to begin with, protection during April and May, su- perabundance of stores, and not less than two hive-bodies for spring-rearing. Madison, Wis. BEEKEEPING IN FOREIGN LANDS CONDI- TIONS for beekeeping vary as much with locality in the tropics as they do in the temperate zones, and more so. Ex- cept for a few general rules and principles the beekeeper has to find out for himself what is best for his locality. Here on the west coast of Costa Rica we have an interrupted honey flow that lasts six to seven months, and we requeen all our colonies that have old queens or queens that have been laying over two months, with young queens that are just be- ginning to lay. Even then many queens fail with us before the honey flow terminates. This causes a great loss, as the strength of such colonies in the height of the honey flow dwindles quickly. The bees instead of superseding the fail- ing queen often just fill the brood-nest full of honey, the queen failing so quickly that the bees evidently do not become aware of her condition until no worker eggs are avail- able from which to rear a queen. These colo- nies, with a brood-nest full of honey and few bees to defend it, are an attraction for robbers at the end of the honey flow, and a source of annoyance. The average life of a queen here during the honey flow is about six months or per- haps a little less. Queens reared in the cooler higher altitudes live very little longer when brought here to the coast, while if left in the higher altitude where the honey flows are short they live up to three years and over. Til ere are no other bees of the European variety within many miles of my apiaries. Interesting Facts About Apiculture in Happy Little Costa Rica By W. B. Schrels The first year after I came here I had my apiary on a pen- insula almost surrounded b y the sea, and that year I lost about 60 per cent of my young queens in mating. Evidently they fell into the salt water, and about 40 per cent of those that did return proved either drone-layers or partly drone-laj^ers. The second year T moved my bees on to the main land, and had very little loss in mating. The percentage of drone-layers also decreased some. This (the third) year the percentage of drone-layers has decreased still more. Long Swarming Season. Swarm control is also a vexatious problem with us. This year our bees swarmed for seven months, not more than one or two swarms a day, and very few colonies cast a second or after-swarm. Requeening with young queens reduces swarming some, and so does extracting. But you can not extract always in time; sometimes the supers are full of honey and you have to wait a week or two for it to ripen and the bees to cap it. To put on another empty super or to scat- ter the brood seems to hasten their swarm- ing impulse. The size of a hive seems to make absolutely no difference in the amount of swarming here. We use the standard 10- frame L. size two and three-story hive. Usu- ally when a colony swarms we cut out all the queen-cells and stubs and return the swarm to the old hive, and in nine cases out of ten they stay put. The Honey Plants. To name the best honey plants of this March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 147 locality would be very difficult. Providence was so liiiid and nature so lavish that a bot- anist would despair in trying to list and classify and find correct names for all of the nectar-secreting plants. I have been here three years, and each year our main honey crop came from a different source. Almonds, citrus fruits, a number of varieties of plums, tarmarinds, aguacates, coeoanuts and many other varieties of palms, cot- ton, mesquite, catclaw, and many vine plants, both wild and ornamental, a great variety of tropical fruits, as well as nearly all the lumber woods, cedar, mahog- any, cocobolas, mora, genisaro, espavel. balsa, and many others, also varieties of mint, sage, goldenrod, and wild sunflowers all produce honey. I have planted buck- wheat and Eussian sunflowers in the rainy season, and the bees worked busily on both. To pluck a flower from a tree or vine seldom causes it to stop secreting nectar. I have often noticed bees busily at work on the fallen flowers on the ground under a tree: secured (juite a little surplus in July from wild sunflower. Critical Period for Bees. October is the most critical time for the beekeeper in w^estern Costa Rica. The bees then usually begin to rear brood heavily. Just before the dry season a wet spell sets in that lasts from 30 to 60 days, and very seldom do the bees get a flight of more than an hour. In this kind of weather they can gather neither honey nor pollen, and we have practiced feeding to great advantage the past two years during October. We have fed both white and dark brown sugar by making it into a thin syrup and pouring this into empty combs. The bees seemingly take one as readily as the other. I am satis- Ked that we materiallj^ increase our honey crop thru feeding at this time. Many Varieties of Native Bess. There are many kinds of native bees in this locality, both the stinging and stingless varieties. Some build wax combs; others, half wax and part woody fiber; still others Hauliiia; (li-uins ( ivnii casks) of honey on ox mits to a l.oat landing- in Cosla Rica. and just the other day a young lady pinned some orange blossoms on, and some time afterwards two bees came and seemingly got honey out of the blossoms. There are five or six varieties of man- grove, some of which bloom for six months, and the bees get considerable honey from them at times. Some times of the year there seems to be a dearth of pollen, and we have planted corn and katfir corn to produce pol- len at these periods. Our honey flow begins with the dry sea- son, and we seldom have a shower of rain for six months or over. This gives us ideal extracting weather. With the first rain in April or May the flow decreases, and the honey gets slightly thinner and darker in color, and after the first of June the bees usually find only enough honey for their own use. Last year was an exception, as we build all fiber nests, something like a was])'s or hornet's nest; some have a nest full of little wax cells or capsules like birds ' eggs filled with honey. In size these bees also vary greatly, some being tiny little things, while other kinds are larger than the Euro- pean bee. The honey of one very small kind called maria seco by the Costa Ricans is sold and highly esteemed for medicinal pur- poses. Some of the larger stingless varieties gather as much as 12 or 15 pounds per col- ony in a season. The method practiced in securing the honey is very crude. Usually a, man twists and jams an old stick or iron hook around in the log gum from one end, catching the honey, wax, and brood in a gourd as they drop from the hive. When the honey is cl(>an it often has a very fine dis- tinct flavor, some of it tasting as if it were 148 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 (iavoied with vanilla extract. Two of the smaller varieties of native bees we liave named robber bees because they always pounce into the hives of our bees to steal honey when we are extracting or working. I have never seen them rob out a colony, but they worry the bees considerably. Average Yields. We have made many mistakes since we came here^ and have also learned much. We have increased the 6 colonies that we brought with us to 600 and have also sold some. Our crop will average almost 300 pounds per colony this year, figuring our stock at the beginning of the season; if we figure in all the increase, it reduces the av- erage to a little less than 100 pounds. Our stock came originally from The A. I. Eoot Company queens from their home yards, having been bought about six years ago. When we first came here honey was sold only in drug stores; but we have worked up a good local demand, and the largest whole- sale store in Punta Arenas now keeps our honey in stock. Punta Arenas, Costa Rica. COMB HONEY PRODUCTION How to Have Brood-Chambers Well Filled 'with 'Brooa at the Beginning of the Honey FIotjv By Geo. S. Demuth IN the Febru- ary issue on page 80 is a brief discussion of a time-honor- ed problem in comb-honey pro- duction, that of having the b r 0 od- chamber almost completely filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow, so that there is neither much sealed honey left in the hive nor many empty cells in which the bees can begin storing within the brood-chamber when the honey flow begins. This highly de- sirable condition in all, or nearly all, of the colonies at just the right time is not easily attained, and too often only a small per- centage of them happen to be just right in this respect when the honey flow begins; for it means that just at the beginning of the honey flow the colonies must have consumed practically all of the honey that had been stored within the brood-chamber for win- ter and spring, and at the same time must reach their maximum in brood-rearing. Colo- nies that happen to be in this condition just at the right time are usually the ones which work in the supers with the greatest energy and give the least trouble from swarming. To find the proper size for a brood-chamber that would hold just enough honey to carry the colony up to the beginning of the honey flow (at which time the honey should be practically all used up and the combs of the brood-chamber almost completely filled with brood) has been the dream of comb- honey producers for years. But the great variation in the way the bees come thru the winter, the variation in the amount of honey stored previous to the main honey flow from minor sources, and the variation in the time of the beginning of the honey flow have prevented the attainment of this goal. Experiments by Quinby and Langstroth. Before the advent of the modern beehive Quinby, after having experimented with box hives of various sizes, wrote in regard to this in 1853 as follows: "I am satisfi.- 1 that 2,000 inches in the clear is the propei- size for safety in this section and conse- quently for prof- it. ' ' Strangely enough at the same time this was penned, L a n g s t r 0 t h, working i n d e- pendently and without knowl- edge of Quin- by 's experiments, had already decided to build his new movable-comb hive to hold 10 Langstroth frames, it thus containing, when allowance is made for the frames and the spaces around them, almost exactly :3,000 cubic inches. It must be remembered that these two great masters were trying to find the best capacity for the brood-chamber for the pro- duction of box honey, for the extractor had not yet been invented. After 68 years and after having departed greatly from the recommendation of Quinby and Langstroth, comb-honey producers now generally admit that this size is about as near the long-sought goal as any yet tried, being smaller than that needed by the most prolific queens and best colonies and larger than is needed by others. In other words, under good management, as the seasons run, it is not far from the average size that will be well filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow; but this does not take care of the bette- colonies which need more room for brood-rearing in the spring and does not bring good results for those colo- nies which do not fill these brood-chambers with brood. As was pointed out in the last issue of this journal, the attempt to bring about the condition of brood-chambers that are honey- less but filled with brood in all of the colo- nies at the beginning of the honey flow, by reducing the size of the brood-chamber, almost resulted in "killing the goose that laid the golden egg." At the present time the solution of this problem is being sought in exactly the op- posite direction, that of increasing the size of the brood-chamber beyond the capacity of the most prolific queens so that there is still room for enough honey for safety, then Maecii, 1921 G I, E A N I \ G S IX B K E C U E T U H E reducing to iioinial when tlie lioiiey flow be gins, thus approximating tlie methods which prove so successful in extracted-honey pro- duction. Langstroth Depth for Comb Honey. Whatever the defects in the standard Langstroth hive, as now made, for extract- ed-honey production there is a general agreement among comb-honey producers that this hive is well adapted for comb- honey production. It was originally designed by Langstroth as a box-honey hive and most of the improvements that have been made since have been to perfect it as a comb-honey hive. If combs shallower than the Langstroth are used, the bees usually build up less rap- idly in the spring, and in some locations shallower combs result in considerable pol- len being stored in the sections. If combs much deeper than the Langstroth are used, it is more difficult to induce brood-rearing to the top-bar, thus resulting in the objec- tionable rim of honey in the upper portion of the brood-chamber. Two-Story 8-frame Hives. Many comb-honey producers who have an equipment of 8-frame hives use two stories previous to the honey flow, to provide suf-. ficient room for extra stores and brood-rear- ing, permitting the queen the free range of both stories. When the honey flow begins these are reduced to a single story by taking away most of the honey and leaving most of the brood. At the same time two comb-honey supers are usually given so that the total hive capacity is not reduced. The combs that were removed (which may contain con- siderable honey and brood) are then given to other colonies, which need not be strong and which are not used for comb-honey pro- duction, where they are to be refilled with honey as the brood emerges, then put back upon the hives again after the comb honey supers have been removed at the close of the season. The hive-bodies containing the combs that were removed may be piled six or seven high on top of weaker colonies. These "piles" soon become powerful colonies because of the large amount of emerging brood. While this involves considerable labor it puts the colonies in excellent condition to begin work immediately in the comb-honey supers. It is open to the objection that the 16 combs must be sorted, and it is sometimes necessary in this sorting to leave some of the combs which have a rim of sealed honey in the upper portion, these being combs from the upper hive-body. The plan is an excellent one, however, and may be used even with the 10-frame hive. Separate Chamber for Honey. To bring about similar results with less labor some comb-honey producers who use the 10-frame hive have provided a shallow extracting super for each colony. The shal- low extracting supers contain the extra stores needed for safety 'during the spring, thus permitting the standard brood-chamber to be used almost entirely for brood. They are taken off at the beginning of the honey flow when the comb-honey supers are given. In this way, the objectionable barrier of honey at the top. of the hive is removed; and the comb-honey supers are placed down ad- jacent to the brood, which is a great advan- tage in stimulating the bees to expand their work into the supers and in reducing the tendency to swarm. This principle has been recommended by several extensive beekeep- ers even when extracted honey is being pro- duced. If the combs in the brood-chamber are uniformly good, having all-worker cells to the top-bar and only the few drone-eells usually present in the lower corners, 10 standard frames will hold nearly all the brood that a prolific queen is able to pro- duce under the most favorable conditions, since they are practically free from honey and the brood extends to the top-bars. These food chambers can not well be tiered up above the comb-honey supers and left on the hives during the season, as in extracted- honey production, on account of the dark- ened cappings of the honey in the sections when brood-combs are placed above them. They must be taken off and tiered up on weak colonies which are not being used for comb-honey production, for thev should be refilled with honey as the small amount of brood which they usually contain emerges. After they have been filled with honey these food chambers are ready to be given back to the colonies when the crop of comb honey has been removed from the hives. The extra stores provided by either of these plans apparently stimulate the bees to rear a large amount of brood during the spring, usually resulting in at least one standard brood-chamber being well filled with brood at the beginning of the honey flow and colonies so strong that they begin work in the supers with a rush. Thus by using a separate chamber for honey and a brood-chamber slightly smaller than the capacity of good queens, the safety of the colonies, so far as stores are con- cerned, is insured without laborious and ex- pensive feeding which is too often not done when most needed; and, at the same time, the objectionable rim of honey at the top of the hive can be lifted off and the comb- honey supers placed upon a brood-chamber almost full of brood and practically free from honey. Where honey granulates readily the large surplus of stores may sometimes be objec- tionable, but where honey granulates read- ily comb-honey production is not advisable anyway. Colonies so provisioned are usually built up so strong in the spring that most of the extra honey may be used up and the combs in the food chamber refilled with honey from early sources. 150 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE AIaech, 1921 FROM THETIELD OF EXPERTE :^^ NATIONAL HONEY ADVERTISING Campaign Proposed to Boom Honey. How to Raise Ample Funds Advertising is the means by which an article is made conspicuous in the public eye. This same medium clai'ifies the vision of the multitudes as to whether the article in question is a necessity, an acquisition, or a luxury. There are numerous foodstuffs that have lain dormant or buried, so to speak, for decades and have been suddenly brought into prominence thru the channels of advertising. This is exactly the proced- ure that should be applied to honey. Too long has it been regarded as a supernum- erary commodity. It is just about time that the beekeepers of America resurrect the fruits of their labor and pedestal honey on its rightful sphere. Instead of being utilized scantily in a few homes as a dainty luxury it should be used freely in every household in many forms of cooking, as a substitute for sugar, and most of all, because it is a natural, wholesome, and healthful sweet, and a big energy-producer. Again, it should by all means be administered freely to chil- dren, thus satisfying their desires for sweets and at the same time weaning them away from the unwholesome candies that flood the markets of today. Let us producers face the facts, and proclaim these facts, that honey is truly a wonderful product and, as a sweet, stands without a peer. Our product, if properly marketed, com- mands a fair price at the present time. Our recent war and the excessive foreign de- mand are directly responsible for the stabil- ity in prices for the past few years, but this same foreign demand is decidedly on the decline right now and is daily dwin- dling. If conditions go back to the old levels, what will be the results? There is but one conclusion — prices will naturally decline along with the demand. There can be but one recourse, and that is to stimulate the demand within our own boundaries. Allow me to em- phasize the fact, that this condition can be brought about by means of intelligent and well-directed advertising. The San Francisco Bulletin, under date of April 29, 1920, said: "SAN FRANCISCO FIRM SELLS HUGE QUANTITY OF RAISINS. "The increased consumption of raisins in this State is remarkable, according to figures submitted by the O'Malley-Colliiis Company of San Francisco, which sold 20,000,000 pounds of raisins in 1919. The increa-sed consumption of raisins in tlie United States is marvelous. In 1911 there was harvested in California a total tonnage of 70,000 tons, and even this small tonnage appeared to bo practically a drug on the mai'ket. At that time raisins were sold in a small way l.y tlie ai-ocers, around lioliday time, and utilized by a few bakers. The growers were losing money, and each year found them further in debt. It was for this reason that the growers amalgamated and formed the California Associated Raisin Company, in hope of saving the industry. At the start it did not look as tho the new association was going to be successful. However, by hard work and constant advertising, they managed to convince the public of the enormous food value of the raisin. The bakers gradually realized that, no matter bow good a product they produced in the line of bread or bun.s. raisins made it better, with the natural result that there is not a bakeshop of any conse- quence in northern California that does not today make a specialty of baking raisin bread, raisin buns, and pies. Where a retail grocer in 1911 sold one package of raisins, he is today selling five packages, showing that the demand from the housewife has also increased proportionally. During the year 1919 190,000 tons were produced." Now, the question arises, how can ample funds be raised to finance a national adver- tising campaign on honey? Such an under- taking would be extremely simple and in- tensely successful, if it could receive the unselfish support of all the beekeepers thruout the United States. As a suggestion and as a means of raising the necessary funds, supposing every beekeeper would con- tribute to the national fund a minimum sum of five cents and maximum of ten cents for every colony of bees that he owned or op- erated. Thus, the owner of a hundred stands would donate not less than five or more than ten dollars for his proportion of the benefits that would be derived under the campaign. I am prone to believe that every progres- sive beekeeper of our land would imhesitat- ingly come to the front and substantially support such an important work. The results would be far-reaching, and we can conserva- tively estimate that such a campaign, prop- erly directed, would double or even treble the present demand. There can be no reason why the above outlined adventure would not be a complete success, and every producer that sold a pound of honey would be the beneficiary. This idea is open to comment and further sug- gestions. Let us hear from the beekeeping fraternity at large and see if it is not pos- sible, collectively, to take our product off the obscure shelf. Yerington, Nev. Ti-uxton V. Damon. COLOR OF DRONES Drones from Imported Queens More Uniform than from American- Bred Queens In 1871, in conjunction with Rev. H. A. King of New York City, I imported some Italian queens from Ita'y. It is my recol- lection that the drones from those queens March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 151 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE were uniform in coloring. They did not have three yellow bands such as workers have; but their bands, while yellow, were uniformly clouded. One drone was as much a duplicate of another as one worker of another. It does not seem to be so today. About two years ago I bought a breeding queen of one of our leading queen-breeders. Last year she proved a good queen, so this past spring I prepared to use her for re- queening my yard. Her worker bees were uniformly marked. I could see no indication of an intermixture of foreign blood. How- ever, when the drones began to appear I was astonished to find a great difference between them, the color varying from that of the typical yellowish Italian drone to one without a hint of yellow upon it, being in- stead a solid, shining, metallic black. There were more black than yellow drones in the hive. I discarded the queen as a breeder. Shortly after this, in company with Frank Aten (whom some of the readers of this magazine will remember as a Texas queen- breeder) and a number of other beekeepers, I visited the apiary of one of the leading beekeepers of Travis County. He tried to maintain the purity of his Italians as a whole, but he had one colony of which he was particularly proud. The bees were as uni- formly marked, and, in appearance, identical with the bees of my colony above referred to. So were the drones. Most of them were shining, metalic black. I called attention to tlio fact and was informed by several bee- keepers present that this is not at all un- usual, and that there is no uniformity in the marking or coloring of drones. Returning witli Mr. Aten, T asked him privately for his observations. He replied: ' ' When I was in the bee business several years ago, I imported hundreds of queens from Italy; and my recollection of the drones tallies with yours, that all drones showed yellow and were quite uniformly tho not so clearly marked as the workers." I am quite sure of the accuracy of my rec- ollection. I raised a good nmny queens from the impoi'ted mothers referred to and do not recollect having seen a black drone among the offspring of the purely mated queens. Austin, Texas. E. P. Stiles. CONCRETE HIVE -STANDS Their Many Advantages Described by a Beekeeper of Long Experience I am sending two views that show a part of our home apiary, which contains 132 hives with concrete stands for the same number, and one view of our concrete hive- stand at close view. The hives are the double-walled ten- frame Jumbo, and when the photo was taken they were ready for winter. After 35 or more years' experience with other sizes of hives and other modes of jtreparation for winter and of management in general, I find that these are by long odds to be preferred. Material for these concrete hive-stands is cheaper than that for any other satisfactory hive-stand, but the labor, of course, is more. In the end, however, labor is saved; for they remain level, stay in their places, and will not rot. Grass and weeds cannot grow up be- tween and around the liives, and tlie apiary A close-up view ot one of Mr. Clirysler's concrete hive-stands, which he says give excellent sati.sfaction for several reahoiis. 152 M^ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE can be kept in order with a scythe or lawu- mower without bumping the hives. One sack of cement is sufficient for four hive-stands, with gravel in proportion of four to one. The concrete is placed on top of the ground; no digging is necessary, but the ground should be solid and level. The thick- ness at the outer edge of the concrete is one to one and a half inches and increases to two inches at the upright rim, which is six inches high above the ground. I have found that reinforcing is not necessary. W. A. Chrysler. Chatham, Ontario, Canada. ao^c«= WASHBOARD ACTIONS OF BEES Method Employed by Young Bees to Work Off Surplus Nervous Energy As early as my first year in beekeeping I first noted those peculiar actions of bees when they are apparently busy over the washboard doing the colony-wash. They roused my curiosity, as they do with every- one else who has any eyes for the study of our pets. After some thought I formed a theory and ever since that time have been subjecting that theory to the test of cross- examination. It stills holds with me, and I shall offer it to the readers of Gleanings. Possibly someone will knock a hole in it and thus help me to disprove the theory if it be unsound. The theory is this — the bees are simply working off an excess of energy. If one will subject these actions of the bees to a care- ful analysis, he will perhaps follow the lines of observation and deduction which I will now take. The most careful serutinv fails to note that the bees engaged in tJiis acti\ity are accomplishing anything tangible. If one could detect that they had some substance in their mandibles or on their tongues, or could feel assured that their stomachs were filled with other than what an idle bee usu- ally has in its stomach, then it would be possible to make a start towards an ex- planation. No such opportunity is present, and we are forced now to investigate along some other lines. First let us ask, "Is this action more pre- valent at some times than others?" My an- swer to this question is, "Yes, these pecul- iar actions are rarely seen except in times of comparative idleness — ^times when the flowers are furnishing but little for bees to gather. Here the actions appear most notice- able in August, tho isolated instances ap- pear in other warm montlis. ' ' Then let tliis question come, "Do bees of a particular age take part, or is the action peculiar to bees of all ages?" My answer is, "Old bees never do this, and very young bees never do it. Only bees of the age of two or three weeks perform this action. Bees that have passed the nurse-bee stage and have had their cleansing flight, bees that are comb- builders are the washers." Next let us seek analogous actions. Tlie captive lion or the caged bear will for hours keep up a ceaseless shuffle from one end of his cage to the other. The captive giraffe will for hours mark time with his feet. Now if these animals were free they would be roaming the plain or the forest. Their active muscles are permeated with nerve fibers which keep up a constant call upon those muscle fibers to exercise. Will he, nill he, the poor animal must restlessly contract and relax those muscles. We ourselves show the same tendency. The Chrysler apiary with concrete liive-stands, March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 153 m FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE Cliiklreii kept too long in their seats at school soon arrive at a condition that de- mands a chance to use the muscles. Travel- ers at sea will for long stretches of time walk the decks. Sometimes this is done from sense of duty, but more often it is done be- cause of irresistible nervous impulse. After one or two turns their scenery becomes about as varied as does that of the caged tiger, but they keep on walking. If I am right in interpreting the age of these bees, namely, that they are of the wax-working age, what should we expect of such bees? Little honej^ is coming in. No comb need be built. There are thousands of workers, and there is but little of their spe- cified work. The muscles in their bodies which most nervously call for action are those concerned in the making of comb. The poor bees cannot keep still, the hive is hot, they have no inclination to fly, they crowd out of the hive in ranks and keep up a ceaseless making of ghost-comb on the alighting-board and the wall of the hive. Why the worker bees in question take just that form of working off their surplus nervous energy would be a difficult thing to assert with confidence. It might be suggest- ed that this method is a safe and sane one, and fulfils every requirement. It surely is safer than a general flight would be. If bees roamed in idle flight many would be caught by birds, others by insects, others be lost by various means. It is always safe to say that bees, what- ever they do, are doing what their ancestors have done from remote times. Doing thus they have survived the vicissitudes of count- less centuries of active life with all its dan- gers. Who knows how many hapless colo nies have gone into extinction because thev departed from the beaten path? Who knows how many side paths in all those years have been ventured upon, some with disaster, others with success? No one knows, of course, but we all know that the bees are here still at their old job. It would not be a foolish thing to assert that possibly the verj existence of the honeybee rests upon the fact that in some remote age worker bees of certain ages formed the washboard habit. Norwich, Conn. Allen Latham. =>o ^ ac LOCAL HONEY ADVERTISING How a Beekeeper Sold 10,000 Pounds of Honey at Retail It pays to advertise, is the old slogan, and my advertisement gave a very good profit on the investment. Every person that put his eyes on the paper must have seen the ad, as it was the most prominent ad in the paper, at least in respect to the size of the word "Honey." This ad cost me about $9.00 an issue, and was shown twice, followed by smaller ads. My total bill for this class of advertising was $50.00, and it moved for us about 10,000 pounds of honey at retail. Surely this was a good in- vestment. C. W. Aeppler. Oconomowoc, Wis. [With the present condition of the whole- sale market for extracted honey, local ad- vertising of this kind is probably the very best solution of the marketing problem. Many beekeepers have already disposed of large crops of honey at fair prices by advertising in local papers or in farm journals, and every pound sold locally relieves the wholesale market just that much. — Editor.] , aOd «neiy Store HENRY PETERSON dmi-lon '.0 rrni- plu. WISCONSIN EXTRACTED H O E Y THE FINEST IN THE WORLD EAT HONEY-NATURE'S OWN SWEET PRICES WISCONSIN HONEY FARM -r y By u,„>,. p.r„i p.s, o, "«»: lo'lb 'pa,i.*w1o 'llV'Ji. \nZ oconomowoc, Wis. nm 960-Jll Mail Mm Solicited I 0 I OU ^ '""■',„ 'ofZLMir^'" Mr. Aeppler's advertisement extending across the foot of a page in the Ofononiowoc Enterprise, Aug. (i, 1920. 154 G h K A N I N G R IN B K K O TM, T U R K March, ]921 o c u ^^^^^^s^^ N page 74 of Febru- ary Glean- ings, speaking of the proper cellar tempera- ture for bees an editorial says, "It should "be high enough so the bees will not need to generate much heat to keep the cluster warm, yet low enough to cause the bees to form a cluster and remain quiet within the hive." No bet- ter rule than this can be given for a cellar or hive temperature during the bees' win- ter confinement. I agree most heartily with A, I. Eoot, in ' ' Our Homes ' ' for February, in standing up for the Christian Sabbath and in denounc- ing the Sunday newspaper. I fear few peo- ple realize the benefits and blessings the world receives from Christianity, imperfect as it is. If we but stop to look around and see how large a part of the sorrow and suf- fering of the world comes from the lack of Christianity, and again note how large a part of them would disappear if the Golden Eule were universally followed, we should surely have peace on earth, and blessings of which we can now hardly conceive. * * * Grace Allen, on pages 94-95, tells lis in a fascinating way some of the charms and in- spiration that come to even a "sideline" beekeeper, and she is right. How true it is that as one becomes enthusiastic over bees he soon becomes interested in every tree and shrub and flower, every bird, animal, and insect; and slowly and stumblingly he learns to read the thoughts of the Great Creator, and before he knows it he is living in a new world! Our friend Byer, on page 98, makes a good point when he asks, "Do we find the cattle- men asking for a tax to be placed on every bovine specimen in Ontario to raise a fund for inspection, so as to have tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease, blackleg, etc., ban- ished from their herds? He argues that no more should beekeepers tax themselves for the inspection of their bees. He is qaite right. It is as much the duty of the govern- ment to protect the beekeeper as the dairy- man or breeder of -swine. Morley Pettit, on page 76, speaks of a ' ' food-chamber. ' ' Now this is a compara- tively new word and a good one, too. Food- chamber rhymes with brood-chamber and one is complementary to the other, neither perfect without the other. It is not ex- pected that the food-chamber will always contain only food or that the brood-chamber will never have honey stored in its combs, SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 TU but that the main use of one is for the rear- ing of brood and the other for the storage of food. Where we are producing s e c- tion hone y in short seasons, and at the close of the harvest we remove the supers of sections and find but little honey in the brood-chambers, we can go to our colonies that have been given food- chambers instead of sections to fill and re- move a food-chamber and give to each col- only run for comb honey enough honey to keep up brood-rearing until the close of the season. It will then be found, under normal or average conditions, that such colonies will generally have a good supply of bees and honey for winter. Where seasons are short, I believe it will prove good practice to use a part of the yard for filling food-chambers for the use of colonies run for section honev. In a letter from Luther Burbank gi/en by A. I. Eoot, page 109, Mr. Burbank «ays, speaking of the annual sweet clover, "These plants offer a great opportunity as a plant improver, as they vary very greatly." Now who shall take these plants and produce something still more useful than the plant we now have? No one need lack for the best methods of wiring frames after reading those given on page 82 and following pages; but, after all, much will depend on the thoroughness with which the work is done. The best system may fail, if the work is done in an easy, slipshod way. * « * Carl E. Johnson, page 101, is on the right track in placing a tin tube three or four inches above the entrance to connect the brood-chamber with the outside thru tlie packing to prevent clogging. We have saeh tubes on hundreds of our hives wintered outdoors, only we use a %-inch tube. Louis Biedigar of Texas, in the Beekeep- ers' Item, wonders why all northern bee- keepers want their hives to face south or southeast, while he has the best results with hives facing north during winter. It is just "locality," my friend; yes, "locality." That is interesting reading about "Nails and Nailing," on page 88. How many of us know the proper length and size of nails, or the distance apart to place them in differ- ent kinds of wood? March, 1921 n I, K A X T X (i s IX n r e c u i, t r r !•: 155 A c a Ur C E RTAIN man wliosc work is with the pub- licity e n (1 of selling h o ai e y said to me re- c e n 1 1 y, " Mrs. Boyden, I wish you would touch on tlie necessity of emphasizing the purity of honey. ' ' And that calls to mind an incident of which I am going to tell you. A few weeks ago at a dinner, while we were enjoying our coffee a professional man who sat next to me said: "You know a large percentage of what we buy as coffee is not coffee at all. It is a clever substitute pressed into the sliape of the coffee berry." I politely tried not to look as incredulous as I felt. I suppose some of the coffee which is sold ground may be adulterated, altlio Uncle Sam 's pure food laws are such as to make it unpleasant for the offender if he is' caught; but I cannot think it would pay to make expensive machinery to press the stuff into the form of the coffee berry, even if such a business could remain undetected. Perhaps it was the more difficult for me to believe such a story, told by the narrator in good faith, of course, because of that old story of artificial comb honey, which seems to be such a hardy perennial. Years ago, when I was a very small girl, A. I. Eoot offered $1,000.00 reward for a sample of ar- tificial comb honey and had cards printed to that effect; but, altlio the cards were widely distributed and the offer is still open, no one ever claimed the reward. Perhaps the story originated from the fact that beekeep- ers' supply houses buy quantities of wax and make it into foundation, and the unini- tiated do not know how little resemblanc-e there is between the strip of foundation and the finished comb. Man has more or less successfully imitated flowers and fruit in surface appearance only. I don 't believe anyone has ever even at- tempted to make an artificial fruit like the original in texture, juice, and flavor, one that could be eaten. But did it ever occur to you that comb honey with its fragile, translucent, i^ale golden beauty simply can- not be successfully imitated, even as to outward appearance. You have doubtless seen artificial fruit which might deceive one at a distance, but you never saw a rubber or composition model of a section of comb lioney, did you? And artists and photog- rapliers will tell you it is one of the most difficult subjects to jiaint or photograph sat- isfactorily. And yet that absurd story of artificial comb honey has been told within the past year not 50 miles from Medina, which is sometimes referred to as "the sweetest town on earth," on account of the amount of honev handled here. OUR FOOD PAGE CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN IStancy Piierdeiii 1 A S to extract- ed h o n ey, that is a different s t m r y a 1 t o g e ther. It u n d o u b t e dly could be adul- terated in a way that would de- ceive the aver- ago family buyer. Notice I say "could be," not "is." In a State whicli has inadequate pure food laws the unscrupulous dealer could Sell an adulterated honey in a small way, and perhaps does for a short time. But if his business grew to such an extent that his honey was shipped into another State, then the long arm of Uncle Sam would reach liim and make him realize that lie was en- gaged in a very unprofitable occupation, to put it mildly. For the Federal laws are very strict when it comes to shipping impure or adulterated foods from one State to an- other. And in most States there are pure food laws which protect the consumer just as adequately. Someone may say, "The honey dealer or packer may have the best of intentions and yet in buying honey he may unwittingly get hold of a lot of adulterated honey from an unscrupulous shipper. ' ' That is only too true, and that is why the largest honey bot- tlers in the country maintain a well-equipped chemical laboratory where a sample of every shipment is analyzed. Now you want to know, don't you, whether many samples of adulterated honey have been detected by the chemists whose duty it is to guard the houey-j^acking busi- ness. Some adulterated honey has been de- tected, it is true, but I believe I am safe in saying it is only enough to be the exception wliieh proves the rule that the bulk of honey on the market is pure. I N a recent issue I mentioned a sanitarium where the only sweet allowed to the pa- tients is honey. The head of that institu- tion, Bernarr McFadden, Avho also founded the magazine Physical Culture^ writes on "Breaking a Fast," in the January issue of Physical Culture. Wliether we approve or not of the modern fad of curing various ills by fasting, we beekeepers can heartily endorse the method of breaking the fast and rejoice that a prominent health writer, not particularly interested in bee culture, ap- preciates the food value of honey. The fol- lowing is a quotation from his article: ' ' But tlie principal thought to bear in mind in breaking a fast is the use of very minute quantities of food and large quanti- ties of water, warm or cold, whichever nuiy be the most pleasing. It is frequently de- sirable to flavor the water with a little fruit juice or with honey. In fact, water sweet- ened to taste with lioney is perhaps the safest method of breaking a long fast. Honey taken in this manner is absorbed al- ISO) Cl I. E A N 1 N (5 S IN BEE C U L T U R R March, 1621 most iiiinicdiatc'ly into the system, and will assist in giving the digestive organs th»; strength needed to digest other foods. An orangeade sweetened with honey is also ef- fective and valuable in these circum- stances. ' ' SOME of the readers may think OUE FOOD PAGE is beginning to bear a strong resemblance to a yeast advertise- ment, in the way it brings up the subject of vitamines so frequently; but, altho I plead guilty to beginning the subject, it is the many letters from you subscribers -which lead me back so often. Let me begin by making this disappoint- ing announcement: The article telling of his research work on vitamines in honey by Philip B. Hawk of Jefferson Medical Col- lege, Philadelphia, is not yet out, nor has he notified us in what publication it will appear, altho we received a notice that it was in type weeks ago. The proverbial mills of the gods have nothing on some scientific men for slowness. To make the subject clear to those readers who have not seen the articles on vitamines and to refresh the memories of the rest, let me review a bit. Vitamines are sometimes defined as unidentified dietary essentials without which there cannot be proper growth, reproduction, or maintenance of health in human beings and animals. Some variety is present in practically all foods in the natural state, but they are largely re- moved or destroyed in many modern foods by so-called refining processes. Three classes of vitamines are now recog- nized: Fat Soluble A, Water Soluble B, and Water Soluble C. Water Soluble B was the first vitamine discovered, and it is found in wheat germ, rice polishings, yeast, etc. This prevents such diseases as beriberi and poly- neuritis, and encourages growth. Fat Soluble A is found in abundance in the fat of milk, egg yolk, the green, leafy vegetables, young carrots, cod liver oil, etc., and we now know thru Prof. Hawk's experiments that comb honey contains distinct amounts of it. The absence of this vitamine in the diet causes lack of growth and reproduction, rickets, and an eye disease which results in blind- ness. Water Soluble C is in living vegetable and animal tissues and is found in abund- ance in fresh fruits and fresh vegetables, and its use prevents scurvy. We have known for some time that citrus fruits, particularly oranges, are rich in this vitamine, but it has more recently been pointed out that tomato juice compares favorably with that of or- anges. On the ordinary mixed diet none of us may be in danger of the blindness brought on by lack of the Fat Soluble vitamine nor such diseases as beriberi or scurvy, but it is probable that much ill health less well de- fined is due to a deficiency of one or more of these vitamines in the diet. The report of Prof. Hawk's fimliug dis- tinct amounts of the Fat Soluble vitamine in comb but not in extracted honey immedi- ately led to a discussion which brought out the fact that two samples of extracted honey were used in the feeding experiments, one of clover honey, unheated, and one of a blend, heated only to the point which pre- vents granulation under ordinary circum- stances. Professor Hawk believed that the wax contains the Fat Soluble vitamine, while some of us doubted whether nature would put so valuable a food constituent in the container of the food for the bees and thought it might be in the pollen dust which is found in minute quantities in honey. At this iioint I am going to quote from "Mak- ing Friends With Vitamines," an interest- ing popular article in the February Ladies' Home Journal: "Neither the ordinary cooking nor pas- teurization has much effect in diminishing or deteriorating the Fat Soluble vitamine. It seems that butter loses some of this virtue by long storage. ' ' Now I wish some one could make some feeding tests with honey immediately after it has been taken from the extractor. If the Fat Soluble vitamine is unstable enough to disappear from butter after long storage, it might be lost from honey in the same way. The article from which I quoted did not state what was meant by long storage, whether it was some three months or sev eral years. ALTHO scientific men seem to think it may be accidental here is an interest- ing fact: the color yellow seems to be associated with the Fat Soluble vitamine in foods. Notice that butter fat, yolk of egg, yellow corn, young carrots, and sweet potatoes contain the vitamine while white corn is said to lack it. Yellow is one of the colors which go to make up green and we know that the green, leafy vegetables are rich in this vitamine. I believe it was E. Adams Dutcher, of the Minnesota Agri- cultural Experiment Station, who has in the past done some research work on honey, who pointed out that the milk of grass-fed cows is richer in the Fat Soluble vitamine than the milk of a cow on winter rations; and we country dwellers all know that but- ter fat in the early summer is a rich yel- low, and that the egg yolk is a richer color when the hens have access to green foods. The fact that honey, wax, and pollen have more or less of the yellow tint may or may not be significant. A certain dairy lunch in Cleveland fea- tures honey prominently in connection with its dairy products. As comb honey contains the same vitamine which is found in the fat of milk the association of them seems particularly appropriate, altho I don 't sup- pose the proprietor had any such scientific reasons for handling honey. Perhaps the frequent scriptural association of milk and honey subconsciously influenced him. (Continued on Page 187.) March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN B E K C r F. T U \i E T HE ff r 0 ;i t Linn aeus oiicp wrott' of tlie openiiiii; of a flower, ' ' 1 saw God in His glory p a s s i n i;' near me, a n d Itowed my head in worship." c zi Beekeeping as a Side Line 1 Grace Allen Any man wlio lias let his heart keep pace yiehliiio- jilaiit .spreads with his head in his study of iiow^ers will of tons of the most excellent lioney. ft 157 blossoms a ii d makes a soft white cover for the earth. All thru the east and north of our great country and our great neighbor Canada this nectar- produeing hundreds repeat the words of the old Swedish botan- ist, while he, too, bows his head in worship before the marvel and the beauty of a flower. If he be a beekeeper, tho he will love all flowers, he will gradually develop an espe- cial interest in those that bear nectar for his bees. And what a list that is! There are almost countless flowers that help in the economy of the hive, many of them yielding such small amounts as to be scarcely noticed by tho beekeeper, yet in the aggregate con- tributing substantially to the bees' income. Learned and careful observers have varied greatly in the attempt to estimate the amount of honey consumed in a year by an average family of bees. One of the lowest estimates, however, if not the lowest, is 200 pounds. It takes an immense quantity of nectar to make 200 pounds of honey; it calls for millions of trips to the fields and count- less flowers to be visited. And in addition to what is gathered for its own needs, the average colony in the hands of a skillful op- er.ator will yield a surplus of from fifty to several hundred pounds of honey. There is a popular misconception, how ever, outside the ranks of beekeepers them- selves, as to the value of such flowers as those we cherish in our own gardens, roses, daffodils, dahlias, nasturtiums, and all the lovely array. Often a person who has just thought of the possibility and pleasure of keeping bees wall exclaim enthusiastically. "And I have the loveliest yard for them! All sorts of flowers!" It may be a lovely yard to keep them in, in that it makes a (diarming setting for the hives, but the nmount of nectar in even a large garden is not enough to be considered. It requires great stretches of nectar-bearing flora to yield enough to make even a few colonies surplus-producers. Yet there are very few places where one or two colonies will not flourish. For in nearly every locality there is at least one important and fairly depend- able source of nectar, in many localities there are several, and in some favored spots there is almost a continual flow. Probably the honey plant that is most important over the widest ar^a is white clover, the little creeping Dutch white clo- ver. This springs up of itself, -making a soft green cover over [lasture and lawns, road- aides and commons, until May comes swing- ing her baskets of beauty across the land: then the white clover puts out its millions of crosses the Mississippi, running west for a state or two, and crosses the Ohio, running south for a state or two. But along these edges of its habitat, it blooms with less wealth of profusion and less wealth of nec- tar, too. Thruout the irrigated sections of the mighty West, alfalfa, a first cousin of white clover, becomes the main source. One strange thing about alfalfa is that east of the Mis- sissippi it is of little or no value for nectar. But what fine-flavored alfalfa honey from the West crosses the Father of Waters by the carload] Sweet clover is wdiat we may call a com- ing honey-plant. It is already here, exten- sively, yet it is still coming. For it is grow- ing constantly more popular with both farm- ers and beekeepers. It flourishes in the white-clover region, the alfalfa region, in the South — in fact, almost anywhere. It has lived down a bad reputation it never deserved. A noxious weed it was once called, but now agricultural stations vie with one another in adding to our informa- tion regarding its possibilities. It has one characteristic that endears it to beekeepers. Tho taking most kindly to a limestone soil, it easily takes root and grows tall and rank when sown along roadsides and railroad cuts. The honey of sweet clover is so spicy and pungent that many an uninformed pur- chaser has accused it of being artificially flavored with cinnamon or vanilla. In California the sages are the chief de- pendence, the sages and the citrus trees. There are white sage and black, purple sage and still others. And sage honey and orange iioney are deliciously worthy of California. In Texas and the great Southwest are mes- ((uite, catclaw, huajilla, and other honey ]ilants unknown in other parts of the coun- try. In Florida and her immediate sister States are citrus trees, gallberry (holly), <^upelo, sour gum. and that mightv yielder. black mangrove, killed or tragically injured a. quarter century ago by an unforgettable freeze from which it has scarcely yet re- covered. And in its own proper but varied sections is cotton, with nectar not only in its blossoms, but also in "extra -floral nec- taries" under the flowers and leaves. One of the first things the new sideline beekeeper will need to learn will be what nectar-bearing plants are in his own locality, and when they bloom. His "locality" as a ])eekeeper will lie the area visited by his 158 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 bees, roughly represented by a circle having his hives for its center, and sweeping aronnd on all sides on a radius of — say from a mile and a half to three miles, usually. In- definite? Yes, but the statement is no more so than the fact itself. It depends on so many things — what there is to gather near and far, hills, forests, water, winds, and other things. Bees are supposed usually to make a flight of about a mile and a half average. Claims of seven and eight miles have been made, more or less well supi^orted — but conditions being nlways unusual. It is really quite simple. They can and will fly very far if there is nothing near to gather and no great obstacle in the way; when there is pasture nearer, they are wise enough to forage there instead of flying further. Wordsworth knew that: " Bees that soar for bloom High as the highest Peak of Furnese Fells Will murmur by the hour in foxglove bells" that are nearer home, and be content. So the question, "How far will my bees fly?" can not be answered in one word. The succession of main nectar -bearing bloom in the average white clover area is about like this. Early in the spring, indeed even while it is still wintry, the earliest maples and willows and elms will come into bloom, and in those fringy tree-tops the bees will find abundant pollen and some nectar. These early sources, and usually all that precede the white clover, will be of value only for what the beekeeper will learn to call "building up the colony," that is, for feeding the thousands of young bees that must be reared before the main flow comes on, so that they may be ready to rush out to gather it in all its profusion. Then in March or April, according to latitude and season, orchards and scattered fruit trees will burst into bloom. From all these, apple chiefly but likewise peach, plum, pear, cherry, the bees will gather varying amounts of both nectar and pollen. The beekeeper will fairly hold his breath — aye, and the apple orchardist may well hold his — in his eagerness for good weather during this period, that his bees may have full ad- vantage of this bloom. Then there may be a dearth, until May or June spreads out the clover bloom. When it comes, it will last perhaps three weeks, perhaps eight, prob- ably averaging six weeks. This is the golden period of the beekeeper's season, the time when the bees rush in and out, and cram the new thin nectar into thousands of waxen cells to ripen into honey. The wise beekeep- er never lets them become cramped for stor- age space, for from this flow he will take the surplus honey for himself. After this, summer often drags in another dearth, in late July and August - — tho of course what happens in one month in one latitude hap- pens in another mouth in anoth(>r latitiide. Tlicn crime the flowers of autumn, diiefly wild asters and goldenrods, gay and gen- erous composites. Of these two the golden- rod is the gayer while the aster is the more generous, and therefore more important to the beekeeper. And again the bees make merry, gathering what they will need for food during the long silent winter. This, then, very briefly, is the general suc- cession of the flora of the white-clover region — early trees and fruit bloom to build up on, white clover for the main flow, the flow for surplus, and fall flowers for winter stores. Yet to this inust be added many things. Some localities are favored with certain additional sources of nectar in sufficient quantity to coimt, and other locations with still others. In the spring, dandelions may make the earth a veritable "Field of the Cloth of Gold," where the bees will gather both pollen and nectar, more pollen than nectar. How they reel in with their loads, dauntless buccaneers that they are! In some places, between fruit bloom and white clo- ver, the black locust tree hangs out her graceful clusters of fragrant white blos- soms, heavy with nectar. In other sections thru the spring or early summer come other tree nectars, basswood, one of the heaviest yielders when it yields, sourwood in the mountains, and tulip poplar, with its great blossom-bowls filled with insect guests. In some places farmers may have extensive acreage of alsike and crimson clover, that spread their brilliant bloom for the bees in spring or early summer; while bees elsewhere will gather midsummer riches from the heavy yielding buckwheat. Over wide areas sweet clover blossoms in July and lasts till fall. In some places late summer sees hearts- ease and Spanish needle giving of their sweets, or a little later, boneset spreading her feast. There are some sections where a second surplus may confidently be expected, from sweet clover perhaps, or buckwheat or boneset. Among the countless minor sources of either nectar or pollen, which in certain favored places or seasons may become im- portant, are wild raspberry and fireweed (willow-herb), especially in the burned-over forest lands of the North, sumac, wild sun- flowers, milkweed, pennyroyal, manzanita, persimmon, barberry, horsemint, thyme, and many others, including in lesser degree even our humble garden friends, asparagus, car- rot, mustard, and turnip. Corn gives pollen, and some people claim nectar too. from the tassels (at least one beekeepers' convention has had a sample of "co'n tossel" honey proudly displayed). Wayside weeds like cocklebur and ragweed give pollen and the Canada thistle, nectar. Even the parasitic mistletoe brings its gifts, blooming in Texas in January and February, and thus giving the bees of the Lone Star State their first nectar and pollen of the season. And. oh, the many, many others! March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 159 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California. — There is lit- tle or no sale of honey except in small lots in a retail way. Almost all crops are in the same boat when we consider prices. All expected just this reeonstrnetion period, and yet few were prepared for it. Supply dealers are offering ranch lower prices to the beemen than two or three months ago. There is no cause for any great anxiety in the matter. Prepare for a crop and produce it just as economic- ally as you can, consistently with the gen- eral conditions. The writer has sold honey in times past at a figure really below the cost of jjroduction, if an honest labor and expense charge were made. But with present methods of marketing, it is not likely that we shall be called upon to do so again. Southern California has had a fine lot of rain during January. Plant life is about normal for this time of year (Feb. 4). Eain- fall first and then the right weather condi- tions make our native ranges vield the nec- tar. At a recent meeting of the Riverside County Beekeepers' Club, one of the mat- ters discussed was that of a state-wide law regulating the moving of bees thruout the State. The county-ordinance plan is becom- ing a nuisance to many migratory beekeep- ers. A committee was aj^pointed to take up the matter and see if something cannot be done or a law enacted .governing the mat- ter. Reasonable protection from disease is all right, but a law such as, "No bees to be moved from a district or location within 25 miles of an apiary containing foul brood, etc.," is preposterous. A letter was read from an Inyo County bee- keeper describing the "contraption" found when a thief was surprised at 3 a. m. in a beeyard. This fellow had been shaking bees from the hives into this wire box and had been carrying them away, leaving the hives to all outward appearances the same as be- fore. But upon opening the hives the owner found them almost depopulated. Several api- aries have been almost ruined in this way. The man who came on this thief had been so worried about liis apiary that he could not sleep and walked out into his yard at this early morning hour. He so completely surprised someone that the thief in his haste to get away left his outfit. He left also a gunny sack that had been wrapped around his feet and some red hair as he hurried thru the barbed-wire fence. Our committee on prevention of bee- stealing reported progress and recommend- ed one or two methods whereby beekeepers might identify their ])ioperty at any time. Several rewards wei'C paid by the club the past season for the conviction of per- sons found guilty of setting fire to bee ranges. The members present were not sat- isfied with the results, and a resolution was l)asscd protesting against the leniency of the punishment imposed. We are painting the hives containing bees in our out-apiaries. Those in one story are painted first, as we can paint the supers that we take off to better advantage after being removed from the hives. These colo- nies were all examined during the fall and left with enough stores to last until Feb- ruary or March under normal conditions. But this being an open, dry winter, it is likely that a number will need some atten- tion soon. Wo shall look into any doubtful ones and give frames of honey from those that can spare them. This condition we as- certain by lifting the hive or else raising the cover and glancing at the top-bars for sealed honey. Members of the committee on advertising for the American Honey Producers ' League report progress and a willingness of both supply dealers and honey producers to do- nate liberally. to a fund to advertise honey nationally. This seems to be a good way to start, and, as the organization is per- fected, all honey sold thru the efforts of the organization should bear the greater share of the expense. If the beekeepers could be brought to realize the importance of advertising, all would be willing to give a small per cent of their income for this purpose, and the rest would be easy. Corona, Calif. L. L. Andrews. » * * In Northern California. >^«* ^p^^^s a number of beekeepers from Merced County and points north of Sacramento reported alarm- ing losses of bees. The losses occurred in isolated apiaries. In some cases there would be but a handful or two of bees in a hive, which otherwise had from six to ten frames of brood. The bees remaining in the hives were perfectly healthy, and there were no indications at the hive entrances to suspect poisoning or some new adult bee disease. Frequently queens were missing as well as bees, and in one yard in particular there were not enough bees left in some of the colonies even to start queen-cells. Further- more, some colonies with full brood-nests had supers partly filled with fresh uncapped honey. The losses were due unquestionably to bee-highwaymen or bee-gangsters, and they occurred at a time when pound pack- ages were very much in demand. In Stanis- laus County several beekeepers discussed the situation, and it was thought best not to make the matter public but to try to catch the thieves. There were no more losses re- ported, which was, no doubt, due to the fact that the demand for package business was considerably on the decline. It appears that the robbers ^vou]d drive u}) to a yard to- wai(• years ago, but the practice has been almost completely aban- doned by com- mercial lioney-producers. In the hands of the inexperienced it is a dangerous procedure, and in tlie hands of the expert it is of doubt- ful value. About the only time that it pays to do this is when a colony becomes ' ' honey- bound" in the syiring so the queen is unable to expand the brood-nest on account of a barrier of hone_y. Sometimes poor combs or pollen-clogged combs may become barrier.^ in the way of the expansion of the brood area. In such cases a safe way is to take away this barrier and insert an empty comb adjacent to the outside frame of brood in- stead of in the middle of the brood-nest. In regard to stimulative feeding, this, too, is not practiced now as much as for- merly, since in most cases, especially in the eastern portion of the United States, but little is gained in brood-rearing by stimula- tive feeding over the presence of an abund- ance of honey in the hives. The inclination to rear brood extensively is very strong in the spring, and usually if the bees have plenty of honey they need no additional urging to do their best. There are some ex- ceptions to this in the West, in wliich bee- keepers sometimes break down the cappings of sealed honey or transpose combs of honey to the lower hive-body to induce the bee.s to move some of the honey to stimulate brood-rearing. When stimulative feeding is practiced it should not be begun until three or four weeks previous to the beginning of the honey flow, and should be continued until the beginning of the honey flow if no honey is coming in from minor sources. SHALLOW SUPERS FOR BR00D-RE.\RING. Questions. — (1) "Will a shallow extracting super provide enough extra space for spring brood-rearing when using the ten-frame hive? (2) Should the queen be allowed this extra breeding space all the season or should the excluder be put on the lower hive-body ? R. H, Grell. Iowa. Answers. — (1) If a shallow extracting super is used in addition to ten good combs in the regular brood-chamber, these combs having good worker-cells practically to the top-bar so that almost the entire comb can be used for brood-rearing, there should be Nufiicient brood-rearing space for the most prolific queens even when the shallow ex- tracting super is partly filled with honey. The 10 Langstroth frames, if free from honey, contain nearly 70,000 cells for brood if the combs are nearly perfect, but in prac- tice this much brood is probably never found in a regular 10-franie hive. ^2) It is better to confine the queen to the lower hive'-bodv soon after the beginning of the main honev March, 1921 G I^ E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE Ifio flow in order to have the shallow extracting super well filled with honey at the close of the season to insure plenty of stores for the lolony. FROST I>; ENTRANCE. Question. — This morning the % -inch entrance hole of one of the colonies in a double winter case was nearly closed with frost. There was just a little liole about Vs inch in diameter that remained open. What does this frost indicate? New York. Cordelia Timmerman. Answer. — This frost in the entrance indi- cates that the moisture given off by the bees is passing out of the hive thru the entrance in the form of vapor. The warmer air within the hive has a greater capacity for moisture than the colder air outside. The moisture can be held in vapor form until it becomes chilled at the entrance when some of it condenses and frost is formed. Frost in the entrance would indicate that your hives are well packed, for otherwise it would be formed inside the hive. CONFINING BEES IN CELLAR. Question. — I have cages on the hives in the eel lar, and at present several colonies are raging and roaring, seeming to want to get out. They cluster outside in the cages and till them tho the tempera ture in the cellar is 40 degrees. What do you think makes them act so and what would you do? South Dakota. E. O. Mashamer. Answer.— When bees are confined to their hives they may be expected to become rest- less and try to find some way to get out. As long as the bees do not realize that they can not escape, they may remain quiet: but, when some of the old worn-out bees attempt to leave the hive and find that they can not do so, the colony becomes greatly disturbed and many bees rush out into the cage in their attempt to escape. If the cage were larger or the colony weaker, there would be less trouble, but it is not best to try to confine bees to their hives in this way. The cages should be removed at once, and, if the disturbance has not been of too long standing, the bees may quiet down again. If the stores are good and the cellar temperature is right, only those bees that are too old to be of any further use to the colony should leave the hives during the winter, and it is better to leave the en trances open so these old bees can escape. USE OF POLLEN. Question. — What is the value of polleai to bees ' Louisiana. G. D. Verchee. Answer.- — Pollen is used by the nurse bees in elaborating the larval food, and may be used to some extent by other adult bees. Pollen contains the tissue-building elements and is therefore needed in the growth of larvae, while honey contains energy-produc ing elements. Without pollen brood-rearing would not be possible, and it may be im- portant as a small part of the food for adult bees, but they cannot live on pollen alone. ADVANTAGE OF TWO-STOEY HIVE. Question. — What are the advantages of using the 10-frame hive two stories high? R. C. Montana. Answer. — A second storv for brood-rear- ing is advantageous in the spring, since a single story may not be large enough for the full development of strong colonies. The second story shoitld contain an abundance of honey to insure extensive brood-rearing and at the same time supply additional room for the most prolific queens. In your climate it may be better to reduce your colonies to a single brood-chamber for winter, then give the second hive-body supplied with honey and some empty comb when these are needed in the spring. When producing extracted honey, by permitting the queen to have free range of two brood-chambers previous to the honey flow the tendency to swarm is greatly reduced. Later the queen should be confined to the lower hive-body. BEES ON SHARES. Question. — Within a radius of four miles there are three or four men who have asked me to take care of their bees. Will you please tell me what would be a fair share of the honey and increase, the owner paying for all the supplies ? Ohio. S. C. Botdorf. Answer. — Uusually in such cases the own- er and the beekeper divide the marketable honey and wax equally, and share equally the' expense for containers when extracted honey is produced, and for sections, founda- tion, and shipping cases when comb honey is produced. Increase, if any, usually be- longs to the owner. If no surplus honey is secured, the owner usually agrees to pay the beekeeper a sum previously agreed upon. If feeding becomes necessary, the owner pro- vides the sugar for this purpose, the bee- keeper doing the feeding. SENDING SAMPLES OF BROOD DISEASE. Question. — Where and how can I ship comb for examination for foul brood ? If by mail, how should it be packed? R. M. Hamilton. Pennsylvania. Answer. — Samples of comb in which one of the brood diseases is suspected shouhl be sent for diagnosis to the Bureau of Ento- mology, Division of Bee Culture, Washing- ton, D. C. These samples should be sent by mail, packed in a small wooden box. An empty cigar box will do very well for this purpose. The comb should not be wrapped, but should simply be fitted into the box. Tin cans or tin boxes should not be used for sending samples, since the comb is liable to become mouldy if sent in tight containers, thus rendering them unfit for diagnosis. In selecting the sample to be sent, choose that portion of the comb which contains the greatest number of dead larvae or pupae and cut out a piece to fit the box. No honey should be included in the sample, since this would, in all probability, leak out and dam- age other mail matter. A small wooden box for mailing samples of diseased brood may be had by writing to the Bureau of Ento- mology at Washington. Great care should be taken when jjreparing samples of diseased brood in this way, to prevent any bees hav- ing access to them, thus spreading the dis- ease to other colonies. 1G6 G L K A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE I c )\ TALKS TO By the ILJr^ N the south - e r n States the begin- ner who is able to purchase col- onies of bees lo- cally has prob- ably already come into pos- session of liis colonies and moved them home. When full colonies are purchased locally they should be moved early in the spring before they become very populous and before -warm weather, for there is less danger of injuring them at that time. The bees should be brought home not later than some time this month in most parts of the South, and not later than about the first of May in the North. If the bees can not be purchased locally and it becomes necessary to purchase them from a distance thru a dealer, they will, of course, not be shipped until later. The beekeeper from whom the colonies are purchased should prepare them for transportation by closing the entrance with a wire screen and by fastening the bottom and cover to the hive so no bees can escape. The hives should be closed, either in the evening after they have all returned from the fields or during a day when it is too cold or rainy for them to fly; otherwise some of the "workers would be left behind when the colony is moved away, and at this season it is important that none be lost, for these bees have the important responsibil- ity of raising the great horde of workers which should be ready to harvest a crop of honey later when the flowers begin to yield nectar in abundance. It has been estimated that for each worker bee in the hive in the early spring there should be at least five young bees reared within less than two inontlis. So the loss of one worker (at that time) may mean a reduction of five work- ers when' the real work of the season be- gins. Location of the Hives. If the. bees are to be kept in a village or city lot, there is usually an out-of-the-way nook somewhere in the back yard or garden which may be dedicated to the bees.' If on a farm, the* bees can usually be located in a corner of the orchard. The city dweller may find it necessary to place his colonies in the attic of his dwelling, which can be done by providing an opening in the siding thru which the bees may pass from the entrance of the hive. While the hives may be located near a path or near the back door usually without the bees molesting persons passing by, it is much better to locate them some distance away where there is less chance of trouble. In this connection it should be mentioned that some strains of bees are much more inclined to sting than others, and those who keep bees on small lots in villages and cities where they may molest the neighbors should, BEGINNERS Editor 1 March, 1921 if possible, keep only a gentle strain of Italian bees. Wherever the bees are located the hives should be sheltered from cold winds by a fence, bushes, buildings, or any kind of protection that may be available. While a shady nook may be advantageous during the heat of the day, the hives should not be located where they will be in the shade throut the entire day. It is usually better to have the hives in the full sunshine during the spring, and when shade is needed later they can be cov- ered with wide boards to protect them from the hot sun. i ^^ Most beekeepers prefer to have the en- trances of the hives either toward the south, southeast, or east; but if well protected from cold winds, this is not essential. A southern or southeastern slope is better than a northern or western slope for the location of an apiary. 1^ The hives maj^ be placed upon four bricks, wooden blocks, or upon the regular hive stands made by nailing together four nar- row boards to form a rim from three to six inches high. This is to raise the floor of the liive off the ground to keeiJ it dry. The hives should be level from side to side, or crosswise of the combs, but should be tipped slightly forward to prevent water from standing on the floor after a driving rain. i ! ^!H As soon as the bees are brought home and the hives are located where they are to remain permanently the screen which closes the entrance should be removed. The beginner may think, since the bees have been moved home during the night or on a day too cold for them to fly, that the en- trance need not be opened until the next day, but it will be better to do this as soon as possible. | skI^IH How Many Colonies for Beginners? The advice usually given to beginners is to start with one or two* colonies and build up the number as experience is acquired. The reason for this is that it takes time to learn the trick of handling the bees and also to work out a system of management best suited to the jjarticular locality. While much can be learned from a season's man- agement of a single colony, two or three colonies would be better; and there is no leason why the ambitious beginner should not start with a dozen or more colonies, if he has plenty of enthusiasm and a little time to devote to the bees. The Modern Beehive and Its Parts. There are so many things which the be- ginner should be told on these pages before June that it would be folly to use precious space here to describe and illustrate the modern beehive, when this has already been March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN B E K 0 U T. T IT R 10 l(Jt so well done in the catalogs put out by dealers in beekeepers' supplies. The be- ginner will find in the catalog illustrations (if the modern beehive partially dissected, showing the various parts of the hive, and giving the name of each part; and on the same pages will be found explanatory notes, telling the purpose of each of the parts. These should be studied carefully, for a correct understanding of the modern bee- hive, its parts, their purpose and relative position is of groat importance to begin- ners. This is true also as to all the ap- paratus used by beekeepers, for these are well illustrated and described in the cata- logs which can be had for the asking by writing to any dealer in beekeepers ' suja- plies. By consulting the advertising pages of this journal the address of the leading dealers in bee supplies can be found. It is not necessary for the beginner to purchase many of the articles listed in the catalog of the supply dealer; but certain additional equipment is necessary unless it was purchased with the bees. These should be obtained without delay, for if they must be ordered from a distance it will take some time for them to be shipped and as- sembled ready for use. Comb Honey or Extracted Honey. If the ' ' supers ' ' were not included with the equipment when the bees were pur- chased it will be necessary to provide from one to four of these for each colony (spring count). These supers are the extra chambers which are placed on top of the hive for the storage of the "surplus" honey. The kind of supers to be provided depends upon the kind of honey that is to be produced — whether comb honey or extracted honey. Comb honey is usually built in the small boxes or sections in the regular comb-honey super, tho for home use it may be built in the shallow frames in a shallow extracting super. Extracted honey is stored by the bees either in the combs of the shallow extract- ing super or full-depth combs of the same dimensions as the combs in the brood- chamber. These combs of honey are removed and the honey extracted by means of the honey-extractor, and finally they are re- turned to the bees to be filled again. Most beginners produce comb honey at first in order to avoid purchasing an ex- tractor the first year; but comb-honey pro- duction is really a more difiicult undertak- ing than extracted-honey production be- cause of the greater trouble from swarming and the greater difiiculty in inducing the bees to work in the supers with the greatest vigor. More extracted honey can be pro- duced from each colony than comb honey — usually, in the case of beginners, twice as much. On the other hand, comb-honey pro- duction is more fascinating to most begin- ners, and experience is usually gained much more rapidly when comb honey is produced, la nddition to this, in most localities the colonies arc in better condition at the close of the season wlieii comb honey is pro- duced. Chunk Comb Honey for Home Use. If the honey is for home use, it is not necessary to have it stored in the small boxes or sections as when the honey is to be sold in the markets, and for this purpose the shallow extracting supers are excellent. The bees usually work better in these shal- low extracting sutlers than they do in the small boxes of the comb-honey supers. After the shallow extracting frames are filled with hone_y the combs can be cut out as the honey is used and the frames used over again the next year, while the sections are usually used but once. In some of the southern States consider- able honey is produced for the market in this w^ay, the combs of honey being cut out of the frames and packed in tin containers for the market. This plan has the further advantage that the same supers may be used for extracted honey, if it is found desirable later to change to extracted-honey produc- tion. In producing this chunk honey, the wires are omitted from the shallow frames in the supers, but a full slieet of a light grade of foundation should be used in each frame. Whatever the kind of honey to be pro- duced, whether comb honey in sections, chunk comb honey in shallow extracting frames, or extracted honey in the full- depth frames, the beginner should provide from two to four comb-honey supers for eaeli- colony in the spring, or one or two full-depth extracting supers, if extracted honey is to be produced. In some seasons double this number of supers will be needed, and it is better to have too many than too few. Full sheets of foundation should be used in all sections and all ex- tracting frames, the particular grade of foundation for each purpose being specified in the bee-supply dealer 's catalog. Additional Equipment. In addition to the supers the beginner may need some one-story hives for new swarms, especially if comb honey is to be produced, but never more than one new hive for each colony (spring count), and one new hive for every two colonies (sjjiing eounf) should be enough. If extracted honey is to be produced a queen-excluder will be needed for each col- ony to exclude the queen from the supers, but queen-excluders are not needed when comb honey in sections is being produced. In addition to the hives and supers a good smoker and a bee-veil are absolutely neces- sary for the beginner as well as for the pro- fessional beekeeper. A pair of good bee- gloves will afford a timid beginner great comfort, and some sort of hive-tool will be needed. It is assumed that the necessary l)ooks and bulletins have already been pro- ciii-ed. GLEANINGS IN B E E C U L T U R E c a u JUST NEWS Editors 168 THE West V i r g i n ia Beekeepers' Association will hold a meeting at Charleston, West Virginia, on March 25-26. Ed- itor Geo. S. De- muth is expect- ing to attend. Further particulars m regard to this meeting may be had by writing to the Secretary, Will C. Griffith, Elm Grove, West Va. * * * The South Dakota Beekeepers' Associa- tion will hold its next meeting at Vermilion, S. D., on March 8 and 9. L. A. Syverud of Yankton, S. I)., is secretary of this associa- tion. » « * The British Bee Journal reports the value of honey imported into the United King- dom during the month of December, 1920, as £10,333, from a return furnished by the Sta- tistical office, H. M. Customs. * * * The Beekeepers Item comes out in a new dress for 1921, having changed to magaziiie form and added a cover. It is now a 32- page magazine and is filled with good mat- ter. The price has been increased to $1.00 per year. ■^ * * * The 32nd annual meeting of the Califor nia State Beekeepers' Association will be held at Oakland, Cal., March 2, 3, 4, 5. An elaborate program is being prepared for this meeting and a long list of notables are listed as speakers. Editor E. E. Eoot is expected to attend this meeting. * * * A meeting of the Montana State Bee- keepers' Association was held at Billings, Mont., on Jan. 25-26. The big feature of this meeting was a discussion of the proposed foul brood law for the State, which was in- troduced in the Legislature immediately after the close of the meeting. * * * The annual meeting of the Southern Min- nesota and Western Wisconsin Beekeepers' Association will be held in the courthouse at Winona, Minn., on Thursday and Friday, March 3 and 4. An excellent program of papers and talks on live subjects has been arranged for this meeting. Ozra S. Holland of Winona is secretary of this association. * * « An insect, which for some years has been known to occur in the citrus groves of India, has recently appeared in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Eepublie of Panama, and Costa Eica. There is danger, according to the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, that the black fly, aleurocanthus woglumi, may invade the United States from these New World colo- nies, but careful investigations conducted ^ K March, 1921 by the bureau specialists in the Canal Zone fail to disclose any citrus trees that have been killed by it. The Canal Zone has pecul- iar climatic con- ditions, however, which may limit the ravages of the new pest, and it is possible that it will add a heavy burden to the citrus grower if it be- comes established in the United States. * * * The Department of Agriculture Bill now being considered by the State Legislature of Michigan, if passed, will take tlie bee-in- spection service of that State out of the hands of the university and put it directly under the control of the governor. From this distance, at least, this change looks like a step backward for the inspection service of Michigan. * « * The report of the State Inspector of Api- aries of the State of Utah for 1920 contains an estimate of the honey produced in that State in 1920. The data are given by coun- ties and from a total of 39,131 colonies 3,002,245 pounds of honey was produced, this being an average of about 76 pounds per colony. Ten per cent of this was comb honey, and 90 per cent extracted honey. Duchesne County, with 7,101 colonies, shows the highest average yield per colony, as well as the greatest number of colonies, the average yield being 120 pounds per colony. * * * At Auburn, Me., on Feb. 15, the Maine State Beekeepers' Association was organ- ized. Lester W. Longfellow, Hallowell, Me., was elected president, and F. L. Mason, Me- chanic Falls, was elected secretary. The immediate object of the association is that there may be an organized effort in support of a foul brood law to come before this ses- sion of the legislature. The first annual meet- ing of the new State Association will be on March 30 at Orono. Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bureau of Entomology is scheduled as one of the speakers at this meeting. * * * Two short courses for beekeepers were given by the United States Bureau of Ento- mology, one in co-operation with the Ohio State University at Columbus, 0., Jan. 31 to Feb. 4, and the other in co-operation with the New York State College of Agriculture at Ithaca, N. Y. Both were well attended and great interest was manifested. Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bureau of Entomology car- ried his usual course of lectui-es thruout the week in each of these schools. His work was supplemented by other speakers, whose top- ics were chosen to fit in with the main series of lectures. It is to be regretted that more of these short courses could not be given during the winter. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE T a 11 one our c ur March, 1921 HE season just closed has been educational and bees in locality are in better shape than they have been for years: the assistance of our local Deputy Inspector of Apiaries, Mr. Logan, and instructive articles in Gleanings and American Bee Journal, as well as the hearty co-operation of local beekeepers, made it possible for our bees being in such fine shape this fall. ' ' — Alten L. Logan, Mad- ison County, Ills. "In a recent conversation with a bee- supply dealer who covers Michigan territory he said that his business in tin cans of an average size of five pounds had increased to 40 times what it was ten years ago, and that most of that increase has been very recently. It shows that Michigan beekeepers are making themselves independent of the wholesale market by cultivating a private trade. This is the most hopeful sign of progress that we have seen for some time." — -B. F. Kindij:, Ingham County, Mich. "In the February Gleanings, J. E. Crane wants to know if any one has melted the cappings from the wax press described by Mr. Koltermann. I made a press with a two- inch screw and use an iron bar for turning down. I use a solar wax-extractor and get equal pounds of wax and honey from a 20 to 25 pound cheese. It would not vary more than a pound either way. ' ' — Fred P. Jan- sen, Montgomery County, N. Y. "A man at Glen Summit Springs, Pa., having occasion to remove a bottom-board from one of his hives, noticed a mound of wax, and upon breaking it open a little dis- covered a dead mouse in it. The mouse in its efforts to escape had probably stirred up the bees, which stung it to death; and in order to prevent the odor from the dead mouse contaminating the hive and honey they had hermetically sealed it in." — Albert Wil- liams, Jr., Luzerne County, Pa. "Temperature has been just too cool for the bees to have a good flight for several weeks. Today (Feb. 14) they are bringing in pollen from maple." — 0. Bromfield, Jeffer- son County, Ky. "State Bee Specialist C. L. Sams says there are good prospects for an exceptionally large amount of transferrence of the bees this spring from gum and box hives to the Standard hives. He is finding a steady growth in interest among the beekeepers of the old-fashion sort. While many are 'sot in their ways ' and are not turning readily to the improved methods, tlieir eyes are being opened by demonstrations all about them and they are being forced to admit t^at the 'new-fangled' methods are the best." — W. J. Martin, New Hanover County, N. C, bees;mfn and things^ (You may find it here) 1 ^'^^^^^^=^ 169 ' ' The weather in this portion of the State, IM i 1 1 s County, ha^ been ex- tremely mild so far, and bees are in. excellent condition. I ex- amined a por- tion of my apiary and found brood-rearing coming on nicely. I found plenty of sealed brood and eggs and' young bees just emerg- ing from the cells. They have plenty of stores of sealed honey of fine quality. The bees are far above the average of this time last year in this section. The prospects for a good honey flow are excellent for the coming season." — John W. Hendrick, Mills County, Texas. "About 10 years ago there were in the whole island no more than 200 commercial beehives and a few wild colonies. The pro- duction per colony was much more than a barrel (50 gallons), and the swarming was something to worry about. The native blacks were of two kinds, one big and rather tame, and the other fierce and very small. There were also a small variety that looked like degenerated Italians and were intolerably fierce and very small. The superiority of the Italians was remarkably shown some years afterwards by the complete disappearance of all wild bees. Today, on account of the high prices of honey and competition, every- body tries to make the bees produce honey to the limit by extracting as much as possi- ble even in the brood-chamber, not worrying about a possible death by starvation. This close extracting, the introduction of pure American-Italian stock and the superabun- dance of bees everywhere, all combined, help to produce almost non-swarming colonies. ' ' — C. Vives-Bazan, Porto Eico. "Bill Mellvir. Dear Bill: I read with real dismay what trials you had Convention Day. And all because old Jimmy Jones became so drunk on his own tones he would not stop for sigh nor tear, and you — you turned the other ear! I'm sorrj'. Bill, as I can be, you couldn't come to Tennessee; for it would do your sick soul good to see how speakers rose and stood and said their say and sat down quick — 'twas that time-limit turned the trick, all printed out in minutes, five, fifteen or ten — and Man Alive! — they poured out wisdom, plan and text before 'twas time to holler Next! And there was question and debate, and still the program held its gait. "Speak and let speak!" this rule de- thrones convention tyrants like Jim Jones, and gives a modest man like Jinks a chance to tell folks what he thinks of getting honey by the ton and maybe tell 'em how it's done. But Bill, come down to Tennessee — choose any subject, so it's bee; behavior, packing, nectar-flowers- — and you shall talk two solid hours! Grace Allen. Nashville, Tenn, 170 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE NOTES OF TRAVEL ]NLi.Rcii, 1921 A. I. Root When we started out, I suggested we could make pretty near 200 miles a day, but Huber said altho I might make it the first day, the next I would be pretty nearly used up, especially for a man over 80. Well, I rode about 1800 miles in 13 days ' travel, and felt better the last day than I did the first, and gained 8 pounds in wririht. As we had unusually cold, and sometimes stormy weather, the little stove, described on page 754 of December Gleanings, proved a little gem indeed. I don 't think I could have kept warm without it. Below I am going to sub- mit notes to Mrs. Eoot on postal cards: Ealeigh, N. C, Nov. 13. — We have just visited Mr. C. L. Sams, employed by the State and the United States to develop bee culture. His wife wanted to meet the author of the ' ' Home Papers. ' ' She and her four daughters sang, "From Sinking Sand, He lifted me" (violin and piano), and it "lift- ed me. "Surely goodness and mercy will follow me all the days of my life," etc. Camden, S. C, Nov. 15. — Last night we stopped at a rather fine hotel, where they never lock a door on the premises, and they don't have things stolen, not even an auto- mobile (?). Live Oak, Fla., Nov. 18. — Between Au- gusta and Macon, Ga., we saw miles of peach orchards, some of them in very fine condi- tion. Frost enough to kill sweet potatoes. Palatka, Nov. 20. — We had a most pleas- ant visit with Profs. Rolfs and Newell at Gainesville Experiment Station. Ernest had so many points to compare, we could hardly get away. They have about the prettiest lit- tle apiary I ever saw right in a thick, dense wood. It has been so cold until today that T have worn my sweater every minute. I am getting very anxious to reach "home," and get to work. Crescent City, Nov. 21. — We attended church and Sunday school in Palatka, and this afternoon passed thru Huntington and stopped about an hour to look over our 160 acres. Huntington has run down, and seems almost deserted, but there are some of the finest Florida residences I ever saw near there, and also some of the finest orange groves. Lakeland, Nov. 23. — We have been thru some of the most beautiful and largest let- tuce farms near Hastings I ever saw, and just miles of orange trees loaded with fruit. We are only 25 miles from Tampa, and ex- pect to be "home" tonight. Yesterday I was up at 15 minutes of 5 and had no nap at all until 7 p. m. "Out in the wilderness," somewhere near the line between Georgia and Flor- ida, I saw a little tree close by the roadside loaded with most beautiful, luscious-look- ing fruit. We stopped, and behold, it was wild persimmons, "wasting their sweetness on tlic desert air." I began eating until Ernest demanded a stoj). You see he had * ' contracted " to " deliver me ' ' at our Flor- ida home sound and well. I wanted to load a lot in the "Dodge," but he declared we had no time to spare before night. The de- licious fruit hung so low it could be easily picked from the ground, and was close up to a well-traveled highway. I would like to ask my good friend Eeasoner and other nurserymen why something more is not done to develop and disseminate some of the best of our wild persimmons growing more or less from Missouri to Georgia. ELECTRIC WINDMILLS. This is the third winter we have lighted our home and run our electric auto by wind power, and there has heretofore been very little trouble from lack of wind; but just now (Jan. 12) we have had much less wind than during the two previous winters. To increase our lack, the evening that Ernest and I arrived, of course, I had to "trot out" the new electric devices. The heater was one of the -things exhibited, and, altho no heat was needed, the plug was put in to show how quickly it would be red-hot, and then pushed back under the fable and for- gotten. After thirteen hours my 16-cell house batteries were down to the last limit. From that time to this, we haven 't had enough wind to run the auto at its best, and light the house fully. Now for lighting the home and other light work the outfit made by the Wind Electric Corporation, Wyndmere, North Dakota, is all right; but, if you want to run an electric auto also, in most locali- ties, there should be current available from some other source when there happens to be several days with no wind. A very cheap outfit would do all right for those rare times when the wind doesn 't happen to blow for several days at a time. Using electricity to produce heat, takes much more current than for light or me- chanical work, and where used for cooking or warming current should be promptly cut off just as quickly as it can possibfy be dis- pensed with. Even running an auto does not pull down the current, like the little heater I have mentioned. We use the auto for 5 to 10 miles almost every day, and, of course, the current used depends on the load car- ried. bep: culture in italy. Inasmuch as our Italian bees are provin;i.' to be such a help not only to America, but perhaps to the whole wide world, it is a little strange that we have never heard very much in regard to what the Italian bees dg March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 171 in their native home. Tlie inclosed clip- ping from the Cleveland Plain Dealer, in view of this, should be interesting: BEES TO AID SUGAR LACK. Italy Gives Rail Employes Unique .Job. ROME. — Italy is devising means to alleviate the beet sugar shortage. She has been urged to put more bees at work producing honey. Italy in 1917 had only 67,000 miles of railways, and at regular intervals along the lines are little houses where the railway employes, signalmen, track walkers, and repairmen live. The manager of the National Institute for Agrarian Assistance recently recommended that they each be given a hive of bees. In conformity with the suggestion the e.xperiment is to be begun at once on the lines in the province of Rome; and, if successful, it will be extended to all the railways of Italy. The above, if carried out, will certainly result in a tremendous boost to bee culture in Italy. If we knew how many miles apart these stations were to be, we could tell a little better how many bees it would take to cover the whole 67,000 miles. I find we have now only eight subscribers in Italy. Can not one or more of these eight subscribers tell us a little more about it? And, by the way, can not the suggestion be carried out, more or less, here, in our own country? If each one of our thousand railway stations, say in country places and the little towns, were once started in bee culture, it might result in saving many tons of nature's sweets. A. I. ROOT AS HIS DAUGHTER SEES HIM. The Farm Journal for January, on its page of "Workers and Work," published an article "unbeknownst" to Mr. A. I. Eoot, under these headlines: "One of the Farm Journal's Oldest Friends, Amos I. Root, the Bee Man." The author was his daughter, Mrs. Constance Eoot Boyden — in the old days her father's "Blue Eyes." The editor of Gleanings makes bold to publish this well-done sketch of the father without con- sulting either tjie subject or the author of it. Here it is: "My father might be described as a man who has never been without a hobby. Per- haps this explains why at eighty years of age ho is mentally keen and has the en- thusiasm and zest for life of a boy, altho always he has been handicapped by a frail constitution which necessitated his husband- ing his health. ' ' When only sixteen his hobby was elec- tricity, and he even went about giving lec- tures on what was then a little understood sidiject. Later when he had a growing busi- ness as manufacturing jeweler, he happened to notice a swarm of bees going overhead, and paid a workman a small sum to capture them for him. ' ' That little incident altered the course of his whole life, and shaped the lives of all his descendants to the third generation. From that time on bees became his hobby, and lie gave all his spare time to their study. Since the hooks of that period did not give him all the information he wished, he studied his jicts at first hand to such purpose that he afterward wrote the well- known "A B C of Bee Culture." "But electricity and bees were by no means his only hobbies. He was one of the first keenly interested in aviation, being a confidant and friend of the Wright Broth- ers when they were making their first secret attempts at flying. "And he has had a lifelong love for out- of-door work and "seeing things grow," both in his garden and chicken yard. You will notice I use the expression "out-of- door work. ' ' If father ever deliberately started out to play, I never knew it. He would probably not know a golf stick from a tennis racquet, nor has he any first-hand acquaintance with a fish-pole or gun. And yet, I am not sure but that he has taken more recreation than any other man I know. You see much of his work is recreation because he works along the lines of his hob- bies. He can extract more pleasure from a combination of hoe, garden soil, and grow- ing crops than other men can find on ideal links with the most expensive golf sticks. ' ' His latest hobby is to generate electric- ity by wind power. By windmills, at his little Florida home, he charges storage bat- teries and thus runs a little electric runa- bout and lights his house. He likes to mysti- fy small boys by telling them his automo- bile runs by wind. ' ' Although father 's life-work has seemed guided by his hobbies, there is a dominating principle over all, and that is, and always has been, his great desire to serve human- ity. "Here is a rather strange fact about fa- ther; he has never been employed by any other man, not even for one day. ' ' Now, at eighty years age, father is a busy, happy optimist." Mr. A. I. Root. I liave just read your Home Department in August Gleanings, and I want to let you know how- much I value it. As I am a beekeeper I read Glean- ings from the front cover to the back, but your de- partmemt comes first with me. I consider your de- partment worth more than Gleanings cost. Let them that want to criticise, do so; but remember that you are doing God's work, and that there are far nioif tli.it •■ipprcciate it then there arei that criticise. EUGENE HOLLOWAY. Marietta, Okla., Aug. 3, 1920. 172 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 30c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are liere listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) Western Honey Producers, .Joe C. Weaver, A. S. Tedman, R. V. Stearns, Seward P. Stanley, Geo. M. Sowarby, Chas. Sharp, J. Ford Sempers, W. T. Perdue & Sons, H. S. Ostrander, L. C. Mayeux, Michigan Honey Producers, J. E. Harris, Jas. Hanke, H. B. Gable, Jes Dalton, J. H. Corwin, Colo. Honey Prod. Asso., Albert Borning, J. D. Seals, Woodlawn Nurseries, Heller Bros., Progress Nurseries, Pullford Co. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — Honey in 5 and 60 pound cans. Van Wyngarden Bros., Hebron, Ind. FOR SALE — Clover and buckwheat honey in 60-lb. cans. Bert Smith, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice clover-basswood blend honey in new 60-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, St. Louis, Mich. FOR SALE — 25 barrels, amber extracted honey, 121/^0 per pound. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — Choice white clovfer honey in 60-lb. can,s — none finer. J. F. Moore, Tiffin, Ohio. FOR SALE — ^White-clover comb honey. Fancy, 800, No. 1,775. W. L. Ritter, Genoa, Ills. FOR SALE — Finest-quality extracted buckwheat honey in 60-lb. cans. Chas. Sharp, Romulus, N. Y. TWENTY-FIVE cases clover-basswood blend, new 60-lb. cans, two in case. Sample 20c. W. B. Crane, McComb, Ohio. FOR SALE — A No. 1 white-clover extracted honey in 60-lb. cans, 2 cans per case. State how much you . can use and I will quote on same. L. S. Griggs, 711 Avon St., Flint, Mich. FOR SALE — White clover honey, almost water white. Put up in new 60-lb. tin cans, twO' to the case. Write for prices. D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — Finest Michigan raspberry, bass- wood, and clover honey in 60-lb. cans, 20c per pound. Heartsease, aster, 18c. Free sample. W. A. Latshaw Co., Clarion, Mich. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, sample and price on request. Also white clover comb, 24 sections to case. The A. I. Root Co., Inc., 23 Leon- ard St., New York City. FOR SALE — 10,000 lbs. Al quality white sweet clover honey, in new 60-lb. cans. Will sell in quan- tities to suit. Sample free. W^ P. Achord, Fitzpatrick, Ala. FOR SALE — Clover, basswood or buckwheat honey, comb and extracted, by the case, ton, or car- load. Let me supply yoiir wants with this fine N. V. State honey. C. B. Howard, Geneva, N. Y. FOR SALE — White honey, 15e a lb.; L. A. al- falfa, 14c, in two 60-lb. cans; Chilian in 165-lb. kegs, lOe; light amber honey in 50-gal. bbls., 80c a gal. Beeswax, 30c a lb. ^Valter C. Morris. 105 Hudson St., New York City. FOR SALE — Choice white-clover extracted honey, $20.00 per case of two 60-lb. cans f. o. b. Holgate. Noah Bordner, Holgate, Ohio. FOR SALE — Well-ripened, thick and rich white- asteir honey in 120-lb cases at 18c f. o. b. Brooks- ville, Ky. Sample 25c. H. C. Lee, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Extra choice extracted white clover honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample, 20c, same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. FOR SALE — 2000 lbs. Lancaster County best clo- ver honey. None better. In packages to suit. Bees- wax; also grafting wax. W. O. Hershey, Landisville, Pa. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey in 60-lb. cans, $20.00 per case of two cans. Write for prices on large quantities. 50 cases of No. 1 comb honey. •!. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — 3000 lbs. of well-ripened clover honey at 20c per lb.; 12,000 lbs. of No. 1 white aster honey at 15c per lb., put up in 60-lb. cans f. 0. b. Brooksville, Ky. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Welll-ripened extracteid clover honey, 20c per pound; buckwheat and dark amber, 17e, two 60-lb. cans to case. Clover in 5-lb. pails, $1.25 per pail; buckwheat and amber, $1.00 per nail, packed 12 pails to case, or 30 to 50 pails to barrel. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. HONEY FOR SALE — Immediate shipment f. o. b. N. Y., Calif, white orange, 60-lb. tins, 19c lb.; Calif, white sage, 00-lb. tins, 16c lb. ; white sweet clover, 60-lb. tins, 14c lb.; Calif. L. A. sage. 60-lb. tins, 13c lb.: West Indian L. A., 60-lb. tins, lOe lb.; West Indian L. A., 10-lb. tins, 6 per case, 15c lb. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR S.MjE — Clover extracted honey of un.sur- passed quality; new cans and cases, prompt ship- ment. You will be pleased with "Townsend's qual- ity" extracted honey. Not a single po^md extracted until long after the flow was over; thus the qual- ity. Would advise intending purchasers to order early, as we have only a half crop. Address with remittance. E. D. Townsend & Sons, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — Delicious raspberry-basswood-milk- weed honey by parcel post or express, nicelv crated. 5-lb. pail, $1.25; 10-lb., $2.40, and 60-lb. can, $12.00, f. 0. b. here. Honey is liquid and put iip with same care as bottled goods. Write for prices of pails in quantity lots or granulated honey in 60-lb. cans. Sample, 10c. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Beeswax, also old combs and cap- pings to render on shares. F. .T. Rettig. Wabash. Ind. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- nings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cappings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, chai-ging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co.. Pearl and Walnut Sts., Cincirnati, O. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax-pres.ses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings, or" slumgum. Send for our terms and our new 1921 catalog. We will buy your share_ of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for YOU. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois. March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 173 WANTED — Weil-ripened white-clover extracted houey. Mention how packed and quote price, f. o. b. Mahwah. John VandenBerg, Mahwah, N. J. WANTED — Beeswax. We are pajing 1 and 2c eixtra for choice yellow beeswax, and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. lllllllllllllllllliiiinMiii;iii!iiiiiiiHi!iiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii;iiiiiiiiiiii FOR SALE, HONEY LABEL — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — A full line of Root's goods at Root's prices. A. L. Healy, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. ROOT'S goods at Root prices. A. W. Yates, 3 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. FOR SALE — 10-frame hive bodies in flat. C. H. Hodgkin, Rochester, Ohio. FOR SALE — Novice extractor, practically new. A. V. Lott, Stllersburg, Ind. FOR SALE — SUPERIOR FOUNDATION, "Best by Test." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES^For the Central Southwest Beekeeper. Beeswax wanted. Free cata- log. Stiles Bee Supply Co., Stillwater, Okla. FOR SALE — Comb foundation which satisfies the most particular beekeeper. Wax worked at lowest rates. E. S. Robinson, Mayville, N. Y. PUSH-IN-THE-COMB CAGES — Quickest and safest way to introduce queens, 50c postpaid. F. R. Davis, 203 Oak St., Weehawken, N. J. HOFFMAN frames and cypress reversible bot- tom-boards, new, in flat. Money-saving prices. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. HOW many queens have you lost introducing? Try the safe way, push-in-comb introducing cage, 50c postpaid. O. S. Rexford, Winsted, Conn". BEES WANTED — 50 to 200 colonies free from disease. Conrad Weber, Liverpool, R. D. No. 1. N. Y. FOR SALE — 1400 new shallow frame supers, wired and full sheets, mostly drawn combs. R. B. Fletcher, Bliss, Idaho. FOR SALE — New and used beehives and supers, 250-egg incubator. Farm of 140 acres. R. Hibbard, Calcium, N. Y. FOR SALE — Full line of new and second-hand .Tumbo and Langstroth bee supplies at modest prices. Send for complete list. The Hofman Apiaries, JanesviUe, Minn. FOR SALE — Good second-hand empty 60-lb. Iioiioy cans, two cans to the case, at 60c per case f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms, cash with order. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. THE DOMESTIC BEEKEEPER, under new ownership, now reaches evei-j' interest, contains ex- ceptionally good articles, timely information, all the news worth printing. Monthly, $1.50 per year. Sam- ple copy for the asking. The Domestic Beekeeper, Lansing, Mich. FOR SALE — 500 pounds of Dadant's light brood foundation for Hoffman frames, put up in boxes holding 50 pounds net. This foundation is in the best of shape, the same as I received it. I will not accept orders for less than one box. Price, 75e per pound. M. E. Eggers, Eau Clairo, Wise. PORTER BEE ESCAPES save honey, time, and money. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in Lee .supplies. R. E. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, Ills. FOR SALE or on shares, 14 apiaries, one or all. Healthful location with American school and church in town, on stone road. Last crop over 40 tons. M. C. Engle, Herradura, Cuba. FOR SALE — Good second - hand double. - deck comb-honey shipping cases for 414, x4i/4 xl% sec- tions, 25c per case, f. o. b., Cincinnati. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — Danzenbaker fences, section holders and end support boards for 50 10-frame supers. In good condition, no disease, $30.00 for the lot. or fences alone, $18.00. A. C. Faulkner, Basking Ridge, N. J. BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES — We manufacture hives, brood frames, etc., and sell a full line of bee- keepers' supplies. Everything guaranteed to tit, and anything not satisfactory may be returned. Prices are the lowcet. Send a list of your wants. We save you money. M. E. Ballard, Roxbury, N. Y. FOR SALE — Owner wants use of one of our out- side warehouses, so we must move this stock. Slightly dusty and shop-worn, 1 -story 8-frame hives, packages of five, $15.00; also a new 10-frame, $17.50. Offer good only as long as this stock lasts. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. FOR SALE — One Root-Hatch wax press, single screw, good condition, $12.50; one 60-gal. galvan- ized honey storage tank, $14.00; new, white pine, standard dovetailed ten-frame hive bodies, with metal rabbets, nailed but not painted, in lots of ten or more, $1.25 each. .7. B. Hollopeter, Queen-breeder, Rockton, Pa. FOR SALE — Bargain price 1 All good as vew. 4,000 Hoffman frames, slightly used, $5.00 per 100; 1 Doolittle solar wax press, $8.00; 10 reversible bottom-boards. 10-frame. 50c each: 1 Root improved wax press and uncapping can, $20.00 ; 20 4 x 5 \- ] ^i plain section supers, 75c each empty. Or $200.00 takes the lot. For immediate delivery. Edwin G. Baldwin, Ashtabula, Ohio. iiiiiiiiiiiHiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii;iiii!iiiiiHi!iiniiiiii:iiiiiiiini!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiHiiiii!iiniiiiiiiiii|iiiiiiiiri!ii!ii{!ii!:':ii AUTOMOBILE REPAIRS AUTOMOBILE owners should subscribe for the AUTOMOBILE DEALER AND REP.MRER: 150- page illustrated monthly devoted exclusively to the care and repair of the car. The onlv magazine in the world devoted to the practical side of motoring. The "Trouble Department" contains five pages of numbered questions each month from car owners and repairmen which are answered by experts on gasoline engine repairs. $1.50 per year. 15 cents per copy. Postals not answered. Charles D. Sher- man, 107 Highland Court, Hartford, Conn. MISCELLANEOUS SEE our large advertisement on page 187. N. O. Fuller, Medina, O. FOR S.\LE — Good two-story house with big gar- den and 50 colonies bees. Bargain. John Martin, Bell Center, Wise. S. C. Light Brown Leghorn Cockerels, the best show and laving strain, $3.00 and up; also baby chicks. H. M. Moyer, Boyertown, R. D. No. 3, Pa. FOR Sj\T;E — Carneanx pigeons, 50 pairs red and yellow, fine birds. $2.00 a pair. W. E. Genthner, Saugerties, N. Y. FOR SALE — Unhulled. white blossom, biennial sweet-clover seed, $3.50 per bushel, f. o. b. Macon. Miss. Gpo. .\. Huniiuer & Sons. Prairie Point, Miss. 374 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 STKAWBERKY PLANTS — Improved Senator Dunlap, best of .all strawberries. Prices on appli- cation. McAdams Seed Co., Columbus Grove, Ohio. MY supply of annual sw^eet clover seed is almost exhausted. Only 5 pounds left. S. Rouse, Ludlow, R. D. No. 2, Ky. FOR SALE — New metal-spaced frames. Send 5c for sample frame .and new low price, also' new 10- frame hive bodies. Wm. Craig, Aitkin, Minn. FOR SALE — Yellow biennial sweet clover seed, hulled, 17c a lb., unhulled, $4.00 a bu. Send post- age for small orders. P. Rasmussen, Roekvillei, Nebr. FOR SALE — 23 acres with wood, lumber, apple treies, buildings, engine and wood-sawing outfit, 16 colonies bees. Apply to owner, E. B. Whipple, Hillsboro, N. H. FOR SALE — A. E. F. photos. A wonderful col- lection of 20 French Life Scenes for $1.00. Cata- log and sample for 10c. Homer R. Rowell, Groveland, Mass. FOR SAIjE — Tomato seed, yellow, with large bright pink centers. Ornament to any table. Very productive. 10, 15, and 25c pkts. L. G. Knauf, Seaman, Ohio. MAPLE SYRUP — I am now booking orders for pure maple syrup to be delivered in April. Order earlv. Satisfaction guaranteed. G. E. Williams, Somerset, R. D. No. 4, Pa. I WILL gladly send to my customers postage money for the return of my two-pound bee cages, sent them with bees the last two seasons. I need them. They are worth $1.00 apiece to me. Please notify me how many you have. Jasper Knight, HayneviUe, Ala. NITRAPO — 15 per cent nitrogen, 15 per cent potash, all available. Best fertilizer known for fruit and truck crops. 100 lbs. equals ton mixed fertilizer. Write for descriptive circular and prices on Nitrapo and nitrate of soda. S. H. Burton, Gen. Sales Agent, Washington, Ind. WANTS AND EXCHANGES. WANTED — Several colonies of bees. R. J. Whitney, R. D. No. 6, Royal Oak, Mich. WA.NTED — A second-hand extractor. E. L. Garrow, E. Magnolia St., Lakeland, Fla. WANTED — Several hives of bees or nuclei. Henry Roorda, 10729 LaFayette Ave., Chicago, His. WANTED — Several bee-outfits (preferably near home). H. G. Quirin, Bellevue. Ohio. WANTED — A good honey location and bee out- fit. Delbert Lhommedieu, Colo, Iowa. WANTED — 20 10-frame queen-excluders, 7 wire and wood. J. A. Richard, Grelton, Ohio. WANTED — Good power four-frame automatic ex- tractor. Fred Day, Alcester, S. D. WANTED — 'Secoind-hand queen-excluders, wood or metal. Karl J. Lohman, Cameron, Mo. WANTED — To correspond with some person ac- quainted with beekeeping in the state of Tamauli- pas, Mexico. I. C. Bachtel, Lake City, Calif. WANTED — 200 or less colonies of bees for spring delivery. Any style hive or box. Remembering 10c honey is in sight for 1921. A. W. Smith, Birmingham, Mich. WANTED — Bees on Hoffman frames free from disease. Write stating number of colonies and price, to J. W. B., care The A. I. Root Co., Inc., 2.3 Leon- ard St., New York City. WANTED — Disease-free bees, lieeliives, supers, tops, and bottoms. What have you? Lloyd W. Smith, Madison, N. .1. WANTED — 50 second-hand 10-frame Standard hive bodies. A. F. Roorda, 10741 Lafayette Ave., Chicago, Ills. WANTED — To quote special prices on queen cages in quantity lots, to breeders. State quantity wanted. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — 50 comb-honey supers, complete, for 41/4 X 4 1/4 sections, f . o. b. here. G. W. Osterhouse, Picaho, Idaho. WANTED — Second-hand 10-frame comb-honey supers, 4x5 plain sections preferred. Must be good and clean and within 400 miles of Sioux City. M. G. Beals, Oto, Iowa. WANTED — To exchange 4-horse E. B. right- hand, 2-gang riding plow, almost new, only used one season. Having bought a tractor and 3-gang plow is reason for wanting to exchange for bee supplies, and nuclei with queens. What have you? J. C. Provins, Spartansburg, Pa. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii BEES AND QUEENS. FINEST Italian queens. Send for booklet and price list. Jay Smith, R. D. No. 3, Vincennes, Ind. FOR SALE — Italian queens and nuclei. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. GOLDEN Italian queens, untested, $1.50 each; dozen, $14.00. E. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — 1921 Golden Italian queens, price list -iree. Write E. E. Lawrence, Doniphan, Mo. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, $1.50 each; $14.00 per doz. Ready after April 15. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. NOTICE — We have booked order.s for all the bees we will sell this season. Jones & Stevenson, Akers, La. FOR SALE — Golden queens ready May 1 ; 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $14.00; 100, $100. Virgins, 75c each. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala. FOR SALE — 12 colonies in 10-frame Standard hives. Wintered in winter cases, pure-bred Italian queen, 1920. Emil Uyldert, New Brunswick, N. J. FOR SALE — 1 or 50 colonies of bees in 10-frame Hoffman hives, inspected, $20.00 each, April and May delivery. S. K. Blundin, Oxford Valley, Pa. FOR SALE — 14 colonies; 2-frame reversible ex- tractor; 24 extra bodies and 45 supers for comb honey. Price, $175. George Olson, Hematite, Mo. PACKAGE BEES and PURE ITALIAN QUEENS. Booking orders now for spring delivery. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — 450 hives of bees; 800 comb-honey supers filled with sections ; 600 empty comb-honey supers; 600 extracting hives with combs; 200 hives of full sheets; 500 empty cans; 700 shipping cases; 4-frame power extractor and other bee supplies, with Dodge commercial car, and store house and four acres. Write for further information. J. .\. Cornelius, Crook, Colo. March, 1921 a Tj E A N T N G S IN B K R C U T> T U K K FOK SAIjK — Golden or threerbanded virgins, 60c Ccicli, or $6.00 per dozen. Safe arrival. R. O. Cox, Luverne, Ala., B. D. No. 4. BEES and QUEENS from my Carolina apiaries — progeny of my famous Porto Rican pedigreed- breeding stock. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. FOR SALE — -Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50; after, $2.00; untested, $1.25; 12, $13.00. Root's goods at Root's prices. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. Business-First queens, untested, $1.50 each; select untested, $1.75; tested, $2.25; select tested, $2.50. Safe delivery guaranteed, orders filled promptly. M. F. Perry, Bradentown, Fla. PACKAGE BEES and NUCLEI with ITALIAN QUEENS, for spring delivery. No disease in our yards. Write for prices and terms. The Allenville Apiaries, Allenville, Ala. FOR SALE — A. I. Root Co. strain of leather- colored Italians. Virgins onlv, Mav to October 1, 75c; 10, $7.00; 100, $65.00. P. W. Stowell, Otsego, Mich. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars give details. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. FOR SALE — Queens, Golden or three-banded. Untested only. 1, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Or- ders l)Ooked now for June 10 or later. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. FOR SALE — 15 colonies of Italian bees of 10 frames, frames wired and combs built from full sheets of foundation. No dis&ase. H. Shaffer, 2860 Harrison Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. BEES — 35 hives of bees in 10-frame hives, Hoff- man frames, all foundation drawn comb; also extra liives and supers, with drawn combs locnted near Kingston, N. Y. Write J. O. Stewart, 742 Elmore PI.. Brooklyn, N. Y. ORDERS booked now for delivery June 1. 3-frame nuclei and queen, $7.50: select tested. $8.50. Dr. Miller's strain. No pound packages. Low express rates and quick transit to u'lrth. S. G. Crocker, Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore, Ml. 1921 price of bees and queens from the. A. I. '^oot Co. leather-colored stock. 1 lb. bees with queen. $5.00; 2 lbs. $7.50. Untested queens, $1.50 each: dozen, $15.00. Safe arrival. Orders booked now. Greenville Bee Co., Greenville, Ala. WE believe we have the best Italian queens ob- tainable. Our new system is working wonders. Book your order now for 1921. Untested, $1.50; tested, $3.00; virgins, imported mothers, 50c. F. M. Russell, Roxbury, Ohio. WE are now booking orders for early spring de- livery of two and three frame nuclei, with untested or tested queens. Write for prices and terms. We also manufacture cypress hives and frames. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla. FOR SALE — 100 colonies bees, 10-frame hives, first class absolutely. These can b-e shipped north April 15 and made into two colonies by June. No better investment can be made. $12.00 each. Joe C. Weaver, Cochrane, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS OF WINDERMERE are su- perior three-banded stock. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. Bees by the pound. Write for prices. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens, O. FOR SALE — Italian bees by the colony, free from foul brood, 8, 9, and 10 frame hives f Hoff- man frames), strong colonies, $15.00; good, $13.50. and medium, $12.00. delivered on board cars at Dayton, Pa., in good order. Cash with order. In- quire of .Tacob Ijong, >Sr., Dayton,' R. D. No. 1, Pa. BOOK your orders now for our three-banded and Golden Italian ciueens ; untested, $1.25 each; 6 $6.50; 12, $12.50. G. H. Merrill, Pickens, S. C. IF good three-banded Italian queens are wanted, send your order to M. Bates & Sons, Greenville, Ala., R. D. No. 4. One queen, $1.15; 100, $100. Pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaranteed. DAY-OLD IT.VLIAN QUEENS— High quality, low price, satisfied customers. Safe arrival guaran- teed in U. S. and Canada. Safe introduction. Prices: 1, 75c; 12, $7.20; 100, $60. Write for circular early. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. WILL ship by April 30 about 50 3-frame nuclei, or 50 3-lb. packages with untested queens, at $7.50 each in lots of 5 or more. 20 per cent deposit. Lots of experience at shipping end, as well as receiving end. A. J. Heard, Kirkwood, Ga. FOR SALE — 30 colonies of bees in 10-frame hives, spaced 9 frames to tlie hive, shipment to be made about June 1 after they are unpacked. Also write for prices on what you mav want in bee supplies. F. J. Rettig, Wabash, Ind. FOR SALE — 2-lb. packages Italian bees and queens by parcel post, postage paid, delivery April 15, for $8.50; 2-frame nuclei with Italian' queen by expi'ess, not prepaid, delivery Mav 5, $9.00. Otto J. Spahn, Pleasantville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Three-band Italian bees and queens, ready June 1. Fine stock, free from disease and guaranteed to please you. (One grade) select un- tested queens, $1.50 each; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00; 50, $60.00. Nuclei, $3.00 per frame, Hoffman; bees. $3.00 per pound. A. E. Crandall, Berlin, Conn. FOR SALE — 100 to 500 colonies bees, and also our home if desired. This is a chance to purchase a business located in some of the finest buckwheat territory within New York State. Come and look this iproposition over. Full details given by letter. Fred D. Lamkin, Poplar Ridge, N. Y. FOR SALE — Root's strain of golden and leather- colored Italian queens, bees by the pound and nuclei. Untested. $1.50 each; select untested, $2.00: tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. For larger lots write. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. SHE-SUITS-ME queens, season of 1921. Un- tested Italians, $2.00 each, 10 or more, $1.75 each, from May 15 to June 15. After -Tune 15, $1.50 each, up to nine queens, 10 to 24 queens, $1.40 eacli. 25 and up, $1.25 each. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. FOR SALE — ^Three-banded leather-colored and Golden Italian bees. These are great honey-pro- ducers. Gentle, hardy, resistant against bee dis- eases. Two, three and four lb. packages, with one comb of brood to each package. Safe delivery, no disease. With or without queens. M. Voinche, Bunkie, La. FOR SALE — Honey-Brook Farm can supply you promptly, beginning April 10, with the very best three-banded Italian queens, one grade, select un- tested, $1.50 each or $15 per dozen; tested, $2.00 each straight, ready April 1. Should you find some queenless colonies this spring, send me your order for a young queen to save them. I will not disap- point you. I have the bees and can deliver the goods. Pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaran- teed. Jasper Knight, Hayneville, Ala. IF vou think PHELPS GOLDEN QUEENS are BEAUTIFUL, GENTLE, and just what vou want to IMPROVE YOUR STOCK, we will do' our best to supply you if you do not rush us quite as hard as you did last year, but will give us time to fill your order in its turn. Mated (untested). $2.00 each: virgins, $1.00 each; tested, from $4.00 to $5.00 each; select breeders, $10.00 each. We will com- mence sending queens .iust as early as weather will permit us to rear good ones. C. W. Phelps & Son, :! Wilcox .St., Binghamton. N. Y. 176 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 BEES BY THE POUND, also pure-bred QUEENS; booking orders now for delivery after March 15th. Everything guaranteed. Brazos Valley Apiaries. Gause, Texas. FOR SALE — Pure Italian queens and nuclei, 1 untested queen, $1.50; 12, $15.00; tested queens, $2 50 each; 2-fraiue nucleus, $5.00; 3-frame nucleus, $6.50. Add price of queen wanted to price of nucleus. „, , . , „ Prank Bornhoffer, R. D. No. 17, Mt. Washington, O. WE are now booking orders for 3-lb. packages for May delivery, 3-lb. package with untested queen, $7.00; 3-lb. package with tested queen, $8.00. Or- ders booked as received. Safe delivery, satisfaction and no disease guaranteed. All bees shipped on a comb of brood and honey. 50 per cent down will book your order. J. L. St. Remain, White Clover Farm & Apiary, Hamburg, La. FOR SALE — Pure Italian queens. Golden or leather-colored, packages and nuclei ; 1 untested queen, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50; 50, $55.00; 100 $100; virgins, 50c each; packages 24 and un- der' $2 25 per pound; 25 and over, $2.00 per pound; nuclei, 1-frame, $4.00; 2-frame, $6.00; 3-frame, $7.50; queens extra. One-story 10-frame colony with queens, $12.00. Golden Star Apiaries, K. 3, Box 166, Chico, Calif^ FOR SALE — 100 12-frame hives; 175 extract- ing supers, 1000 drawn combs; 500 wired frames; 300 empty frames; 70 queen-excluders; 75 metal top corners; 20 wood top corners; 40 inner covers; 35 wintering boxes for two hives each. The frames are not as large as the standard. The hives are about the same capacity as the standard 10-frame hive Located near Scottville, Mason County, Mich. L. D. Allen, Myakka City, Fla. FOR SALE — Five hives of Italian bees, one 8-frame double, four single, all Langstroth. All went into winter quarters strong, plenty of honey, and are packed in one large case on east side of build- ing. Four queens are one year old, one queen two years. Five queen-excluders and 12 shallow supers go with bees. Bees were inspected two years ago and have no disease. $40.00 for the lot. M. A. Bartlett, 508 Lincoln Ave., N. W. Canton, O. QUEENS, three-banded Italians only. Now that the booking season for nuclei has passed, and, while I have a large number of orders for nuclei. I shall not be too busv with these to fill your orders for queens. 1 untested for April, $1.25; 12, $12.50; 1 untested for May 1 to June 1, $1.00; 12, $10 00. I ship no queens after June 1 ; weather is too hot. Discount on large orders. Safe arrival guaranteed. L. R. Dockery, Carrizo Springs, Texas. FOR SALE — Three-banded and Golden queens, also package bees. No disease and safe arrival guar- anteed. Queens any time after March 15. Untested, $175 each; 25 or more, $1.50 each; tested. $3.00 each; breeders, $10.00 each. As our honey flow is practically over by May we will begin shipping pack- age bees about May 15. 1-lb. package, $3.00; 2-lb. package, $5.00. We will not book any orders that we cannot fill. Dr. White Bee Co., Sandia, Texas. FOR SALE — 1921 prices on nuclei and queens, 1-frame nucleus, $3.00; 2-frame nucleus, $5.00; 3-frame nucleus, $6.50, without queens, f. o. b. Macon Miss. 5 per cent discount in lots of 25 or more. ' Untested queens, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen; tested, $2.00 each; $22.00 per dozen. No disease. Inspection certificate with each shipment. Safe arrivals and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. Queens sold only with nuclei. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons., Prairie Point, Miss. FOR SALE — 2-lb. package bees without queens, $4 50; 3-lb. same as above. $5.75; 5-lb swarm, $8.00. Queens, each $1.50. Select tested queens for breeders, $2.50 each. A few hybrid bees from outyards, but remember all queens are reared from our home-yard. We are now bonking orders for May ■ deliveries,' 20 per cent cash with order, balance 10 days before shipping. Safe delivery guaranteed, also free from disease of any kind. Oscar Mayeux, Lock Box Ni). 15, Hamburg, La. FOR SALE — Three-band leather-colored Italian bees and queens, two-pound packages only. Shipping season from April 15 to May 20. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. No disease. Order early if you wish prompt delivery. Write for price list. J. M. Cutts, Montgomery, R. D. No. 1, Ala. VIGOROUS leather-colored Italian queens, fa- mous three-banded stock; untested, $2; tested, $3; in lots of 25 or 50, $1.50 each. Bees in packages, two pounds, $6; three pounds, $7; 10 three-pound packages, $7.50 each, including queens. Nuclei, two-frame, $6; three-frame, $7; queens extra; in lots of ten, each with queen, $7.50. Good, stiong colonies in 10-frame standard hives, $18 each. I believe my queens can not be surpassed; I breed from select stock. Terms, cash with order for these reduced prices. References furnished if required. Shipments begin during latter part of April. C. M. Elfer, St. Rose. La. PRITCHARD QUEENS (Three-banded Italians) • — My first season selling direct to the trade. June price: 1 untested, $1.75; 6 for $9.50; 1 select un- tested, $2.00; 6 for $11.00. After July 1: 1 un- tested, $1.50; 6 for $8.00; 1 select untested, .$1.75 ; 6 for $9.50. Write for prices on larger quantities. I have a few extra-select tested queens one-year old at $5.00 each. Queens clipped free of charge on request. Acknowledgment and directions for intro- ducing sent on receipt of order. Safe delivery and satisfaction guaranteed. Let me book your order now for early delivery, specifying the date of ship- ment desired. Otherwise orders will be filled in ro- tation. Arlie Pritchard, Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN — A fine bee outfit and 30 acres of good land. 40 colonies bees in Al condition in one of the best wintering cellars in Michigan. A fine honey-house over cellar. Queens are all young, 8 and 10 frame hives, square-edge Hoffman frames, all nice, straight combs; also a No. 1 outfit for several hundred colonies. No. 1 wax- rendering outfit, steam heat from a No. 1 high- pressure boiler, large capping tank, also Peterson melter and outfit, oil stove and tanks, lumber, comb, foundation, etc. Apiary is nicely protected from cold winds by natural-growth timber and bashes. This is one of the very best locations in Michigan for honey. Oceans of both alsike and white clover, basswood, sumac, and considerable raspberry, with plenty of spring and fall bloom. Outfit also includes hundreds of supers of good extracting combs, and supers ready for foundation, all in good condition. The small number of colonies of bees is due tn my having sold most of them last spring. Price, $1400, one-half cash, balance to suit. Reason for selling — old ages and inability to work. Must make some change soon. 0. H. Townsend, Lake City, Mich. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiNii!iiiniimiiii!iiiiiiii:!i!!i:i!i:^^ HELP WANTED. WANTED — A live young man to help me during season of 1921. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. WANTED — Both experienced and inexperienced help, board furnished. State experience and wages in first letter. Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. WANTED — Young man of good habits, to work with bees, some experience necessary. Room and board furnished. State all particulars in first letter. B. B. Coggshall, Groton, N. Y. WANTED — Experienced beeman, married man preferred. State in first letter experience and abil- ity, age, nationalitv, and wages wanted. W. J. Stahmann, Clint, Texas. WANTED — Man with some experience to work with bees coming season. State age, experience, and wages, based on our furnishing board. The Rocky Mountain Bee Co., Box 1319, Billings, Mont. WANTED — Married man to work with bees and poultry, house and garden furnished. State experi- ence had, age, weight, and height. Also wages ex- pected. Reference required. Also one single man wanted. E. L. Lane, Trumansburg, N. Y. March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 177 WANTED for the season of 1921 an experienced queen-breeder. State experience had, reference, age, height, weight. W. J. Forehand & Sons, Ft. Deposit, Ala. WANTED — Active and reliable young man for coming season, begin about April 1. Will give bene- fit of my experience and some wages. State weight. height, age and beekeeping experience, if any, al^o wages expected. Have several apiaries and modern equipment. David Running, Filion, Mich. WANTED — One experienced man, and students or helpers, in our large bee business; good chance to learn. Modern equipment and outfit, including auto truck; located near summer resorts. Write, giving age. height, weight, experience, reference, and wages wanted. W. A. Latshaw Co., Clarion, Mich. WANTED — A willing and reliable, clean young man to assist with bees in outyards. Will give you my experience and wages. State experience you have liad, age, weight, height, and wages expected. Board and lodging furnished. Start work about March 1 A. L. Coggshall, Groton, N. Y. WANTED — Married man to work with bees an'l poultry. House and garden furnished. State ('v|)e' i ence had. age, weight, and height; also wages ex pected. Reference required. Also one single man wanted. G. G. Cimbring, 901 Cemetery St.. Wil liamsport. Pa. HELP WANTED — Will give experience and fair wages to active young man not afraid of work, for help in large, well-equipped set of apiaries for sea- son, starting in April. State present occupation, weight, height, age, and beekeeping experience, if anv. Morlev Pettit, The Pettit Apiaries, Georgetown. Ont. WANTED — Two young men, able-bodied, willing to work, clean in body and mind, who want to learn beekeeping and are willing to exchange faith- ful services for instruction from a man with almost 40 years of extensive experience in beekeeping, board and some financial remuneration. Have 12 apiaries. R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont., Can. WANTED — One experienced man and students, clean habits, able-bodied and willing workers, as helpers with our more than 1000 colonies. Oppor- tunity to learn the business from A to Z, 1920 crop 122,000 pounds. Theory also. Write immediately, giving age, height, weight, habits, former employ- ment, experience, references, wages, photo, all in first letter. E. F. Atwater (former Special Field Agent in Beekeeping, U. S. Dept. Agr.), Meridian, Idaho. POSITION WANTED — Work in first-class apiary under experienced beemaii. Worked partes two sea- sons. Want to work with bees. Better experienced in extracting. Can drive Ford. Good nailing up and wiring. Box 943, Buhl, Idaho. SITUATIONS^^^ WANTED SITUATION WANTED by experienced beekeeper. Shares or salary. Good references. State proposi- tion in first letter. N. B. Armstrong, 406 Center St., Ithaca, N. Y. TWO high school seniors want work in modern apiary during vacation. June 14 to Sept. 7. Well- read. Backlot experience. L. F. Horn, 3209 Greenwood Ave., Louisville, Ky. W.\NTED — Young man, 19, wants position in modern apiary, after finishing senior year in High School : good deal of experience with bees. Report early in .Tune. N. C. or Tenn. preferred. Wellons Dunn, Paces, Va. W.VNTED — Work on poultry farm, or in apiary west of Rocky Mts., until beginning of next high school term, by boy 18 years of age. Employer must furnish references. Dwight Glassev, Albany, R. D. No. 2, Ore. WANTED — Swedish young man. 27, wants work with some extensive apiarist as helper to gain ex- perience in extracted-honey production, or queen and package business. Go anywhere-. Some experi- ence. H. N.. care Miss V. Nordenswan, 2fi Breed St., Lynn. Mass. iiiiiiiiiini!inj{ii!niii:ii:i i:iiit:i!iijiiri!ii'ii:{.i;iii:i:i:: 22l!ii!f CRAPE VINES 69 varieties. Also Small Fruits, Trees, etc. Be?t rooted stock. Genuine, cht-ap. 2 *iraiil« vines mailed for 2.50. Des- ci iptive catalog free. LEWIS liOEBCH, Box L, Fredonia, N.T SUDANi Fine Iiay and pasture grass. Dr- fles drouglit — resists cold — yields abundantly. Easy and inexpensive i to sow. An annual — never a pest. I Used extensively by leading far- L| mers and stockmen, giving won- F derful rpseults everywhere. 7c per lb. f. o. b. Jackson - - - ^_ Bags FREE /C Don u ijet Feed Problems Worry You — a few acres will do. Sow this Northern Grown f!i(dan — have a big hay crop in an exceptionally short time. Write today for Isbell's big seed Cata- log and samples, sent FREE. S. M. ISBF.LL & CO., Jackson, Michigan. 903 Mechanic Street. (20) It's Easy to Raise Poultry With Cycle Brooder-Hatchers. A NEW idea, combining both Brooder and Hatcher in one machine, one lamp serving both purposes. A real "Metal Mother" that will hatch every hatchable egg, and the chicks will be strong, lively, and easy to raise in the brooder compartment. YOU can use the Cycle either as a Brooder or Hatcher, or both at nncr. The Cycle is all metal; you can operate it safely in the house or in any out- building. You can see the eggs at all times through the round glass window without lifting the top. And you can turn them instantly with a single move- ment. The regulator control is very sensitive. A gal- lon of kerosene will usually carry through an entire hatching. .Just the thing for busy farmers and city enthusi- asts. 50-egg and 50-chick size $11.00. Two for $20.00. THE CYCLE HATCHER: Exactly the same as the Brooder-Hatcher, but without the brooding com- imrfment. 50-egg size |9.00. Two for $17.00. WEIGHT: 18 lbs. for parcel post shipment. Postage extra. CATALOGUE of Hatchers, Brooders, Poultry find Supplies sent free. Send a postal today. CYCLE HATCHER COMPANY 240 Philo Bldg,, Elmira, N. Y, 178 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1921 450,000 200 varieties. Also Grapes, Small Fruits, etc. Best rooted stock. Genuine, cheiip. 'i sample grapes maileil for 25c. Catalog free. LEWIS B0E8CH, Box L, Fredonia, N.T. TYPEWRITER SENSATION ^fl or A 1^1? PROSPERITY 1/ADOil.vrl!^ Quick as lichtnine. Hard aa stone. One of the earliest In •■iat«nc«. To introduce our Northam Grown "Sura Crop"Llv* Saads we will mail you 20> aeeds of Condon's ( \ Praaparlty Cabbaga I ear Bi( 1921 CAROENand 'FARM aul..E I Sand Postal Today for your free copy and Trial Packase 'CONDON BROS., SEEDSMEN, Rock River Valley Seed Farm Boxlle ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS irni man you -^u ) FREE Pure Italian Queens^ Nuclei^ Full Colonies Orders booked now for delivery spring and summer 1921. Untested, 1 to 12 in- i-lusive, $1.50 eacli; over 12, .$1.25 eacli. Select ITutested, 1 to 12 inclusive, $1.75.; over 12 $,1.50 each. Tested, 1 to 12, in- clusive, $2.50; over 12, $2.25 each. Select Tested, suitable for breeders, $5.00 each. Two-frame nuclei, $5.00 each; add price of queen wanted. Eight-frame colony, $15.00: ten-frame colony, $17.50. Tested queen in. all of these, and all good combs. Health certificate with each shipment. Safe delivery in United States guaran- teed. Satisfaction everywhere. Twenty-five per cent books your order, balance at time of shipment. Jensen's Apiaries CRAWFORD, MISS. R. F. D. No. 3. I NEW ENGLAND | i BEEKEEPERS will find a complete stock of up- | = to-date supplies here. Remember we are in the ^ ^ thipping center of New England. If you do not = M have a 1921 catalog send for one at once. ^ I H. H. Jepson. 182 Friend St., Boston 14, Mass. i illlllllllllllllllllllllllllillllilllllll!!!IMIIIIHIIIIHinillllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllilllll{llllllllllilllllllllli;il!llllil MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE From 1897 to 1921 the Northeastern Branch of The A. I. Root Company Prompt and BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. „ _, . " It is a business with us — not a side line.. tittlCient Eight mails daily. Service Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1921 catalog send name at once. r The corner letter box, the smallest cross-road. jiost -office >r rural free delivery carrier be- \ L comes a rer-eiving telhn' for ycuir monev, af- fording safe delivery of the deposits and the re- turn of a formal at-knowledgment from the bank. You can safely send your deposits to tliis bank by nuiil. THE SAYINGS DEPOSIT BANK COt A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R.ROOT,VicePres. E.B.SPITZER,Cash. MEDINA, OHIO March, 1921 Q LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE plllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ I Did You Receive I Our Catalog? 1 We handle a full line of beekeepers' supplies, honey cans, and t'oun- B dation. We are Texas headquarters for Lewis Beewar(\ l)in<>hani H Smokers, IMuth Veils, Dadant Foundation, and I Aluminum Honey-Combs m This vei'v inipoi'tant additit)n to ht^ekceping eqinpnient is being I manufactured here in Texas by a ('oini)any composed wliolly of 1 beekeepers. i Advantages Uses M Positive pievontiou of loss from The combs furnish quick storage I melting in hot weather — this «P*'ee in the supers. They should = ■ , . i ^ 1 -! 1 • be first used as extracting combs. = comb IS constructed of aluminum rni n <; 4 i n = 1 he cells are periect worker-cells g (not wax), therefore it entirely a quarter of an inch deep. The g eliminates loss of bees and honey bees extend the cells with wax to I through melting and sagging of full depth. They are then easily un- = 1, ■ 1 . .1. capped and after being once ex- = combs in hot weather. i. \ -, v j -u j -u m tractedmay be used as brood combs. I Extraction of heavy honey easily Queen-cells are drawn on this comb g accomplished with this comb; this as readily as on wax combs. The 1 is practically impossible with wax uiica])ping knife does not mash the I combs. Breakage of combs in ex- '''^^ ^'^*'l^ '^ common care is used. = tracting is eliminated. Should you neglect your alumi- = inim combs the moths may eat g This comb permits entire control the wax extension, but will not 1 of the production of drone-bees. l'<"''" the metal. i This co.nb will last a lifetime; ■ Bees have been sucr-essfuUy win- m . tered on these combs m climates I you can use it over and oyer ^^ ^jj^ied as that of Texas and g again. Nevada. I Price List M Standaril Lan^troth (Hoft'iiian In-ood Prices are f. 0. b. San Antonio, Texas. = frame) size, each 60c „ , t^ , ^,t • , , , -, i, 1 Shallow Extracting (.5% in. deep) Parcel Post Weight, 1 comb 2 lbs. ^ size, each 50c Parcel Post weight, 10 combs. . 11 lbs. g Modified Dadant (.Tumbo depth) size. Parcel Post weight, 20 combs.. 20 lbs. ^ each 70c M The Editors of Gleanings in Bee Culture, altho not indorsing aluminum combs, will thorough- M ly test these combs made in Texa.s, and will announce their conclusions as to the merits of = them, in their climate and latitude, upon the comijletion of their tests in several apiaries. 1 Write for our new catab)g containing full description and prices on i Lewis Lee ware, Dadant Foundation, Ahnninum Honey Com])s. I TEXAS HONEY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION I 1105 S. Flores St. P. 0. Box 1048. San Antonio, Texas i E. G. LE STOURGEON, Manager. IKI ai;iiiiiiiii!iiii:iiii:;iii;!iii:iiii:iiiijiii;iiiiiiiii;iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii;iiii.iiii:iiii;iiii^ GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE March, 1921 I Quality Bee Supplies | I From a Reliable House I = ^ Without fear or favor I place my i BEE SUPPLIES and SEEVICE before 1 you. ^ ^ It is the small annoyances that often M grow into disastrous results. Avoid the M so-called "little losses" by using I MONDENG'S goods. Quality is first— M save time when you put your goods to- M gether by getting supplies that are ac- I curately ma(le. Service is next — no de- M lays when bee supplies are ordered from M my factory. g ^ I am ready to meet your urgent g- needs. Send for my latest price-list. M ^ Closing out all Langstroth and Wis- M cousin hives and supers. Also Lang- g trotli triangular top-bar frames, and M eight-frame D. T. supers for 4x5 sec- M tions. At cost price, write for quota- M tions. I Charles Mondeng 1 14G Newton Ave. N. & M 159 Cedar Lake Road. S MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. pllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!llllllllllllllllll!!lllllllll!illl[llllllllllllllliy^ i BEE SUPPLIES I We are prepared to give you value for your money. Our factory is well equipped with the best machinery to manufac- ture the very best bee supplies that money can buy. Only the choicest material suitable for beehives is used. Our workman- ship is the very best. Get our prices and save money. EGGEES BEE SUPPLY MFG. COMPANY, INC. Eau Claire, Wis. illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllll^^ Wanted In big and small shipments, to keep Buck 's Weed-pro- cess foundation factory go- ing. We have greatly in- creased the capacity of our plant. We are paying higher prices than ever for wax. We work wax for cash or on shares. Root Bee Supplies Big stock, wholesale and retail. Big catalog free. Carl F. Buck The Comb-foundation Specialist August, Kansas Evtablishcd 1899. llhllllllllllllllilllllHIIlllllilUlllllllllilNllllllir^ pi|||i:illllllllllllllllll!lll!!llli;illi:ill[lllil!lllllllllllllilll!!llllllllllllll;ll^^ i EVERY SHEET I I THE SAME I g As alike as peas in a pod — only more y H so. That is a distinguishing feature g g of my comb foundation. Accuracy g g is my watchword. My foundation g g is not left with the natural milled g g edge, but every edge is trimmed g g with an absolutely straight, smooth g g cut, and always measures right to g g the dot, no matter what the size g g ordered. g g This accurate trimming not only g g expedites placing the foundation in g g the frames, but also permits of such g g close packing for shipment that g g there is no chance for it to chuck M I around, thus jamming the edges. g M Although this extra trimming adds g g to the cost of n:anufacture, still my g m prices are lower than others. g g Your own wax worked into founda- M g tion at lowest rates. Send for com- M g plete price list. g I E. S. Robinson | g Mayville, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. g mil' March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 183 llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllO^ QUEENS AND BEES ^ Mr. Beekeeper, if you want good quality, quick service, prompt attention, and perfect satisfac- M ^ tion, TRY NORMAN BROS, pure three-liamlerl Italian.s, queens and bees, and see for yourself. ^ ^ We are not going to say that \\e liave the lest in U. S. A., but we do say that we have as good = M as can be bought for the money. Our bees are hardy, genile, prolific, disease-resisting, and honey- ^ ^ gatherers. Orders booked for one-fourth cash ; balance before shipment is desired. ^ = Prices for April, Mav, and .June. 1 6 12 100 = M Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 m m Select Untested 1.75 9.25 16.50 115.00 m m Tested 2.75 13.75 24.50 ^ ^ Select Tested 3.50 each ^ m BEES — "We ship only 2-lb. pkgs. by express $5.00 each; 25 or more, $4.75 each f. o. b. shipping m = point. Add prices of queens wanted. We guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, and freedom from all s = diseases. Remember you take no risk when you deal with us. Isn't that enough said? Reference; ^ ^ Bank of Kamer, Ramer. .Via. ^ j THE NORMAN BROS. APIARIES - - NAFTEL, ALABAMA | i^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I FOREHAND'S QUEENS-THEY SATISFY, WHY? | ^ Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding and honey-production. With ^ M breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as ^ M good, but none BETTER. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life .experience of my breeders. M = OUR SERVICE STATION. — We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or = = advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All (lue.stions are cheerfully answered. ^ ^ I breed three-banded Italians only. Nov. 1st to June 1st. ^ m 1 6 12 ^ m Untested $2.00 $9.00 $16.00 m m Selected Untested 2.25 10.50 18.00 M m Tested 3.00 16.50 30.00 m I Selected Tested 3.50 19.50 36.00 g = Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order and balance when = = shipment is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Write for cir- M ^ cular and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. g I N. FOREHAND . . - - RAMER, ALABAMA | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ iiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiii;iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii^^ THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS Booking orders now for 1921. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the best of honey-gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping out foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash, balance before delivery. Will guarantee safe arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive circular and price list free. Prices April, May, and June July to November 1 6 12 1 6 12 Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $1.25 $6.50 $12.50 Select Untested 1.75 9.00 16.00 1.50 8.00 15.00 Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 2.25 12.00 22.00 Select Tested 3.00 each 3.00 each ages""of bees^Tr ''s'^aje. ^^^^ ^- Miller, 723 C St., Corpus Chiistl, Tcx. HONEY-BROOK FARM yiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiMiiN TWO & THREE I LB. PACKAGES | ITALIAN BEES | —ALSO THREE- ?- _ BANDED ITAL- 1 I IAN QUEENS — Delivered to you by parcel post. My bees are untiring workers — gentle, | I prolific, properly priced. Pure mating absolntelv gnnranteed. Ready for shipping April 10. | I To be in line let me book your order now. Only ten per cent cash required with order, | I balance just before you desire shipment. No package bees sent without a queen. | I Prices: Two-pound packages, including untested queen, $6.50. Three-pound package, in- 1 I eluding untested queen, $9.00. Twelve or more packages, 25c per package less. Queens: f I Untested, $1.50 each, or $15 per dozen. Tested, $2.00 each straight. I will pay all postage | I on package bees and queens. Empty cages to remain my property and to be returned at I I my expense. Prompt service, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. | I JASPER KNIGHT. PROP. HAYNEVILLE. ALA. 1 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniMiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ wrrite for Book Tociay GLEANINGS IN BE E C V I, T U H R March, 1921 FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running: gfear. Wagon parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO.. 23 Elm Street, Quincy, IIL Southern Headquarters for Pack- age Bees and Reliable Queens Three-Banded Italians Only PRICE OF BEES: lib. package, $3.50; 2 lbs.. $5.50; 3 lbs., $7.50, Add price (if gitide. of (luenn wanted to these prices. Write for de- Kcri]itive price list. • PRICE OF QUEENS: Untested, $1.50 each; si.x, $8.50; twelve, $16.00; fifty or more, $1.25 each. Select untested, $1.75 each; six, _ .50; twehe, $18.50; fifty or more, $1.50 each. Tested Queens, $3.00 each. = Prompt service, safe arrival of queens, and satisfaction we guarantee. Any of our untested M queens that prove to be mismated will be replaced free of chargei. No foul brood or other con- = tagious lice disease ha.s ever been in our vicinity. FITZPATRICK. ALABAMA iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I W. D. ACHORD - - - illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!ll!l!l!llll!yillliy^^ lllllll!lllll!llllllllllll!!lllllllllllllllllllll!IIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIII!llillllllll!lllllli I Early Spring--Buy NOW! | M "INDICATIONS point to an early spring. You'll want bee supplies on M I J_ hand when the season starts. J g Order now! Deliveries can then be made in plenty of time. For 40 M M years "Falcon" bees and supplies have been giving satisfaction. Let g g them help j^ou make this j^ear the biggest and best ever. m I Write for our red catalog. M I W. T. FALCONER MFG. CO. | j FALCONER (near Jamestown) N. Y., U. S. A. | g Where the best beehives come from. m ^ llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllil^^^ ~ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIP^ Honey Producers, Take Notice Do you realize it is only a short time until your bees will be taken out of winter quarters? Have you thought about supplies for next sea- son? Do not wait until swarming time for that means dollars out of your pocket. Order your supplies NOW. We manufacture and carry in stock a complete line of Bee Supplies ready for prompt shipment. Send us a list of the supplies you wish to purchase and we will be pleased to quote you our prices. Our 1921 de- scriptive catalog and price list is now ready for mailing. Send us your name and address and we will mail it to you. August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wisconsin ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin^^ March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH^ Your present brood Mnrllfiprl DarljlTlt Modified Dadant equipment can be m U U 1 1 1 C Q U H Q H 11 1 jj.^^ Features, put above the Modi- tt • fied Dadant hive xl 1 V C 1. Eleven frames, used as full depth _ Langstroth length, s"P®''«- ■jl^'' ~^ -^ Quinby depth. Features are: Deep ^^H^ frames, large one- ^^Bl - 2. Frames spaced story brood nest, ™Mpw~»™™.='^ ^^^ inches for frame space venti- HB~'' J swarm control. lation, excellence J^H ^ in wintering, ^^^B^' '4 3. Extracting swarming easily JHlR^ '^'^ frames 6^4 inches controlled. ^^BT ' ■ '^^^P- Glance at this illus- ^^H~ tration to compare ^Ei — — 4. Dovetailed this hive with ^H body, regular re- " Standard" Lang- ■! versible bottom and stroth hive. ^■B' metal roof cover You can get 40 per H' ^^*^ "^"®'' ^°^^''" cent greater brood- |h i comb area than in ^H 1 5. Langstroth the "Standard" ^B ^■■■••"•"■'■■'''''^^ "Standard" equip- ten - frame Lang- ^B IIll- *■ ment easily used stroth. ^ — — — " ' ' with this hive. For fri'e Ixioklet write any distributor of Lewis "Beeware." or to G. B. Lewis Company Watertown, Wisconsin DaHant & Sons Hamilton, Illinois Those delicious vegetables and glorious flowers that you admired last summer — do you realize that many were grown from Storrs & Har- ^^ risen seeds? *V^ Perhaps you have thought of us only as nurserymen, t? knowing that we do the largest nursery business in the SiCiitt. »^ country. Our nursery trade was built up by holding the ■^ friendship of planters who know they may depend abso- gy - ^'IW® K Bfll ^"*^^l.y that any varietv we offer has outstanding merit, S & H SEEDS DESERVE YOUR CONFIDENCE .JUST AS FULLY AS THE SPLENDID TREES, >.ir^^^;^c<.^j|» SHRUBS, PERENNIALS AND ORNAMENTALS THAT V-A>-*ii3Vs:^ WE HAVE BEEN PRODUCING THESE LAST 67 Spl YEARS. - n1 JgaP^l' rftftfli ^^'^ ratahtji i.t a ivnrllni liflprr for the profes.iinnal groover and -ri\ff^Hp^>^KPSi ""' iiiiict'-^ir wild (ijtiiriciale tin' better varieties. 't^ii^^^^ The Storrs & Harrison Co. X iirxeriimen and Seedsmen Aa^imuvn- -«r sr^ BOX 94. PAINESVILLE. OHIO. _^__ .v'-'''-.'^ 185 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE MARcn, 1921 Completely Destroys the Weed Growth More than that, the BAEKEE breaks the hardest crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch — all in the same operation. A ten-year-old boy can run it — do more and better work than ten men with hoes. Saves time and labor, the two big ex- pense items. R A "R T^ TT T? WEEDER, MULCHER Oi^rtiVrjIX AND CULTIVATOR Eight reel blades revolve against a stationary underground knife — likei a lavcn mower. Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Works right up to plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva- tion— 3 garden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. Tells how gardeners and fruit-growers every- where are reducing their work; increasing their yields. — How to bring growing plants through a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe cial Factory-to-User offer. BARKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Dept. 23. David City, Neb. Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free book and Pactory-to-User offer. ^f^JMk Name . , ■-i«i^Ml^;>~-Bm™«-t Town ((^l^^^^a^ State R. F. D. or Bo.x. Two Thousand Nuclei For Spring Delivery A great many progressive beekeepers \ \ of today buy nuclei to make up winter \ I losses, or in the form of pound packages; I to strengthen weak colonies. We know ; ; this is a good investment, and for a good \ \ many years have raised bees in the \ \ South, sending them north to catch the = ; honey flow in July and August. It is our I ; policy, in furnishing our customers with j \ bees from our southern apiaries, to fur- ; \ nish bees that give satisfaction to you, as \ \ they have to us for the past ten years. \ \ We are very particular as to the strain I ; of bees we keep, and the rearing of our ; ; queens is in the hands of an expert. We maintain that the queen is the life ; I of the colony, and they are reared under i ; the most favorable conditions, that of \ \ natural swarming, and they are fine large \ \ ones with energy to spare, and as good ; ; as money can buy. However, we do not \ \ sell queens, but we see that a good queen 1 ; goes with every nucleus we sell. We guar- \ \ antee you safety against disease, as our \ \ bees are inspected constantly, and our \ \ apiaries closely watched to see that no = ; disease appears. Our prices as follows: I April May June 1 -frame nucleus $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 2-frame nucleus 5.50 5.00 4.50 3-frame nucleus 7.00 6.50 6.00 4-frame nucleus 9.00 8.50 8.00 j Full colonies of bees, $12.00 per colony = lid package $2.50 2-pound package 4.50 " ^ " 6.50 1-pound package 2-pound package 3-pound package 1 For packages with queens add $1.50 for | i each package. | I WEBER BROS. i I HONEY CO. I I RIALTO, CALIFORNIA | liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiil M:\rch, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 187 Our Food Page — Continued from page 156. JUST at this point a letter arrived from Axel Hoist, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, which is so in line with what I have written that I am going to quote briefly from it. Mr. Hoist says: "If Fat Soluble vitamine, the growth essential, in honey is due to pol- len, then it would be fair to conclude that where pollen is being used as a food that growth would ensue. In the Beekeepers ' Guide (1910) page 126, Prof. Cook states. 'As the microscope shows, undigested ]>oIlen is given to the drone larvae after the fourth day, which is not true of either queen or worker.' The drone undoubtedly becomes the largest of them all. ' ' The said vitamine might also be found in the wax itself, but even so be due to the pollen in the honey consumed in order to make the wax. The newer the comb, the greater the contents of vitamine would most likely be — also one reason why it could be found in comb honey but not in ex- tracted. ' ' That the presence of pollen is of great importance in the production of wax and influencing the ease with which wax is being produced, I believe is well known; and the abundance of pollen in spring time may be the reason for the apparent ease with which wax is being produced at that time." The above needs no comment, but I would like to add that E. Adams Butcher in 1918 proved that corn pollen is relatively rich in the Water Soluble B vitamine, but I do not know of any investigations with ref- erence to the Fat Soluble vitamine. As pol- len is a food for the young of bees, it seems reasonable to suppose that it would contain the latter-named vitamine as we'l as the for- mer. Delivered toymiTree laMonthstoPayS Aw at onc-e. Many buys for 30 days trial on approval.Your choice of 44 Styles, colors and sizes of famous Ranger Bicycles, Factory- to-Rider lets you buy at wholesale prices, express prepaid, direct from maker. " " ' lets you enjoy your Ranger , 3 and KJrla easily save the small monthly payments. The Jlanger is a better bicycle than you can buy anywhere at any price. Ti--^— - lamps, horns, wheels, parts and irit 9 equu'inent at half usual prices. SEND NO MONEY. Simply write for our bite trated free Ranger catalog with lowest pric* Cycl<» Company ai. Dept G^3 Chicago RWerAge, GARDEN & FLORAL GUIDE '■«" A WORTH WHILE BOOK WRITE TODAY Forvegetablegrowersand all lovers of [lowers. Lists the old stand-bys; tells ot many new varieties. Valu- able instructions on planting and care. Get ttie benefit of the experience of the oldest catalog seed house and largest growers of Asters in America. For72 years the leadingauthority on vegetable, flowerand farm seeds, plants, bulbs, and fruits. 12 greenhouses. 500 acres. VickQualitySeedsGrow the Best Crops theEarthProduces This book, the best we have issued, is ab- .^.^Jfe*. sulutf'h, fr<:'. S,'„a Inr wnu-rnp,/ tn.layhp- fore ijiin hiri/it. A r"''f<'">'i> isyi(fficifnt. ^^m:^.. JAMES VICK'S SONS, 33 Stone St. >"•„ Rochester, N.Y. Thei- loiverCity Raii CuinEa FOHUS We need men and women, boys and girls every- where to raise Guinea Pitra for as. We tell yon whereto get them, show you how and buy all you raise. Bigopportunityformoney making. Thou- sanda needed weekly. Easy to Raise— Big Demand ^°oTi^. I QroA Drnfiie ^T^perience or equipment needed. Ldlglr riUIIldThey breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or attettion. Pay better than poultry or Bqu nbg— cost Ksa to house, feed, keep, easier raised — less trouble, market guaranteed. CDFF Particulars, contract, and booklet how to raite ritbb CAVIES DISTRIBUTING COMPANY 3145 Crand />venue, Kansas City, Mo. J,nrnft>t Cfn'vpa fii'| I B READY I FOR THE B's F. A. SALISBURY 1631 W. Genesee Street SYRACUSE, NEW YORK New York State Beekeepers, Send for our catalog. The prophets tell us we are to | have an early Spring. This | means you will want your f supplies on hand. Swarming i time will soon be here. Take I our advice. Order now. I Why delay, and regret it? | Send in your order; then put I your hands in your pockets | and say to your neighbor, I "Well, I'm prepared, are I you?" I iiifei = .^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM March, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE THE AULT 1921 BEE SHIPPING CAGE 191 Patent Pending 1st. It is a dark cage, much more so than the •open screen cages we have been shipping in in the past. 2nd. The feeder uses pure sugar syrup. Better than Honey or Candy to ship on; it contains water as well as feed. 3rd. Feeders arc made more substantial, 1-3 larger, and have screw cap that will not jar out. 4th. Instead of one small hole, we now use a cotton duck washer in the screw cap that has proven to overcome all the objections found to the liquid feed method. 5tli. The Cage is one piece screen wire protected by thin boards on the outside. Send for free circular de- scribing the cage in detail, prices, etc. Queens — Package Bees — Queens Will book your order with 20 per ceut down, balance just before shipping. My Free Circular gives prices in detail, etc. Safe delivery Guaranteed within 6 days of shipping point. We ship thousands of pounds all over U. S. A. and Canada. l-pound package bees, $3.00 each, 25 or more $2.85 each. 2-pound package bees, $5.00 each, 25 or more $4.75 each. 3-pound package bees, $7.00 each, 25 or more $6.65 each. F-. O. B. Shipping Point. Add price of queen wanted. 1 Untested Quefw. $2.00 each; 25 or more, $1.75 eacli 1 Select Unt. Queen, $2.25 each; 25 or more, $2.00 each 1 Tested Queen, $3.00 each; 25 or more, $2.70 each 1 Select Tested, $3.50 each; 25 or more, $3.00 each Nueces County Apiaries E. B. AULT, Prop. --::-- • Calallen, Texas iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ 192 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ March, l92l My first peep out on the dawn of a new year. Satisfaction Highest Quality Prompt Service The Reliable Three - Banded Italian Queens We are now booking orders for 1921. Queens will be ready after May 15th, one- fourth down, balance just before shipping date. Place your orders early, as we fill orders in rotation. WHY ORDER FARMER QUEENS? They are bred by as skillful and experienced queen-breeders as can be found in the United States. There are very few places where queens are reared under as favorable conditions as in our queen-rearing yards. We devote our time to rear- ing as good queens as possibly can be, and we positively guarantee that no better can be reared; we spare neither labor nor money in developing our strain of Italians. It is our intention to improve our original stock each year and to be more skillful queen-breeders. Our first original stock was pro^cured from the highest quality obtainable, which we have proved to the highest point and is now not surpassed by any. Our own eyes inspect every queen that leaves our yards; no culls sent out. Place your orders, and after you have given our queens a fair test and you are not satisfied in every way that they are as good as any you have ever used, just return them and we will send you queens to take their places or return your money. They are very resistant to diseases, the very best :£pr honey-gathering. You take no risk in buying our queens; safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada; satisfaction is left entirely to purchaser; prompt service given to all orders; every queen guaranteed to be purely mated. Our Prices: 1 6 12 100 Untested $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 Select Untested 1.75 9.50 17.00 120.00 Tested 3.00 14.75 25.00 Select Tested 4.00 23.00 42.00 Write for prices on larger quantities than 100. The Farmer Apiaries - - Ramer, Alabama Where the good queens come from. pllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli illllllllllllllillllilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^^ Ai irco Foundation Use it this year. We want YOU to be the judge. The A. I. Root Company Medina, Ohio For your convenience, prompt service and saving on carriers' charges you can M address The A. I. Eoot Co., at any of the following points where Airco Founda- J tion is always in stock: M Chicago, 224 W. Huron St. San Francisco, 52-54 Main St. 1 St. Paul, 290 E. Sixth St. New Orleans, 224 Poydras St. J Indianapolis, 873 Massachusetts Ave. New York, 23 Leonard St. M Council Bluffs, Iowa. Philadelphia, 8-10 Vine St. g San Antonio, P. O. Box 765. Norfolk, 10 Commerce St. g Los Angeles, 1824 E. 15th St. Svracuse, 1631 W. Genessee St. m Agencies all over the country. pllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllly^ I Uncle Sam on Comb Honey CINCINTJATI: (Jan. l*^)- Rsceipts light. Wi th no carlot arrivals reported. ^^ _cpM3- Supplies llshl; Demand moderate, martet steady, prices holdine firm. ) MI^^*JEA?OLIS! (Jan. 17') • Extracted siippll as mode rate. Demand and movsment slow, market weaker. COMB: AlthDuei) demand and movsment is slow, market is firm becauss supplies ve^y light. BOSTON- bince last report, U5 tarrels Porto Tdco arrived, fferket unsettled for extracted stock account declining sugar and syiup market. CHICAGO- Car Colo. , car Calif,, cu-r Minn, arrived. Very slow demand andmovemdnt, market xveak and lowfrpkSicas are generally anticipated on extracted, but it is bslieved ccmb prices will hold up pretty well. MTNTIEAPOLTS Supplies light. Dealers ccntinuing to buy only fo r immediate needs Warkit weaker on extracted, but steady on comb. li I This proves comb honey is your best bet. Get first grade prices with Lewis Sections. See a 1921 "Beeware" Catalog. Write today. Ask us for your distributer's name. It's free. LOOK FOR DEC HIVES AND APIARIAN EQUIPMCNT BEWARE WHERE YOU BUY YOUR BEEWARE 'kK^ T£RTOWM \A MAKES THE FINEST. THIS MARK "Beeware" is a Registered Trademark. G. B. Lewis Company Home Office and Works : Watertown, Wisconsin. Branches: Albany, N. Y., Memphis, Tenn., Lawyers (Near Lynchburg), Va. illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllll^ III! (gleanings^ « l^ee Cul^p Jlf, '-^ ^ **ejL, : -«'is^ Well Protected from Chilly April Winds VOL. XLIX April. 1921 NUMBER 4 z:^ QyALITY H P"^^ FlKST ^^' Packers ^^£, ^anufactufeR^ You all know the value of good Queens. When buying- why not buy the BEST. Our Queen- rearing Apiary, in charge of Henry Perkins, will be able to supply the "Best" Queens ob- tainable shortly after April 1st. • riid ill yotir urder at once to avoid delaji in sectirinii your reqvire- ments. Prices very attractive. Sntixfaction yiiaranteed. icit^^ ^LTIMORE, m md- MILLER BOX MANUFACTURING CO. 201 North Avenue 18 Los Angeles, Cal. iiiiniiiiitiitiiiiitiiii Southern Headquarters for Pack- age Bees and Reliable Queens Three-Banded Italians Only PRICE OP BEES: lib. package, $3.50; 2 lbs.. $5.50; 3 lbs., $7.50, Add price of gi-ade of queen wanted to these prices. Write for de scriptive ])ripe list. PRICE OP QUEENS: Untested, $1.50 each; six, $8.50; twelve. $16.00; fifty or more, $1.25 each. Select untested, $1.75 each; six, $9.50; twelve, $18.50; fifty 'or more, $1.50 each. Tested Queens, $3.00 each. Prompt service, safe arrival of queens, and satisfaction we guarantee. Any of queens that prove to be mismated will be replaced free of ehargei. No foul brood tagious bee disease has ever been in our vicinity. I W. D. ACHORD FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllillllllllllllllllillll!l!IJili'IIIII{|llllllllllliliy^^ lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1. Does not have to be slowed down to reverse. J 2. Reversing as many times as desired. g 3. Does not break fragile combs. g i. Extracts combs clean — free from all honey. g 5. Made strong and substantial. m 6. Has been thoroly tested. M 7. Made by the oldest and most experienced manufacturers g of honey extractors. ADVANTAGES OF THE NEW BUCKEYE HONEY EXTRACTOR = Write for quotations. We have just received a shipment of various sizes and styles of extractors. ^ I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA | i m Los Angeles: 1824 E 15th St. illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliy San Francisco: 52-i54 Main St. = III April, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE APRIL, 1921 Honey Markets 196-197 Report of Annual Meeting of A. H. P. League H. B. Parks 197 Editorials 201-203 Colonj- Control Morley Pettit . 204-206 The Call of the Southland E. R. Root 206-209 Spray Poisoning Dr. A. L. Melander 210-211 Fireweed, or Willow-Herb F. W. L. Sladen 212-214 Comb-Honey Production Geo. S. Demuth 214-216 Repellent in Spray Josephine Morse 217 Essentials of Production J. M. Buchanan 217-218 Finding Queens Carl C. Johnson 218 Sif tings J. E. Crane 219 Among California Beekeepers Constance Root Boy den 220-221 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 222-223 From North, East, West, and South 224-226 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 227 Gleaiied by Asking Editors 228-229 Talks to Beginners Editor 230-231 Bees, Men, and Things 232 Just News 233 Our Homes A. I. Root 234-236 SUBSCEIPTION BATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in -advance-subscription rates witlidi'awn.) Single capy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CELA.NGE OF ADDEESS. — Give your old address as ■well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. EEMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTEIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited: stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVEETISING BATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVEBTISEES' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 62.1 per cent; advertising, 37.9 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial StafF Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root lona Fowls H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor Illlllllllll GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ApriTj, 1921 Muth's Ideal Bee Veil $1.50 Order direct from us or any of the G. B. Lewis Co. distributors. Tliis smiling cliap is .Tasper Knight, Hayneville, Alabama. 1'liere is not a bet- ter Queen Breeder in the Soutli than ".Jap." Notice he wears a Muth Veil — it's cool even in Alabama. WE HAVE A COMPLETE STOCK OF Lewis Beeware. Have you taken advan- tage of t>ur attractive prices on Bee Sup- plies? Send us a list of your requirements for quotation. Send for catalog. WE ARE AGAIN IN THE MARKET for shipments of Honey. What have you? Send sample with your best price deliv- ered to Cincinnati. OLD COMBS AND WAX. DON 'T MUSS around rendering old comb ; it often spreads ])ee disease. Send for shipping tabs and bag it up at once. We pay you the market i)rice for wax rendered, less 5c per pound for rendering charges. BEES.— TWO-FRAME NUCLEI WITH Queen, $8.50. Our Nuclei will make a strong colony by Fall. QUEENS. —JASPER KNIGHT'S FA- mous Three-Banded Select Untested Queens, $2.00. For quantity orders wi'itc for special prices. THE FRED W. MUTH CO. Pearl and Walnut, Cincinnati, 0. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllliiiiii I ?!? SUPERIOR" FOUNDATIO.\ | Yes, we are ready for the ru.sh. Many ton.s now ready for shipment, and M our machines are running to utmost capacity. Use the best. If your dealer M can't supply you, write us for price, stating quantity required. Wo also accept beeswax for foundation or supplies. "Everything in Bee Supplies" SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY OGDEN, UTAH. (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation) llllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllll^ lllllllllllllilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllll^^ m M Indianapolis Can Give You Some Real Beekeeping Service We ship your order the same day it is received. Let us give you some of this service. Catalog for the asking. Write for prices on beeswax ■ I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY 873 Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii April. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 195 giiiiiii!iii!:iii!:iiii:iiiiiiiii:iiii;iiii;iiii;iiii:iiiiiiiii!iiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ I BEE SUPPLIES I Root's Goods at Factory Prices With Weber's Service g We carry several carloads of bee supplies, aud are able to give prompt ship- =_ = ment at all times. Our motto is a customer must be satisfied; give us a trial and we S g will show you how quickly we will answer your correspondence; send your order and 3 m it will follow 24 hours after we receive it. Our new catalog will be ready about 3 g January 15th; send for same. We have thousands of s-itisfied customers; why not g ^ you? Send a list of your wants and we will quote you. 3 I C. H. W. Weber & Co. I i 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii^^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I SUPPLIES I I A Superior Quality at Less Cost I g We have in New York a complete stock of Apiary M 1 Supplies manufactured by THE DIAMOND MATCH g H CO. They are the largest manufacturcM's in the world g I who make Bee Supplies. ' ' 3 I Says a Beekeeper Who Has Used Our Supplies I g "Just a few lines to inform you that I am very much g g pleased to heaa- that you are going to have a ware- g m house in New York, as I am certainly pleased with g g the Hives you make." g I Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. | I GET OUR PRICES. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 1 ()(! G L 15 A N I N G S T N B E R C U I. T U U R HONEY MARKETS April, 1921 While good crop prospects, together with a depressed market, may look discouraging as to future prices, beekeepers should re- member that sugar may be less plentiful next year. Eeports indicate that the acreage of sugar beets, as well as sugar cane, is be- ing greatly reduced. U. S. Government Market Reports. SHIPPING POINT INFORMATION, MAR. 15. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. — PracticaUy no wire inquiry. Supplies heavy, demand and move- ment slow, market weak. Few sales being made in 60-lb. cans, carloads f. o. b. usual terms, white orange and white sage 12-13 i/^c, white alfalfa 8-9c, light amber alfalfa 6-6% c. Hawaiian, white T^Av, light amber 6c. Due to unsettled market conditions, a large proportion of shipments are consigned to eastern markets to be sold by brokers in le,ss than carlots. Bulk honey is moving a little more freely. PracticaUy no export demand is reported. The heavy recent rains are said to insure a large crop this season. Many producers are still holding last ye.ar's crop for higher prices than the present mar- ket will pay. Monterey County reports most of the old crop sold, with good prospects for the coming year. San Diego County has some 35 cars still in warehouses. A very high percentage of California honey is now disposed of thru co-operative associa- tions. It is reported that contracts for the new crop are being offered for June-Tuly shipment at very low prices. Sacked beeswax of light color is being sold in less than carlots at 33-35c per lb., dark stock being quoted as low as 26c. INTER-MOUNTAIN REGION (COLORADO AND IDAHO). — Light shipments of both comb and extracted honey reported. F. o. b. price of 7c per lb. for water-white extracted honey is being quoted out for bulk honey in 1. c. 1. lots, altho some or- ganizations are holding for higher prices. Thei in- quiry is said to be improving somewhat as a result of lower quotations. The selling of extracted honey thru retail st-ores is a noteiworthy movement. Bee- keepers are selling water-white grade in ton lots locally at 6^^c per lb., and bright yellow beeswax at 32c per lb. Some beekeepers are discouraged over the outlook for 1921, seeing little chance for secur- ing even the cost of production out of prospective prices. OTHER SECTIONS. — Texas is reported to be moving some light amber extracted honey at 12-14c per lb. in small lots. Considerable stock is being offered, but demand for it is lacking. 25c per lb. is being paid to beekeepers for beeswax. Some new crop honey is already appearing. Wisconsin is said to be holding best extracted clover for 18c per lb. TELEGRAPHIC REPORTS FROM IMPORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — No arrivals since last report. Comb; Supplies light, little activity but prices holding firm. Sales to retailers. New York, 24-section cases white clover No. 1 heavy $8.50-9.00, light $7.00-8.00; Vermont, 20-section cases white clover heavy .$8.50, light $7.50. Extracted: A few .scattering sales in small lots reported. Sales to confectioners and bot- tlers, per lb., California, white sage 19-20c; Porto Rican, no sales reported. Beeswax: Demand and movement very light, no change in prices. Sales to floor wax, shoe polish, and candle manufacturers, per lb., domestic, light 32-35c; African, dark 16-20c. CHICAGO. — Car Wisconsin, car Colorado, 3.000 lbs. Idaho, 3,000 lbs. California, 1,500 lbs. Michi- gan arrived. Market very weak, prices gradually declining, trading slow, local buyers doing very little f. 0. b. buying and most stock represents con- signments. Extracted: per lb., sales to bottlers, Colorado, Idaho. California, white clover and alfalfa ll-12c, light and dark amber 9i/^-10c. Comb: Sales to retailers, Wisconsin, Michigan, 24-section cases No. 1, heavy $6.50-7.00; dark color, light weight and leaky sections $5.00-6.00. Beeswax, approxi- mately 5,000 lbs. from Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouii and 6,000 lbs. from Central and South America ar- rived. Market dull, movement slow. Sales to whole- salers, drug houses, electrical houses and harness- makers per lb., Oklahoma, Missouri, and Texas, light 27-32C, dark 26-29c: foreign, best liaht 25c. CINCINN.VTI. — 1 car unknown arrived since last report. Supplies liberal. No jolibing sales of honey reported. Beeswax : Supplies liberal, demand and movement moderate, market weaker. Sales to wholesalers, druggists, and dentists, average yellow 32-38C, mostly 35c per lb. CLEVELAND. — No arrivals since last report. Supplies moderate, practically no movement of bulk honey except in a limited way to bottlers. Dealers quoted: Extracted, western, white sweet clover, 60- lb. cans in 5 to 10 case lots 16-18c per lb., single cases 20-21c. DENVER. — Market continues quiet, demand and movement light. Sales to .iobbers, extracted, per lb., Colorado, white 13-18c, light amber 12%-16c, amber 12c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases No. 1 white, $6.10; No. 2, $5.65. KANSAS CITY. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies liberal, demand and movement slow, market weak on both extracted and comb. Sales to .iobbers, extracted: California, light amber alfalfa 10-lOi^c, extra light amber and white al- falfa 12c. Comb: California, 24-section flat cases No. 1 light alfalfa $6-6.50. MINNEAPOLIS. — No carlot arrivals. Supplies very light and little prospect of more being bought before the new season. Demand and movement slow, market dull. Extracted: Sales to retailers, bakers and confectioners, western, 60-lb. cans alfalfa and sweet clover mixed light amber 17c. Comb: Sales to retailers, western alfalfa and sweet clover mixed, 24-section cases, verv few sales No. 1, $8.00. NEW YORK. — Light 1. c. 1. receipts from New York and California. Practically no demand or movement, market dull, very few sales. Bottlers, bakers and confectioners doing little buying, and practically no activity to market. Spot sales to .iob- bers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, extracted: Domestic per lb., Californias, light amber and white alfalfa 7-9c. few high as 10c; white or- ange blossom and white sage 12-15c, few 16c; New York buckwheat 9-lOc. Imported, West Indian and South American refined, per lb., 5i^-6%e, mostly 6-6%c; per gal. 60-70c, mostly 65-70c. Comb: No supplies, no sales reported. Beeswax : Domestic re- ceipts light, foreign receipts moderate, supplies mod' erate, demand and movement very slow, market dull, few sales, little buying being done by bleachers and manufacturers. Sales to jobbers, wholesalers, and manufacturers. South American and West In- dian, light, best 26-28c, .slightly darker 22-25c, dark 17-18c, African, dark 17-19c. PHILADELPHIA. — No carlot arrivals. Supplies moderate but meeting practically no demand, mar- ket very dull. Very few sales in small lots to bakers and manufacturers, extracted: Florida, 60-lb. cans light amber lie, amber 9c per lb.; Porto Rican. light amber 68c, amber 63c per gallon. Comb and beeswax, no sales. ST. LOLTIS. — Comb: Moderate supplies, move- ment very slow, market very dull, lack of demand is outstanding feature. Very few sales to retailers in small lots, Colorado, 24-sectioii cases white clover and alfalfa. No. 1 heavy around $8.00. Extracted: Receipts very light but supplies liberal, demand lack- ing. Few sales to bakers' supply houses, large bakers, and wholesale druggists, in 5-gallon cans, per lb., Missouri, Arkansas and Mississippi, light amber various mixed flavors mostlv around 14c. dark am- ber mo.stly around 12c. Beeswax: Receipts very light, supplies moderate, very light demand, market dull, few sales reported. Sales to jobbers and candle- makers, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, ungraded average coxmtrv run mostlv around 24c per lb. GEORGE "LIVINGSTON. Chief of Bureau of Markets. Opinions of Producers. Early in March we sent to actual- honey-produc- ers, scattered over the country, the following ques- tions : 1 . What per cent of the 1920 honey crop is still in the hands of the producers? 2 . What is the per cent of winter loss of bees, if any, in your locality ? 3 . What is the condition of the colonies at pres- ent as compared with normal? (Give answer in per cent.) 4 . What is the condition of the honey plants at this time as compared with normal? (Give an- swer in per cent.) This month, the answers of our regular corre- April, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUKE 197 spondents (whose initials are given) are tabulated as follows : Alabama (J. M. 0.) 80 2 135 125 British Coiumbia (W. .1. S.). 0 5 100 100 California (M. H. M.) ? 2 100 75 California (L. L. A.) 50 5 100 75 California (F. B. I,.) 50 5 100 75 Colorado (.T. A. G.) 35 5 95 100 Florida (W. L.) 10 2 100 100 Idaho (K. F. A.) 75 5 100 100 Illinois (A. L. K.) 10 0 125 50 Indiana (F. S. M.) 33 ' 100 75 Iowa {F. C.) 5 0 105 70 Kansas (J. A. N.) 0 5 90 80 Louisiana (K. C. D.) 10 25 100 105 Maryland (S. J. C.) 20 5 125 100 Massachusetts ( O. M. S.) . . . . 10 ? ? 100 Michiaan (B. F. K.) 5 0 125 80 Mississippi (R. B. W.) 50 15 85 125 Missouri (J. W. R.) 0 10 75 80 New York (G. H. R.) 12 5 100 100 New York (F. W. L.) 3 0 125 75 New York (A. & M.) 43 0 95 25 Ohio (F. L.) 0 0 100 100 Oklahoma (C. F. S.) 10 0 100 100 Ontario (F. E. M.) 5 ? 110 ? Ponnsvlvania (H. B.) 0.5 90 100 Texas' (.1. N. M.) 0 3 125-75 Texas (H. B. P.) 1 2 100 90 Texas (T. A. B.) 10 5 80 100 Utah (M. A. G.) 10 5 100 100 Virginia (J. H. M.) 5 3 78 95 Washington (G. W. B. S.) • • 25 4 110 100 Wisconsin (H. F. W.) ^. 10_ 5 100 ? Special Foreign Quotations. LIVERPOOL. — With heavy stocks and no ex- port demand, prices are nominal. Sellers at the moment do not report their sales, which must be quite moderate. The value of extracted honey at today's i-ate of exchange is 6-7c per pound. The beeswax market is still unsatisfactory. The value in American currency is 25-26c per pound. I..iverpool, England, Mar. 2. Taylor & Co. CUBA. — The price of honey is 60-70c per gal- lon: wax, 22c per pound. A. Marzol. Matanzas, Cuba, Mar. 8. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiii REPORT OF THE FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OP THE AMERICAN HONEY PRODUCERS' LEAGUE. FEB. 15-17. The delegates from the regular beekeepers' asso- ciations and from the allied interests gathered in Indianapolis for the first annual meeting of the League. About 50 person.s and some 30 organiza- tions were represented. The president, E. G. Le- Stourgeon of San .\ntonio. Tex., gave a report of the actions of the officers. H. B. Parks, acting secre- tary, reported on the activities of the League up to the present time. B. F. Kindig of East Lansing, Mich., chairman of thei committee on education, gave a very full report on the work done in apicul- ture in the various state schools. The bureau of legislation, represented by C. P. Campbell of Grand Rapids. Mich., gave an account of the activities of this bureau in compiling and presenting a brief to the chairman of the Ways and Means committee of congress, asking that a tariff of not less than 48c and not greateir than 60c per gallon be placed on honey. A number of minor activities of this bureau were reported, especially one in which theire is a case between a beekeeper and a smelter co'm- pany in Arizona. The League is planning thru its committees to assist in the fighting of this case. The most interesting occurrence of the meeiting occurred on Feb. 16, when Clifford Muth, chairman of the special advertising committee, reported on its activities. Mr. Muth suggested that we pledge the money for the advertisinir campaign at oncei. This met with the approval of those present, and, after many spirited speeclies and considerable eix- liorting nn the part of F. W. Muth of Cincinnati, the following amounts were subscribed: American Bee Journal, $300: C. H. Weber, $500; G. B. Lewis Co., $400; Texas Honey Prod. Ass'n., $700; F. W. Muth Co., $500; A. I. Root Co., $1000; Wesley Foster, $150; Elyria Enameled Prod. Co., $200; Wisconsin Beekeepers' Ass'n., $200; J. J. Wilder, $50; Georgia Ass'n., $100; Michigan Ass'n., $300; Utah Ass'n., $500; Indiana -A^ss'n., $100; Texas Ass'n., $100; C. H. Wiley, $50. Thei secretary and the advertising committee were instructed to obtain further subscriptions to the advertising fund, and it is very probable that be- tween ten and twelve thousand dollars will be raised. The exe-cutive committee was instructed to place a contract with the Proctor and Collier agency for advertising, which will consist of six one-quarter- page ads in Good Housekeeping, tliese ads to be backed up by articles on honey in the body of the magazine; also, articles in farm and county paper.^ published by three of the newspaper syndicates. In addition to this a recipe booklet is to be prepared for general distribution in answer to the advertise- ment. The problem of raising additional funds for advertising was thoroly discus.sed. A. L. Boyden suggested that we ask for two per cent of the value of last year's honey crop, and H. F. Wilson of Wisconsin suggested five cents per colony. It was agi-eed that those soliciting for advertising, ask that the beekeepers tax themselves either one or the other amount. The officers were re-elected for 1921, and it was announced that the payment of dues made during 1920 would be applied on the present year. The members present expressed a preference that the next meeting be held at Salt Lake City, Utah, and it is probable that the executive committee will sane tion this selection. At the close of the meeting, the executive committee held its annual meeting. It \^ as decided that at the present time no charter is need- ed, as this would necessitate the holding of the annual meetings at some stated place. .\ brief estimate indi- cated that it would require at least $10,000 annually to establish and maintain permanent headquarters for the national secretary. This amount of money can not be raised for thi.3 purpose during the pres- ent ytar, but steps were taken towards making ar- rangements for this important movement. H. B. Parks was selected as secretary-treasurer of the League for the ensuing year and was re- quired to give a bond in the sun of $10,000. The committee instructed the secretary to solicit con- tributions to the general expense fund of the League and to issue another number of the League Bulletin as soon as pr.ictieable. The following State associations have already voted to become members of the Leagiie: Michigan, Montana, New Yor.c. Indiana, Tennessee, Wiscon- .sin, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Iowa, Nebraska, Texas, Il^tah, and Colorado: also the Chicago North- western Beekeepers' Ass'n., Texas Honey Producers' .Vssociation, and the California Honey Producers' -Association. Following is the financial report of Chas. B. Jus- tice while acting as secretary: Receipt.s — Balance N. B. A. acc't., $256.90; received from individuals, $49.50; New York Ass'n., $21.00; Michigan Ass'n., $100; Montana Ass'n., $27: total $454.40. Dis- bursements— Expressage, $3.31; printing, $11.00; postage, $4.65; telegrams, $10.80; stenog. at K. C, $13.75; photos, $10; wire to Medina, 70c: B. F. K. bill, $7.04; stenog. Lamson, $5; L. S. Gillham Co., $25; LeRoy Carman Printing Co., ("League Bul- letin"), $235.25; stenog. services, $50; St. Louis Button Co., $22.70; postage, $5; stationery, $2; total. $406.24; balance on hand, $48.16. Following is the financial report of treasurer since Buffalo meeting: Receipts — Fred W. Muth Co., $50; Dadant & Sons, $100; American Bee Journal, $100; G. B. Lewis Co.. $200; Montana Ass'n., $1; Utah Ass'n., $100; Indiana, $100: Wis- consin, $100; Tennessee, $100; Chicago N. W. Bee- keepers' Ass'n., $100; Superior Honev Co., $10: United States Can Co., $10; total $1071. Disburse- ments— Standard Printing Co., $25.50; postage, $20.80; stenographer, $100; postage, $18.80; ste- nographer, $100; Standard Printing Co., $230; rub- ber stamps, 30c; postage, $8.70; stenographer. $100; total. $604.10; balance on hand, general fnnd, $466 90; receipts Adv. Fund, F. -f. Kettig &■ Sons for Indiana .\.ss'n., $100. H. B. PARKS, Secretary. G Jj E A N I N G S IN Li E K C U E T U R E Ai'KiL, 1921 Buckeye Packed Hives Bee Books Bee Gloves Section Honey Boxes Bee Veils Honey Extractors Feeders Bees Beginner's Outfits Gleanings in Bee Culture Frames "And they are Queen Excluders Queen Rearing Outfits Honey Tanks Standard Dovetailed Hives Honey Labels Hive Parts Smokers Comb Foundation, Airco Brand Wax Presses Capping Melters Queens all Root Quality ' ' M. H. Hunt dc Son Lansing, Michigan 510 North Cedar Street Send for 1^21 Catalog. ArRiii, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllO^ Winter Problem Solved by the Hive With an Inner Overcoat Furnished with Jumbo depth or Strnidnrd Ilnlfiiirni Frames. In your purchase of hives for the coming season, consider the fact that, if well taken care of, they should last a lifetime. A lifetime matter is a serious one, and nothing but the best that money can buy should have your consid- eration. The Hive veith an Inner Overcoat is the best on the market as to ma- terial, workmanship, and efficiency. The outside wall is made of % material, the best for the purpose. Any extra cost over ordinary hives, spread over its lifetime, is very low. The saving in bees, in a single winter, may more than pay for the entire investment. Winter losses in ordinary hives during the win- ter of 1919-20 in many cases were 75% or more. What a tremendous loss! The Hive with an Inner Overcoat will winter normal colonies, without loss. Send for a special circular showing large illustrations. New 1921 illustrated catalog of beekeepers' supplies now ready. Send us a list of your require- ments for the coming season. TIN HONEY PACKAGES 2 lb. Frictioii top cans, cases of 24. 'i ti.. Friction top pnil.s, cases of 12. 2 lb. Friction top cans, crates of 612. 5 lb. Friction top pails, crates of 100. 21/2 lb. Friction top can.s, cases of 24. 5 lb. Friction top pails, crates of 200. 21/^ lb. Friction top cans, crates of 450. 10 lb. Friction top pails, cases of 6. 10 lb. Friction top pails, crates of 100. Spfrinl prices on shipments direct from factory in the East or West. Friction top pails $ 8.50 Pint Ma.son Jars," flint glass, per gross $9.00 Friction top pails 16.00 Quart Mason .lars, flint gla.ss, per Friction top pails 12.50 gross 10.00 100 5-lh. 200 51b. 100 10-11) A. G. WOODMAN COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich. 200 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apeid, 1921 ^ MllllllllllllllllllNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIII^ ^ I I Do Not Raise Drones I I Wires cut into all-wood frames and lose tension. Portions of honeycomb may sag when wires loosen. Worker brood is not reared in sagged combs parts ; drones may be. Honey may clog sagged combs. Smaller crops, increased swarming often result. Eyeletted end-bar frames will help remedy this. Eyeletted frames are made available by Lewis "Beeware." AAHres do not rust at contact Avitli eyelets. Less tension is needed in wiring eyeletted frames. AVires do not cut metal eyelets. Sold only in packages of frames. No eyelets or end-bars sold. End-bars have to l)e specially bored ; eyelets fitted by auto- matic machinery. Furnished only by "Beeware" distributers. Send for a "Beeware" catalog today. It's free. LOOK FOR BCE HIVES AND APIARIAN EQUIPMENT BEWARE WHERE YOU BUY YOUR BE|WARE MAKES THE FINEST. THIS MARK "Beeware" is a rei/ixtered trademark. G. B. Lewis Company HOME OFFICE AND WORKS: WATERTOWN, WIS., U. S. A. Branches: Albany, N. Y. ; Memphis, Tenn.; Lawyers (Near Lynchburg), Vn. i!iiiniiiriiiniii:Miiiiii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiniii;iiii{iiii:iiii!iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:niiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[? = Piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy EDITORIAL ON PAGE 197 of this issue will be found a report of the meeting held by the Ameri- can Honey Producers ' League League at Indianap- Advertising olis. Among other Fund. things done at that meeting was the raising of a fund of $6,000 to help extol the merits of honey as a food, without naming any particular brand or locality. To that end an advertising propaganda in the magazine Good Housekeeping was proposed by one of the prominent advertising agencies; and so favorably was the proposition received that the amount was raised in about 30 minutes. It was suggested at the meeting that the larger beekeeping public, who were not rep- resented at that meeting, would be glad to help swell this fund, and thus make the advertising much more effective. Here is an opportunity for beekeepers, thru their local organization, to help create a better market for honey. A PEOPOSED amendment to the village law of the State of New York, "To regu- late and prohibit Attention Beekeepers of New York State. the keeping of bees within the village limits, ' ' is now in the Sen- ate of the New York State Legislature. Such a law would be clearly unconstitutional since it would abridge the right of citizens of the State to engage in legitimate business. When the far-reaching benefits of the honeybee to horticulture and agriculture in cross-pol- lination are considered, the beekeeper should not be compelled to beg for an existence, and beekeeping should be fostered by the State rather than hindered by adverse legislation. Every beekeeper in the State of New York, whether he has one colony or 1000 colonies, should write at once to both the senator and representatives from his district, pro- testing against the passage of this bill and urging the legislators to vote against Senate Bill No. 639, entitled, "An Act to Amend the Village Law in Kelation to the Eegulat- ing or Prohibiting the Keeping of Bees," if it sliould be reported from the committee on Affairs of Villages. DON 'T GET alarmed over Government honey-market quotations, even if the clouds on the beekeeper's hori- zon are a little dark just now. There is always a silver lining somewhere. It has been stated that thousands of the sugar-beet farmers, and likewise other thou- sands of producers of sugar cane, will raise some other crop this coming season. If that is a fact there is all the more reason for the beekeeper, who can not shift from honey to some farm crop, to stick to his job of pro- ducing honey. Furthermore, he should pro- duce more largely of comb honey, which is still commanding a good market. If the sugar-beet farmers and sugar-cane produc- ers have got "cold feet," we beekeepers "should worry." If there should be a short- age in sugar next year, we should worry. We would be very sma,rt to produce all the honey we can. The man who gets ' ' cold feet, ' ' and gives up now, is very short- sighted, to say the least. Above all things just now, when the bees are rearing brood so early, beekeepers should watch their, colonies closely to be sure that none of them run short of stores. THE EEMAEKABLY mild weather during February and early March has afforded bee- keepers a splendid op- Early Brood portunity to note the Rearing. variations in the be- ginning of brood-rear- ing under different colony-conditions. As a rule, winter brood-rearing is undesirable, and it is well to note just what conditions favor the postponement of brood-rearing. Usually the colonies which are wintering the very best are the ones which begin spring brood-rearing latest. Such colonies, being quieter during the winter, are willing to continue their quiescence longer. Weak colonies usually begin brood-rearing earlier than stronger colonies. Colonies having old bees usually begin brood-rearing earlier than colonies having younger bees. Colo- nies that are restless because of a nervous temperament usually begin brood-rearing earlier than colonies of a quieter tempera- ment. Colonies which are frequently dis- turbed are more inclined to begin brood- rearing early than those undisturbed. Colo- nies which have wintered on poor stores usu- ally start brood-rearing earlier than those wintered on better stores. Colonies exposed either to very low or very high temperatures usually begin brood-rearing earlier than those in a moderate temperature. In this connection it has long been known that colo- nies of normal strength wintering well in cellars may postpone brood-rearing until after they have been placed on their sum- mer stands. The outstanding feature in all of these is some form of disturbance. Whether it comes from colony weakness, temperament, age, mechanical disturbance, poor stores, or tem- perature, the quiescence of early winter is filially upset ;iiul brood-rearing is begun. G T. E A N I N G S T N BEE 0 U Tj T TT K T! April, 1921 Reports coming to tliis oflice iiidic-iiti' tliiit ill many eases the bees began rearing con- siderable brood in tlie cellars this year, some time before l)eing put outside. Tliis was probal)ly brouglit about in some cases by the lack of a proper cleansing flight be- fore being put into the cellars last Novem- ber, as mentioned on page 10 of our Janu- ary issue, and in other cases by the cellars being too warm during the winter. In many eases, no doubt, both of these disturbing factors have been at work, thus hastening the beginning of brood-rearing. Just what effect this early brood-rearing will have upon the condition of the colonies later will depend largely upon the weather from now on. If no severe cold weather occurs later and if the bees rear brood only moderately in the North during April, no serious damage may be done except the using ii]> of an excessive amount of stores. 6f= =>a ^os: IN PARTS of tlie nortlieastern United States where temperature conditions are fa- vorable for the clo- Liming the Soil and Its Effect on Beekeeping. \'eis, the soil is so deficient in lime that the clovers do not do well. In some regions when the soil could no longer supjjort a growth of clover, farms have been abandoned because of the poverty of the soil. Within recent years many of these abandoned farms have been built up, and good crops are now being raised largely thru the use of lime and the growing of clo- \('r. Extension men from the agricultural col- leges are now preaching the doctrine of liming tlie soil. County agents and farm bu- reaus are not only telling farmers that it pays to lime the soil, but demonstrations are being made on farms here and there to show the great value of lime. As a result of all this, great areas in eastern Ohio and parts of New York and Pennsylvania, outside of the buckwheat region, which were formerly ]ioor territory for beekeeping, are now be- coming good beekeeping territory on account of the return of the clovers. The practice of liming the soil spreads from farm to farm, as neighboring farmers become convinced that it pays, until large areas of good clover territory spread from these centers where liming was begun several years ago. In most of these regions alsike clover has al- ready been introduced and when once it gets into a locality it stays, if conditions are at all suitable, springing up in meadows, along I'oadsides and in fence corners. Beekeepers in these regions will do well to find out where the most lime is being used by the farmers, as a guide in locating out- apiaries, for where farmers are using a ton or more of ground limestone to the acre, beekeeping should flourish, if other condi- tions are at all. favorable. In this connection many beekeepers have noticed how much better the clovers grow along roadsides when the road is paved with cruslicd limestone, as a result of the worn away particles of the stone being distrib- uted over the soil adjacent to the road. In those regions where the soil is deficient in lime, beekeepers can improve their loca- tions by seeing to it that the farmers of their vicinity are supplied with the best informa- tion available on the subject of liming the soil. Literature on this subject can be ob- tained from the various state experiment stations and agricultural colleges as well as from the United States Dei>artment of Agri- culture at Washington. ON PAGE 208 of this issue E. R. Root esti- mates the amount of honey used by a colony of bees for its /!^ Honey Used by a L \ Colony During l!' * . '"^ the Year. own maintenance at 200 to 250 pounds ■ per year in the southern States. This is the amount the bees must have before any surplus can be secured. While this amount may seem excessive to some, it is not so high as similar estimates made by others. The data which are avail- able on this subject are meager, but they all indicate that surprisingly large quanti- ties of honey are used by the bees during the active season. Beekeepers have no means of knowing ex- actly how much it costs in honey for the bees to rear a given amount of brood, and we can only guess as to the amount of honey used bj' adult bees when they are active as during a honey flow. Some work done by R. L. Taylor in the Michigan Experimental Apiary in 1896 yielded figures indicating that four pounds of honey are used to pro- duce a frame of brood, Langstroth size. These figures were obtained by carefully conducted experiments. Mell Pritchard re- ports that, in his queen-rearing operations, he feeds his cell-building colonies, after the honey flow, one quart of sugar syrup made of two parts of water to one part of sugar, which is about the equivalent, in sugar con- tent, of a pound of honey. This causes the bees to rear brood at the rate of five frames of brood every 20 days, these five frames being removed from the brood-chamber every 20 days and placed above a queen- excluder. Five combs every 20 days is at the rate of one comb every four days, to ])roduce which he feeds the equivalent of four pounds of honey. If no nectar is com- ing in from the fields, these colonies use a small n mount of their reserve stores in addi- tion to the quart of thin syrui) per day. These figures agree closely with Taylor 's fig- ures of four pounds of honey to produce a frame of brood. In 1901 Adrian Getaz collected all of the data which had been published up to that Al'KIL. 1021 G T. E A N T N 0 S IN P. K K C T' I, T H R R tiiiio in Aiiioricrni bepkeoiiiny litorntiirc on the subject of ' ' i'otMliiio- ));u-k'' oxtrjictcd honey for the coinjiU'tion of unlinished sec tious. Tliese fioiires indicate (|uite consistent- ly that a colony of bees, wlien actively en- gaged in storing comb honey in sections, uses one and a half pounds of honey daily. In practically every recorded case brood-rear- ing was restricted, while the colonies were being fed, by reducing the brood-chamber to five combs. From this great mass of lig- ures on feeding back Getaz concluded that 170 pounds of honey is the lowest amount consumed by a noiinal colony during the year. Disregarding the brood reared pievious to about Ajiril 1 and assuming that a colony rears two frames of brood during the tirst period of 21 days, tive frames of brood dur- ing the second period of 21 days, and 10 frames of brood during the third period of 21 days, we have a total of 17 frames of brood, which, according to the above figures, cost 68 pounds of honey. Some colonies will probably produce 20 combs of brood in this time, costing SO pounds of honey. This takes the colony up to about the first of June. As- suming an average of five frames of brood thru July and August, we have 15 frames of brood costing 60 pounds of honey. Assuming three frames of brood thru August and Sep- tember we have nine frames of brood, or a total of 164 to 176 pounds for brood-rearing alone. To this must be added 15 to 20 pounds for winter and the amount of honey used by the adult bees wlien they are active during a honey flow. On this point we have but little information; but, if the above figures are nearly correct, normal colonies of bees must consume more than 200 pounds of honev annually, even in the North. The large amount of stores needed for brood-rearing during the spring, in some cases apparently as much as 80 pounds, eni- jihasizes the need of close attention as to stores during this time when the bees may not be able to gather much from the fields. Cc: =0 ^Ct5= IN THOSE areas in which both Anu'rican foul brood and Eurojiean foul brood are often found in the The Sequence of Brood Diseases. same apiai'ies, some beekeepers actual- ly believe that one of these diseases turns into the other. So strong is this belief in some places that it is often discussed in beekeepers' meetings; and the idea has even crept into some of the bee journals, thus unfortunately adding to the confusion already existing in the miiuls of many beekeepers who have to con- tend with both iary during the spring; while American foul brood, if not checked by the beekeeper, spreads slowly but surely thruout the sea- son, especially during the robbing season. European foul brood is more destructive to weaker colonies, since strong colonies, e.spe- cially if Italians, are better able to resist it; while American foul brood destroys the strong as well as the weak, often being found first in tlie strongest colonies. When both diseases are present the bee- keeper sees chiefly European foul brood dur- ing the spring and chiefly American foul l)rood during the fall, altho both diseases may be jireseut thruout the season. The variation in the symptoms of European foul brood, by which it sometimes closely resem- bles American foul brood in appearance at tirst glance, may lead the beekeeper to think that he has only European foul brood in the spring, and the disappearance of the characteristic symjitoms of European foul brood later in the season leads him to be- lieve that he has only American foul brood left. If he send a sample to the Bureau of Entomology at Washington for examination in the spring when his trouble is overwhelm- ingly European foul brood he is almost sure to select a sample of this disease; and, if he. sends another sample in the fall when Euro- pean foul brood is difficult to find, he is al- most sure to send a sample of American foul brood. When both diseases are present a bad case of spring dwindling, following poor win- tering, may be diagnosed as "disappearing disease." The colonies thus weakene(l be- come easy i)rey for European foul brood. Even with this handicap the colonies may build up during the honey flow and clean up the European foul brood to a large ex- tent, so that later in the season the bee- keeper sees only American foul V)rood. Not- ing this sequence of evils the beekeeper may be led to the erroneous and absurd be- lief that one disease turns into another. GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE Al'RIL, 1<^2l AT the begin- ning of the active sea- sou it may not he out of place to consider some of the principles of colony control for necessary manipulations of combs and hive parts. For the comfort of the operator and for speed and efficiency, a thorough understanding of colony defensive behavior of honeybees is of the utmost im- portance; yet I cannot recall that this sub- ject has taken any important place in the literature of beekeeping. It is more with ;i view to stimulate research than with the idea of telling anything new that I am pre- senting the following rough outline of the subject as it appears to a practical bee- keeper. First, the honeybee colony is never un- guarded. There is no time when a hostile act does not produce a defensive reaction in a normal colony of bees. This varies with the condition of the colony, mainly from temper- ature, from a sullen buzz-z-z to a sally of scores or hundreds of armed guards. Hostile acts may be vibrations or sudden jars, quick motions in the sight of the guards, the open- ing of the hive, or the intrusion of foreign objects into the hive or in front of the en- trance. The latter includes the activities of would-be robber bees. Second, comparatively few individuals in the colony act as guards; but these few ap- pear to be self -constituted, and take up de- fensive activity wherever the hostile stimu- lus occurs. The vast majority of the workers pay no attention to any but the most seri- ous disturbances. If the stimulus is con- tinued, more and more guards come to the attack until the excitement may spread to practically the whole colony. Third, races of bees and individual colo- nies vary greatly in defensive beliavior. Italians are, as a rule, much more gentle un- der the hand of an experienced beekeeper; on the other hand, they defend their hive more vigorously against robber bees. Per- haps the confidence with which they re- main quiet under inspection is the same as that with which they kill persistent robbers, and it may be that the panic with which blacks run helter-skelter off the combs is the same fear which makes them easy marks for thieves of their own kind. Fourth, young bees seldom sting, and the guards are usually older. Bees well filled with honey seldom volunteer an attack; but. when returning from the field with a light load or when carrying pollen, they are often much inclined to attack. A queenless and broodless colony defends itself poorly against robber bees. Fifth, a normal brood-chamber is defend ed more vigoiously tlian a super of honey. Bees will fight for o]>en brood more quickly COLONY CONTROL Some Important Facts Concerning the 'behavior of '^ees in the De- fense of the Hne By Morley Pettit than for sealed brood and for open honey more <|uickly than for sealed honey. A special case here is that of a su- per of founda- tion or empty combs, especial- ly if the latter are fresh from the extractor. If the operator is slow in getting the hive closed after adding either of these and gives the guard-bees time to come up thru in force, he is in for a good stinging almost in spite of all the smoking he can do. This seems to hold even tho one or more supers of honey may intervene between the newly added super and the brood-chamber. If a comb of brood and a comb of honey are left outside the hive with their adhering bees, the latter will guard the brood to the extent of sting- ing all comers, but may in a few moments be brushed from the tioney without offering re- sistance. Before bee-escapes were introduced w^e used this principle in removing honey whenever there was sufficient flow to pre- vent robbing. Sixth, the effects of various other condi- tions on defensive behavior are almost end- less and are of great importance in practical bee management. In general a colony is more gentle when the temperature is high and the light is the brightest. Colonies in the sun are easier to manipulate than those in the shade at the same time of day. This is one strong argument against the use of shade in the apiary. It is the rule, practic- ally without exception, that as we go down a row of hives, handling the sunny ones without difficulty, we can look for trouble as soon as we come to a hive that is shaded. To use common apiary language, they are mean, unreasonable, and — so on. On cloudy days resistance is always greater, and if it is just too cool for bees to fly, or if it is raining or has just been raining, it is sim- ply awful. Not only is resistance greater, but the quieting effect of smoke is much less. This is often explained by the state- ment that on such occasions the old cranky field bees are all home; but, when we re- member our second observation that com- paratively few bees act as guards, we won- der how true an explanation this may be. It may be that the guards simply reflect the spirit of the hive, and that this spirit is tempered by the sum of the individuals which happen to be at home at the time. But that does not explain the case of the shaded colony which is storing just as rap- idly, and presumably has as many fielders out as the ones in the sun. Often a weak colony puts up a hot, unreasonable resist- ance to examination, and such colonies will often refuse all the skill and blandishments of the beekeeper to introduce a (|ueen, or to add more bees by ordinary uniting methods. It is notable in our experience tliat queens April. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 205 are more easily found in average colonies than in those which are below average strength. No doubt, she is more easily fright- ened into hiding where there are not so many bees. Colonies are the most gentle of the whole season during the fine days of spring. doul)t less because of the larger percentage of young bees. As the season advances they seem to grow more sophisticated, lose faith in man, and resist more vigorously from week to week his interference in their af- fairs. Colonies may be made bad-tempered by teasing or bad management; and, con- versely, it would seem as tho a whole apiary grows bctter-natured by having frequent visits from people who know liow to avoid irritating them. I have in mind a case where one lot of hives was divided in spring be- tween two locations. One was without shade, near a dwelling, where the lady of the house who loved bees often sat among the hives to do some mending or similar work. The bees remained gentle all thru the season. The other was in an old orchard far from any occupied house. Cattle were pastured in the same field and no doubt disturbed the even temper of the colonies considerably. No one went near the hives except the bee- keeper and his helpers, who gave each yard the same weekly attention. These bees be- came more and more cantankerous as the season advanced. This shows how the tem- per of bees may be developed in opposite directions by different environments, altho they are originally the same stock and re- ceive the same care and attention from the beekeeper. During a good honey flow colonies are usually most gentle and easily handled. As the flow cuts off they become cross. What makes the difference? Is it the robber bees which come picking arovmd the entiances and keeping the guards constantly alert? The fact that the presence of Numerous openings in old hives, which give robbers a better chance, makes the bees mvich crosser even tho no robbing actually occurs, would bear out this idea. No doubt the pres- ence of fresh nectar in everybody's honey sac makes all hands good-natured; and con- versely, the empty stomachs and the daily search for honey which is unrewarded set the colony nerves on edge. "Whatever be the explanation which some scientist will no doubt give us in due course, we all know that everything runs more smoothly in the apiary during a good flow. Applications in Practice. Now what has all this to do witli )iractical beekeeping? No doubt all coinmercial bee- keepers have quit reading before this, so T will address the amateurs and beginners who may still be in the audience. The con- trol of a colony of bees may be compared to the control of a nervous horse. The smoker represents whiji and lines. One is needed as much as the other. With long practice it may be possible to drive a' horse without lines, but it is not practical any more than to handle colonies without a good smoker. The latter must be ready to give a good full cloud of white cool smoke at all times. A good horseman lets his horse feel whip and bit just enough to kuow it has a master, and no more. He uses his control (whip and lines) just as much as the mood and disposition of the horse require, and no more. Directions are sometimes given like the following: "To open a hive blow smoke in the entrance, then raise the cover and drive some smoke in between the frames. ' ' This advice is given without any regard to the needs of the particular case. Did you ever hear a novice driver advised as fol- lows: "On taking your seat in the carriage give the horse three vigorous jerks on the bit and cut him sharply around the body twice with the whip. ' ' Some horses might require such treatment on some occasions, but to make a rule of treating all horses in this way would be inconvenient at times. Bees are quite as nervous as any horse ever was, and will respond to gentle or rough treatment just as readily. It is necessary to keep the colony completely under contiol from the time the cover is removed until it is replaced. The amount of smoke requirecl to do this will depend on all the conditions which have been very roughly outlined above — and several more. What smoke is used should reach the guards as a cool cloud, not as a blast. Smoke blown upon bees will excite them, when the same quantity of smoke reaching them without perceptible current or blast causes them to forget their resentment and go quietly about their busi- ness. Smoking at the Entrance. When conditions are favorable for good- tempered bees we seldom smoke the entrance at all. It disarms the entrance guards, in- creasing the danger of robbing, and excites the bees needlessly. If the queen is to be found, one might almost as well close up and go on to the next hive after smoking the entrance. She is very easily frightened into hiding, which inakes it almost impossible to find her. If the frames are covered with a cloth they can be uncovered almost without jar, which is ^ne great advantage of the cloth. At first, only a few bees nearest the light become guards and advance to the defense. A gentle cloud of dense smoke over the top-bars sends them back. Combs may then be removed and examined in 1urn. Per- haps every minute, or oftener depending on conditions, some guards lift' their wings in an alert manner and require the gentle yet dense cloud of smoke to envelop tliem and cause them to subside. It takes exnerieiicc and close watching to know just when tlie smoke should be used. If used too often all the bees become excited and run about, the queen cannot be found, and no work in that hive can be done with comfort. If left too long the guards dart at the operator, sting him, and he may lose his nerve and beat a 20fi GLEANINGS IN B K K (' U L T U U E April, 1921 luisty retreat. Tlieu the fat is surely in the fire. On liis return he is met by an angry mob which seem to know they have beaten him out, and it may be necessary to smoke tliem most unmercifully to get the colony in sul)- jection again. Isn't that a lot like a horse? They are likely to remeinbiM- you next time you come around, too. As the season advances we find it neces- sary to use more and more smoke, altho we always us.e about as little as will let the colony know who is boss. One of the draw- backs of commercial beekeeping is that we cannot choose the most favorable time of day or weather for colony work. With api- aries crowding one another for attention, the woik has to kee]) moving right along, no matter whether it is bright or dull and sometimes even when it rains. The manner of using the smoker has to make up for the difference. Why Does Smoke Quiet the Bees? "Very often at bee-? t h e s e never ending colds? these snuffs and snorts? Would that I could go where it is not cold, and where I could breathr nose, and without cat07 in the South, thi'ie are many days there when the tenijjerature is down to 50 degrees, and even slightly below freezing. During these times I think one will suffer as mueli as or more than he will in the North when the temperature is down to zero with a dry atmosjihere. But it is fair to say that the greater part of the days in the South are very comfortable; and the further south one 1 1 jk^^^p^^lj^Ai" f~Sr^ jM| Fig. 1. — A typical gallberry and blacklierry coun- try,stretchinff from North Carolina to Louisiana. The blackberry yields a dark-colored honey of in- ferior flavor : but it is invaluable for boosting brood-rearing. goes, the more it is like summer in the North. Many of the readers of this journal are interested in knowing what they can do with bees in a warm climate, and would like to know the sources of honey, and whether it is possible to make a living. As to the last 1 can say yes and no. As I have often said before in these col- umns, one must take time not only to accli- mate himself but to learn that bees must North to carry them thru from one main honey flow to another. Almost constant breeding wears out the queens so that they are seldom good for anything after the first year; and in some localities in the South the time will come, I think, when beekeepers will discover that it will pay them to re- queen twice a year. In going south one should remeni})er tlint Fig. 2. — This jiicture was taken thru the wind-shield of a Ford auttMiiobile that was "fording" the so- called road lengthwise. On either side of this road are gallberry, llackberry, high and low bush huckle- berry, tupelos, black gums, and dozens of other honey plants. he will not see much white clover; ;uid what there is, is of but little value. Starting from Virginia and North Carolina he will find growing on the coastal plain near and up to a hundred miles from the coast, gallberry, tupelos, black gums, blackberry, high and low bush huckleberry, and titi. Thru Vir- ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- gia, and Alabama, niucli of the territory along the swamiis, ri\ers, nnd bays is acid, Fig. '■'>. — The banks of the Roanoke aliiiDst its (^.ntirl^ ls thick. * » « On page 146, H. F. Wilson lays down a good, solid foundation for building up strong colonies for the honey harvest. First, by pro- tection from the wind. Second, by packing the brood-chambers to keep them warm. Third, by giving them lots of lionoy and then more lionev. Good advice. Allen Latham 's hypothesis of the cause of the 'washboard action of bees" is cer- tainly ingenious. (See page 152.) With his theory to start with and thousands of watch- ful beekeepers studying the same subject, we may in time be able to prove this theory correct. How much there is about bees yet that we don't positively know! * * * Page 160, ah, ha! Mr. Parks, your bees down in Texas working all thru January on fruit bloom! Why, we here in New England keep such dainty bee forage until May or June. It seems positively wicked to keep your bees at work the year round. We give them a rest from September till April, but we find it pretty hard keeping the little fellows quiet. Yesterday (March 1) we found some hives with as much as a whole Langstroth frame full of brood. * « * L. L. Andrews, on page 159, offers some sensible advice in view of low prices. He says: "There is no cause for any great anxiety in the matter. Prepare for a crop and produce it just as economically as you can consistently with the general conditions. The writer has sold honey in times past at a figure really below the cost of production, if an honest labor and expense charge were made. But with present methods of market- ing, it is not likely we shall be called upon to do it again." « * * In the January issue of Gleanings Mr. Holtermann writes of his success with a wax press for separating honey from capping SIFTINGS J. E, Crane 1 TU when extracting. In the February issue I suggest- ed that it would be very interest- ing to know just what per cent of honey remained in the pressed cappings. Now comes Fred P. Jansen, on page 169, and states that he has used a press of his own construction and has found the average amount of honey remaining to be 50 per cent of the pressed cappings, sometimes a little more, and sometimes a little less. I have often wondered how bees man- aged to rear their brood while their wax organs were being developed, if the theory of some naturalists is true that bees that build their combs of woody fiber and those that build their combs with wax come from the same ancestral source. A statement by W. B. Schrc'ls, on jmge 147, would seem to throw considerable light on this subject. In speaking of the native bees of Costa Kica he says: "Some build wax combs; others, half wax and part woody fiber; still others build all fiber nests, something like a wasp's or hornet 's nest. ' ' * * * Early in February I received from O. W. Bedell a small sample of pressed cappings. He wrote me the sample was hardly a fair one, as it was two or three years old, but all he had. He desired me to test it and find out the per cent of honey it contained. It ap- peared quite dry and gave little evidence of honey; but, on melting it in water, I found 41 per cent to be honey and 58 per cent wax and sediment. So I think we may safely con- clude that from 40 to 50 per cent of these pressed wax cakes or cheeses is honey. This does not condemn the wax press by any means, but only shows that it will pay to melt the wax cakes when we have the leis- ure and save what honey remains. Formerly the great burden of our bee journals was how to produce more and more honey; but of late the thought of selling is looming up as a big part of the business, with the idea of selling near home and by advertising. Mr. Aeppler, on page 153, March Gleanings, tells how he disposed of his 10,- 000 pounds to good advantage in a retail way by advertising; and 0. A. Burch of In- diana, page 162, tells how he disposed of his crop in the same way. There is no ques- tion but that large quantities of honey could be sold if people only knew where to get it. We have recently had orders for honey from the middle West and even the southern States, to be sent by mail. I feel sure people would not send so far for honey if they knew it could be obtained near them. G T. R A N I N G S T N B E R C U 1. T U R E Ai'RiL, 1921 D C a AMONG CALIFORNIA BEEKEEPERS CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) lUr ID you ever know a woman t o ai-eopt an invita- tion to share in a four weeks ' trija, with just one hour and 40 minutes in which to prepare for it? Take my advice and don't risk such an invitation unless you mean it, for my nearest man-relative tried it, and now he is paying for my traveling and hotel expenses. In other words, much to my own surprise, this page is being written beside an open window, thru which the soft California air is pouring, in- stead of in a steam-heated room back in Ohio. Altho there were dozens of reasons why I should stay at home, I temporarily forgot everything except that the husband I have had for 23 years was going to the beautiful State which I adopted a year ago, and I wanted to be with the former in the latter. Some of my friends laugh at my enthusi- asm for the Golden State, and returning tourists have even professed not to like its climate or scenery. Everyone to his taste, but it is my candid opinion that a person who can find fault with California at this time of year will point out defects in Heaven if he ever gets thru the pearly gates. At the start I had rather regretted that we were not going by one of the southern routes, but for delightful contrast nothing could excel the route we took to San Fran- cisco. We had ridden for days thru country which showed no signs of spring, the last day thru treeless desert plains, rimmed by great, barren mountains, some of them cov- ered with snow, their only beauty lent them by the brilliantly clear air and the dazzling blue sky, the reflection of which in the des- ert parts made the country ' ' The land of the sky-blue water." At night we climbed the mountain range out of Nevada into California, went thru the 21 miles of snowsheds with moonlight glimpses of great, snowy peaks thru the breaks in the sheds, and when morning came we were dropping down the west slope of the range into springtime in Paradise. In contrast with the dull gray brown sage of the winter desert the grass was every- where a A'elvety green, and after seeing scarcely a tree for days the magnificent trees dotting the landscape were a beauti- ful surprise. And oh, the wonderful orchards of fruit bloom, mostly apricot, I believe, altho they looked much like peach trees to me. Even high up on the green foothills were orchards covered with those soft pink blossoms. Gardens and fields under cultivation, sheep and cattle on the green hills, picturesque mountains in the background, fertile val- leys, woodsy canyons, bird music, palms, orange trees and flowers, (loweis every- 3 %j where, continue with the ]ierfeet climate to make o n e understand how Adaiu ami Kve must have felt when driven out of a similar Paradise. WHAT started my traveling companion to California at this particular time was the thirty-second annual meeting of the California State Beekeepers' Associ- ation, held in Oakland March 2, 3, 4, and 5. Its sessions are being held in the fine large municipal auditorium across the boulevard from beautiful Lake Merritt. Westerners certainly know how to do things of this sort. In the first place they persuaded the governor of the State to issue a proclamation that this was honey week for the whole State, and calling upon all the citizens to eat honey this week. In every street-car in the city is a large placard, "Eat Honey." The city provided an ideal place for the meeting with ample free space for exhibits, the mayor gave an address of welcome, and plenty of able speakers seem available. I imagine a very large part of the credit is due to the enthusiasm and energy of Cary W. Hartman, president of the Alameda Bee- keepers' Association. He makes an ideal host. Just as we were leaving the Hotel Oak- land to attend one of the sessions an inci- dent occurred which is so typical of the West that I am going to take space to tell it. In the doorway we met a party of four or five fine-appearing men. One of them stepped up to Mr. Boyden, shook hands cor- dially, and said, ' ' How do you do, sir. I am nobody in particular, but I just wanted to shake hands and bid you welcome to our city. ' ' He had noticed the yellow rib- bon badge of the State Beekeepers ' Asso- ciation, which Mr. Boyden wore. Now I have no intention of attempting to give a report of this beekeepers' meeting, but I am going to tell you a little about an address by C. H. McCharles, chemist for the State Food and Drug Laboratory of the Uni- versity of California. He was to talk on "Composition of Honey, detection of adul- teration and effect on honey of overheating and other bad things in the care of the prod- uct. Also difference in composition as in- fluencing granulation" — some subject. Prof. McCharles, with the aid of charts, told us something of the chemical composi- tion of the various sugars, including those in honey. I think he stated that his figures were based on government bulletin reports, but he put the water content of honey rather higher than generally stated. In the course of his remarks it (levelo})ed April. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE tliat ho believed the food value of hoiu'y to be no greater than any other sweet of the same calory value, that the ash content had absolutely no value, that honey was no eas- ier to digest than any other sweet, that honey should be considered a delicacy rather than an important food, that he could see no reason why corn syrup should not be mixed with honey if it were so labeled, that it might even be an advantage in jirevent- ing granulation, that he did not know whether or not there were vitaniines in honey. At this jioint a young man arose and an- nounced with an air of finality, ' ' There are no vitaniines in honey," and went on to cite the rejjort of the feeding experiments of R. Adams Dutcher, w^hich proved that the amount of water soluble vitamine was neg- ligible in honey. I nearly burst a blood vessel just then. You see, altho I adopted California after my visit here a year ago, it has never adopted me; and, therefore, I had no right to speak in a California beekeepers' meeting, even if brave enough to attempt it. However, after the meeting I had a pleas- ant talk with Prof. McCharles, and came to tl'.e conclusion that he did not mean quite all he said, that he thought honey producers wore a bit chesty over their product and enjoyed shocking them. I imagine, anyway, he is slightly cynical about the need of more vitamiuos and soluble mineral salts in the modern diet. MANY people have the delusion that a person who can write a little can also speak in public, and the committee therefore invited me to talk on Friday eve- ning. Of course my subject was ' ' Vitamines in Honey; ' ' and I am going to say right here that if my brother, E. R. Root, finds many such friendly, appreciative, and intelligent audiences I don 't wonder he has formed the habit of speaking at beekeepers' meetings. One of the first to come to me and introduce himself, after the meeting was over, was the young man who had announced in an earlier session that there are no vitamines in honey. He is a professor of chemistry, physiolo- gical chemistry, I think, in the University of California, and his name is Clark. He seems keenly interested in bee culture as well as chemistry, just the sort of man who can be invaluable to the industry. He said he was familiar with the research work of Philip B. Hawk as well as that of Dutcher; but, believing that the fat soluble content of comb honey is the wax, he felt justi fled in saying there is none in honey, and ho sj)oke with that air of finality because it was his classroom manner. It is funny now, but it spoiled the better i>art of a night's sleep for me at the time. One can always learn something valuable in talking with sucli a man. Here is a point he brought out; Wlien excessive amounts of honey aie eaten laboiatory tests show that the svstem is unable to make use of it and the kidneys eliminate it. I have al- ways felt that tlioro is danger in urging peo- ple to eat honey in large amounts at a time. The best of foods should be used in modera- tion. Let me add that Prof. Clark by no means shares the views expressed by Prof. Mc- Charles concerning the food value of honey, its digestibility as compared with sugar syrups, etc. And you and I know that many eminent chemists and nutrition experts have also endorsed honey as an easily assimilated sweet of high food value. THERE were a number of enthusiastic women attending the beekeepers' meet- ings in spite of the fact that I was told there are comparatively few women bee- keepers in the State, that honey producing is now largely in the hands of specialists who do it on a large scale. Some of these women apparently were successful amateurs, and some were efficient partners of their bee- keeping husbands. One of the latter (Mrs. Stuart) being unable to appear in person on the program, sent her paper on "The Uses of Honey in the Home." It told many of her experiences in retailing honey from hor home and was very interesting, humorous, and valuable. When I heard it read I said to myself, ' ' Stancy P., here is where you take a back seat; " for she uses honey in her household to an extent I have never dream- ed of doing, and am afraid never shall, as neither my family nor myself like honey combined with certain fruits and flavors. I believe Mrs. Stuart stated that she bought no sugar whatever for household use. She wrote about sunshine preserving with honey. Doesn't that sound appetizing and so api:)ropriate? Her instructions were to use a pound of honey for every pound of fruit, mix them, spread on platters, put the plat- ters in a box slightly higher at the back than the front, cover with glass, and place in the sunshine on a bench or chair with its legs in w^ater to prevent the entrance of ants. Small fruits could be preserved whole, but large fruits should be cut in convenient pieces for serving. When the preserves are thick they should be put into sterilized jars and sealed or covered with melted paraffin. Sunshine preserving is doubtless easier to do in California than the East, but I am suiely going to try some honey sunshine pro- serves next summer. ASIDE from the meetings in the audi- torium the visiting beekeepers were royally ontortained by the Alameda Beokoepers ' Association. Automobiles, in- cluding the mayor's official car, were at our disposal for rides thru the various. Bay cities. We were taken to the University of Cali- fornia and escorted about its beautiful cam- pus and thru many of its departments, and finally wo were entertained at luncheon in the Hotel Oakland, in honor of the j)resi- (lont, J. n Pleasants, and the members of the State Association. Mr. Pleasants, by the (Continued on page 243.) GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1921 IFE'S c Beekeeping as a Side Line LJ Llfi^ 'K years n r e filled with won- derful b eg i 11- n i n g-t i m e s. There are the New Years ' Days themselves, like wide gates opening into fresh fields, inspiring first days of months, radiant first days of weeks, and every day of them all with its own miracle-working morning. But of all beginning-times. Na- ture 's own favorite is surely the spring. To what great tasks does she then sot her mighty invisible hands! Happily, the spring season is not only the most pleasant time to begin keeping bees, it is also the most practical; particularly if the new beekeeper be wise enough to have read widely on the subject during the pre- ceding winter, so that he may know some- thing of what to expect and a little of what to do. Then when he first opens his newly acquired hive, when plum trees are like fountains of white beauty and peach trees are all a sudden blush, how mucli more in- telligent will be this first rapturous look at the marvels therein. Moreover, he will know how to go about it all. He will have ac- quired a smoker and a hive-tool and. a veil. And as some tremulous day nears the noon hour, when he knows from his reading that many bees will be out in the field, thus making an examination of the hive easier and more pleasant, he will light his smoker and put on his veil, puff a whiff of smoke in the entrance, and with liis hive-tool gen- tly remove the cover, Carefully he will sep- arate the combs, pushing part of them close against one another to leave room to lift one out, slowly and quietly, that tlie bees shnll not be crushed or irritated. And there he will -find just what his books told him he would find. For, made wise by his reading, he will have been ])9rticular to buy at least his first colony ill ;i modern movable-comb hive. These hives nre very simple and easy to o))erate. The beekeeper buys them all ready to be jiut together, every part cut to the most carefully accuiate dimensions, and finds much of his pleasure in the assembling and nailing of them. Everything is mov- able. There are sejtarate bottom-boards and covers and hive-bodies. The beekeeper pro- vides himself with extra hive-bodies, either full-depth or shallow, so that he can raise the hive cover, at any time, and ]nit on one of these extra bodies, which forthwith be- comes ;i "super.'' Tlius he ad E A N I N G S IN BEE C U I. T U K E Ai'KiL, 1921 fi) FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California. _Thc Califor- nia beekeep- ers have one more crop to market thru the Exchange under the present contract. When the new contracts are written up, there is every reason to believe that there will be many improved features. For instance, the tlio beeswax pool at present contains all of wax for the year. Many of us think that there should be two or more pools, making it unnecessary to wait a whole year for the final returns, if one puts wax into the ware- house in January or early in the season. To show the increasing popularity of co-opera- tive marketing, when the California mar- keting act went into effect, there were bvit five marketing organizations. In 1919 there were 35. The orange growers are inclined to leave the fruit on the trees as long as possible this season, owing to the low prices and the poor market conditions in general. Just what ef- fect this will have on the buds and blos- soms, it is impossible to tell at the present time. A tree, with an abundance of moisture surrounding the roots, blooms much more freely and the bloom stays on much longer than where the ground is somewhat dry. As long as the fruit remains on, it is sure to take considerable substance from the tree. We can hardly expect the average of the past three years to be kept up in the orange honey flow, as we have been exceptionally well favored. The bees are in a fairly good condition. Perhaps they are a little short of stores in some of the apiaries; but, with good weather conditions from now on, most of the ranges will furnish a living for the average colon}'. Disease is well under control, and only oc: casionally an apiary is found where it is at all bad. European foul brood crops out at times, and it will be well to keep a close lookout for this enemy until summer. It comes on very rapidly at times and often does much damage before it is discovered. Prof. Ealph Benton, of the faculty of the California State University at Berkeley, gave a very interesting talk before the beekeei)ers of Riverside County recently. He said that co-operation today is a movement toward success along all lines of production. Public- ity is all right, but the industry must be built up by lowering the cost of production. The dairymen found out by careful tests that their profit was all coming from 50 per cent of their herds, the other 50 per cent being kept at a loss or barely paying ex- ]>enses. Mr. Benton said that he often won- dered if our profits do not come from 40 per cent of our colonies. There is no doubt but that great improvement can be made by tlie proper selection of stock and by paying closer attention to detail work. A range is often crowded because one man has made a success on it; when, if the facts were known, it is the beekeeper and not the range at all. The beekeepers of Or- ange County have a department of the Farm Bureau whose duty it is properly to locate apiaries and to adjust locations in and near the oranges. There is a great chance for co- operation and education in getting ready for the orange flow. Beekeepers should keep records in order to know what it is costing them to produce honey. When our committee was asking for tariff protectio'i on hone}', they were asked, ' ' What does it cost to produce honey in these United States?" And no one could answer. Can you? We will venture to say that not 10 per cent of the beekeepers in the United States can answer the question with anything more than a guess. One man paid $1200 for moving his apiaries and made $1300 worth of honey. Did it pay? There are 5640 students taking the vari- ous agricultural correspondence courses of the State University extension work. Last year only 300 students were taking bee- keeping— not a very large per cent. J. D. Bixby in the Honey Producers ' Co-operator says, "A careful survey of the Covina citrus district, the first week in Feb- ruary, failed to find a single available bee location more than one-half mile from a large commercial apiary already located." This includes a large territory. Corona, Calif. L. L. Andrews. * * * Tj. TTexaS - February has been adverse to the best development of the honey plants. Eastern and north central Texas have received a normal amount of rain and there the conditions are normal. The rest of the honey-producing area has been too dry. Horsemint has suffered so that it is doubtful if there will be much horse- mint honey this year. A frost the latter part of the month injured the agarita somewhat. The rain coming at the end of February gives hope for a good honey flow from spring annuals. Everything indicates a honey flow from mesquite. All things considered, the prospects for a honey crop are good, but one equal to last year cannot be expected. With the Biological Survey and the vari- ous farm organizations calling attention to the absolute necessity of fighting rats and mice, we again have to report the work of the rats on the honey plants in the South- west. There is an area extending from Uvalde to Crystal City in which very con- servati^■e beekeepers estimate that fi'om 2/3 to 9/10 of the huajillo and catsclaw has been killed by the rats peeling the bark from the brushes. These same men have given up hope of a honey flow from this source. The mesquite, however, was not at- tacked. It is suggested that the residents in that district get in touch with the Biological April, 1921 G T. K A N T N G S I N P. E E C U E T I' R E FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH Survey at Wasliiiigtoii and by tlioir aiil start a campaign against the rats. All beekeepers of Texas who expect to ship package bees or queens are warned that many northern States have quarantine laws, and some of these States have an- nounced that no bees without proper in- spection certificate can enter their borders. As Texas provides free inspection, take no chance, apply to Dr. M. C. Tanquary, Col- lege Station, Tex., for inspection, stating that you expect to ship bees. Every little while someone discovers a new cause for foul brood. Texas has had her quota of these, but California has a new one. A well-known beekeeper writes in the Western Honey Bee that he has discovered that the organism which causes the foul brood, lives in the pollen of willows and like plants; it attacks man and gives him hay fever, causes all adult disease of bees and European and American foul brood in bee larvae. If this be so, it is useless to fight bee disease. Texas has enough faith in what she has accomplished to go ahead on the old line and not worry about this new explanation. The Beekeepers' Short Course at A. & M. College, College Station, Tex., has been men- tioned several times in these columns. The dates are July 25 and 31. The instructors will be from the professors of A. and M. College and the men from the experiment station. To aid these a number of the bee- keepers of the State will give instruction along the lines in which they excel. A bee- man of national reputation will give one or two addresses. Five hundred beekeejjers are expected. L. W. Watson, the new State apiarist, is on the job. He has visited the various ex- perimental yards and is now outlining the work of his department. He is very much impressed with Texas problems and is going to solve some of them. A large number of our disputes and con- troversies are due to a lack of specific in- formation. A fine example is the case of the huisache. Many honey producers give this tree as a honey plant, and others are ready to defend their claim that a bee gets only pollen from it. This misunderstanding comes from the fact that growing in the same lo- calities from the Edwards Escarpment to Mexico, there are two plants very similar in appearance and size, having flowers of nearly tlie same color and shape, but one is nectar-bearing and the other is not. Acacia famesiana Willd. (huisacluO is seldom, if ever, a honey plant, while Acacia tortuosa Willd. (huisachillo) is a good yieldcr of nectar. The latter, however, does not occur in such numbers as the huisache. San Antonio, Tex. H. B. Parks. In Iowa ^^'^' ^^^^*^ J"st taken a peep at the bees in the cellar, and from all appearances they are wintering fine- ly. They are very quiet, and the mortality is, if anything, less than usual at this time of year. From present conditions, we shall be very much surprised, if they do not come out of tlie cellar in normal condition. In fact, if the weather continues the remain- der of the winter as it has thus far, we ex- pect the bees wintered outside to come thru in fairly good condition, provided they were supplied with plenty of good stores, as we have had no very cold weather and what lit- tle we have had has been for only a few daj's at a time. If the outside bees should winter well, it will undoubtedly give en- couragement to young beekeepers to try it again, which would be taking long chances. Young Iowa beekeepers should not take this winter as a basis for future wintering. Many gray-haired men have never seen an Iowa winter as mild as this one, and it will prob- ably be a long time before another rolls around; so better give your bees the proper protection than wish you had. There is still plenty of honey in Iowa un- sold, and the market is holding steady, but the demand is not heavy. With but few ex- ceptions the beekeepers have kept their heads and not slashed prices, and it is well they did. While this holding the price steady may not allow us all to clean up the 1920 crop, it will go a long ways towards stabil- izing prices for another year. In a former article I stated that I doubted whether the slashing of prices would make any material difference in creating a de- mand. Since that time we have shaded our prices three times, and lately we have been offering fancy clover extracted at $12.00 jier GO-pound can at the apiary, and $12. .TO f. o. b.; yet we are selling no more honey than we did before we cut prices at all, so we have made up our mind just to "bide a wee." While we have for the past 10 years sold nearly all our honey to the mail-order trade, we should like mighty well to see <'o-o))era- tive marketing come into vogue, and we would do all we could to hel]) put it over in our State. Conditions ]ia\'0 changed very materially in the past two years as to this manner of selling lioney. Excessive freight rates have done untold harm to our business. Naturally a trade of this kind takes honey in small shipments and must go at local freight rates. We have lots of customers to whom the freight in 200-pound lots adds 2c per pound to the price of the honey, and smaller lots proportionately higher. The jirice of containers is cutting into the profits or else adding to the ])iice to the consumer. Ship- ))iiig box lumber has doubled in price, and poorer quality at that. Our printing is quite GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ArEiL, 1921 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH an item for a small business, to say nothing of the labor required to take care of a lot of correspondence; and, unless conditions change, we do not expect to try to increase this trade. The co-operative marketing would in jnany instances give the beekeeper a chance to have his cans and cases returned, which would be no small saving in handling a large crop. Carlot shipments would not be uncommon, and a big saving in freight would be the result. In many instances better dis- tribution would result, which in itself would help wonderfully. In the meantime sell all you can locally. W. S. Pangburn. Center Junction, la. « « * In Ontario.— ?;i^^'-^ '^f^ ^«* ^^,f/ ^^^ this past winter that autos have not passed our doors. That, in a nut- shell, gives an idea as to our snowfall for the season. And we have had very little rain, too; so precipitation has been away below normal for this part of the globe. Continued freezing by night and thawing by day are doing a great injury to clover, on some soils at least; and, needless to say, this does not improve prospects for the beekeeper. Some correspondents have reported heavy con- sumption of stores; one beekeeper today wrote me that bees in his locality were al- most out of food already. I have hardly looked at a colony since last fall, as the older I get the more careless I become about win- ter "tinkering." If they are not all right in the winter, tlie mischief is already done; so what is the use of knowing about the loss too soon and worrying about it? Do your l)est in the fall and then cease worrying, no matter what happens in the winter, appears to be a good motto for a beekeeper. Need- less to say, if disaster happens and the cause is apparent, then do your best to overcome tli;it another fall; for little can be done in the winter, so far as bees are concerned. In the last paragraph of my correspondence for March Gleanings an obvious error oc- curs. Speaking of the difficulties in sending l)ees by express, it should say that many have ceased sending by that method — ^in fact, some absolutely refuse to send package bees into Canada by express under any con- sideration. Honey markets are still dull, and ])rices are at least as weak as they were a month ago. But the demand for bees is very brisk, as nearly every mail for the past week has had inquiry for colonies of bees — most of these inquiries being from beginners. Bees thruout southern and central Ontario have had a cleansing flight in most locali- ties. All reports to date say that about all colonies are alive. I ha\e been in but two of our yards for weeks, and so far have not noticed any dead colonies. In fact, we have had no severe winter weather for any length of time, and, if bees had stores and were fairly well protected, I see no reason why they should die a year like this. But spring is young yet, and if stores have disappeared as some state, there is lots of time for fa- talities during the next six weeks. Experts say that the colder the weather the more bee activity, and hence more stores are used. Brood-rearing is also accelerated. Experience here in the North says that mild winters mean heavier consumption of stores than cold winters, if colonies are properly protected. Who is right? I venture to say that both opinions are in a measure correct, but the trouble is we are apt to get lop- sided in our views and not consider ques- tions like this from all angles. At any rate, I would rather have a fairly cold, even win- ter for successful wintering of bees than any other kind of climate that we can have served up to us here in Ontario. A carload of sweet-clover seed was loaded at our station a few days ago, which was bought for $3.50 per bushel, if I have the matter right. No wonder that farmers with a big acreage of this plant seeded for this year, are debating as to what to do with it. As to their decision, it is needless to say that any hopes we have of another sweet- clover honey crop are all dependent upon what action they take in the next two months. For the ])ast few days my son Edwin and his "Dad" have been at the wax-rendering game. Wliile the weather outside has not been very cold, in the room in wliicJi we liave been woi'king, tho we had no thermom- eter to \'Ouch for it, we felt as though tlie temperature was somewhere around 12,5 de- grees F. Working over a steaming boiler the humidity makes itself felt more than the mere heat, and we certainly have had a bleaching. We have fixed up o^er 1000 pounds of wax mostly from cappings, and while it is hot work, yet there is something about the job we do not dislike, provided it does not last too long. For the cappings w(> liaxc tiied many plans, but have settled down to tho single- cheese unlieated press. For old combs, while we at one time condemned the hot-water ])ress — known here in Ontario as the Sib- bald press — at the present we would not use anything else for the job. At the first trial, sonu^ years ago, we did not know how to use it and made a mess of things; but, after "learning how" we jironounce the liot- water-surrounded i)ress as the only real method for getting out nearly all the wax from old combs. .Inst the otlier day I met a friend who runs about 100 colonies who stated tliat he had never used a pi'css of any kind. If anyone knew just how much wax was thrown away by some of the crude ren- dering outfits still in use, many wax presses would be bought at once. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ont. Ai-RiL. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE anilAD S ..OF .„GlMN3l?MQrpiFF^^ Two Timely While iliagiHisiug the coudi- Hints. tidii ol' till' eoloiiies during tlic early part of the season froin the flight of bees at the hive entrance any unusual observanee, such as less activity in certain coloiiies while others are busy, indi- cates that something is wrong. On exaniin ing such a colony witli plenty of bees and a good queen there will likely be found a large amount of mostly old brood, but a meager amount of stores left, causing the bees to be inactive and not inclined to leave the hive in search for nectar; while other colonies with plenty of stores are eager tfi obtain more, even when only a small amount of nectar and pollen can be gathered. Such colonies, if not given more stores, may eke out a bare existence by restricting brood- rearing. They will be far behind colonies that were well supplied. Moral — prevent such a condition by jilenty of stores at all times. While examining colonies for the purjiose of ascertaining the amount of stores, clip- ping queens' wings, etc., in fact, for any purpose, it is well to keep watch for any im perfect or otherwise objectionable combs. If any such are found, they should be re- moved at once if free from brood or eggs. If they contaiii brood the top-bar should l)e marked, and later, when weather will pei- niit, these combs should be moved to one side of the hive. The chances are they will soon be free from brood, after which they can be taken out of the hive. Every poor or imperfect comb replaced by a good one now means more bees for the honey flow. Some- times a comb may be badly clogged with old pollen. Such combs should be removed, but remembering there must be some combs witli considerable pollen for the colonies' welfare. East Avenue, New York. A. C. Gilliert. Spreading Brood It will soon V)e time to in Spring. discuss spring manage- ment of bees, including the spreading of brood. This subject has been considerably discussed in difPei'ent is- sues of Gleanings, and it appears to be a dangerous practice at times for the profes- sional, and always for the novice. Now my plan has always worked well for the last 10 years, and I can find no such fault with it as is often found in the others. When looking over the hive in the spring see that the outside combs are filled with honey; note the ]iosition and number of combs of bi'ood in the brood-nest, but do not disturl) their ord(>r. There is this important point at this and each examination: See that the comb next to the brood (except the outside one) is empty. Just as soon as the weather will permit and there are bees enough to keep this comb warm the queen will lay in it, and you can then add another. There will be no chilling of brood and no scattering of the cluster. After 12 years of ]>ractice I have not discovered any draw- backs. If this method does not spread the brood, either the queen is poor or there are not enough bees. W. H. Miller. Tivoli, N. Y. o — la ^ SB 3:a3 Conditions Affecting It is unnecessary to Early Brood point out the peculiar. Rearing. yes, remarkable weather that we have been having in the clover-honey-prodncing sections of this continent. Time and again my own bees have had a good cleansing flight, and I was of the opinion that bees were wintering well. At the same time, I felt that it was more than likely that they might consume an unusual amount of stores: so I determined to examine them early this year to see if they were running short. On Feb. 23 I went to one of the apiaries enclosed by a fence eight feet high, removed the cover from the four-colony wintering- case, and after removing the jiacking of forest leaves quietly turned back the duck cloth. Twelve colonies were examined in this way, and the bees in them appeared to be in fine shape, every colony alive and the bees quietly clustering and having a clean book — all of which indicated good wintering. I left thoroughly satisfied that they were wintering well. On March 2, when discussing this subject with Floyd Markham at his home in Ypsi- lanti, Mich., he was of the opinion that his bees were rearing brood. He said some colo- nies had for some time been carrying water: so we examined three of these. In one colony having a young queen, we found no brood. The second one, headed by an older queen, had brood in four combs. I noticed several cells which appeared as tho young bees had emerged from them, and there was capj>ed (lione brood. The leader can do his or her own thinking about this. The next colony had three combs with brood and quite a number of young bees. My own bees are packed with thicker l)acking than Mr. Markham 's. From the way my bees are clustered I doubt whether thev ai-e breeding at all, or as much as his: and, as the climate of Ypsilanti must be about the same as that of Brantford, I can- not help but wonder whether with thicker packing at the entrance of my hives the bees have not been less affected by outside temperature. It is my purpose to find this out very soon. In any case beekeepers should take warn- ning and find out as early as possible whether their colonies have plenty of stores. Many a beekeeper has lost colonies between April ] and May 15, because they have been short of stores. E. F. Holtermann. Brantford, Ontario. 228 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI-TURE Q UK ST I ON. — Will there be any harm in giving my bees combs of hon- ey that have mnuUl on them ? S. A. Sears. California. Answer. ■ — A little mould on the surface of the combs does not necessar- ily injure honey or render it unfit for the bees. A strong colony will quickly clean up a comb that is badly moulded, apparently without harm to the bees. HOW MANY COLONIKS NEEDED FOR ORCHARD .? Question. — How many colonies of bee.s are re- (luired per acre of ten-year-nld apple trees to in- sure proper cross-pollination of the fruit? Washington. -T- C. Hughes. Answer. — Probably one or two good colo- nies per acre will be sufficient under favor- able weather conditions; but, in the eastern portion of the country where rainy weather often interferes with the work of the boes, at the time of fruit bloom, a greater nuinber of colonies would be needed. At such times the bees may not work very far from their hives, and it would be necessary in the case of a large acreage to have the colonies scat- tered thruout the orchard to insure proper cross-pollination. RESISTANCE OF SPORES OF AilERICAN FOUL BROOD. Question. — Does any authority know how much heat, gasoline, sunshine, rain, or any action of the elements will destroy the spores of American foul brood? Bruce Butler. California. Answer. — According to "White, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Bulletin 809, the spores of American foul brood remain alive and virulent for years in dry remains (scales) of larvae and pupae dead from this disease. They are highly resistant to most of the ordinary destructive agencies. They may be killed when suspended in boiling water (212 degrees F.) for 10 minutes, but they withstand more heat when suspended in honey or honey diluted with water. Spores of American foul brood suspended in honey mav withstand a temperature of 212 degrees F. for a half hour or more under laboratory conditions. For this reason the advice is usn ally given to dilute the honey from colonies having American foul brood and boil it in a closed vessel for a half hour to render it safe to feed to the bees. The tcmiierature of the diluted honey at boiling point is, of course, higher than that of boiling water, which is 212 degrees F. at sea level. In his experiments Dr. White found that tliese spores, when dry, were destroyed by the direct rays of the sun in from 28 to 41 hours. When suspended in honey and ex- posed to the direct rays of the" sun, they were destroyed in from four to six weeks. When suspended in honey and shielded from direct sunlight they remained alive and virulent for more than a year. The spores were not killed hy fermentation in seven .\ITUI-. 1921 weeks, and they resisted disinfec- tants when used in the ordinary strengths. such as carbolic acid and mercuric chlorid, for long periods of time. Gasoline would be of doulitfui value as a disinfectant for American foul brood. The germs of Euro- pean foul brood are much easier to destroy than the spores of American foul brood. INCREASE PREVIOUS TO HONEY FLOW. Question.- — -Is there any plan by which I can make two colonics from each of my colonies in the spring and build up lioth to full strength in time for the honey flow from clover? Harry E. t'dd. Nebraska. Answer. — Since it requires neaily two months for colonies to build uj) to full strength in the spring, there is not enough time to make increase and build up both divisions previous to the honey flow from clover in the North where the main honey flow usually begins in June. Where the main honey flow does not begin until July or August, this can be done if the bees have wintered well, since there is then time for both colonies to build up. In your locality it will be better to make increase at the close of the honey flow or during the latter part of the honey flow. Increase is often made from brood that would emerge too late for the resulting bees to take part in the main honey flow. In this way the honey crop from the main honey flow is not re- duced, as would be the ease if some of the workers that should take part in gathering the honey crop were used to make increase. SECOND HIVE-BODY TO PREVENT SWARMING. Question. — Is it a good plan to give a second storj tilled with combs at the time of fruit bloom to increase brood-rearing, and then at thei beginning of the honey flow to put the queen into the lower story ? or would it be just as well to run both stories for brood all summer? Would two brood-chambers stop swarmiiig? O. Koi)plin. New Mexico. Answer. — Yes, this a good iihiu for pro- ducing extracted honey. The time of putting the queen into the lower story and confining her there by means of a queen-excluder will depend upon circumstances, but this is usu- ally done soon after the beginning of the honey flow. Under some conditions after the queen is put down, it is better to put a super of empty extracting combs immedi- ately above the queen-excluder and the for- mer second story on top of the supers. This plan in some locations controls swarming almost completely, but it can not be depend- ed upon to do so in all locations. One objec- tion to permitting the queen to have the run of two stories thruout the season is the ten- dency of abandoning the lower story for brood-rearing later in the season when these combs are usually filled with pollen. Some- times the lower corners of the combs are cut April, 1921 a T. K A N I N G S IN BEE C XT I, T U R E 229 out when they are not in use, then later these openings are filled with drone comb. GIVING SKrON'l) HIVKUODV ABOVK OR BELOW. Question. — In building up rolonies in the spring when two stories are used for brood-rearing, should the second hive-body witli frames of foundation be placed below or above the colony, or distriljuted in both? Alan Eby. Ohio. Answer. — When only frames of founda- tion are given they should usually be dis- tributed in both stories, with most of the foundation in the upper story. In fact, one or two frames of brood are enough to put into the second story, the remainder being frames of foundation. When empty combs are given to colonies that are strong enough in the spring to need a second stoiy they may as well be x)laced on top, altho many beekeepers prefer to place them below if the weather is cool. A serious objection to placing them below is that the queen some- times fails to go down and lay in the combs below even when crowded, especially when the upper portion of the combs in the lower hive-body is not suitable for brood-rearing on account of stretched cells. If the empty combs are placed above, the queen usually goes up readily if more room is needed, espe- cially if old dark combs are used in the second story. SHALLOW EXTRACTING SUPER TO PRKVKNT SWARMING. Question. — How is this plan for conib-lioney pro- duction? After unpacking in the spring, put on a shallow extracting super with foundation , to pro- vide more room for brood-rearing. Just before the honey flow, take tliis off and put on the supers. Would this do away with .swarming? In the fall this super of honey could be put back liefore pack ing for winter. John P. Drake. Missouri. Answer. — It will be better to have the shallow extracting supers filled with combs instead of frames of foundation, for unless there is an early honey flow the bees would not draw out the foundation readily. You can, of course, induce them to do this by feeding, if necessary. When empty combs or combs containing some honey are given above the brood-chamber early enough, swarming is usually delayed, because of this additional room; but, when this shallow ex- tracting super is removed and comb-honey supers are given, the colonies so treated will probably prepare to swarm if the season is at all favorable for swarming. The addi- tional honey which your plan provides for next spring is an excellent thing for spring brood-rearing. See article on Comb Honey Production in this issue. GIVING ADDITIONAL ROOM FOR SPRING BROOD- REARING. Question. — How can I give my bees more room for brood-rearing after the lower hive is full when I have nothing to put in the supers but sections ''. Ohio. Mrs. Arthur May. Answer. — When your strongest colonies need more room for brood-rearing, previous to the honey flow, in producing comb honey, yon will proliably find some colonii's tli.-it still have some combs which do not contain bi'ood or much honey. If you find any such you can exchange combs of lirood, together with the adhering bees, from the colonies that need more room for the empty combs from the hives which are not filled with ])rood. In this way you can give your strong- est colonies more room and at the same time help those which are less strong. When mak- ing this exchange be sure that you do not take away the queen with tlio combs of brood. The empty combs that are taken from the weaker colonies should have the adher- ing bees shaken back into their own hives. CLIPPING queen's WINGS. Question. — Is it best to clip the quep,n's wings early in the spring to prevent swarming? Iowa. Edward Mek-h. Answer. — Clipping the wings of the queen does not prevent swarming. It only prevents the queen going with the swarm. This i)re- veiits the swarm from going away, since the bees will return when they find that the queen is not with them unless there haj)- pens to be another swarm out at the same time which has a queen that can fly. In such eases the two "swarms may unite and later abscond if not cared for. HOW MANY SUPERS NEEDED PER COLONY. Question. — How many full-depth extracting supers will I need for each colony when using the stand- ard 10-frame supers with eight combs in each super? Louis F. Kasch. Illinois. Answer. — You may need only one super or you may need three or more, depending upon the season and the character of the honey flow. In some localities the honey flow is so slow and the nectar ripens so quickly that much of the honey in the su)>er may be ripened and sealed before the first super is filled, in which case the ripest honey may be extracted and the empty combs re- turned, leaving the unripe honey (usually the outside combs) in the hive to be ripened and extracted later. If by doing this the honey can be fully ripened and at the same time there are always empty combs in the super for incoming nectar, a single super may be enough. In other localities the honey flow may be so rapid that a single super would not furnish sufficient room for the thin nectar for more than a few days, and sometimes two or three supers may be filled before any of the honey is ripe enough to be ex- tracted. Where the honey flow is short and rapid, as it is sometimes in northern Illi- nois, the beekeeper is usually too busy to do much extracting during the honey flow. In such cases the only way that the full cro]) of honey can be secured is to have on hand plenty of supers, in order that when more room is needed it can be given at once. In the clover region many beekeepers prefer to leave all the honey on the hives until after the close of the honey flow. When this is done there should be three or nuire supers for each colony, to take care of tlie crop iluriug ii good season. G L K A N I N G S IN B E K C tl Ti t I' H E ArRiii, 1921 c TALKS TO BEGINNERS By the Editor ON the firsh warm day in April the Ijegiiiiicr \vill be i 11 t e r e s ted to note the activ- ity at the en- trances of the hives of his new- ly acquired colo- nies. If they are strong, many bees will be seen going to and from the hives in quite a businesslike manner. Some of the returning bees will be seen with little balls of pollen on their legs as they run into the hives. This pollen varies in color, depending upon its source, and by watching the bees as they Avork on the flowers it is possible to learn to distinguish by its color the pollen from the various flowei's. Some of the returning bees which appear to be heavily laden may be carrying nectar, while others may be carry- ing homo loads of water. Opening the Hives. In the South the beginner can now open his hives to examine his colonies, choosing a warm day when the bees are working well: while in the far North it may be best to wait till early in May, but being sure that the liives are heavy with honey in the meantime. Ojiening the hives and taking out the combs for examination too early in the spring is sometimes detrimental, but even in the North this may be done without injviring the colony if it is done on a bright, warm day when" the bees are working freely. "When such a day comes the beginner may as well see the many interesting things that are inside the beehive. Before opening the hive the beginner should see that his smoker is properly light- ed and going so well that it will not go out when he quits puffing for a while; then he should put on the veil and tie it down so snug that no bees can get under it. The beginner will feel safer the first time if he wears a pair of good bee-gloves, tho later he jirobably will not use them. Now try out the smoker again and if it is going well approach the hive at one side, not in front. It is well to give a light puff or two of smoke at the entrance to subdue the guards. This is not always necessary, and the beginner will soon learn to judge the tem- per of the bees at different times. Remove the outer cover, if a double cover is used; then by means of the hive-tool pry the inner cover up at one corner, at first less than one-eighth of an inch, so smoke can be blown thru the opening without any bees being able to come out. Next pry the adjacent corner of the cover loose, then lift one end of it, and, as this is being done, blow in a few puffs of smoke under the cover and over the frames, being careful to send a little smoke to the far end of the hive be- fore the cover is entirely removed. Lay the cover upside down in front of the hive en- trance, so the bees that were adhering to it can readily crawl into the hi\e. ILJ N(»w gi\(' a few light ]mffs (if smoke over the tojis (if the f r a m e s (not d o w u between th(Mn) to drive the bees down a m o n g the combs. The amount of smoke needed will depend ujjon the temper of the bees at the time they are being handled, but only enough smoke should be used to keep them under control. Too much smoke stnmpedes the bees and ninkes it more difficult to handle them. How to Take Out the First Frame. If the combs are of the self-spacing type, crowd the entire set of frames, toward the opposite side of the hive by using the hive- tool as a lever between the first frame and the side of the hive. This will give a space for removing the first frame. If enough space can be made in this way, tlie outside comb may be removed first, but if this comb has attachments to the side of the hive or is bulged with sealed honey, it may be bet- ter to remove the second or the third frame first. Pry the frames apart far enough to permit the easy removal of the frame se- lected. It may be necessary to raise the first frame slightly, one end at a time, by means of the hive-tool in order to enable the oper- ator to take hold of the ends of the top-bar with the fingers. Now lift the frame gently, being careful to avoid rolling the bees against the adjacent comb. When the first comb is out stand it on end, leaning it against the hive where it will be out of the way. Any or all of the remaining combs can now be removed and examined at will, but care should be taken to keep the bees con- stantly under control. After a little experi- ence the beginner will learn when more smoke is needed, by watching the behavior of the bees. If many of them line up in close formation, with heads upward, be- tween the top-bars of the frames, watching every move of the operator, they should be driven down again among the combs by a few jjuffs of smoke. What to Look For. Lift out a comb from the middle of the hive, hold it by the ends of the top-bar of the frame, and look it over carefully, as it should now reveal many things of interest. Note that some of the cells are covered or ' ' capped, ' ' while others are open. In the upper cor- ners of the comb there should be some sealed honey. Note the appear- ance of the cap- pings; then, to be sure that this is Caiiped brood in cells at soalpd lioncv, tear the left, pollen in cells ., • at the right. away the cap- APRlli, 1921 GT. KANTNGS IN BEE OUIiTURE ping fruui a few eells. Below the sealed honey there may be a few rows of cells of recently gathered honey. Look for capped cells in the middle of the comb. This is sealed brood if the comb is from the middle of the brood-nest. To be sure of this tear away a capping and note that it con- tains an immature young bee in its pupal or late larval state of develo})- ment. Note the dif- ference in the ap- pearance of the Esrgrs are placed in regii- c a p p i n g s of the Un- order by a normal lyyood and the cap- pings over the hon- ey. Ill tlie middle of the area of sealed brood young bees may be seen emerging from the cells. Note how they first cut away the cai)]nng to release themselves. At the outer margin of the area of sealed brood in the first open cells, look for the nearly full-grown larvae. Note their pearly white color which is cliaracteristic of healthy larvae. Beyond the full-grown lar- vae, toward the outer edge of the comb, smaller larvae will be found. Hold the comb so the sun will shine down into the cells, and by looking carefully even the smallest of the larvae, those which have just hatched from the egg, may be seen. Beyond the smallest larvae, eggs may be seen attached to the base of the cell. Note the regularity with which the eggs are placed in the cells, few if any cells being vacant. This tells you that the queen is nor- mal and prolific. It is difficult, at first, to see the eggs and the smallest larvae, but by turning the comb in the light until it strikes the base of the cell these can be seen. The arrangement of the brood of different ages, as described above, is not always pres- ent on all of the combs, because later when young bees emerge from the middle of the comb the queen will again lay eggs in these cells now surrounded by sealed brood. Later in the season this arrangement may be broken up entirely. Between the upper mar- gin of the brood and the lower margin of the honey there are usually a few rows of cells containing pollen. This can readily be detected, being packed down in a solid mass in the cells. By looking carefully, cells may be found having two little pellets of pollen not yet packed down but lying loosely just as the worker left them when she kicked them from the pollen baskets on her legs. By looking at the open cells it will be noted that little patches of comb usually in the lower corners of the frame have cells of greater diameter. This is drone comb, while the comb having smaller cells is worker comb. If the colony is strong there may be some drone brood present during this month, even in the North; while in the South drone brood, as well as emerged drones, can now be found in strong colonies. Drone brood that is sealed has peculiar convex cappings, which resemble a layer of spherical bullets. In some of the southern States, queen-cells built preparatory to swarming may be found in some of the strongest colonies at this time, but in the North these usually are not built until in May or June. It is not necessary to tell the beginner that the vast majority of the bees on the combs are workers. If drone brood was found, there may be some adult drones among the workers. These large heavy-set bees inaj^ readily be found if any are pres- ent, and when one is found he can be picked up with the fingers without danger, as he is not armed with a sting. The beginner may see the queen the first time he examines the colony, if he has been careful not to stampede the bees and thus frighten her so she hides away in some ob- scure corner. If the bees are gentle Italians the queen may go on quietly with her work, laying eggs, even while the comb is out of the hive. How to Handle the Combs. In handling the combs, all quick motions should be avoided. Do not move the hands across the top of the frames, but keep them near the ends of the hive. Bees resent any quick motions and may dart out to sting if the operator moves too quickly. To look at the opposite side of a comb it should first be turned with the top-bar in a vertical position, still holding the frame by each end of the top-bar. The comb can now be turned on the top-bar as an axis, after which the top-bar is again brought back to a horizontal position, but this time the frame is upside down. This process is re- versed in turning the comb back to normal. What Can Be Learned by This Examination. The presence of worker brood in all stages of development tells the observer that his colony has a normal queen whether he sees her or not. The presence of sealed honey in the upper corners of the combs and in a greater portion of one or two of the outside combs tells him that the colony is not lack- ing in its food supply. The presence of drone brood tells him that the colony is at least fairly strong and prosperous. The presence of many empty cells, if any, tells him that the bees do not need more room at this time. In the northern States such colonies need only to be kept snug and warm during April, by seeing that the cover fits down all around, by leaving the winter packing in place, and by blocking down the entrance to about~one or two inches in width and not more than three-eighths of an inch high. In the southern States colonies may need more room this month. If the brood-cham- ber is well filled, outside combs and all, and the bees are elongating some of the cells in the upper portion of the comb with new white wax built on the old dark comb, they need their supers, which should be put on without delay if the bees are working well. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1921 T C ur H E princi- pal t i 111 e for making honey in this lo- cality is in tlie fall, altho occa- sionally we get a fair spring flow from white clover. This, however, is very uncertain. We have not a sufficient amount of sweet clover in this comnumity to be of any benefit from the standpoint of the beekeeper, and it seems that the farmer is adverse to sowing it, and no one seems to push this matter here; so we have practically nothing to depend upon when the white clover fails. Our main source of honey is the angel-pod vine or blue vine which grows very abundantly along the Ohio river bottoms. This, of course, does not come until fall. However, I believe that, with the proj^er support and co-operation between our county agent and the farmers, this commun- ity could be made an ideal one thru the planting of sweet clover. ' ' — E. W. Gtrone- meier, Posey County, Ind. "No more two-storj' wintering for me. No more slab honey feeding even with combs scraped and honey dripping. I could not get the pep into them this way. I go back to my old way of spring stimulating. This slab business is probably all right for the big boys with hundreds or thousands of colo- nies, but I don't believe it is good for the sideliner who wants a big yield from a few." — A. W. Lindsay, Wayne County. Mich. "A certain honey salesman in one of tlie western States devised a unique way in which to dispose of extracted honey. Ho rigged up the delivery box on the back of liis Ford runabout, so that two five-gallon cans of honey could be set on and liquified, and kept liquid, by the use of the exhaust gas. There was a shut-off in the pipe just before it reached the cans of honey, so that it could be turned off before heating the honey too much. The salesman, referred to, sold 7,000 pounds of honey at 25e a pound in a little over three weeks, by going from house to house in a city of 3,000 people, and delivering honey in whatever containers the customers supplied. ' ' — George W. York, Spo- kane County, Wash. ' ' On Saturday, Feb. 12, Home Economies Day was celebrated at Iowa State College. This annual event is prepared for by more than 1000 girls and looked forward to by 2500 boys. One of the exhibits was bees and honey. This was on a large table and attracted the attention of every one wlio visited the building. Tliere were those of the girls who expressed the desire to see a real queen with her circle of attendants and those who loitered around the observation hive for a farewell glimpse of the royalty. Some of the bovs were interested m the BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) 1 TU samples of hon- ey collected from California, Utah, Louisiana, Florida, and many other States. Often those of artistic turn of mind ad- mired the oil painting made by Dr. A. F. Bonney. There were housewives who were very much in- terested in the grades of extracted and comb honey, as well as the commercial pack- ages of honey. All of these phases of the ex- hibit had a special class of interested spec- tators, but there was not a single visitor who was not interested in the wonderful display of cakes, cookies, and candies made with honey. The girls viewed with envy, the boys viewed with a lingering longing, and the housewife with serious interest. ' ' — F. B. Paddock, Story County, Iowa. "The winter has been so dry and mild that I could not retain the bees in the cellar any longer. Today (Feb. 24) I removed them. They are very populous, with brood in all stages in every one examined except one which is queenless. The thermometer today at noon registered 72 degrees F., and the demand for water by bees is indication that brood-rearing must be very well under way. Rose bushes and lilacs are beginning to show leaves." — A. E. Trapp, Fergus County, Mont. "We have just concluded a series of short schools in beekeeping in western Washing- ton. We have held a series of one to three day schools at Wishka, Elma, Olympia, Puy- allup, Seattle, Shelton, Everett, and Belling- ham. The average attendance has been about 80 for each locality, and at Seattle we had an attendance of 360 at one of the sessions. Seattle had over 200 bona fide beekeepers ill attendance. I believe we have made a record — at least for the Northwest, in get- ting so many beekeepers together under one roof. This work has been put on by the State Division of Apiculture, co-operating with the extension service of the State College and with the local farm bureaus. ' ' — Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist, Whitman County, Wash. "I have my bees outdoors packed in three different ways, and some not packed at all except for the double-walled hives, and invariably the ones in the packing cases are out for a flight from one-half to an hour before the others. My packing cases have four inches of packing on the bottom, six at the side, and eighteen on top. ' ' — Frank R. Huff, Cook County, Ills. "All my bees came thru winter all right, and several had young drones flying 5th of March — something unusual in this locality. They were working today like the good old summertime." — A. C. Smitli, Columbiana (Jounty, Ohio. April, 1921 IT is now pro- posed to change the n a 111 c of the' "aiimial sweet clover" to tliat of Hubani, this word being sug- g e s t i V e of Hughes and Ala- bama, thus bringing to mind at once the name of Prof. Hughes, who discovered this wonderful new plant and traced it to its native home in Alabama. * * * Latest reports by wire state that recent copious rains in southern California make a good crop from sage almost certain; and, just as we go to press, a telegram from Texas reports fine prospects from mesquite and horsemint. * * * Prof. Wilnion Newell has been appointed Dean and Director of the College of Agri- culture, University of Florida at Gaines- ville, Fla. This means much, not only for beekeeping in Florida but for beekeeping in general, as Prof. Newell is at heart, first of all, a beekeeper. He will continue in close touch with Florida beekeeping, and ])robably continue in charge of the inspec- tion 'service of that State. * * * Gary W. Hartman, the enterprising presi- dent of the Alameda County (California) Beekeepers' Association, was unanimously elected president of the California State Beekeepers' Association at the final session of the State convention on March 5. Mr. Hartman succeeds J. E. Pleasants of Orange County. M. H. Mendleson of Ventura was elected vice-president, and L. W. Lassell of Oakland, secretary-treasurer. "* * * Beekeepers who need help should inquire regarding the Federal Board for Vocational Training and its activities. This board has charge of re-educating for new duties men who have been partially disabled in the World War. Many men have been studying beekeeping in the various colleges and schools. These men are ready for "place- ment", or field training with commercial beekeepers during the season of 1921. The obligation the beekeeper takes in exchange for the help given by these men is to see that an opportunity is given to learn meth- ods of honey production, queen-rearing, etc., in actual practice. The board pays them a living salary. Beekeepers who wish to use tliese men and thus give them a lift over tlieir difficulties in re-establishing them- selves shoulil investigate this oppni-tunity at once. * * * According to an Associated Press dis- patch from- Berlin, the number of colonies of bees which the Entente demanded from Germany in reparation is 25,000. It aiii)ears that tlie German representatives have made GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE r=^^^^^^2=^ (•(iinitiT propo- sals to the rep- aration commis- sion as to the number of bees, Belgian hares, and dogs to be delivered, a n d that a decision as to the exact number has been postponed for a month. The ship carrying the miscellaneous assoit- ment of animals, which are being demanded from Germany, will have almost as great an assortment as Noah's ark. The following proclamation was issued bv Governor Stephens of California on Fel). 26, 1921: "Whereas, California leads all otlier States in tlie production of bees and honey, and boasts in this activity a,n industry bringing in a revenue of .$3,000,000 annually to this commonwealth, and "Whereas, The California State Beekeep- ers ' Association, which is responsible for the upbuilding of this valuable and product- ive industry in the State of California, will hold its thirty-second annual meeting in the city of Oakland, March 2, ,3, 4, and 5. "Now, therefore, I, William D. Stephens, Governor of the State of California, having the welfare of all California industries at heart, and believing the honey industry to be one which should receive the co-opera- tion of our citizens, do hereby designate March 1 to 7 as California Honey Week, and appeal to all citizens of the common- wealth to patronize products of the bee- keepers of the State during that period. "William D. Stephens, Governor. "Dated: Sacramento, Feb. 26, 1921." The committee having charge of the Dr. C. C. Miller Memorial submits the follow- ing: Regarding the .subscriptions of beekeepers to llio C. C. Miller Memorial fund, it is desired by the committee to secure at least $5,000 to establish a scholarship bearing this name; using only the in terest of the money gathered, annually through a trustee committee, for a scholarship in beekeeping and allied sciences. Altho it was first suggested by Gleanings that the subscriptions be limited to $1. it has been decided not to put any limit upon the amounts to be accepted, but as small a sum a.s 2.") cents will be welcome. The members of the commit- tee, named below, will receive 'the funds. All the amounts will be acknowledged in the American Bee ■Tournal or Gleanings, or both. It is desirable that the greater number of subscriptions lie forwarded by subscribers before .June 10, at which date Dr. Miller would have been 90 years of age. It be- hooves the beckeejiers of America to thus celebrate the anniversary of this great man. wlio is acknowl- i^dged by the beekeepers of the entire world as onr (if the most deserving menihers of Ihei craft. AVc shall be glad to have the other bee magazines lend a hand in tlii.s and i)ublish such lists of sulis<'i'i|i tions as they max- be able to secure. If all pull to gether, we should secure a worth-while sum. Send subscriptions to: C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, 111.: B. F. Kindig, East Lansing, Mich.: E. G. LeStourgeon, San .\nt basement, showed us the up-to-date furnace, and what greatly interested me was com- fortable toilet rooms for both sexes. When you get to be 80 years old or more, you will surely appreciate things of this kind if you never have before. Ernest and I were both called upon to talk to one of the brightest big Bible classes it was ever my fortune to see. I wrote home to Mrs. Root my right hand was sore yet from the man.y "hand- shakes" and hand "squeezes," the latter mostly from the women folks. This man Miller was a hnri/er. How many lawyers have we that are even folloioers of the Lord Jesus Christ? Is there not a new order of things coming, along this line? Was I not right in quoting in regard to friend Miller, "For he loveth our nation and he hath built us a synagogue"? HIGH - PRESSURE GARDENING FLORIDA NEW POTATOES, $4.80 PER BUSHEL. I see by the Cleveland Plain Dealer that l^otatoes are "away down" up North; but, in the same daily, I see, also, that Bermuda ■iinii potatoes^ are (as usual at this season) $12.50 to $1-1.00 a barrel. Why this great price wdien old potatoes in some places arc almost "a drug on the market?" Several years ago I went over to Bermuda to study their potato business. They get this price because of their extra-nice new potatoest. For 10 years or more I have been doing the same here in our Florida home. About the middle of February a grocer came to me and want- ed some new potatoes. Altho they were not as yet fit to dig I gave him a few at about $5 a bushel, and every day until now (Mar. 10) he comes right out to our garden and takes all we can scrape up, big and little, at the same price. Just now we are giving him two bushels a day, and they are sold at 60c a % peck almost before he can unload them. I have told you with pictures, etc., how we raise them every spring; so it seems hardly necessary to go over it again; but, as I have worked out some improvements, I will try once more to show you good people up North a little "gold mrne" you can "dig out," right in your own "back yard." Right now, as your eye rests on these pages, is the time to "get busy," and to get health and "gold dollars," at one and the same time. T am testing new kinds of potatoes every winter, but so far I have found none so good as the Red Bliss Triumph. Buy uortheru-grown seed and cut to one eye or two eyes. Now place these pieces in a box indoors, or in a protected bed outside spaced about 4 inches a]>art like the cells in a honey- comb, say one in the center and six all around it. Why this bother instead of plant- ing where they are to grow? For many reasons; mainly, instead of planting a potato at the proper time you plant a ' 'potato lilaxt." Again, this group of plants gener- ates heat, so as to stand frost, and assists rapid growth. To tost it, plant some in the usual way, and compare with those in the bed when leaves first begin to show. You also get ahead of weeds. If you have only a little ground, during the first two or three weeks your crop needs but little room. We grow tiro crops every winter on the same ('•round inside of the six months we stay here in Florida. Keep the little bed of plants well watered, but not too icet. Whatever you do, find some clean rich soil so soft and loose your potatoes will never be crowded out of their natural shape by clods or sticks and stones. In Bermuda the w^orkman claims the ground isn't in proper shape, unless he can push his naked arm down into the soil up to his ^Ibow. We are digging potatoes now as smooth and round as an apple, some of them weighing a pound or more. Girls and women can grow Bermuda potatoes just as well as men and boys. Wesley digs and washes the potatoes, and the grocer delivers them in clean, new baskets to the good wives in such condition that all they have to do, is to dump them into boiling water. If you are cooking green peas, sort the small potatoes* and cook them witli the peas. These new potatoes, especially if not really mature, should be cooked at once — the same day_ as dug, if it can be managed — to avoid having them lose their attractive ai)i)earance by being exj)0sed too long to the light. There- fore, the grower should be careful about rushing on to the grocer more than what he will probably sell each day. More about it, with pictures, in next issue. 'Vcii-y .siiKill potatoes, boilpcl and mashed \\\\h wheat iiiiddliiws. compose the best feed to make liens l;i\-, that I know of. 236 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Ai'RiL, 1921 SWEET CLOVER SEED HUI-LER AND SCARIFIER. Here is a homemade scarifier that A. I. Eoot thinks is a good thing and suggests that it be Illustrated in this department. Dear Mr. Root: To make a clovpr liuller and scarifier that gives good results, cut pieces as follows: 1 hoard, 12 inclie.s wide, 30 inches Ions; 2 i)iecps, 1 inch by 1'/^ inches, 30 inches lona:; 1 piece .same dimensions, 9 Fig. 1. — Homemade huller and scarifier. Rubber- board refmoved and leaning; asrainst bed in which It fits. inclies long; 2 pieceis, 1 inch by 1 inches, 12 inches long. Nail edgeways the 1 x l-incli pieces across tlie 12-inch board 1 inch from ends on bottom side; ne.\t put li^-inch strips edgeways 9 inches apart and the 9-inch strip between long ones at the top. Tliis completes a bed for the rubber to fit in. For the rublier, use a board 20 inches long and 9 inches wide. Take a piece 1 x 1 x 9 inches long, bore a 2. — Method iif using honicni: scarifier. Iiolo in center and |iut a jiiccc of broom handle iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Positively the cheapest and strongest light on earth. Used in every country on the globe. Makes and burns its own gas. Casta no shadows Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for cataloE. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. m, 306 E. 5th St., Canton. O. fheapcst Vay to Go ^to work, to scliool, or (or tun and recreation is on a Ranger Bic.vcle Choice of 44 Styles, colors and sizes' Save «10 to «25 on Direct From-the- Factory shipment. 30 Days Free Trial, shipped on approval. We pay the express both ways If not accepted. |2MdnthstoP«y fp ^T^fTlT t*e.maT.^on[h?y"^^y^r„'tr "'""^'""'^ ^ - Tires ?%rf „''„''"''""'="'-^^»'f "3ual retail prices. ^ ^ ■^1"'* "" '"""^y- Write for big. illustrated , I Cycle i'ni««A«vt"-^«. Range Mead f'ompanyH»...„., DepfG-i53:hica^o RVTent"-?'' TYPEWRITER SENSATION $l|i^$5 *• "^**""^ WILL Buy lA Standard, Guaranteed TYPE- WRITER With Every Modern Writing Convenience iWritf: Today For Illustrated Circvlar ^Explaining Try-Before- You-Buy Plan SMITH TYPEWRITER SALES CO (Harry A. Smith) 370 -218 No. Wells St., Chicago, ill. STRAWBERRIES (Summgr and Fall-Bearing and all Small Fruit Plants) Stiawberii(-s and all Small Fruit Plants mean bij; and qvirk profit.s for you at small outlay of money. Wc are lion d(|uarters for Summer and Pall Bearing Strawberry Plants, Raspberrie.s, Blackberries, Gooselierries, Cur rants. Grapes, Fruit Trees, Roses, Shrubs, EsKs for Hatching;, Crates, Baskets, Seed Potatoe-s, Asparagus, ^^.Xf. Best varieties, lowest price, 38 years' experierK-e. Our free catalogvc is brimfvU of rnliiahli' iiifoniiafioii. Be .sure to firvd for it. Write todai/. I/. J. Farmer, Box 108, Pulaski, ' New York ^ to 9 inclusive 2.90 ea. 10 or more. . . 2.80 ea. Breeders .... 12.00 ea. Jay Smith Eoute Three Vincennes. Indiana. BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery This cut represents our com- bined circular saw, which is made for beekeepers' use in the construction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated catalog and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO 646 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS EVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES Our .sclci-tiou lif'st vMi'ictios for lid'ii;'^ and market — 100 plants iiostjiaid, .1^ '.2 . ."i 1 1 : 200 .t!4.2r) : 300 $6.00. Home of the Everlsears. Introducers of Progressive. Be.st up-to-date standard varieties (not everbearinff, our selection). 100. plants postpaid, $1.2.5; 200 $2.10; 300 $2.95. Catalog free. C. N. Flansburgh & Son - Jackson, Mich. N. O. FULLER "For Lovers of Art Needle Work" The Wonder Embroidery Needle // is easy to embroider the AJJTOBROIDER WA Y. So simple a Child Can Operate It. THIS WONDEEFUL NEW INVENTION enables you to do the most beautiful hand embroidery in very short time, and so easily that no skill is needed. Makes all stitclies alike and is self-feeding. You can eniliroider Dresses, Scarfs. Pillow Tops, Center Pieces, Children's Clothe.s, in fact, ever.vthing that should be embroidered. Ten times as fast and at half the cost of the old way. Yoti can also niat-p beautiful velvet-effect rugs. The most "HUM.\N NEEDLE" ever produced to be worked by hand. Price of Needle complete with instructions, skein of yarn, pillow top and back for $1.50 prepaid. Send Money Order, Check, or Currency in place of stamps when possible. MEDINA, OHIO 244 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1921 I Buy Your Bee J I Supplies Now f 1 Take advantage of early-order discounts by | § ordering NOW. We guarantee to please you. | 1 "Prompt service and the very best" is our | 1 motto. We want your beeswax and old comb, i 'E Highest cash and trade prices offered. Texas | i beekeepers should write A. M. HUNT, | 1 Goldthvi^aite, Texas. | = Manufactured by = I Leahy Manufacturing Company | I 95 Sixth St., Higginsville, Missouri. = 5 Write for FREE catalog. It is to your interest. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir 1 Stop Losing Valuable I Queens! I This can be done by the use of the Jay i I Smith Push-in-the-Comb introducing i I cage. This cage has been thoroughly = I tested, and will give very sati.sfactory = I results. For complete information on 1 tlii.s cage, see pages 498 to 500, Aug- ust, 1919 ."Gleanings in Bee Culture." Price complete, 75 cents each ; ten, .|7,00; one hundred, $60.00. The A. I. Root Company West Side Station MEDINA OHIO LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES i Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards, | I Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial | 1 metal. Made by | 1 6. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. | = Sold only b.v Lewis "Beeware" Distributors, | niiiiijinniii!'iii!iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii!iiiiiniii:ni;inNNiiiiiiiiiiii!i{niiiii'nii[{iiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif? iiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiii:iiiii{iii{iin:iii{:ii!iiiiiiini i ii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'^ Established 1885. I Write us for catalog. w^V BEEKEEPERS tjoe, 51 SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind | That Bees Need. | j We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- 1 I plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The = I A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you;s = information given to all inquiries. Beeswax g = wanted for supplies or cash. = I John Nebel & Son Supply Co. j High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNniiiiiiNiiiiiiniiiii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiii[ininiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiii!iiii.^ SPECIAL CROPS $10,000.00 per acre every 5 years. A high grade monthly devoted to growing MEDICINAL plants. $1.00 per year, sample copy ten cents. HYBRID POTATO SEED. Something new. Every seed will give you new variety of po- tato. You will get all shapes and all colors. Some better than old standard sorts and some not as good. Package of this seed 25 ct.s. Potato sped ;nul new .subscription both for $1.00. Address SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO. Box G, Skaneateles, N. Y. Banking BY MAIL r YOUR CHANCE IN LIFE ■ 1 • is of your own making rather tlian uf your tak- ing. Your Saving.s Account may — WILL — be tlio making of your chance. MAIL your Sav ings (le|)(),sit,s to this institution. u THE SAYINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO, A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R.ROOT,VicePres. E.B.SPITZER,C^sh. medina;ohio April, l92i G L E A N I N G S t J^ 6 6 tJ C tl L T U R fi 245 fllllllllllllll!Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllli;illllllll{lllllll illini tg |llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilii||||||| {iijii; iiiiiliNllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliilllllllllll Illlirj I FOR SALE 1 iNEWMAN'SJiSSl = Three-banded Italian Bees and Queens = ^■^-■■...p- ^ i. r\ ^ t • d. = I after April 15th 1 12 I i I T A I I H M ^ * "^ * * ^ " ^ ' ' ^^ > iUntested Queens $1.75 $15.00 | | I I U I I U W and fully guaranteed. No | I Select Untested Queens 2.25 20.00 | M* ■■■^■■■■'disease. Satisfaction and | 1 Tested Queens 2.75 28.00 | I A 1 1 P P i I ft ^*^® ^"^'^^^- I I Select Tested Queens 3.25 33.00 1 i 1 11 1 L L W V Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; | I Breeders $5.00 to $10.00 at all times. I I U U L L 11 0 12, $15 00 Select Un- 1 1 A limited amount of one and two frame I l^ ,,„,„ ^. tested, $2.00; 6, $10.00. | i Nuclei. Prices on request. I f 12, $19.00. Circular free. i I H. L.MURRY I |A. H. NEWMAN, Queen Breeder| I SOSO, MISS. I I MORGAN, KY. I ^''" '"" """ ' ''" '"" """"""""I' "I""""";""" - P„iiiiii;tiiiiiiii;iiii:i iiiiiiiiiiiii iNiiiiiiiiiniN iiiiiii i I i i ill iiillllllllli= |iiiiiiii{iiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiijiiijiijiii:iiii:iiiLi:ii,iiii;iiiuiii:iNi:iiiHiiiiiiiii^ j g iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim I QUEENS and BEES I I ^^^^ Italian Queens | I WHEN YOU WANT THEM | | of the Best Known j j We are establishing one of the most | j OLrdlll | I modern Queen-rearing outfits In the j | Booking orders now for spring | I United States, and Avill breed from | | delivery of two-frame nuclei, | I New Imported Italian Blood. We are | 1 two-pound packages ancj full | = ,.,,„ , =s colonies. A. I. Root and H. D. = I not going to tell you how many g j ^^^^^ three-banded stock 1 I Queens we will put on the market, as | i P'Vps- 1 1'^ I I we shall produce QUALITY instead | | Untested $1.50 $14.50 | I of QUANTITY. - | | Tested 2.25 24.00 | i K ^■ -t. A u f A *i= Select Tested.. 3.00 30.00 i = A limited number of orders for = i • = i . -, ,. _.,, , .. J . ^ = Two-frame nuclei with untested = I spring delivery will be accepted at | | ^^^^^^ ^6 00. twenty-five or 1 I the following prices: | | more, $5.50. Two-frame nuclei | I Quantity 1 6 12 24 I I ^"^ *®^*®^ queens, $6.75; twen- | I UntMted .. . .$2.00 $11.40 $21. fto $40.80 i I ty-five or more, $6.25. Two-pound | I Sel. Untested .. 2.25 I3>8b 24.30 45.90 | | packages hybrid bees, each $4.00; | = ^Tcr , jxi!-i.ii add price of queens wanted. 1 I We are also prepared to furnish | | No disease near here; health cer- I I full colonies, nuclei, and pound pack- | | tificate with all I have for sale. | I ages for spring delivery. Write to- | f Safe arrival and satisfaction | I day for prices. I 1 guaranteed. Terms: One-fourth | I 11 with order; balance due at ship- | I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY | | Pi^S time. | I OF TEXAS I I Eancrlin Stonp ^ I p. O. BOX 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEX. I I -DaUgJlIl OIOIIC g I II Manchester, Texas. I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii liiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiniiiiNiiiiNiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiniiii.^ WiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiNiiiiiNniiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiii:iiii:iiiiiiiiiiie i^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiNiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiNiniii THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ^ BookiMs: oiders ikiw for 1921. Queens ready April 1st My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous | I and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the = I best of honey-gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping | g out foul brood. Orders booked for onerfourth cash, balance before delivery. Will guarantee safe | I arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive ciiiiiliir n\\<\ piiie list fiee. ■ I 1 Prices April, Mav, and .)nne .(uly to November = i 1 6 ■ r.' 1 ■ fi 12 = s Unlesled $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $1.25 $6.50 $12.50 i g Select Untested 1.75 9.00 16.00 1.50 8.00 15.00 | I Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 2.25 12.00 22.00 | ^ Select Tested 3.00 e^adi 3.00 each = I Ise^'ot lleTZr "^e! Johii G. MiUcr, 723 C St., Corpus Christi, Tex. | nilllllliiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiii!iiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{|||||||||iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiin^ GLEANINGS IN BRR CULTURE Aprii,, 1921 FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running- gear. Wag-on parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., 23 Elm Street, Quincy, III. |.iiiniiiijiiiiiiii:iiii:iiii;iiii:iiiHiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiii{:iiiiiiii!iiiinii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiNiiiiiiniiiii:niiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiii^ ITINS and glass jars g«^° /" .Cg^V-O'-de'; Now for Next Crop Packing.! i^ JNote Low_ Irrices bubject to Change at Any Date. = I 2y2-'b. Cans. 10-lb. Pails with Handles. | 12 dozen reshippiiig cases $1.45 per case net j,, y, d^^ g^ggg U 10 per case net 1 il" ^->^„?;''"" '■'■""''' ,.\\'^-^^ P"'' '■'■'■'*^ "''! I" '■••ates of 50 $6.70 per crate net 1 iJn 200.<-an crates fl]'?'^ P'"'' ^''^''^ "''! In .rates of 100 $12.75 per crate net! I In SOO-.an crate.s . . . . $24 50 per crate net -.(.,,, ,i„^ ^,^^^1 „,„„, ,.o„ai,i„„ o jo P i , r. u -^ ' '• ^ '""'' '"'"' ^''"fJ'^^i . case 50c per case 1 = 1 Doz. resnp'.;. ca.ses $l..!.'i per case net = 1 In Orates of 100 $8.30 per crate net SG.il, tins, NEW, 2 tin.s to wood case. ... i fin Crates of 200 $16.25 per crate net *l-35 per case | I WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LACQD. WAX-LINED CAPS. | 1 8-oz. Honey Capa< ity, C\ Under style $1.50 carton of 3 doz. ^ § 16-oz. Honey Capacity, Table -Tar st\ le $1.40 carton of 2 doz. f I Quart or 3 lb. Honey Capacity, Mason Style $1.00 carton of 1 doz. | I HOFFMAN & HAUGK, INC. - - Woodhaven, New York | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii^ pillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ j 'falcon'' I I Bees and Bee Supplies | I ID ECOMMENDED cheerfully because used successfully | I ■^*- by leading beemen for over 40 years. Safe arrival of 1 ■ shipments guaranteed. Order NOW. | 1 Send for our red Catalog. I 3 Distributor for the Central West: H S William H. Rodman, 2027 Main St., Gateway Sta., Kansas City, Mo. g I W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Falconer, N. Y. | M "'where the best beeh-ves come from." M illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ pllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli I Honey Producers, Take Notice | m Do you realize it is only a short time until your bees will be taken m m out of winter quarters? Have you thought about supplies for next sea- M S son? Do not wait until swarming time for that means dollars out of your J I pocket. Order your supplies NOW. 1 S We manufacture and carry in stock a complete line of Bee Supplies M 1 ready for prompt shipment. Send us a list of the supplies you wish to 1 S purchase and we will be pleased to quote you our prices. Our 1921 de- B g scriptive catalog and price list is now ready for mailing. Send us your | m name and address and we will mail it to you. m I August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wisconsin | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ li'Rir.. 1921 « L E A N I N a S IN B E IS CULTURE 24r meT"Lr°be Modified Dad ant Hive Your equipme put above the Modi- fied Dadaiit hive used as full depth supers. P\'atures are: Deep frames, large one- story brood nest, Ciaine space venti- lation, excellence i II wintering, swarming easily controlled. Glance at this illus- tration to compare this hive with "Standard" Lang- stroth hive. You can get 40 per cent greater brood- comb area than in the " Standard ' ' ten - frame Lang- stroth. Modified Dadant Hive Features. 1. Eleven frames, Langstroth length, Quinby depth. 2. Frames spaced 1% inches for swarm control. .3. E X t r a c t i n <; frames 6^4 inches deep. 4. Dovetailed body, regular re- versible bottom and metal roof cover with inner cover. 5. Langstroth "Standard" equip- ment easily used with this hive. For free booklet write any distributor of Lewis "Beeware," or to G. B. Lewis Company Watertown, Wisconsin Dadant & Sons Hamilton, Illinois illlllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllllllli:!!ll!!lllll!lll!l!llllllll!lllllllllll!|l^^ 'i:iiii:iiii.iiii.iii!:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiiiJHiji::i;i::iiiijiii;iiii:iiii:iiii:HiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiii!iiiiii:iiii:'a Ihagard's Italian Queens Bred for Quality My three-1)an(l(>(l (hioimis iirc bred t'loni import- i ed stock; tbi'V ari> linrdy, prolific, nciitb', dis- i eiisei-vesi.stiiis:, and lioiiey producers. A good ! queen is tlie life of any colony ; head your i colony witli some of our cpieens, place our queens : u.2;aiiist any (|upen you may olitain anywhere, i and note the results. Book your order now for ■ the latter i)art of Aijril and May delivei'y. April 1st to July 1st. Untested $2.00 Select Untested .... 2.2.5 Tested 3.00 Select Tested 5.00 6 $8.00 10.00 1 6.00 25.00 12 $15.00 18.00 28 00 50.00 = Siijf finical, pure iiiatlnn, 1 1 and perfect xatixfartion gvar- § 1 Icril. Chriilnr frcr. s I V. R. Jhagard | I Greenville, Ala. | Piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliillliiiiiiiiii niiiiniiiiiiiniiiiit iiniiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ |||||j|||||||||||||||||||l||||||||lllillll|l|||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ ost Handlantorn A powerful portable lamp, giving a 300 candle power pure white light, just what the farmer, d;uryman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe^Keliable —Economical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug proof Burns either gasohne or kerosene. Light in weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Write for Catalog. jjj£ q^^j LIGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Ciuiton, O. Ijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiiiiii;^ I INDIANOLA APIARY | j will furnish 3-banded Italian bees and queeim : | f Untested queens, $1.00 each; tested. $1.50 each. j ^ One pound bees, no queen, $2.00. No disease. = j J.W.SHERMAN,VALDOSTA,GA. | illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll{llinill!lllllllllllllllllllllllllli:ll!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMII!lillllllllllllllllllli7 I NEW ENGLAND | 1 BEEKEEPERS will find a complete stock of up- 1 = to-date supplies here. Remember we are in the 1 = thipping center of New England. If you do not s = have a 1921 catalog send for one at once, E I H. H. Jepson, 182 Friend St., Boston 14, Mass. | :MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiNiniiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii| ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES. | i I c.-in make immediate shipment for early = I orders, and you can get the discount by | I ordering eaily. | [ A. M. MOORE, Zanesville, Ohio. | i 221/2 South 3rd St. I GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1921 I Completely Destroys I the Weed Growth I More than that, the BARKER breaks I the hardest erust into a level, porous, I moisture-retaining mulch — all in the I same operation. I A ten-year-old boy can run it — do mon I and better work than ten men with hoes I Saves time and labor, the two big ex I pense items. i RAPl^FT? WEEDER, MULCHEl I lJ2A.l\JX.JliJ\ AND CULTIVATOl I Eight reel blades revolve against a stationary I underground knife — like a lawn mowei I Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Works right Up ti I plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Ha I leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva I tion — 3 garden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. i Tells hove gardeners and fruit-growers every I where are reducing their work; increasing theii I yields. — How to bring growing plants through I a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture I and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send I TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe I cial Pactory-to-User oflfer. BARKER MANUFACTURIN6 COMPANY I Dept. 23. David City, Nel. Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. i^. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free ^^. book and Pactory-to-User offer. Two Thousand Nuclei For Spring Delivery i A great many progressive beekeepers; i of today buy nuclei to make up winter ; I losses, or in the form of pound packages \ \ to strengthen weak colonies. We know : I this is a good investment, and for a good ; I many years have raised bees in the ; I South, sending them north to catch the ; I honey flow in July and August. It is our ; i policy, in furnishing our customers with ; I bees from our southern apiaries, to fur- ; I nish bees that give satisfaction to you, as i ; they have to us for the past ten years, i ; We are very particular as to the strain ; I of bees we keep, and the rearing of our \ : queens is in the hands of an expert. We maintain that the queen is the life \ I of the colony, and they are reared under | ; the most favorable conditions, that of [ natural swarming, and they are fine large I ones with energy to spare, and as good 1 as money can buy. However, we do not ! sell queens, but we see that a good queen | goes with every nucleus we sell. We guar- 1 antee you safety against disease, as our | bees are inspected constantly, and our i apiaries closely watched to see that no | disease appears. Our prices as follows: I April May June 1-frame nucleus $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 2-frame nucleus 5.50 5.00 4.50 3-frame nucleus 7.00 6.50 6.00 4-frame nucleus 9.00 8.50 8.00 = Full colonies of bees, $12.00 per colony | I 1-pound package $2.50 | I 2-pound package 4.50 | I 3-pound package 6.50 | I For packages with 'queens add $1.50 for | I each package. | 1 WEBER BROS. i I HONEY CO. I I RIALTO, CALIFORNIA | April, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 249 I Quality Bee Supplies | I From a Reliable House | H f Without fear or favor I place my H 1 BEE SUPPLIES and SEEVICE before | 1 you. 1 s f It is the small anuoyanees that often ^ M grow into disastrous results. Avoid the g M so-called "little losses" by using | i MONDENG'S goods. Quality is first— 1 g save time when you put your goods to = g gether by getting supplies that are ac- g g curately made. Service is next — no de- g g lays when bee supplies are ordered from g M my factory. g J I I am ready to meet your urgent g g needs. Send for my latest price-list. M g ^ Closing out all Langstroth and Wis- g g consin hives and supers. Also Lang- M M troth triangular top-bar frames, and g M eight-frame D. T. supers for 4x5 sec- g g tions. At cost price, write for quota- g g tions. H I Charles Mondeng | M 146 Newton Ave. N. & g M 159 Cedar Lake Eoad. g I MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA. g iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ BEE SUPPLIES I We are prepared to give you I value for your money. Our M factory is well equipped with = the best machinery to manufac- m ture the very best bee supplies g that money can buy. Only the m choicest material suitable for g beehives is used. Our workman- g ship is the very best. Get our P prices and save money. I EGGERS BEE SUPPLY I MFG. COMPANY, INC. g Eau Claire, Wis. .iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ Wanted In big and small shipments, to keep Buck 's Weed-pro- cess foundation factory go- ing. We have greatly in- creased the capacity of our plant. We are paying higher prices than ever for wax. We work wax for cash or on shares. Root Bee Supplies Big stock, wholesale and retail. Big catalog free. I Carl F. Buck B The Comb-foundation Specialist i August, Kansas I Eyfnhlixhed 1899 EVERY SHEET THE SAME As alike as peas in a pod — only more so. That is a distinguishing feature of my comb foundation. Accuracy is my watchword. My foundation is not left with the natural milled edge, but every edge is trimmed with an absolutely straight, smooth cut, and always measures right to the dot, no matter what the size ordered. This accurate trimming not only expedites placing the foundation in the frames, but also permits of such close packing for shipment that there is no chance for it to chuck around, thus jamming the edges. Although this extra trimming adds to the cost of manufacture, still my prices are lower than others. Your own wax worked into founda- tion at lowest rates. Send for com- plete price list. E. S. Robinson Mayville, Chautpuriua Co.. N. Y. Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilll 250 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll April, 1921 lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Forehand's Queens They Satisfy— Why? Because of 28 years of exi^erimental work, with botli queen-breeding and honey-production. With breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as good, but none BETTEE. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of my breeders. OUE SERVICE STATION— We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All questions are cheerfully answered. I breed three-banded Italians only. Nov. 1st to June 1st. 1 6 12 Untested $2.00 $9.00 $16.00 Selected Untested 2.25 10.50 18.00 Tested 3.00 16.50 30.00 Selected Tested 3.50 19.50 36.00 Bees in two-pound packages, 1 package, $6.00; 25 or over, $5.80; 50 or over $5.40; 100 or over, $5.00, without queens. Will begin shipping bees as early as weather will permit. Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order and l^alance when shiiimeint is desired. Pure mRtiu?. safe arrival, and perfect satisfac- tion suaranteed. ^Vrite for circulars and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. N. Forehand, Ramer, Alabama eriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy QUEENS AND BEES 1 Mr. Beekeeper, we are establishing one of the most modern queen-rearing outfits in | 1 the U. S. A. If you want good quality, quick service, prompt attention, and perfect j g satisfaction, don't fail to place your orders with us on time as we fill orders in | B rotation. Our queens are bred by experienced queen-breeders; they are reared by | B the latest and most approved method and from the very best honey-gathering strain | g of Italians obtainable. Our exjierience from boyhood up under our father (who had | M fifty years of experience with bees) thus enables us to produce queens as good as can | m be produced, but none better, and we sell at figures that will sustain the high | g quality of our queens. Our bees are hardy, gentle, prolific, disease-resistant and j g honey-gatherers. Each and every queen that leaves our yard is inspected by us per- | I sonally and all inferior ones are killed. | M Prices April, May, and June: 1 6 12 100 j 1 Untested Queens $1 . 50 $ 8 . 00 $15 . 00 $100 . 00 | m Select Untested Queens 1.75 9.25 16.50 115.00 | 1 Tested Queens 2 . 75 13 . 75 24 . 50 | ^ Select Tested Queens 3.50 each | I — BEES — I = We ship only 2-lb. packages by express F. O. B. shipping point, $5.00 each; 25 or | M more, $4.75 each. Add prices of queens wanted. We guarantee pure mating, safe | m arrival, and free from all diseases in U. S. A. and Canada. Remember you take no i g risk when you deal with us. Isn't that enough said? Reference, Bank of Ramer, i J Ramer, Ala. I I The Norman Brothers Apiaries | I Naftel, Alabama | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Al'KlL, 1921 GL.KANINGS IN BEK CULTURE 251 ITALIAN BEES & QUEENS OF PURE THREE-BAND STOCK J Bred from best hustlers, by iiietliods that j'ears of experience has taught us are best, in- | eluding the use of large, strong nuclei, which insures young queens emerging strong and | vigorous. Safe arival in U. S. and Canada. Health certificate with each shipment. Satis- | faction guaranteed. • = Untested 1 to I'J, $1..")0 each. Over 12, $1.1'.") each | Select Untested 1 to 12, $1.75 each. Over 12, $1..5() eacli S Tested 1 to 12, $2.50 oach. Over 12, $2.25 each r Select Tested, suitable for breeders $5.00 each : Two-frame nuclei, $5.00. Three-frame nuclei, $7.00; add price of queen wanted witli each. ] Eight-frame colony, $15.00. Ten-frame colony, $17.50. Standard equipment all around, ^ and wired frames. | JENSEN'S APIARIES, CRAWFORD, MISS., R. F. D. No. 3. j iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiitiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiini^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiroduce half a bushel of seed if y I you take care of the crop properly. Inquiry is solicited for larger amounts. | I Pin $1 bill to this advertisement. Attach your name and address. The jjackage of seed S I and the l)ooklet explaining the whole i)roposition will be sent you by return mail. y I We are growers of Selected Evergreen Sweet ('orn anf Annual Spree VOL. XLIX ilay, 1921 NUMBER 5 You all know the value of good Queens. When buying why not buy the BEST. Our Queen- rearing Apiary, in charge of Henry Perkins; will be able to supply the "Best" Queens ob- tainable shortly after April 1st. Send ill i/our order at unee to avoid delay in securing your require- mi'Titx. Prices very attractive. Satinf action guaranteed. MILLER BOX MANUFACTURING CO. 201 North Avenue 18 Los Angeles, Cal. QyALITY First ^ANUFACTUKER^ ^r^""" INQUIRIES SOilClT^^ "'•^IBOYER'^' Southern Headquarters for Pack- age Bees and Reliable Queens Three-Banded Italians Only PRICE OF BEES: lib. package, $3.50; 2 lbs.. $5.50; 3 lbs., $7.50, Add price of grade of queen wanted to these prices. Write for de siriiJtive prije list. PRICE OP QUEENS: Untested, $1.50 eacli ; si.x, $8.50; twelve, $16.00; fifty or more, $1.25 each. Select untested, $1.75 each; six, $9 50; twelve, $18.50; fifty or more, $1.50 each. Tested Queens, $3.00 each. Prompt service, safe arrival of queens, and satisfaction we guarantee. Any of our untested queens that prove to be mismated will be replaced free of charge. No foul brood or other con- tagious bee disease has ever been in our vicinity. I W. D. ACHORD - - ^lllllllllllllllllllllllllillll!lilllll[llllilillllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllll]||l!llllilllO^ FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA !'I!!''ll!'!l!li'i"niiri|l'! |iiri|rri'i'";i!:Ti!:ii"ii!i!:i!ti! Indianapolis Can Give You Some Real Beekeeping Service We ship your order the same day it is received. Let us give you some of this service. Catalog for the asking. Write for prices on beeswax THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY 873 Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. iliilliiiliiiliiliiiiiiiiH ""■■: viiiiiiiiliiii!!iiilllllliii: illiiillliiliiiiillllliliiiiliiliiiililiilliiiliiiliiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ililiillliilllilllllilllillllllllliiiiiiliiiiliiiililill^^ Mav, 1921 Gr. eaninCtS in bee culture 257 MAY, 192 1 Houey Marki'ts 260-261 Editorials 265-267 Forehanded Beekeeping Murlev Pettit 268-271 Worth a Lot to Know It E. R. Root 271-273 Granulation in Comb Hoiiev L E. Crane 273-274 Swarm Control ". F. G. Rauchfuss 275 Comb-Honey Production Geo. S. Demuth 276-278 Preparing for the Honev Flow E. F. Atwater 278-279 Value of Good Queens. .' Jay Smith 28U Color of Drones Geo- B. Howe 280 Natural Swarming Roland Sherburne 281 Hospital Yards T. V. Damon 281-282 Retailing Honey R. C. Clary 282 Siftings J. E. Crane 283 Happy Hours in California Constance Root Boyden 284-285 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 286-287 From North, East, West, and South 288-290 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 291-292 My Queens Bill Melvir 292 Who 's Who in Apiculture 293 Gleaned by Asking Editors 294-295 Just News 296 Talks to Beginners Editor 297-299 Our Homes A. I. Root 300-302 SUBSCEIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paia-in-advance-subseriptiou rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription. 15 cents additional j)ov year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on eLxpiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on reqiiest. Results from adveo-tising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 55.8 per cent; advertising, 44.2 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root lona Fowls H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 MUTH'S IDEAL BEE VEIL —$1.50— Older direct from us or any of the G. B. Lewis Co. distributors. You're right — this is "Tommy" Atkins of the Letvis Co. Atkiru^ is on the job at al- most every conreniion. Next lime you .tee him, loarm up to him; he's a jolly good beemaii. Do you see, he won't get slimy? He has a Muth Ideal Veil. WE HAVE A COMPLETE STOCK of Lewis Beeware. Have you taken advantage of our attractive prices on Bee Supplies? Send us a list of your requirements for quotation. Send for catalog. WE AEE AGAIN IN THE MAEKET for shipments of Honey. What have you? Send sample with your best price delivered to Cincinnati. OLD COMBS AND WAX.— DON'T •muss around rendering old comb; it often spreads bee disease- Send for shipping tabs and bag it up at once. We ]>ay you the market price for wax rendered, less 5c per pound for rendering charges. BEES. TWO-FEAME NUCLEI WITH Queen, $8.50. Our Nuclei will make a strong colony by fall. QUEENS. JASPEE KNIGHT'S FA- mous Three-Banded Select LTntested Queens, $2.00. For quantity orders write for special prices- ?? FRED W. MUTH CO. Pearl and Walnut, Cincinnati, O. SUPERIOR " FOUNDATION Yes, we are ready for the rush. Many tons now ready for shipment, and our machines are running to utmost capacity. Use the best. If your dealer can't supply you, write us for price, stating quantity required. We also accept beeswax for foundation or supplies. "Everything in Bee Supplies" SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY OGDEN, UTAH. (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation) Airco! Airco! Airco! Use it once, and you will proclaim it to all your friends and enemies as THE premier foundation on the market today. There are others — but then they aren't Airco. They are dif- ferent. You will think it the best you have so far used. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles: 1824 E. i^th Street San Francisco: ^2^4 Main Street May, 1921 a I; E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE 259 A Superior Quality At Less Cost SUPPLIES A Superior Quality At Less Cost Prices of Honey as well as most commodities have come down. There is no reason why prices of Hives and Supplies should be as high as the prices which are being charged by most supply manufacturers. Our prices, as will be noticed by comparing prices on items listed beloAV, are so reasonably low, that competitors claim superiority on the mere strength of their higher prices. AVhen you order Diamond Match Company's sii])plies you get the l)c.st that is ol)tainable at any price. On orders amounting to $50.00 or over deduct 5 per cent. Hives, Supers, etc., listed below are in the flat, and are com- plete with Hoffman frames, nails, metal rabbets, and all inside fixtures. One-story Dovetailed Hive Five 8-f rame $16.00 Five 10-frame 16.90 Full-Depth Supers Five 8-franie $8.00 Five 10-franie 9.00 Shallow Extracting Supers No. 1 Style Comb Koney Supers Five 8-franie $5.75 Five 10-frame 6.25 Five 8-frame $6.00 Five 10-frame 6.50 Standard Hoffman Frames 100 $8.50 500 40.00 Shallow Extracting Frames 100 $6.70 500 32.50 Our Incomparable Quality Foundation Medium Brood 5 lbs 82c per lb. 25 lbs 81c per lb. 50 lbs 80c per lb. Thin Super 5 lbs 90c per lb. 25 lbs 89c per lb. 50 lbs 88c per lb. Especially prepared Beehive White paint, one-half gallon cans.. $2. 10 Hoffman & Hauck. Inc. Woodhaven, New York 260 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE HONEY MARKETS May, 1921 U. S. Government Market Reports- SHIPPING POINT INFORMATION, APRIL 15. LOS ANG-ELES. — Supplies still generally heavy but old crop cleaning up in some sections. Poor wire inquiry, movement slow, market weak. Car- loads f. o. b. usual terms, per lb., few sales, white orange blossom, 12%-13c, white sage 12-12i/^c, light amber alfalfa 6-6i^c, light amber sage, 7V2- 8%, white alfalfa 7%-8e; Hawaiian white 7c, light amber 6c, honeydew honey 4%. Producers are re- ported as offering contracts for new crop white orange blossom 10c per lb., but buyers are holding off. Prospects for the honey crop are generally favorable thruout the State except in San Diego district and Salinas Valley where rainfall has been very light. Darker grades of honey are now on cheap price basis and competing with sugar for commercial use. The outlook is for a continued downward trend in prices for the darker-colored stock. INTER-MOUNTAIN REGION (COLORADO AND IDAHO). — Shipments are lighter than . for the preceding two weeks, the movement of comb honey being reported as especially light. What few sales are made are nearly all in less than car- lots. White sweet clover and alfalfa mixed is be- iiitc offered in carlots at 8c per lb.; but the lower prices at which stock can be purchased in Cali- fornia is proving too heavy a competition for most buyers, and they are accordingly holding off. FLORIDA. — Due to favorable weather condi- tions, the nectar flow commenced unusually early, and considerable honey has already been produced. It is expected that the crop this year will be larger than that a year ago. TELEGRAPHIC! REPORT.S FROM IMPORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Almost no demand or movement, dealers are hold- ing at prices prevailing two weeks ago. Comb: Sales to retailers very few. New Yorks, 24-section cases white clover No. 1, heavy $8.50-9.00, light $7.00-7.50; Vermont, 20-section cases white clover No. 1, heavy $8.00-8.50, light $7.00-7.50. Extract- ed: Sales to confectioners and bottletrs. Poilto Ricans, few sales of amber 85c per gal. California, too few sales to establish market. Brokers' quota- tions delivered Boston follow: California, per lb., white sage 15-16c, light amber 10-14c, amber 7-9c. Beeswax, no sales reported. CHICAGO. — No carlot arrivals but approximate- ly 10,000 lbs. arrived from various States includ- ing Ohio, Colorado, California, Montana. Market very dull. Movement of extracted almost at stand- still, attributable apparently largely to cheap sugar. Several dealers have from y2 to 1 V2 cars in ware- houses: one large bottler is buying practically noth- ing. Extracted : Sales to bottlers and blenders. Colorado, Montana, and California, alfalfa and clover, white 12-12 V2C, light amber 9% -10c. Comb: Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois, 24-section cases alfalfa and clover No. 1, heavy $6.50-7.00, light weight, discolored, $5.00-5.50. Beeswax: Receipts and sup- plies moderate, market dull, movement slow and irregular. Still considerable foreign wax being of- fered, this depressing market somewhat. Sales to wholesale druggists, insulator manufacturers, har- nessmakers, etc. : Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, light 30-33C, dark 26-29c; South American and African, unrefined 18-24c, mostly around 22c. CINCINNATI. — Since last report, 1 car Cali- fornia, 1 car Wyoming arrived. On account of the refusal of the principal honey and beeswax re- ceivers to furnish the information necessary to re- port market conditions and prices in Cincinnati accurately and completely, no report can be pub- lished for this important honey and beeswax cen- ter. CLEVPjLAND. — No carlot arrivals since last re- port. Supplies are liberal but movement very draggy. Extracted : Dealers quote western, 60-lb. cans in 5-case lots nr more; white sweet clover Kii/^-lSc, amber alfalfa 16-16 i^c. DENVER. — Market continues quiet, demand and movement very light. Sales to .iobbers, ex- tracted: Per lb., Colorado, white 13-13 M>c, light amber 12^-12% c. amber 12c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases. No. 1, white $6.08 per ease, No. '2, $5.(i:i. Bee.swax: Prices paid farmers average, yellow 20c per lb. KANSAS CITY. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies liberal, demand and movement slow on extracted, fair on comb. Sales to jobbers, extracted: Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, light amber various flavors 12-13c; California, Utah, and Oregon, extra light amber and white alfalfa, most- ly 12e, Utah and Oregon, dark amber 10c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases No. 1, mostly $6.00. Beeswax : Sales to jobbers, in small way, mostly 25c per lb. NEW YORK.— Light 1. c. 1 receipts from New York and California arrived, moderate receipts from South America and West Indies. Supplies liberal, practically no demand or movement, market weak, very few sales. Very few dealers doing any buying at all. Reduction in sugar prices has ap- preciably affected market for honey. Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers, and bottlers, extracted: Domestic, per lb., California, light amber and white alfalfa, mostly 7-8c, few 9c; white orange blossom and white sage, mostly 10- lie, few 12-13c. Imported, West Indian and South American, refined, mostly 5-5 %c per lb.; 60-65c, few high as 70c per gal. Comb: No supplies, no sales. Beeswax : Domestic receipts light, foreign receipts moderate. Supplies liberal, demand and movement very slow, market weak. Few sales. only drug trade and few manufacturers of wax articles doing any buying. Spot sales to whole- salers, manufacturers, bleachers, and drug trade: South American and West Indian, light best 24-25c, few high as 28c, slightly darker low as 19e; African and West Indian, dark 15-16c, few 17c per lb. PHILADELPHIA. — No carlot arrivals reported. Supplies light but more than sufficient to meet de- mand. Market steady Pew sales to bakers, ex- tracted: Porto Rican, light amber 65-68c. amber 60-63c per gal. Comb: No sales. Beeswax: Supplies liberal, demand slow, market dull, manufacturers showing very little interest, dental manufacturers buying lightly. Sales to manufacturers per lb., imported, African, dark 15c; Chilean, light 30c; domestic, light 30-35c. ST. LOUIS. — Comb, no receipts reported. Sup- plies moderate, market very duU, very few sales. Demand very limited and movement confined to small lots in sales direct to retailers. Colorado, 24- section cases, white clover and alfalfa. No. 1 heavv around $8.00, light $7.00. Extracted: Light re- ceipts, supplies liberal, practically no demand and very little selling, market very weak. Sales to whole- salers, per lb., Missouri, Arkansas, and Missis- sippi, light amber various mixed flavors, mostly around i2c, dark amber low as 10c. Beeswax: Re- ceipts light, supplies moderate, very light demand, manufacturers not buying, very light movement from hands of jobbers. Sales to jobbers, Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi, ungraded average coun- try run 23-24c per lb. GEORGE LIVINGSTON. Chief of Bureau of Markets. Special Foreign Quotations. LIVERPOOL. — Since our last report no busi- ness has been done whatever, and values lemain nominal, owing to there being no demand and heavy stocks. The value of extracted honey is about 11 cents per pound. The beeswax market is also quiet. The value per pound for Chilean at today's rate of exchange is 26-27c. Taylor & Co. Liverpool, England, April 5. CUBA. — Honey is quoted at 40c a gallon ; yel- low wax, 20c a pound. A. Marzol. Matanzas, Cuba, April 6. Opinions of Producers. Early in April we sent to actual honey producers, scattered over the country, the following questions: 1. What per cent of the 1920 honey crop is now in the hands of producers? Comb? Extracted? 2. What has been the total of winter and spring loss of colonies in your locality ? Give answer in per cent. 3 . What is the condition of the colonies at present compared wtih normal, considering strength, amount of brood, and amount of stores? Give answer in per cent. . 4. What_ is the condition of the honey plants at this time compared with normal? Give answer in per cent. Mav, 1921 GLEANINGS IN For tlie southern States and California the fol- low-ins aflditional ciuestion was asked: 5. How does the early honey flow thus far com- pare with normal ? Give answer in per cent. Ex. on Col. Plant Hon. State Reported bv liand Loss Con. Con. Flow Via .1. M. Cutt.s.... 75 2 135 125 100 Cal. M. H. Mendleson 1(1 4 100 65 15 Cal. L. L. Andrews., 1 ID 75 60 30 i ,\ \. Green .... .'Id 1 'i 70 100 Kla Ward Lamkiu ..10 0 100 100 50 111 .V. L. Kildow .... '. :i 125 50 hid. E. S. Miller 30 5 100 100 Iowa Frank Coverdale. 5 2 120 70 Kan .1. .\. Nininger... 0 7 80 75 La K. C. Davis 10 15 100 100 100 Md. S. .1. Crocker.... 15 10 125 100 Mass. O. M. Smith.... 10 1 100 100 Mich. B. F. Kindig 7 2 125 100 Miss. R. B. Willson.... 50 2 125 125 150 Mo. .T. W. Romberger. o 7 95 100 Neb. F. .^. Harris.... 0 5 75 » 95 N..J. E. G. Carr '. 5 75 80 N. Y. Geo. H. Rea 5 5 100 100 N. Y. Adams & Mvers.. 25 0 95 98 N. Y. F. W. Lesser.... 2 2 125 100 Ohio Fred Linin^er.... 0 0 100 100 Okla. Chas. F. Stiles... 5 0 90 60 Ont. F. Eric Milieu... 5 1 110 75 Pa. Harrv Beaver. .. . 0 5 110 100 Tex. T. A. Bowden... 5 8 80 100 90 Tex. J. N. Maves 0 2 125 125 Tex. H. B. Park.s 5 3 100 100 88 Utah M.A.Gill 10 6 100 120 Va. J. H. Meek 5 5 95 90 Wash. G. W. B. Saxton. 25 10 105 100 Wis. H. F. Wilson.... 10 18 120 100 The amount of comb honey on hand in Massa- chusetts and New York is 10 per cent ; five per cent or less in California. Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, and New York; and none in the cither States. 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii BOOKS AND BULLETINS The Ltayne Bulletin. No. 1, Vol. 2, dated March, 1921, has ,iust been is.sued by the American Honey Producers' Leaaue. This bulletin reviews the ob- jects of llie leasue. gives a list of its officers, its history, its constitution, a report of the meeting held at Indianapolis on Feb. 15-17, anj tlie treas- urer's report. H. B. Parks, P. O. box 838, San .\ntonio, Texas, is secretary. Bei's ntui lieekepfiing, by Frank R. Cheshire, F.L.S.. P.R.M.S., in two volumes has been re- printed with an appendix, bringing the work up to date by J. B. Lamb. BEE CULTURE I ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES. i I can make immediate shipment for early i orders, and you can get the discount by ^ ordering eai'ly. I A. M. MOORE, Zanesville, Ohio. I 221/2 South 3rd St. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Raise CuinEa FOR us We need men and women, boys and girls . every- where to raise Guinea Pig3 for os. We tell yon where to ftet them, show you how and buy all yea raise. Bis? opportunity for money making- Thou- sands needed weekly. Easy to Raise— Big Demand ^So^&, I «raa Drnfifc experience or equipment needed. LdlgC riUlllO They breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or atteclion. Pay better than poultry or equabo — cost K-sa to house, feed.keep, eaaler raised — less trouble, market f^uaranteed. CDCC Particulars, contract, and booklet how to ralaa rllCk CAVIES DISTRIBUTING COMPANY 314S Grand Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. tartjfgt Gv.ine 3 EDITORIAL Beware a Shortage of Stores. THE COLONIES arc so strong aiul have so much more brood than usual for this time of year thru the north- eastern portion of the country that there is great danger of their running short of stores before the beginning of the main honey flow. In the clover region the next few weeks is a critical time in this respect; and beekeepers should keep a close watch on the stores, for even a few days . of bad weather may bring these big colonies to the verge of starvation and practically ruin them for the season. On the other hand, these mammoth colo- nies are able to send such a large force of bees into the fields whenever the weather is favorable that they are often able to re- plenish, their stores and actually gain in weight at this season while weaker colo- nies are starving- No beekeeper can afford to take chances on meager stores at this time unless nec- tar is being gathered freely every day. Every colony should have 10 to 20 pounds of honey in advance of their needs to draw on during bad weather. No other one thing, in the care of the bees, is so important at this season as an abundance of stores. DO ^CIP AS WILL be seen by the Government mar- ket reports, the situation is improving. Honey is starting to go The Honey to Europe in a limited Situation way, and, what is of Improving, consider able signifi- cance, honey in bottles and tumblers is beginning to move. This is doubtless due to a slight improvement in the economic situation over tlie country generally. In the mean time the crop in southern California is not going to be as large as was first predicted. See report by L. L. Andrews in this issue, in the Califor- nia department. The crop of Texas nies- quite has been cut short by rains that came too soon. The heavy freezes and blizzards, pre- ceded by a prolonged spell of warm weather, have killed the early fruit bloom thruout a large area, and reports from all over the country indicate that this will be one of the shortest vears for fruit that has been known in years. Tlie possible loss of bees by starvation thnmut the TTnited States on account of licavy lireeding, tlie reduction in the California ciop, and the failure of the fruit crop thiiKnit a large poi-tion of the country will h.-txc an influence in stimulat- ing an upward ticnd in honey jirices. Q (O^ca -iff A REPOKT of the investigations on the Isle of Wight disease by Dr. John Renuie and his associates, Isle of Wight which led to the dis- Disease. covery of the cause of this baffling mal- ady, has just been publish('(l in Transac- tions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LII, Part IV- (Issued separatelv as No. 29, March 25, 1921.) This pai)er is in four parts: (1) The Etio- logy (cause) of the Disease, by John Reiinie, D.Sc; Pliilip Bruce White, B.Sc. and Elsie J. Harvey; (2) The Pathology of the Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees, by Philip Bruce White, B. Sc; (3) Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees — Experiments on infection with Tarsonemus Woodi, by Elsie J. Harvey; (4) Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees — Acliarine Disease: Tlie or- ganism associated with the disease — Tarso- nemus Woodi, by John Rennie, D.Sc. The authors give a brief review of the jirevious observations on this disease since it was fii'st recognized in the island from which it derives its name in 1904, mention- ing the work of Imms (1907), Maiden <1909), Graham Smith, Fantham, and others (1912-1913), Anderson (1916), Anderson and Rennie (1916), and Rennie and Harvey (1919, two papers). In 1912 and 1913 Graham Smith and oth- ers put forward Nosema Apis as the cause of the Isle of Wight disease, but in 1919 Anderson and Rennie, and Rennie and Har- vey succeeded in establishing that Nosema infection is not found in Isle of Wight dis- ease, but is the cause of a distinct malady. Similar conclusions had been drawn by Dr. White in this conntry in 1918. The cause of Isle of Wight disease is now found to be a hitherto undescribed mite, identified by Dr. Rennie as belonging to the genus Tarsonemus. which it is jiroposed to name Tarsonemus Woodi in lionor of A. H. E. Wood, who rendered financial aid in carrying on the investigations. Sfifi GLEANINGS tN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 He Made Millions — for Others. AN ITEM is going the rounds of the press to the effect that Dr. C. C. Miller, at the age of 85, after having tried 14 different kinds of work, went into beekeeping; that his wife, in 1861, caught a swarm of bees and hived them in a sugar barrel. The story goes on to recite that he became so much interested that he made beekeeping his life work, and then adds, "Now he sells 20,000 pounds of section honey yearly, and is worth nearly two mil- lions of dollars;" that "he has been stung 4,000 times; has become immune to stings, and has invented a successful treatment which brings him a considerable income. ' ' Like many other newspaper stories this one is founded on a scintilla of truth. Dr. Miller did make a humble start, and did become interested in bees until he became one of the greatest authorities in the world. He did sell 20,000 sections of comb honey in one year when he was 85; but that was the only year when he produced so large an amount from so small a number of colo- nies- He did not ' ' invent a successful treat- ment" for stings. Dr. Miller, like most beekeepers, had his ups and downs. He made a comfortable living; he enjoyed the outdoors; but that he was worth ' ' nearly two millions of dol- lars" is a joke. We wish it were so. His great asset in life was his ability to teach. While he did not make ' ' millions ' ' for himself, he enriched his fraternity by many millions. He showed how to keep bees bet- ter. His ideas were sound. His book, "Fifty Years Among the Bees,'' is as fas- cinating as a novel- His modest ' ' Stray Straws" sparkled with gems. They were nuggets of gold. His constant look heaven- ward inspired thousands of lives, making better people as well as better beekeepers. He always said, when there chanced to be a poor honey year, ' ' I have enough to eat. I am comfortable. I can get along if I do not get a drop of honey. ' ' This was be- cause he was looking ahead. Now, then, since he did not make millions for himself, but did make millions for his brother beekeepers all over the world (for his influence went beyond the United States), shall we not show our appreciation by contributing to the Dr. C. C- Miller Me- morial Fund, mentioned on pages 8, 137, and 233, on his birthday, June 10 next? Amounts all the way from ten cents up will be re- ceived and credited to the fund. The good doctor, if he were alive, would aj^preciate more, we feel sure, a fund built on a large number of small gifts than a fund created by large ones. It has been suggested that each beekeeper on June 10 next be pre- pared to send in his contribution to the Dr. Miller Memorial Fund. If you are afraid you will forget it, send it now after read- ing this. We are sure that there are thousands upon thousands of beekeepers who have been helped by Dr. Miller. If he did not make millions for himself, yet he has helped to make millions for others, and those oth- ers will doubtless wish to have some part in his memorial- IN THESE days of short cuts and whole- sale methods in beekeeping, the labor of finding the To Take Away the Queen Without Having to Find Her queens to make colonies queenless for swarm control or in requeening the apiary is sometimes a burdensome task. On page 275 of this issue F. G. Eauchfuss tells the readers of Glean- ings how to take away the queen from each colony in the apiary without the labor of finding them. This important article should be carefully studied by every reader of this journal, for it not only outlines a system of swarm con- trol for comb-honey production, which prob- ably involves less labor than any other sys- tem evet devised for this purpose, but it is also full of suggestions which the ingenious beekeeper will find useful in many other ways. By the method outlined by Mr. Eauch- fuss, the queens are taken away from the colonies just previous to swarming time. This can be done without seeing a single one of the queens that are taken away, and the labor involved is largely in connection with the giving of the first comb-honey supers. The whole operation of removing the queens by this method is so simple that the queens of an entire apiary can be re- moved within a few hours. This method of dequeening and requeening with young queens for the control of swarming has been used for many years by Herman Eauchfuss and his son, F. G- Eauchfuss, and it has enabled them to operate a series of widely scattered apiaries near Denver, Colo., in the production of comb honey by the car- load. The plan fits in well with the present- day tendency in comb-honey production of building up the colonies to rousing strength in two-story hives, and then at the begin- ning of the honey flow reducing to a single story to induce the colonies to send a large force of their younger bees into the supers. Instead of bringing about a tendency to swarm when this is done the colony is put into a condition comparable to the parent colony in nature, except that its full work- ing force is retained, and such colonies sel- dom attempt to swarm during the same sea- son. The simple method of inserting a queen- excluder between the two stories of brood in which the queen is working, in order to confine her to one of them, then later looking for young brood instead of looking for the queen, and taking away the chamber whicli contains the young brood, can be used to dequeen colonies for (irdinary May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 267 lequeeuing as well as for dequeening iu swarm control. This saves much time and annoyance in hunting for the queens. "When this method of swarm control is used in localities which do not furnish a later honey flow, as in most of the clover region, if in- crease is not desired, the hive containing the old queen may be left standing by the side of the colony on the old stand for a week or ten days after the division was made, then these brood-chambers can be piled up as supers over weaker colonies, not being used to produce comb honey, paying no attention to the old queens. At the close of the season these brood-chambers, whicli should now be filled with honey, may be put back one on each hive after the comb- honey supers are removed. In this way the colonies are requeened, swarming is pre- vented, and every colony put in a fine con- dition for winter by a few simple opera- tions, without the necessity of finding a single queen, for the bees will take care of the job of disposing of the old queens- WHEN AETIFICIAL swarms are made to anticipate the issuing of natural swarms in p r 0 d u c ing ex- Swarm Control in Extracted Honey Production, tracted honey, it is not necessary to set the parent hive at one side, as in comb-honey production; but the par- ent colony and the swarm may both be left in the same hive, the swarm being in the new brood-chamber at the bottom of the hive and the brood-chamber of parent hive (having all queen-cells destroyed) being placed above the supers. A queen-excluder used over the lower brood-chamber prevents the queen from going back to the combs of brood now above the supers. This plan is a variation of the Demaree plan in which the chamber containing the brood is placed directly above the queen-excluder, the su- pers being placed on top. Placing the brood above the supers in this way separates the old brood-chamber from the new one more completely, which probably reduces the chances of a swarm issuing if a young queen should emerge in the old brood-chamber. In fact, some bee- keepers who use this method do not find it necessary again to destroy the queen-cells that may be built in the old brood-chamber after it is put above the supers, provided there are at least two full-depth extracting supers between the new brood-chamber at the bottom of the hive and the old brood- chamber now at the top of the hive. In addition to this, placing the supers directly above the new brood-chamber usually re- sults in the bees working in them better than when they are more remote. When artificial swarms are made in this way the new brood-chamber may be filled either with empty combs or frames con- taining full sheets of foundation, together with one empty comb. This plan for swarm- eontrol is used by many successful pro- ducers of extracted honey, being especially adapted to conditions usually prevalent in the clover region. A condition similar to this can be brought about with but little labor in all colonies, whether they are preparing to swarm or not, by the following plan: If the bees are wintered in single stories, add a second story of empty combs, preferably dark combs in which brood has been reared pre- viously, adding this second story early, be- fore the colonies become crowded, permit- ting the queen to have a free range thru both stories. At the beginning of the honey flow add another extracting super as soon as needed. Under these conditions the queen usually abandons the lower brood- chamber, working chiefly in the second story. About a week after the beginning of the honey flow or after the queen has abandoned the lower brood-chamber long enough so that the brood in this chamber has all been sealed, put the queen into the lower brood- chamber, confining her there by means of a queen-excluder; add another super of empty extracting combs, if needed; and, finally, put the brood-chamber, which was formerly the second story and which now contains most of the brood, on top of the supers- _ The bees are now compelled to establish their brood-nest anew in the lower brood- chamber, which at this time usually con- tains some sealed brood and much pollen. They are usually rather slow in preparing cells for the queen, and the new brood-nest is not expanded rapidly. While one might think at first that con- fining the queen to a single story after she has had a free range of the hive would in- crease the tendency to sWarm, it will be seen that colonies treated in this way are in a condition similar to colonies that are hived on a set of empty or nearly empty combs. Apparently the re-establishment of the brood-nest in these combs, which have been abandoned for brood-rearing, is just as effective as tho these combs had been brought from the shop or honey-house in- stead of being a part of the hive at the time of the manipulation. If the honey flow is short, colonies treated in this way usually go thru the season without attempt- ing to swarm, but they may do so if the honey flow is of long duration. David Eunning, Filion, Mich., gives a second story early, then later puts the queen below an excluder, as outlined above. About ten days later he shakes the bees of the lower brood-chamber, together with the queen, into a new brood-chamber filled with frames of foundation and one empty comb or a full set of empty combs, and puts the brood from which the bees have just been shaken on top of the supers, thus combining the two methods given above, to insure that no swarms shall issue during a prolonged honey flow. iJ(i8 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUT. T V H E May, 1921 DUEING my lifetime a revolution has taken place in b e e k e eping practice. I was taught to give bees the attend tion they called for from time to time, watching for swarms in summer, for cellar temperatures in winter, and for robbing in spring. "We enlarged and contract- ed entrances, hived swarms that came off, extracted a few combs at a time as they became ready, and were lackeys in constant waiting on the number of hives that one location could support. We could not start an out-apiary, because it took all our time to manage the one we had at home. The one yard yielded a fair profit, but there was no future" except to be a pottering "bee- man" with a meager income. That was and is the kind of beekeeping which gives rise to the very prevalent idea that none but old people and incompetents should keep bees. Eight up to the turn of the century it was the all but universal custom to keep bees as indicated. The American bee jour- nals were filled with methods of manage- ment. The bewildered reader was surfeited with instructions and advice. He was told how to prevent swarming after the swarm had issued, how to build up colonies — after poor wintering had weakened them, and so on. Something had to happen. The indus- try could not proc'eed, until someone untied the beekeeper from the thralldom of wait- ing on his one yard of bees. The crying need was for a system by which he could give one yard forehanded managemejit in one day suflScicnt to last it for a week or more while he attended to other yards in the same manner. Here and there advanced thinkers were working on the problem in the eighties. They were making real prog- ress in the nineties, and during the present century the development has been rapid. It began with the prevention of swarm- ing and has branched out into all phases of beekeeping. I have cast about in my mind to find a suitable name for this new idea in beekeeping practice. Until someone sug- gests a better, I shall call it "forehanded beekeeping. ' ' Doubtless the distinction be- tween it and the earlier methods is clear. It is to be the master of the situation, so far as the situation may be mastered. It is to prepare in advance for the more desir- able conditions, so far as they may be con- trolled, leaving nothing to chance or what nature may provide. It is to foresee and forestall every avoidable loss. Forehanded beekeeping is founded on the best available knowledge of bee behavior and of every natural factor entering into the problem. In what we have chosen to call "fore- handed beekeeping, ' ' methods of winter- ing and of spring management have shown FOREHANDED BEEKEEPING A '1^'W Era in Beekeeping. Elim- ination of Fussy Spring Manage- ment. Foiestalling Avoidable Loss By Morley Pettit great progress. We used to re- duce brood- chambers to pro- tect small clus- ters; now we endeavor to provide large clus'ters to fill the b r 0 0 d chambers- We used to see how little we could feed in the fall and not starve the colony, weighing each hive and doling to each its pittance; now we feed practically all the colony will take and relieve ourselves of anxiety, knowing that "millions of stores at our house" will rejiay us in com- pound interest next spring. Above all we make sure of the quality of winter stores by feeding sugar syrup to every liive re- gardless of its weight. Foundation for This Season's Crop Built Last Summer and Fall. Just before the close of the honey flow we see that every colony has a good queen. When the light honey comes off about the first of August, each hive is left the equiva- lent of at least a half super of honey. This must be in a super, and not in the brood- chamber. The latter must be practically free of honey, and with no more pollen than the colony needs. Every brood-cham- ber is examined at that time to make sure it is in the favorable condition for brood- rearing just described. In our localities we are blessed with a superabundance of pollen and sometimes have to remove pollen- clogged combs. We recognize that each colony insists on having one pollen comb. We respect their wishes in this — we might as well — but we see that the other combs are fairly clear for brood. Now with a brood-chamber clear for rear- ing the young bees which are to constitute the winter colony, and a queen able and willing to produce the eggs from which the young bees for the winter colony will grow, there must be a plentiful supply of food for these growing young bees in the supers, as previously stated. This point is so im- portant that it will bear repetition. In fact, I can vouch for its importance because it has cost us more than the publisher would ever dream of paying me for this article to learn it. Besides providing for a dry fall, one must provide for a fall flow of honey by giving extra super space for storage. In other words, when hives are to be left to themselves while the apiarist is employed elsewhere, the necessary condition for suc- cess, which in this case is a full colony of young bees for winter, must be insured against all contingencies. It will be seen that we make no provision for the colony to supply itself with winter stores. On the contrary we do all we can to prevent it. We do not want the stuff they get in the fall, buckwheat honey included, in the brood- chamliers for our winter of long confine- ment. Mav, 1921 G I. E A N I N G S I N BEE CULTURE Quality of Winter Stores. Every colony receives its generous sup- ply of good sugar syrup, regardless of how much natural stores it may have. Whether honey or syrup is better for brood-rearing is a question for the physiologist to deter- mine. There can be no doubt which is bet- ter for winter in the north. One only needs to attend conventions in regions where bees are subject to winter confinement to eollect evidence enough to convict and condeiiui the folly of dependence on natural stores. Of course, the matter must be approached cautiously, for the evidence is not forth- coming in a discussion on wintering as such. Just last December at a largely attended convention in Ontario, various sources of fall honey were being discussed. Some ex- pressed grave concern as to how their bees would winter on certain varieties of honey they had gathered. Others related heavy losses they had endured every time their bees wintered on certain kinds of honey. These were prominent beekeepers depending largely on their bees for a living. Their bees represent capital investment and source of income. They were discussing in a commonplace sort of manner experiences and prospects of losing hundreds if not thousands of dollars worth of property, of capital investment and source of income, without considering that there might be any alternative but to take such losses as a part of the season 's experiences to be re- lated at the next annual convention. Upon the whole they had such a delightful talk- fest over the whole matter that those of us who knew a simple remedy could not find it in our hearts to interrupt. Anyway the dis- cussion was on honey plants and not on win- tering, so such an interruption would have been out of order. Now do not let any more southern breth- ren smile in self-complacency over this little scene. Heavy winter losses attributed by the beekeepers themselves to faulty natural stores are often reported a long way south of the Canadian line in the United States of America. Do these unfortunate beekeep- ers learn their lesson? Not that I have no- ticed. "It is not their custom to feed sugar for winter." That is the onlj'- answer T have been able to get and once again, "It isn't done!" precludes all further discus sion. It is some years now since T learned in that best of schools with the highest tui- tion fees that a good feed of sugar syrup after most of the brood has emerged, will prevent all such losses. It is a simple princi- ple in ' ' forehanded beekeeping. ' ' not at all original but often worth hundreds of dol- lars per annum. Winter Packing Left on Late. Our method of preparing colonies for winter was fully discussed in Gleanings last September. This method is calculated to carry them thru without any attention what- ever until queen-clipping time in May. In brief, it consists in providing good queens and good colonies of young bees, an abund- ance of stores of the best quality, ample protection, and room enough for the early brood-rearing. On the principle that "noth- ing succeeds like success," such colonies prepared this way have warmth and energy enough within themselves to move right along to the maximum strength whicli their queen is able to produce. The winter pack- ing is left on till just before they require second supers, usually the latter part of May. First supers are given early in May within the. boxes. The packing maintains a more uniform temperature by preventing rapid radiation of heat and actual escape of heated air when the outside temperature drops suddenly, as it frequently does dur- ing the northern spring. The heat produced by the large cluster of workers and by tlie developing brood raises the whole hive tem- perature, and the prolific queen spreads out great sheets of eggs which would simply perish on a cold night in an unpacked hive. Early in May we find that the heat of brood and bees in most colonies is such that even on a day too cool for flying the workers are crowded to the outer corners of the hive, and even outside the entrance. As soon as this condition is found another story is added. If the brood-chamber is single, it is a second brood-chamber with dark number-one combs and no excluder. If a shallow "food-chamber" is present it may be an extra brood-chamber between the two or an extracting super with ex- cluder on top, depending on the comb-space requirements of the queen. The extra space given so early serves a triple purpose, that of ample brooding space to rear harvesters, that of storage space for surplus honey, and that of clustering or resting space for the ever-increasing population desirous of es- caping the brood-chamber heat. In all three it allows the colony to increase rapidly without becoming discontented and build ing cells for swarming. The vitally im- portant job for the beekeeper now is to keep his growing families happy and con- tented each in its own home. As the super- sedure of failing queens is one of the most fruitful causes of May swarms, we have with our young queens and roomy hives a combination which relieves us of practic- ally all trouble in this line until clover opens in late June. This being a paper on spring and not summer management, we shall not pursue the swarm-control matter further now. Clipping Queens. We try to find and clip all queens on tlie first round in May. flipping serves a dou- ble purpose, each of which is worth the trouble, and I can see no valid objections. Since "accidents will happen" it saves the loss of a whole colony of workers to have the queen clipped wlien a swarm occurs. With the queen clipped the swarm returns. barring the accident of a flying virgin, and we discover the condition on our next no GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 round. The second advantage is the queen record, and it is quite as important as the other. With undipped queens we have no means of recording for certain the age or ability of the individual. The most seri- ous objection I have heard to clipping queens is the possible loss of a queen fail- ing to find her way back to the hive with the returning swarm. If anything this is an advantage, for any queen so ungrateful as to lead out a swarm after I have done what I can to make her and her people comfortable need expect no quarter from me. "Off with her head!" She is too much like swarming stock; we do not allow her cells to remain to reproduce her kind either if we can help it. In any case, is it not better to lose the queen and save the swarm than have both fly to the woods? There is no royal road to finding queens. As the search is included in a general sur- vey of brood-chamber conditions, we gen- erally start at one side and look over each comb in order until she is found. As in other manipulations experience is a great help, altho I have seen beginners who learned to find them quite rapidly in their first season. The main thing is good eye- sight and a quiet confident manner in han- dling the smoker and the combs. My sister, who naturally does such particular work better than I do, finds and clips hundreds of queens in May without a veil and with scarcely any smoke. The entrance must on no account be smoked, and the hive should be opened without a jar. With the least possible smoke and disturbance, the first comb is removed and the others examined in order, always leaving a space for the next one to be lifted when the last one is returned. The queen is very easily fright- ened and set to hiding. She may travel away from you as you proceed thru the liive. A glance on the next comb as it hangs in the hive when you lift one out may re- veal her, or she may be on what was the dark side of the one just lifted. The queen is most apt to be found on combs having eggs or brood, or perhaps on the sunny side of the hive; but there is no need to despair until the last comb has been examined. I seldom look over the combs a second time. It keeps the hive open too long and the chance of finding her is much less than the first time. Next week she may be found quite easily. Some queens are always hard to find. When these do not show up after a reasonable search the whole brood-cham- ber population has to be sifted thru a queen- excluder. To clip a queen I lift her from the comb by a wing grasped between thumb and fin- ger of the right hand, at the same time holding the comb in my left hand with one end resting on the hive. The right hand may be steadied by projecting the little finger against the comb while catching the queen. As soon as the queen is safely lifted from the comb the latter is set down quick- ly to free the left hand for holding the queen for the clipping operation. Now press the tip of the index finger of the left hand gently against the under side of the queen's thorax, and she will grasp it with all six legs which have been sprawling in the air as she was held firmly by the wing. Close the thumb of the left hand on two of the longer legs, not too close to the body nor too tightly, and you now hold her by thumb and finger of the left hand witli wings up ready to be clipped. I have a ])nir of short blunt pocket scissors, which are always in a convenient pocket winter and summer. They are useful for a great many purposes, including the clipping of queens. I take off two-thirds or more of both wings on one side, and try to leave tlie wings on the other side intact. This one-sided clipping cripples a queen for fly- ing more than an even trim. As the wing is a dead membrane there is probably no pain caused by the amputation; but the man who recently advocated pulling a queen 's wing out by the roots should be prosecuted by the humane society. I like this way of clipping because it is the way I was taught, and it comes easier to me than any other method. I could not bear the thought of mauling a queen 's head and thorax between my clumsy thumb and fin- ger, after viewing the beautiful and com- lex organs of sense with which they are covered. The nervous strain of trying with curved scissors to clip a queen, as she walks about the comb, ' ' sends me clear up in the air. ' ' The clipping record is very brief but suf- ficient. We never clip a queen until she has gone thru one winter, so the record of each queen we clip this spring will be the same: "C-21-1." When a queen is found to be already clipped we look for last year's record. If it is "C-20-1," the new record is "C-21-2. " If for any reason last year's record is not available the record is "C-21-0." Unless the queen is something very special either 2 or 0 is a death sen- tence, "suspended," subject to good con- duct, till near the end of the honey flow. Inspecting for Disease. This first time over the brood-chambers is an opportunity for a general review of conditions. A study of the brood reveals the ability of the queen to carry on, and, of course, we are alert for symptoms of disetase. No European foul brood has reached us as yet, but occasional cases of American are found and have to be treated. When discovered early they are treated at once. When a few cells are detected in a good colony during the flow, the queen is removed and all cells destroyed a week later. As soon as the brood has emerged and when the flow is nearly over, the final treatment is applied. In all cases our treatment for American foul brood is the same. We call it the "gasoline cure." The idea is not original but is the most effectual cure for this persistent disease we have ever tried. The method is as follows: In May, 1921 G T. E A N I N G S IN BEE C U I. T U R E 271 the evening when flying has almost ceased for the day, remove all supers, brushing and driving the bees down into the brood- chamber. Cover the hive and while scat- tered bees are getting in at the entrance take the supers inside the honey-house; or, if at an outyard, close them securely from robbers on the truck. When all are in, close the entrance tightly and raise the cover enough to pour a cupful of gasoline evenly all over the top-bars. Replace the cover as tightly as possible, listen for the roar of the bees to subside, and as soon as all is quiet, carry the hive to where a grave has been previously prepared, brush the bees into it, and bury them deeply. Eender all super combs as well as those from the brood-chamber into wax, taking all neces- sary precautions to prevent the spread of infection. I am glad I do not have to de- cide for the beekeeper who has a large per- centage of infected colonies; but where we have so few cases and there is so much at stake we would not consider any less dras- tic treatment. Georgetown, Ont. WORTH A LOT TO KNOW IT How to Ship Bees from South to North; Some Other Tricks Worth Kno'wing By E. R. Root WE h a V e heard a good deal about beekeep- ers going from the North to the South for pas- tures new; but I ' am going to tell you about a beekeeper, who, altho his life has been spent in Texas, yet went north and made good. I refer to B. M. Caraway, formerly of Mathis, Texas, and now of Riverton, Wyom- ing. It will be remembered that, while in the South, he was an extensive breeder of queens and bees. He also did a large busi- ness in shipping bees in package form to the northern States. He made a fine record, and one would think that he would stay where he was. But having a curiosity to know what the beekeepers of Wyoming were doing with so many bees thoy bought (if him he made a trip there, and was so well l)lcased with the country that he bought out one of his customers and went into the business of honey produc- tion. But before doing so he began buying bees himself from the South in lots of 100 pounds to increase his holdings in bees. He has probably bought as many bees in pack- ages as any single beekeeper in the northern States; and the very fact that he was for- merly an extensive shipper of bees in that form himself will make his experience in- valuable. As he has been on both sides of the deal he has learned some things that are worth giving to the public. He, among other breeders in the Soutli, discovered that he could send bees on sugar syrup made of one-half water and one-half One .shipment of beef made up into rrates of six each, with one crate of two. Each cage has 3 pounds of bees, a can of syrup, half water and half sugar, and a queen caged among the bees. Experience shows tnis is better than to have her loose. 272 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mav, It) -21 sugar without using candy. This is put into a tin can, self -sealing, with only a single liole in the bottom made with a small nail. The bees get this syruj) thru this single opening as fast as they need it. The syrup has the advantage over candy because any- body can make it, and because it supplies both food and water. It is always uniform in that it does not become hard like candy so that the bees starve, nor does it become soft so that it runs and daubs the bees so much that they arrive at their destination a sticky mess. He finds that syrup solves tlie problem of a food for the transportation of bees in package form. Caraway's truck and extiiirtiiis-liouse at his liome yard. It will lie notired that the weather is so warm that the hood of the engine is lifted ofl en- tirely. Think of its being hot in Wyoming where the winter ie( ord .shows a temperature of 40 below^ zero ! While breeding and shipping bees Mr. Caraway learned also that the majority of honey producers in the northern States buy them in three-pound packages, with a queen caged among the bees — not released. This is the kind of package he had sent to him. The packages were shipped in lots of six to a crate. As will be seen by the illustrations, these containers wore plain wire cages re- inforced at the corners and tops, and braced at the sides. A single cage of bees will not travel as safely as a crate of six. Some- times the crates are made large enough to hold as many as ten or a dozen three-pound cages. So much for the "tricks of the trade" at the shipper's end of the journey. Let us now see what Mr. Caraway does at the other end of the route after the bees arrive, for we will not consider that he is a shipper but a receiver of combless bees. He ex- plained that, after he went north, he lost a lot of bees even after they arrived in good order. He released several dozen three- pound packages of bees into hives outdoors, all at one time. The result was he would have a general mixup. The other bees of the yard would get in the game when there would be a general uproar. Mr. Caraway then struck upon this plan w^hich I call Caraway's thousand-doUat trick of the trade, or at least it will be worth a thousand dol- lars the first or second season to a beekeeper receiving large consignments of combless bees. Mr. Caraway winters in cellars be- cause of the very low temperature in Wy- oming during the winter — the mercury sometimes going 40 degrees below zero, with very little snow. Along about the first of April the weather warms up, at which time he takes his bees out. When these are on their summer stands, and the cellar is emp- ty, he makes up a set of hives ready to re- ceive his packages of bees — as many hives as there are packages he expects to receive. He puts in each hive a frame or two of pol- len, two combs containing a little honey, and one empty comb. This empty he puts in the center. If the other combs do not contain enough honey he pours syrup from a height into them. The hives thus pre- pared are all placed in the cellar; and when the shipment of bees arrives, if it is at night he puts them in the cellar. Next morning he lifts out his can of syrup from one of the cages, draws out the cage containing the queen, by means of a wire, from the bees and hangs this on the center comb that is empty. He then jars out of the cage perhaps 25 per cent of the bees so that they will surround the queen and keep her warm. He next lays the cage in the empty space in the side of hive not occupied by the combs; for by the plan outlined there will be only five combs for the three pounds of bees. In 24 to 36 hours the bees will have deserted the cage and gone to the queen. He now lifts out the cage, slides the frames over, and fills out the remaining space on each side with frames of foundation. In a like stuck in the mud : a sample of Mr. Caraway's Wyoming roads; good bee country, but travel very difficult, especially to an outyard location. Me^n are required to take shovels, picks, and general equipment to help thoni out of the mire if needed. manner he releases the bees in all of the other hives, after which they are kept in the cellar in perfect darkness for four or five days. This is important, and is the secret of the trick. In the mean time the bees get started in real earnest without mo- lestation, start breeding, and begin to draw out the foundation — in short, settle down to regular housekeeping. At the end of the May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 273 period these newly formed colonies are set outdoors the night before, when they will be ready to defend their entrances and maintain their identity. In this way he saves all the bees that arrive in good order. He avoids the uproar of robbing and saves the queen. There! do you get that thousanddollar trick? And don't you see it will not take many shipments like this to save the thou- sand dollars? Doubtless there are receivers of bees in package form who do not winter in cellars. I believe it would pay such to use the house cellar after making it dark, and carry out Mr. Caraway's plan, for it will work as well on one package as on a hundred. Mr. Caraway says that his experience has shown repeatedly that a package of three pounds of bees and a queen, if it arrives in good order, is in every respect equal to an average colony wintered in the cellar. In some cases the package bees are cheaper, if cost of stores, care of moving into and out of the cellar, etc., are taken into considera- tion. It is not always "smooth sailing" in Wy- oming, as will be seen by the class of roads that are encountered. (Excuse the mixup in the figure of speech.) The machines get mired in the soil, for there are no roads there. He and his men have had numerous occasions to dig their machine out of the mud, as one of the illustrations will testify. Another difiiculty is the extreme cold, the mercury at times going down to 40 degrees below zero; and, strangely enough, it is ex- cessively hot there during the summer. In regard to cellars Mr. Caraway believes, with the writer, that they should be rela- tively long in proportion to their width in order to get a large amount of exposure to Mother Earth. His cellars are 8 feet wide by 50 feet long, well under ground, clear below any possible freezing. He finds the temperature of 45 degrees is correct. He likewise prefers colonies in Jumbo hives, as he says it is clear that they swarm less, and come out in the spring much l)etter than those in the standaid Langstroth hives. Probably, if the truth were told, Mr. Car- away went north because he could get some good hunting by so doing. He has some wonderful trophies that he secured after B. M. Caraway and his helpers and truck witli a Uiad of bees ready to start for an outyard — Mr. Caraway at the wlieel. the bee work was over. It is hard to un- derstand how a good beekeeper could leave the balmy Southland for the cold, cold North, where the temperature goes 40 below zero in winter and then turns to boiling hot in the summer. GRANULATION IN COMB HONEY The Probable Cause of It ana a Suggestion as to How This Granu- lation Can be cAuoided By J. E. Crane AXT-tHY honev yy in fijled sec t i o n s will granulate more quickly, if the sections con- tain comb drawn out the previous year, than if the combs are diawn from foundation the current season, is a question that seems somewhat difficult to explain, yet the subject is one of considersi hie importance to producers of comb honey. By the 15th of June clover is usually coming into bloom, everything looks prom- ising, and hundreds of supers go on to our hives. Then, per- haps, hot dry weather sets in, and by the time the supers are half full the ilow of honey fails, and, instead of some thousands of salable sec- tions, we have thousands of sections from one-fourth to three-fourths full, with only a small number fit for the market. Or it may be that the close of a fairly success- ful season catches us with a large number of unfinished sections. A part of these may be used profitably as bait sectiona; but. 274 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 if entire supers of these are used, the re- sultant honey must be sold as an inferior grade, owing to its greater lia})ility to granulation. In order to produce honey in the half- filled sections that will not granulate the following season, must we extract the hon- ey, break or cut out the combs, and melt up for wax and refill with fresh foundation? If we only knew the reason why honey in sections of comb drawn the previous sea- son is more inclined to granulate than in combs recently drawn out from foundation, we might in some way avoid the ditficulty and so use our last year's half-filled sec- tions very much to our advantage. Bees will occupy and fill these a great deal quicker than they will supers filled with foundation. My Experience With Granulation. During the season of 1915 we had a fair crop of honey; but the quality was not so good as in previous years; and, what was worse, it began to granulate early, and there seemed to be no end to this trouble. We had used some sections with drawn combs, but the tendency of the honey to granulate did not seem to be confined to such sections. I noticed also that combs most inclined to granulate seemed to con- tain more or less light-amber honey, evi- dently something besides clover. Moreover, I found some combs were free from granu- lation, except perhaps an inch or so at the bottom of the section where it was solid; while others might be granulated at the top, but not at the bottom. Another thing I noticed was that those combs that con- ained pure clover honey did not granulate. A Possible Explanation. These observations led me to conclude that the tendency of honey to granulate does not depend nearly so much on the age of the comb as on the kind of honey with which it was filled. I remembered that, during the spring of 1915, there had been an unusual flow of honey from dandelion bloom. In- deed, most of the hives were packed with dandelion honey. Few hives had enough room for brood. As clover bloom opened, the hives were given supers; but the yield of clover honey was light, and a large amount of dandelion honey was carried up into the sections to make room in the brood- chamber for the queen. This accounted for the large number of sections containing honey of a light-amber color, it being a mix- ture of clover and dandelion. The fact that dandelion honey granulates quickly after being gathered accounts in part, at least, for the unusual amount of granulation in this locality during 1915. My Guess Corroborated. At the close of the season of 1915 we had a good many unfinished sections. The honey was extracted from these, and the combs of the poorest were cut out and melted up for wax, while the whitest were saved to be used again next year. These were not used as bait combs; but, after marking with a ])encil every section containing drawn combs, the supers were filled with them and they were used on the hives the same as si'ctions of foundation. The season of 191G in this vicinity proved very good for clover. There was a fair yield of dandelion honey that was quite largely used for the production of brood. Surplus from clover was not stored until after June 25, with the result that not much dandelion honey was carried up into the supers; yet a few colonies stored some. It was late in August when one of our men cleaning sec- tions exclaimed, "What is the matter with this section?" "Why, that has begun to granulate, ' ' I said, and I took the section and looked it over to see why it should granulate so quickly. Was it a section con- taining a last year's comb? Not at all. It was a comb built new this year. What kind of honey? It was amber, the same, appar- ently, that made us so much trouble last year. We have found some combs since where early granulation had set in, but apparently without the slightest regard to the age of the comb; but in every instance in sections or combs with light-amber colored honey, which, without doubt, was largely dande- lion. So I am more than ever convinced that my theory concerning the cause of granulation is not far from right. The reason the same kind of honey granu- lates more freely some years than others may be because a small quantity of another kind is mixed with it — enough to work mis- chief, but not easily detected either by color or flavor. Some one will ask, "Why is it that bait sections are more liable to granu- late than others?" I answer, because the foundation, being already drawn out, bees are more liable to store early-gathered hon- ey in these than in those that must first be drawn from foundation. Best Sections from Bait Combs. But why are these bait combs so much darker than those drawn from foundation? Combs, as we all know, will darken with age; and, if kept over, and filled and sealed, without the addition of new wax, will ap- pear very much darker than new combs. In some way bees seemed to have learned the scriptural injunction about putting new cloth into old garments. At any rate, they seem to hesitate about adding much new wax to last year's comb. To overcome this diflSculty I have been in the habit of cutting down old combs so they will not be more than three-fourths of one inch thick. This literally compels them to add new wax to lengthen out the cells and then cap with new wax, giving them a nice appearance. I have had such combs the past season that went in with my best grade of honey. Such combs should be used preferably only when the best grade of honey is coming in, so as to be out of danger of getting mixed with dandelion or other honey that granulates soon after being gathered. Middlebury, Vt. May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 275 IN order to fol- low out the plan describ- ed below it is quite necessary to begin opera- tions the latter part of the hon- ey flow, so as to have the colo- nies of sufficient strength the next spring. In most cases this can be accomplished by wintering in double-story hives, making sure that the colony has plenty of honey and bees. One very essential point is to have a good strain of bees — bees that will winter well and raise an abundance of brood, so tliat a double-story hive will be none too large for them. If colonies are strong in the latter part of the honey flow, instead of putting on the last comb-honey super and running chances of not getting the sections finished and in many cases getting them stained more or less, a set of combs may be put un- der the brood-chamber, which at the end of the honey flow should be quite well filled with honey and brood. If colonies are not strong enough for two stories at the close of the honey flow, it is advisable to double them up. If colonies have been handled properly in this manner, in all probability they will come thru the winter quite strong, thereby giving them a good opportunity of gathering the early pollen and nectar which are of great benefit to them in building up. Now assuming that the bees had been prepared in this manner and are in two- story hives in the spring, leave them this way until they have both chambers well filled with brood and the upper chamber quite well filled with honey, except the space occupied by the brood. Some colo- nies in this condition will have queen-cells started; if queen-cells are to be grafted, this is the time to do it. Assuming a colony in this condition with no cells started, remove the upper story; then on the lower chamber place a super, or two supers if the honey flow is heavy enough to warrant it; then place a bee- escape board on top of the super or supers; put a piece of queen-excluding zinc over the hole in the bee-escape board; and finally put the upper chamber on top of the bee- escape board. If the upper chamber has enough bees to work in a super, place one on top, being sure to provide a flight-hole in the upper chamber. If a colony has cells started, cut out all queen-cells from the lower chamber, and place a super on this chamber or two supers should the honey flow justify it. Next, place a bee-escape board on the super or supers; put a piece of queen-excluding zinc over the hole in bee-escape board; then set the other chamber on top of the bee-escape board as before. If queen-cells are not to be grafted cut out only the sealed queen- SWARM CONTROL Removing the ^eens Without Find- ing Them. A Simple and '^'radical Way of Checking Swarming in Comb- Honey Production By F. G. Rauchfuss cells in this chamber, a n d place the queen in the lower chamber. If the queen in this colony is not good enough to rear queens from, cut out all queen-cells, and in this case it is immaterial whether the queen is above or below. If the colony is very strong put another super on top of the upper chamber, put on the cover, and provide a flight-hole in tliis upper chamber. Eight days later when the next visit is made, first treat the colonies in which un- sealed cells were left in order to secure select queen-cells. Now remove the upper chamber and super or supers under this chamber and take away the lower chamber which has the queeuj moving it to a new location. Next, the chamber that was on top is placed on a bottom-board on the old stand and all queen-cells but one are cut out, using precaution in doing so, as these are mostly ripe cells from select stock and they will be needed in the other hives that had no queen-cells on the former visit. Next place the supers on this chamber, being sure to provide plenty of super room. By removing the hive containing the queen to a new location most of the field bees will go back to the old stand; and in most cases it is not necessary to cut out the queen-cells in this hive, as the bees will generally eat them out. This colony, by losing the field bees, has a splendid oppor- tunity to rear brood, as they will gather very little honey for some time. The queen will now have a chance to keep the hive filled with brood and this colony should be in fine shape for a later honey flow. The young queen from the cell in the hive left on the old stand should begin laying within about 12 days, and there should be very little trouble with swarming from either one of these hives. With the colonies that had no queen-cells on the former visit,' the first thing is to find out which chamber the queen, is in. This can be easily determined by examin- ing the brood in the upper chamber; if there is no young brood, she is below. Then proceed as with the other colony, with the exception that when treating the chamber left on the old stand, all queen-cells should be cut out and one of the ripe queen-cells saved from the other colony should be given. If cells have been grafted from se- lect stock, use one of these or a virgin queen. Should the queen happen to be in the upper chamber when the examination is made, move that portion to a new location, the essential thing being the removal of the brood-chamber containing the queen. Englewood, Colo. 276 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 COMB HONEY PRODUCTION S'warming Greatly Reduced by Better '■Bees, Better Hiues, 'better Combs, ana better ^Management By Geo. S. Demuth IN most locali- ties suitable for com b- honey produc- tion on a com- meroial s e( a 1 e, swarming is one of the most dif- ficult problems with which the comb-honey producer has to deal. The in- tensity of the swarming tendency varies greatly in different localities, during differ- ent seasons in the same locality, and in different colonies in the same apiary during the same season. It is apparently greatest when colonies build up most rapidly to great strength in the spring, as is usually the case in the far North, especially if a moderate honey flow comes on at the time the colonies have the greatest amount of brood. It is usually less troublesome when colonies build up more slowly, especially if the weather conditions permit the bees to work freely in the fields every day. Under such conditions as in the tropics, the swarm- ing season may be long drawn out, some- times lasting several months; while in the far North it is usually well defined, most of the swarming often occurring within three or four weeks. These differences in the intensity of the swarming tendency have led to much dis- agreement among beekeepers as to the best methods for swarm control; but, as the rea- sons for the differences become known, they throw considerable light upon the conditions under which bees may be induced to apply themselves to energetic work instead of swarming. Preventive Measures. Much time and energy have been spent in the attempt to breed out swarming by selecting breeding queens from colonies less inclined to swarm, with the hoj^e of finally developing a non-swarming strain. While after years of selection swarming has been reduced, these carefully bred strains con- tinue to swarm when conditions are favor- able, swarming or a lack of swarming ap- parently being brought about more often by conditions in the environment than thru heredity. Many attempts have also been made to con- struct a non-swarming hive, but at present there is little if any ground for hoping that swarming can ever be controlled completely by means of the hive alone in the practical production of comb honey. From all the experimenting along these two lines much has been learned, enabling beekeepers to re- duce swarming by better bees, better hives, and better combs. Influence of the Hive and Combs. Previous to the honey flow, swarming can usually be prevented by supplying ample space for brood-rearing, using two stories when necessary. The better the combs, of course, the more room there is in the b r o od-chamber for brood-rear- ing and the greater the free- dom in expand- ing the brood area. Colonies which have less than 60,000 cells available for brood-rearing are more inclined to swarm than colonies having more. Colonies which have barriers of imperfect comb between the areas of good comb are more inclined to swarm than colonies having perfect brood comb thruout the brood-chamber, permitting the free expansion of the brood-nest with- out interruption. Colonies in hives which afford less com- fort for the bees are more inclined to swarm than colonies in hives which afford them greater comfort. For this reason ven- tilation, shade, and even the color of the paint on the hives influence the tendency to swarm. Thus while in practice swarm- ing can not be prevented entirely by means of the hive and combs alone when produc- ing comb honey, the amount of swarming can be considerably reduced by providing ample space for brood-rearing, good combs, and comfortable hives. Even the location of the apiary has its influence upon swarm- ing. Colonies located in a hot nook where the breeze is almost entirely shut off are more inclined to swarm than those located in more comfortable quarters. Distribution of Bees Thruout the Hive. Apparently anything which causes too many bees to crowd within the brood-nest, tends strongly to bring on swarming re- gardless of the total number of bees in the hive. Therefore any condition which af- fects the distribution of the bees within the hive, has its effect upon the tendency to swarm. Colonies which have a large pro- portion of emerging bees and bees too young to go into the supers or into the fields, are more inclined to swarm than colonies which are able to send most of their workers into the fields and the supers during the heat of the day, leaving only enough bees in the brood-nest to do the necessary work there. Colonies of medium strength which confine their work largely to the brood-chamber at the beginning of the honey flow are more inclined to swarm than stronger colonies. Colonies in which the super workers are crowded back into the brood-chamber as the combs in the sections become fully drawn out before an additional super is given, are more inclined to swarm than colonies which are furnished additional room before any of the super workers are crowded down. Colonies in which the super workers are forced to go back into the brood-chamber because the supers become too hot, are more inclined to swarm than colonies having the supers protected by shade-boards or covers painted white, which M.vv, 1921 G L E A N I X U S ] X \i K E C U I. T U K E 277 begin super work with a rush. Colonies which at the beginning of the honey flow have a rim of sealed honey between the brood and the supers, are more inclined to swarm than colonies which have brood prac- tically to the top-bars of the brood frames. Influence of Idle Field Bees. Apparently any interference with the work within the hive, such as discomfort from heat, lack of ventilation, lack of room for incoming nectar or congestion of the brood-nest by young bees which should be in the supers, is immediately reflected in a slowing down of the work of the field bees, causing them to stay at home in greater and greater numbers, thus increasing the congestion and discomfort and usually re- sulting in preparations for swarming. In this way a small beginning in temporary discomfort, lack of room in the supers, or conditions which do not attract the idle younger bees into the supers, may quickly develop into a sluggishness of the work of the entire colony and bring on swarming. After this condition has once started it is difiicult to break it up, even tho the cause is entirely removed. This is where "an ounce of prevention may be worth several pounds of cure. ' ' Colonies in which the field workers are compelled to stay in the hive during the heat of the day on account of showers or erratic yielding of nectar, are more inclined to swarm than when the field workers can work in the fields thruout the day. A few days of rain in the midst of the early part of the honey flow is often followed by intense swarming, especially if the temperature continues high while the field bees are forced to stay at home. The tendency to swarm is least in those colonies in which the younger bees are at- tracted into the supers to the greatest pos- sible extent and the greatest possible nuin- ber of field bees are at work in the fields, leaving during the warmest part of the day only enough bees within the brood-chamber to take care of the work to be done there. Apparently the greater the activity within the hive among the hive workers, the greater the number of bees sent to the fields, and the only way to prevent loafing among the field bees during the honey flow is to prevent idleness of any of the hive workers. In the production of extracted honey this is not difficult to accomplish by providing supers of empty extracting combs a little before tlie bees need more room thruout the season, but it is more difficult to accomplish when producing comb honey. Much can be done, however, to prevent the beginning of the train of events which lead up to the issuing of a swarm, and the comb-honey producer can not afford to neg- lect any of the important preventive meas- ures suggested above, for by careful man- agement the percentage of colonies that pre- pare to swarm can be greatly reduced even when producing comb honey. Usually the greater the percentage of colonies which can be induced to work vigorously thru the sea- son without swarming, the greater the crop of lioney at the close of the season. No Swarming Previous to the Honey Flow. Previous to the honey flow, swarming can usually be prevented by giving each colony plenty of empty combs. An extra story of combs jiartly filled with honey usually fur- nishes an excellent safety valve to hold down early swarming, as well as acting as an automatic feeder. If the colonies were wintered in single stories, the second story is usually more effective in preventing swarming when placed above than when placed below, and dark combs which have been used previously for brood-rearing are better for this purpose than new combs. The greatest objection to the use of two stories at this time for comb-honey produc- tion is the necessity of shaking the bees from the extra set of combs to reduce the hives to a single story at the time the first comb-honey supers are given, but the stronger colonies now obtained by up-to- date beekeepers can not well be managed as to early swarming without the use of a second story, or at least a shallow extract- ing super during the spring. Critical Period When First Supers Are Given. When the two-story hives are reduced to a single story at the beginning of the honey flow, and most of the brood is put into this one story filling it almost completely with brood, the colonies are usually forced to enter the supers at once; but, unless they enter the supers and draw out the founda- tion immediately, the crowding of a two- story colony into a single story may result in the starting of queen-cells preparatory to swarming. A few bait combs in the first supers may be necessary to prevent this, but having the colonies strong and using full sheets of fresh foundation are impor- tant factors in a prompt beginning of work in the supers. It is sometimes best to give two comb-honey supers at once to colonies which have been reduced from two stories to a single story. After work has once been started in the supers it is not difficult to induce the bees to expand their work into additional supers, as more room is needed if each additional super is given in time. Remedial Measures. The beekeeper who is operating a single apiary and can just as well spend the swarming season among his bees, should se- cure excellent results by discouraging swarming as much as possible, then per- mitting those colonies which insist on swarming to swarm naturally, hiving the swarm on the old stand, transferring the" supers to the swarm, moving the parent hive to one side and a week later moving it away while the bees are well at work in the fields to deplete it of its working force, thus preventing after-swarming and at at the same time adding these extra bees to 278 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 the swarm where super work is in prog- ress. The beekeeper who is operating out- apiaries, or the beekeeper who is away a part of the time during the swarming sea- son, can not well permit his bees to swarm naturally. In this case each apiary must be visited and the colonies examined for queen-cells about once each week during the swarming season; or all colonies must be treated for swarming before swarms be- gin to issue, regardless of whether queen- cells are present or not. If the weekly-visit plan is used when queen-cells are found which contain only eggs or very small larvae, these cells may be destroyed and the colony left another week. Sometimes they will give up swarm- ing when this is done, bvit often they build more queen-cells immediately and will be ready for treatment at the time of the next visit a week later. When destroying queen- cells in this way it is necessary to shake most of the bees from the combs to be sure that none of the cells are overlooked, for if one is left a swarm may issue before the next visit. If well-developed queen-cells are found, destroying them will probably do no good, and the colony must now be treated. Just what remedy is best depends so much upon the character and advancement of the sea- son, as well as upon the condition of the col- ony, that no set rule should be followed blindly. In some cases taking away the brood, leaving most of the bees, the queen and the supers together in the hive on the old stand as in hiving a natural swarm, gives best results. When this is done the removed brood, together with enough bees to take care of it, is placed in an empty hive; and this hive is now treated as the parent colony in natural swarming, care Isein-g taken to see that it is supplied with a good queen-cell, one that has not been injured by shaking the comb. In other cases the queen should be re- moved or killed, all queen-cells destroyed, and the colony left until the tenth day when all queen-cells should again be destroyed and a young laying queen introduced. Colonies treated in this way are compar- able to the parent colony after all swarm- ing is over and the young queen has mated and begun to lay, except that its full work- ing force is retained. Thus by creating conditions, either comparable to the swarm or comparable to the parent colony, swarm- ing can be controlled in out-apiaries when producing comb honey. Many variations have been worked out for each of these plans, but the basic principle remains the same thruout the various methods. The removal of the brood usually gives better results during a short rapid honey flow, as frequently occurs in the clover regions; while the removal of the queen usually gives better results during a prolonged hon- ey flow, as in the alfalfa region of the West. PREPARING for the HONEY FLOW HANDS up, all you who have never lost hon- ey by having too few supers, or by other lack o f preparation for exceptional flows. Not many hnnds go up. The writer has tried to avoid such losses, or reduce them to a minimum, and in spite of occasional criticism by others because of the magnitude of such preparations, yet losses have occurred at times. This past season we put up over 700 new dovetailed hive-bodies with frames, besides one or two hundred new hive-bodies not used the previous year; then there were about 300 hive-bodies filled with old frames, and nearly all, old and new, were put in use, to handle the heavy honey flow. The cut shows most of the new hive- bodies piled up and being painted. Note the ventilator hole in the end of each hive- body, and the cleats, ^^ by 2 by 16 inches, across the top of each, reinforcing the weak strip left by the cutting of the rabbet in which the frames hang. No hive is com- plete without these reinforcing cleats. They Importance of Having Enough Su- pers to Take Care of Exceptional Yields By E. F. Atwater extend down 1/32 of an inch below the upper edge of the hand-hole, thus giving a far better grip or handle, than the h a n d - h 0 1 e alone. Nor do these cleats interfere with piling or loading, as they extend 'clear across, and merely require a little more room, as each body is one inch longer than when cleats are not used. After years of use of thou- sands of hive-bodies with, such cleats, I can- not urge too strongly their value and im- portance, for hive-bodies so reinforced and strengthened are far less easily damaged. We were a little late in getting our little home extracting-plant ready for use, but for some weeks we ran two eight-frame ex- tractors, from the single two-horsepower electric motor, and we finished the season with the largest crop and the largest per- colony average that we have ever taken, together with about 300 colonies of in- crease, leaving nearly every colony with four or five full combs of honey, in addition to the amount stored in the brood-nest. This leaving a heavy supply of honey is May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 279 one of the most important steps in the preparation for a big crop the following season, and is our invariable practice. It pays well, as the bees breed more freely when spring comes, the beekeeper does not need to worry about any lack of stores, and spring care is reduced to a minimum. As soon after our last honey flow as possi- ble, we reverse the position of the two stories in which the bees are wintered, so the bees and brood-nest are at the top. The bees then carry up honey all thru the fall, from the combs below, and store it in the brood-nest. In spring, when one story is fairly well filled with brood, the super is put above, but should not be put above too early where nights are cool. If we were again producing comb honey by the carload, we would try to devise a plain, simple super which could be cleaned ments of 20 years ago. Better apply a lit- tle preparedness to the production of comb honey, by devising simpler and better ap- paratus and machinery to speed up the work of producing, and preparing the crop of comb honey for market. The producer of extracted honey who is not located near a can factory had best have tanks to hold a large part of his crop, and, if a uniform product is desired, large tanks are best. Our largest holds about 12,000 pounds, and we like it; but for a smaller business, tanks holding about two tons are very convenient, and be sure that they have large honey-gates. Unless you have far more hives than you need for full colonies, you had better pre- pare a lot of five-frame standard nuclei; then by establishing nuclei, you are always ready to save any first-class queen-cells Painting supers. E. F. Atwater, Meridian, Idaho, preparing for a big honey crop. by passing it thru boiling lye water. The lye, however, is fatal to paint; but would not the lye act as a preservative of the wood, even if the supers were not painted! I know how weeks are sometimes spent in cleaning comb-honey supers ready for re- filling; while, if they can be boiled, this time could be very greatly reduced. I tried boil- ing the ordinary section-holders, but they are easily loosened up, so they need re- nailing. There have been marked improve- ments in methods and apparatus utilized in the production of extracted honey, but the comb-honey producer has nothing of im- portance better than the plans and imple- which you may find. If you do not at once need the queens so mated, their colonies can be allowed to build up fairly strong. If no increase is desired, a frame of emerging brood can be drawn from each, and added to the producing colonies occasionally, as long as the bees so added will be prdducers; or, the older queens may be killed and the entire nucleus colony set down in the mid- dle of the colony where you have just killed the queen, and the young queen, be- ing at first among her own bees, will usu- ally be accepted if this is done in a fairly good honey flow. Meridian, Idaho. E. F. Atwater, GLKAIMIJSUS IN liEE CULTURE Mav, 1921 VALUE OF GOOD QUEENS Why Beekeepers Should Rear Their Own Queens From the days of Langstroth and Quinby down to the present time the masters of beekeeping have pointed out the importance of the queen in relation to successful honey production. It is a well-established fact that a good queen is necessary if a honey crop is to be secured. Yet it is doubtful if many beekeepers fully realize the importance of having a good, young, vigorous Italian queen at the head of every colony at the proper time, so that the colonies will be strong and the hives filled with brood and fairly boiling over with bees just as the honey flow opens. When this condition pre- vails, a large yield is assured, provided there is anything like a good honey flow. In any apiary of any considerable number of colo- nies will be found colonies that produce those phenomenal honey crops, double or quadruple the average of the apiary. Many other colonies will be found that produce little and some that give no surplus what- ever. My personal opinion on this matter is that too many of us are prone to belieA'e these yields, both large and small, are due to some peculiar honey-getting qualities of the bees, or the lack of such qualities. In most cases, if a careful examination were made of these exceptional colonies, it would be found to be the condition of the colo- nies rather than any inherent quality of the bees. And further, it would be found that the age and the quality of the queen are responsible for the condition of the colo- nies. By the quality of the queen, I mean that she was properly reared, which is usually the case where she was reared under the swarming impulse or during supersedure. To be sure, there is a difference in honey- getting qualities of bees, but the age of the queen has most to do with it. To realize the importance of having young, vigorous queens in all colonies, the beekeeper may make the following test. At the close of an ordinary season, figure up how much honey you got per colony. Then figure up how much more you would have gotten, if every colony had done as well as the best one. Many would find that their income would have been doubled, as the ex- pense and the work connected with a poor colony are about the same as with the best one. Now if you had as good queens in all colonies as the one in the best, your yield per colony would have equaled the best. But some will ask, "Is it possible or practical 1o hn\-o all queens ecjually good?" What is Miere to liinder? It is no uncommon occur- rence for beekeepers to report that the average per colony was above what their best produced several years before under similar conditions. They had become better beekeepers and had all colonies in better condition, altho they had not bred a better strain of bees than the ones they previously had. How then are you to proceed? There is only one way, and that is to rear your own queens. It would be impossible to buy enough queens to requeen as often as nec- essary, even if it were advisable. I believe the time will come when most honey pro- ducers will consider as a regular and neces- sary part of the work of the apiary, that of rearing queens. The era of better beekeep- ing is coming, and we can hasten it in no way more than by rearing our own queens if we know how, and if we do not, we should learn. It is gratifying to see the number of agri- cultural colleges that now teach apiculture. They cannot do a better service than to give an extensive course in queen-rearing. Graduates would be in demand, for in many cases the beekeeper could afford to hire a graduate to rear his queens and requeen his entire yard, if he were not in position to do it himself. Jay Smith. COLOR OF DRONES American- Bred Italians More Uniform than Im- ported Stock Regarding the article of E. P. Stiles in March Gleanings, page 150, on the color of drones from imported queens being more uniform than from American-bred queens, I will say, after over 30 years of study and comparison of drones from imported Italian queens and from what other close observers have told me, that our American-bred queens throw more uniform drones than do the imported stock. I have never yet seen an Italian queen of known purity throw drones that were uniform in color. If they are yellow, there is always a variation in the shade of yel- low. This leads me to believe tliat the Ital- ian bee is not a pure strain or race of bees. Like the Plymouth Rock poultry, it is nec- essary to breed for color all the time. The variation in color is not only in the drones Vnit ill tlio queens as well. It is surely a fact that the pure Italia?! stock whicli we imported years ago revert- ed l)ack to dark or black bees very quickly if they were left alone and no pains were taken as to color. This is a fact up in this noithern section anyway, so wp still select for ('oh)r. T think Mr. Stiles means dark- brown, and not black drones. Socket Harbor, N. Y. Geo. B. Howe. May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE 281 gi-^iP^-^ NATURAL SWARMING Some Advantages in Permitting Bees to Swarm When Producing Comb Honey In our good seasons where colonies breed up early, some are apt to swarm before the clover flow. Even in 10-frame hives they may swarm by the middle of May, whereby the working strength of these, our best colo- nies, is nearly all lost. When producing comb honey it was a common practice to take out a frame or two of brood from sucli colonies and fill in with empty combs, giv- ing the removed brood to a weaker colony. This is a mean trick. Why not conserve the strength of these colonies by giving more room for the queen, by adding a shal- low chamber of good brood combs, and have these colonies growing stronger for the honey flow, the same as if running for extracted honey? By so doing we ought to get big returns from these colonies, and have something to brag about the rest of the year. I don't think it pays to Ijolster up weak colonies. In early spring I double up all weak colonies. After that I preserve the individuality of each colony, and see to it that no colony has acquired the swarming fever by the time the clover flow opens. Putting on section eases early will not help. They must have a place to put brood, or honey that may be moved to give more room for the queen. Colonies that have not acquired the swarming fever before the honey flow may not start queen-cells for some time; and, when they do, ordinarily the swarm will issue about eight days afterward, or when the cells are capped over. This gives time for some good work in the sections. But in the meantime about 60 or 70 per cent of the colonies in the yard are getting ready to swarm, and I am not going to hin- der them. Why? For a number of reasons. First, we expect a good fall flow. I want two colonies instead of one for that, and there is plenty of time between flows for building up to gather it. After I put on the section supers, I will not hinder in any way the "will to work," which I may have created, or the effort to carry out nature's law of increase, because they are doing their best, both in brood-rearing and honey-gath- ering. Do the wrong thing at this time and see how the bees will sulk. I will not take any brood from a colony before it swarms, as it needs it all. I will not over- haul a colony and pick off queen-cells to keep it from swarming, for to do so does not prevent swarming; besides, overhauling the whole yard every few days is too much labor. All young bees from eggs laid after June lll-l.") will not gather any white clover honey, and most of them will have died before the fall flow opens. These bees are boarders. After swarming the queen will occupy only the minimum space, not more than two-thirds of that needed before swarming; hence, less brood to care for and more honey in the sections. Again, for several days previous to swarming, the queen slackens egg-laying and will not lay any to speak of until the third day after swarm- ing; but honey is being stored rapidly, and should go into the sections, not the brood - chamber. Hence, I hive the young swarm in a rather small brood-chamber, less than 7-Langstroth frame capacity, just enough for the queen. I want the white honey in tiie sections at this time. Over the brood-chamber I place a queen- excluder, then one or two sex-tion cases, and the unfinished work from the old hive is placed over all. The old hive is moved to one side and the swarm is placed on the old stand. Now I have the added impulse to work to build the new home, and no brood to feed for six or seven days. Earlier writers treated a colony after swarming as two colonies, and tried to make each store comb honey. Yet the honey flow is over before any young bees can emerge fiom eggs of the young queen. We have only a divided colony, and I am going to handle it as such. I want the old hive weakened so that it can build up only for the fall flow. This does away with after-swarms. I never read of a good plan to utili/.e "boarders," the surplus bees at the end of the honey flow. But 40 years ago Eev. O. Clute of Iowa City, la., said to me: "I di- vide the brood and make two colonies and let them build up for winter." I know he did that, for that spring he had sold $1,4(M) worth of increase. Eoland Sherburne. Lone Tree, Iowa. zta /^ ac HOSPITAL YARDS Precautions and Suggestions on the Treatment for American Foul Brood A big step toward the eradication of American foul brood could be made if every beekeeper would absolutely avoid the shak- ing treatment of diseased colonies in an apiary of mostly healthy stock. In large yards, this very procedure disseminates the disease just about as much as tho one were to open a diseased hive and allow a dozen other healthy ones to help themselves. Ac- cording to my theory, when the shaking treatment is applied, the colony so treated is thoroly demoralized by smoke and manip- ulation, causing many bees to take wing; and in their frenzy they drift into other hives and present to the household their contaminated honey. Of course, the treat- ment of one or two colonies at the proper 282 GI. EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE time may not necessarily cause this condi- tion, but when it comes to half a dozen or more, the manipulation becomes far-reach- ing. Every beekeeper that discovers disease in his yard should immediately hunt out a lo- cation some three miles or more from all other bees, and designate it as a hospital yard. He should then carefully inspect every colony for disease and mark those that have any cells showing American foul brood. That same evening, after all the flying bees are in for the night, the en- trances of all the diseased stock should be screened and every hive hauled to the hos- pital apiary. About a week later another thoro inspection should be made of the en- tire ajjiary or apiaries, and all stands show- ing any infection should be treated in a like manner. If there is a honey flow on, it is then the appropriate time to go to the hospital yard and apply the shaking treat- ment to every colony within the yard. In about 10 days these colonies can be taken back to their respective locations, assuming that they have been cured. The big idea is always to get the infected colonies into the hospital yard immediately upon dis- covery of their diseased condition. Bees drift more or less at all times during the flying season in large yards with hives of similar appearance and surroundings, and it is this drifting that eventually spreads the disease to a certain degree. It would be a great thing in localities where there are many beekeepers, if they would all co-operate along this line. Hospi- tal yards could be designated in locations easily accessible to the majority of the pro- ducers. All diseased stock could be placed in the community hospital, and a certain day named for all the owners to assemble and apply the treatment to their respective colonies. Every bee inspector should endeavor to bring about these conditions within the ter- ritory directly under his jurisdiction, as it would undoubtedly prove to be a real fac- tor in the curtailment of American foul brood. T. V. Damon. Yerington, Nev. [In the eastern States it would be diffi- cult, if not impossible in many cases, to find a location for a hospital yard that is three miles or more from all other bees. In spme parts of the West this should not be so difficult; but, in finding a location where there are no other bees, there is danger of selecting one in which there is no honey flow, thus increasing the difficulties in treatment. A more serious objection to hos- pital yards, so common in some parts of the West, is that the beekeeper does not feel the necessity for extreme care in han- dling disease as he would if the colonies are left in the main apiary, and, in the rush of other work, too often the colonies in the hospital yard are left untreated thruout the busy season. In sonic jjarts of the West the remnant of hospital yards have been apparently abandoned completely by bee- keepers who were too busy or too careless to treat tlie diseased colonies, the owner probably thinking that they are so far away from other bees and so well hidden from the bee inspector that there is no reason for haste in treatment. A sort of community hospital yard, carefully located as Mr. Damon suggests, could, no doubt, be 'made to work out well in the western States where locations can easily be found in the desert far away from all other bees. — Edi- tor.] RETAILING HONEY Folly of Selling Retail at Wholesale Prices There have been three or more trips made down thru here by parties from Weld, Lari- mer, or Boulder counties, selling honey as low as $8.00 for a 60-pound can. These parties make a run of 100 miles or more out across the country along the principal auto road. The people for 20 miles on each side hear of it, and when we come around ask- ing $13.00 for 60 pounds, they think we are robbers. What is the result? There can be but one, and that is, they will not buy of us nor can they get it of the other fellow because he is gone. The consequence is, there is not nearly as much honey used as there would have been if these parties had kept near the regular price, or else sold it to some beeman that lives here and let him peddle it out. I have sold but one 60- pound can for less than $13.00 to consum- ers, and most of it brought $14.00 up to Feb. 9. There is a beekeeper near me who sold all his honey before the holidays at $15.00 for 60pound cans. This man went to a party that was having a hard time getting rid of his honey by cutting prices and asked him what he would take for 1,000 pounds. He replied, asking the same price as by the single can. This beeman that wanted to bu}^ the honey has a good truck and nothing to do; so he thought he could help his beekeeping friend dispose of the hon- ey and also help himself in making wages in peddling it out. I believe this covmty could and would use every pound of honey produced in it if properly worked. If I had trouble in dis- posing of my honey in a retail way. at re- tail prices, I surely would produce less of it, or sell in a wholesale way at wholesale prices. I have never yet had enough to supply my trade, and I buy of others almost every year. E. C. Clary. Ft. Morgan, Colo. May, 1921 G li E A N T N G S IN BEE C IT T. T U R E 283 c a ur IT almost t a k OS 111 y breatli away to think of a colony of bees consuming 200 pounds of hon- ey, as stated in an editorial on page -203 of April Gleanings, and yet it would seem to be not far out of the way. If such is the case (and I can not doubt it), we see the necessity of keeping as few unproductive colonies as possible. * * * Carl C. Johnson, on page 218, gives an excellent method for finding a queen. How- ever, we prefer a light box, a little larger than a brood-chamber, set up on legs about 12 inches from the ground, with queen-ex- cluding honey-board or zinc nailed to the bottom. It is a great time-saver. That "Automatic Feeder," mentioned on page 216 by Geo. S. Demuth, is an idea not only worth remembering but putting into practice. It has two distinct advantages over other feeders: It will feed a colony just as it needs feed thru the spring, with- out further attention from the beekeeper; and, when the feeder is no longer needed, the bees will fill it ready for next year. The value of lime iri producing clover is mentioned on page 20_. There has been quite a little difliculty in getting farmers to use it about here, even when lime dust was offered for nothing by a marble-crush- ing plant near where I live. The action of lime is so slow that it does not seem to be appreciated by the mass of farmers. Alsike clover will grow on land containing bat lit- tle lime, and even on land somewhat acid. The cultivation of this clover should be en- couraged to the utmost. It does one good to read the article by E. E. Boot on "The Call of the South- land," which gives both sides, the advan- tages and the disadvantages of a southern climate. Too often only one side is given, and many are the disappointments that fol- low. How many new things do we find in traveling thru a section of country that we thought we knew all about by reading! It is, I believe, much easier for most writers to tell of the nice things of any section, especially if it pleases them, than to tell of the unpleasant things. The season for spraying is again at hand. I wonder how many States have laws for- bidding the spraying of fruit trees when in bloom. Dr. A. L. Melander treats this whole subject very fully on pages 210, 211. His SIFTINGS J. E, Crane 3 lU d e s c ription of the effects of poison on the bees is quite true to our ex- perience. I be- lieve the loss to the country as a whole to be much greater than generally supposed. We have lost hun- dreds of dollars from this cause. Fruit- growers, as a rule, do not yet seem to ap- preciate the value of bees in their orchards, and quite too many have not yet learned the remarkable value of the Golden Eule. As Dr. Melander suggests, ' ' Corrective leg- islation will afford the quickest benefits to all." * * * On page 217, Miss Josephine Morse sug- gests Milkol as a cheap and effective repel- lent to be used with poison sprays where there is danger of poisoning bees. Should it prove from further use as effective as claimed, I am sure she will earn the grati- tude of beekeepers everywhere. Let us test it very carefully this season. It would not seem to be difficult to do so. Dilute a small quantity of honey with water, say one part of honey to three of water, set this where bees will work on it freely for one day, and next morning set some out with Milkol added in the proportion of one pint to 100 gallons of the spray. Can Miss Morse tells us where it can be obtained? And while we are about it, we might try other repellents, such as carbolic acid or lime-sulphur solutions. * * * That is an interesting article by Morley Pettit, pages 204-206. I do not, however, agree with him as to why smoke quiets bees. I should put it in a little different way, and would say, ' ' Smoke causes fright, and fright takes away all disposition to guard their hives. ' ' Fear makes cowards of us all. Few are the creatures that can entertain two conflicting emotions at the same time. The frightened horse forgets years of careful training and rushes wildly away — often to its own destruction. Even a frightened army is half beaten. In a very interesting old book, which I possess, I have read how one, Gideon, took 300 brave men, each carrying a trumpet, a lamp, and an empty pitcher, and crept up to a mighty army. Then they smashed the pitchers and with the trumpets sliouted, "The Sword of the Lord and Gideon." That great army of Midianites were frightened out of their wits, and ran like a flock of sheep, or a colony of bees before the blast of a Jumbo smoker. Sometimes we find a colony so brave and heroic that smoke does not frighten the bees. What then 1 Why, we are sometimes the ones to run. 284 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 c HAPPY HOURS IN CALIFORNIA CONSTANCE ROOTrBOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) SINCE we re- turned home some 0 n e a s k e d m e, "Well, do you like Californi;i just as well as ever?" Indeed we do, "we" meaning not the editorial pronoun, but including the gentle- man who shared the responsibility of count- ing bags, wraps, and umbrella when we left the train at our various stops. We love the Golden State in spite of the fact that, dur- ing our too brief stay within it, many foggy days veiled the mountain scenery, and some rainy days prevented interesting motor trips. I love it in spite of a bloodthirsty Hea who inflicted an amount of anguish upon me all out of proportion to his size. (For all I know to the contrary, that flea is still alive, doing his best, or worst, to prevent the tenderfoot tourist from believ- ing California is Paradise, for he was kick- ing strongly when he rode the whirlpool down the bathtub drain, where I consigned him after vainly trying to crush him with the heel of my shoe as a hammer. If the cat has nine lives, the California flea has a hundred.) Perhaps if I should try to sum up the things which make me love California so much, it would be in the order named: the mountains, the climate, the perfect high- ways, and the flowers and fruit. By moun- tains I mean not only the great, snow- capped peaks, but also the foothills, can- yons, and valleys with such wonderful scen- ery as the Yosemite, which I have not yet seen; and, instead of climate, perlmps the word should be climates; for, because of the hills and mountains and the contour of the ocean with its bays, there is often a fascinating variation of climate within a radius of two or three miles. SATURDAY afternoon, after the lunch- eon, given by the Alameda Beekeep- ers' Association to the visiting bee- keepers at the Hotel Oakland, we were in- vited by friends to accompany them to their home in Mill Valley, a commonplace naine for what has seemed a veritable bit of fairyland to me ever since we had a glimpse of it on our way to the summit of Mt. Ta- malpais a year ago. To reach Mill Valley we had to take a miniature sea voyage on the ferry from Oakland to San Francisco and another from San Francisco to Sausa- lito. Those ferries on San Francisco Bay leave with such clock-like regularity, they are so clean and pleasant, the view so de- lightful, and the bit of salt bi-eeze so in- vigorating that the commuting business man does not pity himself at all. I have been told by friends who have used the ferry daily for inany years that they never tire of it, and that the fresh air does much to keep them well. From Sausalito to Mill 1 Valley is only a few minutes ' trolley ride, and the car is al- ways waiting at the ferry. I must con- fess that I do not know the distinction be- tween a valley and a canyon, nor can I find any help in the dictionary. Mr. Boyden tried to make me believe that the sides of a canyon are perpendicular or more nearly so than those of a valley; but we have visited many so-called canyons with sides no steeper than those of Mill Valley. My own idea of a canyon is a deep, narrow valley, and with that in mind I should de- scribe Mill Valley as a great, curving, branching canyon with steej), beautifully wooded slopes which rise to a great height on either side, with attractive residences scattered on the steep hillsides and almost hidden by the trees and foliage, and with occasional glimpses of the elusive peak of Tamalpais peeping above the nearer hills. The peak is elusive because it has a way of swathing its neck and shoulders in a chiffon scarf of clouds and mists, hiding the sun- shiny peak from those in the valley below; but the peak itself is nearly always in the sunshine. Our friends have a beautiful home on the steep hillside perhaps 20 minutes ' walk from the trolley station. The feminine half of the party took a taxi which climbed a road leading up the side of the hill, while the masculine half walked by a lower road. Had I realized the distance was no greater than it was, I too should have walked, for every bit of that valley is fascinating and unusual to Ohio eyes. As we stopped my friend remarked, "We came the back way to avoid the climb to the house from the road* in front." The narrow mountain road on which we stood is perhaps about the height of the second story of the house, which is near the back of the lot, and we had to go down the hill a little way to reach the kitchen door. The kitchen seemed almost on a basement level, as the hill rises so steeply behind it; but, on going thru to the dining room and looking out of the wide window, the ground was so far below that it seemed like a second-story room, as in- deed it is, for there is a high basement room below. Now, our lawn in Ohio is so level that there is no slope at all from the basement wall to the street. Perhaps that is one reason why that steep yard in Mill Valley seemed so picturesque to my eyes. It is certain that our friends do not have the problem of keeping a lawn mower oiled and sharp, for their whole lot is tilted at such an angle that one has to climb it from the street in front by a zigzag path inter- spersed by flights of steps. I believe Mr. Boyden said he counted 50 steps arranged in groups alternating with the aforesaid Mat, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 285 zigzag path to the front of the house, and there is another flight of steps to gain the entrance porch at the living-room end of the house. At the opposite end of the house are some terraced beds where such plants are raised as do not readily cling to the steep hillside, and another flight of steps alongside leads to the kitchen from the front. Their nearest neighbors across the road at the back of the house are so much far- ther up the hill that the basement of one house is about on a level with the top of the other. Across the lower road in front and high up on the opposite hillside showed the gables of another attractive home, but the trees were so thick that not until the lights were on in the evening did wo realize how many houses dot the hillsides all the way up to the top. It is all so quiet and peaceful that it seems like a home in the woods. A fog drifting into the valley threatened to cut short the daylight, so we went im- mediately out to the steep yard to see the flowers, of which I believe there were over a dozen varieties in bloom, altho it was early in March. It looked odd to see many of my favorites metaphorically digging their heels into the ground to keep from sliding down hill, but blooming just as cheerfully as if they were in my level Ohio garden. Geraniums and calla lilies practically grow wild in most parts of the State, ami, while I do not care for the calla lily as a house plant, it is beautiful growing in a hedge which is a mass of bloom. There were pansies, violets, marigolds, camelias, irises, etc., and various shrubs and plenty of trees including oranges and lemons. I couldn 't name them all if I tried, because I after- ward saw so many other flowers in bloom in other places. ■ When we finally went into the house it was to wander from one window to iinotlier to see the view from the vaiious points. The dining room is especially ))leasant. I don 't believe I could rememb(>r air ai'ticle of furniture in it, altho I have an impres- sion that it contains the conventional table and sideboard in some dark wood. But al- most all one wall is taken up by a wide landscape window, so that from the table one has a wonderful view of the deep val- ley and high hills beyond. T^nfortunately it was dark when we had our evening meal, but even so it was interesting to watch the lights flash out on the opposite hillside as dwellings were lighted. A resident of Mill Valley has the delights of country life on a thickly wooded hillside with the comforts of the city, for T noticed they have electricity, city water, good roads, efficient household workers by the hour, and prob- ably many other conveniences which T did not see. Among the few regretful memories of our trip is that we could not accept our hosts' invitation to stay over night and see sunrise in the Valley. A taxi had been engaged to come and take us to the car, but it had some accident, so we decided to walk down to the station. Starting rather late we made quick time and incidentally found out the origin of the word "tender- foot, ' ' at least, we believe we did. Hav- ing been married to a rapid walker for over a score of years, I pride myself on being able to keep up with him fairly well; but by the time we reached the car the muscles from my knees down felt most peculiar, so weak and painful in fact that I dreaded the car step and felt sure I should not be able to change ferries and walk thru the long corridors in the large hotel to our loom, and as for walking the two or three blocks from the car terminal in Oakland to the hotel I just knew I could not do it. But on comparing notes I discovered that Mr. Boyden was suffering very similar symp- toms, and we decided that walking down steep grades calls into action muscles which are seldom used in a level country, and that the ability to take the steep down grades at a rapid pace is one advantage the west- erner has over the tenderfoot. I might add that we did regain our hotel room without the aid of an ambulance, but our efforts to walk with dignity and ease were about as strenuous as those of a drunken man. IN our drives thru the various bay cities we saw many other ideal residence sites, in the Berkeley hills, in Piedmont, and in small canyons in the hills. I imagine the frequent fogs, which do so much to keep this region cool the year around, are very beneficial to vegetation, for the flow- ers and shrubbery are wonderful, not only around the homes but on the grounds of the University of California, which has such a picturesque location against the Berkeley hills. The Scotch heather was es- pecially fine, and I thought the wild lilac even more beautiful than the cultivated va- riety. Around many of the homes in Pied- mont I saw charming color schemes of lav- ender shrubs, purple and lavender cinerar- ias (which are greenhouse jilants in the East), pansies, and violets. Speaking of flowers, T never think of San P''rancisc'f) without recalling the dis- plays of floweis on stands at nearly every corner, even in the downtown business and wholesale districts and in the great feiTv house. It is much the same in Los Ange les; but in the cooler climate of San Fran- cisco it seems a little more remarkable, and ^rr. Boyden tells me that it is the same tlie year around except that tlie varieties of flowers vary with the season. As an instance of the fine roads, a friend took us, together with his wife and two little daughters, for an afternoon drive of 1.34 miles thru the Santa Clara Valley and back for dinner at his home, and we were not one bit tired. We went thru San Jose, beautiful Los Gatos in the foothills and Saratoga and called on friends who raise prunes and apricots and have a gorgeous (Continued on page 309.) 286 GT. EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 A^ C ur he wate-lios a c o 1 0 iiy of bees thruout a year, the sideline stu- dent is impress- ed with four important o ii t- standing activi- ties. These are brood-rearing, the storage of honey, swarm- ing, winter-clustering. Brood-rearing in a normal colony begins in late winter and continues increasingly into early summer; then decreasingly thru late summer into autumn, when it ceases. Nectar-gathering depends, of course, upon the presence of nectar in the fields or for- ests. It usually begins when the earliest spring flings the blossoms of the elms and red maples against the cloud-filled skies of February and March. It, too, continues in- creasingly into the spring — increasingly, yet not continuously, for often there are periods of practical dearth, as just after fruit bloom. It reaches its peak in the white- clover section when that most important plant itself comes into full bloom in May or June, decreasing as it wanes. It con- tinues, however, with some irregularity, thruout the summer and fall, closing only when the early frosts finally become definite freezes and so write finale on the late-bloom- ing asters. The swarming tendency is chiefly char- acteristic of spring and early summer. Un- der certain conditions swarms appear either earlier or later, but May and June are the months most likely to see them issue. Clustering is a phenomenon of winter. It is the normal method of heat conservation in the hive. In reviewing the history of a colony, it is customary — and wisely so — to begin with the spring, when activity recommences after the long winter. Everything in the hive at that time is at low ebb — not many bees and not much honey. Brood-rearing, however, has already begun. For even before the first nectar appears in the earliest blossoms, the queen has started laying, so even by early spring there is brood in various stages in the guarded brood-nest at the heart of the hive, where the temperature is main- tained fairly evenly at 95 degrees F. or a little less. In concentric rings she has de- posited the tiny ivory specks, these rings growing constantly larger and appearing on more and more combs. The rapidity of this increase depends upon the amount of stores in the hive and the number of bees to care for the brood. As the earliest laid e.o:gs complete their final development and emerge as bees, they leave empty cells ready for more eggs, while the new bees themselves add strength and numbers to the working force of the hive. Thus the brood-rearing activity can be rapidly increased and the brood-nest expanded. For about the first two weeks of their Beekeeping as a Side Line 1 Grace Allen W^^^^^^^ E lives these young worker bees are unable to take the long flights to the field for nectar, or for pollen or water. So at this age they are the nurses, faithfully feeding the larvae; or they hang, a living consecrated curtain, producing the mysterious wax in what seems a very ecstasy of motionless effort; and they do the cleaning of the hive and the ventilat- ing, and other home duties. When about a week old, wings are strong enough to allow them short flights around the hive. Beekeepers speak of the "play spell" of the young bees, when in the warm hour of the day they fly and hum so thrill- ingly around the entrance. And it has the feel of play, somehow, even tho it may be a fairly serious business, by which they not only gain strength but also become so fa- miliar with their hive that they can readily locate it when a little later they come hur- rying home from clover fields or blossom- ing trees. When they are about two weeks old, they begin this great work of their lives, garnering and storing the life-sustain- ing sweet hidden in living beauty. And still, while they pass thus from duty to duty, the queen continues to deposit eggs for still more workers; and eggs, also, to produce drones. Then soon the day will probably come when the colony will be uncomfortably pop- ulous. And preparations for swarming will begin. Those who have studied these mat- ters with that thoro-going, cool, definite precision that mere enthusiastic lovers sometimes lack, make no claim to under- stand positively the real scientific cause of swarming. But the general impression is that with these great numbers of young bees coming out every day, one or two or three thousand a day, things get crowded; perhaps, too, there isn 't enough to do at home to keep these youngsters busy. At any rate, it is usually (not always, how- ever) at about this time — May and June — thousands of young bees emerging daily, the queen laving heavily and nectar coming in rapidly — that preparations arc made for swarming. This swarming instinct is most unique. Tu the natural state this is the only way new colonies are formed and the race perpetuated, perhaps increased. And the swarm itself is something more than unique, it is strangely thrilling and exciting and beautiful. And often — let us be honest — inconvenient — aye, and unprofitable. The first step the bees make towards cast- ing a swarm is the building of a goodly number of queen-cells. These are large and long, and in each one a tiny egg develops into a larva, which, fairly swimming in a wealth of royal jelly, grows to a size to be sealed over. Usually when one or two of May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 287 those first eclls arc sealed, comes tlie great day. And when the sun is high, probably at some time between ten o 'clock and three, the swarm will issue. Out from the entrance of the hive they pour, living drops in a great flood of life. The air is quickly filled with wings and the sound of them. There they circle and swing / and weave strange patterns in the sunlight. Then the watch- ing beekeeper notices a shifting of the neb- ulous cloud, and presently is aware of a quiet dark ball forming on the branch of a tree. Soon they are all clustered there, hanging in almost ominous silence after the rapture of the moment before. Probably more than half the occupants of the hive are there, perhaps two-thirds of them, bees of various ages. And somewhere in their midst is their queen. Did she lead out the swarm or follow? Who knows? Probably the latter. Anyway, there they are. And there they hang, perhaps for 15 minutes, perhaps for several hours, or even longer. The theory that scouts are going about hunting for the new home seems to be rather generally ac- cepted, tho one sometimes wonders why they failed to do that necessary bit of re- connoitering earlier. At any rate eventual- ly (and sometimes now) the dark cluster stirs and breaks, and again the air is filled with wings. But this time, instead of gayly whirling and circling, they start straight off towards the spot chosen for the new abode, a hollow tree or a cozy corner hid- den under somebody 's eaves. There they start housekeeping. The young bees hang in their strange rapture of silence and pro- duce the wax to build new comb, the queen is soon laying in the fresh cells, field bees bring in nectar and pollen, and the whole cycle is started anew. If the beekeeper be present when the swarm issues, he will take matters into his own hands and the bees will find themselves possessed of a hive instead of a hollow tree. "When they are shaken or dumped into the new hive, wings start a glad fanning, little bodies are raised at a queer angle that some- how signals the others to come on, and soon they are all marching in. After a swarm has left, a busy ((uiet set- tles on the old hive, known to the beekeeper as the "parent hive" — altho the real par- ent of the hive, the queen, has accompanied the swarm. Yet viewing the colony rather than the individual bee as the unit, it is true that the old hive is the parent. There the lessened numbers continue with their routine duties, undisturbed and apparently untempted by the exciting, adventurous de- parture of the others. There is now no queen. Yet order and perfect co-operation continue. For in the long rough cells the young princesses are attaining their final growth and development. And presently comes a day when the first one cuts out the end of her cell and emerges, her young slim restless body endued with powers and qualities so different from those of the thousands around her. One of the first acts of her life will be the destruction of the other queens, still in their cells. As only one queen is ordinarily permitted in a hive, there is this deadly rivalry between them; when two queens meet, the stings that are apparently never used elsewhere are brought into immediate use. So when this first for- tunate princess emerges from her cell, she leads — thus at least it seems to the human observer — the attack on the helpless rivals unfortunate enough to be a few hours later developing. Soon every one will have been killed, and the workers will have torn down the cells and dragged out the remains. Sometimes, however, they do not permit this destruction. For if after-swarms are desired (they never are, by the intelligent beekeeper, but sometimes seem to be by the bees), then the other cells are carefully guarded from the attack of this first queen, and in a few days she herself is going off with a swarm, leaving the other cells to pro- vide a queen for the remaining bees. These may send out still another swarm, and even several others, tho this is both unusual and disastrous. When no after-swarms are planned, the remaining cells are destroyed. Then the first-issued queen lives about a week of carefree youth, while gaining the strength needed for her flight. Several times on different days she will venture into the air around the entrance, just as the young worker bees do, marking well the appear- ance and location of her home. Then on some bright day she will strike bravely out, straight up into the high places, for her nuptial flight. And when she returns, life will quietly settle into a matter of duty and routine. By this time the bees are devoting them- selves feverishly to an enthusiastic gather- ing of nectar. And when the main honey flow comes on (which may have happened before the swarm went out), the instinct that prompts them to store what they do not immediately need fills comb after comb with the nectar which is then evaporated and ripened into honey, and sealed. All this activity, including of course the gathering of pollen too, continues thruout the summer, wlienever there is anything at all in the fields. Some time in late summer when the nectjir flow fails, or later, when the days shorten and the nights grow cool and long, comes the destruction of the drones. And soon autumn has come. Then it, too, goes an unreturning way, and win- ter lies over the beeyard. It is in the winter that they form the cluster. For hees are not warm-blooded creatures; their body temperature rises and falls with the temperature of the air about them. By muscular exercise they can pro- duce heat. But were they to get as cold as 45 degrees F., they would lose all power of motion, and death would doubtless soon en- sue. So when the air in their hive gets as cold as 57 degrees, they take matters into (Continued on page 314.) GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern California. J ^ ^,^ f ^'| meeting of the California State Beekeepers' Association was truly a pretentious affair. April "Gleanings" acquainted you with the fact that the Governor of the State des- ignated March 1 to 7 as California Honey Week. This proclamation proved univer- sally beneficial, for it stimulated the con- sumption of honey to a very considerable extent. The attendance at the meeting was unusually good^ and some of the sessions were attended by 400 to 500 persons. The credit for the success and the great enthu- siasm displayed at the convention was due entirely to the efforts of the Alameda Coun- ty Beekeepers ' Association, and the presi- dent and secretary of this organization were duly rewarded by being elected to similar positions in the State Association. We look for big things at the next annual meeting. It was regretted, tho, that none of the Washington officials were present to advise us on some of the more knotty problems of beekeeping. Their presence was unquestion ably missed, for at one of the sessions a petition was circulated, requesting a con- tinuance of the winter short courses in bee- keeping held jointly by the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture and the Universitv of California Agricultural Department. Hav- ing a seat where I could view the beekeep- ers at this session, I noticed that every bee- keeper present signed the petition. Prof. W. B. Hermes, head of the Division of En- tomology of the University of California, gave us an outline of what he proposes to accomplish for the beekeepers of the State, His talk impressed us favorably, and we have reason to believe that California bee- keepers are going to receive what they have long been waiting for, namely, aid in api- culture— aid worthy of the fair name of our university and of our State. Low prices for honey and the (-(lut iiuicd high cost of production are the chief <-on cerns of beekeepers today. It is presumed by most of us, according to present indica tions, that alfalfa honey will bring about fi to 7c, and sage about 10 to l'2c a pound — about half the value that our jn-oduct brought us one year ago. On the other hand, when we analyze our exjtenses we find that aur auto expenses have suffered prac- tically no reduction, and that our labor and container accounts have undergone but a reduction of 10 per cent over last year's figures, and our other operating expense ac- counts remain materially the same. Bee- keepers' supplies, our chief capital expendi- ture, are but little cheaper than they were a year ago. It seems that our best bet lies in creating more of a demand for honey. There is no other one thing we can do that will increase more the value of our prod- uct, unless it be a higher ta^riff, than to popularize broadcast the good values of hon- ey as a food. The United States is now a very wealthy nation, and many countries today, including some of the European ones, are sending us honey. Obviously this fact makes it all the more difficult for us to dispose of our ju'oduct. The New Zealand Co-operative Honey Producers' Association, Ltd., seems to be more optimistic than we are in regard to honey prices. It is the undei'standing that this association will ad- vance to its members for white and light- amber grades 12c per pound. Our Exchange, I believe, will not make an advance of over 6c per ])ound. We liope our New Zealand friends are correct in their interpretations of marketing conditions, but we are inclined to believe that our Exchange will place it- self in a much more satisfactory position if it places its advance in the neighborhood of 6c. M. C. Richter. Big Sui', Calif. » * * In Southern California, f \" ^" '^ '">; last report some European foul brood has appeared. At no time since the first outbreak has it been found in so virulent a foiin as in a few places recently. Whole frames of brood will die within a few days. There appears to be no accounting for its return. The amount of stores seems to make no difference, as many afflicted colonies have an abundance of honey. Italian bees are supposed to be immune from this disease, but not so in the present epidemic. It is found among the colonies which had an abundance of early pollen, as well as among colonies that were located away from the early pollen and were late to start breeding. One thing is certain — it is here and the beekee]iers liave a fight on their hands again to eradi- cate it. Some cases of American foul biood are also found, but this has not gotten such a hold as the European. The prospects for a crop over southern California are no brighter. The oianges are blootning, and the strong colonies are getting a little more than a living. The sages promise little or no honey; for the plants, in general, are suffering for moist- ure enough to give them a normal growth. The prospects for more rain are not at all encouraging, as the average rainfall after this date is very small. The alfalfa should furnish the usual amount, and the mesquite about the same. Beans, which have fur- nished considerable honey the ])ast few years, have dropped in price so much that the acreage is likely to lie very much re- duced this year. More bees have been moved to the or- anges this season than ever before, one com- pany alone having about 2,000 colonies. Generally s])eaking, the bees will hardly be up to normal for the early honey flow. . 1 GLEANINGS IN B E F, ( • I ' 1 . f f K K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH IS9 Taken .-ill in all, it is not likely that south- ern California will i.np.luce as large a crop as last season. The prices of honey are likely to be iniu-li lower than last year, as there is consider- able honey being carried over from last year's erojp. The price of supplies has not dropped to any noticeable degree, and wages are now about the same as during the war. Several prosecutions have occurred re cently for moving or selling bees contrary to the State laws or the county ordinances. When operating as many as one or two thousand colonies, it is very ditticult at all times to comply with all the requirements of the complicated rules and regulations. It is unfortunate that we cannot have a State law governing the moving of bees. Many beekeepers have only a few colonies, and yet they are the ones who have the most to say when it comes to law-making. Sonu' larger apiaries are being kept; and, while the number of beekeepers may not be so great, the production of honey is greater, owing to the skill, knowledge, and general intelligence used in conducting the busi- ness. It is my opinion that producers will eventually get together and have laws en- acted that will not only protect the indus- try but will also give a certain freedom of action in running the business. Corona. Calif. L. L. Andrews. » « » T„ Xovic The condition of the honey plants and bees in Marcii has been above normal. The dry weather during the winter made it doubtful whether there would be an early s])ring flow, but the rains of the early part of this month have made bloom enough to allow the bees to produce brood early. In some of the southern counties swarming was common l)y the 10th. Where Demuth automatic feeders were used (see page 216, April issue), many hives now have two brood-chambers and a shallow super of brood; while .where bees went into winter short of stores, such colo nies hn\'e not even commenced to prepare for swarming. The horseniint, which was des- paired of because of the drought, is now in a prosperous condition. The mesquite. which was thought to be good for a flow, is not in so good a condition owing to the rain. The Weather Bureau reports that the tern perature for March was s(>ven degrees above normal. The coldest day of wintei occurred in November, 1920, when a tern perature of 27 degrees was reached. Only during four periods did frost occur. This weather was such as to cause the bees to use enormous amounts of stores. B. M. Caraway of Wyoming has started a new line of migratory beekeeping. He was unable to contract for queens at a yirice that suited him, so he picked up his suitcase and came to Texas. He expects to raise between 1,.500 and 2,000 queens to take back with him and to get back to the home place in time to catch the first honey flow. Dr. Morris Fishbein, M. D., editor of the .Journal for the American Medical Associa- tion, writes that honey has received its share of space in recent medical literature. Two long papers on the value of honey in medicine have been published in the past two years. They are entitled, "The Anti- scorbutic Value of Honey," by H. K. Faber, published in the .Tournal of Biologic Chem- istry; and "The Curative Properties of Nectar, Corn Pollen, and Honey in Avian Polyneuritis,'' by R. A. Dutcher and L. O. France, published in +he same journal. He also states that honey needs no recommen dation to the medical fraternity. E. B. Anlt reports the first extracting of new honey on March 7 when he obtained several thousand pounds of como and pink sage. This honey is from apiaries located in the Rio Grande Valley. He also reports the flow from huajilla in Duval County commenced Maich 10. The response of the plants of the semi- arid lands to rainfall is extremely rapid and in a majority of cases certain. Last month it was stated that an early honey flow from mesquite was almost certain; and, in fact, in a few localities it did commence. The latter part of March a heavy rain fell, and, true to the habit of the desert plants, the mesquite buds ceased to open and the trees put out new Viranches and leaves. This habit of these plants comes from the fact that they must utilize moisture while it is a\ailable. Should dry weather occur in May or June, the food and energy will ap- pear then in a heavy bloom. H. B. Parks. San Antonio, Tex. * * * In Ontario.— V '"^^ 1^1^'' f^'fytTol drew attention to the fact that reports had been received stating that the consum])tion of stores in outside-win- tered colonies Inid been abnormallv lieaxv. Since then we have had an (>p]iortunity to give a superficial examination to probably over half of our bees, and we find every colony heavy with stores. Outdoor-win- tered bees have fared the best this year, and many beekeepers report 100 per cent of the colonies alive and most of them in good condition. T' r season is about the ejirliest on record, and, barring a s(>tback of cold weather in the near future, it looks as tho fruit bloom, dandelion, etc., will be on at least two weeks earlier than usual. Personally, T would prefer a season more nearly normal, but we must take things as they come and work accordingly. Many are y>redicting heavy freezes later; but, with the ice all -out of Georgian Bay, Lake Sim- coe. and other waters to the north of us, GLEANINGS IN BEE 0 U 1. T U K E @) FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH one factor is removed that has a tendency to bring on late cold spells. Reports on clover are quite varied. Yes- teiday I met Mr. Sibbald, who operates a lot of bees in Peel County just west of York County, where we live. He reports alsike as looking well, while here in our district all fields are damaged, and at least 50 per cent of the acreage ruined. A trip up the Midland line this week revealed the fact that the damage is very heavy to clover all the way from our place to Coldwater — some 75 miles. Around Beayerton where land is flat and the soil is a heavy clay, an extensive farmer told me that hardly an acre is left. Indeed the fields along the railway plainly showed the great damage done. I have no idea how general this con- dition is, but, so far as we arc concerned, clover offers the poorest prospects for some years. Some have said that sweet clover will not "heave" out in the spring, but the contrary is nearer the truth. A mile north of us there is a field of sweet clover that was a mat of rank growth last fall. A few days ago no evidence of life could be seen from the road, so I stopped to see what was wrong. Practically every plant was heaved right up out of the ground and lying dead among the ^ .ibble. Many of the roots were 10 inches long, but the free/, ing by night and thawing by daytime had lifted' them out, root and branch. This field is rather low and the soil is of a nature that causes idover to heave more readily than on highk" land, so I am hoping th:it lields more favorably .situated n-ny bo nil right. Alsike clover stand.s the spring test bet- tor than sweet clover or red clover, owing to the different nature of its roots; but, this year much of the alsike is ruined. There is considerable interest here in On- tario iu the Honey Producers' League and its development will be watched with inter- est. With falling prices in sight, and reports of good wintering general, producers on a commercial scale are beginning to woiidei just what we may expect should we have a bumper crop. Sugar is firmer than earlier in the season, with prospects at least of be- ing no cheaper for some time, if wholesalers have the right "dope" on the matter. Fair ly dear sugar may have a stabilizing effect on honey prices to a certain extent — just how fjM- is a debatable question. For the past five years it has not been a question of selling, but rather of producing. Who knows but that these conditions may be re- versed for the next five years? Here in Ontario we have practically no organiza- tion at all, and, in my opinion, we never will until slow and low markets force us to do something. Personally, I am not strong on many phases of this organization ques- tion, but one of our greatest needs is for ■A more equitable distribution of our prod- uct. In years of varied crops, that is, with heavy yields in some parts of the province and little honey in another part, I have known honey to go almost begging for a .sale; while, less than 200 miles away, eou- sumeis could not get what they desired even at a much higher price than honey was bringing where the crop was good. Markham, Out. J. L. Byer. In North Carolina.— ^''X ^'"'':r^" of Terra Ceia, Beaufort County, chosen president at the January meeting in Wilmington, has an ag- gressive program of activities for the North Carolina Beekeepers' Association foi the current year, including particularly an ex- change for the benefit of the membership. This has for its parpose the listing with the secretary, by members, of honey and bees they have for sale. Any members wishing to buy honey for their local trade, or bees to increase their apiaries, can also register with the secretary, so that those having surplus and those wanting to sell can be put in communication with each other. It is believed that a very great benefit will result. There is a strong sentiment among the association membership for a state-wide campaign for impressing upon the house- keepers the great and practically indispen- sable value of honey as a food, one that should be on every dining table every day of the year. If this is worked out as is being recommended, the State Association will arrange for special articles and adver- tisements in the State press, and the local beekeepers will follow up with advertise- ments of their special products in their local papers. The 1921 spring season has opened u|i in H remarkably auspicious manner, so far as prime condition of bees and the promise of abundant honey flows are concerned. Bee keepers have been especially busy for weeks seeing that colonies are in condition for maximum growth and that supers are ready for swift installation as the hive require- ments develop. State Bee Specialist C. L. Sams has been making the rounds of the different sections of the State this spring with all possible speed and is scheduled for the southeastern, or Wilmington -Goldsboro section the week of April 5-15. Wherever it is possible to arrange for them there are demonstrations in transferring bees from the gum and box hives to standard hives, and lectures and demonstrations in bee-yards are arranged practically everywhere he goes. In this way the passing of the old gum and box hives is being materially liastened. Wilmington, N. C. W. J. Martin. GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T I' K E HEADS OF GRAINlQFROJ^lir^ FIELDS Wiring Last summer during part of the Frames, season I used the "thousand dol- lor trick ' ' in wiring frames, and then I happened upon the figure-14 -method (see page 85, February Gleanings), which pleased me much better. I thought I w;is the originator of the idea. I found the best way to tack the brace wire to the top-bar was to hook a double pointed tack around it and then use a pair of wide-mouth pliers for squeezing it into the bar, one point being slanted into the edge of the foundation. The pliers straddle the top-bar, the lower jaw catching the tack. This is an easy, convenient way, besides avoiding the risk of bruising the foundation by pounding. I. W. Cameron. Davis, S. D. By inserting a cornli coataiii iiig iiKistly drone-cells, or, if Two Season- able Hints. MO such comb is to be' had, an empty fi;mio with starter only (which in a very short time during fruit bloom will be filled with beautiful (Irone comb with eggs and larvae) in the brood-nest of a colony known by theii' good qualities, yon will stand a good chance of having drones that will improve the stock. If the brood combs in other colonies are all good worker combs, the chances are better still. Then by breed ing queens also from the best stock you will be following the wav of our dear departed Dr. Miller. A colony of bees will swarm sooner when there are not enough bees to carry on super work, thus storing more honey around the brood-nest than a strong colony that has most of its brood combs filled with brood, many young bees emerging daily, and work ers busy both in the fields and in the supers. If the colony light in bees had been given empty combs in the supei- instead of founda tion, work would have been carried on in the super, relieving the brood combs of sur plus honey, thus retarding swarming if not preventing it altogether. The folly of try ing to get bees to draw foundation when the colony contains too few bees is very plain to be seen. All such should be given empty combs to store in. A. C. Gilbert. East Avon. N. Y. Refused $1000 This is the way my chil for 23 Colonies, dren are afraid of bees. They play around the hives as tho there were no bees there. We did not have a natural swarm this year. I was offered a check for $1000 for these 23 colonies (just as they stand in the pic- ture) and an old two-frame extractor, but I said, "no." The 23 colonies had 74 supers which were 10-frame standard hive-bodies. Well, when fall came I had 4160 pounds of honey, which we sold for 25 cents per pound, amounting to $1040. Last year the same bunch brought us over $1200. Scotland, S. D. 0. G. Borton. Part of the 23 colonies wliich the owner refused to .■-.ell for $1000. G L E A ^• I N G S IN BEE C L L T U R E May, 1921 liEADS OF GMilOyftQlQtrDIFFERENT FIELDS Deep Tunnel I notice on page 101, Prevents Clogging. February Gleanings, that Carl E. Johnson uses a tin tube to pieveat elogging of the en- trances of his hives; and also, on page 154, that J. E. Crane uses a similar plan. In eon- neetidi! with my (|ua'liuj)le cases, I have a plan which takes care of clogging without any extra apparatus. My tunnel is l^/i inches deep on inside and made of %-inch stuff, and is so adjusted that the bottom of the tunnel drops down to the lower edge of the bottom-board. This gives room for two llllllilllit:lliillllillli:jiiliiii:'i|iM liniiiiiii!i|liMiiiii|.i|;iii|i|||niiij||i|||||||||||||||||iM:i::;inii|||)illlliili|llHlHil|i|| My Queens (With apologies rows of holes % inch in diameter. I bore five in the case along the bottom of the tunnel and four near the top. My cases have 4 inches bottom packing, 8 inches side packing, and 12 inches on top of a two-story hive. With this amount of packing there is not much accumulation of dead bees; and the full entrance to the hive, the deep tunnel, and the double" row of %-inch holes seem to take care of this in good shape. H. C. James. Wooster, O. iihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;i:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii — By Bill Mellvir 1(1 \V;ilt Mason. J I ha\e some old flea-bitten queens who work the laying graft so strong that, day and night, behind the scenes, they keep a plugging right along. They're shelling out the eggs so fast, that brood extends from roof to floor; and when they've filled all cells at last they fuss around and hunt for more. But if in vain for room they strive, my noble queens create a storm. They spread dissension thru the hive and finally decide to swarm. I fool these old birds nowadays; I fool them to a fare-you-well. I steer them from their erring ways before they get this swarming spell. I never let such tommyrot into their little noodles bob; I help their sanity a lot by giving them an- other job. Before they're crowded from their homes and spill the everlasting beans, I give another set of combs to satisfy am- bitious queens. My queens, thus freed from narrow bounds, upstairs on eager legs will go, where buoyantly they make their rounds and lay a pint of eggs or so. The workers too hit up their gait, if any were inclined to shirk. They feel the urge like any skate who takes an interest in his work. He is indeed a foolish gink who puts off duties such as these. These extra eggs per hive, I think, will add an extra peck of bees. An extra peck of bees in June in each and every seething hive, in my location 's quite a boon and makes me glad to be alive. The in- crease in the bunch of dope these extra pecks put in the mow, when sold, will make a roll, I hope, that 's big enough to choke a cow. (i I. K A N [ X G S IN B R K C U L T U R K 293 WHO'S WHO IN APICULTURE At the I'lose of the sc.-isoii iov tlic^ regular meetings of tlie various state associations we have again correeted mir page of "Who's Who in Apieultuie. " bringing it down to date as of Man-li 10. Beekeepers should keep this page for reference. Great care has been taken to iiave tliese data correct, the information having been secured wherever possible directly from a state official or from the college of agriculture. Sliitf I'Y Pr<>\ iiK J** SB 2 C ^ S^o 0) 3 t- Alaljiuna '. Yes Alberta . .' Arizona I Yes Arkansas Yes British Cohiniliia . No California Yes Colorado ....... Yes Connecticut .... Yes Delaware No Florida Yes Georgia No Idaho No Illinois No Indiana Yes Iowa Yes , Kansas Yes Kemtucky Yes Louisiana No Maine No Manitoba Yes Maryland Yes Massachusptis . . No Michigan Yes Minnesota Yes Mississippi Yes Missouri Yes Montana Yes Nebraska Yes Nevada No New Brunswick . No New Hampshire. Yes New .Tprsey .... No New Mexico .... New York No North Carolina Yes North Dakota ... No Nova Scotia .... No Ohio Yes Oklahoma Yes Ontario ' Yes Oregon Yes Pennsylvania . . . Yes Prince Kdw'd Isl. . Yes Quebec Yes Rhode Island ... No South Carolina . Yes South Dakota . . Yes Tennessee Yes Texas Yeis Utah .".... Yes Vermont No Virginia No Washington .... Yes West Virginia . . Yes Wisconsin Yes Wyoming No o cc V a State Inspector or Deputy. Secretary State Association. No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Ves Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Comb No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes None. L. P^arU- Mattesoii . . . Benson None. W. .1. Sheppard Nelson County System. Wesley Foster, Dep. .Boulder Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven Wesley Webb, Acting . . Dover Wilmon Newell ...Gainesville A. C. Lewis Atlanta W. H. Wicks Boise A. L. Kildow Putnam F. N. Wallace. .Indianapolis F. B. Paddock Ames •J. H. Merrill Manhattan None. None. Frank H. Dudley ... Augusta ■I. H. Kitelev Winnipeg E. N. Cory College Park Leland Taylor Boston B. F. Kindig. . . .E. Lansing C. D. Blaker. . . .Minneapolis R. W. Harned. . .\gri. College (Not yet appointed) None. Geo. G. Sehweis Reno L. T. Floyd Predericton JJone. E. G. Carr New Egypt None. G. G. Atwood. . .Albany, N. Y. None. None. W. H. Brittain Truro E. C. Cotton Columbus R. L. Blaekwell. . .Oklahoma P. Eric Millen Guelph County System. J. D. Sanders. . .Harrisburg H. Newson Charlottetown O. A'aillancourt Quebec A. E. Stene Kingston A. F. Conradi L. A. Syverud Yankton Ernest W. Fox . . . . Pruitdale J. M. Buchanan. .. .Franklin C. S. Rude .... College Station F. B. Terriberry, Salt Lake C. E. G. Brigham . . . Montpelier None. Dr. A. L. Melander. .Pullman M. K. Malcolm ... Charleston S. B. Pracker Madison None. M. C. Berry Hayneville Geo. M. Frizzell Tempe Frank Horsfal Monticello ■fohn Brooks Vancouver L. W. LaseU Oakland W. P. Collins Lamar L. S. C. Burr...S. Manchester None. K. E. Bragdon Cocoa Mrs. Madge Merritt. Brunswick P. S. Farrell Caldwell G. M. Withrow . . Mechanicsburg C. O. Yost Indianapolis P. B. Paddock Ames O. F. Whitney Topeka H. Garman Lexington E. C. Davis Baton Rouge P. L. Mason . . . Mechanic Falls •f. H. Kiteley Winnipeg E. N. Cory College Park Mrs. H. \. Thomas. .Wolla.ston R. H. Kelty E. Lansing O. L. Wille St. Paul R. P. Dunn ».. Greenville Dr. L. Hasenian. . . .Columbia R. A. Bray Big Timber O. E. Timm Bennington L. D'A. Prince Reno L. T. Ployd Prederlcton H. B. Stevens Durham E. G. Carr New Egypt None. •T. H. Cunningham . . . Syracuse W. J. Martin Wilmington None. None. Jas. S. Hine, O. S. U., Columbus Mrr Howard Wewoka P. Eric Millen Guelph H. .-\. Scullen Corvallis Chas. N. Greene Troy None. .T. .\. Pi-u(l"liomine. Ste. Philom. E. D. Anthony Riirrington None. .T. C. Tjaden Vermilion G. M. Bentley Knoxville Miss A . Hasselbauer, S. Antonio P. B. Terriberry, Salt Lake City E. W. Larrabee Shoreham W. .7. Schoene Blacksburg E. E. Starkey Prosser Will C. Griffith. .. .Jim Grove H. P. Wilson Madison Non.e. United States. In\ estiicatioii and DeinoiiMriilion in Beekeeping. K. P. Phillip.s. Apiculfurist Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. National Honey Producers League, H. .7. Parks, secretary, P. O. box 83.S, San Antonio, Texas. Dominion of Canada, Investigation in Bee Culture, P. W. I^. Sladen, Dominion Apiarist; Central experimental Farm, Ottawa, Can. ^Beekeeping taught also in some other colleges and schools in Arkansas, California. Louisiana, Mas- sachu.setts. ^Vlmnesota. North Carolina, Ohio. Prince Edward Island. Qnebe.', Tennessee and Texas. i94 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTL'KE Q [s GLEANED BY ASKING Editors U E S T I O N — B e i n K away from the apiarj' at the time the swarm issues, how can I tell accurate ly which colony the iwarm came from ' J. T. Wilson Kentucky. Answer.^ — You may be able to tell by noting the bees at the entrances of the hives. A colony which has just cast a swarm usually has but few bees going to and from the hiVe and not so many bees around the entrance. If you can not tell this way, you should be able to find the colony that has just swarmed by looking into the supers, for they are usually somewhat deserted after the swarm issues. When you find the col- ony which you think has swarmed, open the the hive and look fo-r queen-cells. Sealed queen-cells, together with a greatly reduced number of workers, are usually sufficient evidence that the colony has swarmed. PRODUCING COMB HONEY ON TWO-STOBY HIVES. Question. — Should I put the comb-honey super on top of my two-story hivp or should I take off the upper story first? Arthur Newcomer. Pennsylvania. Answer. — It will be much better to re- duce the hive to a single story before giy ing the comb-honey supers, since if this is not done the bees do not begin work in the comb-honey supers promptly; and, unless the honey "flow is good, they may refuse to work in them at all, but crowd the honey into the two brood-chambers. When reduc ing the hive to a single story, the combs should be sorted, and most of the brood put into the brood-chamber that is left. The other hive-body, which contains some brood and honey, should be placed on top of some weaker colony not used for comb-honey pro duction, first shaking inost of the bees from the combs, shaking them back into their own hive. PEBVKNTIOM OV INOKKASE. Question. — Could I double up swarms, new and old, to prevent increase! 'Should cutting out queen, cells stop swarming, or does this endanger the col ony's becoming queenless ? A. 0. Stindt. Minnesota. Answer. — Yes. Hive the swarm in a new hive on the old stand, as described in "Talks to Beginners" in this issue; then, instead of moving the hive to a new loca- tion a week later as there described, set it on the other side of the awarm, turning its entrance away from that of the swarm at first, to prevent the returning bees of the parent colony from finding their hive after ir has been moved, thus compelling them to unite with the. swarm. Later, turn the entrance of the parent hive toward that of the swarm so the two hives stand side by side. At the close of the honey flow, take off the supers, spread a sheet of news paper over the brood-chamber of the new hive, punch a few pin holes thru the newspa- per, then set the old brood-chamber (without E bottom) on top of the new hive. By killing the old queen before this is done, you will decide which queen Ss to remain in- stead of letting the bees decide this. This plan should result in splendid colonies for winter. COMB-HONEY SLU'EKS AM) KDUI. BBOOU. Question. — Please tell how to get rid of foul brood in comb-honey supers without destroying the sections and full sheets of foundation in them. Is there any way of fnmigntins? Paul B. Gilbert. Ohio. Answer. — You do not tell whether you re- fer to American foul brood or to European foul brood. If European foul brood, no treatment is necessary, these supers prob- ably being as safe to use again as tho they had not been used before. If you refer to American foul brood, there is no practical way known to kill the spores of this dis- ease by fumigation. If the comb-honey supers do not contain any honey, the dan- ger of transmitting American foul brood by using them again is probably not very great, if they are scraped clean and have not been daubed with honey from the dis eased colony; but, if combs have been bui't and honey stored in some of the sections, it will not be safe to use these. SHALLOW KNTRACTING SUPER ABOVE SECTIONS. Question. — How will it work in comb-honey pro duction to use a shallow extracting super over the brood-chamber ; then when the time comes to put on sections, set the shallow extracting super over the sections, with a queen-e.xcluder between the shallow super and the sections ; and when all the brood has emerged in the shallow super, move it hack on top of the brood-chamber? North Carolina. Douglass Laughlin. Answer. — This should work well, so far as a prompt beginning of work in the sec- tions is concerned, especially if the shallow extracting super is well filled with honey and brood at the time the comb-honey super is given; but, if left on long, the bees will use some of the dark wax from the brood eombs in the shallow super in building comb in the sections. They also soil the sections badly within a short time when brood is placed above them. For this reason it is better to take off these extracting supers, either at the time the comb-honey supers are given or a few days later, and tier them up on top of some weaker colonies not being used for comb honey. They can then be given back to the colonies after the comb-honey supers are removed. When one of these shallow extracting supers filled with sealed honey of good quality is given to each colony at the close of the season, good colonies for winter are practically insured in all colonies that are normal and have a good queen. May. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBF 295 QUEEN TRAPS FOR SWARM CONTROL. Question. — If I use a queen trap, then kill the old queen when a swarm issues, letting the bees go back into the old hive, would they stay or would theij- come out again ? C. E. Laflin. Illinois. Answer. — They would st;i_v until after the first youug queen enterges, when they would again attempt to swarm, this usually being about eight days after the first swarm is- sued. If you destroy all but one of the queen-fclls about seven days after the first swarm issued, tliere usually is no further attempt to swarm; but occasionally even when this is done, the colony may swarm, tlio this does not often happen. If the queen trap is left on and swarms are per- mitted to issue when the young queens be gin to emerge, the trap will catch the young queen each time and the swarm will return unless it should unite with another swarm liaving a qu&en which happened to be out at the same time; but the colony may attempt to swarm day after day until there is but one young queen left within the hive. At this time the queen trap should be re moved to permit the remaining young queen to mate. This method for swarm control is not to be recommended, for while the bees are attempting to swarm every day they usually do very little work. LKAVINQ UNSEALED BROOD WITH ARTIFICIALLY MADE SWARMS. Question. — If I leave the old queen with four frames containing the most larvae and eggs on the old stand, first shaking these four oombs nearly clean of bees, then move the old hive to a new stand, would the colony on the old stand swarm if cells are left or would the half-empty hive dis courage them ? In the parent colony which was moved away would the first young queen out de stroy the rest of the queen-cells 1 Leon Staflford. New York. Answer. — If queen cells have already been started in the four combs of brood left in the hive on the old stand, the bees, in most cases, will finish them and swarm on schedule time, in spite of the empty space in the brood-chamber. Even if all of the queen- cells are destroyed ow these four combs, the bees may immediately start other cells and swarm later when as many as four combs of brood are left, if the tendency to swarm is strong. If no queen-cells are left and these four combs are taken away three or four days after the colony is treated as you describe, the colony should not swarm during ordinary seasons. In this event the brood-chamber should be filled out with either empty combs or frames of founda- tion at the time of treatment, and when the remaining four combs of brood are re- moved later the space thus made vacant should again be filled. For comb honey, frames containing full sheets of foundation are preferable for this, but for extracted honey either frames of foundation or empty combs may be used. The parent colony which was moved away is, of course, depleted by its field bees returning to the old stand, and, if the young queens are ready to emerge at the time the hive is moved away, this colony win usually give up swarming and permit the first young queen that emerges to de- stroy the other queen-cells; but if the first young queen does not emerge until several days after the hive was moved away, so many young bees will have emerged that the colony is almost sure to swarm. PUTTING PACKAGB BEES INTO HIVES. Question. — When my two-pound packages of bees arrive, how shall I proceed to put them into the hives ? Shall T give them drawn combs or foundation ? Theodore C. Goetz. Connecticut, Answer. — Before the bees arrive the hives should be prepared to receive them, each located where it is to stand permanently, .and each one supplied with as many drawn combs as there are pounds of bees in each of the packages. If drawn combs can not be had, full sheets of foundation may be used. When the bees arrive they should be kept in a cool place until late in the afternoon. If they were shipped in the new-style cages, which have a frame containing foundation and the feeders, set them close beside the hive and blow a little smoke over the wire- cloth top to drive the bees down. Now re- remove the cove.r carefully. Take out the stays that hold the brood-frame in place. Then lift the frame out and place it with the feeder in the hive next to one side, and shove the other frames up to it. Be sure that the queen is on this fr^me with the bees. What bees are ©n the sides of the shipping-cage should be shaken out on the ground close in tront of the hive. They will join the other bees in a few minutes, and what few take wing when the shipping- cage is first ojiened will go in with them. Two or three days later the feeder should be taken out of the frame. If the bees are shipped in the old-style cages, they should be fed a thin syrup thru the wire cloth as soon as they arrive. To make this, mix sugar and water, two parts of sugar to one of water, and stir it till dissolved. Moisten a sponge or a piece of cotton with the syrup and paint the surface of the wire cloth with the syrup. Keep feeding in this way aa long as the bees will take it. To put them into the hives shove the frames to one side of the hive and place the package of bees beside the frames. Then pry off the lid from the package. Tlie bees will leave the cage and take possession of the frames in a short time. This should be done toward night, not during the middle hours of the day, as they might swarm out. As a further pre- caution, a piece of perforated zinc should be put over the entrance for a few days. A brood-frame filled with honey given to them when they are first made up is the best feed that they can have. If you do not have this they should be given about a tea- cupful of syrup daily until there is the equivalent of one full frame stored ahead. GLEANINGS IN B i". E CULTURE Mav. 1921 c a PE N N S YL V A N I A has just I'll act 0(1 a new foul 1)100(1 law, wliifh makes it unlawful to ship bees, hives, or appliances into the State unless aceompatiied hy a ceititieatt signed by a certificate of countv from which they are JUST NEWS ] Editors ^"^^^^^^^^ TU! \ of inspection the state or shipped. The United States Civil Service Comniis- sion announces an open competitive examin aion for apieultural assistant, applications to be rated as received until June 30, 1921. A swarm of bees is reported to have is- sued from a two-storj^ hive having brood in both stories at Elwood, Ind., on March 15. This report has been verified by J. H. Rigor of that city On March 25 a colony of bees belonging to Geo. W. Fetzer, Allen- town. Pa., cast a swarm, the brood-chamber being almost completely filled with brood. « » « The Oregon State Beekeepers ' Associa- tion, which first met last fall in Salem, Ore., and effected temporary organization, met on March 16 and 17 in Portland, Ore., and became a live permanent organization. Own- ers of more than 4,000 colonies were jiresent, and yet none of the really large producers were there to report. Over 150 joined the association, and many live topics were dis cussed. County organizations are being or gauized, Linn-Benton, Clackamas, and Mul- tomah counties already having perfected county organizations, which are to become a part of the state organization. H. A Scullen, Corvallis, Ore., is the enterprising secretarv of the State association. P. Dunn, treasuier (ireeuNiil if this association. nisli a system where b y tho beekeepers c a n co-operate in ed- ucational work, marketing hon- ey and apiary products, and the purchasing of supplies. R. Miss., is secretaiv- The Cook County Beekeepers' Association was organized at a meeting of 150 local bee keepers on March 21, at the Great Northern Hotel, Chicago. It is expected that month ly meetings of an inspirational and educa- tional character may be held during the winter and spring, with field meetings for demonstration at members ' apiaries during tlie summer months. The purpose is stated to be that of making better beekeepers of all its members and of protecting the in dustry in this section against the menace of disease. A. 0. Gill, 230 West Huron St., was elected secretary-treasurer. * * « The tree planting committee selected by the American Honey Producers ' League is planning to co-operate with the state high- way commissions of the various states in regard to planting nectar-bearing trees along state highways. It also plans to work thru the various rural planting com- mittees, national and state foresters, con- servation commissions, lumber and forestry associations, state horticultural societies, and other agencies and individuals inter- ested. It is the plan of this committee that each state association shall appoint a state tree planting committee and that these state committees shall arrange for ;i tree y>lanting committee in each countv. The heaviest damage to fruit from freez ing occurred in the south central sections of the country from the lower Great Plains eastward. The damage was probably not very great in the northern border States except the injury to cherries and peaches in New York and to apples in Ohio. Much fruit was killed as far south as parts of North Carolina, northern Georgia, and northern Alabama. Additional injury is re- ported from Colorado, Utah, and portions of New Mexico and Arizona. Considerable damage is reported from California and Oregon There was some damage to alfalfa and clover in the Northwestern and the Cen tral States. The Mississippi and- Yuzoo Delta Bee- keepers ' Association has recently completed their organization and adopted plans to push the sale of honey by organized effort and putting up honey in attractive pack- ages. The organization' is ])hinned to fnr- Advance census figures, received to expected to issue eiglit or nine days from the time the eggs were laid in the queen-cells. The beginner can follow the ontiro pro- gram, as carried out by the bees, by watch ing the development "of these queen -cells. Usually the swarm issues at about the time the more advanced of these queen-cells arc capped, tho Italian bees sometimes swarm earlier, and bad weather may compel the bees to wait until later. Prime Swarms and After-Swarms. When the swarm issues under these con- ditions the old queen goes along, leaving be- hind the immature, young queens in their cells. Enough bees stay in the old hive to take care of the brood,' which at this time is emerging so rapidly that the parent col- ony soon has quite a force of bees again. If the prime swarm issued on schedule time (when the first queen-cells were capped), an after-swarm may be expected from the par- ent colony about eight days later, the after-swarm being accompanied by one of the recently emerged young queens. If tho beekeeper does not interfere to prevent it, usually several after-swarms issue, one com- ing out every day or two, until the colony is so depleted that there are no longer bees enough to divide up among the remaining young queens. Usually but one of these young queens is at large in the hive at a time, the others being held prisoners within their cells, tho sometimes two or more young queens may go out with an after- swarm. Finally, when no more swarms can be sent out, all but one of the young queens are killed, the surviving one being destined to become the now mother of the colony. Swarming Undesirable. If the bees are permitted to carry out their own program completely as to swarm- ing, it usually means a loss of the honey croj) from the colonies that swarm, since the great army of workers which filled the hive to overflowing at the beginning of the honey flow is dissipated by swarming. The bees should not be permitted to divide their working force just before or during tho honey flow, and the beginner must learn to prevent this. Clipping the Queen's "Wings. Preparatory to taking care of any swarms that may issue, it is advisable for the be- ginner to find the queen in each hive and clip off the greater portion of the wings on one side. This is to prevent the queen from flying when a swarm issues, thus giving the beekeeper control of the swarm if it should choose to cluster in the top of a high tree 298 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 or fly away to the woods. The same con- trol may be harl by using a queen and drone trap, with the advantage that the trap auto- matically catches the queen; while, with a clipped queen, it is necessary to find her on the ground in front of the hive when a swarm issues. The ambitious beginner should learn to clip his queens, however, Queen laying and her attendants. and, in tlie northern States especially, now is a good time to do this. For detailed di- rections for finding and clipping the queens, see Morley Pettit 's article in this issue. To Prevent Swarming When Producing Extracted Honey. If extracted honey is being produced, the first super should be put on some time be- fore the beginning of the main honey flow. In fact, if empty combs are available a super of empty combs should be given as soon as the brood-chamber is fairly well filled with brood, honey, and pollen. The queen-excluder should not be used between the brood-chamber and the super at this time, but the queen should be permitted free range thru both stories. This should prevent early swarming. If empty combs are not available for tliis first super, frames filled with full sheets of foundation should be used, but these should not be given until the bees commence gath- ering enough nectar to cause them to begin to build new white wax on the darker combs in elongating and repairing the cells. When foundation must be used some of the combs of brood from below should be placed in the middle of the second story. This affords an opportunity to place four frames of foundation adjacent to four combs of brood, two in the upper chamber and two in the lower chamber. As soon as the bees have drawn out the foundation in these four frames so that they now really contain combs with shallow cells, these newly built combs can be moved toward the side of the hive, and other frames, which the bees have not yet worked on, put in their places. These new combs are built out better in the second story, and it is well to have most of this work done there. As soon as new honey is being stored fast enough so that the second story is nearly filled with brood and honey, another super should be placed on top of the hive, making it three stories high. If empty combs are available, eight of these may be used in this 10-frame super, the combs being spaced farther apart so each comb will hold more honey; but, if foundation is used, the frames should not be spaced so wide until after the combs are built out. When foun- dation is used in the second super, at least two combs from tlie first super should be placed in the second super to induce the bees to begin work there promptly. , About a week after the beginning of the main honey flow or after the queen has abandoned the lower story long enough so that the brood there has all been sealed, the queen should be put down into the lower story and confined there by a queen-exclud- er, which should be placed between the first and the second story. The queen will usually be found in the second story at this time. Fig. 1. — New hive with supers on old stand. Old hive turned aside. To find her, lift off the third story if one is on the hive; then, without smoking the bees in the second story more than necessary, lift it off and set it on the inverted hive cover in such a manner tliat the bottom- bars of the frames do not touch the rim of the cover, to avoid crushing bees. By ex- amining these combs one by one, the queen should be found, picked up by the wings, and placed in the lower brood-chamber. In reassembling the hive after the queen has been put down, the queen-excluder should be placed over the lower brood- chamber; the super which was formerly the third story should be put on as the second story; and the former second story, which contains most of the brood, should be put back on top as a third story. If more room is needed at this time, an additional super may be given, in which case the former sec- ond story, being placed on top, now becomes the fourth story. Ten days later it may be well to destroy Mav, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE all the queen-cells that are built iu this top super, tho this is not always necessary. Colonies treated in this way usually do not swarm if additional supers are given as fast as needed, tho they may do so if the honey flow is long. To Control Swarming When Producing Comb Honey. Wlien producing comb honey, the first super should be given when the bees begin to add new white wax to -the old dark combs in the brood-chamber. The sections in the comb-honey super should contain foundation, preferably full sheets filling 1 - =1 =• Fig. -Old hive turned Link toward new one after swarm has entered. the sections almost completely. If possible, the first super should contain at least one section in which the comb is already built, saved over from the previous year; This "bait" comb should induce the bees to begin work in the first super promptly. As soon as the bees commence working on the outside sections of this first sujier, a second super should be given. If the bees are working well and new honey is being stored thruout the first super, the second super should be placed below the first one; but, if the bees are not working in all sections of the first super, the second super should bo placed on top of the first one. How to Hive a Swarm. If a swarm issues look for the queen (if she has been clipped) on the ground in front of the hive while the swarm is coming out. When the queen is found put her into a Miller queen-catcher and introducing cage or any kind of wire-cloth cage in which she can be confined. Lay the cage down near the hive in the shade; then move the hive from its stand, turning the en- trance to one sid#, as in Fig. 1. Place a new hive where the old one stood, having frames filled with full sheets of foundation, anil, if available, one empty comb. Trans- fer the supers from the old hive to the new, put back the covers on both hives, and thrust the cage containing the queen into the entrance of the new hive. The bees may return and enter the new hive without clustering, or they may cluster and return later. As they are returning none of them should be permitted to enter the old hive. To prevent this, it may be necessary to cover the old hive with a cloth or move it farther away. When most of the bees have entered the hive the queen sliould be released among them. If a queen trap is used to catch the queen as the swarm issues, instead of clip- ping the queen, the procedure is the same except that it is not necessary to look for the queen; but after the swarm is out, the old hive set to one side and the new one is in its place, the queen trap may simply be put on the new hive and the slide pulled out to permit the queen to enter the hive when the swarm returns. After the swarm has entered the hive and tlie- excitement has subsided, the entrance of the parent hive should be turned toward that of the swarm, as in Fig. 2. A day or two later the parent hive should be turned with its entrance close to that of the swarm (Fig. 3), and on the seventh day, choosing a time when the bees are working well in the fields and preferably early in the afternoon when many young bees are taking their play flight in front of the par- ent hive, it should be moved to a new location at least 20 feet away for increase. In moving the parent hive away it should be handled carefully to prevent disturbing the bees, so tliat the field bees going out will not note the change in the location of the hive. When this is done most of the voung bees, which have become field work- Fi£- old hive .set clobc to new, moved iuvay on seventh day. ers during the week, as they return from the fields will now enter the new hive on the old stand where they should be most useful, so depleting the parent colony of its bees that after-swarming is usually pre- vented; and since most of the workers arc held together in the new hive on the old stand the yield of honey should not be re- duced on account of the swarm having issued. Usually the parent colony does not produce any surplus honey the same season, but it should be in excellent condition for winter. G I. K A KINGS IN B E YEARS ngo, wlioii t h e A 11 t i -Sa- loon Jjeague was first started, we had a big con- vention (I think it was at Colum- bus), and Lucy T'age Gaston was there and want- <'il a place on tlic program to talk on cigar- ettes. But the managers decid- ed— and perhaps wisely — on ' ' one thing at a time," especially when that one thing was such a fni(h)iis task. From that time to this, I have felt a good deal that way about dealing with the tobacco matter on these pages. The editor of the No-ToMcco Journal (Butler, Ind.) recently said, "We have no hope, at least just at present, of outlawing tobacco from grown- up manhood; but we do hope to get laws, and enforce laws we already have, to keep tobacco, and especially cigarettes, from our immature boys and girls OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT For llioy sleop not, except tliey liavo done ini.s- cliicif; nnd their sleep is taken ;iway, unless they (Muse some to full. — Prov. 4:16. We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement. — Isa. 28:1.'5. f'ome unto nie, .t11 ye that lahor and nro lio:ivy hidon, iiiul I will sive you rest. — Mult. 11:28. (• V LT V K K M.w, 1921 Kvery I'eal lover of humanity will heartily wish China success in throw- ing off the tobacco evil as she did the opium traffic. ****** When ii great nation spends three times as much to tear down its boy- hood and girlhood, it.s manhood and womanhood, as it does to develop the mind, the body, and the soul of its citizens, it is time to call a halt. Well, my good friends, there is another phase of the matter that seems to indicate that "even grown-up manhood" needs pro- tection. Tiv the No-Tobacco Journal, April number, is an article, a part of which I give below: s..vv.-i ToB.ACfo "cure" is fakr. The Tolwcco Leaf, issue, of March 10, 1921, had the following: "The Federal Government is on tlie trail of the t':iUe toliiiccd cure exploiters and alieady has one of these nostrums up a tree. After an investiga- tion which has been in progress since early last I take it you all know about the millions summer, W. H. Lamar, solicitor of the Post Office of starving Chinese, and what the good peo- ple of America and the rest of the world are doing to save them. Prom an article in Good Ecalth (Battle Creek, Mich.) I clip from the opening, and also a sentence from the closing paragraph: CONCERNING TOBACCO. WILL. H. BROWN. Tobacco and Svffering China. The attitude of American tobacco dealers toward starving, suffering China should bring about the utter annihilation of the tobacco business, were there not another reason in the world for its de- struction. The situation is almost unbelievable. American tobacco men have deliberately adopted the .slogan, "A cigarette, in the mouth of every man. woman, and child in China." Rev. R. R. Blews, writing for the Free Methodist, Chicago, says this slogan is posted all over China. The ghoulish selfishness of the act is seen in the fact that 40,000,000 Chinese are facing starration, according to Bishop Lewis, who has been traveling over the famine-stricken districts of the country. While the generous-hearted citizens of America are raising money to aid this sorely afflicted people. American tobacco intere.sts are planning to get from them, for tobacco, money so much needed for the bare necessities of existence. The seriousness of the situation has prompted the Chinese Minister of the Interior to send forth an edict, in which he says that unless restrictions are imposed, tobacco will become a worse curse than opium in former days. That China intends later to totally prohibit the we«>d is indicated in the following words : "It is hereby decided that before taking up any measure for the total prohibition of its use, the fol- lowing restrictions shall be placed upon the use of tobacco." Thfi restrictions mentioned prohibit cigars and cigarettes for any one under 18; for all military or naval men ; for students in any Government school or college. .Department, has recommended to the Postmaster Gemeral the issuance of a fraud oi-der against Ed- ward .T. Woods, Inc., promoters of the 'Woods Set of Medicines.' This Woods outfit has bee.n one of the most conspicuous oflFenders in the practice of advertising its remedies by means of blood curdling de.scriptions of the terrible effects of tobacco upon the tobacco devotee..* ■'.Solicifov Lamar's recommendation comprises 17 typewritten pages in which the fraudulent nature of the 'tobacco cure' 'business and 'tobacco cure' advertising is laid bare. His report concludes as follows : " 'The evide.nce shows that none of these so-called "treatnient.s" contain any drug oi- combination of drugs which will create an "abhoirence" or "asso- ciated distaste" for tobacco, and that the principal feature of the "C" and "CCC Treatment" is the di- rection to stop the use of tobacco. In effect, the pa- tient pa> s his five dollars to be told to quit tobacco. " 'The postmaster at New York reports that this loncern iecei\es on an average of 200 letters a day.' " We do not know whether the Woods set of medi- cines are a fraud or not, but it is very certain that the tobacco trade will do everything possible to put the tobacco habit cure people out of business. Even tho this particular tobacco habit cure, should prove a fake, it does not follow that all are fakes or that the tobacco habit is not a real disease for which a cure is needed. The tobacco trade deliber- ately carries the impression that all "tobacco cure exploiters" are fakes. • It is certainly true that a very large ma.iorify (if tobacco users find that they are unable to quit of their own strength. It will be noted in the above iiuotation that the. Woods Corporation "receives an average of 200 letters a day." This is unmistak- able evidence that a large number of tobacco users realize the fact that they are in the clutches of a silly, filthy, injurious habit and that they desire aid in their efforts to get rid of it. *Their testimonials from patients were no doubt- damaging to the *obacco trade. ^rAv. 1921 G I, K A N' I N G S IN BEE 0 U li T U K E 301 The goveu.meut is right in its eflforta to sup- press any fake remedy that may be put on the market, but it will make a serious mistake if it proceeds against all tobacco remedies on the ground that they are all fakes. The government would do itself honor by instituting research for an efifectual remedy for the tobacco habit. They spend millions ti) lind and adininistw rcrnodies for diseases of hogs, cattle, sheep, dogs, etc. Why not look for a remedy for the tobacco habit which is a disease from which hundreds of men are seeking relief every day? Later. The Tobacco Leaf in its March 17 issue. announces that a fraud order has been issued against the Edward J. Woods, Inc., that prohibits the postmaster of New York from delivering mail and paying money orders to that concern. It seems from above that Solicitor Lamar may have helped the tobacco people as the notorious Palmer has heljicd the brewei-s or at least tried to help them. Lest it be taken for granted that I favor drugs or medicines to lielp escape the clutclies of Satan, let me point with emphasis to "the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world," and to my closing text. I have been thru the battle and know whereof I speak. "From sinking sand. He lifted me, With gentle hand He lifted me ; From darkest night to plains of light, Oh, praise His name I lie lifted me." HOW TO TAKE A BATH. Some mouths ago I saw a newspaper clip- ping in regard to a divorce recently granted. The good wife complained that her husband had not taken a bath for a whole year, and she could not induce him to "wash up.'' Well, I have heard of more than one iiiaii who had not taken a bath for a whole year, but I have never yet heard of a iromiiii '.v being guilty of any such serious charge. jNIay God bless the women! Whatever they do, they are pretty sure to keep clean and pure and sweet. Well, when I was at Battle Creek I told the good, clean doctor that I not only have some sort of bath all over every day of my life, but that I find it quite nec- essary for me to engage in some outdoor oc- cupation that will bring at least a little sweat or perspiration every day of my life. And sometimes I do not feel real bright and well unless I get this little sweat bath fore- noon and afternoon. The good doctor said that this was exactly the thing to do, and that I was wise in getting away fioni the cold North in order that I miglit have this necessary perspiration nut in tlic open air, every day in the year. By the way, in a recent very kind letter editor Collingwood of the Rural New York- er, paid me the following high compliment: It is really a great surprise to me to have you say that you are 81. I am sure that no one would ever dream of such a thing from your letters and from your writings; and, after all, that is about the best test I know for vitality. Well, now, I have made a discovery right along the same line; and, like a great part of my discoveries, they are not so very new after all. My discovery is this: Li order to have the most perfect bath, you want to get outdoors, say in the harvest field, or something like it, on a very warm day, roll up your sleeves, and go to work until the sweat not only drips from the end of your nose, but so that the perspiration will pour forth from every j)ore in the body. While you are thus dripping wet, take a shower bath or get into a bath-tub. Of course you will want warm water or you may get a chill. The boys on the farm who go in swimming know what I have been try- ing to describe. Sometimes while helping during thrashing time, when they are cov- ered with dirt and sweat, a plunge in some swiinniiag pool near by brings about this exuixMant fending of lieiilth 1 lia\e tiecn try- ing to describe. Now, the Battle (Jreek folks have got "one l)etter'' on the above, and they can give you just such a bath any day in the win ter; but, of course, you would not get it out in the open air. Before taking the bath the patient is put in a little round tent, in a warm room of course, with a great lot of electric globes all around him. This little cloth tent is made tight all around, and very soon the sweat begins to pour not only from the end of your nose, but from all over the body. And now comes the good atteiulant. I suppose he must be one of the "fifty doc- tors," and he gives you a good-sized cuj) ol' cold water. He keeps urging you to drink all of it. This big drink of water causes still more sweat, and then he gives you an other cup and urges you to drink that — all of it. I think I drank a full pint, and I never had such a sweat before. It seemed as if the water would pour down my throat (and it was just fun to take it, too), and in a twinkling of time it oozed out of every pore of my body. I was not only getting an external bath, but an internal one, and then I was taken out of the tent and conducted to a tub and scrubbed with soap and water until I was all in a lather from head to foot. And then I began to wonder how he was going to get all the soap clear out of the way. Well, the next part of the program was a shower bath where little jets of warm or hot water struck every portion of my body with sulHcient force to do a most perfect job of washing. After being scrubbed off with dry towels I was pronounced clean, anil 1 confess I did find myself nu)st deliciously clean. It was right after that, or soon after, that I rode 200 miles in an automobile in one day; and, altho we passed over some of the worst roads a small part of the way that I ever rode over in my life in an auto, I felt "as spry as a cricket" when I reached home a little after dark. Now, in summing up, what I have tried to make plain is this: The very best time in the world to get a perfect bath is when the pores of your body are all wide open and are exuding sweat. If you let that sweat dry on and then try to moisten it up again, say just before you go to bed, you can not get 302 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 any such good results as ]>y taking a bath when the sweat-pores are al! wide open and discharging "wickedness." And I am not sure but there is much better chance of making a man a Christian, by frequent bath- ing such as I have described. While I do not believe in divorces, I might almost say un- der any circumstances, I do think the poor woman mentioned at the head of this article had almost as good a reason as any. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiii!iiiniiiiiiiH:ii^ STILL ANOTHER NEW SWEET CLOVER. The letter below, with appended newspa- per clipping, is a surprise to me; and if it happens that it proves to be a paying invest- ment just for the seed and nothimj else, I think it is going to be one of the "happy surprises" to all beekeepers. Where the clover field is allowed to produce seed, of course we should get honey — all there is of it. As the names of parties and full particu- lars are supplied, there is no question about the exact truth of the statement. And we owe our thanks to our good friend Ness for giving to the beekeeping world what has al- ready been done in the way of growing sweet clover for seed. I herewith inclose a clipping from our local paper about a new kind of sweet clover. Clifford Collins Farm is about 3 or 4 miles from my place, and I know all about the sweet clover which they grow. I have a yard of bees right is Collins' orchard which does some good to the seed crop. Certainly this white sweet clover is the kind for the farmer to grow. Another neighbor farmer got 3500 pounds of seed of this kind of sweet clover from less than 4 acres. Those farmers are selling this seed for 30c and 32c per pound, and there is a big demand for it. Morris, lU., Sept. 14, 1920. L. L. NESS. THIRTEEN BUSHELS TO A THE ACRE IS HIGH RECORD. F. E. LONGMIRE, Farm Adviser for Grundy County. Thirteen bushels of sweet clover seed per acre on 52 acres is the record on a large acreage so far re- ported. The yield is reported the same on two dif- ferent fields of 31 and 21 acres farmed by Asa Van Zandt and Peter Breit, respectively, on the Clifford Collins farms. This is not the common, large, coarse sweet clover, but a new strain that has been re- cently branded the Grundy County Sweet Clover. The origin of this clover is not known. It was bought for seeding by two individual farmers in this county five years ago and was not known to be dif- ferent kind until it produced seed. It has several distinct characteristics, that are noticeable. It is smaller than the large kind, the average height being around four feet; it is more uniform in size and in ripening seed; it is a heavy seed producer and ripens seed three weefes ahead of the large sweet clover. July 15 was the date for harvesting seed this year. This early ripening habit makes it possible to harvest and hull it before threshing the small grain. LEAVES ARE SMALLER. Another difference is that the leaves are smaller and narrower and a slightly different green from the large sweet clover. Being smaller and finer stemmed it makes better hay than the large kind, altho it is not as distinctly a hay crop as alfalfa. It has practically the same habits of growth and soil requirements as the large kind and is a good soil builder. It is not so good a i)asture i-iop us large sweet clover as it matures earlier, but tor a seed-producing crop used in regular rotation it has decidedly supe- rior qualities. It does not require clipping, which eliminates the hazard of killing at that time, and its height and uniform ripening make it an easy crop to harvest for seed. A great many farmers have become interested in this new type of sweet clover and are planning to seed some of it next year. ■YIELD IS UNUSUAL. Thirteen-busliels yields are unusual ; however, five and six bushels per acre are quite common. William Hadden of Mazon harvested five bushels of excel- lent seed per acre on 60 acres. Maurice Walsh of Mazon harvested 6 Vz bushels on 40 acres. Robert McLuckie, of Coal City and Alex Bell of Morris have splendid fields that are expected to yield heav- ily. Several different kinds of sweet clover that a few years ago were classified as noxious weeds and were the subject of much hard work in attempting to de- stroy them, are now used as a regular crop and are improving the soil and making money for those growing them. TWO CROPS IN ONE SEASON IN TEXAS. In regard to the new annual sweet clover, we now have the second crop matured on the same ground, but the weather was so hot the second crop did not do as well as the first. About Jan. 1st we transplanted some small vol- unteer plants, which by March 15th were beginning to bloom. Six weeks later these plants had reached a height of nearly six feet, and, as much of the seed had matured, we cut the ripest plants and re-seeded the ground, using the new-crop seed. On account of extremely hot weather we did not secure a good stand, neither did the plants grow so thrifty as the first crop. They commenced blooming when about 12 inches high and finally reached a height of three feet, but the plants were spindling, and many of the seed have not matured well. Bees worked the second crop fairly well, but noth- ing like they did the first. From our experience, this season, I will say that results do not justify the effort required to grow the second crop. BLOOMS AND MATURES IN BERMUDA GRASS TURF. This is the hardiest clover I ever saw. Volunteer plants thrive in a Bermuda grass turf, and bloom and mature seed. No inoculation of soil is required here. J. D. YANCEY. Bay City, Texas., Sept. 20, 1920. BERMUDA NEW POTATOES. On page 235, April Gleanings, I mentioned Bermuda potatoes, and took it for granted that the Bermuda barrels held about 11 pecks (165 pounds) like our American bar- rels; but, in Cleveland Plain Dealer for March 15, I find "New Bermudas, $14.00 a barrel of 100 pounds. ' ' The above price for not quite seven pecks would be over $8.00 a bushel. We can grow just as good ones here, and you can do it rUjht off now if you get at it as soon as you see this. "grow a VEGETABLE GARDEN," The above is the title of a very attractive little pamphlet of 44 pages, most beautifully illustrated on nearly every page. It is furnished by the Inter- national Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. It will be sent postpaid for the small sum of 5 cents. This same company furnishes also a most valu- able pamphlet of 66 pages on sweet clover. The price of the latter, however, is 10 cents instead of 5. .Vs tliis book was published in 1916 it does not touch on the annual sweet clover; but the facts it gives, especially in regard to nitrogen-gathering bac- teria, with illustrations, are exceedingly valuable. May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 303 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 30e per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) J. F. Moore, C. J. Baldridge, Howard H. Choatei, S. J. Harris, H. C. Lee, F. J. Rettig, W. A. Hunter, J. Tom White, Jas. H. Kitchen, G. E. Williams, McAdams Seed Co., O. J. Arfsten, Jones & Stevenson, S. K. Blundin, Chas . W. Zweily, J. W. K. Shaw & Co., J. W. Romberger, Brazos Valley Apiaries, J. M. Berrier, Riverside Apiaries, L. J. Farmer, R. H. Shumway, C. C. demons Produce Co., W. F. & John Barnes Co., C. N. Flansburgh, N. O. Fuller, Electric Wheel Co., Eggers Bee Supply Mfg. Co., DeGraff Food Co., W. B. Wallin. HONEY AND WAX FOE SALE. FOR SALE — Honey in 5 and 60 pound cans. Van Wyngarden Bros., Hebron, Ind. FOR SALE — Fancy clover honey in 601b. cans. Jos. Hanke, Port Washington, Wis. FOR SALE — Choice clover-basswood blend honey in new 60-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, St. Louis, Mich. FOR SALE — Choice clover euxtracted honey. State quantity wanted. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — Clover and buckwheat honey in 60- lb. cans. Bert Smith, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — White clover comb honev. W. L. Ritter, Genoa", Ills. FOR SALE — Fine quality raspberry-milkweed honey in 51b. and 10-lb. pails and 60-lb. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. FOR SALE — Best quality clover-basswood ex- tracted honey. Two 60-lb. cans in case. Gelser Bros., Dalton, N. Y. FOR SALE — 2000 lbs. choice white clover ex- tracted honey. State quantity wanted. Sample 20c, applied on first order. C. H. Hodgkin, Rochester, O. FOR SALE — 500 lbs. clover-basswood honey, 5-lb. pails, delivered, $1.00 pail. Special price on lot. One ton fall honey in 60-lb. cans. Quote best offer. H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Extracted clover honey, 15c per pound; amber and buckwheat, 12 %c per pound; two 60-lb. cans to case. Amber in 50-gal. barrels, 10c per pound. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — Extra choice extracted white clover honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample, 20c, same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. FOR SALE — Clover, basswood or buckwheat honey, comb and extracted, by the case, ton, or car- load. Let me supply vour wants with this fine N. Y. State honey. C. B. Howard, Geneva, N. Y. FOR SALE — A No. 1 white-clover extracted honeiy in 60 lb. cans, 2 cans per case. State how much you can u.'je and I will quote on same. L. S. Griggs, 711 Avon St., Flint, Mich. FOR S.\LE — White clover honey, almost water white. Put up in new 60-lb. tin cans, two to the case. Writei for prices. D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE— White honey in 60-lb. cans, sample and price on request. Also white clover comb, 2-1 sections to case. The A. I. Root Co., Inc., 23 Leon- ard St., New York City. FOR SALE — Finest white, clover extracted hon- ey in 60-lb. cans. Price f. o. b. Holgate, Ohio. One can, $10.80, two cans, $20.00. 10 lbs. deliv- ered to third postal zone, $2.50; 5 lbs., $1.25. Noah Bordner, Holgate, Ohio. FOR SALE — White honey, 15c a lb.; L. A. al- falfa, 14e, in two 60-lb. cans; Chilian in 165-lb. kegs, 10c; light amber honey in 50-gal. bbls., 80c a gal. Beeswax, 30c a lb. Walter C. Morris, 105 Hudson St., New York City. FOR SALE — ^Finest quality clover extracted hon- ey in new 60-lb. tins at greatly reduced price -to close out balance of 1920 crop. Say how much you can use and we will be pleased to quote you our lowest price. Address E. D. Townsend & Sons, Northstar, Mich. HONEY FOR SALE — Immediate shipment f. o. b. N. Y., Calif, white orange, 60-lb. tins, 19e lb. : Calif, white sage, 60-11). tins, 16c lb.; white sweet clover, 60-lb. tins, 14c lb.; Calif. L. A. sage, 00- Ib. tins, 13c lb.; West Indian L. A.. 60-lb. tin.s, 10c lb.; West Indian L. .V., 10-lb. tins, 6 per case, 15c per lb. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HONEY AND WAX WANTED. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cappings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax-presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings, or slumgum. Send for our terms and our new 1921 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying 1 and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax, and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii FOR SALE. HONEY LABELS — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — A full line of Root's goods at Root's prices. A. L. Healy, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. ROOT'S goods at Root prices. A. W. Yates, 3 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. EIGHT twin-mating hives with frames, good as new, $12.00. Peterson. 14 Steel© St., Worcester, Mass. FOR SALE— SUPERIOR FOUNDATION, "Best by Test." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. n04 GLEANINGS T N B E E 0 U L T U R E May, 1921 ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES — For the Central Southwest Beekeepers. Beeswax wanted. Free cata- log. Stiles Bee Supply Co., Stillwater, Okla. FOR SALE — We have 85 modified Dadant hives of bees, L frame. Will sell part of them. C. A. Bunch, Lakeville, Ind. PUSH-IN-THE-COMB CAGES — Quickest and safest vi'ay to introduce queens, 50c postpaid. F. R. Davis, 203 Oak St., Weehawken, N. J. BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES — Root's goods at factory prices. Send for 1921 catalog. F. D. Manchester, Middlebury, Vt. FOR SALE- — 100-gal. size galvanized honey tank, good as new. Best offer takes it. Martin Fink, Cold Spring, Minn. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time, and money. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Le-wiston, 111. FOR SALE — A few supplies, one Cowan ex- tractor. No. 15, in good condition, $25. One ob- servation hive-body, $10.00. Poster Crumley, Athens, Ohio. FOR S.VLE or on shares, 14 apiaries, one or all. Healthful location with American school and church in town, on stone road. Last crop over 40 tons. M. C. Engle, Herradura, Cuba. FOR SALE — Good second-hand double-deck comb-honey shipping cases for 4 i/i x 4 i/i x 1 % sec- tions, 25c per case, f. o. b., Cincinnati. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — Good second-hand empty 60-lb. honey cans, two cans to the case, at 60e per case f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms, cash with order. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — 36 standard 10-frame deep hive- bodies with self-spacing frames. Eight Excelsior covers, ten reversible bottoms, all new. $80.00 for the lot, f. o. b. Robinson. Henry Mcintosh, Robin- son, Ills. FOR S.'VLE — One hundred new standard, two- story, ten-frame hives, metal-covered, nailed, paint- ed, with Hoffman frames, wired, with full sheets foundation. In lots of five or more, $5.00 each, f. o. b. Mobile. H. A. Goering, Crichton, Ala. FOUNDATION-MAKING OUTFIT CHEAP — Complete hand outfit, fit to produce on commercial scale, excellent condition, 3 mills, 3 tanks, gasoline stove, boards, etc. Write for particulars; $125.00 takes; worth $250. H. F. Mellon, Acton, Cal. FOR SALE — 700 .\ grade 4x5x11/2 plain sec- tions, $11.00; 300 P fences for 414x414^ plain sections, a few of which are slightly discolored by exposure to air, $16.00. Miss E. J. King, Mc.\rthur, Ohio. FOR SALE — 500 lbs. Dadant's light brood foun dation for Hoffman frames, put up in boxes 50 lbs. net. Just as r&ceived from manufacturer. No or- ders accepted for less than one box at 75c per lb. H. B. Gable, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — Equipment for large apiary, hun dreds of hives, supers, excluders, extracting combs, four-frame reversible extractor, honey tanks, wax- press, st&am uncapping knife, hundreds of frames were never nailed up. Lots of foundation. Have more than I need. Dave Goerner, Hematite, Mo. FOR SALE — Owner wants use of outside ware- house. We must vacate and offer for quick sale : One-storv S-frame single-wall hives, per package of 5, $15.00; 10-frame size, $17.50. Staple-spaced frames, per package of 100, $9.00. 4x5 shipping cases with glass, per package of 25, $15.00. Goods first-class. Offer good only as long as this stock lasts. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. FOR SALE — Novice two-frame extractor, used for less than 1,000 pound.s. Reason for selling, have larger machine. A. W. Lindsay, 438 Mt. Ver- non Ave., Detroit, Mich. FOR SALE — 175 white pine, singlei-story stand- ard ten-frame hives. Never been used. They are dovetailed with reversible bottoms and metal- spaced frames. These are knocked down at $2.95 f. o. b. here. Paul D. Roban, Waverly, Minn. FOR SALE — 250 colonies of bees in best honey- producing section of Colorado. One apiary in 8 frame hives fully equipped for comb honey. Bal- ance in 10-frame hives, equipped for extracted hon- ey with complete extracting outfit. For particulars write to E . .1 . Cheek, Merino, Colo . FOR SALE — New Langstroth hives in lots of 5. Five complete hive-bodies in flat with bottom- board and telescope cover. Ten plain-frame without foundation, $16.50. Five complete supers 414x414 plain section, without sections or foundation, $7.50. C. J. WafHe, Evart, Mich. FOR SALE — Danzenbaker supers for 4x5x1% sections complete with section holders and fences. For use on ten-frame hives. 15 nailed and painted and never used. 33 used two seasons but in good shape. No disease about. Will sell all crated for shipment at $1.50 each. Miss E. J. King, McArthur, O. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii' AUTOMOBILE EEPAIRS AUTOMOBILE owners should subscribe for the AUTOMOBILE DEALER AND REPAIRER; 150- page illustrated monthly devoted exclusively to the care and repair of the car. The only magazine in the world devoted to the practical side of motoring. The "Trouble Department" contains five pages of numbered questions eiach month from car owners and repairmen which are answered by experts on gasoline engine repairs. $1.50 per year. 15 cents per copy. Postals not answered. Charles D. Sher- man, 107 Highland Court, Hartford, Conn. WANTS AND EXCHANGES. WANTED — Hand and power extractor, also en- gine. N. Krautwurst, Annandale, N. J. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — To quote special prices on queen cages in quantity lots, to breeders. State quantity wanted. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE — One foundation machine for cash or good 5x7 View camera. Thos. H. Evans, Batesville, Ark. EXCH.-\NGE — New annual white sweet clover seed, for bees and queens, or bee books. E. Thornton, Addison, N. Y. WANTED — ^The May to December, 1920. num- bers, inclusive, of Gleanings. Must be in good con- dition. A. T. Copeland, Burley, Wash. QUEENS WANTED — Lowest price on 50 to 200 queens. Also colonies of bees, black, hybrids, or Italians. Charles Schilke, Matawan, N. J. WANTED — 200 or more colonies of bees within 100 miles of Flint to work on shares for extracted honev, for season 1921. Address Leonard S. Griggs, 711 Avon St., Flint, Mich. BEES WANTED ON SHARES — 100 to 200 colo- nies in southeastern Michigan for season of 1921. Years of experience. County Apiary Inspector. Now own 180 colonies. Earl F. Townsend, 417 Gillespie Ave., Flint, Mich. May, 1921 a I. !•; A X 1 X (J s IX bee c u l t u r e EEAL ESTATE FOR SALE — Farm and 50 colonies of_ bees with equipment for 100 or more. Good location. A. h. Weidlev, McBain, Mich. FOR SALE — Sausalito. Calif., half hour from San Fi'anrisco. two flat huildinscs. frame construc- tion, four rooms eacli. Living rooms beam ceilinss. brick fireplaces, wood wainscot. Thoroly modern. LTdod comlition. Charmingly situated on a gore lot, overlooking S. F. Bay ; |3500 cash or terras to right parties. L. H." Betts, 766 Pine St., San Francisco, or Wm. B. Betts, 161.5 .\shland Block, Chicago, Ills. iiiiiiiii!iiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiniiii!iin:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE — One pair white ferrets, price $10. paid $25. Eddie Johnson, Lansing, R. D. No. 2, la. FOR S.VLE — Carneanx pigeons, 50 pairs red and vellow, fine birds, $2.00 a pair. W. E. Genthner. Saugerties, N. Y. FOR S'.VLE — 6 X 10 Excelsior printing press, types, rules, new, for cash. Edwin Dahlqnist, North Branch, Minn. FOR S.M^E — A very 5 x 10 farm tractor, with pullev attachment. \V. V. Binkerd. West Monterey. Pa. CHOCOLATES — Pure honey centers, delicious confection and a beautiful package. $1.00 per pound, postpaid. "Endion," Naples, N. Y. HONEY, ROOTS, FURS — Beemen, whv not in- crease your profits? .\ 32-page booklet describing books on Bee Hunting, Medicinal Root Growing. Fur Farming. Tanning. Trapping, etc., free. A. R. Harding. Publisher, Columbu.s. Ohio. MANUAL training teacher. 21. strong, good knowledge of mechanics, intere.sted in bee c\ilture. wishes position after -Tune 17, where be can learn the business. Minnesota vicinity preferred. Please give full particulars as to wages, location, and pos- sibilities. G. G. Swenson, Garfield School, Minne- apolis, Minn. SWEET clovea- combined huller and scarifier for hand use, one extra set of lining and two screens included, each $3.75, postage extra. Bras.s drop- ping tubes with tin funnel drops all kinds of small seeds on exact spot in windy weather without bending vour back. Each, $1.00 postpaid. S. Rouse. Ludlow, R. T>. No. 2. Ky. BEES AND QUEENS. FINEST Italian queens. Send for booklet and price list. Jay Stnith, R. D. No. 3, Vincennes, Ind. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR S.VIiE — Italian queens and nuclei. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver. Middletown, Pa. GOLDEN Italian queens, imtested, $1.50 each; dozen, $14.00. E. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — 1921 Golden Italian queens, price list free. Write E. E. Lawrence, Doniphan, Mo. THAGARD ITALIAN QUEENS — See display advertisement elsewhere. PHELPS' GOLDEN QUEENS will plea.se you. Mated, $2.00. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. MY famous Italian queens, .Tune 1 and later, $1.50 each, six for $8.00. J. W. Romberger, Apiar- ian, 3113 Locust St., St. Joseph, Mo. FOR SALE — Eight 8-frame hives, complete. Italian bees. M. F. Rvan, Moorestown, R. D. No. 2, Box 88, N. J. BOOKED to capacity on package bees. Thanks. Orders for few choice queens considered later, .fes Dalton, Bordelonville, La. IF you want queens that will produce results, give THAGARD' S ITALIAN QUEENS a trial. V. R. Thagard, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — 3-frame nuclei with tested Italian queens, $6.00 f. o. b. Agricultural College, Miss. Dr. Chas. P. Briscoe, Agricultural College, Miss. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, $1.50 each; $14.00 per doz. Ready after April 15. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No 3, Ala. FOR SALE — Golden or three-banded virgins, 60c each, or $6.00 per dozen. Safe arrival. R. 0. Cox, Luverne, Ala., R. D. No. 4. BEES AND QUEENS from my Carolina apiaries — progeny of my famous Porto Rican pedigreed- breeding stock Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. FOR SALE — Hardy Northern-bred Italian queens and bees Each and every oueen warranted satis- factory. For prices and further information, write. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until -Tune 1, $2.50; after. $2.00; untested. $1.25: 12, $13.00. Root's goods at Root's prices. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St.. Hartford. Conn. BUSINESS-FIRST queens, untested. $1.50 each: select \inte.sted, $1.75; tested, $2.25; select tested. $2.50. Safe delivery guaranteed. orders filled promptly. M. F. Perry, Bradentown, Fla. FOR SALE— colored Italians. 75c: 10. $7.00 A. I. Root Co. strain of leather- Virgins only. May to October 1, 100, $65.00. P. W. Stowell, Otsego, Mich. PACKAGE BEES and PURE ITALIAN QUEENS. Booking orders now for spring delivery. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San .To.se, Calif. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars give details. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. NUCLEI — Strong 4frame nuclei in May and •Tune, hybrids, $6.00; Italian, $7.00. Can supply 100 nuclei from that number of colonies. B. F. Averill, Howardsville, Va. FOR SALE — Golden or three-banded queens, un- tested onlv. Order now for shipment .Tune 1 or later. One, $1.50; six, $8.00: 12, $15.00. Ross B. Scott. LaGrange, Ind. COLORADO QUEENS — Pure Italians. Our sun- ny climate and altitude produce the best there are. Write now for price list. C. I. Goodrich, breeder of fine queens, Wheatridge, Colo. FOR SALE — Three-bandeid Italian queens, un- tested, $1.50 each: 6. $7.50; 12, $14.00. Select un- tested, $1.75 each. Satisfaction g\iaranteed. W. T. Perdue & Sons, R. D. No 1, Fort Deposit, Ala. FOR SALE — Golden queens, untested, $1.15: 6 or more, $1.10 each; select untested, $1.60; 6 or more, $1.50 each. Safe arrival. Hazel V. Bonke mever, Randleman, R. I). No. 2, N . C. ORDER booked now for delivery June 1, 3-frame nuclei and queen. $7.50; select tested. $8.50. Dr. Miller's strain. No pound packages. Tjow express rates and quick tran.sit to nortii. S. G. Crocker, Jr., Uohind Park, Baltimore, Md. 306 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 THAGARD'S ITALIAN QUEENS produce work- ers that fill the supers quick. V. R. Thagard, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — •2-lb. packages Italian bees and queens by parcel post, postage paid, delivery April 15, for $8.50; 2-frame nuclei with Italian queen by express, not prepaid, delivery May 5, $9.00. Otto J. Spahn, Pleasantville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 200 Italian nuclei, 2-frame, $5.00; 3-frame, $7.00; untested queens, $1.50; tested, $2.00. Prompt delivery. Slipplies at cost. R. Kramske, 1104 Victor St., St. Louis, Mo. JUST to let all my customers know I am still breeding three-banded Dr. Miller stock queens. One untested queen, $2.00; 6 for $11.00. Selects 25c each higher. Curd "Walker, Jellico, Tenn. IP good three-banded Italian queens are wanted, send your order to M. Bates & Sons, Greenville, R. D.'No. 4, Ala. One dozen queens, $14.00; 100, $100. Pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaranteed. FOR SALE- — Bees for May and June shipment. Two pounds bees and an untested Italian queen shipped by express on drawn comb with stores. Cer- tificate of health with each shipment. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. WE believe we have the best Italian queens ob- tainable. Our new system is working wonders. Book your order now for 1921. Untested, $1.50; tested, •$.'5.00; virgins, imported mothers, 50c. F. M. Russell, Roxbury, Ohio. WE are now booking orders for early spring de- livery of -two and three frame nuclei, with untested or tested queens. Write for prices and terms. We also manufacture cypress hives and frames. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla. ITALIAN QUEENS OF WINDMERE are su- perior threerbanded stock. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. Bees by the pound. Write for prices. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens, O. DAY-OLD ITALIAN QUEENS — High quality, low price, satisfied customers. Safe arrival guaran- teed in U. S. and Canada. Safe introduction. Prices 1, 75c; 12, $7.20; 100, $60. Write for cir- cular early. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. 1921 price of bees and queens from the A. I. Root Co. leather-colored stock. 1 lb. bees with queen, $5.00; 2 lbs., $7.50. Untested queens, $1.50 each; dozen, $15.00. Safe arrival. Orders booked now. Greenville Bee Co., Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian bees and queens, April and May, 1 untested queen, $1.50; tested, $2.50; 2 lbs. bees, $4.50. Add price of queen wanted. Safe delivery and satisfaction guar- anteed. J. L. Leath, Corinth, Miss. "NOT the best in color or possibly not the gen- tlest, but mothers of colonies that bring in the honey," is what my customers tell me of my queens. My circular tells about them. R. V. Stearns, Brady, Texas. QUEENS — THE FAMOUS BRENNER strain of Italians. Equaled only by the best. Untested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen. Tested, $2.50 each. Satis- faction guaranteed. Dr. A. Wright, Kingsbury, Texas. FOR SALE — A limited number of leather-colored Italian queens. The kind that gets honey. L. C. Keet in 1919 produced 40,000 pounds of honey from 200 colonies. Geo. B. Howe, S'acket Harbor, N. Y. ITALIAN QUEENS — Recognized honey-gather- ering strain, June 10 (a little earlier if possible) until close of season. Untested, each, $1.75; 6, $10.00; 12, $18.50. R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont., Can. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens, after May 25, untested, 1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Tested queens, $3.00 each. The above queens are all select. Robt. B. Spicer, Wharton, N. J. FOR SALE^Unsurpassed Italian queens, ready June 1. Untested, 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $14.00; 50, $55.00; 100, $105.00. Tested, 1, $2.50; 6, $13.50. My queens are actually laying before they are sent out. J. D. Harrah, Preewater, Oregon. FOR SALE — Root's strain of Golden and leather- colored Italian queens, bees by the pound and nuclei. Untested, $1.50 each; select untested, $2.00; tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. For larger lots write. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — Italian queens, untested, in June, 1, $1.50; 6, $8.25; 12, $16.00; tested, $2.50 each. From Julv 1 to Oct. 1, untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50. Tested, $2.00. Safe delivery and satisfaction guaranteed. Ready June 1 to June 10. R. B. Grout, Jamaica, Vt. BEES FOR SALE — 100 colonies in Standard dove-tailed hives, Hoffman frames, wired combs, good condition, painted, $11.00, in lots to suit. 50 Miller feeders. Never unpacked, $18.00, or 50c each in lots to suit. Alexander feeders at 40c each, new. Cosy Nook Apiaries, Blackfoot, Idaho. SHE-SUITS-ME queens, season of 1921. Un- tested Italians, $2.00 each, 10 or more, $1.75 each, from May 15 to June 15. After June 15, $1.50 each, up to nine queens; 10 to 24 queens, $1.40 each; 25 and up, $1.25 each. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. FOR SALE — 2 lbs. bees on comb, $4.00; 3 lbs. on comb, $5.50. Untested queen with bees, $1.25, without bees, $1.50. Tested queen, $2.00. No dis- ease in thi.s country. Orders of 50, 5 per per dis- count. 100 packages, 8 per cent. If bees arrive in bad order, will replace or refund money. P. M. Morgan, Hamburg, La. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities vou want. Thev are GREAT HONEY-GATHEREKS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; tested, $5,00, Breeders, $10 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. ITALIAN QUEENS — Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolificness, gentleness, and perfect marking. Price, May and June, $1.50 each; 12 or more, $1.25 each. Send for circular. J. H. Haughey & Co., Berrien Springs, Mich. "QUEENS, QUALITY FIRST QUEENS." High- grade, pure, three-banded and golden Italians. These queens are as good as can be bought ; are gentle, prolific, and good honey-gatherers. I guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction. Why not try these and be convinced? Untested, $1.25 each; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.50. Selected untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00. G. H. Merrill, Pickens, S. C. TWO-FRAME NUCLEI with untested Italian queens from the apiary of 15. R. King, formerly in- spector in Ohio and later in charge of Apiculture at Cornell Universitv. No disease in territory. May delivery, $7.50; June, $6.50; July, $5.00. 50 per cent cash with order. If queen is not wanted, deduct $1.25 from above prices. Miss E. J. King, McArthur, Ohio. FOR SALE — Honey-Brook Farm can supply you promptly, beginning April 10, with the very best three-banded Italian queens, one grade, select un- tested, $1.50 each, or $15 per dozen; tested, $2.00 each straight; ready April 1. Should you find some queenless colonies this spring, send me your order for a young queen to save them. I will not disap- point you. I have the bees and can deliver the goods. Pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaran. teed. Jasper Knight, Hayneville, Ala. Mav, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 307 FOR SALE — Packages, nuclei, and pure-bred queens — queens from Root Home-bred breeders. Un- tested, $2.00; tested, $3.00; select tested, $3.50. Safe arrival and mating guaranteed. The Southland Apiaries, Hattiesburg, Miss., W. S. Tatum, Prop. FOR SALE — Three-banded leather-colored bees and queens of the J. P. Moore strain, hardy, pro- lific, hustlers, no disease. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. For prices see larger ad else- where. J. M. Cutts, Montgomery, R. D. No. 1, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS — I am raising a limited number of queens to requeen my own yards from * queens with big records. Will have a limited num- ber for sale. Mated, 1, $2.00; 2, $3.50; 6, $7.00; 12, $15.00. Orders filled as received, ready to ship June 15. A. R. Wilcox, Birchardville, Pa. THREE-BANDED Italians only, that have been bred to a high .standard of excellence. Never had disease in my apiaries. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. Untested queens, $1.50; 12, $15.00; tested queens. $2.25; 12, $25.00. Jul Buegeler, New Ulm, Texas. FOR SALE — Three-band Italian bee-s and queens, ready June 1. Fine stock, free from disease and guaranteed to please vou. (One grade) select un- tested queens, $1.50 'each; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00; 50, $60.00. Nuclei, $3.00 per frame, Hoffman; bees, $3.00 per pound. A. E. Crandall, Berlin, Conn. THREE-BANDED ITALIA.N bees and queens. Two standard Hoflfman frame nuclei, with untested queen. $5.50 ; three-frame, as above, $6.50. Orders booked in rotation. All dead bees will be replaced. Can furnish government inspection certificate of no disease. L. C. Mayeux, Hamburg, La. WHEN BETTER QUEENS are raised Victor will raise them. Three-handed Italian.s only, mated, $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 100, $110.00. Tested, $3.00. Breeders, $10 to $25. Safe arrival guarantee'd only in U. S. and Canada. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Italian bees and queens. 3-lb. pkgs. v.'ith untested queen shipped on comb of honey in Hoffman frame, at $7.00 each ; 2-frame nucleus with untested queen, $6 50 each; 3-frame nucleus with untested queen, $8.00 each. No disease and s.nfe arrival guaranteed. J. L. St. Romain, Apiarist, White Clover Farm & Apiary, Hamburg, Tja. FOR SALE — Mr. Beeman, send your order early. First arrived, first served. Make shipment from .April 25 to June 1. Several years' experience. 2-lb. package three-band Italian bees, 1 frame of honey, 1 untested queen, $5.50; 25 per cent dis- count on each package. Guarantee safe arrival. A. J. Ijemoine, Moreauville, La. FOR SALE — 2-lb. package of bees with un- tested three-banded Ijtalian queelji, $5.75 ; 3'-lb. same as above, $7.00; 5-lb. as above, $9.00. All bees are shipped on a frame of brood and honey, standard Hoffman frame. Safe delivery guaran- teed, free from disease of any kind. We are now ready to ship. C. A. Mayeux, Hamburg, La. NORTH CAROLINA bred Italian queens of the Dr. C. C. Miller strain of three-band Italian bees. Gentle and good honey-gatherers, from May 1 until June 1. Untested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per doz. ; selected untested. $1.75 each; $17.50 per doz.; tested, $2.25 each; $22.50 per doz.; selected tested, $3.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. L. Parkef, Benson, R. D. No. 2, N. C. IF yon think PHELPS' GOLDEN QUEENS are BEATTTTFrii. GENTLE, and .iust what you want to IMPROVE YOUR STOCK, we will do our best to supply you if you will give us time to fill your order in its turn." Mated (untested), $2.00 each; virgins, $1.00 each; tested, $5.00 each; select breeders, $10.00 to $20.00 each. We will com- mence sending queens .iust as early as weather will permit us to rear good ones. C. W. Phelps & Son, 3 Wilcox St., Binghamton, N. Y. FOR SALE-^ — Dark Italian queens, Brenner strain. Untested, $1.50. Breeders, $3.00. Two- frame nuclei, $7.50. Add price of queen desired. For larger orders apply for prices. My guarantee: Every queen, dead or alive, returned at once in original case, will be replaced or money refunded. Can ship at once. Any amount. Full instructions will accompany every nucleus. Mrs. J. T. FitzSimon, Castroville, Texas. PACKAGE bees and queens; 2 lbs. of Italian bees with tested Italian queen, $5.00 ; 2 lbs. hybrids or blacks with tested Italian queen, $4.00. These mixed bees with tested Italian queens are a bar- gain at this price, as the hybrids will soon be re- placed by pure Italians. No disease and safe ar- rival guaranteed. Ship by express only. Send cash with order. Elevation Apiaries, Milano, Texas, A. R. Graham, Mgr. FOR SALE — Pure Italian queens. Golden or leather-colored, packages and nuclei; 1 unte.sted queen, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50; 50, $55.00; 100, $100; virgins, 50fi each; packages 24 and un- der, $2.25 per pound; 25 and over, $2.00 per pound; nuclei, Iframe, $4.00; 2-frame, $6.00; 3-frame, $7.50; qvieens extra. One-story 10-frame colony with queens, $12.00. Golden Star Apiaries, R. 3, Box 166, Chico, Calif. QUEENS — Three-banded Italians only. Now that the booking season for nuclei has passed, and while I have a large number of orders for nuclei, I shall not be too busy with these to fill your orders for queens. 1 untested for April, $1.25; 12, $12.50; 1 untested for May 1 to .Tune 1, $1.00; 12, $10.00; I ship no queens after June 1 ; weather is too hot. Discount on large orders. Safe arrival guaranteed. L. R. Dockery, Carrizo Springs, Texas. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens and bees, un- tested queens, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen; 1 lb. bees, $5.00; 2 lbs. bees, $9.00. If queen is wanted with bees add the price of queen. We guarantee safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction in U. S. and Canada. Cash or certified check must accom- pany the order for prompt sliipment, unless parties are known or satisfactorily rated. Graydon Bros., Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala. FOR SALE — 1921 prices on nuclei and queens, 1-frame nucleus, $3.00; 2-frame nucleus, $5.00; 3-frame nucleus, $6.50, without queens f. o. b. Macon, Miss. 5 per cent discount in lots of 25 or more. Untested queens, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen; tested, $2.00 each; $22.00 per dozen. No disease. Inspection certificate with each shipment. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. Queens sold only with nuclei. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prairie Point, Miss. WE want to please you ; our reliable three- banded queens and bees will be ready May 1. All bees are shipped on a standard frame of brood and honey. 1-lb. package bees, no queen, $3.25; 2-lb., $4.50; 3-lb., $5.75. One-frame nuclei, no queen, $2.75; 2-frame, $4.00. Queens iintested, each, $1.50. A few hybrid bees from outyards ; but remember, all queens are reared from our home queen yard. Safe delivery guaranteed; also free from disease of any kind ; 25 per cent with order, balance 10 days before shipping date. A few selected tested queens at $2.50 each. Oscar Mayeux, Lock Box No. 15, Hamburg, Louisiana. PRITCHARD QUEENS (Three-banded Italians) — My first season selling direct to the trade, June price: 1 untested, $1.75; 6 for $9.50; 1 select un- tested, $2.00; 6 for $11.00. After July 1: 1 un- tested, $1.50; 6 for $8.00 ; 1 select untested, $1.75; 6 for $9.50. Write for prices on larger quantities. I have a few e.xtra-seJect tested queens one year old at $5.00 each. Queens clipped free of charge on request. Acknowledgment and directions for intro- ducing sent on receipt of order. Safe delivery and satisfaction guaranteed. Let me book your order now for early delivery, specifying the date of ship- ment desired. Otherwise orders will be tilled in ro- tation. Arlie Pritchard, Medina, Ohio. 308 (J L E A N I N G S IN BEE C U I. T U K E May, 1921 PACKAGE BEES — Dependable Italian queens. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. FOR SALE — From 1 to 50 colonies Italian bees in standard hives; 10-fr., $10.00 per colony; 8-fr., $8.00, f. o. b. Merritt. J. H. Corwin, Merritt, Mich. FOR SAIjE — Golden queens ready May 1: 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $14.00; 100, $100. Virgins, 75c each. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala. CAN furnish limited number 2-fr. nuclei with untested queen, $5.00 after May 15, receiver to re- turn shipping boxes. H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Pure Italian queens and nuclei, 1 untested queen, $1.50; 12, $15.00: tested queens, $2.50 each; 2-frame nude.us, $5.00; 3-frame nucleus, $6.50. Add price of queen wanted to price of nucleus. Frank Bornhoffer, R. D. No. 17, Mt. Washington, O. QUEENS — Select three-banded Italians. Reared from the best mothers and mated to choice drones. Untested, 1, $2.00; 6, $9.00; 12, $16.80. After June 1, 1, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Select tested, $3.00 each. Write for prices per 100. De- scriptive circular free. Hardin S. Foster, Dept. G, Columbia, .Tenn. I. F. MILLER'S strain Italian queen bees. Northern-bred for business; from my best SUPE- RIOR BREEDER (11 frames brood on April 7), gentle, roll honey in, hardy, winter well, not in- clined to swarm, three-banded, 27 years' breeding experience. Satisfaction guaranteed. Safe arrival in U. S. and Canada. Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12. $14.00. Select, $1.75; 6. $9.00; 12, $17.00; 1 lb. bees, $3.50; 2 lbs., $5.50; 3 lbs., $7.50. (No queen.) I. F. Miller, Brookville, R. D. No. 2, Pa. BIG BARGAIN IN SECTIONS — We have an odd lot .stock A and B grade sections not manu- factured for our regular grade, size 4^/4 x 4% x 1%. They compare quite favorably with Root Quality sections. We recommend both the A and B grades as a bargain. The A grade is strictly fine, and the B grade is quite as good except for color and im- perfection.s. Stock, limited and we urge quick action. A grade in crates of 500 at $7.65 ; B grade at $7.50. Available only in crates of 500. The A. I. Root Company, 224-230 W. Huron St., Chicago. A BARGAIN — I shall select 40 of the best colo- nies in one of our out-yards this year to run for increase. Now I want the queens in these all sold, so I can remove them all at the same time to start cells for increase. They are all less than one year old, right in the prime of their life. Mothers of prime colonies, the pick of the whole yard, and purely mated, descendants of the famous Moore strain of leather-colored Italians. In order to have those queens all sold when I want to remove them I am going to offer them at a bargain. I will sell them for $1.50 each, oasli with order. Orders may be sent now ; first ones to send get the queens. Qiieens will be mailed sometime about the 15fh or 20th of June, dependent on the season and weath- er. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. iiiiii!iiii!iiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HELP WANTED. WANTED for the season of 1921 an experienced queen-breeder. State experience had, reference, age, height, weight. W. J. Forehand & Sons, Ft. Deposit, Ala. AV.XNTED — One experienced man, and students or helpers, in our large bee business; good chance to learn. Modern equipment and outfit, including auto triick : located near summer resorts. Write giving age, height, weight, experience, reference and wages wanted. W. A. Latshaw Co., Clarion, Mich. WANTED— -One experienced man and students, clean habits, able-bodied and willing workea's, as helpers with our more than 1000 colonies. Oppor- tunity to learn the business from A to Z. 1920 crop 122,000 pounds. Theory also. Write immediately giving age, height, weight, habits, former employ- ment, experience, references, wages, photo, all in first letter. E. F. Atwater (former Special Field Agent in Beekeeping, U. S. Dept. Agr.), Meridian, Idaho. SITUATIONS WANTED POSITION WANTED — Wanted work in an apiary by man who has had 40 years' experience in both extracted and comb-honey production. For full particulars write Geo. Whitcomb, 17 South St., Warren, Pa. POSITION WANTED^Mr. Beekeeper, what would you oflfer for such help. Wish to work 'with bees, experienced, willing to build any building, when not busy with bees, or do carpentry work. Have all kinds of tools. W. March, 3844 Orange Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES = Pour exits from supers. Fits all standard boards, s §. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial 1 1 metal. Made by 1 I G. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. | i Sold only by Lewis "Beeware" Distribjitors. s Stop Losing Valuable Queens! This can be done by the use of the Jay Smith' Push-in-the-Comb introducing cage. This cage has been thoroughly tested, and will give very satisfactory results. For complete information on this cage, see pages 498 to 500, Aug- ust, 1919 , "Gleanings in Bee Culture." Price complete, 75 cents each ; ten, $7.00; one hundred, $60.00. The A. I. Root Company West Side. Station MEDINA OHIO May, 19-Jl G I. K A KINGS IN BEE CULTURE 309 Happy Hours in California — Continued from p. 285. view. They said: "Surely you are not go- ing to leave this region until after 'Blos- som Day.' People come from all parts of the country to see blossom time in the Santa Clara Valley." Unfortunately a business man's plans are not flexible enough to take in all the "blossom days" and other delightful occasions which his wife might enjoy; but there were enough of the prune trees in bloom to help us imagine what the broad valley and surrounding foot- hills must be like, clothed in the fragrant white of the fruit bloom, with the back- ground of purple mountains. DOWN in southern California a nice brother-in-law took us for more long- drives thru the orange groves, beau- tiful towns, mountains, canyons, valleys, and beaches. Perhaps one of the most beautiful drives in that region is from the beach near Santa Monica thru Topango Canyon up to the heights overlooking the San Fernando Valley. On such a ride I always think gratefully of the vision into the future which the Californians must have had to make such beauty spots so ac- cessible with perfect roads. The road winds up from the floor of the canyon, enclosed by steep hills on either side, with a deep mountain brook sometimes on one side of the road, sometimes on the other, as we crossed bridges. At one point we stopped (Continued on page 310.) QUEENLESS ECCS QUEEN CELL QUEEN CELL CAPPED VIRGIN QUEEN MATED QUEEN ONE YEAR OLD QUEEN TWO THREE '• CLIPPED QUEEN CAPPED BROOD STRONG COLONY READY TO SWARM NEW COLONY OLD COLONY WEAK COLONY NEED FEEDING LAYING WORKERS FOUL BROOD ITALIAN BEES BLACK BEES HYBRID BEES You, Mr. Beekeeper, can simplify beekeeping and get more honey and make more money if you use HALL'S HIVE MARKER and keep better tab on your bees. A great time saver. Satisfac- tion guaranteed. Price 25c. 100, $20. Size 2%x9in. J Manvfactvred by Schuyler Herschell Hall Masonic Ave., Wallingford, Conn. Thagard's Italian Queens Bred for Quality My tliree-banded queens are bred from imported stock ; they are hardy, prolific, gentle, disease-resisting and honey producers. A good queen is the life of any colony ; head your, colony with some of our queens, place our queens against any queens you may obtain anywhere, and note the results. I do not breed for quantity, but breed for quality. My queens have proven this to thousands of beekeepers that have tried them. Book your order now for May and June delivery. April 1st to July 1st.— 1 Untested $2.00 Select Untested . . 2.25 Tested 3.00 Select Tested 5.00 6 $8.00 10.00 16.00 25.00 12 $15.00 18.00 28.00 50.00 Safe arrival, pure mating, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. 310 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 ^^T^TOT the best in color or pos- sibly not the gentlest, but mothers of colonies that bring in the honey," is what my customers tell me of my queens. My circular tells about them- R. V. STEARNS Brady, Texas QUEENS! QUEENS! QUEENS Have yuu secured all you need? I have them as line as you can secure anywhere at a reasonable price. After May 15th you can get them at the following prices. If you want them earlier look on page 179, March issue, or you will find my ad in the April issue of Gleanings. 1 Untested queens ....$1.50 Tested queens 2.50 Select tested 3.00 Breeders $5.00 to $10.00 at all times. You will notice that I don't advertise any select untested queens. It is because all that I ship now are selected. If they are not the best, I don't ship them; and if they don't give you satisfaction and you write me, I will make it satisfactory to you. 12 $13.50 26.00 30.00 H. L. MURRY Soso, Mississippi. GOLDEN QUEENS FOR 1921 Untested queens for delivery from April 20th to July 1st, $1.50 each, or 6 for $8.00; for hundred lots write for prices. I guaran- tee safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction, and all orders and inquiries will be answered promptly. R. O. COX Route 4, Luverne, Ala. Don't Chop Your Grass! Shave the Groundy withMARDGG'SSPEClALfrrass blade, with DANGEL cutting edge. ■Write for particulars THE MARUGG COMPANY. Dept B TRACY CITY. TENN. (Continued from page 309.) to pick bunches of the beautiful purple and blue lupines and admire the view, and my sister, in the goodness of her heart, insisted that I ride on the front seat where I could see more. To tell the truth, there were times when I saw nothing at all, for my eyes were tightly closed with fright. Lov- ing the mountains as I do, I always accept any invitation for a mountain drive, and always shall, but the way the drivers in the West take the mountain curves fills me with awe at their daring. I don 't see how they can be sure they are not going to meet another machine coming toward them around the curve, with disastrous results to one or both, and even without a collision it would be so easy for a machine to shoot off into space. We climbed so rapidly that we could sometimes see one or more sec- tions of the roail which we had just tra- versed below us, and we twisted around the hills until I had no idea of direction and little idea of whether we were going up or down. Several times I feebly remonstrated with my brother-in-law for driving so fast down a dangerous grade, only to be in- formed that we were climbing all the time. Whether it is because the road at times changes from a very steep grade to one less steep, or because of the steeper hill at the side of the road, it is always difficult (Continued on page 312.) NOTICE! Pritchard Queens are not just common queens named, but A NOTED STRAIN The result ofyears of careful breeding and selection. Reared and ofiFered for sale by ARLIE PRITCHARD Medina, Ohio. my classified ad, page 307 for prices and guarantee. Glass and Tin Honey Containers 21/2-lb. Cans, 2 dozen reshipping cases $1.45 case; crates of 100, $ 6.50 5-lb Pails (with handles), 1 dozen reshipping eases 1.35 case; crates of 100, 8.30 10-lb. Pails (with handles), Mi doz. reshipping cases 1.10 case; crates of 100, 12.75 60-lb. Tins, 2 per case— NEW, $1.30 case; USED, 50c. WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LACQD. WAX LINED CAPS. 8-oz. Honey Capacity, Cylinder Style $1.50 per carton of 3 dozen 16-oz. Honey Capacity, Table Jar Service 1.40 per carton of 2 dozen Quart or 3-lb. Honey Capacity, Mason Style 1.00 per carton of 1 dozen HOFFMAN & HAUCK, Inc. - - Woodhaven, New York Mat, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE PATENTS Practice in Patent Office and Court. Patent Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. Williamson, McLacblan Building, WASHINGTON, D. C, osl Handlantorn 11 A powerful portable lamp, giving a 300 candle power pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — Reliable —Economical — Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug proof. Bums either gasoline or kerosene. Light in weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Writ* i.t.iog. jjj£ B£sj UGHT CO. 306 E. 5tb St., Canton, O. SAFE-WAY QUEEN INTRODUCING CAGE Out shows cage in position on a section of a brood comb. Also shows mailing cage in position. Try it. It will do the business. FRIGE 50c. 0. S. REXFORD Winsted, Ct. THREE -BAND and GOLDEN QUEENS That produce hustling bees. Bred to fill the supers from the finest breed- ing strains obtainable. Hustlers, long-lived, and as beautiful in size and color as can be. Price each, un- tested, $1.75; tested, $3.00. Orders fiUed promptly, satisfaction guaran- teed. Ask for price on large orders. DR. WHITE BEE COMPANY SANDIA, TEXAS. SPECIAL CROPS $10,000.00 per acre every 5 years. A high grade monthly devoted to growing MEDICINAL plants. $1.00 per year, sample copy ten cents. HYBRID POTATO SEED. Something new. Every seed will give you new variety of po- tato. You will get all shapes and all colors. Some better than old standard sorts and some not as good. Package of this seed 25 cts. Potato seed and new subscription both for $1.00. Address SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO. Box G, Skaneateles, N. Y. QUEENS s BEES We have one of the most modern queen-rearing outfits in the United States, and are breeding from new im- ported Italian blood. We produce QUALITY instead of QUANTITY. A limited number of orders for spring delivery will be accepted at the fol- lowing prices: Quantity 1 6 12 24 Untested $2.00 $11.40 $21.60 $40.80 Sel. Untested. . 2.25 12.80 24.3(l 45.90 Special price of $1.50 each on untested queens for June deliv- ery in lots of 12 or more, if booked in advance. We are also prepared to furnish full colonies, nuclei, and pound packages. Write today for prices- The A. I. Root Co. of Texas P. O. Box 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. I Buy Your Bee I Supplies Now I I Take advantage of early-order discounts by 1 § ordering NOW. We guarantee to please you. i i "Prompt service and the very best" is our i § motto. We want your beeswax and old comb. 1 i Highest cash and trade prices offered. Texas = i beekeepers should write A. M. HUNT, f = Goldthwaite, Texas. § = Manufactured by = I Leahy Manufacturing Company I I 95 Sixth St., HigginsviUe, Missouri. | i Write for FREE catalog. It is to your interest, f iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii:iiiiniiiiiiiii:iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniii|iiiiniNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|u; EstabiUhed 1885. I Write us for catalog. '^ BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES I The Kind You Want and the Kind j I That Bees Need. | § We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- 1 I plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The i = A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you ; 1 § information given to all inquiries. Beeswax 1 3 wanted for .supplies or cash. 2 I John Nebel & Son Supply Co.| I High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. | ^IIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIinillllllNIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlil 312 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 When stingers Can't Sting Root's Bee-Proof Suit. Bees ran't stin? thru this Lee-proof suit, wliich is a combination of veil and specially designed blouse. It is comfortable, easy to put on and off, and provides perfect free- dom for the movement of the arms. The draw-string is at the waist, and when prop- erly drawn and tied shuts off any chanie of a bee's getting inside. It gives absolute insurance against bee stings above the waist. Can be worn with or without a coat, and either inside or outside of a coat, if a coat is worn. For either men or women. Price, $5.00. THE A. I. ROOT CO., West Side Sta., Medina, Ohio. Positively the cheapest and strongest light on earth. Used in every country on the globe, Makea and burna ita own gas. Casts no ehadowa Clean and odorlesa. Absolutely Eafe. Over 200 Btylea. 100 to 2000 Candle Power, Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE THE BEST LIGHT CO. b 306 E. 5U> St., Canton. O. (Continued from page 310.) on a mountain road for nie to tell whether we are ascending or descending unless I get out and walk. When we finally reached the summit over- looking the San Fernando Valley the view was so beautiful in the late afternoon sun- shine that the memory makes my heart ache to think I live so far away from the mountains. Down, far, far below was the broad, fertile valley with its roads, fields, and villages and beyond a colorful moun- tain range, the whole softened by the pur- ple haze of distance. In the foreground were fields of bright orange yellow, which they told me were fields of popj)ies. One of the most wonderful .features of driving in the vicinity of Los Angeles on a clear day is the way the snow-crowned San Bernardino range, with ' ' Old Baldy, ' ' ap- pears floating high above the blue hn/.c of the horizon like phantom mountains. One can drive for hours in almost any direction and still keep in sight of "Old Baldy'' if the day is clear; and yet it is some 40 miles from Los Angeles, I believe. It always re- minds me of ''I will lift up niiiie eyes unto the hills, t'roiii whence cometh my help." Italian Queens $2.00 each. APIARIAN SUPPLIES I. J. Stringham Glen Cove, New York. STUTT'S ITALIAN QUEENS are supreme cjueens; ready June 1. Untested, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.50. Select untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. ALFRED A. STUTT, Lincoln, Ills. |iiiiiiiiiiiiin{|iniii{niiiii:{ih:iiriiii!:iii;:iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii:iii!in{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'^ I INDIANOLA APIARY | p will furniBh 3-banded Italian bees and queens : M E Untested queens. $1.00 each; tested, $1.50 each. § ^ One pound bees, no queen, $2.00. No disease. = I J. W.SHERMAN, VALDOSTA,GA. I TYPEWRITER SENSATION ^fl or CLE a month ^Hr— ^O WILL Buy A Standard, Guaranteed TYPE- WRITER With Every Modem Writing Convenience SMITH TYPEWRITER SALES CO (Harry A. Smith) 370 -218 No. Wells St.,Chlcaso, III. Mav, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 318 QUEENS ^iiiiiiiiiiiii:HHiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiinii[iiiii|iipiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiii{|iiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiir^ iNEWMAN'S-eV;^! giii.li iffinii ** Absolutely! MTAI lAW''^^* Qualityl 11 lUllllll and fully guaranteed. No | i" irll-irill disease. Satisfaction and | safe arrival. | Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; i 12, $15.00. Select Un- i tested, $2.00; 6, $10.00. | P 12, $19.00. Circular free. | |a. H, NEWMAN, Queen Breeder! I MORGAN, KY. | ^iliiiiiimiiiiiniiii'i'ir 'ii'ii'Mii i nii'iiiiiiiii mi I'lniMiiM ■:;irii!i':'ii"iii'iiiriiiiiiiiiNil |^iiiiiiiiii!iiii!mniiH{iiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii§ I NEW ENGLAND | i BEEKEEPERS wiU 6nd a complete stock of up- I = to-date supplier here. Remember we are in the = = shipping center of New England. If vou do not = = have a 1921 catalog send for one at once. = I H. H. Jepson. 182 Friend St., Boston 14, Mass. | f^llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli|lirilll"llllllli;illll{|||lllllllll|!|IIIIIIIHIII|l|ll|:|||||llll'!l|IIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIII||lip LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS Three-band Italians and Golilens. pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We sliip only queens that are top-notoliers in size, prolificness, and color. Untested. $2.00 each; six for $11.00: twenty-five for $45.00. Tested queens, $3.00 each, six for $16.00. BUCKEYE BEE CO., Box 443, Massillon, Ohio. ^^.^CCc^orWs Best ^^^-^- Roofing mi "Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles. V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ings. Sidings. Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to you at Rock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofa. No painting epairs. Guaranteed rot- fire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits. £.$'■< for Book No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., 533-583 Piiii! St., Gincinnali, 0. i FREE Samples & Roof ini Book] MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE From 1897 to 1921 the Northeastern Branch of The A. I. Root Company Prompt and BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. T7»/Y> . . It is a business with us — not a side line. Efficient Eight mails daily. JjCrVlCe Two lines of railway, O If you have not received 1921 catalog tend name at once. BEE SUPPLIES Root's Goods at Factory Prices With Weber's Service We carry several carloads of bee supplies, and are able to give prompt ship- ment at all times. Our motto is a customer must be satisfied; give us a trial and we will show you how quickly we will answer your correspondence; send your order and it will follow 24 hours after we receive it. Our new catalog will be ready about January 15th; send for same. We have thousands of satisfied customers; why not you? Send a list of your wants and we will quote you C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ GLEANINGS BEE CULTURE Mav, 1921 Pure Italian Queens of the Best Known Strain For immediate delivery of two- frame nuclei, two-pound pack- ages and full colonies. A. I. Root and H. D. Murry three-banded stock. Prices: 1 1- Untested $1.50 .$14.50 Tested 2.25 24.00 Select Tested.. 3.00 .".0.00 Two-frame nuclei with untested queens, $6.00; twenty-five or more, $5.50, Two-frame nuclei with tested queens, $6.75; twen- ty-five or more, $6.25. Two-pound packages hybrid bees, each $4.00; add price of queens wanted. No disease near here; health cer- tificate with all I have for sale. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Terms: One-fourth with order; balance due at ship- ping time. Baughn Stone Manchester, Texas. Beekeeping as a Side Line. — Continued from p. 287.. their own hands. By bodily exercise they generate heat. By forming a close cluster they conserve it. The bees on the outside become a living wall, that confines the heat produced by those who, within this pro- tected hollow, work faithfully and steadily,, waving wings and moving legs and abdo- mens. The colder it gets, the harder they work, even to the point of making the tem- perature within the cluster rise as that out- side falls. There is a constant interchange of position, the bees on the outside coming, in, while those from within work their way out. To allow this continued motion, there must be a constant consumption of ener- gizing food. Few foods produce as much energy as the honey stored by the bees in summer for use' in the winter. How won- derfully all the details co-ordinate! ii!iiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiii:!iiniiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiinini!iiii!iiiiiiiiniiiiiiHi!iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i!iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii QUEENS Now for May and June. Good crops and good queens go together. GENTLE THREE-BAND ITALIANS Untested $1.25, Select Untested $1.50. D. W. HOWELL Shellman, Ga. Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiii im miiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNii| THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS 1 Booking orders now for 1921. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous = 1 and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the | 1 best of honey-gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties vcho are using them m stamping | 1 out foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash, balance before delivery. Will guarantee safe = j arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive circular and price list free. | 1 Prices April, May, and June .Tuly to November = 1 ] 6 12 1 6 12 i i Untested $1-50 $8.00 $15.00 $1.25 $6.50 $12.50 g i Select Untested 1.75 9.00 16.00 1.50 8.00 15.00 m I Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 2.25 12.00 22.00 i I Select Tested 3.00 each 3.00 each | I No nuclei or pound pack Joliii G. Mlllcr, 723 C St., Corpus Christi, lex. i = ages of bees for saile. '' ' ' r ' ^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiniiiiiiiMiiiiiini.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii^ k^m i:iin:iiiiiniiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil Banking BY MAIL r YOUR CHANCE IN LIFE is of your own making rather than of your tak- ing. Your Saving.s Account may — WILL — be tlie making of your chance. MAIL your Sav- ings deposits to this institution. ~1. THE SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO. A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R.ROOT, Vice Pres. E.B.SPITZE R , C»sh. MEDINA, OHIO Mat, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy 315 Your present brood equipment can be put above the Modi- fied Dadant hive used as full depth supers. Features are: Deep frames, large one- story brood nest, frame space venti- lation, excellence in wintering, swarming easily controlled. Glance at this illus- tration to compare this hive with "Standard" Lang- stroth hive. You can get 40 per cent greater brood- comb area than in the "Standard" ten - fr'ame Lang- stroth. Modified Dadant Hive Modified Dadant Hive Features. 1. Eleven frames, Langstroth length, Quinby depth. 2. Frames spaced 1^ inches for swarm control. 3. Extracting frames 6^4 inches deep. 4. Dovetailed body, regular re- versible bottom and metal roof cover with inner cover. 5. Langstroth ' ' Standard ' ' equip- ment easily used with this hive. § For free booklet writ* any distributor of Lewis "Beeware," or to ^ I G. B. Lewis Company Watertown, Wisconsin | I Dadant & Sons Hamilton, Illinois | PACKAGE^EES Have you winter losses to make up or are you thinking of making increase? If so, have you considered package bees? Their advantages are many: good colony left, even with honey at pre-war prices. (H. D. Mclntyre, Dur- ham, Ont., Can., writes: "The 96 2-lb. packages received from you late in May average 160 pounds of surplus.") 6. You do not weaken You take 1. You always have a vduiig and vig- orous Italian queen. 2. Pure Italians; no disagreeable black bees to handle. 3. Freedom from disease. no chance of infecting your apiary with foul brood in buying pack- age bees from us. 4. You furnisli your own equipment ; it is there- fore interchangeable with your present equip- ment. Every beekeeper Knows the annoyance of fooling with odd-sized hives and frames and crossed or drone comb in colonies bought locally. 5. They can be made to pay for them- selves in a single season and have a PRICES 1 2-lb. package (add 75e for parrel post) $5.00 .50 2-lb. packase.s, or more, ea. 4.75 1 Untested Queen 150 12 Untested Queens 15.00 1 Select Untested Queen... 2.00 12 Select Untested Queens .. 19.00 1 Tested Queen 2.50 12 Tested Queens 25.00 1 Select Test.ed Queen.... 3.00 12 Select Tested Queens. ... 30.00 your present colonies, as is the case with arti- ficial or natural swarm- ing, thereby sacrificing your honey crop. If you have tried pack- age bees from other shippers with unsatis- factory results now try ours; safe arrival in the IT. S. and Canada, and satisfaction guaranteed. Absolute freedom from disease. We are now prepared to ship all orders promptly. J. M. CUTTS, Route 1 , Montgomery, Alabama 316 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mav, 1921 Northwestern Headquarters for Italian Queens The queen is the life of the colony. You cannot afforJ to keejj poor queens or a poor strain of bees. I have been in the bee business for more than twenty years and have made every effort to improve the honey-gathering qualities of my bees by purchase of breeders and by selective breeding. I believe that my bees are unsurpassed by any. When you buy Untested Queens from me you are getting select untested queens. I will begin mailing queens about June 1. Prices June 1 to October 1 : 1 6 12 50 100 Untested Italian Queen $1.50 $7.50 $14.00 $55.00 $105.00 Tested Italian Queen 2.50 13.50 / hai'c no pound packages or ivuclei for sale. J. D. HARRAH, Route 1, Freewater, Oregon TALKING QUEENS LAWS QUEENS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES Some very fine Breeding Queens too fiood to be idle. Will mail at $5.00 each, or with a 3-frame nucleus by express for $10.00. Write for prices on bees satisfaction. Untested, each $1.50; 12 for $15.00 Tested, each $2.00; 12 for $20.00 Select Tested, $3.50 each; 12 for $30.00 Safe arrival and entire W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas Colonies of Italian Bees in practically new 10-frame hives, at $15.00 each. No disease. These colonies will consist of at least 5 frames of brood, plenty of bees, with young Italian queens. All combs are wired, straight, and built from full sheets of foundation. Satisfaction guaranteed. VAN WYNGARDEN BROS. R. F. D. No. 4. Hebron, Indiana. TiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininniiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I ITALIAN BEES & QUEENS OF PURE THREE-BAND STOCK | I Bred from best luistlers, l)y methods that years of experience have taught us are best, iu- | I eluding the use of large, strong nuclei, which insures young queens emerging strong and | I vigorous. Safe arival in U. S. and Canada. Health certificate with each shipment. Satis- | I faction guaranteed. | I Untested 1 to 12, $1.50 each. Over 12, $1.25 each | I Select Untested 1 to 12, $1.75 each. Over 12, $1.50 each | I Tested 1 to 12, $2.50 each. Over 12, $2.25 each | I Select Tested, suitable for breeders $5.00 each | I Two-frame nuclei, $5.00. Three-frame nuclei, $7.00; add price of queen wanted with each, j I Eight-frame colony, $15.00. Ten-frame colony, $17.50. Standard equipment all around, | I and wired frames. | I JENSEN'S APIARIES, CRAWFORD, MISS., R. F. D. No. 3. | Mav, 1921 ei. EANINGS £N' BEE CULTURE 3TT The Bees as Buyers IF BEES could choose the wares required to do their work best, chances are they'd select "Falcon" supplies, to keep thein contented and help them produce more honey. Because "Falcon" stands for 40 years' satisfaction among success- ful beekeepers and their colonies. Our guarantee of safe arrival follows every article shipped from our factory. Order the best — write for our red catalog. DISTRIBUTOR FOR THE CENTRAL WEST William H. Rodmaii, 2027 Main St., Gateway Sta., Kansas City, Mo. W. T. Falconer Manufacturing Co. Falconer (near Jamestown), N. Y., U. S. A. IVhere the best beehives come from. SELECT THREE-BANDED ITALIANS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY grade 800 lionev-^ntliering colonies from which to select the very best breeders. No one has better bees than 1. Can make prompt delivery by return mail. I have not yet disappointed a customer. A new customer from Missouri, where you have to show them writes: "The dozen queens arrived promptly. They are the most beautiful I ever saw." — (Name on request.) Another one from the same state writes: "Your 100 2-lb. packages averaged 90 pounds surplus honey per colony, 10 pounds more per colony than the other 2-lb. packages purchased elsewhere." — H. H. Thale, Durham, Mo. Now listen to this, from Ontario, Canada: "Bees and queens purchased of you last season all wintered with- out a single loss. Save me 50 ' untested queens for May delivery." — (name on request.) PRICES: Untested (to July 1): ! each $1.50; 12 or more $1.25 each. After July 1, 1 to 49 $1.25 each, 50 or more, $1.00 e,ach. Tested (to i July 1), each $2.00. Breeders (to I July 1), $25.00 each. j Pure mating, safe arrival, and satisfac- tion guaranteed. It is left with custo- mer to say what is satisfactioJi. My customers say my queens stand the northern win- ters. Tliey are bred up for this, combined with the highest honey-gathering qualities and prolificness. JASPER KNIGHT, Hayneville, Ala, BEE SUPPLIES The Very Best Quality & Service We have a large stock of Hives, Bodies, Supers, Foundation, and other supplies ready for immediate shipment. Give us an opportunity to quote you our prices ; we are certain you will find them attractive. If you want THE VERY BEST QUALITY FOR THE LOWEST PRICE, send us your orders at once. All correspondence will have our immediate attention. August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wis 318 GLEANINGS IN .BEE CULTURE May, 1921 I Completely Destroys I the Weed Growth I More than that, the BAEKEE breaks I the hardest crust into a level, porous, I moisture-retaining mulch — all in the I same operation. I A ten-year-old boy can run it — do more I and better work than ten men with hoes. I Saves time and labor, the two big ex- I pense items. = "R A T?1^17"R WEEDER, MULCHER I r>iA.J\J\.JLrX AND CULTIVATOR I Eight reel blades revolve against a stationary i underground knife — like a lawn mower. I Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Works right up to I plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has = leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva- I tion — 3 garden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. I Tells how gardeners and fruit-growers every- I where are reducing their work ; increasing their I yields. — How to bring growing plants through I a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture I and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send I TODAY for this freie, illustrated book and epe- I cial Factory-to-User offer. I BARKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY i Dept. 23. David City, Neb V Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. m. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free ^m. book and Factory-to-User offer. Two Thousand | Nuclei For | Spring Delivery | A great many progressive beekeepers J i of today buy nuclei to make up winter | losses, or in the form of pound packages § to strengthen weak colonies. We know! this is a good investment, and for a good | many years have raised bees in the i South, sending them north to catch the | honey flow in July and August. It is our g policy, in furnishing our customers with g bees from our southern apiaries, to fur- 1 nish bees that give satisfaction to you, as | they have to us for the past ten years. | : We are very particular as to the strain | : of bees we keep, and the rearing of our | ; queens is in the hands of an expert. | We maintain that the queen is the life | : of the colony, and they are reared under | \ the most favorable conditions, that of | ; natural swarming, and they are fine large 1 : ones with energy to spare, and as good i ; as money can buy. However, we do not 1 ; sell queens, but we see that a good queen | I goes with every nucleus we sell. We guar- 1 ; antee you safety against disease, as our § : bees are inspected constantly, and our | ; apiaries closely watched to see that no | i disease appears. Our prices as follows: I April May June 1-frame nucleus $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 2-frame nucleus 5.50 5.00 4.50 3-frame nucleus 7.00 6.50 6.00 4-frame nucleus 9.00 8.50 8.00 I Full colonies of bees, $12.00 per colony | I 1-pound package $2.50 | I 2-pound package 4.50 | j 3-pound package 6.50 | 1 For packages with queens add $1.50 for j I each package. | I WEBER BROS. I I HONEY CO. I 1 RIALTO, CALIFORNIA | liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilB May, 1921 G li E A N I N r, S T N BEE CULTURE 319 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil I Quality Bee Supplies I From a Reliable House m ^ Without fear or favor 1 place my i BEE SUPPLIES and SERVICE before 1 you. s f It is the small annoyances that often M grow into disastrous results. Avoid the M so-called "little losses" by using m MONDENG'S goods. Quality is first— M save time when you put your goods to- M gether by getting supplies that are ac- J curately made. Service is next — no de- = lays when bee supplies are ordered from M my factory. J f I am ready to meet your urgent M needs. Send for my latest price-list. J ^ Closing out all Langstroth and Wis- M consin hives and supers. Also Lang- M troth triangular top-bar frames, and M eight-frame D. T. supers for 4x5 sec- J tions. At cost price, write fur quota- M tions. j Charles Mondeng 1 146 Newton Ave. N. & M 159 Cedar Lake Road. I MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ kon ConcretiivJ M Sheldon's free book gives you O , the "Know How" of Farm Con- t crating. Tells how to make forms, place concrete, reinforce t, what mixtures to use and how to prevent failures. Gives necessary facts on construction of walls, tanks, floors, etc., giving diagrams and plans. Brimful of valuable ideas. Gives you Free the benefit of our years of experience in farm concreting. Get copy today; send your name and address. CL||r| riOM <'^SHELDON MODEL N?4 CONCRETE MIXERS "Take the Backache Out of Concrete" with the best and' lowest priced farm concreting outfit on the market. ., Saves time, money and labor. Don't buy till you have seen Sheldon Catalog and prices. Send for Cat- alog and Free Concrete Book today. THE MOST POPULAR. •\FARM 1IXER' llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ *\f\ Days* Free Trial ^^^'^ .Select from 4 4 Styles, colors and sizes, famous Ranger bicyclea. Delivered free on approval, from maker - direct - to - rider, at Factory Prices. Save $10 to $25 on your bicycle. 12MonthstoP«y i--d-t«„ -- ^liberal Easy Payment jilan. I'arenta often advance first deposit. Energetic bnyg earn the small monthly payments thereafter, ■ J1*^S Horns. wheelg.tamps, partsanr! ^ equipment at half usual prices. ILfA^H <^ycl^ Company FIITCIU Dept.Gi53 Chicago Wanted In big and small shipments, to keep Buck's Weed-pro- cess foundation factory go- ing. We have greatly in- creased the capacity of our plant. We are paying higher prices than ever for wax. We work wax for cash or on shares. Root Bee Supplies Big stock, wholesale and retail. Big catalog free. Carl F. Buck The Comb-foundation Specialist August, Kansas Established 1899. Special offer to Rider Agent* llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllH^ I EVERY SHEET I I THE SAME I g As alike as peas in a pod — only more | H so. That is a distinguishing feature g M of my comb foundation. Accuracy g g is my watchword. My foundation | g is not left with the natural milled M 1 edge, but every edge is trimmed j B with an absolutely straight, smooth m m cut, and always measures right to g M the dot, no matter what the size j M ordered. M 1 This accurate trimming not_ only | g expedites placing the foundation in g m the frames, but also permits of such g B close packing for shipment that = ( there is no chance for it to chuck j g around, thus jamming the edges. j B Although this extra trimming adds | B to the cost of manufacture, still my j B prices are lower than others. = B Your own wax worked into founda- g B tion at lowest rates. Send for com- g B plete price list. B I E. S. Robinson | B Mayville, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. B iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 Queens Mr. Beekeeper, we are establisliiiig one of the most modern queen-rearing outfits in the U. S. A. If you want good quality, quick service, prompt atten- tion, and perfect satisfaction, don't fail to place Your orders with us, as we are ready to fill orders by return mail or your money re- funded. Oui queens are bred by experienced queen-breeders; they arc reared by the latest and most approved metliod and from the very best honey-gathering strain ot Italians obtainable. Our ex])erience from boyhood up under our father (who had fifty years of experience with bees) thus enables us to produce queens as good as can be produced, but none better, and we sell at figures that will sustain the higli quality of our queens. Our bees are hardy, gentle, prolific, disease-resistant, and honey gather- ers. Eacli and every queen that leaves our yard is inspected by us personally, and all inferior ones are killed. BEES. We ship only 2-11j. pnckage.s by ex- press F. O. B. shipping point, $5.00 each; 25 or more. $4.75 each. AAiX prices of queens wanted. We guar- antee pure mating, safe> arrival, and free from all diseases in U. S. A. and Canada. Remember you take no risk when you deal with us. Isn't that enough said ? PRICES MAY AND JUNE. 6 12 100 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 9.25 16.50 115.00 13.75 24.50 1 Untested Queens $1.50 Select Untested Queens 1.75 Tested Queens 2.75 Select Tested Queens.. 3.50 each THE NORMAN BROS. APIARIES NAFTEL, ALABAMA Miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii:iiiiiiii!iii^^^ Forehand's Queens They Satisfy — Why? Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding and honey-production. With breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as good, but none BETTEE. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of my breeders. OUR SERVICE STATION — We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All questions are cheerfully answered. I breed three-banded Italians only. Nov. 1st to June 1st. 1 6 12 Untested $2.00 $9.00 $16.00 Selected Untested 2.25 10.50 18.00 Tested 3.00 16.50 30.00 Selected Tested 3 . 50 19 . 50 36.00 Bees in two-pound packages, 1 package, $6.00; 25 or over, $5.80; 50 or over $5.40; 100 or over, $5.00, without queens. Will begin shipping bees as early as weather will permit. Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order and balance when shipmemt is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect satisfac- tion guaranteed. Write for circulars and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. N. Forehand, Ramer, Alabama mil iiiiiiiiii^ ] M^Y, 1921 O L E A N T N G 8 T \ BEE CULTURE 321 BUYING BUYING BEES IS LIKE OTHER STOCK All important conHideration in the pui-cliaso of Ik'Cs or <|uccns is to ffot HARDY. VIGOROUS STOCK. Our own bees have wintered without the loss of a single colony, and today our colonies are active and strong. We were never in better position to make prompt shipments nor to supply our customers with the highest-grade stock, than we are today. It is with bees as with any other stock, if you want something really fine it naturally will cost a little more than ordinary stock, but the results may l)e many times better for the investment made. ITALIAN QUEENS.— The season is early here in Medina, and untested queens will be available earlier thaii usual. Our breeding queens are selected with the utmost care, and the reinitation of Root's queens is second to none. The large orders that we liave received from near and distant points is the best testimony on this point. Our basswood queen-breeding yard will be supplemented by our Maplewood and other yards as occasioji requires, under the management of Messrs. Deyell, Mell Pritchard, Mosgrove, and Wardell. NUCLEI. — A one. two or three frame nucleus will make an astonishing record jirovidcd such a nucleus goes out, as ours do, on full worker combs in wired frames, well sup- ])iied with bees and the proper amount of brood. "We do not wish to draw any comparisons in reference to our nuclei or colonies with those supplied from other sources, but the large nnmber of reports from hundreds of satis- tied customers warrant us in believing that the extreme care we take in breeding and putting up our Nuclei and in the selection of our combs is of decided advantage to our customers. BREEDING QUEENS.— As our stock of breeding queens this spring is rather limited, it is important that orders be placed promptly for those who desire to introduce our breeding stock for 1921 use. We wish to call attention also to the fact that we are this season testing a limited number of queens for 1922 delivery of pedigreed stock, and we urge those who are expecting to replace their breeders late the coming fall or next spring to place their orders with us early this summer so that we can arrange to give them just wdmt they want. Our prices for the pedigreed stock will run from .$2.5 to .$100 each. QUANTITY ORDERS— We refer to our catalog for prices on queens, nuclei, and colonies and urge buyers to write us immediately for quantity prices from a half dozen to 100 or more, stating delivery wanted and we will quote special prices on the same. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STATION, MEDINA, OHIO, U. S. A. G I. E A N I N G S IN BEE O II L T U R E May, 1921 Root Quality Bee Supplies Airco Foundation Prompt Service and Satisfaction Guaranteed BEGINNER'S OUTFITS A SPECIALTY Order Now! Bee Ready! Stock Up! Avoid the Rush! DISCOUNT ON LARGE ORDERS. Pure-Bred Italian Queens From Root Home-Bred Queens Orders filled in rotation unless date specified. Mating and Safe Arrival Guaranteed. Bees in Packages, Nuclei and Full Colonies. QUEENS Untested $1.50 each; 12 or more, $1.25 each Tested 2.50 each ; 12 or more, 2.25 each Select Tested 3.00 each; 12 or more, 2.75 each PACKAGES 1-lb. pkgs., no queen. $3. 00 each ; 25 or more, $2.75 each 2-lb. pkgs., no queen . 5.00 each ; 25 or more, 4.75 each 3-lb. pkgs., no queen. 7.00 each ; 25 or more, 6..50 eacli NUCLEI Two-frame Nucleus, no queen $4.50 Three-frame Nucleus, no queen 6.00 FULL COLONIES Eight-frame colony, no queen 18.00 Ten-frame colony, no queen 20.00 The Southland Apiaries W. S. TATUM, Prop. HATTIESBURG, MISS -r%; May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 323 ONE REASON WHY we can serve Western Beekeepers to their advantage is because nine trunk lines run from our siding into all parts of the West! That's why we can get supplies to you promptly, and at a saving in freight charges and valuable time. When you are in a hurry, call on us. That is, if you want quality goods; for that is the only kind we can send you. The A. I. Root Company of lo'wa Council '"Bluffs, lo'wa G h E A N T N G S IN B E E f I' I. T U R E May, 1921' Cypress ^ Hives Wood Eternal Quality _«-^ Economy $16.00 for five complete. Send for catalog. SPECIALS FOR THIS MONTH. Now is your chance to get rid of all inferior covers and replace them with the best wood cover made at a bargain.. Eight-frame one-piece covers in lots of 25 at the low price of 60c each. Special discount on Hoffman frames in lots of 500 to 10,000. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS. Three-banded ITALIAN QUEENS reared from the best mothers under favorable conditions, by careful breeders under the best known meth-. ods. GUARANTEED TO BE AS GOOD AS THE BEST, TO BE FREE OF DISEASE AND TO GIVE SATISFACTION. Untested, $2.00; 12 or more, $1.50 each. Tested, $3.00 each. Breeders, $10.00, $15.00, and $25.00 each, shipped in nuclei. Full colonies in eight-frame hive $20.00 Full colonies in ten-frame hive 22.00 NUCLEI. AH our nuclei are furnished on good combs well filled with brood and a good supply of young bees. One-frame nucleus, no queen $3.50 Two-frame nucleus, no queen 6.00 Three-frame nucleus, no queen 8.26 BEES. Special price on nuclei and pound packages for shipment after May 15th, in lots of 20 or more packages. Write us. A FULL LINE OF ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT PRICES. Hives, Frames, Foundation, Supers, Sections, Shipping Cases, ready to ship to you promptly. Let us quote you on large orders. PACKAGE BEES. We guarantee safe arrival of all package bees within six days of shipping point. One-pound package bees, no queen $3.50 each Two-pound package bees, no queen 6.00 each Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed on everything we sell. Nuclei and pound packages shipped either from Mayhew, Miss., or Helena, Ga. ST O VER APIARIES Mayhew, Mississippi May, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 32S You have put off order- ing until now. You must have some supplies right away. Let us help you out. We give SERVICE. Try us for prompt ship- ments. By MAIL, EX- PRESS or FREIGHT. Send in your order, large or small. Don't Let the May-Bees Get You Order Now and Make Sure of havilig your supplies ready on time. If you want that crop of honey do your part, and the bees will do theirs. F. A. Salisbury 1631 West Genesee Street SYRACUSE, N. Y. New York State Beekeepers, Send for our catalog. If you are looking for quality, try us. Let us have your order for smok- ers, tools, and whatever else you may need. Write for our catalog. Send us a list of your needs. We will gladly quote you. 326 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^^ I THE AULT 1921 BEE I I SHIPPING CAGE I =" Patent Pending 1st. It is a dark cage, much more so than the open screen cages we have been shipping in in the past. 2nd. The feeder uses pure sugar syrup. Better than Honey or Candy to ship on; it contains water as well as feed. 3rd. Feeders are made more substantial, 1-3 larger, and have screw cap that will not jar out. 4th. Instead of one small hole, we now use a cotton duck washer in the screw cap that has proven to overcome all the objections found to the liquid feed method. 5th. The Cage is one piece screen wire protected by thin boards on the outside. Send for free circular de- scribing the cage in detail, prices, etc. Queens — Package Bees — Queens Will book your order with 20 per cent down, balance just before shipping. My Free Circular gives prices in detail, etc. Safe delivery Guaranteed within 6 days of shipping point. We ship thousands of pounds all over U. S. A. and Canada. 1-pound package bees, $3.00 each, 25 or more $2.85 each. 2-pound package bees, $5.00 each, 25 or more $4.75 each. 3-pound package bees, $7.00 each, 25 or more $6.65 each. F. O. B. Shipping Point. Add price of que«n wanted. 1 Untested Queen, $2.00 each; 25 or more, $1.75 each 1 Select Unt. Queen, $2.25 each; 25 or more, $2.00 each 1 Tested Queen, $3.00 each; 25 or more, $2.70 each 1 Select Tested, $3.50 each; 25 or more, $3.00 each Nueces County Apiaries E. B. AULT, Prop. Calallen, Texas May, 1921 11.11111111111 Gleanings in bee cultuke 327 'Queens that are reared to please.' Highest ^ality— Prompt Seruice— Satisfaction Our Reliable Three- Banded Italian Queens will be ready by return mail promptly after April 5th. We will have 1500 Nuclei in full operation and can take care of orders by return mail. All orders filled promptly by return mail or money refunded. Kequeen your colonies euHy. Why Order Farmer ^eens? They are bred by .as skillful and experienced queen-breeders as can be found in the United States. There are very few places where queens are reared under as favorable conditions as in our queen-rearing yards. We devote our time to rearing as good queens as possibly can be, and we positively guarantee that no better can be reared; we spare neither labor nor money in developing our strain of Italians. It is our intention to improve our original stock each year and to be more skillful queen-breeders. Our first original stock was pro- cured from the highest quality obtainable, which we have proved to the highest point and is now not surpassed by any. Our own eyes in.spect every queen that leaves our yards ; no culls sents out. Place your orders, and afteo- you have given our queens a fair test and you are not satisfied in every way that they are as good as any nm> vifrnvQ yo'i \\&\& ever used, just return them and uu K i'Kivt!^^) ^,^ ^,-^^-^ ^^^^ ^^^ que«ns to take their 1 6 12 100 places or return your money. They are very Untested ....$1.50 $8.00 $15.00 $100.00 resistant to diseases, the very best for Select Untested 1.75 9.50 17.00 120.00 h o n e y -gathering. You take no risk in Tested 3.00 14.75 25.00 buying our queens; safe arrival m Select Tested. 4.00 23.00 42.00 U.S.A. and Canada; satisfaction is left -nn- -^ ^ , ^.^. ^, ,„„ entirely topurchaser: prompt service given TFrt«e for prices on larger quanhties than 100. ^^ all orders ; evetr^ queen guaranteed to — be purely mated. The Farmer Apiaries, Ranter Alabama Where the Oood Queens Come From. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1921 A GOOD QUEEN may bring yon $50.00 worth of honey, wliile a poor one may bring yon nothing, therefore the cost of a good queen is trifling compared with the returns she brings. Every queen we send out is reared by me personally, and I spare no labor or expense to produce those "good queens" we all desire. I give the strongest guarantee with all queens sent out, and if any should prove other than a tirst-class queen, I will gladly replace her upon request. The customer's word is good. 1 could not afford to do this, if I did not have faith in the queens I sell. 1921 PRICES. 1 to 4 indus., $3.00 each 5 to 9 inclus. $2.90 each 10 or more, $2.80 each Breeders $12.00 each They clean up European Foul Brood. "Your bees lust year iiiadi' me tlie biggest crop 1 ever had, and be.sides they cured the European Foul Brood I had while I lost nil my Idaek bees with it." — Martin Bettheuiser, Tun- nel City, Wis. They Are Good Honey Gretters. "Your queens proved themselves to be what their pro- ducer claimed, ' fine gatherers. ' ' ' — E. A. Pabner, Empire, Panama Canal Zone. They Are Gentle. "Your bees are very gentle. I also find them to be very ])rolifK', good workers and, in my 12-frame Jumbo hives, not given to swarming." — Harry G. Fesenfeld, Black Earth, Wis. They Are Pretty. "Queens bought of you are producing some fine yellow bees. They are beauties. ' ' — J. E. Beck, Arnold, Penn, Our Breeders Make Good. "The breeder 1 got from you last year is the finest (pieen I ever had. ' ' — John Rhodes, West Salem, Wis. Our Method of Shipping Gives Perfect Results. ' ' Queens arrived in perfect condition, not a single nurse bee dead in the cage."^ — Arthur Sturges, Shenstone, Hart- ford, Cheshire, England. We are usually booked some time in advance, so we suggest that you book your order as far in advance as possible in order not to be disap- pointed in getting your order filled when desired. Write for our catalog. JAY SMITH Route No. 3 Vincennes, Indiana- Illlllilllll!lllllllllllllllllllllillllllllll!lli;illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!llllllllllllli^ A GREAT RECORD Sales of Airco Comb Foundation from Medina showed an inercase of 491/)% during the six months ending Deceml)er 31, 1920, as com- pared -with the same period for l!)l!). The record for the same period in 1919 had ])eaten all former rec- ords l)y practically tln^ same p(M"c (ileaninssi ^*^. in •^'»5 ICIBR ARY of tti J^ee Culture '^^ 2' VOL. XLIX 3lutt^, 1921 NUMBER 6 You all know the value of good Queens. When buying why not buy the BEST. Our Queen- rearing Apiary, in charge of Henry Perkins, will be able to supply the "Best" Queens ob- tainable shortly after April 1st. Send ill iiour nnlcr at oiire to nraid delaii in securiiKj your n'ljuirc- iiients. Prices very attracMve. Satisfaction guaranteed. MILLER BOX MFG. CO. 201 North Avenue 18 Los Angeles, Cal. "Griygs Saves You Freight" TOLEDO Is yet the same good old place to send tlint Bee Supply order, and if you or- der without our catalog and special price list of Queens, Live Bees and Griggs Non-Robbing Bottom-Board, Hive-Stand nnd Feeder Combined, we lidth lose money. A Full Line of ROOT QUALITY GOODS car- ried at all times. Service is our Hobby, and Satisf actio n Guar a n teed. BEESWAX WANTED GRIGGS BROTHERS CO. DEPT NO. 25, TOLEDO. OHIO. "Griggs Saves Yoti Freiglil" The Old Reliable Three-Banded Italians Booking ortlers now for 19'il. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally visorous and lonar-lived stock strain of 1 ees. Tliey are gentle, pro- lific, very resistant to foul brood, and the best of honey-gatberers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are usiiis them in stamping ont foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. 1 a - ance before deliver\ . Will guarantee safe arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive lircnbir and price li.st free. Xo »MC/c! or pound jiackagis Prices April, May, and .lune .Tulv to November of lees for .^a'e. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street Corpus Christi, Texas 1 (i 12 Untested $1..50 $8.00 $15.00 Select Untested. 1.75 9.00 16.00 Tested 2.50 12.50 24.00 Select Tested . . 3.00 eacli 1 $1.25 1.50 $6.50 8.00 2.25 12.00 $.S.OO each 12 $12.50 15.00 22.00 SAVE YOUR BEES' TIME USE AIRCO FOUNDATION — The only comb foundation on tho ir.-rkot which ha-B cell base most closely resembling that in the natural comb. The bees do not have to make over the cell base, therefore Airco saves time which is valuabls, especially dur- ing a heavy honey flow. AIRCO FOUNDATION is milled from wax refined by a ncv/ process which insures a toughzr and more transparent product witiiout ihe use of acid cr injurious chemicals. XOTE— Airco Founo ■made ir THE A. I. mcles; ]S2 I K. l.illi alisii'.utehi till null iiiundati ii:.'! ,e:ih cnrr n on the marl;et lehicli is cted cell lase. ROOT COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA street, San Francisrci: .'12-54 Main Stri -XE, 1021 0 T. K A \ T N a s I X r. E E (' r I. T r i; k r?20 JUNE, 1921 llouey M:irkots 332-3;!^ Editorials 337-339 The I'lovcntioii of Swarmiiio- Morloy Pcttit 340-342 Tlie Dr. Millor of the 8oii1h E. E. Eoot 343-344 Conib-Hoiu'v Prodiu'tiou (ico. S. Doniuth 344-347 Clnssit'yiiia- tho Queens II. I). Murry :!47-34S Simplified Queen-Rearing lay Smith 349-3511 Save These Wax Diamonds F. Greiner ;'.5()-351 New Kind Bulk (!onib Honey Dr. C. F. Parker 351 Meeting- Their Waterloo E. J. Ladd 351-352 Sif tings J. E. Crane 353 Happy Hours in Texas Constance Root Boyden 354-355 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 356-357 North, East, West, and South 358-36(1 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 361-363 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 364-365 Talks to Beginners Goo. S. Demuth 366-;U)7 Bees, Men, and Things 36S Just News 3G9 Our Homes A. I. Root 370-37 i SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One. year, $1.00. (l.ow itaid-iii-advancosubscription latcs witluli-awii.) iSinslt'i i-op\, 10 cents. Canadian suljscri])tion. 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the .subscriber to lie continued, will be stopped on ixpiralion. No subscriber will l,e run into del t b.\- us for this .journal. CHANGE or ADDRESS. — Give vour old address as well us tlie new and write the name to whicli the .iournal has heretofore 1 een addre.ssed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postotHce money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to (TLKAXiN(iS columns solicited: stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — .Vdvertisins: rates and conditions will he sent on request. Results from advertising in this .iournal are r<' uarkal.ly satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diliiren\- iind beeswax (cn'cr. CLEVEL.VNM). — No carlot arriva's since last re- Demand light, movcMUMit slightly lower. Dealers e lots or more, per lb.. r 11- 12c, medium amber port. Sui)lilies nioder:ite slow, markel dull. pi'i< ((uote, extrac-Icd ; In .■>-( western white sweet do alfalfa 9c. DENVER. — Market continues quiet. Demand and movement very light. Sales to .iobbers, per lb., extracted; Colorado, white and light amber 10%- 13c, amber 10c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases No. 1 white $6.08, No. 2, $5.63. MINNE.\POLIS. — No carlot arrivals. Extracted: Sujjplies light. Demand and movement slow, mar- ket dull. Sales to retailers, bakers and confec- tioners, 60-lb. cans Wisconsin, white clover, very few sales 12c per lb. Nevada, white sweet clover, verv few sales 13c per lb. KANSAS CITY'. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies of comb light, of extracted lib- eral. Demand and movement moderate on comb, light on extracted. Extracted: Sales to jobbers, Missouri and Kansas, light various flavors 10-1 Ic. California, Colorado, and Utah, extra light amber and white alfalfa 10c. Comb; Sales to .iobbers, Missouri. 24-section cases alfalfa and sweet clover mixed No. 1, $6.50-7.00. NEW YORK. — Domestic 1. c 1. receipts light. South American and West Indian receipts light. Supplies lil eral. Practically no demand or move- ment, market weak and quiet, very few sales. Ex- tracted: Spot sales to wholesalers, confe"t'onevs, bakers, and bottlers, domestic per lb.. California, light amber and M'hite alfalfa, best mowtly 8-9c. off grade low as 7( : whi'e oiange 1 lo"=som and white sage, lest 1 l-12c. few 13c. West Indian and South .\merican, relined. best 5V>-f'<' PP'' "'• : "i" 55-60c. mostly 60c per gal., few high as 70c. Combs; Sup- plies very light. New Yorks, 24-section cases clover, few sales mostly $8.00. Beeswax; Domestic I'ecip's very light, b^oreign reieipts moderate. Suj)- plies lil eral. Demand and movement very slow, m-ii'ket dull, very few sales. Spot sales to wlio'e- salers. manufactrrei's, 1 leachers. and drug trade, per lb.. South .Viuerican and West Indian, ci-ude light, best mostlv 26-27c, few 28c, slightlv darker 22-24C, dark 18-22c. African, dark best 17-18f. poorer low as 15c. Cuban, light 22-24c. dark 18-20c. PHILADELPHI.V. — Very light receipts, mosf*- near-by stock. Very little demand but market con-' tinges steady, with all buying on a small scale. Extracted : per gab, sa'es to liakers, Porto Rican amber 55-60c. Cuban, light amber 65-70c. Demand light w-ith verv few sales. Beeswax: Receipts 'iiht, 1 ut market has a firmer tone Sales to manufactur- ers, Brazilian and Chilean, light 2()-28c. .Vfrican, dark 16-17c. ST. LOUIS. — Comb: No receipts reported. Sup- plies light. Demand and movement limited to sma'l lots, market very dull, practically no change in prices. Sales I0 retailers. Colorado, 24-section ca.' es white clover and alfalfa No 1, heavy around $8.00, light $7.00. Extracted; No receipts reported. .\d- viies from the South indicate movement of new crop will start from there probably in anothe'' month. Supplies are liberal. Almost no demand or movement, very few sales. Market weak. Sale; to wholesa'ers. per lb., Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississipjji, light amber various mixed flavors, in 5-gallcn laiis arornd lie, dark around 10c; in bbls.. (Ink anil ei- various mixed flavors nominally low as 9c. Beeswax ; Receipts very light. Supplies moderate. Very little demand or movement, only activit.v consists of buying of small lots by jobbers who anticipate turning stocks to manufacturers later on when business has recuperated. Sales to jobbers, Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi, un- graded, average country run mostly around 23c per lb. At present jnactically no demand from manu- facturers. GEORGE LIA'INGSTON. Chief of Bureau of Markets. Special Foreign Quotations. TilVERPOOL. — Since our hist report there has been a letter ex])ort inquiry, lji;t pricgs are still lower. Some business has been done on the spot in Cuban, but the prices are not reported. The value of extracted honey at today's rate of exchange is about 6'^c per lb. The va'ue of beeswax in -\meri- can currency is about 25c per lb. Taylor & Co, Liveri)ool. Engbmd. May 6. Jink. 1!)-J1 (! L !•: A N 1 X (I S I N 15 K K (' L' I. T V Opinions of Producers. Karl.\ ill Mii>- we ^ciil Id MctiKil li(im'.\ iirixliicer.s. .scMttiM-eil over tlie country, tlic I'ol'.nwiiit;- (iiiestioiis : ]. Has honey moved more rapidly (hiring- the past monlli than previously, and what percentage of last yeai-'s < rops remain in the hands of the producer? Give answer in per cent. •J. ^Vhat is the conditioh of tlu' colonies at present compared with normal, considering strength, amount of brood, and amount of stores'! Give answer in per cent. 3. What is the condition of the honey plants at this time compared with normal.' (iive answer in per cent. For the southern States and California the fol- lowins; additional question was asked: 4. How does the honey flow thus far compare with normal .' Give answer in pev cent. Moving On Gol. Plant Hon. State. Kejiorted bv more. hand. Con. Con. Flow. \la. J. M. Cutts 70 1(1(1 1(1(1 100 H. C. W, .1. Sheppard. ... o loo loo ... Cal. 1.. L. ,*ndiews. . . :'. HO (io 15 Cal. M. H. Mendleson ... 0 .")() 10 o Cal. tieo. Larinan '-iO (>."> 40 l.j Col. .1. .\. Green.... No 10 loo lOO ... Fla. Ward Lamkin.. No ."> lOO loo loO Ida. K. F. Atwater. . No 8 loo 100 . . . 111. .V. L. Kildow. . . .'i l."i 10(1 .-,0 . . . Ind. E. S. Mille;-.... x\o 2.S 90 100 ... Ta. F. Coverdale 0 100 100 ... Kan. .1. .\. Ninins;er. No 0 (iO 80 ... La. E. C. Davis 20 100 100 ... Md. S. .1. Crocker, .Ir No 5 100 90 ... Mass. (). M. Smith... Yes n 100 100 Miss. I'v. H. Willson.. Yes 10 100 125 75 Mo. .1. W. Komber:.;er ... 0 90 90 ... Neh. F. .1. Harris 10 75 50 ... N. -T. E. Cr. Carr 5 50 50 . , . N. Y. .\dams & Mvers. Yes 10 150 100 ... N. \'. F. W. Lesser... Yes o loo loo ... N. Y. Geo. H. Hea . . . No 10 loo loo Ohio Fred i e'niun-er. ... 0 100 100 ... Okla. Chas. F. Stiles. No o So 7o ... Out. F. Eric Milieu. No 1 110 100 ... Pa. Harry Heaver . No 0 90 100 Tex. F. \. Bowdeu.. Y'es 2 loO 80 25 Te.\. J. N. Mayes 2 50 25 15 Te.\. H. B. Parks.... No 5 90 (i(i 25 Utah M. .V. Gi'1 10 l(»o no ... Va. .1. H. Meek... No lOo loo loo Wash. G. W. B. Saxton No 15 lio Uo ... AVis. H. F. AVilson.. Y'es 18 25 98 ... Special Telegraphic Eeports from the Clover Region. .lust as we are closino- the forms for this issue white clover and alsike clover are coming into bloom in parts of the clover region. In .some localities the hot and dry weather of the past few days threatened serious in.iury to the clovers, and earlier damages from frost were reported from certain regions, though timely showers in the northern i)ortion of the clover res?ion have given beekeepers renewed hope of a good croj). In order to obtain the latest information as to the condition of this im- portant honey plant, telegrams were sent out to sev- eral jirodiu ers in the regions affected. Replies have been received Mav 2-i, as follows: STOUFFVILLE. ONT. — Clover prospects poor as a rule east of a Ine running north fram Toronto to Orillia. Little iu.iiiry from recent frost here in Y'ork county. No reports from other localities. Drought not 'evere here and broken ye.'-terday by nice rains. — 1. L. Bver. FLINT. MICH. — About 25 per cent normal amount of clover, and damn<;ed 5o iier cent by frowt and drouth. — Leonard S. Griggs. PUTN.\M. ILLS. — The drought of .Inly and August, 1920, killed practically all the white clovei , and the freeze of .\pril killed all the young clover from seed this spring. No prosi)ects for aiiy while lionev this season. — A. L. Kildow. MIIAV.MJKKE, WIS. — Dry weather last f.ill was hard on clover, lint abundance of rain this spring makes probalile a fair crop. Frost diniiNiiiiiiiiiiii;ii!iiii!iiii:i:iiiiiiiii:iiH.iiiiiiiin DR. PHILLIIS, lUtRKAtl OF KNTOMOL.OGY, DESIRES SA.MPLES DI.«?.ASEr) OR ABNORMAL BEES. The Bureau of Entomology desires to obtain samp-es of adult Ices which appear to be affected V ith any of the known diseases, or which are in any wa.v abnornml. Live bees in mailing cages are preferred, but dead bees, in wooden or stout card board loxe.s will be useful. They should not be mai'ed in bottles or tin boxes. Tbe name and ad- dress of the sender should be placed on each lot and the package mailed direct to Dr. E. F. Phil- lips. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Tlie resu'ts of the examination will be reported prompt- ly by Dr. Phillips. The co-operation of beekeepers will le appreciated. (See editorial.) BOOKS AND Bl'LLETINS. Tlii> Titnuiine Contctit of Iloneu and Uoncii Cuinh. bv Philip B. Hawk, Clarence A. Smith, and Olaf Bergeim, from the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry of Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- phia, has been reprinted from the American Jour- nal of Phvsiology, Vol. IV, No. 3, April, 1921. Mixed itifi'cHoii in. the Brood Diseases of Bees. bv Arnold P. Sturtevant, Specialist in the Bacteri- ology of Bee Diseases, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, has been reprinted from the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 14, February, 1921, No. 1. ii;iiii:i;ii.iiii:iiii:iiiviiiiiiiii,;iii,ii;< iiiiiiii i;" I'li'ii:, iiii.nii iiii.hii:ii , rusliing toward Chieago. l\Iillioris of dollars invested and hundreds of men are re- ((iiired to keep this train "On Time." None ohject to the fare if the schedule is met, for we pay for Service, ]\Ir. Beekeeper outside Wisconsin asks prompt and com- plete shipment of "Beeware" from his distributer. The investment of thousands of dollars and hundreds of men in woods, railroad, factory, and branch make this pos- sible. National distribution is costly, T)ut we willingly pay for Service. Besides our word. Spend your Dollars and Sense. A trial will convince you today. LOOK FOR THIS BEE Hives AND BEWARE WHERE YOU BUY YOUR BEEWARE 'WATeffTOWN'^ WIS. MAKES THE FINEST. REGIS- TERED MARK G. B. Lewis Company II (line Office h^'<. 'Jfim.: Iniviicrs (Xi-nr Liiiirlihi< r:i} , ]'rotozoan, No,^eiiia (tills; and this view was lield until 1920, when Drs. Rennie and White, and Elsie J. Harvey of Great Britain (particularly the last named), discovered that the primary cause was not due to a protozoan or a bac- terium, but to a parasite or a mite, Tarsone- iiitis iroofU. This parasite, according to their paper, published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LII, Part 4, attacks the bees thru the breathing ori- fices. To quote exactly it ' ' occupies a very restricted region in that part of the tracheal system which has its origin at the anterior thoracic spiracle. In a well-established case of infection it will be found that, extending inward from this spiracle on either side in- differently, parasites in all stages of devel- opment may be present in any part of this portion of the respiratory system, whilst the ill effects of their presence may be seen not only in the region of occupation but in the muscular tissue to which these extend. * * * The primary parasitic invasion takes place thru one or both of the first pair of spiracular orifices, and apparently thru these alone. ' ' In sjjeaking of bees obtained from Italy and elsewhere. Dr. Rennie says: "In all, several hundreds of bees were obtained from this source. These, along with others ob- tained direct from Italy were searched for the presence of Tarsonemus. The result of these examinations was that the bees were found entirely free from the parasite. The evidence is so far satisfactory that it may be accepted that Tarsonemus is not being introduced to this country in Italian bees. Smaller numbers of Dutch bees so imported have also yielded on examination a similar result. Bees in limited numbers have also been obtained from Switzerland and from North Ainerica, all of which were also free from this parasite. ' ' On the question of whether bees in England are more suscep- tible to this disease. Dr. Rennie says again: ' ' It has been suggested that British bees of the present time are of a deteriorated breed, and have lost resisting power, so that Tarsonemus, a relatively non-patho- genic parasite ordinarily, is able to breed excessively. My provisional answer is that other racial forms are relatively affected. For example, Egyptian, Dutch, Punic, and Italian bees can' l3e readily infected, and in these Tarsonemus multiplies with disastrous results, as in British bees. But the question of the ability of a stock to survive a pro- longed period of Tarsonemus infection is not a simple one. Amongst other factors it in- volves the question of relative fertility of particular queens, as well as that of indi- vidual tolerance of the parasite." Provisionally it may be hoped that there is no disease of the kind here. The nearest to it that is found here is what is known as the disappearing disease. But this has one marked characteristic or symptom that is decidedly different from any found in the Isle of Wight disease. Colonies in- fected with the latter seldom recover with- June, 1921 a T, K A N I N 0 S IN B K K 0 U I. T TT K K 339 out treatnuMit, and tlic disease continues on unabated unless there is an extra good queen, in which case she may supply new bees faster than the old bees die off. In the case of the disappearing disease of this country, so far as known, the malady or disease or whatever it is, never lasts more than 10 days, at the end of which time the trouble disappears — hence the name, disap- pearing disease. It appears that the parasite, Tavsoncnuix iroodi, may be found in apparently perfect- ly normal or healthy bees. Bees carrying the mites will go to the fields and appar- ently function as well as bees that are healthy or without the mite; but, as the parasite begins to develop, the first symptom of their host or victim will be its inability to fly, altho it may appear to be perfectly normal in all other respects. After a time it joins other affected bees out in front of the entrance of the hive, there to die. The disease, therefor, is insidious in that a bee- keeper may have it and not know it until in the later stages he finds evidence show- ing disjointed wings and many bees crawl- ing around in front of the entrance. It is rather remarkable, even where only one or two of the first pair of spiracles may be af- fected, that paralysis of one or both of the wing muscles takes place. Apparently the perfect functioning of the first pair of tra- cheae is necessary in order to insure a nor- mal flight on the part of the bees. That the closing of the spiracles from any cause has a direct influence on the wings is proved by the fact that the same effect is produced by using any other means of closing these openings, such as warm paraffin. Experiments by Rennie have shown that, when these orifices are closed with paraffin, flight is made impossible al- most immediately, altho the bee seems to be perfectly normal in all other respects, and may continue so for several weeks at a time. The fact that it can not fly, how- ever, soon results in the clogging of the in- testinal passage. This was what gave rise to the belief that the disease or malady was due to a protozoan or bacterium in the in- testines. Bees normally will not discharge their feces except in flight. In this country beekeepers will often find in the apiary crawling bees unable to fly. Such bees are not infrequently found at the beginning of a honey flow or during a tem- porary attack of disappearing disease. While it is possible that the parasite may be in this country, the presumption is rather in favor of the supposition that some for- eign substances — possibly some dirt or pol- len gTains — have closed the first pair of spiracles, thus bringing on paralysis of the wings. Until more definite proof is fur- nished, this can be only a surmise or a guess. Until then the beekeepers of the United States should send all cases of bee paralysis, disapj)earing disease, and all bees around the entrance that are unable to fly, to Dr. K. V. rhillips of the Bureau of Ento- mology, AVashington, D. done our jiart ]>v supjilying room and xcntilation we blami' tlu^ qiuMMi. Hither she transmits to her progeny by hered- ity a swarming tendency, or she is failing and needs to be superseded. She is removed from the hive and a young laying ((ueen is introduced in her place after the colony has built cells for about eight days. That re- queens the colony and settles its swarming notions for another year. It was f^oni P. H. Elwood of New York State that I first got the idea of checking a persistent swarming impulse by taking out the queen, and we have adopted his name for the nucleus we make to give her work, and call it a "take out." A ''take-out" readily grows into a colony for increase, and can be requeened later when there are young queens to spare at the end of the season. IJcfdif the brood li ill (Mtierged in th<' lower story the qiu'cn is jnit lielow tlic excluder. of swarming. To go Ijack a step, we start ((ueeu-reai'iiig operations as early as possible in . the summer, so as to lia\e a batch of young laying queens in nuclei in each yard. This most imi)ortant [lart of the season's op- erations belongs exclusixcly to Miss E. 1>. I'ettit, and I shall not attemjjt to go into de- tails, further than to say that I sincerely hope that we sliall never be subjected again to the necessity of having our queens come to us thru the mails. When on the weekly round colonies are found with eggs in queen cells we consider that the impulse to swaiiii is still insipid, and that ])erliaps supering or \'entilation has been neglected. We destioy all cells that have eggs and cai'c for the otiicr <'onditions, and give the hive a special mark. Next tri)!. if cells with eggs only are again I ha\'e tried to present the matlcr of swarm pre\'eutiou, shorn of nia'.ui)ulat ion trimmings, as it appears to me, and may be ]iardone(l for going (tver the ground once again. In our ''locality'' the swarming ini- }tulse is the beekeeper's greatest enemy. The control of disease and winter conditions are (diild's i)lay compared with it. Yet, like all other enemies in agriculture, it is a blessing in disguise. It com])els us to give our colo- nies careful attention. We fight this enemy on two iVonts, selection in breeding, and inani|iulation. While selecting less-swarming drains we also stdect honey-gathering strains and those that carry their honey u])stairs in- steail of crowding tiic (picen. The xcntilatioir and inetlioil of supering wliitdi helji to con trol swarming by promoting colony morale GI. EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE •TuKE, 1921 stimulate lioney-gathcring and increase the crop. The new brood-chamber twice given in the early part of the season increases brood- rearing at the most important time. Every time we look over the brood-combs to see whether our swarm-prevention methods are successful we have a chance to detect disease on the start, and we study the behavior of each queen so as to replace her when she begins to fail. This seems more satisfactory than to attempt a wholesale requeening of every colony at a certain time whether it needs it or not. It would be an idea-l condition if all the colonies in an apiary were as uniform as the hives. Then the expert could go to an apiary, examine one hive and instruct his helpers to give certain treatment to them all. If all the queens were of the same age and parent- age and the colonies came thru the winter of uniform strength, this might be wisely done. Such uniformity is something to strive for, but until it can be obtained we find it profit- able to consider each colony a separate pa- tient, and the expert, the physician to diag- nose and prescribe. Even leaving a colony without a queen for a week or so is injurious, but we do not think it does so much harm as some of the ripping-up methods advised for every colony whether it needs them or not. When by care most of the colonies can be brought thru the season with no more seri- ous "operation" than a change of queens, without any queenless period, the increased profit more than pays for any extra trouble. The Building of Combs. I think it was Arthur Miller who said in The American Bee Journal with reference to numerous methods of wiring frames, "It's too bad, boys, to spoil all your fun, but just use heavier wire." I would add to that, use heavier foundation. Where we have the wax to use, we have it made six or seven sheets to the pound instead of the regulation eight. We do not fasten it to the top-bar. An extra horizontal wire one-quarter inch below the top-bar, supported in the middle by a staple, holds up the top edge until the hcc-s fasten it. That is the first thing thev do, if the frame of foundation is given them under right conditions, and they can do it while we are doing something else. We never put foundation in a brood- chamber — that is, where you get it cut away from the bottom-bar. It should almost touch the ends of frames and come so near the bottom-bar that it will be built fast, yet not close enough to buckle out and spoil the lower part of the comb. If sheets of founda- tion properly fitting the frames and well fastened to the wires by proper imbedding are given to colonies under right conditions, good combs will result. Our supering works out about like this: First, the extra brood-chamber of worker combs; next, a set of number-two combs. These are combs built on foundation but spoiled for brood-rearing by stretching or buckling. After combs of all descriptions, built on foundation, have been used, supers of foundation are put on next. Sometimes we put down a few partly filled combs into the super, which is going on, to help make a connection between the brood-chamber and the super work — that is, when it is empty combs going on. When colonies are rousing strong and the flow is good we do not con- sider this of much importance, and seldom mix combs with foundation. They bulge the combs over against the foundation to the disadvantage of both. When a colony, hav- ing three or four Langstroth supers of combs nearly full of green honey, is given a super of foundation between them and the brood-chamber, it fills up almost as rapidly as tho it were of drawn combs, provided the flow is still strong. If. not, the founda- tion will be drawn out at least enough to pass for comb next season, and the ripen- ing of the honey above will be hastened. So, with combs enough to hold two-thirds of the crop and tide the colonies over the most critical time for the swarming im- pulse, supers of foundation for the rest of the honey flow are rather an advantage all around. We like to reserve all drone combs to give room when taking otf the crop. Georgetown, Out. Opp of Morley Pettit's out-apiaries well piolected from prevailing winds. June, 1921 GT.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 343 I HAVE said several times that there was only one Dr. Miller in the world, and that there would never be another one; and while that statement is literally correct, if tliero is any man in the whole Southland who has in him some of the delightful personalities of the sage of Marengo, it is T. W. Livingston, Norman Park, Ga. He is comparatively unknown to the beekeeping world; but one can not THE DR. MILLER OF THE SOUTH An All-around Genius; a Pioneer in the Successful Use of an Extract- or Reversing on a Central '^i'vot By E. R. Root T. W. LivingstoJi the Dr. Miller of the Southland. While he does not look like Dr. Miller, yet in age, experience, and actual knowledge of bees, he is very much like him; and on top of it all he has Pr. Miller's loving mannerism. be in contact with him very long without being impressed that here is a beekeeper of more than average intelligence. Almost as old as Dr. Miller, he has a lovable manner- ism and a knowledge of bees and bee be- havior thjit is seldom surpassed. No, he is hot quite like Dr. Miller, in that he is not given to playful jokes; but he is like him because lie is so likable, and knows so much that's worth knowing. Mr. Livingston is somewhat like another doctor well known in beedom. I refer to Dr. G. L. Tinker, an inventor and mechanic. If you could take Dr. Miller and Dr. Tinker and make a comVjination of the two you would have Livingston. A short time ago I wrote him in a letter that he reminded me of Dr. Miller. He came back with the statement, "I do not think myself worthy to be called the Dr. Miller of the South. ' ' That is Mr. Livingston all over. He is very modest — extremely so — and that is why we have not heard more of him. But why is he like I)r. Tinker? If you could go thru his workshop you would see that he is a fine mechanic; and not only that, he could have become a mechanical engi- neer, and a first- class one, had he qualified for that in his younger days. I will explain later why I think so. Mr. Livingston is a northern man who wont south. He has been keeping bees in a modest way both north and south, and, like many another genius, he has studied his locality most thoroly, so that he probably knows more about Southland condi- tions than many men who have lived there all their lives. For example, his knowledge of honey plants, for one who does not pre- tend to be a botanist, is remarkable. He not only can give instanter the English but the Latin names of all the important honey plants in the South. As our readers know, we have in preparation quite an extensive volume, "The Honey-bearing IMants of North America," by Lovell. Naturally enough I was pleased to find a man who could assist Mr. Lovell. Central-Pivot Reversible Extractor. But the thing that, perhaps, interested me more, and the thing that caused me to visit Mr. Livingston in the first place, was his four-frame central-pivot reversible honey-extractor. Some 12 years ago, in con- sidering the two plans of reversing the combs in the extractor he decided on the type of machine that is now coming rapidly to the front; and during all these years our friend has been using this extractor — the same model that he made at first. It is light, portable, and stands service. The scheme of reversing the pockets is original with him, and quite, unique. One would al- nidst think it had been worked out by a trained nuH-hanical engineer. In any event it would take a mechanic to make it. Had This is a top view of Jjiviugslon's central-pivot four-frame reversible honey-extractor. Livingston was ahead of his time in deciding that this principle is correct. The reversing is accomplishing by means of a chain around each basket, communicating with a planetary-gear .system surrounding the shaft. Mr. I-ivingston has used this for 12 years wUb com- plete satisfaction, Gr>EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .TuNK, 19-21 Iiivingston not been of tlie typo of Dr. Tin- ker, ne could never have built it in his own woikshop. But he did. Unfortunately the principle does not lend itself to the use of power eight-frame extractors without add- l,i\ in':;'N(on's v>'->i'tiiljle extructin^- outtit. all of it im :i cominon Ford. It consists of a four-frame revers- ible extractor, uncapping outfit, and a takedown- able wire-screen buildino'. Tbe whole thing- can be put into operation in the space of a few minutes. ing comiilications. But it works on four- frniiie hand niac"hines admirably. Mr. Livingston runs a series of outyards, using this extractor in all of them. When he goes to an outyard to extract he takes along not only his extractor but his port- able takedownable extracting-house, made tip of a series of wire-screen panels, all on a common Ford. On arriving at .the yard it takes him only a short time to unlimber, set up his house, and begin extracting. At the end of his tlay 's operations he takes down the whole outfit and loads it on his Ford as shown in the illustration, when he is ready to go home. The next day he is ready for auotlier yard, and so on he goes thiu all of his extracting. ,J. J. Wilder nays tliat a central extracting station using l)0\V('r to dri\-e the extractor is not practic- able for this ]i;n-t of the South, and so Mr. 1 ixiiigstcii is ill liii(> with tlie jiractice of file t'oiith. It;' lias worked out a system of maiiage- iiiei t that enables liiiii to accomplish a, maximum of work with a minimum of labor and cajiital. For a man of his y(^ars he is able to accomplish an immense amount of work. He makes all his own supplies and scane for his neighbors; and Avith the help of his son-in-law, who is associated with liini, he is able to do quite a business in the productio}! of honey. In this connection perhaps T should ac- knowledge that both J. J. Wilder, who is located some 40 miles from Mr. Livingston, and Mr. Livingston himself, have called my attention to the fact that a mistake was made in Fig. 7, page 209 of April Gleanings. This is not the titi that yields what is com- monly called the titi honey of the South- land. While it is a titi, and occasionally yields a little honey at times, it is not the titi of the Southland that inter.^^ts bee- keepers. COMB HONEY PRODUCTION The Sfirit of the Hive. Hoijv to Increase the Crop by Speeedtng up the Workers By George S. Demuth BY u s i n g f o rehaiid- ed methods |irc\i(ius to the lioiK'N llow, es- pcciall.N' in ref- erence t(i ]iro- \-iding the bees with an abund- ance of stores to insure the gretitest amount of brood-rearing during the six or eight weeks just preced- ing the honey tlow, together with 'an abund- ance of room in the form of worker brood combs to prevent the beginning of any stag- nation or discontent which might cause the bees to prepare to swarm, the colonies usu- ally go ahead full speed doing exactly what the beekeeper desires they should do. When these two conditions have been provided, liiit little else need be doiu' for the bees at this time, exce])t such work as cliiijiing (jut'i-iis and looking for disease, if disease is imminent. In other words most of the work ]>ie\'ious to the honey flow can be done ''by rule of thumb methods'' and the. needed attention can be given far in advance. At the beginning of the honey flow the reverse of this cdiidition is usualh' true, for the beekeeper m u st now be const antly on the job ready for any emer- gency if he ex- pects to iiiirvest a full crop of honey. M a n y things can hap- pen during the honey flow to prevent the colonies from doing all that they are capable of doing in gathering and storing honey, especially in comb-honey produc- tion. Except when the greatest skill is used in the management during the lioney (low a large percentage of the co'onies will fall behind in the race, leaving only a few fortunate ones which have really done what they could. At the close of the season these few colonies, sometimes giving a yield dou- ble the average for the ajiiary, become wit- nesses bearing testitnony as to the high cost of even some of the slightest mistakes in management. After having provided conditions by which a great army of "harvest hands" are now ready, and others soon to b;^ ready for the harvest, which in most localities .IlNK, 1921 G L E A N I N G S T X REE C U I. T U U E 345 suitable for conib-liouoy production is sliort in duration, the beekeeper should now get out of these workers every ounce of energy he can induce them to surrender for his profit. If anyone should have any senti- ment against doing this, let him remember that the bees apparently are hapjiiest Avhen working the harvest. Let us increase their hapj)iness. Visible and Invisible Loafing. Comb-honey producers are well acquaint- ed with the tendency of bees to loaf, even iluring a good honey flow when conditions are not the most favorable. Sometimes the most trifling adverse condition upsets the spirit for work and brings visible loafing. At other times the loafing is less in degree and may not be noticed by the beekeeper. In either case it means a loss. Loafing, whether visible or invisible, usually in- creases until the cavise is removed, and sometimes for a long time afterward. For this reason the prevention of even tlie slightest tendency to loaf during the honey flow is really one of the biggest problems with which a comb-honey producer has to deal. For, if this can be accomplished, seri- ous loafing can be prevented and swarming can be greatly reduced. During some sea- sons most of the colonies that prepare to swarm could have been induced by better management to work energetically thruout tlie season without a thought of swarming. Conditions Reducing Colony Morale. Some strains of bees are more inclined to loaf than others. Old bees usually work less vigorously than younger bees, and colo- nies having old and failing queens usually work with less energy than colonies having vigorous queens. Queenless colonies, espe- cially those hopelessly queenless, usually work with less vigor than queen-right colo- nies. It is well known that anything which causes discomfort to the bees within the hive, such as heat, lack of viMitilation, or lack of room, may start loafing. Insufficient room for ripening and storing the incoming nectar or conditions suggesting a comple- tion of the season 's work, such as sealing honey down adjacent to the brood, as is normal at the close of the season, are strong factors in causing bees to loaf. Any con- ditions within the hive which in any way tend to check the freest expansion of the liive work, apparently checks the work of the field force almost immediately, and when the field workers begin to remain in the hive during the day in increasing num- bers visible loafing is soon brought about. Colonies which surround the brood-nest with a rim of honey and confine their work to the brood-chamber, as at the close of the season, usually loaf badly. In fact, those conditions which were mentioned last month as bringing on a tendency to swarm, are the very ones which bring on a tendency to loaf. Even the destruction of queen-cells, in the attempt to induce a colony to give up swarming, often results in a V>ad case of loafing, except possibly when this is done soon after the queen-cells were started. When the beekeeper by force prevents the bees from carrying out their program in swarming after it has once been started, the bees often retaliate by loafing. Thus when bees and beekeeper work rn opposite directions, the bees, not being permitted to have their own way, may take it out in sul- len loafing in the midst of a good honey flow. In some things they can be led, but not driven. Conditions Increasing Colony Morale. It is not enough merely to prevent the tendency to loaf, but the workers should be stimulated to do their utmost while the honey flow lasts. Each of the field work- ers could surely make more than four or five trips for nectar during a day, which is about their usual average day's work. Any condition which speeds up the work within the hive, especially by inducing the younger bees to leave the brood-nest to go to the su[)ers earlier in their lives, tends to speed uj) the work of the field bees. The ideal condition for best work is that of pro- viding a job for all of the bees which stay within the hive as soon as they are old enough for inside work. This is the condi- tion in a newly hived swarm. Eeducing the number of idle hive workers apparently speeds up the work of the field bees. Beekeepers have long been familiar with the energetic work of a newly hived swarm, or of a colony just beginning a new job, such as preparing a set of newly added ex- tracting combs for incoming nectar, espe- cially when these combs are placed adjacent to the brood with but little if any honey between. If the stimulus resulting from the beginning of a new job could be sustained thruout the honey flow, no doubt the field workers would each carry in six or eight loads of nectar per day instead of four, thus increasing the crop of honey in pro- portion. This is exactly what the skillful beekeeper attempts to do, and the extent to which he is able to keep his bees contented and to stimulate them to put forth greater effort determines to a large extent the amount of honey he can produce with the working force which is available during the honey flow. By skillful management during this time the beekeeper is able to secure yields of honey probably never equaled by colonies of equal strength in their natural state, and certainly never equaled by colonies that are neglected. Effect of Skillful Supering. After the honey flow has begun, a stagna- tion of colony activity must be prevented and the stimulus of new work must come, to a large extent, thru the management of the supers. This is where the production of extracted honey by giving empty combs ad-- jacent to the bi'ood, offering a new job for the bees again and again as more room is 340 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1921 Fig. 1. — A prompt be- ginnin'? in the first super is important. needed during the honey flow, gives the pro- ducer of extracted honey a groat advan- tage. The nearer a comb-houey producer can approximate these conditions, the nearer will his yield approach that of the extracted-honey producer. In conib-h o n e y production much can be done to en- tice the multitude of oncoming younger bees out of the brood-chamber early in their lives by giving them work in comfort- able and attractive supers. The draw- ing out of full sheets of fresh foundation, the building of new comb, and the ripening and moving about of the raw nectar when carried on extensively by the hive workers, apparently all tend to stimulate the field force to bring home more loads of nectar during the day. At the same time the absence of the field force from the hive during the heat of the day must add greatly to the comfort of the bees within the hive, thus facilitating their work and increasing the spirit for work in the entire colony. A prompt beginning in the first supers is extremely important in tiding a colony over this critical period. The colonies should be strong enough when the first supers are given to send a force of comb-builders into these supers large enough to fill them with bees. The brood-chamber should be almost completely filled with brood to the top-bars, so that there will be no rim of honey be- tween. It is better if the foundation is fresh, so the bees will draw it out thruout the entire super before these newly made cells are really needed for the storage of nectar. When conditions are less favorable at least one bait comb should be used in the first super. When two-story colonies are reduced to a single story at the time of putting on the first comb-honey super, it is sometimes best to give each of these strong colonies two supers at the same time. Effect of Crowding from Supers Back into Brood-Chamber. After work is begun in the first super, if no other supers are given until the combs are built out, it should be noted that the space in the supers that can be occupied by bees is being reduced as the combs are drawn out, until finally there is only about one-fourth of an inch left between the comb and the separator, so that most of the bees are crowded out and must go back into the brood-chamber. This is almost sure to cause the colony to work less vigorously. The same thing happens if the bees are driven • from the super because it is too hot or be- cause the hive is not well ventilated. If the colony is strong enough to draw out the foundation uniformly in all of the sections, and the honey How is promising, a second super should be given, even tho but little honey is stored in the first one. In order to induce additional comb-build- ers to go up into the supers, this second super may be placed below the first one. If conditions are favorable, the foundation in the second super will be drawn out within a few days and these shallow cells can be used for the evaporation of the incoming icetar. The bees apparently enjoy spread- ing out the raw nectar, a little in each cell, thus hastening its ripening by increasing the surface of the nectar exposed to the air. Before much honey has been stored in the second super it may in turn be raised up and a third super given. This operation may be repeated as often as necessary to keep the bees busy drawing out foundation and to attract more and more of the young- er bees from the brood-chamber into the supers. In order to hasten the completion of the first super that was given it may be placed immediately above the super in which the bees are drawing out foundation, while the other supers are arranged above it in the order that they were put on the hive, the one in which the least wc^ik has been done being placed on top. If it were possible to foretell the num- ber of supers that each colony would finish during the honey flow, it would be well to induce the bees to draw out the foundation and begin comb-building in that many su- pers as early in the honey flow as possi- ble, then give an extra one to be placed on top as soon as the founda- tion is completelj' drawn, the purpose of this extra super being to contain the overflow of nectar during the process of ripening. This extra super, having served as an e V a p 0 r a t- ing chamber this season, can then be taken off' before the combs and sections become soiled with jiropolis and be given as the first super next year. When the New Super Should Be Added on Top. Colonies that are not strong enough to send a large force of comb-builders into the first supers should not have their super room expanded so rapidly. A good rule to follow is to place the new super under those in which work has been started, provided the colony is strong enough, and the honey flow is good enough to cause the bees to draw out the foundation uniformly thruout the super. If they draw out only those in the middle of the sui>er, the second super '-eg ^ Fig 2. — Second .s ii p e r placed below the fiist. June, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 347 / C^;-^ I should be placed on _^ 1 top at first, and no super should be raised up and an- other put under it until the founda- tion has been com- pletely drawn in all of the sections. If the honey flow is slow or if the nec- tar is thicker when first gathered, the work of drawing out the foundation, comb-building, the Third super ripening of nectar, jlow and first '^ ^ ° , . , , and sealing the honey may all be done in a single super. In this case the newly added super should be placed on top. The thing to keep in mind when adding supers is to avoid, on the one hand, too many unfinished sections by giving addi- tional room too fast; and to avoid, on the other hand, the lack of stimulation which comes from newly added room for new work and an abundance of comb surface for ripening nectar. The surplus apartment, whether made up of one super or half a dozen supers, should have some fresh foun- dation being drawn until near the close of the honey flow. Rapid expansion of super work should take place during the early part Fig. 3.- placed belo just above it. ^ of the honey liow, while during the latter part of the honey (low the super work should be concentrated. During hot weather added ventilation may be given by pushing the first super for- ward on the brood-chamber about an inch. This will form an opening at the back of the hive just above the ends of the top-bars of the brood-frames. Such openings should not be made between the supers, since the bees may fail to finish the sections nearest such openings. The beekeeper who by skillful supering is able to entice most of the rapidly on- coming younger bees into the supers early in their lives, and who keeps his colonies comforta- ble at all times, t h e r eby increases his crop. With most of the younger bees in the supers and most of the older bees in the fields during the heat of the day, it would seem that each of field workers should make six or eight trips for nectar during the day in- stead of four. ^ Pig. 4. — First super left in same position until finished. CLASSIFYING THE QUEENS Wh-y 2iueen Bleeders List Different Grades of Untested ^eens. Vari- ation in Tested ^eens By H. D. Murry SOME confu- sion seems to exist in the minds of beekeepers about the proper clas- sification of queens — espe- cially the un- tested queens. In the January issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture, page 44, George W. Moore says: "Many queen-breeders have lost my trade by listing two kinds of untested queens^ — ■ the good and the bad." Since I read that quotation, I have had a letter from a friend, whom I know to be a well-informed beeman, expressing the same idea. As well informed as we all know the late Dr. Miller to have been, I recall more than one reference to this subject, and he admitted that the mat- ter was not clear to liis mind. I do not re- call that any queen-breeder has ever at- tempted to make the matter clear. Perhaps they may be afraid to stir the matter up, as it may lead to more controversy than the best and busiest queen-breeders have time for. As I am, at least temporarily, out of the list of advertisers of queens, I am going to make the at- tempt. I have no ax to grind and nothing to lose. Paying for good Looks. The confusion seems to arise from the fact that the average beekeeper has only two kinds of untested queens in mind, untested and select untested, while the up- to-date queen-breeder recognizes three kinds, as they first appear in his queen-yard — un- tested, select untested, and culls. The culls get their heads pinched off, and, as he is not selling that kind, he does not list them in his advertisement. Eliminating the culls, there remain the untested queens to classify. This is mere- ly a matter of choice, and two queen-breed- ers might not make the same classification of the queens. One may be governed by what he believes to be the inclination of the average customer. For instance, there has been a tendency among beekeepers to keep the yellowest bees they could get. If the queen-broeder is catering to this ten- GLEANINGS T X P. R K V T' I. T T R R Junk, 1921 deney, lie selcils tlu' yi'llowcst queens to send out as select untested. If he is pay- ing little or no attention to color, he merely selects the queens that present the best ap- pearance, according to his idea as to what a perfect queen should look like. So it just comes down to the fact that the man who bu.ys select untested queens is paying most- ly for looks. The queens selected are not necessarily any better to head a colony run for honey than the ordinary untested queens. If the queen-breeder sold only the select untested queens and pinched off the heads of all the balance, it would make the price of queens prohibitive. For instance, suppose the queen-breeder has an order for six select untested queens. He goes into his queen-yard and out of a lot of probably .'50 untested queens he selects six that come tlie nearest to looking like his ideal of a queen. Now, suppose he is selling untested queens at $2.00 each, and select untested at .$2.2.5 each. By selling six at $2.2.5 each, $1:5.50, and the other 24 at $2.00 each, or $48.00, he realizes $61.50 for the lot of .SO (jueens. If he is always to kill all but the select queens, he must get as much for the six select queens as he should have realized for the 30 queens, or go out of the business of raising queens. I know that some queen- breeders claim they raise only select queens, but they will hnve to show me before I am convinced. Classifying Tested Queens. Passing on to tested queens, we find some- what the same state of affairs. Suppose we examine a number of colonies and see what we find. We open the first hive and find the bees show three yellow bands. We de- cide at once that the queen is a purely- mated Italian. Looking more closely we find many bees that do not show all the characteristic markings of the Italians. The third band is not very clear on some of them and some of the bees are small. The brood in the combs is not packed in closely, many cells remaining vacant. The force of bees seems to be running down, and, if the main harvest is on, they are not doing good work in the super. While this is a tested queen, she is not good, and we mark her hive for recjueening at the first opportun- ity. She is ;i cull that has gotten by in in- troducing, or she may be an old and failing queen. In any event, she is not to be sold to anybody at any price. The next hive opened shows the bees with all the characteristic markings of their race, the yellow bands about the same width on nearly all the bees. The combs are fairly well filled with brood, evenly placed, but showing a few vacant cells here and there. The colony is in a thrifty condition, and the pros])ect is that we shall get a fair av- eiage crop of surplus from it. Upon exam- ining the queen, she may or may not show all the characteristic markings of the pure Italian. She may be a little off color, or jjossibly a little under the size of our ideal queen. But her work shows that she is a valuable queen to head a colony run for honey, so we may shiji her out as a tested (lueen. Select Tested Queens and Breeders. The next hive opened shows bees with all the characteristic markings of their race. They are apparently of good size, and even color. The brood is closely packed in the combs, hardly a cell being left vacant, and the general condition of the colony shows they are prospering. The queen is large and fine looking, with all the characteristic markings of her race. The colony really may not be any more prosperous, or give promise of any better results in the super tlian the last colony examined; but on ac- count of the better appearance of the queen, she is placed in the class from which breed- ers are selected, and we call her a select tested queen. Breeding queens are merely select tested queens that have been tries to act as nurses, there must be some si]ri)lus honey in the hive, there must be a large amount of brood in all stages, and there must be both nectar and pollen com- ing in from the fields. These conditions are right for swarming, and they are also right for rearing queens. The beginner should tackle the queen-rearing job when the con- ditions are the most favorable; so he should begin as soon in the spring as the colonies are in the condition describ(>d. If the queen is removed from such a c(d- ony, the bees will construct queen-cells; and, if care is taken to select only the best cells, very good queens may be reared. This is a very simple method; but, as the bees often choose larvae too old for best results, it should not be used if a better one, that is not too comjilicated, can be used. A method that gives every whit as good (|ueens as can be reared in any manner I will give in the following short article. In my earlier experience I used this, and I found it to give most excellent results. It combines two features that should appeal t knife cut right down beside the bottom-bar to the top-bar, inclining the frame so the thick slab of honey will fall over on the board, capping side down, cut- ting the comb as close to the foundation as is safe without cutting it. The frames are then set aside to drain until enough are se- cured to fill the extractor, when what honej' remains is thrown out. The slabs of honey are then cut up into squares of suitable size to handle with a pancake turner, when they are put into buckets, capping surface up. When the bucket is nearly full cover all with ex- tracted honey, seal the bucket, and there you have several pounds of the finest comb honey ever produced. It has no tough mid- rib, or burrs as is often the case with sec- tion honey, and the canned slices retain all the delicate aroma of the comb. Of course it may be called a "mussy mess," but to my notion it is the finest-eating honey produced. My friends and neighbors never complain of its "mussiness" when presented with a sample for their tables. Mentone, Ala. Dr. C. F. Parker. 2C^CS= MEETING THEIR WATERLOO Black and Hybrid Bees Being Wiped Out in Pacific Northwest Slicing oil' slabs of honey to be sold ii.s bulk comb hnnoy. 'I'lip thin comb or midril) is then pnt thru tlie e-xtractor and returned to the bees to be refilled. There are two ranges of mountains be- tween the coast line and the interior. The coast range of mountains divides tlie coast proper from the valleys that extend to the Cascade Mountains, and east of the Cas- cade Mountains lies the interior country — a vast empire largely given over to produc- ing alfalfa, grain, and stock. The alfalfa regions support thousands of colonies of bees that produce honey by the carload. The climate west of the Cascade Range is more humid and equable, and as one ap- proaches the coast humidit}^ increases and the temperature is more even, extremes be- ing rarely known. If it were not for the rain that generall.y prevails in the sj)ring months, the coast counties and valleys clear to the Cascade Range would be ideal for bees, but weather conditions are such that sometimes bees cannot fly to advantage. When we do have a few days without rain- fall, considerable su])plies are gathered and colonies build up rapidly. But here's the rul): Just as soon .as brood-rearing comnu'nces in earnest we look for foul brood, and we generally find some, 352 G T. K A N T N G S IN B ?: K C U I. T U R R Junk, 1921 ^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE p' -«-^^--' .^ _ _. _ _ Is the germ 7/rrr, or is it an epidemic? We hear it is not so prevalent in the eastern jiart of tlie State with its drier climate. Can the humidity be an indirect agent or cause? There is no question as to the greater susceptibility of blacks to this trouble here. Colonies purchased from outside districts may appear to have no disease when bought, yet after a few weeks they will show foul brood in a greater or less degree. Did they get it here, or was it purchased with them? It is certainly discouraging to those who buy blacks expecting to Italian- ize, to tind on the arrival of the queens that a large portion of the brood is diseased, and what was a promising colony is now re- duced to a nucleus. You can readily see wiiere it places us at the beginning of the season, and what a handicap the bees have to overcome. Now here is the question: If the infec- tion is here for the blacks, why not for the Italians? Nearly all Italians are clean and healthy. Is it any wonder that whole dis- tricts are bee-less owing to the ravages of foul brood when the colonies were blacks, or hybrids, which are but little, if any, bet- ter? There is a great chance here for re- search work covering the cause and the source of the trouble. The use of Italian bees and of the very best is an imperative necessity I find the good old three-banders are by far the Vjest for ////.s- trouble, as well as for all other purposes. Our fond hope and only salvation are in the recent organi- zation of county and state thru which we expect to teach better methods of beekeep- ing, and persuade beekeepers to Italianize. Unless we can do this thoroly in all dis- tricts, the ease is hopeless. The wonder to me is they cannot themselves see the light, but when shown they acknowledge the dif- ference between thine and mine. One in- stance brings this forcibly to mind: A so-called beekeeper, who at one time was a successful producer, was taken to in- spect his colonies that were scattered thru the hills along the Columbia River. Seventy- five per cent of them were found to be rot- ten— many dead, and not a single healthy colony. Bees were blacks, equipment was fair, but prospects nil! Owner couldn't tell how it happened, but called it bad luck. He now sees the light, for after leaving the horrible mess, with recommendation to burn, a visit w^as made to a real beekeeper and the poor man's eyes fairly bulged when shown colony after colony of three-banders boiling over with bees, with healthy brood, and encouraging prospects. This is a prac- tical demonstration of real value, and one that counts. The lesson taught this man will never be forgotten, but this doesn 't tell us how it comes, or why. E, J. Ladd. Portland, Ore. I Much is already known about lioio EuTO- ]iean foul Vjrood comes. Robbing of in- fected colonies is a fruitful source of infec- tion. Nurse bees from an infected colony, which have been feeding larvae and l)rob- ably liave been cleaning out dead larvae, may return to the wrong hive after a play- flight. The beekeeper may transpose combs containing the infection from a diseased colony to a healthy one. Honey in some cases may be the medium thru which the infection is carried, tho in European foul brood this is probably not an important source. When one stops to think of how many ways the infection may be transmit- ted he ceases to wonder why the disease sometimes spreads so rapidly, and begins to wonder why any colony in an infected api- ary ever escapes. Why it comes has already been demonstrated again and again in wide- ly scattered regions thruout the country. It comes because the colony that gets it is either not strong enough to clean out the infected material thoroly and keep it cleaned out, or because the bees for some reason are not inclined to clean it out. Some strains of bees are more energetic than others in cleaning out the dead larvae, and at certain seasons any strain of bees do a better job of cleaning than at others. Strong colonies of Italian bees usually keep the combs free from dead larvae ex- cept sometimes during the period of heavi- est brood-rearing in the spring. If a good honey flow comes on at this time, the bees at once become more active in cleaning out the infection. For this reason, in the region east of the Cascades, where heavy spring brood-rearing comes on later and is followed b_y the honey flow from alfalfa, the disease would naturally be less prevalent, since the honey flow stimulates the bees to clean house better at the time European foul brood would otherwise have been the worst. In any region where there is a dearth of nectar, or adverse weather prevents the bees from working in the fields at the time European foul brood usually does the great- est danuige, the disease may be expected to be bad, and it is apparently always worse when the colonies are weak. Wherever European foul brood is present tlie beekeeper, in order to succeed, must make a greater effort than ever before to have his colonies abundantly strong during the critical period for this disease in the spring. For this reason many beekeepers, who have fought their way thru a siege of this disease, say that they are securing lar- ger crops than before, because they now have stronger colonies at the beginning of the honey flow. Strong colonies of vigor- ous bees cure many other beekeeping ills besides that of European foul brood. — Edi- tor.] .liNi;, lifil (i h K \ N I N (i S r N GO it, Bill M e 1 1 V i r, you are on the right track. An exti';i jtcck of bees to the hive in June is a n acquisition worthy of youi- efforts; but tlon 't let that cow (May Gleanings, page 292) get those bundles of bills, for money is going to be \-erv useful during the next two years. Grace Allen gives us, on pages 286 and 287, a charming picture of the life of a colony of bees for a year, well worth the ciireful consideration of young beekeepers. » » » "Beware a Shortage of Stores," is the first editorial in Gleanings in Bee Culture for May, and stands out like a danger sig- nal beside the road, or a great red buoy over a submerged rock. One of the vexations of swarm control is looking up queens when the hive is full and running over with bees. By F. G. Eauch- fuss ' method this can be largely avoided. Thank you, Mr. Eauchfuss and Gleanings. This will save many a hard-worked bee- keeper a backache in looking up queens, and be worth many times the cost of a bee journal for a year. One thousand dollars for the honey from 2.'! colonies! Well, that looks prettv good. We hardly need to be told that O. O. Bar- ton of South Dakota is a model beekeeper. Just look at that picture, page 291. Notice how erect every hive is. No covers askew, no weeds growing in front of them. "Straws tell whi(di wav the wind blows.'' On page 281, T. V. Damon recommends hospital yards for bees under treatment for European foul brood. This is certainly de- sirable wherever circumstances favor; but where no convenient place can be secured, the queen should be caged or removed at once. This will stop brood-rearing imme- diately in every hive affected and, of course will keep the disease from spreading in that hive or to adjoining hives. «■ * * Much space is given in the May number of Gleanings to the best method of the pre- vention of swarming, or perhaps I should say for controlling it. This gives us time to go over the whole subject again before we are too busy to study it carefully. For securing surplus, I notice also increased em- phasis is laid by standard writers on the value (if double brood -chambers ami of a large sui)i>ly o<^' honey early in the season. (' r l.'r V It K 353 Mr. At water, l>age 279, uses cleats to strengthen the top of his brood- chambers, and instead of hand- holes for the lifting of hives. We have used them for more than 50 years and can testify as to their value. He '^also recommends ex- tra combs of honey for spring in building up strong colonies for the main honey flow. A. I. Eoot, on page :!02, introduces us to a new variety of annual sweet clover. Let them come. This shows the variable nature of this plant that in the hands of a skilful lilant-breeder may become one of the most \aluable of forage plants. I noticed a wide variation in the small lot of annual sweet clover I raised last year. This plant, as now grown, is quite imperfect. If, instead of one stem, it would throw out a large number of small branches near the ground, fo as to be more acceptable to stock, it would add much to its value. Its leaves should be larger than it now produces. Some years ago shaking a colony on to empty combs or roundation was highly rec- ommended. We don't hear as much "about it of late. Yet Mr. Demuth, in his excellent article on "Comb-honey Production," says on page 276, "In some cases taking away the brood, leaving most of the bees, the queen, and the supers together in the hive on the old stand as in hiving a natural swarm, gives best results." Again he says, "In other cases the queens should be removed or killed, all queen-cells destroyed, and the colony left until the tenth "day when all queen-cells should again be de- stroyed and a young laying queen intro- duced." Now what n)akes the difference"? We have practiced the former method for many years, and have found that it is some- what difficult to succeed in shaking if you have an old or failing queen, or if the colony is just at the point of swarmng. Unless the colony is very strong the supers are liable to be vacated to some extent. If shaken on to foundation alone, they may desert the liivc. A single comb, together wath the frames of foundation, will usually satisfy the newly sliaken swarm. We have found them liable to swarm out if even a little un- sealed brood is given them; but' several combs of honey or sealed brood can be given without tempting them to swarm out, and the emerging brood helps to keep up their strength. Under right conditions it cer- tainly works Avell. If conditions are not right, it is belter, as he says, to remove the (piei'ii. .1 O T. E A N I N O R IN BEE C V T. T T^ K E June, 1921 w c HAPPY HOURS IN TEXAS CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) ur HEN wo left the train in San Antonio early one morn- ing in late March, after a warm and tiring trip from Cali- fornia, d i s a p- pointing- because we went thru tlie gorge- ously colored desert portion at night, I had no idea I would be writing under the above heading a few weeks later. I was half sick, wholly heartsick at leaving California in "blossom time," and not a little homesick for our three children back in Ohio. One worries over her children even when her baby is 13 years old. But my personal con- ductor (let "me abbreviate him into "p. c." hereafter in this article. He earned the title bv whisking me around a five-thousand- mile loop in exactly 30 days, 9 of the nights and uncounted days in so-called sleeping cars.), disregarding my hints that he might as well leave me in a hospital while he tiansacted his business in San Antonio, took me to a dear old hotel near the Alamo. Hav- ing convinced the clerk, with some difficulty, that we must have a very airy and cool room, and having insisted that I eat some breakfast, my p. e. departed and left me to my own devices. A refreshing bath followed by a soothing nap near three large, wide open windows drove away headache and exhaustion and presented the world as a delightful and in- teresting planet again. When your wife 's temper shows room for improvement try that treatment on her, Mr. Subscriber. It is more effectual and agreeable than any bottled tonic. At noon my p. c. returned and during lunch informed me that I was to go with a friend for a drive out to Medina Lake and that we must go early, as a storm was threatening. Soon after we started we came to a little river which winds wilfully thru the heart of San Antonio. Instead of the road crossing this river on a bridge in the conventional way, the river appeared to have the right of way and crossed the road, for our friend drove right down to the water and splashed into and thru it before I had time to more than gasp. I knew that horses could ford shallow streams but hadn 't real- ized that automobiles were so accomplished. Years ago there was a popular picture called "A Yard of Koses," and a compan- ion picture, "A Yard of Pansies. " My rea- son for betraying my age by the allusion is that I shall always rememljer that ride to Medina Lake as ' ' Thirty Miles of Flowers. ' ' Our friend to whom I am indebted for the ride, B. I. Solomon of San Antonio, an ard- ent Texan, altho born in Florida, apparently inherited some of the wisdom of his name- sake. He had previously told me he was going to keep us in San Antonio until I 3 %j ^ was ready to write on ' ' My Texas "as I had written on ' ' My California ' ' a year ago, and then he started on that beauti- ful " T h i r t y Miles of Flow- ers " drive without a hint of what was in store for me. Words cannot do justice to flowers, nor can pictures; but if an artist should make an attempt to paint the wild flowers of Texas he should have on his palette not only all the brilliant colors known, but should have the ability to mix the delicate pastel shades as well. Flowers were everywhere, growing at the side of the road, in the fields, on rocky hillsides and even in the trees. Imagine a field, its green background almost covered with graceful flowers of tlie purest deep blue, a rare color in flowers, much the shade of certain hardy larkspurs. Across the road and only a few feet from the blue flowers were great masses of flam- ing rose flowers, varying from salmon rose to a pure rose color with no yellow in it. The only cultivated flower which I can re- call approaching it in brilliance is the flame-colored azalea. The blue flower was the Texas "bluebonnet, " the State flower. It is the same lupine which grows in abund- ance in California, but it seemed to me the Texas lupine was more purely blue with no hint of purple in it. Another wise gentle- man, H. B. Parks, a Gleanings correspond- ent and enthusiastic botanist, whom I met the next day, told me that the bluebonnet is not a honey plant but yields large stores of pollen at a time when it is much needed by the bees. The flaming rose flower is commonly called the ' ' Indian Paint Brush, ' ' and is similar to the bougainvillea because its true flower is tiny and inconspicuous, and it is the surrounding foliage which is so gorge- ously colored. Just to mention a few more of the most striking, there were pale yellow, primrose- like flowers with a black blotch in the cen- ter of each flower; yellow blossoms resem- bling marigolds, flowers of a delicate pink growing in large clusters; large, cup-shaped white flowers with buds in varying shades of pink, the same pink color sometimes showing on the under side of the petals of the fully opened flowers; cup-shaped flow- ers of a brilliant wine red; and bunches of blue flowers growing in ar large shrub or tree, looking at a little distance like two- dollar bundles of violets all over the tree. On close examination these last named ap- peared more like the wistaria or locust in shape, and Mr. Parks told me it is known as the mountain laurel in Texas on account of its evergreen leaves. There were many other wonderful flower- Junk, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 365 ing trees — the pink Howeriug acacia, the catsclaw; that wonderful honey plant, the mesquite; some which I shall not attempt to spell, and many more which I have for- gotten. The mesquite is beautiful, its fol- iage much like the pepper tree of Califor- nia, and the dark-green mistletoe, which frequently clings to it, contrasts beauti- fully with its light-green leaves. I was much interested in a low-growing purple flower which seems abundant in every part of Texas, even on the desert. From its clusters and general habit of growth I was sure it was a cousin of the garden verbena, and Mr. Parks told me I was right. A pretty variety of dwarf phlox also grows wild in Texas. MEDINA LAKE lies way back in the hills; and, as the road climbed high- er, different varieties of flowers ap- peared, and the contrasting shades of the evergreen and various deciduous shrubs on the hillsides were beautiful. A mammoth irrigation project with immense dam has greatly enlarged the lake until it is now some 25 miles long, winding among the hills. The view of the lake and gorge from the top of the great dam was wonderful, altho Mr. Solomon was much disappointed be- cause the approaching storm, which covered the sky with gray clouds, prevented me from seeing the lake in sunshine, when it is as blue as the Caribbean sea. My p. c. saw the water at its bluest last fall, and had conspired with Mr. Solomon to give me the ti«eat; but he never saw the "Thirty Miles of Flowers" at their best, so I rather think we are even. On the way back Mr. Solomon obligingly stopped the machine at various points and gathered specimens of flowers until I had an armful of beauties, and the heavy storm caught us. Ordinarily I dislike to ride over macadam made slip- jtery by rain, but a combination of chauf- feur and roadster which can ford streams is not likely to skid, and we returned to my p. c. in good orde)'. AN equally delghtful drive, a few days later, was thru Braekenridge Park of San Antonio. The same little river beautifies this park, and miles of cool drives thru the trees make it an accessible play- ground. San Antonio, like so many towns thruout the West, by maintaining a public camping ground, shows a charming spirit of hospitality to motor tourists or home seekers traveling by wagon. In Bracken- ridge Park fuel, water, and lights are free to campers in a section reserved for their use. But the best part of the park is where someone with a vision has transformed what must have been an eyesore into a beauty spot. We had been climbing rather steep grades, and Mr. Solomon was craftily calling my attention to various interesting features on the right when I happened to turn my head to the left, and there, way down below us, so far down it almost made one dizzy, was a beautiful sunken garden efl^ect, miniature lakes, islands, and arching stone bridges, flowers, shrubbery, green grass and vines, rough steps hewn out of the rocky walls at the sides leading to pavilions with roofs thatched with palm leaves and supported by pillars of small stones, a sort of Japanese garden with a touch of the Spanish influence. It is charm- ing now and with care will grow more beautiful from year to year, and just a short time ago it was nothing but an abandoned stone quarry. When we were crossing the endless" miles of desert country a few days before, I had been impressed with the strange formation of many of the hills. Loose, flat stones were piled one above another in such a way as to suggest towering retaining walls of masonry. It was hard to believe that they were not built by human hands. I'd love to go over that route with a wise geologist to explain the country, accompanied by my own p. c. also, of course. To return to the park, much of the pic- turesque effect was obtained by the use of just such stones, used in a manner to sug- gest the way they appeared in the desert. For instance, the pillars which held the lights in the park and sunken garden were slender, pyramid-like columns of these stones, and the electric lights were cleverly hidden near the top. They were also used to construct the pillars supporting the palm- thatched roofs of the pavilions and in the bridges and dams. And the flowers proved that the State which has such wonderful wild flowers can also grow most beautiful garden flowers. There was a great profusion of dwarf phlox, verbenas, and pansies in the greatest variety of rich colors, and I imagine summer flowers will be just as abundant later on. There were aquatic plants in the little lakes and fine shrubbery everywhere. A few adobe Mexican houses near by, de luxe editions, you might say, gave one op- portunity to buy pottery and curios and fur- nished "local color."' Mr. Solomon bought some tanuxles; but, in comparison with the delicious dinner which Mrs. Solomon had ready for us on our return, they seemed a little tasteless. SOMEONE may wonder why I haven't used the title ' ' My Texas ' ' after an invitation to do so, which might be called a hospitable threat. I did intend to, and then it occurred to me it would be rather presuming to adopt the whole im- mense State when I have never stopped in any town in it except San Antonio, and my two visits there have been altogether too brief. For several reasons the "Happy Hours" title is likely to fit any travel articles which come off my typewriter; I dearly love to (Continued on page 382.) a 1. K A X I N (i s I X I! E K ('II. 'I' r i; k .ll'NK. lfC21 c Beekeeping as a Side Line LJ WITH a 1 1 the wealth of practi- cal beekeeping literature avail- able, it is iinff)i- givable for any- one to s t a r t keeping bees without provid- ing himself vvitli either books or govern- ment bulletins or bee journals, or, better still, all three. Take the one matter of disease, for instance, to which unfortunate- ly bees are subject; only the beekeeper who reads .carefully (and watches his bees close- ly) can detect its early presence and know how to treat it. One thing, however, that the new reader must try to avoid is the state of mind that cannot see the woods for the trees; where he becomes so lost in details that he fails to get a compreheiisive view of the whole sequence. Before trying to master the many different systems piacticed by the many dif- ferent beekeepers in the many different lo- calities, he should have in mind the general outline of the season 's work. And it must be remembered that it is merely the march of the season itself and the natural activi- ties of the bees themselves that determine this. Beekeeping is far from being an exact science. There are some very definite (and some, alas! very indefinite) principles to guide the new sideline beekeeper. But there are no set, exact rules. Tlie wise and beloved Dr. Miller made famous the axiom that bees do nothing invariably. And nec- essarily the success or failure of any method depends on the way the bees react to it. And the beekeeper, too; for one man suc- ceeds better with one system and one with another. But anyone who has made himself familiar with the succession of main nectar- bearing flora in his locality, and who under- stands the seasonal development of a colony and its natural activities, has already much of the fundamental knowledge on which all beekeeping science and svstein has been built. In this department last ironth, four out- standing phases of bee activity were men- t i o n e d, brood-reaiing, nectar-gathering, swarming, anti winter-clustering. The work of the beekeeper is to encourage brood rearing and nectar-gathering, to discourage swarming, and to make wintering as favor- able as possible. North of the Ohio River practically every beekeeper either puts his bees in a cellar or puts winter cases around his hives and ])acks them with several inches of chaff, shavings, dry leaves, or simi'ar material (leaving, of course, enti'ances for air and an occasional flight of the bees). South of about the Ohio River latitude, cellaring is not prac- ticed at all and i)acking by only a small nnmber. B\it whether bees are wintered in 1 Grace Allen LJ cellars in win- ter cases, or left unprotected on their summer stands, winter is a severe time for them. So the first thing to do in the spring is to see how they have come thru. Their great business now is brood-rearing. Thousands of young bees must be reared to take the place of the old ones that have lived thru the winter and are now dying off so fast, and to have the colony at its maxi- mum when the main honey flow comes on. Every hive, therefore, must have a good qneen, enough bees to care for the young, and ample stores to feed them. If there is such a one with a queenright col- ony. Do it this way: In the evening gently remove the cover fi'oni the queeniight c(d- .Ir.vK, 1921 O L K A KINGS 1 N H K E C U h TURK 357 oiiy, lay a single thickness of newspaper over it; with equal care remove the queen- less colony from its bottom-board and set it quietly on the other. In a few days it can be reduced to smaller hive space, if de- sired, by removing empty combs. Very weak colonies can be united the same way with strong- ones. It is not necessary to lind the <(U('i'h t(> know she is there. The j)resence of worker brood in \arious stages, including eggs, may be taken as a sign of a laying queen in the hive. (Worker brood is sealed tlat, drone brood with louuded cajipings.) But many beekeeiiers clip the queen's wings at this time, to prevent her going off with a swarm. It hel})S, too, in telling the age of the (|ueeu. Some clip the right wing one year and the left the next. Finding an undipped queen in a hive, where there "was one clipped, shows that the bees have super- seded the old one. If one wants to find the queen, he should use as little smoke as pos- sible and work quietly and gently. As the main honey flow comes on, supers must be added. Indeed, the one great point to remember during the spring and early summer is to give plenty of room. This applies to both brood and honey. So if one uses a queen-excluder, he must see that there is room both above and beloAV. There are many methods of handling bees at this time, but the one underlying tiling to re- niember is i)leuty of room. Tlv (iuihmi is laying rajiidly; nectar is coming jn rapidly, and, being very thin, must be spread out ill many cells to be evaporated and ripened. See that full capacity of storage is granted every colony. Often this one provision o*' plenty of room will prevent swarming. Cten it will ufit. Swarm jireveiition is the greatest of apiari.an i)roV)lems. Swarms must be jnc- xcnted if the full lionev croj) is to be se- cured. A great many l)eekeei>ers exa-i'inc tlieir brood-chambers every week during tlie swaiining season, to look for ovidi'iice of swarming ])repaiations. Others put their trust in large brood-chambers, some using a size considerably larger than standard, others using two standard bodies, both full 'lepth, or one full depth and one sha^''iw. The sign of swarming i)re]iarations is the Ijiesence of queen-cells. If these long cells, meant to rear queens in, are just being started, they can be cut out and at the same time additional room be given, which may do away with the swarming desire; Iho usually it will only give it a setback and will have to be repeateil ji week later. If tlie cells have advanced to the point of containing laivae, it will be necessary to do something more. The common practice then is to put a new brood-chamber with 10 empty combs on the bottom-board, exchang- ing one of these empty combs for a comb of brood with the queen (but no (|ueen-c(dls) , put the ((iieen-excluiler on, then one or two emi)ty supers, and the old brood-chambej: on top with all queen-cells destroyed. A week later this raised brood is again ex- amined for queen-cells, which are again cut out. Thus are the bees ke})t together. But if a swarm issues, and the queen is clij>j>ed, the first thing to do is to find her. She is usually outside the entrance, unable, of couise, to lly. Secure her first; then (luickly set the hive aside and put in its place one containing emjity combs or full sheets of foundation. Soon the swarm will miss the queen and return. As they rush into this new hive on the old stand, the queen is released at the entrance and goes in with them. Any super on the old hive should be set on this new one, over a oueen-excluder. That cares for the swarm. The parent hive can then be set on a new stand with all cells cut out, except one good sealed cell to produce the new queen. If a swarm comes out with a queen not clipped, it can be secured when it clusters, shaken into a hive, and set where desired. There are almost an indefinite number of possibilities at this time, but these are the simple moves usually made. Colonies must be kejit strong at all times; only strong colonies roll in the honey, and only strong colonies ke(q) out moths. Ital- ian bees have been found i)articularly re- sistant to disease and free from moths. If one desires to Italianize a colony, or to re- queen it for any reason, let him order a (|ueen from some reliable breeder. When it arrives, he should find and kill the queen to be replaced, and introduce the new one ac- cording to directions on the shipping cage. In removing the honey, after it is rip- ened and sealed, only the sur]>lus, left after allowing from ?>Q to 50 pounds for the bees, should be taken. Extra sujiers may then be removed, piled in tight stacks, and treated twice, a week apart, with carbon bisulphide to protect them from moths. Sometimes an adverse season, or an un wise beekeeper, will leave the bees without enough honey in the fall to take them thru the winter and on to fruit bloom, at least ."10 pounds being required. What they lack must then be given them. This should be done in the evening, giving a warm syrup i"ade of two parts granulated sugar thoroly dissolved in one part boiling water, allowing each colony as much sugar as it lacks honev. Having made sure that each colony has a good aueeii (lu-eferably young), plenty of bees, and .50 or more pounds of sea'ed stores, and having united anv weak colonies with strong ones, as in the spring, one is ready for winter. Bees can be wintered in one full -depth body or in two, or in one full depth and one shallow; but the bulk of the stores must be in the upper story. Queen- excluders must be removed, and entrances should be contracted. And whosover ]dans to jtack, let him ])ack early. O T. E A N I N G S IN BEE C U T. T U R E June, 1921 fi) FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California.-;:- =P-J^ from bad to worse, until it lias become a serious question with many of us whether it will be wise to take any honey at all from the bees. Only a part of the colonies have stored in the supers, and those not so fortunate may need help to biing them thru the next winter. I am speakng of the or- ange as well as the sage and other unirri- gated sections. The orange blossoms bid fair to yield nectar; but very unfavorable weather, together with the fact that the ground was very dry, cut the crop in many cases to almost a failure. Cold days and frosty nights prevailed much of the time during the orange bloom. Colonies of good strength at the beginning of the honey flow did not gain in numbers and were inclined to pack the brood-chamber with honey, and not go into the supers. The bees would hang out in front of the hives while the supers were empty — a thing almost un- heard of in this part of the country. Only occasionally an apiary is found where there was any swarming to speak of. The next thing for the migratory bee- keeper to do is to move, but where is the question. Thousands of acres of land for- merly planted to lima beans (a honey pro- ducer) has this year been planted to black- eye beans (a non-honey producer), grain, or other crop, thus very materially curtailing the range from that source. I have been speaking in a gen(>ral way. There are small sections of the country where there was more rainfall and Avherc the beekeepers may get some honey. Or there may be a different variety of honey plants which bloom at a more favorable sea- son. However, one cannot expect the big crops and good prices of the last few years to continue indefinitely. The fellow who can get his bees thru and have them ready for the honey flow every year is the one who will make a success of the business. A fair sample of the newer type of bee- keeper is here given. A professional man, M^hose son is a teacher, became interested in bees. The son soon did likewise. Last year they purchased odd lots of colonies, and together with their former holdings had nearly 100 colonies. These were on an or- ange location, and they made a good crop of honey. Last season being a very favor- able one, about all a person had to do was to put on enough supers, and the bees soon filled them. This year these same men moved their bees to what is considered a good orange and sage range. After the orange flow, the older gentleman asked the man who had moved the bees to come and look over them and tell him what was the matter. He found that there was hard- ly as much honey in the hives as before he moved them. I had the same experience about 20 years ago, and the memory has- stuck ever since. If the conditions and weather are not favorable, thfe bees will not produce the honey. In all lines of pro- duction Ave live in cycles and in order to equalize all things the game must be played from the beginning to the end, and not for one or two years only. While honey still retails at a good price, there does not seem to be much demand. Comb honej' is scarce and sells at from 25c to 40c per pound. Very few beekeepers in these parts produce comb honey any more, but the prospects for a good price for sev- eral years should encourage those who like it to produce it again. This will be a good year to requeen the colonies which have dark or old queens. Much better results will be had if colonies which are drawing cells are fed once a day. There are so many different methods of raising cells that we will not go into detail here. Most beekeepers know how to graft cells and the conditions under which colo- nies will best build them. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. » * * Tj- XexaS "^^^ beekeepers of Ellis County held their annual field meet on April 8 at the home of T. W. Burleson in Waxahachie. Beekeepers were present from three counties, and a very in- teresting program was carried out. Several colonies of bees were transferred, and the entire work of the pound-package operation, from the shaking of the bees into the pack- ages to the building of colonies from the packages, was carried out in full. This was a very rare treat to the majority present, as they had never had the privilege of seeing bees prepared for shipment in combless packages. The beekeepers of the Guadalupe Valley Beekeepers' Association held their annual field meet April 1.3 on the Guadalupe River near Seguin. Over 50 beekeepers were pres- ent. After a bountiful picnic dinner the beekeepers were addressed by Louis H. Scholl, editor of the Be'ekcepers Item, on present-day problems confronting the bee- keeper; by E. G. LeStourgeon, on Market Conditions; by H. B. Parks, on Honey Plants; by Miss Alma Hasslbauer, on Bee- keepers' Associations; by Mr. Alex, on Queen-rearing; and by Mr. Solomon, on Marketing of Apiary Products. The pro- gram closed with a question box, which brought out a number of quite interesting discussions. This association has been hold- ing field meetings for five years, and this year because of the increase in interest among its members it will hold a second field meet in August. Differences in locality were forcibly lirought to mind the first part of the month during a visit to Dilley in Frio County, June, 1921 G L K A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE r?59 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH Texas. Dille^- lies just 70 miles south and slightly west of San Antonio, and appar- ently has the same climatic conditions. However, at Dilley, there has been an un- usual spring honey flow from huajilla and inesquite and other annual spring flowers. A great deal of honey has already been ex- tracted, but here at San Antonio the cold winds and rain have put an end to the spring honey flow, and the bees are just making a living. The more one studies local conditions, the more vital the question of locality becomes. It is safe to predict that after a few years a beekeeper will be just as careful in selecting bee localities as peach-growers are in selecting locations for their orchards today. The weather for the past mouth has been extremely discouraging to the beekeepers. The summer weather of January, February, and part of March caused the bees to build up very rapidly, and the honey plants were in excellent condition and promised a heavy honey flow. April has been very cold, and heavy rains have occurred. This put an end to brood-rearing in many sections, and in almost all parts of the State a large amount of chilled brood has been reported. The hope of an early honey flow is gone and in only a few localities are the bees in the best of shape. It has been said that the worst thing for a dry country is a rain, and this has proved true in southwest Texas. The rain put an end to the mesquite honey flow, and the huajilla has produced ]irobably one-fourth of the normal crop. These con- ditions, which have entirely or partly done away with certain honey flows, will produce others which were despaired of. The horse- mint is coming into bloom and promises to give a very good crop. The cold weather has been very adverse to queen-rearing and also to the combless package bees. Had it not been for the cold ■weather in the fall which caused buyers to ask a delay in the delivery of their orders, it would have been impossible for sellers of live bees to deliver their orders. The active work of the Extension Divi- sion of A. and M. College in beekeeping is being shown in the interest taken in tliat subject in counties where beekeeping has been little knowu. D. T. Griswold, county demonstration agent for Denton County, has arranged a county demonstration exhibit to be held in May. One day will be beekeeji- ers' day, and demonstrations iu transferring and in the handling of bees will be given by E. K. Eeppert, Extension Entomologist, who will have charge of this work. San Antonio, Tex. H. B. Parks. « « » Jfj Ontario T^^^e season is unusually early liere in Ontario, so far as spring bloom is concerned. Willows, fruit bloom, etc., are ahead of a year ago by three weeks. Clover is not correspond- ingly so far ahead, and this means a long period of dearth between fruit bloom and clover. This is a time that gives the apiar- ist a lot of work unless stores are in the hives in abundance. Colonies wintered out- doors, at least so far as our own apiaries are concerned, are almost universally heavy with stores. Our 400 colonies wintered inside are just the opposite, altho the bees wintered in- doors were fully as heavy last fall as those left outside. An exception to this rule is found in the 60 wintered here at home in the underground cellar where it was cooler and of more even temperature thru the win- ter than in the other two repositories — one above ground and the other in an ordinary cellar. Evidently in the two latter places the bees got too warm and did a lot of win- ter brood-rearing, sealed brood being in evi- dence in the hives when placed on summer stands. Any change in the honey markets since last writing shows a tendency towards low- er prices on the part of the wholesalers in an attempt to unload all stocks before the new crop comes on. Prospects, as stated in last issue, are none too good in many parts of the Province, so far as clover is con- cerned, but much better in western Ontario than in eastern parts. As there have been different reports cir- culating about the net-weight law as re- cently amended at Ottawa, so far as it con- cerns honey containers, the following copy of letter from the Department of Health, Ottawa, should clear up matters. As is well known on this side of the "line" five and ten pound honey pails, as well as smaller sizes, are almost always sold by gross weight. The letter in question has been forwarded to me by one of the well-known pail manufacturers, with a request that I let as many know as I can, as the impression had gone out that all honey would have to be in net-weight i)ails this year. The let- ter follows: "Gentlemen: Replying to your letter of the 11th instant, in connection with honey pails, I may say that, as the pails you showed me in this ofiice designed to con- tain honey are not considered by us as sealed containers, the law in regard to state- ment of net weight on them does not apply. " Yours truly, "J. A. Amyot, Deputy Minister." In view of the fact that many had already bought large quantities of gross-weight pails for the coming season, the above in- formation will be very welcome indeed. The pails submitted to the oflSce were of the "penny lever" type. As some have wondered how the under- ground cellar showed up this past winter, the season is far enough on now to allow 360 G L E A X r N G S IN 1! K K C T I, T U K K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH .lixi;. 19J1 me to give a fair report. Bees went into the cellar under poor eoiulitions as they had no flioht for three weeks or more be- fore going in. They were placed inside on the first week in December and taken out the first week in April. The cellar roof is of cement, (piite dry when bees were put in, but reeking with moisture a week after. It was in that condition all winter, notwith- standing all that I could do in way of ven- tilating, altho the main ventilator was open most of the time. Water dripped from the roof of the cellar all winter forming pools on the floor. The temperature was never above 46 de- grees F., and never below 43 degrees F., even when the ventilator was wide open. The bees were heavy with good stores, and most of the colonies were clustered on the fronts of the hives all winter. The clusters had at least a pint of bees in each. This is an unusual condition so far as I can learn from others. We have had little experience in cellar wintering. But notwithstanding all the dampness, the bees wintered very nicely indeed, and are at present in good condition. Stores were not consumed very fast, and all are heavy at this date (May 10). I would never build a cellar with a cement roof again. I think that this same cellar, with roof over all covered with three feet of sawdust instead of six inches of ce- ment and earth on top, would give better results and eliminate the moisture. Quite likely that will yet be done, that is, the earth be all taken off, large holes punched thru the cement top, then a roof built over all, and some three feet or more of sawdust piled over the cement| As this is being written, we are just fin- ishing preparations to move over 200 colo- nies of bees, with an immense amount of supplies, some 170 miles. Not a pleasant iob but one that must be done; so I will "ring off" and get to work, with the prom- ise of giving to the readers of Gleanings in some future issue, if I am spared, any point- ers out of the usual order that we may come across in the trip. Markham, Out. J. L. Byer. s * * In Pacific Northwest.— ^^.^^^r^a c e once said, "Go west, young man." Appar- ently nmny young beekeepers and some old ones are foliowing his suggestion, since the writer so frequently receives letters of in- quiry about the possibilities of honey pro- duction in the Northwest. It is with the desire to set forth honestly a few of the opportunities and problems of the prospect- ive beekeepers that the writer here gives some facts gleaned from his travels over the State of Washington, as special field agent for the Deiiartiuent of Agriculture. Commercial honey i)roduction at present is confined largely to the irrigated sections of Yakima Valley where the principal sources of nectar are alfalfa and sweet clo- ver. The most important hay-producing section, which is south and east of the little town of Parker and extending to about the county line, is quite well occupied by large honey i)roducers. Most of the commercial holdings range from 100 to 500 colonies, while some three or four i)roducers manage from 600 to nearly 1000 colonies. Annual averages range from 40 to 90 i)0unds. That l)orti()n of the Yakima Valley and the Wen- a tehee and Okanogan district are capable of supporting a few more commercial yards if ijroperly located. However, one must avoid the fruit districts until there is some practical solution to the spray-poison prob- lem. The Walla Walla district, which is under irrigation, is quite well occupied, but not overcrowded. Second in present commercial production but first in possibilities and problems are the fireweed districts which include the burned-over timber sections west of the Cas- cade Mountains. Fireweed, or willow-herb {EpHdhiiiin (iiinKstifoliiiin), is not very de- pendable as a honey plant except where there is considerable soil moisture. It is at its best in the section just mentioned, but is found growing in about every county of the State. It is adapted to both high and low altitudes. It is also at its best from about two to four years after a fire or until other vegetation begins to crowd it out. It blooms during July and August, and the be- ginning and ending of the flow vary with the elevation. The honey is water white, of mild flavor, and ideal for comb honey. It sells better on the market than alfalfa lioney. At present there are relatively few com- mercial beeyards of over 100 colonies. On the other hand, west of the Cascades, there is an exceptionally large number of small careless beekeepers with dark bees. In a few localities on the west side clover is of importance. Beekeepers report that in the northern counties it does not yield nec- tar until July, while in the southern coun- ties it yields in June. Third in present production and third in promise is the northeastern section of the State where the following plants are more or less important: White clover, alsike clo- ver, fireweed, and snowberry. There are al- most no commercial apiaries. There are many wideawake and progres- sive commercial beekeepers in the State, and they are rapidly coming together in State and local associations. More detailed information relative to s})e- cific localities may be secured thru the Of- fice of Bee Culture, Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C, where the writer 's g('ograi)hical rei)orts are on file. Corvallis, Ore. H. A. Scullen. June, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE HEADS OF GRAIN^TDPolQirDIFFERENT FIELDS stealing Eggs and In the Feb. number of Natural Selection. Gleanings Allen Latham criticises the conclusion of W. C. Davis (see the January issue) that a queenless colony stole an egg from which to rear a queen. His surmises seem more be- lievable to me than Mr. Davis' explanation. Furthermore, the logic of his claim is good — that if an instinct were observed in any one case it would probably be common or universal. But what I wish to call attention to is the peculiar nature of that hypotheti- cal instinct, for I can think of no other similar case. Here is an instinct which would be very valuable to the race, and hence one that would seem liable to be developed by nat- ural selection should it ever appear. On the other hand, its preservation by natural se- lection would be exceedingly difficult. In a way it is unique, for if a colony should steal an egg it would not be saving its own family but the future family of another queen. Let us suppose, for instance, that it was a colony of blacks that did the stealing, and that the stolen egg was that of an Italian queen. Altho the household (the colony) would go on, the family (the blacks themselves) would be replaced by yellows, and any in- herited quality of the blacks, such as the egg-stealing instinct, would die with them. The only conceivable way in which the prolongation of the life of the colony might enhance the chances of passing on a sporadic instinct, like the egg-stealing, would be the possible longer life, in an active colony as compared with a dying one, of the drones and the consequent increased chance of their mating and handing it down. Absolutely the only way for that instinct to get a foothood would be for it to be be- queathed to a number of queen-daughters (as in the case of a "Mendelian dominant") which should settle in a restricted locality. In that case, when an egg was stolen it would be likely to be one bearing the in- stinct. If such a strain were built up, it would have a decided advantage over ordin- ary ones in that a queenless colony would not, as at present, be doomed. Such a for- tunate strain might spread and, thru nat- ural selection, supplant the old type. I should not have said that this instinct was unique — there is (or rather, could be) one other of the same type, the instinct of a queenless colony to join a queen-right one. Bethlehem, Pa. Eobert W. Hall. 30 ^ ctj: Increase or In Gleanings for August, Honey— Which? 1920, page 489, E. J. Ladd gives an instance of one man who increased from 40 colonies to 75. These 7.5 colonies averaged 325 pounds of extracted honey each. We often have good figures like this from various sections of our country, but let us study Mr. Ladd's article a little. Would he have secured an average of 609 pounds for the 40 colonies, and would his profits all around have been one-half as much had he made no increase? We think not. Had the original 40 colonies been run for honey alone, they probably would not have made more than a full-depth super of honey extra or about 385 pounds average for 40 colonies, as against an average of 325 pounds for 75 colonies, plus the value of the 35 colonies increase. A long gradual honey flow is more suited to making increase, while a big short honey flow is better for honey production. We have many instances of those who pro- duced a much greater surplus, more in- stances of an equal surplus, but by far the most instances of a reduced surplus after making increase. One should not increase beyond the amount of bees he can handle well; but, if increase is needed, it is econ- omy to make some increase, even at a sacri- fice of honey. In this connection J. J. Wilder says: "Any beekeeper will find it best to split up his very strongest colonies, make two of each, run both right on thru the season for honey, and at the end of the season he has about doubled the amount that he would have obtained from the sin- gle colony, besides having the increase. The beekeeper who says his bees never get too strong perhaps has only one great honey flow, and it is only a few days in duration. Such being the case, he is right, of course, but such localities are rare." Point Caswell, N. C. C. E. Corbett. 30^«J= Smoking Eef erring to Morley Pettit's ar- Crushed tide on "Colony Control" in Bees. the April number of Gleanings an- other thing always making bees want to sting is the crushing of bees when a careless beekeeper is at work. Just one bee accidentally crushed will cause most of the other bees in the hive to elevate the ab- domen, arching so as to show a bit of white petticoat between the segments near the tip. This is accompanied by a sullen buzz- ing and the darting forth, here and there, of bees on the war path. And if one of these darters gets a chance at the beekeeper she stings as tho she meant it. Moral: Don 't crush any bees when opening the hive and removing combs. If a bee should be crushed in spite of you, try holding the nozzle of the smoker close to the contamin- ated area of glove or hive and giving a few strong puffs of smoke to neutralize the odor. Ventura, Calif. Flora Mclntyre. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1921 HEADS OF GRAIN TPfiQMlQjTDIFFERENT FIELDS Fogs Affect Nectar I road with interest Secretion in Sage. about Elton Warner's locating- his apiaries by the use of soil maps. In California I locate apiaries by closely watching the rainfall charts of the weather bureau; for, as a rule, the soil here is of a soft granite or sandy composition that doesn't hold mois- ture well if we have hot winds off the des- ert. As a rule, these hot winds come about the time the sage is in bloom. Some years they come early enough to kill the orange bloom. I have seen the ground just brown under the orange trees from falling orange blos- soms killed by one of these hot desert winds just as the honey flow started. There are some districts where these dry winds are more severe than others. The sage weevil has caused the beekeepers the loss of many a good honey crop, even after we have had good rains and the honey pros- pects were looking good. As a rule, very little sage beyond or above the fog belt will be found giving surplus honey. The sage, like the lima bean, does best and produces the most honey in the fog districts. Owing to the fog, some years we have a fair yield of honey because the sun can't dry out the foliage of the honey plants. Many beekeepers then extract too closely, and along comes one of those hot desert winds and dries up everything. It also drives all tlie haze, smoke, and fog far out to sea. The sun then finishes what the wind didn't. A. E. Lusher. Pomona, Calif. Sending Queens Living in a place where Long Distance, queens sent me by mail were often three weeks or even longer under way, I noticed that when several cages were sent me, tied together, that the q-ueens in the outer cages were often dead while those in the inner cages were all right. I, therefore, requested the senders to place two empty cages outside those containing the queens, and with per- fectly satisfactory results. An an extra precaution some moist cotton waste can be placed in the outside cages. It is likely that handling, heat, sunlight, etc., affect the outside cages more than the inner ones. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Axel Hoist. This Man I think Allen Latham is right Says They (see February Gleanings, page Don't. 99) in believing that there is al- ways a queen present to lay the egg from which to grow a new queen. Last year I had a reason to move a strong col- ony to a new location. Some hours later I noticed manv of the field bees returning to tlie old location. An extracting super, which had not been on a hive for six months, was placed there by me for the purpose of catching the field bees. They began to enter without hesitation; then to my surprise I noticed an old crippled queen crawling towards the hive. She was al- lowed to enter; but the next day she was missing, and a few days later I discovered two or three queen-cells, which in due time yielded a good queen. If I had not seen the old queen, I might have believd that the bees had stolen the eggs. Fairfax, Iowa. C. F. Wieueke. =jo^©p: Hiving Swarms on If bees are hived on all Foundation. foundation without a queen-excluder and the supers are transferred to the new hive, the queen is very likely to deposit eggs in the supers, even when sections are given. Pol- len also will be found in many cells. A frame or two of empty comb will generally Ijreveut all such trouble. Even if a queen- excluder is used, there will be some pollen in sections when no empty combs are used with the frames of foundation. East Avon, N. Y. A. C. Gilbert. -.a — lO ^ Ctf w Why Drones I have been mucli interested Vary in in a discussion going on in Color. your magazine regarding the drones of Italian colonies. Last summer and fall I could not under- stand why all my drones bore such a close resemblance to enormous horse flies, almost blue with only occasionally a faint shadow of a golden band. Imagine my surprise on opening my hive this spring to find wan- dering over the frames drones which were almost orange-colored in their markings. They are very different-looking drones' from any I found in my colony last year. Is it possible that the time of the year the drones ar.e reared affects the golden bands? Or does the food or some other condition make the difference? They w^ere all chil- dren of the same queen. Freeport, N. Y. Magdalen Sproull. Hospital "We got some very valuable in- Yards. formation from our State in- spector, Mr. Schweice, who met with us at our last meeting. Mr. Schweice is one of those pleasing fellows whose suggestions are always bright and up to the minute. One thing Mr. Schweice ad- vised us to try, is a field hospital, equip- ped for handling foul brood, the expense of fitting up this hospital and its mainten- ance to be borne by the association. The members of our association fell for this Junk. 1921 G L E A X I K G S n K E G I" 1. T V K E HEADS OF GRAIN Ig^aKTMFFERENT FIELDS idea with good cheer, and if their present feelings do not wane within the next two or three mouths the Churchill County Bee- keepers ' Association will have a well- equipped hospital far enough isolated from any apiary to eliminate all danger of con- tagion, where the beekeepers can properly treat their sick bees without endangering the lives of the healthy ones. Churchill County, Nev. G. Eussell. Nectar From Before the iloosevelt dam First Crop was built we had a drj- wiu- of Alfalfa. ter around Phoenix, with but little rainfall. The alfalfa was stunted, and the blooms so short that the bees could reach the honey; therefore a good crop of honey and seed was produced from lirst croj). Our Buckeye valley was supplied with sufficient water from the underflow at the head of our canal system, so that our alfalfa was irrigated and was so rank that the bees got no honey from the blooms, and we received no seed nor honey from the first crop, but cut it for hay. Our second crop in the Buckeye valley, being produced at a time when it was warmer, with less ir- rigation water, yielded heavily in both hon- ey and seed. Where w^ater is plentiful many farmers ruin their seed and honey crop dur- ing the entire summer by over-irrigation, making the blooms so long that the bees cannot reach the honey. Red clover is the same way. B. A. Hadsell. IMnricopa County, Ariz. Religion and It is sometimes said that re- Business, ligion and politics will not mix, and that religion and business do not go well together. It would seem as tho much depended on how they are mixed. After reading A. I. Root 's expe- rience with hotel pri«es of lodgings, page 754, I was reminded of a story I heard not long ago. A merchant wishing to exert a wholesome influence over his clerks told them that after every sale they should re- peat a passage of Scripture. One day a woman came into the store inquiring for a certain kind of dress goods. A clerk showed her a sample that had sold for $2.00 per yard. She inquired if they would sell it for six dollars per yard. The clerk said they would, and completed the trade. The clerk reported his sale to the proprietor. "Did you repeat a passage of Scripture after the sale?" was asked. He certainly liad. "What was it?" "She was a stranger and I took her in." Middleburg, Yt. J. E. Crane. uiiiiininiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiimiiiiiii^^ A Reliable Formula for the Prevention of Stings. \ p>. ^ h ^^ M 3 ^^-^ .^mi -^ I^IIII^ \^ - ^v i^^^^i.^^. ;.->"• J At the Franklin County Beekeepers' convention held at Cohiiiibus April 14, Prd. J. H. Diebel of the Cohinibns schools, anions other jrood things, Rave this formula which, if followed to the letter, will abso- lutely jii-eveiit stiiiirs: First, do imt sit down on u boe: se<-oiiEE WOEK OP BBBS 1 Question.— Is it advisable to use the wire queen trap to put on the hive before swarming, or will it interfere too much with the coming and gomg of the bees? W. R. Thorpe, Ohio. . ,, Answer.— If the queen trap is on the hive only during a week or ten days there will probably be no noticeable difference m the amount of honey gathered by the colony. Even when left longer it may not make much difference; but, of course, thoretically at least, the colony is better off without any obstruction over the entrance. Chp- piiig the wings of the queen to a large ex- tent accomplishes the same purpose as a queen trap; but, when swarms issue during the absence of the beekeeper, clipped queens are frequently lost by returning to the wrong hive or thru some other accident. <\V|-ET CLOVER IN WHITE CLOVER REGION. Question.— Does the introduction of sweet clover into white clover territory reduce the quality ot the honev gathered in this location? Kansas. F- ^ Poister. Answer.— Much depends upon the prefer- ence of the individual who eats the honey. Some prefer straight white clover or white and alsike clover, while others may prefer a blend containing some sweet clover. Buy- ers are usually willing to pay a little more for straight white clover or white and al- sike clover honey than for either straight sweet clover, or a mixture of sweet clover and white clover. Sweet clover is apparently at its best as a honey plant outside of the best white clover territory. I«iinediately west and south of the region best suited to white and alsike clover and in the irrigated districts BY ASKING . Demuth Junk, 1921 f a r t h e r west, sweet clover is now furnishing large quantities of honey of ex- cellent quality. Within the white clover district proper the in- t r o d u c tion of of sweet clover may result in honey from the two sources being mixed; but usually if white clover yields well tliere is but lit- tle if any mixing until near the close of the season, and the beekeeper can often ex- tract this separately. QUEENS MATED IX UPPER STORV. Question. — Suppose I lift the back end of the cover at the close of the main honey flow and put a good ripe queen-cell in every super, would the young queen mate and go back into the super with out swarming? .Tack Walterhouse. Ontario. Answer.- — Yes, in many cases at least, es- pecially if a frame of sealed brood is placed in the super when the ripe queen-cell is given, or shortly before. Soon after the close of the honey flow, however, these young queens may disappear, or the old queen below may disappear. When more is learned about the conditions necessary for the successful mating of queens in an upper story above a queen-excluder, while there is a queen in the brood-chamber be- low, it may become a useful method for re- queening full colonies at the close of the main honey flow. ITALIANIZING WITH VIRGIN QUEENS. Question. — Would buying virgin queens give sat- isfaction where one wants Italian stock exclusive ly for honey production? Iowa. Lawrence E. Molgard. Answer. — Tlie introduction of virgin queens of pure Italian stock would not re- sult in pure Italian workers if the drones in your apiary and your neiglibrhood are blacks and hybrids, for these virgin queens would, of course, mate with drones from your own vicinity. The drones from these mismated Italian queens would be pure Italians, however, and by requeening again with pure Italian virgin queens the follow- ing year, the chances of pure mating would be greatly increased. It is difficult, how- ever, even for an experienced beekeeper, to introduce virgin queens that are more than three days old. TREATMENT FOR SAOBROOD. Question. — Please tell me how to cure sacbrood. Will changing the queen help? Virginia. Henry W. Weatherford. Answer. — Sacbrood usually disappears during the season without treatment, espe- cially if the colony is strong and has a vig- orous queen. While this disease sometimes greatly weakens the colonies and may in se- vere cases even prevent them from storing surplus of honey, it is best simply to see that the afflicted colonies have plenty of stores at all times as well as a vigorous queen. June, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE idXDITIONS FOK BlU.liIXG WORKER COMB. Question. — Under what i-onditions will bees best build woiker comlis ? M. W. Millard. Tennessee. Answer. — If full sheets of foundation are not vised, there are two conditions under which bees may be expected to build work er combs. (11 Very weak colonies having only two or three frames of brood can be in- duced to fill frame after frame with worker comb from inch starters only by removing all but two of their combs and giving them one frame at a time during the honey flow. The principle is useful in having combs re paired which have holes in them; for these nuclei will fill the holes with worker comb, while a larger colony would almost invari ably fill the holes with drone comb. (2) Just after a swarm lias been hived the bees will build worker comb for the first few days, unless the queen is old or failing. If only five or six frames containing inch starters are given to a newly liived swarm, the re- maining space being filled with division- boards, a newly hived swarm having a queen not more than a year old, will usually fill these frames witli worker comb; but, if more frames are given, the outside ones, and perhaps the ends of the middle ones, will contain drone comb. When full sheets of foundation are used, better combs can usually be secured by hav-* ing them built out in an upper story during a good honey flow. ITALIANS AND EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Question. — Do you consider that certain strains of Italian bees are really immune to European foul brood, or do you believe that the disease is eradicated by strong:, vigorous colonies on account of their being- able actually to carrj- all the infested material from the hive' D. D. Stacy. Ohio. Answer. — Italian bt'es are not immune to European foul brood, as may easily be dem- onstrated by placing combs containing this disease in a hive containing a weak colony of Italians. If the colony chosen is too, weak to clean out the infested material thoroly, the disease will spread to other combs. Apparently strong colonies of Ital- ians are able to overcome European foul brood by their thoroness in disposing of the dead larvae and pupae and cleaning out the cells. The two important factors in the eradication of European foul brood are a good strain of Italian bees and strong colo- nies, that is, strong in the spring. QUREN-KXrH-DKR TO ('OXTROL SWARMING. Que-stion. — If I should place a queen-excludfr underneath the brood-chamber and leave it there during the swarming season, what would be the result as to swarmintt .' P. K. Morlan. Indiana. Answer. — After the prime swarm has is- sued and returned two or three times the bees would give up further swarming until the young queens begin to emerge a few days later. Then if none of the young queens succeed in escaping thru the queen- excluder, they would attempt to swarm every day or t'tvo until no unemerged young (|ueens remain, aiul all but one of them liave been killed. If the queen-excluder is not then removed to permit the surviving young queen to go out to mate, she would finally disappear, probably worried to death l)v the workers. The colony would then be hopelessly queenless. In the meantime such colonies, having the swarming fever thruout most of the honey flow and wasting mucli time in many unsuccessful attempts to swarm, would do little work in the supers. A queen-excluder can be used, as you sug- gest, to prevent an undipped queen leading off a swarm while the owner is away, but to leave it in place thruout the swarming season would give very poor results. ORIGIN OF BEK DISEASES. Question. — In the April issue, page 203, you say the cause of the two most destructive brood dis- eases is positively known, the cause of American foul brood being a specific ge*n, Bacilhis larvae. and the cause of European foul brood being an en- tirely different germ. Bacilhoi phtton. Now I ask what causes this germ ? A. Beckard. Missouri. Answer. — The germs which cause the two brood diseases are minute plants, too small to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen by means of a microscope. You are asking a hard one when you ask what causes these microscopic plants, or where they come from. No one knows any more about the origin of the microscopic plants than is known about the origin of any other plants. It is known, however, that it is impossible for a colony of bees to have American foul brood, unless some of the spores of the mic- roscopic plant called Bacillus larvae are in some way carried into the hive and fed to the young brood. Likewise it is impossible for a colony of bees to have European foul brood unless some of the germs Bacillus liliiton are in some way carried into the hive and fed to the young larvae. The dis- ease is carried from colony to colony by robbing, by drifting bees, by the bees ob- taining honey taken from diseased colonies, or by the beekeeper giving combs or other material from the hive of a diseased colony to a healthy colony. UNITING SWARMS WITH ESTABLISHED COLONIES. Question. — What do you think of hiving swarms (that one could buy) in with full colonies of bees to increase the population of the colony, thereby increasing the production of honey? Iowa. M. E. Zbornik. Answer.— -Unless there is a good honey How at the time, the bees of the two colo- nies may fight and many of them be killed when a swarm is hived in with an estab- lished colony, but sometimes this may be done without any fighting. Another objec- tion to this plan is that, if the established colonies are already of normal strength, the addition of the swarm would probably result in these abnormally strong colonies immediately preparing to swarm. This plan might be used to strengthen colonies that are not strong enough to work in the supers, if conditions are favorable for uniting, but it should be used with caution. G L E A X I .\ G S IX BEE CULT V R E .IrxK. 19-21 [S TALKS TO Geo. S THE proper 111 ii n a g e- ment of the bees during the active season depends so much upon the sources of nectar in the particular loca- tion that the beginner cannot manage his colonies intel- ligently unless he first learns when the honey flow may be expected. By consult- ing an experienced beekeeper of his neigh- borhood he may be able to obtain much valuable information concerning the chief honey plants of the locality and their time of blooming. He should also study care- fully the list of honey plants mentioned in the standard books on beekeeping, for he should become acquainted with all of the more important honey plants of his local- ity and should know their relative import- ance as yieldcrs of nectar. He will then be able to note the abundance of these plants this season and can watch their period of bloom to guide him in his management. In some parts of the South the swarming season is already past and in many cases the early honey flow has already closed. Some localities in the South furnish later honey flows from which a surplus of honey may be expected. In fact, in many locali- ties there may be a succession of honey flows from difl'erent sources, sometimes with an interval of a dearth of nectar between the honey flows; while in other localities these gaps may be closed, so the honey flow is continuous during a long period of time if conditions are favorable. In such cases the parent colony, as well as the swarm ("see page 299, May issue), may be ready to store surplus honey during a later honey flow, and a super should be given to the parent colony as soon as it again becomes strong enough to need it, provided, of course, nectar is be- ing gathered freely at that time. In the North where swarming can usually be held back until the midst of the honey flow, the beginning of the main honey flow from white and alsike clover, which usually begins to yield some time in June, the par- ent hive usually does not need a super this season, for having been robbed of its field workeis, which were added to the swarm as described last month, it usually recovers its strength too late to do much in the supers, unless the honey flow is unusually long. Sometimes, however, even in the North, these parent colonies will need supers three or four weeks after the swarm issued, if the honey flow continues. Discouraging Swarming During Honey Flow- In the North the beekeeper who has been able to coax his colonies thru the month of May without swarming, and also without running short of stores, has thus far man- aged well. By good management from now on he may be able to induce them to work BEGINNERS Demuth 1 ahoail full speed thru the season without swarm- i n g in many cases, even when producing comb honey. This is done largely thru the man- agement of the supers and keeping the colony comfortable. As soon as the honey flow begins, and some- times even before, if the colonies are strong, the entrance should be opened to full size making it seven-eighths of an inch deep by the full width of the hive, and a wide shade board should be put on top of the hive to protect the supers from the di- rect rays of the sun. This board should rest upon cleats to form air space between itself and the cover and should project beyond the south side. The first super should be given to each colony before the honey flow really begins. For extracted honey it should be given sometimes two or three weeks before the honey flow, but for comb honey it is usually given in the clover region about the time of the appearance of the first white clover blos- soms in any great numbers. If weather conditions are favorable for nectar secre- tion from the clovers, the bees will prob- ably be working in the first su]ier thruout the Xfifth Avhen this journal is mailed. Tiering Up the Supers. One of the most difiicult problems for the beginner is the giving of additional supers during the honey flow at the right time and in the right place. Some seasons a single super will hold the entire surplus of honey and when this is the case it is bet- ter if no others are given. During other seasons it may require several supers to furnish room enough to hold all the surplus the bees can store during the season, and if they are not added as fast as needed, a large portion of the crop may be lost from want of room to contain it. Some seasons tlie honey may be stored so slowly that it ii'ay take the bees a month to fill one .sujier, while during other seasons they may fill n super within a week, or even less. There is also a great difference between colo- nies of (liffeient strength. Even during a r;i]iid honey flow it may take a weak colony a month to fill a super, while a strong col- ony can fill it within a week. When the honey flow is slow or when the colony is weak, the bees usually begin work in the middle of the super, neglecting the outside portions. In comb honey supers, they may begin on a half dozen sections in the middle of the super, leaving the founda- tion untouched in the outside sections. Sometimes they even seal the sections of honey in the middle of the super before drawing out the foundation in the sections at the sides. In supers containing extract- ing combs they may begin on a few of the Juki (! I, K A N [ X G S T N B K K (11. T f K K 3(!7 combs ill tlu' iiiiddli- roducti(iij it is very important that the expansion of super room shall not be too rapid, for this may result in many unfinished or poorly filled sections. The rapidity by wliicli the bees expand their super work can be regulated largely by the position of each newly added super, hence the rule is to place the empty super under those already on the hive if the bees arc storing rapidly, and on top of those already on the hive if they are storing slowly. Tt will be well for the beginner to look into the supers every few days to note the progress being ma e \v a Falls, Wiscon- sin. The Wiscon- sin State Bee- keepers' Association will lioltl ji itieetiny in conjunction with the Chautaucjua on August 11). This will be the third annual Chautau- qua hehl in Wisconsin, tlie two previous meetings being held on the grounds of the TTniversity of Wisconsin at Madison. These summer nuH'tings have been well attended and greatly enjoyed by Wisconsin beekeep- ers, their success being largely a result of the energetic work of Professor H. F. Wil- son and his associates. * # * It is reported that the appropriation for the control of bee disease in Florida has been reduced to one-fourth the amount whicli was formerly available for this purpose. If this is true, it will be a serious handicap for this work in that State. A fund of .$-1,000 has recently been appro- j)riat(Ml by the legislature of Ontario for es- t;il)lishing a (|ueen-rearing ajtiary. and addi- tional funds are exi)ected for its mainten- ance. The nmin purpose of the Ontario Gov- ernmcMit in establishing this queen-rearing ai)iary is to furnish Ontario beekeepers an improved stock of bees for the control of European foul brood. A. E. Lusher of i^omona, Calif oinia, re- ports thnt some of the orange growers in ]>arts of Southern California sprayed the orange trees wliile in full Idooni this season, which has resulted in whole apiaries being rendered unfit for honey production by the loss of their field bees. This jiractice, if continued, will be a severe blow to the bee- keeping interests of this region. The annual short course in beekeeping at the Ontario Agricultural College will be held June l.'J to 17. This course deals with tlie practical phases of beekeeping and is offered to all those desiring to gain experi- ence along this line. It is expected that (ieo. H. Rea of New York and Prof. Kindig of Michigan will assist in giving this course. * « * A bill was introduced in the Territorial Legislature of Hawaii for the purpose of jireventing all persons from kee])ing bees who do not control the surrounding country from which the bees secure the nectar. Ap- jiarently the bill was intended to give to certain persons the exclusive use of the bee pasture in territory under their control. A later report states that the bill was de- fe.nted in the legislature. 369 Dr. E. F. Phil- lips, chairnuui of the Bureau of Research of the American Honey Producers' L e a g u e, h a s named Dr, J. H. Merrill, Manliat- tan, Kan., and Piof. 11. F. Wilson of Madison, Wis., as his committeemen: Clifford Muth, chairman of advertising committee, has named A. L. Boyden, Medina, O., Wesley Foster, Boul- der, Colo., C. H. W. Weber," Cincinnati, O., Dr. Ernest Kohn, Grover Hill, O., as his committeemen. * * * The early honey crop is reported to be almost a complete failure in portions of North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Cold weather and continued rains occurred in this region just after the beginning of the honey flow. ■:f * * The Yazoo Delta Beekeepers' Association will hold a field meeting at the apiary of W. W. Worthington, Wayside, Mississippi, on June 15. This new association is a live one, having been fornuMl purely for business reasons, their main projects being the mar- keting of honey and the eradication of bee diseases. '.i -» * The sjiring rejjort of beekeeping in On- tario arranged by Prof. F. Eric Millen, Pro- vincial Ajnarist, is made up of ;j75 reports from 49 counties and represents 19,473 colo- nies spi-ing count. The report shows the crop prospects from fair to extra good. A winter loss of 2.'.'} jier cent as compared witli 21 per cent for last year and 50,367 pounds of honey still in the hands of the 375 pro- ducers reporting. The Bee World, i)ublislied by the Apis Club, Port Hill House, Benson, Oxon, Eng- land, has combined its numbers for October to April in a single journal, thus giving in one issue a \'ast amount of excellent mate- rial. The Apis Club has recently made a wonderful growth, now having 32 affiliated societies representing altogether an aggre- gate of more than 11,000 beekeepers. A. Z. Abushady is secretary of the Apis Club as well as editor of the Bee World. tt * * The new Department of Agriculture which lias been formed by a recent act of the State Legislature of Michigan will as- sunn^ control of aj)iary inspection in that State on July 1. Of the 14 departments which have to do with inspection of various foods, animals, ami plants of the State, four bureaus are to be formed. The work of apiary inspection will go under the Bureau of Plant Industry. This bureau will include, along with apiary inspection, the inspection of nurseries and two other minor projects. 370 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE A FEW days ago the e 1 0 sing part of an old h y ni 11 that I think I heard sung in my childhood some 75 years ago, came to mind. It was like this: "The heathen in his blindness Bows down to wood and stone.' OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT a Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. — Mark 16:15. Thou Shalt not kill. — Ex. 20:13. Shall not the .Judge of all the earth do right ? — Gen. 18:25. During the years that have elapsed since then, much has been done for the heathen, especially in the line of our first text; and these he"^athens we think of mostly as in foreign lands. But, oh dear me! some events of a recent date cause me to inquire if there are not some heathens right here in the United States that are afflicted with a more awful "blindness" than even those in the most remote parts of the face of the globe. And sadder still, the heathenish work that has been going on (so)ne of it at least) has its origin away up near the head of our government. What T have es- pecially in mind just now is the decision of Attorney-General Palmer when he declared that "beer is a medicine." Is it possible that he was ignorant of how this matter has been thrashed out in years past, and de- cisions reached by our physicians, and by the Pharmacopeia of the United States, that alcohol in its various forms is irorfic than useless as a medicine. And then in the same breath he suggests that real heer should be made especially for sick people, so that wlienever any "doctor in the United States decides that his patient needs beer he should give him a prescription. And then followed the "blind" and "heathenish" suggestion that to have it handy for "poor suffering humanity," it might be sold in our drugstores at the soft-drink stand. The question now comes up, Was Mr. Palmer really {(jnorant of the work that has been growing and spreading ever since the Anti-Saloon League was started, and even before that? Is it possible that it was a surprise to him when a protest came not only from the doctors but from the drugstores'? And while I write, the whole State of Ohio is made safe from this threat- ened catastrophe by legislation that effectu- ally cuts off any such work as selling real strong bear to any individual who can per- suade some doctor that beer — that is, the old-fashioned beer— is the thing he needs to make him well. I might add that Mr. Palmer furthermore suggested that special breweries should go to work and make beer for "sick folks"— the very kind of beer that our whole nation supposed was effectually ruled out. And, if .Tune, 1921 I am right, while I dictate these words one or more breweries are viidcr iraji to make beer for sick people. Did Mr. Palmer really know no better than to make the above ruling just be- fore he stepped out of office? Or is it possible that the great breweries and the liquor people, with millions of money, had something to do in the way of biasing his judgment? In these Home papers I have had some- thing to say about the good farmers who volunteered to give corn, free of charge, that they grew last year by their hard work. I think that at first I mentioned they had contributed twenty millions of bushels; but after the ball started rolling the amount went up to thirty, forty, and finally, fifty millions, and just now I do not know how much more. Why did they do it? My impression is that it came about because there are a good many people in this land of ours who begin to recognize what the dear Savior said about laying up treasures on earth where "thieves break thru and steal. ' ') Well, it occurs to me even in these latter times do still "break thru and steal." Well, it occurs to me that these farmers decided it woidd not be a bad thing (when the price offered for their corn did not pay the price of growing), instead of holding it, to gice it to the mil- lions of starving Chinese or to those starv- ing in other lands. It was getting time to prepare for another crop of corn. There is no room for it in their corncribs. So, in- stead of selling it at a ridiculous price, they decided to invest it in treasures in heaven where thieves do not break thru and steal. And just when I began to worry 'about getting the corn over to the Chinese, the railroads all came forward. Years ago we used to hear it said that "corporations have no souls." May the Lord be praised, however, that we have corporations in these latter times that do have souls; and I. think that every railroad company in the United States came forward and volunteered, in consideration of the farmers giving their corn, that they would carry it to the sea coast free of charge. And the next thing on the program was to get it across the great water, where men, women, and chil- dren are starving. Eight in this crisis our good old Uncle Samuel concluded it was about time for him to join in and also lay up some treasures in heaven. By the way, I wonder if the good farmers, railroad com- panies, and others connected in this won- Jl'NK. 1921 O I, E A N T N G S IN BE K C U I. T IT R E (li-rt'iil example before (he world, had not some time in their lives read that promise in Malachi where the old prophet chal- lenges the people by saying, "Prove me now herewith, saith the Lord of hosts, if I will not open unto you the windows of heaven, and pour out a blessing that there shall not be room enough to receive it." Now, what I have been telling you above is certainly an evidence that, even if there is here and there an example of heathenish blindness, there are thousands of evidences that the people of the United States, and I hope the world at large, are on the road to "the kingdom of heaven" that the dear Savior talked so much about when he was here with us. What I have been telling you above is in the line of saving life. The awful war we have just passed thru was a work of de- stroying life. I have talked to you about the League of Nations and the work on foot to stop cutting i^eople to pieces and de- stroying life as a method of settling difPer- ences. What about this armament business — building men-of-war that cost, a good friend of mine said, $25,000,000, and after they were made, having the sad spectacle of seeing them going on to the scrap-heap icithout ever heiufj used? And the saddest part of it is that you and I have to be taxed to furnish these millions to make ships and machinery to destroy the lives that God gave. Some wise woman belonging to the W. C. T. U. said a few days ago that the text, "Thou shalt not kill," was going to be read, "Thou shalt not make iiiiiilnnciitu to kill." Some good man or woman has sug- gested that there is only one nation on earth that could successfully fight the United States, and that is England. And then somebody else said that after the way we worked together with England during the recent war a sort of brotherhood had been established that would effectually pre- vent for 17?? time any more wars between America and England. These two coun- tries in times past have suffered somewhat from strained relations as to which should be in the best shape in the way of naval equipment for invasion. With England and the United States united, since what has happened to Germany, there is no probabil- ity nor hardly a possibility that any nation on earth would presume to declare war against us. Well, while I was thinking of that old hymn about the heathen in their blindness I was wondering if it was not a little heathenish to keep on investing un- told millions in preparation for some future war. May the Lord be praised that both America and England, and, I trust, other nations, have already cut down their ap- propriations for future armament. Since I wrote that Home paper about re- membering the Sabbath day to keep it holy, jjcrhaps half a dozen kind friends have written that I overlooked the sad fact (?) that the greater part not only of the people of the United States but of the whole world were having Sunday on the wrong day. It should be Saturday instead of Sunday. Now please do not feel hurt, dear friends, if I suggest tliat these good people are also guilty of "heathenish blindness" in think- ing that the world would be made better by having Sunday on Saturday. Those who have had Gleanings for the last 50 years will recall that about once in 10 or 15 years I have taken this matter up. Now, I think I am right, and I think the good people of the world will stand by me when I say this talk about the first day and the seventh day is all folly, and I hope to be able to prove it in a few words. To me it looks as if there were no first nor seventh day. The argument I bring forward and have urged for the last 40 years or more is briefly this: One or more islands of the sea were settled by people from two different directions, and both were exactly right in deciding what day was Sunday. But they had two different days. They could not do otherwise, and therefore it was imj)ossible for them to decide which day was the first and which was the seventh. In fact, I have challenged our Advent friends on this dur- ing all these years, and I also called their attention to the fact that for many years no one ventured to rise up and reply in re- gard to the island argument. Finally one good woman said something like this: "Mr. Boot, were I over on that island where they can not decide as to the Sab- bath, I would find out which side had the most followers, and then I would take the opposite." That is, she would make her decision by being contrarv. Would that be Christian- like? Well, now, here is something further: In my recent visit to Battle Creek, Mich., I took the liberty of saying to Dr. Kellogg that I could with all my heart approve of all their work except that one thing of thinking that the world would be benefited by putting everything out of joint aiid hav- ing Sunday on Saturday. Just now I can not remember the precise words Dr. Kellogg used; but they were something like this: "Mr. Eoot, I forgot to tell you that / have backslidden, gone back, and. have been for several years in favor of the day usual- ly accepted as Sunday. ' ' I arose and took him by the hand and said: "Doctor, , can I say 'praise the Lord' for this news?" He replied, "Yes, ^Iv. Root, say 'praise the Lord' if you choose." It has long been a wonder to me that a man of such great skill and intelligence with such world-wide reputation, could con- tinue to put himself "out of joint" with the rest of the Christian people of the whole wide world. I told you I have had something like half G I. K A N I N G S IN BEE C U I. T U R E •IfXK. 19-21 a dozen k'ttors; iiud tlioso good friends have tried to iniineiu-e me by quotation.-, from the Scriptures. But I have not looked up their quotations. It would take a lot of time, and it would not make a particle of difference. I have looked tliem all up in years past. I can not for one moment believe that the dear Savior, or that the great God hims^df, would tliink of such a thing as asking or comniauding us to indorse anything so idi- otic as to cliange our ))resent Sunday to Sat- urday. ''Shall not the Judge of all the earth do light?'' Every one of the ten commandments, and everything advocated by the dear Sa\'ior, has some plain, clear rea'-ou for its making the world better. Con- sider for a mon-ent. There are just now nillions of starving i»eople in this w^jrld of ours. While the great work is going on of conveying the food to the hungry, and saving life, and while the nations of the earth are in a Christlike way meeting this tremendous problem, shall we stop to argue about what day of the week shall be Sun- day, when it is an iitt<-r iitiiiossihilitt/ to have the same Sunday on the day and hour all over the face of this mighty earth. May God abundantly bless what I have siiil in the effort to make mankind better; and whatever may be your own private be- lief and convictions, dear friends, may what I have said or tried to say not make things worse, instead of better, with (tin/ poor, struggling soul. n.''in:.iin:iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii RUNNING CHICKENS THRU AN UNDER- (UIOUNI) TUNNEL: SOMETHING ABOUT THE DA SHEENS. AiDuiid our Florida liome, in the center of our group of i)0uitry yards whicli I de- scribed and pictured some time ago, there w;is one yiird thiit the chickens had scratch- ed ()\er iiiid over and fertilized with their d"(ip|iiiu;s ii"t-l it w;is very rich. ;inl 1 wnnt- (m1 to ti-y it for ;i crop of |)()t;itoes; liut in order to do so it w;is dedrable to lemove tlie chickens from their roosting house, where they had both food and water, so I took them off the roost at niglit and moved their feed tub and watering trough into an- other house. Well, that suited nic all right, but not so with the biddies. They made me tliink of the old couplet, A womiiii (•(invinced iiijiiinst her will Is ol' the same oi)inioii stilt. They showed by their actions that noth- ing would take the jdaee of their old accus- tomed domicile. When they wanted water or feed they must have the old metal tub and dropping water; and when any one of the biddies was ready to lay she seemed al- most frantic, and kept trying, by some hook or crook, to get back to the old place. But I could not think of any other way to accommodate the biddies and myself both, but by making an underground tunnel as shown in Fig. 1. I made it of old boards l>artiy, and of one-inch poultry netting. You see if I made a hine such as they have on farms for horses and cattle I would have to open and close two gates when I wanted to cross said lane. Well, in this under- ground tunnel there is a spot where I want- ed often to go back and forth. Here I made a little wooden bridge to walk over. A great big clump of dasheens at the left of the pictures hides this bridge. You will no- tice the gate near it, at the top of the cut. Would the chickens accept the tunnel? When I first introduced them to it I sprinkled corn along the runway, and they were delighted to get back to their old home. The hens cackh'd, the rooster crowcMl, and in a little while they would dart Ijack and forth on a- brisk run. Well, the tunnel accomplished another [lurpose that I did not count on, as lias often happened with my experiments. There is a lot of stuff in the garden ^dose liv in the wav of trimmings from lettuce, turnijis, radishes, cabbage, and other stuff that the hens are x'ery fond of. Hut if yon throw loose leaves on the "round the chick- "liiddics" ill their iiii(lerj;rot>n nmonv: llie jiiitntoe^ ens can not take off a bite, for tlie leaf must be fast on something. But as this stuff is (lumped on the one-inch poultry netting, or up against it, they will greedily take every scrap of it by snipping off fragments just riglit to swallow. The thing worked to per- fection all winter. Let me say here that tlu' best ration for chickens to make them lay I ha\ e ever found is small potatoes — too small to be sold even as seconds — mashed up while boil- ing hot, and mixed with middlings. We have l;') hens, saiiic of them several years old. But 1(1 to 12 eggs a day is a common thing for them. We had all the eggs all winter that a family of three could Ur:e, and (juite a few were sold at the grocery. Fig. '2 gi\'es vou another glimiise of this poultry yard. Alter 1 had grown and sold a fine yield of Red Triumph potatoes, the dasheens came up as a volunteer crop. In fact, they were growing up among the ])0- tato vines long before the potatoes were tit to dig; and they had no cultivation e.'^cept to avoid hurting them when digging. No dasheens had been grown on that sjiecial plot of ground, and so I can not really tell how they came there. Fig. Ij gives another glimpse of a part of the same yard. A single clump of dash- eens had been allowed to grow there for two or tliree years. I think I have told you I oiic(> got a lieaping half -bushel of dasheen tubers from one hill. This one hill would certainly make a heaping irhccli.dr- niirfiil. While the artist was taking the One liiU c,r (l.Mshrciis lh;il will prdl.iihly -ive ;i luNipiliL,- wliecllaiT.iw fill ■Al-l GI>KANINGS IN BEE OUT. TURE June, 1921 picture I reached in tlie clump and drew out a dasheen about the size of a quart fruit -jar. The women folks made a dasheen soup of the stalks and leaves from this tuber, -and then they pared the tuber by some little work; and the paring, the cooks claim, is one objection to the dasheen. This big tuber was baked whole, keeping it in the oven a long time, and I had a slice of it for my dinner. I pronounced it away ahead of any Irish or sweet potatoes. In fact, it was more like a roasted chestnut than any- thing else I know of. It was not only the most delicious and nourishing of anything in the potato line, but I believe it was al- most as delicious and appetizing as anything that God in his great goodness, to the chil- dren he loves, has furnished us for "our (hiily bread." THE NEW ANNUxVL SWEET CLOVER. I have been thinking for some time that we need a shorter name for this new clover; and I was much pleased when I found that a new name had been adopted — ' ' hubam. ' ' The "hu" comes Prof. Hughes, and the * ' bam ' ' from Alabama, the place where it was first found. Well, just now a new fea- ture of this new annual is being rej)orted from different parts of the United States — mostly but not altogether from the States further south. If sown late in the season, and especially where the winter is mild, it will start up again in the spring. I kept sowing seed occasionally Last summer — per- haps as late as Jvily; and among the late- A chimp of "Hubam" clover that started up in the spring. Photographed May 9.* sown plants about a dozen have started up this spring. I give you a picture of one of them. Some of the plants that have started up show plainly there is no mistake about it, for the old stalks, sometimes nearly as large as a hoe-handle close to the ground, still have the hard dry woody stalk in the center of the clump. The mild winter here in Ohio probably has had something to do with it. But here is another thing: Burbank and others have suggested that the plant shows a great disposition to sport. While some plants shoot straight up, others spread over the ground like a vine, and still others have peculiar characteristics. Bur- bank suggests that much can be done, prob- ably, by developing special plants. Below is a clipping indicating the great height and tremendous spread of a single plant that this clover may make. HAS CLOVER that's nine feet high. Ame*;, Iowa. — Clover 10 feet high has been grown by 0. E. Honkomp of x\sliton, Iowa, from seed dis- covered by accident by the Iowa State Agriculture College in 1916 and developed there for distribu- tion. Another lowan who grew clover from the same seed had stalks 9 feet tall, that had to be propped up to keep them from breaking with the weight of blossoms and bees. Just think of it! one little clover need in three or four months will produce a clover like the above. Now if the plant from one little seed will do so much, what may be expected from a plant, such as I have pic- tured, in place of the tiny seedling? I can not give credit to the source of the clipping, for none was given me. By the way, we still have seed to give away to our subscribers; and I am glad to tell you we have a better supply than we have had heretofore, so we can give you a little more than the small pinch we have been sending out. If you want a larger quantity of the seed, see advertisement of the Fields Seed Co., page 890. *.\nother picture in next issue will show growth the plant makes in 30 days. THE ANNUAL SWEET CLOVER. My first experience with growing the annual sweet clover began last April, when I purchased a package of seed from A. A. Berry's Seed Co., Cla- rinda, Iowa, from which the plant described a few lines below was raised. I mixed the seed with biennial sweet clover seed, and sowed in black waxy soil in the latter half of April. For .some weeks after the seed came up I could not see any difference in tRei growth. But later the annual liegan to shoot up and make rapid growth over the biennial. One plant started blooming about Sept. 1, when it was 7 feeit in height. On Sept. 13 I meas- ured it again, and its height was 8 V2 feet. No manure or fertilizer was applied to the soil except a little lime. Oct. 18 I commenced clipping off the seed stems as they ripened ; they averaged 6 to 9 inches in length. From Sept. 13 to Oct. 24 it was extremely dry ; as a result the plant made very little growth, but had some bloom at this date, when I took some measurements of main stock and branches. The stock was 9 feet high, 1% inches iu diameter at base of plant. It gave off 12 branches, the first at 4 feet 6 inches and the twelfth at 5 feet 10 inches. Every seed stem was well filled. It is a wonderful plant for hay pasture as well as for enriching the soil, by plowing under in July. But its greatest value to the beekeeper is in the late bee pasture. It is better than buckwheat, as it lasts longer and produces better honey. The bloom of the biennial is practically past before it begins, but its last bloom is a feast for the bees up to freezing weather. H. Zinn. Pataskala, O., Nov. 15, 1920. ■JiiNK, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE fc U T. T U R R 375 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 30c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers ;ind advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when thev are in good standing.) Bert Smith, W. L. Ritter, Gelser Bros., L. S. Griggs, W. E. Genthner, E. E. Lawrence, Dr. Chas. F. Briscoe, P. W. Stowell, B. F. Averill, R. Kram- ske, J. L. Leath, P. M. Morgan, A. R. Wilcox, A . J . Lemoine, Mrs. J. T. FitzSimon, Elevation Apiaries, Golden Star Apiaries, I. P. Miller, Schuy' ler Herschell Hall, R. V. Stearns, Marugg Co., O. S. Rexford, Baughn Stone, W. H. Laws, Van Wvngarden Bros., Weber Bros. Honey Co., Sheldon Mfg. Co., Mead Cycle Co., E. S. Robinson, Smith Typewriters Sales Co. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR S.\LE — Honey in 5 and 60 pound cans. Van Wyngarden Bros., Hebron, Ind. FOR SALE — Fancy clover honey in 60-lb. cans. Jos. Hanke, Port Washington, Wis. FOR SALE — Choice clover-basswood blend honey in new CO-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, St. Louis, Mich. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey. State quantity wanted. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — 10 cases (120 lbs.) choice extracted clover honey at 15c per lb., f. o. h. Merritt. J. H. Corwin, Merritt, Mich. FOR SALE — Fine quality raspberry milkweed honey in 5-lb. and 10-lb. pails and 60-lb. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. FdR SALE — 2000 lbs. choice white clover ex- tracted honey. State quantity wanted. Sample 20c, applied on first order. C. H. Hodgkin, Rochester, O. FOR SALE — 500 lbs. clover-basswood honey, 5-lb. pails, delivered, $1.00 pail. Special price on lot. One ton fall honey in 60-lb. cans. Quote best offer. H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Extracted clover honey. 15c per pound; amber and buckwheat, 12i/^c per pound; two 60-lb. cans to case. Amber in 50-gal. barrels, 10c per pound. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — Extra choice extracted white clover honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample, 20c, same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. FOR SALE — Clover, bass wood or buckwheat honey, comb and extracted, by the case, ton, or car- load. Let me supplv your wants with this fine N. Y. State honey. C." B. Howard, Geneva, N. Y. FOR SALE — White clover honey, almost water white. Put up in new 60-lb. tin cans, two to the case. Write for prices. D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, sample and price on request. Also white clover comb, 24 sections to case. The A. I. Root Co., Inc., 23 Leon- ard St., New York City. FOR S.ALE — Choice extracted honey in S-lb. pails, 75c; 10-lb., $1.40; by the barrel of about 400 lbs., 10c per lb., f. o. b., Florida. Ward Lamkin, Arcadia, Fla. FOR SALE — Finest white clover extracted hon- ey in 60-lb. cans. Price f. o. b. Holgate, Ohio. One can, $10.80, two cans, $20.00. 10 lbs. deliv- ered to third postal zone, $2.50; 5 lbs., $1.25. Noah Bordner, Holgate, Ohio. FOR SALE — ^^^lite honey, 15c a lb.; L. A. al- falfa, 14c, in two 60-lb. cans; Chilian in 165-lb. kegs, 10c; light amber honey in 50-gal. bbls., 80c a gal. Beeswax, 30c a lb. Walter C. Morris, 105 Hudson St., New York City. FOR SALE — Finest quality clover extracted hon- ey in new 60-lb. tins at greatly reduced price to close out balance of 1920 crop. Say how much you can use and we will be pleased tO' quote you our lowest price. Address E. D. Townsend & Sons, Northstar, Mich. HONEY FOR SALE — Immediate shipment f. o. b. N. Y., Calif, white orange, 60-lb. tins, 19c lb.; Calif, white sage, 60-lb. tins, 16c lb.; white sweet clover, 60-lb. tins, 14c lb. ; Calif, L. A. sage, 60- lb. tins, 13c lb.; West Indian L. A., 60-lb. tins, 10c lb. ; West Indian L. A., 10-lb. tins, 6 per case, 15c per lb. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cappings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax-presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cajjpings, or slumgum. Send for our terms and our new 1921 catalog. We will buy your share of the wa-\ for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying 1 and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax, and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. niiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiKiiii:iii[;iiii:niii{iiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iii!jiiiiiii:iiii;iiii.ii FOR SALE. HOJJEY LABELS — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — A full line of Root's goods at Root's prices. A. L. Healy, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. ROOT'S goods at Root prices. A. W. Yates, 3 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES— For the Central Southwest Beekeepers. Beeswax wanted. Free cata- log. Stiles Bee Supply Co., Stillwater, Okla. BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES — Root's goods at factory prices. Send for 1921 catalog. P. D. Manchester, Middlebury, Vt. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time, and money. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in li'c supplies. 1!. & E. C. Porter, T.,e\viston, 111. (; h K A N 1 N (; S I N li K 1'^. (J U L T V H K .li'XK, llfJl l'"OU SALE — ■-!')() now Klliiiiiic Knot liivf-bodies with fi-aiii"s, ■''I in Ha*. Were never unerated. $;i40 takes the lot. Herbert Kietzer, Vernon Center, Minn. FOR SALE — Hatch wa.x press, used three or Idur tinie.s, |12.0(). Ernest Ryant, Grosvenor Dale, Coiin. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "(luality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. FOR S.VLE or on shares, 14 apiaries, one or all. Healthful location with American school and clnirch in town, on stone road. Last crop over 40 tens. M. C. Engle, Herradura, Cuba. FOR SALE — Good second-hand double-deck comb-honey shipping cases for 4 V* -^ -1 ^4 x 1 % sec- tions. 25c per case, f. o. b., Cincinnati. C. H. W. Welter & Co, 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. QUICK queen-eager. Will r\in a queen in a cage in 10 seconds and not fumble her. ,50c postpaid. Patent applied for. F. R. Davis, 203 Oak St., Wee- hawken, N. .T. FOR SALE — 70 4 1^ x 1 ■% beeway section-hold- ens and slat separators, some used one year, some new. Mondeng make, $3.75. Woodman section fixer, good as new, $4.00. No disease. Irvin Nordgaard, Peterson, R. D. No. 1, Minn. FOR SALE — Comb honey supers, complete, ex- cept sections, $1.00 each in lots of five; 10-frame for 4 ^4 X 1 % sections. Also a few used 8-frame hives in good condition at a bargain. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. FOR SALE — Good second-hand empty 60-lb. honey cans, two cans to the case, at 60c per case f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms, cash with order. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — 700 A grade 4x5x11/2 plain sec- tions, .$11.00; 300 P fences for 4i4x4i/4 plain sections, a few of which are slightly discolored by exposure to air, $16.00. Miss E. J. King, McArthur, Ohio. FOR SALE — 90 twin-mating boxes, $75.00, f. o. 1)., Macon, Miss. These are first class, nailed, painted, and complete except foundation. No dis- ease. Small frames, three of which tit in one Langstroth frame. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prai- rie Point, Miss. FOR SALE — Danzenbaker supers for 4x5x1% sections complete with section holders and fences. For use on ten-frame hives. 15 nailed and painted and never used, 33 used two seasons but in good shape. No disease about. Will sell all crated for sliipment at $1.50 each. Miss E. .J. King, McArthur, O. FOR S.VLE — Owner wants use of outside ware- lioiise. We must vacate and otTer for quick sale: One storv 8-frame single-wall hives, per package of 5, $15.00; 10-frame size, $17.50. Staple-spaced frames, per package of 100, $9.00. 4x5 shipping casts with glass, per package of 25, $15.00. Goods tirst-dass. Offer good only as long as this stock bists. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids. Mich. FOR SALE — 45 10-frame hive-bodies, with HofT- man frames, new. wired and foundation imbedded. $2.00 each; 35 10-frame hives, complete, NEW gal- vanized covers, $2.00 each; 35 8-frame hives, air- spa( ed hives, "not new." with drawn worker combs, $2.00 each; 30 10-frame hive-bodies with frames nailed and painted, "NEW goods," $1.50 each; 25 comb honey supers, 75c each: 30 feeders, 10c each. Standard supplies. First class in every way. No foul brood combs. Most of these supplies never been on the hive. Reason for selling, eoinq; in otbcr business. "This is a big bargain." W. .1. D'.MIiard, "Glenville Apiarv," .\msterdam, R. F. D. No. 5, N. Y. FOR S.VLE — One No. 18 Cowan reversible ex- tractor with brake, new, has never extracted one pound of honey, $35.00; 25 10-frame Excelsior covers used but in good condition, 60c each, or the lot for $12.00; 25 10-frame comb-honey supers for 4 X 5 X 1 % sections, used, in good condition, all liainted, $1.00 each, the lot for $20.00. Lynn Z. Silsl.ee, 20 Leonard St., Dansville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 50 .fumbo. hives and 30 standard hives witli metal and inner cover and reversible bottom at $2.00 each; 60 extracting supers for frames 6Vi in. deep at 50c each; 12 of each, 4% x 4% and 4 x 5 comb honey superis empty at 4 0c each; 12 4Vi. x4Vt comb honey supers with hold- ers and separators at 75c each. All 10-frame size nailed and painted and in Al shape, nothing over two years old. No frames or bees. A. H. Hattendorf, Ocheyedan, Iowa. BIG BARGAIN IN SECTIONS— We have an odd lot stock A and B grade sections not manu- factured for our regular trade, size 414 x 4 % x 1%. They compare quite favorably with Root Quality sections. We recommend both the A and B grades as a bargain. The A grade is strictly fine, and the B grade is quite as good except for color and im- perfecti'in. Stock limited and we urge quick action. A grade in crates of 500 at $7.65; B grade at $7.50. Available only in crates of 500. The A. I. Root Company, 224-230 W. Huron St.. Chicago. li:illllll|il|||||||||||||||llllllllllllll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll{||||||||||||||lllllllllllllllllllllllllll!IIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIII AUTOMOBILE EEPAIES AL^TOMOBILE owners should subscribe for the AUTOMOBILE DEALER AND REPAIRER; 150- page illustrated monthly devoted exclusively to the care and repair of the car. The only magazine in the world devoted to the practical side of motoring. The "Trouble Department" contains five pages of numbered questions each month from car owners and repairmen which are answered by experts on gasoline engine repairs. $1.50 per year. 15 cents per copy. Postals not answered. Charles D. Sher- man, 107 Highland Court, Hartford. Conn. i:iiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiniiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ WANTS AND EXCHANGES. WANTED — Old combs and oappings for render- ing on snares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — To quote special prices on queen cages in quantity lots, to breeders. State quantity wanted. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. WANTED — Cowan extractor, pay cash. 100 Langstroth frames, $6.50, incubators, one-fourth price, exihiinge for gun. Lorenzo Clarke, Winona, Minn. ll:l'>lilNl:!lll:l.l!:llllllll;'l!l!,lil|i||||,llll:l:lMllllllllillll;l^l!{|l|llll^l;ll'llll:llll:llll!llll:||ll;llll:lllllllll:llll:ll^ MISCELLANEOUS FOR S.VLE — New annual white sweet clover plants, 4 to 6 in. tall, 3 doz. for $1.00. prepaid. C. S. Rhea, Hardyville, Ky. FOR SALE — 400 bushels buckwheat, $1.60 per bushel. New grain bags. 30c extra Albert Bues, Wharton, Ohio. FOR S.VLE — 25,000 pounds of scrap candy, 2%c per pound in barrel lots, about 200 pounds per bar- rel. Sterling Products Company, Evan.sville, Ind. FOR S.VLE — IV2-H. P. gasoline engine, good condition. Have windmill now. Price, $25.00, f. 0. b., Coggon, Iowa. Edw. C. Heldt, R. D. No. 1, Ryan, Iowa. SWEET CLOVER — Biennial yellow. Ideal for bee pasturage and soil improve nent. New seed, re- cleaned and graded, unhulled. 8c per lb. R. M. Hanna, SkiUman, N. J. .TiXE, 19-21 G I- K A X I N (i S I N B E E C U I. T U R K HONEY. ROOTS, FURS — Beeiiu'ii, why not in- crease your profits .' A 32-page booklet describing books on Bee Hunting, Medicinal Root Growing, Fur Farming, Tanning. Trapping, etc., free. A. R. Harding, Publisher, Columbus, Ohio. FOR SALE — One Marlin .30.^0 rifle, with tele- scope sights. $30.00; one K. W. Master vibrator for Ford cars, $5.00 ; one small Kelsey hand print- ing press. $.5.00 ; one Ever-Ready Ford starting and lighn^g outfit, $30.00. E. E. Lawrence, Doniphan, Mo. SWEET clover combined huller and scarifier for hand use. one extra set of lining and two screens in<'luded. each $3.7.3. postage extra. Brass drop- ping tubes with tin furnel drop all kinds of small seeds on ex.nct spot in windv weather without bending vour liack. Each. $1.00 postpaid. S. Rouse, Ludlow. R. D. No. 2, Ky. IIHi;iilllill>iiiHilllli::;ilNIIIII'li:illllllllllllll:illi:illllillliivis-i0H of I'Jltl(lllllllil(lll INDIAXAPOMS. 1X11. Indianapolis, .Ian. 17, I'J-Jl. Mr. Ko.ss B. Stott, Laurannv, Ind. Dear Mr. Scott: I a:n pleased to learn that you anticipate enJarsriu^ your (ineeii-rearins;- department, .since the in- creased ))rodnction of high-grade queens, such as you have been sending out, is of vast importame. During the past year T have had the njiixirtunity of seeing a large number of queens, and their bee«, bought of you ; and I commend you for your care- ful selection, care in shipping, and ex- cellent quality of stock furnished your customers. Last season I helped to introduce 147 golden Italian queens, bought of you by members of a county association; they were a beautiful lot of queens, all arrived in fine condition ; and, a.s they were to be received on three different days, the fact that they arrived on ex- as collect. H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. A BARGAIN — I shall .select 40 of the best colo- nies in one of our out-yards this year to run for increase. Now I want the queens in these all sold, so I can renuive them all at the same time to start cells for increase. They are all less than one year old, right in the prime of their life. Mothers of pi'imc cohmies, the ytick of the whole >ard, and inircly mated, descendants of the famous Moore strain of leather-colored Italians. Ir. order to have those queens all sold when I want to remove them I am going to offer them at a bargain. I will sell them for $1.50 each, cash with order. Orders may be sent now ; first ones to send get the queens. Queen.s will be mailed sometime about the 15th or 20th of .hine, dependent on the season and weather. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son. Lake City, Mich. ijiii!iiiiiiiii;iiiiiiin:iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiii:i:;i:iiii:iiii:iii!:i:iiiiiiiiiiii:ii:i;iiiiiiiii:iii::iiiiiiiiiii>ii:iiii:iiii'iiii:iiii:iiii.ii Italian O^^^i^s $2.00 each. APIARIAN SUPPLIES I. J. Stringham Glen Cove, New York. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiHiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii| I INDIANOLA APIARY | = will fiiriii.
  • -en8, $LO(l each; tested, $1.50 each. 1 = Oae pound bees, no queen, $2.00. No disease. = I J.W.SHERMAN,VALDOSTA,GA. j £!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;^ I NEW ENGLAND | I BEEKEEPHKS will find a complete stock ol up- | = to-dale supplies here. Remember we are in the ^ = shipping center of New England. If vou do not ^ = have a 1921 catalog send for one at once. p I H. H. Jepson, 182 Friend St.. Boston 14, Mass. 0 ^iiniii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiN^ I Stop Losing Valuable j I Queens! | M This can be done by the use of the -lay § i Smith Pushin-the-Comb introducing | i cage. This cage has been thoroughly g 1 tested, and will give very satisfactory | M results. For complete information on § this cage, see pages 498 to .500, Aug- ust, 1919, "Gleanings in Bee Culture." Price complete, 75 cent.s each ; ten, $7.1)11; one hundred, (iO.OO. The A. I. Root Company We^t Side Station MEDINA OHIO .IrN-io, 1921 (I I. K A N T ^M"4 S T N P. E E C V h T U R E ROOFS BEE SUPPLIES CiU'lciad stot-ks ::t Ohio's distrilmtinu- cen- ter Orders lilled tlie da\- tliey come in. Save tiiiu' ai.il I'reii'lit liy orderiii'j: from A. M. MOORE, Zanesville, Ohio 1221^. S. Third ytreot. QUEENS June queens that fill the supers. Orders filled promptly. PURE THREE-BAND ITALIANS Untested, $1.25 Select Untested, $1.50 D. W. HOWELL Shellman, Ga. GOLDEN QUEENS FOR 1921 Untested (iiicens for delivery from April 20th to July 1st. .$1..5n cacli, or 6 for $8.00; for hundred lots write for jirices. I guaran- tee safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction, and all orders and inquiries will he answered }iromptly. R. O. COX Route 4, Luverne, Ala. MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE Krom 1897 to 1921 the Northeastern Branch of The A. I. Root Company Prompl and BECAUSE — Only Hoot's (JoolI^ are sold. rt/Y* • It is a business with us — not a side line. hitncienl ^ight mails daily. Service Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1921 catalog send name al onre. STUTT'S ITALIAN QUEENS are suiiri'ine queens; ready June 1. Untested, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.50. Select untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Pure mating and safe arrival jiuaranteed. ALFRED A. STUTT, Lincoln, Ills. Queens — Rhode Island — Queens Italian Xoi-tlierii-I)re(l i|iieciis. \'ei-y fjentle and liardy. Great workers. Untested. $1.2.5 oacdi ; 6 for $7.00. Cireuhir on application. (Jueens delivered after .hme 1. O. E. TULIP, Arlington, Rhode Island 5() Lawrence Street. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS Three-liand Ttaliaiis and (TOldens. Pme mating and safe arrival anaranteed. We ship only queens tliat arc top notcliers in size, proliti' ness. and color. After .Inne 1st: Untested queens, $1.51) each; 6 for $8.00; 12 or more, $1.J0 each; 2.5 or more. $1.25 each. Tested queens. $:^.0o each; six for $16.00. Buckeye Bee Co., Justus, Ohio. GOOD \A'ILL AND GOOD QUEENS ARE BACK OF FOREHAND'S THREE BANDS THE THRIFTY KUM) (iood will has made our success. Forehand 's Three Bands — the ])ees Our good (jueens will make your sue- that are surpassed by none but supe- cess. rior to many. These two forces working together <'^"f>*l <|ueens are the success of an have made it possible for us to serve apiary. Your success is ours. We try the beekeepers for over a (piarter of *<' help you in every way. We give ;, centurv. .^''*^' Ji<'ed (pu'ens :ind good service. We u , " J. I! . . ■ guarantee iture mating, safe arrival, Heartv support for twentv-niue vear.s. t .• .. -• ^' . . gjj^l satisfaction. Good Queens for twenty-nine years. ^e are uow^ booking or.lers for imme- P^aeli is the proof of tlie other. Botli diate delivery. are proof that you will not make a M'^rite for circular giving full infoi- niistaki^ when you requeen with mation on bees and (|ueens. PRICES: Up to June 30. Pound Bees from May 1 to June 15. .1 (i 12 One-jjonnd jjackase; 1. $;1.75: 25 or over, Untested $*.00 "$10.00 $18.00 $:3.50; 50 oi- over, $8.25; 100 or over, $;i. .Select Un Cited 2.25 11.50 Si. 00 Two-pound package: 1, $(i.00 ; 25 or over, Tesfel :^.00 Ki.OO :?0.00 $5.80; 50 or over. $5.40; 100 or over, $5. Select Tested 4.50 25.00 45.00 \dd the i.riie of tlie (|ueen wanted. Wiilr j'lir iirici-s In liti;/r i/hk iil il !>■>■■. W, J: FOREHAND &f SONS FORT DFI'OSIT, AI..\B.\.MA 382 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1921 yiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiillliililiillllllllilililiiililiiiiii I Buy Your Bee | I Supplies Now | I Take advantage of early-order discounts by i I ordering NOW. We guarantee to please you. | H "Prompt service and the very best" is our ^ 1 motto. We want your beeswax and old comb. ^ 1 Highest cash and trade prices offered. Texas § m Ijeekeepers should write A. M. HUNT, | i Goldthwaite, Texas. | 1 Manufactured by 1 i Leahy Manufacturing Company | I 95 Sixth St., ffigglnsville, MissoiirL | i Write for FREE catalog. It is to your interest. = lijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii' iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiig I Established 1885. I Writp us for catalog. •beekeepers' ^^a kJOf SUPPLIES I The Kind You Want and the Kind j That Bees Need. 1 We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- 1 plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The i A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you; i information given to all inquiries. Beeswax 1 wanted for supplies or cash. I John Nebel & Son Supply Co. I High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. SPECIAL CROPS $10,000.00 per acre every 5 years. A high grade monthly devoted to growing MEDICINAL plants. $1.00 per year, sample copy ten cents. HYBRID POTATO SEED. Something new. Every seed will give you new variety of po- tato. You will get all shapes and all colors. Some better than old standard sorts and some not as good. Package of this seed 25 eta. Potato seed and new subscription both for $1.00. Address SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO. Box G, Skaneateles, N. Y. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES § Pour exits from supers. Pits all standard boards, i i Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial i = metal. Made by = |G. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. | = Sold only by Lewis "Beeware" Distributors, i Happy Hours in Texas. — Continued from page 355. travel, even if the best part of the whole trip is the getting back home to one 's chil- dren again; and it sounds larger to measure the time by hours instead of days, for there have been times when the latter term would have had to be stated in fractions instead of the plural. And yet my p. c. claims he travels more slowly when I am along. Speak- ing in an Irish manner, I would hate to ac- company him when he travels alone. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiii PA 'X'TT'TVr'T'Gl Practice in Patent Office and Court. XX 1 Hiil 1 O Patent Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. Chas. J. Williamson, McLachlan Building, WASHINGTON, D. C, Positively the cheapest and strongest li^rht on earth. Used in every country on the elobe. Makes and bums its own eas. Casts no shadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 0 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. ^ c,nc: E. 5th St.. Canton. O. 306 Raise Cuinea FOR us We need men and women, boys and girls . every- where to raise Guinea Pigs for OS. We tell yon where to get them, show you how and buy all you raise. Big opportunity for money making. Thou* sands needed weekly. Easy to Raise— Big Demand ^^o^^t I aroa DrAfile experience or equipment needed. Lai]J6 riWHIa They breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or attention. Pay bett«r than poultrror squabs — cost less to house, feed.keep, easier raised — less trouble, market guaranteed, CnPF Particulars, contract, and iMoklet how to rail* llfCk CAVIES DISTRIBUTING COMPANY 3145 Grand />yenue, Kansas City, Mo. Larfjegt Guinea rt'g hreedera and distributors in America, mCCc^^wWs Best «^<;^i^^^:^^;^^. Roofing "Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam, PaintSi or Galvanized Roof- ings. Sidings, Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to you at Rock -Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painting or repairs. Guaranteed rot. fire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits. Ask for Book • No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., 633-683 Pike St., Cincinntli, 0. FREE Samples & Roofing Book] .Ti'NK, 19'21 Q h K A N T N a S NOTICE! Pritchard Queens are not just common queens named, but A NOTED STRAIN The result of years oi careful breeding and selection. Reared and offered for sale by ARLIE PRITCHARD Medina, Ohio. See my classified ad, page 307 for prices and guarantee. BEE CULTURE 383 INEWMAN'S-^-l ilTAI lhl\ ^'*^^^ Quality} |l I fll_||l|l ^^^ fully guaranteed. No \ I ' ' ■■"■■■'" disease. Satisfaction and 1 inilLLNx Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; \ i II U r r 11 IJ 12, $15.00. Select Un- \ I * tested, $2.00; 6, $10.00.1 1 12, $19.00. Circular free. |A. H. NEWMAN, Queen Breeder! I MORGAN, KY. | filiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? QUEENS 'Queens of Quality' Select Three-Banded Italians. I have one of the most modern queen-rearing apiaries in the South, and am breeding from the best Italian stock to be found. Pure mating, prompt and safe arrival guaranteed. 1 12 50 or more Untested $1.50 $15.00 $1.00 each Tested 3.00 30.00 Write for descriptive circular and prices on queens in lots of 100 or more. HARDIN S. FOSTER, Dept. G, Columbia, Tenn. Spicer's Three-Banded Italian Queens now readj' to mail. These queens are bred so as to have all the desired qualities, liustt Icrs, hardv, and gentle. 1 6 12 Untested queens $1.50 $8.00 $15.00 Tested queens 3.00 16.50 30.00 I do not list select queens, as the above are all select. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. ROBERT B. SPICER Wharton, N. J. THREE-BAWD and GOLDEN QUEENS That produce hustling bees. Bred to fill the supers from the finest breed- ing strains obtainable. Hustlers, long-lived, and as beautiful in size and color as can be. Price each, un- tested, $1.75; tested, $3.00. Orders filled promptly, satisfaction guaran- teed. Ask for price on large orders. DR. WHITE BEE COMPANY SANDIA, TEXAS. Three-band Italians Only. Bred from our heaviest producers — and we have six outyards. Untested now ready, $1.50 each. You make dollars where we make cents in buying these queens. We guarantee safe arrival, pure mating, and entire satisfaction. Not a single complaint in seven years. J. I. BANKS Dowelltown, Tenn. QUEENS! QUEENS! QUEENS! Have you secured all you need? I have them as line as you can secure anywhere at a reasonable price. After May 15th you can get them at the- following prices. If you want them earlier look on page 179, March issue, or you will tind my ad in the April issue of Gleanings. 1 12 • Untested queens . . . .$1.50 $13.50 Tested queens 2.50 26.00 Select tested 3.00 30.00 Breeders $5.00 to $10.00 at all times. You will notice that I don't advertise any select untesteid queens. It is because all that I ship now are selected. If they are not the best, I don't ship them; and if they don't give you satisfaction and you write me, I will make it satisfactory to you. H. L. MURRY Soso, Mississippi. QUEENS OF MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS I'hat fill the .su/icr quick With honey nice and thick. I'liey liiive won a world-wide reputation for )ionpy-gatherins. hardine.ss, gentleness, etc. Untested queens, $2.00; 6, $11.00; 12, $21. Select untested, $2.25; 6, $12.00; 12, $23. S;ife arrival and satisfaction guarantieed. Circular free. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder Route 1, Morgan, Kentucky GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Junk, 1921 Norman Brothers' Queens Mr Beekeeper, if you want Two pomuls bees with i|iieeiis. . . . 5.7."> Hundi'ed packaiies lees \\ itli (pieens 550.(10 Sections, No. 2 grade 12.60 Hoifniau iroo'd-fraines, per M 65.00 5-pound friction-top pails (200) . . 20.50 Cases 5-sallon eans, 2 in case. ... l..'H5 5-a:al!()n cans in liulk (100) 41.75 Shippina; cases for comb hone\', per 100 .'. 50.00 Airro (■i\r\ivrjn. and cultivator Eiglit reel blades revolve against a stationary unf'erKroiiiKl knife — like a lawn mower. BEST WEED KILLER EVER USED. Works right up to plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has leaf guards, and shovels for deeper cultiva- tion— 3 Harden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. Tells how gardeners and fruit-growers every- where are reducing their work ; increasing their yields. — How to bring growing plants through a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe- cial Pactory-to-User offer. BARKER MANUFACTURIN6 COMPANY Dept. 23. David City, Neb. Darker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David City, Neb. (ientlenien : — Send me postpaid your free book and Factory-to-User offer. |- yg£>«PiQfcJ^~-"«nmai** Town. [(^1^^^^^^ State K. F. D. or Box. O L E A N I N G S I N E E CULTURE •TrxK, 19-^1 Reliable Southern Headquarters Three -Banded Italian Queens Foi' sovev.-il years ouv queoiis huve leen in c 1 iiiid vfcdiiiiuemk'd liy a numlier of the foremost leekeep- (Ts ill tile U. S. and Canada. We cannot afford to di.siii)i)oint tlieiii, and we will not disappoint yon. Having several hundred colonies in onfyards to select lireedin^- stoclv from, and laraie welle<|nipped (ineen-reariiif; yard.s, we are snre we offer you some- thins good. We pay special attention to luniey-gath- ering qualities, but do not forget gentleness, heauty. etc. Our queens are good to look at. and their hees a pleasure to work with. Pricex to July 1: Unte.sted, ?1..50 eacli; six, $8..''i(): twelve, $16.00; fifty or more, $1.2,i eacli. Tested. .$.3.00 each, safe arrival of queens, and ' atisfatiion. \\ c guar:inli ted will l;e replaced free of cliai'Ee. No foul brood or otbev nil' vicinity. W. D. ACHORD, Fitzpatrick, Alabama ^iirijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I ITALIAN BEES & QUEENS OF PUKE THREE-BAND STOCK | I Bred from best lui.stlers, by methods that years of experience have taught us nre best, i-v | 1 eluding the use of large, strong nuclei, which insures young queens emerging strong and 1 I vigorous. Safe arival in U. S. and Canada. Health certificate with each shipment. Satis- i I faction guaranteed. | I Unlested ] to 12,$1.50 e;ic'i. Over 12, $l.'J.l eacli | 1 Select Untested 1 to 12, $1.75 each. Over 12, $1.50 each | I Tested 1 to 12, $2.50 each. Over 12, $2.25 each | I Select Tested, suitable for breeders $5.00 each | 1 Two-frame nuclei, $5.00. Three-frame nuclei, $7.00; add price of queen wanted with each. | I Eight-frame colony, $15.00. Ten-frame colony, $17.50. Standard equipment all around, I i and wired frames. | I JENSENS APIARIES, CRAWFORD, MISS., R. F. D. No. 3. | ^illlllllllllllllllllll MlMlll||||HII|lll|l||i||||||||||ll|llllll!ll|lllll[|||||lll|llll|||||||l|!|||l|||||||||||||l|||||||l||||||n||llll|l||lllll|l|llllllllllll||l||ll|||ll|||||i|^ ^iiiiiiiii!iiiniiii:iiii:ii!i:iiiiiiiii:ini:iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii;iiiiniiiiii!i!iiiniiHiiiiiiiniiiiii!iiiini iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I THE ROOT ELECTRIC WIRE IMBEDDER | 1 Can be ojiierated on current from any aiitoniobile .storage battery. Tlie iiiost ra|iid tool far inil eddiii'4 g M one wire at a time. Price $1.'2.'5 ]) j-'-lpiiid. y = The Root Electric Wire Iiiibedder is oi)eraled liy any storaiie liatterx', or lighdni;' circuit in connec- | § tion with resistance. l>y simiily ])ressing the tool tiinily down against the wire with the slicet of i 1 foundation on a form l)oard, the wire is easily •■iiid ([tiickly imbedded into the foundation. W'lien | m the tool is removed the circuit is lii'oken. Complete directions sent out witli each iml;edder. | I THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, O. . | .iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiinii A X I i\ (I S N ]'. K K (• V l.'l' V K K SELECT THREE-BANDED ITALIANS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY grade 8i)(l lione.\ gatherine: t-ulonies from which to select the very best breeders. No one lias better bce> tlian 1. Can make prompt deli\ery by return mail. I have not yet disappointed a customer. PRICES: Untested (to July 1) : each $1.50; 12 or more $1.25 each. .After July 1. 1 to 49 $1.25 each, 50 or more, $1.00 each. Tested (to July 1), each $2.00._ Breeders (to July 1), $25.00 each. Pure matinsr. safe frrival. and salisfnc- tion guaranteed. It is left with custo- mer to say what is satisfaction. A new customer from Missouri, whcvn, you have to sluiw them wri'es: "The dozen queens arrived promptly. Tlu'.\ are the most beautiful 1 ever saw." — 'N.nne on lequcist.) .Another one from the same slate writes: "Your 100 2-llj. l);icka2:P'S avoi'iiied 90 pounds surplus hons.\- per colony, 10 pounds more per colony than the other 'i-lb. packages purchased elsewhere." — H. H. Thale, Durham, Mo. Now listen to tliis, from Ontario, Canada: "Bees and queens purchased of you last season all wintered with- out a single loss. Save me 50 untested queens for May delivery." — i,n;tnie on request.) Mv cus*nmers say my (lueens stnnd iIih novthcrn win- ters. They are bred up for this, combineil vvitli the highest honey-gathering qualities and prolific ne-s. JASPER KNIGHT, Haynevilie, Ala. BEE SUPPLIES The Very Best Quality & Service We have a large stock of Hives, Bodies, Supers, Foundation, and other supplies ready for immediate shipment. Give us an opportunity to quote you our prices; we are certain you will find them attractive. If you want THE VERY BEST QUALITY FOR THE LOWEST PRICE, send us your orders at once. All correspondence will have our immediate attention. August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wis. BE PREPARED! BKESi Avinter(Hl better tlmii tor a niimher of years, due to iiiild v» inter. Early breeding will l)e heavy. Be prepared for swarming. Do not lose the honey crop on aeeount of lack of sections or extracting fraities. (^rdei- before it is too late. falcon' (jiiality lins stood sii])r(Miie toi- on-ci- 40 years. Write for our nv\\ i cd catahig. We guarantee sate arrival on all slii|)inents. W. T. FALCONER MANUFACTURING CO. Falconer (near Jamestown), N. Y., U. S. A " \\'//nr ,//<■ hiil hii-liiT'cs comr from" G L K A N I N G S IN P. K R CULT U U R .Tune, 1021 Guaranteed Hubam Clover Annual White Sweet Clover (Hughes Variety) All of the annual white sweet clover seed of the 1920 crop was exhausted before ]\ray 1st. But seed of an early strain, planted in Texas after Christmas, 1920, began to reach maturity early in May. This seed is now available. You can get it in time to test it this year. It blooms for bees in three or four months, and continues to bloom for a much longer period tiian most plants used for the luii'pose. Many beekeepers have declared it to be the greatest clover yet tried. It combines quick growth with an unusual wealth of honey-making blooms, it is also a legume that returns a large amount of plant food to the soils. It has frecpiently been described editorially by Glean- ings in Bee Culture. Big profits are possible growing seed for your neighbors, and the farmers and beekeepers of your locality. The price is now $5.00 a pound. Order from the Henry Field Seed Co., Shenanodah, Iowa, or direct from the grower who guarantees. The De Graff Food Company, Seed Dept. 303, De Graff, Ohio giiiiii:iiii:iiii:iiii:iiiri!!i:!iiiiiii:iiii:ii!!:ii!!:iiii:iiii;iiii:iiii!iii!iiiMiii:iiiMiii:ii^^ I BEE SUPPLIES I Root's Goods at Factory Prices I With Weber's Service ■ We carry several carloads of bee supplies, and are able to give pronipt | ; 1 shipment at all times. Our motto is a customer must be satisfied ; give m \ I us a trial and we will show you how quickly we will answer your cor- 1 1 respondence ; send your order and it will follow 24 hours after we re- | ' 1 ceive it. Our new catalog is now ready ; send for same. AVe have thou- | > I sands of satisfied cutomers ; why not you ? Send a list of your wants | ■ I and we will quote you. | ! I C. H. W. Weber & Co. f ; I 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. g ; iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii:iiii:iiiiiiiii;iiii;iiii:^iii:iiii:iiii;iiii;iiii:i!!i:iiii;iiy i .Irxi-. 10-Jl r;T,F,ANTN(!s TN P. K F. 0 IT T, T H IJ K Thagard's Italian Queens Bred for Quality My tliree-banded queens are bred from imported stock ; they are hardy, prolific, gentle, disease-resisting and honey producers. A good queen is the life of any colony ; head your colony with some of our queens, place our queens against any queens you may obtain anywhere, and note the results. I do not breed for quantity, but breed for quality. IMy queens have proven this to thousands of beekeepers that have tried them. Book your order now for May and June delivery. April 1st to July 1st.— Untested :$2.00 Select Untested . . 2.25 Tested 3.00 Select Tested .... 5.00 6 $8.00 10.00 16.00 25.00 12 $15.00 18.00 28.00 50.00 Safe arrival, pure mating, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed Circular free. V. R. THAGARD Greenville, Alabama Forehand's Queens They Satisfy — Why? Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding and honey-production. With breeding and selecting of imported queens, I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as good, but none BETTEE. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of my breeders. OUR SERVICE STATION— We are ready to serve you at all times, whether you desire queens or advice. Let us help you with your bee problems. All questions are cheerfully answered. June 1 to Nov. 1. 1 6 12 Untested $1.50 $ 7.50 $13.50 Selected Untested. 1.75 9.00 16.50 Tested 2.50 13.00 24.00 I BREED THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. Selected Tested . . 3.00 16.50 30.00 \ I Bees in two-pound packages. 1 package, $6.00; 25 or over, $5.80; 50 or over, I $5.40; 100 or over, $5.00, without queens. Will begin shipping bees as early as f weather will permit. I Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order I and balance when shipment is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect i satisfaction guaranteed. Write for circulars and large-order discounts. Foreign I orders at receiver's risk. N, Forehand, Ramer, Alabama iilllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli (iLKAXINGS IM BEE G L' E X U K E .li-NH, 1021 THE 1 M -^^ A . «* ^ *» t^SSr^M^'-^_ic-- W. S. TATUM, Proprietor "^^^^^^^^^^^^ HATTIESBURG, MISS. Pure-Bred Italian Queens From Root Honie-Bred Queens Orders filled in rotation unless date specified. Mating and Safe Arrival Guaranteed. Bees in Packages, Nuclei and Full Colonies. QUEENS Untested $1.50 each; 12 or more, $1.25 each Tested 2.50 each ; 12 or more. 2.25 each Select Tested 3.00 eacli ; 12 or more, 2.75 each PACKAGES 1-lb. pkgs., no queen. $3. 00 each ; 25 or more, $2.75 each 2-lb. pkgs., no queen. 5.00 each ; 25 or more, 4.75 each 3-lb. pkgs., no queen. 7'.00 each ; 25 or more, 6.50 each NUCLEI Two-frame Nucleus, no queen $4.50 Three-frame Nucleus, no queen •. . . 6.00 FULL COLONIES Pight-frame colony, no queen 18.00 Ten-frame colony, no queen 20.00 Root Quality Bee Supplies Airco Foundation Prompt Service and Satisfaction Guaranteed. ORDER NOW! BEE READY! STOCK UP! AVOID THE RUSH! BEGINNER'S OUTFITS A SPECIALTY. DISCOUNT ON LARGE ORDERS .Iix- (J I. K A N r N (J S IN B E E (' V L T i: ){ K Time Is Money You cJiiiiKit afford to siiciiil your iiiuc ou ;niy but THE BEST BEES AND QUEENS. Root Bees and Queens aic seeond to noui'. IF EXPERIENCE COUNTS — Fifty years' (juccu hrcedincr experience by Hoot expeits sliould not lie ON'erlooked. IF REPUTATION COUNTS — Root reputation, past, present, and future means niueh. The growtii of the bee industry, dependent entirely upon better bees, is an item of nuicli importance to the company offering you Root bees and queens. We cannot afford to sell anything but the best. IF SALES RECORDS COUNT— Past sales tell their own story of the increasing demand for Root bees and queens. THERE MUST BE A REASON. ITALIAN QUEENS.- The season was earlv in Medina, and untested (|ueens are available earlier than usual. Our breeding (jueens are selected with utmost care. PRICES OF QUEENS. Order by number. .huii" .l\ilyto0't Catalog" No. B.'ir^OOO— Untested (jueens .fi.f)!) ' $'^.00 ' Catalog No. Bai:'.(l()0 — Select untested :>,.{)() 2.50 Catalog No. B.'5140O0— Tested :"..50 .3.00 Catalog No. B.']1.5000— Select tested 4.(1(1 :'..50 Write for discounts when lots of six or more are wanted. NUCLEI. — A one, two, or three frame nucleus will make an astonish- ing record provided such a nucleus goes out, as ours do, on full worker combs in wired frames, well supplied with bees and the proper amount of l)rood. Our nuclei are shipueil by express in light wooden boxes with wire-screen top and bottom. It is necessary to have on hand hives into which to transfer the nuclei on arrival and then add frames containing full sheets of foundation to the nuclei as they increase in strength. Weiulit .lunc Jnlv-0<'t Catalog No. B,310100— 1-frame Nucleus, no (|ueen 4- 7 lbs. $.5.00 $.3.50 Catalog No. B;U0200— 2-frame Nucleus, no queen 9-12 lbs. 7.25 5.50 Catalog No. B.310.300 — .3-fr. Nucleu-i, no (|ueen . 12-16 lbs. 9.50 7.50 Catalog No. B.'!10400 — 5-fr. Nucleus, no (lueen . 22-27 lbs. l.'i.dO 10.50 If queen is wanted, make a scdection and add liei- ]iricc to the above. PRICE OF BEES BY THE POUND— SHIPPED BY EXPRESS. Wt. .lune .Tulv-Sept. Catalog No. B.310700— 1-lb. i>kg. of bees, no combs .3 lbs. .$5.00 .$.3.50 f:atalog No. B.310800— 2-lb. ])kg. of bees, no combs 5 lbs. 8.00 5.50 Catalog No. B,310801— 3-lb. pkg. of bees, no combs 7 ll)s. 11.00 7.50 If (|ueen is want(>d, n)ake a scdection .-ind adil her jirice to th?' above. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STA., MEDINA, OHIO Do you want those supplies rushed to you right away? We will do our best to meet your needs. TRY US. Let us help you get that crop of honey. Make it the biggert ever. It is up to you. ORDER NOW. "What is so rare as a day in June? Then if ever come per- fect days" with the busy bees buzzing of a sunny afternoon. They are busy making your honey. Have you done your part? How about foundation and supers ready for use? ORDER NOW! F. A. SALISBURY 1 63 1 W. Genesee St. Syracuse, N. Y. New York State Beekeepers, send for our cataL You need a veil and gloves. It DOESN'T PAY TO GET STUNG either by the bees 01 in ordering supplies. We are here to SERVE you. Shipments by MAIL, EX- PRESS, or FREIGHT. Write us for quotations. June, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 395 June—July— August Hives Supers Covers Bottoms Escape-Boards Porter Escapes Honey-Boards Hoflfman Frames Shallow Frames Tinned Wire Root's Sections Honey Containers Smokers The New Foundation — AIRCO. Are your months of harvest. If there is any way whatever in which we can be of assistance to you in making these months suc- cessful ones, and your honey yield highly satisfactory, call on us. We have a rounded stock, and can ship at once the sup- plies you need at this time. Your order will get our imme- diate and individual attention. It will be shipped to you over the shortest possible route, saving you time and money. Our business— producing the '^ot ^ality Goods. Our specialty — ser'vice all the time. Use us, in making these months pay. The A. I. Root Company of low a Council Bluffs, Iowa (; I. K A .\ I N (i s I X i; K K (' r I. t v i; k llNi-:, 19-J] Root's Power Honey Extractors For Large or Small Producers Wlietlicr yoii liavc fifty eolonios or fivu humlrc'd, iiiid in'oduc-e honey by thi> ton ■" or traiiiload, you can hardly afford to be without a Eoot power extracting out- fit. The poAver extracting machines now on the market are filling a long-felt want, especially where it is impossible or inconvenient to get extra or compe- tent help while the honey flow is on. Many thousand pounds of honey are lost annually because beekeepers are unable to get help at just the right time or during the few days when the heavi- est flow is on. The honey is there and must be made room for within a few hours or it is gone. With a power ex- tiacting outfit it is possible to take care of the entire crop with no loss of time or crop. More honey can be taken from the combs by this process, the combs are not so easily broken, and you can have them ready to put back into the hives before the flow is over. You can't alwavs depend upon getting a niai at the right time, but your jjower machinery is always ready to begin work just when you want it most. These machines are not ex- pensive either in fii-st copt or in operating expenses, and e\ery beekeeper who produces extracted hone}' for the market should lia\'e one. Ask for our free booklet, "Power Honev Extractors. ' ' B472.580 — Buckeye I'nv v IVrinits rever.sins; without iiiniiy times iis dci K\tr;u-t(ir. st"Pi)iiiu', red Fmir GaUiiiix of Caxoliiu: Vs-ci] in Ex- firirting 33,000 I'omuU of Uoni'H. I have' used tlie pover honey extract- ing outfit for the pas* two years, and am more than p'eased wi»h it in every way, as it lias done perfect work, sav- ins labor and time. The cost of run- ning the engine is connmratively noth- ing:, •■'s I used only four :?allons of sasolne in pxtractiu": 33,000 pounds of honey. A. A. Ericson. F:cckton, Wise. 'Extracting nia\' le made an inter- esting' si'ience instead (if an irksome task if the ijroper machinery is used.) (liixolinc Dni.s Whnf 3Iai, Cii„ X„t Do. I have no patience with the man who says. "Let the boy turn the extractor." Can't you remember when you had to turn the srindstone .' Would you want to dissust the boy with beekeeping and farm life? On the other hand, consider the boy's love for machinery. Tell him he is to have charge of the engine, and note how he feels his importance. Won't beekeeping have new charms for him ? Had I b\it forty colonies of bees the power outfit would be part of my equipment. It has come to stay with me. It pays. It gets the thick ripe hone.v out of combs. Does what man can't. V,, W. Brown. Morton Park, Illinois. When the engine is not in use to run the extractoi-, it may he connected to some other nachinery, and made to pay for its?lf many times over. Steam engines are expensive a':id complicated. A good gasoline engine may be run 'by any one with ordinary in- telligence, and is not an extiavagant investment. 'fill- ioUijiriiiij sizi-s and ■■■tiili's of Rnvt Poirrr E.il nirlorK noir rca Pockets B472425 — Four-frame power extractor 9% in. B-47244() — Eight-frame power extractor 9% in. B47'2447-— Eight-fraire power extractor IL' iu. B47;io8U — Eight-frame Buckeye power cxtra^-tor. 9% in. Write us or any of our distributors today for current prices. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, West Side Sta., Medina, Ohio. Ill I'or in: ',■,■, Hi, fr •<}n 1)111 r: it (iear ratio Diam. Wt. 1 to 1 friction 29 in. 255 1 to 1 friction ?i7 in. ;i65 1 to 1 ^'riction -i;! in. -j;;5 1 to 1 fiictifiu -!.'i in. 597 Junk, 1921 (i I. 1-: A N T N G S T N 1! E K (,' U L T V K E 397 m Farmers Should Buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds pEDERAL Farm Loan Bonds are safe. They are ■1- secured by first mortgages on productive farms, the kind of assets with which you are aheady famiUar, and in addition they are guaranteed jointly by the 12 Federal Land Banks with a combined capital of over $24,000,000. Federal Farm Loan Bonds pay 5% interest — a better net income than from most farms rented to tenants. Federal Farm Loan Bonds are tax-free. The principal is exempt; likewise the income from it. Federal Farm Loan Bonds are staple. They bring a steady, dependable income twice a year, good seasons and bad, are A-1 security for loans, and are easily and quickly convertible into cash. Farmers who buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds help to build a farmers' national co-operative banking system. These bonds can be had in denominations of $100, $500, $1000 and $5000, either coupon or registered form. Keep your money out of "blue sky" schemes. Put it where it will be safe and help to build up the whole farming business. Buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds and encourage your neighbors and farm help to buy them. You can buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds from any Federal Land Bank Springfield, Mass. New Orleans, La. Wichita, Kansas St. Louis, Mo. Berkeley, Cal. Omaha, Nebr. Louisville, Ky. St. Paul, Minn. Baltimore, Md. Columbia, S. C. Houston, Texas Spokane, Wash. Send today for free bulletin giving detailed information as to these bonds. Address the nearest Federal Land Bank. Talk it over with your county agent or secre» tary of your local national farm loan association. Federal Farm Loan Board Treasury Department ♦ Washington, D. C. 398 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1921 THE AULT 1921 BEE SHIPPING CAGE (Patent Pending) i.st. It is a dark cage, much more no than the open screen cages we have I'cen shipping in in the past. 2nd. The feeder uses pure sugar syrup. Better than Honey or Candy to ship on; it contains water as well as feed. Sd. Feeders are made more substan- tial, 1-3 larger, and have screw cap that will not jar out. 4th. Instead of one small hole, we now nse a cotton duck washer in the screw cap that has proven to overcome all the objections found to the liquid feed method. 5th. The Cage is one piece screen wire protected by thin hoards on the outside. Send for free circular describing the cage in detail, pi-ices, etc. QUEENS- PACKAGE BEES-QUEENS Will book your oi-der with 20 i)er cent down, Ijalanee just before shipping. My Free Circular gives prices in detail, etc. Safe delivery sjiiaranteed within 6 days of ship- ping point. "We ship thousands of pounds all over U. S. A. and Canada. 1 -pound package bees, $3.00 each; 25 or more, $2.85 each. 2-pound package bees, $5.00 each; 25 or more, $4.75 each. 3-pound package bees, $7.00 each; 25 or more $6.65 each. Add price of queen wanted. F. O. B. Shipping Point. Untested Queen, $2.00 each; 25 or more, $1.75 each. Select Untested Queen, $2.25 each ; 25 or more, $2.00 each. Tested Queen, $3.00 each; 25 or more, $2.70 each. Select Tested, $3.50 each; 25 or more, $3.00 each. NUECES COUNTY APIARIES E. B, AULT, Proprietor CALALLEN, TEXAS June, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 399 ' ' Queens that are reared to please' THEY ALWAYS •SATISFY "Gentlemen : "The six queens arrived today. I will say with pride they are the most beau- tiful I ever saw and I have been a beekeeper for 1 5 \ears." We asa-u) e you lliet/ will satisfji you thr ■•lame. Highest Quality Prompt Service Satisfaction OUR PRICES Untested: 1, $1.50- 6, $8.00; 12, $15; 100, $100. Select Untested, 1, $1.75- C\ $9.50; 12, $17- 100, $120. Tested, 1, $3.00; 6, $14.75; 12, $25.00. Select Tested, 1, $4.00; 6, $23.00; 12, $42.00. Write for prices on larger quantities than 100. Our Reliable Three-Banded Italian Queens WHY ORDER FARMP^R QUEENS! They are bred by as skillful and experienced queen-breeders as can be found in the United States. Tliere are very few places where queens are reared under as favorable conditions as in our queen-rearing yards. We devote our time to rearing as good queens as possibly can be, and we positively guarantee that no better can be reared ; we spare neither lal)or nor money in developing our strain of Italians. It is our in- tention to improve our original stock each year and to be more skillful queen-l)reeders. Our first original stock was procured from the highest quality obtainable, which we have proved to be the highest point and is now not surpassed by any. Our own eyes in- spect every queen that leaves our yards; no culls sent out. Place your orders, and after you have given our queens a fair test and you are not satisfied in every way that they are as good as any you have ever used, just return them and we will send you queens to take their places or return your money. They are very resistant to diseases, the very best for honey-gathering. You take no risk in l)uying our queens; safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada; satisfac- tion is left entirely to purchaser; prompt service given to all or- ders ; every queen guaranteed to be purely mated. The Farmer Apiaries, Ramer, Alabama Where the Good Queens Come From. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1921 ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS Going Back to Normal Our " motto'" is to give l)eekeepers tho very highest quality Ital- ian Queens, Bees, and Beekeepers' supplies at the lowest eost possi- ble. Conditions make the following low prices possible. An abso- lute quality guarantee on everything we sell. Our intention and de- sire are to stay in the business, and to stay we have got to give you (puility goods, therefore' you run no (|uality risk in ordering from us. QUEENS AND BEES UNTESTED (QUEENS: .tLlT) each; 12 or moro, $1.00 each. After June 15: Untested Queens, $1.00 each; 12 or more, 75c each. TESTED, $2.00; BEEEDERS, $5.00 to $25.00. PACKAGE BEES for June ship- ment, shipped from from Mayliew, Miss., or Helena, Ga.: One-pound package $2.00 Two-i)ound package 3.75 Three-pound package 5.25 ONE, TWO, and THREE-FRAME NUCLEI at the above prices. Add price of queen wanted. BEE SUPPLY SPECIALS 100,000 "A'' grade sections in 414x414x178, 4i4x4i/ixli/o, and 4x5 xl% at $15.00 per 1000. SHIPPING CASES for above sec- tions at 65c eaeli. Quality as good as can be had. A job lot of good CYPRESS COV- ERS and BOTTOMS of standard dimensions in packages of five, made of seven-eighths lumber thru- out, at 55c each. HOFFMAN FRAMES: Made of cy- press at $6.00 per 100; white pine, best frame made, $8.00 per 100. A lot of otli(>r bargains — let us (|uote you. One of the Many Unsolicited Letters We Receive: Alex;iiulri;i, Lii., Api'il 17, 1921. inotiiiie as'o. received on tlie 15tli Ttie Stover Apiiiries, Miiyhew, Miss, Genlleinen : Tlie sliipmeiit (if ) celiives ordered of y instant. I liasten to e.xpress in\' surprise: tlie e.Ntra good quality of the fi-nnies, extracting supers, and tlie cover is the hest tiiat I have ever u.'cl, tho T have supplies from luoie than ten difi'eieiit supply liouses. I cannot undeistand how you can sell this grade of goods for the prices you are selling it. Your goods are liy far the best that I have ever used. I have some covers that I paid $1.98 each for, and I think the pne-piece cover that I paid $1.00 for from you is the best cover. 1 have strongly recommended yo\ r goods to Mr. Day C. Patterson and Mr. M. G. Bennard of this City, who promised me that they would give yon a trial order. If you so desire, you may nsp this letter or any part of it for advertising purposes. Hoping that I will have the occasion to give > on a laigei' order in the future. Respect fuUv vours, 115 nesoto St. \V. S.' JOHNSON. THE STOVER APIARIES MAYHEW, MISS. The Proof of the Puddin; How do we know AIRCO Foundation is better .' Just what are the tests that have been made? Under what test conditions did the bees show a decided preference for AIRCO Foundation? Since the tests were made thousands of beekeepers have proved to their own satisfaction that AIRCO delivers the goods claimed on the basis of tliese older tests. But the results of these oUler tests are still to be seen in the actual frames as taken from the hives. Encased in glass, we keep on disiiiay these tirst testimonials by the bees. In brood-frames we placed alternate strips of AIRCO coml) foundation and strips of old-style foundation, both made from the same wax and at the same time and under exactly the same .conditions. With alternate strips of eipial size of AIECO and old-style foundation, the bees very decidedly showed a preference for the AIRCO; when the two strijis of old-style foundation were placed in the center and the AIRCO foundation occupied the two outside quarter spaces of the frame, agnin the bees showed a decided preference foi' the AIRCO 2)ieces. "When AIRCO pieces were twice the length of the old-style strips or when tlicy were half the length of the old-style and vice versa, the results were still the same. Frames were put in all positions in many hives, but there was no trickery that could move tlie bees in their preference between old- style foundation and AIRCO foundation. The superiority of AIRCO over other foundation in the imitation of nat- ural comb is a matter of scientific demonstration that cannot be ques- tidvied. When we state that AIRCO foundation is decidedly better than any other style of foundation, we mean just that and all of that. We have not heretofore advertised in detail the tests made because it was our purpose that tests be made by the beekeeper himself. It has been and is our ])lea today, try AIRCO foundation this year, and judge results for yourself. For your convenience we copy fi-om page 21 of our catalog, order num- bers and prices as follows: Price per pound parked i)i fco.re.s a-i follows: MiHliiim Brond Ijiijlit Broiid Tliin Super Kxtra Thin SiipiM- One lib. box.B.511001 $1.00 B.521001 .$1.03 B.535001 $1.08 Br)45001 $1.1(1 One 2-lb. box.B;jll002 .9.5 B521002 .9S Eo35002 l.o:! B545002 1.05 One .5-lb. box.B511003 .92 B.j210n3 .9.5 B.535003 l.OO B545003 1.02 Immediate shipment will be made from our biMiiclu^s anil agencies as listed on the bacjc of the Root catalog, or your order mailed to Medina will be filled from our nearest branch or agency, saving you all possible transportation charges. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY. West Side Sta., Medina. Ohio Any Kicks — Kick Joe ^^ TJR foundation mill man, "Joe," who has been irilh ns for tlt.irt//-nine t i year^, remarked the other day that we shoiced him the complimentary ^^ letters on "DAD ANT'S FOUNDATION," but never the "KICKS." Fortunately criticisms come to iis so seldom that we were unable to comply with his desire fur aclrerf Power Extractors E. E. Root 414-416 Queen Introduction Jay Smith 416-419 Comb-Honey Production Geo. S. Demuth 419-421 Compulsory Honey Grading S. B. Fracker 422-424 Government Market Reports C. W. Kitchen 424-425 Treating American Foul Brood A. C. Ames 426 Introducing Valuable Queens A. W. Finlay 426-428 Location or Management D. 0. Stahlman 428-429 Development of Worker Bees Yasuo Hiratsuka 429 Sif tings J. E. Crane 430 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 431-433 From North, East, West, and South 433-438 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 438 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 439-440 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 441-442 Our Homes A.I. Root 443-446 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One. year, $1.00. (Low i):ii(l-in-;uIvaiife-sul).scription rates vvitlidrawn. ) Singlei coity, 10 cents. Canailiaii sulisiiii)tiiiM 15 cents aiUIitional per year, and foreign snbscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by tlie .suliscriber to be continued, will be sto|)ped on oxpiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us fur tliis .iournab CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to wliicli the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — .Should l)e sent by postottice money order, bank draft, eixpress money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to GleA.nin(!s columns solicited: stamps should be enclosed to insuie return to author of manuscrii)t if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions vill be sent on reouest Results from advertising; in this journal are remarkablv satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every ailvertiser using space in this journal. Kntered as second class mail matter at the Postotifice at Medina, Ohio. Pu))lished monthly. Space occ\ipied by reading matter in this issue, .58.7 per cent; advertising, 41.3 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root Zona Fowls H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1921. TOU ENOW THIS IS THE BEST VEIL. Don't Do Without. $1.50 will bring this veil to j'ou direct from us or any of the G. B. Lewis di.stril)mors. We give you this GUARAN- TEE : If, after you receive you Ideal bee-veil, it is not the best veil you ever hope to own, return it and your money will be returned to you and we will still be good friends. Buy an extra one for your wife; she deserves the BEST and it will make her happy. AFTER ALL IS SAID AND DONE You, I, and the next fellow will be better off and happier when prices in all commodities seek the same level. When a pound of honey bought a loaf of bread, we were happy. Even though the loaf cost 15c it did not anger us because honey advanced to the same level. Let us not .judge the present conditions as "unfair"; we are simply returning to tlie price of bread we used to know. The other prices will eventually seek the same level. Send for our EEDUCED prices on Bee Supplies. Our reduction is as much as % off of 1921 prices. We expect to buy a ]imite(Hir locality cdni- jiMie with iioniial Mt lliis time.' Ciive answer in per cent. What is ymir estimate as to what the total crop will be for 1921 compared with normal, the estimate heins based upon the yield to date as well as the i)resent condition of the honey jilanfs and the colonies. (Jive answer in per cent. What percentage of last year's croj) still vc- mains in the haiuls of the producers? .\t what price do you expect the new crop to move in large lots in your market? Comb honey? Extracted honey? Honey On Price Price Rei)orted bv Flow Crop Hand Comb Ext. .1. M. Cutts. . . . 80 90 ' ' '> $.20 .1. V. Ormond. 100 100 "o .25 $.22 .Fas. .lohnson . . . 100 100 0 .27 W. .1. Sheppard. 100 100 0 .35 .28 Ij. Ij. Andrew.s . •10 25 :'.o .12 (i. B. Tjarinan . . 8 15 20 M. A. Sayler. . . 90 100 0 .T. H. Wagner. . 100 150 25 6.00 .16 B. W. Hopper. . 90 90 5 5.00 .10 A. Ijatham 200 150 5 6.00 .20 Ward Tjamkin . . 100 100 5 .10 Harrv Hewftt . . 10 75 25 .11 C. E. Cook 7.5 75 5 .20 .15 C. H. Clute 5 60 0 J. J. AVilder . . . 20 .19 .14 E. F. Atwater. . 100 6.00 .12 A. C. Baxter.. 25 40 0 .;!o .22 C. F. Bender. . 20 30 0 A. L. Kildow.. 1,5 5 10 .25 .20 T. C. Johnson . . 70 100 0 6.00 .20 K. S. Miller... 90 90 20 7.00 .17 Ed. G. Brown. . 100 100 .22 .12 F. Coverdale. . . 10 2 J. A. Nininger . . 75 50 0 7.00 .20 C. D. Mize. . . . 100 80 0 7.00 .15 P. C. Ward. . . . 70 75 0 E. C. Davis. . . . 50 50 10 0. B. Griffin. . . 25 5 .31 .28 0. M. Smith... 50 50 5 S. J. Crocker, .Jr. 25 25 .25 .15 B. F. Kindig. . . 100 100 7 F. Markham .... 100 75 25 .30 .15 C. Blaker 75 75 2.5 W. Elam 50 65 10 .12 R. B. Willson. . 85 80 2 .30 .11 R. E. Bray 95 95 10 5.00 .16 F. J. Harris .... 9 W. H. Wolff. . . 100 100 0 8.00 .20 L. D. A. Prince 0 50 10 5.00 .12 E. G. Norton. . . 5 .10 E. G. Carr 50 75 5 Geo. B. Howe. . 10 0 Adams & Mvers .23 .13 Geo. H. Rea... 50 50 0. .1. Spahn. . . . 50 50 .30 .20 N. L. Stevens . . 50 75 15 .18 .10 F. W. Lesser . . . 75 50 0 5.00 .11 E. G. Baldwin. . 85 75 8 .17 .13 F. Leininger . . . . 100 100 0 .25 .15 R. D. Hiatt. . . . 100 85 0 W. A. Matheny.. 10 10 0 .40 .40 C. F. Stiles 90 0 E. J. Ladd 90 75 9 .21 .10 Harry Beaver . . . 50 40 0 A. C. Miller. . . . 40 100 0 A. S. Conradi.. . 50 0 G. M. Bentley . . 100 100 0 .30 .25 J. M. Buchanan 90 100 0 .25 .20 T. A. Bowden. . 100 100 0 .26 .18 J. N. Mave.s. . . . 50 50 0 .14 .10 M. A. Gill 100 100 0 4.00 .09 N. E. Miller 105 108 .08 .T. E. Crane. . . . 80 10 0 .25 .15 G. W. B. Saxton 50 150 10 .15 W. L. Cox 100 100 0 .25 .15 G. W. York 105 75 5 5.00 .12 T. K. Massie. . . 0 (1 0 N. E. France. . . 85 10 K. Hassinger. . . . 80 60 2 .23 .13 •State. Ala. .\rk.-, .\rk. H. C. Cal. Cal. Cal. Colo. Colo. Conn. Fla. Fla. Fla. Fla. Ga. Ida. 111. 111. 111. Ind. Ind. la. la. Kan. Kan. Ky. La. Me. Mass. Md. ' Mich. Mich. Minn. Miss. Miss. Mont. Neb. N. H. Nev. Nev. N. -T. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Ohio Ohio Ohio Ohio Okla. Ore. Penn. R. I. S. C. Tenn. Tenn. Tex. Tex. Utah Utah Vt. Wash. Wash. Wash. W. Va. Wis. Wis. THE HONEY SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Los Angeles, Calif., May 24. — It is only recently that the honey indiistry has become a specialized, important industry in the United States. This de- velopment lias taken place almost entirely in the State of California and is to a great extent the re- sult of the activity of co-operative marketing asso- ciations. Heretofore, statistics as to honey production and con.suinption in the United States have been almost negligible, because of the fact that the production of honey was maintained as a .■C Son Lansing, Michigan 510 North Cedar Street Send for 1^21 Catalog. July, 3 9J1 (i I. V. A i\ I N (i S IN BE E C U L T U K E fffiw Bingham Buy Bingham Bee Smokers On the market over 40 years. The bel- lows of best quality sheepskin is pro- Rf^ iMOKER vided with a valve, which gives it pep — ^TTITi^^ and makes it respond quickly to the most delicate touch, giving as much or as little smoke as is required. The Big Smoke size, stove 4 x 10 inches, with asbestos-lined shield, permits the hold- ing of the smoker between the knees witliout danger of burning the trous- ers or one's legs. This size is much ap- preciated by extensive operators. Postage extra. Size of stove, ins. Big Smoke, with shield 4 xlO Big Smoke, no shield 4 xlO Smoke Engine 4 x7 Doctor 3%x7 Conqueror 3 x7 Little Wonder 3 x5 % Buy Bingham Honey Uncapping Knives ]\Iade of the finest quality steel for the purpose that money can ))uy. These knives of the proper thickness and quality have given the best of satisfac- tion, as the old timers will testify. For over thirty years the men engaged in the manufacture of these knives have been at this work. The perfect grip cold handle is one of the improvements. Buy Woodman Section Fixer A combined section press and foundation fastener of pressed steel construction. It forms comb-honey sec- tions and puts in top and bottom starters all at one handling. Top and bottom starters insure combs at- tached to all four sides, a requirement to grade fancy. By using this machine you always handle large pieces of foundation. The difficulty of handling the small bottom starters is eliminated, which is not the case with other machines. The section comes away right side up, with the large starter hanging down, which is a decided advantage in rapid work, especially in hot weather. SPECIAL SALE HONEY PACKAGES. 60-lb. cans, 2 in a ca,se, per case in quantity lots, f. o. b. Chicago, at |1.30; Detroit, at $1.30"; Bal- timore, at $1.25. Friction-top pails, f. o. b. Chi- cago, 5-lb. size, crates of 100 at $7.75; crates of 203 at $15.00; 10-lb. size, crates of 113 at $12.50. .F. 0. b. Baltimore, 5-lb. size, crates of 100 at $7.50; 10-lb. size, crates of 100, at $11.00. Clear flint glass Mason jars with lacquered tin caps and wax liners, pints per gross at $9 00. quarts per gross at $10.00. Quotations on other packagM made on request. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., U. S. A. (; I> K A N I N (J S T N B 10 K V U I- T U K K ■Jrr.v, 1921. NOW IS THE TIME when every niiimte counts, for you as for your ])ees. You know, Mr. Beekeeper, the great saving of a drawn conil) over a sheet of foundation. Just so, there must be a saving, wlien the bees draw out foundation without hesitancy. DADANT'S FOUNDATION is such a product, so received by the bees. Combs are drawn once for all. Make sure the foundation you furnish your bees insures as nearly perfect combs as is pos- sible. There is a satisfaction in driv- ing a good horse or a good car. Just so with giving your bees a good foundation. Kemember, Dadant's Founda- tion is the result of years of patient experimentation com- bined with extensive use in our own apiaries. We send out no product which has not proven its superiority by actual test in our many api- aries. DADANT'S FOUNDATION — Every inch, every pound, every ton equal to any sample we have ever sent out. Specify it to your dealer. If he hasn' it, write us. PRICE REDUCTIONS. Wo aiinoiuico the following reductions from our 1921 cjitnlog prices. Dadant's Foundation, 12c per pound. 32% discount on Lewis Famous No. 1 sections. 30% discount on Bee Hives and all other wooden goods. 25% discount on Bee Veils and wood and wire excluders. 20% discount on Bees and Queens and all other excluders. 10% discount on Honey Extractors and metal goods. Special low prices on Tin Cans. Immediate shipment. Order NOW. DADANT £# SONS HAMILTON, ILL. Catalog and Prices on Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working into Comb- Foundation, and Comb Rendering for the asking. E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1 EDITORIAL JULY is an oxeellont time foi- requoeiiiiig. By rejilacing inferior queens now with young q u c e u s carefully Best Time for reared from tlie best RecLueening. stock, the beekeeper should add many (lol- lars to his income next year. If these young queens can be reared during the lat- ter part of the honey flow in July as can usually be done in the North, they will begin to lay just at the right time to help insure a good colony for winter. A young queen that begins to lay in August not only puts the colony in much better condition for winter by laying more eggs late in the sea- son than old queens, but she is also in prime condition for the heavy brood-rearing next spring in building up for the honey flow. Many beekeepers are so busy with their crop of honey at this season that they think they cannot afford to take the time to rear queens to replace old and inferior ones, but it usually pays and pays well to take the time to do this. 30^W8= OWING to the present rate of foreign ex- change and the lack of a market in Europe, immense quanti- Price of Beeswax ties of beeswax Abnormally Low. are being dumped upon the market in this country at heretofore unheard-of prices, which is depressing the market on domestic wax. Just how long this dumjiing will continue no one can tell, for under jires- ent conditions, even a high protective tariff could not be expected entirely to prevent it. This wax is not able to compete with do- mestic wax for all uses on account of being an inferior grade, altho pure. This will prevent the price of domestic wax from sinking to the same level as the foreign wax, which comes originally chiefly from Africa, and domestic wax is holding up re- markably well under this pressure. Fortunately beeswax is not a perishable product and does not have to be rushed to market when the price is low. Furthermore, by using comb foundation the beekeeper is both a producer and a consumer of wax. Many and perhaps most of them are larger consumers than they are producers. THIS is growing slowly; but owing to the general economic conditions over the coun- try the amounts TheDrMiUer subscribed are Memorial Fund, s m all — seldom more than a dol- lar, and often less. This morning, June 10, the Alameda County Beekeepers ' Associa- tion of Oakland, Calif., a real live bee so- ciety, by the way, thru its president, Gary W. Hartman, sent a check for $35.00. The association expressed the wish that we might be able to establish a chair in bee cul- ture at some college; but, unless the funds come in much heavier than they have been doing, tliis would not be possible, tho we could put up a monument or establish a small bee library. The action of the asso- ciation is splendid, and we hope that other organizations of a like character, state and county, will follow the example. In the meantime let individual subscriptions con- tinue to come in as before. THE heavy brood-rearing in April in many of the northern States this year has brought on certain eondi- Effects of the tions not often Break in Brood- encountered in Rearing in May. this portion of the country. Many colonies had as much brood the first of May as they usually have the first of June, and after climbing to the peak of brood-rearing a month or more earlier than usual they greatly reduced brood-rearing in May. Ap- parently after a spurt of such heavy egg- laying the queens must have a rest, not being able to keep up the pace for any great length of time. Many queens were superseded late in April or early in May, and many of the early swarms, which came a month ahead of the usual time for swarming, were a result of supersedure. During May the colonies, having their spurt of spring brood-rearing over with, reared brood sparingly even when abundant- ly supplied with stores, and in colonies short of stores the queens in many cases al- most suspended egg-laying entirely, just at the time that spring brood-rearing is usually at its height. Even stimulative feeding at this time could not be depended upon to 410 GLEANINGS T N BEE C U I. T U R E .lui.Y. 19-21. keep up brood-reariug as extensively as it had been carried on earlier. There was, therefore, a break in brood-rearing for two or three weeks in May, which has resulted in a lack of the usual number of emerging bees in June. When the honey flow began from clover about the first of June this lack of young bees was quite noticeable, for when most of the field bees were in the field during the day, the hives appeared to be almost deserted, the majority of the workers being old enough to work in the fields. Another peculiar thing brought about by this condi- tion was noticeable in the supers, when the field bees were in the hive in the evening or during a shower. Instead of the supers being occupied largely by young bees they were apparently filled with old bees, which usually stay in the lower part of the hive when the supers are occupied by young bees. Under these conditions there should be but little if any swarming until young bees begin to appear again in great numbers. The usual June swarming season should therefore make its appearance late in the month and probably extend into July, altho most colonies that were well supplied with stores were unusually strong when clover began to yield. Beekeepers of the northern States are so accustomed to the swarming season coming soon after the beginning of the honey flow that it is quite a novelty to see rousing colonies send most of their workers into the fields and the supers, with no thought of swarming. =«i^ca= EVEN the experienced beekeeper usually overestimates the amount of honey on the hives toward Leave More Honey the close of the For the Bees. honey flow, and in producing ex- tracted honey the tendency is to leave too little for the bees. In many cases colonies run short of stores in August after the crop has been removed where there is no fall flow. With the depressed honey market it would be folly to extract honey which may not find ready sale except at a low price, ex- pecting to feed the bees sugar syrup for their own use. It is far better to leave enough honey in the combs now to supply an abundance for the use of the bees until next season. The beekeeper cannot afford at this time to trade sugar stores for honey with all the risk and trouble that would re- sult from making such an exchange, to say nothing of the advantages of honey stores for brood-rearing in building up next spring. The wise beekeeper will leave more honey with the bees than he thinks they can possibly need when he removes his crop. Beekeepers in the far North can feed their colonies a sufficient amount of sugar syrup for the time the bees are confined to their hives to insure good stores for the winter period, but this should be fed late after brood-rearing ceases and should be given in addition to the honey stores which will be available for spring brood-rearing after the bees have consumed the late-fed sugar stores. By using but little, if any, sugar for feeding the bees, and leaving hon- ey instead, tlie total amount of honey thus kept off of the market should be enormous and should greatly help to relieve the pres- ent depressed honey market. It is time for beekeejjers to cease helping the sugar mar- ket at the expense of the honey market. THE present high prices of equipment and greatly increased operating expenses, together with the >fedv Production Costs f ^ of Comb and ILj-i^ Extracted Honey. lower prices of honey, are caus- ing beekeepers to think seriously of the cost of producing honey. M. G. Dadant, in the American Bee Journal, sets forth some interesting figures on production costs of comb and extracted honey. From these figures, which were compiled by Frank Rauchfuss, Mr. Dadant concludes that it would take a production of 100 pounds per colony of extracted honey to net the pro- ducer as much as a production of 48 pounds of comb honey per colony, figuring supplies at prices prevailing when the 1920 crop was harvested. The figures were compiled on a basis of 500 colonies in eight-frame hives for comb honey and the same number of colonies in ten-frame hives for extracted lione^'. Mr. Dadant raises the interesting ques- tion whether the 500 colonies operated for comb honey would be able to produce 48 pounds while the 500 colonies operated for extracted honey were producing 100 pounds. The Junior Editor (G. S. Demuth) has op- erated a series of apiaries for comb honey in northern Indiana for many years. Dur- ing at least the past 25 years some colonies in these apiaries were operated for extract- ed honey, and during the past few years one of the apiaries was run for extracted honey entirely. The yields of the two types of honey in these apiaries under the same conditions, with colonies of equal strength, indicate that an average of about 75 pounds of comb hone}' can be produced to 100 pounds of extracted honey. During some seasons the ratio is even greater, while dur- ing other seasons it is less. Other locations would probably give 'different results; but, according to the figures published by Mr. Dadant, the production of comb honey un- der present conditions should yield a much greater profit than the production of ex- tracted honey in locations similar to that mentioned. As pointed out by Mr. Dadant, much depends upon the locality and the sea- son as well as upon the management. .In. O I. K A \ I \ (I S I \ n K K (• r I. T U K R 411 TAKING EXTRACTED HONEY ^moving Honey in Wholesale Way After the Honey Flo-w. Circum'vent- ing Robbers. Extracting with Comfort By Morley Pettit WE do not take hon- ey off un- til the crop is all on the liives. This calls foi' a, large stock of supers, and we count on an av- erage of at the very least three ten-frame L. supers and a shallow super for each colony, spring count. That is not really enough for a maximum crop at all yards, as for example in 1916. That was the year it rained all the previous fall and all spring right up until June 25 after the clover had been in bloom for weeks. Then it suddenly turned hot, and for one month things happened! Toward the end of that month we had three supers on everything, four on a great many, and five on quite a few, all nearly full of honey and not a pound of it ready to extract, ac- cording to our standards. The weather and the honey flow were such that they could not ripen it. Where we would have been with only one or even two supers per col- ony I hate even to imagine. While on Gov- ernment work I have visited beekeepers in cold weather and have seen their honey all in five-pound pails with a half inch of clear liquid over the granulated part in every pail. They said their honey was always that way, and thought it was a normal condition for good clover honey. They extracted fre- quently from one super per colony during the honey flow, turned out a great deal of unripe honey, and complained about the low price! As soon as the colony has some honey in nearly all the cells ot a super an- other is given, always next the brood-cham- ber. Yes, it means a lot of lifting; but we are sure it pays. We have tried putting the empty super on top and it does not work — not in our "locality." After having made some increase and melted up some old combs we generally run short of combs to- ward the end of the honey flow and supers of foundation are in order. This serves the double purjiose of getting combs and encour- aging the ripening of the full supers above. We try to add foundation freely enough to have some partly drawn to take off; that shows they have not missed gathering for lack of space, yet it gets all well capped. Combs with wide top-bars go nine in a super, narrow ones ten. Bee-escapes for Stripping Apiary of Its Honey. When it comes to taking off the honey we take along escape-boards enough for one whole yard. We used to tilt the stack and slip the board under all at once, and then we tried taking one super off each hive at a time, thinking they would go out of one more quickly than from the whole stack. Now we do not do either. If enough empty combs for one super per colony in one yard can be saved from the supering season, that suits best; if not, we have 1o make shift iii\til some are e .V t r acted. To put on escapes the procedure is somewhat like this: Go to the first hive and tear down the stack of supers, saving out the shallow super and any real light combs. The shallow super has been on top of the stack all summer and should be sol- idly filled and capped. Kemove the ex- cluder and place the shallow extracting ing super on the brood-chamber, then the excluder and a super containing empty combs and any unripe honey there may be in the last super which had been added to the hive. The escape goes on top of this and then the pile of supers of honey. Now the escaping bees have somewhere to go, and if the supers do not contain one cell of brood they will clear rapidly, as a rule, altho there are exceptions. This seems like work, and I do not know how to get the best results without work; but there are al- ways two men to do it. After the escapes are all on some responsible person must go over every hive again and see that robbers have no possible chance to get into any super. They will soon be all unguarded, and if robbers ever get a start the fat is surely in the fire. With everything secure, that yard should be left to itself for a full 24 hours; if the weather is inclined to be cool, 48 hours is better. Loading and Getting Away Without Trouble From Robbers. In taking oft' supers at the end of the flow the struggle with robbers is the great- est difficulty. Where trucks are to be loaded direct from the hives this is accentuated. When it is very hot and bright we some- times have to work rather late in the eve- ning; but the latest plan we have tried is ordinarily sufficient to keep them within bounds. First, see that there are no very weak or qucenless colonies. Then teach everyone to be as careful as possible about lea\'ing combs exposed for bees to get a taste. Next, have a quantity of soft cotton cloths, each one large enough to cover a super, soaking in a pail containing a medium solution of crude carbolic acid. The crude kind will not burn the hands like the re- fined, yet it is (|uite as good as a repellent. Three persons can work to advantage at tak- ing off. The supers are stacked five or six high close to the hives with an escape-board under and on top of each pile and a carbo- lized cloth over the top in addition. Where nine combs in a super can be crowded to- gether and a tenth put in, this is done to prevent swinging while on the road. The taking off and filling out and stacking and covering with boar ■• ■ 414 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .TULY, 1921. ALLi reversi- ble honey- extractors on the market make use of one of two princi- ples for chang- ing the sides of the combs. The first one has been used for the last 20 years, and it has given very good satisfaction; but it has its limitation's. The other one, perhaps, just as old, but newer in its application, is attract- ing a large amount of favorable comment. In the older type the baskets or pockets are hinged on the sides, after the principle of POWER EXTRACTORS cA Glance into the Inside Mechan- ism, Sho-wing How Reversing is oAccomplished By E. R. Root Fig. 1. — This shows the priniiplc of reversing of the old automatic extractor The pockets ut the top and bottom are hinged on one side. The lever here shown connects each pocket with the reversing-dnim, which when temporarily slowed down, and then stopped, causes the lever to shift from one i)Osition to the other. An internal sector gear is connected with each pocket on one end of the lever, and a slot and pinion on the other end. Fig. 2 shows the pockets in the act of reversing, when the pockets will be revolved clear around t/i the other position, subjecting the other side of the comb to the action of the centrifugal force. a common door. The reversing is accom- plished by swinging the pockets on their hinges from one side clear over to the other. This principle necessitates the stopping of the machine, or nearly stopping it, before the reversing can be accomplished. Even at slow speed the centrifugal force tends to throw the baskets over to the reverse side with a bang unless care is used. With new or tender combs, or combs not wired, there is more or less breakage, especially when hired help does the work. The hinged-door principle of reversing re- quires the slowing down and stopping and reversing of the direction of the reel in or- der that the combs may be reversed. In modern practice it is the almost universal custom to start throwing out most of the honey on one side at a comparatively slow speed to reduce the weight of thb comb. It is then reversed, when the other side is ex- tracted clean. The first side is then re- turned to its first position and extracted again. This makes two reversings, a n d each time the machine must be slowed down, and stopped and started up again, all of which consumes valuable time right in the midst of the honey season when time is precious and help that is not afraid of bees is often hard to find. In hand-driven machines it also wastes energy. The other principle, altlio it is as old as the first, but newer so far as the general use is concerned, is rapidly coming to the front. The baskets, instead of being hinged on the side and swinging like a door, are pivoted in the center. If the reader will imagine a shaft passing thru the center of the comb pockets or baskets and thru the center of the comb lengthwise, and if he can see in his mind 's eye this comb or basket revolv- ing on this shaft like a top, he will under- stand the principle. Of course it is impos- sible to have a shaft go thru the comb; but it is possible to have the basket pivoted at the top and bottom; or, more exactly, it is impossible to have the basket revolve on an sliaft running thru its center, because there can be no shaft going thru the center of the pocket without interfering with the inser- tion of the combs. Machines are now built Fig. 2. — To understand this it is necessary to refer to the legend under Fig. 1. The pockets are in the act of reversing in the manner explained. The usual plan is to start the extractor up and throw out most of the honey on one side of the comb at a relatively slow speed. A pressure on the brake lever retards and stops the reversing-drum while the reel itself is run slightly faster. The result is, the lever here shown throws the pockets the other side to. When this side has been cleaned the brake lever is applied, the reel is stopped, and, while the pressure is being applied to the brake, the direction of the reel is reversed. This movement brings the pockets back to their first position, when the first side of the comb is cleaned at full speed. To accomplish reversing the next time op the next set of combs, the reel is turned in the opposite direction, when the work is peirforaJ6ivoted at the bottoni, :ind at tlic top they are held in position by a small gear wheel meshing inside of tlie ring that surmounts the top of each basket. This small gear wheel is journaled in a large rim or ring attached to the center shaft of the extractor. The pin- ion serves the purpose of revers- ing the pockets, and at the same time holils the top of them against the centrifugal force that is enormous. A pressure on the revers- ing lever causes all the baskets to re- verse simultaneously, even tho the reel of the extractor is running at full speed. The arrangement of the inter- nal gear or pinion leaves the pockets clear, so that it is possible to insert the combs and to remove them as soon as they are extracted. With this machine it is possible to reverse every comb four or tive times at full si)eed; but it is better to take most of the honey from one side at a comparatively slow speed. This will remove three-fourths of the honey on that side. The combs are then reversed at slow speed, when the machine can be speeded up to its capacity but be- fore it reaches full speed most of the honey is extracted from both sides of the comb. This is easier on the combs. The combs lightened of their weight can be cleaned al- Kig. 4. — This is a top view looking down into the eight-frame Bucke.\ e extractor, the j)o act of reversing is accomplished by means of sprocket wheels that are made integral with the pinions meshing with the internal gear or rims at the top of each pocket. Each of these sprockets is actuated by a chain driven from a sprocket mounted on a hol- low shaft loosely journaled on the main shaft from which power is received. 41fi GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .Tl'IA-. 1921. most dry at a liigh speed. There is no slowing nor stopping two times in order to reverse, as in the older styles of machines. Where American foul brood is present in the locality the bee- keeper may be compelled to melt up his old combs and rely largely on new ones built from founda- tion. It is these new first-year combs that are favored in the new machine, reversing on a cen- tral pivot. See what Richter says in this issue, page 4'A:\. The wire baskets for holding the combs in this machine ai;e re- movable— a feature that will be appreciated by those who like to clean or sterilize the extractor after extracting combs having a look suspicious of foul brood. It is built very strong to stand the heavy strains that come from high speed. Tlie difficulty of sujJ- porting the tops of the pockets of the central-pivot extractor here shown from the enormous strain of centrifugal force and yet leave it possible to insert the combs, has been solved by the use of the internal gears which also accomplish the reversing. The time is coming when bee- keepers will wake up to the fact that they are not extracting their combs clean enough. To do tliis as it should be done, the combs should be thoroly wired, and the extractor should be built to stand a higher speed than has ever be- fore been thought necessary. Tlic machine here shown was construct ( this end in view. It is a mistake to think that all the honey from very wet combs, because the ex- tractor could not do a cleaner job, will be Fig. 5. — A pressure on the reversiug-lever as shown hy the up- right handle slows down the reversing-drum very sligh'ly. This action causes every one of the sprockets and the comb pockets to revolve half way, even the the reel may lie running at full speed. In this picture the comb-pockets are seen in the act of leversins. In the .space of a second all of tlie eight combs will be reversed, even the the extracting reel is revolving at full speed. The usual plan of procedure is to extract most of the honey from one side of the comb at a relatively slow speed, reverse with- out stopping or slowing down the extractor, clean all the honey out from the second side (still at slow speed) when the reversing- lever is pulled, thus causing the first side to come back to its tirst position while the honey is cleaned out at full speed. One more reversing at full speed cleans the second side. There is no loss of time in reversing, which can lie done as often as de- .sired, at full or slow speed. The reversal on a central axis is much easier on the combs, causes almost no breakage, and at the same time the work is done much more thoroly than in the machine illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. with saved. The dryer the combs, the more hon- ey and the less gorging on the part of the bees. It is here that pDirrr extractors have an immense advantage ovei' those driven by hand. QUEEN INTRODUCTION CONSIDERA- BL?: inter- est has been manifested in our Push-in c a g e. Several questions h a v e been asked, siu-h as, ' ' How has it functioned since it has been in use another year? smother fad that will quietly retire into ob- livion, or is it a real feature of beekeeping that will last!" I will try in the follow- ing article to give a plain statement of the success this cage has had, and also mention several new uses that can.be made with it. In the August number of Gleanings, 1919, this cage was described. In the same issue, A Combination of the Push-in-the Comb Principle and the Chantry Principle By Jay Smith Is it till' q u e e n-e x- cluding device was also describ ed by Mr. At- water and Mr. T h o m p s 0 n. It does not seem to be clear just who was first to use this device; but ;it least credit is due these gentlemen for again calling attention to it, as most of us never before heard of it, or if we had, we had foigotten about it. I wall admit that when I read the article, I did not think there was much merit in the device; but, later when introducing many queens with my orig- inal Push-in cage during a robbing season, I would find that once in a verv great while a July, 1931. GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T IT R E 417 queen would be killed. The Push-in cage was nearly perfect and yet not quite. What could I do to put on the finishing touch? I wondered if the Atwater-Tlionipson-Chan- try-Costello device (that is a rather long name for such a small doofunny) would help. Then I happened to think of the prin- ciple of tlie newspaper method of uniting bees brouglit forth by Dr. Miller. Why was it so successful, and why were no bees killed when using it? Evidently it was because the bees after gnawing thru the paper came in contact with each other one at a time. That is the same principle in- volved in the queen-excluder. So i gave it a trial in connection with the Push-in cage and presto! it was the missing link! I put it to all sorts of severe tests, and it was suc- cessful every time. I found that to be ab- solutely sure in every case it was necessary to put in the cage containing the (jueen only, and leave it two days. Then remove the gate over the queen-excluder so that the bees can get to the queen, and leave it two days more, then remove the cage, thus turn- ing the queen loose. Importance of Permitting Access to the Queen Thru Perforated Metal. We must remember this: A queen is not introduced until she has mingled with the bees. If she is in a cage and kept away from the bees, she may be in position to be accepted, but acceptance must take place after she is out of the cage, if the ordinary mailing cage is used. Now with the Push-in cage note what takes place. The queen is on the comb, has good honey to eat, and takes on the odor of the colony; but if no bees can get to her, she still has the dan- gerous ordeal to go thru — that of actually getting among the bees. If she suddenly gets among them, she may be frightened and start to run and the bees will grab her; but, if the bees get to her one at a time, things are different. I have watched the bees get into the cage thru the excluder many times. When the first bee gets in the cage with the queen, the bee is very much afraid of the queen and will usually turn around and try to get out. As the odor of tlie queen has been given to the comb en- closed by the cage, the bee feels it is getting into another hive. Then tlie bee will go up to the ((ueen and hold out its tongue and offer to feed her, as if it were making a l)eace offering. Another bee comes in, tlien another. Each acts as tho it were getting into a new colony and is in no mood to offei' fight. By and by more bees come in and pass out, and the word goes around that they have a queen. The queen at once sjteeds up on egg production, and the fact that all the cells under the cage contain one or two dozen eggs does not matter, as she keeps on, sometimes filling the cells half full of eggs. Bees Behave as if Superseding Queen. Now T Ijelieve the secret of tlic success of this cage is this: It is a known fact that bees will accept an old, failing queen, when they would not a younger one. A queen that is being superseded can usually be dropped into any queenless colony and will The Chaiilry piiiu-iple as applied to the ordinary mailing cage. After two days the Iiole covered with the perforated zinc excluder is opened .permitting access to the queen before she is released. be accepted. I believe this cage gives tho bees the supersedure impulse. They know they have a queen, for they have either been in with her or have had a smell of some of the bees that have; but they seem to think that if they have a queen, she must be a poor one, as she is laying eggs in only such a small patch and laying a lot of them in each cell. Plainly they seem to reason that that queen must be superseded. I have The .7a\' Siiiitli cage with reception cage in place. come to this conclusion from the fact that the bees will build a piece of comb to the bottom of the cage in the sjiace made by removing the frame to make room for the cage. On this comb they will start a large number of queen-cells, expecting the queen to lay in them. On a piece of comb only four inches long, I have frequently seen a 418 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JuiiY, 1921. dozen queen-cells. Now as they believe they are superseding the queen, they will never kill her. When the cage is removed and the queen liberated, of course the queen will not lay in these cells; but, as she has reached a stage of heavy egg-production, she fills the worker combs with eggs at an astonishing rate. I have examined the col- ony the day after the queen was liberated and have fre(juently found large quantities B'- holding one li;u>fl against the comb on the op- posite side the teetli of the Push-in cage may be firmly imbedded in the midrib of the tomb to pre- vent the bees from tunneling under and releasing the queen prematurely. It should be used on old dark combs having a tough midrib, so that the teeth will hold firmly. of eggs in three combs; so it will be seen that not much time is lost for the queen, since if she had not been laying when re- leased, as is the case when she is released from, the common mailing cage, it would take her three or four days to build up to the state of egg-laying that the queen has that has just been released from the Push- in cage. In using the queen-excluder with the com- mon mailing cage, while it maj' be a help, it is far from being a complete success. In such a case the queen cannot lay, and if she is released in two days, she may be killed; and if left in four days, she will fret, as she wants to get out of the cage so that she can lay. Many queens will die in the mailing cage from this cause. In the Push -in cage, the queen seems perfectly contented and goes right on laying. The queen-excluder is put on a little cage that we call the "Eeception Cage." When the queen arrives thru the mail, the small piece of perforated tin on the mailing cage is removed, and the queen and bees are al- lowed to run up into the reception cage. A cork is then placed in the opening of the cage, the attendant bees will crawl out thru the excluder and escape, while the queen will remain in the cage. Doolittle said that these worker bees cause much of the loss in introducing queens, so we find it better to do away with them. The mailing cage is burned, so any danger of disease is also eliminated. Introducing Without Loss of a Single Queen Now I am going to make the sweeping statement that I believe if this introducing cage is used according to the simple direc- tions, that the bees will never kill a queen. What prompts me to make this statement is the fact that I have introduced hundreds of cpieens to colonies under all conditions, in- cluding a number to laying workers, and have never lost a single queen. A test that is as severe as introducing queens to laying workers is to introduce queens to colonies that are being robbed. In many cases the robbers were so bad that when I opened the hive to release the queen, they poured into the top of the hive in large numbers. Short- ly after there would be a handful of dead bees at the entrance, but the queen was never injured. In one case the colony was overcome and all the honey robbed out. After dark I gave them a frame of honey and contracted the entrance. The queen was not injured but went merrily on with her laying, despite the fact that robbers were skirmishing around the entrance for several days. Hives may be opened as soon as the queen is released and as often after- ward as desired, and the bees will never ball her, for they already consider her as their own queen. A number of others have reported that they have done as well. A notable example is Mr. Mendleson of Ventura, Calif. He used a lai'ge number of these cages, intro- The Push-in cage is quite handy for caging the queen to prevent swarming. The queen-cells should all be destroyed at the time of caging the queen and again in 9 or 10 days, the queen being released a a day or two later. " i JM .■ ■■ i ipiP^:^|— «. " •I * I * f Upper two sections "faiK On lower vow the two on the riRlit ;ne "Xo. 1," iind tlie others "No. 2." age wholesale price to the producer of 25.8 cents a pound, according to the U. S. Bu- reau of Crop Estimates. In other words our beekeepers think "Wisconsin'' is just as big an asset to them as "Airline'' is to the A. I. Root Company, and they intend to cash in on that asset if possible. If tlie pri- mary purpose of the honey-grading regula- tions, then, is to provide for an accurate de- scription of honey quality and finish, m sec- ond and equally important object is to ad- vertise what we believe to be a particularly fine product. Standardization of Grades of Honey. It is too soon to determine the ultimate effect of standardization on the honey busi- ness. Large quantities are, of course, being sold ' ' Ungraded, ' ' but this is a. smaller pro- portion than was expected. Over 600 bee- keepers have secured grading stamps al- ready, including all the larger commercial producers and many farmer beekeepers. tracted. In addition the color, net weight, and packer 's registered number are re- quireil on the container. Comb honey is divided into Fancy, No. 1, and No. 2, de- pending on the finish, the attachment to the wood, the number of uncapped cells, etc. It is also marked with the color, and with the ])acker's number. A standing committee of the State Bee- keepers ' Association is working with the marketing division for the perfection of the standards and the successful administration of the law. If it were practicable, many of the best beekeepers would like to see the source of honey required as part of the label, and the color omitted. But so much of the State's product is mixed, that few beekeepers know exactly where their bees are getting nectar from day to day. Nor is there an adequate chemical means of dis- covering whether honey really came from the plants the beekeeper says it did. The greatest variation in quality is in the amber G I. K A N I N G S IN B K K C U L T U K E •TuiA-, 1921. honeys, whieli are sometimes excellent and occasionally very unsatisfactory. While compulsory grading is still in a somewhat experimental stage there is no movement in opposition to the system as a whole nor any suggestion of abandoning it. When, before the state meeting, rumors of an anticipated grading debate spread, coun- ty associations began passing resolutions favoring the grades and instructing their delegates to support them. Wisconsin bee- keepers believe that standardization will be the biggest help in the present rapid com- mercialization of the honey industry, as it has already proven a most important fac- tor in the organization of a large co-opera- tive company to improve honey distribution. But that is another story. Madison, Wis. DEAR MR. EDITOR: We h, a V e your letters of June 2 and June 4, transmitting a complaint and a suggested arti- cle for publica- tion in Glean- ings in refer- ence thereto re- garding the ac- curacy of the honey market reports issued by this Bureau. The person making the com- plaint is in di- rect communica- tion with this Bureau and di- rect reply has been made. We do not feel that GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS How They Are Secured, and Why They Are Authentic, Dependable, and Wholly Impartial By C. W. Kitchen Specialist in Market News, Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of Agricuture, Washington, D. C. [There are some beekeepers in the country who have not understood how the government market reports are secured. One of our readers not un- derstanding all the fact.s in the case complained that the government figures were incorrect for his section of country. We sent his letter on to the Bureau of Markets, suggesting that they reply, and the following is a general statement, not a specific reply, giving the history of how these reports were first started and how the information is obtained. There could be absolutely nothing more impartial and unbiased. That the reports may be incorrect at times for some localities is possibly true. The Bureau of Markets is always ready to receive help- ful criticisms and any suggestions that will help the beekeepers of the country generally in getting correct information from all important centers of the country. Every honey producer and all others who have honey and wax to sell will be glad to read this. — Ed.] r e g u 1 a>r collec- tiou of price in- fo r m a tion on honey market conditions, which informa- tion was to be published semi- m o n t h 1 y. We were informed that prior to the inauguration of our service no reliable or au- thentic informa- tion • on honey m a. r k e t condi- tions was avail- able to the bee- keeper. The market reports on honey which now in- clude informa- tion on beeswax are published on the nature of this criticism justifies public discussion of the points involved, and, therefore, the spe- cific points mentioned may be left for set- tlement by direct correspondence; but it is believed that a brief description of the semi-monthly market reporting service on honey conducted by the Bureau of Markets, outlining its purposes and methods, would be timely and interesting to the readers of your journal. The market reports on honey were started four years ago by this Bureau at the re- quest of Dr. Phillips, the Apiculturist of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. At that time we were organizing a nation- wide market reporting service on fruits and vegetables based on the principle that those who have anything to sell need reliable in- formation, that they should know the mar- ket conditions surrounding the sale of their I^roducts, and that of all the factors in- volved in the complex and intricate machin- ery used in the marketing of perishable products, the grower or producer is usually least informed. It w^as felt that the same princiiile applied to honey, and, therefore, instructions were issued to our various mar- ket reporters to begin the systematic and the 1st and 15th of each month. More than 2000 people are now receiving them direct from our office and the information is wddely quoted. The information is of two classes, one including I)rices and conditions in producing areas, and the other comprising quotations and a state- ment of general conditions in the large city markets. The latter class of information is collected by representatives in charge of our branch offices in the respective cities by reg- ular inquiry of the receivers of honey and bee products. Our representatives are salaried men who devote their entire time to the work of this Bureau and, therefore, in no way can their figures be interpreted as biased or col- ored to correspond with personal opinions or the advancement of personal interests. If errors occur (a reasonable percentage may be expected in any reporting service, official or unofficial), they are due to the re- ceipt of misinformation without detection on our part or mechanical or clerical mis- takes in haiuHing it. The quotations from the city markets rep- resent prices paid by jobbers, wholesale con- fectioners, bakers, and bottlers. Reports are received from Boston, Chicago, Cleve- land, Denver, Kansas City, Minneapolis, July. 11)21 O I. R A N T N 0 S IN P. K E C TT T. T U R E 42. "5 New York, TMiilailelliliiii, .-lud St. Louis. Tho arrivuLs of lioiu'V, :is well as a. statomeiit of prevailing market conditions and quotations, are shown in detail for each market. Our representatives and our correspondents are urged to limit their price tigures to those representing actual sales, and when a rec- ord of actual sales cannot be given to report asking prices and designate them as such. The information concerning prices and conditions prevailing in important produc- ing areas is compiled by an extensive sys- tem of correspondence with a large number of producers and hone_y-shipping associa- tions. By a careful comparison of quota- tions secured from the different sources, it is possible to maintain an accurate and de- pendable price-reporting service w h i c h should be of great value to producers and shippers. Our report also includes oflficial import and export statistics obtained from the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce, as well as reports of estimated pro- duction released by the Bureau of Crop Es- timates of this Department. Since this service was started few com- plaints have been received. On the other hand, the service has been frequently com- mended by beekeepers, individually and col- lectively. We believe that a wide dissemi- nation of reliable market information has a salutary effect upon the trade not only in honey but for other products by making it more diiiicult for the unscrupulous receiver to yield to the temptation to render incom- plete or incorrect returns and by discourag- ing the circulation of fictitious reports of market conditions. It is believed the pub- lication of facts will stimulate healthy com- petition, discourage unfair and wasteful practices, and in so doing go far to imj^rove the ethics of our marketing methods. Our only purpose in this work is to pub- lish information that is authentic, depend- able, and wlioUy inii)artial. We may be Justly criticised for mistakes in collecting, compiling, and interpreting the informa- tion received and will take all possible steps to correct them when discovered. On the other liand we believe we are entitled to the full and whole-hearted co-operation from the industry in placing at our disposal the complete facts regarding the market situa- tion so that the whole industry may be bene- fited thereby. During periods of market depression, such as we are now witnessing, a market reporter finds the job of collecting and compiling a comprehensive report of a large market a difficult task. In the case of New York City our reporter interviews at least 20 of the responsible rec(jjvers. Their quotations and statements are noted, and when all received a composite statement is prepared. This statement is further compared and checked in the Washington office before being re- leased. Generally speaking no complaint can be made of the co-operation received, but a few instances have arisen whereby co-opera- tion has been entirely withheld. You have no doubt noticed that our honey report has carried a statement for w^eeks from one of the most important honey markets in the United States that no information can be published concerning that market because of the refusal of the receivers to furnish the information desired. We wish to take this opportunity to ex- press our appreciation to you and everyone else who has co-operated in placing the ser- vice on its present basis. Constructive sug- gestions for its improvement are welcomed and will be accepted in so far as our facili- ties and methods will permit. Y"ou are at liberty to publish the contents of this letter if you see fit to do so. Taking Extracted Honey. — Continued from p. 413. cilitates pumping and clarifying. The steam generator is in the honey-room where its suri)lus heat also assists clarifying the hon- ey, thus being beneficial instead of a nuis- ance as it w^ould be if in the room where the men are working. So we have the ad- vantage of a capping melter and steam- heated knives without the discomfort of ar- tificial heat, or fumes from an oil stove. Store tanks are of about 2500 pounds capac- ity. We prefer this size to larger ones, as we never add more honey to a tank which has been partly filled and left over night. We fill one or two tanks daily according to how things go. Tiie slowest part of the outfit is the eigiit-frame extractor. This year with increased extractor capacity we hope to do more in a daj'. In the production of extracted lioney the quality of tlie jproifuct is the first considera- tion. !• hours all tliq. bees emerged.. . On April 28 at 9 a. ni., Mr. Yoshizato gave an empty frame to a colony of Carniolans. At 5 p. m. (eight hours after), there were 293 eggs in both sides of the frame. Then he gave the frame to an Italian colony. On May 18 at 10 a. m. (19 days, 17 hours after the laying of the eggs), there were 169 emerged Carniolan bees, and some Italians were emerging from this same frame. On the 19th at 8 a. m. (20 days, 15 liours after the laying of the eggs), 71 more emerged bees were counted, making a total of 240. After this time, no Carniolans emerged. In this observation 70 per cent ot nil emerged bees used 19 days and 17 hours, and the whole number used 20 days and 15 hours. On May 12 at 2 p. m., Mr. Yoshizato hived a sM'arm in a hive containing frames of foundation. The next afternoon at 4 o'clock upon examining the hive, he found a frame with 233 eggs. On June 1 at 7 p. in. (19 days, three hours after), two bees had emerged. By June 2 at 6 p. m. (20 days and two hours after), 225 more bees had emerged. So, in the period of 20 days and two hours 97 per cent of the bees ha.l emerged. On May 19 at 2 p. m., Mr. Yoshizato hived a swarm in a hive which was sup- plied with some empty combs, and on the 20th at 8 a. m., one side of a frame had 611 eggs. By June 8 at 9 a. m. (19 days, one hour after), 36 bees had emerged. By noon of the same day (19 days, four hours after), 30 more bees emerged; by 7 jj. m. of the same day (19 days, 11 hours after), 68 more. On the 9th at 8 a. m. 492 emerged bees were counted, making a total of 626. (Fifteen bees or eggs must have been over- looked by Mr. Yoshizato, unless the excess in bees is from eggs which were laid after the first counting of eggs.) All the bees emerged in the period of 20 days. On May 21 at noon, Mr. Yoshizato gave au empty comb to an Ita'ian colony, and on the same day at 4 p. m., he counted 13)5 eggs; he then gave the frame to a Carniolan colony. On .June 10 at 4 p. in. (full 20 days after), 124 Italian bees were in the hive. After this time there was no emerging of Italians. From these ol)servations, Mr. Yosliizato asserts that the jieriod of development of worker bees should be correctly stated as 20 days, because three-fourths emerge in this period. The A B C & X Y Z says in regard to emerging: "This will be in about 21 days from the time the eggs were laid, or it may be 20, if the weather is very favorable." Then, I am sure, we may say, it may be 19 days, six and one-half hours, or 19 days, three hours, even 19 days, one hour, if the weather is very favorable. Yasuo Iliratsuka, Tara, Gifu-ken, Japan, GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE c SIFTINGS J. E. Crane BOX-H I V E beekeepers are funny things, " says Edwin J. Dahl- quist, on page 868 of June Gleanings, a n d the queerest thing about them is that tliey, or many of them, don t want to be anything else. » * » I like Mrs. Boyden 's articles very much; but, dear me! they make me discontented and restless, and wish that I too might travel to the ends of the earth. » * » That formula given by Prof. J. H. Dicbel (page 363) for the prevention of bee stings is certainly unique, and good to hand out to our lady friends who wish to visit our liome yard just to see how it looks. » * * We get some rather choice new phrases in the June number of Gleanings in Bee Culture. Mr. Demuth tells us of the "spirit of the hive;" Mr. Pettit of "balky colo- nies" and a "take-out" colony; while Mr. Greiner asks us to save the "wax dia- monds. ' ' » * * Beekeeping can hardly be called an exact science. A large knowledge of the habits and instincts of bees, as well as their varia- tions under different conditions, is necessary to successful management, and yet, to se- cure the best results, much will depend on the good judgment of the beekeeper as to the best way to treat each colony. Or * vf That method of getting bulk honey, de- scribed by Dr. Parker (page 351), seems to be new and a good way to dispose of ab- normally thick combs. The product must be fine,' if it does not granulate; and yet I believe, as a rule, it will be found less work to keep our bees on the line of ' ' normalcy ' ' than to spend our time in cutting down double-thick combs. What is the "spirit of the hive?" This is more easily asked than answered or recog- nized. We must become so well acquainted with our bees by association with them that we recognize their various moods and ac- tions as well as we do those of the people with whom we associate. We must remain novices in the business of beekeeping until we can catch the "spirit of the hive." * « * Mr. Demuth informs the readers of Gleanings (page 365): "The two important factors in the eradication of European foul brood are a good strain of Italian bees and strong colonies, that is, strong in the spring." These cannot be too strongly em- phasized or too often repeated. But while 1 .Tui.Y, 1921. these rules are followed or Avhile "we a r c t lying to follow them, we may frequently find a queen whose workers fail to "clean up." Such a queen should be treated as the blacks, and replaced by another. » # , A. C. Gilbert (page 362) advises giving a new colony a frame or two of empty comb with frames of foundation in order to pre- vent bees storing pollen in sections. This is good advice; for it not only prevents the bees from storing pollen in sections but often keeps them from deserting the hive, as they will sometimes do if hived on frames of foundation only. * * * Jay Smith gives on page 349 as good a method of rearing choice queens ns there is, and one of the simplest for introducing. If your queen-cells are of just the right age when introduced you may have in 36 hours a clioice young queen in the place of an old one. If this work is done three weeks be- fore the close of the honey flow, there will be no loss of surplus honey. Indeed, there may be more; for there Avill be a week or ten days in which no brood is to be fed, and a young queen will stimulate honey- gathering. It will also check any disposi- tion to swarm if done early in the season. ^- * * G. A. Barbiscli (page 368) has my sym- pathy for the loss of his bees by the spray- ing of near-by apple trees. It is one of the questions that must be worked out in some sections, or the keeping of bees must be given up. I believe .t different attitude must be taken by some of our agricultural colleges on this subject. Some years ago I lost heavily from this cause. Eelating my ex- perience at a gathering of beekeepers, a professor, who had charge of the interests of beekeepers, expressed very serious doubts as to spraying ever killing bees. I have wished he might have got his notions from a yard of his own in t her than from books or the laboratory. * * * L. L. Andrews (page 358 ) informs us of the poor flow of honey in southern Califor- nia. Misery is said to love company; and we have at present a poor outlook for a crop of honey here in Vermont. The season has been unusually early. Very little rain fell during May; alsike clover bloomed June first while but a few inches high; white clover is blooming but little on account of drouth. If these fail we have little else to look to for surplus. It is an interesting fact that we rarely or never get a good season for honey when we have what is called an "early spring." I have never known a good season to follow such a spring. July, 1921 G L P: A N I N G S IN BEE C U L T U R E 431 c Beekeeping as a Side Line Uf EA'^ERYONE who takes up beekeep- ing for a side- line must wish, in a certain spir- it of sturdy curiosity, to learn something of bee anatomy, of the hidden intricacies of his pets, of the way the little bodies do what they do. And in the end, after having studied these things, he is led thru the cool precision of the scientific investigators to deep truths, to marvels and mysteries and a glimpse of endless processes; till the new knowledge lifts his heartj even as poetry and beauty have lifted it, to high places of reverent wonder; provided, that is, that he learn with his heart and spirit as well as with his head. For the folding down of an array of exact facts into few words is a prosy and uninspiring affair; only a warm appreciation finds the divineness within. Even the most careless observer knows that the striped brownish little bee body is made of a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. But has the careless observer, who is often a careless thinker, too, realized that the little three-sectioned body has no skeleton on which to hang its effective muscles — but rather a hard outer cover to protect them? And has he a clear-cut realization of what inner organs and outer appendages each part bears? And that the systems concerned with digestion, nerves, circulation, and res- piration run thru them all? The Head of the Bee. The head is triangular. On the toj) are three simple eyes set in a triangle and at the sides are two compound eyes, so large that they round out the face and. in diones, meet at the top of the head and force the three small eyes down on the face near where the delicate antennae are attached. Down at the lower part are the mouth, lead- ing to the oesophagus, and the various mouth parts — mandibles that move sidewise only, and the proboscis with its strange complex parts that fold up out of the way when not needed to take up liquid food thru a central hairy tube with a tiny groove on its under side. The brain is above the oesojihagus. Then there are glands, salivary glands and those other mysterious ones that go on quietly functioning in their own ef- fective way, while microscopes and chem- ists and printing presses argue over their use. Do these glands secrete the food fed by the workers to the larvae Ttliey do, de- clares one group) or does the larval food come from the stomach of the workers (thus, insists another group) ? It 's the war of the Glands against the Ventriculus, and no armistice yet, no victory for either — tho right now the gland supporters seem press- ing the enemy into a hotly-contested re- 1 Grace Alien ^"^^^^^^^^ LJ treat. M e a n- time, how well the larvae are being fed! The Thorax. Thru the in- teiior of the thorax on into the abdomen the oesophagus runs its straight and narrow way; there are nerves and air-sacs and blood; and on the outside are legs and wings and the mighty muscles that propel them. In the larval stage the wings are mere thin little sacs; then the sides grow together, the blood goes back into the body and behold, the sacs be- come dry membranes — two pairs of them, the fore ones large, with powerful flight mus- cles, the hind ones small, hooked to the edge of the ones in front and moved by them. In four directions they move, up and down, forward and back. Strangely enough, the flight muscles primarily change the shape of the thorax, thus raising and lowering the wings. (Yet, in spite of being dry mem- branes with strange great muscles, wings are forever wings!) As for the six legs, always when bees go walking, moving two legs on one side and one on the other, they have three legs left to stand on, a goodly number indeed. All these legs have claws at the ends, and be- tween the claws is a sticky little pad to use when walking on smooth surfaces, on the sides of things or ujiside down. The legs carry wonderful sets of tools: the front legs have an apparatus to clean the an- tennae; the middle ones an impressive-look- ing spur to pry pollen off the hind leg; and the hind leg itself the pollen baskets, be- sides other handy appliances. Kach leg also has a pollen brush. The front brushes take the pollen from the head and mouth; the second ones take it from the first and also from the thorax; the third pair take it from the second and also from the abdomen, and then they pat it and push it and pack it into the pollen baskets and bring it home. The Abdomen. The abdomen shows six segments plainly, even to those who are quite unaware that the head is made of se\eral larval segments grown together, and that the thorax, not content with the three that merged to make it, has cooly annexed one abdominal seg- ment, and that the abdomen itself has four or five invisible ones modestly tucked out of sight at the tip. The segments have movable plates over and under them; on the last four of these lower plates of the workers appear the tiny drops of wax se- creted by the wax glands. Within the abdomen are the same four great systems found in the head and thorax, the nervous system and those of digestion, circulation, and respiration. Here are also G I. K A N I N G S IN BEE C; U I. T U U E July, 1921. tlu' organs of ri'iirudueliou nud, exfojit in tlie drone, the sting. The average beekeeper knows more about tlie much-diseussetl reproductive organs, and the sting, than about these other major systems. He usually knows that the act of mating (which causes the death of the drone) stores millions of spermatozoa in a small sac in the body of the queen, where they may live for years; that the egg, start- ing" on its way from the small forward end of the ovary, passes on thru the oviduct to where (at the will of the queen?) it comes ill contact w^itli a generous number of sper- matozoa, one of which enters and fertilizes it — or it is allowed to pass on unfertilized; that the eggs thus fertilized produce fe- males (either workers or queens, according til the larval feeding), while those not fer- tilized produce drones. (Another war of the giants rages around this point — are all eggs male until fertilization, which act clianges them to female, or are some male and some female, the latter requiring fer- tilization to develop, and the former not re- <|uiring it?) Perhaps the inner workings of the sting are not so well known — how one poison gland secretes an acid solution and another an alkaline, both being emptied into the poison sac — or how the lancets and other parts move within the mechanism of the slieath. But beekeepers generally know (rather well) that tiny barbs prevent the bee from drawing the sting back, once it has entered the flesh, and that when she ])ul]s herself away, torn often to the point of death, the machinery of the sting keeps riglit on working, going in deeper and ]iinn]diig the poison in. They know, too, that it is not wise to squeeze the jjoison sac wlicn removing the sting. Wherefore they scrajic it off rather than pull it out. The Nervous System. Less familiar, yet not less wonderful, is the nervous system of the bee. It consists cliiefly of a series of masses of nerve cells. This series runs lengthwise and is connected by two long parallel cords, really extensions of the nerve cells, which also send out countless fine delicate fibers into all parts of the body. These carry what may be called both incoming messages, from the sense organs, and outgoing messages from the- nerve centers to every organ in the body. Each nerve mass (known as a gang- lion) serves a definite territory. The brain, which is three ganglia fused together, sjneads out on each side into an optic lobe wliicli gives it direct connection with the compound eyes; it sends nerves to the an- tennae and to the two other Iwad ganglia, one of which in turn sends nerves to the mouth parts. The first ganglion in the thorax sends its nerves to the first pair of legs, while the other (being four fused into one) serves the rest of the thorax, the ■\vings and remaining legs, the abdominal segment of the thorax and even, as tho being compensatingly generous, the first segment of the abdomen itself. There the remaining segments are served by the five abdominal ganglia. Sense Organs. The sense organs consist of specialized nerve cells. There are many of these on the antennae, covered over with the hard outer covering, that are as yet unidentified. No one who has worked with bees will question their sensitiveness to touch, and doubtless some of these antennal organs function that way. But very little has yet been actually established as to this sense. Likewise very little is known of the senses of taste and hearing. Do bees taste? Can they hear? Who knows? No definite organs of either hearing or taste have yet been identified, tho certain sense cells of the mouth parts may well be those of taste. It is different when it comes to smell. Beekeepers have long regarded odor as hav- ing a direct and practical bearing on bee behavior. By odor, it has been assumed, they distinguish between family and strangers. For a long time the olfactory organs were speculatively located in many different places, chiefly on the antennae, tho it has now been shown that with the antennae removed bees still react to odor. Recently both structural and experimental proof has pretty well established that 21 different groups of olfactory pores lie along the bases of the wings and on the legs and sting. In these organs the nerve cells sends a nerve fiber to the surface of the body thru a pore aperture, where the very proto})lasm of the fiber, with no hard covering over it, lies open to receive impressions. Then there are also scent-producing or- gans, on a membrane between the 6th and 7th upper plates of the abdomen of the workers and queens. All observing bee- keepers have noticed how bees raise the abdomen when thrown in front of their hives or when being hived after swarming. This .attitude is explained by the location and operation of these scent-producing or- gans, the odor given off being supposed to act as a guide to their comjianions. Every beekeej)er knows the organs of sight. But no human being knows how things look to a creature who has three simple eyes and two compound ones. The relation between these eyes in the matter of vision is not understood. The compound eye is made up of a multitude of long slen- der parts reaching from the outer surface to the optic lobe of the brain. Each part has a lense, a crystalline cone, and a long transv>nrent center with sense cells around it. Tliere is no way to change the focus of the lens. How do things look to bees? The Digestive System. The food of the bee enters the body by the mouth and passes on in thru the oesopha- Jllv, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T L" K E 433 giis. Tn the abdomen the oesophagus en- larges into the honey-stomach, in which nee- tar is carried. Then comes the true stom- ach, known as the veutriculus, separated from the honey-stomach by a gate-like valve wliich opens only to let the food into the stomach; otherwise it is closed to keep the nectar separate from the stomach i-un- tent. (Unless, indeed, the larval food does come from the stomach instead of from the head glands, in which case this valve, the proventriculus, passes forward unopened tlirn the honey-stomach till it reaches the oesopliagus, where it opens to permit the stomach to send back its partly digested contents.) The other end of the stomach joins the intestine, and just here about a luuidred tiny tubes enter the alimentarj' canal. These carry into the intestine such waste materials from the worn-out tissue cells of the body as cannot ])ass off in gase- ous form. Probably the invert sugar of honey, the levulose and dextrose, is immediately ab- sorbed into the blood from the stomach; the further digestive processes required by pol- len and the other elements in honey take j)lace in the intestine, where these foods are finally so changed that they can pass thru the alimentary walls into the blood to be (■.•ini(»d to the body tissues. Circulation. The blood of bees, which is colorless, is not confined in blood vessels, but fills up all tlie space in the body between and around the organs. There are diaphragms, how- evei', stretched along in various places, pulsing walls of membrane that hold the blood in somewhat definite channels, and by their rhythmic motions help keep it cir- culating. The heart is a long nniscular tube lying along the upper part of the abdomen, with four chambers, and valves that let the blood in and other valves that keep it going the right way. The back end of the heart is closed, but the front opens into a long tube that carries the blood thru the thorax into the liead. From tlie head it returns to the cavities of the thorax and on into those of the abdomen, Hows around the abdominal ingans, takes up the food thru the alimen- tary walls, .•uid goes up into the heart again, carrying iiourishment with it. And every cell in every organ in the body chooses from the blood what food ele- ments it needs to rebuild itself, that it may g(i on functioning in its own way. Respiration. The air needed by the bee enters the body by side openings called spiracles, two pairs on the outer walls of the thorax and eight pairs on the abdomen. It is pumped thru the body by respiratory movements which, lengthening and shortening the abdomen, open and close the spiracles. These con- nect directly with great air-sacs having deli- cate walls and a great number of branches that go all over the body. Thru these walls, of both sacs and branching tubes, the oxy- gen passes directly into the blood, which gives it to the body tissues. And every cell in the body takes from the blood as much oxygen as it needs to burn up its waste materials, sends the heav- ier residue to the intestine thru the hundred little tubes, and gives the rest as water vapor and carbon dioxid back to the blood, where it passes thru the trachean walls into the air-sacs and tubes, and finally, thru the spiracles, out of the body into the outer air. FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern California. J" "^"" '''\ tral coast counties we have a considerable amount of black sage, which extends inland as far as the San Joaquin Valley. In places there is an abundance of sage right on the water's edge where fogs and cool winds are the rule almost entirely during the blooming period. Sage located thus secretes nectar, but not in as great quantities as that several miles inland. All sage in the immediate coast foothills is visited by considerable fog, es- jiecially during the morning hours, and it is this fog, more than any other factor, that lengthens the life of the plant, thus prolong- ing its blooming period. Apparently fog does not interfere with nectar secretion, and I was glad to learn that A. E. Lusher of Pomona had made the same statement in June Gleanings. In localities visited by fog the flow extends over a comparatively long period; but, on territory further inland where fog cloes not reach, the flow is of shorter duration and more intense. May and June rains, of course, prolong and greatly increase the flow of nectar. The sage flow decreases and is finally shut off during May, June, or July, according to lo- cation, owing to lack of moisture. Hot weather during these months causes this lack of moisture, and the decrease in secre- tion is more or less gradual. Our sage is not visited by hot desert winds, drying it out over night, as it were, and perhaps it is for this reason inore than any other that sage crop failure is unheard of in this sec- tion. _ * Last week in one of our plants we tried out the new eight frame Buckeye power ex- tractor, and are more than favorably im- G I. K A N I N G S I- X BEE CULTURE Jllv, 1921. FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH pressi'il with the way in which it worked. Whiit pleased us most was that combs, filled with eapped sage honey, built on foun- dation given the bees this spring, were lifted from the baskets with the cell walls of the combs absolutely intact. After the day's extracting there was not a particle of comV> adhering to the baskets. This statement in itself means a very great deal. Further- more, combs are extracted cleaner and in less time than with the older-model power extractors. So far we have not detected any bad features and our only criticism (this ajiplies to all power extractors using attached pump) is that there should be a screeu over the inside of the outlet of the extractor to prevent chips from frames, etc., from being forced thru the pump. A resumption of short courses in beekeep- ing, conducted by the University of Cali- fornia and the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, will take place at Berkeley during the first two weeks of December. This is good news. Later, we will give you more particulars regarding these courses of in- struction, which mean more to beekeepers than anything else. If any are skeptical, they should attend the courses and then judge for themselves. M. C. Eicliter. Big Sur, Calif. * * * In Southern California. ^^' ^^^.J.^*-^'- conditions such as southern Califoinia has not experi- enced in the last 12 oi- 15 years have pre- vailed for a month jiast. The days have been cloudy and cohl, with many days of light rain, making the rainfall for May the gre.'itest of any May record. This unfavor- able weather cut the orange honey to one of our lowest yields. Ten pounds per col- ony as an average for all colonies brought to the groves seems to be a fair estimate.^ The later sources of honey, such as the buck- wheat and white sage, are still uncertain; but it is hoped that the late rains will help to increase the honey flow so that we will, in a small way at least, make up for the shortage from the black sage and orange. Reports from the alfalfa and mesquite sec- tions along the Colorado River delta say that beekeejiers are getting a good crop. Especially is this true in the Palo Verde or Blytlie section of Riverside County. It is lamentable to see the manner in which the enthusiasm of the newly con- verted beekeeper rises and wanes with the seasons. During the jiast few years the high prices and satisfactory crops instilled into many the idea that the road of the bee- keeper was all roses and easy lesting places. Enthusiasm ran high and 1000 or more colo- nies was the ambition of many. Some did not hesitate to buy on time or to borrow money to get intci the ganu\ This season is proving almost disastrous to some of these and discouraging to many more. Men whose ambition w-as thousands of colonies, now^ say hundreds — just enough so that they can care for them themselves and not hire help except during the extracting season. This is an ideal system and if due attention is given to the business for a term of years the returns will average with any other line of agricultural pursuits. Supposing our crop gives us a net return of $1800. This is an average of .$150 per month. IIow many of our old associates are earning more than that? If we put this money into the savings bank and draw only the amount we need to live on, the balance will earn inter- est money. We can take good care of our business and have nearly half of our time for pleasure, recreation, improvement, study, or anything we like. At the same time our neighbor must put in six days a week, thruout the year, with the hopes of ten days or two weeks off during the sum- mer. We wish that we might instill this great truth into the minds of our fellow beekeepers. It would bring peace and con- tentment to hundreds who are sure to feel, during this 3'ear, the pinch of readjustment, especially those who must not only meet the lower prices but also a partial or total failure of a crop. Much more attention than ever before is being given to the question of the actual cost of the production of honey. Many rea- sons might be given for this, the principal one probably being the great advance that has been made in the last 12 or 10 years in the educational and social standing of the men and women engaged in the business of producing honey. We have reached that stage in the development of the industry where the operator is no longer looked upon as that old beekeeper, who is good for noth- ing but to care for a few bugs. Scholars, teachers, and professional men no longer consider it beneath their dignity to own and operate an apiary. When these classes enter any line of business, they soon want to know what the business returns for the time and ability put into it. The time was when 100 colonies of bees, placed in an out- of-the-way part of the farm and cared for at odd times, were considered an all-profit proposition. The honey was sold to the first buyer who came along, and no figures were kept as to the cost of production. Any- thing that brought cash was profitable, even tho father, mother and all of the chil- dren worked early and late seven days a week to produce it. At least the large operators hare recently published figures to show the cost or pro- ducing extracted honey. One company, op- erating about 4000 colonies, figures that on a liasis of 60 pounds per colony, it costs ten jiLv, lyji. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 435 ~^) FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH cents per pound to produce it. Another li<;- ures that in operating 500 colonies and in producing a crop of loss than 70 pounds per colony and selling it at 15 cents per pound, llio business would be operated at a loss. While the writer does not agree with all of these figures, many of them are getting close to the actnal conditions as they have ex- isted during the past few years. Surely much good will come of these investigations, and more and more the Ijeelu'ejx'r of today will conduct his business on a real business basis. The best field meet of the season of the San Bernardino and Riverside beekeepers was held on June 4 at Chaffee Junior Col- lege, Ontario. Nearly 100 beekeepers from the two counties were present. The meet- ing was called to order by Mr. (,'han, presi- dent of the San Bernardino County Club, who ga\e a brief address and then intro- duced Mr. Peterson, Farm Advisor, who gave nuniy good reasons why the beekeep- ers should join the Farm Bureau. Perhaps the most important of these was the co-op- erative interest created in securing county, state and Jiational legislation along the line of county ordinances, state laws and na- tional tariff protection. The matter of co- operating with the Farm Bureau was left to ;i committee of three, who will investigate tiie benefits to be derived. This committee consists of Will Atchley of Uplands, L. O. Ilattery of East Highlands, and B. H. Stan- ley of Rialto. Prof. Kalph Benton was the next speaker. He talked on bee diseases, reviewing the subject from the time of Aristotle down to The present. He referred to the slogan, "We will stamp out all bee diseases by 1925," and said that he wished that it might be true. After describing the several diseases, and noting the time since their discovery he summed the matter up by saying that no better methods have been found than the McEvoy method of treatment for Ameri- can foul brood and the Alexander method for European. He recommended requeen- ing for paralysis. He hopes to see better state laws and stricter enforcement of the same in the future. "Increasing and mar- keting Bees," by Will Atchley, was very well handled, and much good information and advice were given. To make increase (me should get the colonies strong for the honey tlow. Then take one frame of brood and the bees from two more frames and place them direct!}^ back of the parent col- ony. This division should be made when the parent colony has swarm-cells, one be- ing given to each nucleus. Add a frame of foundation or combs as required, and leave on the same location until ready to ship or until the close of the honey flow. "Queen Rearing," by Henry Perkins, was one of llie treats of the meeting. In answer to Die question, "How can you tell a good queen before she has hatching bees?" Mr. Perkins said, "I would rather judge l\v the cell before she emerges." Xatural cell-building is the best condition, as three great factors are necessary for the best suc- cess, namely, plenty of young bees, plenty of food, and ])roper impulse. He recom- mends raising cells under supersedure im- pulse as one of the best methods. Even a small colony will raise good cells if 1lie bal- ance is right. T. O. Andrews gave a good talk on the advantages of fire protection, and urged cleaning in and around the apiary location before the bees are placed thereon. The question of the poisoning of bees from sprayed blossoms was discussed, and the matter of spraying is to be taken up with the fruit-growers to see if a satisfac- tory agreement cannot be attained, so that the spraying will not be done at a time when it will injure the bees. A visit to the exhibit made by the boys of the college was much enjoyed. This consisted of bees and honey, vegetables, live stock, and agricul- tural products in general. A visit to the college apiary, which is fitted up with all modern appliances, was the last event on this splendid program. It was agreed that Chaffee College is an ideal place for hold- ing a field meet. L. L. Andrews. Coi'ona, Calif. Tj-, Texas ''''"' weather conditions dur- ing the month of May have been quite adverse to beekeeping. There were no violent changes in the weather; but the month, as a whole, was cold and cloudy. This was advantageous to the growth of the lioisemint, but the cold, cloudy weather pro- liibited the bees from gathering any sur- plus that might have come. With the last week of the month the weather has changed for the better, and in many places quite a horscmint flow is on. If present in- dications hold out we may yet have a flow from mesquite. The early spring honey crop was almost a failure. I reported last mouth that there was perhaps one-foiirth of a huajilla honey dow, but further reports show that 'it is doubtful if the crop is one-tenth its nor- mal amount. A large number of small hon- ey flows have occurred locally from hoar- hound, gaillardia, and prickley-ash; and now horsemint is giving quite a little surplus. Owing to the financial situation, it is almost impossible to make a report on the j>rice of honey. Almost every beekeeper that has produced any honey, good or bad, is throw- ing it on to the market, and locally the prices have been cut to such an extent that it hardly paj'S for extracting. The larger GLEANINGS IN BEE CULT U K E •lui.v. 19J1. @) FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH beekeepers are holding their honey, and just as soon as these small beekeepers have mar- keted their crop the price will again become normal. Dr. G. S. Flaps, of tlu- Division of Cheni istry of Experiment Station, College Station. Tex., has just issued a bulletin entitled. "The Chemical Composition of Texas Honey and Pecans." This paper gives the analysis of a large number of samples of honey from different Texas locations and flowers. Every person interested in the sub- ject of honey and its care, should obtain one of these bulletins. This, exclusive of the government publications from the Bu- reau of Chemistry, is the only paper of its sort available to the public. Careful study of the tables given explains quite a number of points of interest relatixe to honey. Hon- ey that granulates very quickly is very low in water content, while those that ferment have an extremely large amount of water. The locality is brought out even in chemical analysis, as the same-named honey from the eastern part of the State has a larger ash content than that over in the westerji part. This bulletin can be obtained from the Director of Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. R. E. Ecppert, Extension Entomologist, and Don G. Griswold, County Demonstra- tion Agent of Denton County, ninde an ex- tensive campaign for hi'ttei- beekeeinng in that county May 5, 6, 7. The first two days were spent in visiting the beekeepers of the county, and on the last day a number of demonstrations were given, including transferring, working the hive, and properly distributing brood. At the same time, a county beekeepers association was perfect- ed. There is no class of extension work for which there is greater demand and which give better results than the work done in beekeeping. The only trouble in Texas is that there are too few men who are in a position to do this work. Thruout quite a consideiablo extent of territory south and east of San Antonio an adult bee disease has put in its appearance within the past two weeks. It has been very severe in some apiaries, and in one case the loss of 100 colonies was reported. This trouble, like all of the others of similar kind, is called by the beekeepers paralysis or dis- appearing disease. The trouble undoubtedly is a form of indigestion, and conditions in the field indicate that it must be caused by the bees living entirely upon the pollen and nectar from the spring-blooming flowers. The nectar from these plants produces a dark-amber heavy honey which is high in ash content. Because of the similarity in chemical composition between this nectar and that of honeydew honey, it is quite probable that there is a close rehitionship between this disease iind the one which affects l)ccs that are fed on aphid honey. The feeding of sugar syrup to the bees has been recom- mended, and where the colonies had not al- ready been depleted a very marked inipro\e- ment has been noted; but where the major- ity of the old bees had died the remaining were not able to save the brood, even when fed syrup. A very peculiar and serious occurren<-e hajipeneil the first of this month when tlie S. P. Eailroad sprayed its roadbed with an arsenic solntion to kill weeds. This railroad runs thru the heart of the beekeeping sec- tion of Texas, and quite a number of api- aries are located very close to its right of way. In one instance one man lost almost the entire adult population of a 50-colony apiary. Just why the bees would collect the poison liquid as it lay on the railroad rails and ties, is hard to understand, but they did. One apiary, which was within 200 feet of the railroad, was almost wiped out: another one, a trifle farther away, did jiot lose so many bees; and those a quarter of a mile from the track were hardly af- fected. It was a very peculiar sight to see a hive having brood enough for 50,000 bees, containing only a queen and perhaps 200 adult bees. A rain came a few days after the poison was put on, and no trouble has been reported since. San Antonio, Tex. H. B. Parks. * * * In North Carolina.— This state has not in years ex- perienced so short a honey yield as this promises to be, especially in the eastern half of the State. Two heavy frosts about the middle of April, the second one accompanied by a freeze, literally killed the early bloom and young twigs on most of the wikl honey- bearing trees and shrubs, leaving only a limited pasturage in the more protected and widely scattered places. Now the hot weather is coming on apace, and there is very little secretion of nectar on hot nights. Beekeepers are hoping for a good fall flow, but this will little more than enable the bees to lay by stores for the winter. The central and western sections of the State did not suffer anything like as severe- ly from the frosts as did the eastern sec- tion, due to the fact that the flora was not so far advanced as in the coastal region. Beekeepers are taking their 1921 setback ]ilulosophically and making the best of it by striving in every way to get the bees to work to their utmost capacity and increas- ing colonies and building up for the 1922 season. Bruce Anderson of Terra Ceia, Beaufort County, chosen president at the January meeting in Wilmington, has an aggressive program of activities for the North Caro- .Iii.v. 19-J1. G r. K A N I X G S IN BEE C U I. T V H E FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH lina Bcekt'ei>fis ■ Association for the current year, including particularly an exchange for the benefit of the membership. The mem- bers of this exchange may list with the secretar\' the honey and colonies of bees which tliey have for sale. Any members wishing to buy honey for their local trade or bees to increase their apinries cnn nlso register with the secretin y. A folder setting out the system for the Kxchange, as worked out by I'lesident An- derson and the executive committee, is now issued. The secretary-tre:isnrership of the Association has just been sliifted from the slioulders of J. E. Echert to W. J. Martin. Wilmington, N. C, who has agreed to un- dertake tlie duties for the present. Tliere is a str(uig sentiment among the Association membershii) for a state-wide cam])aigii to impress upon the housekeejiers the gri'jit and jiractically indispensable value of honey as a food — one that should ■be on every dining table every day of the year. If this is worked out as is being recommended, the State Association will ar- range for special articles and advertise- ments in the State press and the local bee- keepers will follow up with advertisements of their special products in their local pa- pers. There is a movement on foot now, the ex- ecutive committee having authority tti act, to make the next annual session a three- day affair, with some sort of special course for the benefit of the membership; so that there will be not only the "get-together" iiis])irational features for the meeting, V)ut also considerable material benefit in in- struction along lines that may especially iippeal to North Carolina apiarists. State Bee Specialist C. L. Sams has been making the rounds of the different sections of the State. Wherever it is possible to ar- range for them there will be demonstraions in transferring bees from the gum and box hives to the standard hives, and lectures find demonstrations in beeyards will be ar- rjinged practically everywhere he goes. In this way the much-to-be-desired passing of the old gum and box hives is being mate- rially hastened. It is of interest in this connection to note that the excellent picture on the front page of the !March Gleanings, "Passing of the Log Gum in the South," is a photograph taken by Editor E. R. Root, at the Kelly beeyard of the Lower Cape Fear Apiaries, operated by W. J. Martin, Wilmington. It showed D. G. Kelly, whose 150 big gum hives form- ed the nucleus for this apiary, in which standard hives were put a year ago. Mr. Kelly has been much interested in improved methods of beekeeping, observing every fea- ture of the advanced methods closely and ' ' catching on ' ' with much aptness. His hand rests on a "gum" in which he first liived a swiirni when he was 14 years old. Now he is fio. In the locality of this oki Kellv Mpiary the many gum-hive beeJieepers are coming to realize in a very marked degree the ad- \;intages of the improved hives, and a num- ber are taking steps or laying plans to mod- ernize their apiaries. Another season will scarcely pass without very many colonies ot' liees, heretofore handicapped in these old gums, hnding themselves transferred into st;indard hives and receiving far more in- telligent nttention than bees in these old apiaries have ever received before. In all these im]ii'ovements the "guiding star" is Bee Specialist C. L. Sams, who readily gives jiersonal assistance to any and all beekeep- ers who can possibly be reached. Wilmington, N. C. W. .1. Martin. In Ontario. At this date (June 10) prospects for clover honey are not so good as they were a month ago. Not that the condition of clover has changed much during the past month, but rather be- cause bees .-ire not generallj' as well off as they were eiuly in May. Very little honey was gatheieij from dandelions, willows, etc., this s])i-ing liere in York County, and we have luid ;i long jieriod with no honey com- ing in at ;il!. Whc'-e colonies had an abund- ance of old stores ; liey have not held up so badly, but those tli;it were short of stores have not come along so well. All of our bees, with exception of about 2()0 colonies move ears. Our main honey flow comes from alsike clover. This yard is well protected on all four sides — on three sides by ever- greens. We wrap our colonies as soon as taken from the cellar and keep them wrap- jied until the second super is full of brood. Port Hope, Mich. Edward Stewart. Jllv, 19J1. GLEANINGS IN B K !•: C L^ I. T U R E c GLEANED Geo. S ur .r. G. H;iriii;in. QU 1'. S T ION. -I,- t h .. g e r 111 ol European foul brood is in the hone y. like American f o ii 1 brood, what good will it do to re- queen colonies hav- ing this disease ex- cept to have good (lucen California. Answer. — Kequeeniug in tlio treat iiieiit of Kuroiiean foul brood has a double purpose: that of ehauging the stock to a strain that does a better joli of cleaning out the dead larvae, and al.^o providing an interval of no egg-laying between the time the old queen is killed and the young queen begins to lay. During this interval the bees have an op- portunity to eatch up on housecleaning. The interval necessary for this purpose depeiuls upon the strain of bees, the strength of the colony, and the presence or absence of an early honey flow. BEES KILLING DKONES IN MAV. Question. — "Why are strong colonies killing their drones at this season (May 27) ? My colonies are extra strong and are beginning to store quite a bit of honey in the supers. Does this mean that they are not likely to swarm ? C. E. Thompson. West Virginia. Answer. — Yes, this means that the bees are not expecting to swarm soon. They be- gan brood-rearing so early this spring that they were in a condition to swarm a month or more before the normal time for swarm- ing. Cooler weather and a dearth' of nectai' came on in the eastern part of the country at about the time the bees were in condi- tion to swarm. During this period of cool weather brood-rearing was reduced, and many colonies began killing the drones as tho the season had closed. This occurred es- pecially in those colonies not well supplied with stores. They wall probably not pre- pare to swarm until several weeks after they killed their drones, if at all during this season, for it will be three or four weeks before young bees begin to emerge again in great numbers if brood-rearing has been. greatly reduced. While your colonies are now strong enough to swarm most of the workers are old enough to go to the fields, leaving but few bees in the brood- chamber during the day if nectar is avail- able. This is not favorable to swarming if ample room is given in the supers. SWARJt LOSES ITS QUEEN. Question. — AVhen a swarm loses its queen (she having her wings clipped) and returns to the hive, what is the proper thing to do with the col- ony? • D. E. Scott. Tennessee. Answer. — Any time within five or six days or before any of the young queens emerge, all but one of the queen-cells should be destroyed, the finest-looking one being left to requeen the colony. Usually when the operator is careful to find every qiUM'u- BY ASKING Demuth 1 lU 439 cell, there will lie no further at- tempt to swarm during the sea- son when this is done. It some- times happens, however, t h a t the be.es will s w a r m again stion after this one young queen emerges tiom her cell, this young cpieen going out with the suarm anil leaving the colony hoi)e- lessly queenless, since at this time there are 110 young lai'vae left in the hive from which another queen could be reared. To prevent this some beekeepers prefer to destroy all of the (|uei'n-cells about five days after the swarm issued, and again five days later; then introducing a young laying queen taken fioni a nucleus prepared in advance for this ptirpose. CO.MBS lUILT CROSSWISE IX BROOD-FEAMES. Question. -^ — When the combs are built across from one frame to another in the brood-chamber, wliat would you do with them? A. J. Hul.se. Indiana. Answer. — The combs can be cut from the frame, and each one then fastened within its OW'U frame by tying them with cord as in transferring, or they may be left as they are until next spring; then, early in May. a second story filled with old dark brood- combs should be given. If the colony is strong the queen will soon go above and be- gin to lay in the second story. After she does this, jtlace a queen-excluder between the two stories to keep her from going dow^n again; then wait three weeks for all the brood in the lower story to emerge, after Avhich it can be removed and the crookc 1 combs melted for wax. EGGS IN VARIOUS POSITIONS IN CELLS. Question. — I have a young queen that lays her eggs on the side of the cells, placing them in various positions. She is large and fine-looking. What is wrong with her? Harry R. Weiss. Ohio. Answer. — Sometimes when a young queen first begins to lay she does not place her eggs in regular positions; but, if she is a normal queen, she should not do this verv long. You can soon tell whether she is im- proving or not. If her eggs produce work- ers, she may be all right; but, if her eggs do not hatch or if they produce drones, she should be replaced by a good queen. TIME EEQl'IREn FOR RIPEXING NECTAR AND SYRUP. Question. — How long does it take the bees to ripen and seal honey made from sugar, and how^ long from nectar? R. F. Scott. Indiana. Answer. — 'You probably do not mean hon- ey made from sugar. When sugar syrup is fed to bees it does not become honey thru the process of ripening. Altho it may be changed slightly by the bees, it is easily de- tected as sugar syrup. It is not honey in the eyes of the law and could not legally be sold as such. The length of time re- GLEANINGS I N 15 E E C U L T U R E July. 1921. • luiioil for ripening either nectar or syrup depends npon how thick it is at tirst and the amount of moisture in the air during Tlie ripening process. In dry climates the nectar is sometimes so thick when first stored that it is ripened and sealed within .1 few days, while in a humid climate it may require several weeks for the bees to ripen .ind seal the honey if a large quantity is gathered. URONESIZIO L-OUNDATION FOR SKCTIONS. Question. — Has extra thin foundation imprinted with drone-cell ba.ses ever been manufactured for u.se in comb-honey pioduction? MassacluLsetts. Arthur M. Southwick. AnsAver, — Yes, such foundation has been made and used in comb-honey sections. The greatest objection to combs having cells of drone size in the sections is that the queen may go into the supers to lay drone eggs when tiiere are but few drone-cells in the lirood-cliamber. When only full sheets of foundation of worker siz(^ :;!e used in sec- tions the queen seldom hn> eggs in them, ;iiid a (pu'en-excluder is not needed. Some have objected to the appear.ince of the cap- pings when drone foundation is used. The cappings and the attachment to the wood are usually more nearly perfect wlien work- er-size foundation is used, altho some like the appearance of drone-cells better. FERMENTATION IN COMB UOXKV. Question. — What is the cause of honey in the comb all capped over turning sour and when un- capped to ferment and run? John L. Brunsou. Utah. Answer. — Either the honey was not prop- erly ripened before it was sealed or it was stored where it absorbed moisture after be- ing sealed. Honey from some sources is more inclined to sour than that from other sources. Honey stored in bait combs, espe- cially if the combs are not cut down so that the cells are quite shallow, sometimes fer- ments after being sealed, bursting the cap- pings and oozing out on the surface of the comb. Apparently, honey that is stored in deep cells is often not ripened as thoroly as when stored in shallow cells, which are elongated as more honey is added. After being removed from the hive, comb honey .should be stored in a warm dry room and not subjected to great variation in temper- ature since if warm moisture-laden air comes in contact with cold honey, some of the moisture will be condensed on the sur- face of the combs and later absorbed by the honey. TO REQUEEN WITHOUT REMOVING OLD QI'EEN. Question. — If a queen-cell is put into an upper story over an excluder and the excluder is taken out about two days after the young queen emerges, will the young queen usually kill the old queen? Minnesota. Joseph Lovergan. Answer.- — In some cases the old queen will be killed, but probably in most cases the virgin queen will be the one that disap- pears. If the colony is in a condition to supersede its old queen, the virgin queen will often be accepted. Sometimes both the old and the young queen will be per- mitted to remain in the colony for some time, each laying eggs in a normal manner, but usually after the close of the honey How one of them disappears. Various schemes have been tried to requeen colo- nies without having to find and kill the old (|ueen. Some have reported a high percent- age of success by simply running a virgin (jueen less than 24 hours old into the hive at the entrance, followed by a little smoke; but this can not be depended upon for re- queening, unless the bees are ready to super- sede the old (pieen. It has been suggested that when clipping the wings of the queen her sting should be clipped at the same time, to permit her being superseded at any time by running a recently emerged virgin queen in at the entrance, the theory being that the virgin queen would be accepted because the old queen could not sting her. Appar- ently this plan has not worked out in prac- tice. He who discovers a succesful method of replacing old queens by some simple plan, without the necessity of finding them, will contribute much to the industry. (See May issue, pages 26(5 and 275.) FEEDING BACK EXTRACTED HONEY. (Question. — Is there a successful way to feed ex- uacted honey to a colony or colonies, and let them rebuild it or convert it into comb honey ? There is no sale for extracted honey here. Florida. C. C. Langston. Answer. — Extracted honey can be fed back and stored in the form of comb honey, but there are so many difficulties in the way of doing this that it would seldom be found profitable. Comb honey secured by feeding back extracted honey is usually not as good as ordinary comb hone}'. It some- times granulates badly if not consumed early in the fall or winter, and is usually jiot so fine in appearance, the bees being in- clined to build somewhat irregular comb, jilacing bits of wax here and there on the surface. Feeding back extracted honey to cause the bees to complete unfinished sec- tions of comb honey at the close of the sea- son was formerly practiced to some extent, but even this has been given up by most comb-honey producers, since unless the con- dition of the colonies used for this purpose is just right and the weather conditions are favorable at the time the feeding is done, much of the honey that is fed to the colo- nies will be consumed by the bees instead of being stored in the sections. Sometimes less than half of the honey fed is actually stored in completed sections. To feed back successfully the colonies must be strong, the brood-chamber must be filled with brood, and it must not be too large for the queen to keep well filled. The honey should be tliinned down by adding about one-third of its weight of water. It should be given to the bees in a large feeder that will hold 15 to 20 pounds of honey, and arranged so the bees will take it rapidly. The feeding should be done during hot weather. July. 1931. G T. E A N I N G S IN BEE C U L T V K E 441 S TALKS TO Geo. S T' largo part of the United States, July brings the cloi^e of the ni a i ii honey flow. I ii t h e Northeast w h e r 0 alsiko and white clover are the chief source of nectar, the honey flow usually closes early in July, if the weather has been hot and dry, lout sonu^- times it continues thru the month if the weather is wet and cool. Sometimes just as the season appears to be closing, a good rain gives the clovers a new start, which prolongs the honey flow a week or more. In some parts of the clover region there are still enough basswood trees to make a dif- ference in the amount of nectar when these trees begin to bloom, late in June or early in Jnly. In some places there is enough sweet clover to piolong the honey flow for some time after white and alsike clover fail. There is about as much variation in the time of the closing of the honey flow as there is in its beginning, and the beginner should be alert for indications of the closing of the season, for it is important that the management of the colonies shall be in ac- cordance with the tinu' of the ending of the honey flow. Sometimes the honey flow closes abruptly, without warning, taking both bees and bee- keeper by surprise and leaving much unfin- ished work in the supers. This is often the ease when basswood furnishes some nec- tar at the close of the clover honey flow. At other times there is a gradual tapering off in the amount of nectar brought in, so that it is difficult to tell definitely when the honey flow ceases, thus giving both bees and beekeeper an opportunity to modify their work accordingly. In this case the bees usually put less honey into the supers, as the amount of nectar diminishes, but crowd it into the brood-chamber as the brood emerges, thus greatly reducing the room for the queen. Indications of the Closing of the Season. Sometimes the first indications of the closing of the honey flow noticed by the beekeeper is this tendency of the bees to put more honey into the brood-chamber. An- other indication is the way the workers be- gin to treat the droues. Usually before the the supply of nectar fails entirely, they be- gin to crowd the drones down on the floor of the hive or out at the entrance, and oc- casionally a woiker may be seen struggling with a drone, apparently trying to lead him outside of the hive. In some localities an- other indication of the approaching close of the honey flow is the increased use of pro])- olis about the hive in closing up cracks, and especially a tendency to varnish over the new white capjnng of the honey with propolis. Still another indication of the BEGINNERS Demuth ^ closing of the honey flow is an increasing teai- dency of t h e bees to sting. Bees Become Cross as Sea- son Closes. T h e beginner should be very careful in handling the bees at this time. He must remember that they are most easily handled during the early part of the honey flow or during a minor honey flow still ear- lier, as from fruit bloom. Most beginners learn this only after a severe stinging. Even the seasoned beekeeper usually has to learn his lesson anew every year, often going ahead handling bees as tho they were al- ways as docile as earlier in the season, until the bees teach him by many stings that it is now time to be more cautious. If the honey flow ceases suddenly, the be- ginner who has enjoyed taking a peep into his hives every few days to see what the bees have been doing, will be surprised when he takes his first peep at the close of the season, to find that the docile creatures of a few days ago have suddenly learned to fight with a vengeance. There are times when it is advisable to leave the bees strict- ly alone, unless some attention is really nec- essary. Management of Supers Toward Close of Season. As the close of the season approaches, additional supers should not be given as freely as earlier, e.specially for comb hon- ey, and if the honey flow is slowing down, the empty super should l)e placed on top of those already on the hive instead of being placed under them as before. (See pages 346 and .347, June issue.) At this time it is well to wait until the bees have )iearly filled the last super given before giv- ing another, but they should not be crowded for want of su{»er room even now, and the new super should be given before the combs in the last one are completely built out. All comb honey supers that are nearly finislied at this time should be taken off. the unfinished sections sorted out, and put back on the hives to be finished. In doing this it is well to put the sections that are most nearly finished in the middle of the super, so they will be finished promptly when returned to the bees. This should be done, if possible, before the close of the honey flow. In this way it is usually pos- sible to reduce the number of supers on each hive to a single one, thus concentrating the work in the su])ers and greatly increasing the chances of having the sections finished. For chunk honey (comb honey produced in shallow extracting frames instead of in sections) the same rule should be followed, but for extracted honey it is not necessary to take off any of it until some time after the close of the honey flow, thus permitting GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1921. it to ii]icii tliorouglily before extrneting, atlio fuiy of the conihs tluit aie sealed or nearly so, may be taken out of the super and extracted at any time. This is some- times quite desirable if there are not enough supers to hold the entire crop, for these combs of honey can be extracted and the empty combs returned to be refilled. What To Do With Late Swarms. There will probably be some late swarm- ing this season in the North. Swarms that issue near the close of the honey flow are quite a nuisance and it is sometimes rather puzzling as to what is best to do with them, for if they come too late they may not gather enough stores for their own use dur- ing late summer and fall, to say nothing of their winter stores. Swarms that issue in July may be managed as described in the May issue of Gleanings, providing the honey flow is good and may be expected to con- tinue for two or three weeks, but if swarms issue too near the close of the honey flow, it will be better not to permit a division of the original colony at this time. A late swarm may be hived back into its own hive without the queen, then all but one of the queen-cells destroyed six days later, the one queen-cell (the finest-looking one) being left to requeen the colony. If the queen 's wings are clipped she may sim- ply be caught and killed while the swarm is out, or if a queen-trai5 is used, the trap may be removed (first being sure that queen is in it) and the queen disposed of at any con- venient time. When the queen accompanies the swarm (not having her wings clipped and no queen-trap being used) the swarm after clustering may be shaken into a bas- ket, carried to the hive, poured out in front of the entrance and induced to re-enter the hive, but first covering the entrance with an entrance guard or a queen-trap to keep the queen from going in with the bees. When most of the bees have gone into the hive thru the queen-excluding metal, those re- maining can then be driven in by smoke, so the queen can be found and killed. Sometimes when a swarm issues just as the season is closing, it works well to liive it in a box, placing the box close beside the hive, then after a day or two shaking the swarm out of the box and hiving the bees back into their own hive. If it is quite late in the season, the bees will some- times destroy their own queen -cells when this is done and give up further swarming. Beware of Robber Bees. After the honey flow, every precaution should be taken to prevent robbing. At this time, if a hive is opened and the combs ex- posed for even a couple of minutes, bees from neighboring colonies may have time to get a taste of stolen sweets, after which they may come in great numbers for more. If these robbers are able to enter the hive before the colony being handled has had time to reorganize for defense, they may come by the thousands to carry away loads of honey. The colony being roV)bed may be so completely overcome by the robbers that it fails to organize for defense, and is soon practically ruined by the attacliing robbers. After such a start at robbing, the robbers may attack other colonies in the vicinity, and any that are too weak to defend them- selves will be robbed of all their honey in the same way. Not only are colonies ruined in this way, but when bees begin to rob they become ex- ceedingly cross and attack any living thing within several rods of the apiary. The city or village beekeeper, when taking honey away from the bees at the close of the sea- son must be exceedingly careful not to ex- pose any honey where robbers can get at it, for there is great danger of starting the bees on a rampage of robbing and stinging, causing great annoyance to the neighbors. All such troubles can be avoided by a little care, but unfortunately many beginners must pass thru at least one such ordeal be- fore they fully realize the .seriousness of exposing a little honey after the close of the honey flow, and the necessity of pre- venting even the slightest beginning of rob- bing. How to Detect Robbers. Robbers are inclined to collect around the edges of the hive cover or between the brood-chamber and the super, if the proT^o- lis which sealed these cracks is broken by ojjcning the hive. Bees do not do this ex- cept when trying to rob, so this is always a danger signal. When they begin to do this it is time for the beginner to quit working with the bees, tho the veteran may be able to continue his work by extreme caution. When robbers succeed in passing the guards at the entrance, tlie beginner can de- tect this by the great commotion at the en- trance. Robber bees do not usually alight at the entrance and go directly into the hive, but dart about before alighting, watch- ing for a chance to sli|i by the guards. They may alight at the entrance in a nervous manner and again take wing, doing this re- peatedly before actually entering the hive. If the colons- being robbed fails in its defense, the roVtbers enter moie boldly and may be seen conning out with loads o*' stolen honey. In doing this they usually run up- ward on the front of the hive before taking wing, instead of flying direct from the en- trance. The commotion of robbing can be distinguished from the plavflight of young bees by the appearance of the bees, the rob- bers being older, by the higher pitch of their humming, and by their nervous manner in flight. Robbing may occur at any time of day, while young bees usually take their plavflight early in the afternoon. Taking Off Honey at Close of Season. As soon as the honey flow ceases, all comb- honey supers should be taken off the hives, regardless of whether they are finished or not, for if left on longer, the bees will ruin the sections by covering them with propolis (Continued on page 452.) •TlLY, 1921. K A X I X G S T X B E K (' U L T I' K E 443 o N Mciiiorial T> a y wo had a re- c union of the Root family. In fact, we have frequent re- unions when we can get the whole tribe to- gether. We usu- ally have it out in the woods or in some shady retreat, especial- ly if the weather is hot. Perhaps I might mention that, be- sides our own five children, there were pres- ent our three sons-in-law and two daughters- in law, and ten grandidiildreu and four great-grandchildren. At these reunions everyboily carries some sort of lunch to put on the table, and everybody can look it over and either go and get, or call, for the ]iar- ticular kind of food he prefers. They assigned a place to me on a little bit of lounge by the side of the mother of three of the great-grandchildren — Mrs. Ethel Calvert. By the way, the first meet- ing with this good lady was when slie her- self was a comparatively little chick. Her father and mother (Mr. and Mrs. Acklin) had charge of our branch house at St. Paul, Minn. I mentioned this in a write-up years ago, and told how I was impressed and de- lighted w^ith the wonderful singing of this young miss; and altho she is now the mother of three beautiful little girls, she looks much like a "young miss" even yet. So much for the mother. Between us was one of the little girls, two and a half years old; and as she could not hold her own spe- cial cup of milk very well while sitting on the lounge, they brought her little baby- chair, and finally a minature table to match the chair. See the picture. This banquet w^as about an hour and a half later than my regular suppertime. The reason for being so late was because we could not call in all the wanderers, big and little. On this account I was getting to bo somewhat faint, and all because of the de- layed mealtime. In order to serve the chil- dren first, when they got the chair and table fixed her mother gave her a big glass of milk. I said to myself mentally, "Why, that little chick can never drink all of that milk." But she grabbed for it. and then proceeded to sip very slowly. When she had finished half the glass and pushed it back to the middle of the table I supposed, of course, she had all she wanted; and as I had then for some time been "hankering" for some of the same milk I suggested to the mother that the child would not want any more, and that .1 might have what was remaining in the glass. Instead of acquies- cing, however, she called for a fresh glass for^mvself, and still later she pointed to an OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT A little child shall lead them. — ISA. 12:6. Butter and honey shall he eat. — Is.\. 7:15. I will bring yoii into a land flowing with milk nd honey. — Ex. 3:17. empty glass on the little table, and called my attention to the fact that the lit- tle girl drank it all. I expressed surprise that she could drink so much at one meal. But later on, when the re- past was about all over, the fa- ther of the little girl called my at- tention to a second glass of milk for that one woe little girl; and when I asked if it would not make her sick, he gravely informed me that she not only drank about that quantity of milk three times a day, but sometimes she had a third glass and yet did not be- come sick. In fact, her mother informed me she might almost say that the little girl had never been sick a day in her life. My friends, I have taken quite a little space to tell this story, for there is a big moral to it. The great wide world has not discovered crcii j/rt the value of milk, not only for babies and growing children, but for middle-aged men and especially for old Roberta Maude Calvert, 2% years old. never sick a day in her life, sipping her regular ration, of a pint of milk, three times a day. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JuLV, 1921. men like myself. Since prohibition has gone into effect we are told that milk is largely taking the ])lace of beer. I have frequently noticed, and mentally thanked (lod to see men in the cities, doing hard nuiscnlar work, rush into a grocery, perhaps where they used to get beer, and get a bot- tle of milk. Just think of the difference! The brewers used to try to make us believe that beer was liquid bread. But I think that pretty much everybody knows just now that there is no bread about it. It is not food at all. Some years ago I started to get up one morning; but as soon as I straightened up on my feet I felt so dizzy that I had to lie down'again. I tried sev- eral times, but it was no use. Mrs. Eoot had been up some time, and had made some hot coffee. I suggested that a drink would perhaps do me good. Somehow I tried it without milk. It did not help me a par- ticle. As she usuall.y drinks tea I suggested that perhaps the tea would help. Like the coffee, it did not do a mite of good. Then I thought of milk, and took perhaps a tea- cupful, sipping it slowly. The milk hit the spot, straight and sure. What I needed was nourishment. Tea and coffee were not nour- ishment at all — simply stimulants that did harm rather than good. When the whole wide world can be fully educated and en- lightened to the advantages of milk over stinudants of any sort we shall be well on the way toward the glad time when the new heavens and the new earth will be ushered in. Now, there are going to be two parts to this Home paper. The above is part one. Part two is something I saw in the Cleve- land Plain Dealer a few days ago. The story is rather too long to copy, and so I will give my own version. A soldier had long been in the hospital, and I think that he and his friends had for some time de- spaired of his ever getting up. He was sud- denly taken worse, and a particular friend of his — an army official — was notified that his friend would probably not live more than 15 minutes, and that if he wanted to see him before he died he would have to drop everything and hurry up. This titled friend of his of course dropped everything and rushed to the bedside. The poor fel- low thought his time was near; and when asked if there was anything he wanted, what do you think he saidf He replied that he wanted some buttermilk. "Why, haven't you been having butter- milk when you wanted it?" "No. The doctor and the nurse both de- clared that in my condition it would be very dangerous. ' ' "In your condition! Why, bless your soul, if a man is going to die \n 15 minutes what difference does it make what he has?" Then he continued: "I will get you some buttermilk just as soon as possible, and I want you to take no- tice that vou mn>^t live until I get it." The waiter who was sent for it came back, saying there was none to be had any- where in the neighborhood. But this man of authority replied with vehemence: ' ' This poor sick soldier is going to have some buttermilk, no matter what it costs. How far do you have to go for it?" They said there was none to be had nearer than 22 miles. "Well, you all get busy. Hunt up the fastest automobile there is in the camp, ami go over and get that buttermilk and hustle back. It is a matter of life and death. ' ' In due time the buttermilk came. It was more than 15 minutes, but the patient was not dead. I think the great energy of his long-time friend, the general whom he had been in the habit of obeying, had much to do with keeping him uj). He stayed right by the patient. He gave him a little sip at first. A few minutes later he gave a little more. When that baby drank a big glass of milk it made me think of the poor sol- dier. Did the buttermilk kill him as the doctor and nurse said it would? Bless your heart, no. It was the very nourishment that old Dame Nature had been calling for. By the way, this story I am telling you is rather tough on our doctors and nurses, and our hospitals as well. I wonder if that could have been a place where these "old relics ' ' still exist, that give rum and whisky to a sick or dying man. The buttermilk acted on this poor run-down soldier exactly as the milk acted in my case. During the next 24 hours the patient drank half a gal- lon— of course at intervals. He is now alive and well. Instead of dying in 15 minutes, he did not die at all. "Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the evil and choose the good." I am told that in the Bible the word butter is only another word for clab- bered or butter milk. I shall be glad if this Home pajjcr shall stir up the people to a better knowledge of the fact that milk, including its different forms, such as buttermilk, cheese, etc., is oftentimes better medicine than anything the drugstores or the doctors can furnish. If you declare, as I have many times done, that milk does not agree with you, follow the example of the little girl and sip it slowly. Take half a tumblerful or two glasses as she did; and I think the example in the way of diet, and other things that these little ones set before us, will be, many times nearer right, and a safer guide than some of the great writers and teachers in the matter of health. iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiniiiii{!iiiiiiiiiiii!:.iiiiiiiiiii THE HUBAM CLOVER. 7V/// Oiik^i fram Litfir A' Some of our reailers will doubtless recall the fact that in Gleanings for July 1, 1915, pages 5.36 and 537, I gave two pictures of a new sweet clover. It was a large plant .luLV. 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE C U I. T U K V) and had much larger leaves than any sweet clover I had ever seen. I sent specimens of it to our exiteriment station, and Professor Thorne pronounced it a " mutation, ' ' and lie said he was very glad I had got hold of it, and that it might prove to be something of great value. Later on I offered a few seeds from this plant to any of our sub- scribers who might care to work with me in giving an improved sweet clover to the world. Well, so far as I can learn, not much came of it, and we rather decided that the extra amount of bloom and larger leaf were owing to some favorable conditions rather than to the fact of its being a different va- riety. My article on the matter, however, called forth letters from far and wide in regard to sweet clovei' plants thnt showed unusual peculiarities. As early as December, 1916, we printed a reference to an annual white sweet clover. On page 1189 of that issue, we find the fol- lowing: A field of Melilotiix alba sown here lust spring bloomed profusely when about four feet high. I enclose a sample, and ask the cause if you know of any parallel case. I have never know it to bloom the first vear. C. W. Riggs. Earl, Ark., Sept. 26, 1916. On page 385 of the May issue, 1917, under the subject, "White Sweet Clover in Full Bloom the First Year 's Sowing, ' ' we print- ed a letter from W. O. Graeber, Milbrae, California, a part of which runs as follows: In the December 15 issue, on page 1188, I no- ticed an article by Mr. C. W. Riggs. regarding Melilotuf! alba blooming the first year. I have only one year's experience with it, and that was in 1915, when in April I sowed a small patch just to see how it would do in my locality. I kept it moist with a garden hose, as there was no rain for a time. It came up nicely and grew rapidly ; and when about four feet high about the first week in Jul.v, it began to bloom and kept growing higher and sending out new buds and blooms. I went away .\ugust 4, and a few days before going I took an eight-foot rule and measured a number of the stalks. The tallest measured 9 feet 8 inches, and it was .still growing when I left. Several other stalks went 8 feet and 7 feet 6 inches, and from that down to r! feet. Some of the stems were al- most a half an inch in diameter at the base. When I returned the latter part of September it had seeded and most of it was down. My bees were very busy on it while it bloomed. I got the seed from a local seed house, and it was the white variety, vei'y sweet-scented. These were among the first, if not indeed the first, references that ever api>eared in any periodical in reference to an annual sweet clover. Now, our journal goes to the Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa; but I do not know whether Prof. Hughes at that time was con- versant with Gleanings or not. I think very likely he knew something of my efforts to get a sui)erior strain of sweet clover, and that I haeds he sent me with the follow- ing letter: Mr. A. I. Root: We ai'e .sending you .fio.oil woi'lli of seed — not by freight, but inclosed lierewith attached to an 445 explanatory sheet and with our compliment.'?. You will be iiilci-ested in the atlaclied statements re- garding this seed, wliich I am sending to the ditfer- ent State experiment stations. Will you phiiu this seed thi.s vear? Farm Crops Section, By H. D. Hughes. -Vmes, Iowa, April 15, 1918. T straightway sent half of the seeds to our own experiment station. However, he had already sent some there direct. My own 25 or 30 seeds were carefully planted indoors, and in October, 1918, I notified the friends that I was ready to send a small packet to any applicant. We did not keep record of how many were sent out; but we had so many letters, all favorable, that there was not room for more than a small part of them in Gleanings. There was a picture of the plant given on page 374 of our June issue. You will notice what a tremendous amount of feed it is going to make, aside from the honey. While I write, June 1-t, it is not settled posi- tively that the plants that live over will still produce the real Annual seed, or whether it will revert to the old biennial, or whether there is a bare possibility of finding a per- ennial. The plant we picture in this issue is budded ready to bloom. There is no question about its being the Hubam that wintered over, because the old dried stalk was still in the center when I found them starting this spring. The |)hint pictured on page 374 June issue, ;)2 days later: yard stick on right. A valuable Government bulletin (Annual White Sweet Clover) was issued by the De- partment of Agriculture last April. This bulletin contains 21 pages, with illustrations on nearly every page. It may be secured of the Government Printing-office for 5 cents per copy. It covers the whole ground comi)letely, excei)t that no mention is made in regard to the ])lauts that winter over, such as 1 have pictured. Prof. Hughes' joke about sending me fifty seeds, "forty dollars worth," was sonu'thing more than a 446 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1921. joke. 1 think I have already mentioned that the DeGraff Food Company, DeGiafif, Ohio, i^aid our good friends, The Field Seed Company, of Shenandoah, Iowa, something like $10,000 for half of the seed from a six- acre crop. Well, Mr. Crites, president of the above company, has just paid us a visit. (See their advertisement in this issue.) Near their plant at DeGraff, Ohio, they are put- ting out 500 acres to this new sweet clover. They have also 100 acres somewhere in Texas, where they are now harvesting the new seed. Besides this, they have about 500 more — I think in North Dakota. By the way, we have several reports from our subscribers who have had a little pack- et of perhaps 30 to 40 seeds of getting from one to two pounds of seed from these little packets we have been sending out. Prof. Hughes informs us that the College, Ames, Iowa, has been kind enough to grant him a leave of absence for one year to visit Ala- bama, where the seed was first found, and do what he can for the benefit of humanity, in addition to what he has already done in working out the possibilities of this plant, and in helping to develop it as rapidly as possible. A 9-foot plant of Hubam clover at Ames, Iowa, 1920. H. D. Hughes tries to reach the top. Pho- tographed in October when the seed was ripe and most of the leaves had fallen. This clover has made a growth of 9 feet in 3^4 months. When the Iowa Station first announced the discovery of this clover in 1918 it was with the statement that it had growTi 4% feet in SVz months, when medium red clover made a growth of 5 inches. Growths reported in 1920 are 100% greater than those first reported. Let me digress a little. In our recent Sunday-school lesson we had the story of the good Samaritan. Now, as I see it, Prof. Hughes is a good Samaritan to the whole wide world. His active energy in getting the seed quickly disseminated, not only thru- out America but the whole wide world (even into the islands of the sea), is certainly com- mendable; and I feel particularly happy to think that it was my privilege, altho I did not at the time realize what I was doing, to back him up and help him in his efforts to reduce, say, the "high cost of living." I verily believe this plant will do more to make this ' ' a land flowing with milk and hone.y ' ' than any other plant, possibly, in the whole world. By the way, The DeGraff Seed Company, DeGraff, Ohio, have sent us some leaflets giving full information in regard to this new clover. They have also sent us several pounds of the seed which they have gath- ered in Texas from seed that was planted since last Christmas. This is very nice-look- ing seed and we have planted some of it near our oflice and have some left. We are still going to send out trial packages of this wonderful clover, and if The DeGraff Food Company will keep us supjtlied with seed (which I know they will until we produce some ourselves this fall) we will keep on sending seed in small pinches to every one who asks for it. I want every bee man who has not seen this clover grow to write me for a pinch of the seed and for one of these leaflets whicli The DeGraff Food Company have sent us. I want to help Prof. Hughes and The DeGraff Food Company and every one else in distributing seed of one of the greatest plants which Gojl in His all-wise Providence has given to his children. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. We have just received from Prof. Beck- man of the Iowa State College a communi- cation from which we make clippings as below: When seeded with small grain at Ames, Iowa, it produced six times the growth of medium red and uiamiuoth clover, and three times that of the bi- ennial white sweet clover, following the removal of small grain crop. When seeded broadcast on a weedy and poorly prepared seedbed the last of May it overcame the weeds, made a growth of 5 \^ to 7 feet and matured a seed crop. The growth when carefully measured has often averaged over 1 V2 inches per day, with a maxi- mum under greenhouse conditions of 2V2 inches ill 15 hours. Its heavy seed-setting characters are indicated by seed spikes which have measured 20 inches in length. Planted in rows three feet apart the seed yields have averaged from 5 to 8 bushels per acre, while with closely spaced growths the yield has run over 10 bushels per acre of clean, scarified seed. While Hubam clover has gained many friends the past year, the most uniformly enthusiastic group of men are the beekeepers. The most widely read and oldest bee journal in the United States carried extensive discussions of its merit, with many illustrations, in eight of the twelve issues of the "year 1920. This clover wa.s found growing in greenhouses at Ames by Professor Hushes in the winter 1915-16. When planted in the field it made a growth of be- (Continued on page 454.) July, 1921. CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 447 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 30c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing nionth to in-sure insertion. EEGULAE ADVERTISEMENTS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) -J. N. Harris. J. H. Corwin, C. A. Mayeux, Ward Lamkin, Noah Bordner, P. D. Manchester, Chas. D. Sherman, Sterling Products Co., A. R. Harding, S. Rouse, .T. L. St. Roma in, R. O. Cox, Geo. W. Coltrin & Son, Dr. C. E. Sheldon, Geo. B. Howe, Dr. A. Wright, J. D. Harrah, L. C. May- eux. L. R. Dockery, H. D. Rauchfuss, I. J. String- ham. Mss E. J. King, H. L. Murry, F^ederal Farm Loan Board. iiiiih;iiiMiiii!iiii;iiii;iiiinuiiiiMiii:iiiiiiiii;i:iiii:iiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii>iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HONEY AND WAX FOE SALE. FOR SALE — Fancy clover honey in 60-lb. cans. Jos. Hanke, Port Washington, W^is. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey. State quantity wanted. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — Choice white clover honey in 60-lb. cans — none finer. J. F. Moore, Tiffin, Ohio. FOR SALE- 60-lb. cans. -Basswood and buckwheat honev in Bert Slnith, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — Fine quality raspberry milkweed honey in 5-lb. and 10-lb. pails and 60-lb. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. FOR SALE — 2000 lbs. choice white clover ex- tracted honey. State quantity wanted. Sample 20e, applied on first order. C. H. Hodgkin, Rochester, O. FOR SALE — Finest quality, white sweet clover honey in 60-lb. tins, two to case, 12c. None better. F. O. B. Joe C. Weaver, Cochrane, Ala. FOR SALE — Extracted clover honey, best qual- ity at $14.-10 per case of two 5-gal. cans. J. J. Lewis, Lyons, N. Y. FOR SALE — Extra choice extracted white clover honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample '20c, same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. FOR SALE — Clover, basswood or buckwheat honey, comb arid extracted, by the case, ton, or car- load. Let me supplv your wants with this fine N. Y. State Honey. C. B". Howard, Geneva, N. Y. FOR SALE — White clover honey, almost water white. Put up in new 60-lb. tin cans, two to the case. Wrife for prices. D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, sample and price on request. xMso white clover comb, 24 sections to case. The A. I. Root Co., Inc., 23 Leon- ard St., New York City. FOR SALE — 'White honey, 15c a lb.; L. A. al- falfa, 14c, in two 60-lb. cans; Chilian in l(55-lb. kegs, 10c: light amber honey in 50-gal bbls., 80c a gal. Beeswax, .^Oc a lb. Walter C. Morri.s, 105 Hudson St., New York City. FOR SALE — Finest quality clover extracted hon- ey in new 60-lb. tins at greatly reduced price to close out balance of 1920 crop. Say how much you can use and we will be pleased to quote you our lowest price. Address E. D. Townsend & Sons, Northstar, Mich. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, immediate shipment f. o. b. New York. California white or- ange. 18c lb.; Calif, white sage, 16c lb.; white sweet clover, 13c lb.: light amber sage. 12c lb.; West Indian light amber, 10c lb. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR SALE — New crop fancy white comb honey. No. 1 grade, $7.00 per case of 24 sections; No. 2 grade, $6.00. Extracted clover honey, 15c per pound: amber and buckwheat, 12i/^c per pound; two 60-lb. cans to case. Amber in 50-gal. barrels, 10c per pound. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. RASPBERRY honey for sale. Was left on the hives until thoroly ripened by the bees. It is thick, rich, ripe and delicious. Put up for sale in new 60-lb. tin cans. Price, 2 cans in a case, $18.00. One can, $9.50. Sample by mail for 20c, which may be applied on order for honey. Elmer Hutch- inson & Son, Lake City, Mich. iiiiiiiiiiini iniiii!iiniiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED — Comb honev, carlots or less. Heard & Woodhull. 4696 18th St., Detroit, Mich. HONEY WANTED — Give particulars in first let- ter. Elton Warner, "Beaverdam," Asheville, N. C. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden. Utah. BEESW.VX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. WANTED — All kinds comb and extracted honey and beeswax. Car lots or less — and full colonies of bees. W C. Morris, 170 Rossiter Ave., Yon- kers, N. Y. WANTED — 6000 pounds of off-gi-ade extracted amber honev. Submit sample and quote price f. o. b, Terre Haute, Ind. W. A. Hunter, 119 S. 3rd St., Terre Haute, Ind. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cappings for rendering. We pav the highest cash and trade prices, charging but .'>c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax-presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings, or slumgum. Send for our terms and our new 1921 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying 1 and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax, and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make piouipt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE. HONEY LABELS! — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — A full line of Root's goods at Root's prices. A. L. Healy, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. ROOT'S goods .-t Poot prices. Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. A. W. Yates, 3 443 G I. E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE July, 1921. ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES — For the Central Southwest Beekeepers. Bees\va.\ wanted. Free cata- log. Stiles Bee Supply Co., Stillwater, Okla. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time, and monev. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in be'e supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. FOR SALE— "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "qualitv unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. FOR SALE — 5 Root Buckeye hives, complete, less frames, used one season. K. R. Fuller, Maren- go, R. D. No. 2, Ohio. FOR SALE or on shares, 14 apiaries, one or all. Healthful location with American school and church in town, on stone road. Last crop over 40 tons. M. C. Engle, Herradura, Cuba. POWER rip and cro.ss-eut saw, $30; Sun type- writer, $10; Peterson capping-melter, $6.00; lathe, $3.00 ; 3x5 printing press, type, etc., $8.00. Clarence Foote, Delanson, N. Y. FOR SALE — Good second-hand five-gallon cans, two cans to the case; 10 cases, 60c each; 25 cases, 50c each. A. I. Root Co., 224 W. Huron St., Chi- cago, 111. ROOT'S BARGAIN LIST NO. 11. — Send a post- card for bargain list made to clean up odds and ends, discontinued styles, sizes and patterns, much of which is in the laest of condition and entirely serviceable. A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE — 40 10-frame Excelsior covers, painted, slightly used, 50c each; 42 8-frame Ex- celsior covers, KD, 40c each; 24 Miller feeders, nailed, new, 50c each. C. C. Brinton, Bloomsburg, Pa. EXTRACTORS — Root four-frame power, with pump and engine. Novice extractor. Hatch wax pi-ess. All new, never been used. Priced low for quick sale. E. J. Adkisson, West Nashville, R. D. No. 4, Tenn. B GRADE SECTIONS — We have a small sup- ply of B grade sections in several size.s which we offer subject to previous sale as follows, 4x5x1 % (Dan/..), 3%x5xli/2 (Ideal), 41/4x4 VixlVa, and 4i4,x4%xl% (N section). 500 for $5.00 net; 5000 for $45.00 net. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O. FOR SALE — Big bargain! Selling out, leaving the State. I will sell my fine apiary of 100 colo- nies of Italian bees in 8 and 10 frame new hives, and all up-to-date equipment for running same, on a buckwheat location, 30 miles west of Alexander's apiary in New York State, in village three miles from car line, includes all my honey customers, good for 4 tons of honey each season. Good will, etc., also includes house, one acre of good land, fruit, bee-cellar, honey house, etc. All for $1700 cash. Get busy and write me. Walter J. D'Alliard, Amsterdam, R. D. No. 5, N. Y. FOR SALE 15 10-frame hive-bodies, with Hoff- man frames, new, wired and foundation imbedded. $2.00 each; 35 10-frame hives, complete, NEW gal- vanized covers, $2.00 each; 35 8-frame hives, air- spaced hives, "not new," with drawn worker combs, $2.00 each; 30 10-frame hive-bodies with frames nailed and painted, "NEW goods," $1.50 each; 25 comb honey supers, 75c each; 30 feeders, lOe each. Standard supplies. First class in every way. No foul brood combs. Most of these supplies never been on the hive. Reason for selling, going in other business. "This is a big bargain." W. J. D'Alliard, "Glenville Apiarv," Amsterdam, R. F. D. No. 5, N. Y. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII WANTS AND EXCHANGES. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- inT on shares. Our .steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WILL exchange new phonograph for extractor and clover honey. For sale, nearly new Hatch wax press, $10.00. Olf Hegre, Madison, Minn., R. D. No. 2. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE — Two and three frame nucleus. Italian bees for Rhode Island chick- ens and brown Leghorns. 50 bushels prime re- cleaned white clover seed, 35c per pound. L. C. Mayeux, Lock Box 4, Hamburg, La. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii:ii MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE — 400 bushels buckwheat, $1.60 per bushel. New grain bags, 30c extra. Albert Bues, Wharton, Ohio. FOR SALE — .Vuto trailer. Made for beeyard use. Pneumatic tires. Photo furnished. $60.00. B. F. Kindig, East Lansing, Mich. GOLDEN SEAL — A root u.sed in medicine by every doctor in the country. The wild supply is aboiit gone. Learn how to grow it by subscril)ing to Special Crops, a monthly magazine devoted to medicinal root culture. $1.00 per year, sample copy, 10c. The root is worth $4.00 per pound. Address Special Crops, Skaneateles, Box G, N. Y. BEES AND QXJEENS. FINEST Italian queens. Send for booklet and price list. Jay Smith, R. D. No. 3, Vincennes, Ind. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. PHELPS & SON, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR SALE — Italian queens and nuclei. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. PACKAGE BEES — ^Dependable Italian queens. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. THAGARD ITALIAN QUEENS — See display advertisement elsewhere. SIMMONS' ITALIAN QUEENS, bees and nu- clei. Frejnont Apiary, Livingston, N. Y. SEE our large advertisement on page 454 for prices. Buckeye Bee Co., Justus, Ohio. GOLDEN Italian queens, untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00. E. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. PHELPS' GOLDEN QUEENS will please you. Mated, $2.00. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. MY famous Italian queens, June 1 and later, $1.50 each, six for $8.00. J. M'. Romberger, Apiar- ian, 3113 Locust St., St. Joseph, Mo. IP vou want queens that will produce results, give THAGARD'S ITALIAN QUEENS a trial. V. R. Thagard, Greenville, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS — Recognized honey-gather- ing strain, June 10 (a little earlier if possible) until close of season. Untested, each, $1.75; 6, $10.00; 12, $18.50. R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont., Can. FOR SALE — Golden and three-banded leather- colored Italian queens, untested, $1.50; tested, $2.00. Special inducements to large buyers of nuclei and package Ijees. J. B. Marshall & Son, Rosedale Apiaries, Big Bend, La. FOR SALE — Root's strain of Golden and leath- er-colored Italian queens, bees by the pound and nuclei. Untested, $1.50 each; select untested, $2.00; tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. For larger lots wiite. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. (ith St., San Jose, Calif. Jvuv. 1921. (i I. r: A N I N G S I N li K K O U L T U R K 449 FOU SAIjE — '20 loloiiies bees in standard L. hives, ^10.00 per hive. T. .\. Kragness, 60:!1 Went- worth Ave., Chicago, Ills. FOR SALE — Untested Italian queens, three- handed only, $1.50 each; 8.00 per half doz., .$15.00 per doz. .T. F. Garretson, Bound Brook, N. J. QUEENS — Three-banded Italian.s, untested, $1.25 each; $12.00 for 12. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. D. Kroha, 87 North St., Danbury, Conn. BEES AND QUEENS from my Carolina apiaries — -progeny of my famous Porto Rican pedigreed- breeding stock. Elton Warner, Ashevillc, N. C. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens, 1 untested (lueen, $1.25; 1 tested queen, $3.00. J. F. Michael, Winchester, Ind. THAGARD'S ITALIAN QUEENS' produce work- ers that fill the supers quick. V. R. Thagard, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — A few choice queens shipped in frame brood, $4.00 each. Jes Dalton, Bordelonville, La. THE A. I. ROOT CO. pure leather-colored queens, untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00. Greenville Bee Co., Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, $1.50 each; $14.00 per doz. Readv after April 15. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. FOR SALE — Golden queens, untested, 1.15; 6 or more, $1.10 each; select untested. $1.60; 6 or more, $1.50 each; safe arrival. Hazel V. Bonke- meyer, Randleman, R. D. No. 2, N. C. FOR SALE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50; after, $2.00; untested, $1.25; 12, $13.00. Root's goods at Root's prices. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. FOR SALE — 300 stands of bees in Standard hives, two-thirds equipped for comb honey and one- third for extracted honev. G. J. Westerik, Mt. Mor- ri.son, R. D. No. 1, Box 54, Colo. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars giving details. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. FOR S.VLE — Golden or three-handed queen.s, un- tested onlv. Order now for shipment .Tune 1 or later. Oiie, $1.50; six, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. FOR SALE — A. I. Root Co. strain of leather- colored Italians. Virgins only, May to October, 1, 75c; 10, $7.00; 100, $65. Oo! P. W. Stowell, Otsego, Mich. FOR SALE — 250 colonies Italian bees in 10- frame hives, free from disease. Also supers, combs and winter cases. Locations go with bees if wanted. Fred D. Lamkin, Poplar Ridge, N. Y. FOR SALE — Five colonies of bees in double- walled Buckeye hives, all healthy. I am sick and can't take care of them. Will sell cheap. Alvin C. Vogt, Box 49, Kolze, Ills. FOR S.\LE — Three-banded Italian queens, un- tested, $1.25; 6, $7.50; 12, $14.00. Tested queens, $2.50 each. The above queens are all select. Robt. B. Spicer, Wharton, N. J. SHE-S'UITS-ME queens, .season of 1921. Un- tested Italians: After June 15, $1.50 each, up to nine queens; 10 to 24 queens, $1.40 each; 25 and up, $1.25. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. WILLOW DELL queens and nuclei stand the test with any. Queen.s, $1.25; 2-fr. nuclei, $5.00; 4-fr., $8.00, including tine untested queen. Ready for delivery, receiver to return nuclei boxes collect. H. S. Ostrander, MellenviUe, N. Y. FOR SALE — 20 colonies Italian l)Pes. Good shape, in 8 and 10 frame modern hives. A. C. Gould, Weston, R. D. No. 4, W. Va. FOR SALE — Hardy Northern-bred Italian queens and bees. Each and every queen warranted satis- factory. For prices and further information, write. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. COLORADO QUEENS. Pure Italians. Our sunny climate and altitude produce the best there are. Write now for price list. C. I. Goodrich, breeder of fine queens, Wheatridge, Colo. ITALIAN QUEENS OF WINDMERE are su- perior three-banded stock. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.50 each; select tested, $3.00. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens, O. FOR SALE — -Leather-colored Italian queens from Dr. Miller's breeder. Virgins, $1.00 ; mated, $1.50; tested, $2.50. F. R. Davis, Standfordville, Dutchess County, N. Y. AM now ready to mail out young queens of Dr. Miller strain leather-colored Italians, by return mail, at $1.25 each. A few breeders for sale. S. G. Crocker, Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. FOR SALE — Vigorous leather-colored Italian queens, famous three-banded stock, untested queens, $2.00 each; te.sted, $3.00; untested, $18.00 per doz. Order early. C. M. Elfer, St. Rose, La. FOR SALE — Golden queens ready May 1; 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $14.00; 100, $100. Virgins, 75c each. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens, $1.00 each, or $10.00 per dozen. I ship nothing but the best. Safe arrival guaranteed. William C. Smith, Calhoun, Ala. FOR SALE — ^Golden Italian queens, untested, $1.15; 6 for $6.50; 12 or more, $1.00 each; tested, $2.00 each; select tested, $3.00 each; extra select tested, $4.00 each. No bees for sale. D. T. Gaster, Randleman, R. D. 2, N. C. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville, Ala. Price, "$1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival, and .sat- isfaction guaranteed. FOR SALE — 2-lb. packages Italian bees and queens by parcel post, postage paid, delivery April 15, for $8.50; 2-frame nuclei with Italian queen bv express, not prepaid, delivery May 5, $9.00. Otto J. Spahn, Pleasantville, N. Y. WE believe we have the best Italian queens ob- tainable. Our new system is working wonders. Book your order now for 1921. Untested, $1.50; tested, $3.00; virgin.s, imported mothers, 50c. F. M. Russell, Roxbury, Ohio. FOR SALE — Packages, nuclei, and pure-bred queens — queens from Root Home-bred breeders. Un- tested, $1.50; tested, $2.50; .select tested, $3.00. Safe arrival and mating guaranteed. The Southland Apiaries, Hattie.sburg, Miss. W. S. Tatum, Prop. WE are now booking orders for early .spring de- livery of two and three frame nuclei, with untested or tested queens. Write for prices and terms. We also manufacture cypress hives and frames. Sarasota Bee Co., Sara«ota, Fla. PURE ITALIAN BEES— Not the cheapest, but the best we can grow, both golden and three-banded, with clean bill of health. Sure to please. Such as we use in our own yards. Untested, $1.25; tested, $2.00. J. B. Notestein, Bradentown, Fla. FOR SALE— Highest grade three-banded Italian queens. Untested, each, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12; 50, $47.50; 100, $90. Virgins, 45c each. No dis- ease and satisfaction guaranteed. A. E. Crandall, Berlin, Conn. 450 G 1- P: A N I N G S T N H K K (' T l> T V R K .^vh\■. 1921. FOR SALE — 10(1 colonies bees, 100 hives in flat, no frames, with equipment, $1600; 120-acTe farm with dwelling, $1900. Will sell sejiarate or together. B. F. Averill, Howardsville, Va. HAVING purchased leather queens from the best honey-gathering stock obtainable, we will rear a few three-banded queens in yards set apart for that purpose, at the following- prices: Untested, $2.00; tested, $5.00: select breeders, $10.00. C. W. Phelps & Son, 3 Wilcox St., Binghamton, N. Y. THREE-BANDED Italian only, that have been bred to a high standard of excellence. Never had disease in my apiaries. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. Untested queens. $1.50; 12, $15.00; tested queens, $2.25; 12, $25.00. Jul Buegeler, New Ulm, Texas. WHEN BETTER QUEENS are raised Victor will raise them. Three-banded Italians only, mated. $1.25 each: 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 100, $110.00. Tested, $3.00. Breeders. $10 to $25. Safe arrival guaranteed only in U. S. and Canada. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. BUSINESS-FIRST QUEENS— Are the bees that get the honev ; are bright three-banded Italians; are gentle: have been inspected and found free from disease. Orders promptly filled. Untested, $1.00 each; select untested, $1.50; select tested, .$2.50. Write for prices on larger orders. M. F. Perry, Bradentown, Fla. FOR SALE — Six 10-frame colonies of Italian bees with young queens, guaranteed free from dis- ease. Combs built on Hoffman frames with full sheets foundation, wired. These are strong, power- ful colonies, all readv for the honey flow. Price, $15.00 each, f. o. b." Port Chester. Van Collins, Riversville Road, Port Chester, N. Y. "QUEENS, QUALITY FIRST QUEENS." High- grade, pure, three-banded and golden Italians. These queens are as good as can be bought: are gentle, prolific, and good honey-gatherers. I guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction. Whv not try these and be convinced? Untested, $1.00' each; 6. $6.00; 12, $12.00; 50, $45.00. G. H. Merrill, Pickens, S. C. HUMMER QUEENS — ^Untested, $1.00 each: $9.00 per dozen: tested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen. A trial will convince you that they cannot be beaten. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Nuclei at same old prices. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prairie Point, Miss. FOR SALE- — Italian queens: From Julv 1 to October 1, untested: 1. $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; tested, $2.00. I have a te.sted breeding queen from the A. I. Root Co., and will breed queens from her for those that prefer them to my old strain of hustlers. Safe delivery and sati.sfac- tion guaranteed. R. B. Grout, Jamaica, Vt. ITALIAN QUEENS — ^Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolificness, gentlene.ss, and perfect mark- ings. Price after July 1. $1.25 each; one doz«n or more, $1.00 each. Package liees a specialty. Send for circular. .1. H. Haughey & Co., Berrien Springs, Mich. TESTED Italian queens. These oueen.s are de- scended from the celebrated J. P. Moore strain of leather-colored three-banded Ttalians. They are about one year old, have been tested out in full colonies, and are first class in everv respect. Price $2.00 each, or $22.00 for 12. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. QUEENS — A SUPERIOR STRAIN. Bred from a queen whose colony gathered 200 lbs. honey while the other colonies did very little. Queens, iintested, $2.00 each; tested, $3.00.' Doolittle strain; queens, untested, $1.25; tested, $2.00. 40 years' experience in queen-rearipg. Chestnut HiH Apiary, Aspers, Pq. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities you want. They are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; tested, $5.00. Breeders, $10 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. DAY-OLD QUEENS — 1, 50c; 100, $50.00; 500. $250.00. Untested queens, $1.00 each. High quality three-banded Italians. Mailed in safety introducing cages. Delivery and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Information in circular. Order early. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. BRED strictly from the Dr. Miller granddaugh- ter queens, $1.25 each, 6 for $7.25, 12 for $14.00; selects, 25c each higher: tested, just double pri»e of untested. Breeders, $5.00; select breeders, $7.50 to $10.00 each; the best breeders, $15.00 each. One- frame nucleus with breeder for $1.00 extra. Curd Walker, Jellico, Tenn. FOR requeening, use Williams heavy laying Ital- ian queens. They produce hardy, hustling, three- banded workers. Bred from the best disease-resist- ing strain, ard priced in accordance with the pres- ent price of honey. Untested, $1.25: 6 for $6.50; 12 or more. $1.00 each: tested. $2.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. P. M. Williams, Ft. Deposit, Ala. NORTH CAROLINA bred Italian queens of the Dr. C. C. Miller strain of three-banded Italian bees, gentle and good honey-gatherers, from July 1 until Oct. 1. Untested, $1.25 each, $12.00 per doz. ; tested, $2.00 each; select tested, $3.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. L. Parker, R. P. D. No. 2, Benson, N. C. TO MY FRIENDS — I am still doing business at the old stand, producing some very fine Italian queens, hardv, prolific, good honey-gathering stock. Untested, $1.50; 6. $8.00; 12, $15.00. Write me for prices and date of delivery on quantities from 25 to 100. J. B. Hollopeter, Queen-breeder, Rock- ton, Pa. FOR S.VLE — Until further notice we are offer- ing our bright Italian queens, unte.sted. at $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. We guaran- tee safe arrival, pure mating and reasonable satis- faction in U. S. and Canada. Cash must accompany all orders unless parties are known or satisfactorily rated. Gravdon Bros., Greenville. R. D. No. 4, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-band leather-colored Italian queens of the J. P. Moore strain, hardy, prolific, hustlers, no disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Prompt attention given all orders. 1 untested. $1.25; 12, $13.50: 1 select untested, $1.50; 12, $15.00: 1 tested, $2.00; 12, $19.00; 1 select tested. $2.50; 12. $25.00. Write for circular and further inforniation. J. M. Cutts, Route No. 1, Montgomery, ,Ala. CALIFORNIA ITALIAN QUEENS, the old re- liable three-banded stock that delivers the goods. Every queen actually LAYING before being caged, and fully guaranteed. I also guarantee safe ar- rival. SPECIAL FALL PRICES, select untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25 to 99, $1.00 each; 100 and over, 90c each. Package bees for next spring delivery. Circular free. California Apiaries, .J. E. Wing. Prop., 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. PRITCHARD QUEENS (Three-banded Itali- ans.)— Price, untested, $1.50 each. 6 for $8.00: select untested. $1.75 each, 6 for $9.50. A liberal discount will be given on larger quantities. T will have a few choice virgins, tested, and l>reede:s to spare: write for prices. Queens clipped free of charge ou request. Acknowledgment and directions for introducing sent on receipt of order. Safe de- livery and satisfaction guaranteed. Specify date of shipment desired, otherwise orders will be filled in rotation. Arlie Pritchard, Medina. Ohjo, •lui.Y, 1921 G r, E A N T N G S IN BEE CULT I! K K HELP WANTED. - lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll WANTED — One experienced man and students, clean habits, able-bodied and willing workers, as helpers with our more than 1000 colonies. Oppor- tunity to learn the business from A to Z. 1920 crop 122,000 pounds. Theory also. Write immediately giving age, height, weight, habits, former employ- ment, experience, references, wages, photo, all in first letter. E. F. Atwater (former Special Field Agent in Beekeeping, U. S. Dept. Agr. ) , Meridian, Idaho. Ulllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 4.51 $295 i\r\ TVT A Real 32- Volt .00 INOW. Electric Light and Power Plant See the Matthews Automatic at price of the i plants. Six sizes, all at reduced prices. Made in Ohio. Wnte for particulars. Salesmen'sanddealer's best opportunity The Matthews Engineering Co. Farry Street Sanilusky, O.' Raise nuinea FOR us We need men and women, boys and girls every- where to raise Guinea Pigg for os. We tell yon where to get them, show you how and buy all you raise. Bigopportunity for money making. Thoo- Bands needed weekly. Easy to Raise— Big Demand ^SoTi^, I arsA Drftfile experience or equipment needed. LdlgV riVIIIOXhey breed the year round — are very prolific — require but little space or attection. Pay better than poultry or squabs — cost jess to houae, feed, keep, easier raised — less trouble, market guaranteed. |^nrp Particulars, contract, and booklet how to ralaa rifhb CAVIES DISTRIBUTING COMPANY 3145 Grand Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Largest Guinea rt'g brMd«r» and di^rihutnr* i-n America. ^ost Handlantorn A powerful portable lamp, giving- a 300 candle power pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — Reliable I - . — Economical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug '\^(\ proof. Bums either gasoline or kerosene. Light in weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Write for Catalog, jj^g BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton, O. QUEENS Quirin's Northern-ljred hardy Italians now ready. Safe delivery and satis- faction guaranteed. PRICES OF BEES AND QUEENS. (After July 1st) = Untested 1 6 12 .$1.50 $ 8.00 $15.00 Tested 2.00 10.00 2-coml3 Nuclei 6.00 32.00 3-coml) Nuclei 8.00 45.00 8-fr. colony. . 12.00 70.00 10-fr. Colony. 15.00 85.00 Breeders, fair 18.00 60.00 85.00 5.00 m The very best, each 10.00 m Add the price of the queen wanted | with nuclei or colony. This is our 30th | consecutive season at queen-rearing, g Address all orders to m H. G. QUIRIN I BELLEVUE, OHIO 1 llllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllll^^ ^'QUEENS OF QUALITY" 3-band Italians only. Untested, $1.25 each; six for $7.00; $12.00 per dozen. We are now shipping by return mail. J. I, BANKS Dowelltown, Tenn. High Quality Queens at Reduced Prices s Three-banded Italians, reared from best hustlers, non-swarming, gentle, and B prolific. Satisfaction guaranteed. Health certificate with each shipment. I Untested 1 to 10, $1.00 each; over 10, $0.90 each g Select Untested 1 to 10, 1.25 each; over 10, 1.15 each m Tested 1.75 each I FRANK BORNHOFFER, R. R. 17, MT. WASHINGTON, OHIO (i I, K A X I N' (1 S IN K E C U LT L! U K July, 1921. Talks to Beginners. — Continued from page 442. and will gnaw away a part of the founda- tion as well as coat it over with propolis, thus rendering it unfit to use next season. At this time the bee-escape is especially useful in taking off either comb-honey supers or extracted-honey supers, for it is now more difficult to drive the bees out of eomb-honey supers with smoke and to remove the combs of honey from extracting supers one at a time. Shaking and brushing off the bees is not an easy task for the beginner when rob- bers aie troublesome. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiiiiiiii>.iiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiL>IIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIII||IIIIII MlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMlllllllln'^ Colonies of Italian Bees in good standard Danzenbaker, Langstroth, and Jumbo hives at re- duced prices during July, August, and September. Al in all respects. Write for prices. Satisfaction guar- anteed. VAN WYNGARDEN BROS. K. F. D No. 4, Hebron, Indiana. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS Three-band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are top notchers in size, prolificness, and color. After June 1st: Untested queens, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; 12 or more, $1.40 each; 25 or more, $1.25 each. Tested queens, $3.00 each; six for $16.00. Buckeye Bee Co., Justus, Ohio. ThbBEST IIGHT .rf ^ Positively the cheapest and strongest light on earth. Used in every country on the elobe. Makes and bums its own gas. Casta no shadows. Clean and €)dorle3S. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton, 0>, Hubam Clover. — Ccntinued from page 446 tween 4 and 5 feet, while medium red clover under exactly the same conditions made a growth of only 5 inches and biennial sweet clover 14 inches. In order to meet the widespread demand for seed of this clover the Iowa Experiment Station offered last spring to give small samples of seed to any farmer in the United States who would Bend a stamped, self-addressed envelope to carry the sam- ple of seed to him. As a result over 47,000 sam- ples of seed were distributed. Six or seven thou- sand additional requests for seed were received, but owing to the fact that no postage was enclosed the seed was not sent. I want to call particular attention to the statement above of SIX OE SEVEN THOU- SAND applications for seed not only with- out an addressed envelope, but without any postage; and, by the way, this reminds me many times down in my Florida home good friends asked for seed, or something I have written up, and not only omitted postage which I don 't care so much about, but they didn 't even send an addressed envelope or postal card. Then I am obliged to hunt the letter sometimes from beginning to end to find out irho sent it and where they live. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii World's Best ^^^^^^^^ Roofing "Roo" Clusttr M( t il Shinsle=! V Crimp Corru- gated Standing beam Paintwl or Galvani7ed Roof- ings Sidings Wallboard, Paints, etc , direct to you at Rock Bottom Factory Prices Positively neatest offer ever made. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No paintinj^ orrepairs. Guaranteed rot. fire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits. Ask for Book No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set upany place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., 733-7S.S Pike St., Ginciimiti, 0. FREE Samples & Roof ini Book] ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES I i Pour exits from supers. Fits all standard boards. ; Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial ; metal. Made by 1 6. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. \ Sold only by Lewis "Beeware" Distributors. : July, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 455 ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES Carload stocks at Ohio's distributing cen- ter. Orders filled the day they come in. Save time and freight by ordering from A. M. MOORE, Zanesville, Ohio 221/2 S. Third Street. QUEENS Now for the profit from good queens and strong colonies. GENTLE THREE-BAND ITALIANS T'^iitestcd, -^l.^.l. 12 or more, wiite for prir-e. Prompt Service. D. W. HOWELL Shelman, Ga. QUEENS Select Three-Banded Italians. I have one of the most modern queen-rearing apiaries in the South, and am breeding from the best Italian stock to be found. Pure mating, prompt and safe arrival guaranteed. 1 6 12 50 Untested ...tl.2.5 $7.00 $13.00 $50.00 Tested 8.00 16.00 .30.00 Write for descriptive circular and prices on queens in lots of 100 or more. HARDIN S. FOSTER, Dept. G, Columbia, Tenn. QUEENS OF MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the .suiier ijvick With honeii nice and thick. 'JMiey have won a world-wide reputation for lionev-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, etc. Untested queens $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $1,5.00 Select untested $2.00; 6, $10.00; 12, $19.00 Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am now filling orders by return mail. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder Route 1, Morgan, Kentucky MOTT'S NORTHERN-BRED ITALIAN QUEENS. For .Tuly: Sel. Untested, $1.25 each; $15.00 per doz. Sel. guaranteed pure-mated or re- place, $1.75 each; $18.00 per doz. Sel. Test- ed $2.50. Filling orders by return mail now with the aid of my Southern branch. Plans "How to Increase' 'and "Introduce Queens," 25c. E E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich. Golden and Three- Banded Queens Northern Queens for Northern Beekeepers THK DKP.NKTM UNT OF CGNSERV.^TIOX STATE OF INDIANA Division of Entomology INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1921. .Mr. Ross B. Scott, Lagrange, Ind. Dear Mr. Scott: I am pleased to learn lh;it \ou anticipate enlarging your queen-rearing department, since the in- creased production of high-grade queens, such as you have been sending out, is of vast importance. During the past year I have had the o])p()rtunity of seeing a large number of queens, and their bees, bought of you; and I commend you for your care- ful selection, (are in shipping, and ex- cellent quality of stock furnished your customers. Last season I helped to introduce 147 golden Italian queens, bought of you by members of a county association ; they were a beautiful lot of queens; all arrived in fine condition; and, as they were to be received on three different days, the fact that they arrived on ex- ;h ily tlip days you pi'otuised is a feature of efficiency much appreciated by bee- keepers. Wishing you continued suc- cess, I am, yours very truly, C. O. YOST, Chief Inspector Apiaries. LTntested queen.s till .rulv 15: One, $1.50; six, $8.00; dozen, $15.00. "Safe arrival and sat- isfaction. ROSS B. SCOTT, Lagrange, Indiana ^'iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'. I Buy Your Bee I Supplies Now 1 Take advantage of early-order discounts by s ordering NOW. We guarantee to please you. = "Prompt service and the very best" is our g motto. We want yniir beeswax and old comb. = Highest cash and trade prices offered. Texas H beekeepers should write A. M. HUNT, = Goldthwaite, Texas. I Leahy Manufacturing Company I 95 Sixth St., Higginsville, Missouri. 1 Write for FREE catalog? It is to your interest. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii..iliiiiiiiiiiiiliiiliililliliiiii>liiliiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii QUIGLEY'S QUEENS AND BEES Three-banded Italians are bred from ideal colonies by double grafting, producing queens of superior quality; 20 years build- ing this strain from the best honey-produc- ing colonies. No disease; 35 years in this location. Tested, each, $2.00; untested, each, $1.25; $12.00 per dozen. Write for prices on nuclei, 2-lb. packages and full colonies. Purity and satisfaction guaranteed, for circular. E .F. QUIGLEY & SON Unionvllle, Mo. Send 45(5 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1921. Spicer's Three-Banded Italian Queens now ready to mail. These queens are bred so as to have all the desired qualities, hust- lers, hardy, and gentle. 1 6 12 Untested queens $1.25 $7.50 $14.00 Tested queens 2.50 15.00 28.00 I do not list select queens, as the above are all select. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. ROBERT B. SPICER Wharton, N. J. Three-Band and Golden QUEENS That produce hustling l)ee.s. Bred to fill the supers. From the fineist breeding strains ob- tainable. Hustlers, long-lived, and as beauti- ful in size and color as can be. Special price for summer and fall, $1.50 each; 25 at $1.25 each. Tested, $2.50 each. This is your time -to requeen. DR. WHITE BEE CO. SANDIA, TEXAS. THAGARD'S ITALIAN QUEENS BRED FOR QUALITY My three-banded queens are bred from imported stock; they are hardy, prolific, dis- ease-resisting and honey producers. A good queen is the life of any colony; head your colony with some of our queens, place our queens against any queens you may obtain anywhere, and note tlie results. I do not breed for quantity, but breed for quality. My queens have proven this to thousands of beekeepers that have tried them. Book your order now for July to October delivery. Safe arrival, pure mating, and perfect satis- faction guaranteed. Circular free. July 1 to Oct. 1: 1 Untested $1.25 Selected Untestd . . 1.50 Tested 2.00 Select Tested 3.00 6 12 $6.50 $12.00 8.00 15.00 10.00 20.00 16.50 30.00 V. R. THAGARE) GREENVILLE, ALABAMA THE OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS Our Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous and long-lived strain of bees. They are gentle, prolific, very resistant to foul brood, and the best of honey-gatherers. We have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping out foul brood. If you want the very best quality for the lowest price, send us your orders at once. Will guarantee safe arrival in the United States W. T. PERDUE & SONS Route 1, Fort Deposit, Ala. and Canada. Jiilij to Nomnher: 1 Untested $1.25 Select Untested 1.50 No nuclei or pound packages of bees for sale. 6 $6.50 8.00 12 $12.50 15.00 Yul^SI** QUEENS OF UNSURPASSED QUALITY GOLDEN QUEENS Our queens are reared from selected stock taken from the best strains of Italians known. Neither trouble nor expense is spared to jiroduce queens of unsurj)assed quality. They have proved themselves to be not only great honey gatiierers but also very resistant to disease, especially European foul brood. Every queen sent out by us we guarantee to give fullest satisfaction. Price List of Our Queens: Untested $1.25 each; 6 to 25, $1.10 each; 25 and up, $1.00 each Select Untested ... 1.50 each; 6 to 25, 1.40 each; 25 and up, 1.25 each Tested 2.25 each; 6 to 25, 2.10 each; 25 and iip, 2.00 each Select Tested 2.75 each; 6 to 25, 2.50 each; 25 and up, 2.25 each Wings clipped free of charge. Safe arrival we guarantee. We have no disease in our apiaries. OHIO VALLEY BEE CO., BOX 307, CATLETTSBURG, KY. July, 1921 illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll GLEANINGS IN BEE C I' L T U R E IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHl J.'? g A BIG BARGAIN IN 41/4x41/4x17/8 1 I Sections I A Grade, $6.90 per 500 B Grade, $6.65 per 500 We have an odd lot stock A and B grade sections not manufactured for our regular grade, size 41/4 x 414 x V/s- We recommend both the A and B grades as a bargain. The A grade is strictly fine, and B grade is quite as good except for color and imperfec- tions. Stock limited and we urge quick action. A grade in crates of 500 at $6.90, B gTade at $6.65. Available only in crates of 500. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY. 224-230 W. Huron St., Chicago, 111. QyALITY First ^^' ^ACKERS ffrtd f?OD PRODUCTS lirst— save time when you |)ut your goo() : Te.sted, |2.00 each. Prompt service, safe arrival of queens, and satisfaction, we prove to be mismated will be replaced free of charge. No foul brood has ever been in our vicinitv. guarantee. Any queens that ir other contagious bee disease W. D. ACHORD, Fitzpatrick, Alabama. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I "Order Supplies in Advance of Needs" | M — says a well-known heeman. | H "Supplies should always be on hand in advance of needs. A dozen rea- | I sons may cause delay, and valuable time and money may be lost. This | 1 must be borne in mind if we would reap the largest possible harvest of | 1 honey. I have seen a colony fill a super with honey in five days. If we | 1 had waited a week or ten days for sections or foundation, we would have | 1 lost heavily during the honey flow." | M Order **f^alC011** Queens and bee supplies for best re- j ^ suits. Used by successful beenieu for over 40 years. Sliipiied | ^ aiivwlicie; safe arrival guaranteed. | I W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Falconer, (j^jj^^g^j^) N. Y., U.S.A. | M ''Where the best beehives come from." | 1 Distributor for the Central West, WM. H. EODMAN, 2027 Main Street, | g Gateway Station, Kansas City, Mo. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii:iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiy^ SECTIONS! SECTIONS!! SECTIONS!!! While our present stock lasts we give the opportunity to buy No. 2 sections at a big reduction. We offer as follows : No. 2 — 4V4x4V4xiy8 2-beeway Sections, per thousand. .$8.00 No. 2 — 4l^x4l^xly2 Plain Sections, per thousand 7.00 No. 2 — 4 x5 xl^s Plain Sections, per thousand 7.00 We are pleased to announce a big reduction in Bee Supplies. Send us a list of the goods you wish to purchase and we will quote you our new reduced prices. AUGUST LOTZ COMPANY, BOYD, WIS. i ,fiir,v. 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SELECT THREE-BANDED ITALIANS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY grade 800 honey-gathering colonies from wliich to select the very best breeders. No one has better ^]ee^ tlian 1. Can make prompt delivery by return mail. I have not yet disappointed a customer. PRICES: Untested (to July 1): each 11.50; 12 or more $1.25 each. After July 1. 1 to 49 $1.25 each, ' 50 or more, $1.00 each. Tested (to ■ July 1), each $2.00. Breeders (to j July 1). $25.00 each. Pure matine. safe arrival, and satisfac- tion guaranteed. It is left with custo- mer to say what is satisfaction. My customers say my queens stand the northern win- ters. They are bred up for this, combined with the highest honey-gathering qualities and prolificness. A new customer from Missouri, where you have to show them writes: "The dozen queens arrived promptly. They are the most beautiful I ever saw." — (Name on request.) Another one from the same state writes: "Your 100 2-lb. packages averaged 90 pounds surplus lioney per colony, 10 pounds more per colony than the other 2-lb. packages purchased elsewhere." — H. H. Thale, Durham, Mo. Nnw listen to this, fiom Ontario, Canada: "Bees and queens purchased of you last season all wintered with- out a single loss. Save me 50 untested queens for May delivery." — (name on request.) JASPER KNIGHT, Hayneville, Ala. QUEENS FULL COLONIES AND NUCLEI QUEENS Our bees art, hti.stlers for honey, prolific, gentle, very resistant to European Foul Brood, our cus- tomers tell us. For years we have been shipping thousands of queens and pounds nf bees all over the U. S. A. and Canada. We are continually getting letters with statements such as the following: "Well pleased with your stock," "Best we ever had," "The tees we got from you are the tops (best) we have in our 225 colonie-s," "Bees arrived in tine shape, well pleased," etc., etc. Write for cir- culars giving details, etc. We are quoting a lower price for balance of the year, but will still hold up the high standard of quality. I have a good proposition for 2 or 'S Northorn beekeepers that would like to come South this fall. Write for particulars. QUEENS AFTER JULY 1st, BALANCE OF THE YEAR: Untested . . . . Select Unt. . . Tested Select Tested.. >1..35 each ; 25 or more, $1.00 each 1.50 each : 25 or more, 1.25 each 2.25 each; 25 or more, 1.75 each 2.75 each ; 25 or more, 2.00 each 1 lb. of bees. $2. 25 each ; 25 or more. $2.13 each 2 lbs. of bees lli. 75 each ; 25 or more, 3.56 each 3 lbs. of bees 5.25 each ; 25 or more. 4.98 each Add price of queen wanted when ordering bees. Safe urriral utiarnnteed within six> dai/s of heri NUECES COUNTY APIARIES E. B. AULT, Prop. CALALLEN, TEXAS QUEENS BY SELECTION BEES IN NUCLEI AND FULL COLONIES ONLY Our siixtem of Queen Reaiiiii/ enahled us to .stabilize our prices earlij, therefore we were not forced to uiake drastic cuts to net business enouijh to keep vs bus^u. Another rea-soii is titat we we liave ahrai/s been satisiitd with a fair marf/in of profit. When it comes to qualitii we take no back seat; complimentary letters from satisfied customers are proof that our yuarantee holds good. Bu atwai/s startiny far more cells than we expect to use, and selectiny only the best for intro- duction, and killing any (iueen.i that emerye defective or otherwise below par, we have no culls to send out. We have used breeders of manii popular .strains, and those that we have selected for use are reinoduciny themselves most satisfactorily. Drones reared from queens that are the pick of our oiityards. Tnibi. (lurens by selection, tind ivc offer them, to you at prices thai will niakr them the best in vestment you can make, whetlier used for making increase or merely to requei'ii. Prices for balance of season as follow.^: Select untested, $1.25 each; 2o or more, $1.00 each. Tested, $1.75 each; Select Tested. $3.00 each. Breeders, $5.00 each. Nuclei, with select untested queens, Sframe. $5.00; Sframe, $6.50; Sfrauie ridony, $]5.00: 1 Of rame, $17.50, with yoiniy tested ijueeus, in neir hives, combs draicn from full sheets. .S\i/f arrival and satisfaction i/uaranteed . JENSEN'S APIARIES, CRAWFORD, MISS. R. F. D. NO. 3. fj h F. A N I N G S IN B F, E C U L T U K E Money Saved Juhv, 1921. Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods With Weber's Service Send us a list of your wants, and we will quote prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio 'gHlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllll^ I I I Forehand's Queens I I I They Satisfy— Why? j ; = I Because of 28 years of experimental work, with both queen-breeding I g j M I and honey-production. With breeding and selecting of imported queens, | g 1 m i I have reached a standard which is ideal. Queens as good, but none | g 1 M I BETTEE. Why experiment? Take advantage of the life experience of | g • M ~= my breeders. I B 1 I OUE SEEVICE STATION— We are ready to serve you at all times, I 1 : M I whether you desire queens or advice. Let us help you with your bee | g | H 1 problems. All questions are cheerfully answered. I J "" ' June 1 to Nov. 1. 1 6 12 j 1 ^ Untested $1.50 $ 7.50 $13.50 i g ; Selected Untested. 1.75 9.00 16.50 i M j Tested 2.50 13.00 24.00 1 1 Selected Tested . . 3.00 16.50 30.00 I s I BREED THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. 6.00; 25 or over, $5.80; 50 or over. Will begin shipping bees as early as Bees in two-pound packages, 1 package, 15.40; 100 or over, $5.00, without queens, weather will permit. Orders booked now for spring delivery. One-fourth the full amount with order and balance when shipment is desired. Pure mating, safe arrival, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Write for circulars and large-order discounts. Foreign orders at receiver's risk. N, Forehand, Ramer, Alabama ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy !'- Jii.v, 1921. OLKANINGS TN BEE C U L T TI K E Guaranteed Hubam Clover Annual White Sweet Clover (Hughes Variety) All of the annual white sweet clover seed of the 1920 crop was exhausted before May 1st. But seed of an early strain, planted in Texas after Christmas, 1920, began to reach maturity early in May. This seed is now available. You can get it in time to test it this year. It blooms for bees in three or four months, and continues to bloom for a much longer period than most plants used for the purpose. Many beekeepers have declared it to be the greatest clover yet tried. It combines quick growth with an unusual wealth of honey-making blooms. It is also a legume that returns a large amount of plant food to the soils. It has frequently been descrilied editorially by Glean- ings in Bee Culture. Big profits are possible growing seed for your neighbors, and the farmers and beekeepers of your locality. The price is now $5.00 a pound. Order from the Henry Field Seed Co., Shenanodah, Iowa, or direct from the grower who guarantees. The De Graff Food Company, Seed Dept. 303, De Graff, Ohio HONEY! HONEY! HONEY! There are many beekeepers who do not produce enough Honey to supply their trade. Many of them are buying their extra needs from us. The particular advantage we can offer is a uniform Honey at all times at a reasonably low price. Our special blend of Fancy Honey is of a fine mild flavor, and is always uniform. This honey is liquid in various-sized tins. For those who prefer it we can supply any grade of the best-flavored Table Honeys, granulated in 60-lb. tins. SPECIAL BLEND OF FANCY HONEY (Liquid) 60-pound Tins, 2 per case 14c per lb. 10-pound Tins, 6 per case 16c per lb. 5-pound Tins, 12 per case 17c per lb. 21/2-pound Tins. 24 per case 18c per lb. Water White Sweet Clover Honey, 60-lb. Tins, granulated, 13o lb. Calif. Extra L. A. Sage Honey, 60-lb. Tins, granulated, 12c lb. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS 2y2-lb. Cans, 2 dozen reshipping eases $1.45 ease; erates of 100, $ 6.50 5-lb. Pails Twith handles), 1 dozen leshipping eases 1.35 case; ci'ates of 100, 8.30 10-lb. Pails (with handles), 1/2 dozen reshipping cases 1.10 case; crates of 100, 12.75 60-lb. Tins, 2 per case— NEW, $1.30 ease; USED, 50c. WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LACQD. WAX LINED CAPS. 8-oz. Honey Capacity, Cylinder Style $1.50 per carton of 3 dozen 16-oz. Honey Capacity, Table Jar Service 1.40 per carton of 2 dozen Quart or 3-l"b. Honey Capacity, Mason Style 1.00 per carton of 1 dozen Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven. New York 4("i4 (! I- K A i\ I N (,' H r N li K (' U l.T U R E .U'LV, 19'21. Quality Queens at Quantity Prices BREED THREE-BAND ITALIANS ONLY Untested $1.50 Select Untested. 1.75 Select Tested . . 3.00 Breeding queens with Queens are rear- ed from mothers whose colonies are GENTLE, HARDY, and as HONEY GATH- ERERS will com- pare with any. I rear all my c]iieens personally by the latest and most approved meth- ods, which insures (pieens that are capable of duplicating the excel- lent characteristics of their moth- ers. The foundation for your next season's crop should be laid NOW by heading your colonies with my young vigorous queens. 1921 PRICES 6 12 .$8.00 $15.00 9.25 16.80 16.50 30.00 2-fianie nuclei $15.00 each You take abso- solutely no risk in ordering my queens for I guarantee satis- faction and safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada. 1 have pleased others and can please you as well. Please give shipping date, otherwise your order will be filled in rotation. Foreign ship- ments at receiver's risk. Health certificate with each shipment. I sell no bees by the pound nor nuclei ONLY with high priced breeding queens. HERMAN McCONNELL, ROBINSON, ILLINOIS 3-BANDED Highest Quality of Italian Queens 60LDEN T'wenty-ji've years of Select Breeding from the Best After 25 years of select breeding, not all of the time in a commercial way, but as large honey pr(%' ducers, therefore rearing a great number of queens for our own use, we have strains of pure Italian bees which we believe are unexcelled for honey production, disease-resisting qualities, beauty, and gentleness. Owning about 1,500 colonies of bees which we run for honey, gives us ample opportun- ity to test them out in every way. As our apiary interests e.xtend as far north as northern Ontario, we test them not only for honey production but also from a climatic standpoint. We find that our bees stand the long winters there with very satisfactory results. They are very hardy and long- lived. LisfcH what othcr.s xai/ about them: "M. C. Berry & Co., Hayneville, Ala. : The queens I got from you have all the others skinned! They are very gentle, best of workers, and stand *''p Iout w'ntero here finelv. Other queens coming from a shorter distance do not hold a ( andle to them." — Gilbert Plains Man., Canada. (Name on request.) "M. C. Berry & C^o. : I wish to inform you that one of your queens made the most honey of any in the yard. It made 250 pounds honey against an average of 103 pounds for the yard. All of your queens made good. I never have had a queen from you that did not return a big per cent on the investment." — Marion, Ind. (Name on request.) "M. C. Berry & Co.: One of your queens built up from a nucleus and made 360 pounds of surplus honey. Enclosed find $75.00 for 50 queens. I want these for requeening European foul brood colonies as I find your stock resistant." — Troy, Pa. (Name on request.) PRICE LIST OF OUR QUEENS. Untested $1.10 ea. ; 6 to 50, $1.00 ea. ; 50 to 100 and up, $0.90 ea. Select Untested 1.25 ea.; 6 to 50, 1.10 ea.; 50 to 100 and up. 1.00 ea. Tested 2.25 ea. ; 6 to 50, 2.10 ea. ; 50 to 1 00 and up, 2.00 ea. Select Tested 2.50 ea. ; 6 to 50, 2.35 ea. ; 50 to 100 and up, 2.25 ea. Breeders $25.00 to $35.00 each. Queens' wings clipped free of charge. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. M. C. BERRY & CO., HAYNEVILLE, ALABAMA, U.S.A. .Trr,v. 1921. G Ti K .V N T N G S T N B E E C U h T U K E From the finest stock possible. Bred by most skillful queen-breeders. Highest Quality Prompt Service Satisfaction Our Reliable Three-Banded Italian Queens NOTICE, MR. BEEKEEPERS! — Queens arc off. Now is your time for business. Times are getting back to normal. Let us figure with you on your needs. We now have a large stock of queens, and we positively guar- antee that no better can bo found in U. S. A. We spare neither labor nor money in rearing them. When you buy queens from us and after arrival you examine them carefully, we trust to your judgment and if you don't think they are all we claim them to be, return them to us and we will re- turn your money. That is not all we have to say. After you have introduced them to your colonies and they don't prove to your satisfaction and are not what you expected them to be, just call on us and we will send more to take their places or return the money. We do not want your money unless you are positively pleased. Why we say this about our queens is be- cause we know that queens of the highest quality obtainable are what you want and you will certainly be pleased. It is our aim to rear them to speak to purchaser for themselves, and we feel free for purchaser to be the judge. Please remember the deal is not closed until satisfaction is given. When a fairer deal can be made we will do it. They are bred by the most skillful queen-breeders of long-tested experience, both as honey producers and quef'n-breeders. The queens are bred from the very finest stock that can be and are mated to only selected drones. Having been carefully bred from grafting until they begin laying, from the very best stock, and mated to selected drones means queens that cannot be excelled, which we guarantee. PRICES 1 6 12 100 Untested 1.00 $5.00 $9.00 $70.00 Select Untested 1.15 6.00 10.50 76.50 Tested 2.00 10.00 18.00 Select Tested :!.00 12.00 20.00 Write for prices on larger quantities. THE FARMER APIARIES, RAMER, ALABAMA "Where the good queens come from." GLEANINGS IN BEE C I L T U R E JuLV, 1921. How about pails and cans, ship- ping cases and cartons? We can supply you promptly. Shipments by MAIL, EXPRESS, OR FREIGHT. Write us for quotations. The Good Old Summer Time Is With Us Again R U going to make that crop of honey the biggest ever? Let us help you. ORDER NOW F. A. SALISBURY 163 1 West Genesee Street SYRACUSE, N. Y. "Tyrw York State 'Beekeepers, send for our catalog. You want something in our line AT ONCE. Send in your order; we will do our best to meet your requirements. We are here to give you the best in QUALITY, SERVICE, and SATISFACTION. July, 1921. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 467 Low Prices Again — and the stage all set for a big honey season 40 per cent off on frames 35 per cent off on hives and the general line sec- tions and cases. And on all Quality Goods, which we can send to you immediately. Get our prices before ordering, for When We Cut, We Cut The A. I. Company of Iowa Council Bluffs, Iowa 468 G LEANINGS IN B K K C^ U L T II R K .h-i.v, 19'21. (Coiitimunl fi'din pii^c 405.) form in which it is taken from the hive, w.ax and honey heing intermingled. Practically all of the honey now produced in California is extracted honey. In 1916, 81 per cent of the California commercial production was sold in such form. In 1917, 82 per cent; in 1918, 90 per cent; in 1919, 97 per cent, and in 1920, 96 per cent. In the United States approximately 55 to 60 per cent, of all honey produced is sold as ex- tracted honey. Comb honey is relatively unimpor- tant in California, production of such honey in 1920 amounting to only 2 per cent of the total amount of honey produced in the State. This is the result of the gradual change to extracted honey, as in 1916 approximately 18 per cent of Cahfornia honey was .sold as comb honey. The production of comb honey is exceptionally difficult and its lasting qualities are such that it is hard to market comb honey outside of the state in which it is produced. As a consequence, the bulk of the comb honey sold in the United States is that produced and sold locally in various eastern States. In 1916 and 1917, 38 per cent of all the honey produced in the United States was produced in the form of comb honev. In 1918 the percentage was 31 per cent, and in 1919 and 1920, 30.5 per cent. Approximately 10 per cent of the honey pro- duced in the United States is sold as chunk honey. In California only one to two per cent of all honey produced is sold in this form. The principal markets for honey moving thru the regular channels of trade are reported as Medina, Ohio; Cincinnati, New York City, Chicago, Kansas City, Philadelphia, and Boston. It is estimated, however, that approximately 90 per cent of the honey produced in the country, with the exception of the California production, does not get twenty miles from the home of the honey producer. In the past the markets for commercially pro- duced honey have been, to a great extent, foreign markets. In 1919 there were 9.105,362 pounds of honey exported from the United States. The princi- pal importing countries were the United Kingdom, which imported 2,882,951 pounds; France, which imported 1,129,704 pounds; Sweden, which im- ported 1,128.152 pounds; Belgium, which imported 922,008 pounds; the Netherlands, which imported 690,595 pounds; Denmark, which imported 417,492 pounds, and Canada, which imported 297,414 pounds. Wliile these exportations to foreign coun- tries during 1919 were slightly larger than normal exportations, because of the sugar shortage, they may nevertheless be taken as indicative of the pro- portion of American produced honey formerly ab- sorbed by foreign markets. At present, these markets are being definitely closed to United States honey producers. In 1920 there were only 1,539,725 pounds of honey ex- ported from the United States of America, almost 50 per cent less than total exportations to Great Britain durine 1919 and approximatelv 83 per cent less than totnl exportations during 1919. Several factors are closing these foreign markets to American honey producers. The first of these is the depreciation in foreign exchanges, which is making it exceptionally difficult for foreign coun- tries to purchase American produced goods. This situation may be only temporary and the organiza- tion of the new i6100,000,000 Foreign Trade Finan- cing Corporation may materially assist in stabilizing exchange^' The other factor which is closing foreign mar- kets to American productions is probably perma- nent. Thruout the world, companies are being formed to further honey production. Cheap labor costs and inferior methods in handling honey will prohablv assure these corporations a comparative monopoly on foreign honey markets. Th° situation is made doubly serious bv the fact that many of these companies are formed with the express purpose of exploiting United States markets. They are shipping quantities of ex- tracted honey into the New York market. This honev. it is alleged, is sometimes shipped into the United States in containers, consisting of previous- Iv used casks, barrels, and even five-gallon oil cans. This imported honev is not produced under sanitary conditions and may even contain bacilli larvae, which are germs of a very contagious disease, simi- lar to the boll weevil in the cotton industry. Con- se(|ucntly, ('(Toi-ts aic bc'ir,' miflc to secure an emergcncN iirotcctive tiirifil' of not less than 5 cents per ])()und uixiii every pound of honey imjiorted into the United States from foreign markets, The purpose of this tariff is not only to protect United States honey from competition with foreign honey, but is also to protect the honey industry from i)Os- sible inroads which these larvae might make \ipon the bee of the United States, if importation is per- mitted to continue. A movement to require rigid inspection of imported honey and re.iection of any honey containing injurious larvae could do much io correct this evil, but present attempts by producers seem to be directed toward efforts to secure tariff protection. The United States honey industry is today defi- nitely faced with the fact that it must rely abnost entirely upon domestic markets in the future. In the past it has been the custom to market domestic- ally produced honey in five-gallon cans, containing sixty pounds of extracted honey. As a general rule, two of these cans form a case. A considerable proportion of this honey was retailed direct from the can into containers belonging to the consumer. The baking trade in the United States has used large proportions of the United States produced honey in preference to sugar, because it permits the holding of a certain proportion of moisture in baked goods. As commercial baked goods tend to dry and chip if sugar is used, honey is considered superior for sweetening purposes. In order to better exploit local markets a new means of marketing honey is fast gaining in favor in the United States and is being pushed by co- operative honey associations in California. Honev is being put up for the retail trade in one pound, two and a half pound, five-pound, and ten-pound friction-top cans, and in eight-ounce and sixteen- ounce glasses. These containers carry a label show- ing the name of the canning company and the source of the honey, so that its cleanliness can be vouched for. Active steps are being taken to de- velop larger home markets for this new form of honey. The food value of honey is unquestioned as it contains 1485 heat calories per pound High railroad freight rates are interfering M'ith the marketing of California produced honey, and active steps are being taken to secure a reduction in these rates, so that California honey can enter the eastern markets of the United States. With the development of water transijortation, thru the Panama Canal, it is anticipated that increis'Ug amounts of California honey can enter eastern mar- kets at cheaper transportation costs. It is being found that co-operative marketing of honey, as at present carried on in California, is reducing the cost of marketing honey by several cents per pound, thereby assisting in profitable marketing. The California Honey Producers' Co-operative Ex- change, with head offices in Los Angeles, markets the honey of approximately 85 per cent of the Cali- fornia commercial producers. The problems which the honey industry of the United States, and particularly of California, are facing today are, therefore, three-fold. The first is the securing of an effective means of excluding any infected foreign honey, the second is a reduc- tion in freight rates to eastern markets, the third is the preparation of honey in more marketable forms and the development of larger consumption in the United States. The first of these problems will require Congressional action. The solution of the second will be made easier thru the development of water transportation thru the Panama Canal, and the ready response which is being made in retail markets to the new forms of marketing honey will go a long way in solving the third problem. Honey prices have dropped materially in the past year, because of general readjustment and because of the closing of foreign markets. While in 1918 and 1919 and the earlier part of 1920 the prices for the better grades of California honey in Los Angeles markets ranged between 18 and 23 cents, these prices have now dropped to as low as 12 and 13 cents. Predictions as to future honey prices cannot be made with any accuracy today, but indications are that with the developments of new domestic markets the excess honey formerly shipped to foreign markets will tend to be absorbed in the United States. Michigan Tradesman. E. H. Tucker. Jrl.v. 102] 0 I> E A N I N f i S I N B E E C U I- T IT R R 40 PER CENT DISCOUNT ON PRICES OF ROOT QUALITY BEES AND QUEENS The kind that is better. Over fifty years' experience in raising hees and ctueens. Thousands of satisfied customers in every part of the globe are using our bees. ROOT QUALITY QUEENS Now is your opportunity to roqueen your colonies with the famous Root Quality Three-Banded Leather-colored Italian Queens at a very small expense. No doubt you have been thinking of doing this for some time but you did not feel that you could do so at former prices. One of the most practical beekeepers that ever lived made the following state- nu^L't: "Upon no other one thing does the honey part of the apiary depend so n.uch as it does upon the queen." DEDUCT 40% FROM THESE PRICES. July-Oct. jn^^p" Untested queens $2.0U laP^ Selected untested 2.50 Our Guarantee on Queens. We guarantee safe arrival of queens sent in mailing eages. We agree to replace the queen if the one lirst sent arrives dead or is so feeble that she dies before she can be introduced, provided the beekeeper receiving the dead or unfit queen returns her at once and in her own sliipping cage. This guarantee aj)plies only on queens sent to customers in U. S. and Canada. ROOT QUALITY BEES There is a growing demand for bees in modern up-to-date hives. To meet this de- numd we are prepared to furnish full colonies of bees on Ploffman frames, wired, witli combs drawn from full sheets worker foundation in new single-walled 8-or 10-frame hives and double-walled Buckeye hives. DEDUCT 40% FROM THESE PRICES. wt. .July-Oct. Colony in new 1-story t<-frame hive 55-65 lbs. $18.50 Colony in new 1-story 10-frame hive 65-75 lbs. 20.00 Colony in new 1-story Buckeye hive 75-85 lbs. 22.50 No queens furnished at the above prices. If queen is wanted, make a selection and add her price to the above. NUCLEI. Our nuclei are shipped by express in light wooden boxes with wire screen top and bottom. It is necessary to have on hand hives into which to transfer the nuclei on arrival and then add franu\s containing full sheets of foundation to the nuclei as they increase in strength. DEDUCT 40% FROM THESE PRICES. wt. .July Oct. 1-f rame Nucleus without queen 4- 7 lbs. $3.50 2-franie Nucleus without queen 9-12 lbs. 5.50 ."> frame Nucleus without queen 12-16 lbs. 7.50 5-f rame Nucleus without queen 22-27 lbs. 10.50 DEDUCT 40% FROM THESE PRICES. wt. July-Sept. 1-lb jiackage of bees without combs 3 lbs. $3.50 2-1d. package of bees without combs 5 lbs. 5.50 3-lb. package of bees without combs 7 lbs. 7.50 No queen is supplied at these prices. If queen is wanted, make a selection and add her price to the above. NOTE: — No one should buy bees in pound packages unless he has hives with combs or frames with full sheets of foundation in readiness. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO WEST SIDE STATION 470 a L E A N 1 N G S I N B E E 0 U L T U R E July, 1921. HONEY TURN IT INTO ONEY ALL SWEETS HAVE EXPERIENCED SENSATIONAL DECLINES. THE WORLD'S SUPPLY OF SUGAR IS ESTIMATED AT 1,250,000 TONS IN EXCESS OF REQUIREMENTS. VERMONT MAPLE SYRUP IS ONE HALF OF THE 1920 PRICE. IF YOU HAVE HONEY SELL IT EARLY. IF YOU CANNOT SELL IT, WE CAN. MONEY FOR HONEY PATON & COWELL 217 BROADWAY NEW YORK Jiu.v. 19-Jl O L K A N I N G S IN H K K C U I. T V R E 471 The Queen of Queens Bred from tlie best of t)reeding (|ueens — selected Root hoine-bred breeders. Reared in the Sunny Sontli, hardy and prolific. Southland (|ueens will keep the hive overflowing with bees. It takes two brood-ehMinbcrs to house a Southland Queen, and Ikm^ followers. QUEENS PACKAGES (After July 1st.) (SliipjuM] on comb of foiiiulatiou) Day-old virgin.s .$1.00 ea. l-i)0uii(l package bees $;{.()() ea. 2-poun(l package b(>es 5.00 ea. 100 or more 50 ca Untested 1.25 ea 25 or more 1.00 ea 100 or more 75 ea. each package. Tested 2.25 ea 3-pound package bees 7.00 ea. 25 or more eitlier si/.c, 25c less jier lb. 25 or more 2.00 ea. SPECIALS hJTjr'f pf l-fr. brood and jjound bees with un- tested queen .$4.50 Two-frame nucleus, no (pieen .$4.50 2-fr. nucleus with young tested Three-frame nucleus, mi queen .... 6.00 queen 6.50 Special attention to large orders and contracts. Get our liids on (|ueeiis for your apiary. Health certificate with each shipment. THE SOUTHLAND APIARIES W. S. TA TUM. PROP. BOX 3S3, HA TTIESBURG, MISS. 472 0 r, K A N I N 0 H T N l! K F, ('. V T. T II R K .7i;r-Y, 192]. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS GOING BACK TO NORMA!. Our "motto" 16 to give the beekeeper the very highest quality Italian Queens, Bees, and Beekeepers' Supplies at the lowest cost possible. Conditions make the following low prices possible. An absolute quality guarantee on everything we sell. Our intention and desire are to stay in the busi- ness, and to stay we have got to give you quality goods, therefore, you run no quality risk in ordering from us. QUEENS AND BEES. After June i5tli: Untested Queens, ^i.oo each; 12 or more, 75 cents each. Tested, ^2.00. Breeders, ^5.00 [to ^25.00. Package Bees shipped from Mayhew, Miss., or Helena, Ga.: I -lb package, ^2.00; 2-lb. package, ^3.75; 3-lb. package, ^5.25. One, two, and three-frame nuclei at the above prices. Add price of queen wanted. During May we reared 3496 queens. To date we have had only three complaints which were adjusted at once. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISS. ROOT'S DISCOUNT SALE Based on present prospective raw material cost and wage reduc- tion, The A. I. Root Company has reduced bee supply prices to help get the nation's business ''back to normal" as promised on page 2 of our 1921 spring catalog. Disccunts now in effect are as follows: 40 Per Cent FRAMES (all styles K. D.) UNTESTED QUEENS EEES: Full Colonics, Nuclei, SEE. UNTESTED QUEENS and Pound Packages CARTONS (For comb honc)) 35 Per Cent 25 Per Cent 10 Per Cent SECTIONS HIVES (fiat) HONEY and WAX SHIPPING CASES INSIDE FURNITURE EXTRACTORS HONEY-BOARDS SMOKERS CAGES, BEGINNERS' KNIVES, TRAPS OUTFITS METAL GOODS AIRCO COMB FOUNDATION is reduced lo c:nts per pound. Write at once for Ccta'cg, Bargain List, snd Discount folder if you have not re- ceived them. Now is the time to complcc your equipment—extractors, honey boards, traps, smokers and veils, bees and que ns. Supplies ready at hard--- Foundation, sections, cartons, shipping cases, gla-s and tin containers, will save time which may be used in producing more honey. Mo liiHcount on liuclcrjie hives, hooks, tin or suiidri/ unnamed items. These discovnts have no relation whatever to any price quoted in our closeovt lists or I'lswhcre. They apfdy only to nvr reyiilnr 1921 ratntoy — 114th edition. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO j'J New York, Chicngo, Phi'adelphin, Norfolk, St. Paul, Indianapolis, New Orleans LOWER PRICES Did you get our announcement mailed to our list in June of new, low, retail prices on "Beeware" effective at once? If not, write us. Our catalog is free. There is a distribu- tor near you. "Beeware" quality is the same. BARGAIN LIST Write for our bargain list. There are dozens of good bargains in it. We will send it free upon re- quest. A few of the 95 good buys are listed below. F. O, B. Watertown: 8 and 10-fr. wood and zinc excL, old style at 50c each 30G frame wire, 335-ft. spools at 6c each Black bristle bee-bruEhes at 15c each Pepper box bee-fesders, pint size at 5c each Lewis section formers at 90c each Boardn-an feeders, old style, K. D., 15c each Colorado section-presses, at 57c each A lot of No. 2 Lewis sections, odds, at $7 per M. LOOK FOR THIS BCC HIVES AND APIARIAN EQUIPMENT BEWARE WHERE YOU BUY YOUR BEEWARE MAKES THE FINEST. REGIS- TERED MARK G. B. LEWIS COMPANY Home Office and Works, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. Uidiirlies: Memphis, Tenn.; Albanii, X. Y.: Lawyers (near Lynchl^irt/), Ta. Carlot Disliilufors Tliroii;/h(iiit the V. S. A. in ^ Sep CttlJurp A.uva2- 1921 I ^ VOL. XLIX Tlic labois of siniiiiu'i' ai'c emieil, Its triumphs and failures are past. AUGUST, 1921 — Eugene Sccor. NUMBER 8 We are now running 1000 Colo- nies for Queens and are prepared to accept orders for Queens in large quantities and make imme- diate delivery. Each Queen se- lected and prepared for mailing by our Queen-breeder personal- ly. They are going out in every mail, and to have yours in time to use them this season better get your order in the next mail. Also let us have your list of sup- plies, so v/e can quote you our very best prices. c MILLER BOX MANTTFACTURING COMPANY 201 North Ave. 18. Los Angeles, California. "Griggs saves you freight." TOLEDO By the time you read this our 1921 crop will be history. How about your Honey Cans, Comb- honey Cases, Extractors? Let us know your wants. We can serve you promptly and well. Honey^New Crop Send sample and say how much you have, kind, how packed, and price asked in first letter. Beeswax always wanted. THE GRIGGS BROS. CO. Dept. 25 Toledo, O. "Griggs saves you freight." The Old Reliable Three-Banded Italians Booking orders now for 1921. Queens ready April 1st. My Italians are of an exceptionally vigorous and long-lived stock strain of bees. They are gentle, pro- lific, very resistant to fonl brood, and the best of honey-gatherers. I have sold a good many queens to parties who are using them in stamping out foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash, bal- ance before delivery. Will guarantee safe arrival in the United States and Canada. Descriptive circular and price list free. No nvclei or pound packages of hees for sale. JOHN 6. MILLER 723 C Street Corpus Christi, Texas Prices -April, May, and June July to November 1 6 Untested $1.50 $8.00 Select Untested. 1.75 9.00 Tested 2.50 12.50 Select Tested . . 3.00 each 12 $15.00 16.00 24.00 1 6 $1.25 $6.50 1.50 8.00 2.25 12.00 $3.00 each 12 $12.50 15.00 22.00 BETWEEN SEASONS We are taking inventory, ropric-ing stock in line witli present cost of materials. Be- cause of decreasing values we expect to show a loss for the past year. We are in good company in such a result, for there are doubtless many among the people we serve, who will show a similar result for the season. We are hopeful for the future and are prepared to give better service than ever before. When in need of anything used by beekeepers let us hear from you. Yours for service, THE A. I ROOT COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA 1824 E. 15th St., Los Angeles, Calif. 52-54 Main St., San Francisco, Calif. August, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 473 AUGUST, 1921 Honey Markets 476-477 Editorials 481-483 State Fair Exhibits E. B. Tyrrell 484-486 Protection of Nectar Prof. K. M. Wiegand 487-489 Nectar Secretion E.G. Baldwin 489-492 Diagnosing Colonies E. E. Eoot 492-493 Honey Extracting Exhibits Francis Jager 494 Granulation in Bait Sections A. N. Clark 495 How Many Beekeepers? E. G. LeStourgeon 495 Need of Advertising W. D. Achord 495-496 To Empty Unfinished Sections William Cox 496-497 Cleaning Queen Excluders N. E. France 497 American Foul Brood Elmer G. Carr 497 The Three Medinas P. J. Baldensperger 497-498 Siftings J. E. Crane 499 Beekeeping as a Sideline .Grace Allen 500-501 From North, East, West, and South 502-504 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 505 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 506-507 Bees, Men, and Things 508 Just News 509 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 510-511 Our Homes A. I. Eoot 512-516 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low pald-in-advance-subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription. 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additionaL DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent liy postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 56.8 per cent; advertising, 43.2 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, PubHshers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff H. G. Rowe M'n'g Editor Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root Editors Editor Home Dept. lona Fowls Assistant Editor 474 Gleanings IN 6fi£ culture aitgust, 1921 Honey TVutltcd Honey We are in the market for both comb and extracted. Send sample of extracted, state hovv^ put up, with lo>vest price, delivered Cincinnati. Comb honey, state grade and how packed, ^vith lowest price, delivered Cincinnati. We are always in the market for Avhite honey, if price is right. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio HONEY CANS Several carloads just received at our Ogden and Idaho Falls ware- houses. We also manufacture shipping* cases and beehives. Special prices on request. "Ever3rthing in Bee Supplies." Prompt shipments. SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) WANTED --COMB HONEY We are in the market for 10 to 20 carloads. Must be 4^4 x 4^4 x 1% in beeway sections. Describe the quality, grade, and quantity, and when you will have it ready for shipment. Will take less than carload lots, if fancy and well packed in carrier. Also Extracted Honey — send sample. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC., WOODHAVEN, N. Y. August, 1921 G li E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE 475 HONEY Shake with H. N. MAJOR, South Wales, N. Y. Mr. Major is one of the leading Queen Breeders for his age. Keep your eye on him, he will be a second Doo- little. The other week Major wrote us like this: "I have worn all kinds of veils from homespun to factory-made — but for real work and comfort give me a 'MUTH IDEAL.' " Order one today, $1.50. FRICTION TOP CANS Per 100. Per 10. 21/2-lb. cans $ 4.25 $ .50 5-lb. cans 8.00 1.00 10-lb. cans 12.00 1.40 60-LB. SQUARE CANS Used cans, good and clean, packed two in each crate. 1 to 9 crates, 70c per crate; 10 to 99 crates, 65c per crate; 100 crates or more, 60c per crate. 1-LB. SCREW TOP HONEY JARS 2 dozen to case. 10-case lots, $1.75 per case; 100-case lots, $1.70 per case. We are in the market for Comb and Ex- tracted Honey. Send us a sample and tell us how much you want for it deliv- ered to Cincinnati. We remit the day the shipment is received. No waiting for your money when you ship to MUTH. BEESWAX RENDERING From the looks of our Wax Rendering Department some of your wives read our advertisements. As soon as they read about saving the muss around the house and her wash-boiler she must have said, "John, you send that old comb to MUTH. No more mussing around this place. ' ' Send for shipping tags or mark your name and ours plainly on the barrels. We will render the old comb and pay you the market price for wax, less 5c per pound for rendering. . ITALIAN QUEEN BEES PURE STRAIN. Untested: 1, $1.50; 6, $8.50; 12, $15.00. Tested Pure: 1, $2; 6, $10.50; 12, $18. SPECIAL SPECIAL HONEY EXTRACTORS No. 5 Novice 2-frame (a good little extractor) $25.00 No. 15 Cowan 2-frame (A wonder for speed) $32.75 THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY Pearl and Walnut Streets CINCINNATI, OHIO 478 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1921 HONEY MARKETS U. S. Government Market Reports. SHIPPING POINT INFORMATION FIRST HALF OF JULY CALIFORNIA POINTS.^ — Supplies of old crop cleaning up. New crop supplies are heavier. Move- ment is light. Little vi'ire inquiry heing received, and market is weaker. Carloads f. o. b. usual terms at leading points, per lb., white orange, new crop, wide range in prices, 8V^-10c, mostly 9c; light amber alfalfa, old crop 5-6c, water white al- falfa new crop T'ASc, white mesquite 6%c, white sage old crop 8i/^-9c, new crop 9-lOc; light amber sage old crop mostly TVzc, new crop iVzC- Hawaiian f. o. b. San Francisco, white Hawaiian 6c, light amber 4i/^c, honeydew honey, dealers asking 4c. Producers are not inclined to sell at present prices. Current prospects are that the alfalfa crop will be below normal. Orange and sage will both have very short crop, sage ranging around 35% of last year's yield. Beeswax producers are selling more than during the last of June on account of extracting having been completed. Market is weaker but movement better. Dealers paying mostly 25e per lb. for crude wax. INTERMOUNTAIN (IDAHO AND UTAH). — White sweet clover is quoted in carload lots at 7c per lb., f. o. b. loading station. In smaller quan- tities, white alfalfa-clover honey is moving at 12c per lb. White sweet clover in Arizona is said to be onered at 7c per lb. For average grade beeswax 26-30c is being paid. MIDDLE-WESTERN STATES. — Thruout the Plains States white clover was partly winter-killed and dry, hot weather has since rendered the pros- pects still more unfavorable for a good flow of honey. Bees are said to be in good condition and healthy, altho few new swarms have come off. CENTRAL STATES. — As usual, there is little movement of honey at this season of the year. There is said to be the best flow from sweet clover experi- enced in years. White clover is also producing well, altho curtailed by drought. The average yield is reported as around 50 lbs. per colony, with best colonies reaching 100 lbs. American foul brood is abundant in some localities, but otherwise the con- dition of the bees is normal. Local demand is good in some places, but carlots are moving slowly. White clover has been bought in large lots at 8c per lb., f. o. b., with small lot sales ranging around 15c for extracted and $6.00 per 24-section cases for No. 1 comb. Beeswax is being bought for 26c per lb. in cash or 29c in trade. NORTHEASTERN SECTION. — Due to abnor- mal weather conditions bees have not yet gathered much surplus. Recent heavy rains, however, may improve the fall flow of nectar. Fair prospects are expected for the buckwheat flow. A few small-lot sales of light amber are being made at 15c. Yellow beeswax is bringing around 27c per lb. SOUTHEASTERN SECTION. — ^The honey crop in North Carolina is reported to be a complete fail- ure ; and thruout the rest of the South the flow is very light, due partly to dry, hot weather. The market is slow, and little honey is changing hands. A few sales of white honey are reported at 10-12c per lb. in small lots. PACKAGE HONEY F. O. B. CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Fancy new crop white orange honey in small containers is being quoted f. o. b. California shipping points as follows : 2-lb. tins, 48 to the case, $10.00 per case; 5-lb. tins, 12 to the case, or 10-lb. tins, 6 to the case, $11.00 per case. TELEGRAPHIC REPORTS FROM IMPORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — 1 car Porto Rico via New York City arrived since last report. Stocks on hand only mod- erate. Slightly better inquiry for extra-good ex- tracted honey reported. Comb honey is slightly weaker with little interest shown. Comb: Sales to retailers, New York, 24-section cases white clover heavy, $8.00-8.50; few best guaranteed free from candying $9.00, light low as $6.50. Vermont, 20- section cartons white clover $7.00-7.75. Extracted: Sales to confectioners and bottlers, Porto Rico, amber 70-80c per gal. ; California, white sage, few sales 16c per lb. CHICAGO. — No straight carlot arrivals. Prac- tically no f. o. b. buying, receipts being exclusively consignments and supplies reported as liberal. Mar- ket very dull. Practically no demand. Trading practically at standstill on all grades. What few sales are being made are in small lots. Dealers will- ing to sell at even lower figures in order to move stock on hand. Extracted: Sales to bottlers, Michi- gan and Colorado, per lb., clover and basswood white 9-9 1/2 c, light amber TV2-SV2C. Comb: Sales direct to retailers, Michigan and Ohio, No. 1, 24- section cases $6.25 ; No. 2, poor condition, light, leaky or discolored sections $3.00-4.00. Beeswax: Receipts moderate. Market about steady. Trading fair. Sales to harnessmakers and wholesale drug- gists, Missouri, Colorado, and Oklahoma, per lb., best, light 31-33C, dark 26-27c. CINCINNATI. — Since July 1, 1 car Utah, 3,500 lbs. Ky.' and approximately 2,000 lbs. from Ohio arrived. On account of the refusal of the principal honey and beeswax receivers to furnish the informa- tion necessary to report market conditions and price.? in Cincinnati accurately and completely, no report can be published for this important honey and beeswax center. DENVER. — Market inactive. Trading light. Ex- tracted: Sales to jobbers, per lb., Colorado, white 11-131/^c, light amber 10%-12%c, amber 10c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases No. 1, white old stock $5.40 per case, new stock $6.30. MINNEAPOLIS. — No carlot arrivals. Extracted: Supplies light. Practically no demand. No sales re- ported. KANSAS CITY. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies light. Demand and movement light, market dull. Extracted : Sales to jobbers, Utah, extra-light amber, lie per lb. Comb: Colo- rado, 24-section cases No. 1, white, $6.00-6.50. NEW YORK. — Domestic 1. c. 1. receipts very light. South American and West Indian receipts light. Supplies light. Demand and movement slow, market dull, few sales. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers, and bottlers, domestic, per lb. California, white orange blossom and white sage mostly ll-12c; light amber sage 9-lOc, few lie; white sweet clover 9-llc, light amber alfalfa 7-8c. South American and West In- dian, refined per gal. best 55-60c, poorer low as 50c. Beeswax : Foreign receipts light. Supplies limited. Demand and movement light, market dull. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers, bakers, and drug trade, per lb. South American and West Indian, crude light best 25-27c, few 28c, poorer low as 23c, dark 14-16c, African, dark, mostly 14-15C. PHILADELPHIA. — Receipts very light. Sup- plies, altho light, are sufficient to supply demand. Movement to bakers continues light but there seems to be a little better demand. Extracted: Sales to bakers, Porto Rico and San Domingo, in barrels, dark amber 65c, light amber 68c per gal. ; in 60-lb. tins dark amber 8c, fancy light amber 9c per lb. Beeswax : Stipplies are generally moderate, but with practically no demand. No sales reported. ST. LOUIS. — Comb: No receipts reported. Sup- plies light. No demand or movement. No sales report- ed. Extracted: Very light receipts of southern honey in 5-gal. cans reported. Supplies, including old stock, liberal. Demand draggy and movement limit- ed, market weak and prices only nominal. Few sales direct to retailers in small quantities in 5-gal. cans. Southern, various mixed flavors per lb. best light amber 9-lOc, dark and inferior 6%-8c, mostly 7%- 8c. Others, no sales reported. Beeswax: Receipts very light. Supplies light. Limited demand in small quantities but very little moving. Market is very quiet altho prices remain firm. Sales to job- bers, southern, ungraded average country run. 25- 26c per lb. H. C. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets. Special Foreign Quotations. LIVERPOOL. — The market has been very much easier since our last report. There is a fair export demand for Chilian. The value of extracted honey at today's rate of exchange is 5 cents per lb. The value of beeswax in American currency is about 22 cents per lb. Taylor & Co. Liverpool, England, July 6. CUBA. — We quote extracted honey at 35 cents a gallon, and yellow wax at 20 cents a pound. Matanzas, Cuba, July 12. Adolfo Marzol. August, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 477 Opinions From Producers. Early in July we sent to actual honey producers, scattered over the country, the following questions: 1 . What has been the average yield per colony to date for your locality ? Give answer in pounds. Comb honey ? Extracted honey ? 2 . How does the total crop compare with normal in your locality? Give answer in per cent. 3 . What price are producers asking for the new crop in large lots ? Comb honey ? Extracted honey ? It will be noted that the prices given by some of the reporters are for large lots, while others quote prices in small lots to the retail grocer. Yield Price State. Reported by Comb. Ext. Crop. Comb. Ext. Ala. J. M. Cutts . . . 25 17 50 $.20 $.10 Ark. J. Johnson .... 121/2 0 100 .30 Ark. J. V. Ormond. . 20 50 .25 Cal. L. L. Andrews. 1 10 12 .10 Cal. C. W. Hartman 27 12 .09 Colo. J. A. Green. . .. 5 20 85 Colo. B. W. Hopper. 5 5 5.50 .10 Conn. A. Latham. . . . 30 50 150 Conn. A. W. Yates. .. 10 10 50 .35 .18 Fla. H Hewitt. . . . 35 100 .12 Fla. W Lamkin .... 40 80 100 .10 Ga. J. J. Wilder. . . 30 50 70 5.00 .13 Ida. J. E. Miller. . . .15 .10 111. c. F. Bender. . 10 25 .30 111. A. L. Kildow. . 10 15 15 m. A. C. Baxter. . 25 60 40 .25 .20 Ind. E. S. Miller . . . 35 50 90 6.50 .20 Ind. Jay Smith .... 35 60 100 .35 .20 Ind. T. C. Johnson . . 40 50 100 la. E. G. Brown . . 50 50 .12 la. W S. Pangburn 5 .16 Kan. c D. Mize. . . 40 50 60 Kan. J. A. Nininger 10 30 80 7.00 .15 Ky. P. C. Ward. . . 32 70 Me. 0. B. Griffin. .. 20 40 .30 .25 Md. g. J. Crocker. 15 20 25 Mich. L. S. Griggs... 75 75 .18 Mich. I. D. Bartlett. 25 35 .36 .20 Mich. B. F. Kindig. . 60 90 100 .25 Mich. F. Markham. . . 75 100 100 .25 .15 Mich. E. D. Towns'd 50 65 .15 Miss. R. B. Willson.. 20 45 100 .32 .16 Mo. J. H. Fisbeck.. 60 Neb. F. J. Harris . . 10 10 Nev. T. V. Damon. 50 Nev. L. D. A. Prince 5.50 .12 N. H. J. R. Hepler. . 25 65 .40 .32 N.J. E. G. Carr. . .. 40 N. Y. 0. J. Spohn. . . 40 60 60 .25 .17 N. Y. Geo. Howe. . . . 20 25 N. Y. G. H. Rea 20 30 50 N. Y. F. W. Lesser. . 30 50 66 N. Y. N. L. Stevens.. 50 150 .12 N. C. W J. Martin.. 6.00 .15 Ohio. E. G. Baldwin. 30 60 100 .25 .15 Ohio. F. Leininger . . 70 100 .20 .15 Ohio. R. D. Hyatt. . . 70 130 125 Okla. C. F. Stiles . . . 20 50 Ore. E. J. Ladd 50 75 100 6.50 .15 Ore. H. A. Scullen. 50 Pa. D. C. Gilham. . 16 25 40 Pa. H. Beaver. . . . 30 40 5.00 .15 R. I. A. C. Miller... 20 100 .30 .30 S. D. L. A. Syverud 50 75 100 5.00 .11 Tenn. G. M. Bentley 60 70 100 Tenn. J. M. Buchanan 40 60 100 .30 .25 Tex. J. N. Mayes. . . 70 75 .13 .10 Tex. H. B. Parks. .. 50 100 .09 Tex. T. A. Bowden. 75 Utah. M. A. Gill 110 5.00 .10 Utah. N. E. Miller.. . 100 Vt. J. E. Crane.. 10 25 Va. L. N. Gravely. 5 8 .25 .15 Va. T. C. Asher. . . 10 15 20 Wash. G. W. B. Saxton 166 .12 Wash. W L. Cox. . . . 5 0 100 .13 W. Va. T. K. Massey . . 0 0 0 W. Va. W C. Griffith. 100 300 .25 .15 Wis. E. Hassinger. . 50 60 .12 Wis. H. F. Wilson . . 37 62 .18 Wis. N. E. France. . 40 85 .15 Wis. Gus Ditmer. . . 0 0 QUALITY QUEENS During August, September, and Oc- tober we will have a surplus of guar- anteed stock of Untested Queens at $1.00 each. Special prices on lots of fifty or over. THE A. I. ROOT CO. OF TEXAS Box 765, San Antonio, Texas. ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES Carload stocks at Ohio's distributing cen- ter. Orders filled the day they come in. Save time and freight by ordering from A. M. MOORE, ZanesviUe, Ohio 221/2 S. Third Street. MOTT'S NORTHERN-BRED ITALIAN QUEENS. For July: Sel. Untested, $1.25 each; $15.00 per doz. Sel. guaranteed pure-mated or re- place, $1.75 each; $18.00 per doz. Sel. Test- ed, $2.50. Filling orders by return mail now with the aid of my Southern branch. Plans "How to Increase" and "Introduce Queens," 25c. E E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich. COPPER CANS c^TK-oTied III ~-opper with icrew '^ps. rlishot Grade Cant on the Market. Mail order* Shipped atonceinStrong Wood Boxea. jj Money Back lifDiiaatiafied. ; CircuU^J' ree. I Hydrometer* $1.50. COPPER -— I USING per foot. '.^ -inch, 20c; rg-in. 25c; 5^-in.35c; ^-;n.60c; l.in.93c (lengrth* up to 30 h.) Union*: ji-in. 35c; ^-in. 50c; J^-in. y5c; 5i-in. $1.00; l-in. $1.50. STANDARD METAL WORKS 6 Beach St., Boston, Ma«8. DepL 047. TheBESTUGHT Positively the cheapest and Btronfirest li^ht on earth. Used in every country on the globe. Makes and boms its own pas. Casts no ehadowB. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for cataloE. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. /^ '^ THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton. O. 478 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1921 Five-Pound and Ten-Pound Friction-Top Pails We are naming prices below on these pails, and please note that THESE PRICES ARE F. 0. B. CARS LAN- SING, and not from some distant factory point from which you will get slow delivery and high freight rates : 25 50 ino 200 r>oo 5-lb. Friction-top pails $2.25 $4.25 $ 8.00 $15.75 $38.00 10-lb. Friction-top pails 3.00 5.90 11.50 22.50 55.00 5-lb. Pails per wooden case of 12, per case $1.40; 10 cases $13. 10-lb. Pails per wooden case of 6, per case $1.10; 10 cases $10. Comb Honey Shipping Cases There is an increasing interest in the production of comb honey, and a material reduction in price on the shipping cases. You will get better prices for your honey if put up in these attractive packages. We quote on ap- plication. We can make immediate delivery on seasonable items, such as sections, comb foundation, extractors, etc. M. H. HUNT & SON 510 North Cedar Street, Lansing, Michigan AlUUST, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 479 Buy Bingham Bee Smokers On the market over 40 years. The bel- fsEH IjlNGnAM lows of best quality sheepskin is pro- Rf p SMOKER vided with a valve, which gives it pep ■-' — ^ and makes it respond quickly to the most delicate touch, giving as much or as little smoke as is required. The Big Smoke size, stove 4 x 10 inches, with asbestos-lined shield, permits the hold- ing of the smoker between the knees without danger of burning the trous- ers or one's legs. This size is much ap- preciated by extensive operators. Size of Postage extra. stove, ins. Big Smoke, with shield 4 xlO Big Smoke, no sliield 4 xlO Smoke Engine 4 x7 Doctor 31^x7 Conqueror 3 x7 Little Wonder 3 x5 ^^ Buy Bingham Honey Uncapping Knives Made of the finest quality steel for the purpose that money can buy. These knives of the proper thickness and quality have given the best of satisfac- tion, as the old timers will testify. For over thirty years the men engaged in the manufacture of these knives have been at this work. The perfect grip cold handle is one of the improvements. Buy Woodman Section Fixer One of our men, with the Section Fixer, puts up 500 sections with top starters in one hour and thirty minutes, 500 sections set up with top starters in ninety minutes. This includes the labor of cutting foundation, getting sections and supers and placing the sections into the supers and carrying them away. A complete job. This is nothing unusual, but his regular speed. You can do the same if you have the push, after you become accustomed to the work. There is no breakage of sections. It will pay you to secure one of these machines for this work. It is the best thing of the kind on the market. SPECIAL SALE HONEY PACKAGES. Get our latest reduced prices on all honey pack- ages. Let us add you to our large list of pleased customers on this line of merchandise. Special prices on .shipments from factories direct to cus- tomer. Sixty-pound cans in bulk and in cases, Friction-top Pails and cans all sizes. Clear flint glass. Mason jars pints and quarts, tumblers, pound ,iars and other sizes. Get on to our list, so as to get quotations. A, G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1921 A Postcard to You Did you get our postcard announcing lower prices? It was mailed to you early in the month of June. 32 per cent redudion on famous No. i Lewis section boxes. 30 per cent redudion on all hives, bodies, supers, and covers. Many other low prices on items you may need now. These apply to No. i grade of goods only. cAlso ask for bargain list on "Odd Lot" goods. Italian Queen Bees August is the season for reqweening in most parts of the U. S. A., just at the end of the honey flows. Arransements have been made with one of the hest Southern queen-bee breeders to furnish 3-banded Ital- ians to enable beekeepers to introduce better stock. Prompt shipment, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. A. Price, $1.00 each, untested. Price, $2.25 each, tested. LOOK FOB THIS DEE HIVES AND APIARIAN EQUtPMENT BEWARE WHERE YOU BUY YOUR BEEWARE /WM r/-/?ronw\ s A MAKES THE FINEST. G. B. LEWIS COMPANY Home Office dC Works, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. Branches: Memphis, Tenn.; Albany, N. Y.; Lawyers, Va. Distrilmters Throiighout the V. S. A. Ask for a "Beexvare" Catalog today. REGISTERED MARK E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE AUGUST, 1921 1 OUR FRONT cover this month shows one of the apiaries of The A. I. Root Company near Medina, Ohio, as it appeared in July before any of the honey was taken of£. The Root Company has near Medina a series of apiar- ies which are operated for extracted honey. The crop from these apiaries this season will probably be somewhere between one and a half and two carloads of honey. A PECULIAR honeydew gathered from scrub pine sometimes considerable quantities, w h i c h Melezitose, a contains the rare Rare Sugar trisaccharide, mele- in Honeydew. zitose. Minute quan- tities of this rare sugar have been available to scientists for many years, but never in larger quantities until it was discovered in honeydew in this country. It derives its name from melez, the French name for larch tree, on which it was originally discovered as honeydew. It also occurs as manna on a leguminous tree in Persia. Recently it has been found in the form of honeydew on the Douglass fir in British Columbia and from scrub pines in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Honeydew which contains melezitose granulates almost as fast as it is stored in the combs, and sometimes the dry crystals can be seen in the bottom of the cells even when only a few drops of nectar have been deposited in them. Some manufacturing chemists desire to obtain honeydew which contains melezitose, and beekeepers who are located where it is gathered freely may be able to supply this demand, which is, of course, for limited amounts only. Just now we have a letter from the Digestive Ferments Co., Detroit, Mich., inquiring where such honeydew can be obtained. Bee- keepers who have a supply of honeydew which granulates quickly could determine whether it contains melezitose by sending a sample to this firm. OUR READERS will find a vast amount of information within a small space in the Opinions of Produc- WhatHasthe ers on our market Harvest Been? pages. Southern California has had a very poor yield from orange and sage. while farther north in the State the yield is better. Taken as a whole the reports from California indicate that the crop in that State will be far below normal. It is too early to estimate the yield from alfalfa and sweet clover in the Intermountain re- gion; but present indications are that the crop will be below normal in Colorado, Ida- ho, and Nevada, while farther north ])ros- pects apparently are better. Reports from the sweet clover belt of the Missouri River Valley indicate a good yield from this source. Reports from Texas are much more encouraging than earlier in the season, and some parts of this State at least will have a normal crop. In the white clover region the area of heaviest yield apparently is northern Ohio, eastern Indiana, southeastern Michigan, and Ontario, where tlie yield is well above 100 pounds per colony in well- managed apiaries. Outside of this area the yield from clover is spotted. Northern New York and Vermont report but little surplus. Central and western New York report yields from 20 to 50 pounds per colony. In Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa the yield is spotted, but generally somewhat below nor- mal, except that western Iowa has a good crop in the sweet clover section. The At- lantic Coast States south of Pennsylvania have secured but little surplus honey ex- cept in some portions of Florida. Eastern Tennessee reports a good crop from clover. ao^c«= ALTHO it was the plan of the committee in charge of the contributions for the Doctor Miller Me- Contributions to morial Fund Doctor Miller to close the Memorial to Continue, subscriptions in June, it has been decided to continue the effort un- til a larger amount has been collected. Some scattered contributions are still being re- ing received, and members of various bee- keepers ' associations have suggested that their associations may desire to contribute. "The Bee World" of England and the "South African Bee Journal" are asking their readers to contribute to this fund, and it will take some time for these contribu- tions to be collected and sent to this coun- try. Surely, if men in other parts of the world are eager to honor the memory of Doctor Miller, a greater number of the bee- keepers of the United States than have al- ready contributed will desire to do so if given more time. The committee has de- cided to continue its efforts to collect a fund large enough to provide a lasting me- 482 GI. EANINGS tN fefif: CULTURE AiTQusT, 1921 niorial that shall be a fitting tribute to this great man, even if it takes many months to do it. The following letter from Doctor Phillips expresses clearly the viewpoint of the com- mittee in making this decision: Dear Mr. Root: I have your inquiry regarding the desirability of continuing the effort to obtain subscriptions for tlie Miller Memorial Fund. I am very much in favor of going right on with this until all bee- keepers who wish to do so may have the oppor- tunity to contribute. The amount so far obtained does not, I am sure, include contributions from all who have been benefited by the life and work of Doctor Miller, and it would be a pity to close this fund until all have had a chance to do their part. The various associations will doubtless take tlii.s u]> at their meetings, and more money will come in. When we consider what the work of Doctor Mil- ler has meant to the beekeepers of the whole world, it is evident that there are many more who will feel it a duty and privilege to help. Those bee- keepers who had had but who conquered European foul brood will realize that but for the work of Doctor Miller their returns from their bees would be many thousands of dollars less, and they will want to show their appreciation of his aid. Comb- honey producers who successfully control swarming in out-apiaries realize that without his aid they would necessarily be content with less colonies of bees, and they will wish to share the extra profits ill honoring the man who, more than any one else, made their larger operation.s possible. Many other classes of beekeepers could be mentioned who have received financial benefit from his work ; but there is the still larger class of beekeepers who are bet- ter, bigger men and women because of his life, and that is an obligation which we can not pay off in dollars. This calls for our best efforts. Under these circumstances, it seems to me that we should go on asking for funds, until we get an amount that will be a living, growing thing, which will for all time benefit beekeepers every- where, for that was what Doctor Miller wanted to do more than anything else on earth. There is no hurry about closing this up, for the memory of Doctor Miller is not a transient thing, and bee- keeping will last as long as there are flowers and bees, without which none of us would care to stay here. Let's keep at this until the fund can do for beekeeping what Doctor Miller would so much have liked to do. Very truly vours, Washington, D. C, June 28. E. F. Phillips. Subscriptions may be sent to any mem- ber of the committee, as follows: C. P. Da- dant, Hamilton, 111.; B. F. Kindig, East Lan- sing, Mich.; E. G. LeSturgeon, San Antonio, Texas; Dr. E. F. Phillips, Bureau of Ento- mology, Washington, D. C; E. E. Root, Medina, Ohio. 30 ^ ac WHILE beekeepers are harvesting their crop of honey they are usually too busy to give much thought to ^^\ Preparations a subject so remote fe— ^^ For Winter. as the preparation for next year 's crop, yet the beginning of the foundation for the 1922 honey crop is made tliis month, wheth- er the beekeeper directs it or. not. With all that has been written on the subject of wintering, too little emphasis has been placed upon the history of the colony during late summer and fall, and much of the so- called winter loss should not be charged to the winter but rather to late summer and fall management. Really, the problem of wintering begins about the middle of Aug- ust, for the condition of the colonies from that time until brood-rearing ceases deter- mines largely how well they will winter. Where brood-rearing ceases early in Oc- tober, as it does thruout the greater portion of the North, the bees which form the win- ter cluster must be reared in August and September. When conditions are favorable the bees will rear jjlenty of young for win- ter without any attention on the part of the beekeeper; but if conditions are not favor- able for a moderate amount of brood-rearing during any considerable part of the time after the middle of August, the bees may be in poor shape for winter. Colonies that are queenless or that have old or failing queens during this period can not be expected to withstand the winter. While it may not be profitable for extensive honey producers to examine every colony to find a few that may be queenless, beekeep- ers are finding that systematic requeening in July and August pays well for the time it requires. In the North many beekeepers advocate replacing the queens after the sec- ond year, usually requeening half of Ihe colonies each year. Farther south, where the seasons are longer, many find it profit- able to requeen every year. Midsummer requeening is especially prof- itable in those localities where there is a dearth of nectar during August and Sep- tember, for a young queen that begins to lay this month will usually lay enough eggs, even during a dearth of nectar, to make a fair-sized winter colony if there is enough honey in the hive to feed the brood, while an old queen would practically cease egg- laying. In addition to this the young queen reared at this time is in prime condition for her heavy work next spring. Colonies that run short of stores after the middle of August may be ruined by liv- ing on the verge of starvation for even a few weeks at the time the winter bees should be reared. Thousands of colonies have been lost during the winter and the loss counted as winter loss, because the bee- keeper extracted all the honey from the supers, expecting the bees to get along with what was left in the brood-chamber. When this is done the bees are almost .sure to run short of honey just when they should be rearing young bees to tide the colony thru the winter, unless there is a fall honey flow sufficient for their needs. Some of our best beekeepers are now solving this problem by leaving from five to seven full-depth combs of honey in the last super when extracting, or providing each colony with a shallow extracting super filled with honey. Of course, where there is a fall honey flow, this is not necessary; but, unless the fall flow is assured, the leaving of plenty of honey now is a good form of insurance. Now that the problem of marketing honey is a serious one, the beekeeper may well August, 1B21 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 483 become one of his own customers and use a portion of the honey, which he could have extracted, to help insure the prosperity of his colonies for next year. Ct — lO ^ CH MS UNDER the present conditions of the lioney market it behooves every beekeeper to sell every pound of honey Selling Honey locally that is pos- Locally, sible. Every pound that can be sold in this way relieves the wholesale market just that much, and in most cases that which is sold locally goes to consumers who could not be reached thru the ordinary channels of trade, thus to a large extent opening up a new outlet for honey. During the past few years, when the de- mand for honey was heavy, much honey was diverted from the local market to the whole- sale market. It was so much easier to ship the entire crop to a dealer at a good price (in many cases more than could be obtained locally) than to sell it in small lots near home that producers could not afford to sui)- ply the local trade. This has all been changed within a year, and many beekeep- ers are now selling their honey to farmers and others in their locality, some extensive producers being able in this way to dispose of their entire crop. For this class of trade the five and ten pound pails are being used more and more. Those who are located on much traveled automobile routes can sell large quantities of honey at the roadside to passing motor- ists by putting up an attractive sign where the driver cannot fail to see it. Many bee- keepers sell thousands of pounds in this way every season. Many of those who buy hon- ey in this way do not know that pure honey can be purchased in the city. In fact, most of them probably have never. given the sub- ject of honey a thought before seeing the honey sign at the roadside. The idea of new honey fresh from the country appeals to many city folks when it is brought to their attention in this way, and a new cus- tomer as well as a new booster for honey is thus made, provided the beekeeper is wise enough to offer for sale only the very best quality of well-ripened honey. While it is not necessary that the apiary be in sight, to sell honey at the roadside, it is well to have at least a few colonies of bees to help attract the attention of the mo- torist. People like to buy honey from some- one who has bees, and if the honey sign at the roadside can be so located that the ap- proaching motorist is led to glance from the sign to the beehives, the combination should have the desired effect if the driver is at all fond of honey. Another aid to the selling of honey lo- cally is advertising in the local paper. This may be only a line or two, or it can be made a half-page honey advertisement, as the honey producer chooses. The small adver- tisement will help much, and the large ad- vertisement will help more. Whatever the size of the advertisement, em})hasize the food value and deliciousness of honey and the fact that it is a safer and better sweet than any other. Also tell just how it can be ordered and delivered. The beekeeper who is not a salesman may find a neighboring beekeeper who is a good salesman and who can dispose of more honey than he produces. By turning over his crop for the other man to sell, Mr. Poor Salesman will be helping himself as well as the man who sells it for him. In every case where honey is sold locally, the beekeeper should demand a price suf- ficient to pay him well for the trouble of selling. He should remember that in sell- ing his product direct to the consumer he is rendering a service which is worth money and he should secure pay for it. It often happens that a beekeeper sells all the honey to a local dealer that he can induce him to take, then afterwards peddles out the remainder of his crop to this deal- er's customers at the same price he received from the dealer. Such a procedure is not only unfair, but it is poor business. When all the costs of selling are counted, as they should be, the beekeeper will no doubt find that it costs him more to sell honey than it does the dealer. If this cost is not added to the price of the honey, the producer loses this amount which is rightfully his. If this represented all the loss it would not be so bad, but the producer who does this, by shutting off the trade of his local dealer, is closing one of the channels thru which he expects to market a part of his honey in the future. Just what price the beekeeper should ask for his honey when selling locally at retail will depend upon circumstances, but in any case it should not be materially less than the local dealer is asking. Gleanings is gather- ing all of the data obtainable as to crop and market conditions thruout the country. This information is published on our market pages, and every beekeeper who has honey to sell should study these pages carefully. Generally sjieaking, the retail price is more than double that of the price in 60-pound cans when the crop is sold in one lot. At first this may seem like too much differ- ence, but when the cost of the packages, the expenses connected with selling, and the time of the salesman are counted the costs mount rapidly. To a few beekeepers, selling honey locally at retail is a disagreeable task which they will avoid if possible, but under present conditions something must be done to in- duce people to eat more honey, if the bee- keeping industry is to thrive. If thousands of beekeepers will take part in a drive of this kind now, beekeeping should be able to tide over these trying times and be in better condition to supply the demand for honev when normal times return. 484 I CAME after a 10-pound pail of hone y, ' ' she said. ' ' Sorry, but we haven 't a pail left," was the reply. ' ' You don 't mean to say you have sold a 1 1 that honey you had here at the be- ginning of the Fair," she said. "Yes, the last pail went Friday night. " She couldn 't believe it. She was in the first day or two of the Fair and saw 10,000 pounds of honey piled up in glass and tin. She was sure there was enough in that pile to sup- ply all Detroit. She thought she had plenty of time to buy all the honey she wanted before the Fair was over. She was not alone in her disappointment. Many were the requests for honey the last few days of the 1921 Michigan State Fair that had to be refused. And this opens up an interesting story of fair exhibits. A New Judge. In the spring of 1907, a carload of bees and hives arrived at Caro, Mich.; that is, the car contained nothing but the 50 hives of bees and their equipment. As that kind of freight was not arriving regularly, it was the occasion of a write-up in the local press. The bees and equipment belonged to the writer. The year previous there was dissatisfac- tion on the part of the largest exhibitor at the Michigan State Fair in regard to the judging. The superintendent of the bee and honey department knew nothing about GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE STATE FAIR EXHIBITS The Dd'wning of a New Era in Honey Exhibits. The ^Michigan '^lan By E. B. Tyrrell [Instead of a number of small competitive ex- hibits of honey scattered here and there among ex- hibits of other products, let us suppose a state bee- keepers' association putting up one large exhibit on the cooperative plan, the honey being uniform in quality (all the very best), and packed in uni- form packages, each bearing the association label. Suppose further that the honey is sold on the grounds, the beekeepers who own it being sent a check at the close of the fair instead of having the honey returned to them, thus insuring a liberal sup- ply for an exhibit which does justice to the indus- try. Suppose, again, that experts in the art of ar- ranging attractive displays have charge of the honey exhibit and that these experts are furnished an en- tire building in which to display the honey, the ex- hibit being arranged in such a manner that visitors as they enter the building are overwhelmed with the magnitude of the display, which is a single large unit instead of many small units, leaving the im- pression of acres of honey. "What would be the ad- vertising value of such an exhibit? In this article Mr. Tyrell tells us what Michigan is doing along these lines. Ohio has already adopted the Michigan plan, and no doubt, other States will try a similar plan this year. — Editor.] August, 1921 1 ees. He also lived in Caro. When he read that newspaper item he i nter- viewed the writ- er, with the re- sult that the bee and honey ex- hibit, the next year at the State Fair, had a new judge. For five years I continued judging. I used the comparison method- — a method, I after- wards learned, which seems to be a standard method used by the best judges in England. I did not try to determine points. So f a r a s I know, my judg- ing satisfied the exhibitors. Then I was appointed assistant superintendent of the bee and honey department, and served as such for four years, or until 1916, and since that time I have been superintendent. System Was Wrong. But there was something wrong with our system. We couldn 't get the exhibitors. We wrote letters. We pleaded at conven- tions. At the suggestion of the beekeepers, we increased the premiums. It was no use. Only two or three exhibitors would show up, and one year only one. The beekeepers said it cost too much to take honey to the Fair, and it didn't pay; or they had too much work to do at that time. It got to the point where the fair management threatened to throw the whole bee department out. It was at that time that I proposed a mu- tual exhibit. I recommended cutting out the premium list entirely and making an ap- Ijropriation to equal the premiums offered — i ft r n T r Ml ''^■i.m^--*^ "" Co-operative huney e.\lubit at the Michigan State Fair, 1919. The amount of honey was doubled in 1920. August, 1921 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 485 this appropriation to be used to pay the ex- penses of getting up the exhibit. Secretary George W. Dickinson of the Fair told me to go to it, and if the beekeepers didn't re- spond we might as well discontinue the de- partment. But the beekeepers did respond. Supt. E. B. Tyrrell oN.uuining the first week's work of an Italian swarm which he f-aught in Detroit this year, and transferred to the Fair Grounds for next fall's exhiVjit. This swarm had aready built some comb in the tree when taken. They were a little timid at first, as it was an untried experiment. The plan was for the State Fair to select and purchase certain glass and tin packages and labels and buy them. These packages and labels would be sent to the beekeepers who would agree to put up the honey as directed and ship it to the fair. At the close of the fair, the honey was to be sold at wholesale, and the bee- keepers would receive a good wholesale price for their honey, instead of having the honey sent back. The first year, each ex- hibitor 's honey bore his number on the label. Then a printed list of all exhibitors, with their corresponding numbers, was fur- nished those visiting the exhibit. In that way, each purchaser of honey would be able, by referring to the list, to know who pro- duced it. Hundreds of these lists were given away. Trying to Push Michigan Honey. But this plan was not the best because we could not always make an equal distribution of the exhibitors ' honey. And it centered the buyer's attention on one exhibitor. What we were trying to do was to push Michigan honey, and not any one producer. We wanted them to think tlmt all honey on exhibition at the Fair was good, and that all exhibitors were worthy of equal confidence. So the second year, the list was printed without the numbers. No one could tell which exhibitor produced the honey he bought. And it was almost impossible for the ones in charge to tell either. The printed list was distributed again the second year, with no numbers. Several thousands of these were used. The same thing was done the third or last year. Ten Thousand Pounds of Honey Exhibited. In 1918, the first year the mutual exhibit was tried, there was about 2,500 pounds of honey on display. Much of it was sold dur- ing the fair at retail, but there was quite a lot left at the close to sell at wholesale. In 1919 the amount of honey was increased to 5,000 pounds, and only a very little was left at the close of the Fair to sell at whole- sale. In fact, orders were received during the Fair for all there was left, to be deliv- ered at the elos^ of the Fair. The 1920 ex- hibit had 10,000 pounds of honey, and every pound was sold and taken away during the Fair, with many calls for more that could not be supplied. The first year, tho beekeepers sent in the honey and were paid what it brought at the close of the Fair. We tried to get many to send. The plan was expensive, as the ex- press rates were high. Both packages to the beekeepers and honey to the Fair were sent by express. Some exhibitors did not pack properly and there was loss by break- Secretary-Manager Michigan State Pair, G. W. Dick- inson, getting acquainted with bees to be used in this year's exhibit. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1921 age. The Fair stood all such losses, how- ever. The second year was better, as pack- ing instructions were followed, resulting in less breakage. Last year the Fair bought the honey out- right from the beekeeper, at a price pre- viously agreed on. Quotations were asked for from all interested and the honey was bought at the price quoted. It could have been bought cheaper; but we wanted the exhib- itor satisfied, and we wanted the best he had. No one was prevented from sending honey, however, for which he would be paid, and his name would be printed in the list that was given out during the Fair. As stated there were 10,000 pounds of honey on